V C42 Cornell University Library V500 .C43 Report on the training systems for the n olin 3 1924 030 752 541 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030752541 //cornell\ lUMVrK'SITY \library^ LETTER FROH THE SECEETAEY OE THE NAYY, TRANSMITTING, In compliance with resolution of the Senate of January 19, the report of Lieu- tenant-Commander F. E. Ghadwiclc, U. 8. W., on the foreign systems of training seamen for the Navy. January 21, 1880. — Referred to the Committee on Naval Aifairs and ordered to printed. JTavy Department, Washington, Januury 20, 1880. Sir : In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, of the 19th in- stant, I have the honor to communicate to the Senate, herewith, " the report of Lieut. Com. F. B. Chadwick on the foreign systems of train- ing seamen for the Navy. I am, sir, very respectfully, E. W. THOMPSOIS^, Secretary of the Navy. Hon. William A. Wheeler, Vice-President of the United States. Sir : I beg to acknowledge, through the department, the many kind- nesses I met with while abroad in the prosecution of the inquiries or- dered. My thanks are due the Hon. John Welsh, late minister at the court of St. James; General Noyes, minister at Paris; and the Hon. Andrew D. White, minister at Berlin, for the aid most kindly given in bringing me in communication with the authorities whom it was necessary for me to meet. I am under great obligations in England to Vice- Admiral Phillimore, superintendent of naval reserves ; to Captain H. D. Hickley, head of the English naval training system ; to Chaplain and Naval Instructor J. B. Harbord, inspector of naval training schools; to Captain Burney, super- intendent of Greenwich hospital schools ; to Edwin Chadwick, esq., C. B., and Edward Tufnell, esq. (two gentlemen to whose influence the es- 4 LETTER OF TEAXSMITTAL. tablishmeut of the prosont Eii^lisli school system is hirgoly due), and to all others hi official station, whether military or civil, whom I met, for iiiReasiiir;- courtesy and assistance. In France, my special tlianks are due to M. IjeBeaii. chel' du bureau des (Equipages de la flotte, et de la justice maritime, whoso aid was in- valuable to me; to Vicc-Admiral Bourgois, pret'et maritime at Brest, and to all the oflicers of that station with whom I came in contact. In (n-iniany, though my visit there was wholly nuoflicial, my thanks are due to Captain Blanc, chief of the bureau having charge of the re- cruiting and instiiictiou of boys, and to the oflicers of the station at Frie(Mchsort, Kiel, for the great kindness and attention which I received during my a isit tlieie. Very resjiectfully, your ol)edient servant, r. E. CHADWICK, Licitfenaiit-Coinmandcr, U. 8. N. The honoralile II. W. TitdMi'sox, tSccrciary of the Xavy. TA.BLE OF OOISTTENTS. Instructipns j^-^ PART I. CHAPTER I. Naval training ships in England X5 Numbers and employment of men in the English service 15 Number of boys allowed 16 Vessels employed in the training service 16 Captain of the Impregnable 17 Officers and crew of the Impregnable 17 The Circe 18 CHAPTEE II. Regulations for the entry of boys 19 Methods of recruiting , 19 Standards for entry 19 Procedure after admission 20 Allowance of clothing 20 CHAPTEE III. School organization 22 Examination papers for boys 23 Examinations 25 CHAPTEE IV. Practical training 26 Course of instruction 26 Sail drills 32 Boats and swimming 33 CHAPTER V. Gunnery and small-arm instruction 34 Signal boys 35 Carpenter boys and band 36 Training brigs 37 Duration of training in all branches 38 CHAPTER VI. Messing and diet - '39 Ration table 40 Criticisms on the ration 40 Changes in physique 41 b TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. Page. Discipline and punishments , 4"2 Liberty and leave 42 Semarks on conduct 43 Good-couduct badges 43 Eeereations and amusements 41 Capitation allowance 44 Remarks on the influence of the training system 45 Cost of the system. 46 CHAPTER VIII. Routines 48 Manner of conducting inspections 48 School routines 51 Form of gunucrv report 55 Form of scamauship report 56 PART II. Greenwich Hospital school 57 CHAPTER I. FouiicUitioii 59 Description of school 59 Regulations for entry 60 Numbers in school 61 CHAPTER II. OiBcers of the school , 62 Organization 62 Suljje,cts taught 62 Nautical school 62 Examination papers ..__ 66 Religious instruction 69 Remarks on the half-time system 71 Results of examinations 72 CHAPTER III. Seamanship instruction 73 Organization for trade work 73 Occupations followed ._ 75 Value of industrial work 75 CHAPTER V. Messiflg, ic , y~ Gymnasium y^ Drills and athletic exercises 73 Band -a CHAPTER VI. Pupil teachers og SyUaljus of instruction for pupU teachers gO TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7 CHAPTER VII. Fage. Cost of Greenwich school , 82 Clothimg allo-wanoe 84 Dietary gg Height, weight, and chest measurements 87 CHAPTEE VIII. General routines , ^ , , __ gg Class routines < gg Ages of hoys in Greenwich school 93 Number of punishments __^ 93 Health , 93 CHAPTER IX. Examination papers for pupil teachers , 94 PART III. Gunnery-training ships and naval reserves 105 CHAPTER I. Ships used xffj Course of study 107 Number of seamen-gunners,- and trained men 108 Barracks advocated 1. 108 CHAPTER II. Naval reserves 109 Regulations for entry in the reserves 109 Length of enrollment 110 Ships and stations for drilling naval reserves 110 Uniform to be worn while at drill stations Ill Midshipmen of the naval reserve Ill How reserves may be called out Ill Cost of reserves 112 PART IV. CHAPTER I. Mercantile training ships in England 114 Number of men in the British merchant service 115 Annual waste 115 Parliamentary report relating to mercantile training ships 115 CHAPTER II. The "Warspite 130 The Arethusa and Chichester '. 131 The Formidable 132 Dietary on board the Formidable 133 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. rage. The Eimoutli 134 Interior arrangements 134 Staff of officers and teachers 135 Tender to Exmouth --■ 136 Divisions for instmction -• 136 Routine on board Exmouth 136 Carpenters and tailors 142 Gymnastics 142 Expenses of Exmouth 143 Ration 143 Numbers admitted to and discharged from Exmouth 144 CHAPTER IV. The Indefatigable 146 General rules relating to the Indefatigable 146 By-laws 146 General course of instruction 148 Expenditure 148 Feltham industrial school 149 Defects of mercantile training systems in England 149 CHAPTER V. Training ships for officers 150 Statistics regarding the British merchant navy 150 The Conway and Worcester 151 Prospectofl and regulations of the Conway ,. 151 Character of education given 152 Examination papers set on board the Worcester 155 School routine of the Conway 160 Necessity of such training 160 PAKT V. The naval training system of France 163 CHAPTER I. Early organization of the French navy 165 Present organization 166 CHAPTER II. The maritime arrondissements 169 The divisions .„ 169 Classification of men 170 Numbers employed 171 Courses through which the men are taken 172 CHAPTER III. The Etailwsement des Pupilles 173 School buildings I73. Staff of the school I74 Clothing, messing, &c .- I75 Eoutines „ 17g TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTEE IV. The Austerlitz 1 178 Organization ;. 178 Routine of drills 179 Rations IgO CHAPTER V. The Bretagne 182 Personnel on hoard 182 The tender 183 Routines I83 Instruction 183 Cruising training ships 184 Examination for advancement 185 The matelots-timoniers 185 The manual of matelots-timoni«re 185 Examinations 186 CHAPTER VI. The schools of gunnery, musketry, and torpedoes 188 Staff of the gunnery school , 188 Instruction 189 Examinations 189 School of musketry 190 Torpedo school 191 CHAPTER VII. Pilots 192 Methods of selection , 192 Personnel of the training school for pilots 192 Instruction 193 CHAPTER VIII. Instructors in gymnastics 194 Elementary schools of the fleet, and normal school at Eochefort 194 Course at the normal school 195 Schools of the divisions . 195 Libraries 196 CHAPTER IX. Cost of the French training system 197 Present state of education in the French navy 197 t APPENDIX. A. — Returns to the House of Commons relating to the seamen employed in the English navy 200 B. — The principal ratings of the English service 201 C. — Scale of pensions 202 D . — Coast guard 202 E. — Statement of vessels and men in the British merchant service 203 F. — ^Number of foreigners employed, the number of men in the merchant marine per 100 tons, the distribution of crews in the English merchant ships 204 G. — Deaths in the English merchant service 205 H. — Statement of the personnel of the French navy 206 INSTRUCTIONS. Navy Depaetment, Bureau of E'avigation and Office of Detail, Washington, May 6, 1879. Sir : On the receipt of this you will regard yourself on special tempo- rary duty in connection with examining and reporting oil the system of training vessels adopted by such governments as in your judgment mil be necessary to obtain the information desired. FuU instructions in regard to this duty will be issued you by the Bu- reau of Equipment and Recruiting, to whom your reports will be made. When completed, you will resume the leave granted you by the depart- ment. No travel wiU be allowed for this duty. By direction of the Secretary. Eespectfully, WM. D. WHITESTG, Chief of Bwreau. Lieut. Com. F. E. Chadwick, U. S. N., London, England. Navy Department, Bureau of Equipment and Eeceuiting, Washington, D. G., May 6, 1879. Sir : Having been informed that you are desirous of examining into the training systems of the English and French naval services, I have requested that orders be sent to you, which will enable you to visit, ofS- ciaUy, the different stations where those systems are in operation. After making what you consider a thorough and complete investiga- tion, you will please report the result to this bureau in time to make mention of it in the annual report to Congress. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, EAEL ENGLISH, Chief of Bureau. Lieut. Com. F. E. Ohadwioe, U. S. N. 12 • instruction;^. Paris, France, August 20, 1879. Sir : In ol)edience to orders of the department of May 6, 1879, and to the instructions of the Bureau of Equipment and Iveeruithig of the same date, I have the honor to transmit the following as my report upon the naval training systems of England and France. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, F. E. CHADWIOK, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy. Commodore Earl English, U. S. N., Chief of Bureau of Equipment and Eecruiting, United States Navy Department, Washington, D. 0. :p-a.k.t I NAVAL TEAINING-ENGLAND. 1^-A.I^T X, OHAPTEE I. The English estimates for the naval force in commission for the pres. ent year (1879) were for 45,800 officers and men (including the coast guard on shore). These estimates do not include 13,000 marines, 6,200 of whom are ordinarily afloat. . As the disposal of this force may be interesting, I give the following abstract: Flag officers in commission 1§ Superintendents of dock-yards 5 Flag lieutenants and secretaries to above 29 Other persons of their retinue 116 Abstract of employment. ■S s For general service First reserve (used as coaat-gnard ships) . Q-uimery and training ships Keceiving and depot ships Surveying vessels Troop ships Store ships Drill ships {for the naval reserve) Coast guard on shore Boys (including 2,400 under training) 1,430 212 260 687 81 189 21 28 12 177 04 245 56 144 319 4 68 5 22 227 Totals., 2,901 1,090 20, 562 1,981 2,959 3:733 343 1,974 170 235 3,830 5,305 41, 092 There are officers employed on — Special service on shore 89 Unemployed oiHcers 588 Or a total on the active-list of 5, 219 The reserve and retired-lists amount to 2, 256 NUMBER IN THE SEAMAN CLASS. In a paper read by Capt. J. C. Wilson, E. I^T., before the Eoyal United Service Institution (July 2, 1875), the number of blue jackets, or men of the seaman class, taking the average of several years, is put at 18,683. The number given in the return to the House of Commons, August, 1875 (see Appendix), is 19,283. The former number, however, can be taken 16 NAVAL TKAIXIXG ENGLAND. as the usual average, aud is about that uow employed. The rates into which the men are divided are estimated as follows : Petty officers :i,!>l'-' Leading seamen 1, U'~ Able seamen 7,14:! Ordinary seamen 5, 20 6 Ordinary seamen, second class 1, ~~" ANNUAL WASTE. The aimual waste iu this number amounts to from 11.5 to 11 per cent., so that to keep up this elass iu the English service there must be annu- ally added to it 2,400 m- 2,5i)0 persons. It is the supply and training of these that we have to consider. Tliirty iier cent, of this annual waste is oeeasioned by desertion, entail- ing a loss to the country of $1,200,000 annually, the cost of training aud supporting a man the average time until he reaches a state of realeffe<'t- iveness as a seaman being (•omputed at §1,500. Every bluejacket thus represents a large money value, apart from his value to the service, ob- tained by a long course of training and discipline; hi^ cannot be imme- diately replaced; it takes years of labor aud a great deal of money to do it. ( )f the ."),, '505 boys allowed under this year's estimates 2,400 are new entries for training. The remaining 3,905 are those who having passed out of the training ships are either in active service or are awaiting dis- I)osal. As these boys on first entry are bound to serve until tweuty- eight years of age, and as by serving another enlistment of ten years they are enabled to retire as pensioners, it follows that nearly all the seami-n class of the British service are continuous-service men. * As men benefit pecuniarily but little more (as to pension) by any further enlistment, comparatively' but few serve beyond their second term. The result is that the English fleet is manned by very young men, none un- less they ha\'e entered on a third enlistment being over thirty-eight years of age. The boys forming the basis of this force are now all passed through the training ships. The vessels employed in this service are five line-of-battle ships, each having a brig as tender. There is also attached to each ship a hulk which serves for newly entered boys and for various purposes which shall be mentioned hereafter. These ships, and the number of boys on board (.June 23, 1879), are as follows : Ships. Where stationed. Impreguable Devonport . . Implacable I Devonport. .. St, Vincent t Portsmonth. Boscawen ] Portland Ganges I Falmouth... Number of boys. rirst Second class. 407 308 306 253 class. 499 406 316 265 263 Totals, 906 714 622 518 354 3,114 'Non-contLnuous-service men are enlisted for five years, but the number of these is comparatively small, as will be seen by reference to Appendix A. PERSONNEL OF TRAINING SHIPS. 17 The excess over 2,400 is accounted for by the fact that many of the boys are retained on board until they are assigned to sea-going ships. I shall use the Impregnable as the sample ship of the squadron. This is the only one under command of a captain, all the others being com- manded by officers of the grade of commander. The captain of the Im- pregnable is styled the " inspecting captain of training-ships," and has, under the Admiralty, the control of the boys in all the others. All questions relating to the management are referred to him: he makes a quarterly inspection of each ship, regulates the cruising of the brigs, and when the brigs are assembled to cruise in company takes command of the squadron. This important post has been held tor the last two years by Capt. H, D. Hickley, who has brought the system to a perfec- tion which it will be difQcult to surpass. The officers of the Impregnable areas follows : Captain (inspecting captain of training-ships) 1 Commander 1 Lieutenants 3 Chaplain and naval instructor (combined in same person) -1 Stalf surgeon 1 Surgeon 1 Paymaster 1 Assistant paymaster 1 Gunners ^ 4 Boatswains 3 Carpenters 3 One gunner and two carpenters are emjiloyed on board the Circe, the hulk attached to the Impregnable. The chaplain has the immediate supervision of the school instruction, and has under him the following staff : Head master 1 Solioolmastei!, , 10 Pupil teachers 4 There are also fourteen petty-officer instructors, who give instructions in things pertaining to seamanship. These last are men who have passed through the Excellent or Cambridge (gunnery training ships), and make most excellent teachers and drill-masters. The ship's complement is as follows : Master-at-arms 1 Chief gunner's mate 1 Band master 1 Writers 3 Ship's stewards 3 Ship's cook 1 Assistant cooks 3 Ship's corporals 7 Gunner's mates 7 Boatswain's mate 1 Coxswain 1 Quartermasters 3 S. Ex. 52 2 Yeoman of signals 1 Captain of hold 1 Captain of masts 1 Captains of tops . , 2 Signal-men 2 Sick-herth steward 1 Sick-herth attendant 1 Seamen and ordinary seamen 20 Carpenter's mates (eight on duty in Circe) 9 Shipwrights (two on duty in Circe) ... 8 Caulker L 18 NAVAL TRAINING ENGLAND. Sailmaker 1 Plumbcr'N mate 1 Eopemaker 1 ] Tailcus ■' Blacksmiths 2 Biul.ns 2 Armorer 1 Stewards, cooks, &c 19 Cooper 1 Sboi makers ~ The ship is a three-decker of 3,ss(» tons. The alterations made to fit her for the service have been to make 70 feet of the after part of the middle deck into a schoolroom ; to make a large drying room for boys' clothing (to be used in wet weather), and a large bath-room on each of the lower decks, with washing and bathing accommodations amply suf- ficient for the entire number on board. The basins and bath-tubs have water supplied from fresh-water tanks, fresh water being allowed for all purposes, whether for washing the clothing or the person. The Circe has bath-rooms fitted in the same manner. There is, in ad- dition to all the facilities for bathing and cleanliness on board the two ships, a floating bath moored near by, wlicre details are sent daily to bathe, or to be taught swimming. This bath is the invention of Captain Hickloy, and has been generally ado]ited, both in the training service and for other schools where swimming is taught. It may be described as a trough 50 feet long by 30 broad, the edges of which are made with sufficient flotation to allow the weight of many boys to be borne : the sides, which slope inward, and the bottom are open sufficiently to per- mit a free flow of water through it: the depth of water inside is about 5 feet. Captain Hickley advises, in the building of any others, to make the edges broad enough to allow houses to be built upon them to afford shelter in dressing and undressing in cool weather. The si)ar8 and equipment of the ship aloft are complete. There are thirty-seven boats carried, most of which are fitted for exercise under sail. The Circe is an old frigate with nothing but the lower masts standing. One deck is fitted as a carpenter shop for training carpenter boys, and the remainder of the ship is devoted to store-rooms. Most of the stores and all the clotliing of the training ship are here kept. CHAPTER II. REGULATIONS FOR ENTERING A BOY. The age at which a boy may enter is between fifteen and sixteen and a half years. The latter age is never exceeded. A boy older than this is regarded as too mature to readily take to such a complete change of life as seafaring in most cases demands. The regulations regarding size are as follows : Kfteen to fifteen and a half. . . Fifteen and a half to sixteen . . Sixteen to sixteen and a half. . Height. Bound chest. n. In. 5 5 1 5 2J In. 30 30i 31i The boy when passed is entered to serve for ten years from the age of eighteen. As the term of service is for so many years, great care is taken that he is properly bound, and, being once bound, there is no release without most weighty cause. The State very properly declines losing the support of an individual whom it has educated and supported to an effective manhood. The recruiting takes place in every part of Great Britain, recruiting sergeants being allowed 10 shillings for each boy recruited. This, how- ever, so far as I can see, is uunecessary at this time, as the supply is far in excess of the demand ; it occasions, also, many boys being forwarded who are finally found unfit for the service. The .care taken by the au- thorities, who finally decide upon the boys' qualifications, is extreme. This final examination takes place on board the ship to which they are forwarded, before a board consisting of the commander, a lieutenant, and a medical officer. In addition to the boys so recruited, a certain number of boys are ob- tained from the Greenwich Hospital School; band boys are chiefly entered from Feltham Industrial School or from Greenwich. Finally, there are some few entries from mercantile training ships, with which the Ad- miralty have entered into agreement to take all boys sufftciently trained, who reach the naval standard. In this case the government pays the merchant training ship £25 for each boy as a remuneration for the expense incurred in training him during the time (generally two years) he is on board. Very few of these boys reach the standard. The lowest mental test for passing is that the boy must be able to read and write, well, a passage of two ordinary lines of words of one syllable. The actual passage read and the specimen of the handwrit- ing are attached to his papers, and forwarded with his other credentials from the recruiting station. Although, from the number of applications 20 NAVAL TEAIXING — ENGLAND. SO much excet'diug the demand, a higher standard might be made, it is considered undesirable to do so, as many boys of fine physique who are able to read and write a little would be thereby rejected. The theory governing the rejection of this entirely ignorant, tliough otherwise good material, is, that minds which have lain so long dormant are much less receptive than those which have received some training, however little. Experience has fully shown this. The necessity for having good material with which to begin will be understood when the remark of an English naval officer of high standing made to myself is considered, that "the English sailor must know now much more than the average lieutenant of thirty or forty years since." The boy, being admitted, is taken on board the Circe. He here has his his hair closely cut, is given a bath, and is well scrubbed, under the super- intendence of a corporal. His clothing is furnished from the ship's stores if found on board of the proper size ; if not, the materials are given to contractor to be made. After it has passed inspection, it is taken in charge by the ship's coriioral, marked in large letters, and retained until the boy, at the end of the week, is transferred to the training-ship. The bedding which he uses in this interval is that supplied to the ship for the use of recruits, so that, when the transfer takes place, all his own clothing and bedding are in perfect condition. In the meantime, he re- ceives some preliminary drilling ; is taught to lash his hammock, and to stow his clothing in the regulation way ; is given a daily bath, and is formed, in these seven days, into a very different person from the indi- vidual who entered. The change is certainly a most marked one, as I had means of observing. The allowance of clothing, the expense of which is covered by a gra- tuity of twenty-five dollars for clothing and five dollars for bedding, is as follows : 2 cloth trousers. ■ 2 hats (a black and a white). 2 cloth caps (with ribbons). I 1 p.iir of blankets. 2 serge frocks. 2 drill frocks. 2 duck jumpers 2 duck trousers S •■•"""& „-...„. , j, pg^j^g^ handkerchiefs. 1 serge trousers. ' 3 pounds of soap. 3 flannels. I 2 sleeping shirts. 1 duck bag. j 1 housewife, to contain the following : 2 check shirts (with collars). Clothes brush. 1 haversack. ■ Scrubbing brush. 2 pairs socks. ; Soap-bag. I type for marking clothes. Worsted and worsted needles. 1 ditty box. j Ribbon. 1 pair of shoes. i Tape. i neckerchief. ' Thimble. 2 combs. 1 knife. 1 pair of scissors. for working suits. 1 mattress. 1 bed-cover. 1 Burney's Manual of Seamanship. Wax. Buttons. Knife-laniard. 2 towels. i Clothes- and btanket-stops. 1 comforter. REGULATIONS FOR ENTERING. 21 The clothing supplied is of excellent quality and well made. It is inspected by the regulating lieutenant, the senior gunner, and a ship's corporal. I noticed that the clothing drawn ready made was quite equal to that furnished specially. Boys, as before remarked, are ordered to stow their clothing in a given way. They are also ordered to lay it out for inspection in accordance with a diagram, which is conspicuously posted about the ship. This greatly facilitates the work of the inspect- ing officer, and is excellent in teaching the boy methodical habits. CHAPTEE III. SCHOOL ORGANIZATION. The whole number of boys in the ship are divided into two schools, termed the upper and lower. To be placed in the upper school the fol- lowing examination must be passed : First. Writiiis from dictation a paragraph from the highest reading- book of the lower school, with no great fault in orthography and in a readable hand. Second. Reading with intelligence and fluency from the same book. Third. Working sums in the four simple rules and in reduction (cor- rectly). A boy takes his place in one of the two schools according to his attain- ments, irrespective of the tiuie which he has passed on board ship. The schools are each further divided into two classes each, technically termed "instructions." The fourth and third instructions belong to the upper school ; the se('(>iid and first to the lower. The upper school is divided into four divisions, one of which only is at school at a time. The lower school is divided into two divisions. This arrangement allows to the upper school two half days' schooling per week ; to the lower, four. In the entire year the school hours of the upper school amount to ISO ;. those of the lower to 3G0. The upper school is divided as follows: First division.— Yn-st half of the starboard watch. ) Of those belong- Third division.— Second half of the starboard watch, i ing in the up- .SWoHr? r/a'/.swH.— First half of the port watch. j per school to Fourth division. — Second half of the port watch. ] these watches. The lower school divisions are : First division. — All the starboard watch. | Of those in this school be- Seeond division. — All the port watch. i longing to these watches. Seats and desks are arranged in the school-room to accommodate four hundred pupils, this being the maximum number at school at any one time. The school is divided into sections of twenty to twenty-five each, each sec- tion being under a schoolmaster or pupil-teacher. The less advanced sec- tions occupy the aftermost desks, the grade rising as they go forward. The method of teaching is that which I have observed in all elementary schools which I visited in England, in which all the pupils of the sec- tions are jiiven the same example, piece of dictation, or words to spell at the same time. As each one finishes his slate is handed to the in- structor for marking. There is no individual teaching or individual SCHOOL ORGANIZATION. 23 recitation except where absolutely necessary, as in reading. Tliat the method is good is shown by the changes produced by the limited train- ing (as counted by hours) allotted them in the year they pass on board. I saw some very remarkable examples.' The spelling and writing were especially striking. It brings a great amount of work on the instructor, but the effect on the pupil is certainly good. The following is the course of instruction : FIRST INSTRUCTION — LOWER SOHOOL. Reading and writing from dictation. Arithmetic as far as multiplication. SECOND INSTRUCTION — LOWER SCHOOL. Reading and writing from dictation. Arithmetic as far as reduction. THIRD INSTRUCTION — UPPER SCHOOL. Reading and writing from dictation. Arithmetic as far as fractions. Geography. FOURTH INSTRUCTION— UPPER SCHOOL. Reading and writing from dictation. Arithmetic, to include decimals. Geography. The school hours in summer are from 9.15 to 11.30 a. m., and from 1 to 3.30 p. m. In winter from 9.25 to 11.30 a. m., and from 1 to 3 p. m. There is also an evening school held on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday from 6.30 to 7.30 ; a list of the backward and idle boys who are obliged to attend this school is kept hanging in a conspicuous place in the school-room. The following examination papers, copies of the papers set at the last June examination, show the degree of knowledge a boy is expected to attain : FIRST INSTRUCTION — LOWER SCHOOL. 1. Express in words 29047. 2. Express in figures fifty-eight thousand seven hundred and five. 3. Add together 9281 87369 546978 295437 88521 4756 4. From 7932184 Take 6495837 5. Write out the multiplication table of 4 and 9 times. 6. Divide 9214672 by 7. Write out an account of our Lord's visit to Jerusalem when a boy. 24 NAVAL TRAINING ENGLAND. SECOND IXSTRrCTIOJf— LOWER SCHOOL. 1. Divide 721493 by 97. 2. A man pays away £47 lOs. Ud., £95 16*. lljd., £1-5 Os. lOirf., £'217 15s. GJd., and £i9 10s. 3Jd. ; how much does he pay altogether ? 3. From £14,167 10«. lid. Take £9,284 12s. 7Jrethod of setting up topmiist ring. Tackles used in staying topmast. Taekb'S used in setting up topmast rigging. Metliod of setting up toji-gallant rigging and backstays. Method of setting up bobstays. Marking rigging for ratlines. Putting on ratlines. Securing spars for sparing down. Boatswain's toggle. Commander. FITTING OUT AND STRIPPING SHIP. Sail Making. To be able to do the following ; Sew a seam (flat, round, middle). Work an eyelet hole. Work a cringle. Make a sailmaker's splice. Put a bottom in a bag. Tabling. Marl the footrope to a topsail and course. Sailing Launches and Cutters. Heaving the lead and calling the sound- ings. Steering with a wheel. Working the launches under sail. Working a dipping lug in a cutter. Getting mast up and do wu . Reefing boat's sails. Shaking out reefs. Making tow-ropes fast. Laying out hawsers. The sail drills are laid down in the routine appended; the exercises with the mast.s and sails are very constaiii, so that a boy even before PRACTICAL TRAINING. 33- going to the training brig becomes quite proficient aloft. I was witness to the general sail drill on board the St. Vincent, a model drill in every respect. 1 heard no boy speak, nor did I hear an order given in a loud tone by any one excepting by the officer bf the deck. The petty-officer instructors were stationed in different parts of the ship to superintend ; this superintendence was noiseless, however, the boys being directed by a motion of the hand, or, when it was absolutely necessary, by a word spoken in a very low tone and heard only by those for whom it was intended. There are thirty-seven boats attached to the ship, all but four of which are large and fitted with sails. In summer one watch of boys is exer- cised daily at sailing and pulling. Some of the larger cutters are fur- nished with a wheel, and boys are taught to steer by compass. Swimming forms a most important part of the boys' exercise. Every one must learn to swim before passing out of the training-ship. The swimming bath has been described; either in this or a slightly modified form it has been adopted by all the government schools. ^ S. Ex. 52 3 ciiAriEi; V. GUNNERY AND S:MALL-AE3I INSTRUCTION. Lifflit smootk-bore guns witlitlie old four-truck carriastvs are used for gim drill. They are retained, as the chief object is one of drill simply. The more elaborate traiuing- takes place at the eud of the course in the gimnery-ship, the boys being transferred to this ship for ten weeks: they are here exercised in a general course of gunnery. The drill with smooth-bore guns on board the gunnery-ship has its i)ractical applica- tion also afloat, as there are still o\er 800 smooth-bore guns mounted in cruising ships of the English service. The drill at general quarters which I witnessed on board the St. Vincent was very fine and spirited. The Circe has a battery for the use of the boys of the Impregnable, with which they do their target firing. There is a drill of this kind on Satur- day morniiins, and frequent exercises with powder take place at other •times, so that tliey are early habituated to gun practice. The small-arms, infantry, and cutlass drills were excellent. There seemed to he no dislike on the part of the boys to learning this part of their profession. The part taken by the sailors of the^fleet in the Zulu campaign will go far towards removing any remaining prejudice against making a seaman able to handle a musket, either in the minds of sea- men or officers. Frequent landings as a battalion take place, and on the last anniver- sary of the (Queen's birthday 800 boys were landed and paraded with the garrison at Plymouth, going through all the movements of the re- view, which included many difficult ones, in a way to elicit the highest ipraise. The final gunnery course of ten weeks is as follows (given on board •the gunnery ships) : Weeks. 'Gun drill 4 iSmall-arma 4 Arming boats 1 Besum^ and examination 1 The honrs of instruction are from 9 a. m. to 11.30 a. m. ; from 1 p. m. to 3.10 p. m. Course in great guns. No. of days. Preliminary drill 7 Firing (the 9-pounder muzzle-loading rifle-gun being used) 2 Practice, 1 day clearing for action ; 1^ days independent firing ; 1 day broad- side firing; 1 day lowering port ; 1 day shifting breeching ; li days preparing for examination 7 Firing 64-pounder muzzle-loading rifle-gun on slide 2 Examination 2 Total to extend over four weeks 20 GUNNEEY AND SMALL-AEM INSTRUCTION. 35 Each day's instruction begins with a lesson, which lasts a quarter of an hour. First lesson. — Parts of carriage. Second lesson. — Parts of slide. Third lesson. — Sights and scale. Detail of instruction in small-arms. From first to fiftli days : From 9 to 10.30 a. m. — Manual of arms. From 10.40 to 11.30 a. iq. — Field exercise. From 1 to 2 p. m. — Field exercise. From 2 to 3.10 p. m. — Manual of arms. From sixth to nintli days : From 9 to 9.30 a. m. — Position drill. From n.50 to to 10.30 a. m.— Aiming drill. From 10.40 to 11.30 a. m. — Field exercise. From 1 to 1.30 p. m. — Position drill. From 1.30 to 2 p. m. — Aiming drill. From 2.5 to 3.10 p. m.— Position drill. Tenth day : A. M., as ibr "6tli to 9tli," p. m.— Blank firing. From eleventh to fifteenth days : A. M.— As for "6th to 9th." P. M. — Ball practice. Musketry instruction. From sixteenth to eighteenth days : A. M.— As for " 1st to 5th." P. M. — Pistol drill and firing. Nineteenth day : Examination. Twentieth day : A. M.^Examination ; p. m. — Manual quarters. Detail of ioat instruction. ' Days. Arming launch ; ^ Firing from launch 1 Arming gun-cutter and rocket-cutter 1 Firing rockets i Working Gatling gun i Gatling gun firing i Firing from cutter i Manual quarters i Total 5 Detail of the iveek's examination. Days. Eesum^ 2 Examination - 3 SIGNAL BOYS. These boys are taken from those of the upper school who have been on board between five and nine months. They are all volunteers : they 36 . NAVAL TRAIXIXG ENGLAND. are divided into four classes, and are iustnicted iu signals during tiie time the remainder of their M-atch is at school. The watch ol' signal boys also have instruction iu the evening with Colouib's signal lights. The course of instruction is as follows : First clas8. — To leani the shape and colors of all flags and pennants iu use in Hcj. Majesty's navy, including the international code, the use of the "substitute'' in ships and boat signal books ; to be able to deseribe the national colors of all nations ; to be able to make and take in signals by fla.^s, and pick out their nicauings from signal books. Surund e?((s».— To have a thorough knowleilne of the semaphore ; to know t'olorab's cards by rote; to be able to make and take in flashing-light signals, vrith or without apparatus; to know how and whereto plaee the brackets and gibbets; to be able to work the disk ; to know the fog signals by sound with horn, bugle, or steam-^^■llist]e; to know speed signals by day or night. Third class.— To know the various methods of night signaling (not Colomb's) in use, the rigging and fittin:; of signal yards, the lanterns, Ae. ; the use of roekels, blue lights, position lights, &e., as to carrying out orders conveyed by night signals; to know the lights carried by steamers and sailing vessels under all circnmstauoes ; to he able to tell tlie direction of a ship's head by her lights. Fourth cliit". — To know the organization of sijnailrons and lleets by e-! boys supplied annually to the navy, who when first sent atloat are expert signalmen. Before leaving the ship they have had such a coiusc as could hardly be given them in any sea-going shij) in general service. BAND BOYS. Each ship educates a certain number of band and bugle boys, who ser\ e as the ship's band while aboard, and are, after attaining a certain proficiency, transferred for general service. These boys are entered not under fourteen years of agt;. They must come with a certain degree of musical education, and must be able to read and write. The greater number come from Greenwich school, some being also received from the great industrial school at Felfham. The band boys while in the training ship attend school with the others ; CARPENTER BOYS TRAINING-BEIGS. 