IX < l«2S^t^ lb jf. IbWl <^^ J. ^ # a/#i Mifpff Tjf, liin ' ' " 9jjj^.: ■r^ ff jr.L< Gaylord Bros. Makers Syracuse, N. Y. cX-^^rr ^^Ar BY HARRY F.GILES -Deputy Commissi on e-r^ STfSTE BUREAU STATISTICS 5^ IMMIGRiYTION I.M.HOVELL- SECRETfiKVOFSTPCTE-Bc-OFFICIO COMMISSIONER The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003609272 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF STATE Bureau of Statistics and Immigration I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State Ex-Officio Commissioner MANUFACTURING OPPORTUNITIES IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON By HARRY F, GILES, Deputy Commissioner OLYMPIA, WASH. FRANK M. LAMEORN o^Si^^ PX'BLIC PKUN'TKK. 191S JJ*' "THIS IS THE PTJREST PRIMEVAL." There arc trees in the "Wasliington forests over 500 years old and more tlian 20 feet in diameter. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I'iUie PREFACE 7 I. WASHINGTON 9 Area und Population ; ^^uifarf ; Anii(.ai]tur;il Aivas ; \\'est- ern Washington ; TiniKier ; Itia-sterii W'asliing'ton ; Irriiiiited Sections ; Chief Industries. II. DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING IN THE STATE OP WASHINGTON 14 Twenty Years of Growth ; Recent Development ; Scientific Investigations ; Statistics of Capital and Labor Increase ; Table Showing Growth of Manufacturing; Comparison with Otlier Industries ; Important Products ; Ranks First in Lumbering ; Lumber Produced in Wasliington I unin^ tlie Years 1907 to 1916 Inclusive; Fisheries Products and Live- stock ; Cereal Products ; Dairy Manufactures ; Ship Build- ing ; Aeroplanes; Paper and Pulp; Other Important Manu- factures ; Manufacturing L)istricts ; Potentialities. III. ADAPTABILITY OP THE STATE FOR MANUFAC- TURING 27 Earliest Manufacturing Centers ; LTnlimiteU I'ower ; Itaw Materials Plentiful ; Neighboring Territory ; (."'ommercial Advantages ; Available Sites ; Climatic Advantages ; Labor Conditions and Wages ; A Pr<.)gressi\'e People ; Summar>'. IV. TRANSPORTATION ADVANTAGES 37 Development of Transportation ; Steam Iv.ailways ; Electric Railways; Highways and M(-tor Veliicles ; Wharfage; Tele- graph and Telephone. V. COMMERCE AND MARKETS 43 Expectations ; The Western Gate ; Three Kinds of Markets ; Local Markets ; Domestic Markets ; Foreign Markets ; Sta- tistics of Foreign Trade ; Trade in Transit ; Opportunities for Building LTp Trade; Careful Shipping Important; Job- bing Centers ; Ready Markets. VI. ALASKA'S RESOURCES 55 Area. Population and Commerce ; Gold Placers ; Copper ; Antimony, Iron and Marble ; Coal and Oil ; Fisheries and Furs; Agriculture; Reindeer; Spruce Timber; Relation to Washington. VII. WATER POWERS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 61 Natural Conditions Favor Vast Potential Power; Important Ri\'ers ; Developed Power ; Largest Power (.'ompanies ; Smaller Power Companies ; Cost of Electricity in Wasli- ington ; History of Power 1 development ; Increasing Capac- ity' ; An Important Comparison. Tabic of Coiitoit.s Pagf: \'III. SOME APPLICATIONS FOR CHEAP POWER 69 IX. LUMBER— ITS MANUFACTURE AND REIMANUFAC- TURE 7 2 Compurati^-e Figurps ; V;irieties of Timber: Development of Lumbering Industry ; Transportation Important ; Six Branches of Industry ; Logging ; Saw Mills ; Principal Re- manufactures ; Furniture ; Boxes ; Miscellaneous ^Vood Re- manufactures ; Wood Waste Utilized; Miscellaneous Uses for "\^'aste ; Sawdust and Scraps : Paper and Wood Pulp ; A Large Variet>- of Ctppnrtunities. X. THE BY-PRODUCTS OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. . 86 Steam Distillation nnd Extraction ; Wood Distillation ; Tan- nin Extract ; Wood Pulp : I^roducer Gas ; Ethyl Alcoliol ; Needle Oils ; Woo.l Flour. XI. SHIP BUILDING 90 Sudden Change ; United States Becomes Interested ; Steel Ships ; Recent Developments ; Future of Ship Building ; A Significant Quotation ; Existing Opportunities. XII. MANUFACTURES FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 96 Explanation of Demand: Fruit Districts: Yakima A'alley : "Wenatchee Coimtry ; Spokane and Southeast Washington ; "U'estern Washington ; Total Fruit Crop ; Vegetable Pro- duction ; Surplus from Specialization ; Evidences of ■V\^aste ; Present Efforts to Conserve Insufficient ; Canned Food a Necessity: ^lore Plants Needed; Kind of Plant; Combined Cannprifs in I ieman-e, Buckwheat and Fhix; Rest Opportunities for A\'beat Products, XIV. DAIRY AND OTHER LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS 121 Factories Have Sprung Up; New Establishments Needed; Other Li^'estock : Table Showing Numljer of Livestock in Washington During Years 1911, 1916 and 1917; Wool Pro- duction Important; Leather Goods. XV. POSSIBILITIES FOR TEXTILE MANUFACTURING IN WASHINGTON 12 8 Cotton and Silk Manufacturing ; "Woolen Manufacturing a Basic Industry in Washington : Linen Manufacturing Un- developed in America ; Successful Flax Growing in AVash- ington : Tlie Marketing and Manufacture of Flax; Possi- bilities of P^amie Manufacture : Fiber Silk a By-Product of Lumljer Industry : Knit Goods Industry Already Estab- lislied ; Possibilities in Ma nvifacture of Hosier>' ; Clothing Manufacture : Small Beginnings Preferable. XVI. WASHINGTON'S :\riNERAL RESOURCES — NON- :METALS 140 Coal; Clay Produf-ts : Pi.vthind rvm^nt : Building Stones; Sand and Gra \"el. Tabic of Contents Page XVII. WASHINGTON'S MINERAL RESOURCES — METALS. 148 Favoring" Conditions ; Wasliington a Center for ( »re Treat- ment : Principal IVIetals Mined ; Minor Metals ; Iron (Jres : Total Output : Industrial Research ; In\'estisations by Fel- lowship Holders ; Sources of Infornitition ; Advantages Ap- parent. XVIII. FERTILIZER RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON 157 Fertilizer Elements ; Nitrogen ; "Arc Process" ; t^yanamid Process ; Numerous Opportunities in Wasliington ; Fisli Waste: Potassium and Kelp; Potash from Mineral Sources ; Phosphorus. XIX. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING POSSIBILI- TIES 166 Fish Products; Tanning" and Jjcatlier Manufacture; Pulilier Goods; Glass; 8u.i;ar ; Potato Start-li ; Stra^^'I'oard and Paper; Briquettes; INfatt resses ; ]\Ian>- JNIinor Ijincs. XX. ENCOURAGEMENTS OF A PUBLIC, SEMI-PUBLIC OR PRIVATE NATURE 17 6 Local Assistance ; Federal Aids ; state Aids ; Industi'ial LegisUition ; Research Assistance; I^ocal Pride. XXI. INDUSTRIAL CENTERS OF THE STATE 186 Seattle; Spokane; Tacoma ; Everett; Bellingham; Port Angeles ; I'ort Trnvnsend ; Anacortes ; Skagit \^alle>' Cities ; Snohomish ; Bremerton ; Renton ; Pu\"allup ; OUmpia ; Aberdeen and Hoquiam ; South Bend and Raymond ; Cen- tralia and Chehalis ; A^ancouver ; "\A^enatchee ; EUensburg ; Yakima ; Pasco and Kenne"tt'ick ; Walla Walla. EXPLANATION OF TABLES SHOWING ENTERPRISES NEEDED 203 Collecting jNIaterial ; Proper Use of Tallies; Principal l.ie- n"iands ; Miscellaneous I.'ieinands ; Arrangement of Material. MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS REQUESTED BY CITIES. TOWNS AND VILLAGES 206 CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES REPORTING OPENINGS FOR iMANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES; ARRANGED BY COUNTIES 218 EXPLAINING TABLES SHOWING RAW MATERIALS 229 DISTRIBUTION OF WASHINGTON'S PRINCIPAL RAW MA- TERIALS AND RESOURCES 2.30 PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS AND RESOURCES OF WASH- INGTON BY COUNTIES 2 3 2 TABLE SHOWING AREA, 1910 POPULATION, 1917 SCHOOL CENSUS RETURNS. NUMBER OF INCORPORATED CITIES. BANKS, RAILROAD MILEAGE. VALUATION, AND CHIEF RESOURCES OF EACH COUNTY 235 REFERENCES ON MANUFACTURING 236 NEW REVISED, COLORED MAP OF WASHINGTON. Snoyualmie Falls (2CS feet) the Niagara ot the West. LM.Oiiii I r. P. has been developed, and is transmitted to Se^itfle. Taioma. E\erett and other Pnget So\md cities. PREFACE. The following cliti])tci-s conipvise the results of a jiiore or less eompletc survey of conditions favoring the establishment of additional manufacturino- plants in the State of Washington. The broadness and diversity of the subjects discussed preclude the presentation of numerous details, although the essential facts bearing on an enterprise have been emphasi/.ed as nnich as possible. This publication Avill haAe accomplished its chief ))ur])ose if it serves to awaken an interest in Washington's manufactur- ing possibilities on the part of those in a position to take ad- vantage of the opportunities offered and encourage them to make further investigations. That there is room in this state for manv additional establishments in various lines is beyond dispute, and success in manv instances depends entirely upon the degree of business ability brought into play. In j)resenting the individual requests of the different com- munities, however, no responsibility is assumed by the Bureau in the final decision as to whether anv particidar place fulfills all the requirements for the success of the enterprise recjucsted. The suggestions offered here are to serve only as a guide. By following up the leads given it is hojied that the prospective manufacturer, seeking a place to plj^ his favorite vocation or invest his capital along industrial lines, will be enabled to find out Avhere the best chances lie or what locations merit more thorough investigation. Additional information will be gladly furnished and any possible assistance rendered by the State Bureau of Statistics and Immigration, the Industrial Bureau of the State TTniver- sity, and the Departments of Science and Engineering of the State Universitj' and State College. It is proper here to thank all persons who by supplying in- formation, offering suggestions, or contributing special articles have cooperated to make this compilation possilile. CHAPTER I. WASHINGTON. In acquiring a thorough understanding of the industrial })rogress whicli any particular territory has made and the op- portunities -which it presents for furtlier development, some knowledge of its most characteristic natural features is helpful. Although a complete description of the State of Wasliington cannot be given in this publication, nevertheless it seems desir- able to add a few statements of general significance, as a proper introduction to the chapters following and for the light thev mav throw on the specific subjects discussed. Persons desiring a more detailed description of the state should write to this Bu- reau for special publications on that subject. AREA AND POPULATION. Washington consists of 39 counties, the largest of which is Okanogan, in the north central part of the state, and the small- est Wahkiakum in the southwest corner. Its total land area is 66',iS36 square miles or 42,775,040 acres. In addition, within its boundaries are 2,291 square miles of water, making its total area 69,127 square miles. Its extreme breadth is ',i(H miles and the greatest distance north and south 238 miles. The popula- tion in 1910 was 1,1-41,990 and the United States Census Bureau estimate for July 1, 1917, was 1,597,400. or an average of 24 persons for every square mile of land. SURFACE. The surface presents every variety of physical formation within the range of geological possibility. The most conspicu- ous feature is the Cascade i\Iountain Range, which, rising to an average heig;ht of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet, extends in a south- westerly direction from the Canadian boundary to the Columbia river and separates the state into two important geographical divisions known as Eastern and Western Washington, which differ considerably in topography, climate, soil and vegetation. 10 Maniifdctiiring Oppurtunitii-s in Waslihigton This range includes also several mountains of national fame which reach to a height of ten thousand feet and more, among which are ]\Iount Rainier (or Blount Tacoma) 14,-108 feet, the second highest mountain in the United States proper, and one (if the greatest tourist objectives in the world; also ]\Iount Adams, ^Mount Baker, ]\Iount St. Helens and Glacier Peak. Other mountains of importance are the Olympics, a range occupying the peninsula of the same name and comprising most of the counties of Jefferson and Clallam and parts of ]\Iason and Grays Harbor. The Blue Mountains, rather low moun- tains covered with pine timber, occupy a part of the southeast counties and reach into Oregon, while the Okanogan highlands, a sort of spur from the Cascades, occupv the four northern counties of eastern Washington. All of eastern Washington and much of southwestern Wash- ington is drained by the Columbia river and its tributaries, while the remainder of the western part of the state is drained by smaller rivers flowing directly from their glacial sources into the Sound, the Ocean, or Grays and Willapa Harbors. AGRICULTURAL AREAS. Sloping gently from the foothills to the Sound, the Pacific Ocean or the Columbia river on the west side, and to the Colum- bia river on the east side, are magnificent agricultural areas consisting of ])lateaus and spreading plains, occasionally in- terrupted by low hills or broken by beautiful, broad valleys. These areas, at times genth' or roughly rolling and again per- fectly level, supply the cities located in their midst with all the farm produce needed for home consumption and still have much to send to the preserving factories or to ship to distant lands. WESTERN WASHINGTON. Western Washington, consisting of the 19 counties west of the Cascades, was at one time all very heavily timbered with trees reaching enormous size, even twelve feet in diameter for firs and twenty feet for cedars. The sections from which tliis timber has been cut are now either in the logged-off state, much Description of State 11 of wliich is used for pasture, or else cleared and under cultiva- tion. Since the soil here is generally good and tile rainfall no- where less than 20 Inches annuallj' and in most parts from 30 to 60 inches, nearly all crops grow profusely, especially oats, grasses, vegetables, and fruits, both large and small. About two-thirds of the population of the state dwell west of the Cascades and principality in the cities located on Puget Sound, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, the Columbia River, and on the lines of transportation connecting these sections with each other. TIMBER. iNIuch of the timber still remaining is on the mountain slopes and foothills and about a third is included in eleven United States Forest Reserves, the total area of whicli in the State of Washington amounts to 9,9!2T,679 acres, while of pri- vatelv owned timber there are about 5,000,000 acres additional. These reserves cover 1,53-1,680 acres of the Olympic Peninsula, several million acres of the Cascade range, considerable of the Okanogan highlands and some of the Blue ^lountains. B3' far the thickest growth to the acre is in western Washington where the big Douglas fir and the red cedar grow. The eastern Wash- ington sections have a lighter growth of pine, hemlock, tama- r.ack and spruce. EASTERN WASHINGTON. Eastern Washington comprises the twenty counties lying east of the Cascades. The Okanogan Highlands occupy the main portion of the northern counties, viz., Okanogan, Ferrv, Stevens, and Peiid Oreille, the bulk of whose population is to be found in several beautiful, fertile valleys created by the Okan- ogan, Curlew, Colville and Pend Oreille rivers; although the recent throwing open of the Colville Indian Reservation has caused considerable influx of white population into this splendid section, lying just north of the Columbia and extending east- ward from tlie Okanogan river. In the neighboring mountains and hills is nnich grazing; and minine\ 12 M(Ui/if'/' CHAPTER II. DEVELOPMENT OE MANUFACTURING IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Wliat any region can contribute toward the progress and geni ral contentment of a people depends primarily upon the liberality with which it has been endowed with desirable re- sources, and the character of the men who gain control of them. The most casual survey of the natural advantages possessed by the State of Washington and a moderate acquaintance with its men of affairs can hardly fail to convince the thoughtful person that this northwestern section of the United States is destined to become one of the great industrial regions of the world. Unlimited quantities of essential raw materials have l)een placed where thev may be utilized to the fullest extent. So varied are these materials and so favorable the conditions sur- rounding them, that, as the work of development proceeds and the uses to which they may be put become more familiar, few manufactured articles of a general nature will be known which cannot be produced in this state, providing the enterprise is adapted to a temperate zone. The time is ripe for a period of imusual progress in nearly all lines of manufacturing. Persons with foresight are begin- ning to realize the possibilities and are preparing to profit by the industrial growth that is cx})ected. TWENTY YEARS OF GROWTH. But, leaving the contemplation of future events for the ))resent. this chapter will be devoted to a brief outline of what has already occurred, especially during the past 20 years. The development of the state during that period has been in many I'cspects remai'kable. In 1890, the year after admission to the I'nion, the total value of all manufactures was reported by the Ignited States Census Bureau to be $41,768,022. By 1899 it had more than doubled, amounting to .$86, 79.5, 0.51, which foi- comjjarative reasons was reduced to $70,831,000 by elimination Development of MdiiKf'actiniiiif 15 i)f iiiiinv small coiiceriis not coiuUicted iiccording- to regular factory iiK'thods. In 190-t the value of all inaiuifactured prod- ucts amounted to $1!28,822,00(), representing an increase of SI. 8 per cent, over what it was five years befoi'c. The regular census rejjort of 1910 shows that the total value of manufac- tured products had advanced for the year 1909 to the stu- pendous sum of $2^0,7-l'6,000, which represents tlie largest increase during any five year period in the history of the state, being 71. -t per cent, over that of the year 1904 and ^211 per cent, over the vear 1899. RECENT DEVELOPMENT. The rate of increase during the years from 1909 to 1911' was considerably less than for any equal previous period, but the same was true for practically all other parts of the United States and for much of the rest of the civilized world, since a process of liquidation was going on while we were recovering from the preceding- years of inflation. This brief retardation has been more than offset, however, by the rapid development which has occurred since 191i. If the figures could now be obtained for tlie year 1917, they would undoubtedly record a nuich larger increase than ever before. The industrial awakening which started near the Atlantic sea- board, closest to the scene of the European conflagration, s})read rapidly toward the Pacific Coast ; where dense forests of giant trees envelop mountains whose rugged slopes conceal unlimited quantities of useful and precious metals and concentrate the rushing waters into falls of sufficient potential power to turn the mills of the world ; where rich agricultural areas capable of producing a })i'ofuseness of cro})s are within easy reach of the sea, which also yields freely various foods and materials and re- ceives the great ships building at every port. Quickening to the keen demands of the day, all things seem to have increased in ])rolificness. Fishermen have met with signal success and tlie canneries of the Coast have been taxed to their full ca])acity. The farinei', the dairyman, the stockman and the orcliardist haw laid hold u dli added zeal, to compel 16 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington the rich soil to yield its utmost and supply fruit and vegetable canneries, condenscries, meat packing establishments, flour mills and other food preserving plants with the materials which will ultimately feed those living where such things do not thrive, or people too busy in other pursuits to attend to the details neces- sary for their successful production. Thousands of huge logs are being cut from the forests and manufactured into lumber, either to be shipped to distant lands less fortunate in this re- spect than the Pacific Northwest, or to supply the needs of our own citizens already engaged in the work of empire building, and for the construction of great cargo-bearing ships for car- rying other products across the seas. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS. Instead of being satisfied with progress made at any partic- ular time, investigations have been made and are being continued l)v federal authorities and state institutions to discover other lines that might deserve attention. As a result, many new fields for the manufacturer's activity are being found. Beet sugar and starch factories, paper and pulp, also steel manufacturing, be- sides manv miscellaneous lines mentioned elsewhere in this publi- cation, have been shown to offer possibilities, while for wooden shipbuilding and airplane construction it is generally admitted that no location anvwhere is more favorable. STATISTICS OP CAPITAL AND LABOR INCREASE. Such increase in manufacturing, of course, implies a propor- tionate growth in the capital invested and indicates a much larger army of wage earners engaged. In 1880 there were only 261 establishments of all kinds, including even the small ones which are not counted in later census reports because of not being managed under the factory system. These 261 con- cerns employed 1,11'7 men and represented invested capital amounting to $3,202,497. By 1914 the number of establish- ments had increased to 3,829, which gave employment to 67,20.5 wage earners and represented of invested capital nearly $300,- 000,000, or about one-seventh of tlie entire wealth of the state. Dcvdopmiiit of Maniifacturing Between 1899 iind 1914, a period of fifteen years, tlic number of establishments and wage earners liad doubled, the capital in- vested had increased 568 per cent, and the yearly value of man- ufactured products had increased 245 per cent., thus raising tlie rank of the state to 2.'3d in the Union in reference to value of products and 19th in reference to value added by manufacture. In may be safely estimated that during- the period of twen- ty-five years from 1889 to 1914 altogether al)out three billion dollars' worth of goods were manufactured in Washington, rep- resenting about $150 for each person living in the state during any one year, or $3,750 for each person living in the state the entire twenty-five vears, and proportionate amounts for those living in the state shorter periods. For the year 1914, when the population was about one and a half millions, the output for each person was about $163.00. In the year 1909, with a popu- lation of 1,141,190, the value per person was about $168.00. TABLE SHOWING GROWTH OF MANUFACTURING FROM 1880 TO 1914. Value Average YEAR Popu- E.-itab- WaKO Capital Value of .Added to Per lation lishments Earners Products Manu- facturing Capita ISSfi' 7.5,1 16 ■261 1,147 $3,202,497 Ipi, 2.50,134 $1,282,665 $43 58<)0 S.5Y,2.-?2 1,543 IS, (177 .•54,36ft,7;i5 41.768,022 21,8.50,965 117 1S90 518,103 1.926 31,. 523 41,575,000 70,834 ,000 52,5.54,000 1.% 1904 700,000 2,751 45,199 96,953,000 128,822,000 62,6.56,000 184 19fl« 1,141,990 3,740 69,120 222,261,000 220,746,000 102,858,000 16S 1914 1,. 500, 000 3,S29 67,205 277,715,000 245,326,000 108,717,147 163 COMPARISON WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES. ^Manufacturing, of course, holds an important relationship to all other industries, since it depends on them for the ma- terials needed in the process of transformation. In this state it ranks next to agriculture in relative importance. The value of all manufactured goods for the year 1914 amounted to $245,- 326,456, or about one-eighth of the entire taxable wealth of the state, but the increased value from manufacturing amounted to $108,717,147. During that same year the value of all crops was nearly $100,000,000, while livestock, dairy and poultry Nfe,<* m 7t T. ■Si _^' i HI / ^r. Devdopment of Manufacturing- 19 products would add many millions more, and bring- the total from all agricultural pursuits to approximately $1!25,0()0,000, or about 15 per cent, more than from manufacturing. Altliough manufacturing has reached much larger proportions for the year 1917, agriculture also has increased. Fishing, next in im- portance, yields annually from $15,000,000 to $20,000,000 and mining about $14,000,000. Thus it is apparent that about one-third of the annual wealth production of the state is from manufacturing alone. These figures represent the results of normal times, and will undoubtedly be surpassed by the returns for the year 1917, which will surely record a marked increase, due not alone to abnormal values but also to the larger production in every line (jf industrial endeavor. Every eight years, during normal times, we have practically reproduced the taxable wealth of the state from manufactured products alone, but recent developments will undoubtedly cause such results in a nuich sliorter period. IMPORTANT PRODUCTS. Although Washington ranked 23d in value of all manufac- tured products and 19th in increased value from manufacture, in a number of lines of supreme importance it stands in the front rank. Of these lumber and lumber products, fisheries products, dairy products, flour and grist mill products, cement manufacturing, clav products, fruit and vegetable canning and ship building stand out most prominently. Several of these have such an important relation to the manufacturing progress of the state that special chapters have been devoted to tliem, where more details may be given and all important facts con- nected with them, bearing on the general subject of manufac- turing, brought to tlie attention of the reader. Only a brief mention of each one will be made here. RANKS FIRST IN LUMBERING. By far the most important of these are lumbering and allied woodworking industries. For the year 1914 the total value of all lumber and timber products was .$83,535,760, or 34 per cent, of the entire manufacturing output. About four billion feet of lumber are cut annually, but enough timber at) Manufacturing Oppori unities in Washington still remains in the forests to last another hundred years at practically the same rate of cutting and witliout consideruig the increased production through efforts at reforestation. Wash- ington soil and climate are well adapted to tree growth, only 75 years being required to reproduce marketable timber. Out of the magnificent growth of red cedar are manufactured two- thirds of all of the shingles produced in the United States. In the annual output of lumber for the past ten years, except one, Washington has ranked first in the Union, and its total produc- tion during the ten-year period amounted to nearly forty bil- lion board feet, worth as rough lumber more than $500,000,000, a truly substantial contribution to the wealth of tlie country. This has found its way to South American ports, British Colum- Ijia, Alaska, eastern United States and European and Asiatic ports. LUMBER PRODUCED IN WASHIXGTON DURING THE YEARS 1907 TO 1916 INCLUSIVE. Bd. Ft. Cut Value 1907 .3,777,606,000 .$54,849,114 00 1908 2,915,928,000 37,090,925 00 1909 3,862,916,000 51,083,399 00 1910 4,097,492,000 68,786,820 00 1911 4,064,754,000 59,856,159 00 1912 4,099,775,000 49,690,032 00 1913 4,592,053,000 1914 3,946.189,000 1915 3,950,000.000 41.814,078 00 1916 4,492,997,000 53,159,502 00 Total for 10 years. .39,799.710,000 FISHERIES PRODUCTS AND LIVESTOCK. With tlie keen demand for foods and the growing scarcity of domestic animals, whicli are being rapidly slaughtered in many places to provide meat diet or because of the higlier cost of feeding them, the development of Washington's fi.sh and livestock products is of extreme importance. Livestock in tlie state being valued at about $50,000,000, and the annua] pro- duction of salmon and other fish products amounting to from $10,000,000 to $20,000,000, Washington is surely doing its Dcvflopiiniit of Mauuidctnring ':l\ sliai-e towards feeding the armies in the field as well as the civil- ians at home. During the year 191-t the total products from meat packing, including beef, veal, mutton and lamb, pork antl other fresh and cured meats and miscellaneous products, amounted to $18,-t4;3,526. In 1909 the value was .$15,65;3,998, and in 190J., $6,251,705, representing an advance of about 200 per cent, for the year 191-i over what it was in 1904i. The value of canned fish alone for the year 191-t, one of the "off" years, according to the United States Census report was $7, 631-, 000, an amount surpassed b_y no other state but Maine and then by only aliout .$20,000. Washington is the leading district for canned salmon, including the Puget Sound, Colum- bia river and Alaska products. A special bulletin on this subject may be obtained by writing the State Kureau of Statistics and Immigration, Olympia, Washington. CEREAL PRODUCTS. Flour and grist mill products and opportunities for further development along this line will be considered in a special chap- ter, but a brief statement is warranted here. Government re- ports show that ;37,6;35,000 bushels of wheat valued at $53,- 818,000 was produced in 1916 and that the annual yield some- times goes much higher. Of oats, 1-1,300,000 bushels were pro- duced; of barley, 6,814,000 bushels; and corn, which is just be- ginning to be raised in the state, amounted to 1,406,000 bushels. The value of products manufactured from all these is second only to the lumber industry and amounted in the year 1914 to $23,665,000. This industry was represented by 100 establish- ments, which produced 3,765,070 barrels of flour, valued at $1.5,- 685,353; 120,260 tons of feed and offal, valued at $3,588,665; 121,537 tons of bran and middlings, valued at .$2,675,237; 8,413,648 pounds of breakfast foods, worth $251,117; besides rye flour, barley meal and other cereal products, bringing- the total up to the figures mentioned. During the five years from 1909 to 1914, wlieat flour man- ufactures increased from 2.804.242 barrels to 3,765,070 barrels, representing an increased value of 25.6 per cent. In addition there were manufactured of bread and other bakery products. 2^ Manufacturing Opporiunitien in Washington amounts worth $6,572,000 in 191-1, as against amounts valued at $4,570,000 in 1910, and $656,000 in 1901. DAIRY MANUFACTURES. No industries have advanced faster and probably none pre- sent greater opportunities for the future than those connected with dair_ying and livestock production. Since 1904, the total annual increase in butter, cheese and condensed milk, according to the U. S. Census, has been about 300 per cent. While in 190-1, 7,722,911 pounds of butter, worth $1,968,682, were sold, in 1914, 16,813,041 pounds valued at $5,107,803 were sold— an annual increase in quantity of about 117 per cent, within 10 years, or 48.8 per cent, within the last five year census period. Cheese increased from 921,383 pounds to 1,355,423 pounds, while condensed milk, now one of the most important manu- factures connected with dairying, grew from practically noth- ing to about $5,000,000. SHIP BUILDING. The development in ship building has Ijeen almost startling. Previous to 1917 very few vessels of any consequence had been built except the U. S. battleship Nebraska, constructed in a Se- attle ship yard in 1908. In 1914 there were 61 ship and boat building plants reported, but very few ships of importance were being built. Today there are contracts for great cargo ships amounting to more than $200,000,000. The leading facts con- nected with this industry are discussed in a special chapter. AEROPLANES. The latest line of importance is the construction of aero- j)lanes. Washington possesses the most essential of all factors for this enterprise, namely, a large supply of high grade spruce timber, pronounced by government experts to be the ideal wood because of its toughness and comparative lightness. Tliis tough light timber, of which there arc more than twelve billion feet in the state, has of late become so valuable that it is barred from all lines of construction in which any other kind of wood will do, for there is no material that can take its place with the same 24 Manufacturing Opportunities in Wasliington degree of efficacy. Already a few aeroplanes have been built in the state, but the next year or so will probably find Washington one of the foremost districts in this respect. PAPER AND PULP. Much headway has been made in tlie paper and pulp in- dustry. The favorable conditions, especially plenty of suitable timber, according to a number of experts, promise a rapid ad- vancement in that line. There are at present four large paper plants in the state, one each at Everett, Camas, Sumner and Spokane. A number of others are being located or planned for location at favorable points. OTHER IMPORTANT MANUFACTURES. Among other important manufactures amounting to more than a million dollars each in 1914 and which have continued to make tremendous increases, are cement, amounting to .