16086 f L ,r^ iT^ --" .3 92; ^j£*<^ »■■",* ■^""'.t^ Prm,: F^*i h^ •-^'X'-- f<'^ '^tK ,1 ^ ^*'K^ L-*-J:#t ti« p ^ ■v-% ^c":,^*^' f\fp OJotttcll Ittioeraitg Cihratg atljara, NfW Hork FROM I^J^aA*^ '1lliiMwtiiiI?,,tea;sJ.?,cgestindu 3 1924 024 705 091 STATE OFVPENNSYLVAI DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS BUREAU OF STANDARDS Public Servants to Penna's Largest Industry —HOUSEKEEPING A comprehenBive summary of the activities of a well trained and highly •fiicient corps of Inspectors of Weights and Measures— The protection afforded the public who take advantage of their service ~A digest of the laws of Penn- sylvania regulating such inspections and insuring honest weight and measuie. JAMES F. WOODWARD, Secretary of Internal Affairs. J Ames h. craig, william b. mcgrady, cwef, Deputy Secretary. Bureau of Standards. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924024705091 STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Public Servants to Penna.'s Largest Industry —HOUSEKEEPING A comprehensive summary of the activ.'tics of a well trained and highly efficient corps of Inspectors of Weights and Measures — The protection afforded the public who take advantage of their service — A digest of the laws of Pennsylvania regulating such inspections and insuring honest weight and measure. J^ JAMES F. WOODWARD, '^ Secretary of Internal Affairs. JAMES H. CRAIG, Deputy Secretary. ( WILLIAM B. McGRADY, Chief, Bureau of Standards. |\5;;L^sqo 3 - ^ OUR DUTIES AND ACTIVITIES The Bureau of Standards was organized in November 1911, pro- vided with the necessary standard equipment and a corps of trained Inpectors, with a view to obtaining a "Square Deal" for the House- wife in her purchase of household commodities; to encourage the Merchants in the use of reliable and accurate weighing and measur- ing de\rices and to punish the dishonest dealer. Our duties being manifold, our initial campaign was directed to- ward the elimination of inferior and mechanically inaccurate devices, but owing to existing laws we could not condemn certain types of Scales, which when new would stand the Inspectors tests, but when in service any length of time they invariably either defrauded the consumer, or retail dealer. This has been obviated by the enactment of new legislation (Act 187), copy of same in this pamphlet, which gives the Pennsylvania Bureau of Standards power to approve or disapprove all weighing and measuring devices to be sold, offered for sale, or given away after May 5, 1922, in the State of Pennsylvania. With these faulty and inferior devices aliminated, the City, County and State Inspectors of weights and measures can broaden their activities into many fields pertaining to weights and measures, that heretofore has only been gone over roughly, owing to the routine physical inspection of the above mentioned types. The Annual Report for 1921 shows that the error in weight and measure due to the use of inferior devices is not as great as in former years, due to the fact that the Merchants themselves are discarding types of instruments, which they have ascertained will not be ap- proved by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Standards. This liaving been accomplished, we do not claim perfection in our work but protection to our good citizens and we call upon those who are interested in the BUSINESS OF HOUSEKEEPING to co-oper- ate with this Bureau, or your local Inspectors. We are your SERVANTS; you furnish us employment; provide money for our salaries and you should call upon us, when in doubt, to render you service in return. No. 842. AN ACT As amended by Act 17G, 1919, Penna. Laws, Act 41 i, 1921 Penna. Laws. To provide for tlio cstablislimi'iit of a lUireau of Standards in tlie Department of Internal xVffairs of Penjisylvania ; the appoint- ment of a (^liief of that Bur.'an, prewribing- hi? duties and iix- ing his salary; authorizing tht' purchase of a s;'t of standardized weights and measures, for the use of the Bureau, and making an appropriation therefor. Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That tlie establish- Bureau of ment of a Bureau of Standards be and is hereby auth(j)-- ized, in the Department of Internai Affairs of Peun- Pnt^p^'aT Affa'rs. sylvania, for the purpose of regulating and maintain ing a uniform standard of legal weights and measures Legal weights ana in this Comonwealth, to conform with the original ""^^^™'"'- standards of weights and measurers as adopted by Con- gress, and verified by the National Bureau of Stand- ards ; and to assist in securing the enforcement of laws relating to sealers of weights and measurers, now in force or that may hereafter be enacted. Section 2. That as soon as practicable after the final pasage and aproval of this act, the Secretary of Internal Affairs shall af)point a competent person o^t't'^ to serve as Chief of the Bureau of Standards, whose duty it shall be to have custody of the State stand- ards of weights and measurers; shall compare, test, and regulate all weights and measures of all city and borough sealers, now in office, or who may hereafter be apointed, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, with the State standards when presented at his office for that purpose; shall certify to their correctness by affixing his official stamp thereto, with his name and date of examination clearly marked thereon shall preserve in his office an appropriate record of services rendered and work performed by him, or under his direction, in pur.suance of this act; shall file in his office annual and other reports received •from the local sealers; and shall, on or before the thirtieth day of November in each year, submit a report in writing to the Secretary of Internal Affairs, for publication as a separate document in book form, seting forth, in sufficient detail, the work done in said bureau and the work reported to him by the local sealers, together with such other matter relating to that subject as may be deemed of value and interest to the citizens of this Comonwealth. The f'liief of the Bureau of standards or ant/ of his deputies shall Testing ot weight. have power to enter into any county or city, avd to ^"^^ measures., test all instruments and devices used in weighing or measuring anything sold or to he sold, including instruments and devices for weighing of coal mines Report. 6 Right of entry. Stopping veliiclcs. Ck)ndemning false weights or meas- ures. Destruction of false weights or measures. Expenses. Salary of chief. Deputies. Clerical assistance Standard of weight, lengrth tnd capacity. Appropriation. Expenses. and seal the same if found to be correct. For the -pur- pose of making such test, the Chief of the Bureau of Standards or any of Ms deputies may, at any reason- ahle time and ivithout formal icarrunt, enter upon any preuiiscs, and may, on any public highivay, stop any vendor or dealer, or the agent or servant of any such vendor or dealer, or stop any vehicle used in delivering any commodity ivhich is weighed or meas- ured as delivered, They may condemn, and mark as condemned, or may seicie, rny false or illegal instru- uient or divice used, or intended to be used, in weigh- ing or measuring. If they shall seize any such instru- ment or device, they shall retain possession thereof until it shall hare been used as evidence in any prose- cution under the laws of this Commonwealth relating to weights and measures or to the sale of crmimodities. After the determination of such prosecution, the false or illegal instrument or divice shall be destroyed unless otlienvise ordered by the proper court. The Oliief of said Bureau of Standards shall receive a salary of four thousand dollars jier annum, payable as other employes of said dep rtment are now paid and all necessary expenses incurred in the discharge of his offlicial duties under this act. The Secretary of Internal Affairs is authorized to appoint ticelve depu- ties in the Bureau of Standards at an annual salary of twenty-flve hundred dollars each. Such deputies shall also receive their actual and necesary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. The Sec- retary of Internal Affairs may also assign such ad- ditional assistance, from the clerical force of his de- partment, to the work of said bureau as he may find necesary from time to time. Section 3. That in order to carry this act into effect, it shall be tlip duty of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of this Commonwealth to procure, as soon as practi- cable after the pasage of this act, a complete set of standards of weight, length, and capacity, to be veri- fied bv the Bureau of Standards of the United States Government, and to conform with the standards of weight, length, and capacity established by the Na- tional Oongress, at a cost not exceeding the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars, to be paid for on warrant of the Auditor General, out of funds of the State Treasury, whicli sum is hereby specifically appro- priated for that puriiose, or so much thereof as may he necessary. Section 4. The Hoard of Public Grounds and Build- ings are lierebv required to furnish a suitable room or rooms, in ithe State Gapitol Building, for the safe- keeping and convenient use of said .standards of weights and meas'ircvs •iml fo^ office use of said Bureau of Standards. Section 5. That the sum of three thousand six hun- dred dollars is hereby speciflcallv appronriated for traveling and other contingent expenses of said Bureau Appropriation. of Standards, for the two years commencing June first, ' one thousand nine hundred and eleven, or so much thereof as may be necessary. ■& 10 11 liKpectors. No. 177. AN ACT As amended bj^ Acts 303, 368, 1917 Penna. Laws, Act 131, 1921 Penna. Laws. To provide for the appointment of county and city inspectors of weights and measures ; providing for their compensation and expenses ; prescribing their duties ; prohibiting vondors from giving false or insufficient weights ; and fixing the penalties for the violation of the pro\-isions hereof. Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the mayors of cities of the second and third class, and the several boards of count}- commissioners, shall, respectively, ap- point one or more competent persons as inspectors of weights and measures, in the respective county or city, whose salary shal not be less than one thousand dol 3, laiies. lars per annum, to be paid out of the respective reve- nues of such county or city : Provided, however. That croriso. the payment of a minimum salarj^ shall not api)ly to counties having a population of flftt-ey thousand or less. In addition to the salary provided by law, the said county and city inspectors shall be entitled to receive the actual expenses incurred by them person- Expenses. ally in performing the duties of their office; such as transportation, hof(;i, li\ery, telephone, lelrgrapli, and postal charges, to be paid by the boards of county com- missioners of their respective counties and ty the proper officers of their respective cities, in such pro- portion as may he agreed upon hy said boards of county commissioners and iiroprr officers of cities, on bills itemized and poperly sworn to: Provided, however, Proviso. That nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent two or more counties, or any county and city, from combining the whole or any part of their disricts, as may be agreed upon by the board of county commis- sioners and mayors of cities, with one set of standards and one inspector, upon the written consent of the chief of the bureau of standards: Provided further, proviso In cities of the first class the inspectors shall be ap- pointed by the county commissioners of the county in which the said city may be located. Any inspector appointed in pursuance of an agreement for such com- bination shall, subject to the terms of his appointment, have the same authority and duties as if lie liad ) een appointed by each of the authorities who are parties to the agreement. The county and city inspectors of weights and measures, as appointed by the respective rerma. counties and cities, shall hold their office during good behavior; and shall not be removed, discharged, or re- duced in pay or position except for inefficiency, inca- pacity, conduct unbecoming employes, or other just cause, and until the said officials shall \m\Q been fur- nished with written statements of the reasoL for such removal, discharge, or reduction, and shall have been How payable. Co:nblnation. Charges. 