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Z695 .C99° rne " Univer8l,y Llbrar v 
 ""'^iiNiSIiiiiuiiiPiMiffifnif 1 dict 'onarv catalogue 
 
 _ 3 1924 029 518 978 
 
 olin 
 
PUBLIC LIBRARIES 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 HISTORY, CONDITION, AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 SPECIAL REPORT 
 
 DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 
 :p-a.:rt ii 
 
 "WASHING-TON 
 
 Government Printing Office 
 
 1876 
 
 
CORNELL" 
 
 UNIVERSITY! 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
RULES 
 
 FOR A PRINTED 
 
 DICTIONARY CATALOGUE 
 
 CHARLES A. CUTTER 
 
 LIBRARIAN OF THE BOSTON ATHENEUM 
 
 (3) 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 
 
 CHARLES A. CUTTER, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 There are plenty of treatises on classification, of which accounts may 
 be found in Edwards's Memoirs of Libraries and Petzholclfs Bibliotheca 
 Bibliographica. The classification of the St. Louis Public School Library 
 Catalogue is briefly defended by W. T. Harris in the preface (which is 
 reprinted, with some additions, from the Journal of Speculative - Phil- 
 osophy for 1869). Professor Abbot's plan is explained in a pamphlet 
 printed and in use at Harvard College Library, also in his " Statement 
 respecting the New Catalogue" (part of the report of the examining 
 committee of the library for 1863), and in the North American Review 
 for January, 1869. The plan of Mr. Schwartz, librarian of the Appren- 
 tices' Library, New York, is partially set forth in the preface to his cata- 
 logue; and a fuller explanation is preparing for publication. For an 
 author-catalogue there are the famous 91 rules of the British Museum* 
 (prefixed to the Catalogue of Printed Books, Vol. 1, 1841, or conveniently 
 arranged in alphabetical order by Th. Nichols in his Handbook for 
 Eeaders at the British Museum, 1866); Prof. Jewett's modification of 
 them (Smithsonian Eeport on the Construction.of Catalogues, 1852); Mr. 
 F. B. Perkins's further modification (in the American Publisher for 1809), 
 and a chapter in the second volume of Edwards. But for a dictionary 
 catalogue as a whole, and for most of its parts, there is no manual 
 whatever. Nor have any of the above-mentioned works attempted to 
 set forth the rules in a systematic way or to investigate what might be 
 called the first principles of cataloguing. It is to be expected that a 
 first attempt will be incomplete, and I shall be obliged to librarians 
 for criticisms, objections, or new problems, with or without solutions. 
 With such assistance perhaps a second edition of these hints would 
 deserve the title — Rules. • 
 
 * Compiled by a committee of five, Panizzi, Th. Watts, J. Winter Jones, J. H. Parry, and 
 E. Edwards, in several months of hard labor. 
 
 (5) 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 General remarks. 
 Objects. 
 
 Means. 
 
 Definitions (with a note on classification). 
 
 'A. Entry. (Where to enter.) 
 
 1. Author-catalogue 17 
 
 A. Authors. 
 
 1. Personal. 
 
 a. Who is to be considered author. 
 
 b. What part of the name is to be used. 
 
 c. What form of the name is to be used. 
 
 2. Corporate. 
 
 B. Substitutes for authors, 
 c. Eeferences. 
 
 D. Economies. 
 
 2. Title-catalogue 32 
 
 3. Subject-catalogue 37 
 
 A. Entries considered separately. 
 
 1. Choice between different subjects. 
 
 2. Choice between different names. 
 
 B. Entries considered as parts of a whole. 
 
 4. Form-catalogue 49 
 
 5. Analysis 52 
 
 B. Style. (How to enter.) 52 
 
 1. Headings. 
 
 2. Titles. (Abridgement, etc.) 
 
 3. Editions. 
 
 4. Imprints. 
 
 5. Contents and notes. 
 
 6. Eeferences. , 
 
 7. Capitals. 
 
 8. Punctuation, etc. 
 
 a. Headings. 
 
 b. Titles. 
 
 c. Editions. 
 
 d. Imprints. 
 
 9. Arrangement. 
 
 (7) 
 

 
 »-H 
 
 
RULES 
 
 DICTIONARY CATALOGUE 
 
 No code of cataloguing could be adopted in all points by everyone, 
 because the libraries for study and the libraries for reading have differ- 
 ent objects, and those which combine the two do so in different propor- 
 tions. Again, the preparation of a catalogue must vary as it is to be 
 manuscript or printed, and, if the latter, as it is to be merely an index 
 to the library, giving in the shortest possible compass clues by which 
 the public can find books, or is to attempt to furnish more information 
 on various points, or finally is to be made with a certain regard to what 
 may be called style. Without pretending to exactness we may divide dic- 
 tionary catalogues into short-title, medium-title, and full-title or biblio- 
 graphic; typical examples of the three being, 1°, the Boston Mercantile 
 (1869) or the Cincinnati Public (1871); 2°, the Boston Public (1801 and 
 1866) or the Boston Athenaeum (1872); 3°, the author-part of the Con- 
 gress (1869) and the Surgeon General's (1872-74) or least abridged of 
 any, the present card catalogue of the Boston Public Library. To avoid 
 the constant repetition of such phrases as " the full catalogue of a large 
 library" and "a concise finding-list," I shall use the three words Short, 
 Medium, and Full as proper names, with the preliminary caution that 
 the Short family are not all of the same size, that there is more than 
 one Medium, and that Full may be Fuller and Fullest. Short, if single- 
 columned, is generally a title-a-liner ; if printed in double columns, it 
 allows the title occasionally to exceed one line, but not, if possible, two; 
 Medium does not limit itself in this, way, but it seldom exceeds four lines, 
 and gets many titles into a single line. Full usually fills three or four 
 lines and often takes six or seven for a title. 
 
 The number of the following rules is not owing to any complexity of 
 system, but to the number of cases to which a few simple principles have 
 to be applied. They are especially designed for Medium, but may easily 
 be adapted to Short by excision and marginal notes. The almost univer- 
 sal practice of printing the shelf-numbers renders some of them unneces- 
 sary for town and city libraries. 
 
 (9) 
 
10 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 OBJECTS. 
 
 1. To enable a person to find a book of which either 
 
 (a) the author "] 
 
 (b) the title )■ is known. 
 (C) the subject J 
 
 2. To show what the library has 
 
 (d) by a given author 
 (E) on a given subject 
 (f) in a given kind of literature. 
 
 3. To assist in the choice of a book 
 
 (G) as to its edition (bibliographically). 
 (h) as to its character (literary or topical). 
 
 MEANS. 
 
 1. Author-entry with the necessary references (for A and D). 
 
 2. Title-entry or title-reference (for B). 
 
 3. Subject-entry, cross-references, and classed subject- table (for o and e). 
 
 4. Form-entry* (for F). 
 
 5. Giving edition and imprint, with notes when necessary (for G). 
 
 6. Notes (for h). 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 There is such confusion in the use of terms in the various prefaces to catalogues, —a confu- 
 sion that at once springs from and leads to confusion of thought and practice, — that it is worth 
 while to propose a systematic nomenclature. 
 
 Analysis. See Reference, Analytical. 
 Anonymous, published without the author's name. 
 
 Strictly a book is not anonymous if the author's name appears anywhere in it, but it is 
 safest to treat.it as anonymous if the author's name does not appear in the title. 
 
 Asyndetic, without cross references. See Syndetic. 
 Author, in the narrower sense, is the person who writes a book ; in a wider 
 sense it may be applied to him who is the cause of the book's existence 
 by putting together the.writings of several authors (usually called the 
 editor, more properly to be called the collector). Bodies of men (so- 
 cieties, cities, legislative bodies, countries) are to be considered the 
 authors of their memoirs, transactions, journals, debates, reports, &c. 
 Class, a collection of objects having characteristics in common. 
 
 Books are classified by bringing together those which have the same eharafcteristics.t Of 
 course any characteristics might be taken, as size, or binding, or publisher. But as nobody 
 wants to know what books there are in the library in folio, or what quartos, or what books 
 bound in russia or calf, or what published by John Smith, or by Brown, Jones, and Robinson 
 these bases of classification are left to the booksellers- and auctioneers and trade sales. Still in 
 
 *Here the whole is designated by its most important member. The full name would bo form-and-language 
 entry. Kind-entry would not suggest the right idea. 
 
 tThis note has grown out of some epistolary controversy. It has little direct bearing on practioe, but by its 
 insertion here some one interested in the theory of cataloguing may be saved the trouble of going over the 
 same ground. 
 

 *»C <*«<w ■'W--r 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 11 
 
 case of certain unusual or noted bindings, as human skin or Grolier's, or early or famous 
 publishers, as Aldus and Elzevir, a partial class-list is sometimes very properly made. But 
 books are most commonly brought together in catalogues because they have the same authors, 
 or the same subjects, or the same literary form, or are written in the same language, or were 
 given by the same donor, or are designed for the same class of readers. When brought together 
 because they are by the same author they are not usually thought of as classified ; they form 
 the author-oatalogue, and need no further mention here except in regard to arrangement. 
 The classes, i. e. in this case the authors, might of course be further classified according to 
 their nations, or their professions (as the subjects are in national or professional biographies) or 
 by any other set of common characteristics, but for library purposes an alphabetical arrange- 
 ment according to the spelling of their names is universally acknowledged to be the best. 
 
 The classification by language is not generally used in full. There are catalogues in which 
 all the English books are separated from all the foreign; in others there are separate lists of 
 French books or German books. The needs of each library must determine whether it is 
 worth while to prepare such lists. It is undeniably useful in almost any library to make 
 lists of the belles lettres in the different languages ; which' though nominally a classification by 
 language is really a classification by literary form, the object being to bring together all the 
 works with a certain national flavor, — the French flavor, the German flavor. Again, it is 
 useful to give lists not of the belles lettres alone but of all the works in the rarer languages, 
 as the Bodleian and the British Museum have published separate lists of their Hebrew books. 
 Here too the circumstances of each library must determine where it shall draw the line between 
 those literatures which it will put by themselves and those which it will include and hide in 
 the mass of its general catalogue. Note, however, that some of the difficulties of transliterat- 
 ing names of modern Greek, Russian authors, &c, are removed by putting their original 
 works in a separate catalogue, though translations still remain to puzzle us. 
 
 The catalogue by donors or original owners is usually partial (as those of the Dowse, Bar- 
 ton, Prince, and Ticknor libraries). The catalogues by classes of readers are also partial, 
 hardly extending beyond Juvenile literature and Sunday-school books. Of course 
 many subject classes amount to the same thing, the class Medicine being especially useful to 
 medical men, Theology to the theologians, and so on. 
 
 Classification by subject and classification by form are the most common. An example will 
 best show the distinction between them. Theology, which is itself a subject, is also a class, 
 that is, it is extensive enough to have its parts, its chapters, so to speak (as Future Life, 
 Holy Spirit; Regeneration, Sin, Trinity), treated separately, each when so treated 
 (whether in books or only in thought) being itself a subject; all these together, inasmuch as 
 they possess this in common, that they have to do with some part of the relations of God to man, 
 form the class of subjects Theology. Class, however, is applied to Poetry in a different 
 sense. It then signifies not a collection of similar subjects but a collection of books resembling 
 one another in being composed in that form and with that spirit, whatever it is, which is called 
 poetical. In the subject-catalogue class is used in the first sense, — collection of similar sub- 
 jects ; in the form-catalogue it is used in the second, — list of similar books. 
 
 Most systems of classification are mixed, as the following analysis of one in actual use in a 
 small library will show : 
 Art, science, and natural history. Subj. 
 
 History and biography. Subj. 
 
 Poetry. Form (literary). 
 
 Encyclopaedias and books of reference. Form ( practical) . 
 
 Travels and adventures. Subj. (Has some similarity to a Form-class.) 
 
 BaiJroads. Subj. 
 
 Fiction. Form. (Novels, a sub-division of -Ficitort, is properly aForm-class; but 
 
 the differentia of the more extensive class Fiction is not its form, but 
 its untruth ; imaginary voyages and the like of course imitate the form 
 of the works which they parody.) 
 Relating to the rebellion. Sabj. 
 
 Magazines. Form (practical) 
 
 General literature, essays, and reli- A mixture : 1 . liar fly a class ; that is to say, it probably is a collection 
 
 gious works. of books having only this in common, that they will not fit into any 
 
 of the othor classes; 2. Form; 3. Subj. 
 
12 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Confining ourselves now to classification by subjects the word can be used in three senses : 
 
 1. Bringing books together which treat of the same subject specifically. 
 
 That is books which each treat of the whole of the subject and not of a part only. 
 
 2. Bringing books together which treat of similar subjects. 
 
 Or, to express the same thing - differently : 
 Bringing subjects together so as to form a class. 
 A catalogue so made is called a classed catalogue. 
 
 3. Bringing classes together so as to form a system. 
 
 A catalogue so made should be called a systematic catalogue. 
 The three steps are then 
 
 1. Classifying the books to make subject-lists. 
 
 2. Classifying the subject-lists to make classes. 
 
 3. Classifying the classes to make a systematic catalogue. 
 
 The dictionary stops in its entries at the first stage, in its cross-references at the second. 
 
 The alphabetieo-classed catalogue stops at the second stage. 
 
 The systematic alone advances to the third. 
 
 Classification in the first sense, it is plain, is the same as "entry;" in the second sense it is 
 the same as ''class-entry ; " and in the third sense it is the same as the "logical arrangement" 
 of the table on p. 13, under " Classed catalogue.'' 
 
 It is worth while to ascertain the relation of subject and class in the subject-catalogue. Sub- 
 ject is the matter oh which the author is seeking to give or the reader to obtain information ; 
 Class is, as said above, a grouping of subjects which have characteristics in common. A little 
 reflection will show that the words so used partially overlap,* the general subjects being 
 classest and the classes being subjects,t but the individual subjects^ never being classes. 
 
 Class-entry, registering a book under the name of its class; in the sub- 
 ject-catalogue used in contradistinction to specific entry. 
 
 E. g. a book on repentance has class entry under Theology ; its specific entry would be 
 under Repentance. 
 
 Classed catalogues are made by class-entry, whether the classes so formed 
 are arranged logically as in the Systematic kiud or alphabetically 
 as in the Alphabetieo-classed. 
 
 A dictionary catalogue contains class-headings, inasmuch as it contains the headings of 
 extensive subjects, but under them there is no class entry, only specific entry. The syn- 
 detic dictionary catalogue, however, recognizes their nature by its cross-references, which 
 constitute it in a certain degree an alphabetieo-classed (not a systematic) catalogue. Moreover 
 the dictionary catalogue, without ceasing to be one, might, if it were thought worth while 
 (which it certainly is not), not merely give titles under specific headings but repeat them 
 
 Form 
 Clas 
 
 Subject ,-j 
 ses - a \ 
 
 
 to' d 
 
 E3 
 
 t The subjects Animals, Horses, Plants, are classes, a fact which is perhaps 
 more evident to the eye if we use the terms Zoology, Hippology, Botany. 
 The subdivisions of Botany and Zoology arc obvious enough ; the subdivisions 
 of Hippology may be themselves classes, as Shetland ponies, Arabian 
 coursers, Barbs, or individual horses, as Lady Sufib.fc, Justin Morgan. 
 
 } Not merely the concrete classes Natural history, Geography, Herpetology 
 History, Ichthyo ogy, Mineralogy but the abstract ones Mathematics, Phil- 
 osophy arc plainly subjects. The fact that some bools treat of tho subject Phil- 
 osophy and others of philosophical subjects and that others treat in a philosophi- 
 cal manner subjects not visually considered philosophical, introduces confusion 
 into the matter ; and single examples may bo brought up in which it seems as if tho classification expressed the 
 form (Crestadoro's " nature ") or something which a friend calls the "essence" of the hook and not its sutiect 
 thatwooughttospeakofan "essence-catalogue" which miahtrequire some special treatment; butthedistinction 
 cannot bo maintained. It might be said, for example, that "Geology a proof of revelation ' ' wuuld have for its 
 subject-ma Her Geology but for its class Theology, — which is true, notbeoause class and subject arc incompatible 
 but because this bco'.c has two subjects, the first Geology, the second one of the evidences of revealed reIi°ion 
 wherefore, as the Evidences are a subdivision of Theology, tho book belongs under that as a subject-class' 
 
 §It is pliiin enough that Mt, Jefferson, John Milton, the Warrior Iron-clad are not olasses. Countries 
 however, which for most purposes it is convenient to consider as individual, are in certain aspects classes' 
 when by the word ' ' England*' we mean "the English " it is the name of a clasB. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 
 
 13 
 
 under certain classes or under all classes in ascending series, p.. g. not merely have such 
 headings as Rose, Geranium, Fungi, Liliaceae, Fhaenogamia, Cryptogamia, but also 
 under Botany include all the titles which appeared under Rose, Geranium, etc. ; provided 
 Ww headings Botany. Cryptogamia, Fungi, etc., were arranged alphabetically. The 
 matter may be tabulated thus : 
 
 ' Specific entry. (Common diet, catal.) ) 
 
 Specific entry and class reference (Bost. Pub. I Dictionary cata- 
 
 Lib., Boston Atheiuoum.) logue. 
 
 Specific and class entry. (No example.) J 
 
 Class entry with specific or class subentry. *| 
 
 (Noves ) I Alphabetico-class- 
 
 Class entry wilh chiefly class subentry. ( e " catalogue. 
 (Abbot.) J 
 
 f Class entry. (Undivided classed catal.) | Systematic cata- 
 
 -| Class entry and subentry and finally specific r l () o-ue. 
 
 Alphabetical ar 
 rangement. 
 
 Logical arrange 
 ment. 
 
 subentiy. v Subdivided classed catal.) 
 
 J 
 
 Alphabetical arrangement. 
 
 Specifio headings 
 in alphabetical 
 order. 
 
 D 
 
 Specific headtags 
 arranged logic- 
 ally in olasses. 
 
 Classes in alpha- 
 betical order. 
 
 B 
 
 Classes in logical 
 order. 
 
 Logical arrangement. 
 
 ' A, Specific dictionary. 
 
 B, Specific diet, by its cross-references and its 
 form-entries. Alphabetico-classed catalogue. 
 
 C, Classed catalogue without subdivisions, 
 o T>, Classed catalogue with subdivisions. 
 | A, B are alphabetical. 
 £ C, D are classed. 
 & A, B, D contain specific subjects. 
 St B, C, D contain classes. 
 §- The specific entries of A and the classes of B, 
 
 though brought together in the same catalogues (the 
 class-dictionary and the alphabetico-classed) simply 
 stand side by side and do not unite, each preserving its 
 own nature, because the principle which brings them 
 together — the alphabet — is external, mechanical. 
 But in D the specific entries and the classes become intimately united to form a homogeneous 
 whole, because the principle which brings them together — the relations of the subjects to one 
 another — is internal, chemical, so to speak. 
 
 Collector. See Author. 
 
 Gross-reference. See Reference. 
 
 Dictionary catalogue, so called because the headings (author, title, sub- 
 ject, and form) are arranged, like the words in a dictionary, in alpha 
 betical order. 
 
 Dictionary and other alphabetical catalogues. These are differentiated not, 
 as is often said, by the dictionary having specific entry, but (1) by 
 its giving specific entries in all cases and (2) by its individual entry. 
 
 Even the classed catalogues often have specific entry. Whenever a book treats of the whole 
 subject of a class it is specifically entered under that class. A theological encyclopedia is 
 specifically entered under Theology, and theology is an unsubordinated class in uiany systems. 
 The alphabetico-classed catalogues have specific entry in many more cases, because they have 
 many more classes. Prof Abbot has such headings as Ink, Jute, Lace, Leather, Life- 
 savers, Locks, Mortars, Perfumery, Safes, Salt, Smoke, Snow, Varnish, Vitriol. 
 Mr. Noyes has scores of similar headings. But neither of them permits individual entry, which 
 the dictionary catalogue requires. The alphabetico-classed catalogue enters a life of Napoleon 
 and a history of England under Biography and History ; the dictionary enters them under 
 Napoleon and England. This is the invariable and chief distinction between the two. 
 
14 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Editor. See Author. 
 
 Entry, the registry of a book in the catalogue with the title and im- 
 print. 
 Author-entry, such registry with the author's name for a heading. 
 Title-entry, registry under some word of the title. 
 First-word-entry, such entry made from the first word of the title not 
 
 an article. 
 Important-word, or catch-word- entry, such entry made from some word 
 of the title other than the first word and not indicative of the sub- 
 ject, but likely to be remembered and used by borrowers in asking 
 for the book. 
 Subject-word-entry, such entry made under a word of the title which in- 
 dicates the subject of the book. 
 Subject-entry, registry under the name selected by the cataloguer to in- 
 dicate the subject. 
 A cataloguer who should put "The insect," by Michelet, under Entomology, would be 
 making a subject-entry; Duncan's "Introduction to entomology" entered under the same head 
 would be at once a subject-entry and a subject-word-entry. 
 
 Form-entry, registry under the name of the kind of literature to which 
 the book belongs. 
 
 Form, applied to a variety of classification founded on the form of the 
 book classified, which may be either Practical, as in Almanacs, Dic- 
 tionaries, Encyclopaedias, Gazetteers, Indexes, Tables (the form in these 
 being for the most part alphabetical), or Literary, as Fiction, Plays, 
 Comedies, Farces, Tragedies, Poetry, letters, Orations, Sermons (the 
 latter with the subdivisions Charity, Election, Funeral, Installation, 
 Ordination, Thanksgiving, etc.). There are certain headings which 
 belong both to the Subject and the Form family. "Encyclopaedias," 
 inasmuch as the books treat of all knowledge, is the most inclusive 
 of all the subject-classes; inasmuch as (with few exceptions) they 
 are in alphabetic form, it is a form-class. 
 
 Beading, the word by which the alphabetical place of an entry in the 
 catalogue is determined, usually the name of the author, of the sub- 
 ject, or of the literary or practical form, or a word of the title. 
 
 Imprint, the indication of the place, date, and form of printingl 
 
 Polygraphia, written by several authors. 
 
 Polyiopical, treating of several topics. 
 
 Will the convenience of this word excuse the twist given to the meanin" of t6xoc in its 
 formation ? Polygraphic might serve, as the French use polygraphe for a miscellaneous writer ■ 
 but it will be well to have both words, — polygraphic denoting (as now) collections of several 
 works by one or many authors, polytopical denoting works on many subjects. 
 
 Reference, partial registry of a book (omitting the imprint) under author 
 . title, subject, or kind, referring to a more full entry under some other 
 heading; occasionally used to denote merely entries without im- 
 prints, in which the reference is implied. The distinction of entry 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 15 
 
 and reference is almost without meaning for Short, as a title-a-liner 
 
 saves nothing by referring unless there are several references. 
 Analytical-reference, or, simply, an analytical, the registry of some part 
 
 of a book or of some work contained in a collection, referring to the 
 
 heading uuder which the book or collection is entered. 
 Cross-reference, reference from one subject to another. 
 Heading-reference, from one form of a heading to another. 
 Mrst-word-reference, catchword-reference, subject- word-reference, same 
 
 as first-word-entry, etc., omitting the imprint, and referring. 
 Specific entry, registering a book under a heading which expresses its 
 
 special subject as distinguished from entering it in a class which 
 
 includes that subject. 
 
 E. g., registering "The art of painting" under Painting, or a description of the cactus 
 under Cactus. Putting them under Fine arts and Botany would be class-entry. "Spe- 
 cific entry," by the way, has nothing to do with "species." * 
 
 Subject, the theme or themes of the book, whether stated in the title or not. 
 It is worth noting that subjects are of two sorts : (1) individual, as Goethe, Shakespeare, 
 England, the Middle Ages, the ship Alexandra, the dog Tray, the French Revolu- 
 tion, all of which are concrete; and (2) general, as Man, History, Horse, Philosophy, 
 which may be either concrete or abstract. Every general subject is a class more or less ex- 
 tensive. (See note on Class.) Some mistakes have also arisen from not noting that certain 
 words, Poetry, Fiction, Drama, etc., are subject-headings for the books written about 
 Poetry, Fiction, etc., and form-headings for poems, novels, plays, etc. 
 
 Subject entry, Subject-wordentry. See Entry. 
 
 Syndetic, connective, applied to that kind of dictionary catalogue which 
 binds its entries together by means of cross-references so as to form 
 a whole, the references being made from the most comprehensive 
 subject to those of the next lower degree of comprehensiveness, and 
 from each of these to their subordinate subjects, and so on. These 
 cross-references correspond toiand are an imperfect substitute for 
 the arrangement in a systematic catalogue. Eeferences are also 
 made in the syndetic catalogue to illustrative and co-ordinate sub- 
 jects. 
 
 Title in the broader sense includes heading, title proper, and imprint; 
 in the narrower (in which it is hereinafter used) it is the name of the 
 book given by the author on the title-page, omitting the imprint, 
 but including names of editors, translators, etc. The name of the 
 book put on the leaf preceding the title-page is called the half-title; 
 and the same term is applied to lines indicating subdivisions of the 
 book and following the title; the name given at the head of the first 
 page of text is the caption. That given on the' back of the book (the 
 binder's title) should never be used in a catalogue which makes the 
 slightest pretensions to carefulness. 
 
 A title may be either the book's name (as "&c") or its description (as "A collection of 
 occasional sermons"), or it may state its subject (as, "Synonyms of the New Testament") or 
 it may be any two or all three of these combined (as, description and subject, " Brief account 
 of a journey through Europe;" name and description, "Happy thoughts;" name and subject, • 
 "Men's wives;" all three, "Index of dates.") 
 
16 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Bibliographers have established a cult of the title-page; its slightest peculiarities are note ^ 
 it is followed religiously, with dots for omissions, brackets for insertions, and uprights to mar 
 the end of lines; it is even imitated by fac-simile type or photographic copying. These t ings 
 may concera the cataloguer of the Lenox Library or the Prince collection. The ordinary 
 librarian has in general nothing to do with them ; but it does not follow that even he is to lose 
 all respect for the title. It is the book's name and should not be changed but by act of legis a- 
 ture. Our necessities oblige us to abbreviate it, but nothing obliges us to make additions to 1. 
 or to change it without giving notice to the reader that we have done so. Moreover 1 mus 
 influence the entry of a book more or less; it determines the title-entry entirely ; it attects tne 
 author-entry (see § 2) and the subject-entry (see § 66). But to let it have more power than 
 this is to pay it a superstitious veneration. (§ 43, b). 
 
 Volume, a book distinguished from other books or other volumes of the 
 Siime work by having its own title, paging, and register. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 17 
 
 I. AUTHOR-ENTRY. 
 
 a. Authors. 
 
 1. Personal. 
 
 a. Under ichom as author. 
 
 Joint authors, 2, 3. Theses, 4. Pseudonyms, 5. Illustrators, 6. Musi- 
 cal works, 7. Booksellers and auctioneers, 8. Commentaries, 9. Contin- 
 uations and indexes, 10. Concordances, 11. Reporters, translators, and 
 editors, 12. 
 
 b. Under what part of the name. 
 
 Christian name, 13. Surname, 14. Changed names, 15. Compound 
 names, 16. Prefixes, 17. Latin names, 18. Capes, lakes, etc., 19. 
 
 c. Under what form of the name. 
 
 Vernacular^ 20. Various spellings, 21. Places, 22-24. Translitera- 
 tion, 25. 
 
 2. Corporate. 
 
 General principle, 26. Places, 27. Governmental bodies, 28. Laws, 29. 
 Works written officially, 30. Articles to be inquired after, 31. lieports, 
 32. Congresses, 33. Treaties, 34. Parties, denominations, orders, 35. 
 Their conventions, conferences, etc., 36. Ecclesiastical councils, 37. 
 Eeports of committees, 38. Classes of citizens, 39. Societies, 40. 
 
 b. Substitutes. 
 
 Parts of the author's name, 41. Pseudonyms, 42. Collectors, 43. 
 
 c. References, 44, 45. 
 
 d. Economies, 46-51. 
 
 AUTHORS. 
 
 1. Make the author-entry under (A) the name of the author whether 
 personal or corporate, or (b) some substitute for it. 
 
 Anonymous books are to be entered under the name of the author whenever it is known. 
 
 In regard to the author-entry it mus't be remembered that the'object is not merely to facili- 
 tate the finding of a given book by an author's name. If this were all, it might have been 
 better to make the entry under the professed name (pseudonym), or under the form of name 
 mentioned in the title (Bulwer in one book, Lytton in another, Bulwer Lytton in a 
 third; Sherlock, Th., in that divine's earlier works; Eangor, Th. [Sherlock], Bp. of, in 
 later ones; Salisbury, Th. [Sherlock], Bp. of, in the next issues; London, Th. [Sherlock], 
 Bp. of, in his last works; Milnes, E. Monckton, for "Good night and good morning" and 
 the nine other works published before 1853, and Houghton, Rich. M. M., Baron,' for the 1870 
 edition of "Good night and good morning" and for other books published since his ennoble- 
 ment), or under the name of editor or translator when the author's name is not given, as 
 proposed by Mr. Crestadoro. This might have been best with object a; but we have also 
 object D to provide for, — the finding of all the books of a given author, — and this, can most 
 conveniently be done if they are all collected in one place. 
 2— D. C. 
 
18 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 a. Author. 
 
 1. Personal. 
 
 a. Under wlwm as author. 
 
 2. Enter works written conjointly/by several authors under the name of 
 the one first mentioned on the title-page, with references from the others. 
 Ex. Schiller, Joh. Christoph Fried, v., and Humboldt, K. W., Freiherrx. Briefwechsel. 
 
 Stuttg., 1830. 16°. 
 
 Humboldt, Karl Wilhelin, Freilierr v. Briefwechsel. See Schiller, J. C. F. v., and 
 Humboldt, K. W. v. 
 
 When countries are joint authors.it is better to make full entries under each and arrange 
 them as if the country under consideration Tvere the only one. Each country puts its own 
 name first in its own edition of a joint work; and the arrangement proposed avoids an addi- 
 tional complexity under countries, which are confusing enough at the best. 
 
 Whether the joint authorship appears in the title or not should make no diiference in the 
 mode of entry ; if one name appears on the title, that should be chosen for the entry ; if none, 
 take the most important. 
 
 3. Distinguish between joint authors of one work and two authors of 
 separate works joined in one volume. In the latter case, if there is no 
 collective title, the heading should be the name of the first author 
 alone and an analytical reference should be made from the second. 
 
 Ex. "The works of Shelley and Keats" would be entered in full under Shelley (both names 
 being mentioned in the title but Shelley alone in the heading), and analytically (J 93) under 
 Keats. In such cases a double heading would oftenTnislead. 
 
 4. Consider the respondent or defendant of a thesis as its author, except 
 when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the prseses. 
 
 5. Enter pseudonymous works under the author's real name, when it is 
 known, with a reference from the pseudonym. 
 
 One is strongly tempted to deviate from this rule in the case of writers like George Eliot 
 and George Sand, Gavarni and Grandville, who appear in literature only under their pseu- 
 donyms. It would apparently be much more convenient to enter their works under the name 
 by which alone they are known and under which everybody but a professed cataloguer would 
 assuredly look first. For an author-catalogue this might be the best plan, but in a. dictionary 
 catalogue, we have to deal with such people not merely as writers of books, but as subjects of 
 biographies or parties in trials, and in such cases it seems proper to use their legal names. 
 BesideB, if one attempts to exempt a few noted writers from the rule given above, where is the 
 line to be drawn ? No definite principle of exception can be laid down which will guide either 
 the cataloguer or the reader;' and probably the confusion would in the end produce greater 
 inconvenience than the present rule. Moreover, the entries made by using the pseudonym as a 
 heading would often have to be altered. For a long time it would have been proper to enter the 
 works of Dickens under Boz ; the Dutch annual bibliography uniformly uses Boz-Dickens as 
 a heading. No one would think of looking under B03 now. Mark Twain is in a transition 
 state. The public mind is divided between Twain and Clemens. The tendency is always 
 toward the use of the real name ; and that tendency will be mnch helped in the reading public 
 if the real name is always preferred in catalogues. Some pseudonyms persistently adopted 
 by authors have come to be considered as the only names, as Voltaire (see §§ 14, 15), and the 
 translation Melanchthon (see § 19). Perhaps George Sand and George Eliot will in time 
 be adjudged to belong to the same company. It would be well if cataloguers could appoint some 
 permanent committee with authority to decide this and similar points as from time to time they 
 occur. 
 