$2,639,- 219 from five plants; brick and tile, terra cotta and fire clay products, amounting to $2,026,801 from 40 establishments in 1914, as against $1,091,000 from .57 in 1904; confectionery, amounting to $1,783,000 from 67 establishments in 1914, as against $1,311,000 from 28 establishments ten years before; copper, tin and steel, amounting to .$1,620,000 in 1914 from 112 establishments, as against .$727,000 from 33 establishments in 1904; furniture, which amounted, in 1914, to $1,098,000 from .50 establishments, as against $625,000 from 23 plants in 1904; illuminating and heating gas, which in 1914 returned $2,639,000 from 13 plants, as against $602,000 from 7 plants in 1904: and cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam rail- road companies, which increased from $2,769,000, the product of 10 plants in 1904, to $7,027,000, the results of 26 plants in 1914. Roasting and grinding of coffee and spice increased from $.524,000 to $2,237,000 in the same period; foundry and machine shop products increased from $3,945,000 to .$6,837,- 000; printing and publishing increased from $4,765,000 to $9,- 824.000 in ten years; and malt liquors, whose manufacture has since been prohibited by law, but which is now being supplanted Development of Maniifaetiirhig hv tlie manufacture of various fruit juices, grew from $4),4i72,- 000 to $9,4.58,000 in tlie same ten-year period. Many otlier minor industries have also attained prominence during the past ten years. Some of tliese, althougii affecting the total figures very little, are important as regards their gen- eral bearing on the manufacturing progress of the state and proving its suitabilitv for industrial diversity. xVmong the minor manufactures are leather goods, tobaccos and cigars, mat- tresses and spring beds, cooperage goods, mineral and soda waters, ice, awnings, tents and sails, besides clothing, agricul- tural implements, chemicals and various otlier miscelhmeous man- ufactures, such as ink, hats, glass, fertilizers, fireworks, cord- age and twine, bags, cigar boxes, brushes, buttons, etc. Every year new lines of manufacturing are attempted. ^lany of them succeed and constitute further proof that the State of Washington is not confined to a few lines only, but can success- fully engage in nearly all lines for which the necessary raw ma- terials can be produced in a temperate zone or be shipped at a profit from some other part of tlie planet. MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS. Although industrial expansion has occurred in many parts of the state, the development experienced in the different places is not always along the same lines. Other things being equal, the largest centers will usually attract the greatest number of enterprises. But in many instances local conditions or superior advantages will play an important part in the encouragement of such enterprises. This is especially true regarding those in- dustries wliich can best be handled close to the source of raw material, such as preserving, canning, milling', sugar refining, lumbering, etc., although the excellence of our transportation facilities permits the carrying of certain materials a considerable distance — a wise and profitable thing to do wlien the otlier es- sential conditions are already present at any particular place. In cereal, fruit and vegetable products. Eastern Washington, where the largest improved agricultural areas exist, has made the most headway. In lumber and remanufactures therefrom. 26 Ma/uifacturhtg Opportuniticx in ]Vushiiigto?t ship building and fisheries, the western part of tlie state nnist naturally claim the lead. Practically all lines of manufacturing are carried on in Spokane, the metropolis of the Inland Empire, as they are in Seattle, Tacoma, and the other larger centers of western Wash- ington. The manufactures of each of these three cities for the year 1914' amounted to $16,636,309 for Spokane. $.'.27,707,606 for Tacoma and .$6J<,-i75,4'-i.'2 for Seattle. The other cities for which special figures were supplied by the U. S. Census were: Aberdeen. $4.,815,113; Bellingham, $6,264,307: Everett. $6.- o30,405; Hoquiam. .$5,009,410; Yakima. $1,937,461: Van- couver. $1,301,048. and Walla Walla, $2,014,673. The pop- ulation of these cities ranges from 12.000 to over 300.000. Other important manufacturing centers with less than 10,000 inhabitants are Port Angeles, Port Townsend, Anacortes, Sno- liomish, Puyallup, Olvmpia, Centralia. C'hehalis, Ellensburg. Wenatchee and the Willapa ]?ay. and several Skagit valley cities. ]\Iany other towns are gradually attaining greater pro- portions and some of them will ])robablv in time i)ecome import- ant manufacturing centers. POTENTIALITIES. But it is not so hricIi with achievements as with potentialities that the average person who reads this book is most concerned. His question is, what are the lines tliat still offer opportunities and what are the reasons for such expectations? The following pages represent an attempt to answer such questions as fully as possible. ^lention is made of all conditions that seem to favor development and some consideration given to the reasons for expecting such development. No effort is made, however, to minimize the value of t'xperience and well directed eft'ort, which are always necessary in every legitimate line of endeavor. Cap- ital and captains of industry ;irc of course needed for the greater accomplishments; but many opportunities for less pretentious enterprises are awaiting those persons having only limited capi- tal, who possess enthusiasm, and confidence in their own ability to win success. CHAPTER III. ADAPTABILITY OF THE STATE FOR MANUFACTURING. In order for any section of a country to attain indu.strial magnitude, certain natural advantages are essential. The needed raw materials must be present in conunercial quantities and they must be found where the transportation facilities are sufficient. Plenty of cheap power is necessary. Good factory sites must be obtainable on reasonable terms. ]\Iarkets to ab- sorb the finished products must exist or the chances for creating them must be apparent. Labor conditions must also be satis- factory, while the climate should be such as to render outdoor work possible most of the year and the general environment such as to appeal to man when choosing a place for his home. There are also a number of advantages that are more or less local in their nature, and the extent of development made possible by these fundamental requirements in any particular section will depend in a measure on the special conditions which obtain there. In a state of such varied resources and diversified interests and occupations, it follows that some industries which attain a high development in one locality might be unsuitcd to another. Considered, however, along general lines, that portion of the North American continent included within the boundaries of the State of Washington seems to contain the essentials for producing a manufacturing district equal in importance to any in the United States. Since most of these advantages are discussed in connection with the various articles on specific subjects, tliis chapter will be devoted to a brief consideration of such advantages in their relation to the broad field of manufacturing in the State of Washington, leaving detailed discussion and special applications to otlier chapters. EARLIEST MANUFACTURING CENTRES. With few exceptions, the most important industrial centres of the world have been located in the north temperate zone, and have attained their greatest proportions where transportation and power can most cheaply be made to meet. In the early liis- tory of this nation, when power-manufacturing in various lines Adaptability ^9 began first to be developed, the need for securing direct water power, converted by means of over-shot or under-shot wheels, caused mills and factories to be built along streams where water- falls or swift currents were available ; and the raw material was transported to, and the finished product conveyed from, the mills, first by boat or wagon, later by steam cars. In this way such manufacturing districts as those of New England and otlier Atlantic seaboard states were developed, where the mountain streams of tlie Appalachian watershed dashed swiftly downward toward the sea. The discovery of the vast coal beds of Pennsylvania and other states, and the improvements of the steam engine with its various applications, provided a new power supply. These im- provements and the ease of transporting coal from the mines to the harbor ports caused great manufacturing districts to spring up in such cities as New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston, on the Atlantic coast, or as Detroit, CHeveland and Chicago, on the Great Lakes. During the past score of years, new inventions and the dis- covery of new principles have brought about new ajjplications of old forces, so that today, electrical energy, cheaply gener- ated by water power or steam, can be transmitted many miles at a low cost and with little loss. Individual motors are taking the place of intricate shafting and belt drives in the modern factories, thus insuring greater conservation of power and more safety to employees. UNLIMITED POWER. Among the immediate advantages to the Pacific Northwest of such advancement is the possibility of utilizing more of the almost unlimited water power located in its hills and lofty moun- tains. The State of Washington is particularly fortunate in this regard, for it possesses nearly one-fifth of the entire poten- tial water power of the United States, and most of this is so located that it may be readily and cheaply transmitted to all the great manufacturing centres of the state and neighboring territory. Supplementing it, is the dormant power reposing in the enormous beds of coal in our own state and the greater coal fields so Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington of Alaska, lying, as it were, next door, together with the vast quantities of unmerchantable timber of our dense forests and the waste from the sawmills engaged in manufacturing lumber for the market. All this material is so located as to be readily ac- cessible to either rail or water transportation. RAW MATERIALS PLENTIFUL. Raw materials of many varieties are abundant. Even if a wall were built around Washington, its chances for developing into a greater manufacturing region would be excellent. Its forests comprise some of the richest bodies of timber known. The waters of its rivers and inland seas teem with many varieties of edible fish, and the efforts of the State Fish Commissioner are directed toward their increase and protection from ruthless fish- ermen. The fertile valleys and plains are capable of yielding still heavier crops of fruits, vegetables and grains. Dairying and livestock do well in nearly all parts of the state, and some sections are unsurpassed for such industries. In addition, it possesses extensive beds of clay of all kinds, large deposits of silica and lime, rich copper mines, and, in lesser quantities, iron, and most of the precious and semi-precious metals, besides many less important minei'als. NEIGHBORING TERRITORY. The importance of Alaska to the State of Washington is discussed in a special chapter, but the natural advantages offered by the neighboring territory, Idaho, Oregon and British Colum- bia, should not be overlooked. These three sections contain a total area of 5'36,-142 square miles and a population (1916) of l,6-t7,707, which, added to that of Washington, aggregates 605,569 square miles of territory and a population of 3,181,928. Vast water power and additional raw materials are found in these districts, while ever improving facilities will permit their transportation to the manufacturing centres of any of the four commonwealths. These materials represent some of the richest gold, silver, copper, and coal mines in the world, extensive agri- cultural and grazing areas, additional forests of big timl)er, and, excepting Idaho, valuable fisheries resources. 32 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington Their people are also of the true western type and anxious for the development of tlie Northwest. A rapid increase in pop- ulation, as shown by recent census reports, is taking place, which must also tend to expand the capacity of the local markets and increase the available supply of skilled worki lH.;tr'steni. CHAPTER IX. LUMBER— ITS IMANUFACTURE AND REM ANUFACTUR E . Timber ranks first among the present natural resources of Washington. From the snow-tipped summits of the Cascade Mountains to the wave-hipped sliores of Pugct Sound and the Pacific Ocean, there once stretched an unbroken belt of the world's most wonderful forest, while down the cast slope of these mountains and eastward across the northern counties, a lighter growth of good timber extended. The inroads of agriculture and the birth of cities with their commercial aspirations have caused the clearing of a considerable portion of this area, but there still remains the largest body of standing timber in any state except Oregon. The giant firs and feathery cedars of the west side and the murmuring pines of the east side lift their heads jiigh into the azure sky and offer material for the state's most extensive industries. COMPARATIVE FIGURES. The unlimited resources and the exceptional facilities for logging and transportation of the logs to the mills, which the many waterways of this state afford, have caused the timber business to be developed with sucli remarkable rapidity that Washington now leads the world in the production of lumber, which conmiodity forms its most important article of manufac- ture and commerce. In one j'ear alone its sawmills cut 5,105,- 925,000 feet of lumber and its shingle mills manufactured 9,- 370,750,000 shingles. For the past ten years its annual cut has averaged about four billion feet, board measure. Its shingle output is about three-fifths that of the entire United States and its stand of red cedar is more than that of all the rest of the Pacific Northwest. In 1914 there were 821 saw and shingle mills employing 36,461 men and producing lumber valued at $78,130,000 per annum. These mills range in size from small local plants cm- ploying perhaps a half dozen men and cutting a limited amount of rough lumber for local use, to plants employing four or five hundred men. Some of these largest mills have a daily cay)acitv Lumber Manufactures 73 of between 300,000 and a million feet. The warehouses for some of these largest hold from 20,000,000 to 50,000,000 board feet. It is interesting to note that an eastern company desiring 4,- 000,000 feet of lumber within 30 days found a Grays Harbor firm the only one in the United States that could fill tlie order on such sliort notice. Four days after it was given, a special train of 29 cars started with the first delivery of 1,000,000 feet. More than a hundred cars were required to carry the full amount. VARIETIES OP TIMBER. The principal varieties of trees found in Washington are the Douglas fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce and western pine. These constitute about 97 per cent, of the merchantable timber. In smaller quantities are found larch, maple, ash, alder and a few other woods of limited use. The most heavily timbered area of the state lies west of the Cascade ^Mountains, but there is also found in some sections of eastern Washington excellent pine and a small quantity of fir, cedar and tamarack. According to a government report for 1914, of 294.6 l)illion feet of privately owned timber in Washington (outside the national forests), 270.5 billion feet was growing west of the Cascades and only 24.1 billion feet east of this range. Classified as to variety, the amount of privately owned timber in the state, in billions of board feet, was as follows: Douglas fir, 193.6; white pine, 0.7; western ])ine, 12.5; cedar, 37.0; hemlock, 33.0; spruce, 8.9; all other species, 8.9. DEVELOPMENT OF LUMBERING INDUSTRY. The development of the lumber industry in this state began as a localized business with small mill companies owning and log- ging their own timber and supplying the demands of the com- nnuiitv or shipping the product by water. The growtli of rail transportation and the improvements in mechanical equipment liave made possible larger milling operations, and concentration to a certain extent. The very nature of the industry, however, sets a limit on this concentration and the small mill not only pioneers the field but comes back after the large mill is "cut -out." WASHINGTON LEALiS THE UNITED STATES IN LUMBER PRODUCTION. No. 1. Log.s in boom. No. 1'. Loading lumber. No. ?,. A few "toothpick.s." No. 4. Graded and stored awaiting slilpment. Lumber Manufactures 75 TRANSPORTATION IMPORTANT. Transportation facilities are particularly important in con- nection with the lumber industry on account of the large bulk and weight in proportion to the value of the logs and lumber. Since much of the log is waste there is a great saving in sawing it into lumber comparatively near to its point of origin. In the Puget Sound district a large amount of timber stands close to cheap water transportation, so that it can be logged and rafted at the minimum cost to any one of the numerous mills distrib- uted along the water front. In many other sections, however, lumbering depends on moving a small mill from place to place or else transporting the logs for considerable distances to some of the larger mills. SIX BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. Taken as a whole, the lumber industry comprises six more or less distinct branches, with only three of which, the second, third and last, this chapter purports to deal. These are: (1) The ownership of the standing timber, which must often be held over considerable periods before it can be mar- keted. (2) Logging, or cutting the trees into logs or bolts and delivering them to the mills, often I'equiring transportation over considerable distances by rail, driving or towing. (3) Manufacturing the logs into lumber, including its sea- soning, surfacing, and finishing into special forms. (4) Wholesale lumber distribution, ivhich bridges the gap between the sawmill and the retail lumber yard, wood-using fac- tory or other large consumer. (5) Retail lumber distribution, which places the bulk of the product in small lots in the hands of the consumer ; and (6) Re-manufacturing lumber and timber products into various classes of wooden goods. LOGGING. Standing timber, in general, is first cut and handled by the logging camps which fell the trees and work them up into saw- logs, shingle bolts, stave or heading bolts, poles, mine timbers, spars, ship-knees, piling, posts, hewn ties, and handles, excelsior 76 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington or pulp stock. In the case of most of these products, the logging- camp is but the first stage in their conversion into manufactured commodities. Logs and bolts go to the mills and the other stock to the factories. IMine-timbers, poles, posts and tics may be used as they come from the camps. Ship-knees are sometimes hewed into shape, but more often dressed at the mill. Cedar bolts are sawed in shingle mills into commercial shingles and baled, ready for the market. Heading and stave bolts usually find their way directly to the coojierage plants. Other stock is worked up into handles, excelsior, or pulp and paper without any intermediate operation. SAW MILLS. By far the largest portion of Washington's timber passes through the saw mills and planing mills, where it is sawed, planed and trimmed into the various classes of rough and dressed lumber. In some cases the planing mill is a part of the saw mill and at other times it is a separate Institution. Some of the larger mills even re-manufacturc to a certain extent, but most of the lumber is sold locally or shipped in the usual com- mercial forms. Th.ere are still some openings for saw and shingle mills in the state near railroad lines or spurs or waterways. One of the main considerations would be the securing of a sufficient body of timber or log supply to warrant the expense of putting in the mill, most of the timlier outside the reserves and not on state lands being already in the hands of private parties wlio in many cases wish to saw it themselves as fast as the market demands it or capital can be secured, although often the^y are willing to sell to a reliable mill company. Portions of that in the re- serves or on state lands is sold at intervals to tlic liighcst bidder and a certain time allowed to remove it. The reports received as shown on page 213 indicate tliat fifty places are requesting saw mills and twelve desire shingle mills. PRINCIPAL RE-MANUFACTURES. It is quite natural that a state which produces so much timber should support many establishments which are engaged in the work of re-manufacturing some of thi.s lumber into certain Lumber Manufactures useful and necessary articles. Yet when it is considered that there are nearly one thousand saw mills in the State of Wash- ington, turning out annually over four hillion feet of lumber \-alued at more than seventy-five million dollars, it will he seen that the establishments for wood re-manufacture are com[)ara- tivelv few. The most important ones are thosi.' that make the furnishino's for houses, and other buildine's. There are at present fortv companies engaged in the manufacture of sash and dooi's, mouldings and otlier house furnishnig articles. One of the big veneer ])lants ni the state occu})ies a building a (juar- ter of a mile long, in whicii 6,000 doors are maiuifaetured each dav of iiJi hours — said to be a larger dailv output than any other plant in the world. A list of the products of one of the largest factories in- cludes tir sash, fir doors, fir window frames, fir colonial columns, balusters, porch work of all kinds, stair work. [)aneling, inside finish, tlu'ee-]jly panels, furniture stock and mouldings. Ac- cording to the reports on page !213 there are nine conninuiities requesting sash anpins Fleet Corporation. Built in 7S \\'orkinK- da>'s. CHAPTER XII MANUFACTURES FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. By fill- the greatest industrial demand in the State of Wash- ington seems to be for estabhsliments that will preserve or more completely utilize the large quantities of fruit, berries and vege- tables which grow in abundance in nearly all parts of the state. Altogether seventv-seven different communities have re- quested the location of canneries, seventeen others have ex- pressed a desire for fruit by-product plants, seven for potato starch factories, five for beet sugar factories and three for pickle plants. The widespread nature of tlie demand is shown by the fact that thirty diff'erent counties of the total of thirty- nine are represented and that communities as far apart as the boundaries of the state will permit are included in the list. EXPLANATION OF DEMAND. Sucli a tremendous demand cannot be accounted for without some knowledge of the agricultural growtji whicli has been taking place in the State of Washington during the past few years, and the possibilities for further development along such lines. In the first place, every part of the state, with few excep- tions, will under proper care yield fruits and vegetables in more or less liberal quantities. Certain sections, however, seem bet- ter adapted to some crops than to others : or the people for certain economical reasons have specialized in one branch of the industry, thus bringing it to a higher stage of development than would otherwise be possible. FRUIT DISTRICTS. The fruit producing districts of the state mav be classified as irrigated and non-irrigated; but by far the most important commercially are the irrigated sections. Practically all of the irrigated lands lie in the valleys east of the Cascade Mountains not more than about 6,000 acres, including tlie Sequim and Fruits and Vcs'etdblcs 91 Yelm projects, being under ditches in Western Wasliing'ton. A considerable amount of non-irrigated fruit, also, is raised in some sections of Eastern Washington and ^dlnost all the West- ern Washington fruit comes under this head. YAKIMA VALLEY. The most extensive fruit section is the Yakima A'alley whicli contains three-fourths of tlie irrig'ated land of the state. Tliis valley includes parts of Kittitas, Yakima and Benton counties and possesses the largest area of orchard lands now in bearing in Washington. It was one of the earliest sections to de^eloj) commercial orchards and is distinguislied for tlie diversity as well as the quantity of its products. During tlie season of tOl-t there were exported from these three counties alone, S3, !3;3;3, 877 boxes of apples, 484,()SJ< boxes of pears, 1,117,~4'5 boxes of peaches, 18,956 boxes of a])ricots, 68,670 boxes of clierries, 4', 135, 260 pounds of watermelons, 15!3,695 crates of cantalou})s, 96,712 baskets of grapes, 25,51:3 crates of tomatoes and -t4,8;36 crates of strawberries. In addition to these slhpmunts, large quantities of these fruits Avere consumed loeallv in tlie homes or utilized in the by-product plants. Tlie production for 1915 was soinewlmt less lint m 1916 and 1917 a large increase oc- curred. Frelimina.ry estimates for 1917 place the total apple production alone of this section at more than 10, 000 cars. WENATCJIEE COUNTRY. The Wenatchee A'alley located in t'helan t'ounty is famous principally for the high quality of its big red aj)ples, which are shipped to all parts of the United States and to many foreign lands. Pears, peaches, apricots, clierries and plums are raised in smaller quantities. In 1911 Chelan County alone shi})ped 5,302.6 cars of apples, 250.5 cars of pears, 272.6 ears of peaclies and 357.3 cars of prunes, plums, a])ricots and chei-rieN, Tributary to the Wenatchee A'alley are a number of smaller or less developed sections which include the Entiat A'allev, the Lake Chelan region, the ]\Icthow and Okanogan valleys, some narrow strips along the Columbia River and parts of the Rig Bend country. In 1915 the four counties of Chelan, Di this state : the remainder is shipped out of the state either to various points in the United States or to some foreign coimtrv. Thus it will be seen that \vt are passing from a condition where little wheat was milled into flour to one where the manufacture of flour is a large and important industry. A similar future de- velopment means that more food products will be manufactured within the state. Generally speaking, the wheats produced in the state are known as soft wheats, but some of the well known harder vari- eties are also produced here. The larger part of the hard wheat entering oui' mills, however, comes from states east of us. The flour made from the soft wheat is exceedingly white, while tliat made from tlie harder varieties is comparatively dark. Flour made from a mixture of the soft and hard type wheats improves the strength of the former .and gives a better color to the latter. 114 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington These blended flours are considered as general all round ones, particularly suited to the various needs of the household. Be- sides the blended flours there are soft wheat flours made from one or more of the various varieties of soft wheat, and hard wheat flours made from hard wheat. The object of mixing or blending is to make a more uniform qualitjr of flour than would l)e possible otherwise. The hard wheat flours are the bread flours much sought for by the bakers. Owing to the limited amount of hard wheat pro- duced in the state, it follows that either the niill^ or the bakeries must purchase their wheat or flour from points outside of the state. It is needless to say that a good grade of hard wheat can be produced in the state and there is a possibility that a great deal will be produced, providing the incentive to raise such wlieats is present. Comparatively, the yields obtained by producing the soft varieties are much higher than those ob- tained from the hard varieties. The higher price for the lower yielding hard wheat is not sufl'icient to make up for the higher yield of soft wheat sold at a lower figure. This is unquestionably the main reason why the farmers arc inclined to grow the soft wheat. The quality of the flour made from soft wheat is good and with new methods of treating the wheat together with the added machine improvements the flour made is steadily improving. This transformation of quality has resulted from what appears to be forced competition, inasmuch as very little wheat is now being exported to South America and Asia. While it has been recognized that the hard wheats are par- ticularly suited to the bakers' needs, it should not be overlooked that the soft wheats can be equally as well utilized by them in a somewhat different method of handling the dough during the process of fermentation. What is needed in conjunction with the milling industry is the active co-operation of ])ersons ca- pable of showing the trade and the commonwealth in general the value of our home-made products, especially persons wlio know how to make bread from the flour milled from our home- grown wheats. Such a campaign has been made in some of our m^ m WHEAT FROM FIELD TO FACTORY. No. 1. Sacked for shipment. No. 2. Making macaroni. No. 3. Type of local mill. No. 4. Tlie lieavy yield for which Eastern Washington is famous. 116 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington eastern states and a similar one should bo conducted in this state. The unmixed soft wheat flours are used for other purposes besides making bread. Large quantities are shipped to various places in the east to be used as pancake, pastry, biscuit, or cracker flour. The pancake flour is mixed with the necessary chemicals to make self-rising flours and these are sold in the southeastern part of the United States. The self-rising flour should be pre- pared at home and thereby avoid the extra cost involved in re- handling the flour. The soft wheat flour, low in gluten, has been found to be ex- ceptionally suited for jDastry purposes. Such flour requires less shortening than that made from wheat carrying a large quan- tity of gluten. Pie manufacturers of the east who have tried our pastry flour find it economical to use and that it pays to buy it because the saving in shortening more than offsets the high freight rates charged. Flours carrying a semi-strong gluten content are particu- larly suited for the making of soda crackers. The manufacture of soda crackers is an industry in itself, and gives promise of developing to larger proportions owing to the fact that wc pro- duce the flour from which the best quality crackers can be made. As a state industry this should be enlarged upon and the sale of the product extended to the eastern markets. Flours rich in gluten, such as those milled from durum wheats, to wliicli some portions of Washington are well adapted, are best suited for the manufacture of macaroni and other forms of "Italian paste." This industry has already been established in several locations in the state and is capable of much oreater development. The remainder of the wheat produced in this state is dis- posed of in various ways. Some of it is milled into flour, some is made into breakfast foods and some is used as stock food. From the soft wheats used separately or in combination with other cereals excellent breakfast foods can be made. Manufac- turers who make products like wheat flakes, shredded wheat bis- Manufactures from Cereals 117 cuit, cream of wheat, etc., will find our wlicats suited to their needs. Tiiis phase of industrial development is worthy of con- sideration, inasmuch as the farmers of this state will produce wheat for man}' A'ears to come. The manufacturing of the mod- ified or finished product in the west has another advantage, namel_y, only one transportation charge instead of two as pre- vails at present. STARCH, GLUCOSE AND GLUTEN. Another possibility, so far as industrial development is con- cerned, has reference to the utilizing of wheat which, considered undesirable for milling, or for breakfast foods, might be manu- factured into starch, glucose and gluten. The qualitv of starch and glucose made from wheat is as good as that made from corn, or other starch-carrving cereal. In f.act the writer is of the ojjinion that a better grade of starch and glucose can be made from the wheat grain than it is possible to make from corn. While the use of wheat for makmg starch and glucose is not new, the sejjaration of the gluten and its ]irei)aratioii into a useful food product according to the writer's method® is new. Instead of making glue, or feed for stock, the writer proposes that the gluten should be handled in the manner which he has perfected, namclv, bv retaining all of the original jiropertles which gluten joossesses ; thercbv preparing a material that can be used as an additional component for re-eiiforcmg weak flours when strength is desired, or in combination with other materials as high protein foods, or as a food for flatulent or diabetic in- dividuals. In connection with this industrv other products arc made, such as stock food, etc. The manufacturing of starch, there- fore, can be made a big industry and from a commercial view- point it is a very desirable one to follow. It should certainly be financed and developed. *The process of preparing the irluten so that it retains its original properties is an invention of the writer. A patent has been requested and given to the people of the United States of America. This pro- cedure "will give anyone who sees fit to use the process, the right to make gluten according to the writer's method without paying any roy- alties. The process will be described in one of the Experiment Station bulletins issued at Pullman, Washington. 