12 Hearing. Other service pro- Kibited. Standard tests. Reports. Custody of standards. Testing. Sealing. Bights of entry. given reasonable time to make written answer thereto. Nor shall snch removal, discharge, or reduction be made until the charge or charges shall have been examined into and found true in fact by the appointing power of such county or city, at a hearing, upon reasonable no tice to the person charged, at which time he may be represented by counsel and offer testimony or witnesses in his own behalf. It shall be unlawful for any sealer or inspector of weights and measures, or any of his deputies, to perform clerical or other services for the county or city of their respective districts. Section 2. That all county and city inspectors so appointed shall be suplied, at the expense of their respective counties and cities, with standard tests of weights and measures, in conformity with those estab- lished by the Government of the United States or the Bureau of Standards of the State, and the laws of this Commonwealth ; and t» ensure the accuracy of these tests they shall be compared with the standard tests to be purchased by the Secretary of Internal Affairs, and, when so compared and their correctness estab- lished, they shall be so stamped or marked in such manner .is may be established by the rules and regula tions hereinbefore referred to, to be put in force by said Secretary of Internal Affairs, and approved by the Governor of the Commonwealth. Each inspector shall report in writing, at least once every month, to the chief of the State Bureau of Stand- ards, upon blanks furnished by the chief. Such re- port shall contain: (1) The number of tests made since the last preceding report. (2) The number of weights, measures, and balances found by such tests to be cor- rect. (3) The number of weights, measures and bal- ances found by such tests to be false. (4) The number of prosecutions instituted by such inspector since the last preceding report, together with the name of the accused, the tile of the court where the prosecution was instituted, and the result of such prosecution. (5) Such other matters as the chief may, from time to time, prescribe. The inspectors shall take charge of and safely keep the proper standards. They shall be furnished by the chief of the Bureau of Standards of this Common- wealth with full specifications of tolerances and al- lowances to lie used by them in the performance of their duties. Each inspector shall have power, within his respective jurisdiction, to test all instruments and diM'ices uf^.ed in \\eighing or measuring anything sold or to lie sold, inrhidinfj inntriiinriif/i (utd drnerx for ircinhiiifi at coal-mi iifx, aiul sp:i1 the same if found to lie coi-i'p't. Such tes( shall include all appliances con uected r^i" used with sucli instruments or devices. For the purpose of making such test, each inspector, at any 13 leasonable time and without formal warrant, may en- ter upon any premises; and may, on any public high- way, stop any vendor or dealer, or the agent nr seivant of such vendor or dealer, or stop any vehicle xised in delivering any commodity which is weighed or meas- ured as delivered. He may condemn and mark as con- demned, or may seize, any false or illegal instrument or device used, or intended to be used, in weighing or measuring. If he shall seize any such instrument or device, he shall retain possession thereof until it shall have been used as evidence in any prosecution under the laws of this Commonwealth relating to weights and measures or to the sale of commodities. 'After the de- termination of such prosecution, the false or illegal instrument or device shall be destroyed, unless other- wipe ordered by the proper court. • Section 3. Each person who shall, directly or indi- rectly, or by his servant or agent, or as the servant or agent of another, violate* any of the provisions of this act, or give or offer to give any false or in sufficient weight or measure, or use any weighing device after ir shall have been condemned and befor" it shall have been adjusted and sealed, or obstruct or attempt to obstruct any inspector in the performance of his duty shall, upon conviction thereof iu a suniiiKiri/ proceed- ing hefwe any aldermnn, m r/infrate^ nr iit'^icc of fe peace, of the proper city or county, for the tirst offense, be sentenced to pay a fine not to exceed twenty-five dol lars ; for the second offense, shall be sentenced to pay s fine not exceeding fifty dolars; and for each subse- quent offense shal be sentenced to pay a fine of not more than one hundred dollars, or to undergo an im- prisonment in the proper county jail foj- not more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the court. In default of the payment of any fine as afii-esaid, the per- son convicted shall be sentenced. to sc'\(^ (iiu' day in jail of the proper county for each dollar of the fine and costs. It shall be unlawful for any inspector to use any tests or standards, or to attempt to use the same, in ascertaining the correctness or accni-icy of weiplits and measures, until such comparisons are made and their accuracy established and so stamped or marked; and any inspector violating the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction therefor, shall be fined not exceeding one thousand (fl,000) dollars, or undergo imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year, or both or either, at the dis- cretion of the court. Section 4. All acts or parts of acts, general, local or special, inconsistent ~wth any of the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed. Usi^ of false or insuRicieiit weights oj measures. Jurisdiction. Penalty. Violations by in- spectors. Bepeal u 15 16 17 No. 445. AN ACT As Amended by Acts 236, 304, VJl'i, Peiina. Laws, and Act 128, 1921, Penna. Laws. Defining commoditi' s ; rcgulutiir; the suit' tlierTOf ; and pi-ovidii.y IKualtics I'or violation hereof. Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That the word "com- modity," as used in this act, shall be taken to mean any tangible personal property sold or offered for sale. Section 2. All liquid commodities, when sold in bulk, or from bulk, shqll be sold by weight or liquid measure. All dry commodities, when sold in bulk or from bulk, shall be sold by weight, dry measure or numerical count. No dry commodities shall be sold by liquid measure; dry commodities in car load lots may 'be sold by weight. Section 3. It shall be unla\'i'ful to use a measure A^ithout a bottom in selling any commodity. Section 4. It shall be unlawful, in selling any com- modity, to use any measure unless the same shall have thereon marked in district letters and figures the capacity thereof. If such measure be of the capacity of one-half bushel or less, or of one-half gallon or less, it shall be marked in terms of a quart, dry or liquid measure respectively. If the measure be of the capa- city of over one-half bushel or one-half gallon it shall be marked in terms of a bushel or gallon, respectively: Provided, That hottles or jars used for the sale of milk or cream shall he regarded and considered as measures toithin the meaning of this act, and shall lie in all respects subject to all rules and regulations heretofore or hereafter made by the Chief of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Standards as to reasonable variations and tolerances. Section 5. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, with intent to defraud:^ (1). To sell, or offer for sale, any commodity on the container of which is marked any false statement respecting the kind, number, quantity, weight, or measure of such commodity, or of any part thereof, or respecting the place or country where such commodity was manufactured or produced, or respecting the qual- ity or grade of such commodity. (2). To orally or otherwise represent that any com- modity offered for sale in bulk, which no name or trade mark shall be attached, is the manufacture or production of some other than the actual manufacturer or producer: Provided, That nothing in this act is to be constructed as applying to drugs, medicines, chemicals, or pharmaceutical or proprietary prepara- tions used as medicine, nor to toilet preparations. \V(M«:hts and mi'Jisuvi's. "V in .io;lily" (iL'lliied. Manner of sale. Measures shall have bottoms. Measures shall be marked as to capacity. Bottles or jars for the sale of milk or cream. Attempts to Defraud. 18 Section C. M'lienever any commodity named in this section shall be sold by the bushel, the bushel shall consist of the number of pounds herein stated; and where-ever sold in the subdivisions of the bushel, the number of pounds shall consist of the fractional part of the number of pounds as are herein set forth for the bushel, namely: Alfalfa seed, sixty pounds. Apples, forty-five pounds. Apples, dried, twenty -five pounds. Barley, forty-seven pounds. Beans, dried sixty pounds. Beans, castor (shelled), forty-six pounds. Beets, fifty-six pounds. Blue- grass seed, fourteen pounds. Bran, twenty pounds. Broom-corn seed, fifty pounds. Buclcwheat, forty-eight pounds. Cabbage, fifty pounds. Carrots, fifty pounds. Cement, one hundred pounds. Charcoal, twenty pounds. Cherries, with stems, fifty-six pounds. Cherries, stemmed, sixty-four pounds. Chestnuts, hulled, fifty pounds. Clover-seed, sixty pounds. Coal, anthracite, seventy-five pounds. Coal, bituminous, seventy-six pounds. Coal, stone, eighty pounds. Coke, forty pounds. Corn, shelled, fifty-six pounds. Corn, ear (husked), seventy pounds,. Corn-meal, fifty pounds. Cranberries, forty pounds. Cucumbers, fifty pounds. Currants, forty pounds. Flaxseed, fifty-six pounds. Gooseberries, forty pounds. Grapes, forty-eight pounds. Hair (plastering), eight pounds. Hemp-seed, forty-four pounds. Herd's grass, forty-five pounds. Hickory-nuts, fifty pounds. Hominy, sixty pounds. Horseradish, fifty pounds. Hungarian grass seed, fifty pounds. Kaffir corn, fifty-six pounds. Lentils, sixty pounds. Lime, eighty pounds. Linseed, fifty-six pounds. Malt, thirty-eight pounds. Millet, fifty pounds. Oats, thirty-two pounds. Onions, fifty pounds. 19 Onion sets, twenty-eigM pounds. Orchard grass seed, fourteen pounds. Parsnips, fifty pounds. Peaches, forty-eight pounds. Peaches, dried (peeled), thirty-eight pounds. Peaches, dried (unpeeled), thirty- three pounds. Peanuts, twenty-two pounds. Pears, fifty pounds. Peas, green (unshelled), fifty-six pounds. Peas, dried, sixty pounds. Plums, sixty-four pounds. Potatoes, sixty pounds. Potatoes, sweet, fifty-four pounds. Quinces, forty-eight pounds. Rape-seed, fifty pounds. Raspberries, forty-eight pounds. Redtop gTass seed, fourteen pounds. Rice, rough, forty-five pounds. Rutabagas, sixty pounds. Rye, fifty-six pounds. Rye-meal, fifty pounds. Salt (course), eighty-five pounds. Salt (ground), sixty-two pounds. Sand, one hundred pounds. Shorts, twenty pounds. Sorghum-seed, fifty pounds. Spelt, forty pounds. Strawberrie.s, Jforty-eighit pound/s. Timothy-grass seed, forty-five pounds. Tomatoes, sixty pounds. Turnips, sixty pounds. Walnuts (common), fifty pounds. Wheat, sixty pounds. Provided. That irJtrn avif frmts or vecfetnhlci named, in this seefion are nold in Pennsiflvania standard eon- tainers, which arc the oricfional packaqes ami re filled in accordance with good commercial practices, such fruits and vegetables shall be exempt fram the pro- visions of this section. Section 7. If in package form, the quantity of the contents shall be plainly and conspicuously marked on the outRidc of the package in terms of weight, measure, or numerical count; Provided, however That reasonable variations shall be permitted ; and tolernnces and also exemptions as to small packages •shall be established by rules and regulations made by the CMef of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Standards. Section 8. Each person, firm or corporation that shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, before any alderman, magistrate or justice of the peace of the proper county, for first offense shall be fined not more than twenty-five dollars; upon con- viction for the second offence, such person, firm, or Packages shall be marked. 20 Enl'orcement. Amnion act takes effect. ''"'"'"''■ corporation shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars ; and, upon conviction for the third and each subsequent oflfence, such person, firm, or corporation shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two hun- dred and fifty dollars. Section &. It shall be' the duty of the proper city and county inspectors of weight and measures to en- force the provisions of this act. Section 10. This act shall go into effect the first day of January, one thousand nine hundred and four- teen: Provided, however. That no penalty shall be enforced for any violation of its provisions as to do- mestic products prepared, or foreign products im- ported, prior to eighteen months after its passage ; and Not applicable to further, that this act shall not apply to the marking jobbers or'' o/ the net quantity of ihe contents on containers or cSi!^'™ ™^'' packages handled, sold, or offered for sale ty whole- salers, johhers or commission merchants. Eepeai. Sectiou 11. All acts or parts of an act, general, local or special, inconsistent with any of the pro- visions of this act, are repealed. Proviflo. 