37 the time allotted the others for practical exercises is used in their case for music practice. The entire number allowed in the five ships is 106, 26 of whom are in the Impregnable. They are well uniformed in the dress lately adopted for bandsmen in the British service. They enter to serve iintil twenty-eight years of age, under the same conditions as other boys. CARPENTER BOYS. One deck of the Circe is fitted as a carpenter's shop, where fifty boys are under training as carpenters. These boys are all volunteers from among the other boys of the training ship. They are, after being chosen, sent on board the Circe for the remainder of their course. The system is a new one and still on trial. At the age of sixteen, if they pass an examination, they are rated first-class carpenter boys, and at eighteen second-class carpenters. At this age they are transferred for work in the dock yards, where they continue their training, or are drafted afloat as necessity arises. Each boy on entering the Circe has a small kit of tools furnished him by the government ; he retains this on probation, but if at eighteen he passes his examination it is made up to a full kit and is given him as a gratuity. Two carpenters, ten carpenters' mates, and one painter are employed as instructors. Of course a great deal of employment is found for these men in work for the two ships and in keeping in repair the great number of boats in use, so that the school makes a certain return for the ex- pense attending it. TRAINING-BRIGS. There are five brigs used for practical training, of about 500 tons each ; one is attached to each training-ship. They are kept at all times in com- mission, being overhauled and refitted by the permanent crew during the winter months. There has just been built a new brig to replace an old one. They are required to be ready for s^a by April 1, on which day they may begin cruising. They are handsome little craft, carrying their complement of about one hundred and thirty people, comfortably. The personnel on board is as follows : Lieutenant commanding. Sublieutenant, navigating sublieutenant (during cruising months only.) Surgeon. Boatswain. Ship's steward 1 Carpenter's mate 1 Ship's cook 1 1 Sailmakersmate 1 Ship's corporal 1 Leading seamen 2 Gunner'smate 1 Seamen 6 Boatswain's mate 1 Stewards and servants 7 Captain of forecastle 1 Boys (about) 100 Quartermasters 2 Captain of fore-top 1 Total (exclusive of officers) 127 Captain of main-top 1 38 NAVAL TRAINIXO ENGLAXD. , The complement as oiven above, exclusive of the s'lili-lieutciiiuits aud boys, is at all times borne. The number of boys and the length of their stay is determinod by the number -whose year of training will be completed during the summer. The usual duration of a stay on board is two months,' though it is some- times shortened to six weeks. In the first fortnight of tlie cruise the brigs come into ]iort agaiu every evening. At the end of this fortnight tliey proceed to sea, returning to harbor every Friday afternoon, to remain until the succeeding Mon- day morning. .Seamanship is, of course, made of primary importance, but much at- tention is also given to gun practice, frequent firing at target taking place. An elaborate report of exercises is handed in weekly to the com- manding officer of the parent ship, noting e^ery evolution with its de- tails. Each evolution, before being begun, is carefully explained to the boys; after "the explanation they are mustered at their stations and the evolution is s?o((7.(/ performed. Everything is done with a view to im- pressing the details upon their minds. While under way, during the day, the exercise .is constant, and once every watch the crew is exercised for' man overboard. Every Friday, on coining into port, if the anchorage is a secure one, the saUs are un- bent and the boats are hoisted out. lioys are always at the helm at sea, but no one for more than an hour at a time. Every opportunity is taken, both in port and at sea, to exercise the boys in swimming. The drill of these two months, being most constant and severe, has a ^'ery telling effect upon the boy's knowledge of practical seamanship. If he has passed through all the instructions, he has become already acquainted with much of the detail of a vessel's equipment ; he has had much practical knowledge of handling sails and Hi)ars on board the parent ship, and leaves her with an excellent stock of sea-faring knowl- edge and an education which lias fitted him to put his knowledge into practice. Each brig is under the immediate control of the commander of the ship to which she is attaclied, and is frequently inspected by him. They are all nsually assembled at some time during the summer, and take a short cruise in companj . At this time there is always a regatta held, at which a prize is conii)eted for. This practice in the brigs, aud the gunnery course on board the gun- nery-ships complete the training, which extends altogether over a jieriod of about sixteen months, twelve of which are in the training-ship proper. Anytime after the exjiiration of the year of entry, the boys are subject to draft, but the four months of practical exercises are too important to be omitted excepting for unusual exigencies, which rarely oe'cur. CHAPTER Vi. MESSING AND DIET. The messes have usually twenty in each. Two boys are selected as the captains of the mess, and are responsible for its order and discipline. There are also two cooks selected weekly, on whom the work of the mess falls. The cooks take the food from the coppers, but it is divided by the captains of messes, under the superintendence of the officers of the mess- decks. At dinner, the mess-tables, before the boys are marched down, are inspected by a lieutenant. The boys are formed upon the upper deck, and go below by bugle call; they remain standing at the mess- table until the senior captain of the mess says grace, after which they are seated by bugle. The hours for meals are as follows : In aum'mer : Breakfast 6.30 Dinner 12.00 Tea ' 5.00 Supper 7. SO In "winter : Breakfast is at 7. 00 Tea 4.30 The other hours being the same. The tables are those of the regulation pattern in the British service. They are kept bright, and whenever I saw them, which was 'frequently, were scrupulously neat and clean. Knives, forks, spoons, and crockery are supplied by the government. The crockery is of a good and service- able quality; no tin is used, as in our service, except for the larger utensils. The general equipment of the sailors' mess in the English service I consider in advance of our own. They are allowed many little conveniences which our own men have not, and an English ship always presents on the mess-deck a home-like and comfortable air, which must go far towards making contented men. Tables are allowed them at nearly all times, affording places for reading, sewing, or writing. There is not so much effort to get things out of sight as with ourselves ; an effort which may be productive of neatness, but which is made very often at the sacrifice of a good deal of comfort and pleasure on the part of the crew. The following dietary has been adopted. It is extremely good and wholesome, and much better than that furnished in sea-going men-of- war of the British service : BREAKFAST. 4 oz. corned beef; 12 oz. soft bread; 4 oz. chocolate; 4 oz. sugar. 40 NAVAL TRAIMN(; EXGLAND. Fiisl day. — 1"2 oz. fresh beef, roasted ; 1"2 o/. iicitatnos. Second day. — 12 oz. fresh mutton, riM^trcl or Ivikod. Third day, or sea-pie rfn v.— 1-' oz. frisli beef; I'i o/.. pntaloes ; 4 oz. Hour ; J oz. fresh suet; ^ oz. soft bread; i oz. tea ; 1 oz. su;;ai. 4 oz soft bread ; 2 oz. molasses. The quaiitities of meat here shown are excliLsive of huge bones. The details of the ration are shown in the following table : Day. Lbt. I O:. Siiii'lny Ih Muiniiiv ; 1 1 Tiii-sihiv IJ Wfilm-adnv .' IJ 1 ThmaJay : ij i Fri.lav I U i Satuulay IJ Oz. a a a a a a a Oz. ^ 1 PH Lba. i Lbs. I a 1 1 a I i : ■ a ; Lbs. i i i 1 i J i Bay. Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday. Thursday... Friday Saturday Oz. Lbs. i Oz. Oz. n be S y. 5 3 _£_ Lbs. Lbs. i i i 2 if 4 a Lbs. One-half ounce of mustard, ^ ounce of pepper, and J gill of vinegar are served out every eight days. This dietary I have heard somewhat criticised, as being such that boys become very dissatisfied with the food they get in active service, after transfer from the training shii:)s. But most arguments seem to be upon the side of giving the boy a.s much food as he can with bene- fit to himself take. His constitution is forming and the effect of the very limited supply of food which many of them have had to endure must be overcome. The effort is to send out a good physique as well as a well-trained mind. Sea rations have by no means kept pace with the improvements effected in the preservation of food ; in these days of pre- served stores, additions might well be made which would save to the men the Sums they are pretty sure to expend in provisions out of their own pockets. In the opinion of many, it would be better, instead of MESSING AND DIET. 41 complainiug of the liberal diet of the boys, to take away the complaint on the part of the men in sea-going ships by assimilating their own diet as far as possible to the foregoing schedule. I would call attention too to the four mea^s a day which these boys are allowed, their last meal being at 7 or 7.30 in the evening. In many ships at sea the men get nothing after four o'clock in the afternoon. They may be as much, or more, on their feet during the night as during the day; the men of the mid-watch get nothing until at breakfast at 7.30 the next morning ; the men of the morning- watch, of late years, have morning coffee. Treatment such as this is too much to ask of" nature. The result of the treatment in the training ships has been to make an excellent physique. A clear, healthy complexion, good carriage, and fine height and figure are very general. I subjoin the averages of height, weight and chest-measurement of the boys of the Impregna-, ble, as taken for publication in the official Blue Book. Height. Weight. Chest meas- urement. At entry After one year. Feet. Inches. 5 3.92 5 6.67 Pounds. 117. 08 133. 58 Inehef. 32.29 34.29 Showing an average gain in height of 1.75 inches ; in chest measure- ment 2 inches ; in weight, 15.5 pounds. CII A P T E K Y I r . DISCIPLINE Ay-D rrNISII3IE>'T. A special scale of puuishmeut is laid down for the boys of the train- ing .slni)S. Those generally yiveu are the following-: First. To have their meals at the defaulters' lucss-table on the main deck and to stand between the gnus during the hours of recreation. Second. Boys of careless and inattentive habits with reference to clothes, haminoclcs, or bajis, are made to carry their hammocks or baj^s on their shoulders for a time not to exceed an hour a day — and this to be limited to three days. Tliird. Stoppage of liberty not to exceed two months. Fourtli. Stoppage of iiocket money not to exceed two mouths. Filth. Caning over tlie breecli not to exceed twelve blows. Sixth. Conlincment nut to exceed seven days. In aggravated cases the delinquent may be put on broad and water for from one to three days. Seventh. Birching (by sjiecial order). Liglit punishments have gen- erally been found sufficient; the cases are very few, the conduct in general being remarkably good. LIBERTY A^'D LEAVE. General liberty is granted on TImrsdays from one o'clock until sunset. In winter, when sunset occurs at a very early hour, this time is extended. Boys, whose parents reside in or near the port in which the ship islying, are permitted to go ashore on Sunday afternoons. Other boys are al- lowed to go at the same time for a walk or ramble ashore, accompanied by some of the instructors or ship's corporals. A playground is rented near the ship where the boys can go on liberty days for outdoor games. A certain number of holidays are given through the year, as follows : Sixteen days from the second Thursday before Easter. Sixteen days from the Thursday nearest September 1. Twenty-one days from the Thursdaj^ nearest December 15, making a total of fifty-three days yearly. Boys are required to go home at their own expense, except that a shilling a day may be allowed for maintenance en route. The railway companies carry them at a very low fare, and when the time for leaving arrives an agent is sent on board to provide the tickets, so that the boy starts from the ship untrammeled. If a large number go in one direc- tion a special train is frequently provided. Boys who do not go home are excused school during the holidays. BADGES. 43 Immediately on his return from leave, each boy has a bath, has his hair cut, and is' medically examined. I have had the opportunity of observing the conduct of these boys when ashore on liberty in large numbers, and I have never seen them other- wise than orderly and neat. Their conduct, judged from close observa- tion at many different times, was most excellent. My chief opportuni- ties were at Devonport and Plymouth, towns lying adjacent, with a combined population of 150,000, and where every temptation to young men or boys is offered. A certain number of ship's corporals are sent ashore at the times when the boys are on liberty, with instructions to arrest any one and send him off" to the ship, whose conduct is reprehensible to a great degree. A report of minor delinquencies is sent in the next morning by each cor- poral. I noticed amongst these such reports as '' swaggering," " wear- ing hat improperly," &c., but saw no reports of a serious nature, though the watch kept is evidently a strict one. The reports of the corporals are not confined to boys of their own ship. I may here remark that I saw bu.t one drunken sailor at this port (Ply- mouth and Devonport) during a stay of nearly two weeks, though many ships were in the harbor, and a great many men ashore. This change of conduct for the better is attributed by every one to the influence of the training service; I have conversed with manyofficers on the subject and found this opinion general. Tenor twelve years since themen of the Eng- lish fleet were accustomed almost as much as our own to get drunk when ashore. We have almost come to consider it the normal condition of a blue-jacket when on terra-fir ma. That a change can be effected is shown by that which has taken place amongst the sailors of a race, the lower orders of which are notedly given to drink. I find Captain Fitzroy, so long as four years since, in some remarks before the Eoyal United Service Institution (July, 1875), in discussing the discipline of the fleet, saying : " For six weeks in the spring of last year I was at Plymouth, and during the whole of that time I only saw one blue-jacket badly dressed or drunk in the streets. * * * I men- tion it to show how much better their conduct is on shore now than it was some years ago. I attribute it mainly to the admirable system of training," &c. Q'he opinions of other officers in the same discussion were equally emphatic. BADGES. Good-conduct badges are given those recommended for general good conduct and efflciency both at drill and study. To obtain a badge a boy must know all tbe running and standing rigging ; have a fair knowledge of the compass and lead line; be able to make all the bends and hitches laid down in the instruction tables ; be able to pass an earing ; and be able to answer well in a viva voce examination. He must be fairly advanced in great-gun, infantry, and cutlass drills. He must be able to read and write well ; to write fairly from dicta- tion; know arithmetic as far as compound division; have a fair know;l6dg6 of the outlines of geography, and must have made fair progress in religious knowledge. 44 NAVAL TRAIMNO EXCJLAXD. The wearers of tliese badges are generally selected at the quarterly ex- aminations ; they are exempt from punishment except l>y special order ; enjoy all the iirivile.ues of a boy petty officer, and are not employed as sweepers or liaj;-stowers. A boy is awarded the badjje or deprived of it by the captain in jterson. The badges are furnished gratuitously; they are the same in shape as those worn by the men, but are somewhat smaller, and are similar in shape to a sergeant's chevrons. They are of gold for the mustering suits; red-worsted for their everyday suits; and blue for the duck suits. Petty officer boys wear in addition a small crown of gold and crimson. Xo boy is allowed more than three badges. RECREATIOXS AN'D AMUSEMENTS. After study hours, the school-room is thrown 0]>en to the boys. They have here all convenieiu'es for reading, writing, and playing games. Chessmen, checkers, dominoes, puzzles, &ij., are provided in great plenty for them, and I noticed very many at such games. The school-room is well ligiited in the evening, as are also the main and middle decks. There is an excellent library of 800 volumes (some of the ships have many more). Periodicals of all kinds are supplied, especially such as are suited to boyish tastes. A magic-lantern is also furnished each ship, in connection with which lectures are given twice a week in winter un- der the superintendence of the chaplain. A vaulting-horse, parallel bars, and a horizontal bar, and thirteen sets of dumb-bells are furnished as part of each ship's equipment. The horse and bars are kept on the quarter-deck, and are always placed for use out of study hours. On Thursday afternoons and on all holidays, the full apparatus is set out. Boys in entering are passed through a course of twelve lessons in gym- nastics before being i^ut to gunnery drill. A non-commissioned officer of marines is detailed as an instructor in ea<;h training ship. In connection with the subject of amusements, &c., what is called the capitation allowance may be spoken of, as it is the fund from which all the above is supplied, in addition to meeting many other expenses. The allowance is lii shillings or .S3 per annum for each boy. The reg- ulations defining its expenditure state the following items as the princi- pal ones for which it may be used : 1st. ]\ress gear not ordinarily supplied. 2d. Extra fittings for school-room, bath and model rooms. 3d. Materials for keeping mess-traps clean, blacking and shoe-brushes for each mess. 4th. Thread for tailors, and materials for repairs for shoemakers, shoe- strings, braid for watch-marks. 5th. 3Iusic. (ith. Two to six cents a week for prizes for petty officer and badge boys. 7th. Allowance of 1 shilling per diem to each boy requiring it, as sub- sistence money on his way to and fi-om home, when on leave. KJiCKEATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS. 45 8th. Bats, balls, and other requisites for games and amusements. 9th. Expenses for excursions. (An annual excursion by steamer is given the boys to some pleasant place adjacent to their port.) 10th. Extra expenses for Christmas dinners. The accounts of this fund are kept separately ; the expenditure is un- der the direct control of the captain, and he has much latitude regarding its disposition. Boys are allowed cents weekly as pocket-money, which is given them before going ashore on Thursdays. I think the preceding will show to what civilizing influences the boys are subjected. They are well fed, well clothed, and well treated, and taught to be excessively neat in clothing and in person. They'meet with no harshness, their treatment throughout being thoroughly hu- manizing and kind. Many of them of course are greatly elevated in the scale of well-being by entering the service; but great numbers likewise come from families in good circumstances of life. These are not de- graded, as was formerly too much the case, by hfe on board a man-of- war. The life is made as pleasant and comfortable and respectable as life on board ship can be. There must always be certain drawbacks ; ships cannot always afford the space sufficient for proper comfort and cleanliness ; but what can be done in the English service has been done. The sailor has been made a man of high respectability, instead of the drunken, careless fellow of some years since. The men who man her ships are a body of whom England is justly proud. There is no town in England so distant from the sea but that the man-of-war's man is often seen, and always in uniform, which he wears as if he respected it. The army is on a very different footing. An enlistment in this is re- garded as the last resource of the ne'er-do-well. The people of the country village regard the name of soldier as much synonymous with the ■word vagabond. While of late years the character of the soldier has been falling off, the character of the sailor has been steadily improving. So much has the former been the case, that it is felt that something must be done to induce the enlistment of more respectable men in the army, and the adoption of a training system similar to that of the navy is much discussed. The basis of my remarks on the subject of the army are the late par- liamentary debates on the army bill of the present session, so that I do not make them unadvisedly. So much, on the other hand, has the sailor grown in popular estima- tion, that double the number of lads offer themselves that can be ac- cepted. Every boy who goes on leave, on his return is followed by a number of applications from his district to the authorities of the ship. Whether for peace or war, men so trained and disciplined are valuable to any country. They are, on the average, even if they serve but one enlistment, twelve years under discipline; they are obliged to serve until twenty-eight years of age at least. A great many do not serve beyond this, but it is a mistake to suppose that they are lost to the country, or 4G NAVAL TKAIXIXG EXGLAXD. that their traiuiug soi?s for naught: the country at hirjiO will benefit by it: society g•et^ a youu- man in the prime of life; sober, (lis<'iplinod in mind and body; a valuable man to any comniuuity, whether civil or military. We in the United States expend vast sums in educating the children of the nation; we recognize education as one of the necessities of our national existence: why caunot the same principle ajiply with even greater force to those who are selected to uphold the national honor and interests, and who may be empliaikaUy termed tlic children of the nation? Money so exiiended is well spent, and thon.;;h the cost to England is some- thing over 8')0o,000 a year for these boys, the result is well worth it. The principle has been recognized in the unequaled training of officers given by our government, to those both of the Army and Navy, and every ofiflcer hopes in our system of training lately established, a result which will give us a class of men worthy of a nation which has made the edu- cation of its people its boast. The command of an educated and thinking <'lass of men is a benefit, too, to the officer; afiordiug him a stimulus, and releasing him from the necessity of directing too much of his energy and time towards the mere disciplining of those under him, collected, as they have be(!n too much with us, from every nation, and addicted to every vice to which the waifs of liumanity arc subject. The last ship in which I served had, in a crew of :'>(il men, the representatives of seventeen differt'ut nationalities. Is it not time that a country of fifty millions of people should be able to find among its own citizens enough to man the few sliips we keep afloat, instead of calling upon Fiidand and the Sand- -\vich Islands (both of which countries were represented in the crew I speak of) for its defenders :' ^^"e protect almost every species of labor but that which goes towards the working of our guns and the handling •of our ships. COST OP TRAINING. The average cost per boy for one year by returns of August, 1878, was £45 15s. 8(Z., or about $22.j. This cost, however, included an expenditure for the whole force of £32,212, which was incurred by the following : "Wages and food of that portion of the crews which would he discharged to shore if the ship were paid off. Difference between full and half pay of certain officers ; special allowances, &c £17, 505 Eepairs of ships, tenders, coal, &c , 14, 707 Total 32,212 The total expenditure of last year was £ 113, 590 Deducting above amount 32, 212 There is a total on account of the boys of 81, 378 Giving an average expenditure for each of about £33, or about $160 for twelve months. This includes the following — Clothing and bedding gratuity £6 08. M- ■\Vages for one year as second class boy 9 2 6 JTood for one year 1^ 6 9 COST OF TEAINING. ' 47 This is a great deal less tlian tlie cost per boy on board the Warspite (the oldest established of the mercantile training-ships in England). There the cost of each boy sent afloat is over £60. The Exmouth makes no better showing when the number of boys sent out is considered, nor does any one of the many others stationed about the British coasts. The total cost of the Greenwich Hospital School per boy {vide post) is a.bout £20 a year, but the circumstances are quite different. _ The boy may be kept as long as four and a half years, thus making his total cost much greater. Nor even if the cost of the training-ships of the mercantile marine were much less, would it be advisable to take many from them into the Navy, instead of training the full complement in naval vessels. By ar. rangement with a certain number of these ships, boys who can pass the naval standards, after receiving the mercantile training, can be received into the naval training-ships as second-class boys ; but not more than forty a year pass. And in the language of Admiral Moolson, E. N., "The boys are no more trained as compared with our boys, than a mere militiamen with a guardsman." C H A r T 1 : E Y I 1 1 . ROUTI^'ES. 111 the following, the word "instructor"' roters to the petty-oHicer in- structor, whose status has been before described. Only tlie essentiaJ parts of the routines are given. S i: JI M E R . M0XI1AY. A. M. .">.0O. — Taru lumJs up. fi.lO. — Instriiitors inspi'ot and stow hammocks, ."i.".!!). — Wnti'li cloim uppor and m.iin di'cks. Watch liclow wash and bathe. 6.O."). — Watch liciow to (jnartcrs, to clean i;nn3. 6.30.— lircakfast, 7.00.— Watch stow hags. Watch hclow ch-ar up mess-decks. 7.1.'). — Watch to mnstcr; to l)cexercis<'d atstationshy the instructors and boatswain's mates. /.4n. — Assi'mhly ; cross upp<'r yards and exercise at station. s.llO. — Watch beli)w til quarters ; watcli on ». — Ass >^ >. [>> ja ,a ^ rO cq A '& p. ft 3 a % I ? 1 O o o ci o CO £} V v e C4 a O O a O N o £ PM o o ■g CO bi be !» bJQ o ■^ 1 5 -*3 •B •a •c ■c ^ ^ ^ fe: bb M .a o UQ bb 'i -3 lO _g £ ft o 'a "i .^ £ ^ 1 (§ .& 'C o CO oa » ^ .2 1 1 . rH © . >> t^ >^ o A ,d pc pC p< n p< ^ a o s s« ST s ^ ^ bC -^ •* % O s o (D OJ o ^ o ;d tj} bb 1 iri ri ^ s s e 3 "S ^ s £ in ■s c s !3 o o -+3 ■*£ oi aj w . t / 03 cfi 53 n 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 n9 NAVAL TRAIXING ENGLAND. s a .2 d .2 03 m i uti i ii ib s tt t'c £ ti tb o E = 5 E = c = ^ s Esc ^ — '^ i III 11^ ■^ 111 ill 111 o o M c5 o .2 s u^ ■4^ '-S L- tittS = a a fcc tf 2 tJCtbS c a c -S.S § c c e ^ 5 «'C-"^ «^^ (§^^ O o .2 .2 o rA *3 £ titb % t V tb l|£ Ji bbtb B&"S 2 g 5.S.5 c c_= i-t t- ci 3 C 3 5 .£•.&.£' c-&a Ci.=^=l, ap-o^ in 'C'S'C *E *C 'C o o o Cj ^ V S O O ! ci xr^mm rJUT.rXj XTirf^m wtntfi 2 ■(jTifTd ^-w-«d ^■in"cd ■^toto VirtfD g > «-««" i-Tofeo" r-Twrn" rM-Nrt' .-Tcfeo a >* 1 ^ "S 1 ' ! < C3 s S 13 S 1 5 ^ P S E ROUTINES. i W >? H rc: a S; ^ a. fiS a cS d o- m ■s '■§ s s « o ID 3 o 1' a a .4' ffq C4 ■a •a 'fl ■a <\ ■< o1 9 t^ t^ S ,a ,a 5^ .J p, Pi p. s % 6 i lA S s s 8 cvi o & o a ^ S i f4 fii m a IN a bb bb . a IS bi p 5 U5 f 1 « s CO ^ ^ ^ ^ uj bb bb 1 1 I-* ^ ^ ^ M o ^ O . Q o ^ :0 '■i^ S '"§ ) 1^ ti >. t^ rH ^ ,a ja A ra o A Pi Pi Ot ^ s e3 c3 s S) & lb Ijj & ■< IS s o <0 s OS a !i CB o cs s o! e q g g 3 P ■ts -W 5 ^3 .& Pi .S- .2" ^ ^ 1 S m 1 i 1 1 ^ S 2 >j a a 1 1 d S 54 NAVAL TRAINING ENGLAND. c c .ii d ei o = a tc 1 ^^ ? u ti 1; ttti E = n ^ E.= = o n ■- n'Z! ."t; =■" .- =:'" " «'E pi -^;5== <&i^ -5^&: ■^«?= rt ^ o o d .2 ^ B CJ tj:| y; y = =f tii tb O fci)*: ti ^ c ■^-H;:: c = fl 1 sen pi . o •c-t: rt ^ ■C-H f " ?=•<« o ^ « u » o -* tiuii w:tl2 tliiS fcC b£i 2 .5.5 i B = S c p n -S S'S-"^ ;:::■;:: ja Keadi Arith 1?l M^<1 W^<1 » u _« u o -£ "a J; it tc i titc « uti S tbdo p g a p s n §.3.9 can o 5 O 111 ■||^ « ^ o ■*•' 1 CJ _u d .2 ^^ .» . i tii fci: be Ji fcC tbg bb nag s c a fl .s §.s •eS| g S p III d 00 ^^rt ^^M a o (0 J* fe d S ^ o _a _o M ^ d o tjj tl i bitig a a B t'jj t f. i fcl bt Si 6 in I^ Ch t.- Ch ^ 'M !-• t- Ch II3 CJ 04 5 5 :i 'C a &.aa, &;::.& ■§.0.0. 000 m 't- '- 'i^ t. ^ ^ ;- k. ;-! IM o i, o ^ o - c- o o :^ d il ccxtfi xnxnrn Xf2Tr,m ajccm i Tj-'L-'d -^"od TjTio'd -.jT^-d .*"irf'«i a > T-Tcfco' .-Trfrt' in'oTco" i-rcTrt" rH^fcta* 3 fe- S- 1 fe. ^ fO 1 § s 1 fl ^ 1 s s Fh FORMS. 55 Heb Majesty's ship Impregnable. Weelcly gunnery insiruetion report, , 187 — . Subject. >i9 ©.2 ■ 3 II InstraotoTB. First ... Second . Third... Fourth . 1st. 2d . 3d . Iflt. 2d . 3d. Ist. 2d- 3d. Extra. . G-ymDaatics Facings, saluting, and putting on belts Squaddiill without arms, but with belts on . Manual exercise Squad drill with arms Firing .exercise and company drill Cutlass drill, cuts, points, and guards, review exercise Handspike drill, parts of gun, &c., casting loose, tfeo., manning both sides, sponging, loading, and securing ... Pointing, shifting trucks, and the different firings in slow time, using words of com- mand General truck-gun drill in quick time, and using signals .' Pistol exerci*se Cutlass drill, stick practice Swimming Bugle Number of hours during the week tit instructions Kumher of hours during the week at general quarters., Kumber of hours during the week at battalion drill . . . f 6-pounder Number of shotsduring the week.. < rifie ( pistol Life-buoys examined and fit for u§e -, Gunner. Lieutenant 56 NAVAL TRAIXING ENGLAND. Her Majksty's ship Impregnable. Weekly seamanship report, , 187 — . First . Second Third.. Fourth Extra. Subject. 1st.. 2d..! 3d ..' let..! 2d . 3d . l8t. 2d . 3d . lat. 2d . 3d . Laying out kits, sliuging and stopping on bam- mocKS, lashing up hammocks, parts of the ship . . ^'ames of masta, yards, and sails, and standing rig- ging, monkey topsail Pulling, parts of boat, &c Benda and hitches Corapaas Lead and line, heaving tlio lead Knotting and apUcing woi-ni, parcel and serve aoiz- ings and whippings, description of blocks, ropes, &c Compass and .sti-eriii;;. si-ii tonna, rule of road Keeving running gear, shifting aaila Mat ana sennit making, fitting rigging Anchors and cables Use of purchases, setting up rigging, fitting out, and stripping abiij Sailing lauuch Sailmaking Signals Colomb's lights Piping Tailoring 2^ a oi ^A I ®.2 Instructors. Number of hours during the week at classps Number of hours during the week at sail drill Number of times boats away for general exercise. .. Soats'wain. -, Lieutenant. IPA-I^T II. GEEENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. IPJ^I^T II. CHAPTEE I. One of the most interesting schools in England is the Greenwich Hos- pital School, which dates its origin from the time of William and Mary, by whom it was founded as a receptacle for the children of seamen who had fallen or been wounded in the wars of that period. It did not get into practical operation until 1712, between which time and 1870 it passed through many changes, being for more than a century almost completely diverted from its original purposes, and becoming, to a large extent, a training school for the sons of officers who were to enter the Navy as midshipmen. It was not until 1870 that a thorough reorganization took place and the school took on its present character. When this was done Captain Burney, the author of the well-known Seamanship Manual, was appointed to . the superintendency. He is, besides the paymaster and chaplain, the only commissioned officer connected with the school, the assistants being wholly taken from the subordinate ranks of the service, or, as in the case of the masfers, from civil life. The school buildings consist of a large central edifice, occupied chiefly as quarters by the superintendent (but in which there are, also, a small museum, a library for pupil teachers and masters, and some offices), and of thirteen other large buildings, of which the chief are the dormitories, the mess-hall, gymnasium, chapel, hospital, and swimming bath. They stand in grounds covering 18 acres, and are separated from Greenwich College (late Greenwich Hospital) only by a street, so that to the casual observer they seem to form part of the same establishment. The greater number of the buildings were erected in 1805, some few, long before, and several of the most important within a few years only. The whole is on the most complete scale, and, so far as I can judge, there is nothing wanting. In the central part of the grounds there is built a complete vessel from the water-line up, fully equipped as to spars and all interior fittings. This is used for instruction in seamanship. She represents a vessel of about 1,200 tons displacement. The school is on what is termed the half-time system, in which the day is divided between study and manual labor. This system is now receiving very extensive application in England, especially to what is termed "industrial schools" (a class of schools similar to our reforma- tory schools), and of which Feltham (to be hereafter mentioned) is a striking example. Half the day is given to study, the other half to work at a trade to which the boy has been assigned;. The success of this plan, wherever tried in England, has been very great. The boy 60 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. enters life, if from one of the civil cstablisliments, with a definite object, and with hands and mind both trained. It is the old apprentice system pursued upon a gigantic scale, with the addition of a sound English education, which the apprentice of former times did not get, nor which he of to-day gets unless he has the energy to attend a night-school. The present regulations for admission to Greenwich School are of date November 30, 1878. Those of previous date allowed a boy to choose wliether he should go to sea in the Xavy or not. It was found, however, that very few entered the service, so that the government was in no wise directly benefited. Service in the Navy is now, however, obliga- tory if the boy reaches the naval standard ; if not, he is apprenticed in the merchant service. REGULATIONS FOR THE ADMISSION OF BOYS TO GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. I. The school will consist of one thousaml boys, the sons of petty officers and sea- men, and of non-commissioned officers and privates of marines, who have served or are now serving in the Royal Navy or Coastguard, and of other seafaring persons. II. All claims for admission to the school ■will be judged by a committee of selection appointed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, in the following order of pre- cedence, special consideration being given to length of service at sea: (1.) Orphans; both parents dead. (J.) Si lus of fathers killed, drowned, deceased, wounded, or seriously maimed in Her Majesty's service, or while employed by Her Majesty on board a merchant ship or in action with an enemy, pirate, or rebel. (3.) Those whoso fathers, having served in the Royal Navy or Marines, are dead. (4. ) Those whose fathers .are serving and whose mothers are dead. (5.) Sons of naval and marine pensioners. Sons of seamen and marines now serv- ing; both parents living. (6.) Sons of seamen or marines entitled to the benefits of Greenwich Hospital not in- cluded in the foregoing classes. Also the sons of those in the Naval Reserve. (7.) Sods of other seafaring persons. The sons of commissioned and other officers are not absolutely excluded, provided that the peculiar circumstances of their case render them eligible for this charity. III. Applications for admission are to be made to the secretary of the Admiralty (Greenwich Hospital branch), London, when the necessary forms will be sent, which, when properly filled up, must be returned as directed, with the following documents: (a.) Certificate of marriage of the parents, or, if not obtainable, satisfactory proof thereof. (6.) A certificate of registry of the boy's birth. (c.) A certificate from the clergyman of the parish to which the boy belongs, or from the minister of his denomination, or from the master of the school at which the boy has been educated, as to his character and moral conduct. (d.) An agreement, signed by the boy and his parents or guardians, that he shall serve in the Royal Navy for a period of ten years' continuous and general service, from the age of eighteen, in addition to whatever period may be necessary, until he shall have attained that age, if found physically fit and up to the prescribed standard on his discharge from the school; otherwise, that he shall be bound apprentice in the merchant service for four years and enrolled in the Royal Naval Reserve. IV. The services of the father, upon which the claim is founded, will be ascertained at the Admiralty, and due notice will be given, without further application, should the hoy be selected for admission into the school. v. Boys are eligible for admission between ten and a half and thirteen years of age. They must be physically fit for sea service according to the prescribed standard ; must he able to read an easy sentence ; and must have a knowledge of the four simple rules of arithmetic. REGULATIONS FOE ADMISSION. 61 The prescribed standard is as follows : Age. Heigjhtwithout shoes. Measure- ment round chest. Weight. Feet. Inches. 4 3i 4 4 4 4i 4 6 4 6i 4 7 Inches. 24 24i 244 24i 25 254 Po«nd«. 