3. yr >wJU Ljl jo^m -L. &xJi <W, 
 
 JOvWW -Wi 
 
 
 >^-n 
 

.Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 19 
 
 6. When the illustrations form a very important part of a work, consider 
 both the author of the text and the designer — or in certain cases the 
 engraver — of the plates to be author, and make a full entry under 
 each. Under the author mention the designer's name in the title and 
 vice versa. 
 
 Such works are : Walton's Welsh scenery, with text by Bonney; Wolfs "Wild animals,'' 
 with text by Elliot. Which shall be taken as author in the subject- or form-entry depends 
 upon the work and the subject. Under Water-color drawings it would be Walton ; under 
 Wood-engravings, Wolf; under Wales and Zoology, the cataloguer must decide which 
 illustrates the subject most, the writer or the artist. E. <j., under Gothic Architecture 
 Pugin is undoubtedly to be considered the author of his "Examples" though "the' literary 
 part" is by E. J. Willson ; for the illustrator was really the author and the text was subsidiary 
 to the plates. It was to carry out Pugin's ideas not Willson's that the work was published. 
 
 6J. The designer or painter copied is the author of engravings; the car- 
 tographer is the author of maps ; the engraver in general is to be con- 
 sidered as no more the author than the printer. But in a special cat- 
 alogue of engravings the engraver would be considered as author; in 
 any full catalogue references should be made from the names of famous 
 engravers as llaimondi, Miiller, Steinla, Wolle. 
 
 7. Enter musical works doubly, under the author of the words and also 
 the composer of the music. 
 
 Short and Medium will generally enter only under the composer; Don Giovanni, for ex- 
 ample, only under Mozart and not under Da Ponte. This economy especially applies to 
 songs. 
 
 8. Booksellers and auctioneers are to be considered as the authors of 
 their catalogues, unless the contrary is expressly asserted. 
 
 Entering these only under the form-heading Catalogues belongs to the dark ages of 
 cataloguing. Put the catalogue of a library undei the library's name. (§ 40.) 
 
 9. Enter commentaries with the text complete under the author of 
 the text and also under the author of the commentary, provided 
 that is entitled "Commentary on * * *" and not "* * * with a 
 commentary." 
 
 In a majority of cases this difference in the title will correspond to a difference in the char- 
 acter of the works and in the expectation of the public; if in any particular case the commen- 
 tary preponderates in a title of the second of the forms above, a reference can be made from 
 the commentator's name. 
 
 10. Enter a continuation or an index, when not written by the author of 
 the original work but printed with it, under the same heading, with 
 an analytical reference from its own author; when printed separately, 
 enter it under each author. An epitome should be entered under the 
 original author, with a reference from the epitomator. 
 
 11. Enter concordances both under their own author and the author con- 
 corded. The latter entry however is to be regarded as a subject-entry. 
 Ex. Cleveland's Concordance to the poetical works of Milton, BrightwelTs Concord- 
 ance to Tennyson, Mrs. Furness's Concordance to Shakespeare's poems. 
 
20 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 12. Reporters are usually treated as authors of reports of trials, etc. 1 
 Translators and editors are not to be considered as authors. 2 (But 
 see References, §44.) 
 
 'A stenographic reporter is hardly more an author than the printer is; but it is not well 
 to attempt to make fine distinctions. 
 
 2 A collection of works should be entered under the translator if he is also the collector (see 
 §43); but again if he translates another man's collection it should be put under the name 
 of- the original collector; as Dasent's "Tales from the North" is really a version of part of 
 Asbjornsen and Moe's " Norske Folkeventyr" and belongs under their names as joint 
 collectors, with a reference from Daseat. 
 
 b. Under what pari of the name. 
 
 13. Put under the Christian or first name: 
 
 «. Sovereigns or princes of sovereign houses. Use the English form 
 of the name. 
 
 The direction "Use the English form of the name'' was a concession to ignorance; when 
 it was given, that form was almost alone employed in English books; since then the tone of 
 literature has changed ; the desire for local coloring has led to the use of foreign forms and 
 Ave have become familiarized with Louis, Henri, Marguerite, Carlos, Karl, Wilhelm, Gustaf. 
 If the present tendency continues we shall be able to treat princes' names like any other 
 foreign names; perhaps the next generation of cataloguers will no more tolerate the head- 
 ings William Emperor of Germany, Lewis XIV than they will tolerate Virgil, Eorace, 
 Pliny. The change, to be sure, would give rise to some difficult questions of nationality, but it 
 would diminish the number of the titles now accumulated under the more common royal names. 
 
 b. Persons canonized. 
 
 Ex. Thomas [a Becket], Saint. 
 
 c. Friars who by the constitution of their order, drop their surname. 
 Add the name of the family in parentheses and refer from it. 
 
 Ex. Paolino da S. Bartolomeo [J. P. Wesdin]. 
 
 d. Persons known under their first name only, whether or not they 
 add that of their native place or profession or rank. 
 
 Ex. Paulus Diaconus, Thomas Heisterbacensis. 
 
 e. Oriental authors, including Jewish rabbis whose works were pub- 
 lished before 1700. 
 
 Ex. Abu Bekr ibn Bedr. This rule has exceptions. Some Oriental writers are known 
 and should be entered under other parts of their name than the first, as " Abu-1-Kasim, Khalaf 
 ibn Abbas," or under some appellation as "al-Masudi," "at-Tabari." GriisseVLehrbuch 
 einer allgimeinen Literargeschichte " is a convenient guide in this matter; he prints that part 
 of the name by which Arabic writers are commonly known in a heavier type than .the rest. 
 
 14. Put under the surname: 
 
 a. In general, all persons not included under § 13. 
 
 b. In particular, British noblemen and ecclesiastical dignitaries; all 
 other noblemen uuder their highest titles. Refer. 
 
 Ex. Stanhope, Philip Dormer, 4th Earl of Chesterfield. Kaye, John, Bishop of Lincoln. 
 Saint-Simon, Louis de Eouvroi, due de. 
 
 This is the British Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's; Mr. Perkins prefers entry under titles 
 for British noblemen also, in which I should agree with him if the opposite practice were not 
 so well established. The reasons for entry under the title are that British noblemen are always 
 so spoken of, always sign by their titles only, and seldom put the family name upon the 
 title-pages of their books, so that ninety-nine in a hundred readers must look under the title 
 
MMzA,, vribn ju£. Jsuryvi y£a^?u^. nam 
 &. Med^uU, MiJty Bourne*. 
 
 (Dd/Ut jzccJiiA^a^tuc-aZ J^GyyufazKAeA, zinc 
 
 
 4.U., vd. i, 3. 
 
•^^^•^^•i^wfciu cWloW, JUaJcs oP &^jKA -&i*Jur^S 
 
Rales for a Dictionary Catalogue. 21 
 
 first. The reasons against it are that tho founders of noble families are often as well known 
 — sometimes even better — by their family name as by their titles (as Charles Jenkinson after- 
 wards Lord Liverpool, Sir Robert "Walpole afterwards Earl of Orford); that' the same man 
 bears different titles in different parts of his life (thus P. Stanhope published his "History of 
 England from the peace of Utrecht" as Lord Mahon and his "Reign of Queen Anne" as Earl 
 Stanhope) ; that it separates members of the same family (Lord Chancellor Eldon would be 
 under Eldou and his father and all his brothers and sisters under the family name Scott), and 
 brings together members of different families (thus the earldom of Bath has been held by 
 members of the families of Shaunde, Bourebier, Granville, and Pulteney, and the family name 
 of the present Marquis of Bath is Thymne), which last argument would be more to the point 
 in planning a family history. The same objections apply to the entry of French noblemen 
 under their titles, about which there can be no hesitation. The strongest argument in favor of 
 the Museum rule is that it is well-established and that it is desirable that there should be some 
 uniform rule. Ecclesiastical dignitaries stand on an entirely different footing. There is much 
 j more use of the family name and much more change of title. 
 
 c. Married women, using the surname of the last husband, or, if di- 
 vorced, the name then resumed. Refer. 
 
 I should be inclined to make an exception in the case of those wives who continue writing, and 
 are known in literature, only under their maiden names (as Miss Freer or Fanny Lewald), 
 were we sure of dealing with them only as authors, but they may be subjects; we may have 
 lives of them, for instance, which ought to be entered under their present names. 
 
 15. Put the works of authors who change their name under the latest 
 form, provided the new name be legally and permanently adopted. 
 
 If the change consist in the addition of a name the new name is to be treated by the next rule. 
 
 1G. Put compound names : 
 
 a. If English, under the last part of the name, when the first has not 
 been used alone by the author. 
 
 This rule requires no investigation and secures uniformity ; but like all rules, it sometimes 
 leads to entries under headings where nobody would look for them. Refer. 
 
 b. If foreign, under the flrst part. 
 
 Both such compound names as Gentil-Eeniard and such as Gentil de Chavagnac. 
 There are various exceptions, as Fenelon, not Salignac de Lamothe Fenelon, Vol- 
 taire, not Arouet de Voltaire. Moreover it is not always easy to determine what is a com- 
 pound surname in French. A convenient rule would be to follow the authority of Hoefer 
 (Biog. g6n. ) and Qu6rard, in such cases, if they always agreed ; unfortunately they often differ. 
 References are necessary whichever way one decides each case. 
 
 17. Put surnames preceded by prefixes: 
 
 a. In French, under the prefix when it is or contains an article, le, La, 
 L', Du, Des; under the word following when the prefix is a preposi- 
 tion, de, d'. 
 
 b. In English, under the prefix, as De Quincay, Van Buren, with refer- 
 ences when necessary. 
 
 c. In all other languages under the name following the prefix, as Gama, 
 Vasco da, with references whenever the name lias been commonly 
 used in English with the prefix, as Del Rio, Vandyck, Van Ess. 
 
 Prefixes are d', de, de La (the name goes under La not de), Des, Du, L', La, Le, Les, St., 
 Ste. (to be arranged as if written Saint, Sainte), Van, A', Ap, O', Fitz, Mac (which is to be 
 printed as it is in the title, whether M', or Mc, or Mac, but to be arranged as if written Mac). 
 
 18. Put names of Latiu authors under that part of the name chosen in 
 
22 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Smith's Dictionary of Greek unci Koman biography, unless there is 
 some good reason for not doing so. 
 
 19. Put names of capes', lakes, mountains, rivers, forts, etc., beginning 
 with Cape, Lake, Mt., etc., under the word following the prefix, but 
 when the name is itself used as a prefix, do not transpose Cape, etc. 
 Ex. Cod, Cape; George, Lake; Washington, Mt.; Moultrie, Fort; but Cape 
 
 Breton Island. When the name of a fort becomes the name of a city of course the inversion 
 must be abandoned, as Fort Wayne. 
 
 e. Under what form of the name. 
 
 20. Give the names, both family and Christian, in the vernacular form, 1 
 if any instance occurs of the use of that form in the printed publica- 
 tions of the author. 2 
 
 'The vernacular form of most Christian names may be found in Michaelis's " Worterbuch 
 derTaufnamen" (Berlin, 1856). There are also meagre lists in foreign dictionaries. (On 
 the names of sovereigns, see § 13; on the Latin names of Greek authors, see § 25; on the 
 names of Greek gods, see § 70. ) 
 
 2 This is the British Museum rule. It will obviously be sometimes impossible and often 
 difficult to determine this point in a library of less extent than the Museum, aud the cata- 
 loguer must make up his mind to some inconsistency in his treatment of mediaeval names, and 
 be consoled by the knowledge that if proper references are made no harm will be done. Against 
 a too great preference of the vernacular Prof. De Morgan writes in the preface to his "Arith- 
 metical books:" "I have not attempted to translate the names of those who wrote in Latin at 
 a time when that language was the universal medium of communication. I consider that the 
 Latin name is that which the author has left to posterity, and that the practice of retaining it 
 is convenient, as marking, to a certain extent, the epoch of his writings, and as being the 
 appellation by which his contemporaries and successors cite him. It is well to know that 
 Copernicus, Dasypodius, Xylander, Regiomontanus, aud Clavius were Zepernik, Rauchfuss, 
 Holtzmann, Muller, and Schlussel. But as the butchers' bills of these eminent men are all 
 lost, and their writings only remain, it is best to designate them by the name they bear on the 
 latter, rather than the former." 
 
 The same may be said of Camerarius (Kammerer), Capito (Kopflein), Mercator (Kramer), 
 CEcolampadius ( Hausschein, ) where it would be useless to employ the vernacular name ; if both 
 forms are in use, as in the case of Pomeraiiius=Bugenhagen, the vernacular shouldhave the 
 preference. Reuchlin is much more common than its equivalent, Capnio. — Before the Reforma- 
 tion the presumption is in favor of the Latin form; after it in favor of the vernacular. 
 
 21. When an author's name is variously spelled, select the best author- 
 ized form as heading, add the variants in parentheses, and make 
 references from them to the form adopted. 
 
 Of course great care must be taken not to enter separately works in which an author spells 
 his name differently, as Briant and Bryant, Easterbrookes and Estabrook, Erdmann and 
 Erdtmann. On the other hand different people who spell their names differently should be 
 separated, as Hofmann and Hoffmann, Maier, Mair, Major, Mayer, Mayr, Meier, Meir, Meier, 
 Meyer, Meyr, Schmid, Schmidt, Schmied, Schmiedt, Schmit, Schmitt, Smith, Smyth, Smythe. 
 
 In German Christian names there is a want of uniformity in the use of C and K (Carl 
 Conrad, Karl, Konrad) and f and ph (Adolf, Adolph). Occasionally an audio* uses both 
 forms in different books, or writing only in Latin (Carolus, Rudolphus) does not show winch 
 form ho prefers. Where the author thus leaves the point undecided K and f should be pre- 
 ferred to C and ph. 
 
 22. Give name of places in the English form. 
 Munich not Muenchen, Vienna not Wien. 
 
^ACi^L ^aZrv-yi^tSrisuc^t Ci^rTL. 
 
 

 - v. 
 
 JU^ aid. O+*) 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue, 23 
 
 23. But if both the English and the foreign form are used by English 
 writers prefer the foreign form. 
 
 24. Use the modern name of a city and refer to it from the ancient, 
 provided their existence has been continuous and there is no doubt as 
 to the identity. 
 
 25. In transliteration of names from alphabets of differently formed 
 letters, use the vowels according to their Germau sounds. 
 
 I. e., a (not ah) for the sound of a in father, e (not a) for the sound of-c in heir or of a in 
 hate, i (not e) for the sound of i in mien, u (not oo nor ou) for the sound of 14 in true or of 00 
 in moon. This practice makes transliterations that are likely to he pronounced in the main 
 correctly by anyone who knows any language but his own (who would naturally give foreign 
 vowel sounds to foreign names), and will give transliterations agreeing at least in part with 
 those of other nations. In some points, however, we must be careful not to be misled by the 
 practice of foreigners,, and when we take a name from Russian, for instance, through the 
 French or German, must see to it that the necessities of their alphabet have not led them to 
 use letters that do not suit our system. A Frenchman writes for Turgenief Tourr/uinef, and 
 for Golovin Golovine. A German for Dershavin writes Derschawm, and, worse than that, 
 is obliged to use the clumsy dseh where an Englishman can use j, as Vschellaleddin for Jalal- 
 ad-Din. (See the interesting preface and introduction of J. Thomas's Diet, of Biog., Phila., 
 Lippincott, 1870, where, however, a very different orthography is recommended. ) 
 
 In Arabic names I am advised by good scholars to uniformly write a where our ordinary 
 Anglicized names have e, except for Ebn and Ben which become Ibn and Bin; also i for ee, 
 and u where o has been commonly used; in other words to uniformly represent the vowel 
 fatha by a, kasra by i, and dhamma by u. Thus Mohammed becomes Muhammad, 
 Abou ed-Deen becomes Aba ad-Din. Of course references must be made from the corrupt 
 forms under which various Arabic authors have become known in the West unless it is 
 thought that the altered form has been so commonly used that it must be taken for the entry, 
 as perhaps Aviceuna from Ibn Sina, Averroes from Ibn Roshd. 
 
 In Danish names if the type a is not to be had, use its older equivalent aa; in a manuscript 
 catalogue the modern orthography, a, Bhould be employed. Whichever is chosen should be 
 uniformly used, however the names may appear in the books. The diphthong se should not be 
 written ae, nor should 6 be written oe ; d, not C3, should be used for 0. 
 
 In Dutch names write y for the modern ij and arrange so. 
 
 In German names used as headings, for a, 6, ii, write ae, oe, ue, and arrange accordingly. 
 
 For ancient Greek names use the Latinized form, as Democritus not Deniokritos, 
 Longinus not Logginos. This holds good of translated works as well as of the originals. 
 It will not do to enter an Italian version of the Odyssey under Omero, or of the Euterpe under 
 Erodoto, or a French version of the Nodes Atticje under Aulu-Gelle. 
 
 For modern Greek names Prof. Abbot proposes the following plan. Works in Romaic to be 
 entered in a supplement, the names not transliterated but printed in the Greek type. Trans- 
 lations of works of modern Greek authors to be put under their Greek names in the supplement, 
 with references in the main catalogue under the forms (whatever they may be) which their 
 names assume in the translation. Original works written in French, German, English, etc., 
 by modern Greek authors may be treated in the same way if their authors have not become 
 French, German, or English by residence and literary labors, in which case they should be 
 entered under the French, German, or English forms which they have chosen for their names, 
 with cross references, if necessary, from the Greek supplement to these names. If, however, 
 transliteration is attempted the following table of equivalents may be used : 
 
 ai 
 
 Sd 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 K after y 
 
 S 
 
 av 
 
 av 
 
 IV 
 
 iv 
 
 y 
 
 gli 
 
 i 
 
 X 
 
 ei 
 
 ei 
 
 01 
 
 ce 
 
 y before k i 
 
 n 
 
 ov 
 
 11 
 
 cv 
 
 ev 
 
 V 
 
 y 
 
 y,x,V 
 
 
 p 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 VI 
 
 yi 
 
 6 
 
 dh 
 
 X 
 
 kh 
 
24 Public Libraries in t/ie United States. 
 
 In Hungarian names write 6, ii, with the diaeresjs (not oe, ue), and arrange like the Eng- 
 lish o, u. 
 
 In Spanish names use the modern orthography i and j rather than the ancient y and x. 
 In Swedish names a, a, 6, should be so written (not ae, oe), and arranged as the English a, o. 
 Ballhorn's Grammatography (London, 1861) will be found very useful on such points. 
 
 2. Corporate. 
 
 General principle. 
 
 26. Bodies of men are to be considered as authors of works published 
 in their name or by their authority. 
 
 The chief difficulty with regard to bodies of men is to determine (1) what their names are 
 and (2) whether the name or some other word shall be the heading. In regard to (2) the cata- 
 logues hitherto published may be regarded as a series of experiments. No satisfactory usage 
 has as yet been established. Local names have always very strong claims to be headings; 
 hut to enter the publications of all bodies of men under the places with which the bodies are 
 connected would push a convenient practice so far that it becomes inconvenient and lead to 
 many rules entirely out of harmony with the rest of the catalogue. 
 
 Details. 
 
 27. Enter under places (countries, or parts of countries, cities, towns, 
 ecclesiastical, military, or judicial districts) the works published offi- 
 cially by their rulers (kings, 1 governors, mayors, prelates, generals 
 commanding, courts, 2 etc.). 
 
 1 Of course this does not affect works written privately by kings, etc., as K. James's "Coun- 
 terblast." 
 
 2 The relation of courts to judicial districts is a little different from the others, but it is con- 
 venient to treat them alike. 
 
 28. Similarly Congress. Parliament, and other governmental bodies are 
 authors of their journals, acts, minutes, laws, etc.; and other depart- 
 ments of government of their reports, and of the works published by 
 them or under their auspices. 
 
 <• These are to be entered under the name of the country, city, or town, and not in the main- 
 alphabet under the word Congress, Parliament, City Council, or the like. 
 
 29. Laws ou one or more particular subjects whether digested or merely 
 
 collected must have author-entries both under the name of the country 
 
 and under the name of the collector or digester. 
 
 Ex. Tilsley's "Digest of the stamp acts'' would appear both under Great Britain and 
 Tilsley. 
 
 30. Works written officially are to be entered under the name of the 
 department of government or ecclesiastical district or society (see § 40) 
 with a reference from the name of the official if it is thought worth 
 making. 
 
 Some libraries may refer always; most will refer only when the report has exceptional 
 importance (1) from its subject, (2) from the treatment of its subject, (3) from its literary 
 merits, (4) from the fame of its author, or (5) from having been separately published. Horace 
 Mann's reports, for example, should be catalogued under Massachusetts. Board of Educa- 
 tion, to which heading a reference should be made from Mann. President's messages should 
 appear under United States. President. Proclamations and all other official writings of 
 
■3H ty^^^^^- ths-**^^' *r***-j2r 
 
Rules for a Liotionary Catalogue. 25 
 
 kings should appear under the name of the country (division King or Crown), arranged by 
 reigns, as, 
 
 Great Britain. King. 
 Charles I. 
 Charles II. 
 James II. 
 William and Mary. 
 
 United States. President. 
 Buchanan. 
 Lincoln. 
 Johnson. 
 Grant. 
 
 31. "Articles to be inquired of" in ecclesiastical districts should go under 
 the name of the district; but episcopal charges are not to go under the 
 name of the bishopric unless they relate especially to its affairs, in 
 which case they will have a subject-entry. 
 
 Ex. York, Archdeaconry of. Articles to be enquired of within the A. of Y. 
 
 32. Reports made to a department but not by an official are to be entered 
 under the department with either an entry, reference, or analytical, 
 under the author, as circumstances require. 
 
 Gould's "Mollusca and shells" and Cassin's "Mammalogy and ornithology of the United 
 States Exploring Expedition under Wilkes " are of this nature ; so is "Memorial ceremonies at 
 the graves of our soldiers, collected under authority of Congress by Frank Moore." 
 
 33. Enter congresses of several nations under the name of the place of 
 meeting (as that usually gives them their name), with references from 
 the nations taking part in them and from any name by which they are 
 popularly known. 
 
 Ex. The Congress of London, of Paris, of Verona. 
 
 34. Enter treaties under the name of each of the contracting parties, 
 with a reference from the name of the place, when the treaty is com- 
 monly called by that name, and from any other usual appellation. 
 Ex. Treaty of Versailles, Barrier treaty, Jay's treaty. 
 
 35. Enter the official publications of any political party 1 or religious 
 denomination or order, 2 or military order, under the name of the 
 party, or denomination, or order. 3 
 
 1 Platforms, manifestoes, addresses, etc., under Democratic Party, Republican Party, etc. 
 
 2 Confessions of faith, creeds, catechisms, liturgies, breviaries, missals, hours, offices, prayer 
 books, etc., under Baptists, Benedictines, Catholic Church, Church of England, etc. 
 
 3 That part of a body which belongs to any place should be entered under the name of the 
 body not the place ; e. g., Congregationalists in New England, Congregationalists Jn 
 Massachusetts, not New England Congregationalists, Massachuseti s Congrega- 
 tionalists. But references must be made from the place; (indeed in cases like Massachusetts 
 Convention, Essex Conference, it may be doubted whether those well known names should 
 not be the headings). It is to be noticed this rule is just the reverse of the one given under 
 Subjects, § 68. Single churches have usually been entered under the place; a practice which 
 
 arose in American catalogues from our way of naming churches "The First Church in ," 
 
 "The Second Church in ," etc., and applies very well to a majority of English churches, 
 
 whose name generally includes the name of the parish. It would be more in accordance 
 with dictionary principles to limit the local entry of churches to 1st church, etc., and those 
 which have only the name of the town or parish, and to put all others (as St. Sepulchre's, 
 St. Mary Aldermansbury) under their names, as they read, and to treat convents and 
 monasteries in the same way. (But see § 40, Eule 2.) Of course the parishes of London (as 
 Kensington, Marylebone, Southwark) like the parts of Boston (Dorchester, Eoxbury, etc.), or 
 of any other composite city, will be put under their own names, not under the name of the city. 
 
26 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 36. Enter reports, journals, minutes, etc., of conventions, conferences, 
 etc., under the names of the bodies holding the conferences, etc. 
 When the body has uo exact name 1 enter under the name of the 
 place of meeting. 2 
 
 1 Some conventions are held by bodies which have no existence beyond the convention. If, 
 however, they have a definite name use that; ex. 4th National Quarantine and Sanitary 
 Convention. Often the name is given in different forms. Select that which appears to be 
 the most authentic and make references from the others. 
 
 2 In any case it is well to refer from the name of the place, and in the case of Presidential 
 conventions it is indispensable. . 
 
 Put the convention of a county or other named district under the name of the district, with 
 a reference from the town in which it is held, when it is named in the title-page. 
 
 37. Enter ecclesiastical councils, both general and special, under the 
 name of the place of meeting. (The Vatican Council under Vatican 
 not Rome.) Eefer from the name of the ecclesiastical body. 
 
 38. Enter reports of committees under the name of the body to which 
 they belong; but reports of "a committee of citizens," etc., not be- 
 longing to any named body should be put under the name of the 
 writer, if known, if not, of the chairman, or if that is not given, of 
 the first signer, or if not signed, under the name of the place. 
 
 39. Put the anonymous publications of any class (not organized) of 
 citizens of a place under the place. 
 
 Ex. "Application to Parliament by the merchants of London," should go under London. 
 Merchants. 
 
 40. Societies are authors of their journals, memoirs, proceedings, trans- 
 actions, publications. (On publishing-societies, see b. Substitutes, 
 § 43, d.) 
 
 The chief practices in regard to societies have been to enter them (1. British Museum) 
 under a special heading — Ac ademies — with a geographical arrangement ; ( 2. Boston Public 
 Library, printed catalogue) under the name of the place where they have their headquarters ; 
 (3. Harvard College Library and Bost. Pub. Lib., present system) under the name of the 
 place, if it enters into the legal name of the society, otherwise under the first word of that name 
 not an article; (4. Boston Athenaeum) English societies under the first word of the society's 
 name iiot an article, foreign societies under the name of the place. Both 3 and 4 put under the 
 place all purely local societies, those whose membership or objects are confined to the place. 
 The 1st does not deserve a moment's consideration ; such a heading is out of place in an author- 
 catalogue, and the geographical arrangement only serves to complicate matters aud render 
 it more difficult to find any particular academy. The 2d is utterly unsuited to American and 
 English societies. The 3d practice is simple; -but it is difficult to see the advantage of .the 
 exception which it makes to its general rule of entry under the society's name ; the exception 
 does not help the cataloguer, for it is just as hard to determine whether the place enters into 
 the legal name as it is to ascertain the name; it does not help the reader, for he has no means 
 of knowing whether the place is part of the legal name or not. The 4th is simple and intel- 
 ligible; it is usually easy for both cataloguer and reader to determine whether a society is 
 English or foreign. I shall mention two other possible plans, well aware that there are strong 
 objections to both, but believing that plan 5 is on the whole the best. . 
 
 5th Plan. Rule I. Enter academies, associations, institutes, universities, societies, libraries, 
 galleries, museums, colleges, and all similar bodies, both English and foreign, according to 
 their corporate name, neglecting an initial article when there is one. 
 
 Exception 1. Enter the royal acade-nies of Berlin, Gottingeu, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 27 
 
 Munich, St. Petersburg, Vienna, etc., and the "Institut" of Paris, under those cities. An excep- 
 tion is an evil ; this one is adopted because the academies are almost universally known by 
 the name of the cities, and are hardly ever referred to by the name Konigliches, Peal, etc. 
 
 Exception 2. Enter London guilds under the name of the trade; e. g., "Stationers' Com- 
 pany," not "Master and Keepers or Wardens and Commonalty of the Mystery and Art oi 
 Stationers of the City of London," which is the corporate title. This exception is adopted 
 because (1) it gives a heading easier to find and (2) it would be difficult in many cases to as- 
 certain the real names of the London companies. 
 
 Exception 3. Enter American state historical societies under the name of the state. 
 
 Rule 2. Enter churches and all local benevolent or moral or similar societies under the name 
 of the place. Young men's Christian associations, Mercantile library associations, and the 
 like are to be considered local. Business firms or corporations, libraries, galleries, museums, 
 are not to be considered local, nor are private schools local, but go under their corporate name, 
 or, if they are not corporate, under the name of the proprietor. Public schools and libraries 
 and galleries instituted or supported by a city go under the name of the city. If college societies 
 are considered local they would be entered not under the name of the place but of the college; 
 if they are treated by Pule 1, reference (61 must be made. 
 
 Refer (1) from all the varying forms of the society's name. 
 
 (2) from important words in the society's name, when the first word is unlikely to be 
 thought of. 
 
 (3) from the name of the city where the society is situated. 
 
 (4) from the motto in the names of Dutch societies. 
 
 (5) from the names of the royal societies of Berlin, &c. 
 
 (6) from colleges to college societies. 
 
 (7) from such words as Gallery, Museum, etc., to all the galleries, museums, etc., 
 contained in the catalogue. 
 
 Under place. 
 
 Local societies. 
 
 Academies of the European Continent and of 
 
 South America. 
 Municipal colleges, libraries, galleries. 
 Public schools. fc 
 
 Municipal corporations. 
 State historical societies (name of state). 
 
 The plan might be tabulated thus 
 Under name. 
 
 Societies not local. 
 
 English and American academies. 
 
 Colleges, libraries, galleries, museums not 
 
 municipal. 
 Private schools. 
 
 Business firms and corporations. 
 London guilds (name of trade). 
 
 Buildings are for the most part provided for in the above rules as museums, galleries, libraries, 
 churches, etc. Any others should be entered under their names with a reference from the city. 
 
 The 6th Plax has the same rules as the first and no exceptions. It may be preferred by 
 those who think the advantage of having a single uniform rule greater than the inconvenience 
 of unusual headings. 
 
 b. Substitutes. 
 
 Substitutes for the author's Dame (to be chosen in the following 
 order) are: 
 
 41. Part of the author's name when only a part is known. 
 
 Ex. For a book "by J. B. Far ,'' or "by L. M. P.," the entry is to be made under 
 
 Far , J. B., P., L. M. If the last initials are evidently, from the style of printing, those 
 
 of a title, the entry will be under the initial preceding them; thus for books "by B. F., D.D.," 
 or "by M. P. P., Gent.," or "by X. Y. Z., D.D.," the entry is to be made under P., B., D.D., 
 and R., M. P., Gent., and Z., X. Y., D.D. In such case it is safest to have also a reference 
 from the last initial to the one chosen, as D., X. Y. Z. D. See Z., X. Y., D.D. It is often 
 well to make a reference from the first word (title-reference). 
 
28 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 42. A pseudonym, that is, a false name, as John Phenix, Mark Twain. 
 
 If the author's real name is known make the entry under that with a reference from the 
 pseudonym. 
 
 A phrase — "One who loves his country," "A friend to peace" — or even a shorter appellation 
 —"A lawyer"— is not a name. References might be made from these to the word under which 
 the book is entered, but they would swell the catalogue and rarely be of use. Latin phrases, 
 like "Amator patriae," should be treated as names and the entry made under the last word, 
 as Patriae, Amator. But it should not be made under patronymic adjectives, or certain 
 words like junior, senior, evidently intended to qualify the name, not to be taken as the name; 
 i. e., the heading for a book "by Phileleutherus Lipsiensis" would not be Lipsiecsis, Phileleu- 
 therus, but Phileleutherus Lipsiensis; Vanity Fair album by Jehu Junior would go under 
 Jehu junior, not Junior, Jehu. In such cases a reference from the word which is not taken 
 as the "heading will be an additional safeguard. 
 
 The word Anonymus may be considered as a pseudonym when used as follows, "Anonymi 
 introductio in,'' etc. 
 
 43. Collector. 
 
 That is, the one who is responsible for the existence of a collection. A collection is made 
 by putting together, with a collective title, three or more works by different authors so as to 
 make one work. Examples : ItuanHu'j " Little classics," Buchon's " Collection des memoires." 
 
 a. This rule does not apply to the collector (editor) of a periodical. 
 
 b. Several works published together without a collective title are to 
 be put under that author's-name which appears first on the title-page, 
 even though the collector's name is also there; in other words he is 
 then to be considered merely as the editor. 
 