21 22 23 24 Dealers in milk and cream. Use of Standard Babcock Testing Grlassware., No. 147. AN ACT As amended by Act 152, 1921, Penna. Laws. Supplementary to an apt, approved the eleventh day of May, one thousand nine hundred ajid eleven, entitled "An act to provide for the appiiintment of county and city inspectors of weights and measures ; providing for their compensation and expenses ; pre- scribing thpir duties ; prohibiting vendors from giving false or insufficient weights ; and fixing the penalties for the violation of the provisions hereof" ; providing for the examination (if tJie glassware used for testing milk and cream for butterfat with the Babcock test; jirohibitinK the use of inaccurate testing glass- ware ; defining the term .Stuudard Babcock Glassware ; and fixing penalties for the violations of the provisions of this act. Section 1. Be it enacted, «&c., That every person, firm, company, association, corporatioin, .or agent thereof, engaged in the business of buying milk or cream on the basis of, or in any manner with reference to, the amount or percentage of butterfat contained therein, as determined by the "Babcock test," shall use standard "Babcock" bottles, pipettes, and weights, as defined in section two of tliis act. 'A31 such Bab- cock test bottles, pipettes, and weights, so used, shall have been inspected for accuracy by the Bureau of Standards of Pennsylvania or its proper officer or agent, and shall be legibly and indelibly marked, by the said Bureau of Standards or its inspectors of weights and measures, with the letters "S. G. P." (^Standard Glassware Pennsylvania), and no Babcock bottle, pipette, or Aveight shall be used for such test unless so examined and marked by the said inspectors of weights and measures. It shall be unlawful for any person, persons, firm or company, association, corporation, or any agents, to use any other than standard test bottles, pipettes, and weights, which have been examined and marked as proAdded in this section, to determine the amount of fat in milk or cream bought on the butterfat basis as determined by the Babcock test. Section 2. The term "Standard Babcock Testing Tilassware" shall apply to glassware and weights com- plying with the following specifications: (a) Standard Milk Test Bottles. Graduation. The total per centum graduation shall be eight. The graduated portion of the neck shall have a length of not less than sixty-three and five tenths millimeters (two and one-half inches). The gradua- tions shall represent whole per centum, five-tenths per centum, and tenths per centum. The tenths per centum •ii'aduation shall not lie less than three millimeters in lCii);lh; the five-tenths per centum graduations shall be one uiillin.eler buiger than the tenths per centum gradualitnis, projecting one millimeter to the left; the whole per centum graduations shall e.^tend at least 25 one-half way around the neck to the right and project- ing tvv'o milJinieters to the left of the tenths per centum graduations. Each per centum graduation shall be numbered, the number being placed on the left of the scale. The error at any point of the scale shall not ex ceed one- tenth per centum. Neck. The neck shall be cylindrical, and the cylin- drical shape shall extend for at least five millimeters below the lowest and above the highest graduation mark. The top of the neck shall be flared to a diameter of not less than ten millimeters. Bulb. The capacity of the bulb up to the junction of the neck shall not be less than forty-five cubic centi- meters. The shape of the bulb may be either cylindric- al, or conical with the smallest diameter at the bottom. If cylindrical, the outside diameter shall be between thirty-four and thirty-six millimeters ; if conical the outside diameter of the base shall be between thirty- one and thirty-three millimeters, and the maximum diameter between thirty-five and thirty-seven milli- meters. The charge of the bottle shall be eighteen grams. The total height of the bottle shall be between one hundred and fifty and one hundred and sixty-five millimeters (five and seven-eighths and six and one- half inches). (b) Standard cream test bottles. Three types of bottles shall be accepted as standard cream test bottles: a fifty per centum, nine gram, short-neck bottle; a fifty per centum nine gram, long- neck bottle; and a fifty per centum, eighteen gram, long-neck bottle. Fifty per centum, nine gi-am, short-neck bottles: Graduation. The total per centum graduation shall be fifty. The graduated portion of the neck shall have a length of not less than sixty-three and five- tenths millimeters (two and one-half inches). The. graduation shall represent five per centum, one per centum, and five-tenths per centum. The five per cen- tum graduations shall extend at least half way around the neck to the right. The five-tenths per centum graduation shall be at least three millimeteis in length, and the one per centum graduations shall have a length intermediate between the five per centum and the five-tenths per centum graduations. Each five per centum graduation shall be numbered, the number being placed on the left of the scale. The error at any point of the scale shall not exceed five-tenths per centum. Neck. The neck shall be cylindrical and the cy- lindrical shape shall extend at least five millimeters below the lowest, and five millimeters above the high- est graduation mark. The top of the neck shall be flared to a diameter of not less than ten millimeters. 26 Bulb. The capacity of the bulb up to the junction of the neck shall not be less than forty-five cubic centimeters. The shape of the bulb may be either cylindrical, or conical with the smallest diameter at the bottom. If cylindrical, the outside diameter shall be between thirty-four and thirty-six millimeters; if conical, the outside diameter of the base shall be be- tween thirty-one and' thirty-three miLlimteters, and the maximum diameter between thirty-five and thirty- seven millimeters. The charge of the bottle shall be nine grams. All bottles shall bear on top of the neck, above the grad- uations, in plainly legible characters a mark defining the weight of the charge to be used (nine grams). The total height of the bottle shall be between one hundred and fifty and one hundred and sixty-five millimeters (five and seven-eights and six and- one- half inches), same as standard milk test bottles. Fifty per centum, nine gram, long-neck bottles. The same specifications in every detail as specified for the fifty per centum, nine gram, short-neck bottle, shall apply for the long-neck bottle, with the exception, however, the total height of this bottle shall be between two hundred and ten and two hundred and thirty-five milli metiers (eight and one-fourth and eight and seven -eighths inches), and that the total length oif the graduation shall not be less than one hundred and twenty millimeters. Fifty per centum., eighteen gram, long-neck bottles: The same specification in every detail as specified for the fifty per centum, nine gram, long-neck bottles, except that the charge of the bottle shall be eighteen grams. All bottles shall bear, on the top of the neck, above the graduation, in plainly legible characters, a mark defining the weight of the charge to be used (eighteen grams). (c) The Standard Babcock Pipette. Total length of pipette, not more than three hun- dred and thirty millimeters (thirteen and one-fourth inches). Outside diameter of suction tube, six to eight minimeters. Length of siutiou tube, one hundred and thirty millimeters. Outside diameter of delivery tube, four and five-tenths to five and five-tenths mill- meters. Length of delivery tube, one hundred to one hundred and twenty millimeters. Distance of grad- uation mark above bulb, fifteen to forty-five millime- ters. Nozzle, straight. Delivery, seventeen and six- tenths cubic centimeters of water at twenty degrees Centigrade in five to eight seconds, ilaa^imuni error shall not exceed fivc-huiidredths of a cuhic centimeter. (d) Standard Weights. The standard weights shall be of nine (9) grams and eighteen (18) grams denominations. 27 Section 3. Any person violating any of the pro visions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be subject to the same penalties as provided in the act to which this is a supplement. Section 4. The Bureau of Standards of the State of Pennsylvania, through its inspectors of weights and measures, shall be charged with the enforcement of the provisions of this act. Section 5. The provisions of this act shall take effect January first, one thousand nine hundred and twenty, with the exception that the provisions of sec- tion two, as respects the denominations of the glass- ■n-are therein specified, shall not be held to require the abandonment of the use of glassware of other denomi- nations in use at the time of the passage of this act, provided that the said glassware of other than stand- ard denominations shall have been certified, after examination by the proper officer of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Standards, to be correct to their gradua- tions. Enforcement \yhen effective. 2§ 29 50 SI No. 337, AN ACT Prescribing the powers and dlities of tlie Bureau of Markets in the Department of Agriculture ; providing for cooperation witli the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Internal Affairs to establish standard receptacles for farm products, and to pro- mulgate regulations for enforcement thereof; and prescribing penalties for violations of the provisions of this act. Department of Agriculture. Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That in order to pro- mote efficient and economical methods of marketing farm products, the Bureau of Markets in the Depart- Bureau of Markets ment of Agriculture, under the direction of the Sec- retary of Agriculture, shall have power: (a) To investigate the subject of marketing farm Powert. products, including the costs of marketing, to publish the results of such investigations, and to furnish advice and assistance to the public with roference to the marketing of farm prodx "ts within this ('( mm on wealth and all matters relevam hereto. ^ (b) To gather and dlfl ^.e timely infornuition con- cerning the supply, demand, prevailing prices, and commercial movement of farm products, including quantities in common and cold storage. (c) To secure in the performance of the duties here- in prescribed, the cooperation and assistance of all other agencies. (d) To assist and advise in the organization and con- duct of public markets, of cooperative and other associ- ations for improving marketing conditions and activ- ities among producers, distributors, and consumers. (e) To investigate delays, embargoes, conditions, practices, charges, and rates in the transportation and storage of all farm products, which appear to be detri- mental to a free, economical, and efficient marketing of such products. (f ) To take such lawful steps as may be deemed ad- visable to prevent waste of perishable products. Section 2. After investigation and public hearing, and with the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture, the bureau may, from time to time, as far as prac- ticable, establish and promulgate standards for the grade and other classification of farm products; and, in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards of the De- partment of Internal Affairs, the bureau may establish and promulgate standards for receptacles for farm products, by which their quality, value, or quantity may be determined, and may make regulations governing the marks, brands, and labels, which may be required upon receptacles for farm products for the purpose of showing the name and address of the producer or packer or distributor, the quantity, nature, and quality of the product, or any of them, and for the purpose of preventing deception with reference thereto. The pro- standards and classification of farm products. Standards for re- ceptacles. Maries upon re- ceptacles. 