59 61 63 Twelve and under twelve and a half 66 69 72 VI. Applications will not be received until the candidates are ten and a half years of age. VII. After admission to the school, boys will be examined monthly by tho medical officer, and especially at thirteen years of age, as to their physical condition, and if at any time found to be unfit for further retention in the school they will be discharged at once ; otherwise they will be kept in the school until they reach the age of fifteen and a half years, when they will be entered for continuous service in the Eoyal Navy if found physically fit, and up to the prescribed standard. If found unfit for entry into the Eoyal Navy, they will be bound apprentices in the merchant service for four years, and enrolled in the Eoyal Naval Eeserve. VIII. Vacancies occasioned by discharge of boys found physically unfit at thirteen years of age will, as far as possible, be filled by selection from the sons of seamen and marines, who must be thirteen years of age, fit and willing for service in the Eoyal Navy, and able to pass a sufficient examination in reading, writing, and arithmetic. IX. Applications for the admission of boys at thirteen years of age must be made one month previously, in the same manner as directed in clause III. X. The nautical division is not to exceed one hundred and twenty boys, who will be selected from the general school, by competitive examination as a rule, at thirteen years of age. They will be educated to fill the positions of pupil teachers, writers, and ship's steward's boys in the Eoyal Navy. No boy will be eligible to be trans- ferred to this division of the school after fourteen and a half years of age. Boys fail- ing to come up to the prescribed standard at fourteen and a half years of age will be bound apprentices in the merchant service. XI. The education of the boys in the general division will comprise the usual ele- ments of a sound English education, alternating with practical seamanship and other industrial occupation designed to prepare them for a seafaring life. XII. In the nautical division, elementary mathematics, and mechanics, nautical astronomy, and French will be taught. XIII. A thorough knowledge of the art of swimming being one of the requirements for entry into the Eoyal Navy, all boys in the school will be taught to swim, and will be periodically examined as to their proficiency. XIV. Children of Eoman Catholics, or of Protestants not members of the Church of England, will not be required to learn the church catechism, and will be allowed to attend convenient places of public worship in accordance with the religious persua- sions of their fathers, provided that application be made to that effect by the father, if living; if he be dead at the time of the boy's admission, then the marriage certiti oate of the parents, or baptismal register of such child, according to the usage of any established religious community, of a date previous to the father's death, will be re- ceived as evidence of the religious tenets of the father. The money appropriated to the school is from the Greenwich Hospital fund, so that there is no direct grant from the state. The estimates, however, must be submitted to Parliament, and are voted upon in the same manner as those of the IsTavy. The total, yearly required, is £20,000. The sum is gradually reducing year by year as the trades of the school become more thoroughly organized and efficient. CHAPTEE 11. OEGANIZATION. The regulations in paragraphs XI and XT! of the articles governing admission roughly outline the education given. The school is kept to its niaximum as closely as possible, the number rarely falling below 990. At the date of writing there are 9!t8. Of this number there are 120 in the nautical division, the remainder being in the general school. The officers are as follows : Superintendent (Captain Burney, E. X.) One aide, who looks after tiie general discipline. One clergyman (naval). One medical officer. One storekeeper and cashier (a naval paymaster). One head-master. Four schoolmasters. One music-master. One cleik. Two school sergeants (acting as drill-masters). Six school corporals, each of whom has charge of a company, and in addition has other defined duties, as follows : Xo. 1 teaches sailmaking. Xo. 2 teaches matmakiug. No. 3 has charge of mess-hall. Xo. 4 teaches swimming. Xo. i) has charge of seamanshiij instruction. Xo. 6 instructs in house painting. Two seamanship instructors. Two junior seamanship instructors. The trade staff is given in another part of the paper. The general school is divided into two watches ; each watch is divided into two sections, A and B, of 220 boys each, each of which sections is under a master with a staff of four, sometimes five, pupil teachers. The section is subdivided into six classes, termed upper and lower first, up- per and lower second, upper and lower third. There are thus about thirty-six boys in each class, who in school are taught together. The term "class" in this case corresponds with the use of our word " section " at the Xaval Academy. As but one watch is at school at a time, there are but twelve classes at study. They are taught according to the standards laid down in the regulations of the new school code (1879). There are by these regula- tions six standards of proficiency, beginning with Xo. 1, which is of the most elementary character, requiring but the slightest knowledge ORGANIZATION. 63 of reading and writing, notation and numeration, and rising in stand- ard VI to a considerable proficiency in reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and history. The three classes of the general school at Greenwich take as their standards III, IV, and V; the second part of the nautical school rises to the sixth, and the first part to the sixth with a greater general proficiency. I give these standards in fall. They are those which apply to all the elementary schools of England under the board of education, schools such as we know under the name of public schools; this name apj^lying in England only to schools of the Eton and Eugby class. 64 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. "S. 1 . 1 mi rjlj o — £-3 c - 5 t n o 3-^ laS X <; _. !£ c O -i; i> C S ; = M C 2 Xa li H " 9 1 i 1 £■■5 — ^ 9 a If Is "A ■- 1 _-: M -3 1 £ O fc. o |lllll Jill 11 o - ■- 1^ ^ iz; C^ a % 'a a ■3 lii c-r" . a a a Ed a a ■32 - K i lllll BS.S2 5 ill O a u II a; ^ O C, w •o Ch 'J - - o _^ >, " "^ 1 =1 s (jT ■ °.5ja- 9 ^^ t-.^S-" -13 I-r ill Is? r» ■- = - K i cc rt sa g K "tj = = t a 9 c.i: c ^ ii = ^ "5 If.ofl c a =-S -- (B,a ^J C 3-S « *a o -^ 3'-*^'^ S 03 H ?5 lill EH is -t- 05 . s rt a ■H ill Ill > aJ3 saga _ to -3 — Z -'^ nil III a2»!=o H d " rt .Sft|-§ a ? « •g:aa H -ii ?q H fi til &-^ o Pi c'-' 5 1* 1^- £".£-3 (S •S-=oi n — X ^■'^ «§ i-a i9 o M S =*? — H '5 £ ,i S a " ^ !5 " " '*'*' ; tt.M cX ti'.-i CD u c_- n C4 tc fcC © ts .- _a a s S='^ S g 5^3 w ^ 5 " OEGANIZATION. 65 These standards are adhered to until the subject geography is treated. The course is then as follows : In geography. — Elementary geography is tn.ught. A map is appointed each half year for the whole school, which jnust be thoroughly learned. In history. — A portion is appointed each half year for the whole school (both general and nautical) by the inspector of training schools. The remaining subjects taught, English literature, mathematics, French, bookkeeping, navigation, and drawing, are reserved for the nautical school. It must be borne in mind that all these boys, with the exception of those of the nautical school and those who fail to reach the standard of size, are expected to go on board the naval training ships for a j^ear, be- fore finally going afloat. In the training ships they take of course the highest rank, as they have already acquired as much as and more than a boy who enters the training service from civil life gets during his whole year's schooling on board. The nautical school is divided into two divisions, the first consisting of fifty boys, the second of seventy. The latter are in two watches, and work on half time, as does the general school ; the former attend school both morning and afternoon. The whole of the nautical school is under the charge of two masters and four pupil teachers. The appointments to this school are made by selection, the boys of high- ^ est standing being chosen; but no boy is eligible after he has passed the age of fourteen and a half years. Those of the second part, who fail to pass into the first, take their places in the training ships as boys for general service. From seven to ten of the first division are selected as pupil teachers, to finally become naval schoolmasters ; the remainder be- come ship's writers and ship's stewards' boys. Those who are selected for the two last positions undergo a careful training in naval bookkeep- ing. The samples of accounts which I saw kept by them were admira- bly done. The benefit of having a large class of such men in the service need not be dwelt upon. The only difiaculty, or rather drawback, that I see connected with it is that the education of the nautical school is such that the boy is trained for much better work than that to which he would be put in the service, so that he would naturally desire to seek a better position in civil life. This objection does not hold, however, so much in England, where the chances of advancement are few, as it would with ourselves, where the ability and education possessed by any one are not handicapped by regard for the previous condition of the person. The following is the examination which the nautical school divisions are required to pass : S. Ex. 52 5 66 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. Subject. English literature. Mathematics French Bookkeeping Navijration .... Drawing First division nautical school. Two hnnrlred linos of poetry repeated. with kuowlerlge of meaning and allu- sions; wriring ;i paraphrase of a pas- sage of easy prnse. Alu'elira. imludiii;; simple equations ; Eucliil. houk I: trigonometry, the so- lution of plain triaufflea. Grammar, and tianshitinn into English of easynaiTative sentences; ten pages of a French conversation. As in use in the paymaster's department of thn Rnval Xavy. To do "day's work" , (Same for both divisions.) Freehand, model, and geometrical. Second di^vision nautical school. One hundred liura of poetry got by hi*art. with knnwU'ilgf ot nu-auiiiiranil allusions. Writing a K'ttor uu a sim- ple siibjict. Algi^bra, including subtraction; Euclid, book I, propositions I to 1 J iuulusive. Grammar to end of regular verbs; ten pages of a FreuLh vocabulary. Same. Same. In addition to tliis, all boys, wlietlier of the general or nautical school, are taught singing, lessons being given as shown in the routine by a master to a class at a time. I give, with the exeeption of those of the second class, copies of some of the examination papers set at the midsummer examination of this year, which will give a more succinct idea of what is required than a rehear- sal of subjects. ALGEBRA — NAUTICAL SCHOOL. 1. Find the sum of 4x^—5ax^-]-i]a^x — bcv^j Zx^ -{- iax'^ -{•2a'^X'^Qa^, — 17x^ + 19 ax^ 2. Kequired tlie excess of 5a- -(-4ai) — 2ac-\- he above 3a^ -{- 3ah -^ 'She — 2c^. 3. Multiply 1 — 2j; + 3x^ — 4a-=^ + 5j-'-f (V' + Tj-" — 8x1' byl+2a;+a;2. 4. Divide a^ + a^h^ + a^ft^ _|_ &6 \yj a^_ah-\- fe2. 5. AVheua = 5, fc=0, c=l, d='2, find the numerical value of (a — 2h-\-Zcy — (h — 2e 4.3d)2_|_(c_2rf)2. 6. Extract the square root of 9 — 2Ax — 68x^ -|- 112a^ + 196a;^ 7. Find the greatest common measure of 2j:-^ — /^x'^-^Sx^ — 12a;2-|- 6a;, and3j;^— 3a;* — 6x3 + 6x2 + 3j. 8. Express in its simplest form the quantity : x-\-y 2x y ,-\- a;3 — x^y 9. Solve the equation : 49 70 x + y^ y'^ — x'jl 8a; + 1 liiE+1 10. Find the value of x and y from the simultaneous equation : ax + 6^ -= c', and " 0. 11. Divide 21 into two parts, such that ten times one may exceed nine times the other by 1. 12. Solve the equation : v'4 + v^jr'-^j? = a; — 2. X -1-7 X 7 7 13. Solve the equation : — -'- — — x^—7x X-+7X ac^ — 73' 14. A person bought a number of pieces of cloth for £33 15*., which he sold again at £2 88. a piece, and gained as much by the transaction as one piece cost him ; iind the number of pieces. TBIGONOMETRY AND NAVIGATION— NADTICAl SCHOOL. 1. In the triangle A B C, givenB = 90o, C=40°46', a =384, find the other parts. 2. A ship sails north 100 miles, then east 50 miles ; find the distance made good. 3. A light-house, Tvhose height is 93 feet above the level of the sea, is observed from a ship to have an elevation of 2<= 58' ; what is the distance of the ship from the light- house ? EXAMINATION PAPERS. 67 28956 4. Find by logarithms tiie value of v'-00023 X „„ . , • 5. Two landmarks are 7 miles apart ; a ship is stationed 5 miles from one, and Zi from tho other; find the angle which they subtend from the ship. 6. In the triangle ABC, given a = 629, b = 765, A = 25° 25' 25" ; find the other parts. 7. In the triangle ABC, given a = 512, h = 627, C = 42° 53' 38"; find the other parts. 8. Find the course and distance from A to B, given — Lat. A, 48° 30' N. ; Long. A, 29° 50' W. Lat. B, 57° 10' N. ; Long. B, 37° 5' W. 9. Required the compass course and distance from a place in Lat. 40° 23' N., Long. 102° 10' E., to another place in the same latitude and in Long. 103° 20' E.; the vari- ation of the compass being two points E., and the deviation 5° 30' E. 10. Find by Mercator's method the Lat. and Long., in having given that the ship's course is N. 26° 30' E., and her distance made good 482™, and the point of her depart- ure, Lat. 32° 30' N., Long. 25° 24' W. 11. Leaving a place in Lat. 33° 10' S., Long. 152° 30' E., I sail ENE. by compass 37 miles with wind SE., making 1^ points leeway ; var. 9° 25' E., dev. 6° W. The ■wind now shifts to the E., and I change my course to SSE., and make two points leeway, and the deviation in this position of the ship's head is 4°, the variation as be- fore. I no w sail for six hours at the rate of 5 miles, per hour ; find my Lat. and Long.. 12. Draw a blank form, showing how the journal or log is kep.t. GEOMETRY. 1. Define an angle, a triangle, an obttise angle, an acute-angled triangle, a parallel- ogram. 2. If two angles of a triangle be equal to one another, the sides also which subtend the equ.al angles shall be equal to one another. 3. The greater side of a triangle is opposite the greater angle. 4. If a straight line falling upon two other straight lines make the exterior angle equal to the interior, aud opposite, upon the same side of the line ; or make the inte- rior angles upon the same side together equal to two right angles, the two straight lines shall be parallel to one another. 5. To describe a sqtiare upon a given straight line. 6. If a straight line be divided into two parts, the squares of the whole line, and of one of the parts, are equal to twice the rectangle contained by the whole and that part, together with the square of the other part. 7. To draw a straight line from a given point, either in the circumference or out of it, which shall touch a given circle. ' FKENCH — NAUTICAL SCHOOL. 1. Give the French for the following words, with the article in the correct gender: Cheek, arm, plate, lamb, streets, dust, penholder, night. 2. Translate into English : Les cousins sont-ils 1^ ? lis ne sent pas Vi, mais la filleule estici. Avez-vons din^ sans moi? EUes auront eu des chagrins. 3. Turn into French : Here is the owl. Is thy master the more patient of the two t Who will give me some ink? Charles will have a prize at the school. 4. Write out all the primary tenses of " 6lre." 5. Write out all the compound tenses of the indicative of "avoir." 6. Write out the simple cases of "agir." 7. Translate into English : Quand Maurice disait, "Oil done est le petit sansonnet?" L'oiseau repondait aussit6t, "Me voil^." Le jeune Charles, fils d'un voisin, pre- nait nu plaisir extreme a. entendre le sansonnet et venait souvent le voir. Un jour Charles entra dans la chambre pendant que Maurice 6tait sorti. II s'empara bien vite^ 68 GEEENWICn HOSPITAL SCHOOL. de I'oispaTi, le mit clans sa poche et vouliit s'esqniver. Mais dans le m6nip instant le chasseur reutra. Voulant faire plaisir h son joimo voisin, 11 demanda couuue d'habitiide • "Oil done est le petit sansonnetf" Aussit6t I'oiseau, c:uli<5 dans la poohe du jeune garfon, cria de toutes scs forces, " Jle voila." 8. Translate into French: He has said his lesson better to-day. These boats have not any rudders. They did not speak a foreign tongue. His friends praised his humanity very much. These shoes are yours and these boots are mine. ARITHMETIC — GENERAL SCHOOL. First class. 1. A person bought 500 yards of cloth at 15s. 9d. a yard, and sold it at 16s. 3d. a yard ; what did he gain 1 2. Reduce £2,695 19s. 9d. to threepences. 3. My watch gains 37in. 'is. in twouty-four hours; how much would it gaiu in a year of 305 days f 4. How many grains diflference are there between a pound of gold and a pound of butter ? 5. If an article cost £2 lis. SJd., find by practice the cost of 4,321 articles. 6. Find by practice 10 tons 18 cwt. 3 7 Us. H(/. ? 10. A man's income for a year is £408 16s. ; what does he receive for 15 days? Tliird class. 1. Write in figures four million seven hundred thousand twenty-nine. 2. Write in words 27,041,205. 3. Add together 4,167,893, 271,896, 98,457, 879, 7,682,314, and 27. 4. From 72,148,063 take 59,673,598. 5. Multiply 8,637,415 by 8. 6. Divide 10,736,847 by 9. 7. Multiply 547,63-2 by 706. 8. Divide 4,167,813 by 278. 9. Add together £427 178. 4^(7., £9,380 lOs. Hid., £2,018 128. 9H, £84,1,57 18s. Gid; and £29 158. e^rf. 10. From £9,241 Os. M. take £8,765 128. Hid. GRAMMAR — NAUTICAL SCHOOL. 1. Parse the words in the following sentence: "Reading fhmishes the mind only with materials of knowledge ; it is thinking which makes what we read our own." 2. What is the meaning of mood ? Name the mood of each verb in the following • "In the next place look to yOur health, and, if you have it, praise God, and value it next to a good conscience." 3. Analyze the sentences £ (a.) "The baffled panther suddenly abandoned his prize." (6.) "His soul proud science never taught to stray Far as the Solar Walk or Milky Way." {c.) "The bird that soars on highest wing Builds on the ground her lowly nest." EXAMINATION PAPERS. 69 1. Name the sovereigns of the houses of Lancaster and York, with the dates of their accession. 2. Give an account of the wars with France during the reigns of Henry V and Henry VI. 3. Describe the social condition of the people of England during this period. GEOGRAPHY — GENERAL SCHOOL. First class. 1. Where are the following places situated, and for what are they remarkable, Oporto, Brindisi, Varna, Berne, Prague, Astrakhan, Hague, Berlin, Cartagena? Munich. 2. Describe the principal mountain ranges of Europe, giving the countries in which they are situated and their direction. 3. Draw a map of France. Second class. 1. Describe the principal mountains and rivers of France and Spain. 2. Mention the countries which are washed by the North Sea and the Baltic, and name their capitals. 3. Enumerate in order, along the coast from east to west, the European capes in the Mediterranean and its inlets. Third class. 1. Name the four principal points of the compass. 2. What do you mean by a map ? 3. Define an island, a lake, a strait, an isthmus, a promontory. Give examples of each. 4. Mention the principal countries of Europe, with their capitals. HISTORY — GENERAL SCHOOL. (The history paper for the first class is the same as that for the nautical school.) Second class. 1. What were the wars of the Roses ? 2. Write an account of Joan of Arc. I give none of the papers on religious knowledge, as I append the comj)lete course, from which a better idea of the extent of the study will be gained. The "scheme" is arranged to cover two years. Scheme for religious instruction, 1874-76. General School. 1. The time for relieious instruction to be from 9 to 9f . 2. The Scripture history to be divided into the following four periods : OLD testament. 1. From the creation to the death of Joseph. 2. From the birth of Moses to the death of Joshua. 3. From the death of Joshua to that of Solomon. 4. The revolt of the ten tribes. The lives of Elijah and Elisha. 70 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. NEW TrSTAJIl^XT. 1. The life of Christ to the sending ovit the seventy (S. P. C. K.). 2. The remainder of Christ's life (S. P. C. K.)- 3. The Acts of the Apostles; first 14 chapters. 4. The Afts of the Apostles; la-it 14 chapters. The first of these periods to he taught in all the fonrclassps dnring the half year com- mencing the Monday after October 16, 1-174, the second during the next half year beginning April 1, 1875, and sn on, thus finishing the course in two years. The following twelve parables and miracles to be prepared by aU the boys iu the two years, three of each during each half year : Farahles. The sower (Luke viii, 4-15). Houses on rock and sand (Matthew vii, 24-^7). The talents (Matthew xxv, 14-30). The unmerciful servant (Matthew xviii, 21-35). The good Samaritan (Luke x, 30-:!7). The tares (Matthew xiii, 24-:W, 36-43). The prodigal son (Luke xv, 11-:W1. The impiirtuuate widow (Luke xviii, 1-8). Tlie pharisee and publican (Luke xviii, 9-14). The rich fool (Luke xii, 15-21). The rich man and Lazarus (Luke xvi,19- 31). The ten virgins (Matthew xxv, 1-13). Mirachs. The water turned into wine (John ii, 1- 11). The withered hand healed (Matthew xii, 9-13). The widow's son at Nain raised to life (Luke vii, 11-16). The draught of fishes (Luke v, 1-11). The tempest calmed (Matthew viii, 23-27). Five thousand fed (John vi, 5-14). One sick of the palsy healed (Mark ii, 1- 1-2). The centurion's servant healed (Luke vii, 1-10). The issue of blood stanched (Luke viii, 43-48). The ten lepers cleansed (Luke xvii, 10-19). Christ walketh on the sea (Matthew xiv, 22-2:!). Blind Bartimeus healed (Mark x, 46-52). The names of the books of the Old Testament to be committed to memory by all the boys in one half year, and those of the New Testament in the next. The church catechism to be prepared as follows : In the fourth class, to the end of the "duty toward my neighbor," with explanation. In the third class, the whole with explanation. In the second class, to the end of the "duty toward my neighbor," with explana- tiou. Scripture proofs of "duty toward God." In the first class, the whole with explanation. Scripture proofs of " duty toward my neighbor." SEI^CTED DIVISION — NAUTICAL SCHOOL. 1. The time for religious instruction in the first class to be from 9 to 9f on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and in the second class from 9 to 9i every day. 2. The subjects taught in the Old Testament to be the same as. those taught in the general school. 3. The subjects in the New Testament to be — 1. Prophecies and their fulfillment. 2. St. Matthew, v, vi, vii, xxv; St. Luke, ix, xxii, xxiii, xxiv ; St. John, xi, xiv, XV, xvii. 3. The Acts of the Apostles; first 14 chapters. 4. The Acts of the Apostles; last 14 chapters. 4. On Snndays, the boys to be employed on the oateehism with Scripture proofs, parablesj and miracles, alternately. OBSEEVATIONS. 71 Of the thorongliness of the instruction here detailed I have had every means of judging, as I visited the school at frequent and unexpected times, and the chances of really practical observation were as good as could be wished; I can only speak of it in the highest terms of praise. The proaciency of boys of thirteen years of age in such studies as French and algebra surprised me much ; their mental advance speaks volumes for the system, which is now advocated by many of the men foremost in educational affairs in England. In the opinions of Edwin Ohadwick, O. B., and of Edward 0. Tufnell, esq., men most prominent in the late educational advances of England, the mental advance of the half-time pupil is far greater than that of one on full time. It seems generally conceded that young boys have a limit of attentiveness which may be estimated at about three hours at a time; any instruction or study after this is considered not only useless, but absolutely injurious for very young persons. That the system is destined to a widespread application in our own country is certain. Its adoption has already (1870) been urged in Mas- sachusetts, usually the foremost of our States in matters of this kind. Half the children of America are taken out of school by their parents at the age of twelve, because they must assist in the family support; this system will allow the child half the day in school and half the day at his trade, whether this trade is carried on in the school or out of it. Half the day at manual labor is quite sufilicient for a boy or girl of such ten- der years, and the best of evidence goes to show that the half days' schooling is quite as much as is good for them. Of course an extended treatment of this subject is out of place in this paper, but, as a question relating to the national well-being, all must hope to see tlie adoption of a system which will take from parents of the wage class the incentive to withdraw from school their children at an age when school is most bene- ficial. « The great amount of religious instruction given is a striking point in this school and in the training ships. The result is that the men of the English service attend divine service as a matter of course, though no compulsion is put upon them, and there seems a degree of devotional spirit among them which is very striking. At every school which I had the pleasure of visiting, whether ashore or on board ship, grace is said or sung both before and after meals. Our own public-school systems necessarily elide much of this sort of training, but my observation of its effect in the many schools of various kinds which I saw in England could but strike me pleasantly. The system of teaching in general is much the same as that in the naval training ships. The principle of putting boys of the same degree of advancement together is fully carried out, so that the teacher's power is not dissipated in endeavors to urge forward very backward boys, nor has he the inclination to give most of his attention to the more advanced ones. All the classes of the general school are taught by pupil teachers, with the exception of those in music. 72 GEEENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. I give herewitli the results, taken quite at random, in tlie cases of some of the boys who were examined in July of this year. The scale upon which they are marked is that in which 100 is the maximum, so that the marks show the percentage of correct answers. Two sets of examination papers are printed and distributed, as in the training ships. The mistakes on which they are marked in spelling are those made while writing, this writing being entirely from dictation. I would call par- ticular attention to the very few mistakes in this, which, when the age of these boys is considered, are remarkably few. Results of examinations. i 6 ^0 c 1 ■3 o School or class. o % o n 1 H ^ ja H "3 a 3 a « a 1 o (« s a 1 f ->i H -- f- X <5 M 5 W o ■< O 1^ H i2i Yrs. m. Yra. m. 14 3 9 Firat n;iutiral no. 1 91..') !I9. 5 80. 4 74.2 8.5.4 89.7 .58.9 82.5 89.3 92.2 75.5 73.4 14 7 3 10 il.) IJ4. 1 HU. 2 118. 5 70. OS. 7.5. 4 90. 6 48.9 74.0 80. 81. 3 75.3 .59.7 13 5 2 9 Seoonil nautical i|.). H!). il.s. 2 84. 71.8 67.4 58.0 43.8 94.8 02. 8 79. 2 14 4 3 1 do 9.5. K bi). (i 97. U 7IJ. 8 113. 9 64. 7]62. 49.7 89.1 49, i;82, 13 10 2 6 ilo 90. 2 M. « 97. 2 74. 00. 3160. 6 64. 4 44.8 60.5 75. 1 60. 4 14 2 6 ill) 9.'.. K !ilJ. H 97. 7 08 :, .53. 6 01. 5 00. 5 49. 6 69.1 63. 2 56.5 13 9 2 5 2 6 1 10 1 11 91. li ^9. SK. 9 97 1 8,-|. 7 90. 5 79. 1) 9li. 1)8. 2 9.). 2 .'•)4. 2 05. 5 67. 2 SO. II T> 13 8 du S7. 7 78. 3 59. .54. 7 41. 77. 2 73 8 12 11 04. Il'.5ll II 13 3 do K2. 1 05.2 32.4,57. 0|,-|0.0 13 1 9 1 6 Upper second do K.",. iJI). 3 83. 1 !I2. 9li. 8 02. 9 97. 09. ;i 71.4 38.4|48. 2 20. 05. 6 60.4:3l.4l;il. 8 12 10 12 3 1 9 1 3 1 2 Lower second do Upper third ijl. 7 SK. 7 90. ') .<):( 8 .50. 6 21. 59, 13. 12 5 00. 9 «9. r.i!):j. 2 50. 8 84. 5 88. .'» i)7. 9 93,3 06. 4 29. 3l42. 6 73.0 37.0 (•) 81.0 40.2' ... 7.2 34 11 10 12 2 1 3 do 7o.4H!J ;ii!iH.4 94. 4 42.6 12 10 10 28.8 51.4 12 2 do 79.1 8.5. 7 9.J. 1 Hj. (J 08.4 35.4 .... *K'o history in the third class. GHAPTEE III. SEAMANSHIP INSTKTJCTION. The seamanship instraction is given under men who have as a rule served their time for pension in the Navy as petty officers, or who have nearly finished such time, and are allowed to come here and complete it. In both cases their pay comes from the funds voted for the school. They are men specially selected as fitted for the management of boys; a most important desideratum, as it requires a character of much patience and firmness to deal successfully with boys of such tender years. The course in seamanship is the same as that laid down on board the training ships; the course in signals is, however, omitted. It may be mentioned here that on the walls of the seamanship rooms are painted many of the sketches which appear in Barney's Seamanship Manual, especially such as refer to the exercise of sails and spars; every difficulty that one is apt to meet with aloft is represented. The sketches are on a very large scale and well painted ; they are constantly under the eyes of the boys, who thus become familiarized with them, and have a means of reference to any difficulty which may occur in their exercises on board their stationary training ship. The idea appears a peculiarly good one, and well worth adopting. The models are on a large scale; in one room is a brig, on the deck of which fifteen boys can work. It is so pivoted forward, and arranged, that it can be headed in any direction by the men at the wheel. I would call particular attention to this model, which appears to me by far the most practical I have ever seen ; the masts, yards, and gear are on a good working scale, and all the details of handling ship can be per- formed. There are many other models of various kinds which need not, with the exception of the one just spoken of, be particularly mentioned. All are on such a scale as not to serve for mere show; the rigging, for instance, going over the mastheads is of a size sufficient to show every detail, and can be taken off and replaced easily. The seamanship division does not include any boys under thirteen years of age; nor do any, until they arrive at this age, receive any in- struction pertaining to seamanship, the whole of their school hours being devoted to other studies and to their trades. OKGANIZATION FOK TRADE WOEK. Boys on entering are assigned to such trade as they appear to have decided inclination for. Of course some are found without leanings of any kind. If on assignment they are found unfitted for the work, they 74 GKEEX;YrCH HOSriTAL SCHOOL. are given one opportunity for chanjje, after wMcli their position is fixed. This work has no reference whatever to their school organization; boys of the first and third classes may be working together in the same room and at the same work. The entire labor of the establishment is done by the boys and their instructors; the school is entirely self-supporting, short of furnishing material. The making of the clothing and bedding, the washing and ironing, the baking, cooking, plumbiug, and carpenter work, are all done by them. Nor is this work of a flimsy character; the coats, frocks, and trousers are well made and well fitted. The jackets of the pupil teachers, the uniform of the band, and all the other articles I examined were good. Sewing-machines and inachinery for shoeniiikiiig are ex- tensively used ; the stockings are all made by machinery, and the latest and best ai»pliances are used in the laundry. A tour througli the workshops shows an animated and striking sight- Beginning at the east end, at the bakery, where twelve boys in each watch are employed, one jiasses thence to the laundry, where he finds the ma- chinery for the washing, wringing, and drying all under the charge of boys, even to the engine, which is looked after by a small engineer of twelve or thirteen. The whole of this department is under the supervising care of one man. As one passes to the folding and ironing rooms the number of boys increases, and one finds a busy hive of industry, where more than a hundred l)()ys in each watch are employed. When it is considered that last year 4(;i),()00 articles (or 9,000 a week) were washed and repaired, folded and stowed in their proper places, it is easily seen that even this large force is not an idle one. After this come the general repairs and shirtmaking, and after this the sockmaking and mending. Further on are the tailor-shops, where thera are 110 of these very young tailors at work, both with the sewing-machine and the needle; so on through the shoemakers, gasfitters, carpenters, and all the other trades which have been enumerated. It may not strike every one as it did myself, but it was to me a most surprising sight. Nor were these boys with the pale faces and thin bodies of factory children. In every case there were ruddy and redundant health, bright eyes, and evident strength and vigor. Among the faces of the thousand boys, whom I saw so frequently that I became familiarized with their appearance, I saw none that were not fine and open. There was not a trace of vice, inherited or acquired. If it existed before entry to the school, it had passed away under the influence of the healthful regime of mingled work, study, and play. On one side at least, however, the^e boys have, as far as physique is regarded, almost an ideal parentage. Their fathers are picked and trained men, vigorous and healthy in early boyhood, and with this vigor sustained by the good food and the regular and energetic life of the man-of-war's man through a twenty years' service in the Navy. After this twenty years' service they are generally found in the Coastguard, where much the same conditions of life practically obtain ; so that, from TRADE ORGANIZATION. 75 these fathers at least, these boys come fairly by the exceptional appear- ance they present. England does well to cherish such a race, and the yearly supply of two hundred boys from this school she is sure to find a good leaven for the others with whom they are thrown. The occupations, and numbers in each of the occupations, are as fol- lows : Bandsmen 90 Tailors 170 Tailor-machinists (to work -witla sew- ing-machines) 30 Laundry-tailors (to repair clothes in laundry) 100 Repairers of clothing (in sTiops) 50 SMrtmakers 20 Sailmakers 20 Knitters 20 Sockmakers and sockmenders 40 Shoemakers 24 Mattress-makers 8 Matmakers 18 The tradestaff, or persons employed to superintend the departments and instruct the boys, is as follows : Bandmaster 1 Master tailor .1 1 Journeymen tailors 4 Master shoemaker 1 Journeymen shoemakers 3 Washers, ironers, and folders 118 Blacksmiths 12 Gasfltters 6 Plumbers 6 Painters 12 Carpenters 36 Coopers 6 Bricklayers 8 Barbers 2 Bakers 24 Cooks (in kitchen) 14 ScuUery 10 Messengers, gate-boys, &c 26 Blacksmith Plumber . Engineer Stoker , Mason Bricklayer , Master carpenter Carpenters 2 Painter 1 Barber 1 Man to superintend washing-ma- chinery ■ 1 Head washwoman 1 Washwoman 1 Baker 1 Cook 1 Head seamstress 1 Seamstresses 2 In addition to these there are the following employed about the school : Gatekeeper 1 Laborers for general duty 2 Laborer as store-issuer (this last has with him for a time the boys who are to serve as ships' stewards) 1 In the hospital are : Head nurse (woman) 1 | Dispensary man 1 Nurses (women) 3 I Cook (woman) I This makes a total of sixty-two persons connected with the school, besides the boys and pupil teachers, of whom there are at preseijt 39. There is thus a grand total of 1,101 persons belonging to the establish- ment. A definite idea of the amount of work done will be given by the fol- lowing list during the past year : 76 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. Amount of trade work. Made. Kepaired. Ill tailors' shops Pieces 4,159 1,723 10, 240 In sbopniaktTs* shops In clothing ruom Pairs... Pieces.. 4,201 In laundry 27, 609 2,041 57,021 Total 19, 003 88, 951 The number of articles washed iu the laundry in the year ending June 30, 1879, was 400,190. The total value of iudustriitl work done was £5,600, or 8-S, ()()(». In washing the saving was over $4,700 by having it done by the boys. One hundred and sixty-five wash-basins were placed in the new lava- tory by boy labor, the plumbing and all other parts of the work being done by them. The repairs generally are done by the carpenter, plumb- ing, and other workshops of the establishment. CHAPTEE V. MESSING, ETC. For disciplinary and drilling purposes the boys are divided into eight companies, each under charge of a corporal. Each company has its separate dormitory, 85 feet long by 30 broad, in which the corporal also sleeps, it being a principle of the school that no boy shall ever escape the presence of an official. Care is taken that this supervision is not made too evident. There is no understanding on the part of the boy that he is necessarily subjected to such, but he comes to see in a short time that he has the eye of an ofiScer upon all his actions and can never escape observation. The bedsteads are iron, furnished with good mattresses, sheets, and blankets ; the bed of the corporal in charge is on a platform elevated above the general level of the room. The lavatories, though conveni- ently situated with reference to the dormitories, are, however, quite dis- tinct from them. Each boy has his own basin and an unlimited supply of water. The arrangements for cleanliness in general are the most perfect I have seen. In addition to the lavatories, there is a bath 135 feet long and 60 broad, covered by a building 170 feet by 80. The bath is con- structed of cement, and has, when flooded, a depth of water of 5 feet. The central portion, 100 feet in length by 30 in breadth, has a depth of but 3J feet, for the convenience of very small boys : a bridge is thrown across the deeper to the shallower portion. All boys are here taught to swim during their first year in school. Each one has his place num- bered and reserved for clothing, and every jjossible convenience is af- forded for their comfort. On Saturday nights before going to bed, all the school is obliged to take a bath in this place, the water of which is at this time moderately warmed. The arrangements for messing are the same as those on board the trainiag ships, the boys being divided into messes of twenty each. The mess-hall, built in 1876, is a noble room 180 feet long and 35 broad. It is handsomely decorated in fresco, the decorations of course being nau- tical in character. Immediately adjacent and opening on it is the kitchen on the liberal scale characteristic of the English in this regard. The boys in going to meals are formed in the gymnasium. At dinner formation the band is present and plays during the marching in. The gymnasium, a building of which the school may well be proud, was built in 1874. It has a length of 200 feet, with a breadth of 8(k The roof is constructed with a system of arched girders, leaving a per- 78 GEEENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. fectly clear space for exercise. All the adjuncts of the most inoderu buildinf;^ of the kind are among its equipments, and at one end is a stage used for theatrical and other representations, well furnished with excellent scenery and appliances. Frequent exhibitions here take place. There is at all times a class under instruction, numbering as a rule 36, between the hours of 9.30 and 12.30 of the morniag, and 2 and 5 of the afternoon. At all other times the gymnasium is open, affording an excellent play- ground at all times, and especially in rainy whether. All formations take place here, and the details of boys are marched from here to the study rooms. Frequent drills in infantry tactics take place, the ground used for this being tlie opeu sp;ice in front of the baildiuns, which is covered with asphalt to the extent of 1.5 acres. This asplmlt has been but lately put down at a lar;;e expense, but with great beneflt to the boys' health, as it has slope enough to carry off the rains and dry quickly. They thus avoid the damp feet arisiug from playing or exercising on wet ground. I witnessed many of the drills of all kiuds, and was much impressed by their thorouglmess and spirit. Nothing could have been better than the marching and exercises in general of the battalion. At the close of the j'ear there was a series of exercises in which swimming took a promi- nent part. There were matches among all grades of the school, from pupil tca(;hers down, for which prizes were awarded. These exercises included flat and hurdle races, jumping, heaving the lead (at which remarkable activity was shown for young boys), and tug of war. There was afterwards au exhibition of gymnastics, in which a large number took part. Shortly after this, the year ended with a theatrical i)erform- ance given by the boys, and a presentation of prizes by the Prince of Wales, at which ;»!) prizes were presented, 21 of which were for excellence in the trades. These prizes were apart from those granted the pupil teachers by the science and art department of education board. THE BAND. The band numbers 90 boys. As many as can reach the standard are, after arriving at an age to leave (15 J), sent to the training ships for further instruction, to serve finally as bandsmen in the fleet. Many of them act as buglers at the school also, and may finally go afloat in that capacity instead of as bandsmen. The bugle is used much more exten- sively in the English service now than it was even a few years since, replacing almost entirely the drum, over which it has many advantages. These have never been appreciated in our own service, on account of the want of a system of calls for the service in general, each bugler being at liberty to devise his own. The band of the Greenwich School has, I believe, not been quite so successful a one as that of Feltham Industrial School, which has attained quite a celebrity for the boys turned out from it. BADGES AND REWARDS. 