118 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington OATS. Wliile the amount of oats produced in this state is compara- tively small (13,000,000 bushels), their quality is good. The berries arc plump and contain considerable meat. IMie better grades are selected for makine; breakfast foods and the less meaty types are generally utilized in various ways as stock food. Owing to the excellent quality, more oats should be pro- duced. They are well adaptetl to a system of rotation and the farmers should endeavor to grow this cereal in rotation with A floiii- mill :it Wallii Walla. This rnimty pi'i>'lii('es r,.(Hin,0(HI l]\isliels of wheat anniiall.v. other crops. The breakfast varieties should be grown only on land that is free from wild oats, since the hulls of the latter are difficult to remove and when present the value of the breakfast food is lowered. A campaign to utilize the home grown oats and home-made cereal as a breakfast food will do much toward en- couraging the farmers to grow not only more oats but better oats. BARLEY. The cereal which ranks next in jioint of production is barley (6,000,000 bushels). The larger part of the barley grown in this state has been used in stock feeding. Some of the varieties Manufactures from Cereals 119 have been used in making barley malt. The brewing industry, however, eannot now be considered important and as a result more barley will be available for other purposes. On the other hand, a limited amount of barley malt has been used in making malt extract and also in making non-alcoholic drinks. The malt extract is a valuable food for yeast and, as such, bakers make use of it in connection with dough fermentations. In addition to the above named products made from barley, may be mentioned the manufacture of pearl barley and barley flour. Both of these last mentioned substances are important sources of food, and through organized effort it is possible to encourage their more general use. First class pearl barley is uniform in color and size. Certain varieties are more suitable for the making of pearl barley than others, and those who con- template raising barley that will meet the above requirements should endeavor to keep the strains purt' at all times; otherwise grains of varying color will surely follow. As much as 50 per cent, of barley flour has been mixed with wheat flour in bread making with good results. CORN. RYE, BUCKWHEAT AND FLAX. The cereals, corn, rye, buckwheat and flax are not exten- sively grown in this state. Corn is grown chiefly in the irri- gated districts where the climatic conditions are suitable for its com})lete development. It is also grown in scattered places over the eastern part of the state and especially in selected places where the dangers of frost ai-e slight. The amuial yield is about 1,500,000 bushels. In the East, corn has been made use of industrially in various ways, among which may be mentioned the manufacture of starch, glucose or corn syrup, corn oil, honu'ny, grits, floui-, meal and flakes. Most of the corn grown in this state is used as stock food. About 100,000 bushels of rye is raised aiuiually in Wash- ington, but the flour made from it is comparatively weak and light in color. The eastern rye flour is stronger and darker in color and seems to appi'al to the public more than the lighter product. AVry little Inickwheat is grown in this state. The census figures give a yield of approximately 3,000 bushels. 120 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington, Flax has never been grown in large quantities. If the grow- ing of this commodity sliould ever become extensive it would find an ever increasing demand. Our present linseed oil supply is inadequate to meet the demand and much of that now offered for sale is mixed either with some other vegetable oil, such as soy bean oil, or with fish oil with or without crude oil products. The linseed cake derived by expressing the oil from the seed is also valuable as a food for stock and, owing to its laxative qual- ities, is almost indispensable in connection with other stock foods. BEST OPPORTUNITIES FOR WHEAT PRODUCTS. Summarizing this article on "^Manufacturing as Related to Cereal Production," it is the writer's opinion that the best in- dustrial development will be found in connection with the vari- ous wavs of handling our surplus wheat. Tlie flour products of known merit should be produced in larger quantities and new bu_ycrs sought. Tiie varieties of l)reakfast foods that can be made from wheat alone or in combination with other cereals are numerous enough to justify manufacturers of this line of goods in establishing plants at tlie various centers where the varieties suitable for their needs are to be found. Tlie manufacturing of starch, glucose, gluten and other products from wheat, appeals to the writer as one of the most promising industries that can be developed. For the present, these products are ol)talned ex- clusivelv from central western states and are derived from a cereal that has ()hiection^d)le qualities. Tile gluten prepared by tlie patented metlind sliould be considered the product, and the starcli and glucose tlie liv-jiroduct. To a less extent oats and barlev ha\e an important relation to the industries. A propaganda on their use in tlie diet will do much towards encouraging the farmers to produce more and better oats and barlev, and at the same time be of material as- sistance in creating a demand for the manufactured jiroducts. CHAPTER XIV. DAIRY AND OTHER LIVESTOCK TRODUCTS Other fields for niaiiufacturing- endeavor lie Avithiii the real 111 of the dairy and livestock industries of the state. Opportunities along these lines should he comparativelv numerous, as all classes of domestic animals thrive on the farms and ranges of Wash- ington and a plentiful supply of milk can be relied on the 3'ear round. Dairying especially has experienced a phenomenal growth in Washington and today must lie reckoned among the leading activities of the state. Butter, cheese and condensed milk manufactures amount to maiiv millions of dollars every year. The State Comniissioner of Agriculture in his most re- cent report says : "Scarcely more than ten years ago, imjioi'tations of butter from Oregon, California and the eastern states into the State of Washington were estimated in terms of millions of pounds annually. At the present time, the dairymen of tliis state are capable not only of supplying the home demand, but are likewise reaching out for outsiile trade. "When it is considered that the population of the state has increased by fully fifty jier cent, during the ))ast ten years, it will at once be apparent that some tremendous forces have been at work in connection with the development of the dairy in- dustry. The three principal factors which have entered into and influenced tlie remarkable change wliich has been accom- plished in so short a period may be enumerated as follows : "(1) The soils of the state have been found wonderfully well adapted to pasture ])urposes and to the jiroduction of max- imum yields of forage crops. "(2) Climatic conditions, which lend themsebes in e\ery respect to successful dairying. "(3) The extraordinary growtli of the commercial and industrial centers of tlu' state, which have supplied a market ready and alert to absorb the continually increasing output of the Washington dairy farms. "Dairying is no longer a haphazard industry. It is a higlily organized business of its own and when conducted upon scientific principles and under favorable conditions, which are presented in Dairi/ and Other Lh'estock Products l^lii this state, oft'ers a Melil of industry uiiifiinnlv satisfactory and profitalile."" FACTORIES HAVE SPRUNG UP. As a direct result of these conditions, there have been cstab- hshed in yarious iiarts of the state, numerous factories wliich conserye the dairy product and conyert it into butter, cheese or eyaporated milk. At the present time, there are 150 cream- eries, '21 cheese factories and l!-2 condenseries. ¥oy the year ending Jinie 80, 1916, the total production of milk and cream for the state amounted to $7,100,047.98, representing 12,043,- 989 gallons of milk and 3,124,019 gallons of cream. During this same period the creameries used 14,931,285 pounds of butter fat, producing 18,333,474 pounds of butter, yalued at $5,500,- 540, of which there was exported 1,374,880 pounds. Cheese factories made 1,346.033 pounds of cheese yalued at $198,031 and the condenseries used 178.162.876 pounds of whole milk, producing 1,896,829 cases of condensed milk yalued at $6,252.- 893, of which 1.444,404 cases were exported. NEW ESTABLISHMENTS NEEDED. In spite of such adyancement. there is still a demand for more establishments to conserye the present products or to en- courage dairying where its possibilities are far in adyance of the present deyelopment. There is also considerable butter and cheese still shipped into the state from other sections. It is probable that about 75 per cent, of the cheese marketed in Washington is shipped from outside. In response to the recent questionnaire of this department, thirty-eight connnunities of the state report openings for cream- eries, fifteen for cheese factories and fifteen for condenseries. In some of these connnunities, the present milk supply is being- shipped to other points and handled by existing establishments ; in others, there exists practically no market during normal times for their milk. ]\Iost of them represent that the presence of a local plant would greatly stinudate the dairy business in their localities and lead to the increase of milk production. 12i Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington At any rate, it is certain that the greatest need of this state in connection with the dairy industry is the development of new dairj' districts. In many instances, this may be accom- phshed by the establisliment of factories to stimuhite intensive milk production. Wherever condenseries or large creameries have already been located most beneficial results have been real- ized. Yet there are numerous other localities, still practically untouched, that hold the potentialities of the ]Mount Vernon, Kent or Chehalis districts. Along with such factories are needed men or companies with sufficient capital and patience to take the necessary time to educate the farmers as to the best kind and quality of cattle, proper methods of feeding, handling milk, etc. The history of manj- dairj- centers jjroves that such efforts pay and that remarkable industrial changes can be brought about by those who act as leaders in the matter of building up the farming communities surrounding their plants. OTHER LIVESTOCK. ^lanufacturing depending on cattle and other livestock should be sucli as to encourage greater eifort in their produc- tion. The demand for beef and other meats is increasing, as is well known, and to supjoly it is becoming more difficult. There are alrcadj^ several meat packing plants in the state and these are compelled to import large quantities of their stock from other states. Nevertheless, AA'ashingtoa is holding its own in the matter of raising livestock of all kinds excepting hogs, as a comparison of the records for the past few years will show. Every iNIarch the county assessors take a census of all domestic animals kept. According to tlie 1917 report there was a total of l,3iO,8iS head of livestock in the state valued at fifty-four million dollars (or eight million more tlian in 1916), a fidling off of 14,000 liead during the year and accounted for chieflv bv tlie smaller number of liogs produced. This is an increase, however, of 333,- 000 more than in 1911 and compares favorably with the esti- mated increase in j^opulation. Dairy and Other Livestock Froducts 125 TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OP LIVESTOCK IN WASHINGTON DURING YEARS 1911, 1916 AND 1917. (From Report of State Board of Equalization.) 1911 1910 1917 204,038 136,934 12,5,064 388,205 03,0<]O 270, %4 191,822 262,798 502,152 136,338 27'^ 2S0 Milch Cows . . 190,361 272,399 489,750 Hogs . 116 053 Totals 1,007,811 1,. 584, (171 WOOL PRODUCTION IMPORTANT. A lialf million .sheep would naturally place wool among tliu important livestock products. This, with mohair, is a raw ma- terial which offer.s great industrial possibilities for the North- west. The fleece of the Waslnngton sheeji is ]lea^•ier than in any other state, averaging during the years lOl-t, 1915 and 1916, 8, 8.7 and 8.6 J^ounds respectively- Goat Heecis weigh from 3 to 1 pounds. The total wool ])ro(lnct during the cor- responding years was 3,638,000 pounds from -t.'sS.OOO fleeces ; 4,560,000 pounds from 525,000 fleeces and 4,750,000 pounds from 555,000 fleeces. At the present time eastern Washington produces most of the sheep, and wliat few goats are raised are chiefly on the loggcd-off lands of western Washington. Tlic wool production has ci'cated demands for several wool scouring ])]ants and woolen mills, in both eastern and western Wasliington. These merit careful consideration as indicating sites for woolen varn and textile mills. LEATHER GOODS. Among other by-products of the livestock industry are many hides, but few local tanneries or leather working factories exist, while the demand for leather and leather goods far exceeds the supply- With the great qu.antity of tan bark grown in this state (see pages 87 and 167), and the liberal hide supply, it seems that a very good opportunity exists for the de\elopnu'nt of this industry. CHAPTER XV. POSSIBILITIES FOR TEXTILE MANUFACTURING IN WASHINGTON. BY GRACE G. DENNY, A.ssistant Professor of Home Economics, University of Wasliing'ton. Besides tlie advantages wliicli Washington offers for nian- ufaeturing in general, there are certain ones that arc peculiarly adapted to the textile industries. For one thing, a moist atmos- phere is necessary for tlic satisfactory s})iiinlng of all fibers. When moisture is not present in the air it must he supplied artificially. Such condition is well satisfied iji this state for the climatic conditions of some parts of Washington are al- most identical with those of the great textile manufacturing dis- tricts of England and Ireland. Then, an abundance of pure water, free from mineral con- stituents, is necessary for the satisfactory scouring and dyeing of wools, ("liemically softened water is emjjloyed in some mills in other states, hut in Washington, where an almost unlimited supply of j)ure mountain water is available, this is unnecessary. The com])osition of the watt'i' is also of first iniportancc in the retting of flax as will be explained later. The most difficult question in a new industrial community is the one of supplying skilled labor. In the middle west and west this problem has been solved by taking young peojde in the local community fi'om other occupations and re-educating them. In Wasliuigton the difficulty might best be overcome by cstab- lishnig in thi' schools vocational courses that would prepare for skilled operative woi'k in textile mills as the demand for them becomes apparent. Another important ad\antage enjoyed by the West is the condition of the factory worker. He is usujdly healthier, more sclf-i-eliant, and more intelligent than such employes in large industrial districts in the east. The nn'ld clima!:e makes out-of- door living possible. The free and indejK'ndent s])irit of the coinitry encourages self-reliance. There is no loss of efficiency because of violent extremes of heat and cold. Easterners com- Tfd'tihs 1!^9 ing to tlie Coast find their working capacity greatly inereased in an atniospliere that conserves tlieir nerve force. The 8-honr law for women and the niininunn wage law ($8.90 y>vi- week for manufacturing) also tend to create a higher standard of living. COTTON AND SILK MANUFACTURING. The manufacture of cloth from cotton and silk has not yet been established upon the Pacific Coast, but the favorable cli- matic conditions, the abundance of cheap power, and the fact that cotton could be transported here iit a low cost via the Panama canal and that much of the raw silk from the Orient passes through Puget Sound ports on its way to eastern manu- facturing centers, suggest that these branches of the textile industry niav be profitablv developed in the future. WOOLEN MANUFACTURING A BASIC INDUSTRY IN WASHINGTON. The possibilities for woolen manufacturing ai'e much great- er, for the making of woolen goods is a basic industry in Wash- ington, just as lumber and fish canning are basic industries. According to the Department of Agriculture Yearbook 1916, 555,000 fleeces are credited to Washington which amounted to 4,750,000 pounds of wool in the grease. The following figures show the production of wool in the three neighboring states. ^lontana is a close second to Wyo- ming, the largest wool producing state in the Union: Montana . . Idaho Oregon . . . . Washington Numbfi- of Fleeces 1916 .\veraKe Weiglit IHT Fleetr ill Poiinil^ g.llJO'.OOU 1,980,000 1,760,000 555,000- 7.8 li s.o Raw Wool Proihict ill Poiiiut.v ^^..^IMRIO 15,000,U(«1 13.'2lHI,01Kl 4,7r)O,0(IO While Washington does not rank first in the production of raw wool, she may draw from these large wool producing states where, aside from the mills in Oregon, there is practically no manufacturing- done. i;30 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington Wools produced in the United States are not as fine as im- ported wools, because sheep growing in this country has been directed largely toward the production of mutton, in which there is more profit and less work than in the wool itself. Lincolns and Cotswolds have been bred ratlier than ^lerinos, because the last (the best wool bearing animals) do not produce the best or the most mutton. Growers find it more profitable to shear the Iambs and then dispose of them for meat and hides than to keep tliem for sliearing purposes. Much of the wool is pulled, ;'. e., chemically loosened from the pelts of the slaughtered ani- mals. For high grade cloth this native wool must be blended with finer wools. For heavy fulled goods such as mackinaw cloth the domestic wool is suitable. The need for soft water in the scour- ing and dyeing processes lias been pointed out. Besides raw material there must be an immediate market for a large part of the product. What sort of market for woolen goods do we find in the Pacific Nortliwest .-■ The chief demand is for a lieavv, coarse grade material such as mackinaw cloth and otlier coatings and heavy warm blankets for loggers and miners. This is true of Alaska as well as of the Northwest states. It is ob\ious, tlien, tliat tlie first needs will not be for fine and delicate faln-ics. The making of coarse cloth requires less skill and en- tails no losses from fashion cjianges. It is this class of goods that tlie small mills already operating in Washington and Ore- gon are producing. The most crying need at present is for more wool. The in- cri.-ased need for wool for our army and navy and for the allies make it imperative that we raise more I'aw wool. A sheep grow- ing propaganda has been launched by a number of agencies with the hoj)e that their slogan, "more sheej), more wool" may be realized. An increased production of Angora goats has also been advocated. The meat may be used as mutton and the skin is more valuable as leather than that of the sheep. The fiber is long, lustrous and strong. A very fine grade of mohair has been obtained from Angora goats in the Pacific Northwest. A leading textile journal has advocated the production of wool under contract to the manufacturer, just as the cannery of < '-S X o a '^ 3 s ft, >. 18!i Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington fruits and vegetables now arrange to take over the entire crop of a certain number of growers. If, as in England, the small farmers should each keep ten or a dozen sheep, and sell the wool, tiie situation might be improved. A phase of the wool industry which has been scorned and misunderstood, is the re-manufacture of wool, ('. e., the separation of the fibers from cloth, either old or new, and scouring, respin- iiing and weaving it into cloth /igain. The use of the term ■'shoddy" has been inifortunate in this connection. Because of the sliortage of wool, occasioned by the war, the government has been obliged to introduced re-worked or "reclaimed" wool into blankets and soldiers' clothing. Since the government has given approval to the conservation of rags and the utilization of shoddy, it may now be possible to popularize these products. It is certainly a patriotic measure, especially today, to sup- pl}' the country with warm clothing. While it might be untimely to propose the erection of woolen mills on a large scale in Wash- ington, the history of successful business enterprises shows that, with small beg'innings and a patient willingness to expand as the market grows, an industry of this kind mav be soundly es- tablished. A number of small woolen mills located in western Washing- ton, if operated wisely should develop into good paving invest- ments. LINEN MANUFACTURING UNDEVELOPED IN AMERICA. The making of linen cloth is one branch of textile manufac- turing which has not been developed to any extent in America. We have produced flax, but principally for the seed. In 191.5 the Department of Agriculture estimated* that of of some 3.000,000 acres in flax, only 2,000 were devoted to fiber flax. This comparatively small quantity has been utilized for binder twine. The report says, "The amount used in making yarn for weaving purposes is ncglible." There are two varieties of the flax plant, differing in meth- ods of cultivation and in the product. * The Development of an American Linen Inrlustry — U. ,S. Dept. of r_'ommerce. Special AKent."^ Series .\'o. 122. l^lfi. Si'cd flax is sDwn sparingly. It is a slender, sin<>'le-stcnnne(l plant, branching profusely at the top and yielding many seed capsules. This flax seed or linseed is crushed to produce lin- seed oil, which is used in nianv industries, chiefly in the prepara- tion of paints and varnishes. The residue makes linseed cake, a valuable cattle food. The stalk contains short, coarse fibers, known as tow, which are capable of producing coarse varus for baggiuff, towelino- and other low-o-rade o-oods. It has not been utilized, however. A'ast fields of flax straw ha\'e been burned each vear, while we have been importing linens from Ireland, Belgium, Russia and Germanv. At present, some of the waste fiber is being converted into rugs, sucli as the Klear flax rugs made in Duluth, ^linnesota. Quantities of straw are utilized in making oakum, a material used fcu' insulating purposes and a small amount is used for upholstering. Yet, the conservation of waste flax straw has not proceeded far. The fiber flax varietv is sown thicklv. It grows up straiglit and tall, producing nuich stalk and little top. Hi're, flax seed is the bv-product. In America this is grown more sparingly than the seed flax because generallv the latter is an easier crop to ])roduce and the machinery for using it less expensiye, wliile a ready market is not wanting. SUCCESSFUL FLAX GROWING IN WASHINGTON. To grow fiber flax successfully the })roper soil tyj>e. selected seed, faxorable chmatic conditions and careful methoils are nec- essary. A government expert has pronounced western Oregon and western Washington the equal of Belgium for tin' growing and retting of flax. Fiber produced in the Willamette valley in Oregon was awarded the liighest prize at the Centennial Exposition in Phila- delphia in 1876. Dr. A. W. Thornton of Ferndale, Whatcom county, Wash- ington, has carried on experiments in flax growing for over 2.5 years, acting at one time as special agent for Mr. R. C. Dodge in charge of fiber investigations of the Department of Agricul- ture. Dr. Thornton was asked to send some of his flax to a 134 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washingtan mill in Belfast where it was made into yarn. The manufacturer wrote the following: "The flax is eminently adapted for thread making or warp yarn and spinning purposes. It is exceedingly strong and works well in the machine. If the flax is grown and manipulated under proper conditions, on Puget Sound, we are convinced that the cultivation of it would be of tlie greatest im- portance and in a short time rival the great Belgium district of Courtrai." Dr. Thornton has made flax growing investiga- tions in thirteen counties that are tributary to Puget Sound. He has distributed pedigreed flax seed and directed the farmers in different localities to sow small plots of ground and tend and harvest the flax straw. The climate, soil and quality of water have been found especially suited to the growth and retting of flax. A large and comprehensive display of Puget Sound grown flax together with samples of flax grown in the famous Courtrai district in Belgium lias been placed in the State ]\Iuseum on the University of Washington campus. THE MARKETING AND MANUFACTURE OF FLAX. The work of Dr. Thornton is confiniied by extensive and successful investigation carried on in western Oregon where soil, climate and water are practically identical with western Wash- ington. Thus, the first step, that of flax growing, has been sat- isfactorily demonstrated. The prol)lem of marketing the flax, the second step, is an- alyzed in the following statement from the United States De- partment of Agriculture. "Something more is needed to set the industry on its feet than a body of farmers to undertake to grow the plant for fiber. There is a necessity for a class of skilled workers who will come between the farmer and the man- ufacturer in carrying on the operations of retting and scutching. It is futile to expect the farmer to ret and scutch his flax. The farmer is hardly in a position to grow flax save in an experi- mental way, until he is sure of a market, and the manufacturer, that is, the spinner, is not in a position to make oft'crs of pur- chases or to name a price, because he is not sure that the farmers can grow flax of the proper standard, or that he can afford to Tea-tiles 135 purchase at any price for his particular manufacturing sucli flax as the farmer may produce. This simply means that what isolated farmers cannot accomplish alone must be accomplished by the establishment of little local industries. That is to say, capital must establish scutch mills in localities where flax may be profitably grown, farmers of the neighborhood agreeing to produce five, ten or twenty acres of straw each, under the direc- tions, if need be, of the managers of the mills to insure the growth of a quality of straw that will give the proper standard of fiber."* Provision for this intermediary between farmer and manu- facturer is being made now in Washington by the formation of the National Flax Development Company which will operate in Washington, Montana and South Dakota. The third step, manufacturing, is in the realm of prophecy. We are at present cut off from our supply of linen goods. After the war, flax fiber might be sent to linen manufacturers abroad, but it seems more logical to suppose that these exjierienccd mill men would prefer to come to the source of the raw material and establish mills. Lack of skilled labor is the most serious difficulty in the pro- duction and manufacture of linen but Dr. H. L. Deimel, presi- dent of the Deimel Linen Mesh Company of New York, San Francisco, Detroit and Montreal, says that "spinning labor is all that the LTnited States must import. Other classes of labor can be developed with American labor." The genius of the American engineer should be brought to bear upon this problem. With the invention of flax machinery the United States might control the future linen industry of the world, and no state offers better prospects for its development than Washington. POSSIBILITIES FOR RAMIE MANUFACTURE. The manufacture of ramie fiber is similar to flax. This plant is a species of nettle, native to the Orient. Experiments have proven that it may be grown and prepared in western * U. S. Dept. of Agriculture — Farmers Bulletin No. 27 — Flax for Seed and Fiber. Charle.s R. Dodge, 1895. Textiles 137 Washington. Tlie fiber being resistent to moisture is suitable for ropes and iiawsers. It may also produce a fine yarn not un- like linen. The separation of the fiber from the plant stalk is ditticult. So far hand processes only have been employed. This industry has great possibilities, not only with the native grown fiber but with raw material coming directly from China. FIBER SILK A BY-PRODUCT OF LUMBER INDUSTRY. In addition to the natural textile fibers already considered, there is an artificial or manufactured fiber, known as "fiber silk" or viscose, which is specially adapted to knitted falirics. This is in reality a by-product of the lumber industry and the best of material for it exists in Washington in unlimited (juantities. Spruce wood pulp, when ground with caustic soda and treated with carbon disulphide, becomes a viscous fluid which may be forced under pressure throagh capillary tubes, coming out as fine filaments resembling those produced by the silk worm. These filaments, after being hardened by the action of ammonium sulphate, are united and twisted into yarns. This manufactured product is more lustrous, less elastic and less strong than worm silk. It dyes beautifully and costs, under normal conditions, from one-fourth to one-half as much as the natural silk. Its greatest use is for knitted fabrics and if manufactured in this state, the product could be utilized in local and middle western knitting mills. It is also much used for designs and stripes in cloth, so would provide an additional material for future textile mills on this Coast. KNIT GOODS INDUSTRY ALREADY ESTABLISHED. The one textile industry with a good beginning in the Pa- cific Northwest is the manufacture of knit goods. There are ten small factories in the state doing successful business. The output consists of sweaters, bathing suits, caps and mufHers and a small amount of underwear. Some of the factories confine, themselves to the wholesale trade but many have made their start by selling directly to the consumer. Most of the product is sold locally, but a traele in middle western states is being built up. Eastern mills still supply the stores of Washington 138 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington with much of this merchandise, so, the possibihties for develop- ing local trade are still great. Competition is welcomed by these mills in the hope that this may become an important knit- ting center, thereby attracting related industries. The first need is for a local dye firm which might supply the colors desired, particularly for sweaters. Large quantities of white yarn might be stored and dyed as market demands suggested. It is a hardship for the manufacturer to gamble on colors six months ahead. The second need is for spinning mills to supply the yarn. Western wools are known as high shrinkage wools. A conservative estimate would be from 40 to 70 per cent. It is wasteful to pay freight on wool plus grease and dirt when it might be scoured here and made into yarn which would be partly consumed by local mills. POSSIBILITIES IN MANUFACTURE OF HOSIERY. The manufacture of hosiery has not yet been launched. The need for a local dye establishment is again felt. A good business could be done in wool socks for loggers, miners and mountaineers. A coarse grade of cotton hose for men might precede the making of fine hosiery for women and children. This industry has been successfully carried on in Wisconsin. It undoubtedly has a future here. CLOTHING MANUFACTURE. Clothing manufacture in Washington appears insignificant when compared with large eastern concerns. Yet, when the youth of western industries, the relatively small population and the splendid opportunities for general growth are taken into consideration, the prospects for its future development are ex- ceedingly hopeful. There are already factories located in Ta- coma, Spokane and Seattle, specializing in working men's gar- ments (overalls, mackinaws, pants and shirts). The Seattle factory consumes tlie product of the only woolen mill in the state (another is being started in Spokane). There appears to be a good market for cotton dresses and aprons made locally. SMALL BEGINNINGS PREFERABLE. In studying the growth of mills both in the east and the west, it appears that the successful manufacturer is invariably the man who is willing to start in a small way, make a good Textiles 139 product and patiently and persistently work for the creation of a market. The war is making business and industrial enter- prises more resourceful and perhaps some of the present difficul- ties may be the means of releasing the genius for invention which will make possible a more extensive production. IManufacturers who are attracted to Washington because of its natural resources may overcome any obstacles, provided they are willing to travel the same difficult path our forefathers took in developing the textile industries of Xew England. Condition.s in T\'ashington are ideal for raisins .