32 Canned farm prod- ucta. Oonpressional re- quirements. When effective. Selling, etc., of farm TJroducts which do not eon- form to standards. Rules' and regula- tions. Selling, etc., farm products in recep- tacles wliich do not conform to standards. Rules and regula tlons. Selling, etc., of farm products In properly marked., receptacles not vi.sions of this paragraph shall not apply to canned farm products. Any standard for any farm product or receptacle therefor, or any requirement for marketing receptacles for farm pr(jdu(ts, now or hereafter made mandatory under authority of the Congress of the United States, shall forth\\'ith, as far as applicable, be established or prescribed and promulgated by the bureau as the offic- ial stand'ard or requirement in this State. iSTo standard established, or requirement for marking prescribed, under this section, shall become effective until the expiration of not less than six months after it shall have been promulgated. Section 3. Whenever any standard for the grade or other classification of any farm product becomes ef- fective under this act, no person thereafter shall pack for sale, offer for sale, consign for sale, or sell any such farm product, grown, manufactured, or prepared within this State, to which such standard is applicable, unless it conform to such standard, subject to such variations therefrom as may be allowed in the rules and regulations made under this act, except that any such farm product may be packed, offered, or con- signed for sale, or sold, without conforming to the standard for the grade or other classification ap- plicable thereto, if the product or the package contain- ing it is not described, marked, or labeled in such a way as to indicate, or to appear upon ordinary obser- vation, that the product conforms to the standard. The director is authorized to make such rules and regulations under this act as may be deemed necessary to prevent deception with reference to any standards made effective under the act, except as iib applies to standard receptacles for farm products. Whenever any standard for a receptacle for a farm product becomes effective under this act, no person thereafter shall pack for sale, offer for sale, consign for sale, or sell and deliver in a receptacle, any such farm product to which the standard is applicable, unless the receptacle conform to the standard, subject to such variations therefrom as may be allowed in the regula- tons made under this act. or unless the receptacle be so different in form, shape, and capacity, as, upon ordi- nary observation, clearly to be distinguishable from the standard, or unless such product be brought from outside the State and offered for sale, consigned for sale, or sold in the original package. The Bureau of Markets and the Bureau of Standards of the De- partment of Internal Affairs, by their joint action, are authorized to make such rules and regulations under this act as may be deemed necessary to enforce the provisions of this section relating to standard recep- tacles for farm products. Whenever any requirement for the marking, brand- ing, or labeling of a receptacle for a farm product be- 33 tests. I*rocuring of samples. Employes agents. Tjlcensed InYestiga- tor^. comes effective under this act, no person thereafter shall pack for sale, offer for sale, consign for sale, or sell and deliver any such farm product in a receptacle to which such requirement is applicable, unless the re ceptacle be marked, branded, or labeled according to such requirement, or unless such xjroduct be brouulit from outside the State .and offered for sale, consigned for sale, or sold in the original package. The director is authorized, at any time, to cause such investigations, classifications, and tests to be made, and such certificates to be issued, and, upon payment or tender of payment of the market value thereof, to cause such samples to be taken as he may deem necessary to enforce the provisions of this section. Section 4. The director maj^ designate any compe- tent employe or agent of the Bureau of Markets, and, upon satisfactory evidence of competency, may license any other person to make, upon request, investigations and classifications of fai'm products in accordance with standards which have become effective under this act. When any such investigation and classification is made, the employe or agent shall issue a certificate of oeitific-ite. the grade or other classification of the farm product involved. The director is authorized to fix, assess, and collect, Fees. or cause to be collected, fees for such services when they are performed by employes or agents of the Bu- reau of Markets, Licensed Agents may charge and col- lect as compensation for such service only such fees as may be approved by the director. The director may suspend or revoke any license ^IFon^lT ule^Zt whenever, after opportunity for a hearing has been afforded to the licensee, the director shall determine that such licensee is incompetent, or has knowingly or carelessly failed to classify any farm product cor- rectly in accordance with such standards, or has vio- lated any provision of this act or of the regulations made hereunder. Pending investigation the director may suspend a license temporarily without a hearing. Section 5. Any interested party, within a reason- able time to be prescribed in the regulations made un- der this act, may appeal to the director from the clas- Appeals to di- siflcation of any farm product authorized under this sector. act, and the director shall thereupon cause such in- vestigation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary to determine the true classifi- cation, and shall issue a finding of the grade or other classification thereof. Whenever an appeal shall be j,ee. taken to the director under this act, he shall charge and assess and collect, or cause to be collected, a reasonable fee, to be fixed by him, which shall be re- funded if the appeal is sustained. 8 34 Evidence. Disposition of fees and moneys. Reports concerning products in stor- age. Names of owners or informants not to be disclosed. Right of entry. Compulsory att nd- ance of persons from whom reports have been requested. Oaths, Production of l)Ook8, etc. Violations. Section 6. A certificate, when not superseded by a finding or a finding of the grade or other classifica- tion of any farm product issued under this act, shall be accepted in any court of this State as prima facie evidence of the true grade or other classification of such farm product at the time of its classification. Section 7. All fees and other moneys collected under this act by the director and by his employes or agents in their ofiflcial capacities shall be covered into the State Treasury. Section 8. It shall be the duty of any person in this State engaged in marketing farm products to pre- pare and submit to the bureau, upon request, at such regular inter'/als and in such form as may be pre- scribed, reports of the quantity and condition of any farm product held by or for such person in commercial or other storage in this State. Any person in this State shall furnish the bureau, upon request, on such date or dates and in such form as may be prescribed, special reports, orally or in wri- ting, concerning the demand for and the supply, con- sumption, cost, value, price, condition, and period of the holding of any farm product which is or has been held by or for such person, in storage or otherwise. The director is authorized to verify the accuracy of the reports provided for in this section. When making public any information received in the reports provided for in this section, the director, his employes, or agents, shall not divulge the name of the person owning or reporting upon a farm product with out the consent of such person or except pursuant to legal process. Section 9. In carrying out the provisions of this act, the director, his employes, or agents, are authorized to enter, on any business day during the usual hours of business, any storehouse, warehouse, cold-storage plant, packing house, stock yard, railroad yard, rail- road car, or any other building or place where farm products are kept or stored by any person engaged in marketing. Section 10. In carrying out the provisions of this act, the director, or his employes designated by him for the purpose, may require the attendance before him or any of them of any person from whom reports have been requested or of any employe of such person, may administer oaths to and take testimony of any such person or his employe, and may require the production by such persons or their employes of any l>oloks, records, and other documentary evidence relating to the farm product about which reports have been re- quested. Section 11. Any person who violates any provisions of this act or of the regulations made under this act for canying out said provisions ; or who fails or refuses 35 to comply with, or, with intent to deceive, anwsers or reports falsely in response to, any requirements of this act ; or who wilfully interferes with the director, his employes, or agents in the execution or on account of the execution of his or their duties prescribed in this act, — shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Section 12. Subject to the approval of the Secre- tary of Agriculture, the director is authorized to make and promulgate such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this act. Section 13. Any person convicted of a misdemeanor under this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or iy imprisonment in the county jail for not less than thirty days nor more than one year, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court. Any violations of the provisions of this act relating to standard receptacles which may be estab- lished as herein provided for shall be prosecuted in the appropriate courts of the Commonwealth by in- spectors of weights and measures of the respective cities and counties and the Chief of the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Internal Affairs and his deputies. Section 14. The term "person," as used in this act, includes individuals, partnership, associations, and cor- porations. "Farm product" means any agricultural or horti- cultural product, any fresh or salt water food product, or any product designed for food or feed purposes man- ufactured or prepared principally from any agricul- tural or horicultural product or products. "Marketing" includes preparing for market, trans- porting, storing, consigning, buying for purposes of manufacture or sale, offering for sale, selling, soliciting consignments or receiving on consignment. "Director" means Director of the Bureau of Markets. Section 15. An act, approved the seventeenth day of July, Anno Domini one thousand nine hundred and seventeen (Pamphlet Laws, one thousand and eleven), entitled "An act creating a Bureau of Markets for agri- cultural products within the Department of Agricul- ture; providing for the appointment of a Director of Markets, and for the adminstration of said bureau; prescribing the powers and duties thereof ; prohibiting marketing of such products contrary to the provisions of this act; and prescribing penalties for violation thereof; and making an appropriation to the bureau hereby created," and an act, approved the first day of May, Anno Domini one thousand nine hundred and fif- teen (Pamphlet Laws, two hundred fifteen), entitled "An act regulating the sale, offering for sale , or ex- posing for sale, of vegetables, grapes, and fruits ; pro- Misdemeanor. l^.egulatlone. Prosecutions. Definitions. "Person." "Farm Product.' "Marlteting." Act of July 17, 1917 (P. L. 1011), cited for repeal. Act of May 1, 1915 (P. L. 215), cited for repeal. 36 Construction. Refipral. viding standard containers, baskets, and trays therefor, and imposing penalties," are hereby repealed. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith also are repealed. If any clause, sentence, paragraph, or part of this act shall for any reason be adjudged by any court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such judgment shall not affect, impair, or invalidate the re- mainder thereof, but shall be confined in its operation to the clause, sentence, paragraph, or part thereof, di- rectly involved in the controversy in which such judg- ment shall have been rendered. Approved— The 9th day of -July, A. D. 19"" 9. WM. C. SPROUL. The foregoing is a true and correct copy of the Act of the General Assembly No. 3o7. Secretary of the Commonwealth. 37 38 31) 40 No. 187. Woig-hls and measures. Definitions. "Tj-pe." "Standard weights and measures." "Use In trade or commerce." "Bureau of Standards." Liability for acts or omission of agents. Approval by Bu- reau of Standards. AN ACT To rcgT]Iat<; and control the manufacture, sale, offering for sale, giving away, and use of weights and measures and of weighing and measuring devices in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; providing for the approval and disapproval of such weights, meas- ures, and devices lay the Bureau of Standards ; and prescribing penalties. Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That the word "type," as used in this act, is defined as a class the individual objects of which are similar one to another in design, construction, size, and material. The term "standai'd vreiglits land m^^easures," as used in this act, is to be construed to include the standards of ^y eights and measures adopted by the United States and the State of Pennsylvania, in accord- ance with those furnished by the Federal Goverment under joint resolutions of Congress, appro-ved ■Tune fourteenth, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, and ■inly twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, and now recognized and in use throughout the United States. The term "use in trade or commerce," as used' in this act, shall be construed to include use in buying or selling goods, wares, or merchandise. The word "person," as used in this act, shall be con- strued to import both the plural and the singular, as the case demands, and shall include corporation^, copartnerships, companies, societies, and associations. The term "Bureau of Standards" shall be held to mean under or by authority of the chief of the Penn- sylvania Bureau of Standards of the Department of Internal Affairs. When construing or enforcing the provisions of this act, the act, omission, or failure of any officer, agent, or other person, acting for or etn ployed by any corporation, company, society, or associ- ation, within the scope of his employment or office, shall in every case be deemed to be the act. omission, or failure of such corporation, partnership, company, society, or association, as well as that of the i)erson. Section 2. The Bureau of Standards of the Depart- ment of Internal Affairs is authorized to pass upon each type of weight and measure and weighing and measuring device manufactured, offered or exposed for sale or sold or given away, for the use in trade or commerce, or used in trade or commerce, in the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, and to approve or dis approve of said type. The said bureau shall approve each tvpe of weight and measure and weighing and measuring device, submitted to it for approval by any person if such type is so designed and constructed that it conforms to, or gives correct results in terms of, standard weights or measures or in terms of values derived therefrom, and is reasonably permanent in its iu'licafion and adjustment, and does not facili- 41 tate the perpetration of fraud, otherwise the bureau shall disapprove the same. S-ection 3. The submission of a type may be by sam- ple or by specifications if, in the best judgment of the bureau, such specifications are adequate, or in such other manner as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of this act. Section 4. When a type of weight or measure or weighing or measuring device is apioroved, the said bureau shall issue a certificate to this elTect to the person submitting such type. Y^llen a type is. di;-^- approved, the said bureau shall notify the person sub- mitting the same of its decision, setting out the rea- sons therefor, together with such information and refer- ences as may be useful in judging" of the propriety of the disapproval, and shall give such person an oitpor- tunity to be heard in support of his application for approval. The bureau shall then reconsider its deci- sion. If the new decision is adverse to such person, and he is dissatisfied with the same, he may take an appeal from this decision to the Secretary of In- ternal Affairs, who shall examine the matter, and de- cide whether the type should be appr:;ve'] or dis- approved. If the person is dissatisfied with the de- cision of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, he may appeal to the court of common pleas of the county of which he is a resident, whose decision shall be final. Section 5. From and after one year after, this act takes effect, it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture, offer or expose for sale, or sell or give away for use in trade or commerce, or to use in trade or commerce, any weight or measure or weighing or measuring device of a tj^pe not approved in accord- ance with the provisions of this act: Provided, how- ever. That in the case of weights and measures and weighing and measuring devices manufactured and ready for sale or in use in the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania at the time this section takes effect, no approv al of type shall be necessary, and it shall be lawful for any person to ofl'er or expose for sale or sell, for use in trade or commerce, or to use in trade or com- merce, such weights and measures and weighing and measuring devices, unless they do not conform to or give correct results in terms of standard weights or measures or in terms of values derived therefrom: And provided further. That the type of a weight or measure or weighing or measuring device need not be ap- proved if said weight or measure or weighing or measur- ing device is intended for shipment outside the State of Pennsylvania, but if said weight or measure or weighing or measuring device shall in fact be sold or offered for sale, for use in trade or commerce, or used in trade or commerce, in the Commonwealth of Penn- Suhi'ission. f'>r ap- proval. CortUicntc of approval. Notification of disapproval. Appeal to Gv/rp- tary of lativj.al Affairs. Appeal to common pleaa. Sale, etc., of un- approved -vvirjits and m a.siures. Existin-j: Av-i-vhts ard nicasures. AVeiphts and measnre.s intend^'d for use outside of State. 42 ^[anufflctu^c^'s oi- vendor's guaranty. Registration, serial numbers, and descriptions. ^.larking of w!>iglits and measures. sylvania, then this proviso shall not exempt such weight or measure or weighing or measuring device from the operation of any of the provisions of this act. Section 6. Xo person shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this act if he can establish a guaranty, signed by the person from whom the weight or measure or weighing or measuring device was purchased, or otherwise obtained, or from the manufacturer there- of, to the effect that the type of the same has been approved, if such aproval is required by the provi- sions of this act, and, if such approval is not required, setting out this fact, or if he can establish, that the weight or measure or weighing or measuring device has been sealed by the local sealer of weights and measures. The said guaranty, to afford protection, shall contain the name and address of the guarantor, and, in such case, said guarantor shall be amenable to the prosecution, fines, or other penalties which would attach in due course to such person under the provisions of this act. But in any case where any such person has actual notice that the type of such weight or measure or weighing or measuring device has not in fact been approved, when such approval is required by the provisions of this act, it shall be unlawful, and a ^'iolation of the provisions of this act, for such person thereafter to offer or expose such weight or measure or weighing or measuring device for sale, or to sell it, for use in trade or commerce, or to use it in trade or commerce. Section 7. The Bureau of Standards shall register and give a serial number to each type of weight or measure or weighing or measuring device submitted and aproved as provided in this act, and shall issue, from time to time, descriptions of such approved types, giving serial number of each type, copies of which shall he furnished to all weights and measures oflQcials, Section 8. From and after one year after this act talies effect, it shall be unlawful to manufacture, offer or expose for sale or sell or give away, for use in trade or commerce, or to use in trade or commerce, any weight or measure or weighing or measuring device which does not have cast, stamijed, etched, or ■otherwise marked thei-eon. in such mannier as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations authorized by this act, the name of the nianufac- tlurer and the serial numlier of tlie approved type to which it belongs: Provided, however. That, whenever it shall appear to tlie satisfaction rt the Bureau of Standards that any type of weight or meas- ure or weighing or measuring device is such ;is to render it imjiracticable to mark it as required by thi.« f-'.ection, the said .bureau shall furnish a certificaye to that effect to any manufacturer applying for .^j^^ 43 same, and such weights and measures and weighing and measuring devices need not be marlced as required by the provisions of this section. Section 9. It shall be unla\\'ful to cast, stamp, etch, or otherwise mark, upon any weight or measure or weighing or measuring device, the type of which has not been approved as required by the provisions of this act, any design or device simulating a serial number required by the provisions of section seven of this act. Any perS'On who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon con\iction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by im- prisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Section 10. In case any person may desire to have the type of a part of a weight or measure or weighing or measuring device separately approved and serial- ized, and shall apply therefor, and the Bureau of Stand- ards decides that the part is such that this may prop- erly be done,* then such part may be approved and serialized or disaproved as to type, under the same provisions and restrictions as are applied to the ap- proval and serialization or the disapproval of a type of weight or measure or weighing or measuring de- vice by the provision of this act. Section 11. It shall be conclusively presumed that a weight or measure or weighing or measuring device is intended for use in trade or commerce if it is manu factured, offered or exposed for sale, or sold, for use in the Comonwealth of Pennsylvania, or is used there- in, unless it shall bear a plain, legible, conspicuous, and permanent statment to this effect "Not legal for trade." It shall be unlawful to use in trade or com- merce any weight or measure or weighing or measuring device which is marked as described above: Provided, however, That whenever it shall appear to the satisfac- tion of the Bureau of Standards that any tyi>e of weight or measure or weighing or measurifig device is such as to render it impracticable to mark it as required by this section, or is of such design and construction that it is obviously not intended for use in trade or commerce, the said bureau shall furnish a certificate to that effect to any manufacturer apply- ing for the same, and such types of weights and meas- ures and weighing and measuring devices need not be marked as required by the provisions of this section. Section 12. Rules and regulations for the carrying out and enforcement of the provisions of this act, not inconsistent with the provisions thereof, shall be adopt- ed by the Bureau of Standards, with the approval of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, which rules and Marking of unap- proved weights and measures. Misdemeanor. Penalty. Parts of weights or measures. Marking of weights and measures not Intended for use In trade. Marking impracti- cable. Rules and regula- tions. 44 Sealing of weights and measures. Effect of approval of type. Violations. Jurisdiction. Penalty. Enforcement. regulations shall include reasonable variations or tolerances Avhich may be allowed on weights and meas- ures and weighing and measuring devises included within the provisions of this act, and also specifica- tion for such weights and measures and weighing and measuring devices for the guidance of manufac- turers in the design and construction of such weights and measures and weighing and measuring devices. Section 13. Inspectors of weights and measures of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and of the several counties and cities of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania may seal, for use in trade or commerce, all weights and measures and weighing and mea>suring devices, the type of which has been approved as re- quired by the provisions of this act or specifically ex- empted from the necessity of approval by the provi- sions of this act, when they find that the same are within the tolerances precribed under the rules and regulations: Provided, however. That this shall not be construed as meaning that the aproval of a type shall be taken as evidence of the correctness of any individual weight or measure or weighing or measur- ing device of that type, or prevent any i?uch inspector of weights and measures from prohibiting the use of or confiscating any individual weight or measure or weighing or measuring devicec which is found to be inaccurate or otherwise defective or unlawfully used. Section 14. Any person, copartnership, association, or corporation who or which shall violate any provi- cion of this act shall, upon conviction thereof in a summary proceeding before any alderman, magis- trate, or justice of the peace of the proper county or city, be punished for the first offense by a fine of not more than twenty -five dollars; and, upon conviction of the second offense, by a fine of not less than twenty five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars; and upon conviction for the third and each subsequent offense, by a fine of not less than one hundred dol- lars, nor more than two hundred and fifty dollars. In default of the payment of any fine as aforesaid, any person convicted shall be sentenced to serve one day in jail of the proper coainty for each dollar of the fine or costs. Section 15. It shall be the duty of the chief of the Bureau of Standards and his deputies and the in- spectors of weights and measures of the several coun- ties and cities who shall find satisfactory e\adence of any violation of the provisions of this act to cause appropriate proceedings to be commenced and prosecut- ed, without delay, for the enforcement of the penal- ties as in such case liercin provided ; Provided, however, that no action or prosecution shall be brouglit ;if;uin.st any person for any Violation of this act un- 45 less the same is commenced within one year after the offense is committed. Section 16. All acts and parts of acts, general, Eepcm. local, or special, inconsistent with any of the provi- sions of this act, are hereby repealed. Approved— The 5th day of May, A. D. 1921. WM. 0. SPROUL. The foregoing is a true and correct copy of the Act of the General Assembly No. 187. Secretary of the Commonwealth. m 47 48 49 THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATIONS AND TOLERANCES ADOPTED BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF STAND- ARDS ARE HEREBY ADOPTED BY THE BUREAU OF STAND- ARDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. LINEAR MEASURES. Specification. — 1. Measures of length shall be made of a material the form and dimensions of which remain reasonably permanent under normal conditions — for example, steel, brass, hardwood, etc.: Provided, however. That tapes for commecial purpose may be made of clotli, but only when this is wire-woven, and when by this means an actual and sufficient reinforcement and permanency is obtained. 