79 GOOD-CONDUCT BADGES AND EBWABDS. Candidates for good-conduct badges must send in their api)lications at the latter end of each month, in time to enable the successful candidates to have their names published on the first day of each month. After the names of all candidates are sent in, a list is made and sent to each boy's schoolmaster, that their conduct in school may be noted ; then to their trademaster, that he may note their conduct and proficiency in the trade shop ; next to the chief of the staff, for their general conduct out of school ; after which it is taken to the superintendent for approval. A boy to obtain a badge must get a " very good character " from each of the above-named officers. Six hundred and sixty one boys now have 1,251 badges. Petty officer boys recei^'e pocket-money at the rate of two cents a week for second-class petty officers ; four cents for first class ; and six cents a week for chief petty officer boys. Rewards are given twice a year, at midsummer and at Christmas. Prizes in July of this year were given to the pupil teachers for general attainments ; best teacher ; progress ; and for best writer. To the nautical school, for general attainments ; mathematics ; gen- eral subjects; religious knowledge; French; drawing; and good con- duct. In the second division, one was given to the best steward's boy. In the general school, for general attainments and good conduct ; for special attainments in each division of study ; for seamanship ; com- pass ; smartest boy aloft ; best sailmaker, &c. In the trades, there were prize tailors ; tailors' cutters ; tailor machin- ists; shoemakers; laundry washers; laundry repairers; laundry iron- ers ; koitters; bakers and barber ; blacksmith; bricklayer; carpenter; cooper; gasfitter; glazier; mangier; matmaker; painter; plumber; shirtmaker ; turner ; capmaker ; and sockmender. The best in the band had prizes, as also the best in the choir ; the cleanest mess-cook ; the best petty officers of dormitories, divisions, and messengers. In all, there were ninety prizes given, the articles ranging from a silver medal to Eobinson Crusoe. CHAPTER YI. PUPIL TEACHEES. I mention tlii.s subject under tlie Green^nicli School, as it is here fhcy receive thi' greater part of their training, ami the service done tlie Navy in supplying such men is not tlie least of the work done by this place. Tliere are selected from the first class of tlio nautical scliool from seven to ten boys yearly (the number varyinj;- with the demands of the service), who are in time to become naval schoolmasters. After the selection, they under.ui) a six years' course, ]>art of this time being emploj'ed in teacliiug the younofer boys, botliat Greenwich and on board the traiu- ing ships. Tliere are altogether forty-eiglit of these young men at this time, all but fourteen of whom arc at the former place. Their course is divided into three periods of two years each. The first is passed at Greenwich under the title of junior pupil teacher; the second on board the training ship; the third again at Greenwich, with the title of senior pupil teacher. During the tirst period half the day is passed in teach- ing, the remainder at study. During the second period they teach dur- ing school hours, but have morning and evening recitations and study. During the third term they teach during the whole day, but h£.;Ve cer. tain studies laid down, a feature of the whole six years' course. The annexed table is a syllabus of the subjects of instruction. A feature of the third part of the course are the model lessons given by the pupil teachers. These may be explained as lectures upon familiar subjects, interspersed with such questions to the class of boys forming the audience as may tend to bring out their thinking powers upon the subject in hand. The lecture, however, is attended by the fiead-master and an assistant, and by all the other senior pui)il teachers who can be spared from the study-rooms. Notes of the lecture are taken by all these, and, after the dismissal of the class, criticisms upon the lecture are called for by the head-master, who likewise, as well as the assistant, gives his judgment upon it. Those, I heard, were care- fully prepared, well delivered, and the lecturer handled his class well. The criticism to be undergone was sharp and trying. A study of the syllabus will show that the education is in every way a broad and good one. That it is very thorough I am well convinced. I know of no students who undergo a greater amount of work, which in GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL AND HER MAJESTY'S TRAINING SHIPS. SYLLABUS OF SUBJECTS OF INSTliUOTlO^J AND EXAMINATION OF PUPIL TEACHEES. Canditlate . End of first year. End of second year . End of fbird year. End of fourtli ye End of fifth year. End of sixth year. Keailing. To ivad witli fluonf y, ^ asf, and expT)_^M.tion. luinrovt'd articulation and ex- Hression. Repctiliou. Penniansliip and Spi.-lling. To write from dictation in a nt^at hand, with well-foinird Irttfis, rniivct Hjirllili^ ;iud pinn tlKitii'ii, ;i |i;ism;i<:;*- (if Miniplc pioyi',. -do . 50 liue^ of poetry ' *r>itto, with iinprovenient 40 lines of prose . -do . Composition. .do . Prose and verse, with a dis- tinet utterance, due. atteu- tiou to]uinetiiation, and just expiession. To show improve.ttient in the liit^her (lualities of readinj;, sutdi as expression, modu- lation of voice, aud tlit^ cor- rect dt^livery of Inny; or in- volved st;nteuce.s. 100 lines (inchnlinji the former , r.it) nf the sanio punt as at j the end of first yHjir. 811 lines (iuclmlins the foinier 4(t) of the sanie pinse writer as at the end of second year. ^00 consecutive lines of poetry from the work selected under (jraiuToar. . . . do 300 consecutive lines of poetry from the work selected undei' (rranui ar; aditfeieutauthor fi'uni tliut studied in fifth year. The paasacres for repetition in poetry and prose mnst he of a secular character, and taken f'roni stnne standard English authoi' approved hy the Inspectoi- of Naval Schools. Just expression and knowledge of meaning witli improvement each year are expected. ..do. Specimen of tlie penmanship used in settingcopiesof text hand aud small hand ; gen- eral chaiacterof thcwriting in the fxamination papers. To write from memory the sub- stance of a passage of simple prose read twice with ordi- naiy (.)ui*kness. To write from memory tlie sub- stance of a passage p. 1-39, and 5G-H4). Morell's Essentials, whole. C. L'eligicuis KTiowIodgi.^ Ourlin<'s ot Scripture Uistory. Cburch Catechism. Old Testament history con- tained in (Jeuesis. Gnspel ot St. Mattli.-W or St. Luke.^ (1). Catec hisiii, witli Scripture il- lu.stration.s. to end of Outv towards t;.Kl. Old Testament history con- tained in EvoduMtotbe deatli of Moses (TOspel 4d' St Luke, or St. Mat- thew ^ {-Ij. Calcilii.siii, with Seriplure il- liistnitioiis, from Duty to- wards iiml ttKiid. Arithmetic anil Algebra. Compound linles, Sim|)leT*ro- jiortion, Easy Vnlgai- I-'rac- tions. Practice. Couiponiid Proportion, Vulgar and Iteiimal h'ractious. Ea.s\ Simple E>(juations. Involution, Evolution, and In- t.uvsl. Simidliiueous IC i| na t ion s . (.Iiiadratie Equations, and easy I'mbbnis Geometry and Trigonometry. Euclid Pefinitions, Pook T. 1- ■ i'-i, with simple deductions. Euelid. r,ook T, II, with sim- ple de.luetiooM, Eh inentary trii^o n o m e t r y (Haml)lin Smith, chap. I- X). Same as fifth year, but defects more seveiely visited with loss of marks. *A specimen of the pennian- ship used in setting ((tpies of text hantl and small hand. The general f^hai'actoiwd' the writing in the examination papers will he marked. do . M*)reirs (Jrannnar nml Analy- sis, p]i, l~r>U luid (Hi-S'J. Jlorell's Oiaumiarand Analy- sis, pp. r-l-ii'. and H-J-lll. Kecapituhttion. To parse tlie words in.pai'a- plirase, andanaly/e ]»:issages fromthei)oem scleeted,' aud answer ipu-stions on its lau guage, style, and subjeet- raatier. Acts of the Stocks. Prolit and Lo,-^s, Pro- | Kuelid. P.ook III, with tioiial Parts, and mis.el- ON ijiiest iuu; licductious. Mensuiation of plane suifaciv Euclid. Pook TV, with easy dediietions. Meiisuialiou of plane surfaces and moredillicult ipiestious. Jo.^hua, Jud Apostles. Lit iirg\ .—The order mial Theorem. Euelid. Book I, 11, TIT, TV, VI, 1-s, with lb duetious. Spheriral trigtmoiuetry, with refereneetii elementary nau- tical astiomimy. 9. Geogia^ihy. Detinili<»us and general geog- raphy of the World. Jeni'ral geograjdiy of Europe, with full knowledge of the P.ritish isles* (]). Or, Genei'al ireogi'a]ihy of Asia, with full knowledge of Pal- estine, with its divisions at dilfeient: periods of sacred history^ (l!). North and South Americat (1). Africa and Gceanicat (2) . llec:(]utulatimi. Political aud commercial.— 'Pile P.ritish I'hiipire. Pb\sieal.~The elementary course, Siience and Alt De- iiartnu'ut (si'e Science Di- rectory). I^olitieal and coninu'reial. — 'I'he lobmies id foieign pow- ers. Physical. — The advanced eourse. Science aiul Art De- partment (see Science Di- rectory). Maj)S to he drawn in eacjj year's subject. *Tht se two years to bi^ taught in one class, so the lU'der of the sultjects will al(ernat<^. Connuence witli (1) for 1875. t Ditto. 10. History. The succession of English sovereigns, from Egbert to tbejiiesent time, with dates. British history pi^nnous to William I. Outlines of British History from William 1 to the acces- sion of Henry VII. Outlines of British History during the Tudor and Stnart Dynasties. Outlines of British History during tlie I^mnswick Dy- nasty. Recapitulation. Some specific jiart of the pre- vious course thoroughly nuiatered from a perusal of standard histories.* * The two-year students will have (be same subject. For IST:..— From Battkof Boa- wortb to death of Queen Elizabeth. For 187«.— Period from 1603 to 1660. LEENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL AND HER MAJESTY'S TRAINING SHIPS. SYLLABUS OF SUBJECTS OF INSTllUOTION AND EXAMINATION OF PUPIL TEACHERS. and Literature. knowledge, with a Tuodeial+^ly easy Qgof the Latin pre- (MoreU's Esseu- 1-39, and 56-tU). Essentials. The ammar and Analy- .'^0 and 6(5-82. [■ammar and Analy- -0.^ and yL'-lll. tinn. he word.s in, para- id analyze ]iji.sH;i;iH.s •oem seleitrd,- und iieationa on its lan- yle, and suliject- for 1875 will be re's King Rieliard fni- 1870 MilUm'a riieMtiidentHuftho Hixtli yoai-H will ;ljer. Keligious Kuowlodj' Outlines of Soriiitiire History. Church Cateohisin. Old Testament history con- tained in Genesis. Gospel of St. Matthew or St. Luko* (1). CatiH-Liisin, mth Scripture il- lustrations, to end of Duty towards God. Old Testiiuient history con- tainrd in KvorluHtothe deatli of iMosrs. Gosp.'l of St. Luke, or St. Mnt- thrw*C-i). Catec liism, with Scripture il- hisirntions. Ironi Duty to- wards God to end. Joshua, Jud<;es, Acts of the Apostles. Lil Mri;\ .—The order of Mom- iuji,' and Eveuiii"; Prayer, and tlui Litany. Saul, Pavid, Solomon, S t . JoliiiN ( lospel. Lituruv. — Thr Collects, Kpis- lles, iind CowptO of theprin- eiinil ft'stiv'iils. The Coni- niuiiioti Seniee. Reeai»itulalion of Seriptuie Histiu\y. A general account of the Pro- phets (Nicholl's H«d]), pp. 'J74-.'J0r)). Special knowledge of tlie pro- phecies relating to the Mes- siah, and of the Epistle to the Hehrewst (1). A general account of the Epis- tles (Nichidl's Hell), jip. :i3\- 363). Sx)ecial knowledge of K]u.stles to the Epliesians, Philip pians auil Oolossianst (2). Arithmetic and Algebra. * The same Gospel will be read by the tw()\i-;ir,s toiietloT; they \s ill tlHMeforo;dtcrna(o. Coilinienec with (I) fnr IHT'i. tThi^ studeiitaof tlH^ lifthaud sixth years will hrvii read together, so that the order thescsuhjects will alternate. Commence with (1) for 187r>. Comi»onnd linles. Simple Pro- portion. Easy Vulgar Frac- tious, Practice. Compound Proportion, Vol gar and Decinial fractions. Easy Sioiple Eiiuations. Involution, Evolution, and In- terest. SinniK-aneous E i| ua t i on .s, (^hiadrati)- EipiaTions, ;ind easy Prohlenis. Stocks, Prolit and Los.s, Pro- piiitiou;il Parts, nnd niiscel- laneoos quest ions. Alg<'hra. — Kecapi t u 1 a t i o n , more ailvanced Problems. Arithmetic. — lii'capitolal ion. Algehra. — liccjipitii I :i t i no , more advanced I'loldeios. Aritlimetic. — To work sums bolh iMeiit:dl\ and on |i:i]ier, 1o ]Ou\e tlie' rides, to Ini III the ligoies \sell and aiiange the worked siuos meth-.di- call> , and a>i good models for iniit.ation. Algebra. — Progr e ss i on s , Katio, I'roportion, Surds, and Logarithms. Geometry and Trigonometry. as Arithmetic. — The sai tifdi year, but defects in method and neatness more severely visited with loss of mai'ks. Algebra. — Pioblems, Pei'inn- tatious and ('ondouations. Mathematical Induction, lii- nouiial Theorem. Endid Definitions, Book 1, 1- ■ i'2, with simph- deihutions. Eneli.l. Po be taught in one class, so the order of the snhjects wit) alternate. (^oiinncnce with (1) tVir 1875. t Ditto. 10. History. The succession of Euglisli sovereigns, frtmi Egliert to tlie]ncsentthue, with dates. British history ]>revions to William I. Outlines of Biitish Historv from William I totheacceV sion ot" lleniv VII. Outlines oi British Historv duiingthcTmb.r and Stuart Dynasties. Outlines of liritish History during the Brunswick Dy- nasty. Recapitulation. Some specitic iiart of the pre- vious course tlntiougldy masti'red from :i peinsal of stanilard histories.* *The two-year students will havi* the sanu' subject. Porl«7.'..— EroTii Batibof Bos- wortli to death of Queen Elizabeth. For 1876.— Period from 1603 to 1660. 11. 12. ,, 13. 14. Economy. Ifusic. Scho(d Manai;ement and Teaching. Other Subjects. (1.) Drill. The stnilents wdi pass, as being able to drill, during their sixth year. The natural scale, and the inter- During the eomseof ye;ir to (2.) vals found in it. Shapes and givea h'sson in ineseiice of relative values of notes and Inspe.terof Nirv;d Seliu.ils. Fnnrh. rests. Places of nwtes on tlie treble stave. Simitle-rommon Exaniinat inn in mniumatieal qiiestiiuis and simple-triple time.. and easy p;issai;es f.u 1 1 :insl;it inn into English. Prnuiessive, Pelation of treble stave to bass. To give an ;Hconnt of fhe or- (3.) Placesof notesunhnfli. Scalcs ganization uf Greenwieli and inler\als allereil l»y sharps Hospital Sebon], the sub- Dniivinij. and rials. Comjiound tiniea. jects taught , and the meth- ods of instruction used. 1. Drawing free hand from riat ex- amples. 2. Linear geometry by aid of instru- ments. 3. Linear perspective. The minor scale in its diatonic During the course of the year 4. i>v;iwinL: fiom ubjects. forms. to L'ive a le.sson in iiresence :.. DelineationofLiigehtters. nnnibers. of the Inspector ol Naval diagr;inis, and nt her objects of nicni- Schools. n (he blackboard. The minor scale in its chromatic To give an account of the t.r- Kxaiuination in connection with Depart- ment of Scii-nce and Art (.see Art Di- forms, and the clirom;ilii' inter- ganization of tlie seliools of vals found in it. trainuii: shi|is, tlie sohjeets taught; and the methods of instruction used. rectory). (4.) Elementary ipiestion.s in sani- (1.) Kotation: Thetrebleand bass (1.) To answer r|uestions on N;ivigatiou — Kle- Elementary Statics tary scieuee, and on the me- sta\'es, and the relation bet wei-u the best metimds of te:ieh- nientary course, (Hamldin Smith). chanical antl chemical |u-in- tlu^ni. (2.) 'time: Siniiile-eom- inglieadiui:. Spelling, Writ- Srieiiee and Art eijdes, illustrated by ma- numandsiiuiile trijile. ('.:.) The ing, Aritlnnetie, and otlier De]iartnieut(see chines; and art icles of com- scales; Major und minor, with i-ouniiDU subjects of elemen- Science Direc- mon domestic use. the intervals (major and uiin(C^ (-.,5 P^OPq -.•■«-■§« tH O O O ® ID C B P S5 OOO M o s 5 WooaM ii9 = S Js s o fatl+= ^ o B !^ s o o OOO d a d d d g OOO fC ef h' o e3 O ra 4J © O bJD-S F^ O d d ID 9 O OOO d d d d P 3 OOO fd i3 H 5 cj o n-»s © o &C=g tH O d !^ MOmpq ©so I OOO' d d d ; d d 3 OOO' S O M^ Li o d ^ OOO d d d n 3 3 00 Hn. S O bO-e t^ o d f^ o o o 86 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. .2 "'^ ». 3 q " -_ ?* c« =' " -S.i.S ■2 S «-c S; "!^ £> J) 9 S « a J . ^'^ -, P. . . ■- -1 X :3.S 1 H 5 00 oo » >v P 1 rX.^"^ r. o ^ 1 Z u: S » 5 o — =^, « Pig a 3 S ^ u ° rt o r; = S 3 S S . -^ i 0=2 ■r -^ ^ r rt [? ^ w o 11 K o ?; '^^ 2 &:^ tBc3 i'^ '•' a s «^ "= § d « Ii 1, o -, 5 H a =i. ^• E-i i: ^ - « ^ '^ j3 g; 2- _ -1- — -^ 9''S p 5 4 E « ^ ■»-' c HEIGHT, WEIGHT, ETC. '8 s 1 'g 1 O ■TcasQ cqcooi«: ■nmrannni puB tiniuiix'Bia JO aSu'B^ in tn tn m rH rH •nraiajTnj^ in tn (MMCOlricO ■niTlUITX'EI^ 26.25 28.5 .29. 15 32.5 33.15 •aS-BJOAY 24.75 29.95 26.25 27.15 29.75 P< a I •nre£) 5.25 6.6 12.65 13 ■THinniinni pnu TQTiaiTX'Bai'jO OSUB^ tn Tj*-* t^eor- Dj-^Ttitnin •ranraimj^ in N CDoowcooa Tf B^ n !>. «>. ,1 1 ja P. Pi 0,10,1 g o iS o!«i fi p :3 c^ Ph w 5 M S a tars 0:^ btl 3 p, P< CO .^■sitOBsat Sain9A;j •saossai SninaAg; •oi%Qvaxi%ij.v XB^ua j^ •XGAja:},ai P^p ^ji'BTiosaax SutaaAg; *i -*i •ti -R 9 s 5 1 1 3 H H 3 H 1 5 92 GREEN-WICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. § 5, "C. %^ .30. tx 3 ti = t .1 1 c ■ - c •- ez — *- w z; 1 t ..- ■ « P C4 C « s fia to I. a G 2 1 a 1 r: Ci 5 It a 3 ^ « 5 = m a^: B d — 25 C tt tc PK - .30. d d tc .2 =1 r — c; — .51 t: rH it tJC CO c s ^ ^ 1 - -' a| v; ^- X Q Ki C K i^l 5 « a i ■ -: c - ^ .■ v J 1 ii i> I' a. ■^ a. 3 d 5 £ - d d ' a a ■2 -a ja ijd n r -E •" i-i ;- , k. •^'H ^ -- ^ <; -t; <: : ■n -<) tr' <= n ■Sunst-.iT- t)onii[jni: [iMU'iJn: •-i l-t 'OS'II 0; OS'IT raojj lUAJO^ai [ Cl bt LC t( t£ ^l' --L U =t ti bb C 1 ^ 3 c = a 1 = q a B « 5rn 'Srs 1^ S p^ ir: ^3 ^ i=M 1 : 1 ir. ■ ■ ' . ui ti ti tl 61- J-, ^v ti iC in ' 3 .s s SS a. 3' 5 d a .■t; -5 ■^ "= 'tt tt s 'r n m s 1 ^ ll bl II s e5 i 10 c a . -^ X "^I'S' ■08-0Xo;S[-0l ■ag •SU0B80X Taoi} gaosBa[ SniaaAg.^ 3s Stiin.:iA a. ! ■1 ■ ■ 1— ' 4i "" . ^ '"S "a , ? s - 1 s 5 , K I'l' S ' i (B *^ .:: X ? c j-jj ' " d J I ^ -©- 5. What do you understand by the following terms used in music: Scale, key, clef, •diatonic, tone, interval, mode, stave, and signature? Si.xiOR Pi'Pii> Tkaciieiis — Fifth and Sixth Yeaiis. Monday, December 2, forenoon. (Time allowed, 20 minutes.) MENTAL ARITHMETIC. IN. B. — This paper is not to be opened till tlie examiner in charge gives the word. The answers are to be entered on the page opposite to the question. No erasures or alterations are permitted. They vnll be marked as errors. * (Write your name in full on this page.) QuesUons. 1. Multiply 7^6 by 55. 2. Divide 450 by .375. 3. Find the value of f + 1 + ^. 4. Reduce 1 week 3 days to the decimal of 7 weeks 1 day. 5. Find the value of S4-. 6. Find a mean proportional between 49 and 81. 7. Find the value of 280 articles, at 19«. &d. each. 8. Find the value of 970 articles, at \0\d. each. 9. Find the value of 10^ dozen articles, at Is. 6(2. each. 10. Find the annual value of 8 acres 3 roods 10 poles, at £3 5s. the acre. 11. What is the value of 7 ounces, at 3«. id. per pound avoirdupois I 12. What is the value of 2 pounds, at £2 18s. id. per cwt. ? 13. Find the simple interest on £825 for 3 years, at 5 per cent, per annum t EXAMINATION PAPERS. 99 14. Tlie buying price of goods was £6 6s. Sd. ; lost 5 per cent : what was the selline price 1 ^ 15. What is the true discount on £525 for 1 year at 4 per cent, t Seniok Pdpil Teaci-iees— Sixth Year. Monday, Beceniber 2, afternoon. (Time allowed, 3 hours.) ALGBBHA. •••• li 7, = -' prove that — == -J^, and = i -. " d a — 6 c — d a -{■ b c -j- d Illustrate how this is a useful formula in solving many equations. 2. Solve the equations : /-I ^ ad ~ 1)0 ,h 2a — ix (Hc + dx) 1 ~ c + dx' (2) 3a; — 51/ _|. 3 ^ ^^ + y ^ g _ J — 2j/ _ ^ = f + 1 J rS) Va_+Va—_x _ I l/a — l/n — X a (4) X* — 14j2 + 40 = 0. 3. A certaiu number is formed by the product of three consecutive numbers, and if it be divided by each of them in turn, the sum of the quotients is 47. Find the number. 4. Expand by the Binomial Theorem (2x — 3i/)'. 5. On how mauy days can five ijersous be jdaced in different positions about a table at dinner ? 6. From the investigation of the extraction of the square root of an algebraical ex- pression, prove the rule for the extraction of the square root of a number. 7. Find the continued product of a; — a, x -{- a, x^ — ax -{- a', and x''- -\- ax -\- a'. 8. Given the log 2 = .301030, and log 7 = .845098, write down the legarithms of 5, 4916, .0007, 3.5, and 200,000. Senior Pupil Teachers— Sixth Year. (Time allowed, 3 hours.) 1. The straight lines which join the extremities of two equal and parallel straight lines towards the same parts are also themselves equal and parallel. 2. To divide a given straight line into two parts so that the rectangle contained by the whole and one of the parts may be equal to the square on the other part. 3. The opposite angles of any quadrilateral figure inscribed in a circle are together ■equal to two right angles. 4. To describe a circle about a given square. 5. If the vertical angle of a triangle be bisected by a straight line which also cuts the base, the segments of the base shall have the same ratio which the other sides of the triangle have to one another ; and if the segments of the base have the same ratio which the other sides of the triangle have to one another, the straight line drawn from the vertex to the point of section shall bisect the vertical angle. 100 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. 6. Two angles are supplementaiy, and tlio greater is double of the less ; liud what fraction the less is of a right angle. 7. A circle can always be described so as to pass through three points, not in the same straight line, .ind only one circle can be so described. 8. Find a point in the diagonal of a square produced, from which if a straight lino be drawn parallel to any side of the sqnare, and meeting another side produced, it will form together with the produced diagonal and produced side a triangle equal to the square. Si:mor PuriL Tf.aciiei:s— Sixth Yeak. SPHKr.TCAL Tl!IOliX(»IETRY. (Time allowed, 3 hours.) 1. Prove that every section of a splieie made by a plane is a circle. 2. In spherical triangle ABC. given n = -7 10' 1.5 ", J = 62° 36' 4.5", and o = 100" 10' 15"; find J, B, and C. 3. In spherical triangle J B C, given a = 119° 42' 15", h = WS' 4' IS", and B = 99° 21' l.V; find J. 4. In spherical triangle ABC, given 6 = 7r, 42', e = -'> 10' 30", and ^ = 96° 32'; find a. 5. In spherical triangle ABC, given J = tMK, a= 100- 42', iJ = 7So 10'; find the other parts. 6. The Sun rose E. :!"-' 30' X,, at a place in lat. (;4' 29' 15" ; what was his declina- tion? 7. Required the distance on are of great circle between Mauritius and C. Leeuwin, given — Mauritius Lat. 20^- 10' S. ; Long. .57° 30' E. C. Leeuwin Lat. 34° 19' S. ; Long. 11.5 6' E. H. Given latitude 30^ 17' .S., Sun's true altitude Irt ' 44' 45" (east of meridian), and declination 10- 17' 45 ' S. ; find the hnur angle. Skxior Pupil Teachers — Sixth Y?:ar. Th%irsHaij, Deceniher 5, forenoon. (Time allowed, 2 honvs.) IIYDKOSTATICS. 1. Describe the action of tbe'lirc-engine. 2. Explain clearly why a balloon ascends. 3. By what means may any force,'liowever small, be made to support any weight, however large ? Describe any application of the principle. 4. A piece of wood, which weighs 57 lbs. in vacuo, is attached to a bar of silver weighing 42 lbs. , and the two together weigh .38 lbs. in water ; find the specific gravity of the wood, that of water being 1, and that of silver 10.5. 5. If a body floats on a fluid two-thirds immersed, and it requires a pressure equiva- lent to 2 lbs. just to immerse it totally, what is the weight of the body ? 6. Write out a description of the common air-pump, and explain its'action. 7. Give .the number of degrees in Fahrenheit's and Reaumur's scales respectively which correspond to 15- and — 15° of the centigrade scale. 8. Show that the pressure of the atmosphere is accurately represented by the weight of the column of mercury in the barometer. 9. Could a siphon be employed to draw water out of the hold of a ship floating in'a harbor ? Explain your answer. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 101 Senior Pupil Teachers— Sixth Year. Tuesday, Deoeniber 10, forenoon. (Time allowed, 3 hours.) GEOGRAPHY. 1. Describe the oiroulatlou. between air and ocean. 2. Give a full account of the currents of the North Atlantic Ocean. 3. Describe generally the three systems of which the rivers of Europe form a part Enumerate the rivers of Europe belonging to each system, and describe the areas they drain. 4. Mention the different kinds of cereals, and then give their geographical distribu- tion. 5. Name the portions of the globe in which the French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch have respectively made their principal attempts at colonization. 6. Describe the locality of, the French Possessions in Asia and Africa, and mention the importance of each. 7. Enumerate the principal colonial possessions of the Netherlands in the East In- dies, and describe fully the most important one. 8. Draw maps of the colonial possessions of Spain in the West Indies. Senior Puph. Teachers— Sixth and FiFTg Years. HISTORY. Eeigns of Anne, George I, and George II. (Time allowed, 3 hours.) 1. Give the history of the event which caused the Union Jack to be adopted aa the national flag. 2. Write a full account of the treaty of Utrecht. 3. Show how Walpole deserves the epithet of " the first and greatest of our peace ministers." 4. Discuss the importance of laws relating to the duration of Parliament. Give an account of the septennial act. 5. Describe the struggle for power in India between the English and French during this period. 6. Give an account of John Wesley. Senior Pupil Teachers- Fifth and Sixth Years. Composition, Grammar, and Literature. {The special subject, Pop^s Essay on Man.) (Time allowed, 3 hours.) 1. Give a succinct account of the design and argument of the Essay on Man. 2. Paraphrase the passage : Heav'n forming each on other to depend, A master, or a servant, or a friend, Bids each on other for assistance call, 'Till one man's weakness grows the strength of all. Wants, frailties, passions, closer still ally The common int'rest, or endear the tie. To these we owe true friendship, love sincere, Each home-felt joy that life inherits here; Tet from the same we learn, in its decline. Those joys, those love's, those interests to resign ; Taught half by reason, half by mere decay. To welcome death, and calmly pass away. 102 GREENWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. 3. Parse the following, and oxplain the construction : To each nnthinking being, lieaveu a friend Gives not the nscU-ss knowledge of its end. 4. Analyze the following passages : (a) In human works, tho' laboured on with pain. A thousand movements sc\arce one purpose gain ; In God's, one single can its end produce ; Tet serves to second too some other use. (6) Order is heav'n's first law ; and this contest. Some are and must be greater than the rest. More rich, more wise ; but who infers from hence That such are happier, shocks all common sense. 5. Comment on the following lines, especially the words in italics : (o) The blest to-day is a« completely so. As who began ten thousand years ago. (&) Still by himself abus'd or disabus'd. (c) Self-love, the spring and motion, ads the soul. (d) Like good Aureliiis let hira reign or bUcd, Like Socrates, that man is great indeed. 6. Explain the following allusions : (a) Correct old time, and regulate the sun. (&) Or bears the hawk when Philomela slugs? (c) "Why drew Marseilles' good bishop purer breath, "When nature sicken'd, and each gale was death ! (d) This world, 'tis true, "Was made for Cicsar— but for Titus tnu. 7. Qtiote any allusions in the Essay on Man to the following contemporaries of Pope: BoUngbroke, Eugene, Marlborough, Newton, De Moivre. Skxior Pupil Teachers — Sixth Year. Wednesilay, December 4, ufUrnoon. (Time allciwed, 3 hours.) POLITICAL ECOXO.MY. 1. Detail and illustrate the circumstanees which increase the productiveness of land. 2. What are the functions of money ? Show that gold and silver combine all the qualities which the substance selected as money should possess. 3. Describe the eflfect on wages of a local decline in profits, of increased efficiency of labor, and of free competition. 4. Explain fully the following : "When there is an exchange between two countries, the profit of each country is in inverse ratio with its demand for the imported goods." 5. Define direct taxation. Show that direct taxation on manufactured commodities is impracticable. 6. Show the fallacy and evils of the idea that one man's gain is another's loss. Senior Pupil Teacheks — Sixth Year. Friday, Decemter 7, afternoon. (Time allowed, 3 hours.) SCHOOL MANAGEMENT. 1. What do you consider to be included in the moral education of children ? How is it to be carried out ? EXAMINATION PAPERS. 103 2. What place ■vrould you give to the cultivation of (1) the imagination, (2) the memoiy of children placed under your charge ? 3. Describe the advantages of physical education for the yqung. Explain why sun- light and good ventilation are indispensable. 4. Describe fully the effect of systematic instruction in singing in the education of children. 5. What is the object of lessons in composition ? How would you teach both oral and written composition ? i 6. Write out a system of lessons on geography, under different general heads, from the most elementary stage to the most advanced. 7. Show the advantages of treating a short period of history fnlly, over directing the attention of your pupils only to a general outline of an extended period. To what classes would this system specially apply ? Senior Pupil Teachers — Sixth aiv^d Fifth Years. religious knowledge. (Time allowed, 3 hours. 1 1. Give a list of the epistles of St. Paul, arranged in chronological order ; state their probable dates, and the places whence they were written. 2. State fuUy all that you can gather respecting the apostle during the period when he wrote the epistles to the Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians. What reasons are there for considering the first named of these epistles to have been a circular letter sent to a group of churches ? 3. Complete the following passages and explain them : (1.) [the mystery] "which in other other ages was not made known ... in Christ by the gospel." (2.) " Wherefore take unto you the whole armor .... which is the word of God." (3.) " For our conversation is in Heaven .... all things unto himself . " (4.3 " . . . . (tou",hing whom ye receive commands; if he come unto you receive him)." 4. Show from his epistles that St. Paul considered the substance of the Gospel neither a dogmatic system nor an ethical code, but a person and a life. 5. The PhiUppiaus were distinguished by their firmness of faith under persecution, their constant obedience to St. Paul, and great liberality. Quote passages proving these characteristics. 6. Give briefly a general account of the Catholic epistles. Senior Pupil Teachers— Fifth and Sixth Tears. Tuesday, Deoember 10, afternoon. (Time allowed, 2 hours.) FRENCH. [N. B.— No French Dictionaries are allowed.] I. Translate into English the following : Franklin 6tait ardent et passionn^, et personne ne parvint mieux a se rendre maltre absolu de lui-mSme. La premifere legon qu'il refut h cet iSgard, et qui fit sur lui une impression ineffaQable, lui fut donn^e h I'^ge de six ans. Un jour de f&te, il avait quelque monnaie dans sa poche, et il allait acheter des jouets d'enfants. Sur son chemin, il rencontra un petit garfon qui avait un sifflet, et qui en tirait des sons dont 104 GBEEXWICH HOSPITAL SCHOOL. le bruit K- cliaraia. II offrit tout co qu'il avait tVargt'ut pouraoiiiuuir co silllot dont il 'avail envie. Lu marclic^ fut accept<5, et ilus qu'il en fut devt'iiu Ic .joyoux ])08scsseiu-, il reutra chez lui en sifflaut de manifere i iJtourdir tout le monde dans la luaisou. 2. Parse the verbs in the above. Give the infinitive, present and past participles, of each. 3. Translate into French : I have brought you the book which I had promised you. The lather, the mother, the children. France is a fine country. Have you seen any sailors? I intend to depart to-morrow. Do you learn to read ? One, three, sixteen, twenty-live, eighty- nine. Senior Pupil Teachers— Sixth Year. Tuesdai/, Dectmher 10, forenoon. (Time allowed, "2 hours.) Mr.sic. 1. Explain tlic terms modulation, transition, alia breve, alia eapella, sforzato. •J. How many kinds of time are commonly used in psalmody ? 3. In\ent; three bars of melody, in any variety of simple time, containing as many syncojyations as possible. 4. Slake a table of the successive signatures, in the order of fifths, of major scales requiring sharps, and of those requiring flats. 5. Transpose the follo%ving into the alto stave, and again into the tenor t i^^^~^^^^^^ = = -##^- 6. Gi ve examples, in any key, of the following chords : H " 6 6 6 5 3 4 5 3 I^JLI^T III. GUNNERY TRAmiNG SHIPS AND NAVAL RESERVE. CHAPTEE I. THE GUNNERY TRAINING SHIPS. The Excellent, at Portsmouth, aad Cambridge, at Devonport, are used as ships for training both officers and men in gunnery. The former take here a coarse in order to qualify as gunnery officers ; the latter as sea- men-gunners or as trained men. In each case a considerable increase of pay accompanies the qualifying certificates. The Excellent occupies the more important place, as on board of her most of the officers take their gunnery course. The training of the men is the same in each, a fixed course being laid down for general guidance. Moored head and stern with the Excellent, and connected with her by a bridge, is the Calcutta, another line-of-battle ship, and used as a supple- mentary vessel, the number of men in the Excellent being sometimes very great. There are at present at Portsmouth and Devonport about 1,900 men undergoing this training. The number under training varies with the exigencies of the service. If the demand for men is great, they stay from three to six months only ; otherwise some may stay on board as much as three years. JiTone but good-character men are taken, as time and care cannot be wasted in dis- ciplining unruly persons. The course includes the study of fuses, car- tridges, primers, powder, projectiles, and indeed everything connected with the subject of practical gunnery. There is also at Portsmouth one of the new-class gunboats used for firing afloat, and in connection with the numerous torpedo-boats, for torpedo practice. There is both morning and afternoon drill during every day of the week excepting Saturday and Sunday ; on Friday there is a general ex- ercise at quarters. For infantry and musket drill the men are landed on an island near by, used specially for this purpose. The seamen-gun- ners receive in this last a very careful training, enabling them, as I have before said in speaking of the services done by them in the training- ships, to act as drill officers in every capacity. 108 GUXXERY SHIPS AXD NAVAL EESERVE. The facilities for study are very good ; models of exery article iise- Place wlipre tdtablidlicd. >. 'Z For how many 3-^ , tbe ship is iii- teuded. NoM.fV into 1 chiiut diiriiii IVHSOllt hn incr- M^^r^■iol'^ ;twolvo iiioiithy ended Sept. 1, 1874. o 5- Land training brig, Middle- sex Industri- al School, Tul- tUam, near Hounslow. Bristol - 1^ Gibraltar Goliath ^^. Havaunah . . Indefatigable Belfast . OfTf'rraya Ksaex, Eiver Thames. 207 300 to 350 (av- Certified in! dust rial school. liidnstiial 399 CardilT 84 100 would prob- I I ably be as many as it would bo wiwe to admit, tho' a larger num- ber might bo provided for on board. 250 pnu 'V, Liver- 149 choi.l.