-Vngora goats: from their liea\'\' rleet'es an especiall\' fine grade of moliair is produced. CHAPTER XVI. WASHINGTON'S :\nNERAL RESOURCES- NON-METALS. BY HENRY LANDES, State Geologist. TliL' State of Washington is fortunate in having witliin its confines a large variety of mineral products, which form the bases of many industries. It may be said that the state is char- acterized by an unusually high percentage of non-metallic prod- ucts in contrast with the metals. The entire mineral production of the state during the past ten years has amounted to $13,722,- 579 annually. Of tliis about 94' per cent, has been derived from the non-metals. Taking the last census year, 1910, as an ex- ample, the production of non-metallic products in the state amounted to about $15 per capita of population. These prod- ucts are vitally essential to the entire industrial life of the com- monwealth. In most instances only a slight beginning has been made in converting the raw materials into useful objects. As our population increases, conversion of the non-metallic sub- stances into the things necessary in everj'day life will come to be one of our most prominent industries. The primary divisions of our non-metallic products are as follows: (1) coal, (2) clay products, (3) Portland cement, (■!) building stones, (5) sand and gravel. COAL. Tlie returns from coal amount to one-half the value of the entire mineral products of the state. In this industry about 5,000 men are employed. The coal fields of Washington are among the best to be found in the Northwest. They lie princi- pally in King, Kittitas, Pierce, Lewis, Thurston, and Whatcom comities. Nearly all of the coal areas are now served by railway lines, so that ready transportation is assured. The coal varies from a lignite through the various grades of bituminous coal. I'rior to this time tlie principal demand has been for the bitumi- nous coals, lignite being mined in a lesser degree. With the grow- ing use of pulverized coal for steaming purposes, it is confidently expected that the lignite coals will be in far greater demand. Mincrul Rciuurccs 141 As a rule the coals of Washington are of easy ignition, produce a hot flame, and burn very freely. They have a small amount of sulphur and a moderate quantity of ash and water. The beds as a rule are thick and several of them frequently are mined at the same place. Coal suitable for coking is mined at several places in the state, but especially in Pierce county. As a rule about 5 per cent, of the total coal mined each year is converted into coke. The coke is of a satisfactory quality and sells in the market for a good price. The annual production of coal in Washington has been about stationary for a number of years. The principal foreign competitor of coal is oil, from California and elsewhere. The chief local competitor of coal for industrial purposes is the abundant water power which the state affords. At the present time, the price of oil is rapidly rising and many industrial plants are now planning to use coal for fuel. It is probable that the output of coal will be greatly increased if the prices of oil continue to rise and it becomes increasingly difficult to ob- tain. The coals of Washington are quite satisfactory for all fuel purposes. There are large reserves of this fuel as yet lui- touched. There is no question but what any industry depending upon coal will be able to find in the coal fields of this state an ample supply for a great many years. CLAY PRODUCTS. There is scarcely a locality in the state where clays of dif- ferent grades may not be found. The manufacture of common brick is widespread, being carried on in every community of consequence where brick is needed. The higher grades of clay ware are made in those localities where the best materials ai'e to be found, convenient to transportation and not too far re- moved from the best markets. The aniuial value of clay prod- ucts averages about $2,000,000. About one-fourth of this is from the sale of common brick which are made at a wide variety of points. Following coHunon brick, in order of monetary value, we have sewer pipe, vitrified brick, terra eotta, fire-proofing ma- terials, front brick, pottei-y, and drain tile. WASHIXGTOX'.S BLACK DIAMONDS, No. 1. Large coal mill at Renton. No. 2. Cooling belt of a briquetting plant \\itei-e tine coal is conservecl. Mineral Resources l-i^ The chief competitors of chiy wares have been hiinber, ce- ment, stone and steel. Because of the increasing- use of rcen- forced concrete in structural work the production of common brick is about stationary. There has been a notable increase from year to year in the production of vitrified brick, fire-proof- ing and terra cotta, as well as sewer pipe. The increased man- ufacturing of these things is largely due to the rapid and per- manent growth of our cities where such materials are vitally necessary. The growing use of drain tile is due to the reclama- tion of the swampy areas where the soils are too valuable to be longer neglected. The manufacturing of clay wares represents an industry which becomes increasinglv important with the growth of population. As is usual in a new connnunity, only certain basic things were made at first, such as common brick. With the development of the towns and cities there came a de- mand for front brick, terra cotta, fire-proofing', paving- brick and sewer pipe. As the state increases in population and wealth there will be an ever growing demand for the higher grades of clay goods, such as pottery, art goods, and those products of maximum value. Within the state there are deposits of clays suitable for the making of wares of all kinds and descriptions. With fuel convenient and an active and expanding demand for the products, it is evident that the manufacture of clay goods will soon come to be one of the greatest, if not the most import- ant, of the manufacturing industries in the state along mineral lines. The clay wares now manufactured are made from a wide variety of clays. Some of the clays are secured at the surface where they are essentially a part of the soil. In the northern portion of the state most of the clays are of glacial origin, while in other localities the surface clays have been formed by the decomposition of the bed rock. Except for common brick a large percentage of the clay products are made from clays derived from the bed rock formations. In some instances the clays are taken out of the great beds by the usual quarry meth- ods. In other places the different varieties of clays are se- cured from the strata at points considerably' under cover by methods of underground mining. 1-1'4 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington On the whole, the clays of the state are essentially inex- haustible. Some of the finer grades of clay are as yet practi- cally untouched, because of the slight demand that has existed for the higher grades of ware. As the population of the state eidiances in number and in wealth, those manufactured articles now brought from without will be made in Washington in an ever growing quantity. PORTLAND CEMENT. The materials used in Washington in the manufacture of Portland cement are limestone and clay. Limestone occurs in all of the counties along the northern boundary of the state and in Chelan, Skagit, Snohomish, and San Juan counties as well. Clay suitable for cement making is very widespread in occur- rence and is much more abundant than limestone. P'or a number of years all of the cement that was used in the state was brought from elsewhere, mueli of it from Europe and some of it from the eastern states and California. The first cement in the state was manufactured in Skagit county, at Concrete, in a plant which began operations in 1907. At the present time there are two factories at Concrete, one at Bellingham, one near Spokane and one at iNIetaline Falls, in Pend Oreille county. The annual production of Portland cement now amounts to nearly $2,000,000. For a number of years it has not been nec- essary to import any cement and the five plants in the state make an ample amoimt for local use. The opportimities for the establishment of other plants are excellent as far as the location of desirable materials is concerned. The demand for cement is growing with great rapidity because of its increasing use in liighway construction and in re-enforced concrete work. It is an industry wliicli will always be a growing one as long as the state increases in tju' mmiber of people, and as long as great projects of engineering must undergo construction. BUILDING STONES. IJuilding stones in an increasing quantity have been used since early days in tlie settlement of the state. The use of liuilding stones has suffered in a degree because of the active comjietition of lumber, cement and brick. The principal build- Mineral Kcsourccs 1-15 ino- stones that arc used in the state are p'ranite, sandstone and basalt. Granite is secured very readily in tlie uortlieni counties of the state and quarries are in operation around Spokane and at two or three points on the Great Northern railway in Sno- homish county. While sandstone occurs in many localities, quarries to obtain it have been opened up chiefly near the cities of Puget Sound. The best sandstone quarries today are those at Tenino, in Thurston county. Other cpiarries are near Wilke- son. in Pierce county, Chuckanut. in Whatcom county, and on some of the San Juan islands. Basalt is an abundant rock in southeastern Washington, where it is frequently used as a building stone, mostly for foundations. The primary use of basalt is in road bvulding, where after crushing it is used in macadam construction. It is especially desirable in those localities where gravel can not be readily obtained for road surfacing. In addition to stone for building purposes it has always been in considerable demand foi' sea walls, jetties, and for use as rip-rap. The total })roduction of stone in past years has amounted to about $200,000 annually. The supply of granite, sandstone and l)asalt will ni'ver be ex- hausted. i\Iarble of good grade occurs in the counties of northeastern Washington, and from time to time this material has been taken out and put on the market. Limestone has not been used as a building stone but has its chief use in the burning of quicklime, and in the manufacture of cement. The building stone industry is one that will always increase rather than diminish. For cer- tain purposes no substitutes have been found that can replace stone. As our industrial enterprises become more numerous and the cities increase in size the stone industry will become greatly enhanced. At many localities new quarries will be de- veloped and many new enterprises installed. SAND AND GRAVEL. The amuial ])roduction of sand and gravel for the past ten years has amounted to about $400,000. The use of sand and gravel is intimately connected with the fluctuations in the amoinit of building construction and the quantity used neces- 146 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington sarily varies from time to time. Because of the increasing use of cement in structural work and particularly in road building, the demand for sand and gravel has grown correspondingly. All over the state the highways are being improved and gravel is very generally used in road surfacing. Sand and gravel are widespread in their occurrence in the state, the only localities where they are not abundant being in the southeastern and the southwestern corners of Washington. It so happens that in the vicinities of all of the large cities banks of sand and gravel are abundant and excellent materials are readily secured. The furnishing of sand and gravel is a well developed industry and many firms are engaged in this work. About Puget Sound the great beds of sand and grave] are substantially inexhaustible and available for all kinds of structural work. No industry which is dependent upon either sand or gravel need hesitate about being able to secure first class materials of this kind. In general the sand and g-ravel are cheaply secured and easily delivered wherever desired for use. As a rule the sand and gravel are very fresh and hard, and ordinarily verv clean. Sometimes washing is resorted to, but frefjuentlv it is quite unnecessary. There are many useful non-metallic products which have not been mentioned. Silica, in the form of diatomaceous earth, oc- curs rather frequently and some of it of excellent rjuality has been placed on tlie market. It is found abundantly in both eastern and western Washington and as its use widens it will become increasingly in demand. There are man^- mineral springs in the state from which water for table use is prepared for the market. Some of these are of marked medicinal value and many which are not now commercially utilized will lie marketed in the future. It is safe to say that all of the non-metallic jjroducts that have been mentioned, with others, are but in the infancy of their development and that in time to come they will play a prominent part in the industrial and commercial life of the state. CHAPTER XVII. WASHINGTON'S MINERAL RESOURCES— METALS. BY MILNOR ROBERTS, Dean of the College of Mines, University' of Washington. All industrial growth depends to a greater or less extent upon metals. If a state is lacking in natural resources of the metals it must look elsewhere for at least a limited supply of them. If it possesses the metals in useful quantities or is a center for tributary regions which have large amounts of them, the possibilities favoring its industrial advancement are greatly enhanced. FAVORING CONDITIONS. Washington not only has a liberal supply of metal resources of its own but is adjacent to territory where otlier very rich mines are located. Then, too, certain favoring conditions, some of which are natural and others due to the state's development, exert an encouraging influence upon the mining of its own minerals and place it in position to enjoy the full advantage of proximity to other productive territory. These conditions, which have been quite fully discussed elsewhere, include espe- cially: a strategic location and the resulting extension of trans- portation facilities ; broad trade relations with the outside world ; a more or less advanced stage of development in certain other important industries ; and, what is of prime importance to mining and metallurgical development, an unlimited supply of cheap power. WASHINGTON A CENTER FOR ORE TREATMENT. The effect of these and other favoring conditions of a like nature is to make Washington a center for the treatment of ores brought from widely scattered sources. The Pacific C'oast states, British Columbia, Alaska, the Orient and South America are the principal regions from which regular shipments are re- ceiv('d. In addition to the primary operations of smelting crude ores and concentrates, the Northwest is building uj) secondary industries of a metallurgical nature, such as refining iiu'tals and treating scrap materials. Judging from the present outlook metallurgical operations ;ire likely to outstrip the puix'ly minino- Mineral Hcsourcfn 1-1>9 sidu of the luineral industry within the actual borders of the state, unless ore deposits now wliolly iniknown should come to light. Adjacent districts will furnish large quantities of ores for years to come, in addition to tlie local supplies. PRINCIPAL METALS MINED. Gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc are the ])rincipal metals mined in Washing-ton. The amount of each varies considerably from year to year, but for the past few years the total output of these five metals has been increasing. Most of the gold comes from quartz mines located in the northern half of the state, the ]\Iount Baker district and Republic l)eing the principal pro- ducers. Okanogan, Stevens, Chelan, Kittitas, Snohomish, King and Clallam counties also yield gold. The total gold produc- tion for 1916, according to ailvance figures prepared by the United States Geological Survey, was 27,91<-t.06 oiuices. In passing, it is interesting to note that most of Alaska's gold output is received at the l.^nited States assay office in Se- attle, the receipts since the establishment of the office being a quarter of a biUion dollars' worth of the yellow metal. Silver is obtained from thirteen counties, along with the gold, copper, and lead. The total production for 1916 was 335,121 ounces. Copper is widely distributed throughout the mining districts of the Cascades and northeastern Washington. Outcrops of the sulphides, especially chalcofjyrite, are found at very numer- ous points, a fact which has resulted in the location of thou- sands of claims. The great majority of these locations are in mountainous regions, difficult of access, where only a very rich ore could be worked at a profit, unless the deposit proved to be of such size as to warrant building a transportation system es- pecially for it. Snoliomish, Stevens, Okanogan, Ferry, Pierce, Skamania and Asotin counties are active in co})per, while in Chelan, Skagit, Whatcom, Pend Oreille and otlier counties ex- plorations are being carried on. Tlie state's yield in 1916 was 2,6-15,022 pounds. The chief center of copper smelting for the Pacific Northwest and Alaska is Tacoma, where the Tacoma Smelting Company smelts and refines one-twelfth of tlie copper output of the TTnited States. 150 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington Lead has been mined in the state in considerable quantities at times in the past ; in the last two or three years several mines in northeastern Washington have again brought up the pro- duction of lead, the total for 1916 being 5,399,274 pounds. Lead mining has been stimulated by the re-opening of the North- port smelter which lay idle for several years. The production of zinc has risen along with that of lead, reaching a new high figure of 1,693,734 pounds in 1916. The UNDERGROUND WEALTH. Interior of a tunnel in mining; district nortli ot Spokane, showing- how the ore has been tal^en out and timljers placed to prevent cave-ins as the work proceeds. remarkably high prices for zinc which prevailed throucrhout 1916 gave a handsome margin of profit wliich cannot be at- tained during the year 1917. JIINOR METALS. Arsenic in the form of arsenopyrite is found in several Wash- ington camps. It was smelted for a number of years at Everett Mineral Resources 151 from the gold-silver ores of Monte Cristo, Snohomish county. Later the Everett plant was abandoned and a new one erected at the Tacoma Smelter where refined white arsenic of the highest grade is now made. Antimony mines have been opened in King, Chelan, Okan- ogan and other counties, from most of which a few shipments have been made, although none of the properties have become regular producers. The Okanogan ore was smelted in a furnace located at Tonasket, while a plant at Seattle treated ores from this state, Alaska and elsewhere. Mercury ore is found in Lewis and Chelan counties. Quick- silver was produced in 1916 in a furnace at Morton from cinna- bar of excellent grade which was mined nearb_v. Development of the properties near Blewett is taking place. Tungsten has been known for some years in Kittitas county and at Deer Trail, Stevens county, where some production has been made in the past. When the price of this uncommon but peculiarly useful metal rose with the war demand, the hills were scoured for wolframite and scheelitc. New deposits were found and forgotten prospects were opened anew, some of which are being developed further. Tin was discovered years ago near Spokane but the de- posit was not extensive. Alaska tin is smelted in an electric fui'- nacc at Seattle. Molybdenite is an unknown mineral in many parts of Amer- ica, but in Washington it can be found at numerous points in the Cascade Mountains and in the northern tier of counties. Most of the occurrences are either sporadic and small, or else of too low grade to be worked. Near Lake Chelan, however, the Crown Point mine developed a vein of high grade molybdenite, erected a mill on its property and operated for several seasons. Other properties in the state are likely' to make some production. IRON ORES. Washington's iron ores have been worked on a snuill scale at different times in the past. Recentlj^ the old Irondale blast furnace plant has been rebuilt bj' its present owners, the Pacific Coast Steel Company, and the smelting of iron has begun again. 152 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington The c()in})jniy is purchasing ores from all available sources, a plan which will result in determining how dependable the iron ore deposits of the Northwest coast really are. The Pacific Coast Steel Company has operated a steel plant and rolling mill in Seattle for many years with great success, buying scrap iron from South Chicago, Birmingham and the Orient. Three open-hearth furnaces are kept in constant operation. An electric furnace for the treatment of iron ores was erected last year in Skagit county. ^Manganese ores from Lake Cush- niJin in the southern part of the Olympic range have been smelted recently in Tacoma at the plant of the Bilrowc Alloys Company. The Seattle Smelting Company is making ferromanganose from Northwest ores in electric furnaces located at ^'an Asselt Sta- tion, Seattle, while the Rothert Process Steel Company is nearly ready to produce electric steel. Other plants of a like nature are being definitely planned in the state. According to a recent announcement by prominent mining operators a large plant is to be erected in the immediate future near Seattle for the complete treatment of iron through the sev- eral stages from raw ore to finished products of steel. The pro- ject will include blast furnaces, a steel plant, rolling mills, by- product coke ovens and the usual accessory works. Washington coal will be used and the supply of iron ore will be drawn from this state, British Columbia, Alaska and other Coast sources. TOTAL OUTPUT. To summarize, the total value of the gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc mined in Washington during 1916 was .$2,0-18,3.50. For the siune jieriod, however, the Tacoma and Northport smelt- ers produced a far larger total made up of copper, lead, gold and silver which was mined in part in districts outside the state. The grand total of metallic production would include also the steel and the minor metals above described. INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. Investigations conducted for the past year by the Bureau of Industrial Research of the University of Washington have develojjcd many new facts concerning the iron smelting situation and have served to summarize the information as to deposits of iron ore in the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia and Alaska. g H W H 154 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington The results are encouraging toward the establisliing of an iron industry in tliis region. ^Metallurgical coke is being made from Washington coals in beehive and by-product ovens. Inasmuch as a large and e-rowincn local market exists for both iron and steel, the future of the industry in this state looks bright. EXPERIMENT STATION AT UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. In 1916 the United States Bureau of jMines established one of its mining and metallurgical experiment stations at the Uni- versity of Washington, to work in co-operation with the College of Mines. Six of the Bureau's experts located at the station are now engaged in studying the particular problems that are of the greatest importance to the mining and metallurgical in- dustries in the Northwest and Alaska. In order to expedite the work of investigation the state has provided additional equip- ment for the laboratories of the College. The state is also sup- porting five fellowships, the holders of which devote their time for a year to solving problems arising within the state. A great step forward was taken with the establishment of tlie station bj' the federal government, and the appropriation by the state legislature of funds for investigating problems af- fecting these two basic industries, mining and metallurgy. The territory allotted to the Northwest station embraces the Pacific Northwest and the coast regions of Alaska. Sub-stations are maintained in Idaho and Oregon. INVESTIGATIONS BY FELLOWSHIP HOLDERS. The present fellowship holders, all of whom are required to be technical graduates with practical experience, are working on a number of important topics, the principal one being electro- metallurgy. For this industry a source of cheap and dependa- ble power is a prime requisite and, as alreadv stated, hj'dro- electric power is one of the state's greatest resources. This fact, coupled with the item of favorable location, makes it prac- tically certain that electro-metallurgical industries will increase here. The electrolj'tic copper refining plant of the Tacoma smelter, electric smelting of tin ore, electric furnaces in iron works and other lesser operations are present examples that in- dicate the future possibilities. Mineral Resources 155 The salmon and fruit canneries of the North Pacific Coast make a large quantity of tinplate scrap which ordinarily goes to waste. An expert of the Bureau assisted by a fellowship holder is now engaged in attempting to find a means of con- serving this material. Another topic is the treatment of lead- zinc ores by electrical methods which, if they can be worked out successfully, will mean a vast saving. The mineral resources of Washington are being thoroughly studied by another fellowship holder. All published articles which give information on the subject are being listed and in- dexed. A separate map of the state is being prepared for each mineral substance, showing all localities where each is found and the plants in which it is treated. Field studies will be made of prominent localities regarding which the reports are incom- plete. Finally a summarized report will be prepared which will bring up to date all available knowledge of the state's mineral resources. Methods of treating the ores and other crude materials will furnish the subject-matter of another report. The extensive knowledge possessed by the Bureau of Mines will be applied to local problems with the object of aiding development, reducing treatment losses and avoiding expenditures in directions which are not likely to lead to useful ends. In preparing Washington coals for market, various processes are used at different mines, depending upon the particular re- quirements of each coal. Broad investigations into the nature, preparation and uses of coals in all parts of the country have been carried on by the Bureau of Mines, which will now under- take to give special aid to the coal industry in Washington. Under one of the fellowships a report will be made upon the local methods of treatment in order to give the Bureau a basis for giving detailed advice. The saving of by-products in cok- ing, the use of powdered coal as fuel and the briquetting of coal are other topics to be taken up later. SOURCES OP INFORMATION. There are several sources of information regarding the min- eral resources of Washington, some of which are readily available. The United States Geological Survey has published extensive 156 Manufacturing Opporiunitics in Washington reports mi those areas in the .