 Thus "The fraternitye of vacabondes, by J. Awdeley; A caueat for commen cursetors, by 
 T. Harman; A sermon in praise of thieves, by Parson Haben or Hyberdyne; those parts of 
 The groundworke of conny-catching that differ from Harman's Caueat; ed. by E. Viles and 
 F. J. Furnivall," should be entered not under Viles, E., and Furnivall, F. J., but under 
 Awdeley; but if it had bren entitled "Early tracts on vagabonds and beggars; edited by 
 E. Viles and F. J. Furnivall," it would properly be put under the editors. 
 
 c. If the collector's name is known the collection is to be put under it, 
 whether it occurs on tbe title-page or not. If his name is not known 
 enter the collection like any anonymous work, under the first word of 
 the collective title. In either case the separate works forming the 
 collection must be entered under their respective authors. (See V. 
 Analysis.) Title-references are also often necessary. (Seellf. Titles.) 
 
 d. Societies like the Camden, Chetham, Hakiuyt are collectors of the 
 series of works published by them, of which a list should be given 
 under their names. 
 
 But every such work filling one or more volumes should be entered separately under its 
 author or title as if it were published independently, and should have the same subject-entry. 
 (See § 91. ) Works that fill part of a volume are to be entered analytically. (See 6 92. ) Of 
 course any volume consisting of three or more treatises, put together with a collective title by 
 the society, should be entered under it as collector, if no collector's name is given. 
 
 For anonymous works, see Title-entry, § 53. For trials, see § 48. 
 
 c. Eeferences. 
 
 44. Make references 
 
 (2.) From joint authors (after the first) to the first. 
 (4.) From the prases to the respondent or defendant of a thesis or 
 vice versa. 
 
Mules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 29 
 
 (5.) From pseudonyms, initials, and part of names. 
 
 (6.) From important illustrators when not important enough for an 
 entry. 
 
 (9.) From commentators who are not entitled to an entry, if the com- 
 mentary preponderates or for any reason is likely to be looked for 
 under the commentator's name. Where the line of omission shall be 
 drawn depends on the fullness of the catalogue. 
 
 (10.) From the authors of continuations, indexes, and of introductions 
 of some length. 
 
 (12.) From the names of reporters, translators, and editors of anony- 
 mous works and of works not anonymous which are commonly known 
 by the name of their editors or translators. 
 
 Ex. Some translations from the German by Mrs. Wister are wrongly lettered, as if she were 
 the author, and are therefore asked for by her name. 
 
 (13 a.) From the foreign form of names of sovereigns, whenever they 
 are likely to be looked for under that form. 
 
 (13 b, c.) From the family name of persons canonized, and of friars 
 who drop the family name on entering their order. 
 (13 e.)' From such parts of Oriental names as require it. 
 (14 &.) From the titles of British noblemen to the family name, or vice 
 versa if the entry is made under the title. 
 
 From the family names of foreign noblemen, when they are known 
 by them wholly or in part. 
 From the names of English sees and deaneries. 
 From any other title by which a man may be better known than by 
 his real name. 
 As ' ' Claimant, The." The Diary of the Shah of Persia, catalogued under Nassr-ad-Din, 
 requires a reference from Shah. 
 
 (14 c.) From the maiden names or first married names of wives to the 
 last, provided they have written under the earlier names or for any 
 other reason are likely to be looked for under them. 
 (15.) From the earlier forms of names that are changed. 
 (16.) From the first part of English compound names and the last part 
 of foreign ones, whenever it seems necessary. 
 
 (17.) From the prefixes of foreign names when they have been com- 
 monly used in combination with the last part. 
 Ex. From Vandyck to Dyck, A. van, from Degerando to Gerando, and De Candolle 
 to Candolle. . 
 
 (18.) From the alternative part of Latin names. 
 (19-25.) From all forms of a name varying either by spelling, transla- 
 tion, or transliteration that do not come into immediate juxtaposition 
 with the one chosen. 
 (30, 32.) From the authors of official writings (with discretion). 
 (33.) From nations taking part in a congress to the place of meeting. 
 (36.) From the places where conventions are held to the names of 
 the bodies holding them. 
 
30 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 (37.) From the name' of an ecclesiastical body to the headings under 
 which the councils of the body are entered. 
 (40.) A list of references is given in the note. 
 
 (41.) From part of the author's name appearing on the title-page to 
 the whole name if discovered. 
 
 From the last initial given on a title-page to the one chosen for the 
 entry. 
 
 (42.) From a pseudonym to the real name when discovered. 
 From some phraseological pseudonyms, especially if brief, 
 Ex. From Lawyer when an anonymous work is said to be "by a lawyer." For Full only. 
 From editors and translators. 
 
 If it i8 thought worth while to give a complete view of the literary and artistic activity of 
 every author so far as it is represented in the library, of course references from editors, trans- 
 lators, illustrators, cartographers, engravers, etc., must be made. But this completeness is 
 not usually sought even in large libraries. Such references are also undeniably a help in 
 finding books. But they increase the bulk and the cost of a catalogue so much, and are com- 
 paratively of so little use, that ordinary libraries must content themselves with a selection, 
 though the best-made selection is certain to occasion complaints that the really useful ones 
 have been omitted and the least important made. The chief classes of necessary references of 
 this sort are : 
 
 (1.) From the editors of periodicals to the title-entry, when the periodical is commonly 
 called by the editor's name, as Poggendorff's Annalen, Silliman's Journal. 
 
 (2.) From the names of editors and translators which are habitually mentioned in connection 
 with a work, so that it is as likely to be looked for under the editor's as under the author's 
 name. When the form is a combination of author's and editor's name, as Heyne's Virgil, 
 Leverett's Cicero, the reference, though convenient, is certainly not necessary, inasmuch as a 
 person of ordinary intelligence could hardly fail, not finding what he wanted under one name, 
 to try the other. 
 
 (3.) From the names of those who have made poetical versions, on the ground that their 
 work is something more than'mere translation. 
 
 It may be thought that an excessive number of references is recommended, but it is plain 
 that wherever there can be a reasonable doubt among cataloguers under what head a book 
 •ought to be entered, it should have at least a reference under each head. The object of an 
 author-catalogue is to enable one to find the book ; if that object is not attained the book 
 might as well not be catalogued at all. » 
 
 45. Make explanatory notes under such words as Congress, Parliament, 
 Academies, Societies, and others in regard to whose entry there is a 
 diverse usage, stating what is the rule of the catalogue. 
 
 t>. Economies. 
 
 46. In the title-a liners references are not an economy; they occupy as 
 much room as an entry, and therefore the imprint may as well be given 
 whenever the reference does not take the place of several titles. 
 
 47. Mr. Perkins would catalogue directories, state registers, and local 
 gazetteers under the name of the place, omitting the author-entry. 
 This is for Short alone, and should never be done by Full or Medium. 
 
 48. Trials may be entered only under the name of the defendant in a 
 criminal suit and the plaintiff in a civil suit, and trials relating to 
 vessels under the name of the vessel (subject-entries of course). But 
 

 H s. U C. u. £. hi *~H*** ^ 
 
Bules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 31 
 
 Full and perhaps Medium should make author-entries under the re- 
 porter. It may be doubted, however, whether a stenographic reporter 
 is entitled to be considered an author, any more than a type-setter. 
 
 49. Often in analysis it may be worth while to make a subject-entry aud 
 not an author-entry. 
 
 50. An economical device in some favor is to omit the entry under the 
 author's name when the library contains only one work by him ; so 
 that many famous authors of whom no small library is likely to contain 
 
 • more than one work (such as Boswell, Dante, Gibbon, Lamb, Macaula\ T , 
 Milton, indeed almost any of the English poets) will not appear in the 
 catalogue ; while the man who has written both a First class reader and 
 a Second class reader, or a Mental arithmetic and a Written arithmetic, 
 or two Sunday-school books, must be included. It is not necessary 
 to say more to show the absurdity of the rule. If some authors must 
 be omitted let it be those who the librarian knows are never called 
 for, whether they have written one or fifty works. 
 
 51. Another objectionable economy is to put biographies under the name 
 of the subject alone, omitting author-entry, so that there is no means 
 of ascertaining whether the library possesses all the works of a given 
 author. 
 
32 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 II. TITLE-EITTRY. 
 
 First- word entry. (Anonymous works, 52, 53; Periodicals, 54; Fic- 
 tion, 55; What is a first word, 56-58.) 
 First- word reference. (Plays and poems, 59; otber works, 60.) 
 Catch-word reference. (Anonymous works, 61 a; other works, 61 b.) 
 Subject-word entry. (Anonymous biographies, 62.) 
 Subject- word reference. (Anonymous works, 63 a; other works, 63 b.) 
 Title-references to corporate entries, 64. 
 Double title-pages, 65. 
 
 TITLE-ENTRY. 
 
 52. Make a first-word entry for all 1 anonymous works, 2 except anony- 
 mous biographies, which are to be entered under the name of the 
 subject of the life. 3 (If the author's name can be ascertained insert 
 it within brackets.) 
 
 1 Of course there are exceptions to this rule. There are works which are always known by 
 certain names, under which they should be entered although the title-pages of different editions 
 may not begin with this name, or may not even contain it. The most noteworthy example is 
 Bible, which is the best heading — in an English catalogue — for the Bible and for any of its 
 parts ill whatever language written and under whatever title published. 
 
 In cataloguing the anonymous books of the Middle Ages, "Incipit" or "Here begyns," or 
 "Book the first of," and similar phrases are not to be considered as first words. Thus the 
 history of the Seven Sages appears under the following variety of title : 
 
 1. Incipit historia septem sapientu Rome. [Cir. 1475.] 
 
 2. In hoc opusculo sunt subtilitates septe sapientu rome valde perutiles. [Later. ] 
 
 3. Historia septem sapientum Roma?. 1490. 
 
 4. Historia calumnie nouercalis que septem sapientu inscribitur. 1490. 
 
 5. Ludus, septem sapientum. [Cir. 1560.] 
 And the title of the versions are equally various : 
 
 1. Li romans des sept sages. 
 
 2. Li romans de Dolopathos. 
 
 3. Les sept sages de Rome. 
 
 4. Les sept saiges de romme. 
 
 5. Los siete sabios de Roma. 
 
 6. Hienach volget ein gar schoue Cronick vn hystori auss denn Geschichten der Romern. 
 
 7. Die hystorie uan die seuen wise mannen van Romen. 
 
 8. Hystory of the seuen maysters of Rome. 
 
 9. The Hystorie of the seven wise maisters of Rome. 
 
 10. The sevin seages. 
 
 11. De siu sive mestere. 
 
 Of course it will not do to catalogue these severally under Incipit, Hoc, Historia Ludus 
 Romans, Sept, Siete, Hienach, Hystorie, Hystory, Sevin, and Siu. . In this and other prose 
 and poetical romances of the Middle Ages the heading must be taken in general from the 
 subject of the romance; the name appearing of course in the original language, with all 
 necessary references from other forms. In the present case all the editions would be collected 
 under Septem sapientes,* with references from Ludus, Sept sages, Siete sabios Hienach 
 and Seven, provided the library has so many editions. 
 
 Somewhat similarly collections of papers known by the name of a principal contributor or a 
 
 * Since this was in type I have come to the oonolusion that all these should be entered under Sandabad 
 (Lat. Syntipas), the reputed author of the original Indian romance. But the example will still serve to 
 show the great variety in mediaeval titles, and the inoonvenienoe of following a strict first-word rule. 
 
<T4 lUx, tk We T*rUck aJL tmJMiLwi. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 33 
 
 previous owner or of the house where they were found, should be entered under such name, 
 or, if they must be entered under the name of an editor, should have a reference from such 
 name; ex. Dudley papers, Winthrop papers, etc. 
 
 3 A catalogue of authors alone finds the entry of its anonymous books a source of incongruity. 
 The dictionary catalogue has no such trouble. It does not attempt to enter them in the 
 author-catalogue until the author's name is known. 
 
 3 For a smaller catalogue this may read " except anonymous works relating to a person, 
 city, or other subject distinctly mentioned in the title, which are to be put under the name of 
 the person, city, or subject." In the catalogue of a larger library where more exactness (" red- 
 tape," "pedantry") is indispensable, biography should be the only exception, the place of 
 entry under subjects and under large cities being too doubtful. And in planning a/manu- 
 script catalogue, it should be remembered that a small library may grow into a large one, and 
 that if the catalogue is made in the best way at first there will be no need of alteration. 
 
 If a book's title-page is lost, and it is impossible to ascertain what it was, use the half-title or 
 the running title, stating the fact; if it has neither, manufacture a title, within brackets. 
 
 53. Translations of anouymous works should be entered under the same 
 heading as the original, whether the library possesses the original 
 or not. 
 
 Ex. Gisli's saga. Story of Gisli the outlaw, from the Icelandic, by G. W. Dasent. 
 
 So Perron's translation, called by him " Glaive des couronnes," would appear under Saif-al- 
 Tidjan; and the Arabian night's entertainments under Alif Laila. Criticisms of anonymous 
 works must be put under the heading of the work criticised. 
 
 54. Periodicals are to be treated as anonymous and entered under the 
 first word. 
 
 Ex. Popular science monthly, Littell's living age. 
 
 When a periodical changes its title*1;he whole may be catalogued under the original title, 
 with an explanatory note there and a reference from the new title to the old; or each^part 
 may be catalo gued under its own title, with references, "For a. continuation, see ," "For 
 the previo us volumes, see ." 
 
 Treat almanacs and other annuals as periodicals. Do not confound periodicals with serials. 
 The four characteristics of a periodical are: (1) that it be published at intervals usually but 
 not necessarily regular; (2) in general that the publication be intended to continue indefinitely; 
 
 (3) that it be written by a number of contributors under the supervision of one or more editors ; 
 
 (4) that it consist of articles on various subjects, so that a set of the work does not form an 
 organic whole. The 2d, 3d, and 4th criteria exclude works like Trollope's "The way we 
 live now," and the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." There are some exceptions to the 3d, as 
 "Brownson's quarterly review." 
 
 Make a reference from the name of the editor when the periodical is commonly called by 
 his name, as in the case of Silliman's Journal of science. 
 
 The Memoirs, Proceedings, Transactions of a society are periodicals in point of (1) occa- 
 sional publication, (2) indefinite continuance, and— so far as they contain anything beyond 
 the record of the society's meetings — of (4) variety of subject; but they lack the 3d character- 
 istic, variety of .authorship, inasmuch as the memoirs or other papers given in addition to 
 "proceedings " proper may be considered as the work of the society acting through its members ; 
 the society, therefore, is the author and the Transactions, etc., need not have title-entry. 
 There are, however, some "Journals" published by or "under the auspices of" societies 
 which are really periodicals, and should be so treated in entry, the society being not the 
 author but the editor. Again, there are works which occupy a borderland between the two 
 classes, in regard to which the puzzled cataloguer should remember that it is not of much 
 importance which way he decides, provided he is careful to make all necessary references. 
 Examples of such doubtful cases are "Alpine journal: a record of mountain adventure and 
 scientific observation . By members of the Alpine Club ; " which contains nothing of or about 
 
 3-D. C. 
 
34 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 the Club itself; — "Journal of the American Institute, a, monthly publication devoted to the 
 interests of agriculture, commerce, etc. Edited by a committee, members of the Institute, ' 
 and "Journal of The Society of Arts and of The Institutions in Union," both of which are 
 journals both in the sense of record of proceedings and of periodical publication. 
 
 ,/ 55. Make a first-word entry for all works of prose fiction. (Include the 
 author's name.) 
 
 Ex. Daughter of Heth; novel, by W. Black. London, 1874. 3 v. 8". 
 If a proper name enters into the title the entry should be made under that ; ex. David 
 Copperfield, Life and adventures of, by C. Dickens. 
 
 56. When a title begins with an article the heading of a first-word entry 
 or reference is the word following the article. 
 
 Ex. ''fceataur, The, not -fabulous, not the centauf not fabulous. The entry has com- 
 monly been made under the first word "not an article or preposition." But it is found to 
 work badly to except the preposition in the titles of novels and plays, and it is awkward 
 to omit or transpose it in any case. One reason for excepting the article — that there would 
 be an immense accumulation of titles under the unimportant words A, The, Le, Der, Uno, 
 etc. — is not so strong in the case of prepositions; the other — that it is difficult to remember 
 with what article a giveu title begins — hardly applies at all to prepositions. The preposi- 
 tion is full as likely to fasten itself in the memory as the word that follows it. The strongest 
 argument in favor of confining preposition-entry to fiction and the drama is that in other 
 cases the word following the preposition will probably be a subject-word, so that one entry 
 will do the work of two. This will occasionally be true, but not often enough, I think, to 
 make much difference. 
 
 57. When a title begins with a word expressive of the number which 
 the work holds in a series the first-word entry or reference is to be 
 made under the next word. 
 
 Ex. Collection of papers, 8th, not Eighth collection. Letter, 1st and 2d, to the Ministry, 
 not First letter, etc., under P, and Second letter under S. Similarly Evening, Morning, 
 Daily, and Weekly should be disregarded in titles of newspapers, otherwise we should have the 
 morning edition at one end of the catalogue and the evening at the other. So "Appendix to," 
 "Continuation of" are to be disregarded when they are followed by the title of the work con- 
 tinued. 
 
 58. When the first-word of a title is spelled unusually all the editions 
 should be entered under the word spelled in the modern or correct 
 way, with a reference from the form adopted in the title. 
 
 "59. Make a first- word reference to the author for all plays, and for poems 
 
 of some length or importance or notoriety. 
 
 Ex. All's well that ends well. See Shakespeare, W. 
 Nothing to wear. See Butler, W. A. 
 
 Of course entries are better than references for the reader; the latter are recommended here 
 merely for economy, which will be found to be considerable when there are many editions of 
 a play. It is much better to distribute these like any other title-references, through the alpha- 
 bet than, as some have done, to collect the titles of novels together in one place and of plays 
 in another. A man not unfrequently wishes to find a book whose title he has heard of without 
 learning whether it was a novel, a play, a poem, or a book of travels. , 
 
 If the catch-word of the title of a novel, poem, or play is the name of a real person who is 
 its subject it is optional to make a reference as in $56, or a biographical entry under the 
 family name, or both. 
 ' Ex. Paul Revere's ride. See Longfellow, H. W. 
 
 or Revere, Paul. Longfellow, H. W. {In hti Tales of a way-side inn.) 
 

Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 35 
 
 60. Make a first-word reference to the author for other works which are 
 likely to be inquired for under the first word of the title, whether 
 because the title does not indicate the subject, 1 or because it is of a 
 striking form, 3 or because the book is commonly known by its title, 3 
 or for any other good reason. 
 
 Ex. 1 Cupp6's "Heaven open to all men" needs' a title reference, because for its subject it 
 ■would bo pat under Universal salvation or Future punishment, Duration of. Button's 
 "Plays and players" is merely an account of the New York stage. Keary's "Nations around" 
 does not suggest' any subject at all. ^Border and bastille. 'Divina commedia. 
 
 In a majority of cases, when a subject-word entry is made, no first-word reference is 
 needed ; but, if the title is striking, there should be a first- word reference, or a reference from 
 that part of the title which is striking. Title-references should not generally be made from 
 certain common titles, as "Sermons on various subjects," "Essays, historical and literary," 
 and should be made from less common collective words, as " Century of painters," " Cen- 
 tury of praise," etc. Eeferences should be liberally made to the works of such authors as 
 Brown, Jones, Schmidt, Smith, Wilson; if one has forgotten the Christian name it is a work 
 of too much time to find the book under the author, and one looks at once for a subject- or a 
 title-entry or reference. And a reference will facilitate the finding of many collections entered 
 properly under the editor; for it is easy to forget an editor's name, and often difficult to de- 
 termine the subject-entry of a collection. 
 
 To sum up, then, make a title-reference when the author's name is common, the title 
 memorable, or the subject obscure. 
 
 61. Make a catch-word reference or references 
 
 a. For all anonymous works which admit of it, if their subject does 
 not appear distinctly from the title. To be made to the author if 
 known, otherwise to the first word. 
 Ex. Scarlet gowns, True and exact account of the. See True. Here Cardinals is the 
 subject, but the word does not occur in the title ; True is ths first-word and is therefore taken 
 for the heading ; but Soarlet gowns is a phrase very likely to remain in the memory of any- 
 one who had seen the title, and therefore the reference is made. Books published under a 
 comparatively, unknown pseudonym should have either a first- word or a catch-word reference, 
 unless their subject-entry can be easily inferred from the title. 
 
 ^b. For other works which are likely to be inquired for not under the first 
 word but under the catch- word of the title. To be made to the author. 
 
 It is not easy to decide when to make such entries nor how many to make. "An account 
 of the baronial mansions of England in the olden time " may be asked for as " Baronial halls " 
 or as "English baronial halls " or perhaps as " Mansions of the olden time.'' If references are 
 made from all possible headings which might occur to an inaccurate memory, there will be no 
 end to the catalogue. 
 
 62. Make a subject-word entry for all anonymous biographies and works 
 of a biographical character. (See § 52, note 3.) 
 
 Ex. Cromwell, Oliver. Perfect politician, The ; life of Cromwell. London, 1681. 8°. 
 — Treason's masterpiece; or, Conference between Oliver and a committee of Par- 
 liament. London, 1680. 8°. 
 For greater security this latter ought to have also a first- word reference. 
 
 63. Make a subject-word reference : 
 
 a. For all anonymous works which admit of it, to the author, if known, 
 otherwise to the first word. 
 
 When the subject-word is the same as the heading of the subject-entry this reference need 
 not be made; but it will not do to omit an important title-entry when there are many titles 
 
36 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 under the subject-beading or they are much subdivided, bo that it would-be difficult to find the 
 title-entry there. Thus an anonymous book " France and the Pope" would no doubt have 
 a subject-entry under some subdivision of France, but as this in a large catalogue would be 
 little help towards finding the book, it should also have a reference among the titles which fol- 
 low the subject France. Of course if there were only a dozen titles under France one entry 
 would be enough. 
 
 V b. For otber works, when the subject- word is not the same as the name 
 of the subject selected by the cataloguer. 
 
 In this, case, however, a cross-reference, which will answer for all titles, is to be preferred 
 to a collection of subject- word references, being more economical and nearly as convenientto 
 the inquirer. Suppose, for instance, that Insects is preferred as u, subject-name to Ento- 
 mology. It will be better and more sparing of space to say once for all "Entomology. See 
 Insects," referring a man to a part of the catalogue where he will find not only the hook he 
 seeks but many similar ones, than to make a number of references like these : 
 
 Entomologie, Cours de. See Latreille, F. A. 
 
 Eutomologique, Bibliographie. See Percheron, A. 
 
 Entomology, Dialogues on. See Dialogues. 
 
 Entomology, Elements of. See Dallas, W. S.; Ruschenberger, W. S. W. 
 
 Entomology, Introduction to. See Duncan, J.; Kivby, W. 
 which will serve his turn only for the particular book he has in mind, and serve it very little 
 better than the general reference. ' 
 
 64. Make title references (first-word, catch-word, or subject-word) for 
 works which are entered under the names of societies or of govern- 
 ments. 
 
 The reason for this is that the inquirer might not think of looking for such works under those 
 headings or might be unable to find them in the mass of titles under the larger countries, France, 
 Great Britain, United States. But in view of the room which such references would fill, if 
 made from all governmental titles, it seems best to state the rule for the entry of go vernmental 
 and society publications very distinctly in the preface and then to require and presuppose a 
 certain acquaintance with the plan of the catalogue on the part of those who use it, and omit 
 all reference for ordinary official reports, making them only for works which have become part 
 of literature, and are likely to be much inquired for; as the "Astronomical exploring expedi- 
 tion," "Connaissance des temps," "Description de l'Egypte," "Documents infidits," "Philo- 
 sophical transactions," etc. Of course absolute uniformity cannot be secured in this way, but 
 absolute uniformity is not very important. Even if occasionally a reference of this kind fails 
 to be made which might reasonably be required, those which are made will be useful. It is 
 easy to add the reference wanted in a manuscript catalogue, or in the inevitable supplement 
 of a printed catalogue. 
 
 60. If a book has several title-pages use the most general, giving the 
 others, if necessary, in a note or as contents. 
 
 This occurs especially in German books. The rule above should be followed even when 
 the library has only one'of the parts. But under the subject-heading the subtitle which cor- 
 responds to that subject may be used, the general title being given in a parenthesis after the 
 imprint, so as to preserve the connection of the subject- and title-entries. Ex. VEHSE, E. 
 Geschichte der Hofe des Hauses Sachsen. Hamburg, 1854. 7 v. 8°. (Vol. 28-34 of his 
 Gesch. d. deut. Hofe.) 
 
 Title-references must sometimes be made from subtitles. 
 
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Mules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 37 
 
 'HI. SUBJECTS. 
 
 A. Entries considered separately. 
 
 1. Choice between different subjects. 
 
 Between general and specific, 66; Between person and country, 67; 
 Between subject and country, 68 ; Between subjects that overlap, 69. 
 
 2. Choice between different names. 
 
 Language, 70; Synonyms; 71-73; Subject-word and subject, 74; Homo- 
 nyms, 75 ; Compound headings, 76 ; Double entry, 77-79 ; Vessels, 80 ; 
 Civil actions, 81 ; Reviews, comments, etc., 82. 
 
 B. Entries considered as parts op a whole. 
 Cross-references, 85, 86; Synoptical table, 87. 
 
 SUBJECTS. 
 A. Entries considered separately. 
 
 Some questions in regard to the place of entry are common to the author- and the subject- 
 catalogue; because individuals (persons, places, ships, etc.) may be at once authors and sub- 
 jects. For these questions consult Part I, and also $ 70 of the present part. 
 
 In a dictionary catalogue some books cannot profitably have subject-entry, because they not 
 only have no one subject but do not even belong to any class of subjects. 
 
 A collection is to be entered under the word which expresses its subject or its general tend- 
 ency. The memoirs, transactions, proceedings, etc., of a society should be entered under the 
 name of the object for which the society is founded. When there are many societies under one 
 head it is economical to refer merely ; as from Agriculture or Agricultural societies to 
 the various names. 
 
 The importance of deciding aright where any given subject shall be entered is in inverse 
 proportion to the difficulty of decision. If there is no obvious principle to guide the cataloguer, 
 it is plain there will be no reason why the public should expect to find the entry under one 
 heading rather than another, and therefore in regard to the public it matters not which is chosen. 
 But it is better that such decisions should be made to conform when possible to some general 
 system, as there is then more likelihood that they will be decided alike by different cataloguers, 
 and that a usage will grow up which the public will finally learn and profit by ; as a usage 
 has grown up in regard to the author-entry of French names containing De, Du, La, etc. 
 
 1. Choice between different subjects. 
 
 a. Between general and specific. 
 
 66. Enter a work under its subject-heading, not under the heading of a 
 
 class which includes that subject. 
 
 Ex. Put Lady Cust's book on "The cat" under Cat, not under Zoology or Mammals 
 or Domestic animals; and put Garnier's "Le fer" under Iron, not under Metals or 
 Metallurgy. 
 
 This rule of "specific entry" is the main distinction between the dictionary catalogue and 
 the alphabetico-classed. 
 
 Some subjects have no name ; they are spoken of only by h. phrase or by several phrases 
 not definite enough to be used as a heading. A book may be written on the movements of 
 fluids in plants, a very definite object of investigation, but as yet nameless ; it must be put 
 under Botany (Physiological). But if several works were written on it and it was called, 
 let us say, Phytliydraulics, it would be seen that, under this rule, it no more ought to be 
 
38 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 under Botany than Circulation of the blood under Zoology. Thirty years ago, "Fer- 
 tilization of flowers" could hardly have been used as a heading ; but late writings have raised 
 it to the status of a subject. There are thousands of possible matters of investigation, some 
 of which are from time to time discussed, but before the catalogue can profitably follow its 
 "specific" rule in regard to them they must attain a certain individuality as objects of inquiry, 
 and be given Borne sort of name, otherwise we must assign them class-entry. 
 
 And it is not always easy to decide what is a distinct subject. Many catalogues have a head- 
 ing Preaching. Is Extempore preaching a sufficiently distinct matter to have a heading of 
 its own ? There are a number of books on this branch of the subject. In this particular case 
 the difficulty can-be avoided by making the heading "Preaching without notes." Many 
 su«h questions may be similarly solved, with perhaps more satisfaction to the maker of the 
 catalogue than to its users ; but many questions will remain. 
 
 Then, mixed with this, and sometimes hardly distinguishable from it, is the case of subjects 
 whose names begin with an unimportant adjective or noun,— Arc of the meridian, Capture of 
 property at sea, Segment of a circle, Quadrature of the circle. All that can be said in such 
 cases is that, if the subject be commoiily recognized and the name accepted or likely to be ac- 
 cepted by usage, the entry must be made under it. For the fuller discussion of compound 
 headings, see § 76. 
 
 On the other hand difficulty arises from the public, or a part of it, being accustomed to think 
 of certain subjects in connection with their including classes, which especially happens to those 
 persons who have used classed catalogues or the dictionary catalogues in which specification 
 is only partially carried out; so that there is a temptation to enter certain books doubly, once 
 under the specific heading to satisfy the rule, and once under the class to satisfy the public. 
 The dictionary principle does not forbid this. If room can be spared the cataloguer may put 
 what he pleases under an extensive subject (a class) provided he puts the less comprehensive 
 works also under their respective specific headings. The objection to this is that, if all the 
 specifics are thus entered, the bulk of the catalogue is enormously increased; and that, if a _ 
 selection is made, it must depend entirely upon the "judgment," i. e., the prepossessions and 
 accidental associations of the cataloguer, and there will be.an end to all uniformity, and prob- 
 ably the public will not be better satisfied, not understanding why they do not find class-entry 
 in all cases. 
 
 6. Choice between person and country. 
 
 67. Put under the Dame of a king or other ruler all his biographies, and 
 works purporting to be histories of his reign ; but enter under the 
 country all histories which include more than his reign and accounts 
 of events which happened during the reign, and all political pamphlets 
 not directly criticising his conduct. 
 
 The first part of this rule is analogous to that by which the works of a king of a- private 
 nature are put under his name, and all his public writings under the country ; putting histories 
 of the reign under the king is partly subject and partly title-entry. Books of this sort have 
 really two subjects and ought to be entered twice {eg., Boutaric's ' ' La France sous Philippe 
 le bel"); the rule above is simply an economical device to save room at the expense of con- 
 venience. Perhaps a better practice would be to enter all lives of kings as well as histories 
 of their reigns under the country only, with a reference from the king. 
 
 Similarly there are some biographies and autobiographies which have such a very large pro- 
 portion of history that they ought to appear both under the man and the country. In general 
 we merely refer from the country, but occasionally nothing but double entry will suffice. 
 Whether they shall appear by way of entry or merely be mentioned in a note, must be deter- 
 mined by circumstances. 
 
 c. Choice between event and country. 
 
 G7£. Events 1 or periods 2 in the history of a country which have a proper 
 name may be entered under that name with a reference from the 
 
\ Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 39 
 
 country; those whose name is common to many countries 3 should be 
 
 entered under the country. 
 
 1 St. Bartholomew's day. 2 Fronde. 3 Kevol utiou ; Eestoration ; Civil war. 
 
 d. Choice between subject (or form) and country. 
 
 The only satisfactory method is double entry under the local and the scientific subject,— to 
 put, for instance, a work on the geology of California under both California and Geology, 
 and to carry out this practice tb ough the catalogue, so that the geographical student shall not 
 be obliged to search for works on California under Botany, Geology, Natural history, 
 Paleontology. Zoology, and a dozen similar headings, and the scientist shall not be sent 
 to California, England, Russia, and a score of other places to find the various treatises on 
 geology. But as 'this profusion of entry would make the catalogue very long, we are generally 
 ■obliged to choose between country and scientific subject. 
 