* Industrial school. Industrial school. For pauper boys. For s(tnM and orphans of sailors and other poor and destitute boys. 521 SasO. S. * FoRMiDABT^. — Parents' character at a low ebb. Character best told by sections 14, 15, and IC of in- dustrial schools act ; section 14 chiefly. t We foel sure that a good one-third of the apprentices have run, but they are still afloat as 0. S., and generally are the smartest lads. "We have received, on the whole, most favorable accounts of lads left. The chief and almost only throwback is that 01 lads not serving out their indentures. X All nautical staff; have been in Koyal Navy; schoolmasters certified- § Goliath. — Besides the boys sent to sea — 56 boys were drafted into the army, as musicians, between September 1, 1873, and above date. 34 boys were claimed by their friends between above dates. 4 boys sent to situations on shore between above dates. 11 boys were returned to their schools; and 3 boys died between above dates. 108, and 156 to sea =: 264 total discharged; and 302 boys were admitted between the above dates. TABULAE RETURNS OF TRAINING-SHIPS. 119 merchant service as apprentices, ^c. — Contiuued. 6 § 1 f ■a a I n Amonnt received during the year &om private 8ul)soiiption, bequests, &e. O ■el II l| •si H 1 H 1- t 23!. 19s. Sid. 3nautical instruc- Proportion Proportion rec'd Nil 40!. for 4 Boys, 10s. to 115s. per mo. ; 0. ^, 20s. to per lioad. tors and 2 school- chargeable to on account of years. masters for the nautical di- of nautical di- training brig in particular, and vision: 3,596!. vision, 1,396!. 6«. 30s. lis. 8d. (for m addition the maintenan o e general adminis- and r(ianage- trative staff of ment). the institution. ISl. 8s. 9d. Captain super- 5,955.! Homeoffice,3,648! 6«. 5d. ; local 1,3991. 14s. lid. 35!. for 3 Boys and 0. July 1, '73, intendent. years. S.',25«.to35«. to "juue 1 officer. scliool board. 30, 1874. 4 instructors. Carpenter. Cook. TaUor, 9,950!. OS, lOd. I' July 1, 1873, to June 30, 1874. Shoemaker. 3 schoolmast'rs ' Agent. Ship secretary. Aljout 201 . 13 1,820!. 3s. 7£j. pay- master-generai, 591!. 8«. 910!. counties. 22, including two 7,7331. 6«, 8d. None! expenses None 30!.to45!. 10s. to 50s. ofiicera in brig- paid out of poor for 4 antine, and 2 rates for Forest years. officers in charge Gateachooldis- of hospital on trict. shore. Ul.9s.Sd... Hon. secretary ,. 1,322!. 6s. 2d. Treasury, 976!. Is. 10!. donation ; 35!, for 3 Cabin boy«. Hon. treasurer. 3d. ; school 68!. 16s. ed. years. 20s. Hon. medical offi- hoards,,iustio6s. subscrip- cer. and guardians tions; 217!. Superintendent. ofthe poor, 130!. 7s. 3d. earn- Boatswain and 2s. Id. ings of in- schoolmaster. d u strial classes. About 201. II Captain Now about Nil About 4,400!. 36!. for4 25s. to 30s., Chief officer. 4,000!. years. first voyage; Carpenter. 40s. to 50». Cook. second voy- 2 schoolmasters. age. 4 seamen instruc- tors. II Indefatigable, — The average cost per head is calculated over a period of about five years. Early in last year the vessel broke loose from her moorings, and was in dock for eight months. During thia period no new boys were admitted, so that the numbers were considerably diminished, and the expend- iture increased in consequence of repairs to the ship while in dock. 120 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING ENGLAND. Statement showing the number of hoys sent into the c d No. of boYS sent V 1 .2 !^fature of ship according to class of boya edu- into the merch- ant service dur- ing 12 montliB ended Septem- 1g ^ 9 03 i:S "m mf © • ber 1, 1874. Name of ship. 3 £ t:- £3 B O d u t-4 1.3 1 CO •M nS 5 3 ^ ^ b 5 S to A f ^ ^ ^ si Mais River Tay, 305 ForSOO.Tjut NU.. 10 53 19/. 14«. about 2 oi'casio n- al school. miles up allv there from tlie are a few Port of more. Duiiftcc. Could easily ac- commo- date 350 or more. Hull 200 240 Nil.. 13 16!. 3». Od. toil. al achooL service {6 lishing). "WarepiteJ .. Wiji.lwiih 200 200 Nil.. Laboring classes. 45 163 In 1873, 23;. 95., and 5!, 9«. clotli- iliK, and sea tiutlit. i "Wfll.'slcv... River Tyne 278 300 28 al achoul. 181. 13«. dd. Total . 3 511 3,975 3 1 8 4 Totalforll 938 ships, 256. |- "Mars.— The number of bovs, ex the Mars, who actually go to sea is much greater than is shown here r about three-fourths of those discharged to shore employments come back in order to get ships. We don't encourage apprenticeships for good boys, unless they are taken for a short period on liberal terms. They obtain good wages as ordinarys, in consequence of the pi'actical seamanship they obtain in the Mara eea-going tender. The tender adds considerably to the expense. G. J., Secretary to Mara, November 7, 1874. tSouTHAMHTON. — The uBual term of apprenticeship is for four years 40L, with a bonus of 51. at the expiration of the time ; 451. for five years, with a similar bonus. There is one instance of 622. for five years, and one of 4Sl. for four years. The boys seldom remain above one year in their apprenticeship and then desert, the owners and mas- ters takingno trouble to recover them. Apprenticing from an indostrial school creates a "final dis- charge." Boys take advantage of this, volunteer to he apprenticed, and, in some instances, abscond within twenty-four hours after being bound. Boys not apprenticed receive from 17*. 6d. to 258. a month as working boys in sailing-vessels, and usu- ally 30*. a month as cabin and engineer servants in steamers. The accounts received of boys so sent out; are generally satisfactory. TABULAR RETURNS OF TRAINING-SHIPS. merchant service as apprentices, Swansea. TheLon- 91, at 15s. per month. 15 boys, 4 years 45 I don firms gave the — 163 20 boys, 4 years 46 J smaller amount. —45 It was the exception for apprentices in the coasting trade to serve out their time, and the committee in consequence now send no boys into coasters. Those now in foreien-going ships do much better, but it is a great temptation to an apprentice to run when he sees hoys or the same age as himself getting, after one or two voyages, ordinary seamen's pay of 21. or 21. 10*. a month. Boys prefer not being ap- prenticed as a rale. Very favorable accounts, on the whole, are received of the boys sent to sea on monthly wages ; most of them have V. G-. on their discharge certificates. "When there is much desertion going on, as at pres- ent in New Zealand, the boys sometimes go with the seamen, and, like the seamen, engage eventually for the return voyage in another ship. There is always a percentage who, after one voyage, dislike the sea and return to former occupations on shore. In consequence of the competition among the training-ships in the Thames, it is necessary to employ an agent to solicit boys for the ships. 122 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING ENGLAND. TRAlNINCJ-SniPS Statement of the time hoys remain in training on hoard training-ships; also ihr numhei* ashore from the time the thipe were Ages of boys. "NToTna «f o1.;t^ Bate and Toar when Time bovs rcraain on board. Minimum and max- imum ago for joining ship. Minimum and maxi- mum age for li^av- iug ship. Clarence , Chicbeator .. Cornwall Cumberland. Endeavour . . 1856 Committed for 12 and 10 . Eears ; remain i ttle over 3 years. August 1.'), 1864 3 to 3J yeai s 11 and 15 . December, 1800., June, 1859 Avi'rngetiiiieabont2 I years and inuiitlis. 1 year on an average. 13 and 17 11 and 15 ! June 30, 1809 This is tbe date of the ship's certifi- cate from Secretary of State. After that the ship had to bo fitted up and Ijuys collected, ao tlnit it was about the com- mencement of 1870 that the institution rf-ally was in order and acting. Formidable ... All boys are com- mitted to the ship until the^' attain 16 years ot age; but BO soon as they reach a certain standard in education and in seamanship thvy are sent to sea. Tin; average time of 'In- tention has hfi-Ai aboutS years. It in, however, oxpcctiid to be less in fLituru. Hand U. The t r a i n i n g-b r i g Average 2 years and was OHtablishcd 4 months (including July 18, 1800 (when the school com- menced to train boys for the sea). time in other divis- ions of th>; school before being placed in the nautical di- vision). Certified K"ovember 2 to 3 years. 29, 1869 (first boy \ on board December 1, 1809). Gibraltar ' June 7, 1872 Tntil 16 years of age I I generally'. 12 and 14 (about) . 11 and 13 years (a few at 10 years). 10 and 14 . 15 and 19 Depends upon con- duct; have power to i>ut out on li- cense afterlj year's detention. None 14 and 18 . According to sen- tence and admis- sion. 14 and 10 and up- ward. 13 and 16 (about)'... 15i and 10 years. May be sent out on license any time af- ter they have been on board 18 months ; cannot be kept after 16. TABULAR RETURNS OF TRAINING-SHIPS. 123 FOR SEAMEN. who have joined the Royal Navy avd merchant service, respectively, and the number draftei first established to September 1, 1874. If umber entered in Royal Navy since first establisli- ment. Station on ship. Eemarks. Kone lioyal Navyrefuse to take boys di- rect from a re- formatory sMp. None Are not admissible to Navy. 146 Until lately no fa- cilities were af- forded for getting the boys into the Royal 'Navy, and the pectmiary ad- vantages offered in the mercantile marine account for the small num- ber entered in the Eoyal Navy. (46 as band hoys.) 635 438 1,217 987 315 642 Up to Au- gust 31, 1874. 144 308 22 233 This includes emi- gration, dis- charge to friends, &c. 123 Of these since be- ing discharged from the ship, about one-fonrth have left shore employment and gone to sea in the merchant service. 15 deaths on board and in hospital. The number from the Nautical Di- vision would be very small, hut very large from the other divis- ions, besides sol- diers, emigrants, &c. 6 emigrated 1 Scots Greys' band. 3 situations on shore. 4 transferred to other schools. 4 died. 18 Eiver Mersey, near Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. River Mersey - Greenhithe . Off Purfleet, sex. Es- Row Bay, Gare- loch, Dumbarton- shire. Model training- brig at'Middlesex. Inmistrial school, Feltham. Off Portishead, Sometshire. Belfast . It is to be explained that the school is established for 800 boys, of whom 150 be- long to the nautical section, ana are training for the sea on board a model training- brig. Rowing ^8 taught on the River Thames, and swim- ming in a bath at the school. 124 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING— ENGLAND. TKAINING-SHIPS FOR Stotemeiit of fhe time hoye remain in training Dato and year when established. Time boys remain on board. Ages of boys. Kame of ship. Minimum and max- im um age for joining ship. Mininuim and maxi- mum afie for leav- ing ship. Xov(.-mber9, 1870 Depending on their age, size, ability, and capability. 9 and 15 J Froml4tol6 A T> Iftfil 2, 3, -t, 5, and6}ear8.. Average 2 J years 10 and 12 U ami IG Indefatigable. July 1865 12 and 15 September 30, 1869 . . Minimum age 12 years, unless very stout ; and not admitted at 12 unless Iiealthy growing boys tit for being suilora. Cannot be detained over 16 years; gene- rally about IGwhen discharged. SoathaiDpton. . September 24, 1868 . . 1756 Till IC years of a;^e - . About 9 montlis ; boys Tvho become fit for Royal Navy do not remain so long. 11 and 14 14 and 16 Warspite 14 and 16 The boys leave in turn, as soon as -i certain course of training has been gone through. Wellesley January 17, 1868 "Until 16 years of age. Minimum now 12 years; formerly 10 years. Total number ente from 11 8hii)9 , 16 red the Eoyal Navy Ditto Indian Navy TABULAE EETUENS OF TEAINING-SHIPS. SEAMEN— Continued, on hoard training-ships, ^-c. — Continued. 125 .gs.fl s»-g«- KumLer 'entered in EoyalNavy sinee first establish- er entered Bhant serTii B first establia t. drafl^d occupation ifec., sin tablishmen Station of ship. Rcmarlcs. ment. ^ u o a .3 *^1S esgs E3 OXJtfl !2< ^ 26 430 156 into army as Off Grays, Essex, From date of establishment musicians. Kiver Thames. to September 1, 1874, 1,162 95 taken by friends. boys were admitted; there 32 returned to being on board on that day their schools. 399, it follows that 763 were 16 to situations on provided for in manner as described in this return. shore. 8 deaths. W. S. Bourchier, 307 Captain Superintendent. 5 54 62 Grange Road, Car- diff. The superintendent is in communication with 34 out of the 59 boys who have gone to sea from the Ha- vannah. No case of deser- tion has come to his knowl- edge. J. Watson, Hon. Sec. Llandaff, Oct. 23, 1864. 1 309 36 River Mersey, Liverpool. River Tay, near 12 147 75 to trades. A much larger proportion of the boys would go direct 23 physically unfit Dundee. for sea. into the Royal Navy if the law allowed them to be de- 98 tained a year longer. Only a few come up to the stand- -, — ard at 16 years of age. About three-fourths of those sent to trades return, and are fitted out for sea. G.J., Secretary to TViars. Nov. 7. 1874. -None ..-•••....--•• 101 80 Hull Of the 101 boys sent to eea, 6 are dead and 25 are now working on shore. Of the 80 hoys sent to employment on shore, 10 have smce gone to sea. -.29, 389 Royal Navy, 3,760 Indian Navy. 24, 681 None "Woolwich Warsj)it6 belongs to the Marine Society, which orig- inated the training-ship sys- tem in the last century. All boys are subjected to a strict medical examination before admission, and en- gage to serve wherever they may be sent, whether Royal Navy or merchant service. "None ..--- 144 66 Tory many of these Shields, River Tyne. When we first began to send boys to sea, 66 were appren- have gone to sea ticed; only one of these subsequently. served his time, having re- mained the whole time in China. The remainder have mostly done well. "We have sent our boys to sea as 0. S. 29, 781 30, 3U < Total number entered merchant ser- ( vice from 15 ships. 3,760 at 30s., very rarely less ; and engineer's stewards at same wages. The boys have, as a whole, turned out remark- ably well. 126 MERCHANT SERVICK TRAIXIXG KXGLAXD. K O M ■0^ 'gjsanbaq 'notj -diJDsquB .i^TiAUd rao.ij JBOi 9q':j3nunp pdAiaaej ^nnomy •wo ; « 1 1 8qj Smjnp pdApjo.i :jnnomY g i i •.ftq;no [cnmiu i^iox O" QO" o o (M CI c - c — * a J. a |i w - ■^ o i:; => c .5 II a rr. ^ 1° ^ "i 1:4 a-— i; a = « III '5 X ^ ^ o ? Number of boys aent into the merchant service durin^X 12 niontbs ended September 1, 1S74. 1 1 o a : C ; : a ? is a 2 — 'a ■=: - S : J^ a < •p3pa^:},m ST drqs oqj Xaeui'ALoq Jo^i ™ o '\m\ 'I Jaqraoijdag no ediqe ut aioq jo joqnin^ i 3 "3 X <4-l o o E c ■r, OT r a TABULAE RETURNS OF TRAINING-SHIPS, 127 Sis, fi-e. "S? (6 1 to brin sons f erchani the Eo; as midi (§ Intended tlemen's in them 23 joined Eeserve -♦* A g ^ M SH oT O ■i ■$ ^ o :3 $ g I Ul 3 (S er drafted to occnp a- deaths, fcc, first estab- ent. g o ishing t 1,162 138 Illll o o g o-43-Sfl l^i* •!^U9ni -q9nq'B:je9 (jsjif 90Tiie 12 S 90IAJ08 %WeT{OXQUI l> o m ' P9JL9JH9 jgqnin^ ■SS^ of rd fl « S"- pS a S •« ,-1 o in iiii a .- ■diqs S S" S TI T A -B 9 1 jqj •a t3 oSb ' mnniTX'eni i i o ,2 pu-G tnncnjui^ in in O i, •diqe eo (O S u T n T C joj -d fid 93-6 * uahtuixBoi i 1 pnB xanxniaijii CO M I— 1 t-l i el Uo (p- I 1 ^rt^ » t^ H -«« ffl"^ M cd (M ci a (A "■S oi W CO d lO «o i»-S GO 00 ««' (3 -ta" -4^" ^§■3 g s III 4 ^ _ft VI ■ i-i o (0 ' (D b m 1 "A § t * o ? ^ 1 128 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING — ENGLAND. ANALYSIS OF THE ABOVE TABLES. Parliculars given for the year ending 31s? August, 1674. From the above tables, the columns of ■which arc not, however, eoiiiplete iu all cases, it would appear that at present the gross results attained by these 17 training- ships are as follows : Table I. — Xiimier of boys sent into the merchant serrice by e:ifli class of ship, and average cost of each boy. 1 o Number of boys aent into the merchant service. Class of sbip. k 5-3 O (S Average exp each Doy on per head, i nnin. I 3 ]05» 109 147 Nil.t 470 168 112 400 620 168 * s. d. 53 15 18 19 7i 21 2 20 7 8 Grand total, number of boyH sent into the merchant service. 1,306 1 * These are not seaman apprcDtices, but officers. t All boys being under detention are sent to sua on license, under tlio reformatory nci.. Table II. — Expenses of mainienancc. c3 Keceipts. Total ro- Total ex- penditure. Class of ship. O i Public vote. Private sub- scriptions. Pupils' fees. 2 8 \ £ 8. d. £ s. d. 127 4,400 19 1* 10,942 15 3* 593 £ s. d. 13, 492 10 £ «. d. 13, 619 10 42, 847 16 10, 942 16 3 13,454 £ «. d. 13, 756 38, 246 16 11 33,017 6 9t 24, 184 15 11 13,731 Independent ships 12,861 *ThiB is the amount received by 7 ships. tThis is the amount received by 3 ships. ^This is the amount spent by 7 ships. Table III. — AccommodaUon . Class of ship. i o 1 2 8 4 3 II t5" li o o ■= a . 2^ a o O p 280 2,125* 1,150 700 243 1,876 998 637 37 249 Independent ships . , 162 63 Total extra number the sbipe mio'bt accommodate 501 1 • *0n referring to the remarks set aojainst the Cumberland, Havannab, and Mars, it will be seen that these ships might be made available for a further increased number. AUUITIONS TO LIST. 129 The Aretliusa, Olio, Mount Edgecumbe, and Shaftesbury have lately been added to this list ; the last named within the past year ; the Go- liath, burned in 1875, has been replaced by the Exinoutb. The Arethusa is under the same society as the Chichester, and is moored at the same point in the Thames ; the Clio and Mount Edge- oumbe are industrial school ships such as the Formidable. The Shaftesbury, the most important of these new additions, was pur- chased by the London school board from the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company, and fitted for her present uses at an expense of ^£4:2,000 ; there is attached to her as a tender a small bark intended for practical exercises under way. This school lias been so lately organized that no judgment can be formed as yet of its effectiveness. I visited as many of these ships as was possible during my stay in England, and saw the workings of a sample ship of each class. Three of this list are wholly for convicted boys ; all, with the exception of the Warspite, Indefatigable, and Shaftesbury, are for none but the poorest classes, and can be regarded as having been primarily established not so mucb for the benefit of the mercantile marine as for affording an outlet and employment to some of the great pauper class which forms so large a percentage of Great Britain's population. A great number are thus put in a fair way to become useful men, who would otherwise almost inevitably drift into crime and degradation. S. Ex. 52 9 C H A P T E E 1 1. First, in point of ;ii;e at least, is the society under whose charge is the Warsixite. This society, founded by Jonas Hanway, was incorporated in 1772 ; since that time 5S,0(I0 boys have been sent into the royal and mercantile navies by this one institution. The boys admitted to the ship must be between thirteen and sixteen years of aye, and from the following classes : 1st. Boys who are destitute and without friends. lid. Boys who are in abject distress who are recommended by oflieers of the so7. Tiii'se expenses were divided as follows, the number of boys on board being about 300: £ 8. d. £ 8. d. ClothiiiK and licdding for liovs and officers, including outfit fill' 1.53 l)oys .sent to sea during the yrar 1,619 17 7 Victualing oliiceiH ;nid liii,\s on board 3,604 7 Keimirs and stores for ship and l)o;its, wood, iron, ii;iiiitii]<;, blacksmith, and iilumlier 49.', 10 7 Cmibigc and canvas 104 17 3 Oil, candles, lamps, soap, ttc, at sbip 180 6 Various small stores and expenses at ship, school tittinga and .books, fares of oflScers and boys, &c 200 1.-! 7 Coals at ship .''irj 17 9 Salaries to superintendent, ch.aplain, surgeon, and officer at ' ship 1,274 3 Rewards, medals, and swimming prizes 63 2 6 Seamen's hospital 21 Eent and repairs at establishment on shore at Charlton, swim- ming-bath, water for ship, erecting drying-closet, &e 350 18 7 Insurance of ship 17 1 9 Total expenditure for ship 7 930 15 1 Completion of fitting up "\Var.spite, remooring, &c 409 2 4 THE WAESPITE. 131 _, . . £«.(?.£ 8. d^ bnipping-agency expenses 151 g n Rent, £1,000; rates, £122 10s. 3d.; repairs, £10 16s. ; iDsurance, £10 Ifis. M 1,144 3 Less rent from undertenants 932 3 6 211 19 6 Salaries to secretiiry, clerk, and messenger 562 8 Examining surgeon 52 10 Pensions 116 10 Coals at ofiSoe 9 13 Books, printing, stationery, and postage, special appeals, &c. 130 13 11 Advertisements 74 1 6 Incidental expenses , 27 ig 4 1,3.37 1 2 Making a total of £9,736, 18s. Id., or an averge of £32 per^boy. The following list of clothing is supplied to eacli boy on^dmission, and a sea outfit is given Mm when he leaves the ship for sea service : Two blue serge frocks. One pair mittens. Two pairs blue cloth trousers. One drill frock. Two flannel waistcoats. One canvas bag. Two striped cotton shirts. Bed, pillow, blanket, and coverlet. Two pairs blue worsted socks. Hammock, witb clews and lashings. Two pairs boots. Pannikin, spoon, and towel. One black alpaca tie. Comb and small bag, with sewing mate- One blue cloth cap. rials, &c. One blue comforter. SEA OUTFIT. One jacket, one pair trousers. Bible and prayer-book, knife. One southwester, one pair socks. The boys are kept for no definite time, but usually they stay on board for two years. During this time they receive an elementary English schooling, and are taught seamanship as far as it can be taught under the conditions in which they are placed. The ship is an old line-of-battle ship, with plenty of accomodations for the number on board. She is moored near the shore, immediately above the Woolwich dock-yard, and communication is kept up with the shore by the ship's boats, manned by boys. Last year there were sent afloat 153 boys. Some few of these boys are able to reach the naval standard, and enter the naval training- ships; but nearly all have positions found for them in the merchant service, the society having an agent who looks after this. The training and discipline on board the Warspite appear to be good; the few boys received into the nayal training-ships are always well spoken of by the officers. The clothing and food are good and plentiful, and the physique on board is above that shown in most of the other training- ships. The Arethusa and Chichester, two large frigates, receive the waifs of the London streets, taking boys of extreme youth, who are cared for as in a reformatory. These ships are but a branch of the great society of 132 MERCHANT SEKYICE TRAINING ENGLAND. wliicb tLe Earl of Shafteslniry is the bead, ami under the rare of which are mauy hundreds of cliildren of both sexes. At the time of my visit there were about 200 boys iu each vessel. Both ships are moored in the Thames, off Greeiihithe, about 20 miles below Londou. The routine ou hoard is divided between school instruction, of an elementary kind, and seamanship exercises. The Formidalile, ofl' Tortishead, near Bristol, may be taken as an ex- ample of the ships under the industrial schools act, under whicli large grants are made l)y the government for the support of such schools. In this especial case there are also yearly grants made by the various towns which are allowed to send boys to the ship. REGULATIONS FOR ADMISSION TO FORMIDABLE. REIH'LATIONS FOR THE ADMISSIOX OF BUYS. Boys lietween the aj^i'-s of eleven and fourteeu will be received on boiiril the Formid- able, if sent by magi.stiaten with a medical certilicatc of fitness lor a sailor's life, and approved by the committee nniler the following sections of the industrial schools act: Ci.ACSK 14. Any ix^r.soTi may bring before two justices or a magistrate any child, ap- parently under the ai;i- of fourteen years, that eoiiies within any of the following de- scriptions, namely: That is found begging or receiving alms (whether actually or under the ]>retext of i^clliug or oftering for sale any thing), or being in any street or public place, for the purpose of so begjjing or receiving alms. That is fouud wandering and not having any home or settled jdace of abode, or 'projier guardiaiishi]i, or visibb' means of subsistence. That is found destitute, cither lieiii<; an (jrphau or having a surviving parent who is undergoing penal servitude or imprisonment. That frequents the comi>any of reputed thieves. The justices or magistrates before whom a child is brought as coming within one of those descriptions, if siitistied on inquiry of that fact, and that it is expedient to deal with him under this act, may order him to be sent to a certified industrial school. Clause 15. Where a child, apparently under the age of twelve years, is charged before two justices or a magistrate with an oft'ense punishable by imprisonment or a less punishment, but has not been in England convicted of felony, or in Scotland of theft, and the child ought, in the opinion of the justices or magistrate (regard being had to bis age and to the circumstances of the case), to be dealt with under this act the justices or magistrate may order him to be sent to a certified industrial school. In the case of boys who do not come under one of these clause.s, and therefore cannot be sent by a magistrate's order, they will be received into the school, provided those persons who are interested in them are willing to contribute £18 per annum for each boy; and provided also that the boy be physically fitted for a sailor's life, and is willing to be bound to remain at the school a certain period and go to sea when a ship is selected for him. He must also be apparently between eleven and fourteen years of age, and must be approved by the committee and the medical of&cer. The total amount expended last year, there being on board an aver, age of 300 boys, was £7,637. During the year, 118 were passed through THE FORMIDABLE. 133 the ship, only 52 of whom, however, went to sea. I append the dietary and routine of this ship, as she is considered a very good one of her class. BKEAKFAST AND SUPPER. i oz. cocoa and i 07.. sugar each time; bread, 7 oz. for breakfast, and 10 oz. for supper. DINNERS. ■S««(?ai/.— Beef-steak pie ; 5 oz. fresb meat ; 6 oz. flour ; 8 oz. potatoes ; i oz. suet ; 4 oz. bread. Monday.— Boiled beef or pork, with pea soup and pudding ; 6 oz. salt meat ; 6 oz. split peas ; 7 oz. bread. Tuesday. — Preserved-meat stew ; 2 oz. preserved meat ; 12 oz. potatoes ; 4 oz. vege- tables; l^oz. rice; 4 oz. bread. Wednesday and Friday.— Fresh-meat stew ; 4 oz. fresh meat ; 4 oz. vegetables ; I4 oz. rice ; 6 oz. bread. Thursday. — Cold meat, with plumb pudding ; 4 oz. preserved meat ; 6 oz. flour ; J oz. suet; 1 oz. currants; 4 oz. bread. Saturday. — Preserved-meat stew, with plumb pudding ; 2 oz. preserved meat ; 4 oz. vegetables ; 4 oz. flour ; i oz. suet ; 1 oz. raisins ; 4 oz. bread. Petty officers and monitors get butter daily. Sunday " tea allowance " of bread, 10 oz. each boy, contains currants, carraway seeds, and sugar. KOUTINE OF EXERCISES. SUMMER. WINTER. Sail drill Every Tues. (summer only. ) Scrub hammocks p. M. Ist Tuesday in mo... p. M. 1st Tues. in 2d mo. Mend and wash clothes Every Wednesday Every Wednesday. Air bedding a. M. every Thursday a.m. every Thursday. Bath for each boy a. m. Tues. and p. M. Sat .. a. M. Tues. and P. M. Sat. Wash upper declv and poop. Tues., Thurs., and Sat a. m. Saturday. Wash main-deck Mod., Wed., Fri., and Sat.. P. M. Wed. and a. M. Sat. ( Messes daily. Whole deck, Washlowerdeck Daily ^ Saturday, A. M. Wash orlop-deck and plat- •. forms and lower store- C A. M. Wednesday A.M.Wednesday. rooms. ) Wash boats and gear ) Stations for extin. fire ] *• ^'- Saturday A. M. Saturday. Land, for recreation, ordi- •J / P. M. Saturday P. M. Saturday. Life-boat practice 1st Saturday in iiio 1st Saturday in mo. Swimming exercise, during summer, as tide and weather permit, and Monday, Tues- day, Thursday, and Friday, in bath, when practicable. Band practice, under master Daily. The daily routine Includes school from 9 to 11.5.5 a. m., and from 1 to 4 p. m., and night school for backward boys on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday. CHAPTER III. THE EXMOUTH. Tlie Exmouth is a school for poor boys, tlio charge of whicli is borne by the metropolitan parishes and unions. This ship has taken the place of the Goliath, which was bnrned December 22, 187.'5, at which time tliere was such an evidence of heroism and discipline on the part of the boys on board as to e\(!ite general remark and praise throughout En- gland. Of all the ships of the kind I visited, this api^eared to me to be by far the most satisfactory and successful. The ship is a three-decker, moored in the Thames, off Gray's, some forty miles below Loudon. She lies immediately off some grounds con- taining about seven acres, which are rented by the committee of man- agement and which form a useful adjunct in maintaining the health and comfort of the boys. A large dwelling-houst>, used partly as a hos- IJital, partly as a re(('i)tacle for newly-entered boys, where they remain a week before transfer to the ship ; flue trees, a large kitchen-garden, and a lawn, in which gymnastic apparatus is erected, are amongst the advantages of this i)lace : it is a great factor in making the ship so suc- cessful. A causeway leads from these grounds towards the ship, mak- ing the distance to pull from shore a very short one. DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS. The ship is one of the finest of the old liners and is in excellent condi- tion. She retains all her spars, has a large number of boats, and is fitted inside with respect to convenience and comfort only, no effort being made to retain much of the interior appearance of a man-of-war. The fore- castle has been roofed over as a washroom ; forward, on the main deck, are rooms for the tailors and shoemakers ; below are arranged drying rooms heated by steam for the boy's clothing, and the space formerly occupied by the machinery is now used as a practice room for the band, and as a reading and lecture room. The arrangements of the washroom are especially excellent. Here all the boys are required to have a thorough scrubbing all over daily, with water and carbolic soap. For this pur- pose there are numerous small troughs, which are large enough for a biy to sit down in; after this scrubbing, each boy is required to take a plunge in a large tank of water (15 feet square and 4 feet deep), ropes being stretched on either side, which require him to dive the width of the tank. • For the morning's wash each boy is supplied with a clean towel daily, a mo.st wise regulation, as the transmission of infectious skin diseases so common amongst boys of this class is thereby almost com- THE EXMOUTH. 135 pletely avoided : all towels after being once used are thrown into bas- kets, whence they are taken and washed in a washing-machine and dried in the drying room. The head is also arranged on the spar deck, being built well out beyond the ship's bows, the passages leading to it, as well as the head itself, being well covered and protected, ^o arrangements on board ship could well be more perfect, and the benefit is shown in the remarkably healthy appearance of the boys, which is the more marked as they come, as a role, from an underfed and unhealthy part of the population. The staff of the ship is as follows : Office. Minimum salary. Eate of an- nual in- crease. Maximum salary. Other emoluments. Captain-superintendent £ s. d. 400 100 140 100 85 120 50 40 35 50 40 70 45 50 40 45 30 40 60 * «. d. £ «. d. Unfurnished apartments, coals, and liglits, and an allowance of £30 per annum in lieu of rations. Board, lodging, washing, and uniform. Nil. 5 120 Nil. 5 5 5 2 10 1 2 2 5 2 2 2 10 2 105 150 70 50 40 60 50 90 55 60 60 50 40 Board, lodging, and washing. uniform. Do. 2 assiatant schoolmasters Do. Do., Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Cook , Do. Do. Do. Banomaster 2 70 Do. Steward's assistant, 128. 6d. per week. Do. 120 40 45 52 50 18 5 2 10 150 50 50 Do. Mate of tender Do. Attendant in charge of infirmary on shore. Gardener for infirmary on shore . . HOME AT LIMEHOUSE. Do. Nil. Board, lodging, washing, and uniform. Do. The boys, as before stated, are all of the poorest class, and are sent by the boards of the unions (almshouses) of the metropolitan districts of London ; they are received at any time between the ages of nine and fifteen and a half, and are obliged to leave when they arrive at the age of sixteen or sixteen and a half; the largest number are received on board between twelve and thirteen. They receive instruction in the ele- mentary English branches, in seamanship, swimming, small-arm, catlass, and great-gun drill, and in singing. All boys are taught to cut, make, and mend their own clothing. A band with a complement of fifty-eight is kept up, and certain boys are given instruction iu carpentering and in cooking ; the latter especially is a most excellent idea. 136 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAIXING — ENGLAND. Attached to tlie ship is a small brigautine, which is used for praotical training underway. She cruises in the mouth of the Thames between April and October; the complement of boys on board is thirty, ten be- ing changed every week, so that they are always twenty oldsters to ten new hands. The more important instructions on board this tender are: keeping careful watch by night when at anchor ; mooring and unmooring ; loosing and making sail, and leefing and fiuling under all conditions f steering; a thorough knowledge of conning terms; heavingto and pick- ing up boats; heaving the log and lead; handling anchors; practical teaching of the rule of the road in a crowded river. The leading boys are required to take charge of the deck. Practice such as this in a crowded estuary, like that of the Thames, is most valu- able; nowhere else could the rule of the road be more thoroughly learned ; collisions would be much less frequent if such training were general to ship's companies. During the winter months the master of the brigautine is employed in teaching a class in elementary navigation, in -whieh instruction is in- cluded tlie use of decimal fractions and logarithms, a knowledge of the coasts and liylit-s of the English Channel, &c. Swimming is practiced iu a large tank moored near the ship, similar to those used for the naval training-ships This tank is GO feet long, 30 broad, 7J feet deep at one end, and ih at the other. All boys are required to learn to swim. DIVISIONS FOB INSTRUCTION — ROUTINES. The whole ship's company is divided into five classes, numbering about 120 each. These classes run through all instructions, whether school or practical. Each class is in charge of a seaman instructor, who is respon- sible for the general good appearance of his class. The general routine is as follows : DAILY EOUTIXE. A. M. 5.45 — Reveille — Lash-up aud stow hammocks. Prayers. 6.00— Clean main deck by divisions. Wasli and bath« by divisions. 6.50 — Captains and cooks of messes — 7.05 on Sundays. 7.00 — Breakfast — 7.15 on Sundays. I Boat for officers and letters. 7.20 < Watch below clean mess decks. Mess traps. ( Watch on deck clean upper and orlop decks. Lower boats. 8.00 — Officers breakfast. Haul taut and coil down ropes. Clean paint work, brass work, bits. Put decks to rights. Clean boats. 8.80— Band call. 8.30— Assembly. Letter boat. Inspection of boys by divisional officers. 8.45 — Inspection of decks, &c., by captain-superintendent. 9.00 — Prayers. Seamanship instructions. Drills. School. Working parties aud boat's crew told off. 10.30— Change drills. Retreat for ten minutes. Open all ports. Doctor's boat. ll. 00— Letter boat. 12.00 — Clear up decks. Retreat. Open all ports. THE EXMOUTH. 137 p. M. 12.10 — Captains and cooks of messes prepare dniner — 12.30 on Sundays. 12.30 — Dinner — 1'2.50 on Simdaya. 12..50 — Cooks of messes -vvasli up and sweep oiit messes, and clear up mess deck. Open all lower deck ports. 1.55 — Assembly. 2.00 — Seamanship instructions. Drills. School. Working parties. 3.00— Letter boat. 3.20 — Change drills. Retreat for five minutes. Open all ports. 4.30 — Clear up decks. Fill plunge-bath in lavatory. 4.00 p. m. on Fridays In winter. 4.50 — Captains and cooks of messes. 5.00 — Supper. 5.20 — Cooks of messes wash up. Letter boat. Fill up all tanks and cisterns. Open lower deck ports. 6.00 — Assembly. School watch to school or singing; working watch to seamanship ; on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday ; and on Wednesday and Satur- day the band plays for boys to dance. 6.44 — Clear up decks. 6.45 retreat. Open all ports. 7.35 — Clear decks. Open all ports. Take in spare lamps. r Sound one G, get up main deck hammocks. 7.50-Assembly on orlop deck, to stand N g^^^ ^^^ (.,^^ ^^^ up lower deck hammocks- ^ ™ ■ ' Sound three G's, get up or'.op deck hammocks. 8.00 — Bed call. Prayers. Turn in. Bounds. 10.00— Officers' lights out. The following is the school time-table : 138 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING ENGLAND. ■? c ^ = J^ i M - OH.- 5 . ^ 2, , 'A ^' ia'.a tJD -£.^ T' t- iJ C m ^ tf t* r = ^ rt OD d C "— s s.= = E f^^.S P at.'Z o *- ::. =^-3 :t: ft« c; -J = (M ft, 2 ^ --^ " «- -', ^ s. .9 c ,= -^ ^m r. o c;^5i c/: KJ'^ S r. c5g 5- A ^ ^ .J>^ a :S ;« 1 11 ;| ft .g o 1 i-< OT « l> t- £ ciS St^ .ri ^ . -^ o *-' ea ■ ^ ^ a 3 a m « « S=^ s ^ %'^t '^% n m h-; ow P ej t- t- l>00 iS ^ L-J = L-. L- o m ^ it:: §s c; o s — 71 Ti w CO -^-t tf ^5-£353 o ^ e o 5 O L-. o o o o ir; ^ O O c: a o o I"] 71 Cl CI !?: -* N 1^ ^ P- */; ifi rf^'fi ri ■sass^tO rH CI CC-t O 1 1 THE EXMOUTH. 139 Mi 2 2a ^5 fl u O +2 ^ JO *= o h 5 'IS s * , bio ; g _ "•s '02 09 ' O ^ Mo „ Pa '"3°! -S ■ S 2 =3 (0 00 ai o ■." ft— «-^ 4) P- 4) CO hI Si o o OM I .9 Bg m CD a a (MM •"! .2 Si ; §ag| w 00 a _, Bi, cs.g '« ° « s a'^jt^H a SS = « T a M^S 9 ft 2 a g -5 M " aC or ts^ eg OS 02 SS: cc r s^ 1-1 (M CO -*iO oD g ^2 Op a :i £ o 4^ o .3« 140 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING ENGLAND. ^S a '^ m ^ ^ o T ai 5 ^ =r H T 5^ >il W =M a t :5 B rt ^ *- — ■ ^ i, ^-^ i» ; 0.2 OKI S S ^^ __ rt — t- ra S R ? -4-^ * 4J _ra tj 11 11 ! -^ L- -^ a; o fl m C cc CO cS to TO » e*s ^^ C.J2 c S^ E^ 1 c-i Pd^ P^^ i ' » ^ '■J 1 "o , p » CO a CJ X >. >. >. u.'a t- t- t- t.'- Q. 1. a- '_ « O C H p'S, fl q a C ra = := = =J C-'OOU • 1 ^ ^; "u 1 «^ >^ 9 « 1^ * <» DO « w 7^ a 1 5 "3 P rt « q tt ES © 0} 4, a, O' s ca Si =1 !i fl S ffi ,2 V o fe5 P5 o o p be bS d rt rt =3 1 a c q a a^ «-;: a ca a o Q !t w D a 1- t: c:t3t:x; OS S?^f5SS t^ : : : : p ' ■ d: . i-c-li' '■ ? .2-5 £ « >>^ ^ airC:^ -- ^ 2 o — *" .- -r *- as^pf 7-; C 3: -^ t; "^ -t =3 ti :^!^ ■- V "» a ^ I « ,, g H .3 - a sii i ""Jo- a = a'-^ ---" ±;— +^ oj - S = a^^ . n a ,- , ® ^ J- >i ?^J3 « S O ■-; ^ -^ .^ .Q - a g - u-, %*-'^ N « g » » » 2 o a; «3 a •St? SMS S ^a.S 1a-''=§i^'S li|.gsSi 05 =-.a S to .a j; ^= »!S oja w a o ^ S.iS t S = a j!