2. The ends of measures of length made of wood, or of other non- metallic material liable to wear away through use, shall ie protected ly some metal not softer tlvan brass, firmly attached to the measure. 3. Rigid measures of length shall be smooth and straight. 4. Folding measiures of length shall be so constructed that eath section will come to a definite stop when straightened out. 5. Measures of length shall be graduated in units of the custo- mary system and its usual subdivisions.^ G. AH graduations shall be clear and distinct and the main graduations shall be plainly designated. The length of these main graduations shall be greater than that of the intermediate gradua- tions, and the latter shall be \'aried in length in such a way that they may be conveniently read. 7. Graduations shall not be greater in width than one-quarter of the width of the smallest subdivision: Provided, however, Tlmt if line graduations are employed, their width shall not exceed 0.03 inch; if raised graduations are employed, their width shall not ex- ceed 0.12 inch at their widest point. 8. All graduations shall be uniformly spaced and be perpendi- cular to the edge of the measure. 9. Measures of length, so called, defined by tacks driven into a counter, or in any similar way, shall not be allowed. Tolerances — The tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency on all measures of length, except tapes of steel or other metal, shall not be greater than the following values; Provided, however. That the manufacturers' tolerances or the tolerances to be allowed on all new measures of length, except tapes of steel or other metal, shall not be greater than one-half of the values given. Length Tolerance Feet Inch 8 3/16 5 5/32 4 1/8 3 3/32 2 1/16 1 1/32 l/2a 1/64 a Or less. 50 The iolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency on all tapes of steel or other metal shall not be greater than the following values : Length Tolerance Tension l^eet Inch Pounds 100 1/4 10 66 3/16 10 50_ 1/8 10 33 3/32 10 25- 1/16 10 10 1/16 5 6 1/32 5 3 1/32 5 51 52 53 54 LIQUID CAPACITY MEASURES. Specifications. — 1 Liquid measures shall be made of metal, glass, earthenware, enameled ware, composition, or similar and suitable material, and shall be of sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand ordinary usage without becoming bent, indented, distorted, or other- wise damaged: Provided, however, That when the measure is made of iron or steel, or iron or steel plates icith tin, zinc or copper, or is made of copper, the minimum thicknesses of the metal shall in no case be less than those given in the following table: Capacity of measure Minimum thickness if of iron or steel or of plated iron or steel '■ Minimum thickness of copper Over 1 gallon, 1 gallon - - - Inch 0.016 .014 .014 .014 .010 Inch 0.032 028 .0 8 .O'S .020 'The following commercial tin plates wiJl comply with these requirements: Over 1 gallon, 2XL; 1 gallon, i gallon, and 1 quart IX; 1 pint or less, lOI;. 2. Liquid measures of the customary system shall be of one of the following capacities only: One gallon, a multiple of the gallon, or a binary siubmultiple of the gallon ; that is, a measure obtained by dividing the gallon by the number 2 or by a power of the number 2; Provided, however, That nothing in this specification shall be construed to prevent the use of forms for ice cream, exclusively, in 5-pint and 3-pint sizes, or bottles for milk or cream in the 3-pint size. 3. Liquid measures shall be so constructed that the capacity is determined by a definite edge, plate, bar, or wire at or near the top of the measure. When one of the last three forms is emplo|yed the capacity shall be determined to the lowest point of such plate, bar, or wire. 4. No subdivided liquid measures shall be allowed, and the only reinforcing rings which may be used are those which are firmly at- tached to the outside of the measure and do not, by indentations or in any other manner, show divisions or lines on the inside surface of the measure. 5. The capacity of the measure shall he conspicuously _ hgibly, and permanently indicated on the side of the mrasnrr. This shall be in combination with the word ''Liquid" or the letters 'Liq'' in the case of measures in which the word '•quart" or "pint" occurs. In the case of measures made of earthenware, enameled ware, or composition, this marking shall be of a different color than the meas^ire. 6. If a liquid measure is provided with a tap or spigot, the con- struction shall be such that the measure may be completely oini)etied by the la]) or spi^dl while it is standing uixin a level surface. 7. Wlu'ii a lip or rim, designed botli to facilitate pouring and to receive any overliow, is provided, the measure must be so con.sti-„(,|^,^:j as to hold its full capacity exclusive of the lip or rim, while if j,^ standing upon a level surface. 55 Tolerances. — The tolerances to be allowed in excess and in defi- ciency on all liquid capacity measures shall not be greater than the following values: Provided, however, That the manufacturers' toler- ances or the tolerances to be allowed on all new liquid capacity measures shall not be greater than one-half of the values given. Capacity of measure 10 gallons, 5 gallons, 4 gallons, 3 gallons, 2 gallons, 1 gallon, i gallon, 1 quart, 1 pint, — i pint, __ 1 gill, ..- Tolerance In excess In deficiency Liquid Cubic Liquid Cubic ounces inches ounces inches 10 18.0 5.0 8.0 6 11.0 3.0 5.4 4 7.C 2.0 3.6 4 7.0 2.0 3.6 2 3.5 1.0 Drams 1.8 1 1.8 4.0 .9 Drams 6 1.4 3.0 .7 4 .9 2.0 .5 3 .7 1.5 .3 2 .4 1.0 .2 2 .4 1.0 .2 m 5S 59 GLASS GRADUATES. Specifications. — 1. Graduates shall he made to contain or to deliver the indicated volume at 20° G (68° F). They shall he legihly, con- spicuously and pernumrntly marked to indicate ivhether they are graduated to contain or to deliver. 2. Graduates shall he either cylindrical or conical in shape. In the case of all cylindriccl graduates the ratio of length of the gradu- ated scale to the internal diameter shall not he less than fire to one. In the case of conical graduates the ratio of length of the graduated scale to the internal diameter at the highest graduation shall not he J,ess than ttco to one, und at one-fourth of the total capacity this ratio shall not he less than one to one. 3. Graduates stall be made of good quality glass, thoroughly an- nealed, clear, transparent, of uniform but not excessive thickness, and free from bubbles and streaks. 4. Graduates sihall be provided with a base at right angles to the axis and of such a diameter that the graduate loill statid when placed on a surface making an angle of 25 per cent, or approximately 15° , with the horizontal. 5. All graduates shall be provided with pouring lips. 6. The graduation marks shall be perpendicular to the axis and parallel to the base and to each other. 7. The graduation marks shall be varied in length in such a man- nar that they may be conveniently read, hut in no case shall any graduation mark extend less than one-fourth of the distance around the graduate. The main graduation marks shall extend at least one- Jialf of the distance around the graduate: Provided, however. That on duplex, or douhle-scale, graduates a clear space shall he left he- tween the ends of the main graduation marks on the two scales, and this space, measured parallel to the graduation marks, shall conform to the following values: Circumlerence of graduate at the graduation marks Distance be- tween ends of gradua- tion marks Inch 1/8 ! From 5 inches to 10 inches, inclusive, 1/4 More than 10 inches - __ 3/8 8. Graduation marks shall be clear and distinct and uniform in character. They shall be etched or engraved, and shall not exceed 0.015 inch {0.38 min) in width. Blown or pressed graduation marks shall not be allowed. 9. The clear interval hetween the grcduation marks shall not he less than 0.0 Jt inch (1 mm). 10. The value of the main graduation marks shall be plainly de- signated, each numher heing placed either directly upon or immedi- ately ahove the graduation mark to which it refers, but the position of the numbers shall be consistent throughout the graduated scale. If placed U'pon the graduation marks, the numhers shall he placed 00 from the ends a sufficient distance to aMoiv the ends to he used in making a setting. Intermediate yraduatioii itiarku sliall not he wum- hered. 11. On all single-scale graduates, wlvere the main graduation marks do not completly encircle the graduate, the middle points of the main graduation marks shall he directly opposite the lip. On duplex, or double-scale, graduates the center of the clear spaces he- tioeen the ends of the main graduation marks, provided for in speci- fication 7, shall he approximately 90° from the Up. Tolerance. — ^The tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency on glass graduates shall not be greater than the values given in the following table. NOTE. — The tolerance to be used at any point on any graduate shall be deter- mined by measuring the inside diameter of the graduate at the point under test and taking from the table the tolerance value eorre.sponding to this diameter. Tolerance for Graduates of Various Diameters (in Metric Units) Diame- Toler- Diamn- Toler- Diame- \ Toler- ter . ance ter ance ter ■ ance mm ml' mm mil mm ml^ 10 0.04 15 0.09 20 0.18 11 .05 16 .10 21 .20 12 .06 17 .12 22 0-7 13 .07 18 .14 23 .24 14 .08 If, .16 24 .26 25 0.28 51 1.5 76 4.0 26 .30 1 .72 1.6 77 4.1 27 .35 53 1.6 78 4.2 28 .35 rA 1.7 79 4.4 29 .40 '5 1.8 80 4.5 30 .45 56 1.9 ' 81 4.6 31 .45 57 2.0 I 82 4.8 32 .50 58 2.0 83 4.9 33 .55 59 2.1 84 5.0 34 .60 60 2.2 85 5.1 35 .60 61 2.3 86 5.2 36 .65 62 2.4 87 5.4 37 .70 63 2.5 88 5.5 38 .75 64 2.6 1 89 5.6 39 .80 65 2.7 1 90 5.7 40 .85 66 2.8 91 5.9 41 .90 67 2.9 92 6.0 42 .95 68 3.0 • 93 6.1 43 l.OO 69 3.1 1 9i 6.2 44 1.05 70 3.2 i 95 6.4 45 1.10 71 3.4 1 96 6.0 46 1.15 72 3 ."i 97 6.6 6.8 47 1.25 73 3.6 ■ 98 48 1.30 74 3.7 1 99 6.9 49 1.35 75 3.9 lOO 7.1 50 1.4 Ihe term milliliter, or "ml," is used herein to designate the one-thousandth part of the liter. This unit is also commonly known as the cubic centimeter, or the "cc." The later is not an accurate usage, as the units arc not exactly equal but the difffercnco between them Is of no consequence lor the pur- poses of this table, and therefore they may be used interchanee- ably. 61 Tolerance for Graduates of Various Diameters (in U. S. Customary Units) Diameter Tolerance Diametel' Tolerance Inches Sixteenths Drams Minims Inches Sixteenths Drams Minims 3 3 3 3 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 8 9 10 11 12 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.61 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 21 31 34 38 41 44 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ■i 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 39 41 44 <17 49 52 55 58 2 5 8 12 15 18 21 24 27 47 51 55 ( 3 3 4 13 14 15 62 63 «4 65 MILK BOTTLES. Specifications. — J. Bottles used for the sale of milk or cream shall be made only in sizes heretofore specified under the heading "Liquid capacity measures," and they shall be made to contain their indicated capacities at a temperature of 20° (68° F). 2. Each bottle shall have its capacity clearly Mown or otherwise clearly and permanently marked in or on the side of the bottle, and in or on the side or bottom the nams^ initals, or trade-mark of the manufacturer thereof. 