 08. A work treating of a general subject with special reference to a place 
 is to be entered under the place, with merely a reference from the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Ex. Put Flagg's "Birds and seasons of New England" under New England, and under 
 Ornithology say Sec also New England. As New England ornithology and Orni- 
 thology of New England are merely different names of the same specific subject it may 
 be asked why we prefer the first. Because entry under Ornithology cf New England, 
 though by itself specific entry is, when taken in connection with the entries that would be 
 grouped around it (Ornithology, Ornithology of America, Ornithology of Scotland, 
 etc.) in effect class-entry; whereas the similar grouping under New England does not make 
 that a class, inasmuch as New England botany, New England history, New England 
 ornithology are not parts of New England but simply the individual New England con- 
 sidered in various aspects. Of course the dictionary catalogue in choosing between a class 
 and an individual prefers the latter. Its object is to show at one view all the side's of each 
 •object; the classed catalogue shows together the same side of many objects. 
 
 There is not as yet much uniformity in catalogues nor does any carry out this principle so 
 absolutely as the more obvious "specific" rule is obeyed. The Boston Public Library Supple- 
 ment of 1883, for instance, has under the country Antiquities, Coinage, Description and History, 
 Language, Religion (subjects), and Literature and even Elocution and Poetry (forms), but not 
 Ballads nor Periodicals, which appear under those words. Yet when Ballads are called Volks- 
 lieder-they appear under thecountiy, Germany, — an instance of the independence of the title 
 produced by foreign languages, the English title being entered by form-word, the foreign 
 works having national classification, regardless of the title. There are many other classes 
 that in most catalogues at present, instead of being confined to geueral works, absorb books 
 which should rather have local entry, as Vases, Gems, Sculpture, Painting, and other 
 branches of the fine arts, Ballads, Epigrams, Plays, and other forms of literature. In 
 •catalogues of merely English libraries this is perhaps as well (see J 88), but the multiplication 
 _ of books and the accession of foreign literatures render more system necessary. 
 
 To show the procedure under this rule, ^uppose we have a collection of books on coins. 
 Let the general works go under Numismatics ; let works on any particular coin, asa Pine- 
 tree shilling or a Queen Anne's farthing go under the name of the coin ; let works on the coins 
 of a country be put under its name; refer from the country to all the particular coins on which 
 you have monographs, and from Numismatics both to all the separate coins and to all the 
 oountries on whose coinage you have treatises. 
 
 c. Between subjects that overlap. 
 
 69. Among subjects that overlap choose the one that preponderates, 
 with a reference from the other. 
 
 Ex. Any complete treatise on domestic animals will cover a large part of the ground of 
 Vfitsrnary medicine; but it is unnecessary to enter all the works on domestic animals under 
 Veterinary medicine a note to this effect is sufficient. Astronomy and Geology over- 
 
40 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 lap in regard to the origin of the earth, Geology and Physical geography in regard to 
 its present condition. Any particular book must be classified with one or the other subject 
 according as the geological or geographical treatment prevails. 
 
 2. Ohoice between different names. 
 
 General rules, always applicable, for the choice of names of subjects can no more be given 
 than rules without exception in grammar. Usage in both cases is the supreme arbiter,— the 
 usage, in the present case, not of the cataloguer but of the public in speaking of subjects. 
 
 /. Language. 
 
 70. When possible let the heading be in English, but a foreign word 
 may be used when no English word expresses the subject of a book. 
 Ex. Ecorclieurs, Emigres, Raskolnik. Many terms of the Eoman or civil law are not 
 exactly translatable; neither Fault nor Crime gives theidea of Culpa, the Debitor inops is not 
 our bankrupt or insolvent; he would have been very glad to have the privileges of a bankrupt. 
 Some other technical terms and some names of bodies, sects, events should be left in the original 
 language. The use of the Latin names of Greek deities (Jupiter, Neptune, Venus, in place of 
 Zeus, Poseidon, Aphrodite) is a manifest inaccuracy. Yet it may be defended on the plea: 
 (1) that the Latin names are at present more familiar to the majority of readers; (2) that it 
 would be difficult to divide the literature, or if it were done, many books must be put both under 
 Zeus and Jupiter, Poseidon and Neptune, etc., filling considerable room with no practical ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Si- 
 ll. Of two exactly synonymous names choose one and make a reference 
 
 from the other. 
 
 Ex. Poisons and Toxicology; Antiquities and Archaeology ; Insscts and Ento- 
 mology; Warming and Heating; Pacific Ocean and South Sea. There are some 
 cases in which separate headings (Hydraulics and Mechanics of Fluids), which cannot 
 be combined, cover books almost identical in character, so that the inquirer must look under 
 both. This is an evil ; but there is no reason for increasing the evil by separating headings 
 that are really synonymous, certainly not for dividing a subject in this way for verbal causes 
 and giving no hint that it has been divided. 
 
 It sometimes happens that a different name is given to the same subject at different periods 
 of its history. When the method of study of the subject, or its objects, or the ideas connected 
 with it, are very different at those two periods (as in the case of Alchemy and Chemistry) 
 of course there must be two headings. There is not so much reason for separating Fluxions 
 and Differential calculus, which differ only in notation. And there is no reason at all for 
 separating Natural Philosophy and Physics. I am told that medical nomenclature has 
 changed largely three times within the present century. How is the cataloguer, unless he 
 happens to be a medical man, to escape occasionally putting works on one disease under three 
 different heads? 
 
 To arrive at a decision in any case one must balance the advantages on the one hand of 
 having all that relates to a subject together, and on the other of making that economical con- 
 junction of title-entry and of subject-entry which comes from following the titles 'of the books in 
 selecting namos for their subjects. 
 
 In choosing between synonymous headings prefer the one that 
 
 (a) is most familiar to that class of people who consult the library ; a natural history societ." 
 will of course use the scientific name, a town library would equally of course use the popular 
 name — Butterflies rather than Lepidoptera, Horse rather than Equus caballus. /But 
 the scientific may be preferable when the common name is ambiguous or of ill defined extent. 
 
 (b) is most used in other catalogues. 
 
 (c) has fewest meanings other than the sense in which it is to be employed. 
 
 (cZ) comes first in the alphabet, so that the reference from the other can be made to the exact 
 page of the catalogue. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 41 
 
 (c) brings the subject into the neighborhood of other related subjects. It is, for instance, 
 often an advantage to have near any art or science the lives of those who have been famous in 
 it, as Art, Artists ; Painters, Painting; Historians, History. If one were hesitating 
 between Conjuring, Juggling, Legerdemain, Prestidigitation, and Sleight of hand, 
 it would be in favor of Conjuring or Prestidigitation that one could enter by their side 
 Conjurors or Prestidigitators. 
 
 Sometimes one and^ometimes another of these reasons must prevail. Each case is to be 
 decided on its own merits. 
 
 72. In choosing between two names not exactly synonymous, consider 
 whether there is difference enough to require separate entry; if not 
 treat them as synonymous. 
 
 Ex. Culture and Civilization, Culture and Education. 
 
 73. Of two subjects exactly opposite choose one and refer from the other. 
 Ex. Temperance and Intemperance, Free Trade and Protection, Authority (in 
 
 religion) and Private judgment. Reasons for choice the same as between synonyms. 
 
 To this rale there may be exceptions. It may be best that works on theism and atheism 
 should be put together, perhaps under the heading God ; but Theists and Atheists as bodies 
 of religious believers ought certainly to go under those two headings, and therefore it is 
 appropriate to put works in defence of theistic doctrines and those in defence of atheistic 
 doctrines under Theism and Atheism. 
 
 h. Subject-word'and subject. 
 
 74. Enter books under the word which best expresses tbeir subject, 
 whether it occurs in the title or not. 
 
 It is strange that the delusion ever should have arisen that "a catalogue must of necessity 
 confine itself to titles only of books.'' If it does, it cannot enter that very considerable num- 
 ber of books whose titles make no mention or only an obscure or a defective mention of their sub- 
 jects (§ 60), and it is at the mercy of deceptive titles (c. g., Channing's sermon "On a future 
 life," which treats of Heaven only, Irving's History of New York, Gulliver's Travels). A man 
 who is looking up the history of the Christian church does not care in the least whether the 
 books on it were called by their authors church histories or ecclesiastical histories; and the 
 cataloguer also should not care if he can avoid it. The title rules the title-catalogue; let it 
 confine itself to that province. 
 
 i. Homonyms. 
 
 75. Carefully separate the entries on different subjects beariug the same 
 name, or take some other heading in place of one of the homonyms. 
 
 E. g., it will not do to confound works on the vegetable kingdom with works on vegetables, 
 in the sense of kitchen-garden plants ; the first would be properly entered under Botany. 
 Special care is of course needed with foreign titles ; the cataloguer may easily be misled by 
 the sound if he is not on his guard. I have seen Lancelot's " Jardin des racines grecques'' 
 classed with works on Gardening, Stephanus Byzantinus "De Dodone [urbe Molossidis]" 
 put under Dodo with a reference from Ornithology, and Gamier " Sur l'autorite paternelle " 
 among the works on the Christian Fathers. 
 
 j. Compound subjects. 
 
 The name of a subject may be 
 
 (a)A single word as Botany, Ethics, or several words taken together, either 
 
 (J) A noun preceded by an adjective, as Ancient history, Capital punishment, Moral 
 philosophy, 
 
 (c) A noun preceded by another noun used like an adjective, as Death penalty, Flower 
 fertilization, 
 
42 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 (d) A noun connected with another by a preposition, as Penalty of death, Fertilization 
 of flowers, 
 
 (e) A noun connected with another by "and," as Ancients and moderns, 
 
 (/) A sentence, as in the titles "Sur la regie Paterna paternis materna maternis" 
 and"De usu paroemiaejurisGermanici, Der Letzte thut dieThurezu;" where the whole 
 phrase would be the subject of the dissertation. 
 
 There are three main courses open : • 
 
 (1) "We can consider the subject to be the phrase as it reads, as Agricultural chemistry, 
 Survival of the fittest-, which is the only possible method in (a) and undoubtedly the best 
 method in (c), (c), and (/), and in most cases of proper names, as Democratic Party, 
 White Mountains, Missouri River (but see § 18). 
 
 (2) We can make our entry in (6), (c), and (d) under what we consider the most significant 
 word of the phrase, inverting the order of the words if necessary; as Prcbabilities v instead 
 of Theory of probabilities) ; Earth, Figure of the; Species, Origin of the, the word Origin 
 here being by itself of no account; Alimentary canal, Canal being by itself of no account; 
 Poiitical economy, Political being here the main word and economy by itself having a mean- 
 ing entirely different from that which it has in this connection. 
 
 (3) We can take the phrase as it reads in (c), {d), (c), and (/), but make a special rule for 
 a noun preceded by an adjective (6), first, that all such phrases shall when possible be reduced 
 to their equivalent nouns, as Moral philosophy to Ethics or to Morals, Intellectual or 
 Mental philosophy to Intellect or Mind, Natural philosophy to Physics, Sanitary 
 science to Hygiene, Scientific men to Scientists, Social Science to Sociplogy ; 
 and secondly that in all cases where such reduction is impossible the words shall be inverted 
 and the noun taken as the heading, as Chemistry, Agricultural; Chemistry, Organic; 
 Anatomy, Comparative; History, Ancient; History, Ecclesiastical; History, Modern; 
 History, Natural; History, Sacred.* 
 
 The objection to (1) is that it may be pushed to an absurd extent in the case (6). A man 
 might plausibly assert that Ancient Egypt is a distinct subject from Modern Egypt, having a 
 recognized name of its own, as much so as Ancient history, and might therefore demand 
 that the one should be put under A (Ancient) and the other under M(Modern);t and similar 
 claims might be made in the case of all subject names to which an adjective is ever prefixed, 
 which would result in filling the catalogue with a host of unexpected and therefore useless 
 headings. Nevertheless the rule seems to me the best if due discrimination be used in choosing 
 subject names. * 
 
 The objection to (2) is that there would often be disagreement as to what is "the most im- 
 portant word of the phrase," so that the rule would be no guide to the reader. But in con- 
 nection with (1) and as a guard against its excesses (2) has its value. The combined rule 
 might read 
 
 70. Enter a compound subject-name, by its first word, iu verting the phrase 
 only when some other word is decidedly more siguiflcant or is often 
 used alone with the same meaning as the whole name. 
 Ex. Special providences and Providence, Proper names and Names. 
 
 It must be confessed that this rule is somewhat vague and that it would be often of doubtful 
 application, and that on the other hand (3) is clear and easy to follow. But there are objec- 
 tions to (3). It would put a great many subjects under words where nobody unacquainted 
 with thi' rule would expect to find them. 
 Works on the would hardly be looked for under 
 
 Alimentary canal Canal. 
 
 Dangerous classes Classes. 
 
 Digestive organs Organs. 
 
 * Thi8 rule is proposed by Mr. Schwartz and carried out, with some exceptions, in his catalogue of the New 
 York Apprentices' Library. 
 t Which would be much like putting Williams's "Shakespeare's Youth" under Youthful Shakespeare. 
 
 Individual* should not bo divided. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 43 
 
 Works on the Would hardly be looked for under 
 
 Dispensing power Power. 
 
 Domestic economy Economy. 
 
 Ecclesiastical polity Polity. 
 
 Final causes Causes. 
 
 Gastric juice Juice. 
 
 Laboring classes Classes. 
 
 Military art Art. 
 
 Parliamentary practice Practice. 
 
 Political economy Economy. 
 
 Solar system System. 
 
 Suspended animation Animation. 
 
 Zodiacal light Light. 
 
 Another objection is that in most cases the noun expresses a claBs, the adjective limits the 
 noun, and makes the name that of a subclass (as International law, Remittent diseases, Secret 
 societies, Sumptuary laws, Typhoid fever, Venomous insects, Whig party, Woolen manufac- 
 tures), and to adopt the noun (the class) as the heading is to violate the fundamental principle 
 of the dictionary catalogue. The rule is urged, however, not on the ground of propriety or 
 congruity with the rest of the system but simply as convenient, as a purely arbitrary rule 
 which once understood will be a certain guide for the reader. " If he is told that he shall always 
 find a subject arranged under its substantive form and never tinder an adjective he can hardly 
 fail to find it. If, on the other hand, he is told that Comparative anatomy is> under C and 
 Morbid anatomy under A, that Physical geography is under P and Mathematical geography 
 under G, he will only be bewildered, and accuse the cataloguer of making distinctions that 
 it requires too much study to appreciate. Theoretically the distinctions may be justified, but 
 practically the simpler way of using the noun only is more easily grasped by the common mind. 
 And the system of classifying names under the surname is precisely analogous ;' thus 
 Smith, John, 
 Smith, Joseph, 
 Smith, William, 
 seems to me to be arranged on the same principle as 
 History, Ancient, 
 History, Ecclesiastical, 
 History, Modern, 
 History, Sacred."t 
 
 This is plausible. If the public could ever get as accustomed to the inversion of subject- 
 names as they are to the inversion of personal names the rule would undoubtedly be very 
 convenient; but it might be difficult to teach the rule. The catalogue treatment of personal 
 names is familiar to every one because it is used in all catalogues, dictionaries, directories, 
 and indexes. But there are less than three hundred subject-names consisting of adjective 
 and noun in a catalogue which has probably over 50,000 names of persons. The use of the 
 rule would be so infrequent that it would not remain in the memory. And it should be ob- 
 served that the confusion caused by the different treatment of Morbid anatomy and Compara- 
 tive anatomy would only occur to a man who was examining the system of the catalogue, and 
 not to the ordinary user. A man looks in the catalogue for treatises on Comparative 
 anatomy ; he finds it, where he first looks, under C. He does not know anything about 
 the disposition of works on Morbid anatomy, and is not confused by it. Another man looks 
 for works. on Morbid anatomy and under M he is referred to Anatomy, Morbid.X He finds 
 there what he wants and does not stop to notice that Comparative anatomy is not there, 
 but, under C, consequently he. is not puzzled by that. And even those who are taking a 
 
 * But if analogies are to have any weight, why should we follow that of names of persons, which are inverted, 
 more than lhat of names of places, which are not? We do not say Mountains, White; Regions, Antarctic; 
 Sea, Red; why should we say Anatomy, Comparative: Arts, Pine; System, Brunonian J — C. 
 
 t Schwarts, slightly altered. 
 
 X This is on the supposition that Morbid Anatomy has been considered by the cataloguer not to be a distinct 
 subjcot, entitled to a namo of its own. 
 
44 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 general survey of all that the library possesses on anatomy would probably be too intent upon 
 their object to pause and criticise the arrangement, provided the reference from Anatomy to 
 Comparative Anatomy were perfectly clear, so that they ran no risk of overlooking it and 
 had no .difficulty in finding the subject referred to. 
 
 The specific-entry rule is one which the reader of a dictionary catalogue must, le^ni if he 
 is to use it with any facility; it is much better that he should not be burdened with learning 
 an exception to this, which the noun rule certainly is. 
 
 It ought also to be noticed that' this plan does not escape all the difficulties of the others. 
 In reducing, for instance, Intellectual philosophy or Moral philosophy, will you say Mind or 
 Intellect, Morals or Ethics? And the reader will not always know what the equivalent noun 
 is, — that Physics = Natural Philosophy, for example, and Hygiene = Sanitary science. Nor 
 does it help us at all to decide whether to prefer Botanical morphology or Morphological 
 botany. These difficulties, which beset any rule, are only mentioned here lest too much should 
 be expected from a plan which at first sight seems to solve all problems. 
 
 The practice of reducing a name to the substantive form is often a good one ; but should not 
 be insisted upon as an invariable rule, as it might lead to the adoption of some very out-of-the- 
 way names. As a mere matter of form Nebulse is to be preferred for a heading to Nebular 
 hypothesis, Pantheism to Pantheistic theory, Lyceums to Lyceum system, etc. 
 
 In (5), (c), and (d) the same subject can often be named in different ways, as 
 
 (6) Capital punishment. Floral fertilization. 
 
 (c) Death penalty. Flower fertilization. 
 
 (d) Penalty of death. Fertilization of flowers. 
 
 Is there any principle upon which the choice between these three can be made, so that the 
 cataloguer shall always enter books on the same subject under the same heading? I see none. 
 When there is any decided usage (i. e., custom of the public to designate the subjects by one of 
 the names rather than by the others) let it be followed ; that is to say, if, in the examples 
 given above, the more customary phrases are Capital punishment, Fertilization of 
 flowers, then we must use those names, preferring in the first case the name which begins 
 with an adjective to its equivalent beginning with a noun, and in the other the name beginning 
 with a noun to its equivalent beginning with an adjective. As is often the case in language 
 usage will be found not to follow any uniform course. 
 
 If usage manifests no preference for either name, we cannot employ the two indifferently ; 
 we must choose one; and some slight guide to choice in certain cases may perhaps be found. 
 On examination of the phrases above it appears that they are not all of the same composition. 
 In Comparative anatomy, Capital punishment the noun is the name of a general sub- 
 ject, one of whose subdivisions is indicated by the adjective. And Capita], Comparative 
 have only this limiting power, they do not imply any general subject. But Ancient 
 history, Med : aeval history, etc.. may be viewed not only in this way (History the class, 
 Ancient history and Mediaeval history the subdivisions) but also as equivalent to Antiquity: 
 History, Middle Ages: History (as we say Europe : History), in which case the adjectives 
 (Ancient, Mediaeval) imply a subject and the noun (History) indicates the aspect in which the 
 subject is viewed. Here then we choose Ancient and Mediaeval as the heading on the 
 principle of § 63. So in (4) and (c) each of the nouns in turn may be considered as impressing 
 the more general idea and the other as limiting it; c. g., we can have various headings for 
 Death considered in different lights, among others as a penalty; and we can have headings 
 of various sorts of penalties, among others death. It is evident that this collection of penalties 
 taken together makes up a class, and therefore this belongs to a style of entry which the dic- 
 tionary catalogue is expected to avoid; but the series of headings beginning with the word 
 Death would not make a class, being merely different aspects of the same thing, not different 
 subordinate parts of the same subject. 
 
 When an adjective implies the name of a place, as in French literature, German phi- 
 losophy, Greek art, it is most convenient on the whole to make the subject a division under 
 the country. In this way all that relates to a country is brought together and arranged in one 
 alphabetical series of subjects under its name (see § 201). It is not of the' slightest import- 
 ance that this introduces the appearance of an alphabetico-classed catalogue, so long as the 
 
46 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 cannot easily be found. A reference from Architecture to Spain: Architecture, is conven- 
 ient, but a reference to the same heading from Gothic architecture is not, because it 
 obliges the inquirer to look through the whole list of Spanish architecture to find perhaps one 
 title on the Gothic. In like manner there would be few entries of works on vases under 
 most countries, so that no division Vases would be made, and the inquirer must search fjr his 
 book among a number of titles on Art. And if the reference were made the other way — from 
 the country to Vases— the inquirer would be in the same plight." There is no need however 
 of double entry. If merely the name of the particular author or authors referred to under 
 any subject be inserted in the reference, the whole difficulty vanishes. 
 
 Ex. Gothic architecture. [Various titles.] See also Spain: Architecture (Stkeet). 
 
 It is to be noted that herein Short has a great advantage ; it does not lose so much by double 
 entry and can afford to make it in many cases where Medium must for economy put the reader 
 to some trouble. The notes, too, in such cataloguesas the Quincy or the Boston Public history- 
 list afford a convenient way of briefly inserting considerable double entry where it is thought 
 expedient without any apparent inconsistency. 
 
 78. If a book purports to treat of several subjects, which together make 
 the whole or a great part of one more general, it may be put either 
 uflder each of the special subjects, or under the general subject, and 
 in the latter case it may or may not have analytical referejices from 
 the specific subjects, according as the treatises are more or less dis- 
 tinct and more or less important. 
 
 E. jr., "A treatise on anatomy, physiology, pathology, and therapeutics," which might be put 
 under each of those four headings, ought rather to be entered under Medicine, in which 
 case, if the separate parts are by different authors, analyticals might very well be made under 
 the four headings ; and at any rate an analytical under the first would occasionally be useful 
 as equivalent to a subject- word reference. 
 
 * 
 
 79. When, a considerable number of books might all tye entered under, 
 the same two or more headings, entry under oire will be sufficient, with 
 a reference from the others. 
 
 On the other hand, if in. printing it. were noticed that under any subject only one or two 
 titles were covered by the cross-references to countries (as from Sculpture to Greece, 
 Italy, Denmark), it may be thought that double entry under nation and subject would be 
 preferable. A man is provoked if he turris to another part of the catalogue t» find there only 
 one title. However it should be remembered that one or two titles repeated under each of 
 many subjects will amount to a considerable number in the whole. The want of uniformity 
 produced by this mixture of reference and double entry is of less importance. 
 
 t 
 
 79J. When there are many editions of a book it is allowable to merely 
 refer under the subject to the author-entry. In a college library, for 
 instance, the full entry of all the editions of the classics uuder their 
 appropriate subjects (as of the Georgics under Agriculture, of Thu- 
 cydides under Greek history, and Polybius uuder Roman history), would 
 be a waste of room; it is enough to mention the best edition and refer 
 for other editions aud translations to the author's name. 
 
 I. Miscellaneous rules and examples. 
 
 80. Trials relating to a vessel should be put under its name ; Short would 
 make no other entry. Exploring expeditions or voyages in a named 
 vessel should have at least a reference from the name. 
 
 Ex. Jeune Eugenie. Mason, W. P. Report. Boston, 1822. 8°. 
 Herald, II. M. S , Voyage of the. See Seemann, B. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 47 
 
 81. A civil action is to be entered under that party to it who is first 
 named on the title-page, with a reference from the other. 
 
 In Short (and in Medium and Full, if the report is anonymous) this will be the only er.try,— 
 unless the case illustrate some subject, in which case entry or reference under that will 
 be needed. Patent cases furnish the most common exaniples of subject-entry of trials, but 
 everyone will remember trials in which points of ecclesiastical law, of medical jurisprudence, 
 etc., have been so fully discussed as to compel reference from those subjects. 
 
 82. Enter "Review of," "Remarks on," "Comments on" under the au- 
 thor reviewed (as a combiued subject and subject-word entry), and, if 
 worth while, under the subject of the book reviewed. 
 
 83. The distinction between Bibliography and Literary history is, with ref- 
 erence to the books on those subjects, a distinction of more or less; the 
 two classes of books run into each other and it is hard to draw the 
 line between them. 
 
 84. Any theological library will probably contain books which treat 
 
 (1) of the four last things, death, judgment, heaven, and hell. 
 
 (2) of the nature of the life after death, a much more extensive ques- 
 tion than (1). 
 
 (3) whether there is any future life, without regard to its nature. 
 
 (4) of the retribution after death for tb,e good and for the evil deeds 
 done in this life. 
 
 (5) whether there is any retribution for evil in a future life. 
 (C) what is its nature. 
 
 (7) how long does it last. 
 
 Here are seven questions on nearly the same subject-matter, and there are six names for them. 
 (It will be found, by the way, that although there are some books treating of each separately, 
 many of the works overlap as the subjects do, and that the titles are no guide whatever to the 
 contents of the books. ) Two main courses are open to the cataloguer : 
 
 1st. To make one heading, as Future life, cover 1jie whole, with subdivisions. In this 
 way the catalogue becomes classed to a certain extent. No matter if that is, on the whole, the 
 more convenient arrangement, 
 
 2d. More consistently, to make four headings : Eschatology (covering the 1st question, 
 four last things, with references to each of them), Future Ufa (its nature, including retri- 
 bution both for good and evil, 2d and 4th question), Future punishment (existence, nature, 
 duration, and so including universalism, with references to Purgatory and Hell, covering the 
 5th, 6th, and 7th questions), Immortality (is there any?. 3d question). 
 
 B. Entries considered as parts op a whole. 
 
 The systematic catalogue undertakes to exhibit a scientific arrangement of the books in a 
 library in the belief that it will thus best aid those who would pursue any extensive or thorough 
 study. The dictionary catalogue sets out with another object and a different method, but 
 having attained that object — facility of reference — is at liberty to try to secure some of the 
 advantages of classification and system in its own way. Its subject-entries, individual, gen- 
 eral, limited, extensive, thrown together without any logical arrangement, in most absurd 
 proximity — Abscess followed by Absenteeism and that by Absolution, Club-foot next 
 to Clubs, and Communion to Communism, while Christianity and Theology, Bibli- 
 ography and Literary history are separated by half the length of the catalogue — are a mass 
 of utterly disconnected particles without any relation to one another, each useful in itself but 
 only by itself. But by a well-devised network of cross-references the mob becomes an army 
 of which each part is capable of assisting many other parts. The effective force of the cata- 
 logue is immensely increased. 
 
48 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 85. Make references from general subjects to their various subordinate 
 subjects and also to co-ordinate and illustrative subjects. 
 
 Cross-references should be made by Full from Classes of persons (Merchants; Lawyers, 
 Artists, Quakers, etc.) to individuals belonging to those classes; from Cities to persons 
 connected with them by birth or residence or at least to those who have taken part in the 
 municipal affairs or rendered the city illustrious; from Countries to their colonies, prov- 
 inces, counties, cities, etc. (unless their number is so great or the divisions are so well known 
 that reference is useless); also, under the 'division History to rulers and statesmen, under 
 Literature to authors, under Art to artists, and so on; from other Subj ects to all their parts, 
 and to the names of persons distinguished for discoveries in them or knowledge of them. 
 Short and Medium will make such of these references as seem most likely to be useful. 
 
 The construction of this system may be carried on simultaneously with the ordinary cata- 
 loguing of the library, each book as it goes through the cataloguer's hands not merely receiving 
 its author- and subject-entries, but also suggesting theappropriate cross-reference; but when 
 all the books are catalogued the system will not be complete. References are needed not mprely 
 to the specific from the general but to the general from the more general and to that from the 
 most general; there must be a pyramid of references, and this can be made only by a final 
 revision after the completion of the cataloguing. The best method is to draw off in a single 
 column a list of all the subject-headings that have been made, to write opposite them their in- 
 cluding classes in a second column and the including classes of these in a third column; then 
 to write these classes as headings to cards and under them the subjects that stood respectively 
 opposite to them in the list, to arrange the cards alphabetically, verify the references, and sup- 
 plement them by thinking of all likely«ubordinate headings and ascertaining whether they 
 are in the catalogue, and also by considering what an inquirer would like to be told or reminded 
 of if he were looking up the subject under consideration. In this way a reasonably complete 
 list may be made. 
 
 It will, however, often happen that there is no entry under the including subject. Take a 
 simple instance. The catalogue, we will suppose, contains twenty histories of towns belong- 
 ing to seven counties in Connecticut. In the revision described above references have been 
 made both from Connecticut to these counties and to the towns from the counties, but only 
 three of the counties have any titles under them. The others would not make their appear- 
 ance in the catalogue at all if there were no cross-references. And as this will happen con- 
 tinually it follows that the system willVery greatly increase the number of headings and there- 
 fore the length of the catalogue. Such fullness may be allowable in regard to the state which 
 contains the library, which of course should be treated with exceptional completeness ; it may 
 possibly be worth while for all the states of the Union and for England, but to attempt to do 
 the same for all countries and all subjects is too much. A modification of the plan must be 
 introduced, which will make it much less complete but still useful. With many subjects the 
 next heading in the ascending series must be skipped, and the references massed under one 
 still higher ; in the supposed case, for example, the references to all the towns will be made 
 under Connecticut and under those counties alone which have any other entry under them. 
 
 86. Make references occasionally from specific to general subjects. 
 
 Of course much information about limited topics is to be found in more general works ; the 
 very best description of a single plant or of a family of plants may perhaps be contained in a • 
 botanical encyclopaedia. This fact, however, must be impressed upon the inquirer in the 
 preface of the catalogue or in a printed card giving directions for its use ; it is out of the ques- 
 tion to make all possible references of the ascending kind. From Cathedrals, for example, 
 one would naturally refer to Christian art and to Ecclesiastical architecture, be- 
 cause works on those subjects will contain more or less on cathedrals. But so will histories 
 of architecture and histories of English, French, German, or Spanish architecture ; so will 
 travels in England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain. And anyone who desired to take an ab- 
 solutely complete survey of the subject, or who was willing to spend unlimited time in getting 
 information on some detail, would have to consult such books. Yet the cataloguer may very 
 excusably not think of referring to those subjects, or if he thinks of it may deem the connec- 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 49 
 
 tion too remote to justify reference, and that he should be overloading the catalogue with what 
 would be generally useless. 
 
 There are many things that are seldom used, and then perhaps but for an instant, and yet 
 their existence is justified because when wanted they are indispensable or because they make 
 useful what is otherwise useless: a policy of insurance, life-preservers in a steamer, the 
 index of a book, large parts of the catalogue of a library, among others the cross-references. 
 Of such a nature, but much less useful, more easily dispensed with, is a 
 
 87. Synoptical table of subjects. 
 
 I mention its possibility here ; I do not advise its construction, because there is little chance 
 that the result would compensate for the immense labor. 
 
 "IV. FORM-ENTRY. 
 
 National entry has already been discussed under Subjects (§ 68). 
 
 88. Make a form-entry for collections of works in any form of literature. 
 
 In the catalogues of libraries consisting chiefly of English books, if it' is thought most con- 
 venient to make form-entries under the headings Poetry, Drama, Fiction, it may be done, 
 because for those libraries Poetry is synonymous with English poetry, and so on; but if a 
 library has any considerable number of books in foreign languages the national classification 
 should be strictly followed ; that is to say, entries should be made under English drama, 
 English fiction, English poetry, Latin poetry, etc.; only those collections of plays, 
 novels, poems that include specimens of several literatures being put under Drama, Fiction, 
 Poetry. Or the English plays, novels, poems, etc., may be entered under Drama, Fiction, 
 Poetry, etc., and the dramatic works, etc., of foreign literatures under the names of the sev- 
 eral literatures. , 
 
 The rule above confines itself to collections. It would be convenient to have full- lists of the 
 single works in the library in all the various kinds of literature, and when space can be afforded 
 they ought to be given; if there is not room for them, references must be-made under these 
 headings to the names of all the single authors ; an unsatisfactory substitute it is true, but 
 better than entire omission. Note, however, that there is much less need of these lists in 
 libraries which give their frequenters access to the shelves than where such access is denied, 
 so that borrowers must depend entirely on the catalogue. In the case of English fiction a 
 form-list is of such constant use that nearly all libraries have separate fiction catalogues. 
 