-s^ S ''"" !» a "^ -^ ^ m -o '_ fl K a 2 jj-s ;-2S.aSD-g "So .& THE EXMOUTH. 141 The qualiflcatioii.s for passing from class to class, as given in the regu- latioBS, are as follows : IN SCHOOL. To pass from fif til into fourth class.— Ya-a must be able to spell worda of one syllable. Write a line on your slate from a copy. Do simple addition and subtraction sums, of not less than four figures, and know tbe multiplication tahle as far as "6 times 12." To pass from fourth into third class. — You must be able to read a short paragraph from a book not confined to words of one syllable. To write a line of print on your slates or in copy-books ; to m-ite a few common words from dictation. Do simple addition and .subtraction sums, and know tbe multiplication table to " 6 times 12." Standard I. To pass from third into second class.— Yovl vavist read with intelligence a short para- ;graph from your reading-book. Write a sentence from the same book, slowly read once, and then dictated. Copy-hooks are to be shown. WorTc the four simple rules in arithmetio aa far as short division. Point out the nouns in grammar, and answer easy questions in geography. Standard II. To pass from second into first class. — You must read with intelligence a short paragraph from your reader. Write a sentence from the same book, slowly dictated once. Show copy-books. Work simple long division and compound addition and subtraction (money sums). Point out nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Answer questions upon the map of Eng- land, and the county of Essex. Standard III. To pass out of school. — You must read with intelligence a few lines of pi-ose or poetry. Write eight lines of dictation from your reading-book. Show copy-books (small hand). Work all compound rules in arithmeiic, together with reduction (weights and measures). I'arse a simple sentence. Answer questions upon the geography of Great Britain, Ire- land, and the colonies ; and also in English history. Standaid IV. IN SEAM.AJfSI-IIP. To pass from fifth into fourth class. — Mu.st have a slight knowledge of names of spars and rigging, boat-duty, making clothes stops, washing and mending clothes, compass, lead and line, hammock drill, coiling ropes, bends, and hitches, and general informa- tion. To pass from fourth into third class. — A good knowledge of the above, and of knots and splices, models, sail drill, and names of the international code signal flags. To pass from third into second class. — A good knowledge of the above; also of anchor and cask, to make grummets and cringles, to point and whip a rope, loosing and furl- ing sails, sending top-gallant masts and yards up and down, and reefing topsails. To pass from second to first class. — A good knowledge of all the above, and to know Jiow to make a reef point and gaskets ; to worm, parcel, and serve a rope ; to strap a block, tO/ put on a seizing, and turn in a dead-eye. Boys in first class, in addition to all the above, will be required to know — setting up rigging, use of palm and needle, to sew a seam, to work eyelet holes, to work cringles making mats, rule of the road at sea, use of the long line, steering by compass and sails; sail a ship, as applied to the brigantine ; sail a boat; bend and unbend sails; .and some knowledge of gunnery instruction. Boys who can pass this examination will be placed on a list as " Fit for sea." THE BAND. The band numbers 58 in all ; 43 being in the first class. They are uniformed as bandsmen in the navy ; are taught by an efficient musician, .and all read music fairly; they play remarkably well for such young persons. It is said that the boys of the band, though so much of their time is taken up with music, advance more rapidly in other things than most of the other boys ; some of the best seamanship lads are amongst .them. Those who wish finally to go as musicians have places found 142 MERCHAXT SERVICE TRAIXINl! ENGLAXD. for them iu the lejiimental or naval bands. In any case they have a good and paying profession to fall back upon. On Wednesdays and Saturdays the band plays for dancinji in the evenings. > CARPENTEKIXli. Th(jse boys who are found to have a taste for carpenters' work are taught the use of tools ; these same boys are found useful in assisting with the pumps at fire quarters. In this connecti(m I would mention a very valuable use of the plunge-bath on the foiecastlc for putting out fires. The tank, holding twelve tons of water, is filled every afternoon at 4.3(1; a hose is coupled onto the exit pipe long enough to reach any part of the ship, and there is thus a large body of water which, from its situation abuxe any point where a lire is likely to occur, has a strong head ready for instant use. TAILOEIXG. Each boy on soing on board has to go to the tailor's shop during his watch ott" until he is passed by the master tailor as fit t6 put a patch on,< and otlicrwise able to repair his own clothing; later on he is instructed in cutting out and making his clothes. fJYMXASTICS AXD CALISTHENICS. These exenises which I saw were very excellent; the whole COO boys went through their movements on tlie sjiar deck, seemingly moving as with one impulse. They afford a capital setting up, besides being an important element in discipline, ilost of the movements were carried on by lmj;le calls, which are here u.sed to an extent that I had not seen before, forty-one being in constant use, as follows: 1. Kovcillc. '■i'-l '. Kc.l call. 2. Cooks of mi'sscs. 2'.!. Mark time. X Assciiiltly l>y divisions. •_M. Quick march. 4. Assembly liy compaiiii-s. •.':.. Double march. 5. tnlii-ers' mess call. •2i;. Lett turn — three shoi ■fc (, 6. S.lj.M.l watch call. ■27. Coiriincnce firing. 7_ Working watch call. '2S Cease firing. 8. Band call. •i'J. Halt. 9. Singer.s' call. 30. General salute. 10. Petty officers' call. 31. .Stand for grace. 11. .starboard watch call. 32. Lie down. 12. Port watcli call. 33. Else. 13. .Silence, or still. :!4. Sweepers. 14. Go on. :',.j. Extra drill. 15. Brigantine's crew call. 311 Divisional calls. 10. Clear up decks. :;7. Duty boat's crew. 17. Advance. 38. Whaler's crew. 18. Retreat. 39. Pinnace's crew. 19. 1 G. main deck haLamocks. 40. Launch's crew. 20. 2 G.'s lower deck hammocks. 41. Duty boys call. 21. 3 G.'s orlop deck hammocks. THE EXMOUTH. 143 SPIRITUAL INSTEXJCTION. The chaplain reads prayers every Sunday morning, Good Friday, and Christmas day, and preaches a short, simple sermon. On Sunday after- noons, two of the schoolmasters read instructive and interesting stories to the boys, from 3 to 4 o'clock, during which time the ship is otherwise quiet. From 6 to 6.45 on Sunday evenings, after supper, they practice singing hymns. The chaplain also visits the ship twice a week to give each watch instructions, in turn, for one hour. He also visits the infirm- ary ashore. EXPENSES. The following is stated as the daily expenditure per boy : . 8. d. Provisions, necessaries, and clothing 1 o Heating, cleaning, lighting, and -water supply 1 Officers' salaries, rations, and uniforms 5 Furniture and repairs, rents, rates, and sundries 4^ Total daily cost per boy X 10^ or about £ 35 a year. Provisions and clothing, of course, form the largest items ; of the former, during the past year, there were the following quantities used : Beef and mutton pounds... 80,600 Potatoes " ... 151,484 Flour " ... 29,120 Cocoa and sugar '. " ... 28,160 Rice " ... 10,400 Currants " ... 3,90 Vegetables bushels.. . 200 The dietary is the best of those of the mercantile training-ships, and is as follows : Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. %^ ^ fl N o 3 d J rt 9 o g .i 1 rt £ M OJ. S§ u ' (D o a « 1^ H O r^ Oz. « pq Fint 02. Oz. Oz. Oz. F'uit. Oz. Oz. Oz. Pint. Oz. Oz. 7 4 i 5 6 8 3 7 7- 13 8 Tuesday Wednesday 7 5 4 g 4 7 5 S '4 7 6 8 3 7 7 7 1 4 4 7 7 Saturday 5 4 8 At supper i oz. of butter may be given in lieu of 1 oz. of cheese. Cocoa to be made with 1 oz. of cocoa and * oz. of sugar per pint. Meat pie to consist of 5 oz. of meat, cooked and free from bone, 5 oz. of flour, and 1 oz. of suet, per ration. Irish stew to contain 5 oz. of meat, cooked and free from bone, 12 oz. of potatoes and other vegeta- bles, and 3 oz. of dumpling, per pint. Currant pudding to be made with 1 oz. of currants, 1 oz. suet, and 3 oz. of flour, per ration. Green vegetables to be given as may be considered necessary, and salt, pepper, &c., at discretion. For boys wnile on the brigantine the allowaDce of cooked meat is to be increased to 8 oz. each per day. Boats' crews, in cold weather, receive, in addition, 8 oz. of bread and 3 oz. of cheese per boy, at the dis- cretion of the captain- superintendent. 144 MERCHAXT SERVICE TRAIXIXG — EXGLANH. As a cousequeiu'f of this diet, combined witli the excessive personal cleanliness enforced, the boys make a far better api>earauce than any others of the chiss I saw. Something should be said, also, for the excellent TentUatiou of the ship throughout. Great numbers of narrow ports were cut on the lower decks, and s( i arranged that no di-aft s could lie felt liy those near them. This last is a subject to Avhieh too little attention has been paid in either the naval or mercantile service, the want of ventilation of most ships being- abominable and life-destroying. Once a fortnight, also, every boy is examined, stripped, in the presence of the captain and surgeon. Any case of skin disease, which thus, of course, is soon dis- covered, is immediately removed to the shore inflrniary. This practice accounts for the very great freedom from such diseases on board, there l)eing but 28 cases the past year, or 3.82 per cent, of the boys in the ship during tliat time. On leaving, each boy is presented with a certificate, of wliich the following is a copy : METROPOLITAN ASYH'M DISTRICT. X(». on ship's books. y.XMi'tV Certificate U TI!.UXI.V(i-SniP. / conduct find ahiUty. XjiniL'. 1 A^e. Tin Fr e nerved iu train- inj;-sliip. Tirai> .-.n ved at son in briu'- j , n-a. ;„ antin.. Steadfast, tend.Mto .^an anshh) theExniontUtraining-Hhili seanianstiip. •Class in school. 3 m Frnm to , 6EAMASSIIir yUAUFICATIONti. MIU.OL Ql'ALIFICATIOXS. Lead-line and compa-se Knotting and splicing Eowing and steering Writing Arithmetic Special subjects, such as geography, history, &c.. Elementary navigation EKMARK9. Sewing canvas GENERAL COXDL'CT ANIJ CHARACTER. General activity aloft Dated this day , Ca jf *l8tialii ;he8t ; 5th is lowest, , Chief Officer. , Head Sehoolmaiter. plain ■Superintendent This is not a reformatory ship, and no convicted Ijoys are entered on board. Since March 15, 1876 (the date of the establishment of the Exmouth), "the following numbers have been admitted and discharged : 876 boys liave been admitted. 202 boys have been discharged to sea service. 29 boys have been discharged to the Army as musicians. THE EXMOUTH. 145 90 boys liave been disoliarged by order of tlie boards of tlie unions from which they came. 5 absconded. 3 were discharged to situations. 2 died. 331 total discharged. These are boys who, otherwise, in most cases, would have formed a part of the great pauper class of England ; they are, instead, in the way of becoming good sailors and respectable members of society. From aU I heard, they turn out well ; nearly aU revisiting the ship every time they return to England, and in most cases keeping up a correspondence while abroad. I think charity can take no better form, as applied to young boys, than it has in the case of this institution. S. Ex. 52 10 CHAPTER I Y. THE INDEFATIGABLE. This ship, which I regret having been nnable to visit, i^s moored in the Mersey, off Liverpool, and has as its object the training of the orphans and sons of seafaring men connected with tlie port of Liverpool, and of boys whose parents may be unable to support tlieiii. Preference is given always to the former class. The following, relathig to the sliip, is taken from the last annual re- I)ort and from correspondence with the commanding officer. The ship depends entirely upon contributions and subscriptions for its support, and a considerable amount of money is paid into its treas- ury by Auierican passenycis on board of English steamers between New York and Liverpool, who give, not knowing, in most cases, its destina- tion, which is certainly a most laudable one. The committee of management comprises some of the most prominent names of Liverpool, most of the great shipowners being represented. The mayor of Liverpool is president ex-oflrtcio. GENEEAL RULES. Boys of all religious denominations are eligible for admission. No boy is received on board under twelve or over fifteen years of age, nor is any one retained who does not show an aptitude for a sea-life The period during which a boy may remain on board is intended to be not less than three years. This period is not extended except by special sanction of the committee in individual cases. Life-governors or others willing to contribute not less than £100 to the funds of the institution, or an annual subscription of £10, have a right to nominate a boy for each such donation. The general committee, under whose management the ship is, must consist of not more than forty members. An executive committee, of not more than ten members, is elected by the general committee. The exec- utive committee is obliged to meet twice in each month, three mem- bers forming a quorum. BY-LAWS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SHIP BY THE EXECOTI\E COMMITTEE. 1. The general committee Bliall meet in the montlis of January, April, July, and October in each year ; the committee shall appoint a visitor to the institution from among their body, who shall remain in office three months. The visitor shall visit the ship not less than once a month, to see that the admissions are in accordance with the orders of the committee and the general arrangements for the management of the ship properly carried out. At his last visit he shall make an official report in the foi;m provided by the committee. THE INDEFATIGABLE. 147 In case any visitor shall be unable to attend to his dnties, he shall procure a substi-- tnte from among the members of the committee. The committee shall also, once a year, at such time as may prove most convenient, make a visit of inspection and ex- amination of the boys on board the ship. 2. The captain shall live on board, and have sole charge of the vessel intrusted tor his care, and shall see that all the officers on board rightly discharge their duties. He shall be responsible to the committee for the good government of the ship, and for the due execution of all regulations pertaining to it. While enforcing strict dis- cipline, he shall endeavor to gain a salutary influence over the boys individually, and, by instilling into them Christian principles, seek to urge upon them the importance of leading a life of duty and usefulness. 3. He shall be responsible to the committee for the quantities and qualities of all supplies received on board the ship, and for the proper application of such supplies. 4. He shall keep, or cause to be kept, the following books, viz : A Registbe Book, in which shall be contained an account of the boys received into and discharged from the ship under his care ; of their conduct while on board ; and, as far as possible, their conduct after their discharge. A Diary or Journal, in which shall be inserted everything of importance re- lating to the ship and to the discipline of the boys. A Punishment Book, in which shall be recorded all punishments or privations inflicted — specifying the date, the nature, and the extent of the punishment, and the cause thereof. A Cash Book, in which shall be entered particulars of all moneys received for or paid on account of the ship by the captain. A General Order Book, in which shall be entered all new regulations, &c., communicated to him by the secretary ; copies of which shall be kept by the secretary in a separate book. ' A Visitors' Book, in which shall be inserted the names of visitors, whether members of the committee or not, with the dates of their visit. He shall once a fortnight send in to the committee a written report of the state of the ship, and attend to give personal explanations to the committee when re- quired. 5. The captain shaU have power to punish boys under his charge by deprivation of privileges, or by degradation from their place in the vessel, or by corporal pnnish- jjient — such corporal punishment not to exceed twelve strokes with a birch, strap, or cane ; but no corporal punishment shall be inflicted except in the presence and by order of the captain. 6. The diet shall be sound, wholesome food, and the rations shall be settled from time to time as the committee shall deem expedient. The provisions shall be well dressed and served at stated hours, and the strictest punctuality shall be observed. 7. The Sunday shall be strictly observed, and none but indispensable labor performed on that day ; and it must be the object of the captain and officers, in the religious ob- servance of the day, to make it happy as well as instructive, 8. In addition to any ordinary and appointed day of visiting, the captain may, at. his discretion, permit visits of the relatives or friends of the boys, by special applica- tion, made in writing, three days previously ; but, unless under very exceptional cir- cumstances, the committee do not wish any boy to be visited by parents or friends until he has been two months on board the ship. 9. All letters to or from the boys shall be opened by the captain, who shall retain them if they appear to be unsuitable, and afterwards send them to the secretary. J The boys are prohibited from receiving any present without the consent of the captain. | f 10. No stranger shall be admitted on board the ship without an order from a mem- ber of the committee, or the permission of the captain, or his authorized representative should he be absent. 11. No officer or person belonging to the ship shall receive any gratuity, on pain of dismissal. 148 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING ENGLAND. 12. The appointment and disuliarge of ofiBcers shall rest with the executive commit- tee, but the captain shall have power to suspend for misconduct, pending the decision of the committee. GENERAI. COURSE OF EDUCATION, IXSTRUCTION, AND DISLITMNE. The Ijoys are divided into two watches, port aud starlioard. During school hours they are under the schoohnaster, who is assisted by a pupil teacher. The studies are reading, writiug, arithmetic, scripture, spelling, dictation, geography. During nautical instruction the boys are under the captain and seamen instructors, by whom they are exercised in all the duties of practical seamanship ; are taught the compass; rule of the road; use of the lead ; heaving the log; management of boats ; knotting and splicing; handling masts and yards; handling sails, and generally in practical navigation. The boys all do their own eloauing on board; make, wash, and mend their own clothes. They are divided i»to messes of about 14 boys each, under the charge of a petty officer, who is .selected for his general good conduct and trustworthiness. Prayers are read twice each day, and divine service is performed on Sundays. The number of boys received, during 1878, was 86 The number ou board, at the eud of 1877, was 243 Total 329 Of these there were sent to sea as apprentices 16 Ordinary seamen 53 Stewards 7 Sent on shore as unfit for sea 20 Died b Royal Navy 4 Total 102 Leaving on board December, 1878 227 EXPENDITURE, ETC. £ «. d. Salaries and wages 1,205 8 4 Provisions 1,644 6 2 Maintenance and repairs of ship , 411 10 4 Clotliing for boys (£202 18.w, 6d. On hand) £705 7s. 3d!. Less profit from clothing made and repaired on board 110 9 2 594 18 1 Coals, light, water, &c X57 5 5 Furniture, bedding, &c 102 3 7 Printing, books, stationery, and advertising 127 5 Medical, &c., expenses 80 9 Rewards to boys for good conduct 23 1 7 Outfit for 102 boys sent to sea £366 28. Od. Deduct amount received from boys towards their outfit, &c £53 15e.0d. Enrollment fees, R. N. R 66 119 15 246 7 Office expenses (including collector's commission) 266 Expended in working the institution during the year 1878 4,859 3 2 Each boy sent to sea has cost (taking the last as an average year) £60. FELTHAM SCHOOL. 149 THE PELTHAM INDUSTEIAX, SCHOOL.* Not to be passed over as training-schools for boys destined for the sea, are the industrial schools such as that at Feltham, which has taken the foremost rank as a school of the kind. It is a reformatory establish- ment for convicted boys, and is conducted on the half-time system. It is an admirably managed institution, and Captain Brooks, a retired ofl- cer of marines, has received high praise for the success of the place. What makes the mention of it proper here is that there is in the grounds a brig, built from the berth-deck upward, upon which the boys, who have selected a seafaring life, are exercised. Fifty-six boys were sent to sea from this place last year, six of whom entered the navy as bands- men, much attention being also given to music. This method of having a means of nautical training attached to institu- tions of this kind is very well thought of. Many boys thus receive sufflcient training to fit them to early become good sailors, and a taste for the sea is fostered in a class for which there is too little employment of a fixed kind. The great defect of the mercantile training systems now in use in Eng- land is that too many of the vessels are mere reformatories, which send into the service boys with bad antecedents. Too great a supply of such boys tends to cast a stain upon the profession and cause it to be looked upon as a refuge for the destitute, worthless, and vagabond class. The great aim ought to be to elevate it as a reputable calling ; to make men think and feel that it is as respectable as any other manual labor, the general thought and feeling of parents being that for a boy to go to sea is to go entirely to the bad. This latter feeling of course is strengthened in the service itself, where too many of a depraved class are sent from reformatory institutions and houses of refuge. The aim ought rather to be to attract volunteers to the training-ships, and not, as in too many cases in England, require that the boy should be a pauper before he can have the advantages and facilities afforded by these vessels. The attitude of the public mind in regard to the sailors' calling has arisen from observation of the class employed rather than from any thought that it is in itself a bad or brutalizing one. There surely is no profession which calls for higher or more manly traits; there is scarcely any in which the laboring man is better paid. Improve our ships and the accommodations of the crew ; have them commanded by educated men instead of the brutal masters by too many of whom our merchant marine was at one time disgraced ; educate the seaman himself to a level with others who earn their bread by manual work ashore; teach him to be something more than the dependent creature who must be looked after as a child, and we shall remove one of the greatest stains which stUl remain upon our civilization and render a material benefit to the country, not only in a moral way, but in the material one of a safer and more ex- tended commerce. *This school is mentioned amongst those in the parliamentary returns regarding training-ships, being represented there by the Endeavor. CHAPTEE V. TRAINING-SHIPS FOE OFFICERS IN THE MERCHANT SERVICE. THE WORCESTER AND CONWAY. The Worcester in the Thames, off Greenhithe, and the Conway in the Mersey, off Liverpool, are both designed as colleges for the education of boys of good parentage and position in life and destined to serve as of- ficers in the merchant service. The former is under an association formed for the purpose of remedying the difficulty experienced in pro- viding properly-qualified officers for the mercantile marine; the latter is under the Mercantile Marine Service Association, incorporated by act of Parliament. The ^yorcester is the only one of the two ships I was able to visit, but they are so alike in general character and design that I shall speak of them together. The great necessity for some such schools is shown by the official re- turns regarding British shipping. According to the returns of 1877 of the board of trade there were in the British merchant service 0,634 vessels of over 300 tons; allowing a master and two mates to each, nearly 20,000 officers are required for these ships, nearly three thousand of which are vessels of over 800 tons register, and of course proportionately important and responsible com- mands. In 1S7(5 the deaths alone of officers were over 500. It may be taken that nearly 1,000 men yearly are required to keep up the comple- ment. In the eighteen years of the Conway's establishment, 1,300 young men (or an average of 70 per annum) have been sent afloat — the Wor- cester may in time average as many more — but this is but a small percent- age of the number required. To afford an opportunity for the acquire- ment of such an education as is here given, there should be, to supply even half the demand for officers, eight such ships or schools instead of two. They need not necessarily be afloat; many able men in England think it much better they should not be — a school ashore with small tenders for practice afloat being advised as preferable in every way. The importance of having capable men as commanding officers must be recognized even by those less conversant with the sea, when one comes to know the vast interests intrusted to the care of a captain. The ship he commands may have cost a million, her cargo may represent another million, and the souls on board be reckoned by hundreds. In none other of the ordinary callings of life do such responsibilities fall upon one man. What physique can be too strong, what brain or intelli- gence can be too fine, to meet the calls upon those of the master of a THE WORCESTER AND CONWAT. 151 great steamer who must traverse the stormy seas of the North Atlantic in all seasons and under all circumstances ? From year to year these responsibilities have been increasing; ships are larger; the cargoes pro- portionately more valuable; the number of passengers carried greater; but there has been no proportionate effort, in this country at least, to furnish men fitted for the duties of carrying such ships in safety from port to port. The Worcester and Conway have been established to, in some degree, meet this want in Great Britain. They are under the fos- tering care of those interested in shipping, but are entirely self-support- ing, depending wholly upon the number of their pupils. The following is the prospectus of the Conway, which I give as being more full than that of the Worcester. It practically applies to the latter also: Mercantile Marine Service Association. {Incorporated by special act of Parliament.) SCHOOL SHIP, HER MAJESTY'S SHIP CONWAY. This institution, now conducted on board Her Majesty's sMp Conway (moored in the river Mersey, off Rock Ferry), is designed mainly to train and educate boys intended for officers in tlie merchant navy. Boys intended for the Royal Navy are also admit- ted and receive special training for that service. There is a complete and eificient nautical and educational staff maintained, by whom the boys are carefully and regularly instructed and exercised in all the duties of a first-class ship, and receive the general education mentioned below. Her Majesty, the Queen, has been pleased to declare her intention to present, annu- ally, a gold medal to the b'oys ot the Conway. Her Majesty's wish, in the establishment of this prize, is to encourage the boys to acquire and maintain the qualities which make the finest sailor. These consist of cheerful submission to superiors, self-respect and independence of character, kindness and protection to the weak, readiness to forgive offense, desire to conciliate the differ- ences ot others, and, above all, fearless devotion to duty and unflinching truthfulness. The following regulations will, by Her Majesty's command, be observed in award- ing the prize : " The medal will be open to boys who have been one year on board ship and have received not less than one-half the total number of marks at the previous quarterly examinations. "The commander, after conferring with the head masters, shall select not less than three and not more than five of the boys whom he considers to possess the qualities for which the prize is given. He shall then submit these names to the boys who have been assembled for the purpose in the school, and each boy who has been on board six months previously to the time of distribution shall then and there vote for one of the boys so selected. The boy who obtains the highest number of votes shall receive the medal. "These regulations shall be placed on the main deck, to be called the ' Queen's prize list,' and the name of each boy who receives the medal shall be recorded upon such list." Six appointments as midshipmen in the Royal Naval Reserve are annually granted by the Lords of the Admiralty. In addition to the foregoing appointments, the committee are glad to state that ap- pointments as leadsmen apprentices in the Bengal pilot service are yearly placed at their disposal through the kindness of the secretary of state for India. The commit- tee feel that it should be widely known that they consider themselves most fortunate in obtaining such desirable openings in life for pupils educated on board the Conway. 152 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING ENGLAND. By order of the board of trade, two years on board the Couway will bo roikoiied as one year at sea. The committee re p. m. to me<'t the Rock Ferry boat, which leaves the landing stage, Liverpool, at 1.30 p. m. and will take visitors on board. The only exception to this rule is in favor of friends or parents not residing in or near Liverpool, who intend to send boys to the school and are unable to come on Wednesday, who will be received on other days on writing to the commander for an order. Boats leave the .ship daily (weather per- mitting) at !=, 11 a. m., and 12.30, 1.30, 4.30, .'..IIO p. m. The terms are at all times subject to revision. GEXEP.AI. SCHE.ME OF EDUCATION, INSTRUCTIOK, AND DISCIPLINE. In school all the pupils are under the two senior masters and their assistants. Their st udies comprise : English grammar. Geography. Geometry. Nautical astronomy. Reading. Writing. Trigonometry. Swimming. Composition. Arithmetic. Navigation. Chart-drawing. History. Algebra. During nautical iustruction the pupils are under the commander and nautical staff, when they are exercised in all the duties of a first-class ship, and are taught knotting, splicing, reefing, furling, heaving the lead, the marks on the lead-line, heaving the log, the management of boats, and practical navigation generally. French is taught on two afternoons in each week. Latin Is only taught wheu re- THE WORCESTER AND CONWAY. 153 quired by parents at an extra charge of £1 Is. each half year. Lectures on various subjects of interest are given occasionally, as well as general instruction in some of the most useful and practical departments of surgery and medicine. Theboysaretaught to sling andlashup their own hammocks. Each in his turn serves as messmau for one day to his mess, under the inspection and guidance of the captain of the mess. In turn, the boys keep an anchor watch, two at a time, for two hours. On two afternoons in each week the boys are landed for recreation. Leave on Sat- urday and Sunday is granted occasionally on written application being made to the commander or officer in charge. * The captains of subdivisions are boys, who for exemplary conduct have been selected for these positions of trust and authority. They are exempt from the manual labor of washing decks or being messmen, and there are other privileges attached to the office which make it an object of emulation to the well-disposed. Divine service is performed on Sundays, and prayers are read twice each day. The holidays are from the 1st to the 31st of July, and from the 20th of December to the Slst of January. The system of education is framed with a view to the boys remaining on board not less than two years. Should the doctor of the ship consider it necessary, on account of contagious or in- fectious disease, to order a pupil's removal to the hospital, the parent or guardian will be held answerable for the expense incurred. EXTRACTS FROM GENERAL REGULATIONS. No money is returned for boys withdrawn during the half year, unless the removal is at the commander's request, or the boy is expelled, in which case a return is made proportionate to the number of unexpired weeks. In all cases a quarter's notice or a quarter's fees are required previous to the removal of a pupil. A similar charge is made to those who bespeak a vacancy of which they do not avail themselves. No clothing-money is returned even if a boy is expelled, or withdrawn at the com- mander's request, but he may take the clothing away when he leaves, less the badge and buttons. Corporal punishment is only administered to boys whose names have been struck off the good-conduct list, or for first offenses of a very serious kind. The parents or guardians of boys may, at the beginning of the half year, give the commander notice that they object to birching under any ciroumstan ces. In that case they will be called upon to remove the boy, should he commit any offense meriting a birching, and all fees paid on his account will be forfeited. The committee, on each boy's course of not less than two years being completed to the satisfaoiion of the commander, will endeavor— but do not bind themselves— to obtain a situation for him on board a ship, the owners of which are known to them. Parents and friends of boys are requested to deposit the money they wish the boys to have with the chaplain, who will pay it to them at a rate not exceeding one shilling per week. CLOTHING. The clothing provided by the committee for one year's use consists of: Two uniform caps, badges, and covers; one uniform blue cloth jacket, waistcoat, and trousers; two pair pilot trousers ; two blue uniform working jackets ; and the following articles to be provided by pupils and to be marked with boy's name in large letters : £ s. d. Three white shirts each.. 4 3 Three blue Crimean flannel shirts each.. 7 Three night-shirts each.. 4 One pair drill trousers 8 6 One pair braces 10 154 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINIKG — ENGLAND. £ s. d. Six pair worsted socks each pair.. 1 6J Six colored handkerchiefs each.. 4 Two black silk neck-ties each.. 10 Two pair boots, elastic each pair.. 13 6 Three merino singlets .-.. each.. 3 9 Three pair menno drawers each.. 4 One duck bag 2 6 Fourtowels ♦ each.. 9 Hair-brush, comb, clothes-brush, and two blackiiijr-bnishcs 5 6 Two pair sheets each pair.. 4 9 One pair blue pilot-oloth trousera 16 6 Three strong calico pillow-cases each.. 11 Monkey jacket 16 6 Knife, fork, aud spoon (with name engraved on oaih) ..tlieset.. 4 9 Belt 2 3 Gloves (kill) eachpair.. 2 9 Scrubbing-brush 6 Sea-boots 17 6 One sca-diest 1 14 Cap, balraoral 2 Jumper, blue scrtjo 6 9 Linen collar each.. 5 Paper ditto laihdoz.. 6 ' Suit of waterproof and Sou thwester, or 16 Oil suit and South wester 12 6 Bible and prayer-book - Each cadet has a large chest for clothing. All the chests of the divis- ion are kei)t together in the sleeping quarters, which are divided by bulklieads so that there can be, at night, no communication between boys of different di\isions. The practical facilities for training in seamanship are slight, the ships being permanently moored and having no tenders. In the training of the cadet.s they are made as self-dependent as possible, very few ser- vants being allowed, it being taken for granted that a young boy is none the worse for a little rough work. The general work of the ship (I speak here of the Worcester) is chiefly done by the pupils ; they furnish the boats' crews ; look after the clean- liness of their quarters ; clean bright-work, and in general are by no means coddled. This was particularly striking as they seem to belong to an exceptionally high class of boys ; the sons of many distinguished and influential men being on board. This fact augurs well for the En- glish merchant ser\'ice; it is due, no doubt, to the overcrowded state of most of the professions in Great Britain, and the sons of well-to-do peo- ple are obliged to seek positions elsewhere than in the Army, Navy, or law. Certainly one of the best fields seems to be the mercantile marine; the command of a vessel like the Germanic or Arizona ought to be a position worthy of being sought. Of course the education acquired ' A suit of waterproof and Southwester will be required at the end of the first ses- sion. THE WORCESTEE AND CONWAY. 155 cannot, under the circumstances and time allowed, be very extended or thorough. The prospectus of the Worcester states that, "besides the usual branches of a sound English education, algebra, geometry, trig- onometry, mechanics, steam-engineering, marine surveying, free-hand and chart drawing, and the French language are taught on board." I append some of the examination papers set at the last quarterly ex- amination, but judging from the report of the examiner, Mr. Escott, head master of Greenwich school, published in the last yearly report of the Worcester, the pupils are by no means up to the papers which, con- sidering their age and the short time allowed for the work laid down, is not surprising. This is generally the case in English schools; a much smaller percentage of correct answers being allowed than is allowed in examination papers in this country, where they are usu&Uy made with more real reference to the pupil's ability and amount of study. ENGLISH GKAMMAB. (Time, 2 hours.) 1. Give the singular aud plural forms of journey, knife, effluvium, this, we, genius, Mussulman, vertex, aid-de-oamp, eou-iri-law. 2. Give the masculine and feminine forms of colt, duchess, ewe, czar, father, steer, hero, goat. 3. Decline son, ox, lady, goose, thou, who. 4. Compare happy, evil, many, beautiful, near. 5. Distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs. Give two examples of each. 6. Correct or justify the following: (a) He is taller than me. (6) A large number of cadets was present. (c) Who do you speak to. {d) Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. 