--tate which arc of the greatest eco- nomic importance. A hulletin may be liad from the Director at Washington, D. C, whicli lists all the known mineral occur- rences in each state. A finding list, published anew from time to time and sent to the larger libraries, furnishes a quick means of locating articles relating to a particular mineral or locality. The T'nited States Bureau of :Mines, although established for less than a decede, has already issued hundreds of papers, some of which describe Washington minerals and mines. The Washington State Geological Survey has published reports, bulletins, maps and a bibliography, which may be obtained from the State Librarian at Olympia. Specimens of the principal ores, coals and useful rocks of Washinston may be seen in the form of collections which are on exhibition at nearly all the accredited high schools in the state. These collections, which contain one hundred thirteen specimens each, were prepared in 1916 by the College of Mines and dis- tributed free by the E.xteiision Division of the University. A bulletin of ninetv-six pages which accompanies each collection describes the specimens and their sources. Inquiries regarding the mineral industry may be addressed to the College of Mines, University of Washington, Seattle. ADVANTAGES APPARENT. E'rom the foregoing statements, it nnist be apparent to a manufacturer desiring to come to the State of Washington and engage in an industrv requiring for its success a supply of mineral products, that the prospects are favorable for finding the necessary materials in Washington or for bringing them at mininiinn expense from neighboring territory, and that the fa- cilities for working' them into proper shape for utilization are being rapidly pei-fected. The expert advice proffered and the assistance in the form of investigation placed at one's command by state and federal tiuthorities should be considered as further encouragement in undertaking any industrial enterprise of merit. Tender such conditions the chances for failure are re- duced to the lowest possible minimum. CHAPTER XVIII. FERTILIZER RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON. BY CHARLES A. NEWHALL, Consulting Chemist, Seattle. Member American Institute of Chemical Engrineers. Not the least prolific field for industrial effort in the State of Washington is found in the utilization of the vast quantities of fertilizer materials which are at present being neglected, and in the more thorough conservation of those that are being either wholly or partially wasted. The value of such materials and the importance of using them to the fullest extent is especially emphasized today, when the usual sources for some of the ele- ments are no longer available ; so that the discovery of other supplies, or of apphances for obtaining them, will mean greater progress in the agricultural development of the country, and added wealth for the manufacturers who solve the problem of most cheaply extricating the elements from tlie materials con- taining them. It is to point out some of the advantages which Washington offers for such work and to encourage, if possible, more activity along such lines on the part of those in a position to follow them, that the following paragraplis are written. FERTILIZER ELEMENTS. The fertilizer elements needed for plant growth are chiefly niti-ogen, potassium and pho.sphorus. These elements the plant takes out of the soil and sooner or later the soil is exhausted, and can no longer sustain healthy plant life. To keep a soil fully productive the three elements must be put back into the soil in some form, whereby they may again be available for the plant. These three fertilizer elements occur on the earth in many different forms and combinations, only a few of which are avail- able for immediate use by the plant. It is not sufficient that a material simply contains potassium — for instance; this potas- sium must be in readily soluble or "available" form, so that the plant can use it. Great chemical industries have been built up FcrtilhiT Kcxoiirces 159 for the purpose of convertino- "unavrtilable" fertilizer elements into "available" forms and combinations. NITROGEN. Nitrogen is the clement most necessary to plant growtli, and it is the most abundant of all the elements that o-o to make o up the substance of the earth ; yet only a very small portion of this nitrogen is available for fertilizer. The vast quantity of free nitrogen in the air is not "available'' for plant use until it has been converted into a combined form. The world's supplv of combined or available nitrogen is strictly limited, and is being depleted far more rapidly than it is being replenished by the slow processes of nature. Hence, chemists have for years past been working on the problems of "nitrogen fixation," that is, of making available the free inert nitrogen of the air. The solution of this problem has formed one of the most spectacular developments of modern chemistry. First worked out on a commercial scale by American chemists, and then put on a wonderfully successful commercial basis in Norway, this "nitrogen fixation" business has grown within ten years from a tiny plant to one of the world's greatest industries. "ARC PROCESS." Several processes for nitrogen fixation are now in use. Tlie "Arc Process," whereby air is passed through a high tempera- ture electric furnace, is dependent for its successful operation on cheap electric current — current costing not more than $10.00 per horse power year. The "Arc Process" is technically quite sim})le and can be operated with a comparatively small investment in furnaces and plant equipment, outside of the investment in power develop- ment. The essentials for its successful operation are very cheap power, air, and some basic chemical, such as lime or soda. It can be worked to advantage on a small scale as an outlet for the "off peak" current from established power plants that derive their main income from the operation of public utilities. A plant using the "Arc Process" is now purchasing the surplus current from the city of Tacoma power system, and 160 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington converts atmospheric nitrogen into eonnnerciiil products. The poAver is sold by the city at a rate of $0.0015 per kilowatt hour. CYANAMID PROCESS. The second method of converting the inert atmospheric ni- trogen into usable fertilizer form is the "Cyanamid" process. Immense quantities of cyanamid fertilizer are now made in many places in Europe and at Niagara Falls in Canada. The process is not absolutely dependent on very cheap power, as is the "Arc Process," though much power is used in making the calcium carbide, which is the substance used to fix the nitrogen. High erade coke is now used exclusively along with lime in making calcium carbide. Charcoal could be used, however, and eventually this use is likely to provide an outlet for the char- coal obtained by the distillation of our lumber and logging waste. It is interesting to note, in this connection, that the numerous attempts to work up the timber waste by distillation have all failed, largely on account of inability to sell the char- coal. Good markets can be found for the distillation liquids, but this market does not furnish sufficient income to make a plant a commercial success ; the sale of the charcoal would fur- nish the profit. Thus the commercial future of our wood-prod- ucts industry is closely associated with the cyanamid industries. NUMEROUS OPPORTUNITIES IN WASHINGTON. Reasonably cheap power, lime, carbon in tlie form of high grade coke or charcoal, and air are the essentials for the pro- duction of fertilizer by the "Cyanamid" process. In Washing- ton we have the makings of a great cyanamid industry, once the business is developed on broad gage business lines so as to include the wood waste industry. We have numerous locations where cheap power can be developed. We have great quantities of very high grade limestone, cheap fuel and a tremendous timber waste from which to obtain the carbon. Turning to our natural supplies of available nitrogen, the coals of this state contain, on an average, approximately one per cent, of their weight in nitrogen. When the coal is heated to make coke or gas, the greatest part of this nitrogen can be Fcrtiliztr He.soiircfs 161 rec'ovcTud in the form of aninionium sulpliatc — a \-aluahk' for- tiliztT niatiTial. The g'as works of our larger cities are now coUeetino- niaiiv tons of this nitrogen, but in the eoke ovens in the State of Washington great quantities of valuable nitrogen materials are being wasteil. Kventuallv, in this state, as is now being exten- sively (lone in Germany, coal will be distilled for the nitrogen and the valuable oils and waxes. Some of oiir coals seem partie- ularlv adapted to this use. FISH WASTE. Washington's greatest contribution to the nitrogeiio\is fer- tilizer su[)plv is in the form of dried and treated "fish scrap" or e'utl-lisli packin.ii plant. "fish guano." The greatest part of this guano is supplied by th<; whaling companies. One company was formed for the pur- pose of working up dog fish and other worthless fisli. The Pacific Products Company of Seattle and Port Town- send is working up the worthless fish as well as salmon cannery uaste. Appi'oximately 1,000 tons of prepared fish fertilizer is tlieii' annual output. Three and si.x-tenths tons raw fish make one ton fertilizer, this containing approximately 11 per cent ni- ti'ogeii and 14 per cent bone phosphate. For years the salmon canneries threw away a trcinendous tonnage of scrap — some 40 or 50 })er cent of the weight of the 16!^ Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington fish — liuads, fins, viscera, etc. Nowadays, much of this scrap is saved and, when properly treated, forms a very fine fertilizer material containing both nitrogen and phosphorus. Processes have been developed whereby it is possible for cannery men to partially cure their scrap and collect enough for shipment to a central treating plant. Wet kelp contains on the average about 0.19 per cent, ni- trogen and when dried, about 1.18 per cent., practically all of which is available as fertilizer material. At the present market value of fertilizer nitrogen ($5.35 per unit), the nitrogen in one ton of dried kelp would be about $6.81. POTASSIUM AND KELP. This brings us to the consideration of potassium, the second element needed for plant growth. Kelp and several other sea plants contain relatively large quantities of potassium. Under the present abnormal conditions of the chemical trade, these plants can be worked at a profit for their potash content. Even under normal trade conditions it seems probable that Wasliington kelp can be worked at a profit to supply a local fertilizer market. Raw kelp contains on the average H6.i per cent, water, with only !2.8 ])er cent. }>otassium chloride (equal to 1.8 per cent. K.,()), 0.19 per cent, of nitrogen and 0.03 per cent, iodine. The balance is organic matter and salt (sodium chloride). The air dried kelp mav run as high as 18 per cent, potassium chloride (11.45 per cent. K.,()) and the calcined kelp anywhere from 25 to 65 per cent, potassium chloride (15.8 to il per cent. KoO). From the calcined kelp it is possible to get a very high grade potassium chloride — 99 per cent, pure — (62.5 per cent. K.^O). Only about two-thirds of the total potash in the original kelp can be recovered in this higli grade form and it is far too ex- pensive for use in tlie fertilizer trade, but would find a market in the chemical trade. Under normal conditions it has been conservatively estimated that dried kelp for fertilizer use would be worth about $12.00 j)er ton, and that over six tons of the green kelp must be har- •\ested to make tliis one ton of dried kelp. Govermnent experts Fertilizer Hesouree.s Ki.i have ostiinutod the annual kelp crop of Pug'et Sound to he ahout 390,000 tons, the greatest heds lying along the American shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and along Smith and San Juan islands. In addition to this, it is estimated tliat the kelp crop of southeastern Alaska from Dixon entrance to Chatham strait amounts to 7,8!3.'3,000 tons. With this abundant supply of free material to be had for the harvesting, the industry offers an excellent field for men who can develop it along practical and scientific lines. It has been suggested that the kelp industry could be com- bined with the fish waste industry, and both be worked to an ad- vantage here in the North Pacific district. The same drying and handling equipment would serve botli industries. It only remains to devise an efficient kelp harvester, suitable for rather small scale operations. This sug-gestion is worthy of careful consideration by engineering chemists and by men interested in the fish business. POTASH FROM MINERAL SOURCES. America is very rich in potash, but the greatest part of this potash is located in rocks, in combinations with silicon, alumi- num and other elements. In this combination, the })otash is in- soluble and so it is of little or no commercial value. To be of value, potash must be in soluble form, such as the combination with chlorine or sulphur and oxygen. It is in these soluble forms that potash is found in the g'reat Stassfurt deposits in Ger- many and in such form the potash is available for commercial use. Our mineral potash su})ply may be classified under two headings ; first, the saline deposits, and second, rock combina- tions. The saline deposits are relatively unimportant beciuise of their small e.xtent. By far the most promising source of pot- ash lies in the second division, namely, the igneous rocks. There is an incalculably great tonnage of potash in the feld- spar, which constitutes one of the chief minerals in the granite rocks occurring in practically every district of the country. It is easily possible to get rock in quarry size operations that will run 10 per cent, potash. The pure feldspar which occurs in ((uantity in nuuiy places will run as high as Ifi pei' cent, potash. 164 Matuifacturing Op port a nit it's in Washington Tailings from certain gold and copper ores run very high in pot- ash, — 4 to 13 per cent. K^O. lentil recently, no practical process had been perfected l)_v which this potash could be separated and collected without ex- cessive expense, but a short time ago the Riverside Portland Cement Company of southern California, in an endeavor to eliminate the dust from their plant, reached a solution. The dust from all parts of the cement plant is drawn through chambers highly charged with electric current and every part of the dust is jjrecipitated, leaving onlv inert gas to escape into the air. Before the installation of the process, the cement company was throwing several hundred tons of dust into the air evcrv 24 hours. Now it is found that this dust which is collected by the electrical process contiiins practically all of the potash that oc- curred in the original raw materials. This dust contains aj)proximately 1 per cent, of ]iotash. It is now being run back into a special kiln where the potash is volatilized. The (jotasli leaves the kiln along with some dust and is collected in the electric precijiitation chambers. This dust contains 10 per cent. ])otash, in the form of potassium sulphate, and is now finding a I'eady sale to the very orange growers who before attempted to shut down the cement companies because Fertiliser Resources 165 tlie dust injured their orcliards. About 4 tons of dust contnininfr 10 per cent, potasli is now being produced each day. All tliis means that the cement plants of the country will eventually be the potash producers, for it is entirely feasible for cement plants to select raw materials that run high in potash; in fact many of the plants now in operation are throwing away many tons of valuable potash-bearing dust every day. The cement plants of this state are throwing away enough potash to more than supply local potash requirements. The experience in Ri\erside has shown conclusively that the installation of the electric dust collectors is a paying j)ropo- sition and will return a g(5od percentage on the investment. The value of the dust as a raw material more than ])ays for operating the process and allows for interest and depreciation on the in- vestment. This leaves a clear })rofit on thi; income from the sale of the ])otash bearing dust. At the present time there are foui' cement plants on this con- tinent that are recovering potash. It has been shown that raw materials containing as low as 0.1 per cent, potash can be worked and a satisfactory reccnery made. Great quantities of granitic rocks, cop})er and gold ores occur in the State of Washington and there is not the least doubt that the future development will show that these i-ocks contain potash in cjuantities. The connnercial develo})ment of the potash bearing rocks depends entirely on the cost of trans- portation of such rock to the existing cement ])lants ; only the future can tell how far this de\elopmeiit will extend in this state. PHOSPHORUS. Washington has no jihosphorus bearing rocks in connnercuil (juantity, so far as known. The phosphorus that occurs with the nitrogen in tlie "fish sera})" can be our only contribution. In Idaho, however, vast quantities of phosphorus rock — one of the greatest deposits in tlie world, — will eventually supply the needed material for a complete fertilizer industry. Thus, with the Idaho phosphates and our own potash and nitrogen resources, we have the basis for a great fertilizer in- dustry. CHAPTER XIX. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING POSSIBILITIES. In addition to the opportunities described under the different general headings in the foregoing chapters, there are openings for many miscellaneous manufacturing plants, too varied in na- ture to warrant separate classifications, although many of theni are just as imjjortant individually as some of those already men- tioned. These include such lines as fish products, tanning and leather manufactures, rubber goods, glass, sugar, starch, straw- board and paper, briquettes, mattresses and many minor lines of endeavor. Some of these are still more or less in the experimental stage of development in the state, or else have not been introduced at all ; while others are side issues to some of the more important industries already in existence. FISH PRODUCTS. Salmon canning, as already stated, is bj' far the most im- portant branch of the fishing industry in Washington, but the canning of oysters, clams and crabs also assumes considerable proportions. The total output of food fish and shell fish for 1913 was estimated by the state fish commissioner to be close to .$20,000,000, while in 1916 it probably reached $13,000,- 000. Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay are the principal localities for the business although some is carried on along the Columbia river. While, as indicated by the reports received by this Bureau, there are undoubtedly openings along Puget Sound and on the Columbia river for new salmon canneries, the greatest need seems to be for jjlants which can utilize varieties of food fish not extensivelv used at present. Among such fish are halibut and cod. The halibut banks and cod fisheries oft' the mouth of the Straits of Juan de Fuca and in Bering Sea yield heavily in these fish and it is claimed that the supply is unlimited. Much of it is brought to Washington plants to be cured and canned. At Poulsbo the laro-est cod packing plant of the Pacific Coast is located. Miscflhiiu'oii.s 167 Recently the much despised dogfish, which exists in unlim- ited quantities, has undergone a change of name and as "gray fish" is being canned in large amounts. The octopus or devil fish is a luxury much esteemed by the Japanese. Thousands of these creatures can be caught in Puget Sound. Smelt by the millions run annually up the Columbia river and into the Cowlitz, and silver smelt and herring abound in Puset Sound ; but the packing or preserving of tliese fish is far below their possibilities. Among the Scandinavian population of the state there is a considerable demand for many fish products which were formerly imported in large quantities from Norway. It would seem that a near substitute for Norwegian fishballs could be produced from some of the fish of these waters. Certain varieties of fish found here can be salted or pickled, smoked or dried and there is still a wide field for development in this industry which is connuendcd to the attention of men who have had ex[)eriencc in this line. In this connection might also be mentioned the whaling in- dustry which offers attractive openings. One company now operates an extensive plant at Bay City, on Grays Harbor, where all parts of the big sea mammals are utilized. Formerly, whales taken at sea were cut up and the oil extracted on the whaling vessels, so that much of the carcass was wasted ; but at this factory, the body is towed to shore and worked up into \arious by-products. Whale meat, too, has been marketed in considerable quantities and promises to become a staple article of food in Pacific Coast states. In two days whaling during the month of August, one boat took six sperm whales valued at $1.5,000. and conveyed their catch to this factory. TANNING AND LEATHER MANUFACTURE. The manufacture of tannic acid from tlie bark of the western liemlock and the tanning and manufacture of leather are allied industries for which conditions are very favorable at many points in this state. As mentioned in anotlier chapter (page 87), the western hemlock is rich in tannic acid of a high grade, which, according to the estimates of experts, can be cheaply extracted and, when combined with catechu or "cntcli," a tan-; 168 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington uing extract obtained from China, which is available here at a minimum cost, the very best results are obtained. An exhaustive paper on "Western Hemlock" by Edward J. Hanzlik, Forest Examiner, and Howard B. Oakleaf, in charge of forest products, U. S. Forest Service, published October, 1914, says : "Of the 2,200 tons of bark used annually in the Oregon and Wiishington tanneries, two-thirds are western hemlock. The tanning industry is still in its infancy in these states, and at tliis writing but few tanneries are in operation. The compara- tively small amount of bark used now is but a fraction of the pos- sible outjjut. The industry, therefore, has tremendous possibili- ties and will undoubtedly become more important as soon as eco- nomic conditions adjust themselves to make more profitable the shipping of the extract or the installation of large local tan- neries. * * * Although thinner than that of eastern hemlock, the l)ark of the western species is exceedingly rich in tannic acid. This lias long been known to the trade, and several small taiuiei'ies jiow in operation in the Northwest use hemlock bark almost exclusively." B. I>. Grondal, Instructor in Forestry, University of Wash- ington, is quoted as saying: "In the tanneries now operating in the Pacific Northwest, catechu or 'cutch,' tanning extract ob- tained from the Orient, is used to modify the tanning extract obtained from the western hemlock bark. In this way a very satisfactory^ and cheap extract can be prepared. Unmodified hemlock bark extract is, however, very satisfactory for many leathers." At the present time, a large percentage of the lumber ex- ported from western Washington is shipped to countries tjiat are large producers of cattle and other animals whose hides supply the raw nuiterial of tlie tanneries. If a reciprocal trade could be established, the vessels carrying lumber to South Amer- ica, ^Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Siberia could bring back cargoes of liides at a minimum cost. Last year, more than two million dollars' worth of hides were imported from the Orient, but practically none from any of the other countries came through the Washington ports. In eastern WasJiington a large number of hides are produced locally and openings for w Q O K a a o J Q < O [S ITO Manufacturing- Opportuniiics in Washington tanneries are sup'o-ested bv some of the larger cities in that 'ton section. It seems that this hne of business is capable of a wonderful development, both industrially and commercially, as all the nec- essary material could either be supplied locally or laid down jicre at a minimum cost. There would be a large local demand for the product as well as an export market in Alaska, British Columbia and trans-Pacific countries, while the surplus could be shipped to Rocky Mountain and Central states by any of the transcontinental railroads or to the Atlantic seaboard by rail, or by steamer through the Panama canal. The local production of staple and fancy grades of leather would at once open the way for the establishment of large boot and shoe, glove and other leather-working factories for which climatic conditions, abundance of cheap power and excellent transjiortation facilities render this locality especially favorable. RUBBER GOODS. Some of the same conditions which affect the manufacture of leather apply with equal force to the manufacture of rubber goods and point to Washington as an ideal location for great factories to handle this material. Reports to the Department of Commerce for 1916 show that New York was the only customs district in tlie United States that exceeded Washington in the amount of raw rubber imported, more than twenty-two million dollars' worth having been i-eceived in Seattle last year and seven million in Tacoma, largely from the Straits Settlements. There is no logical reason why much of this raw material should not lie manufactured into many articles which are used locally, or exported in large quantities by way of the Pacific Coast ports. Many such articles could be manufactured here as well as on the Atlantic Coast and with a large resultant saving in cost of transportation. These would include especially rubber clothing and footwear for which there is an exceptionally large local demand, owing to the mild, moist winters which prevail near the Pacific Ocean. Tlien, too, recent manufacturing condi- tions have caused rubber composition to be used to a large ex- tent in conjunction with, and to replace, leather in some parts of the boot and slioe manufacturing industry. Mi.scelliimoit.s 171 Another item is ;uitomol)ile tires, tliere beinc^ more than a liundred thousand autos in the State of Washing-ton. Tires for all of these are shipped from eastern factories, involving- an ex- penditure of from five to ten million dollars 3'early. The day should certainly be not far distant when the state- will hold the same rank in the manufacture of rubber goods that it does now in the importation of the raw material. GLASS. The possibilities for glass manufacture in Washington have been tlius far practically ovei'looked, the only factory in the Northwest being one located in Anacortes, which produces flint- white bottles, jars, etc., of tlie best connnercial (jufdity. Silica sand or glass quartz exists in large quantities in many localities and other factors necessary^ for glass production can be obtained. Bearing directly on this subject are the remarks of a represen- tative of the Spokane Chamber of Commerce who reports an opening there for a glass factory to make flint glass : "Silica sand, the chief material, is fouiid here in abundance; freight rates from eastern glass centers are higli and act as a tariff protection; cheap gas is a necessary factor, but with our cheapest coals and by the use of mechanical stokers, the prob- lem can be solved; the labor question is important, but by im- porting a nucleus of skilled help, a good working organization could soon be built up. A large market exists in the Northwest and an export trade could be built up with Australia, New Zea- land and China, where German or Austrian goods will probably never be sold ag-ain, while the fi-eight rates from New York on American-made goods is prol-.ibitive." Reports have been made of silica sand and pure white (juartz existing on the Olympic peninsula in flu- vicinity of Port Angeles. White quartz has also been quarried commert-ially on Orcas Island and used by the Anacortes })lant. Silica of glass making quality is reported to exist in large quantities in the north- eastern pait of Yakima county and also in Kittitas and Uenton counties. Grant county reports large quantities of silica and soda and a small amount of potash. Lead, arsenic and other minerals used in the manufacture of some forms of glass arc also produced in this state. Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington SUGAR. Yakima county is about to witness the first extensive, prac- tical test of the possibilities of beet sugar production in the state. A large plant has been erected at Yakima by the Utah- Idaho Sugar Co. and a considerable acreage of sugar beets con- tracted for in the surrounding country. Laboratory tests indi- cate that a large portion of Eastern Washington's irrigated section is especially adapted for raising sugar beets and the Sheep hides at tannery. j)ractical results of the present operations in the Yakima valley are being awaited by other communities where similar conditions as to soil and climate exist. Arrangements have been prac- tically completed by the same company for the erection in 1918 of a plant at Toppenish. The Yakima plant is of medium size, having a capacity of about 600 tons in twenty hours, but its equipment is of the best and most modern type. About 7,000 acres of valley land have been planted to beets and it is estimated that from 8 to 25 tons per acre can be produced. For their crof), the farmers receive Mi.SCclllllUOKS 173 $7.00 per toil and tlic cost of production is estimated at about $-15.00 per acre. In addition to this guaranteed price, tlie com- paiiy otit'ers to divide with them all net profit above $1.00 per sack. The beets planted are of an earlv varietv^ and tlie sugar content runs about 16 or 17 per cent. The success of this industrv will mean much for the state, both industrially and ag"riculturallv, as, next to hoj)s, the sugar l)eet, according to government reports, has the highest average acre value of any farm crop ever grown in the Northwest, and nearly four times the average acre value of corn or wheat. Ac- cording to the same authority, the sugar content of beets raised in the Pacific Coast states is liigher than in those of anv other part of the United States. So, altliough the industry calls for larg'O capital and technical experience, it has evei'_v chance of success when undertaken in the ideal fields of the State of Washington. POTATO STARCH. The enormous potato crops in iiianv sections of Washington (there being altogether about 60,000 acres, the average yield of which is 4 to 5 tons per acre) has caused numerous sugges- tions that starch factories could find profitable openings in a number of communities. The starch manufactured from pota- toes is used for laundry purposes, for sizing paper and in tex- tiles, also for other technical purposes as well as in some phases of cookery. While temporary conditions have caused the market value of potatoes to be out of proportion, they are usually quite rea- sonable in price and could probably be depended upon to furnish abundant material for several such industries. Generally, the content of starch in Washington potatoes is high and they ari' well suited for this purpose. The only industrial use that has been made of them in this state has been by a few plants which dried or canned them on a small scale for the Alaska trade. STRAWBOARD AND PAPER. Several communities have suggested that openings exist in their vicinity for straw-board and paper factories which might IT-t Mdnufdcturing Opportunitien in Washington utilize the straw of the grain growing districts which is now ahnost entirely wasted. In much of the wheat country east of the mountains, large quantities of straw could be obtained very cheaply, practically all of the cost being that of hauling to the factory. In certain sections of the west side where oats are grown extensively, as in the LaConner flats or in Lewis county, there is an abundance of straw which could be used for this purpose. The present high price of paper and the cheapness of the raw material creates a prospect that seems to merit care- ful investigation bv some manufacturer familiar with this busi- ness. BRIQUETTES. The large (|uantities of coal dust and fine coal now prac- tically wasted in many of tlio mines which are operated in vari- ous sections of Wasjiington, afford opportunities for briquctting plants which can utilize this material. By combining the fine coal with a combustible binder, briquettes are produced which form an excellent fuel. Experiments have also been made to- ward briquetting sawdust and it is probable that, as the cost of fuel advances, it will be possible to produce and market them at a profit. MATTRESSES. ]\[attress nuuuifacturing is an industry wiiich does not exist extensively in this state Init which miglit be practical in a num- ber of connnunities. Fen' cheaper mattresses, excelsior could be [produced from varieties of wood which aboimd in the forests, while cotton from the Orient reaches our ports in large quan- tities. Wool is extensively raised in eastern Washington and liair could .-ilso be [irocured from that section. MANY MINOR LIiNES. Various jjarts of the state offer excellent o[)portunities for other lines of lesser industries which would supply local de- mands. Among these might be mentioned cigar and tobacco manufacturies, confectionery and candy factories, flavorino- ex- tracts and syrup, ice and cold storage jilant.s, fonnrlries and MixcfU(i)ifoii,'i 175 machine shops, concrete block phmts, broom factories, t)utton factories, soap manufacturing and other miscelhuieous inilus- tries. At the present time, an infinite variety of articles wiiich are used to a greater or less extent by the j)eople of the North- west are imported from eastern manufacturing centei's, but as the local demaiul grows, it will be found more economical to manufacture such articles in this state. Intei'ior of paint factnr>'. CHAPTER XX. ]':x('()rRAGEMi:NTs of a public, semi-public or PRI^■ATE NATURE. ]\I;uuifactiirinf)- in this state holding out such splendid ])ossihilities, the people are doing all that can be expected to encourage those who desire to take up any industrial branch and help develop our latent resources, or utilize raw materials that are at present allowed to go to waste. Although the experiences of many communities have inclined them to discontinue offering special concessions, too liberal franchises or large Ijonuses, and caused them to investigate, more carefully tlian hitlierto, promotion plans which seem to depend for their success upon large blocks of stock being subscribed locally, yet there are no cities or towns in the state where a worthy enterprise \vill not find substantial aid and support. LOCAL ASSISTANCE. The replies to a questionnaire sent out from this office to the \arious connuunities of the state show that out of 275 places reporting openings for one or more industries, 90 made definite offers of special encouragements in the way of free sites, bonuses or other forms of assistance (see table, pages 206-216) ; while in a mnnber of other instances it was :-;tatcd that the commercial Ijodies would carefully consider individual cases and co-operate in (?very possilile way. In several cities, suitable tracts of land have been set aside to be assigned on long time k'ases, witliout cost or at a nonnn.al rental, to new nulustries backed by respon- sible people. A number of commercial clubs express a \(il]ing- ness to aid desirable enterprises and })ntui fide propositions in securing additional caj)ital by local subscription, and committees of their liusiness men st.and I'eady to a-sist in thi> way. A'aluable information regarding the supply of raw material, markets, transjiortation, etc., can also be obtained from such organiza- tions by tile mjuiufacturer seeking a location for his industry. Another subst;'.ntial sei'vicc which many local commercial hodies will render, ap])lies to such industries requiring the dc- \'(lo})ment of certain resources ni the community. For example. Encoiirttsremtni.s 171 the successful operation of a condenserv depeiuls upon tlie avail- able supply of milk ; a cannery must have a definite quantity of certain fruits and vegetables ; while a beet sugar factory must be guaranteed a sufficient acreage of beets. The business men through their commercial organizations in communities which present favorable fields for such industries will assist actively in securing the co-operation of farmers and dairymen and other producers and in arranging for an adequate supply of all ma- terials wlien a reasonable })rofit can be promised. In many localities, manufacturers of special lines will be as- sured substantial co-operation from jirivate individuals or com- panies operating allied industries. For instance, factories that can utilize waste or short length lumber will he given every rea- sonable assistance by many of the saw mills, and coal mine opera- tors would co-operate with plants which could briquet the fine coal or extract chemical by-products. FEDERAL AIDS. The state and federal governments, through their \arious departments and connnissions, also render vaUiable assistance to those in a position to take advantage of it. Some of tlie principal encouragements by the federal gov- ernment occur in connection with the administration of the na- tional forests. They include tlie sale of timber, the issuance of stock grazing jiermits, the granting of mining privileges and opportunities for watei'-power development. Regarding sucli work, the district forester says : "The governnient offers for sale, on application, tracts of 'stumpage' which is ripe for cutting, the timber to be cut under regulations which ])ro\ide for the perpetuation of the forest and the growing a second crop. The price charged for stumpage in commercial sales of national forest timber is the appraised value of the timber, which varies witli species, acces- sibility, quality, etc. "Stock grazing privileges upon tlie national forests are per- mitted by the forest service and a graduated scale of fees is chargetl per season, based upon the yearlong rate of T-') to 80 cents per liead of cattle, 9-I- cents to $1 })er liead for horses, 52' J_. cents per head for swine, and 18 to 20 cents per head for sheep. 