 It has been objected that such lists of novels, plays, etc., do not suit the genius of the dic- 
 tionary catalogue. The objection is of no importance if true; if such lists are useful they 
 ought to be given. There is nothing in the dictionary plan which makes them hard to use 
 if inserted. But the objection is not well founded. Under the names of certain subjects we 
 give lists of the authors who have treated of those subjects ; under the names of certain kinds 
 of literature we give lists of the authors who have written books in those forms; the cases are 
 parallel. The divisions of fiction, it must be understood, are not the authors who have written 
 novels but the different kinds of novels which they have written ; they are either such varieties 
 as "Historical fiction," "Sea stories," "Religious novels," or such as "English fiction," 
 "French fiction." The first divisions we do not make for single works because it would be 
 very difficult to do so and of little use; but if there were collections in those classes we should 
 certainly introduce such headings. The second division (by language) is made as it is in 
 Poetry and Drama, both for single works and collections. 
 
 There is no reason but want of room why only collections should be entered under form- 
 headings. The first entries of collections were merely title-entries and Mr. Crestadoro is the only 
 person who has thought that plays, etc., deserve two title-entries, one from the first word the 
 other from what we might call the form-word. It is not uninteresting to watch the steps by 
 which the fully organized quadruple syndetic dictionary catalogue is gradually developing 
 from the simple subject-word index. 
 4— D. c. 
 
50 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 89. Make a form-entry for single works in the rarer literatures, as 
 Japanese, or Kalinuc, or Cherokee. 
 
 References can be substituted, if necessary. 
 
 90. Make a form -entry of encyclopaedias, indexes, and works of similar 
 practical form, the general ones under the headings Encyclopaedias, 
 etc., the special ones in groups under their appropriate subjects. 
 Thus an, agricultural dictionary will not be entered under Dictionaries, but under Agri- 
 culture, in a little division Dictionaries. Now and then some one asks for "a grammar," "the 
 dictionary." It does not follow that it would be well to jumble together, under a form-heading 
 Grammars or Dictionaries, all grammars and lexicons in all languages. Those who 
 inquire so vaguely must be made to state their wishes more definitely. The cataloguer does 
 his part if he inserts a note under such headings explanatory of the practice of the catalogue ; as 
 
 Grammar. [First a list of works on general grammar, then] 
 Note. For grammars of any language see the name of the language. 
 
 V. ANALYSIS. 
 
 91. Enter in full every work, forming part of a set, which fills a whole 
 volume or several volumes. 
 
 Ex: Colombo, C. Select letters rel. to his four voyages to the New World ; tr. and ed. 
 byR. H.Major. London, 1847. 8". (Vol. 2 of the Hakluyt Soe.) 
 
 92. Enter analytically, that is without imprint, 
 
 a. every work, forming part, of a set, which has a separate title-page 
 and paging, but forms only part of a volume of the set. 
 
 Ex. Fairholt, F. W. The civic garland ; songs from London pageants, with introd. and 
 notes. {In Percy Society, v. 19,. 1845.) 
 
 Full must and Medium may make a full entry in this case also. That is to say, Full will 
 draw the line at a separate title-page, Short and perhaps Medium at filling a volume. Those 
 catalogues which give no imprints at all and those which give no imprints under subjects will 
 of course give none for analyticals. 
 
 6. Every work which, though not separately paged or not having a 
 title-page, has been published separately, whether before or since 
 its publication in the work under treatment. 
 
 Ex. Dickens, C. J. F. Little Dorrit. (Jm Harper's mag., v. 12-15, 1855-57.) 
 
 c. Under author, (1) every separate article or treatise oven Ipages 
 
 4a lougth ; (2) treatises of noted authors; (3) noted works even if by 
 
 authors otherwise obscure. 
 
 1 This limit must be determined by each library for itself, with the understanding that there 
 may be occasional exceptions. 
 
 " d. Under subject treatises important either (1) as- containing the origin 
 of a science or a controversy or developing new views, or (2) as treat- 
 ing the subject ably or giving important information, or (3) for length. 
 
 Absolute uniformity is unattainable; probably no one will be able to draw the line always 
 at the same height. It is most desirable — and fortunately easiest — to make analysis when 
 the subject is well marked, as of biographies or histories of towns, or monographs on any sub- 
 ject. General treatises or vague essays are much harder to classify and much less valuable 
 for analysis. In analyzing collections of essays original articles should be brought out in 
 preference to reviews, which are commonly not worth touching (except in a very full cata- 
 logue) either under the author of the work reviewed or under* its subject. Of course excep- 
 

 C-OVlfavU<J " 
 
 <?*: 
 
 Ait- 
 
 
 
 cc. l£*-0Uv 
 
 ^^y g^ / *^y- 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. /51 
 
 tion may be made for famous reviews or for good reviews of famous works. A work giving 
 careful literary estimate of an author may be an exception to this remark ; reviews of the 
 ""Works" of any author are most likely to contain such an estimate. Many reviews, like 
 Macaulay's, are important for their treatment of the subject and not worth noticing under the 
 book reviewed, which is merely a pretext for the article. 
 
 Make analytical title-references for stories in a collection when they are likely to be inquired 
 for separately. 
 
 93. Make analyticals for the second and subsequent authors of a book 
 written {but not conjointly) by several authors. (See § 3.) 
 Sometimes it is better to give full entry under two headings than to make the second 
 analytical. Ex. A " Short account of the application to Parliament by the merchants of Lon- 
 don, with the substance of the evidence as summed up by Mr. Glover," is to be entered under 
 London. Merchants, as first author, but as Glover's part is two-thirds of the whole; it should 
 also be entered under him, the entry in each case being made full enough not to mislead. 
 
 In analyticals it is well, though not necessary, to give the date of the book referred to and 
 the pages which contain the article. Many readers will not notice these details but they will 
 do no one any harm and will assist the careful student. 
 
52 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 VI. STYLE. 
 
 a. Headings. 
 
 Type, 94-98. Italics, 95. Pseud., 99, 100. Ed., 101. Family name, 
 102. Christian name, 103, 104. To distinguish authors of the same 
 name, 103, 105. To distinguish subject headings, 106. Dashes, 107. 
 Eeferences, 108. 
 
 b. Titles. 
 
 Order, 109. Abridgement, 110-119. Articles, 110, 111. Unnecessary 
 words, 112, 113. Dates, 114. Initials, 115. Abbreviations, 116. Num- 
 bers, 117'. Position, 118. "Same," 119. Words to be retained, 120-124. 
 Analytical, 124. Exact copying, 125. Language, 126, 127. Transla- 
 tions, 127, 128. Transposition of the article, 129. Anon., 130, 131. Lord, 
 Gen., ed., 132. Transliteration, 133. 
 
 o. Editions, 134, 135. 
 
 d. Imprints. 
 
 The parts of an imprint and their order, 136. Transliteration, 137. 
 Abbreviations, 138. Two or more places, 139, 140. Publisher's name, 
 141. Colophon, 142. Dates, 142-152. Number of volumes, 153. Typo- 
 graphical form, 154. 
 
 e. Contents, 155-157, and Notes, 158. 
 
 f. Eeferences, 159, 160. 
 
 g. Capitals, 161, 162. 
 
 h. Punctuation, Accents, Italics, etc., 163-168. 
 
 i. Arrangement. 
 
 Order of the English alphabet, 169. Headings, 170-185. Person, 
 place, title, subject, form, 170. Christian names, 171, 172. M', etc., 173. 
 Same names, 174, 175. Titles, Sees, 176. Possessive case, 177. Greek 
 and Latin names, 178. Compound names, 179-183. Pseudonyms, 184. 
 Abbreviations, 185. Titles, 186-196. Under an author, 186-193. Edi- 
 tions, 188. Numerals, 189. Translations, 190. Biographies, etc., 191. 
 Criticisms, 192. Analytical, 193. Under countries, 194-196. Con- 
 tents, 197. Subjects, 198-202. Homonyms, 198. Topical arrange- 
 ment, 199. Chronological arrangement, 200. Cross-references, 201. 
 Divisions, 202. 
 
 J. Etc. 
 
 Supplement, 203. An economy, 204. Incunabula and other rare 
 books, 205. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 53 
 
 STYLE. 
 
 Uniformity for its own sake is of very little account; for the sake, of intelligibility, to pre- 
 vent perplexity and misunderstanding, it is worth something. And it is well to be uniform 
 merely to avoid the question "Why were you not consistent?" 
 
 A. Headings. 
 
 94. Print headings in some marked type. 
 
 Either heavy-faced (best, if it can be had not too black), small capitals (handsome), or 
 italics (least pleasing); never capitals (ugly and hard to read). Christian names should be 
 in ordinary type; to make them like the heading is confusing, to have a special type for them 
 would be extravagant. 
 
 95. Italicize titles of honor and similar distiuguisbing words. 
 
 Earl, Mrs., Rev., of Paris, Alexandrinus, etc., also the name of a country or state following 
 the nam* of a town, as Wilton, N. H., Cambridge, Eng. Ef^ These words are to be italicized 
 only in the headings and not in the title. They are italicized in the heading to distinguish 
 the name and bring it out clearly; there is no need of such distinction in titles. Do not print 
 Badeau, Gen. A. Life of Gen. Grant. If the heading is italicized, the words Mrs., Earl, 
 &c. , must be distinguished from it in some other way. 
 
 96. Print the headings of all the four kinds of entry (author, title, sub- 
 ject, form) in the same kind of type. 
 
 In some indexes a distinction is made between persons and places or between authors and 
 subjects, but in a catalogue varieties of type must be reserved for more important distinc- 
 tions. The Catalogue of the Library of the Interior Department uses a heavy-faced title 
 type for authors and a light-faced antique for other entries, with Very satisfactory effect ; but 
 such typographical luxuries are not within general reach. 
 
 97. Print the whole of an author-, title-, or form-heading in the special 
 type; also an alternative family name and the family name of the 
 second of joint authors. 
 
 Ex. Cervantes 3 aavedra, Varnhagen von Ense, Cape of Good Hope, Bicknell 
 & Goodhue, American Antiquarian Society, Comparative anatomy, Political 
 economy; Chasteillon {Lat. Castalio or Cnstellio), S.; Craik, G. L., and Knight, C. 
 
 9S. Print the first word of a title-entry in the special type. 
 
 Ex. Rough diamond. But compound words, whether hyphened or not, should be printed 
 wholly in the heading type, as Out of door amusements. Loudon, 1834. 8". This is merely 
 for looks ; the kind of type has nothing to do with the arrangement. 
 
 99. Add pseud, to the heading for all sorts of false names of whatever 
 origin. 
 
 So much is necessary to prevent mistake on the part of the public; but it is a waste of time 
 for the cataloguer to rack his brains to discover which of the ingenious names invented by 
 Pierquin de Gembloux (cryptonym, geonym, phrenonym, etc. ) is applicable to each case ; for 
 the only result is that readers are puzzled. A list of these terms may be found in the Notice 
 of Querard by Olphar Hamst [?'. e., E. Thomas], London, 1887. The unauthorized assump- 
 tion of any name should be indicated by such phrases as called, calling himself, dit, soirdisant, 
 se dicente or die si dice, que se dice or se dicendiose, genannt, genoemd, etc. 
 
 100. When an author habitually uses a pseudonym add it to his name; 
 when the pseudonym is used only in one work, and different ones iu 
 other works, include it in that title, followed by [pseud.]. 
 
54 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Ex. Clemens, S. C. (pseud. Mark Twain). 
 
 Godwin, Wm. The looking-glass; by T. Marcliffe [pseud.]. 
 
 101. Add ed. to the heading when it is needed to show that a book is 
 merely put together not written by the author in hand. 
 
 The title usually shows this fact clearly enough without ed. Short would omit to uote the 
 fact and in Full, perhaps even in Medium, it is better to state it in the title than in the beading. 
 The distinction, after all, is rarely of practical value. 
 
 102. Repeat the family name for each person. 
 
 Ex. Smitb, Caleb. Sermon. \ ( Smith, Caleb. Sermon. 
 
 Smith, Charles. Address. C not 3 , Charles. AddresB. 
 
 Smith, Conrad. Narrative. \ / , Conrad. Narrative. 
 
 103. Distinguish authors whose family name is the same by giving the 
 Christian name in full or by initials. 
 
 In a card catalogue the names should always be given in full, in printing initials are often 
 used to save room ; but the saving is small, and the advantages of full names are so considerable 
 that any cataloguer who is relieved from the necessity of the greatest possible compression 
 ought to give them. Under subjects however it is rare that two persons of even the same family 
 name come together and initials are sufficient. An exception may well be made in the case 
 of men always known by a double name, as Sydney Smith or Bayard Taylor, Nobody talks 
 of Smith or Taylor. Taylor, B. (or in full J. B. ) conveys no idea whatever to most readers ; 
 Taylor, J. Bayard, they know. When one name alone is usual, as Gladstone, Shakespeare, 
 or both forms are used, as Dickens and Charles Dickens, initials will suffice. Of course there 
 can be no uniformity in such practice, but there will be utility, which is better. 
 
 K 104. Mark in some way those Christian names which are usually omitted 
 by the author. 
 
 Ex. Collins, (Wm.) Wilkie; Gerard, (C6cile) Jules (Basile). This is of practical use. 
 The consulter running over the Collinses is puzzled by the unusual name unless some generally 
 accepted sign shows him that it is unusual. He does not quickly recognize Charles Dickens 
 in Dickens, Charles John Huffam ; or Leigh Hunt in Hunt, James Henry Leigh ; or Bayard 
 Taylor in Taylor, James Bayard. Besides the eye finds the well-known name more quickly 
 if the others are as it were pushed aside. The most common methods of distinction are 
 inclosure in parentheses and spacing: Guizot, (Francois Pierre) Guillaume, or Guizot, 
 Francois Pierre Guillaume. The latter is objectionable as unusual, as taking too much 
 room, an«J as making emphatic the very part of the name which one wants to hide. But in 
 those catalogues in which all Christian names are enclosed in parentheses, some other sign 
 must of course be used to mark the less usual names. 
 
 105. Distinguish authors whose family and Christian names are the same 
 by the dates of their birth and death, or, if these are not known, by 
 some other label. 
 
 Ex. Bp., C.E., Cwpt., Col., D.D.,F.B.S., etc., always to be printed in italics. 
 
 In a manuscript catalogue, in preparing which of course one never knows how many new 
 names may be added, such titles should be given to every name. In printing, if room is an 
 object, they may be omitted except when needed for the distinction of synonymous authors. 
 Note, however, that many persons are commonly known and spoken of by a title rather than 
 by their first name, and it is a convenience for the man who is looking, for instance, for the 
 life of Gen. Greene, whose Christian name he does not know, to see at once, as he runs his eye 
 over the list of Greenes, which are generals, without having to read all the titles of books 
 written by or about the Greenes in order to identify him. For the same reason Mrj. should 
 always be given with the name of a married woman, whether the Christian name which fol- 
 lows is her own or her husband's; unless the following form is adopted, "Hall, Anna Maria 
 
(2/t UZZ& Z~H£f •&&**-, /(S&O &&»*<&. &£ Zjva^ 
 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 55 
 
 (Fielding), wife of S. C," which is always to be done when hi her titles she uses her husband's 
 initials. In this case a reference should be made from Hall, Mrs. S. C, to Hall, A. M. and 
 so in similar cases. If Christian names are represented under subjects by their initials, it is 
 well to give Miss or Mrs. with the.names of female authors. The reader who would like to 
 read a book by Miss Cobbe on a certain subject may not feel sure that Cobbe, F. P., is Miss 
 Cobbe. 
 
 Distinctive epithets to be in English, as Bishop of Meaux, Emperor of Germany, excepting 
 patronymics habitually joined with a person's name, as Clemens Alexandrinus. 
 
 Prefixes (i. e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as Son., Mrs., Bev., etc., 
 should be placed before the Christian name (as Smith, Capt. John), and suffixes, as Jr., D.D., 
 LL.D., after it (as Charming, James Ellery, D.D.). Hereditary titles generally follow the 
 Christian name, as Stanley, Thomas, 1st Earl of Derby ; but British courtesy titles (i. e., 
 those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as Wellesley, Lord Charles 
 (2d son of the Duke of Wellington). English patronymic phrases, as of Dedham, follow, as 
 do foreign ones; but they must immediately follow the family name when they are always used 
 in close connection with it, as Girault de S$. Farjeau, Eusebe ; similarly aine", fils, jeune, 
 as Dumas fils, Alexandre; Didot fils, Ambroise. Latin appellatives should not in general 
 be separated from their nouns by a comma, as Ceesar Heisterbacensis. 
 
 106. Distinguish two subject-headings which are spelled alike by itali- 
 cized phrases in parentheses. 
 
 Ex. Calculus (in. mathematics). 
 Calculus (in medicine). 
 
 107. Medium avoids the repetition of the heading with all titles after 
 the first by using a dash. Short usually employs indention. 
 
 Indention takes as much room as the dash and is much less clear. There should always 
 be at least a hair-space between the end of the dash and the next letter; indeed that is the 
 rule of all good printing. Under a subject the repetition of the author's name is indicated by 
 a second dash. 
 Cobbett, Wm. Emigrant's guide. ) Atheism. Beecher, L. Lectures, eh-. 
 
 — Grammar ofEnglish. — Bentley, E. Confutation of A. 
 
 — Porcupine's works. ' Folly of A. and deism. 
 
 108. Print in the special type a heading occurring in other parts of the 
 catalogue, when a reference is intended. 
 
 After See or In, or when in a note some book contained in the catalogue is referred to, as 
 ■"For a discussion of the authorship, see Graesse's Lehrbuch." 
 
 b. Titles. 
 1. Order. 
 
 4 
 
 109. Preserve the order of words of the title. 
 
 Short will depart from the order whenever it cannot otherwise abridge the title ; Medium 
 and Full will do the same, but they will bracket all words introduced out of their original 
 place as much as if they did not occur in the title at all. 
 
 2. Abridgement. 
 
 The more careful and studentlike the probable use of the library the 
 fuller the title Should be,— fuller, that is, of information not of words. 
 Many a title a yard long does not convey as much meaning as two 
 well chosen words. No precise rule can be given for abridgement. The 
 title must not be so much shortened that the book shall be confounded 
 
56 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 with any other book of the same author or any other edition of the same 
 book, or that it shall fail to be recognized by those who know it or have 
 been referred to it by title, or that it shall convey a false or insufficient 
 idea of the nature of the work and (under the subject) of its theme and 
 its method of treating its theme. 1 On the other hand it must not retain 
 anything which could reasonably be inferred from the rest of the title 
 or from its position under a given heading. 2 
 
 1 This clause must be very differently interpreted according to the character of the catalogue.. 
 It expresses rather the object to be aimed at than the point which an ordinary catalogue can 
 expect to reach. To fully describe and characterize every book is impossiblefor most cataloguers. 
 Still by a little management much may be briefly done. The words drama, play, novel, 
 historical novel, poem, retained from or inserted in the title tell a great deal in a little space. 
 
 2 It m ust make these omissions not merely that the catalogue may be short but that consulting 
 it may be easy. Other things being equal that title is best which can be taken in at.a glance. 
 What has been said in defense of full titles may be true, that "it takes longer to abridge a 
 title than to copy it in full," but it is also true that it takes longer for the printer to set the un- 
 abridged title, and longer for the reader to ascertain its meaning, and a long-title catalogue 
 besides being more expensive is more bulky and therefore less convenient. 
 
 * L10. Omit the preliminary article when it can be done without altering 
 the sense or too much offending the ear. 
 
 It will not do even for Short to catalogue "On the true, the beautiful and the good " thus : 
 Cousin, V. True, beautiful, good ; 
 but a list of Buekstone's plays may as well be printed 
 
 — Breach of promise, comedy. 
 
 — Christening, farce. 
 
 — Dead Bhot, farce. 
 
 — Dream at sea. 
 
 — Kiss in the dark, farce. 
 
 — Lesson for ladies, com. 
 
 though the meaning of "Christening "and "The christening" is slightly different, and "Kiss in 
 the dark" might be taken for an injunction, whereas "A kiss in the dark" is evidently only a 
 title. Still neither Short nor Medium should hesitate to omit even in these cases. Besides 
 the economy, the alphabetical order is brought out more clearly by this omission. That can 
 also be done awkwardly by transposing the article, as 
 
 — Breach of promise, The ; com. I — Dead shot, The ; farce. 
 
 — Christening, The ; farce. | — Dream at sea, The. 
 
 111. Short omits articles in the title. 
 
 Ex. "Observations upon an alteration of the charter of the Bank ot England," is abridged: 
 "Alteration of charter of Bank of England," which is certainly not euphonious, but is as in- 
 telligible as if it were. Medium usually indulges in the luxury of good English. Perhaps in 
 time a catalogue style will be adopted in which these elisions shall he not merely allowed, but 
 required. It may be possible to increase the number of cataloguing signs. We have now 8° 
 where we once had octavo, then 8vo. Why not insist upon N. Y. for New York, L. for Lon- 
 don, P. for Paris, -etc., as a few adventurous libraries have done. Why not make free sub- 
 stitution of commas for words, and leave out articles and prepositions in titles wherever the 
 sense will still remain gleanable ? 
 
 112. Omit puffs 1 and many descriptive words which are implied either 
 by the rest of the title 2 or by the custom of books of the class under 
 treatment, 3 and those descriptive phrases which though they add to 
 the significance of the title do not give enough information to pay for 
 their retention. 4 
 
 'Ex., a (plain) treatise on; an (exact and full) account. 
 
 3 In "Compendious pocket dictionary," either compendious or pocket is superfluous. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 57 
 
 3 Ex. Nekrolog, 1790-1800 (enthaltendNachriohten von dem Leben merkwurdiger iu diesem 
 Jahre verstorbenen Personen). 
 ■"'by an American not by birth but by the love of liberty." 
 
 113. Omit all other unnecessary words. 
 
 In the following examples I use the double (( )) to indicate what every catalogue ought to 
 omit, the single ( ) to indicate what may well be omitted. 
 
 Ed. alt. (priore emendatior). 
 " 2e 6d. (augmented). 
 " 2d ed. (with additions and improvements). 
 
 with ((an appendix containing)) problems. 
 
 ((a collection of)) papers relating to the war in India. 
 
 ((a series of)) letters. 
 
 ((On the)) brick architecture of the north of Italy, 
 ""(debate) on ((the subject of)) the impressment bill. 
 
 on ((the question of)) a financial agent. 
 
 ((being some)) account of his travels. 
 
 in ((the year)) 1875! 
 
 Sermons ((on various subjects)). N. B. Must occasionally be retained \o distinguish dif- 
 ferent collections of sermons by the same author. 
 
 The grounds of infant damnation ((considered in)) (a) sermon ((preached)) Nov. 5, (1717). 
 Boston, 1717. 8°. 
 
 Sermon (the Lord's day after the) interment of. ' 
 
 Opera ((quoo extant)) (omnia). 
 
 Geology ((of the State)) of Maine. 
 
 Tables for ((the use of)) civil engineers. 
 
 Reflections ((suggested by a perusal of))* J. H. Palmer's ((pamphlet on the)) "Causes 
 "(and consequences) of the war." 
 
 Occasioned by his ((book entitled)) "True narrative." 
 
 defended against ((the cavils of)) G. Martin. 
 "Howe during his command (of the King's troops) in North America. 
 
 So a "Discourse in Albany, Feb. 27, 1848, occasioned by the death of John Quiucy Adams, 
 etc. Albany, 1848. 8"," would become Disc, Albany, Feb. 27, death of J. Q. Adams. Albany, 
 1848. 8°, in Medium, and Short would probably omit "Albany, Feb. 27." 
 
 114. For chronological phrases use dates. 
 
 Ex. For "from the accession of Edward III. to the death of Henry vin.," say [1327-1547]. 
 
 115. In Short and Medium use initials for all Ohristian names intro- 
 duced iu titles, notes, and contents, and omit the initials altogether for 
 famous men unless there are two of the same name. 
 
 Ex. Write "Life of L. V. Bell," "ed. by F. J. Furnivall," but "Lives of Cicero, Milton, Tell, 
 Washington ;" and distinguish by initials the Bachs, Grimms, Humboldts, Schlegels. Short 
 may as well omit the initials of editors, translators, etc. 
 
 E. g., Dante. Divine comedy ; tr. by Cayley. London, 1851-54. 4 v. 16°. 
 
 — Same. Tr. by Wright. London, Bohn, 1854. 8°. 
 
 — Same. Tr. by Longfellow. Boston, 1867. 3 v. 8°. 
 
 11G. Abbreviate certain common words always, and less common words 
 in a long title which cannot be shortened iu any other way. 
 
 Abbreviations should suggest the word for which they are used, and should not, if it can be 
 avoided, suggest any other. When one abbreviation is used for two' words, if the context does 
 not determine the sense the abbreviation must be lengthened. The most common and useful 
 are Abp. (Archbishop), u,. d. Lat. (aus dem Lateinischen), add. (additions), Amer . or Am. 
 
 * Substitute [on]. 
 
58 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 (American), anon, (anonymous), app. (appendix), Aufl., Ausg., or even A. ( Auflage, Ausgabe), 
 bibl. (biblical, bibliographical, bibliotheca, &c), biog. (biographical, bibgraphy), Bp_. (Bish- 
 op), B. S. L., &c. (Bohn's scientific library, &c), Chr. (Christian), class, (classical), col. 
 or coll. (collections, college), com. (commerce, committee), comp. (compiled, compiler), cone, 
 (concerning), dept. (department), dom. (domestic), ed. (edited, eclitip_n, editor), encyc. (ency- 
 clopedia), ffi (folios or leaves), geog., geol., geom. (geology, geography, geometry), ges. 
 (gesammelte), Ges. or Gesch. (Geschichte), Gr. (Great, Greek), H. F. L., (Harper's family 
 library), hrsg. (herausgegeben), imp. (imperfect), incl. (including), int. (intorno), lib. (library), 
 mem. (memoir), mis. or niiscel. (miscellaneous), nat. (natural), n. d. (no date of publication), 
 jj). (no place), n. s. (new series), n. t.-p . (no title-page), nouy. (nouvelle), obi. (oblong), p^Jgp. 
 (page, pages), pseud , (pseudonym, pseudonymous), gt. (part), pjjb. (published), rec. (recen- 
 suit), rel. (relating, relative), rept (report), rev. (review, revised), s. or ser. (series), samm. 
 (sammtlich), sm. (small), soc. (society), t.-p. m ut., t.-p. w . Ctirle-page mutilated, wanting), 
 tr. f^nfi ht ted. tja&uit, JjjuJotto, etc.), trans, (transactions), u. (und), titfiES. (iibersetzt;, v. (vol- 
 lime), v. (von, but give van in full), w. (wanting). For others see the lists in various dic- 
 tionaries and cyclopaedias. 
 
 117. Express numbers by Arabic figures instead of words. 
 
 Ex. With 30000 (not thirty thousand) men; but Charles n., not King Charles the Second. 
 
 118. In Short omit all that can be expressed by position. 
 
 Ex. In a title-entry 
 
 How to observe; by H. Martineau 9287 
 
 and in a subject-entry 
 
 Horse. Carver, J. Age of the. Phila., 1818. 12° 9077 
 
 Murray, W. H. Theperfect. Bost., 1873. 8° 1694 
 
 If this is thought too disagreeable, use an inilial for the heading when it is repeated in the 
 title ; as : 
 
 Horse. Carver, J. AgeoftheH. Phila., 1818. 12" 9077 
 
 Murray, W. H. The perfect H. Bost., 1873. 8° 1694 
 
 Simpson, H. H. portraiture. N. Y., 1808. 12° 7407 
 
 119. In cataloguing different editions of a book avoid the repetition of 
 the title by using "Same." 
 
 Ex. Chaucer, G. Canterbury tales; [ed.] by T. Tyrwhitt. London, 1822. 5 v. 8°. 
 
 — Same. Ed. by T. Wright. London, 1847-51. 3 v. 8°. 
 The word following Same should generally begin with a capital. 
 
 120. Eetain under the author only what is necessary to distinguish the 
 work from other works of the same writer, but under the subject what 
 is neoded to state the subject and show how it is treated. 
 
 The preface of an excellent catalogue remarks that "the primary object of subject-entries 
 is to inform the reader who have written upon a given topic rather than what has been written." 
 This is a mistake. The inquirer wishes to know both ; in fact he wants to know who have 
 written about it because their character will suggest to Mm what they have written. 
 
 121. Retain both of alternative titles. 
 
 Ex. If nights and Sea-Kings ; or, The Middle Ages. 
 The reason is the book may be referred to by either title. 
 
 122. Retain in the author-entry the first words of the title; let the 
 abridgement be made farther on. 
 
 Because (1) it facilitates library work, by rendering the identification of the book quicker 
 and surer ; (2) if there is no part of the title which must be given, two persons may abridge 
 so differently that not a single word shall be the same in the two abridged titles, so that two 
 works will be made out of one (I have often known this to happen) ; (3) books are frequently 
 referred to by the first word of the title (Grassi's ''Notizie-sullo stato presente degli Stati 
 
'/7. 'Twti* <^&xLJh. . tp,ts$ '£c&4i bu*i" \srxUc*.*, >-K.ei CUxiiu 
 
/2-£~. \JW- -H&&- crfffe- /f>- $~$~^ 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 59 
 
 Uniti" may be quoted as Grassi : tfotizie). Short, however, can probablynot afford to retain 
 first words in all eases. Half the phrases used at the beginuing of titles add little or nothing 
 to the meaning, such as "Treatise on," "System of," " Series .of lectures on," "Practical hints 
 on the quantitative pronunciation of Latin" (here " Practical hints " belongs in the preface, not 
 in the title, to which it really adds nothing whatever). "History of" must often be retained 
 under the subject. One can say 
 
 Young, Sir W. Athens. 3ded. London, 1804; 
 but under Alliens that would not be enough ; it would be necessarv to write 
 
 Young, Sir W. History of Athens, • 
 
 to distinguish it from such works as Stuart's "Antiquities of Athens " and Leake's "Topog- 
 raphy of Athens." But if there are enough titles under Athens to admit of the subheadings 
 Art, Antiquities, History, the words "History of" again become unnecessary. Medium ought 
 alwsjys to retain first words under author, and may omit them under subject ; but such phrases 
 as "Manual of," "Lectures Qn," do much to explain the character of the book, and for that 
 reason ought often to be retained. 
 
 Mottoes, however, at the top of the title-page, separated by a line from the real title, may 
 be neglected. Sometimes such superscriptions -are important, generally not. 
 
 123. Do not by abridgement render the words retained false or meaning- 
 less or ungranimatical. 
 
 124. In analytical, if there are several entries under the author referred 
 to give the first word or words of the title referred to, so that the entry 
 can easily be found; if there are few entries take one or two words 
 which unmistakably identify the book. 
 
 A word or two is enough 1 and those - abbreviated if possible; 2 but sometimes, when the 
 article has an insufficient or no title it is well to give more of the title of the book in which 
 it is contained, if that is more communicative ; e.g., Wordsworth, J. Grammatical introduc- 
 tion. (In his Fragments of early Latin. 1874.), where "of early Latin '' explains "grammatical 
 introduction," and the date shows that the treatise probably embodies the latest ideas. 
 
 1 (In Mueller, F. M. Chips, v. 1. 1867. ) not (In Mueller, F. M. Chips from a German 
 workshop, v. 1. 1837.) 
 
 s (i» Graevius. Thes. Eom. antiq., v. 10. 1699.) 
 
 125. The title is to be copied, so far as it is copied, exactly. Omissions- 
 may be made without giving notice to the reader, unless by etc. when 
 the sentence is manifestly unfinished. 1 Additions made to a title are 
 to be marked by inclosing the words in brackets [ ]. 2 All additions to 
 be in the language of the title; if tbis cannot be done, put the addition 
 into a note. 3 After a word spelled unusually insert [sic]. 
 
 1 The use of ... is suited only to bibliographies. I do not see why even Full should use 
 this sign, except for very rare or typographically -important books. The title in a catalogue is 
 not intended to be a substitute for the book itself and must leave some questions to be answered 
 by the latter. 
 
 2 The use of [ ] is important, both as a check on indiscriminate addition and as an aid to 
 identification. It will not often be of use in the latter respect, but as one can never tell when 
 it will be needed it must be employed always. 
 
 3 The intercalation of English words in a foreign title is extremely awkward. 
 
 126. State in what language the book is written unless it is evident from 
 the title. 
 
 Ex. Aelianus. De natura animalium [Gr. et Lat.]. 
 