7. Parse the sentence — My father lived at Blenheim then, Yon little stream hard by ; They burnt his dwelUng to the ground And he was forced to fly. 8. Write a short essay ou one of the following : (a) A sailor's life. (ft) A modern invention. (c) An eminent Englishman. MAGNETISM. (Time, 2 hours.) 1. What are the leading points to be attended to in selecting a standard compass ? 2. Explain the method of obtaining the deviation of the compass by an amplitude of the sun. 3. From the following compass bearings of a distant object determine the correct magentio bearing and the deviation for those positions of the ship's head : Ship's head by com- pass. Bearing of distant object by compass. Ship's head by com- pass. Bearing of distant object by compass. N.E. E. S.E. / S. 62 E. S. 45 40 E. S. 37 30 E. S. 41 50 E. S. S.W W. N.W. / S. 69 B. N. 88 E. N. 85 E. S. 83 40 E. 156 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING ENGLAND. 4. Are deviations 8nbjeo t to change when the ship changes her geographica 1 posit ion f Explain your answer. 5. Descrihe the construction uf Napier's Diagram. 6. Taking a large magnet to represent the earth, ami passing a smaller raaj;iiet over it, expLain the dilferent positions the smalk-v magnet would t;iki\ Draw a ligure, marking the red and blue ends ')>• the letters R. B. 7. Wh-At do you uuderstaud liy the terms permanent, subpermanent, and induced magnetism ? 8. Describe the nature and law uf semicircular deviation. MKTKRi.iLOGY. Based on Biichan'a iiitroduitiiri/ meteorology. 1. Suppose that a ship's barumetor were carried into the maintop, would it read higher or lower there than on deck ? 'i. What is " couvcctiipii " and how docs it act in the heating of waterf 3. ^Vllen the wind is east over the whole of the British Islnuds, what parts will have the highest and wliat parts the lowest barometer rraclings? 4. What does "evaporation" mean? For instance, what eliangi>. takes place in the water of wet clothes when they are hunt; out to dry ? 5. Explain the "cumulus'' cloud, and how is it formed? 6. Is the annual rainfall greater on the eastern or western coast of Great Britain ; and if there is a dilVerence, what causes it ? 7. What is ther hour? 14. When the sea-water is 56"= F. and the temperature of the discharged circulating water is 100"^ F., how many pounds of oivculatiug water are used per pound of steam t The following are samples of tlie 78 questions on the rule of the road : (Time 48 hours.) » # J) V M # It 13. What is the numher of lights reijuired by the regulations to be earned by steam- ships when under steam at night ? 14. Of what eolor are these lishts, and how aro they to be placed on board the Bhip? 15. Over how niauy points of the comjiass, in what direction, and how far, is the foremast-head light of a steamer required to show f 16. Are they required to be fitted with screens ; and, if so, on what side and ot ■what length? 17. Over how many points of the compass, in what direction, and how far, are the colored side lights of steamers reiinired to sliow f 18. What deserljition of lights are steamers required by the regulations to carry Trhen they are not under steam, but uuder sail only ? 19. What exceptional lights are to be carried by small sailing vessels in certain bases ? 20. What description of light are sailing pilot vessels rei|uired to carry ? 21. What lights are open boats and fishing boats required to carry. 43. A is a steamer going north, and seeing a white and green light ahead. Are A and B meeting, or is B passing A, or is b crossing the course of A, and in what direc- tion ; and how do you know? 44. As A is going north, within what points of the compass must the vessel showing the white and green lights be steering f 45. How do you know ? 46. Is the steamer A to starboard or to port ? 47. And why ? 48. What would be the result if you ported to a green light ahead? 49. If a steamer A sees the three lights of another steamer B ahead or nearly ahead, are the a steamers meeting, passing, or crossing ? 50. Do the regulations expressly require the helm of a ship to be put to port in any case ; and, if so, when ? 51. Do they expressly require the helm of a ship to bo put to port in any other case ; and, if so, in what other? 52. If you port to a green light ahead, or anywhere on your starboard bow, and if you get into collision by doing so, do you consider that the regulations are in fault ? 53. If a steamer A sees another steamer's red light B on her starboard side, are the steamers meeting, passing, or crossing ; and how do you know ? 54. Is A to stand on ; and, if not, why not ? 55. Is A to starboard or to port in such a case ? 56. If A gets into collision by porting, will it be because she is acting on any rule ? » « » ■ » » » , The following are the last four questions in practical navigation j whole number of questions 12. (Time, 4 hours.) 9. May 1, l-i78, the observed meridian altitude of /3 Centanri under the South Pole ■was 9° 56' 20" ; the index correction was + 4' 50" ; and the height of the eye above the sea was 18 ft. : required the latitude. 10. October 21, 187H in, lat. by account 33° S. and long. 37° 20' W., when a chro- THE WORCESTER AND CONWAY. 159 nometer showed 4" 8'° 34", the observed altitude of the sun's L. L. (near the meridian) was 67° 34' 45", the index coneotion was + 3' 40", the height of the eye above the sea 25 ft., and the error of tha chronometer fast on G. M. T. 1'' 46" 15": required the latitude. 11. April 2, 1878, in lat. by account 51° N, the following double altitude of Regulus was observed : Time by cLron. Obs. alt. Sun's L. L. Bearing. 3'' a?"" 56» 47° 32' 10" SW. by S. 7h 46m 59s 110 24' 15" W. | N. The run of the ship in the interval was SE. byE. 13 miles, the index correction — 0'50'', and the height of the eye 27 ft. : required the true latitude of the last observation. 12. May 27, 1878, at 3^ 40™ p. m. (mean time nearly), in lat. 6° 2' N. and long. 80" 30' E., when a chronometer showed 9'" 47"" 1', the observed altitude of the sun's L. L. (by artificial horizon) was 67° 33' 40", the index correction being — 2' 55"- required the error of the chronometer on G. M. T. and its rate, having given the error on G. M. T. at G. M. noon, April 3, O^ 29" 55» slow. On leaving, the pupil is given a parchment certificate, in which both his scholastic and seamanship attainments are shown. There are three classes of each, the definitions of all being printed on the back as, follows : SCHOLASTIC. Ordinary certificate. — The pupil to whom this certificate was awarded gained at his last h.alf-y early examination the requisite fraction of the total marks in the following subjects, viz : Practice of navi- gation and nautical astronomy, trigonom- etry, pure mathematics, and English. First-class certificate. — The pupil to whom this certificate was awarded gained at his last half-yearly examination the requisite fraction of marks in the fol- lowing subjects, viz : Theory and practice of navigation and nautical astronomy, plane and spherical trigonomety, pure mathematics, English, magnetism, and me- teorology. He can take the altitude of a heavenly body, and understands the prin- ciples of the sextant and azimuth compass. First-class extra certificate.— The pupil to whom this certificate was awarded gained at his last half-yearly examina- tion the requisite fraction of total marks in the following subjects, viz : Theory and practice of navigation and nautical as- tronomy, plane and spherical trigonom- etry, pure mathematics, English, magnet- ism, and meteorology. He can deduce the longitudes from his own lunar obser- vations. General conduct, . (Signed.) , Head Master. seamanship. Certificate. — The pupil to whom this certificate was awarded knows the knots, bends, and splices in general use ; can furl a royal single-handed ; can pull an oar or steer a boat. First class. — In addition to the above, can strap a block, worm, parcel, and serve a rope, pass an earing, and understands the method of reefing a topsail in the olden manner; can heave the lead and give the soundings. First-class extra. — In addition to the above, understands how to measure, cut, and fit lower rigging, turn in a dead eye, &c. ; has a thorough knowledge of the international code of signals; has a thor- ough knowledge of the rule of the road. General conduct, . (Signed.) , Commander. 160 MERCHANT SERVICE TRAINING — ENGLAND. There are also examiuatiou papers iu spoiling, scriptiuo, grammar, history, geography, arithmetic, French, and trigonometry. The i)apcrs here given were all for the most advanced (or first nautical) di\'ision, in which were 17 persons. Xo. 1 of the divison made 80 per cent, of the maximum marks ; the ninth, 50 per cent. ; the last, but 31 per cent. The following school routine of the Conway shows the division of time on board that ship : Hours of study. Class. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. 9-11 a.m 1 2 3 4 Navigation. Navigation. Arithmetic and writing. Arithmotic and writing. Arithmetic and composition. Arithmetic and composition. Navigation. Navigation. Navigation. Navigation. Arithmetic and writing. Arithmetic and writing. Trigonometry. Trigonometry. History. History. Navigation. Navigation. Arithmetic and BCripturo history. Arithmetic and scripture history. lli-12i 1 3 4 History. History. Trigonometry. Trigonometry. Frenrh. French. French. French. Alfiobra. Algebra. Algebra. Algebra. Composition. Composition. Trigonometry. Trigonometry. Scripture history. Scripture history. Navigation. Navigation. 2-3 p.m 1 2 3 4 Physii'S. Astronomy. Dictation. Dictation. Seamanshit. Geography. Geography. Geography. Geography. Seamanship. 3-4 1 2 3 4 Algebra. Algebra. Algebra. Algebra. French. French. French. French. 6J-73 1 2 3 4 Lecture or extra class. Navigation. Navigation. Dictation. Dictation. Trigonometry. Trigonometry. Physical geography. Physical geography. Free. Algebra. Algebra. Algebra. Algebra. Twenty-one boys left the Worcester after the midsummer examination in 1878, and twenty-seven were sent from the Conway. Nearly all of these entered the merchant service as apprentices. Six from each ship re- ceived honorary appointments as midshipmen in the royal naval reserve, the marine mUitia of Great Britain. The time has come when, if we expect to build up our merchant marine to anything like its former comparative proportions, we must copy such schools, and give that technical education which we have no means of supplying in our present marine afloat. If ships are built, men are necessary to command; and the better trained the brain that directs and controls, the fewer the shipwrecks, the less the loss of life and property. A statement such as this seems axiomatic. One cannot think of the enormous yearly loss of shipping without NBCEriSITY OF SUCH TEAINING. 161 astonisliment. In 1877 the losses of the English marine* comprised 560 sailing-vessels and 68 steamers, representing a value, with cargoes, of $18,000,000. With these ships were lost 2,700 lives. In 1875 the total number of wrecks of all nationalities was 4,259; a number equal to that employed in our whole sea-going marine. Two-thirds of these wrecks are, in the case of the English, set down by the British Board of Trade as the result of ignorance and incompetency. There would thus (taking the losses of England alone) be a saving of $12,000,000, if the masters were better fitted for their duties. The interest on this sum (which the results of official inquiry show might be saved) would support eighteen such ships as the Worcester and Conway. The application of an in- creased intelligence, of a better education and training, would diminish catastrophes by one-third at least; so that from a merely monetary point of view the establishment of such schools would be wise, politic, and economical, ajjart from all humanitarian considerations, which in. volve the question of the sacrifice of thousands of lives yearly, chiefly through ignorance and incompetency. The city of Kew York expends yearly $3,500,000 in educating the men who are to serve in aU the other varied callings found amongst the population of a great city. Only the one hundred and twentieth part of this stim is devoted to the^ education of those who are expected to sail the ships and carry in safety the vast wealth which enters and leaves its harbor. The unwisdom of such a course in reference to a great sea- port seems to me to need no setting forth ; the self-interest of the city should serve to enforce a more liberal attitude towards those upon whom its well-being so much depends. The question, however, is not one only applicable to Few York, but to every port from which ships are saUed, and has a national importance well worthy the attention of the national government. * See Eeport of Britist Board of Trade for 1878. ~ S. Ex. 52 11 I^A.K.T V. NAVAL TEAINING-FEANCE. IPJ^I^T "V. CHAPTEE I. THE EABLT OEG-ANIZATION OP THE NAVY. The systematic recruiting of men for tlie naval service dates from 1665 (temp. Louis XIV). Previous to this time, when a fleet was fitted for sea, the ports were closed, and a general press of all the seamen needed took place. This brutal and clumsy method was at the date mentioned set aside by a decree, ordering the enrollment of all sea-faring men, who were divided into three classes ; each class being obliged to serve one year at a time in the ships of the fleet ; during the other two years the men of the class were free to take service in any other capacity. Various ordinances from 1670 to 1713 tended to ameliorate the conditions of the service to which men were held. If unemployed, they received half pay ; a month's pay was granted when permission was given to leave the navy for the merchant service ; families were looked after by the state when their heads were at sea ; the men enrolled were entitled to free hospital treatment; pensions for wounds and lengthy service were granted. From this time (1713) dates the establishment of the " Invalides de la Marine," to which a certain amount of the pay of all sea-faring men, a proportion of the prize-money, and a moiety of unclaimed wreckage were devoted. These rules remained almost without change until 1784, when it was decreed that there should be only two classes ; one of the married, the other of the unmarried, seamen. Levies were made by beginning at the head of the lists and following it down as occasion demanded until the list was exhausted ; then de novo. Under this de- cree unmarried men were subjected to one-third longer service than the married. After 60 no one was subject to levy. The general principles hereinafter mentioned were finally established in 1790, and with sUght modifications have held until now. The great principle underlying the law is, that every individual owes service to the state either in the army or navy. If he is not subject to enrollment or conscription in the one, he is in the other. For more than two hun- dred years the French sea-faring population has been subjected to the action of this law, so that now, strange as some of its regulations may seem to ourselves, it does not seem to bear heavily upon them. 166 NAVAL TRAINING — FRANCE. PRESENT ORGANIZATION OF THE FRENCH NAVY. The men of the fleet are now supplied from the inscription maritime, from Yoluutary enlistments, or in case these two classes are not numerous enough, from conscription. This last is effected in the same way as that for the army, and falls upon all departmants which are touched by the tides; as far as the tide goes the conscription extends. The great mass of men belong to the first of the three classes ; in this is inscribed every one who has arrived at eighteen years of age, and who has made two deep-sea voyages either in a public vessel or in a merchant ship, or who has been eighteen mouths m the coasting trade, or two years iu the home fisheries, and who declares himself as wishing to continue a sea-faring life. As there are many advantages belonging to a man of the inscription, many of those who come from tlie conscription seek to be enrolled in it ; a thing which is allowed only after a certain time of actual service, and after the passing of an examination. All persons connectetains). There is in each division a council of administration charged witli all the duties of the division, as looking after the clothing, pay, &c. Each division of the first class is composed of a stalf and of depot companies, as follows: 1 company of inaidotn-canonniers ; 1 company of matelots-fnsiliers ; 1 company of machinists and firemen; 3 companies of inscrits maritlmes ; 1 company of recruits (voluntary or conscripted). The divisions of the second class are composed as follows: 1 company of caiwnnicr.'i, fitsiUern, \-c.; L' comi)auies of i nscr its- mar i times and re- cruits. I'ach company is divided into two sections. The division of Lorient conijirehends also a battalion of apjireiifis-fasiliers under instruc- tion. Theie is established in each division an elementary school, a school of accounts (or bookkeeping) for clerics, a gymnasium, a fencing school, and a scliool for swimming. There is in eacli of th(^ two first divisions a music school, and in the division at Rochefort a normal school for the preparation of ua\'al schoolmasters. Tnc men are quartered in barracks on shore — modern constructions built es[)ecially for this service. This method of cpuirtering tliem gives some great advantages in the way of health and comfort, and better means of jmrsuing discipline than is afforded on board a receiving-ship. The divisions afford excellent naeans for some preparatory drill before the men are embarked. There is of course a constant flow of men through them — iiificrit.s, A^olunteers, and conscripted men; and as the two latter classes are, on tlieir first service, entirely ignorant of sea-faring, they are here gotten well into shape before going afloat. CLASSIFICATION OF MEN. The petty officers and men are divided under the following heads: Designated as specialties: 1. Manceuvre. 2. Canonnage. 3. Mousqueterie (or fusiliers). 4. Timonerie. 5. Mecaniciens. 6. Fourriers. Designated as professions : 7. Charijentage. 8. Toilerie. 9. Calfatage. The men of class 1 are those whom we should designate " blue- CLASSIFICATION OP MEN. 171' jackets"; class 2 are seamen-gunners; class 3 have no corresponding branch in our own service; they are on board ship in the place of marines, the marine infantry and artillery being either employed on shore in France or in the colonies; this class, while at sea, do the duty of sailors; but at all times, at sea or in port, the sentries and guards are furnished from amongst them. The usual proportion of these men on board is one-fifth the entire crew. Class 4: are quartermasters and helmsmen. Class 5 are machinists and firemen. Class 6 are clerks. Class 7 are carpenters. Class 8 are sailmakers. Class 9 are calkers. As in some cases the use of the English equivalent would occasion confusion, terms such as manoeuvre and timonerie will be used instead of the translation. Though some of the men of the timonerie correspond to our quartermasters, the French ^^ quartier-maitre" conveys a very differ- ent meaning. The ratings in the classes given above are as follows : 1. Premiers-maitres, capitaines-d'armes. 2. Maitres, sergent-majors. 3. Seconds-maitres, sergents-d'armes, sergents-fourriers. 4. Quartiers-maitres, caporaux-d'armes, and caporaux-fourriers. 5. Fourriers-ordinaires. 6. Matelots (seamen), first, second, and third class. 7. Novices and apprentis-marins. 8. Mousses, or boys. There are other ratings which do not especially regard the men whose training is to be spoken of, such as nurses, storekeepers, &c., which need not be mentioned. The ratings of capitaine-Warmes, ser gent-major, sergent and caporal d^armes are only given to the men of the fusiliers; the capitaine-Warmes, besides being the first of the non-commissioned ofl&cers of this part of the force aboard, is also the master-at-arms of the ship. The various ratings ot premier-maitre, maitre, second mattre, quartier-maitre, are com- mon to each of the other classes into which a crew is divided. There is also a class termed gaMers-{toT^men) brevetes, or seamen who receive a brevet for aptitude and ability, which bears with it an addi- tional pay of four and five cents a day, these being brevets of the first or second class. There are also pilots of the first and second class, who are carried by ships serving on or near the French coasts as part of the crew ; these, however, have more the position of a warrant officer than of a petty officer. NUMBER OP MEN EMPLOYED. A tabulated statement of all the persons attached to the naval service and under the direction of the ministry of the marine will be found in 172 XAVAL TRAINING — FRANCE. the appendix. Tlie total shown in that amounts to 103,152, but only 35,683 are persons going to make up ships' companies (exclusive of offi- cers). Of this number 25,638 are serving afloat, on foreign stations, on special service, or in school and training-ships; 6,250 men are in the squadron of evolution (or home squadron) alone. All the foreign squadrons of the French service are small, excepting that of the South Atlantic and that in China and India, each of which has about 1,200 men. There are (besides the 1,607 reserves of this year) 8,436 men ashore, distributed as follows: Sub-officers, petty-officers, and seamen neccssfiry as cadres for the five divisions.. 1,404 Under instruction ashore (in specialties) , 1,566 Awaiting instruction (to take the place of the above) r>18 Non-avaUables (on leave, sick, &c. ) 938 Men available for sea service 4, 000 To repeat somewhat, we thus have the men taken first from those en- rolled in the inscription maritime; secondly, from those who volunteer; and, finally, if these two classes are not sufficient, from those obtained by conscription. They are sent to one of the &ve permanent divisions, where they are drilled and put into shape for sea service. Such as are fitted for special training are selected and sent to the division of Brest. As vacancies occur ou board the Bretague these selected men are sent to her, and undergo the training given in extenso further on. From the Bretasne they are, if destined to be topmen [gabiers), sent to the two cruisers used as training-ships; if to be fusiliers, to Lorient for drill; if gunners, to Toulon. These specially trained men are very apt to remain as continuous-service men. Brest is the great center of the French training system. There are there the school for the sons of seamen {termed pupilles), established ashore; afloat, are the Austerlitz, in which is trained the boys {mouches) untU they are sixteen, and the Bretagne, a superb specimen of the old steam line-of-battle ship, which takes on board the men I have spoken of above, and also the boys from the Austerlitz after they have been passed out. There is also here the Borda, the ship serving as a training establish- ment for naval cadets. OHAPTEE III. THE 6TABLISSEMENT DES PTJPILLES. This school was established at the instance of the Empress Eugenie by a decree dated November 1.5, 1862, for the purpose' of receiving and training for the naval service the sons of sea-faring men, those of the men in the marine infantrj^ or artillery, or marine gendarmerie, and of the workmen employed by the Navy Department. The fathers must either have died in the service or have served their time for pension The naval and merchant services are placed on the same footing; those belonging to the latter being of necessity of the inscription maritime. The boys are divided into three classes: 1. The children of persons of the inscription maritime. 2. Those of the marine infantry, artillery, or gendarmerie. 3. Those of the men employed in dock-yards. The number at present in the school is 400. Those whose parents are both dead are received as early as seven years of age; those having a father or mother still living cannot be re- ceived until they are nine. All those entered remain in the school until they are thirteen years old, when they are transferred as mousses to the Ansterlitz. SCHOOL BtriLDINGg. The place was built for a hospital, but answers the purposes to which it is now applied very well. It is large and roomy, has two large courts, one of which is used as a drill-ground, and is on high ground in a pleas- ant part of the city. At one end of the drill-ground is built a ship, from the spar-deck up, which is used as a drill-ship for the boys. The school rooms and dormitories are airy, clean, and comfortable ; the size of the latter varies, the boys being thus divided as to sleeping accommodations more by the size of their dormitories than by the divisions to which they belong. In each of the larger dormitories two of the seamen-instructors sleep, and in the smaller, one. The bedsteads are of iron and the bedding aU that could be desired. The lavatories are in the open air, being merely a number of faucets ranged along a wall on one side of the larger court; there are no con- veniences whatever else fqv the usual daily ablutions. There is a bath room, however, with four bath-tubs and a shower-bath, where each gets a bath once a fortnight. 174 NAVAL TRAINING FRANCE. A large shed-like building on one side of tlie court is used as a gym- nasium ; having a low roof, and no mndows on one side, it is very hot and uncomfortable in summer. There are severiil large rooms used for teaching knotting and splicing, and for the display of models. The commanding oflflcer, who is a capitaine de frSgate (commander), and his lieutenant, who is a lieutenant de vaisseau, have their quarters in the school buildings. The other persons attached to the establishment are as follows : 1 assistant pajnnast«r or commissary. 1 clerk to same. 8 brothers of a reUgious order, who serve as instructors in school work. 1 chaplain. 1 physician. 5 sisters of the order "Dela Sagesse," who have charge of the cloth- ing, infirmary, and the food of the pupils. 2 prenners-maitres. 5 second-maltres. 8 quartiers-maitres. 2 quartiers-maitres, with brevets from the school of gymnastics. 16 matelots brevet^s. The last five classes named are the seamen instructors. 2 drummers and fifers. 1 barber (sailor). 5 assistant cooks (sailor), 5 tailors (sailor). 5 shoemakers (sailor). 2 orderlies. 1 armorer. 2 clerks. 1 storekeeper. 1 cook (chief). 1 porter. A total of sixty-one. ORGANIZATION. The pupils are divided into two watches; each watch into two com- panies; each company into two platoons; each platoon into two sections; each section into three series. There are thus about eight boys in each series. These different divisions have the following persons in charge: The watch, a premier-maitre. The company, a second-maitre. The platoon, a quartier-maitre. The section, a seaman-instructor (brevet^). The series, a pupil chosen for good conduct without distinction as to size or height. / For school instruction they are divided into classes numbering not THE ETABLISSEMENT DES PUPILLES. 175 more than 60 each. The instruction embraces reading, writing, the first rules of arithmetic, elementary grammar, elementary geography, the elements of French history, and religious instruction. The instructors belong to a religious brotherhood, and are not perma- nent, as they can be changed from time to time by the order to which they are attached. METHODS OP INSTRUCTION. They pursue a method of individual instruction not so effective, I think, as the methods pursued in English schools. I went through the school-rooms of all the classes, and observed the recitations, and saw samples of the pupils' work. They were well advanced for boys of their age, and their writing was particularly good. There is no pressure put on them whatever. Singing is also practiced. The seamanship and military education comprise exercise with the sails on the stationary ship, knotting and splicing, the compass, swimming; the school of the soldier, battalion exercises, and gymnastics. Great- gun and howitzer drills are taught. One large room is fitted as a bat- tery, ports being cut in the walls. The howitzers used are the mountain howitzer of the French service, being lighter than the usual naval gun. The routines of exercises are appended. Of course in the many years of drUl these children have to xmdergo (six for many of them) they be- come quite perfect. The exercises on board ship are confined to loosing making, and furling sail, as they are not strong enough to handle spars They leave this school at the age at which a boy is put into the seaman! ship division at the Greenwich Hospital School (13). The gymnastic exercises were excellent. They are superintended by men who have passed through the gymnastic school at Joinville le Pont, near Paris, a school under the control of the army, but to which a certain number of petty officers are yearly sent from the naval service, who, after receiving "their certificates, serve as instructors in the di'visions and in the other schools ashore. The gymnastic apparatus here is not very complete, the exercises chiefly consisting in movements of the arms and body, without the aid of apparatus ; the boys are too young for very severe exercise. The messes have about twenty boys in each. The mess furniture is exceedingly plain, being but a pan, cup, and spoon ; a knife is also al- lowed but no fork. The kitchen and food are under the charge of one of the sisterhood, who has under her several cooks and other assistants The infirmary is also, as weU as the clothing and bedding, in charge of these sisters, of whom, as before noted, there are five. This may seem an unusual arrangement to us, but women in France occupy a much more prominent position in business organizations than with us. They are frequently the heads in the counting rooms, and have large and re- sponsible duties nearly always elsewhere assigned to men. 176 NAVAL TRAINING — FRANCE. The entire cliarge of tlie clotliing of this establishment is in the hands of one of these sisters, by whom the supply, repair, &c., are admirably arranged. Five seamen-tailors and five shoemakers are under her, who are given constant employment in repairing. The clothing allowed is aU famished ready made from the government workshops. The food is goo;l and wholesome. Six times a week they have fresh meat (5.3 oz.), either beef or veal, and on Friday 6 oz. of fresh fish are allowed. Twice a day they have soup. The breakfast is simjily coffee and bread; twenty-four ounces of this latter are allowed daily. In spite of the liberal scale on which they are fed the boys seem very defi- cient in physique, and complaint is made on board the Austerlitz that they are not equal in size to the other boys they receive of the same age. I notice too that a majority suffered from bad and weak eyes, showing scrofulous constitutions, partially inherited no doubt, partially devel- oped by insufficient food and care when very young. In this respect they did not compare favorably with the splendid physique and healthy look of the (ireeuwich boj's, who come from the same class. IhtUji routine. Kise Breakfast Make beds and clean np Waeh and dress (change linen Tharsdaya and Sundays) Inspection by the ' ' maStres '" School studies Dinner Kecreation Exercises (professional) School (interrupted by ' ' tea " from 3J to 4) Kecreation Exercises (professional) Kecreation Supper (followed \)y prayers said by the sisters) Kecreation Turn in Summer. 5.30 6.45 6-0.30 0. 30-7. 00 7.30 8-10. 15 10. 30-11. 00 11-12. 00 12-1. 15 1. 30-4. 46 4. 4r>-5. 15 5. 15-6. 16 6. 15-6. 46 6. 46-7. 16 7. 15-8. 00 8.00 Winter. 6.00 6.15 0. 30-7. 00 7-7. 30 7.30 8-10. 15 10. 30-11. 00 11-12. 00 12-1. 15 1. 30-4. 45 4. 45-5. 15 5. 15-6. 15 6. 15-6. 3D 6. 30-7. 00 7-7. 30 7.30 On Thursdays, in summer as well as in winter, mass is said at 8, fol- lowed by religious instructions given by the chaplain; after which there is recreation until dinner. The afternoon school is replaced by a "promenade," which may be prolonged to 6 in summer and to 4 in winter. On Saturdays there is no exercise. In the afternoon the boys are employed in cleaning the establishment. On Sundays there is prayer at 7.45; religious instruction until 8.15 by the "brothers" in the school-rooms; inspection at 9.30; mass at 10.30; after which dinner and recreation; at 1 a "promenade" is al- lowed. In this they are accompanied by their instructors. THE ETABLISSEMENT DIS PUPILLES. Uouilne of exercises. Ill Monday Seamanship. Infantry Gunnery G-ymnastics . Tuosfliiv . AVi'iUifsdav. Tiiursday . Fnday Compass, &c, Seamanstiip. Infantry G-unnery — G-ymnastics Compass, &-C. Soamansliip - Infantry Gunnery — Gymnastics . Compass, &c Compass, &c. Seamanship . Infantry Gunnery — Gymnastics. Starboard watch. Fusiliers (port) Giinners (port) First and second classes (port) and those of second company unem- ployed. Those unemployed of fourth com- pany. Port watch Fusiliers (starboard) Gunners (starboard) First and second classes (starboard) and the unemployed of first com- pany. The unemployed of third company. . The gunners of port watch, the second class in frymnastics (both watches), and all not otherwise employed. The fusQiers (port) less than 12^ years of age. All the port watch above 12^ Fusiliers and fjuiineis (starboard) . . . Second class in gymnastics (star- board). All above 12^ years of age (both watches). All not otherwise employed The battalion First class (both watches) First and second classes (both watches). Port watch. Fusiliers (starboard). Gunners (starboard). First and second classes (starboard) and those unemployed of the third company. Those unemployed of first com- pany. Starboard watch. Fusiliers (port). Gunners (port). First and second classes (port) and those unemployed of foui-th com- pany. The unemployed of second com- pany. Tho gunners (starboard watch), second class in gymnastics (star- board), and aU not otherwise em- ployed. Fusiliers (starboard) less than 12;^ years of age. All the starboard watch above 12A. Fusiliers and gunners (port). Second class in gymnastics (port). All not otherwise employed. Tlie battalion. First class (both watches). First and second classes (both watches). Days. Exercise in boats. Music and singing Monday .... Tuesday "Wednesday . Thursday... Friday Saturday ... Old entries (port) Old entries (starboard) . . . iN'ew entries (starboard) . New entries (port) . New entries (both watches). Same. Old entries. New entries. Old entries. Same. S. Ex. 52- -12 CHAPTER lY. THE AITSTEELITZ. This ship, a large two-deeker, has on board the boys (mousses) ^^•ho are under training. The number allowed is 800, and these must be the sons of sailors: pupilles (from the school just spoken of); or, in default of a sufficient number not being obtained from these, sons of men in the marine, infantry, artillery, or gendarmerie ; sons of soldiers ; and finally, if the supply from the foregoing classes is not sufficient, boys from civil parentage may be admitted. The, limits of age are from thirteen to fourteen. The applications for ailmission are addressed to the commissioners of the Inscription maritime. After undergoing an examination at the headquarters of their arrondis- sement, they are forwarded to Brest, where they undergo a final medical examination before being received. They must be, at thirteen, 52 inches in height ; at fourteen, 54 inches, and of good constitution. The entries take place four times a year, the 1st of January, 1st of April, 1st of July, and 1st of October. No admissions take place except to fill vacancies, occasioned liy the transfer of boys to the training-ship La Bretagne. The boys are kept on board the Austerlitz until they have attained the age of sixteen, at which age, if willing, they are entered for service until twenty-one years of age. If unwilling, the parents (whose consent to their admission to the school itself is required) are obliged to reim- burse the state for all the expenses of the boy while attached to the school. This reimbursement must precede the sending back of the boy to his family. The instruction given on board the Austerlitz comprises an element- ary school education, and special drills for those who appear fitted for the "specmK^^s" of the service. There is also a school for a certain number of boys who are destined to serve as engineers (meoaniciens), if they are able to pass the examinations. This latter school embraces ele- mentary mathematics and drawing, in addition to a higher class of edu- cation than that given the boys in general. For the purposes of drill, &c., there are four companies, of two hun- dred each. These companies are constituted as follows : 1 lieutenant. 1 premier-maitre. THE iUSTEELITZ. 179 1 maitre. 1 second maitre de manceuvre. 1 clerk (" sergent"). 2 quartiers-maitres de manceuvre. 1 quartier-maitre de timonerie. 1 quartier-maitre of gunnery. 4 topmen (brevet6s). 1 tlmonier (brevets ). 1 clerk. These companies are divided into divisions, platoo ns, sections, and finally series, there being 48 series of four boys each. There is school every morning from 8 to 10, one of the lower decks being fitted with benches and desks for the purpose. The remainder of the day is devoted to exercises, as shown by the routines which I append. In fine weather one company, and sometimes two, are sent on board the brigs Msus and Mousse, which are attached to the Austerlitz. The companies, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, take in turn each of the duties shown in the first column, and designated JSTisus and ilousse (the brigs), inte- rior, and boats ; there is a fifth detail, consisting of new entries [nou- veaux), which is given special instruction. [Witli two companiea on board; tvro in the brigs.] Companies. From 11.15 to 12.30, From 12.45 to 2.15.^ From 2.30 to 3.45: Nisua and Monase ..A.. Boats get under way and exercise until 2.30. Xh-e companies tlien return and are allowed to overhaul their clothing until 4.50. Exercise aloft. Afterwards — First division, great- guns. First division, small- arms. Knotting and splicing. The timoniers at sig- nals. First division, great- guns. First division, small- arms. Boats. Sailmakiug for those who have not com- pleted the course. Topmen at jjymnasium and boxing. Sailmaking. Compass and lead. Sailmaking. Go aloft. Pulling. Knots and splices. Nomenclature. [With three companies on board; one in a brig.] Companies. From 11.15 to 12.30. From 12.45 to 2.15. From 2.30 to 3.45. NiSUB G-ymnasium and box- ing. Exercise aloft. Boats. Sailmaking. overhaul bags until 4.50. 