178 Manufaciuring Op pari unit 'us in Washington "■Embracing, as the_y do, the headwaters of practically all the important streams of the state, the national forests offer special opportunities for water power development. The title to these power sites is never transferred outright to individuals or corporations, but development and utilization privileges are granted. The annual charges for these privileges are based upon the net electrical horse power capacity of each project, and range from 10 cents per horse power for the first year, to $1 for the tenth year ; continuing at the dollar rate each suc- ceeding year for each net electrical horse power, for a term of not more than fifty years, with privilege of renewal at the ex- piration of the period covered by the permit. "Through government and state co-operation and the rigid enforcement of protective laws, and a systematic and effective organization of forest patrol, the danger from fires has been materially reduced and all public interests within the national forests carefullv conserved. "jNIiners and prospectors have the same privileges upon the national forests as elsewhere upon the public domain. ^Mining claims may be located and the timber necessary for their devel- opment mav be cut on the claims. ^liners and prospectors may also obtain free permits to cut timber from national forest land outside the limits of their claims when needed for developing their prospects." The federal government has been instrumental, through other departments, in providing nnich accurate information about the geological and meteorological conditions existing in this state. Surveys of soils, power sources and reports on min- eral resources of the state, prepared by federal geologists in co- operation with the state department of geology, are available for the information of those interested ; and tiie weather bureau stations in various localities have kept records of climatic con- ditions which would prove valuable to many lines of industries. STATE AIDS. One of the })rincipal ways in which the state government en- courages manufacturing is by the selling or leasing, under liberal terms, of its public lands, which include many miles of tide and shore lands well siiited for manufacturing sites. Such lands may be purcliased at jjublic juiction by the highest liidder, but at not less than the appraised valuation, which is usually com- paratively low: and may be paid for either in cash oi' on terms 5 £ 180 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington of 10 per cent, cash, and the remainder in nine equal annual in- stallments, with interest at 6 per cent, on deferred payments. Much leniency is shown by the state in the carrying out of such contract. Should temporary financial stringency over- take the purchaser and make it impossible for him to meet the exact requirements of the obligation, it is the policy of the land department to take no advantage of the situation, but to allow the purchaser every reasonable opportunity to show good faith in his efforts. Under the constitution of Washington, "the use of the waters of the state for irrigation, mining and manufacturing purposes shall be deemed a public use." For the purpose of permitting power development or the storage of water for man- ufacturing, the state grants the right to overflow its lands ad- joining lakes or streams; and permits for this can be secured directly from the State Board of Land Commissioners, subject to payment of damages incurred, without the necessity of pur- chasing the land, thus eliminating the uncertainty of securing it at 2)iiblic auction. Under the })rovisions of the new Water ("ode, adopted in 1917, persons or corporations desiring to appropriate water from streams or store water for a beneficial purpose, may secure permits from the State Hydraulic Engineer after proper investi- gation. To safeguard every legitimate effort and stimulate the development of the water resources of the state, a teni})orary permit will be issued, which prevents interference and protects the applicant's priority. This will be continued under certain regulations until the issuance of the regular permit or until suf- ficient reason is found to reject the application. The state will also sell timber from its lands and lease the right to mine all minerals, oil and gas, with the exception of coal. Complete information regarding state lands and the reg- ulations governing them can be obtained from the Commissioner of Public Lands, Olympia. Something of tlie magnitude of the wealth at the disposal of the state may be understood from the fact that the public doTiiain placed under the control of the state land office contaiirs 2,701,990 acres of uplands and more than 1,800 miles of tide EncouragcmcntH 181 and shore lands. Tliis area is equal to more than two and a fifth times tlie state of Delaware, while its length of water front exceeds the sailing- distance from New York to Gal- veston. INDUSTRIAL LEGISLATION. Washington has been one of the foremost states in the adop- tion of legislation for the wise regulation of labor conditions and the protection of working men and women, but experience has shown that, in the enactment of tliese laws, the best interests of the employer have been considered and that their application has gcnerallj' been beneficial to the growth and prosperity of existing industries. Among the measures of legislation which apply in some degree to manufacturing industries are the In- dustrial Insurance and First Aid acts, the Eight Hour Law for Women, the INIininunn Wage Law, and laws regulating child labor; also those reguhiting public utilities tlirough the Public Service Commission. The Industrial Insurance law, which was originally passed in 1911 and has since undergone a few modifications, guarantees compensation to injured workmen or their tle])endents through a fund collected from the various classes of inilustries providing hazardous employment, this fund to be collected and administered by a commission of three men known as the Industrial Insurance Commission. The effect of this act is to abolish all civil action for personal injury by the emploj'ee against the emplo^'er, to remove any necessity for the intervention of casualty companies, and to relieve the individual employer from direct liability. This law is based on the theory that the cost of accidents oc- curring in any industry should become a part of the cost of the product, so that the expense may be borne by the ultimate con- sumer rather than tliat either the individual or the employer should bear the entire burden of the inevitable hazard of pro- duction. As a supplement to this law, the legislature of 1917 added a provision for "first aid" and medical attendance to be paid out of a fund to which both workmen and employers con- tribute, and to be similarly administered. To protect women and the homes, a law was passed providing that no female should be employed in any mechanical or mer- 182 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington ca,ntilc establishment, laundry, hotel or restaurant in this state more than eight hours during any day except when employed in harvesting, packing or canning any variety of perishable fruit or vegetable, or canning fish or shell fish. This law also requires suitable seats to be provided for the use of women when not ac- tively engaged in their duties. The jMinimum Wages for Women law, passed in 1913, re- cites that "the welfare of the state demands that women and minors be j^rotected from conditions of labor which have a per- nicious effect on their health and morals," and declares that in- adequate wages and unsanitary conditions of labor exert such pernicious effect. It provided for the creation of the Industrial Welfare Commission to establish such standards of wages and conditions of labor for women and minors employed within the state as should be held to be reasonable and not detrimental to health and morals ;ind which should be sufficient for the decent maintenance of women. The commission was established and the act put into effect with very beneficial results for employee and emjjloyer. Since 1911, the power to regulate common carriers and pub- lic service corporations in this state has been vested in the Public Service Commission. This commission has supervision over railroads, steamboat lines, street and interurban railways, light and water companies, telephone and telegraph lines and public wharves and warehouses. It establishes and enforces uni- form rates and service, and guards against discrimination or un- fair methods of competition. The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor has been prohibited in Washington since the beginning of 1916, thus eliminating some lines of industrial enterprise and opening ad- ditional fields for new ones. Since this law went into effect, a runnber of the breweries have been converted into plants for the manufacture of other products, particidarlv non-intoxicating drinks made from malt or fruit juices. The adoption of prolii- hition has also bad a beneficial effect on social conditions, par- ticularly among the industrial workers. Other legislatiori and stiite supervision of interest to the manufacturer includes laws wliich provide for the proper safe- Encouriigementu 188 guarding of iiiacliincrj^ sanitation in factories and workshops, a state inspection of weights and measures, and the inspection of many chisses of material, such as agricultural, horticultural and dairy products, coal mine inspection, etc. RESEARCH ASSISTANCE. The University of Washington at Seattle, and the State College at Pullman also render important assistance to industrial plants. These institutions are well equipped with laboratories and special apparatus for making tests and exhaustive studies of materials and processes. Their services and facilities are al- ways available to persons needing- them. In the University of Washington, "a special bureau of in- dustrial research is maintained for the purpose of co-operating with the industries of the state in the stud_y of industrial prob- lems. Such problems may be referred to the University as in- dustrial fellowships and through this bureau, the various de- partments of the University co-operate in the study of a given problem." In this way, "the industries of the state benefit through the research work done at the University and the special training given to men who become interested in the j)ar- ticular problems of any industry." For the year 1917-18 three fellowships have been established, one problem dealing with the iron and steel industry, another with a study of wood preserva- tion while a third is making an industrial survey of Seattle and its environs. In this connection the reader is also referred to cliapter XA'II of this publication. Among the departments of the University which are equipped to render special service along industrial lines are the botany and chemistry laboratories; the civil engineering laboratories, with special departments for experiment in hydraulics, struc- tural materials, cement and road material testing; electrical engineering laboratories; forest laboratories, with special equip- ment for studies in timber physics, wood technology and utiliza- tion of forest products, including a general laboratory and special departments for research in wood preservation, wood distillation and kiln drying; mechanical engineering laboratories, in connection with which are thoroughly modern woodworking ^ •Rational Qjont iExpnaittntt Omaha, NEO^ .Iu:i ■ ' , igl'i. n"? ■irf! pla^aed. to *:f. :ibl-3 to notify/ you -'•at yni Tror. 071 Pron. 207) ^lUltir Oatn. ^-TS?- "r'^rriluT!! Is t"; ^ J.-^^^tr.fmr. n •)lTi(iT, value .51^0, off-^red by Johnaon H-^rv-.t^ir ';or--'iT', R!>-tHVia, H, Y. 'i Th-iilr ^obDote nrf Linlr.Eor IiimleKent Co.-^-.-^Hy^, Oe^^--^ F'vo 1 thin/, wlli/h'incile th^ na-,ter In .londinc 'mt th'^ si' T'lll you flenri sy:^ arnnXoa'id cortlflante of '-7"sS^Y to th- Llnlr.e'ir Ivtiplersa-.t Con -my, !.-lt)-; instructtoA-i ii to nliiit pren-,ium.' ,-.lnjT the W\ 'ir.rXy yoir^-yj Thiwj AtwDAi. erxi>ofirnoH OaC£MBl!R « TO le, 1909 Vrtific;itH und medal pi-'"'vin;? tlie liiffli (|iiality nf \\";isliin^;tnn Kr;iiii Encoura goueni s 185 shops, lu.'U'liiuL' shops, foundry and forge sliop ; phjiriuiic^r and materia niedlca laboratories for research in drug analysis and manufacturing pharmacy ; and geology and mining and metal- lurgical laboratories. These latter in addition to their own very complete equipment are supplemented by that of the U. S. Bu- reau of jNIines Experiment Station, which is conducted in con- nection with the College of Mines. This is more fully discussed in last part of chapter XATI, to which the reader is referred. The State College, also, is equipped with a number of ex- cellent laboratories, including a very complete one for testing materials, and special laboratories for agronomy, dairy prod- ucts, animal husbandry, poultry and farm mechanics. It main- tains as well a lunnber of experiment stations at various points in the state where special work is done along lines of agriculture and horticulture and their branches, with special regard to peculiar local conditions. The instructors and advanced students at these institutions are generous with their time, and spare no efforts to render every possible aid in the investigation of problems that con- front the manufacturer. LOCAL PRIDE. The citizens of Washington are proud of tlieir state and proud of the rapid development already made. Tliey stand ready to lend loyal support and patronage to industrial institutions located in their midst. This feeling accounts for the existence of a number of organizations in different cities which have for their main purpose the cultivation of a kindly spirit toward all Washiup'ton-made goods. Kach of the largrest cities have man- ufacturers' associations which make a jioint of exhibiting and advertising such articles, while home consumers' leagues and other allied organizations arc becoming more active in urging local use of all "]Madc in Washington" products. So, with loyal support and general encouragement from the home people, an infant industry is given every chance of reach- ing maturity and extending its usefulness to tlie rest of the world. CHAPTER XXI. INDUSTRIAL CENTERS OF THE STATE. While a large portion of the State of Washington is well adapted for general manufacturing and there are few sections where some special lines would not prosper, there arc certain centers of population which, because of a combination of nat- ural and artificial advantages, have already attained consider- able importance and offer particular promise of furtlier indus- trial growth. Although it is impossible, in the limited space afforded, to give more than a brief outline of their scope and development, this publication would be incomplete without some individual mention of these principal cities, both because of what they have become and promise, and because general con- ditions in each of them to a certain extent reflect the conditions in their immediate vicinity. These centers exercise a direct influence on agricultural and industrial conditions throughout all the territory tributary to them, and their accumulated de- velopment largely constitutes the development of the state. The State of Washington contains one city of more than 300,000 population, two others of more than 100,000 popula- tion, two of about 35,000, two of more than 20,000, and four of 10,000 or over, all of which have achieved more or less im- portance as manufacturing centers. There are also a number of smaller cities which, by reason of location or some particular advantage, have become trade centers for a considerable terri- tory and which have already made extensive industrial progress or offer exceptional opportvmities for some line of manufac- turing. With few exceptions the cities of Washington are of mod- ern construction. They are equipped with ample water supply (usiuilly municijjall}' owned), electi'ic lights antl power, gas con- nection and sewers. Careful attention is given to sanitary con- ditions, and the larger cities have spent much money in beautify- ing by means of spacious parks, scenic drives and broad boule- Inditfitrial Cfnterx 187 vards. A high school education is assured in ever}' town. Tele- phone, telegraph and express service are almost universal. The paragraphs below are devoted to the brief description of a few of these cities, and the others arc mentioned in the second table which follows, containing tabulated information relating to all communities requesting additional plants and concerning which it was possible to secure authentic data. Nearly all maintain local commercial organizations from which additional information can be obtained. SEATTLE, estimated population 366,445, Is the county seat ot King County and the metropolis of the state. It Is located on Elliott Bay, an Indentation of Puget Sound, and occupies the hills and valleys lying between the salt water and Lake Washington. The city covers 6 0,460.8 acres and the distance from its northern to southern boundaries is about twelve miles. Green Lake and Lake Union lie entirely within the city limits. A ship canal recently completed by the United States government connects Lake Wash- ington through Lake Union with the Sound. This canal cost $3,625,000 and its locks are the largest in this country excepting those of the Panama Canal. It gives ocean vessels access to a vast fresh water harbor and adds more than a hundred miles of shore line to an already extensive deep-water frontage. Because this additional waterfront Is not subject to tidal conditions, it will be especially valuable as sites for industrial plants. At present, the city's wharves and docks number 2 9, with a lineal frontage of 13 miles: their combined landside and shipside spur track capacity is 1,600 cars; wharf space, 3,500,000 square feet; and merchandise storage capacity, 900,000 tons. A hundred vessels can be simultaneously accommodated. There are also six drydocks with a combined lifting capacity of 50,000 tons. Three systems of electric railway with a total mileage of 25 2.53 miles operate within the city, and interurban electrics connect with Tacoma, Everett, and Renton. Seven transcontinental and one intrastate railway enter. Service is given by 14 foreign, 15 coast- wise, 19 local, and 4 city steamship companies. It has 264 miles of paved streets, 1,730 miles of graded streets, and 836 miles of concrete walks. In 1914 there were 1,014 factories, the value of manufactures being about |65,000,000. The most important of these, commer- cially, included 55 lumber and timber products plants, 24 furniture factories, 8 2 foundries and machine shops, 214 printing and pub- lishing houses, 5 brick and tile yards, 3 slaughtering and meat pack- ing plants, 10 flour mills and grist mills, 10 canning and preserving plants. 4 butter factories, 15 other food factories, 4 5 copper, tin and sheet iron works. 5 malted liquor establishments, 5 men's clothing factories, 34 confectioneries, and 10 leather goods factories. Exten- sive developments of the past year would raise these figures ma- 188 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington terially. Among the newest developments is the steel and wooden shipbuilding industry which employed 2,000 men in September, 1916, and 12,000 men September 1. 1917. Four months later, there were nearly twenty thousand men employed. Some of the largest lumber and fishing industries ot the state are centered here and the most important coal fields of the state are tributary. Both water and electric power, municipally owned, are available at low rates. In 1916, its assessed valuation was 1213,273,327; postoffice re- ceipts, $1,563,397.83; and bank clearings, ,$790,217,950,01. It boasts the highest building west of New York. It has six high schools and sixty-nine graded schools, and is the seat of the Uni- versity of Washington. Several business colleges and private schools are also located here. Opportunities for the establishment of almost any kind of new industry exist. The Industrial Bureau of the Chamber of Com- merce has arranged for the utilization of certain factory sites owned by the county at a very moderate figure and with no taxes on the land, by industries whose chances for success are favorable. Free sites may be obtained in some cases from private firms and other organizations having large holdings on Lake Washington or on Puget Sound, a short distance outside the city limits. SPOKAXE, Washington's second city in size (estimated popu- lation, 130,000), is the county seat of Spokane County and the financial, commercial and industrial center of the district known as the "Inland Empire." This tributary territory, which includes much of Eastern Oregon and Washington, Northern Idaho, Western Mon- tana and Southeastern British Columbia, has remarkable resources in agriculture, mining and timber, and abundant water power; its estimated annual production of new wealth is $350,000,000. The city itself occupies 25,120 acres lying on either side of the Spokane River, the wonderful tails of which are in the heart of the business district and furnish the power tor many ot its industries. Four power plants supply 172,000 horsepower. The river descends 1.2S0 feet in a distance of 100 miles, making possible a develop- ment of 400,000 horsepower, while the estimated potential power of the entire Inland Empire is 3.000,000 horsepower. Spokane is a great railway center. Seven transcontinental lines enter, besides a number of local and branch lines. It has 150 miles of street railway and is connected by 213 miles of electrics with the principal surrounding cities. It has 7 2 miles ot paved streets. 3 93 miles of graded streets and 634 miles of concrete sidewalks. The concrete approaches by which some of its railroads reach the cen- tral station are feats of modern engineering. The most important raw materials available are minerals, cereals, timber, fruits, livestock, pulp-wood, clay, cement-rock and wool. The ad.jacent mining region is estimated to produce one- third of the entire lead output of the world; while mines, the activi- ties of which center in Spokane, paid $12,000,000 in dividends in 1916. One-ninth of the entire wheat crop of the United States is 190 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington produced by this tributary section, which also has a national repu- tation for its fruits. Such favorable conditions have caused Spokane to make great progress as a manufacturing city. The value of its manufactures in 1914 was close to $17,000,000. Included among its industries were 2 relating to lumber and timber, 2 3 foundry and machine shops, 56 printing and publishing plants. 22 bakeries. 3 flour mills and grist mills, 16 copper, tin and sheet iron plants, a large paper mill, cement plant, packing establishment and brick yard. Recent development has been proportionate to other sections. Estimates by the Chamber of Commerce place the value of manufactures for 1916 at $2.5,000,000. Additional statistics include: Building permits (1916), $1,- 576,737; total assessed valuation, $80,217,218; actual valuation. $160,434,686; banks, 14; clearings 119161, $255,205,283; post- office receipts, $344,686; public schools, 37, with 20,018 pupils en- rolled; wholesale business, yearly value, $30,000,000. Special openings are reported by the industrial bureau of the Chamber of Commerce for a shoe factory, flint glass works, pottery factory, for pottery and insulators, and trunk factory. Opportuni- ties also exist for many other miscellaneous lines of endeavor. TACOMA, estimated population 120,000, is the county seat of Pierce County and the second city in size in Western Washington. It occupies a commanding eminence overlooking Commencement Bay on Puget Sound. Its total area comprises 25,168 acres of land and 2,7 5 2 acres of water. The distance from its northern to its southern boundary is about seven miles. It possesses extensive tide flats where space for innumerable factories and shops are available. Altogether at least 1,500 acres are suitable for such purposes. At present the city's wharves and docks number 3 5, with a lineal frontage of approximately two miles. Their combined land- side spur track capacity is 700 cars; wharf spa:e approximately 950.000 sq. ft. and merchandise storage capacity 170.000 tons. Fifty vessels can be simultaneously accommodated. There is also one drydock with a lifting capacity of 12.000 tons. Tacoma has a total of 147 miles of electric railway and is con- nected with Seattle. Puyallup and American Lake by suburban elec- trics. Its railway service is about the same as Seattle's. In addi- tion, service is rendered by six foreign, four coastwise and eight local steamship companies. It has 123 miles of paved streets, 319 miles graded and 400 miles of cement sidewalks. In 1914 there were 33 9 factories and the value of manufac- tured products was $12,600,000. These plants included 26 lumber and timber product factories. 10 furniture factories, 27 foundries and machine shops, 18 copper, tin and sheet iron works. 15 cigar factories. 36 bakeries. 7 flour and grist mills, 58 printing and pub- lishing establishments, besides many other miscellaneous industries. The extensive developments of the past year or two would increase these figures materially. This. too. is an important shipbuilding Industrial Ccnicrs 191 point and many large steel and wooden ships have been recently con- tracted for. On September 1, 1916. there were less than 100 men employed in Tacoma's shipyards. At a corresponding date in 1917 approximately 3.500 men were working in them and by January 1, 191S, the number had reached 4,000 and more were being added each day. Large lumber and fishing industries are centered here and Important coal fields are tributary. Of extreme importance is the big smelter, the second largest in the United States, which em- ploys 1,100 men and has an annual output of $40,000,000. Water and electric power, municipally owned, are available at low rates. In 1916 its assessed valuation was .$54,629,845; postoffice re- ceipts were $295,985.48; bank clearings. $790,217,950.01; and building permits, $1,617,981.00. It has a Greek stadium seating 30,000 people, which probably has no duplicate in the world. Its 32 school buildings, which include 3 high schools, contain 13,440 pupils, giving employment to 430 teachers. Several private schools are also located here. Opportunities lor additional industries in nearly all lines are numerous. For local markets nearly all Southwestern Washington is tributary. Of special importance is the United States army post at Camp Lewis, 17 miles south, where nearly 50,000 men are now in training and where at least one army division (18.00 men) will be garrisoned in times of peace. EVERETT, estimated population 36.000. is the county seat of Snohomish County and the principal trading point for Snohomish and Island counties and adjacent territory. Its area is 6.400 acres. Situated on the peninsula between the mouth of the Snohomish River and Puget Sound, it has the advantages of 2 2 miles of deep water frontage; the largest ocean steamers can reach its docks. It is the port of call for steamers of the regular Pacific Coast and Alaska lines. Five regular steamers connect with Seattle and one runs daily to Bellingham. Four transcontinental railroads and two electrics to Seattle, Snohomish and Monroe, furnish rail transporta- tion. It also has 171/2 miles of local street railway. 7 miles of paved streets. 40 miles graded, and 101.7 miles of concrete walk. The city's assessed valuation Is $13,894,893; postofRce receipts (1916). $79,200; public schools, 13. with 174 teachers and 5,316 pupils. A separate vocational school and several private schools are maintained. The principal raw materials are timber, fish, clay and cement materials; also dairy and other agricultural products. Manufactur- ing statistics according to the 1914 census show 9 8 industrial plants, capitalized at $6,297,833, employing 2,112 men. and turning out products valued at $6,530,405. Recent estimates by the Commer- cial Club place the yearly production at $15,000,000 and the num- ber of men employed at 4.496. Thirty-one of these plants utilize timber products and range from large sawmills, cutting 750.000 feet of lumber per day, to box factories and cabinet works. Included in these are ten straight shingle mills, six straight lumber and seven i9ie Manufacturing Opportiaiitics in Washington combination lumber and sliingle mills; also a large pulp and paper mill, five iron works, three fisla canneries, a flour mill, and tannery. Openings are reported for a furniture factory and for sliipyards. BELIjIN'GHAM, with an area of 10,0 00 acres and an estimated population of 35,000, is the county seat of Whatcom County and the metropolis and chief trading center for Whatcom. Skagit and San Juan counties. Its harbor, Bellingham Bay, can accommodate steamers drawing 26 feet of water. Regular steamers run to Seattle and way points; also out among the islands. It is served by three transcontinental railroads, 3 3 miles of interurban electrics and 2 5.5 miles of street railway. Paved streets total 40.7 miles and concrete walks 9 3.6 miles. Further statistics show, assessed valuation, $10,742,396; actual valuation, 132.000,000; 4 banks, clearings (1916), $30,000,000; Ghuss fuetor\- at Anauortes. The onh' fine in the Northwest. postofflce receipts (1916), $74,154.73; 13 public schools, 5,207 pupils; state normal school, enrollment, 200. Its greatest activities are directed towards timlier products and fisheries, but the surrounding country is also important for dairying and other agricultural pursuits. Some mining is also carried on. In 1914, according to the United States census, there were 86 plants with an output for the year of $6,264,000. A rapid increase, how- ever, is now taking place. Among the most important establish- ments today are 11 lumber and shingle mills, employing about 1,700 men, representing a capitalization of $3,500,000, two shipyards, eight fish canneries, including the largest salmon cannery in the world, nine woodworking industries, three creameries, three iron works, one of the most modern cement plants in the United States, brick yards, flour mill and a number of miscellaneous plants. Openings are reported for paper mills, tile, brick and pottery factories, furniture factory and a broom and broom-handle factory. Three hundred acres of land suitable for factory sites are available. PORT ANGKLKS, population 5,000, is the county seat of Clal- lam County and the most westerly city on Washington's great inland Industriul Centers 19B sea. It Is the commercial and industrial center of the northwestern part ot the Olympic Peninsula, a territory possessing enormous re- sources of timber and fishing, with indications of abundant minerals and promise of greatly Increased agricultural production. Four steamboats make daily calls. Rail connection with Port Townsend is supplied by a branch of the Milwaukee, which connects at Port Townsend with special steamers to Seattle. Power is provided by the Olympic Power Company's hydro-electric plant on the Elwah River, which also serves Port Townsend, Bremerton and the Puget Sound Navy Yard, and is capable ot very large development. It has at present six shingle mills, three sawmills, box factory, cement block and tile factory, furniture factory, brick yard, salmon cannery and two octopus fishing plants. Opportunities are reported for a paper and pulp mill, flour and feed mill, oatmeal factory, shingle mill, lumber mill, veneer mill, barrel and tub factory, broom and tool factory, furniture factory, fertilizer and potash plant utiliz- ing kelp, tannery and tannic acid factory, brick and tile factory, and glass works. Special inducements in the way of suitable sites are offered. PORT TOWNSEND, population 5,000, is the county seat of ,Jef- ferson County and commercial center for the northeastern section of the Olympic Peninsula. It is a port of entry and a station for United States immigration, quarantine and revenue cutter service. It also has a United States custom house and is close to three federal forts, Casey, Flagler and Worden, which guard the entrance to Puget Sound. A recently completed canal gives an inside passage from its excellent harbor to the main Sound, which enables small craft to avoid the heavy seas of the Straits and shortens the dis- tance to up-Sound points. It is served by several steamers and has rail connection with Quilcene and Port Angeles. The resources of the tributary territory include timber, fish, dairy and agricultural products, also abundant mineral deposits. Its principal industries consist of two salmon canneries, fertilizer plant, sawmill, woodworking plants and boat shops. Openings are re- ported for sawmills, shingle mills and shipyards. ANACOKTES, estimated population 5,0 00, is located on deep water at the western extremity of Skagit County, of which it is the metropolis. It has extensive wharfage and is served by both ocean vessels and Sound steamers. Rail service is rendered by the Great Northern. It has 2 1/2 miles of paved streets, 2 5 miles of graded streets and 16 miles of concrete walks; 6 public schools, 3 6 teachers and 1.070 pupils. Its assessed valuation is $1,262,000. Present industries include 7 shingle mills. 