 Aeschines. Orations on the crown [Gr.], with Eng. notes. 
 
60 Public Libraries in ike United States. 
 
 127. Eetain in or add to the title of a translation words' stating from 
 what language it was made, unless that is evident from the ^utlior ? o 
 4MUB©-or is shown by its position after the original title. 
 
 Ex. Beckford, Wm. Vathek; [tr. fr. the French]. 
 
 Lsssing, Gottbold Ephraim. Laocoon ; tr. by E. Frothingham. 
 Euripides. 'linr6%.VTO<; atetyavrifydpoc;. 
 
 — Eng. The crowned Hippolytus ; tr. liy M. P. Fitz-Gerald. 
 
 128. In the entry of translations, after the original give the translated 
 title. 
 
 This is for the good of persons unacquainted with the original language, who would not know 
 the book by the foreign title, and also to identify the book, different translations not always 
 haying the same title. 
 
 Dudevant, Mme. Le chateau des d^sertes. 
 
 — Eng. The castle in the wilderness. 
 
 — L'homme de neige. 
 
 — Eng. The snow man. 
 Dante. Divina commedia. 
 
 — Eng, Vision of hell, purgatory, and paradise ; tr. by Cary. 
 Divine comedy ; tr. by Cay ley. 
 
 ^129. In anonymous titles entered under the first word put the trans- 
 posed article after the first phrase. 
 Ame en peine, Une, not Ame, Une, en peine. 
 
 130. Under the author distinguish the titles of anonymous books. 
 
 Enclosing the dash in brackets is ugly [ — ] ; enclosing the title in brackets is misleading, 
 as if the title were false. Stars (*) or daggers (t) are sometimes prefixed to the title, but they 
 suv often used for other purposes and they throw the titles out of line. [ Anon.~\ may be used 
 between the title and the imprint ; t in the same position would take less room and as soon as 
 accepted would be equally intelligible ; it has occasionally been used. 
 
 131. In the title-entry of an anonymous work insert the author's name 
 in brackets. 
 
 Ex. Colloquies of Edw. Osborne; [by M. A. Manning]. London, 1830. 16°. 
 
 132. Words like Lord, Gen., Rev., King, ed., tr., occurring in the title 
 are not to be italicized. 
 
 133. When the title is in an alphabet which differs from the English, 
 transliterate the first few words and add a translation. 
 
 Ex. [Pisni Eusskaho naroda; Songs of the Russian people.] 
 
 When the title is in Greek followed by a Latin translation it is customary to use the latter 
 alone, and the same may be done in the case of other languages. But for identification it is 
 necessary that some part of the book's own title should be printed. It is not enough to give 
 merely a made title or a translation. 
 
 c. Editions. 
 
 134. Distinguish editions by the number, the name of the editor, trans- 
 lator, etc., and by mentioning in parentheses (not brackets) after the 
 imprint the collection, library, series, to which it belongs, or the name 
 of the society by which it is published. 
 
 Ex. 4th ed., 10th thous., New ed., ed. by T. Good, (Bonn's standard library), (Weale's 
 
Whin <yuCLMAjL ~U£Ze. ia jh€&k/ect fat bowtiafaix. : 
 
 S3.<^<r~ '^0^^4saSU^zj£^^^ (ft /f£<4AUx2~*_ &2-S. q*&*. jo, Jj". 
 

 t .€. , 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 61 
 
 series, v. 20), (Camden Soc, v. 3). It is shorter and nearly as useful to give Bohn, Weale, 
 etc, as publishers in the imprint, — London, Bohn, 1867. 8°. 
 The various editions of different volumes may be stated thus: 
 Hales, Stephen. Statical essays. (Vol. 1, 3d ed.) London, 1738, 33. 2 v. 8°. 
 The specification of edition is necessary : (1) for the student, who often wants a particular 
 edition and cares no more for another than he would for an entirely different work; (2) in the 
 library service, to prevent the rejection of works which are not really duplicates. • And the 
 number of the edition is a fact in the literary history of the author worth preserving under his 
 name ; under the subject it is some guarantee for the repute, if not for the value, of the work. 
 
 135. Full will uote carefully whether there is auy change in a new edition, 
 or whether it is merely, what the Germans call a title-edition (the same 
 matter with a new title-page). Medium and Short generally content 
 themselves with noting the number of the edition. Short often tabes 
 no notice of the edition. 
 
 d. Impeints. 
 
 136. The imprint consists of place of publication, publisher's name, date, 
 number of volumes, typographic form, number of pages, and number 
 of maps, engravings, and the like, which are to be given in the above 
 order. 
 
 Washington, 1875. 2 v. 8°, pp. vii, 441, (12); iv, 424; 20 engr., 24 photographs, 4 maps. 
 The imprint proper consists merely of place, date, form, and number of volumes (Wash., 
 1875. 2 v. 8°). The other details are given by Medium in particular cases. Full gives them 
 always, but it may be doubted whether their use is frequent enough to pay for the very con- 
 siderable increase in the trouble of cataloguing; It is worth while to show by some sign (as 
 p.) that the pages are less than 100 or than 50 (40 is the limit of the French Biblioth&que 
 Nationale), for the fact is easily ascertained, and the mark fills little space and may prevent 
 some one sending for a book he does not care to look at. It is not an exact designation, but 
 many things are useful which are not exact. On the other hand an inquirer might occa- 
 sionally fail to see the best treatise on his subject, thinking it too short to be of any value. 
 Neither Short nor Medium should give the exact number of maps, plates, etc., but it is well 
 worth while, especially for a popular library, to add the word ill/as. to the titles of books in 
 which the illustrations are at all prominent, and, under Biography, to note the presence of 
 portraits. 
 
 Imprints are indispensable in a catalogue designed for scholars, that is for college libraries, 
 for historical or scientific libraries, and for large city libraries. They may not be of much use 
 to nine persons in ten who use those libraries, but they should be inserted for the tenth person. 
 But in the majority of popular city and town libraries neither the character of the readers nor 
 of the books justifies their insertion. Their place may be much better filled (as in the Quincy 
 catalogue) with more important matter— with "Illus." or "Portraits'' or a word or two ex- 
 plaining an obscure title. But the number of volumes should invariably be given. 
 
 137. Do not translate the name of the place of publication, but if it is 
 not in a Roman alphabet transliterate it. 
 
 Gottingen, not Gottingen ; Munchen, not Munich ; Wien, not Vienna j.Londini, not London; 
 Lisboa, not Lisbon, when the first are the forms on the title-page. So [Moskva], Moskau, 
 Moscou, Moscow, according as the imprint is in Russian, German, French, or English. 
 
 ^lSS. Use abbreviations and even initials for names of the most common 
 places of publication. 
 
 Ex. Bait., Berl., Bost., Camb., Cin., Cop. or Copenh., Got., L. (London), Lisb., Lpz., 
 Madr., N. O., N. Y., Oxf , P. (Paris), Phila., St. P. (St. Petersburg), Ven., Wash.; and use 
 the ordinary abbreviations for state names. 
 
62 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 139. If there is more than one place of publication Short and Medium 
 should give only one. 
 
 If the places are connected by "and," as London and Edinburgh, New Yoik and London, 
 take the first; if they, are unconnected, as 
 
 Berlin Paris Genfeve 
 
 H. Bailliere 
 take that which proves on examination to be the real place of publication. In this economy 
 there is some danger of cataloguing the same book at different times with different imprints, 
 and making two editions out of one; but a little watchfulness will prevent this. 
 
 140. If the place differs in the different volumes, state tbe fact. 
 Ex. — History of England. Vol. 1-2, Boston; 3-5, N. Y., 1867-69. 5 v. 8°. 
 
 141. Print publishers' names, when it is necessary to give them, in italics 
 after the place. 
 
 Ex. London, Pickering, 1849; Antwerpen, hi mi Claes die Graue. The publisher's name 
 must not be mistaken for the place. I have seen a dozen books catalogued as Kedfield, 185-. 
 12° ; Kedfield being a New York publisher who had a fancy for making his name the most 
 prominent object in the imprint of his books. 
 
 142. If the place or date given at tbe end of the book differs from that 
 on the title-page, or if place and date are given there "only, they should 
 be printed in brackets. 
 
 Ex. AugBb., 1525 [colopkon Nuremb., 1526]. 
 Lpz., [col. 1571]. 
 
 143. In early works the date is sometimes given without the century, as 
 "im vierten Jahre," i. e., 1604. Of course the century should be sup- 
 plied in brackets. 
 
 144. Masonic dates should be followed by the date in the usual form. 
 Ex. 5834 [1834]. 8". 
 
 145. Chronograms should be interpreted and given in Arabic numerals. 
 Ex. Me DuCit ChrlstVs = 1704. 
 
 146. When the place or date is given falsely, whether intentionally or 
 by a typographical error, add the true date in brackets, if it can be 
 ascertained. 
 
 Ex. London, 1975 [1775]. 8°. 
 
 Paris, 1884 [mistake for 1874]. 8". 
 
 147. When the place or date is not given, supply it in brackets if it can 
 be ascertained. If neither is discoverable, write n.p. (=no place), 
 n. d. ( = no date), to show that the omission of place and date is not 
 an oversight. 
 
 Ex. London, /». p., n. d. 8°. 
 
 148. But avoid n. d., and if possible give the decade or at least the cen- 
 tury, even if an interrogation point must be added. 
 
 Ex. London, [17—]. 4°. 
 Phila., [182-?]. 8°. 
 
 149. Print the date in Arabic numerals. 
 
 Ex. 1517 for M D XVII or CIO IQ-XIIIX. 
 
 When the subarrangment of the catalogue is by dates (as in that of the Amer. Philos. Society), 
 it may be well to place the date uniformly at the end of the line in this order : 8°. Wash., 18C4. 
 

 flfj, jL- fct&u Ba^-Ki^r l%a~^ /&0V, f&^^&i&^Lrs 
 
 DVL CJs aNIoh. IesV= /66Z <*»»- cAoa^o^ S ^a^c^cZ^^^e^i-J 
 
jCts&~r*&~r-Y A^S^-^^c-fcrf y-z^fr*r-<****sCd C&&*> .' 
 
 
ituiesfor a Dictionary Catalogue. 63 
 
 Otherwise the best order is to put the place and date immediately after the title, because like 
 it they are taken from the title-page. The form, which is not copied but is the catalogum-'s own 
 assertion, then comes last. The dates can be made prominent in a chronological arrangement 
 by printing them in heavy type, as in Prof. Abbot's "Literature of the doctrine of a future life." 
 . In Very Short the German style of printing dates should be adopted, 742 (;. e., 1742), 875 
 (i. e., 1875). 
 
 150. When different volumes of a work were published at different times 
 give the extreme dates. 
 
 Ex. Paris, 1840-4-2. 8°. Sometimes Vol. 1 is of the 2d ed. and its date is later than that of 
 Vol.2. This is in Medium: (Vol. 1, 2d ed.) 1874, 69-73. 5v. 8°; in Short merely 1839-74. 
 
 151. In cataloguing reprints Pull should give the date of the original 
 edition. 
 
 Ex. Asoham, K. Toxophilus,. 1545. London, 1870. 8° (Arber's reprints). 
 or 3d ed. London, 1857 [1st ed. 1542]. 8°. 
 
 The labor of always hunting up the original date is so great that Medium may be allowed 
 to give it when it can easily be ascertained and omit it in other cases. 
 
 In a printed catalogue if the first edition is in the library of course its date need not be 
 given with the subsequent editions. 
 
 152. In analytical Medium and Full should give the date of the work 
 referred to, and the number of pages; Short should specify at least 
 which volume is meant. 
 
 The date, if it be that of original publication, tends to show the style of treatment; if it be 
 that of a reprint or of "Works" it shows which of the various editions in the library is meant. 
 The number of pages will help the reader to decide whether the reference is worth looking up. 
 
 The Birmingham Free Library has an ingenious way of printing analyticals. • The title is 
 in long primer type, the parenthesis is in pearl, of which two lines will justify with one of 
 the long primer. 
 
 Fossils. Eecent and fossil shells by Woodward ( We ^t*l Kle '') 
 
 Gleig, G-. E. Eminent military commanders (^ff, ;.) 3 duo 1»32. 
 
 By this arrangement the analytical nature of the reference is made much clearer and often a 
 line is saved. But it is very troublesome to the printer. 
 
 r 
 
 153. Give the number of volumes. 
 
 An imperfect set can be catalogued thus : 
 
 Vol. 2-4, 6-7. Bost., 1830. 5 v. 8°, or 
 Bost., 1830. 7 v. (v, 5 w.). '8°. 
 
 7 v. 8° means Vol. 1-7 if nothing is said to the contrary, and any number of missing vol- 
 umes can be enumerated in the second of these forms ; but as the first volumes of periodicals 
 are often missing, the exception may be made of always cataloguing them in the 1st form. 
 Whatever Short may be forced to do by its system of charging books, Medium and Full ought 
 to give the number of volumes bibliographically, that is to say, they should count only that a 
 volume which has its own title, paging, and register. If the parts of a work have a continuous 
 register or a continuous paging they form one volume ; but if they are called Vol. 1, Vol. 2 on 
 the title-page they may be described as 1 v. in 2. For the bibliographical cataloguer binding 
 has nothing to do \vith the matter. That the binder has joined two or more thin volumes or 
 divided a thick one ought to be recorded in the accessions-book and in the shelf-list, but is not 
 worth notice in the catalogue ; if mentioned at all it should be in such a way that the descrip- 
 tion of the accidental condition of a single copy in a particular library shall not be mistaken 
 for an assertion applicable to a whole edition (thus, 1 v. bd. in 2, or 2 v. bd. in 1, as the case 
 may be). A work which has - title-page (whether or not it has an independent paging or 
 register) but is included in the title-page of another work, is said to be appended to that work. 
 
64 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 154. Let the form (f°, 4°, 8°, &c.) represent the fold of the sheet, as ascer- 
 tained from the signature, not be guessed from the size. 
 
 In the older books this is important, and in modern books the distinction between the 
 octavo and the duodecimo series is so easily ascertained that it is not worth while to be 
 inaccurate. The size may be more exactly indicated, if it is thought worth while, by L. or 
 sm., sq., obi., prefixed to the fold, as L. 8°, sm. 4°. The "vo" or "mo" should be repre-' 
 sented by a superior ° if it can be had, otherwise a degree-mark °, though manifestly improper, 
 must be employed ; it has abundant usage in its favor. 
 
 Another method of giving the form is f ° (6), 4° (2), 8° (4), in which f°, 4°, 8° indicate the ap- 
 parent form of the book as the terms folio, quarto, octavo are generally understood, and the figures 
 within the parentheses show the number of leaves intervening between the successive signatures. 
 
 "' In t*ie folio the sheet of paper makes two leaves or four pages, in the 4° four leaves, in the 
 8° eight, in the 12° twelve, and so on. When a sheet of paper is folded into six leaves, mak- 
 ing what ought to be a 6° book it is called a 12° printed in half sheets, because such printing 
 is always done with half-sized paper, or with half-sheets, so as to give a 12° size. From a 
 very early period it has been universal to distinguish the sheets by different letters called sig- 
 natures. At present, a sheet has A on the first leaf or Al on the first leaf and A2 on the sec- 
 ond, which is enough for the folder's purpose. But in former times the signatures were gen- 
 erally carried on through half the sheet, and sometimes through the whole. Again, in modern 
 times, no sheet ever goes into and forms part of another ; that is, no leaf of any one sheet ever 
 lies between two leaves of another. But in the sixteenth century, and even later in Italy, it 
 was common enough to print in quire-fashion, the same letter being used for the whole quire, 
 and the leaves of the quire distinguished as they were successively placed inside of one another 
 by the figures 2, 3, 4, so that a book actually printed in folio might have the signatures of a 
 modern octavo. In exact bibliography such books are sometimes described as 'folio in twos, 
 'folio in fours.' Rules are given for determining the form of printing by the water-lines of 
 the paper and by the catchwords. It is supposed that the latter are always at the end of the 
 sheet, and also that the water-lines are perpendicular in folio, octavo, and decimo-octavo books, 
 horizontal in quarto and duodecimo. But in the first place a. great many old books have 
 catchwords at the bottom of every page, many have none at all ; and as to the rule of water- 
 lines, there are exceptions to every case of it." * Nevertheless it is a generally trustworthy rule. 
 
 e. Contents and notes. 
 
 155. Give (under the author) a list of the contents of books containing 
 several works by the same author, or works by several authors, or 
 works on several subjects, or a single work on a number of distinct 
 subjects, 1 especiallj if the collective title does not sufficiently describe 
 them. 2 
 
 1 As a collection of lives. 
 
 3 Only Full can give the contents of all such works, including the memoirs, transactions, 
 &c, of all the learned societies. And in an analytical catalogue this is much less important. 
 When every separate treatise is entered iu its proper places under the names of its author and 
 of its subject, why should it be given again in a long column of fine type which few persons 
 will ever read? Because, if analysis is not complete, contents supplement it; and one who has 
 forgotten author and subject may occasionally recall them by looking over a "contents;'' and 
 this list is, so far as it goes, a substitute for a classed catalogue iu this respect. Moreover the 
 "contents" is needed'to fully explain the character of the subject-entry (see § 3). In the 
 division Biography under countries we have many such titles as "Memoirs of eminent. English- 
 women," "British senators," "Political portraits." It is an advantage to the reader, though 
 perhaps neither a great nor a frequent advantage, to be able to find out from the catalogue 
 what Englishwomen and what British senators he shall find described in tho books. No 
 catalogue can be considered complete that omits such information. 
 
 * De MorgaD, altered. 
 
ISH. QJfot stMArafriaMu ^n, -pnatl&vn, 
 
 /S^f. a£& &r~£ ^ &"' (~ ¥ s *, ?£ ij f <~£/*re6»< Xr^^ 
 4t£^^ /£%* *~V //7/ £ ^ y^. a £f&£~u, W && &r+£, L~ ' /J? j. 
 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 65 
 
 For collected works of any author "contents" have been found so useful that even Short 
 often gives them, especially of late, and strange to say, not rarely prints them in the most ex- 
 travagant style, allowing a line for each item. One may sometimes see a quarter of a page 
 left bare from this cause. 
 
 156. When a single work fills several volumes give the contents under 
 the author, provided the division is definite and easily described. 
 
 Object, that the inquirer may know which volume he wants; application, chiefly to dic- 
 tionaries and historical works; method, in general, giving dates and letters of the alphabet, 
 which take little room. It is particularly important also to fully describe in this way very 
 bulky works ; Walton's Polyglott is a good example, in consulting which without such a guide 
 one may have to handle ten gigantic folios. 
 t t 
 
 157. Under the subject repeat so much of the contents as is necessary 
 
 to show how the subject is treated or what part is treated in the dif- 
 ferent volumes. 
 
 This is particularly desirable in works with an insufficiently descriptive title which treat of 
 several subjects, for which under each heading will be given its appropriate part of the con- 
 tents. For example, Hugo's "Jus civile Antejustinianeum" contains the originals of Ante- 
 justiuian law, but this does not appear from its title, and if it did, it would be hardly worth 
 while to save a few lines by obliging the reader to turn to Hugo to ascertain just what is in 
 the book. On the other hand the contents of Pertz's "Monumeuta Germanic historica" is so 
 long that only Fullest can afford to give it under Germany as well as under Pertz. In such 
 a case the reader feels it to be more reasonable that he should be referred. 
 
 The contents is often more useful under subject-heading than under author; but it is best 
 that there should be one uniform place where it can always be found, and where the whole 
 of it can be found, and that place should be the author-catalogue. 
 
 15S. Put into notes (iu small type) that information which is not given 
 in the title but is required to be given by the plan of the catalogue. 
 
 Notes have several objects : 
 
 1. To give any information about the author, the form of his name, his pseudonyms, etc., 
 about the different editions or places of publication, or about the gaps in a set (especially of 
 periodicals), which cannot be included in the title without making it disproportionately long. 
 Short, especially if without imprints, can get many of these into the title; which it is well to 
 do, for a short note is not economical. 
 
 2. To explain the title or correct any misapprehension to which it Inight lead. In a popular 
 library the boys take out "The cruise of the Betsy," imagining it to be another " Cruise of the 
 Midge." 
 
 3. To direct the attention of persons not familiar with literature to the best books. The 
 main principles of such annotating are simple, (a.) The notes should characterize the best 
 books only; to insert them under every author would only confuse and weary; if few they 
 will arrest attention much better. Dull books and morally bad books should be left in ob- 
 scurity. Under some of the poorer works which have attained unmerited popularity a, brief 
 protest may be made; it will probably be ineffectual; but it can do no harm to call Muhlbach 
 unreliable or Tupper commonplace. (6. ) They should be brief and pointed. Perhaps after this 
 direction it is necessary to add that they should be true. 
 
 4. To lay out courses of reading for that numerous class who are desirous of "improving 
 their minds " and are willing to spend considerable effort and time but know neither where 
 to begin nor how to go on. 
 
 p. Eepeebnces. 
 
 159. In references use the word See when there is no entry under the 
 heading from which the reference is made ; See also when there is one. 
 5 — D. c. 
 
66 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Ex. Death penalty. See Capital punishment. 
 Horticulture. Lindley, J. Theory of H. 
 See also Flowers; — Fruit. 
 
 Not Vide; the language of an English catalogue should be English. 
 
 160. References must be brief. 
 
 Yet the convenience of the public must not be sacrificed to brevity. If, for instance, several 
 authors had used the same pseudonym, the titles of their respective works should be given in 
 the references that the reader may know under which of the authors he will find the work he 
 is in search of, and not have to turn to all three. 
 
 Detlef, Carl, pseud. See Baur, C. 
 is the usual form of reference ; but it is not enough for Hamilton. 
 
 Hamilton, pseud. Essay on a congress of nations. See "Whitman, 6. H. 
 
 Hamilton, pseud. Hamilton. No. 1, etc. See Carey, M. 
 
 Analytical references to treatises of the same author or on the same subject, contained™ 
 different volumes of the same work may be made thus : 
 
 Charles, A. 0. Reformatory and refuge union. {In National Assoc. Prom. Soc. Sci. 
 Trans., 1860.) — Reformatory legislation. {In Trans., 1861.) — Punishment and reformation 
 in America. {In Trans., 1863.) 
 
 Comets. Peirce, B. Connection of comets with the solar system. {In Amer. Assoc, 
 Proc, v. 2. 1850.) — Hubbard, J. S. Biela's double comet. {In v. 8.) — KirkwoOD, D. 
 Mean distances of the periodic comet. ( In v. 12. 1859. ) 
 
 g. Capitals. 
 
 101. In English use an initial capital 
 
 1. for the first word 
 a." of every sentence. 
 
 b. of every title quoted. 
 
 c. of every alternative title. 
 
 2. for all proper names 
 
 a. of persons and places, ^ , , , . , 
 
 1 ft y leach separate word not an article 
 
 c. of noted events and periods, J or Position. 
 
 N. B. This does not include names of genera, species, etc., in the animal and vegetable 
 kingdoms, which in an ordinary catalogue should not be capitalized ; as digitalis purpurea, 
 raia, batis, the horse. 
 
 3. for titles of honor. 
 
 Ex. 1 b. Reply to the Essay on the discovery of America. 
 
 lc. Institutio legalis; or, Introduction to the laws of England. But it is better, when 
 the sense will permit, to omit the "or" and consider the second title as a clause ex- 
 planatory of the first, as Institutio legalis ; introduction to the laws of England. 
 
 2 b. Society for Promoting the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 
 
 2 c. Boston Massacre, French Revolution, Gunpowder Plot, Middle Ages. 
 
 3. King, Earl, Gen., Capt., Rev., etc. 
 
 162. Iu foreign languages use initial capitals 
 
 4. for 1 a, lb, lc. 
 
 5. (Persons and places) a. In German and Danish for every noun and 
 for adjectives derived from names of persons, but for no others. 
 
 b. in the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese) 
 and in Swedish and Greek for proper names of persons and places, 
 but not for adjectives derived from them. 
 
MeJlt no epcrftw*. 
 
 /63. (fTMour rk AfaZ&riff jytad&f, 
 
 a, [MC] Z4r&tK& it AA, AMCAM&&. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 67 
 
 c. hi Latin and Dutch for proper names and also for the adjectives 
 derived from them, but not for common nouns. 
 
 6. (Bodies) as in English^except that in German and Danish only the 
 nouns are to be capitalized^, and adjectives when they begin the name.. 
 
 7. (Events aud periods) as in English, with the same exception. 
 
 8. (Titles) in German and Danish, but not in the Romance languages, 
 in Latin or in Greelc. 
 
 Ex. 5 a. Die Homerische Frage, but Die griechiscben Scholien. In many German books 
 capitals are not used even for adjectives derived from personal names. 
 5 6. Les Francais, but le peuple francais. 
 
 6. Soci6t6 de l'Histoire de France. 
 
 7. Le Moyen Age, la Revolution Francaise, Diefranzosisehe Ee volution. The French, 
 however, now generally print -le moyen age, la revolution francaise. Capitals are to 
 be avoided, because in the short sentences of which a catalogue consists they confuse 
 rather than help the eye. For this reason it is better not to capitalize names in 
 natural history whether English or Latin (bee, rana pipiens, liliacese, etc.). Several 
 libraries following the lead of the Congress catalogue have discarded capitals for 
 German nouns. Grimm's authority is alleged in justification, but Grimm's example is 
 followed by a very small minority even of German scholars, and the titles so printed' 
 still have an awkward look to most readers. One might as well follow Furnivall 
 and the Early English Text Society in askt, catalogd. The Boston Public Library 
 also goes to an extreme in its avoidance of capitals, not using them for such proper 
 names as methodists, protestant episcopal church, royal society, etc. 
 
 The names of languages are not to be capitalized in the Romance languages, as "traduit de 
 l'anglais," " in francese." 
 
 Titles of honor are not to be capitalized in the Romance languages, as comte, roi, conte, 
 marchese. But Monsieur, Ma/iame, Signor, Don, Donna always begin with capitals. 
 
 It is probably most common to use capitals for the numbers after the names of kings (as 
 Charles III. ) and for the abbreviations A.D , B C. Small capitals, however, are more pleasing, . 
 as, "The life of Tiberius, extending from B.C. 42 to A.D. 14, was filled, etc." 
 
 h. Punctuation, etc. 
 
 163. Let each entry consist of four (or five) sentences : 
 
 1. the heading, Cicero, Marcus Tuilius. 
 
 2. the title, including editors ) Brutus de Claris oratoribus; erkl. 
 and translators, \ von O. Jahu. 
 
 3. the edition, 2e Aufl. 
 
 4. the imprint, as given by 
 
 , , Berlin, 1856. 
 
 the book, ) 
 
 5. the part of the imprint ) 
 
 added by the cataloguer, ^ 
 
 Which, if not the first title under Gicero, would read : 
 
 — Brutus de claris oratoribus; erkl. von O. Jahn. 2eAufl. Berlin, 
 
 1856. 8°. ■ 
 
 This requires a minimum of capitals. It will occasionally happen that the title cannot be 
 thrown into one sentence, but it should always be done when possible. It is usual to separate 
 4 and 5. The French however make one sentence of them (Paris, 1864, in-12). This has 
 the advantage of agreeing with the best form of quoting a title ("see his Memoirs, London, 
 1874 8°, in which," &c). It is useless for one who abridges titles to make any attempt to 
 follow the punctuation. The spelling should be retained, but it is hardly worth while for 
 Short or Medium to imitate the old printers in their indiscriminate use of i and j, u and v. 
 
63 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 A library may have a collection of books or a few volumes which from their rarity deserve 
 to be catalogued with every bibliographical nicety, with the most exact copying of punctua- 
 tion, spelling, and forms of letters, and even with marks to show where the lines of the title 
 end. Such collections are the Prince and the Ticknor books in the Boston Public Library, 
 such single books are fifteeners or the rarest Americana. Yet it may be questioned whether 
 a library does well to redescribe books already fully described by Hain, Harrisse, Thiele, 
 Trommel, Stevens, or Sabin. A simple reference to these works will generally suffice ($ 205). 
 
 164. Supply the proper accents if they are not given iu the title. 
 
 In French and Greek titles printed in capitals the accents are often omitted. In the titles of 
 rare books, copied exactl; - , accents should not be supplied. 
 
 ICo. Use [ ] only for words added to the title, and ( ) to express inclusion. 
 Ex. Talbot, E. A. Five years residence in Canada, [1818-23]. 
 Maguire, J. F. Canada. (In his Irish in America. 1868.) 
 
 Bale, J. Kinge John, a play; ed. by J. P. Collier. Westm., 1838. 4°. (Camden 
 Soc, v. 2.) 
 
 "1GG. If any title contains [ ] or ( ) omit them, using commas instead. 
 
 One sign should never be used to express two things if that can be avoided; each should have 
 one definite meaning. 
 
 107. Use italics for the words See or See also in references, In and In 
 his iu analytical, and for Note, Contents, and Namely, also for subdivi 
 sions of subjects. 
 
 168. In long Contents make the division of the volumes plain either by 
 heavy-faced volume-numbers or by giving each volume a separate 
 paragraph. 
 
 Anyone will recoil from the labor of looking through a long undivided mass of small type; 
 moreover the reader ought to be able to determine at once in what volume any article whose 
 title he is reading is contained. 
 
 i. Arrangement. 
 
 169. Arrange entries according to the English alphabet, whatever the 
 order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have to be entered 
 in its original language. 
 
 Treat I and J, U and V, as separate letters; ij, at least in the older Dutch names, should 
 be arranged as y ; do not put Spanish names beginning with Ch, LI, N', after all other names 
 beginning with C, L, and N, as is done by the Spanish Academy. 
 
 1. Headings. 
 
 170. When tbe same word serves for several kinds of heading let the 
 order be the following: person, place, title, subject (except person or 
 
 place), form. 
 
 Arrangement must, be arbitrary. This order is easy to remember because it follows the 
 course of cataloguing; we put down first the author, then the title, and lastly look inside 
 for the subject. Of course, the person considered as a subject cannot be separated from the 
 person as author. As the place may be either author or subject or both, it may come between 
 the two. 
 
 Ex. Washington, George, (person) 
 Washington, D. C. (place) 
 
 Homes, H. A. (person) 
 
 Homes family. (pe.i'sons) 
 Homes and shrines, (title) 
 Homes. (subject). 
 

Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 69 
 
 171. Christian names used as headings precede surnames. 
 Ex. Christian n. I Francis n. 
 
 Christian, James. Francis, Abraham. 
 
 Christian art. | Francis and Jane. 
 
 172. Headings like Charles, George, Henry, when very uumerous, must 
 be divided into classes, in this order: Saints, Popes, Emperors, Kings, 
 Princes and Noblemen, others; and the names of each class arranged 
 in alphabetical order of countries, and under countries arranged 
 numerically. 
 
 Ex. Peter, Saint. 
 Peter, Pope. 
 
 Peter the Great, Emperor of Bussia. 
 Peter ll. ofAragon. 
 Peter III. ofAragon. 
 Peter I. of Portugal. 
 
 Peter, of Gronmgen, enthusiast. See 
 
 Pieter. 
 Peter, John Henry. 
 Peter, Lake. 
 Peter, Mt. 
 Peter Lewis, a true tale. 
 
 Peter, Duke of Newcastle. j Peter-Hansen, Erik. 
 
 173. Arrange proper names beginning with M', Mc, St., Ste., as if spelled 
 Mac, Saint, Sainte. 
 
 Because they are so pronounced. But L' is not arranged as La or Le, nor 0' a8 if it stood 
 for Of, because they are not so pronounced. 
 
 174. Arrange by the Christian name headings in which the family 
 name, is the same. 
 
 No attention is to be paid to the titles Sir, Mrs., Copt., &c. In regard to Hungarian names 
 observe that the name appears on the title-page as it does in a catalogue, the family name 
 first, followed by the Christian name; as "Elbeszel^sek; irta hdv6 Eotvos Jozsef. 
 