180 NAVAL TRAINING FRANCE. [With three companies on board; ono in a liriu— dnitmueil.] Cnniiiiiiiios. Proni 11.15 to 12.30. From l'J.45 to 2.15. 1m I'll! 2.30 to3.-ir). Intfrinr j KxiTt ises ulnft. Tvintttiinj and 8]ilicinii. AttiTWiiuls — Xmii'iiitis at si^^uaLs. j First division, great- i i;'uns. Fir.-.t division, small- , anns. First divisiou, small- iuins. First division, ureat- giius. Ntw entries Boal^. Sailiuakin;!. , To]iiiirn at jiyninaaiinn , and liuxiii^. (.'mniiass and lead. Sailiiiakers at sailinalv iiii;. Go aloft. PuUins- Knotting and s])li(.uug Noiuenclaturo. When the weatla'r is bad no company is sent to tlie brigs, bnt the company whose tnrn it is to go is drilled aboard the parent ship. TliL'ie isj in addition to what is here shown, school for an honr and ;i half ill tlio afternoon for those who are es]>ecially backward. The ])rtM-Gdin,i;' routine is for winter, but it in no wise differs from that for summer except that the suininer exercise is extended to 3.55 i>, m. No boy is kci>t on board the Austerlltz beyond the age of sixteen, lb' is then, if willing to enlist, transferred to the IJretagne for further instruction. If unwilling he is, upon the payment of the expense the state has been subjected to in training him, returned to his x>arents. A boy beneath tlie ageof cii^hteen cannot be bound to the service without his own consent. The ration allowed on boaid the Austerlitz is the harbor ration allowed the seamen, except that the (piantity is slightly reduced. The French have three rations — for sliore, harbor, and sea. I give the two last, for comparison with our own, or with that given the boys under training in the Englisli servi('e. Harbor ration of the Fniich Hcrrkr. Fresli bread ounces. nrandy or rum pints- "\Vint_- pints. C uike ounces . . ; Sii^ar onnces.- Fresli meat witli ouniies . - Green vegetables value- . Chei'se witli onnces.- IN-ase ounces.. C'odtisli ounces.. Potatoes with ounces,. Green vegetables. . allowance of. . Dried beans ounces . . Dried peat. 6 ounces.. Amount to each meal. Hreakfast. Dinner. ; Supper. 26.5 .1 .8 .7 .9 10.6 $0. 004 2.8 2.2 4.2 14.0 $0. 002 3. .5 4.2 10.6 $0. 004 2.8 2.2 4.2 Butter, 1 ounce allowed for each dinner of codfi.sli; 4 ounces for ' or ivith potatoes; 2 ounces for each dinner of cheese and pease. ( Hive oil or suet may be substituted for butter. .•^lUt :\nd vinegar. 14.0 $0. 002 3.5 4.2 Xone allowed to boys. } Sunday, T u e s day, Wedni's- day, Thursday, and Saturday. > Monday. Friday. ? Sun(lay,Monday, 5 and rriday. Twice a week. Twice a wi.-ek ■li supper, with dried vc^etalilcn Fre sli bread ounces . . Biscuit ounces . . Brandy or rum pints.. Wine pints.. Coffee ounces.. Sugar ounces.. Salt beef with. _, .ounces. . Pease, or with ounces. . Dried vegetables ounces.. or. Salt pork with ounces.. Pease, or with ounces . . Dried vegetables ounces . . or, Fresh meat with ounces . . G-reen vegetables value . . Cheese with ounces . . Pease ounces . - or, Sardines ii I'huile ounces.. Pease ounces . . Beans ounces.. Rice with ounces.. Salt pork ounces . . KATIONS. Sea ration. 181 Quantity allowed. Quantity for each meal. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. 26.5 19.4 .1 .8 .7 .9 7.1 2.2 .6 8.0 2.2 .6 10.6 $0. 006 2.8 2.2 2.5 4.2 4.2 2.8 2.8 8.8 6.4 .1 8.8 6.4 .4 7.1 2.2 .6 8.0 2.2 .6 10.6 ?0. 006 2.8 2.2 2.5- 8.8 6.4 .4 .7 .9 4.2 4.2 2.8 2.8 Two-thirds of this qiiantity allowed hoys. Sunday, Mon- day, Tuesday, "Wed 11 owday, Thursday, aud Saturday. ITriday. Three times .i week. Once a week but not on Friday. Pickled cabbage, .7 ounces for supper with dried vegetables. Olive oil or butter, for each dinner on Fridays, and for supper ^vhen there an^ dried vegetables. Mustard, pepper, salt, and vinegar. BEMARKS ON RATIONS. The foregoing rations are not eqnal to those given in either the Amer- ican or English services, but are better by comparison with the usual food of the classes from which the seamen are drawn. The French are altogether (in every grade of life) a far more economical people in. the use of food than ourselves. I was told by French officers that the ra- tion was found amply sufficient, and that the men throve upon it. The general economy in the way of food undoubtedly tells upon the vsize of the men of France, who are markedly beneath Americans, English, or Germans in point of height and physique, and much of the money which the French peasant puts into the '^ rentes" would be better expended for the food which would make him a more vigorous man. CHAPTEE Y. THE BRETAGXE. This ship, also at Brest, receives on board the boj'S who ha^"e passed out of the Austerlitz, the apprentices, novices, and any others vrho may be selected for special training. The novices are made up of boys be- tween sixteen and twenty, who are taken as desirable persons for enlist- ment. Any one who has done six months' service in a merchant or fish- ing vessel may make application to be received (his parents consenting, if he is under eighteen). Each one of this class who has reached eight- een, and who has donq one year's sea service, maj' be received at once as a seaman of the third class. They must, at sixteen, be 60 inches in height ; at eighteen, Gl inches. The apprentices are taken at the age of sixteen, and are bound to serve until the age of twenty-one. The boys of the Austerlitz come under this designation. The remainder of those sent to the Bretagne are young men chosen from those coming from the inscription maritime ; a board of officers established at each di\4sion makes choice of these ; they are then forwarded to the division at Brest, and as vacancies occur are sent on board the Bretagne. PERSO^'^■EL. The personnel of the Bretagne at the time of my visit was as follows : Commis?,ioned ofliccrs 20 Malties 6 Seconds-iualticb 34 Quartiiis-maltres 177 Supernuuierarius 17 Pilots 1 255 Clerks 8 Apprentis gabicrs : Seauien \ Apprentices ( 250 Novices 1 ) Apprentis canounicrs : Seamen ) Apprentices / 354 Novices ' Apprentis fusiliers : Seamen \ Apprentices } 550 Novices ) THE BRETAGNE. 183 Apprentis timouiers : Seamen , 'Apprentices ( gjg Novices _ ) Total under instruction 1 378 Officers and instructors 255 General total 1 633 The instructors are divided as follows : Seamanship instructors 65 Gunnery 32 Musketry 26 Timonerie , 20 Gymnastics , 2 Singing 1 Sclioolmasters 6 ISTotwithstanding the large number on board, they seem comfortably quartered, the ship being the largest and finest -wooden ship ever put afloat, exceeding in size the largest English three-decker. The men are divided into six companies, each under the command of a lieutenant de vaisseau, and an ensigne de vaisseau, with the usual num- ber of petty and non-commissioned oflcers to such a number. These com- panies take turns in doing service on board the Galatea, a frigate which serves as practice-ship. This tour of duty lasts a week, the oflcers and men of the company forming the only crew of the ship, the lieutenant commanding the company being the captain of the ship for the time being. With the exceptions of Sunday, Thursday, and Saturday, she is daily under way from 10.50 in the morning to 4 in the afternoon, and cruises about the Bay of Brest, which affords ample space for the pur- pose without going outside th.e entrance. The remaining five companies on board are drilled according to a routine which comprises all the duties of a sailor, but more especially those for which the men of the particular companies afe destined. BOtTTINE. Inspection takes place at 8.30 ; drill, from S.oO to 9.50 ; school, from 10 to 11.30; dinner, from 11.30 to 12.30; drill, from 12.50 to 2.10, and from 2.30 to 3.50. INSTRUCTION. From 4 to 4.30 there is a general sail drill. Supper takes place at 6. On board the Galatea school is also beld daily from 9.30 to 10.45, after whicb the ship gets under way. This teaching is elementary, of course, consisting of reading, writing, and the elements of grammar and arith- metic. After the service on board, here lasting ordinarily four months, the men are transferred to the various places where si^ecialties are taught; IS 4 NAVAL TRAINING — FRANCE. the gniiiHTs to Tdulon, the fusihers to L'Orient, the tuimu'u to the two cruisinj;- frigates which are used for training at sea. They cannot, of eourse, hope to foi-ui in these last named ships all the sailors ot tlieir' tit-et, but thej' form a large number, which serves as a base of supply for their petty officers. THE CRUISING TRAINING-SHIPS. These two ships take on board all men who ai-e to be trained as topmen ((jahkrs). During the cruise of four montlis and a half they are sub- jected to constant exercise, the Ships being neai-ly all the while at sea, extending their cruise as far as ^ladeira. At the oxi)iratiou of this crui.se an examination is passed for certificates, M'hich are of two classes- Men may also come up for examination at any time before a board, which is always organized in squadrons on foreign service. This first examination, however, is passed before a board composed of the officers of the two training-ships. It is entirely practical, or rather practical evidence must be shown of the candidate's knowledge. Those who a.t- tain ICO marks out of a possible 200, receive a certificate of the first class ; those who obtain IL'O, a certificate of second. Any one who attains a second class may present himself again as a candidate after six months. Thei-eis laid down by regulations the exact examination to be passed, every detail being given. A provisional certificate may be granted by the boards organized in foreign squadrons, but the final or fnll certilicate is only given by a board of officers organized in France, and consisting of a commander (capitaine de vnisseau) and five lieutenants de vaisseau, a])pointed by the pn'fet maritime. This commission or board is termed the permanent connnission, and meets as often as it is called together by orders of the ]a-efet. Each division has its commission of this kind. The examination is divided into twelve parts: I. Knotting, 56 examples being laid down. II. Splicing, L>() examples lieing laid down. III. Other works {tmvau.c divers), making rope, fishing-lines, tarring down, pointing, &c., 21 examples. IV. Fitting rigging, 26 examples. V. Exercises aloft, handing sails and spars. YI. Questions relating to masts, yards, sails, and an chors. YII. Tackles, purchases, &c.,to be fully explained, to reeve them off, &c., 7i examples. YIII. To explain the rigging of masts, yards, and bowsprit, 13 ex- amples. IX. Standing rigging, 19 examples. X. Eunning rigging, 59 examples. XI. Comprehends the more difficult points of a seaman's duties ; how to reef in heavy weather; to haul down and furl a jib, blowing heavily; to repair damages, &c. ; 34 examples. XII. Comprehends the compass and helm; management of boats EXAMINATIONS. 185 duties of tho lookout; the lights carried by vessels; the lead; aud flually sailmaking. The candidate in this last must be able to sew a seam and repair a sail. EXAMINATION FOR QUARTIEES-MAItIIES. This examination is combined also with that of the candidates for the grades of quartier-maitre, &c., and there are seven more divisions which relate exclusively to these grades. XIII and XIV must be passed by any one who wishes to become a captain of top (a quartier-maitre). In thpse the most dif&cult points of seamanship are given, and all questions relating to the handling of boats, anchors, chains, and hawsers ; in addition, the candidate must know how to blow a boatswain's pipe. POR secondsmaItres. XV and XVI must be passed by any one who becomes a second- inattre ; these comprehend getting masts and spars on board, whether lying in the stream or under the shears, aud (XVI) the duties of one in charge of stores. FOR premiers-maItbes.* The examination for premier -maitre takes in everything relating to the handling of a ship ; in a calm, in a gale, caught in a squall, man overboard, coming to anchor. The last (Chap. XIX), part also of the premiers-maitres exaniiuation, relates to the handling of steamers. THE MATELOTS-TIMONIERS. The final instruction for these men, who are destined as quarter- masters aud signal-men, is also given in the cruising practice-ships just spoken of. The course laid down embraces all the iioints likely to come up in a quartermaster's duties. The number primarily designated to be educated is determined by the minister of marine, and depends upon the needs of the service. The number of these chosen at present is limited to 200, and this is the allowance at present maintained on board the Bretagne. In choosing these men at the barracks of the division only those are taken who can read or write, have good eyesight, and a good physique ; they must also know the primary rules of arithmetic. The boys from the Austerlitz, who are selected for these duties, are chosen by the commanding oflicer of the Bretagne after their arrival on board his ship. "While awaiting transfer at the barracks the men selected from the division are incor- porated in the compagnie des specialites. After going on board the Bretagne they, as all others, undergo a general training in seamanship, puUing in boats, and in sailmaking, and in great-gun and small-arms exercise. * Corresponcling to ■warrant officers. 18G XAVAL TRAIXIXCt FRANCE. The special iustruction -while there consists in loaruin.;; the conijiass and its uses, signals, use of the lead, and to use the signal-books (private and international). Those who are not found apt for this in- struction are returned to the barracks of the divisiou or are incor- porated in another specialty. After transfer to the sea-going training- ships they undergo a more extended course of the same kind. A manual (a duodecimo of 268 pages) embodies the entire course. This is divided into lessons, which consist of a series of questions and answers, which are studied and recited upon in class. These lessons comprise all the minutise of the duties of a quartermaster or helmsman, nothing being too small to be noted. The character of the questions, &c., can only be known by samples, some of which I give : Question. What should be the first care of a quartermaster when he goes on board ship as such ? Answer. He should immediately make himself acquainted with the name and ap- oearanoe of all the commissioned and other officers, and of all those who have the more important duties amongst the crew, as captains of tops, cockswains, iVc. He should know the order of rank of the oiiicers and midshipmen, and also their places of sleeping. Question. How does the (juartermaster inform one of or transmit an order? > Answer. The quartermaster, whose duty it is to call an officer, opens the door of his room after having knocked, and doe.s not enter until he has been authorized. At night he enters with a lighted lantern without knocking, and, if the person whom he is to call ought to turn out, lights immediately the candle in his room, unless he re- ceives an order to the contrary. The quartermaster enters the steerage without knocking. If his communication is general, he speaks in a loud voice, to be hoard by every one. If it is for one person only, he approaches him and gives the message to him only. Question. How is the crew divided on board ship? Answer. The crew is divided into series. The even series form the port watch, the odd the starboard. Each watch is divided into two divisions, each di\ision into two si'ctions. Question. What is the mode of numbering the series? Answer. Each section h:is an equal numbc-r of series from 1 to 5, according to the number of im-u on board. Scries First section 1,11,21,31,41 .Second section 2, 12, 22, :W, 42 Third section : 3,13,23,33,43 Fourth section 4,14,24,34,44 Fifth section .' 5,15,2.5,35,45 Sixth section 6,16,26,36,46 Seventh section 7, 17, 27, 37, 47 Eighth section 8, 18, 2d, 38, 4S The unit number of a series is always that of the section to which it belongs. The chief of a series carries the number of his series, &c. Question. How does one obtain the variation of the compass by an amplitude of the sun? Answer. By taking the bearing of the sun's center when its lower edge appears to b 2 two-thirds of its diameter above the horizon. The above extracts may give an idea of the scope of this book, wlach includes questions on naval tactics, flags, and signals (as, Q. " What EXAMINATIONS. 187 does the hoisting of ' trapezium' No. 7 signify ?"— A. "Eecall of No. 1 wbaleboat"). A great number of signals, such as this last, must be knoA^n by heart. This is not so dilflcult in. the French service, where everything is rigidly the same in every ship to the least minutia-. Fol- lowing these are telegraphic signals and others, taking up 93 pages ; then follow sonie questions on elementary arithmetic and geometry; the compass; on the rudder and helm; the action of the rudder; the log, leeway ; the lead, lights, and light-houses ; the tides and their phenom- ena, and some elementary notions of the steam-engine. Eleven pages are devoted to questions and answers on taking bearings, getting the variation of the compass, to apply the variation, &c. The use of charts, the care of chronometers, and the method of keeping the log complete this very far-reaching list of "things to know." The practical examination of these men is conducted by a board con- sisting of the executive officer of the ship in which they are serving and of their instructors (those of&cers who have been specially detailed to look after the instruction in timonerie). The theoretical examination is conducted by a board, of which the senior captain is president, and the other members of which are one of the executive officers, the ofS.cers charged with their instruction, and four other officers, all these being taken equally from the two ships. The officers of one ship examine the men of the other. Sixty-eight points out of a hundred are necessary to obtain a brevet of the first class, and sixty a brevet of the second. Those who have successfully passed are sent to the divisions, where they are held in readiness for service. At any time after six months, a man who has only taken a second class can apply for an examination for a first class. A board, in this case, if there is no permanent board, is ordered by the prefet-mari- time, or, if serving at sea, by the commander-in-chief of the squadron. From these men (the timoniers-hrevetis) are taken by further examina- tion the mmtres in timonerie, or the men who correspond to our quarter- masters. No others, if there is a timonier-brevete on board, have a prior claim. Any one who can answer 60 per cent, of the questions in the manual certainly is fitted, as far as mere knowledge goes, for the posi- tion ; and if the French quartermasters know aU they are supposed to know, they are a remarkably well-informed class. The certificates given can only be taken away by sentence of court- martial; they carry with them an increase of pay, and the holding of one entitles one to a petty officer's appointment iii preference to a man not so breveted ; it is the road to advancement to a position as high as that of ]}remier-7naitre, which corresponds practically to that of a boatswain or gunner in our owji service. In these two ships there are at present under training 806 men of the topman and quartermaster class. CIIArTKR VI. THE SCHOOLS OF GUXXEKY, MUSKETIIV, A^;D TORPE1)0|;S. The first order relatinii' to the establishment of this school dates as lar 1 lack as lGl".t, from Richelieu. It did not talve shape, however, until 1(170, sinee which time there has always been established in France either a stationary or floating school for the instruction of the f;unners of the lieet. The school is now, and has been for some years, on board Le Souvciaiii, line-ol-battle sliip, near Toulon. A floating battery, armed with the, heavier guns, and a brig used for gun exercise while irnder way, are tlie Kinu'.icfi of the school. The scliool Ibr seaman gunners is combined with tliat for the (ihicers. The division of ujiprenth-cunonnicrit^ selected from tlie various divisions and concentiated at Brest on board the Ibctagne, is kept at 450. They undergo from four to six months of tutelage on board the Bretagne under thi' circumstances previously detailed in the cas(^s of topmon and quar- termasters; they are tlien transferred for instruction to the school at Toulon. STAFF. Tlie staff of this scliool is fixed as follows — Capitaine lU' vaisscau, fDniinanclaut 1 Capitaiiie ilc frigati.', cxrcutivi' 4 Lieutenants de vaisseau, eoiiiinanding divisions of (/anonniers-vdtdrans 'i Lieuti'uaiit.s do vaisseau, coiunianding divisions of apprfiiticf-s S Lieutenants do vaisseau 8 Lieutenants de vaisseau, coiiiniaiiding the divisions of tlie permanent crew 3 Captain of marine artillery 1 Paymaster '. 1 Smjjions 2 Chaplain 1 Of t\i% personnel used as instructors there are : Premier-maltre canoniiier 1 Seconds-maitres canonniers 10 Quarticr-maitres , 40 Canonniers-brevetes of the first class :52 The men under instruction are the apprentices, the petty officer gun- ners, and the canon niers-hrevetes, who form the divisions of canonniers- ccti'runs. These last are divided into two divisions, commanded each by THE SCHOOLS OF GUNNERY, MUSKETRY, AND TORPEDOES. 189 a lieutenant de vaisseau ; the cadre of each division comprises, besides, a second-maitre and four quartier-maitres as instructors. The apprentices are divided into eight divisions, each commanded by a lieutenant de vaisseau ; there are, besides, attached to each division — Lieutenant de vaiasoau ; 1 Second-mat tre canounier 1 Qnartiers-maltres, instructors 4 Matclots-cauonniers-brevetPs 4 The Tiumber on board, including officers, of whom there are C4, is 1,457. This, of course, includes the floating battery and brig. INSTRUCTION OF VETERANS. The instruction of the veterans lasts six months, a new contingent c ing in January and July of each year ; that of the apprentices lasts eight mouthy It is arranged that half of the number is renewed CAcry few months, so that at no time is the whole body made up of raw recruits ; though , perhaps, this term is inapplicable, as they have already undergone some training in the Bretagne. The instruction given comprises recitations in the manual of the mate- lot ■canonnier; exercise at great guns ; firing ; exercise with small-ariiis, and clearing for action. Seamanship exercises are also added to the special instruction in gunnery. The exercises in firing take place both while at anchor and under way ; the brig being used for this latter exercise. A fixed number of shots must be fired by each one under instruction; amounting in all (with great guns) to eighteen shots ; eleven at anchor, and seven under way. Finally, at examination, each apprenti-eanonnier fires seven shots, by which his gun-practice is judged. EXAMINATION. The examination is divided into three parts : 1st. General exercises. 2d. Questions in gunnery ; nomenclature, &c. 3d. Seamanship. In a first-class brev^et, a minimum of 100 points out of 200 must be ob- tained ; for a second, a minimum of 140 points ; for the third class, a minimum of 120. Six mouths must pass before those of the lower classes can apply for a higher class brevet. In addition to the special ability shown in gunnery, several other things are noted in the examination ^eet, such as the man's previous services (if he is not an apprentice) ; his attainments in reading, writing, and arithmetic ; his conduct, intel- ligence, activity ; his command over men, and sang-froid, &e. BOARD OF EXAMINEES. The examining boards are composed — 1st. In the case of the " veterans ", of the commandant; two lieuteu- 100 XAVAL TRAINING FRANCE. ants lie vaisseau, commaiiding dMsions of " veterans"; of the six lieu- tenants de vaisseau, commanding divisions of apprentiees, and who have been lon.uest on board. I'd. In the case of the apprentices, the board consists of the command- ant, and of tlie eight lieutenants commanding tlie divisions of appren- tices. After examination, the men are forwarded to the dillcrent divisions or depots for service as needed. The certificates here obtaiae- be returned, and the man rehabil- itated. Its possession is, however, carefully guarded, and extreijie mis- conduct can only deprive the man of it. These regulations prevent the frequent changes of petty offlcers and the causeless transfers of men from one duty to another, which some years ago were an element of non- etfectiveness in our own ships. \ stable class of petty ofiQcers is recog- nized both in the English and French services as necessary to a sound organization. The numlier of men ])assed tlirougli this school from 1SC5 to 1ST7 was 5,2.'5.'>, giving an average of -l.').") a year. THE SCHOOL OF MU.SKETRY. This school has existed since 18r)(). At this time the principle was established in the French servic(! that the entire combatant force of their ships should belong to the sailor class. Since that time the marine in- fantry and artillery have been used only in the colonies or in the home ports. The cadre of the battalion of instruction is formed from men and officers of the marine infantry. The men to be instructed in this school (established at Lorient) are chosen as are the others who belong to the specialties of the sernce ; they undergo the preliminary course on board the Bretagne, and are then transferred to the barracks of the division at Lorient. The number in the division of apprentices, coming from the Bretagne, is 600; there are, besides these, seaman and petty officers who have already been in service, who, with the drummers and buglers under instruction, amount to ICO, or a total of 760 in the whole battalion. The time allowed is five iponths. The nomenclature of the various arms, their use, the school of the soldier, of the company, of the battalion, the manufacture of cartridges, are taught; firing is particularly taught. Under naval officers they are taught those things which more espe- cially belong to the naval service, great-guns, boat-guns, pulling, &c., and the duties of sentries on board ship. Gymnastics, fencing, sing- ing, and elementary instruction (reading, writing, &c.), comi)lete the program. THE SCHOOLS OF GUNNERY, MUSKETRY, AND TORPEDOES. 191 After undergoing an examination, which takes place under the same onditions as those before mentioned, the men are distributed among the various divisions, and are in readiness for service. They form on board ship about one-fifth of the cve-w. Prom 1856 to 1877, 15,873 men passed through this school, an average of 756 yearly. TORPEDO SCHOOL. This school is established at BoyardvUle, on the He d'Oleron. Though primarily dating from 1866, its present organization is of ten years' later date; in this interval not a great deal was done by the French towards the development of a torpedo system. The school is under the command of a capltaine de vaisseau, who has a staff of five commissioned ofi&cers. Both officers and men are here educated in the use of torpedoes. The period of instruction for the men is fixed at six months, new recruits being sent on the 1st of January, April, July, and October, so that there is always a contingent of par- tially instructed men. The classes from which these men are selected are the gunners, quartermasters {timoniers) and machinists.. On their arrival they pass a preliminary examination, and upon this examination depends their retention; if the board considers them unfit, they are returned to general service. The use of torpedoes, their manufacture, &c., are taught, a machine-shop being established at the port. CIIAPTEE VII. PILOTS. Pilots of tliL' licet are e-mploj'cd in tlie Freucli ser\ice, taken liD.G amoag men of the inscyiptlon maritimi', under the following; regulations : 1st. Tliey must be between 23 ami 2.S years of age. -d. Tliey must show three years of sea-service, one of whicli, at least, nuist have been in the service of tlie state, and one in a square-rigged inercliant\ cssel. if they ha\e served in any other than vessels of the navy. .'id. They must be able to read and write avcU ; must know the four rules of arithnu'tic, and the first principles of the metric system. * 4th. Tliey must know how to steer, heave the lead, and be able to handle a ship under sail. .">th. They mnst be of good jdiysique and have excellent sight. All things being ecpral otherwise, the preference is given to men who ha\ c been masters of coasters, as they already have some notions oC coast pilotage. • These men are received as apprcnti(;es of the second class, and are placed upon the two vessels used as schools of instruction. They lemain here three years before their final examination, which enables them to go on board a man-of-war as a pilote de laflotte. Tor making the selections for the apprentices, there is a board, con- sisting of a caintuine de vaissmu and four other officers, which visits successively, commencing with Dunkerque, the principal ports of the north and -west. Previous to the beginning of this tour of examina- tion, notices are posted conspicuously in all the coast towns, in order to bring the information regarding the school before as many as possible. After this examination is completed, the school-ships (which are two dis patch-boats) visit these ports, and take on board the successful candi- dates. Yearly examinations are held on board for the passing of the ap- prentices. Those who fail to pass to the first class are returned to the divisions, if they were taken thence, or are discharged the service. Each of the school-vessels has the following personnel on board, be- sides those under instruction : A commander or a lieutenant command- ing, one lieutenant, four ensigns, one surgeon, three pilots of the fleet, ten petty officers, and a small crew of seamen and firemen. INSTRUCTION OF PILOTS. 193 INSTRUCTION. The instruction comprehends — 1st. The compass, its uses, variations and deviations, bearings, &c. 2d. Elementary navigation. 3. Finding the latitude, variation of the compass by an amplitude, laying down a course, measuring angles, &c. 4th. Arithmetic and elementary geomeiiry. 5th. Charts, their construction and use. 6th. Tides and currents : finding time of high and low water, &c. 7th. Soundings. 8th. Eule of the road; handling boats; handling ships under sail or steam; handling anchors. 9th. Signals, lights, &c. After having passed the first examination, two years more are requisite before being passed to a "pilot of the fleet" of the third class; after which they are forwarded to the division of the department or arrondisse- ment from which they came. Their position on board men-of-war is that of a warrant ofBLcer, taking rank with the boatswain, gunner, &c. [premiers-maitres). They come up for examination for pilots of the second and first classes as vacancies occur. S. Ex. 52 13 CHAPTEE YIII. INSTErCTOES IN GYZ^INASTICS — ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF THE FLEET — LIBEARIES, ETC. The instructors in gymnastics and fencing, who have charge of the instruction in these branches afloat and ashore, receive their instruction at the ^Military ]S"ormal School of Gymnastics established at Joinville le Pont, near I'aris. OfiBcers of the navy are also admitted to this course. The period of instruction for the men taken from those of the fleet is for one year. Contingents of seconds and quartiers mattres, chosen from those of the most vigorous and active physique are sent on the 1st of February and 1st of August of each year, in order that there may be a mixture of new and old, the latter serving a.s monitors to the new entries. Besides the exercises in gymnastics and fencing, the men have ele- mentary schooling; exercise with small arms; lessons in swimming; anatomy; boxing, &c. The certificates are given after passing an exam ination before a board composed of of&cers of infantry of the Hne. These men, after being passed through this course are used as instruct- ors at the divisions and at all the schools of service ashore; some being also employed afloat. LS OF EOCHEFOET. The elementary scnools, estaljlished at the headquarters of each division and on board of all ships afloat and in service, are conducted by the elementary instructors who have passed through the normal school established at Eochefort since 1870. This normal school is attached to the Eochefort division, and has as its director a professor of the primary normal schools of the university. There are two courses of this normal school yearly, to which are ad- mitted any seconds-maitres or quartiers -mmtres who can show before the board, composed of oflicers and professors at each of the divisions, the necessary amount of knowledge which is judged sufflcient to enable them to attempt the course. The examination takes in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, and the elements of grammar, geography, and history. One of the principal objects of the school is to teach the would-be instructor how to teach. At the end of the course written and NOEMAL AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS — LIBRAEIES, 195 oral examinations are passed before a board of officers and proressors. A composition is part of the examination demanded, and (iin.'.stiona upon the methods of teaching are also given. Medals of silver and bronze are given to the three first of each "course." The course of study laid down is as follows : Grammar, exercises in composition, «&c. The recitations of each day- begin by the delivery of some lines chosen from good authors, upon which questions are asked. Arithmetic, through decimals, rule of three, square and cube root, calculation of interest, accounts. French history to the end of the second empire. Geography, including the drawing of maps ; especial attention being given to France; its civil and military and naval departments; its coasts and frontiers ; harbors and military posts. There is one branch styled conferences pSdagogiques, which consists in a series of lectures, with questions and answers on religious sentiment, respect due superiors, will, exactness, manner of study, politeness, bear- ing, conversation, letter writing, different modes of teaching, physical, moral and religious education, organization of primary schools, prepa- ration of lessons, duties, discipline. These are the men who have the teaching to do iu all the elementary schools of the service whether afloat or ashore. The schools of the divisions are placed under a specially detailed officer. Each recruit as he arrives is examined as to his attainments, and is placed in one of the two school classes. All who can merely read or write or can do neither are classed as "illiterate," and are placed in the ('course of the first degree." This course comprises reading, writing, and the four simple rules of arithmetic. The "course of the second degree " comprises, in addition to the other, the elements of grammar, history, geography, and arithmetic. The instruction of the first degree is obligatory for every quartier-maitre, seaman, apprentice, and boy, with the exception of men who are over thirty years of age; that of the second degree is obligatory for all novices and boys ; it may be taken by the others if they so desire. These same rules hold good for the schools of divisions and for men-of-war in service. The instructors in the divisions of the first class (those of Brest and Toulon) are assisted by eight monitors ; in the others, by six. These monitors are chosen from among the men of the division who are capable of teaching. Monitors are likewise selected on board ship according to the number of the crew, there being one for about every fifty of the crew. School is held daily in the divisions, excepting on Sundays and fete days, for at least two hours. On board ship it is held at least three days a week from 3 to 5 p. m., or, if these hours are inconvenient, others may be selected, so long as a minimum of six hours' study a week is attained. N'o exercise is allowed on board while school is holding. A monthly report is sent in by the schoolmaster showing the zeal and progress of his pupils and the status of the school in general. 196 NAVAL TRAINING FEAXCE. A series of readers, a spelling-book, history, grammar, aritlimetic, and geography are published for the use of those under instruction in the divisions and in the fleet. These books are famished the men free of cost, though in case of loss through carelessness they must be replaced by loser. Under the present system, in the course of a few years no men ■will be found in the French Xavy imable to read and write. The system of elementary instruction, both afloat and ashore, is evidently rigidly car- ried out ; the returns which the ministry require to be made being such that there can be no avoidance on the part of commanding oificers of their duty in this regard. Practically the whole French service is on the footing of an elementary public school in America, with an ample supply of schoolmasters, fixed hours, and au established series of text- books and course of study: the results of the system cannot fail to be most admirable. LIBRARIES. In each division, under the title of the " Commission de la bihliothtqiic de la diri.sioii,'" there is a permanent consulting board, composed of the commandant of the di\ision, commissary, major of the division (usually a co ■^0 ^4;3d pne taBJJBAV ' SaiAcq6Jdq;o pne sjdDggo .iqj 3aiABq" ^oii B^A'opI -ma poB aomcdB 'sjao -gjo ^;j;od pnu jnttuu^ •sjantgo JO eTHB^e aq^ SaiA«q ejeqjo pne ejaoiuo fl 'sjoonjo JO HU^iiiv; ^ £ I oqj 3aiABq ?oa h-^ia'ohI •ejQo^o JO 9ni*B^9 9q:( 3aiA«q BJaqi^o x)^^ saaoiijo "Sv i>qj SniAuq loa S9A'o[d -iii.> nnB uaui^ds 'eiaa -gjo A^jod pnu ^aBJj;Bj\i_ •ejao^o JO RTiiviB aqi SniAvq siaq'^o paseiaaggQ o -*•!::>« CD - — X ?i — r »n I— « I— 1 : ft.* IS -s. ■s ■« PI CO ■* r-C^ «5 lO 00 to-* o rH ■* W lO 5^^ 1 -*■ CJ H ■*(' OS ec t; o w -r 5 2 S-^ 2 /;^ ; CO t~OJ CO rH CM CD t- 'i b a 5 « J^j^ 4- C C/ ;-^ « P PERSONNEL OF THE FEENCH NAVY. 207 MOO o i-t i-l 00 w o »-( w M »ni>irt iH IN M to lO t> o « „ &"C 2 S d n a h ^ a M H oS a g S a I « a a as a'? Ih^ Rflin .a IR^S .2 S ■s| Pi—' O j» e d ^ I O (A O