8 salmon canneries. 4 codfish plants. 2 mild cure plants. 3 lumber mills and box fac- tories. 2 glue, fish oil and fertilizer plants, 1 glass factory, 2 cream- ery and cold storage plants, and a large shipbuilding plant. Factory sites are plentiful. Openings are reported for furniture factory, strawboard factory, cereal mill, shipbuilding plant with ways for purse seine boats, and foundry and machine shop. Idi Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington, SKAGIT VALLEY CITIES: The Industrial and commercial activities ot this valley largely center in a number of small cities, the largest of which are Mount Vernon, Sedro Woolley and Bur- lington, linked together by interurban electrics running out of Bel- lingham. The resources are chiefly timber and agricultural, this being one of the rich farming districts of the state. :\Iineral re- sources, including coal and limestone and iron, are found in ad- jacent mountains. Mount Vernon, population 3,500, is the county seat and one of the most important dairy centers of the state. It is located on the Skagit River, which is navigable to this point, and the main line of the Great Northern. Two large condenseries and a creamery are located here; also several lumber mills, woodworking plants and a machine shop. Opportunity for a cannery is reported. Sedro '\Voi)Uey, population 3,000, is eight miles northeast of Mount Vernon on the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroads. This city has developed rapidly as a manufacturing center, and has several saw and shingle mills, a large foundry and machine shop, veneer and excelsior plant, ice and cold storage plant, bottling works, creamery and condensery. Additional industries will find good op- portunities and local encouragement. SNOHOMISH, population ,5,3 0. is located on the Great Nor- thern, Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railways: 10 miles southeast of Everett. The navigable Snohomish river runs through the city and provides considerable manufacturing area with deep-water advantages. An electric road connects with Everett and Seattle. It has several shingle, saw and planing mills; condensery and creamery, cannery, iron works and brick-yard. Openings are re- ported for a paper mill, ship yard and rubber goods factory. BKE.AIERTOX, estimated population 6,000, is the metropolis of Kitsap County. It is situated on Port Orchard Bay. an arm of Puget Sound, 16 miles west of Seattle, with which city it is con- nected by hourly steamers. Its principal industry is the Puget Sound Navy Yard, where the federal government constructs and re- pairs naval vessels. More than 2,000 mechanics and laborers are employed during normal times by this plant, which represents an investment in excess of $12,000,000. The city is growing rapidly as the result of increased federal activity. Its excellent harbor and proximity to Seattle are important ad- vantages for general industries. Opportunities exist for the estab- lishment of private shipbuilding yards and other industries which would require skilled labor of a class used in the yard and which could cooperate with the government in providing these men with continuous employment. REXTOX, estimated population .5,000, is located near the south- ern end of Lake Washington, four miles from the southern limits of Seattle, with which city it is connected by two electrics. Service is rendered by the Northern Pacific. Chicago. ^Milwaukee k St. Paul Indusir'ud C't'iittra \95 and Columbia & Puget Sound railroads. The recent opening of the Lake Washington canal is expected to result in much development around this city, tor considerable lake waterfront, well suited for manufacturing sites, is adjacent. Extensive coal mines are near and the largest units of the Denny-Renton Clay and Coal Company are located here. Other industries include a car manufacturing plant, briquetting plant and a macaroni factory. Openings are re- ported for a furniture factory, paper mill, creamery and cannery. PUYALLUP, population 6,000, is the second city in size in Pierce County and the commercial center of the Puyallup Valley. Manufiiutlirin^ uixhaixl slil'u>' at \Yfnatr a district famous for fruit and berry growing. Being but nine miles from Tacoma, many of the same general conditions prevail. It is served by the Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads and an electric road to Tacoma, and makes connection witli the Seattle-Taooma electric railway. The principal industries relate to the preserving and canning of the fruits, berries and vegetables grown in the surrounding coun- try. The production and marketing of these crops has been highly systematized through the medium of a local fruit growers' associa- tion. Several box factories and sawmills, a shingle mill and cream- ery are located here. Openings are reported for a cigar factory and bottling works. OLVMPIA, population 12,000, is the state capital, county seat of Thurston County and the center of a large agricultural and tim- 196 MaiitifactKring Opportunities in Washington ber area. Commercial building stone, coal and other minerals are adjacent. Located on a deep water harbor at the extreme southern end of Puget Sound, it Is served by several Hues of steamers. Rail transportation Is provided by the Northern Pacific and Oregon- Wash- ington Railroad & Navigation Company. Hourly stages run to Ta- coma and several to Shelton, Tenino and Grays Harbor. It has also six miles of electric railroad which extends to Tumwater, the oldest town on Puget Sound. One of the largest of the sixteen United States cantonments is located 17 miles northeast. Within the past year Olympia has become one of the important wooden shipbuilding points of the state, having two large yards, one with three and the other with eight ways, actively engaged In con- structing great ocean-going cargo vessels. It is the largest shipping point in the state for oysters, both native and transplanted. Other industries in operation are three lumber and two shingle mills, sash and door factory, feed mill, fruit cannery, two iron works, knitting mill, two creameries, and an extract factory. Openings are reported for a brick yard, broom factory, cooper- age plant, cheese factory, flour mill, furniture factory, paper mill and pottery plant, ilanufacturiug area is extensive. ABERUKEX AXD HOQUIAM: The commercial, financial and industrial activities of the Grays Harbor country center in the cities of Aberdeen and Hoquiam, which occupy closely adjoining locations on the deep water harbor at the mouth of the Chelialis River. The district largely tributary to these cities embraces the southern part of the Olympic Peninsula and the lower Chehalis \'alley. The chief resources of this territory are timber, including large bodies of spruce suited for aeroplanes, fish, crabs, clams and whales, and agri- cultural and dairy products. It is one of the most important lumber manufacturing sections of the state. Ocean vessels ply between these ports and every land, while packet steamer lines connect them with California ports. Railway service is supplied by three trans- continental systems. The Northern Pacific, Chicago, ililwaukee & St. Paul, and Oregon- Washington Railroad & Navigation Company. An interurban electric connects the two cities. Al)er(leen, population 18,000. has an area of 6.720 acres; as- sessed valuation, .$7,41.5,979; actual valuation, 114,831,598; 26.62 miles of paved streets; 24.4 miles of graded streets; 27.1 miles of concrete walks; 11 public schools, 73 teachers, 2.110 pupils. Post- office receipts in 1916 were 1:37,702.70. Besides numerous smaller plants there are twenty-three factories located here, which, accord- ing to a present estimate by the Chamber of Commerce, are valued at $15,000,000 and produce $14,000,000 in manufactures annually. They Include 3 big shipyards, 1 spar yard, 13 timber and shingle mills. 1 wood tub and bucket plant, and 4 salmon and clam can- neries. Three hundred and thirty acres of land of patent value for manufacturing sites is available. An excellent opening Is reported for a pulp and paper mill. ItidusiriuJ Centers 197 Ho(iuiaiii, population 13,000, has an assessed valuation of $3.- 873,41.5 and an actual valuation of $7,746,830; G miles of paved streets, 21 miles of graveled or planked streets, 9 miles of concrete wallts; 6 public schools with 5 teacliers and 1,8 pupils. Post- otfice receipts in 1916 were $25,490. Its Chamber of Commerce reports 40 manufacturing plants, all told, with lumber exports alone for 1916 of over $11,000,000. Nine sawmills, 6 shingle mills, 2 large shipyards and 2 fish canneries are among the most important establishments. Factory sites are plentiful and may he secured free or at moderate cost. Openings are reported for cooperage and other lumber products plants, shipbuilding, woolen mills and iron and steel plants. SOUTH BEND AND KAVMONO: These two neighboring cities, located on Willapa Harbor and connected by a local trolley line, are the commercial and industrial centers for Pacific County in the southeastern corner of the state. Resources, transportation facili- ties, and future possibilities are similar. A heavy timber growth, fertile lands, and extensive salmon and shell fisheries sui)i)ly abun- dant raw materials; while numerous streams on the slopes of the coast range create vast potential water power. Big ocean-going vessels load at these ports and coasting vessels ply between them and California. Local steamers connect at Nahcotta with Oregon- Washington Railroad & Navigation Company trains for Ilwaco and Astoria, Oregon. The Northern Pacific connecting at Chehalis ren- ders rail service for botli cities. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul reaches Raymond. Extensive deep-water manufacturing sites are available in both cities. Soutli Bend, population 3,000, is the county seat. Its assessed valuation is $1,38.5,903.00. Bank clearings in 1916 were $8,000,000 and postotfice receipts, $9,022.00. Its industries include several sawmills and shingle mills, fish canneries, three oyster plants, furni- ture and cabinet works, and box factory. Openings are reported for shipyards and wooden toy factory. Raymond, population 5,000. was built up almost entirely from the lumber industry. Its assessed valuation is $1,774,864; bank clearings (1916) $7,950; and postoffice receipts (1917) $13,472.26. Ten big cargo ships are at present being constructed. Other sus- taining industries include 7 saw mills, 5 shingle mills, 2 veneer plants and 2 box factories. Openings exist for additional ship yards, two excellent sites being available. CEXTRAIjIA and CHEHALIS: The central inland portion of Southwestern Washington, a region of fertile valley, with a wealth of coal, timber and agricultural products, has for its principal cen- ters of population the cities of Centralia and Chehalis, about four miles apart and connected by electric railway and four transcon- tinental lines besides two Willapa Harbor branches. Connections are made at Centralia for Grays Harbor points. Lewis County, in which these cities are located, has a larger area of agricultural land 198 Manufacturing- Opportunities in Washington than any other county in ^Yeste^n Washington. Botli cities have electric power from a transmission system passing tlirough them, and cheap fuel Is supplied by coal mines in the immediate vicinity. Each has ample area tor sites wliicli can be secured on attractive terms. Centralia, population 11.000, lias an area of 2,300 acres, an assessed valuation of $2,442,910; 5% miles of paved streets, 30 miles of graded streets, 5 4 miles of concrete walks, 5 public schools, 39 teachers, 1,500 pupils. Postofhce receipts in 1916 were $22,537. Thirty manufacturing plants are reported, including 7 lumber con- cerns, porch column factory, sash and door factory, machine foun- dry. 2 creameries, furniture factory, cross-arms factory and glove factory. Openings are reported for fruit and vegetable cannery; A marhiner>" h;i fSter pkillt at Walla Walla combination vinegar, pickle and kraut factory; sash and door fac- tory; brick and tile factory; broom handle factory and box factory. Chehali.s, population 5,000. is the county seat of Lewis County. It has paved streets, cement walks, high and two grade schools, with about 1.000 pupils. Assessed valuation in 1917 was $1,592,057; postofflce receipts (1916) were $19,019.15. Its industries include a large furniture factory, a large milk condensery, several creameries, two sawmills, planing mill, shingle mill, vegetable and fruit can- nery, a mattress factory and sugar factory. Openings are reported tor additional sawmills, brick and tile factories, fir door factory, and potato starch factory. VAXCOVVER, population 10.000, is the county seat of Clarke County and the oldest town in the state. It has an area of nearly 7 square miles. 10 miles of paved and 3 miles of graded streets, and more than 100 miles of concrete walks; 7 public schools with Industrial Centfrs 199 53 teachers and 1,700 pupils. Its assessed valuation is |4, 486. 990 and postofflce receipts (1916) $24,000. Located on the Columbia River, it enjoys the advantages of a deep water harbor. All the north and south railroad lines between Portland and Puget Sound points, also the Spokane, Portland & Seattle, pass through. A $1,600,000 interstate bridge, recently com- pleted, spans the Columbia at this point and brings Vancouver in close connection with Portland, twelve miles away. It is served by street railways which extend to Portland, also to several rural com- munities. An army garrison of many men is located here. The principal resources of the surrounding territory are timber and agricultural products. It has saw and planing mills, two ship- building plants, box factory, sash and door factory, two prune pack- ing plants, flour mill, and numerous small industries. Openings are reported for furniture factory, shoe factory and additional ship- yards. WENATCHEE, population 6,0 00, county seat of Chelan County, is the center of one of the state's most famous fruit districts. It is located at the confluence of the Wenatchee and Columbia rivers, on the Great Northern railroad and is a junction point for branch roads to Oroville and Mansfield. It is the largest city on this system be- tween Spokane and tide water and is the trading point and com- mercial center for North Central Washington, which includes Chelan. Okanogan, Douglas and part of Grant County. Large quantities of fruit and wheat are shipped. Its assessed valuation is $2,666,680 and postoffice receipts for 1916, $35,051.00. It has 1.5 miles of paved and 13.5 miles of graded streets; a higli and four graded schools housing 1,244 pupils. Its principal industries include two canning and evaporating plants, two meat packing houses, brick yard, dairy plant, flour mill and woodworking mill. Openings are reported for a cider, vinegar or other fruit by-products plant, and a large cannery or evaporator. An additional flour mill and custom machine shop are also re- quested. ELLENSBURG, population 6.00 0. is the county seat of Kittitas County and the commercial center of the Kittitas Valley; the first important agricultural area reached after crossing the Cascades from the population centers of Puget Sound. The main lines of the Northern Pacific and Milwaukee roads provide rail transportation. Light and power are furnished by a municipal hydro-electric plant. The area of the city is 760 acres and its assessed valuation $2,- 787,064. There are 3.29 miles of paved and 6.81 miles of graded streets, and 16 miles of concrete walks. It has 4 public schools with 847 pupils. One of the state normal schools is located here. The extensive dairying, sheep raising and diversified farming of the tributary country furnishes abundant material for various lines of industry. Two flour mills, three creameries, two sawmills and a glove factory are among its present plants. Opportunities are 200 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington reported tor a milk condensery, cheese factory and beet sugar fac- tory. YAKIMA (foi'iiierly Xorth Yakima), population 20,000, is the third city in size in Eastern Washington, the county seat of Yakima County, and metropolis of the valley of the same name, which con- tains the most extensive irrigated section in the state. The United States Reclamation Service is spending large sums of money in this valley. The resources are, naturally, chiefly agricultural. It is one of the most important fruit centers, but diversified farming has also reached vast proportions. Agricultural shipments of the valley were valued at over $14,000,000 in 1916 and over $27,000,000 in 1917. It is on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, which has several branches radiating from here to neighboring towns, and is served also by the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Com- pany and by electrics which extend to several outlying districts. Streets are paved. It has a high school, eight graded schools, three r Anacortes manufaoturins section. parochial schools and two colleges. The state fair is held here annually. Power and light are derived from a plant on the Natches River where 10.400 horsepower have been developed. Present industries include a lumber mill, sash and door factory, box factory, two wood- working plants, beet sugar refinery, cannery, vinegar works, cereal mill, five cold storage plants, cheese factory, three creameries, two foundries, two cement product plants, broom factory, two artificial ice plants and numerous fruit packing houses. Openings are re- ported for a condensery, evaporator, starch factory, broom factory, alfalfa mill and flour mill. PASCO AND KENNEAYICK: A vantage point in Eastern Wash- ington is found at the head of deep water navigation on the Colum- bia near its confluence with the Snake River. Several trunk rail- Industrial Centers 201 ways converge here and the opening of the Celilo Canal has brought direct boat service to Portland and Pacific Ocean ports. These advantages are shared by two cities, Pasco, county seat of Franklin County, on tlie east bank, and Kennewick, tlie largest city in Ben- ton County, on the west bank of the great river. A rich agricul- tural region includes adjacent irrigated lands and more distant wheat sections. A few miles aliove is Priest Rapids, capable of gen- erating a half million horsepower. Pasco, with an estimated population of 3, .500, is the division point for the Northern Pacific and Spokane, Portland & Seattle rail- roads. Besides a 3 7-stall roundhouse, its industries include sheet metal and iron works, machine shop, woodworking factory, bottling works and cigar factory. A stockyard was recently established. Openings are reported for a woolen mill and wool-scouring plant. Kennewick, estimated population 2.500. is served by the North- ern Pacific. Spokane, Portland & Seattle and Oregon-Washington railroads. Since the opening of the Celilo Canal, a port district has been formed and a large dock constructed. The city has a flour mill, box factory. Iiroom factory, cold storage and bottling works, grape juice factory, sheet metal works and a planing mill. An open- ing for a cannery is reported. WAIjLA WAIjLA, population 24,000, is the county seat of Walla Walla County, the second city in size in Eastern Washington, the commercial center of Southeastern Washington and a trading point for much of Northeastern Oregon. It is surrounded l)y one of the richest agricultural sections in the state. The main raw ma- terials are grain, fruits, and livestock products. Cattle and sheep raising and dairying are important. Walla Walla County, and valley extending across the state line, produces annually from 500 to 1.000 cars of apples, about 4,000 tons of prunes, 400 tons of cherries, 200.000 sacks of onions, and 500 tons of asparagus. Wheat produc- tion is about 5,00 0,0 bushels and barley 6 00,00 bushels annu- ally. Rail transportation is provided by the Northern Pacific and the Oregon- Washington Railroad & Navigation Company. An elec- tric line serves the city and extends to Milton, Oregon. Streets are paved. It has a high school and five grade schools, and is the seat of Whitman College. The state penitentiary is also located here. Industries include alfalfa, cereal, feed and flour mills; four implement factories, tile factory, meat packing house, cheese fac- tory, creameries and fruit drying plants, three sash and door fac- tories, and many miscellaneous ones. In 1914, forty-seven establish- ments produced manutacturies valued at $2,014,67.'!. Openings are reported for fruit and vegetable cannery, milk condensery. saw fac- tory, straw broom factory and beet sugar factory. EXPLANATION OF TABLES SHOWING ENTER- PRISES NEEDED. The following- talmlations represent aetnal requests from the different communities of the state for the installation of additional manufacturing plants in their vicinities. Together they constitute the main reasons for the publication of this book on "Manufacturing Opportunities in the State of Wash- ington," the foregoing chapters being rather introductory and for the main purpose of throwing light on the extensi\e and diversified demands which these tables present. COLLECTING MATERIAL. In collecting the material contained in these tables and in some of the jjreceding chapters, qut'stioimaires were sent to public and semi-public officials, business men and other repre- sentative citizens in every city and town in the state. Manu- facturers in the different lines were also interviewed personally or questioned by letter regarding conditions which ap})lied espe- cially to their industries, and wholesale and retail dealers dis- tributing these j^roducts were invited to make suggestions. In addition, a representative of the Bureau made a personal visit to many of the places mentioned. PROPER USE OP TABLES. These tables are of necessity neither complete nor conclu- sive. Their proper use is as a guide to anyone desiring to de- vote his capital or energy to the installation and management of some manufacturing establishment in W^ashington. Oppor- tunities may exist in communities not indicated here; perhaps not every opening recorded would justify the erection of a fac- tory. In general, however, these tabulations reflect conditions in the state as a whole and the univt'rsal need for additional plants of various kinds. In studying these lists, it will be observed that in some locali- ties plants similar to those requested have already been estab- lished and that in other cases the same industr_v is being re- quested by several neighborhoods not far apart. Where this 204 Manufacttirii)g Opportunities in Washington latter condition exists, it may be considered almost conclusive that one or more such plants are needed somewhere in the vicni- itv. If properlj' located, it would serve more than one of the communities now requesting it. Careful investigation in each instance will reveal to the experienced person just which locali- ties offer tlie best inducements for his line; also whether it would pav to start a plant in a communitv already possessing one of that kind. These are points for the manufacturer him- self to decide. PRINCIPAL DEMANDS. A hastv glance at the table shows tliat the most widely dis- tributed demands next to canneries and bv-product plants for utilizing surj)lus fruits and vegetaljles, fullv discussed in a special chapter, are establishments for conserving other food materials. Tliese are flour and cereal mills, as referred to in the chapter on "'^lanufactures from Cereals," and factories for utilizing dairy products, as discussed in the chapter entitled "Dairy and Other Livestock Products." The tables show that thirtv-seven towns, most of which are located in the wheat belt on the east side of the mountains, ask for flour mills and sixty- eight communities scattered tiiroughout tlic state are asking for creanun-ies, cheese factories and milk condenseries. Next in importance after food jiroducts come the timber products, .and closelv following them are those establishments depending upon the mineral resources, both metallic and non- metallic, all of which have been considered in separate chapters. For the utilization c)f foi'est products, sawmills are requested Ijy fifty communities, jjaper mills b}' sixteen, and shingle mills by twelve ; while ten localities ask for woodworking plants, ten for furniture factories, nine for sash and door factories, twenty- four for box factories, and fifteen for shipvards. Requests for plants to utilize non-metallic minerals include fifteen for brick and tile factories, eight for pottery plants, one for briquettes, two for coal by-products, two for glass, two for silica mills, one for marble, three for cement, three for concrete blocks and four for lime. Metal working plants include six requests for smelters, one for ore concentrator and several for foundries or other iron working establishments. E.vphintitio» of Tables a()5 MISCELLANEOUS DEMANDS. Tlierc arc also four requests for alfalfa mills, four for broom factories, two for shoe factories, five for strawhoard factories, six for fish caiuieries, two for codfish ])afkiu_o', four for laun- dries, two for woolen mills, three for the develoj)ment of water power, one for a tannery, and one for ])ackino' house; also de- mands for establishments to manufacture aprons, bottles, but- tons, charcoal, cig'ars, tannic acid, trunks and \arious other miscellaneous products. Altou'ether, about five hundred requests are tahidated and 215 different connnunities are represented. ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIAL. For the sake of convenience to the iii\'estiL;'ator, these tallies have been arraiif^ed two w.ays, the first bv ni(histr\' needed and the second by the cities re(|uestina,-rii':'r (t) indic'ates tluLt similMr nnterprise is alrearU' operatinf2j in ommunitN'. ^:^tar (*) indicates cftmmevcial riryanizution ; wliPie none is Ri\-en malve inriuirj- of llostma:^rol^ Prnhnblp Xnnir nf Kuterprisi^', Pnstoffirr Caoitril MntrrirtlArniJal/lr ! Enrourar/pniruts aud Co)intll Rrijiijvrd Offered Alfalfa Mill *Mabton, Yakima $10,000 *Topinish, Yakima *Yakima, Yakima 10.000 Apron Factory *Bremerton. Kitsap Hottlins Works *Puyallup. Pierce 15o\ Factoiy "Arlington. Snoliomisli .... Carlisle, Grays Harbor. *Centralia, Lewis Chattaroy, Spokane Chester, Spokane *Colville, Stevens 10-15.000 *Goldendale. Klickitat . . . .■ Keller, Ferry Kennydale, King Klrkland, King *Lyle. Klickitat .t-IO.OOO Malott, Okanogan *Marysyille, Snohomish *^Ionroe. Snohomish *lIontesano, Grays Harbor *North Bend, King *Northport, Stevens *tOrient, Ferry 1,.500 *Port Orchard. Kitsap .... 3,000 *Steilacoom, Pierce * Sylvan, Pierce i 5,0 Tiger, Pend Oreille. . . . *Vashon. King Winesap, Chelan Brick and Tile Battleground, Clarke . . *Centralia. Le\vis *Cheney, Spokane *Chehalis, Lewis , Small *Colville, Stevens Granger, Yakima .30-.50.000 'Kittitas, Kittitas Littell. Lewis Marble, Stevens Othello, Adams *Port Angeles. Clallam . Roslyn. Kittitas Ruff. Grant Wahluke, Grant *\Vinlock, Lewis Small Large acreage . Great quantity. 20.00 acres . . . . Site and ass't. Liberal support. Cheap sites. 10.000 Much spruce. . . . .■5-5,000 Large amount .. . Substantial. Probably site. Abundant Fine pine. . Free site. Much lumber ... Large supply. ... Assistance. Abundant Plenty . . AVithin mile Yes 5,000 10,000 ,3.0 5-6.000 2,000 5 Small -15,000 Small Liberal aid. Site. Site. Abundant Site. Shipped in Abundant Assistance. Plenty Convenient . . . .i Substantial. Good supply. ... Excellent clay. . .| Assistance. Two deposits .... Site. Large quantity. . Clay tests well . . 4 acres fine clay Good supply .... Cheap and near. Abundant Long lease. Plenty Clay io miles. . . Abundant Close to plant , . . Manufacturing Estahlisli iiifuts Bcqucstcil 201 Na nw of E iitcrijrisr . Postoffice and Coiiittif Bi'iquettiiig Plant *Castle Rock, Cowlitz Bi'ooiii Pactoi'y *Bellingham. Whatcom . . . Colville, Stevens Methow, Okanogan Sultan, Snohomish Button Factory *Montesano, Grays Harbor. Cannery or Evaporator Algona, King *Auburn, King Benton City, Benton Byron, Yakima *tCarnation, King Carson, Skamania *Centralia, Lewis Chetlo, Pacific Clarkston, Asotin Colfax, Whitman Deep River, Wahkiakum . Dewey, Skagit Elma, Grays Harbor .... Factoria, King *Farmington, Whitman . . Ferndale, Whatcom Forks, Clallam *Gifford, Stevens *Goldendale, Klickitat ... Grandview, Yakima Grant, Mason *Hanford, Benton Harvey, Stevens *Kennewick, Benton Probable Capital Required Material A railable ,000 Plenty of coal . . . Wood for handles Can be raised . . . 1-3,000 20,000 40,000 500-1,00,0 20,000 Small 2,000 1,500 10,000 5,000 2,500 Small 5,000 10,000 Plenty of shells. Abundance .... Fruit and veg. . Much fruit .... Fruit and veg. Much fruit . . . 2,000 3-5,000 Small Abundance . . Plenty fruit. 20-25,000 10,000 5.000 25-30,000 Large acreage . Berries Abundant . . . . Hundreds of acres. Kennvdale, King *Kent, King jlO-15,000 Kiona. Benton ! Small tLangley, Island j 5,000 Lincoln, Lincoln , 5,000 Lisabeula. King Small Littell, Lewis ' 10,000 Loomis, Okanogan | 3,000 *Mabton, Yakima 5-10,000 Manson, Chelan ' 5,000 Matlock, Mason ' Small Marysville, Snohomish Medina, King * Methow. Okanogan Monitor. Chelan Mossyrock, Lewis »Mt. Vernon, Nellita, Kitsap North Bend, King Fruit and berries Fruit and berries Unlimited . . . . Large amount. Eitcourailement^ Offered Assistance. Site. Cooperation. Assistance. Assistance. Assistance. Cheap site. Site. Assistance. Site. Assistance. Site. Site. Site and stock. Site. Assistance. Assistance. Site. Assistance. Site. Support. Assistance. 208 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington nf Kiitiriiri.ir. Pustofficc (I nil Cfiiiiitjl Prohable Capital Required 8-20,000 1,500 3-4,000 5,000 5,000 2,000 2,000 ^5,000 7,000 Small -4,000 8-10,000 5,000 Cannery or Evaporator — Cont. Orchards, Clarks Oroville, Okanogan Palisades, Douglas Peach, Lincoln *Portage, King *Port Orchard, Kitsap .... Poulsbo, Kitsap Handle, Lewis '■'Renton, King * Rolling Bay, Kitsap *Sequim. Clallam Sifton. Clarke South Colby, Kitsap Stratford, Grant Steilacoom, Pierce Sultan, Snohomish Sumas, Whatcom Sundale, Klickitat Swofford, Lewis '■'Sylvan, Pierce Tekoa, Whitman Timber Valley, Klickitat. . Touchet, Walla Walla. . . . Tracyton, Kitsap Tukwila, King t\'ashon. King '■'Walla Walla, Walla Walla. Wawawai, Whitman '^'Wenatchee, Chelan West Sound. San .Tuan ... |] 5-20,000 •'White Salmon, Klickitat. . : '■'Winslow, Kitsap '■'Woodland, Cowlitz ^ 'i't Yakima. Yakima j 75,000 "Zillah, Yakima i Small Cement Works I '■Asotin, Asotin ' 200,000 Berlin, King Hartford, Snonomish .... 1,000,000 Cereal and Feed .Mill '■'Anacortes, Skagit Material Available Encoiiraaements Offered Berries Site. Abundant Site. 700 a. orchard. . ' Site and ass't. Fruit Near Liberal. Small fruits. . . . Reasonable. Fruit and veg. . . Assistance. Good fruit dist. . Site and bonus. Fruit district. . .