3. Glass bottles with an inside diameter of not over - inches im- mediately below the cap-seat or stopple shall hold the correct capa- city when filled to within one-fourth inch of this cap-seat or stopple ; bottles with an inside diameter of over this amount immediately below the cap-seat or stopple shall hold the correct capacity when filled to within one-eighth inch of this cap-seat or stopple: Provided, however, That a larger distance shall be allowed below the cap-seat or stopple when the bottles are provided with a clearly defined line blown or otherwise clearly and permanently marked in or on the bottle, and extending at least halfway around it, which indicates the correct capacity, and directly over, beloiw, or beside this line, with the words "Fill to line" or a similar and suitable inscription clearly and permanently marked in or on the bottle. The distance between the line herein mentioned and the cap-seat or stopple shall in no case exceed that given in the table below. Capacity of bottle Maximum distance allowable 2 Quarts -1 . ^ _- Inches 2 li li 1 1 quart ._ _,__ _. I pint i pint _- -. _ - __ __ 1 gill . ___ § Tolerances. — The tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency on individual bottles, and on the average capacity of bottles, shall not be greater than the values shown in the folowing table. The error on the average capacity of bottles shall be determined by finding the error on each of not less than 25 bottles selected at random from at least four times the number tested, and taking the algebraic mean of these errors. NOTE.' — To find the algebraic mean of a number of errors, first add all those errors which are in excess ; then add all those errors which are in deficiency; then subtract the smaller sum from the larger ; and finally divide this result by the total number of bottles tested. Capacity of bottle Tolerance on individual bottles Drams Cubic inches Tolerance on average capacity Drams Cubic inches quarts- plnfS--- quart-- pint pint gill 1.4 1.2 .9 .7 .5 .5 1.5 1.25 1.0 .7.5 .5 .5 0.35 .29 .23 .17 .12 .12 66 68 69 DRY CAPACITY MEASURES. Sepcifications. — 1. Dry capacity measures, and baskets used as dry measures, shall be made of metal, well-dried woodj or composi- tion, or similar and suitable material, and shall be of sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand ordinary usage without becoining materially wraped, bent, dented, distorted, or othewise damaged. 2. Dry measures, and baskets used as dry measures when such are allowed by the other specifications, shall be of one of the follow- ing capacities only : One bushel, a multiple of the bushel, or a binary submultiple of the bushel ; that is, a measure obtained by dividing the bushel by the number 2 or by a power of the number 2. 3. The capacity of all dry measures, andiaskets used as dry meas- ures, shall he conspiciouously , legibly, and permanently indicated. on the side of the measure. This shall he in comhination with the word "Dry" in the case of measures in which the word ''quart" or "pint" occurs. The letters shall he at least one-half inch high and one- quarter inch wide on measures having a capacity of 1 peck or less and at least one inch high and one-half inch wide on those having a capacity of one-half hushcl or more. 4. All dry measures having a capacity of one-half bushel or less shall be cylindrical or conical in shape. If of the latter shape, the top diameter shall be greater than the bottom diameter, but never by an amount exceeding 10 per cent of the latter. In no case shall the bottpm diameter exceed the top diameter. 5. The hottoms of all dry measures shall he perpendicular to the axis of the measure and shall he flat^ or when made of metal may he slightly corrugated when such corrugations, aid in strengthening the measure. Such corrugations, when employed, shall he parallel or or radial straight lines only. 6. Wooden dry measures having a capacity of more than 1 pint shall have a metal hand firmly attached around the top. All metal dry measures siJuill he adequately reinforced around the top. 7. Dry measures, and haskets used as dry measures, having a capacity of 1 hushel or more shall he equipped with handles. 8. Baskets shall not be used as dry measures when having a capa- city of less than one-half bushel. 9 Dry measures, and baskets used asi dry measures, shall be of such construction that the capacity is determined by the top rim of the measure, and no subdivided measures or baskets shall be allowed. 10. Dry measures shall not be double-ended ; that is, have the bot- tom set part way up into the measure so that both ends may be utilized as measures, either of the "same or of different capacities. 11. Dry measures, and baskets used as dry measures, shall not have adjustable or mova*ble bottoms. 12. The minimum diameters of dry measures of various capacities "Shall conform to the following table: Capacity of meas. Minimum diameter 4 bushel , inches 13i 1 peck '. _ _ lOJ \ peick 9i 2 quarts 1 quart _- 61 4 1 pint 70 Tolerances. — The tolerances to be allowed in excess and in deticiency on dry capacity measures and baskets used as dry capacity measures shall not be greater than the following values: Provided, however, That the manufacturers' tolerances or the tolerance to be allowed on all new dry capacity measures and baskets used as dry capacity measures shall not be greater than one-half of the values given : Capacity ol measure Tolerance In excess 50.0 30.0 le.o 10.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 .5 In defl- cieney 25.0 15.0 8.0 5.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 .5 .3 1 bushel 4 bushel _ 1 pock i peck - _ . 2 quarts 1 quart 1 pint ._ - _.. i pint- i pint- 71 72 73 74 BERRY «3ASKETS OR BOXES. Specifications. — 1. Baskets or boxes for berries or small fruits, of a capicity of 1 dry quart or less, shall be of one of the following sizes: One quart, 1 pint, or one-half pint, dry measure. Tolerances — The tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency, on baslfcts or boxes for berries or small fruits, constructed of wood, shall not be greater than the following values : Capacity of basket TolcraiiKj In excess In defi- ciency 1 quart -- Cu. in. 3 2 1 Cu. in. 1.5 1.0 .5 1 pint __ _ The tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency, on baskets or boxes for berries or small fruits, constructed of pasteboard of fiber, shall not be greater than the following values: Capacity of basket Tolerance In excess In defi- ciency Ou. in. 2.0 1.0 .5 Cu. in. 1.0 .5 .25 i pint 75 76 77 78 SCALES General Specifications. — 1. The nominal or rated capacity of a scale is the largest weight indication which can be obtained by the use of all its reading or recording elements in combination. Wheji one reading or recording element of the scale is designed for auxiliary use only, such as small bar and poise intended for ' use in determining weight!? intermediate between two graduations on the principal bar of the beam, the weight value of this reading or recording element need not be included in the sum, provided that it does not exceed 2 per cent of the sum of the weight values of the remaining reading or recording elements. (Thus, a platform scale with the principal bar of the beam graduated to 100 000 pounds by 1000-pound subdivisions and with an auxiliary bar graduated to 1000 pounds by 20-pound subdivisions may be considered as having a nominal capacity of 100 000 pounds.) When a scale is designed for use with removable weights and these are furnished with the scale, the amount which these represent when used on the scale shall be included in the sum of the weight values of the reading elements. When the scale is designed for use with removable weights but these are not furnished with the scale, the amount which those represent on the scale that are usually fur- nished with the scale when weights are included, shall be included in the sum of the weight values of the reading elements. 2. All scales not equipped with a 1)eam or reading face graduated to the full capacity of the scale, or those not equipped with a gradu- ated heam or reading face, which, taken in connection with another graduated team or teams or with a graduated runner, indicates the capacity of the scale, shall have the nominal or rated capacity con- spicuously, clearly, and permanently marked upon them,. 2a. No scale shall be used in weighing loads greater than its nominal or rated capacity. 3. All scales shall be of such construction that they will support a load of maximum capacity without undue bending or straining of the parts. 3a. The construction of all scales shall be such that when the beam is displaced to the full extent allowed by the construction of the scale, it will return to its normal position. 4. All knife-edges shall be firmly secured to the levers. 5. All knife-edges shall he of hardened and tempted steel. They shall te sharp and tear throughout the entire length of the parts designed to he in contact. 6. All hearings shall he smooth and at least as hard as the knife- edges. For scales of more than 5000 pounds capacity, the hearings shall he made of h^ardened and tempered steel. [Tlie term '-hearing'' used in this paragraph refers to the entire surface tvhich is designed to he in contact with the edge of a knife-edge or with a point heari)ig. ) 7. When plates or caps are nsed to limit the lotigitudinal motion of a knife-edge, the parts of such plates or caps which are liahle to come into contact with the knife-edge shall he smooth and at hast as hard as the knife-edge. The parts of the knife-edge liahle to come into contact with these plates or caps shall he so formed that the friction hetween them is reduced to a minimum. 79 8. If a scale has. a nose-iron, the 'position of this at the time of installation of the scale shall he clearly ind accurately indicated. 9. If the scale has interchangeable or reversible parts, these shall be so constructed that their intercliange or reversal will not affect the balance or the accuracy of the instrument. 10. No scale shall be equipped with a scoop counteroaianced by a removable poise or weight. 11. When the scale is equipped with a permanently attached de- vice intended to counterbalance the weight of a removable scoop, this device shall clearly indicate on the customers' side of the scale whether the scoop should be ou or oft' the scale. 12. The graduations on all beams sluill consist of lines, or notches, or of a combination of these. All lines shall be uniform in spacing and parallel to each other. All notches shall be evenly cut, and the lines formed by the intersection of the sloping planes of their sides must be uniform in spacing and parallel to each other. When a combination of lines and notches is employed, the lines must be properly placed with reference to the notches so as to indicate the value of each notch clearly and correctly. 12a. The graduations on all beams and reading faces shall be clear and distinct and in no case shall their width he less than 0.008 inch. 121). The clear interval between the graduations on all beams shall not be less than 0-04 inch. 13. Each main weight graduation on a beam shall be so marked as to indicate the weight represented by the poise at that point. 14. Shoulders or stops shall be. provided on all beams to prevent the poise traveling and remaining back of the zero graduation. 15. The adjusting material in all poises shall be securely inclosed and firmly fixed in position. If of lead or other material softer than brass, it shall not be in contact with the beam. .16. Poises shall be so constructed that no part can be easily detached, and if equipped with a set screw this shall not be re- movable. 17. Poises on notched beams shall be provided with a pawl or other device, so. constructed as to cause the poises to be seated into a definite and correct position in each notch, wherever in the notch the pawl or other device is placed, and to be held there firmly and , without appreciable mbvement. 18. The beai'ing edge of a hanging poise shall be hard and sharp, and shall be so formed as to allow the poise to swing freely in the notches of the beam. 19. Beading edges or indicators of poises shall be sharply defined, and all reading edges shall be parallel to the graduations on the beam. 20. Poises shall not be readily detachable from the beam: Pro- vided, however, That this specification shall not apply to poises on steelyards unless there is a zero graduation on the beam. 21: When scales are equipped with a beam, the position or oscil- lation of which is used to indicate the balance of the scale, the normal position of this beam shall be horizontal, and it shall have equal play above and below -the normal horizontal position. 22. No scale shall be so constructed that the beam is unstable or accelerating. 80 23. Scale pans in which fish or other wet commodities are placed when weighed shall he so constritcted as to proridr for drainage. 23a. All scales shall give correct weight indicationK whether the load is being increased or decreased. 23h. All devices intended to increase or decrease the capacity of a scale hy the addition or subtraction of a weight or weights shall operate properly irrespective of the speed with which they are manipu- lated. 24. All scales shall he of such construction that they are reason- ably permanent in their adjustment and will repeat their weight indications correctly, and are not designed to, or may not be used to facilitate the perpetration of fraud. 