 175. When the Christian names are the same arrange chronologically. 
 
 Again no attention is to be paid to the titles Sir, etc. The alphabetical principle is of no 
 use here because no one can know beforehand which of many possible titles we have taken to 
 arrange by, whereas some one may know when the author whom he is seeking li ved. Of course 
 
 Brown, T. L., comes before 
 
 Brown, Thomas, for the same reason that, 
 
 Brown comes before 
 
 Browne. 
 Christian names not generally used should be spaced or parenthesized, because when there 
 are several this assists the eye in picking out the right one. Thus if we have 
 
 Franklin, John, d. 1759, 
 
 Franklin, Sir John, d. 1863, 
 
 Franklin, John Andrew, 
 
 Franklin, John Charles, 
 
 Franklin, John David, 
 the reader not knowing of the name David would expect to find the last among the simple 
 Johns, but seeing the David spaced would understand that it was a rarely used name. This 
 supposes that he knows the system, but one cannot have a condensed- catalogue without 
 obliging the reader to learn how to use it. 
 
 17G. Arrange a nobleman's title 'or the name of a bishop's see, from 
 which reference is made to the family name, among the personal 
 names, not with the places. 
 
70 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Danby, John. 
 Danby, Thomas, Marl of 
 Danby, Wm. 
 Danby, Eng. 
 
 Ex. London, Alfred. 
 
 London, David, Bp. of 
 London, John. 
 London, Conn. 
 London, Eng. 
 not London, John. 
 
 London, David, Bp. of 
 London, Conn. * 
 
 nor London, John. 
 London, Conn. 
 London, David, Bp. of 
 London, Eng. 
 
 '177. The possessive case singular should be arranged with the plural. 
 
 The alphabet demands this and I see no reason to make an exception which cannot be made 
 in foreign languages. 
 
 Bride of Lammermoor. 
 Brides and bridals. 
 Bride's choice. 
 
 178. Arrange Greek and Latin personal names by their patronymics or 
 other appellatives. 
 
 Ex. Dionysius. 
 
 Dionysius Areopagita. 
 Dionysius Chalcidcnsis. 
 Dionysius Genuensis. 
 
 179. Arrange English personal names compounded with prefixes as 
 single words; also those foreign names in which the prefix is not 
 transposed (see § 17). 
 
 Other such names are Ap Thomas, Des 
 Barres, Du Chaillu, Fitz Allen, La Motte 
 Fouqufi, Le Sage, Mac Fingal, O'Neal, Saint - 
 R6al, Sainte-Beuve, Van Buren. 
 
 Ex. Demonstration. 
 De Montfort. 
 Demophilus. 
 De Morgan. 
 Demosthenes. 
 
 This is the universal custom, founded on the fact that the prefixes are often not separated 
 in printing from the following part of the name. It would of course be wrong to have 
 Demorgan in one place and De Morgan in another. 
 
 180. Arrange personal names compounded of two names after the first 
 name but before the next longer word. 
 Ex. Fonte, Bart. de. 
 
 Fonte Resbscq, Auguste. 
 Fontenay, Louis. 
 Fontenay Mareuil, Francois. 
 
 ''181. Arrange compound names of places as separate words. 
 
 Ex. New, John. not New, John. 
 
 New Hampshire. New legion of Satan. 
 
 New legion of Satan. , Newark. 
 
 New Sydenham Society. Newfoundland. 
 
 New York. New Hampshire. 
 
 Newark. Newspapers. 
 
 Newfoundland. New Sydenham Society. 
 
 Newspapers. New York. 
 

 <*r 
 
 
 J! 
 
 Ur£*£ /&- &, *CL> u~^^- 
 
 (1 /dlL-*"-*"-* CcnntiL.— 
 
 ±#: 
 
 ux%f 
 
 -, =4* ■&*, <h", ~~~ £ ^ <££*-, y 
 
/**-?- C^l^-T^a^aji. /<-y^Ajt*x^e^_ £*n>-rrzCJ O^J 6~™^ &_ 
 
 ifa-*t^Ce_ 4tn>-y. ot & 
 
Hules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 71 
 
 182. Arrange names of societies as separate words. 
 See New Sydenham Society in the list above. 
 
 183. Arrange hyphened words as if separate. 
 
 Ex. Happy home. 
 
 Happy-Thought Hall. 
 Happy thoughts. 
 Sing, pseud. 
 Sing, James. 
 Sing, James, pseud. 
 Sing-Sing Prison. 
 Sing-Song melodies. 
 Singapore. 
 Singing. 
 
 Grave and Reverend Club. 
 Grave County. 
 Grave Creek. 
 Grave-mounds. 
 Grave objections. 
 Grave de Mezeray, Antoine. 
 Gravel. 
 Graves. 
 Out and about. 
 Out-of-door Parliament. 
 I Out in the cold, a song. 
 
 184. Arrange pseudonyms after the corresponding real name. 
 Andrew, pseud. 
 
 Andrew, St. 
 Andrew, St., pseud. 
 Andrew, John. 
 Andrew, John, pseud. 
 Andrew, John Albion. 
 
 185. Arrange abbreviations as if spelled in full. 
 
 Ex. Dr., M v Mile., Mine., Mr., Sirs., as Doctor, Monsieur, etc. 
 
 EF"The arrangement recommended in §§ 179-183 suits the eye best and requires as little 
 knowledge or thought as any to use. The exception made in § 179 is required by universal 
 practice and by the fact that a very large part of the personal names beginning with prefixes 
 are commonly printed as one word. Names of places beginning wMi New, Old, Red, Blue, 
 Green, &c. (which might be likened to the prefixes De, Des, Du, &e., and made the ground 
 of a similar exception) are much less frequently printed as one, and when they are the accent 
 is different. Moreover the words New, Old, etc., have an independent meaning and occur as 
 personal names, first- words of titles, or of the names of societies, as in the examples in $ 181. 
 The reason for separating New Hampshire and Newark in the first example is patent to 
 every consulter at a glance; the reason for the different positions of New legion and New York 
 in the second example would not be clear and would have to be thought out; and it is not 
 well to demand thought from those who use the catalogue if it can be avoided. 
 
 2. Titles. 
 
 1S6. Under an author's name adopt the following order: (1) Complete 
 (or nearly complete) works, (^) Smaller collections, (3) Single works, 
 (4) Works written in conjunction with others, (5) Works about bim. 
 
 Nos. 1-4 come first as belonging to the author-catalogue ; 5 comes last as belonging to the 
 subject-catalogue. "" 
 
 Occasionally it is better to let the smaller collections come in their alphabetical place with 
 the single works. The single works of a voluminous author (as Aristotle, Cicero, Homer, 
 Shakespeare) should be so printed that the different titles will strike the eye readily. If the 
 "contents" of the collected works are not printed rlphabetically, it is well to insert under the 
 titles of the chief single works a reference to the particular volumes of the collections in which 
 they are to be found. (See Boston Athenseum catal., art. Goethe.) 
 
 If there are only two joint authors let both appear in the heading, and arrange the entry 
 after the works written by the first author alone ; if there are more than two make the heading 
 in the form Smith, John, and others, and arrange the entry under the name of the first 
 author, after the class of entries just mentioned, — works by two authors. 1 If there are two or 
 more combinations, arrange them in the order of the second names. 3 
 
12 Public Isibraries in the United States. 
 
 1 Green, T. 'Brown, J., and Jones, E. 
 
 — and White, S. — and Robinson, J. 
 
 — and others. — and Smith, J. 
 
 187. Iu the order of titles take account of every word except initial 
 articles. 
 
 Address of Southern delegates in Congress. 
 
 Address of the people of Great Britain. 
 
 Address of twenty thousand loyal Protestant apprentices. 
 
 Address on a national education. 
 
 Address to a provincial bashaw. 
 
 Address to Christians, recommending the distribution. 
 
 188. Arrange different editions of the same works chronologically. 
 Ex. Homerus. Carmina [Gr.]; cum annot., cur. C. G. Heyne. Lips., 1802. 8 v. 8°. 
 
 — Same. [Gr.J; cum notis et proleg. E. P. Knight. Londini, 1820. 4". 
 
 — Same. [Gr.]; ed. J. Bekker. Bomue, 1858. 2 v. 8". 
 
 Bartlett, John. Collection of familiar quotations. 3d ed. Camb., 1860. 12°. 
 
 — Same. 4th ed. Boston, 1863. 12°. 
 
 — Same. 7th ed. ' Boston, 1375. 16°. 
 
 189. Disregard numerals commencing a, tiHe before such words as Re- 
 port, Annual report. 
 
 Not First report, but General account 
 
 Fourth report, 1st, 2d, 4th report. 
 
 ■ General account, 
 Second report. 
 
 190. Arrange translations immediately after the original, prefixing the 
 name of the language into which they are made; if there are several, 
 arrange the languages alphabetically. 
 
 Ex. Cicero. De officiis. [Various editions, arranged chronologically. ] 
 
 — Same. Erkl. von O. Heine. Berlin, 1857. 8°. 
 
 — Eng. Offices ; tr. by C. E. Edmonds. London, 1850. 8°. 
 
 — French. Les offices; tr. par [G. Dubois]. Paris, 1691. 8°. 
 
 If the original is not in the library the translation may be arranged either by the first words 
 of its own title or by the first words of the original title prefixed in brackets. The latter order 
 is to be preferred when most of the other titles are in the original language. When the list of 
 entries is long a reference should be made from any title of a translation which is alphabetic- 
 ally much separated from its original back to the original title under which it is to be found. 
 
 Ex. Dudevant. L'homme de neige. 
 
 — Eng. The snow man. 
 
 [58 titles interposed. ] 
 
 — The snow man. See, bach, L'homme de neige. 
 
 "191. Divide the works about a person when numerous by collecting the 
 lives into a group. 
 
 192. When a writer is voluminous insert the criticisms or notes on or 
 replies to each work after its title ; otherwise give them according to 
 § 186, at the end of the article. 
 
 "193. Arrange analyticals, when there are several for the same article, 
 chronologically, as being different editions. 
 
 Ex. Pretty, F. Prosperous voyage of Sir T. Cavendish. (In Furchas, S. Pilgrims, 
 v. 1, b. 2. 1625; — Harris, J. Col., v. 1. 1705 ; and v. 1. 1704 ; — Callander, J. Terra, 
 Austr., v. 1. 1708; — Hakluyt, E. Col., v. 4. 1811.) 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 
 
 73 
 
 194 Under countries arrange titles as under any other author. 
 
 That is, put first the country's own works (governmental publications), then the works 
 about the country; and as we put the criticisms on a voluminous author after the separate 
 writings to which they respectively apply, so we put accounts of or attacks upon any branch 
 of government after the entry of the branch. 
 
 195. Iu arranging government publications make all necessary divisions 
 but avoid subdivision. 
 
 It is much clearer — and it is the dictionary plan — to make the parts of a division them- 
 selves independent divisions, referring from the including division to the subordinate one. 
 E. g. (to take part of the headings under United States) : 
 
 United States. 
 
 Better order. 
 
 U. S. Adjutant General. 
 
 Bureau of Engineers. 
 
 Bureau of Indian Affairs. 
 
 Bureau of Navigation. 
 
 Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks. 
 
 Bureau of Topographical Engineers. 
 
 Commissary General. 
 
 Department of the Interior. 
 
 Department of the Navy. 
 
 Department of War. 
 
 Freedmen's Bureau. 
 
 Hydrographic Office. 
 
 Military Academy. 
 
 Naval Academy. 
 
 Naval Asylum. 
 
 Naval Observatory. 
 
 Patent Office. 
 
 Pension Office. 
 
 Public Lands. 
 
 Subordination. 
 
 Department of the Interior. 
 
 Bureau of Indian Affairs. 
 
 Patent Office. 
 
 Pension Office. 
 
 Public Land Office. 
 Department of the Navy. 
 
 Bureau of Navigation. 
 Hydrographic Office. 
 Naval Academy. 
 Naval Observatory. 
 
 Bureau of Navy Yards 
 and Docks. 
 Naval Asylum. 
 Department of War. 
 
 Adjutant General's Office. 
 
 Bureau of Engineers. 
 
 Bureau of Topographical 
 Engineers. 
 
 Commissary General's Of- 
 fice. 
 
 Freedmen's Bureau. 
 
 Military Academy. 
 
 The subordination of bureaus and offices to departments is adopted simply for convenience 
 and is changed from time to time as the exigencies of the public service demand. There is no 
 corresponding convenience in preserving such an order in a catalogue, but inconvenience, 
 especially in the case of the above-mentioned changes. The alphabetical arrangement has 
 here all its usual advantages without its usual disadvantage of wide separation. 
 
 196. Insert a synopsis of the arrangement whenever there arc enough 
 
 titles under a heading to require it. 
 
 This applies chiefly to the larger countries (as France, Great Britain, United States), 
 the more voluminous authors (as Cicero, Shakespeare), one title-entry (Bible), and 
 possibly some subjects not national. The arrangement of titles under Bible will be governed 
 by §§ 185, 183; 190, and 192; but it can be best understood from an example in some catalogue 
 which has many titles under that heading. The synopsis in the Boston Athenaeum catalogue 
 is as follows : 
 
 Whole Bibles (first Polyglots then single languages arranged alphabetically). 
 
 Works illustrating the whole Bible (under the heads Analysis, Antiquities, Bibliography, 
 Biography, Canon, Catechisms, historical and theological, Commentaries, Concordances, Criti- 
 cism, Dictionaries, Evidences, authority, etc., Geography, Hermeneutics, History, Inspira- 
 tion, Introductions, Natural history, Science and the Bible, Theology, morals, etc., Miscel- 
 laneous illustrative works). 
 
74 
 
 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Selections from both Testaments. 
 
 Prophetical books of both Testaments. 
 
 Old Testament. 
 
 Illustrative works. 
 
 Parts of the Old Testament (arranged in the order of the English version), and works sev- 
 erally illustrating them. 
 
 Apocrypha. 
 
 New Testament. 
 
 Illustrative works. 
 
 Parts of the New Testament, and works illustrating them. 
 
 Under each part the order is : Editions of the original texts chronologically arranged;— 
 Versions, in the alphabetical order of the languages ; — Illustrative works. 
 
 3. Contents. 
 
 197. Arrange contents either in the order of the volumes or alphabetic- 
 ally by the titles of the articles. 
 
 Volume order. 
 
 f 
 
 Contents. Vol. 1. Musseus, a monody to 
 the memory of Mr. Pope. — Odes, sonnets, epi- 
 taphs and inscriptions, elegies. — The Eng- 
 lish garden. — Eeligio clerici. — Hymns and 
 psalms. 2. Elfrida, a dramatic poem. — Car- 
 actacus, a dramatic poem. — Sappho. — Ar- 
 gentile and Curan, a legendary drama. — Pyg- 
 malion, a lyrical scene. 3. Du Fresno/s art 
 of painting. — Dryden's preface to his transla- 
 tion of Du Fresnoy. — Chronological list of 
 painters to 1689. — Essays on English church 
 music. 4. Sermons. — Essay on the meaning 
 of the word angel, as used by St. Paul. — Ex- 
 amination of the prophecy in Matthew 24th. 
 
 Alphabetical order. 
 
 Contents. Argentile and Curan; a legendary 
 
 drama, v. 2. 
 Art of painting, by Du Fresnoy, v. 3. 
 Caractacus; a dramatis poem, v. 2. 
 Chronological list of painters to 
 
 1689, v. 3. 
 Dryden's preface to his translation 
 
 of Du Fresnoy, v. 3. 
 Elegies, v. 1. 
 
 Elfrida; a dramatic poem, v. 2. 
 English garden, The, v. 1. 
 Epitaphs and inscriptions, v. 1. 
 Essay on the meaning of the word 
 
 angel, as used by St. Paul, v. 4. 
 Essays on English church music, v. 3. 
 Examination of the prophecy in 
 
 Matthew 24th, v. 4. 
 Hymns and psalms, v. 1. 
 Musseus, a monody to the memory of 
 
 Mr. Pope, v. 1. 
 Odes, v.l. 
 
 Pygmalion, a lyrical scene, v. 2. 
 Religin clerici, v. 1. 
 Sappho, a lyrical drama, v. 2. 
 Sermons, v. 4. 
 Sonnets, v. 1. 
 
 It is evident how much more compendious the second method is. But there is no reason 
 why an alphabetical "contents" should not be rim into a single paragraph. 
 
 The titles of novels and plays contained in any collection ought to be entered in the main 
 alphabet ; it is difficult then to see the advantage of an alphabetical arrangement of the same 
 titles under, the collection. Many other collections are composed of works for which alpha- 
 betical order is no gain, because the words of their titles are not mnemonic words, and it is 
 not worth while to take the trouble of arranging them; but there are others composed of both 
 classes, in which such order may be convenient. 
 
JfJ. Stz me, facLk, of M& vmbsyneL*. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 75 
 
 ^4. Subjects. 
 
 198. Care must be taken not to mix two subjects together because their 
 names are spelled in the same way. 
 
 Thus Grace before meals, Grace of body, Grace the musical term, and Grace the 
 theological term, must be four distinct headings. 
 
 199. Under subject-headings group titles topically when it can be done, 
 otherwise arrange them by the authors' names. 
 
 Alphabetical arrangement by authors' names is useful when a subject-entry is a substitute 
 for a title-entry, but otherwise is as useless as it is inappropriate. If the author's name is 
 known the book should be looked for under that, not under the subject; if it is not known, 
 what good can an arrangement by authors do? Sometimes, if one has forgotten the Christian 
 name of an author, it may be easier to find him under a subject than in a crowd of Smiths or 
 Joneses or Muellers, and this use of a subject-heading is impaired by grouping or by chrono- 
 logical order; but such use is infrequent, and the main design of a subject-entry should not 
 be subordinated to this side advantage. 
 
 It is even urged that it is harder to find a work treating of the subject in any special way 
 among subdivisions than when there is only one alphabet, which is absurd. On the one hand 
 one must look over a list of books embracing five or six distinct divisions of a subject and 
 select from titles often ambiguous or provokingly uncommunicative those that seem likely to 
 treat of the matter in the way desired. On the other plan he must run over five or six headings 
 given by another man, and representing that man's ideas of classification, and decide under 
 which of them the treatise he is in search of is likely to be put. Which system gives the least 
 trouble and demands the least brain- work? Plainly the latter. In three cases out of four he 
 can comprehend the system at a glance. And if in the fourth there is a doubt, and he is com- 
 pelled after all to look over the whole list or several of the divisions, he is.no worse off than 
 if there were no divisions ; the list is not any longer. The objection then to subdivisions is 
 not real, but fanciful. The reader at first glance is frightened by the appearance of a system 
 to be learned and perversely regards it as a hinderance instead of an assistance. But if anyone 
 has such a rooted aversion to subdivisions it is very easy for him to disregard them altogether, 
 and read the list as if they were not there, leaving them to be-of service to wiser men. 
 
 As the number of titles under each heading increases in number so does the opportunity and 
 need of division. The first and most usual groups to be made are Bibliography and its com- 
 panion History and the " practieal-form " groups Dictionaries and Periodicals. Under countries 
 the first grouping will be Description and Travels, History and Politics, Language and Litera- 
 ture, followed by Natural history, &c. For examples of further subdivisions see the longer 
 catalogues. It is not worth while in a printed catalogue to make very minutt divisions. The 
 object aimed at, — enabling the enquirer to find quickly the book that treats of the branch of 
 the subject which Ac is interested in, — is attained if the mass of titles is broken up into sections 
 containing from half a dozen to a score. Of course there are masses of titles which cannot be 
 so broken up because they all treat of the same subject in the same way, or at least show no 
 difference of treatment that admits of classification. The general works on the Fine Arts^in a 
 library of 100,000 volumes may number 100 titles, even after Periodicals and Dictionaries 
 have been set aside. 
 
 There is one objection to grouping, — that books can seldom be made to fill any classification 
 exactly, their contents overrunning the classes, so that they must be entered in several places, 
 or they will fail to be found under some of the subdivisions of which they treat. Thus in the 
 chronological arrangement of History, whether we arrange by the first date, the average, or 
 the last date of each work, the books cover periods of such various length that one can never 
 get all that relates to one period together. 
 
 There is another objection, — that it is much harder to make a catalogue with subdivisions, 
 which of course require a knowledge of the subject and examination of the books; and the 
 difficulty increases in proportion to the number of the books and the minuteness of the divisions. 
 
76 
 
 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 200. The subarrangement in groups will often be alphabetical by 
 authors; but in groups or subjects of a historical character it 
 should be chronological. 
 
 Thus under countries the division History will be arranged according to the period treated 
 of, the earliest first; so under ttesmption, for England as seen by foreigners in the days of 
 Elizabeth was a very different country from the England seen by Prince Pueckler-Muskau in 
 1828, or satirized by Matthew Arnold in 1871 . So Statistics and Literature, and other divisions, 
 should be treated when they are long enough. When there are very few titles, chronological 
 arrangement is confusing, because, unless the order is brought out very clearly by putting the 
 dates first or by printing them in heavy-faced type, it looks as if there was no order at all. 
 
 201. When there are many cross-references classify them. 
 
 Ex. Architecture. See also Arches ; — Baths ; — Bridges ; — Cathedrals; — Fonts; 
 
 — [and many other things built]; 
 also Carpentry; — Drawing; — Metal-work; — Painting; — [and many other 
 
 means or methods of building] ; 
 also Athens; — Berlin; — Boston; — Milan; — Rome; — Venice; — Verona; — 
 
 [and many other cities whose buildings are described]; 
 also Arabia ; — Assyria ; — Egypt ; — Prance ; — Greece ; — India; — Italy; — 
 
 [and many other countries whose architecture is described]. 
 
 202. When the titles are numerous under a subject-heading divide them, 
 but avoid subdivision. 
 
 It may not be best to adopt strictly the same method in the subdivisions under countries that 
 was recommended for government publications. There are advantages in both the following 
 plans. The second is the dictionary plan pure and simple; the first is a bit of classification 
 introduced for special reasons into a dictionary catalogue, and perhaps out of place there. It 
 is however the one which I have adopted for the catalogue of the Boston Athenseum. 
 
 [Name of Administration. 
 
 [Name of Administration. 
 
 country ] Agriculture. 
 
 country.] Agriculture. 
 
 Antiquities. 
 
 Antiquities. 
 
 Architecture. 
 
 Architecture. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Army. 
 
 Art. 
 
 Art. 
 
 Biography. 
 
 Ballads and Songs. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 . Calendar. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 Ceremonies. 
 
 Calendar. 
 
 Charities. 
 
 Ceremonies. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 Charities. 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 Commerce and Trade. 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 Costume. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 Description and Travels. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Ecclesiastical history. 
 
 Conversation and Phrases. 
 
 Education. 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Entomology. 
 
 Costume. 
 
 Finance. 
 
 Description and Travels. 
 
 Folk-lore. 
 
 Dialects. 
 
 Foreign relations. 
 
 Dialogues. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Dictionaries. 
 
 Heraldry. 
 
 Drama. 
 
 Herpetology. 
 
 Ecclesiastical history. ' 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Oataloyue, 
 
 77 
 
 Histoi 
 
 y- 
 
 Education. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Eloquence or Oratory. 
 
 General works. 
 
 Entomology. 
 
 Chronological arrangement. 
 
 Etymology. 
 
 Ichthyology. 
 
 Epigrams. 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Epitaphs. 
 
 Language. 
 
 Epithets. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Fables. 
 
 Conversation and Phrases. 
 
 Fairy tales. 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Fiction. 
 
 Dialects. 
 
 Finance. 
 
 Dictionaries. 
 
 Foreign relations. 
 
 Epithets. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Etymology. 
 
 Grammar. 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 Heraldry. 
 
 General and miscellaneous 
 
 Herpetology. 
 
 works. 
 
 History. 
 
 Grammar. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Historical grammars. 
 
 General works. 
 
 History. 
 
 Chronological arrangement. 
 
 Homonyms. 
 
 Homonyms. 
 
 Pronunciation and spelling. 
 
 Ichthyology. 
 
 Prosody. 
 
 Language. 
 
 Readers (for foreign lan- 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 guages). 
 
 History. 
 
 Rhymes. 
 
 General and miscellaneous 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 works. 
 
 Law. 
 
 Law. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 History. 
 
 General works. 
 
 General works. 
 
 General and miscellaneous 
 
 Literature. 
 
 works. 
 
 
 '•Bibliography. 
 
 Legends. 
 
 
 History (including lives 
 
 Letters. 
 
 "3 
 
 of authors). 
 
 Literature. 
 
 1- 
 
 Collections. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 © 
 
 Manuals. 
 
 History. 
 
 
 Selections for reading and 
 
 General and miscellaneous 
 
 
 . speaking. 
 
 works. 
 
 Ballads and songs. 
 
 Collections. 
 
 Dialogues. 
 
 Malacology. 
 
 Drama. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Eloquence or oratory. 
 
 Medicine. 
 
 Epigrams. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Epitaphs. 
 
 Money. 
 
 Essays. 
 
 Music. 
 
 Fables. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Fairy tales. 
 
 Natural history. 
 
 Fiction. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Legends. 
 
 Naval history. 
 
 Letters. 
 
 Numismatics. 
 
 Parodies. 
 
 Ornithology. 
 
 Periodicals. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 ] 
 
 D oetical romances. 
 
 Parodies. 
 
78 
 
 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 Poetry. 
 
 Popular literature.* 
 
 Prose romances. 
 
 Satire. 
 
 Sonnets. 
 
 Wit and humor. 
 Malacology. 
 Manufactures. 
 Medicine. 
 Mineralogy. 
 Money. 
 Music. 
 Names. 
 
 Natural history. 
 Navy. 
 
 Naval history. 
 Numismatics. 
 Ornithology. 
 Palaeontology. 
 Philosophy. 
 Politics. 
 Population. 
 Public works. 
 Registers. 
 Religion. 
 Sanitary affairs, 
 Science. 
 
 Social distinctions. 
 Social life, Manners and customs. 
 Social science. 
 Statistics. 
 Technology. 
 Theatre. 
 Theology. 
 Zoology. 
 &c. 
 
 Note, however, that if the subordination under Language and Literature is objected to, it is 
 very easy to make them independent headings in the main alphabet, having 
 instead of the headings 
 
 Periodicals. 
 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Poetical romances. 
 
 Poetry. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 Popular literature.* 
 
 Population. 
 
 Pronunciat.'on. 
 
 Prose romances, t 
 
 Prosody. 
 
 Public works. 
 
 Registers. 
 
 Eeligion. 
 
 Rhymes. 
 
 Sanitary affairs. 
 
 Satire. 
 
 Science. 
 
 Social distinctions. 
 
 Social life, Manners and customs. 
 
 Social science. 
 
 Sonnets. ■ • 
 
 Spelling. 
 
 Statistics. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Technology. 
 
 Theatre. 
 
 Theology. 
 
 Wit and humor. 
 
 Zoology. 
 
 &c. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Description. 
 History. 
 Language. 
 Literature. 
 Natural history. 
 
 Italian language. 
 Italian literature. 
 Italy. Description. 
 
 History. 
 
 Natural history. 
 
 Of course different countries will require different divisions, c. g., Ecclesiastical history, 
 Mythology, Eeligion, Theology will not often be required for the same country. And often ii 
 will be expedient to combine those divisions in which there arc very few titles into one more 
 general ; thus Botany, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Zoology would join to give Natural history a 
 respectable size, and Geology, Mineralogy, Palceontology, Physical geography would combine, 
 or in very small countries all these would go together under Description. Under some coun- 
 tries other divisions will be required ; in the list are given only those in actual use ; but the 
 arrangement is elastic and admits of new divisions whenever they are needed. In regard to 
 a few (such as Epitaphs, Fables, Names, Proverbs) there is room for doubt whether they ought, 
 
 * Not meaning novels, but broadsides, chap-books, and the like, — the literature of tho peoplo in times past, 
 t Again not meaning- novels, but the romances of chivalry, etc. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 79 
 
 to be under countries ; whether the subject cohesion is not much stronger than the national 
 cohesion. Many others are not usually put here (as Numismatics, Philosophy, Religion, Science, 
 Theology, Zoology). The former usage was to put under the country only its history, travels in 
 it, and the general descriptive works ; and books that treated of the Art, Architecture, Ballads, 
 Botany, Drama, &c., of that land were put with the general works on Art, Architecture, &c. 
 But the tendency of the dictionary catalogue is towards national classification, that is, in sepa- 
 rating what relates to the parts of a subject, as is required by its specific principle, it necessarily 
 brings together all that relates to a country in every aspect, as it would what relates to any 
 other individual. 
 
 It may be asked (1) why the parts of Natwral history are here separated and the parts of 
 Language and Literature not; and (2) why we do not divide still more (following out the 
 dictionary plan fully), so as to have divisions like Liliacece, Cows, Morses. As to (2), in a 
 library catalogue of a million volumes it would no doubt be best to adopt rigidly this specific 
 mode of entry for the larger countries ; for a catalogue of one or two hundred thousand, arrange- 
 ment in classes is as well suited to quick reference and avoids the loss of room occasioned by 
 numerous headings. With few books minute division has a very incomplete appearance, 
 specialties occurring only here and there, and most of the titles being those of general works. 
 This may be compared to the division of a library into alcoves. One of from 10,000 to 20,000 
 volumes has an alcove for natural history ; from 20,000 to 50,000 it has alcoves for Botany 
 and for Zoology; from 50,000 to 100,000 it has alcoves for Birds, Fishes, Insects, Mammals, 
 Eeptiles, but it must be either very large or very special before it allows to smaller divisions of 
 Zoology separate apartments. On an expansive system it is easy to make new alcoves as they 
 are wanted ; a similar multiplication by fission is possible in the successively enlarging editions 
 of a printed catalogue. A card catalogue, designed for continuous growth, should have more 
 thorough division than can be put into print, because it must look into the future, while the 
 printed catalogue has no future. 
 
 As to (1) I can only say that the divisions of '. Language seem to me too intimately connected 
 to be dispersed in catalogues of the present size, but that those of Literature have a more sub- 
 stantive existence and ought to be separated sooner. A double subdivision, however, ought 
 to be avoided. Under Language there should be only one alphabet. It is better to arrange 
 Greece. Language. Accents. than Dictionaries. 
 
 Dictionaries. Etymology. 
 
 Ellipses. Grammar. 
 
 Etymology. Accents. 
 
 Grammar. Ellipses. 
 
 History. Particles. 
 
 Particles. Pleonasms. 
 
 Pleonasms. Pronunciation. 
 
 Pronunciation. Syntax. 
 
 Syntax. History. 
 
 Any subdi vision of the groups under countries has been strongly opposed as being trouble- 
 some to make, useless and even confusing, or as being an unlawful mixture of classed and 
 dictionary cataloguing. But suppose you have four or five hundred titles under Prance. 
 History. Will you break them up into groups with such headings as House of Ilourbon, 
 Revolution, Empire, Restoration, &c, with references and other devices for those works which 
 treat of several periods, all of which it must be confessed is a little formidable at first glance, 
 or will you leave them in one undivided mass, so that he who wants to find the history of the 
 lost half of the 15th century must read through the 500 titles perhaps to find even one and 
 certainly to. find all? You would divide of course. It is true that grouping may mislead. 
 The inquirer must still be careful to look in several places. The history of France during the 
 ascendency of the House of Valois is to be found not merely under that heading but in the 
 comprehensive histories of the country. The inquirer is not less likely to think of this because 
 the titles of these two groups are separated from the many other titles which have nothing to 
 do specially or generally with the House of Valois, and if he does think of it he is greatly 
 assisted by such segregation. 
 
80 ' Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 3. Etc. 
 
 203. In a supplement, catalogue the wlwle of a continued set, not merely 
 the volumes received siuce the first catalogue. 
 
 But this should not be done when it will take up much space, as would often be the case 
 with periodicals, owing to details of change of name, number of volumes missing, etc. Nor 
 should Contents be repeated; it is enough to refer. 
 
 204. When there are many editions of a work under any subject-heading 
 omit the titles and merely refer to the author-entry. 
 
 Much space may thus be saved at little inconvenience to the reader. 
 
 Ex. Gaul. C^esak,C.J. Commentarii [B.C. 58-49]. See Caesar, C. J. (pp. 441, 442); 
 here two lines do the work of forty. 
 
 205. linrp books. 
 