| Site. Near Sufficient Large amount. .. Site. Site. Berries Site. Site. Plenty fruit .... Plenty Site. Garden produce. I Assistance. ■ Site. Small 5,000 Fruit and berries Fine fruit belt . . Fine fruit . Small Much fruit . Abundant Small fruit . . Fruit and veg Abundance . . Liberal. Unlimited .... In abundance . . . In abundance. . . Site. '■' Burlington, Skagit "'Northport, Stevens Charcoal Roslyn, Kittitas Clieese Factory Ariel, Cowlitz '■'Auburn, King Clinton, Island '^'Colville, Stevens East Stanwood, Snohomish 1.000 Small -.300 ,0 ,0 Locally grown . . . Locally grown . . . Locally grown . . . Plentiful Assistance. Site. 10,000 Dairying Site. Much milk Abundance .... Site. Site. Dairy country . . Assistance. Maniifticturiiiff Estitrrin-i$c. Postofficc and Count [/ Required Cat}ital Prob({hle Material Availahle E)teouraejeiueiits Offered Cheese Factory — Continued. 5,000 Small 3-4,000 5,000 Small 3,000 2,500 Small 5,000 *Ellensburg. Kittitas Etna. Clarke Dairy region .... Dairy region .... Assistance. Site Hunters Stevens Kapowsin, Pierce Oakville, Grays Harbor. . . *Quiniault. Grays Harbor. . Dairy region .... Dairy region. . . . Dairy region. . . . Site and ass't. Site. Site. Swoft'ord Le^Yis ... A'an Buren, Whatcom . Abundance Cigar Factory *Puyallup, Pierce Coal By-Products Small 250,000 400,000 25-50,000 Cheap coal Abundance Abundance Unlimited Site and siding. Assistance. Reasonable. *Issaquah, King Codfish Packiiis *Anacortes, Skagit Poulsbo, Kitsap Concrete Blocks Burbank. Walla Walla. . Keller. Ferry *Port Orchard, Kitsap , , , Cooperage Plant *Hoquiam, Grays Harbor. SOO Excellent Site. 500 Plenty 500 Plenty Assistance. Abundance Site. Creamery Adrian, Grant 2-3,000 Algona, King 1-2,000 Almota, Whitman 5,000 "Auburn, King 5,000 Carson, Skamania 2,000 Cedonia, Stevens Chattaroy, Spokane Clavton, Stevens Small Clinton, Island 3,000 Cosmopolis, Grays Harbor. 5,000 Dorr, Klickitat Small Edwall, Lincoln Fishtrap, Lincoln Small *Gifford, Stevens ' Gig Harbor, Pierce 7-8,000 *Goldendale, Klitckitat Graham. Pierce Hover, Benton Kendall, Whatcom .... *Kittitas. Kittitas Latah. Spokane i 5.000 Lawrence, Whatcom I Abundant For small plant . jMuch milk Site. Support. Site. Site. Shipping cream Shipping cream Sliipping cream. . Dairying Site. Dairy cotintry . . . Dairy country . . . i Site. Shipping cream. ' Site. Abundant Small Small • Dairying . :-5,000 I 300 cows. 210 Manufaci wring Opportunitie Washington Xa me of Enterprise. Postoffice and Countii Probable Capital Pequired Material Available Creamery — Continued. ; I ilatlock. Mason Small Mayfield. Lewis Mount Solo, Cowlitz i 5-10,000 *North Bend, King ' *Northport, Stevens ' 1-5,000 Oakville, Grays Harbor. . . 3,000 Pe Ell, Lewis 1500-1.000 Prescott, Walla Walla.... 5-10,000 *Quiniault, Grays Harbor. .' 2,500 ' Ramapo. Clallam ; 3,000 Renton, King Spangle, Spokane ; Small Steilacoom, Pierce Small Timber Valley, Klickitat . . ; Touchet, Walla Walla. ... 2,500 Valley, Stevens i Encuuraaeriients Offered Dairy section . Fine herds. . Dairy country. . 1,000 cows Good dairy land . Dairy region . . . . Dairying Shipping cream. Plenty of cows . Plenty of cows. Plenty of cows . Evaporator — (bee Cannery or j Evaporator ) Fish Cannery Chinook, Pacific : Dewey, Skagit | Puget Sound . fKelso, Cowlitz j ; Mukilteo, Snohomish .... 1 i Xellita, Kitsap I Pvsht, Clallam I Site. Site. Site. Site. Site. Site. Flour Mill Adrian, Grant , Albion, Whitman Alderdale, Klickitat |10-20,000 Alstown, Douglas 4-5,000 Alta Vista, Lewis 4-5,000 Bonita, Douglas Chelan Falls, Chelan tCheney, Spokane , 15,000 Clarkston, Asotin 17,000 Connell, Franklin ,20-50,000 Edwall, Lincoln jl5-20,000 Ephrata, Grant ; 50,000 Huntsville, Columbia ....10-20,000 Kahlotus, Franklin ' Krupp, Grant Leavenworth, Chelan .... Lyle, Klickitat j 5-10,000 Moses Lake, Grant Nespelem, Okanogan Oroville, Okanogan Othello, Adams *Palouse, Whitman 40,000 Site. Plenty Site. Plenty Local wheat . , . , Plenty Site. Plenty Substantial help Fine wheat .... Site. 350,000 bushels. Million bu. wheat Site. Plenty 7,000,000 bu.. . . Site and ass't. Site. Plenty Help. *Pateros. Okanogan sQuincy, Grant . . . . "Ritzville, Adams . . 20,000 10,000 40,000 Plenty Site. Abundant Abundant , Assistance. Large quantities. Site. Ample I Site. Site. Manufactu ring Estahlish mcnta Rc(iucstcd 9.11 Na>i}r of Eiit('rt}risr, Postoffice and Count II Flour :Mill — Continued. *Rosalia, Whitman . . . Ruff, Grant Spangle, Spokane . . . . St. John, Whitman. . . Starbuck, Columbia . . Synarep, Okanogan . . Sundale, Klickitat . . . . *Toppenish, Yakima . . Touchet, Walla Walla Twisp, Okanogan . . . . Uniontown. Whitman Warden, Grant Washtucna, Adams . . Weber. Adams 2.5,000 20-.30,000 Grain High quality Encouragements Offered 10,000 15,000 5-6,000 Large amount. Abundant Abundant 50.000 bushels. ilO-12,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 Plenty .... Plenty .... Good wheat . Abundant . . Abundant . . Assistanc Aid. Assistance. Foundry and Machine Shop *tAnacortes, Skagit Tuckwila, King ') 00,0 00 Cheap coal . Furniture *Anacortes, Skagit *Bellingham, Whatcom . . Coupeville, Island *tEverett, Snohomish . . . . *Hoquiam, Grays Harbor. *Port Angeles, Clallam . . *Renton, King *Sumner, Pierce Small 5-50,000 Small 50.000 Abundant ... Abundant . . . Rustic timber . Locally *Yancouver, Clarke Washougal, Clarke ruit By-Products * Cashmere, Chelan . . . Chelan Falls, Chelan Denison. Spokane . . . . Dryden, Chelan Entiat, Chelan Farmington. Whitman Ferndale, Whatcom . . Four Lakes, Spokane . Kiesling, Spokane . . . . Mabton, Yakima Orondo, Douglas Peshastin, Chelan . . . . * Pullman, Whitman . . . *Rosalia, Whitman .... Throp, Kittitas *Toppenish, Yakima . . . *Yakima, Yakima Glass *Port Angeles, Clallam *Spokane, Spokane ... ,000 Abundant 10-25,000 Site. Site. Assistance. Assistance. Cooperation. Site. Assistance. Site. Site. Assistance. 10,000 Small Plenty Assistance. Much waste , Site. Much waste Much waste Much waste . Much waste . 2,500 10,000 Small Small 3-4,000 Much waste . Waste fruit . Much waste i Free lease. 2,000 , Waste fruit . Waste fruit . Small Much waste . 100,000 Abundant Abundant Aid. Aid. Assistance. Assistance. aiii Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington Na))Le of Enterprise, Postoff^ee and County Prohable CaiJital Pequh'ed Implement Llnd, Adams . . . *Odessa, Lincoln . *Rltzville. Adams 20,000 Laundry Perndale. Whatcom Marcus, Stevens . . . *Quincy, Grant * Rosalia, Wliitman . 1,500 Lime Plant Dolphin, San Juan ' Small mountain. Granite Falls, Snohomish Material Available Ship in . Imported Lochloy, Snohomish Orondo, Douglas , . . ,000 [ Agricultural rock Large deposits . . Inexhaustihle . . . Malleable lion Works *Hoquiam, Grays Harbor ■^A'ancouver, Clarke 110-25,000 Marble AVork.s Marble, Stevens Import Import 5-10,000 Milk Condensery '■'Arlington, Snohomish . . . *Burlington, Skagit Cheney, Spokane Ellensburg, Kittitas .... Eveline, Lewis McMurray, Skagit *Montesano, Grays Harbor Orchards, Clarke Orting. Pierce Ridgefield, Clarke *Sequim, Clallam *Sumner, Pierce *Walla Walla, Walla Walla. 25-50,000 *WoodIand, Cowlitz ' *Yakima, Yakima ! 50,000 Ore Concentrator Covada, Ferry Packing House Loomis, Okanogan Paper Mill *Aberdeen, Bay City, Grays Harbor . Grays Harbor. 2,500 Small 1,000,000 I 500,000- 1,000,000 Large supply . 6,000 cows. . Sufficient . . . Plenty milk . . Local supply . Eneouraoeiiieiits Offered Site and bonus. Site. Sites. Assistance. Lots of milk . . . . Many cows 3,000 cows Sufficient Plenty Large amt. milk $60,000 ore on dumps. Large quantities Large quantities Site. Site. Lease. Site. Assistance. Assistance. Site and bonus. Site. Assistance. Assistance. Assistance. M(i)itifci(turiiiii- E.'iiithVt.'ihmciits Kciiuesicd 21. '3 Na)nc of Eutcriirisr. Postofftce tmd Coiiiitii Paper Mill — Continued. *Bellingliam. Whatcom . . . *Castle Rock, Cowlitz . . . . Cosmopolis. Grays Harbor *Hoquiam. Grays Harbor. , Keller, Perry Locke. Pend Oreille Metaline Falls. P. Oreille. ■'Monroe, Snohomish *Northport. Stevens *Renton, King 'Snohomish, Snohomish. Telma. Chelan Tiger, Pend Oreille . ... 'Vancouver, Clarke . . . . Pickle Plant Cheney, Spokane * Sumner. Pierce . Wheeler, Grant . Piles *Quilcene, .Jefferson Pottery *tBellingham, Whatcom Deer Park, Spokane . . *Edmonds, Snohomish *Kelso, Cowlitz Lyle. Klickitat Orondo, Douglas *Spokane, Spokane .... Tahuya, Mason Sash and Door *Blaine, Whatcom *Castle Rock, Cowlitz . . . *Centralia. Lewis *Chehalls, Lewis *tHoquiam, Grays Harbor. Lakeview, Pierce Lyle, Klickitat Stevenson, Skamania . . . "Winlock, Lewis Saw Mill Alder, Pierce . . AUyn, Mason . . Bangor, Kitsap . Berlin, King . . . Bismark, Pierce. Prohahlr C(il>itne of E ntcrtirisc, Postitffice and Count II Probable Capital Required Material A vuilable Knconraoements Offered Shingle Mill — Continued. Gardiner. Jefferson Plenty of cedar. Gig Harbor, Pierce Plenty Melbourne. Grays Harbor Plenty Site. 'tOrting, Pierce . . . . *Quilcene, Jefferson Scenic. King Shine. Jefferson . . Stabler, Skamania 3-5,000 20,000 8-10.000 4,000 5.000 3-5,000 Ship Building *Anacortes, Skagit .... Blaine, Whatcom Cosmopolis, Grays Harbor., Everett, Snohomish ' 100,000- 300,000 jHadlock. Jefferson tKirkland. King Nearby Plenty ot cedar. . Plenty of cedar. . Plenty of cedar. . Plenty of cedar. . Much lumber. Lumber and site. Abundant Good material. . . Fresh water har- bor. Mukilteo, Snohomish . . . . *Port Orchard. Kitsap . . . . *Port Townsend, Jefferson. *Poulsbo. Kitsap 30,000 10,000 25,000- 100,000 Near at hand . Available .... Available .... Raymond, Pacific. . . "Rolling Bay. Kitsap * South Bend, Pacific. *Snohomish, Snohomish Steilacoom, Pierce . . . . *tVancouver. Clarke . . . . Available . . Plenty; also foundry. 25,000 Shoe Factory *Spokane, Spokane 140-75,000 "Vancouver, Clarke 10-25,000 Silica Mill tRoza. Kittitas . . Wymer, Kittitas. Silo Factory *Colville, Stevens 10,000 4-5,000 Convenient Abundant . Assistance. Free site. Free site. Lease of site. Site. Site. Site and aid. Assistance. 2 sites. Support. Aid. Site and ass't. Imported | Assistance. Imported , Aid. Abundance . . Vast deposits . Good I Site. Smelter Glacier, Whatcom | Low grade ore . . j Manson, Chelan : Low grade ore. . Miles, Lincoln , Large bodies ore Pateros, Okanogan Large bodies ore | Site. Silverton, Snohomish . . . . ' ! Large bodies ore. Winthrop, Okanogan . . . .} 10,000 ' Plenty i Site. 1^16 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington Xaiiie of Enterjrrlsr. Postoffice and CoH}itti Probable Caiiital Required Materia J A ra Uahle Eiieejuragements Offered Sugar Factoiy *Ellensburg. Kittitas Kittitas. Kittitas ilabton. Yakima 500,000 *Orting, Pierce *Ritzville, Adams Stairh Factory *Cliehalis. Lewis *Kelso, Cowlitz *Montesano. Grays Harbor. Ridgefield. Clarlte *Ritzville. Adams *Toppenisli, Yaltima *Waterville, Douglas Pine beets | Pine beets Pine beets Good beet land. . Assistance. Sites. Plenty potatoes. Plenty potatoes. JIany potatoes. Site. Pine potatoes . . . Clieap potatoes. . Assistance. .Strawl)oar(l and I'a])er *Anacortes. Skagit *Burlington. Skagit Palouse, Whitman 100.000 *Pullman. Whitman *AValIa AValla, Walla Walla. Taiiic Acid Factory *Port Angeles, Clallam . . . ,5,000 Tannery *Port Angeles. Clallam . . . 1.5.000 Ties (railroad) tPigeon Springs. Cowlitz. .. 2-4,000 Toy Factory *Soutli Bend, Pacific LaConner fiats. Lots of straw . . Abundant straw Abundant straw Abundant straw Hemlock bark . Assistance. Site. Assistance. Import hides.... Assistance. Plenty tie timber Plenty ot lumber Assistance. Trunk Factoiy *tSpokane. Spokane 1.5-2.5.000 Water Power Development Gettysburg, Clallam 10,000 *Lyle, Klickitat 25-50,000 *Quilcene, ,Jefferson 100,000 Woodworking Plant Deep River. Wahkiakum. . 20.000 *tHoquiam, Grays Harbor "Kelso, Cowlitz Leese, Okanogan 5,000 Orting, Pierce 10,000 Local and im- ported. Lyre river Klickitat river. Quilcene river . Assistance. Several mills. ... Site. Jluch lumber ... . Assistance. Local mills Assistance. Four mills Much timber.... Cheap site. ^Poulsbo. Kitsap 1-50,000 Some kinds Aid. Woolen Mill Pasco, Franklin . . . *Wenatchee, Chelan Wool Scouring *Pasco, Franklin . . . 50,000 ^'icinity Vicinitv Site. 10.0 Vicinity Site. i?"* 218 Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington Pi 5 2; " a z 2 "S :/^ 'fi rf2^r< > *< .^ ^H p-^ ^ T z ''K ►— ' Z w „; HH ■— ' — Z 1^ 1^ !--( 'fl 3 a A ■-k ^ s^ Z z r :2 X ^1 y;2; M 5^ D X Z X so ^ t- 3 t;^ ^ .v; >. __ po2 r-~iu> c ^ s g^"" ~ t:; -- K i^l^s p .^ . ■- 'fr-p, m Ti ^ o > D c- P P o ., hf-C -A o o o O n en rick gar inel r-' ll ::: ::: '^ -', ^ .' (h ^ J ^ .' .' o^ 3^ . c c ^^'"E^ Ex ;^ ;^ c g^sss O SB 0- 1- ri ^ 9 S d d tli i^ hxCi [it^ ot. GOOD Ci-OfcCj^H i i i bjj t£ ^ -^ ^ r. r. :£ i£ tt i^ i^ fell ^P d'JZ xZ X -i: ZZ'Z.Z ZXx:Z o .'■ r i r Openings for Manufacturing Entcrprht !^19 5 E >.Ct cu.^ 5 sop t- >■■ 0.2 B. . "^ ^ £ So* :3 ^3? S&x -I, v:Ei,fcftHm tJ MC C = '2'? Ill ^ c ... M.S.S III c ■ b. ■ c :^ E- i ; c D - !:j ; c : £ ; r .b- %Z D '. s c Dox; £ 2; d . O) '^'O p. >,« OJ o a X h fj-j -_' X -J Sec QhC 01 ^ OJ 'O " ■ _^ ^Oh ~ [^ ■^^x 7J ^c^ 7j cy u-^ t/JU iir:5 ceo bl M ■ ? c _ « 0. .2 o m - - O O) ■3 ^

!_=: ■ - K ^ r-. C C f-' ^ ^-XE,^ ..in £ t- o ^- - -^^ O o ^- i- >. ^- "^ ^ Oj c Oj C* ^ c G «C3'Or3;:^Crt Ji g -r ai o S j; 2 5a5S P t'P . c: ri o a* oj ■" dJOOOOOajT'OU rt d o ■o:iEt,E^K::iKt^bH ^C^ffl iu i il i^ i !'■*"' -t:!! *^ ^ c ;:; o 2; Zoc; a; CD (K £ S £ - K o Opt-nings for Manufdctarbtg Enicrpriscs 0!21 ~ c ''C''^ ■-1 '6 'd G o^ U Id i; ; V. J '^-i ;-£ ^, ; ~ i i »; E -' ■— _ > 7", ^ - M : OH S ,-Z 'A K.^ 'A< o o C:' o b;j bi bti :t ":/. i£ :;. :;. ■1, .1, a, .X X X X X ^S' 2?^.?>. SiSxSx i; ■." ^ ^' i: Ko o :/:■ X x JH X 'IJ o ^a % ooj i r i i' '^ SESSS ? f P ? P • --O . GO -■c S'EExc£5.: h '- o ->^ 02; C K'-< 5 X .-' o : -P - t: t- cc ■:3 ^ C +^ 01' ^ c I * 'ij .^ r; PS5^ , « t-, ■ P . ... s E r^s:s Z "- P " ^ I -f; . .-Pi ?p: ,m. - l^^oPPPP'^'-;'^"'t^P S^Otfi Manufacturing Opportunitifs in Washington O " o ■= ■? ODX &-0 ■ " >.g >,.S - S c o c -^ ??§"§-^ J O " C " r- ■ s'SS'S^ : i >. g >. >• ^- ^. j:- Ci.X^ C. iJ 0; a> '1' r. 5 C I C doOO it 5 c £ B £ r- cd !- t-i '- ;-. w ' " ■ " ;- ££ E£ o o a; tb •ll Oj 'l' 1) SESc 'li 'Xj i ^ CJ a; . . 'SbJJMl — t- OJ ^ " in ^ P^ " ^ajp. ^-iT! fc o ^S ..rf -.^ ss ^E s a- c 11 fJc- Oh £ s'i M^ Ss o C-d ooP 5 c .QP ^ ^^ 3 £ g EEE Sf:^ d d = rocooomm 'II O) '3 iU iJ 1' E£SEE£ h H £ ?^ E^ P 'iJ O* Oj ft^ OJ QJ SEE^EE « y} w ;3 « m tJ t:! Td c '^ '^ :r =; 13 C p 3 o o o iL' o o X X X 0-1 01 X _J >. '— > 'A u o ci o c; m^ Ch c o '"V- rt o OJ C o-c . P. _'_;_; n annery. lour mil lour mil lour mil O) xuwmjfcofcfatH^Q E^Ot-P T^d'- >5 C rH d cij d " Oi ri:; c 3 ? O O - C' ■ ■ o o T-H CO ■ O 5;§SS§"2d?V;- S E d OJ ■^ £ 'd ^. ^ rt & ,5 IJ >-'. fc m 'J M ■" ■- M t. 0. C 0^ « £*» E E PEP C 2; rfs -A M 01 &. P 0. fcO'JJ Manufacturing Opportunities in Washington ^ C T- 'i- 'f _: „- c ri . . C "' 'd . - c ^ c^ K i >-, p. -xfi. ■X X X T. X ^ '_ X X c X o c £ "^ ^ ^" ,. o -r I- ^ S C3 i -d r. s g ci c c c CS _ O O C/i ' - 'ij 'O 3 ir; ; - X iX o ^ ^ r: '^ r: ■- ^ d^'2;dxdKZ^; xB^K K ^< y^^r. ^KBaoo^ JO fe X X X xh CP w ■< :; r- oj o ■!-> Openings for Manufacturing Enterprises O" (p C O rfj K o >, ^ o C be.. ^ c a, 5"c CJ " 2 B->.£ c bj:. ■? !:? 0. p K om j; oi 3^ oJ c En JO JOftfcxP-i o B-K "=£■ 10 b CQffi 5o s^.'5'E>.|5 ;£ 5 ri g mmB !., CQ t K u > > o E ;

-■ o .2 . . K.CdCti,rrrjbbcti^CC r-'O ooooooooo o - O O lO O in^ O O O O n" U":' ] O O I— ^' CO O O L- 1-H OO CO a 5 c^j at c-1 CO CTjO C071 -f i S .a X K K Si' OO +^ » c: , r: ^ ^' ^ e. I la's 5^ ■^ ^' !r ^ ^'■S S«J3t/;'y a r- '/ - z< L < CA ■^ •^ < '- C c 2,0 Manufacturing Opportuniti Washinston O ^S. ■3 6 iass E^'i Saw Saw Saw Crea i M ri :; 'I' > :^ oj cJ f- H 2i K « !f. ■/■ Y- QOQG ;?; S^ "^ c ■- -^ o ^ ^ 5 . * . a * * * '< < < > Opcning.'i for Manufactar'nig Enterprises 227 -o B ^ - 0) O ■— ™ E fc 5 E y E o 3 °£ - : : CI Z^6 6 Z 6 :r^ hr ■ - :^ c3 11 ^ ^ ^.§1 &>. ^c a c ^. 0,. tt. o i- cd ^ cj ■-'a p > — >, c > ■,, ••S^b Ig ;^ C^ ^JD C C"^ iH d -! - ri ri in :i !-. OKomofc H o rt >,.£ bebijbfliJ} T a; C c ^ E ~ T3 &fl O OJ _, C C J_ _ a3£oSB SCENES FROM THE EIVESTOCK INDUSTRY. No. 1. Bin packing plant at Spokane. No. 2. Stock yard at Tacoma. No. 3. Hogs fattening at Kennewick. No. 4. Beef cattle feeding in the Yakima Valley. EXPLAINING TABLES SHOWING RAW MATERIALS. The following classifications are for the purpose of indicat- ing the most important raw materials of the state and in what counties the bulk of them are to be found. In the first table the raw materials themselves are classified and the counties con- taining an appreciable amount listed after each item. The sec- ond is merely the converse of the first and is given for the sake of convenience, so that one may note readily the most common materials available in any single countv or group of counties. These tables have their limitations. For instance, certain of the more common materials listed in the classication such as fruits, berries and vegetables may be present to a certain extent in practically all the counties. In such cases it has seemed ad- visable to mention only those counties which have produced them in sufficient commercial quantities to constitute a real indus- trial factor. The extent to which each raw material exists in any divi- sion is roughly indicated lij' the letters "vp" very j)lentifid, "p" plentiful, and '"1" little. In using these signs it has Ijeen necessarj^ to take into consideration not alone the actual quan- tity existing, but also its relative importance among the jjrod- ucts of the county for which it is mentioned. An example of this is tiniljcr in Pend Oreille county which is marked "vp'" because it is relatively very plentiful as compared witli other resources of that county and also as compared with other neigh- boring districts ; although in actual quantity tliis county has far less timber than many of the heavily forested sections of the western part of the state. The data contained in these tal)les was secured fi'om many sources, including county officials. Federal and state re])()rts, chambers of commerce, and various individual experts; also by personal visit and investigation on the part of a representative of this bureau. While not exhaustive, tjiey will prove a con- venient reference for those wlio desii-e to survey briefiy the field of opportunity offered by individual counties or to trace quickly the sections wiiere certain resources may he found. DISTRIBUTION OF WASHINGTON'S PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS AND RESOURCES. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. BARLEV: Asotin, p; Columbia, vp; Garfield, vp; Spokane, p; Walla, vp; Whitman, vp. BERRIES: Grown abundantly in nearly all counties. Com- mercial shipments from Benton, p; Clarke, p; Island, p; King, vp; Kitsap, vp; Klickitat, vp; Lewis, vp; Pierce, vp; Spokane, vp; Yakima, vp. DAIRY: Clallam, p; Clarke, p; Cowlitz, p; Grant, 1; Grays Harbor, p; Island, p; Jefferson, p; King, vp; Kitsap, p; Kittitas, vp; Lewis, vp; Okanogan, p; Pacific, p; Pierce, vp; San Juan, p; Skagit, vp; Snohomish, vp; Spokane, vp; Stevens, p; Thurston, p; Wahkia- kum, p; Walla Walla, p; Whatcom, vp; Whitman, p; Yakima, vp. PRnTS (Orchard): Asotin, p; Benton, p; Chelan, vp; Clarke, vp; Columbia, p; Cowlitz, p; Douglas, p; Ferry, 1; Franklin, 1; Gar- field, p; Grant, p; Island, 1; King, p; Kitsap, p; Kittitas, vp; Klick- itat, vp; Lewis, p; Lincoln, p; Mason, 1; Okanogan, vp; Pierce, vp; San Juan, p; Skagit, p; Skamania, p; Snohomish, p; Spokane, vp; Stevens, p; Thurston, p; Walla Walla, vp; Whatcom, p; Whitman, p; Yakima, vp. LIVESTOCK: Adams, p; Asotin, p; Columbia, p; Douglas, 1; Ferry, p; Garfield, vp; Grant, p; King, vp; Kittitas, p; Klickitat, p; Lincoln, p; Okanogan, vp; Pierce, p; Skagit, p; Spokane, p; Stevens, p; Whatcom, p; Walla Walla, p; Whitman, vp; Yakima, vp. OATS: Adams, p; Clarke, p; Douglas, p; Grays Harbor, p; Island, p; Kittitas, vp; Lewis, vp; Lincoln, p; Okanogan, p; San Juan, p; Skagit, vp; Snohomish, p; Spokane, vp; Stevens, p; Thurs- ton, p; Walla Walla, p; Whatcom, p; Whitman, vp; Yakima, p. I'OULTRY: Adams, 1; Clarke, p; Douglas, p; Island, p; King, vp; Kitsap, vp; Lewis, vp; Pierce, vp; San Juan, p; Snohomish, vp; Spokane, vp; Stevens, p; Thurston, p; Walla Walla, p; Whatcom, p; Whitman, vp; Yakima, vp. SUGAR BEETS: Benton, p; Yakima, vp; Kittitas, 1. VEGETABLES: Grown abundantly in practically all counties. Large commercial shipments at present from Benton, Clarke, Colum- bia, Cowlitz, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lewis, Pierce, Skamania, Spokane, Walla Walla. Yakima. WHEAT: Adams, vp; Asotin, vp; Benton, vp; Columbia, vp; Douglas, vp; Franklin, vp ; Garfield, vp; Grant, vp; Kittitas, p; Klickitat, vp; Lincoln, vp; Okanogan, vp ; Spokane, vp; Walla Walla, vp; Whitman, vp ; Yakima, p. A softer wheat will grow in any part of western Washington. WOOL: Asotin, p; Benton, vp; Columbia, p; Franklin, p; Gar- field, p; Grant, p; Kittitas, p; Klickitat, p; Okanogan, p; San Juan, p; Stevens, p; Walla Walla, vp; Whitman, vp; Yakima, vp. NrKLI>f: fruit. 1; wheat, vp ; silica, p; wool, p; water- power, p. GARFIELD: barley, vp; fruit, p; livestock, vp; wheat, vp; wool, p; clay (brick), p; granite, 1; onyx, 1; timber, 1. GRANT: dairies. 1; fruit, p; livestock, p; wheat, vp ; wool, p; potash, 1; silica, vp; Soap lake mineral water; waterpower, vp. GRAYS HABOR: dairies, p; oats, p; clams, vp ; crabs, vp; fish, vp; whales, vp ; manganese; clay (brick), vp; coal (prospects); oil (prospects); timber, vp; waterpower. p. ISLAND: berries, p; fruit. 1; dairies, p; poultry, p; oats, p; fish, vp; kelp, p; timber, p. JEFFERSON: dairies, p; fish, vp; clay, vp; minerals (undevel- oped); oil (prospects); timber, vp ; waterpower. vp. KING: berries, vp; fruits, p; dairies, vp; livestock, vp; poultry, vp; fish, vp; cement material, vp; clay, vp; coal, vp; granite, p; sandstone, 1; metals (arsenic, copper, gold, iron). 1; timber, vp; waterpower. vp. KITSAP: berries, vp; fruit, p; dairies, p; poultry, vp; fish, vp; clay, p; sandstone, p; timber, p. KITTITAS: dairies, vp; fruit, vp; livestock, p; oats, vp; wheat, p; vegetables, vp; sugar beets, 1; wool, p; clay, p; coal, vp; metals (largely undeveloped), gold, quicksilver, iron; silica, p; timber, p; waterpower. vp. KLICKITAT: berries, vp; livestock, p; fruit, vp ; vegetables, p; wheat, vp; wool, p; clay, p; stone, p; timber. 1; waterpower, vp. LEWIS: berries, vp; dairies, vp; fruit, p; oats, vp; poultry, vp; vegetables, vp; wool, p; clay, vp ; coal, vp ; metals (arsenic, cop- per, lead, quicksilver); oil (prospects); timber, vp; waterpower, vp. LINCOLN: fruit, p; livestock, p; oats, p; wheat, vp; clay, p; marble, 1; mines (largely undeveloped, gold, lead, silver); timber, 1 ; waterpower, vp. MASON: fruit, 1; clams, p; fish, p; oysters, vp; copper, 1; gran- ite, p; manganese, p; timber, vp; waterpower, vp. 234 Maniifaciuring Opportunities in Washington OKANOGAN: dairies, p; fruit, vp; livestock, vp; oats, p; wtieat, p; wool, p; cement material, p; clay, vp; mines (arsenic, copper, epsom salts, gold, lead, manganese, molybdenum, silver, tungsten, zinc); timber, p; waterpower, p. PACIFIC: dairies, p; clams, p; crabs, vp; oysters, vp; fish, p; clay, p; timber, vp; waterpower, p. PEND OREILLE: grain, p; liay, p; cement material, vp; lime- stone, p; mines (gold, lead, molybdenum, silver, zinc); timber, vp; waterpower, vp. PIERCE: berries, vp; fruit, vp; dairies, vp; livestock, p; poul- try, vp; vegetables, vp; fish, p; clay, p; coal, vp; copper, 1; granite, 1; sandstone, p; timber, vp; waterpower, vp. SAN JUAN: fruit, p; dairies, p; poultry, p; oats, p; wool, p; fish, vp; kelp, vp; cement material, vp; lime flux, vp; mines (unde- veloped) ; sandstone, p. SKAGIT: fruit, p; dairies, vp; livestock, p; oats, vp; fish, vp ; cement material, vp; clay, p; coal, p; metals (copper, gold, iron, sil- ver) ; sandstone, p; timber, vp; waterpower, vp. SKAMANIA: dairies, p; fruit, p; vegetables, p; fish, p; mines (largely undeveloped, copper, lead, gold); timber, vp; waterpower, vp. SNOHOMISH: fruit, p; dairies, vp; poultry, vp; fish, vp; ce- ment material, vp; clay, p; coal, p; granite, p; limestone, p; marble, p; mines (largely undeveloped, arsenic, copper, lead, gold, iron, molybdenum, zinc); timber, vp; waterpower, vp. SPOKANE: barley, p; berries, vp; dairies, vp ; fruit, vp; live- stock, p; oats, vp ; poultry, vp; vegetables, vp; wheat, vp; clay, vp; granite, p; marble, 1; mines (iron, lead, tungsten); silica, p; timber, 1; waterpower, vp. STEVENS: dairies, p; fruit, p; livestock, p; poultry, p; oats, p; wool, p; cement material, p; clay, p; granite, p; lime flux, p; limestone, p; marble, vp; mines (copper, gold, iron, lead, silver, tungsten, zinc); timber, p; waterpower, vp. THURSTON: fruit, p; dairies, p; oats, p; poultry, p; clams, p; oysters, vp ; coal, p; sandstone, vp; timber, vp; waterpower, p. WAHKIAKUM: dairies, p; fish, vp; timber, vp; waterpower, vp. WALLA W^ALLA: dairies, p; barley, vp; oats, p; vegetables, vp ; fruit, vp; livestock, p; poultry, p; wheat, vp; wool, vp; clay, p. WHATCOM: fruit, p; dairies, vp; livestock, p; oats, p; poultry, p; vegetables, p; fish, vp; cement material, p; clay, vp; coal, p; gold, 1; marble, 1; sandstone, p; timber, vp ; waterpower, vp. WHITMAN: fruit, p; barley, vp; dairies, p; livestock, vp; oats, vp; poultry, vp; wheat, vp; wool, vp; clay, p; gold, 1; granite, p. YAKIMA: berries, vp; dairies, vp; fruit, vp; livestock, vp; oats, p; poultry, vp; sugar beets, vp; vegetables, vp; wheat, p; wool, vp ; clay, p; gold, 1; silica, p; timber, 1; waterpower, vp. Statistical Tabic 235 . S6I' C'if^ : ■— r^— 'fi ^ t 5 o-H •— * - -S-S ti.S.ati.a .9S§ -"^ S j_r K^'^ls y £ 03 5 h - B [-1 o S^KgKgS fe Hi! b .& fH .2 r S 1^ ■' S -Q.^-;:- -3" i.S m' ^ +^ .b -t- -+j ^ ,2 t i t-.-S oS- ag- jSSSSS ;^fS(2^oE:Hf hc.S 3.SE o «; ,S .s 55S = 3 3 3„_. : rt .a • S 3 .'^ ^ S fr ^.o _ ^ "^ n ^ '-' - tM — CDEmPM ]L-:c■l^t-OI^~CD^^lC5■^OM•KO(^lC0001-^COS^-C^I>OJO]0 01co-T*^~9■I^Oicrt'1'^-•'-^^0 loc^I-^^--l^l-H-'t<:C'CJOiocnjOT<3iOcoco-t''-OTOCi^iSQtiiro ■rH^-t-grjC2Q<^GCJCOOTi-(C«^' . fcoOciT— (l~i-HOifJcNOOi-Hr-ioij::i.--co'x>coiOi- -f o I- oD I - ■— ( I-H o; i-O C; c 1 o r-H n lo r— I w -fH lo -n o ■-< C; c- 11^ CI CO C) ;> C^ CI CI = -t< 1— ( 1- CI ?i "-C C S? CI c: w ^ i- i- co ;; !_':■ i- o w X' «) o to I "^ 1- ^j CI I.- I— 1 :o 6; 00 CO m & CI wj CO i~ 1— 1 I-- cj:3 o I m i.- ci ci O i— i o 1 Cli— I 1—1 CI Cli— IClCl lO T— liH 1— li— (Cli— 'CI ^-ClCllft ~ o c r ; a s-g o I : — ~-^+j*^Ot3'^ 3-= Si • c p S o H o x: o i j ^ o -oat- ^-^^ 5:5^ vj rt lllSl5lli£2li?|!lp^il|llllg|||l|l?^|2= 1 [=1 c 3 -■ I 1-1 CI CO -f lO -^ t CO C". C' r J O I-- 00 C^ O r ?^ '^^ ?: c -wo REFERENCES ON INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN WASHINGTON. Prepared by Reference Department, University of Wasliington Library. AKROPI.AIVES. Adams, Bristow. Wood on the ^\'ing:. American Forestry, 23:583-89, October 1917. Pales, E. N. Learning to fly in the United States army; a manual of aviation practice. 1917. 180 p. Hunsaker, J, C. Aeronautics. (In Marl<:'s Meclianical Kngineers" Handbook. 1916. p. 1246-61.) ALKAIjKA iMKAI.. Burnett, B. A. Maliinf^r alfalfa meal. Rural New Yorker, 7.0:1092, August 19, 1916. Heiidriek, EII«ood. Making wholesome bread out of alfalfa hay. Scientific American, 116:441, May 5, 1917. Human food from alfalfa. Literary Digest, 55:2.5, July 21, 1917. :»IaiiHfacture of alfalfa meal. Breeders" Gazette, 69:272, February 3. 1916. BRICK AND CLAV PRODUCTS. Bleinlu^er, A. V, Development of the ceramic industries in the United States. Journal of Franklin Institute, 183:127-67, February, 1917. Kniley, W. E. Manufacture and properties of sand lime brick. United States Bureau of Standards. Technical Paper 85. 1917. 41 p. >foDouffal. T. G. Casting of clay "wares. United States Bureau of Mines. Technical Paper 126. 1916. 25 p. The pottery industry. United States Bureau of Foreign and Do- mestic Commerce. Miscellaneous Series 21. 1915. 3SS p. Rie.s, Heinrioli. Clavs, their occui"rence, properties and uses. New York. Wiley. 1908. Scientitie methods in eartheiiAvare manufacture. Scientific Anierican Supplement, 74:243, October 19, 1912. BRIQUETTIJVG OE COAL. Briquettins eoal. Colliery Engineer, 33:687, July 1913. ivittchell, G. E. American coal brirjuetting industry. National Geo- graphic Magazine, 21:1067-74, December, 1910. Wright, C. Li. Fuel briQUetting industry. Engineering Magazine, 39:46-54, 195-213, April-May, 1910. "VVrifflit. C. L. Fuel briquetting investigations. United States Bu- reau of Mines. Bulletin 58. 1913. 275 p. HLTTOIV.S. ]>Ianiifaoture of buttons, 1?H4. L^nited .States Census Bureau. 1917. 9 p. Wooley, E. M. Buttons: a romance of American industry. McClure's .Magazine, 42:113-20, February, 1914. CANMN*; A\'D EV.APOR,4Tr\(;. Beattie, .1. H., and i^ould, H. P. Commercial evaporation and dr^'ing of fruits. United States Faimeis Bulletin 903. 1917. 61 p. Bittlue, A- ^^'. The canning of foods; a description of the methods followed in commercial canning. United States Bureau of Chemistr>'. Bulletin 151. 1912. 77 p. Bitting;. A. \V. Methods followed in the commercial canning of foods. United States Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 196. 1915 79 p. Canninjir and lireservinR-, 1914. ITnited States Census Bureau 1917 31 p. CanneIanufaotiire of prodnt-t.s derived from eoal. Textile World, 51 ;1139, Kebruary 19. 1916. DIATO!>IAri]Ol S FAKTH. Godbe, E. T. Diatomaceous eartli in the state of AVashington. Thesis 272. University of Washington Library. 1914. 3S p. >lanD, .\ll>ert. Economic impoj-tance of the diatoms. Smithsonian Institution. Annual repoi't, 1916. p. 377- S7. Seientirte and industrial uses of dintoniite. Scientillc American Suji- lUement, 77:1U9, Februai-y 14. 1914. ELECTKIC SM11]LTIIV4;. Karnuni, F. C Electric smelting for southeastern Alaska. Engi- neering and mining journal, 99:287, February 6, 1915. Ltoi*. D. a. Smelting of copper ores in the electric furnace. United States Bureau of Mines. Bulletin SI. 1915. p. 1-76. I^von, D. A., and Kennev. R. M. Smelting of metals in the electric furnace. United States Buieau of Mines. Bulletin 77. 1914. p. 72-101. Notes on elect rio -steel sineltinp;-. Metallurgical and cliemical engi- neer, 16;577-7N. May 15. 1917. FISH AND FISHIllKIES. Cobb, J. N. I*acific cod fisheries. LTnited States Bureau of Fisheries. Document S30. 1916. Ill p. Darwin. I-. H. The fisheries of the state of W^ashington. Washing- ton State Bureau of Statistics and Immigration. 1916. 15 p. Seliniitt, W. L., and others. Suivey of the fishing grounds on the coasts of Washington and Oregon. United States Bui'eau of Fisheries. Document S17. 1916. 29 p. Smith. E. v. The fisheries and fishery products of A\^ashington. Journal of geography, 14:337-42, May, 1916. 1'urrentine, J. W. LTtilization of the fish waste of the Pacific coast for the manufacture of fertilizer. United States Department of Agricul- ture. Bulletin 150. 1915. 71 p. FLO 1 11. Amos, P. A. Processes of flour manufacturing. N. Y. Longmans. 1912. 2S0 p. Flour-mill and jcrristniill profluets, 1914. Un ited States Census Bu- reau. 1917. 20 p. Wells, C, A. Cottonseed flour as a possible food for man. Scientific American, 110:402, May 9. 1914. \s. NeMbitt, Jane. Tovs made from odds and ends. Illustrated World, 28:580-82, October, 1917. AVOOD DISTILLATION. Benson, H. K. Chemical treatment of waste wood. Scientitic Ameri- can Sum'lement, 75:363-65, June 7, 1913. Benson, H. K. W"ood distillation. (In his by-products of the lum- ber industrv. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Special Agents' Series 110. 1916. p. 9-32.) Geer, W'. C. Wood distillation. United States Forest Service. Cir- cular 114. 1907. 8 p. Graves. H. S. Wood distillation, 1909. United States Census Bu- reau. Forest products. 7. 1911. 11 p. AVOOD WASTE Bristol, H. S., and Ha^ley, L. E, Utilization of wood waste by chemical and other means. National Conservation Commission. Report, 1909. Volume 2. p. 645-57. Kressniann, F. AA'. W^ood flour ; its manufacture and uses. Metal- lui-gical anl cliemical engineering, 14:372-74, April 1, 1916; same» Scien- tific American Supplement, 82:229, October 7, 1916. Surface, H. E. Bibliography of the pulp and pajier in*, 1 914. GENERAL KEFERENX'ES. Benson, H. K. The industiial resources of Washington Journal of geography, 14:353-57, May, 1916. Census of manufaetures in AA'asliinK^ton, 11H4. United States Cen- sus Bureau. 1917. 33 p. Industrial survey of Seatde. University of Washington Bureau of Industrial Research. Bulletin 3. In press. Landes, Henry. Geographic dictionary of Wasliington ^Vashing- ton Geological Survey. Bulletin 17. 1917. p. 346. Landes, Henry. The water i-esources of Washington. Journal of geography. 14:323-31, May, 1916. A\>aver, C E. The mineral resources of Washington Journal of geography. 14:343-48, May. 1916. TS 45 W2m'""' """'""'"■"'"'■>' Manufacturing opportunities in the state 3 1924 003 609 272