 American libraries and especially town libraries seldom have any books sufficiently rare to 
 deserve great particularity of description. If for any reason it is thought necessary to give 
 a minute account of a book or of a collection good models may be found in Tromel's Biblioth. 
 am6i\, Lpz., 18C1, 8°, Stevens's Historical nuggets, Lorid., 1862, 2 v. 16°, Welter's Keper- 
 torium bibliographicum, Nordlingeu, 1864, 8°, Harrisse's Biblioth. Amer. vetustissima, N. Y., 
 1«63, 8", Tiele's Mem. bibliog. sur les journaux des navig. u6erlandaises, Amst., 1867, 8°, 
 and the 'titles of the rarer hooks in Sabiu's Diet, of books rel. to America, N. Y., 1868, etc. 
 For the convenience of those who have not these works at hand a few examples are given here. 
 
 Leonardus dc Vtino or de Belluno. Sermones aurei de Sanctis. [Colophon:] Expliciut Ser- 
 moues aurei | de Sanctis per totu annum q» | copilauit magister Leonar ] dus de Vtino sacre 
 theologie | doctor... . | Adiiistantiam&co|placentiamagnificeeoitatis | Vtinensis ... | ... | 
 .... M. cccc. xlvi. ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | [Coloniaj, per Vlr. Zel,\ M. cccc. Lxxiij. f°. 
 Kegistrum (47) pp., (4) pp. blank, Tabula (1) p., (244) 11. In 2 coll. of 33 lines. 
 This copy has the leaves numbered in ms. and a Tabula prefixed to the 2d part by a contem- 
 porary hand. The work being very thick was probably in general bound in two parts and is 
 rarely complete ; Santander describes only the 1st part, the dub de la Valliere had only the 2d. 
 The name of the printer, Zell, is found in only three or four of his numerous publications. 
 This is shown to be his by the type, which is the same as that used in the Sermones of 
 K. Caracciolus de Litio issued in the same year. The present work went through 10 editions 
 in 8 years. According to Graesse it is probably the first printed out of Italy which contains a 
 line of Italian poetry, "Trenta foglie ha la rosa" at the end of the 1st part. 
 Bruuet v. 1022, Graesse vi. ii. 232, Haiii no. 16128. 
 (47) pp. means 47 unnumbered pages, 11. means leaves. 
 
 Huon de Bordeaux. Les gestes et faictz | merueilleux du no |ble Huon de Bor- 1 deaulx .... 
 Nouuellement redige en bon | Francoys : et Imprime nouuellement a Paris pour Jean Bon : 
 fonds | ... | . . . | [ Ending] Lequel liure ... a este mis de rime en prose | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | 
 . . . lequel fat fait & parfait le vinte | neufiesme iour de Januier. Lan | mil. cccc. liiii. . . . | 
 ... | ... | ... | ... | .. . Imprime a Paris pour Jan | Bohfons. ... | ... n.d. 4°. (8), 264 11. 
 <S) 40 lines. With 14 woodcuts in the text, and the printer's mark. 
 
 On the eighth leaf is written " Jehan Moynard me possidet 1557," which is probably not 
 far from the date of publication; The 1st dated edition appeared in 1516. Brunet mentions 
 two other editions before recording the present, one 1556, one undated. 
 Sold, Essling 95 fr., Giraud 199 ,/h 
 
gjtr&^r &?*"<—> /t&O-n- /fio-r-t A-^c^L e^c^-^r^^S &ir*&i <j> ^^-B^Zl 
 
 y^&C "-^fcJC_ , ^-Z-t ZZ^Cz^' 
 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 81 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 So far we have been considering only the catalogue by which the 
 library communicates with the public; but a librarian needs several 
 others for library service : (1) The Catalogue of books ordered ; (2) The 
 Accessions-catalogue ; (3) The Periodical- and continuation-book ; (4) 
 The Shelf-list; (5) The Catalogue of books missing; (6) The Tract-cata- 
 logue; (7) The Catalogue of duplicates to be sold; (8) The Catalogue of 
 duplicates sold or exchanged. 
 
 (2) and (8) are necessary for the preservation of the history of the 
 library and important in its financial management. 
 
 (6) is a modification of (5). It is a list of the tracts contained in bound 
 volumes, by which the abstraction of any particular tact can be ascer- 
 tained, or the extent of the loss if (he whole volume disappears. All this 
 might be entered ou the shelf-list, but it is more convenient to keep the 
 record of the tract volumes together. Sometimes part of a tract : list is 
 inserted in the public catalogue. You may see collections of pamphlets 
 on various subjects by various authors recorded under a made-up head- 
 ing Tracts, or Pamphlets, a style of entry that is nearly useless. The whole 
 of the Prince catalogue of 184G was made in this absurd way. A num- 
 ber of tracts by a single author may indeed for economy be catalogued 
 under him in one mass like a " contents," and the same may be done for 
 tracts on a single subject, though there are objections even to this; but 
 to catalogue the writings of several authors under an arbitrary heading 
 (as Plays, Speeches, French Revolution), to which references merely are 
 made under the authors, is to be economical at altogether too great an 
 expense of trouble to the public, — to say nothing of the incongruity of a 
 form or subject heading for an author-entry. 
 
 (4), the shelf-list, ought to be so made (a) that the entry of each book 
 in the catalogue can be readily found from it ; (6) that the book can be 
 readily identified with the entry on the" shelf-list; (c) that at the annual 
 examination or taking account of stock the shelf-reader shall know at 
 once what book is meant as each title is read by the list-reader. For these 
 reasons the list should contain the author's name (or first- word, etc., if the 
 book is anonymous), part of the real title, the binder's title (which will 
 generally be the same as the real), and the place and date of printing. 
 If the 1 author's name, or any part of the title, is not on the back of the 
 book it should be enclosed in parentheses. 
 
 Ex. Appuleius. Metamorphoses, tr. Head. L. 1851. 1 
 (Reinhardt. Artist's journey.) Bost. 1872. 1 
 
 A briefer shelf list can be made by merely entering the book's number 
 and the accessions-number, so that the full title can be found if needed 
 by referring to the accessions-book. 
 
 (2), (3), and (8) are best kept in books; (4) and (6) on separate sheets of 
 paper; (1), ^5), and (7) on cards. When the catalogue is kept on cards (5) 
 can be made by merely separating the cards of such books as are missing. 
 
82 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 (J). After some experiments I have preferred the following method of 
 keeping the order-list. The titles of books proposed for purchase are 
 written on ruled slips of stiff paper 5 iu. long by 2 in. wide. If approved 
 by the committee a check is made at the left of the title. A searcher 
 then ascertains whether the library already hasthe book; if it has, the 
 card is destroyed or sent with this information to the person who asked 
 for the book ; if not, the searcher puts her initials in the lower left-hand 
 corner. The cards are then sorted into parcels for the English, French, 
 or German agents ; and an order is written, the writer first making sure, 
 by looking among the cards of previous orders, that none of the books has 
 alieady been sent for. In the order a running number is given to each 
 title and a corresponding number is put on the card. 
 
 The name of the author is entered iu a book opposite the running 
 number, and the date is put there against the first n umber of each order.* 
 The cards are then all stamped on the lelt with the date, and put away 
 iu a drawer alphabetically with other cards of books ordered. When a 
 box of books comes, the corresponding cards are picked out and stamped 
 on the right with the date. They receive the accessions-number when 
 the books are entered on the accessions-catalogue, the shelf-number when 
 the books are placed, and are corrected when the books are catalogued ; 
 for, having usually been written from advertisements, these cards are 
 often incorrect. When a number have accumulated they are sorted in 
 the order of shelf-numbers and the entry on the shelf-catalogue is made 
 from them. They are then put away alphabetically in drawers accessible 
 only to the library-attendants, and form the index of the accessions- 
 book. When a duplicate volume is exchanged or sold the date, its price, 
 and receiver are noted on the order-card. 
 
 The system is economical. One card serves many purposes and with 
 little writing answers all the questions likely to come up : Has this book 
 been proposed to the Book Committee? (Books rejected are kept iu a 
 separate drawer.) Has it been approved? Ordered? When? From 
 whom? Who is responsible for the error if it turns out a duplicate? 
 When was it received? Where is it entered in the Accessions-cata- 
 logue (that we may ascertain its price and condition) ? Where was it 
 first located ? If any one of the questions is not to be asked then the 
 corresponding process can be dispensed with. The list of which an 
 example is given in the note below is not necessary but convenient. 
 
 [Speoimen.J 
 Darwin, Charles. 
 39625 Coral Keels. 2d ed. London, 1874. 8". 
 19.41 
 
 2915 [Stamp, with date of order.] [Stamp, with date of receipt.] 
 
 •Jan. 1,1875. 1497 Black. 
 
 1498 Hammond. 
 ■ 1499 Greville. 
 1500 Sanson. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Galahgue. 83 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 SOME WORKS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 I have set down here only those works which 1 find to be of constant use 
 in cataloguing. One occasionally needs many more, even for a short in- 
 vestigation. A complete and systematic view of bibliographical litera- 
 ture is given in Petzholdt's " Bibliotheca bibliographica. Leipzig, 1866." 
 Powers' " Handy-book about books. London, 1870," contains a useful list, 
 which is reprinted, with additions, in Sabin's "American bibliopolist.' , 
 Ballhorn. Grammatography. Lond., 1861. 8°. 7s. 6d. 
 Brtjnet. Manuel. 5e 6d. Paris, 1860-65. 6 v. 8°. 120/r. 
 Hcefer. Nbuvelle biographie g6n6rale. Paris, 1852-66. 46 v. 8°. 184 fr. 
 Horne. Introd. to bibliography. Lond., 1814. 2 v. 8°. Antiq. 18s. 
 Joeoher. Allgem. Gelehrten-Lexikon. Lpz., 1850-51. 4 v. 4°, and 
 
 Fortsetzung. Bremen, 1784-1819. 6 v. 4°. Antiq. 40 fl. 
 Larousse. Dictionnaire universe! Paris, 1866-76. 15 v. 8°. 518 fr. 
 Men "of the time. 8th ed. London, 1872. 12s. 6d. 
 Miohaelis. Vergleichendes Worterbuch der gebrauchlichsten Taul- 
 
 nainen. Berl., 1856. 8°. 15 Ngr. 
 Oettinger. Moniteur des dates. Dresde, 1S66-68. 6 v. 4°. 35 Thlr. 
 
 (Supplement now f)nblishing.) 
 Thomas. Universal diet, of biog. and mythol. Phila., 1870. 2 v. 8°. 
 
 $22 or 1 v. $15. 
 Townsend. Manual. of dates. 3d ed. Lond., 1869. 8°. 18s. 
 Vapereatj. Diet, des con temporains. 4e£d. Paris, 1870. 8°. 25 fr. 
 
 AMERICAN. 
 
 Allibone. Diet, of Eng. literature. Phila,, 1858-71. 3 v. 8°. $22.50. 
 Drake. Diet, of Amer: biog. Rev. ed. Bost., 1875. 8°. $6. 
 Harrisse. Bibliotb. Amer. vetustissiraa; works rel. to Amer. pub. 
 
 1492-1551. N.Y., 1866. 8?. $20. 
 Leypoldt. Amer. catalogue. N. Y. Announced for 1876. $25. 
 Sabin. Diet, of books rel. to Amer. ST. Y., 1868, etc. 4°. $5 per vol. 
 Spragtje. Annals of the American pulpit, N.Y., 1857-69. 9 v. 8°. $36. 
 The following may sometimes be of use: Rookbach's Biblioth Amer., 1820-61. 4 v. 
 8°, and Kelly's Amer. catalogue, 1861-71. N. Y., 1866-71. 2 v. 8° 
 
 ART. 
 
 Pollen. Universal catal. of books on art, Lond., 1868-70. 2 v. Sm. 
 4°. 21s. 
 
 DUTCH. 
 
 Kobus and Rivecotjrt. Biog. handwoordenboek. Zutphen, 1854-61. 
 3 v. 8°. About $4. 
 Convenient; for fuller details use • 
 AA. Biog. woord. [A-OJ. Haarlem, 1852-67. 14 v. 8°. 
 
84 Public Libraries in the United States. 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 Allibone. Diet, of Eng. literature. Phila., 1858-71. 3 v. 8°. $22.50. 
 Bueke. Peerage and baronetage. 38th ed. Lond., 1876? 8°. 38*. 
 Burke. Dormant and extinct peerages. New ed. Lond., 1866. 8°. 42s. 
 Collier. Bibliog. account of the rarest works in English. Lond., 1868, 
 
 2v. 8°, orN. Y., 18G8. 2 v. 8°. $16. 
 Darling. Cyclopaedia bibliog.: Authors. Lond., 1854. 8°. 52s. 6d. 
 
 Chiefly English theol. works. 
 Haydn. Book of dignities. Lond., 1851. 8°. 25s. 
 Lowndes. Bibliog. manual of Eng. literature. New ed., enl. by H. G-. 
 
 Bohn. Lond., 1857-64. 6 v. 8°. 33s. 
 Nicolas. Historic peerage. Lond., 1857. 8°. 30s. 
 Eosse. Index of dates. Lond., Bohn, 1858. 2 v. 8°. $2.50. 
 Thomas. Handbook of fictitious names; by Olphar Hainst [pseud.]. 
 
 Lond., 1868. 8°. 7s. 6d. 
 Walford. County families of Gr. Brit.. New ed. Loud., 1874. 8°. 50s. 
 Watt. Bibliotheca Britaunica. Edin., 1824. 4 v. 4°. Antiq. £4 15s. 
 
 The following may sometimes be of use: Low's English catalogue, 1835-71. Lond., 
 18134-73. 2 v. 8°. 75s., and Low's [Subject] index to the British catalogue, 1837-57. 
 Loud., 1858. 8°. 26*. Vol. 2, 1857, etc., is in preparation. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 Barbier. Ouvrages anonymes. 3e <§d. Paris, 1872-76? 3 v. 8°. 60 fr. 
 Lorenz. Catal. g<5n. de la librairie fiancaise, 1840-65. Paris, 1867-71. 
 
 4v. 8°. 100 fr. 
 Querard. La France litte>aire. Paris, 1827-39. 10 v. 8°. 120/r. 
 Querard. Supercherieslitt6raires. 2eed. Paris, 1869-70. 3 v. 8". 60/r. 
 Querard and others. La litterature frangaise contemporaine. Paris, 
 
 1842-57. 6v. 8". 96/r. . 
 
 GERMAN. 
 
 Heinsius. Allgem. Biicher-Lexikon; Verzeichniss aller von 1700 bis 
 1874 erschienenen Biicher. Lpz., 1812-75. 15 v. 4°. 
 
 Kayser. Vollstand. Biicher-Lexicon, 1750-1870. Lpz., 1834-73. 18 v. 
 4°. About 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN. 
 
 Smith. Diet, of Gr. and Eom. biography and mythology. Lond., 1849. 
 3 v. 8". 115s. 6d., or Bost. ' 
 
 HEBREW. 
 
 British Museum. Catal. of Hebr. books. Lond., 1867. 8°. 25s. 
 1 Fuerst. Biblioth. Judaica. Lpz., 1849-63. 3 v. 8"; 14 Thlr. 
 
 INCUNABULA. 
 
 Berjeau. Early German, Dutch, and English printers' marks. Lond 
 1866. 8°. 10s. 6d. 
 
Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. 85 
 
 Hain. Repertoriuin bibliogr. Stuttg., 1826-38. 2 v. 8°. 20 Thlr. 
 Panzer. Annates typogr., 1457-1536. Norimb., 1793-1803. 11 v. 4°. 
 Antiq. 42 Thlr. 
 
 ITALIAN 
 
 Melzi. Diz. di opere anon, e pseud. Milano, 1848-59. 3 v. 8°. 30 fr. 
 Tiraboschi. Storia della lit. ital. Mil., 1822-26. 16 v. 8°. 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 Vater. Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexika, u.s.w. 2e Aufl. Berl. 
 " 1847. 8". 3 Thlr. 
 
 MEDIiEVAL. 
 
 Chassant. Diet, des abreviations lat. et francaises. 3e 6d. Paris, 1866. 
 16°. 6fr. 
 
 Graesse. Orbis Latinus; Verzeichniss d. lateiir. Benennungen der 
 Stadte, u.s.w. Dresden, 1861. 8°. 3 \ Thlr. 
 
 Potthast. Biblioth. historica Medii iEvi. Berlin, 1862. 8°, and sup- 
 plement, 1868. 9 Thlr. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Fetis. Biog. univ. des musiciens. 2e ed. augm. Paris, 1860-65. 8 v. 
 
 8°. 64 fr. 
 
 QUAKERS. 
 
 Smith. Biblioth. anti-Quakerana. Lond., 1873. 8°. 15s. 
 Smith. Descr. catal. of Friends' books. Lond., 1867. 2 v. 8°. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Poggendorf. Biog.- lit. Handworterbuch zur Gesch. d. exacten Wis- 
 
 senschaften. Lpz., 1863. 2 v. 8°. lOf Thlr. 
 Royal Society op London. Catal. of scientific papers, 1800-63. 
 Lond., 1867-72. 6 v. 4°. £6. 
 
 SPANISH. 
 
 Antonio. Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, ad a. C. md. Matriti, 1788. 2 v. 
 
 f°. Antiq. ±0 k 50 fr. 
 — Same. Nova, 1500-1684. Matriti, 1783-88. 2 v. f°. Antiq. 
 
 40 a 50 fr. 
 Ticknor. Hist, of Span. lit. 4th ed. Bost., 1872. 3 v. 8°. $10. 
 
 ■WOMEN. 
 
 Hale. Woman's record. K T., 1853. 8°. $5. 
 
 ADDENDUM. 
 
 Franklin, A. Diet, des noms, surnoms, et pseudonymes latins, 1100- 
 1530. Paris, 1875. 8°. 10 fr. 
 
INDEX 
 
 The figures preceded by p. refer to the pages; the others to the sections. 
 
 Abbot, Ezra, p. 5. 
 
 Abbreviations,. 116, 138; arrangement of, 185. 
 
 Abridgement, 110-119. 
 
 Academies, 40. 
 
 Accents, 164. 
 
 Accessions-catalogue, p. 81. 
 
 Acts of legislative bodies, 28. 
 
 Almanacs, 54. 
 
 Alternative titles, 121, 161. 
 
 American, how used, p. 45. 
 
 Analytical references defined, p. 15; when to 
 be made, 49, 78, 91-93, 124; arrangement 
 of, 193. 
 
 Annuals, 54. 
 
 Anonymous defined, p. 10. 
 
 Anonymous books, 1, 39, 52, 53,61-63, 130,131. 
 
 Appended, 153. 
 
 Apprentices' Library, N. Y., p. 5. 
 
 Arabic numerals, 117, 145, 149. 
 
 Arabic writers, 13 e; transliteration of Arabic 
 names, 25. 
 
 Arrangement, 169-202. 
 
 Articles, 56, 110, 111; place of, when trans- 
 posed, 129; initial, not noticed in arrange- 
 ment, 187. 
 
 Articles to be inquired of, 31. 
 
 Associations, 40. 
 
 Asyndetic, p. 10. 
 
 Auctioneers, 8. , 
 
 Author defined, p. 10. 
 
 Author-entry, p. 14, § 1-31, 92 c. 
 
 Bible, 52; arrangement of titles under, 196. 
 
 Bibliography, 83. 
 
 Biuder's-title, p. 15. § 153. 
 
 Biographies, economy in the entry of, 51; 
 anonymous, 52, 62; of kings, etc., 67; ar- 
 rangement of, 191. 
 
 Booksellers, 8. 
 
 Brackets, 165, 166.. 
 
 Breviaries, 35. 
 
 British Museum, p. 5. 
 
 Buildings, 40. 
 
 Canonized persons, 13 i, 44. 
 
 Capes, 19. 
 
 Capitals, 161, 162. 
 
 Caption, p. 15. 
 
 Catalogue of accessions, of books ordered, of 
 
 books missing, etc., p. 81. 
 Catalogues, how entered, 8. 
 Catalogues, table of the difierent'kinds, p. 13. 
 Cataloguing, list of books useful in, p. 83. 
 Catch-word-entry, p. 14 ; reference, p. 15. 
 Catch-word-reference, 61. 
 Catechisms, 35. 
 Changed names, 15, 44. 
 
 Charges, episcopal, 31. 
 
 Christian names, 13, 94, 103, 104, 115, 171, 172. 
 
 Chronograms, 145. 
 
 Chronological arrangement, 200. 
 
 Churches, 35, 40. 
 
 Cities, 27 ; cross-references from, 85. 
 
 Civil actions, 81. 
 
 Class defined, p. 10; its relation to subject, 
 
 p. 12. 
 Class-entry, p. 12. 
 Classed catalogues, p. 12, 13. 
 Classes of citizens, 39. 
 
 Classes of "persons, cross-references from, 85. 
 Classification, pp. 5, 10-12, 47. 
 Collectors, 43. 
 Colleges, 40. 
 Colophon, 142. 
 Commentaries, 9, 44. 
 Comments, 82. 
 Committees) 38. 
 Composers of music, 7. 
 Compound headings, 76. 
 Compound names, 16, 44, 179-183. 
 Concordances, 11. 
 Conferences, 36. 
 Confessions of faith, 35. 
 Congress, 28. 
 
 Congresses, 33, 44. ■ 
 
 Contents, 155-157, 168; arrangement of, 197. 
 Continuations, 10, 44. 
 Conventions, 36, 44. 
 Corporate-entry, 26-40. 
 Councils, ecclesiastical, 37, 44. 
 Country and person, choice between, 67. 
 Country and subject, 68. 
 Countries as joint, authors, 2 ; cross-references 
 
 from, 85; arrangement under, 194-196. 
 Courts, 27. 
 Creeds, 35. 
 
 Criticisms, 192; of anonymous works, 53. 
 Cross-reference, p. 15, §85, 86,201. 
 
 D', de, de la, des, du, 17. 
 
 Daily, 57. 
 
 Danish names, 25. 
 
 Dashes, 107. 
 
 Date of publication, 142-152. 
 
 Dates, 114. 
 
 Defendant of a thesis, 4, 44. 
 
 Definitions of terms used in cataloguing, p. 10. 
 
 Denominations, 34. 
 
 Designers, 6, 6-J-, 44. 
 
 Dictionaries, 90. 
 
 Dictionary catalogues defined, p. 12. 
 
 Dictionary and systematic catalogues, p. 47. 
 
 Directories, 47. 
 
 Divisions, 202. 
 
 (87) 
 
88 
 
 Index. 
 
 Divorced wives, 14 c, 44. 
 Double-entry, 66, 67, 67$, 77-79. 
 Double title-pages, 65. 
 Drama, 88. 
 Dutch names, 25. 
 
 Ecclesiastical councils, 37, 44; dignitaries, 
 14 b, 44; districts, 27. 
 
 Economies in author-entry, 46-51 ; in subject- 
 entry, p. 39 d, 45 k, } 67, 68, 79$, 80, 81, 204. 
 
 Editions, 119, 134, 135; arrangement of, 188. 
 
 Editor, p. 10, § 11, 101 ; of periodicals, 42-44, 
 54. 
 
 Editors, 101. ^ 
 
 Encyclopaedias, p. 14, § 90. 
 
 Engravings, 6, 6$, 44. 
 
 Entry defined, p. 14; where to enter, $ 1-93; 
 how to enter, 94-205. 
 
 Episcopal charges, 31. 
 
 Epitomes, 10. 
 
 Eschatology, 84. 
 
 Essays, 92 d. 
 
 Evening, 57. 
 
 Events, 67$. 
 
 Exact copying, 125. 
 
 Family name, 102. 
 
 Fiction. 55, 
 
 Firms, 40. 
 
 First-word, what it is, 56-58. 
 
 First-word-entry, p. 14. 
 
 First-word reference, p. 15, $ 59, 60. 
 
 First-words, 98, 122. 
 
 Form, p. 14. 
 
 Form, typographical, 154. 
 
 Form-entry, p. 14, § 88; classification by, 
 
 p. 11. 
 Forts, 19. 
 Friars, 13 c, 44. 
 Full defined, p. 9. 
 Future life, 84. 
 
 Galleries, 40. 
 
 Gazetteers, 47. 
 
 German names, 25. 
 
 Governmental bodies, publications of, 28, 195; 
 references from governmental publications, 
 64. 
 
 Grammars, 90. 
 
 Greek names, ancient and modern, 25; an- 
 cient, 173. 
 
 Greek names of deities, 70. 
 
 Guilds, 40. 
 
 Half-title, p. 15. 
 
 Harris, Wm. T., p. 5. 
 
 Harvard College Library, p. 5. 
 
 Heading, p. 14. 
 
 Heading reference, p. 15. 
 
 Headings, style of, 94-108; arrangemsnt of, 
 
 170-185. 
 Historical societies, 40. 
 Homonyms, 75, 198. 
 Hungarian names, 25. 
 Hnon de Bordeaux, 205. 
 Hyphened words, 183. 
 
 Illustrators, 6, 44. 
 Immortality, 84. 
 Important-word-entry, p. 14. 
 
 Imprint, p. 14, $ 136-154. 
 
 Incunabula, -205. 
 
 Indexes, 10, 44, 90. 
 
 Individual subjects, p. 12. 
 
 Initials, 44, 115; entry under, 41 ; for Chris- 
 tian names, 103; for the subject-heading, 
 118. 
 
 Introductions, 44 (10). 
 
 Inversion of subjec*-names, 76. 
 
 Italics, 95, 167, 168. 
 
 Jewett, C. C, p. 5. 
 Jewish writers, 13 e. 
 Joint authors, 2, 3, 44, 93, 186. 
 Journals of legislative bodies, 28; of conven- 
 tions, etc., 36; of societies, 40. 
 
 Kings, works written by, 27, 30; works 
 about, 67. 
 
 L', la, le, 17. 
 
 Lakes, 19. 
 
 Language, classification by, p. 11. 
 
 Language of a book to be stated in the title, 
 
 126, 127. 
 Language of subject-names, 70. 
 Latin names, 18, 44, 173. 
 Latin names of Greek deities, 70. 
 Latinized form of Greek names, 25. 
 Laws, 28, 29. 
 Leonardus de Utino, 205. 
 Libraries, 40. 
 Literary form, p. 14. 
 Literary history, 83. 
 Liturgies, 35. 
 
 M', Mc, etc., 173. 
 
 Manifestoes, 35. 
 
 Married women, 14 c, 44. 
 
 Mediaeval works, 52. 
 
 Medium defined, p. 9. 
 
 Memoirs of societies, 40, 54; their subject- 
 entry, p. 37. 
 
 Mercantile library associations, 40. 
 
 Minerals, 189. 
 
 Minutes of legislative bodies, 28; of conven- 
 tions, 33. 
 
 Missals, 35. 
 
 Morning, 57. 
 
 Mottoes, 122. 
 
 Mountains, 19. 
 
 Museums, 40. 
 
 Musical works, 7. 
 
 Name, under what part of the, the entry 
 should be made, 13-25; entry under parts 
 of a, 41, 44. 
 
 Names of subjects, 70-79. 
 
 Nichols, Th., p. 5. 
 
 Noblemen, 14 b, 44. 
 
 Notes, 158. 
 
 Novels, 55, 88. 
 
 Numbers, 117. ' 
 
 Numerals, initial, disregarded in arrangement, 
 189. 
 
 Objects of a dictionary-catalogue, p. 10. 
 Official writings, entry of, 30. 
 Omissions. See Abridgement. 
 Order of the parts of an imprint, 136; of the 
 parts of an entry. 163. 
 
Index. 
 
 89 
 
 Order of the title to be preserved, 109. 
 Order-list, p. 81. 
 
 Orders, military and religious, 35. 
 Oriental authors, 13 e, 44.' 
 
 Pages, number of, 136, 152. 
 
 Parentheses, 134, 165, 166. 
 
 Parliament, 28. 
 
 Parties, 34, 35. 
 
 Periodicals, 54. 
 
 Periods in history, 67|. 
 
 Perkins, F. B., p. 5. 
 
 Person and country, choice between, 67. 
 
 Personal names, 1-25. 
 
 Place, entry of that part of a body which 
 belongs to a, 35. 
 
 Place of publication, 137-140, 142, 147. 
 
 Places, names of, 22-24; entry under, 27, 40; 
 compound names of, 180. 
 
 Platforms, 35. 
 
 Plays, 59, 88. 
 
 Poems, 59. 
 
 Poetry, 88. 
 
 Polygraphic, p. 14. 
 
 Polytopical, p. 14. 
 
 Position, 118. 
 
 Possessive case, 177 
 
 Practical form, p. 14. 
 
 Praeses, 4, 44. 
 
 Prayer books, 35. 
 
 Prefixes to names, 17, 44, 173, 179. 
 
 Prepositions, 56. 
 
 Presidential conventions, 26. 
 
 Princes, 13 a, 44. 
 
 Proceedings, 40, 54; their subject-entry, p. 37. 
 
 Proper names, 161, 162. 
 
 Pseudonyms, entry under, 5, 42, 44; arrange- 
 ment of, 184; the use of pseud., 99, 100. 
 
 Publication, place of, 137-140, 142, 147. 
 
 Publishers, 141. 
 
 Publishing societies, 43 d. 
 
 Punctuation, 163. 
 
 Rare books, 205. 
 
 Reference, p. 14, 108, 159, 160; author-ref- 
 ferences, 44, 45, 46. 
 
 References, 159, 160. 
 
 Registers, 47. 
 
 Reigns, histories of, 67. 
 
 Reporters, 11, 48. 
 
 Reports, how entered, 32; governmental, 28; 
 of committees, 38; of conventions, confer- 
 ences, etc., 36. 
 
 Respondent of a thesis, 4, 44. 
 
 Reviews, 82, 92. 
 
 Rivers, 19. 
 
 Romaic names, 25. 
 
 St. Louis Public School Library, p. 5. 
 
 Saints, 13 b, 44. 
 
 Same, 119. 
 
 Schools, 40. 
 
 Schwartz, J., p. 5. 
 
 See and See also. 159, 167. 
 
 Serials, 54. 
 
 Sets of works, 92. 
 
 Shelf-catalogue, p. 81. 
 
 Short defined, p. 9. 
 
 Size or typographical form, 154. 
 
 Societies, 40, 92; references to works entered 
 under the names of, 64 ; names of, how ar- 
 ranged, 182. 
 
 Sovereigns, 13a, 44. 
 
 Spanish names, 25. 
 
 Specific entry, p. 13, 15, § 66. 
 
 Spelling, variety of, 21, 44, 58. 
 
 Style of entry, 94-205. 
 
 Subftrrangement, chronological, 200. 
 
 Subdivisions under countries, 68, 76 (end of 
 note), 195; under other subjects, 199-202. 
 
 Subject defined, p. 15; classification by, p. 11; 
 its relation to class, p. 12. 
 
 Subject and country, choice between, 68. 
 
 Subject-entry, p. 14, $ 66-87, 926. 
 
 Subject-word and subject, 74. 
 
 Subject- word-entry, p. 14, §62; reference, 
 p. 15, $63. 
 
 Subjects, arrangement of, 198-202. 
 
 Supplements, 203. 
 
 Surnames, 14. 
 
 Swedish names, 25. 
 
 Syndetic, p. 15. 
 
 Synonymous subject-names, 71-73. 
 
 Synoptical table, 87. 
 
 Systematic and dictionary catalogues, p. 47. 
 
 Theses, 4, 44. 
 
 Title defined, p. 15 ; its influence on entry, p. 16, 
 51,2,74. 
 
 Title-entry, p. 14, $ 52. 
 
 Title-pages, double, 65. 
 
 Title references, 59-64. 
 
 Titles, style of, 109-133; arrangement of, 
 186-196. 
 
 Titles of honor to be italicized in headings, 
 95; and not in titles, 132; capitals for, 161, 
 162; arrangement of, 176. 
 
 Towns, 27. 
 
 Transactions of societies, 40, 54; their sub- 
 ject-entry, p. 57. 
 
 Translations, 127, 128; arrangement of; 190. 
 
 Translations of anonymous works, 53. 
 
 Translators, 11, : 44 (42). ---, ■ * 
 
 Transliteration, 25, 133, 137. 
 
 Treaties, 34. 
 
 Trials, 48, 81. 
 
 Type, 94-98. 
 
 Typographical form, 154. 
 
 Uniformity, p. 53. 
 
 Universities, 40. , 
 
 Van, von, 17. 
 
 Vernacular to be used in spelling, 20. 
 
 Vessels, 48, 80. 
 
 Volume defined, p. 16. 
 
 Volumes, number of, 153. 
 
 Weekly, 57. 
 
 Young men's Christian associations, 40. 
 

 
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