25. All scales sha:il be in balance. A scale is in balance, as the term is used herein, when it correctly gives a weight indication of zero, when there is no load on the plat- form, plate, pan, or scoop. A lever scale of the nonautomatic type not having an indicator and a graduated scale or arc, is in balance when the beam comes to rest at, or oscillates through approximately equal arcs above and below, the center of the trigloop when one is provided ; or a position midway between other stops when these are provided ; or a horizontal position when no trig-loop or other stops are provided. A scale of the nonautomatic type having an indicator and a grad- uated scale or arc, is in balance when the indicator comes to rest at, or oscillates through progressively smaller arcs about, a definite and clear zero graduation. A scale of the automatic type — that is, one having a reading face or dial — is in balance when the indicator comes to rest at a definite and clear zero graduation. Sensibility Reciprocal. — The term "sensibility reciprocal" herein- after referred to is defined as the weight required to move the position of equilibrium of the beam, pan, pointer, or other indicat- ing device of a scale a definite amount, at the capacity or at any lesser load, the effect of friction in causing inconstancy of this position of equilibrium being eliminated. In scales provided with a beam and trig-loop, the sensibility recip- rocal is the weight required to be placed upon the platform to turn the beam from a horizontal position of equilibrium in the middle of the trip-loop to a position of equilibrium at the top of the loop, the efl'ect of friction being eliminated as above. The sensibility re- ciprocal may be determined by subtracting the weight instead of adding it, thereby causing the beam to assume a position of equilib- rium at the bottom of the loop; or indirectly, by moving the sliding poise on the beam the required amount in either direction, to obtain the specified change in tlie position of equilibrium of the beam ; or by adding or subtracting small weights to or from the counterpoise until tlie specified change is obtained, and determining the equiva- lent of ihe small weights used, in terms of weight on the platform. In the case of equal-arm scales and scales with a single pan or plate al)ove, or hanging from, the beam, which are not provided with a pointer moving over a graduated arc or scale, the sensibility re- ciprocal is the amount of weight required on the pan or plate to cause it to move from its position of equilibrium, when the scale is in balance, to a position of equilibrium at the limit of its motion. 81 In the case of scales providce equipped- qcitli leveling screws ami with a device which loill indicate when the scale is level. The scale shall he rebalanced at zero each time its poMtion is altered during this test. 5. All scales shall be so constructed and adjusted that when the pans are released or disturbed the pointer will return to its original position of equilibrium. 6. When not modified by the above, the specifications given under the heading "'Scales: General specifications'' (except specification No. 2) shall apply to cream-test and butter-fat-test scales in so far as they are applicable. Sensibility Reciproctl. The maximan sensibility reciprocal allow- able for these scales shall not exceed 1 grain, or approximately 65 milligrams, when the maximum load is placed upon the scale: Pro- vided, however, That the manufacturers' maximum sensibility re- ciprocal or the maximum sensibility reciprocal on all new scales shall not be greater than one-half of this value. (The maximum load is defined as the weight of the sample used in each bottle multiplied by the number of bottles for which the scale is designed, plus the total tare of these bottles.) (The term "sensibility reciprocal" means the weight required to move the position of eniiilibrium of the beam, pan, pointer, or other indicating device of the scale a definite amount. Tn the case of scales provided with a single indicator and a graduated scale or arc, one of which oscillates with reference to tlie other to form a conven- ient means for determining the position of equilibrium of the beam, and which does not of itself directly indicate in terms nf weight, the sensibility reciprocal is the weight required to cause a change in the position of rest of the pointer equal to one division of the graduated scale or arc.) Tolerances. — The tolerance to be allowed in excess or deficiency on all cream-test and butter -fat-test scales shall not be greater than one grain or approximately 65 milligrams: Pro\nded, however. That the manufacturers tolerance or the tolerance to be allowed on all new scales shall not be greater than one-half of this value. These tolerances shall be applied to single loads of 18 grams each, added successively until the maximum load as defined above is ])lfiped upon the scale. 110 118 117 118 PRESCRIPTION SCALES AND BALANCES. Definition. — Prescription scales and balances are scales and balances designed for or adapted to .iveighing the ingredients of medicinal and other formulas prescribed by physicians and others enterinu- into the ordinary ti'ade of pharmacists and chemists, and which are used or intended to be used for such purposes. Specifioations. — 1. All scales and balances shall be equipped with a device which will accurately indicate the position of equilibrium of the beam. If this device is provided with only one indicating edge, line, or point, then it shall also be provided with a graduated scale or arc. If this device consists of a scale or arc and a single indicating edge, line, or point, or of two indicating edges, lines, or points, which move in opposite directions, these shall be so designed and constructed that when the beam vibrates one will oscillate with reference to the other. 2. Any graduated scale or arc similar to that referred to in speci- fication 1, shall be divided into equal spaces with at least 0.04 inch clear interval between the graduations. 3. If the indicating device referred to in specification 1, is provid- ed with a single indicating edge, line, or point, this shall reach to the graduated scale or arc and shall be designed and constructed to enable the readings to be made with precision. If provided with two indicating edges, lines, or points, these shall be sharply defined and shall in ho case be 'more than 0.04 inch from eadh other when the scale is in balance, this space to be measured horizontally. 4- The distance between the graduated scale OMd the indicator shall in no case exceed 0.04 inch. 5. All knife-edges and bearings shall be made of hardened and tempered steel or agate. 6. The graduations on all graduated beams shall be clear and distinct, and in no case shall their uidth be less than 0.008 inch. 7. The clear space between graduations on all graduated beams shall not be less than 0.04 inch. 8. All scales and balances shall be provided with a device for arresting the vibration of the beam. 9. All scales and balances shall be so constructed and adjiisted that when the beam is released or disturbed it will return to its original position of equilibrium. 10. All scales and balances whose weight indications are changed by an amount greater than one-half the tolerance allowed, when set in any position on a surface making an angle of 5 per cent or approximately 3 degrees loith the hori~dntal. shall be equipped with a device ivhich will indicate when the scale is level, and in no oo.sr shall any pendulum, operating the scale be considered a leveling device. The scale shall be rebalanced at zero each time its position is altered during this test. 11. For the purpose of applying the sensibility reciprocal and tolerances the capacity of all prescription scales and balances which are in the State, eitlier in use or in the stock of manufacturers of or dealeis in such apparatus (class 2) and which shall not have rhe nominal or rated capacity marked upon them shall be taken to be 1 apothecaries' ounce (or 30 grams). 119 12. When not modified by the above, the specifications given under the heading "Scales: General specifications" shall apply to prescrip- tion scales and balances in so far as they are applicable. Sensibility Recijn'ooal. — The maximnm sensibility reciprocal allow- able for prescription scales and balances of a capacity of j4 onnce (or 15 grams) or more shall not exceed 0.2 grain (or 13 mg.), at the capacity or at any lesser load, with the exception that when this value is larger than that represented by two of the minimum gradu- ations on any beam with which the scale may be equipped, the latter value shall be applied and used as the maximum sensibility recip- rocal, at the capacity or at any lesser load: Provided, however, That the manufacturers' sensibility reciprocal or the maximum sensi- bility reciprocal qn all new prescription scales and balances shall be one-half of tlie value given unless this value is greater than one of the minimum graduations on the beam, in which case this latter value shall be applied and used as the maximum sensibility recip- rocal. NOTE. — If any prescription scale or balance lias a smaller capacity than % ounce (or 15 grams), the maximum sensibility reciprocal to be allowed, at tb^o capacity or at any lesser load shall be the same proportionate part of 0.2 grain (or 13 mg) that this capacity is of % ounce (or 15 grams). (The term "sensibility reciprocal" means the weight required to move the position of equilibrium of the beam, pan, pointer, or other indicating device of a scale or balance a definite amount. In the case of scales provided with a single indicator and a graduated scale or arc one of which oscillates with reference to the other to form a convenient means for determining the position of equilibrium of the beam, and which does not of itself directly indicate in terms of weight, the sensibility reciprocal is the weight required to cause a change in the position of rest of the pointer equal to one division of the graduated scale or arc. In the case of scales equipped with two indicators which move in opposite directions and oscillate with reference to each other to fonn a~convenient means for determining the position of equilibrium of the beam, the sensibility reciprocal is the weight required to cause a separation of the indicators of 0.04 inch) Tolerances. — The tolerance to be allowed in excess or deficiency on the ratio of arms of prescription scales and balances shall not be greater than the following values. Load Tolei*ancc on ratio Ounces, ap. Grams Grains Milligrams 8 4 1 .1 240 120 60 30 15 3.2 1.6 ,8 .4 .2 208 104 52 26 13 jq-jjjg jf any prescription scale or balance has a smaller capacity than Vz ounce (or is' grams), the tolerance to be allowed shall be the same proportionate part of 0.2 grain (or 13 mg) that this capacity is of .% ounce (or 15 grams). If the scale is equipped with a graduated beam, the tolerance at any graduation on the beam, shall be equal to the actual sensibility reciprocal of the scale at the-load in question. 120 CLASS B. In the case of a drug store doing prescription work, wMcli is pro- vided with a "Glass A" prescription scale or balance — ^that is, one which meets the requirements noted above^ — then and in that case only an additional prescription scale or balance meeting the follow- ing requirements may also be sealed, but only for the weighing of loads of 10 grains or more. Such scale shall be known as a "Class B" prescription scale or balance- and shall not be used for \\'eighing any load of less than 10 grains. All Class B scales and balances shall be conspiciously and clearly marked with the words "Class B. Not to be used in weighing loads of less than 10 grains," or Avith a similar and suitable wording con- veying the same information.^ Such scales and balances shall conform to all the specifications for Class A scales and balances, but will be allowed the following sensibility reciprocals and tolerances: 8ensil)ility Reciprocal. — The maximum sensibility reciprocal allow- able for Class B prescription scales and balances shall not exceed 0.5 grain, at the capacity or at any lesser load: Provided, however, That the manufacurers' maximum sensibility reciprocal or the maxi- mum sensibility reciprocal on all new Class B prescription scales and balances shall be one-half of the value given. Tolerances. — The tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency on the'ratio of arms of all Class B prescription scales and balances shall not be greater than the following values : Load Tolerance on ratio Ounces, ap Grams Grains 1 iiiiligrqms 4 2 1 i 240 120 60 30 15 8 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 520 260 130 65 30 2In the case of Class B prescription s.cales and balances, which are hereafter manufactured in the State or brought into the State (Class 1), this requirement shall be fulfilled by the manufacturer. In all othiT cases the inscription shall be placed upon such sales and balances by the sealer. NOTE. — If any Class B prescription scale or balance has a; smaller capacity than % ounce (or 15 grams), the tolerance to be allowed shall be the same pro- portionate part of 0.5 grain (or 30 mg) that this capacity is of % ounce (or 15 grams) . If a Class B prescription scale or balance is equipped with a graduated beam, the tolerance to be allowed at any graduation on the beam shall be O..*^ grain (or 2(» mg), unless this value is less than the actual sesibility reciprocal of the scale at the load in question, in which case this actual sensibility reciprocal shall be used as the tolerance at any graduation on the beam- Inspecting. — A prescription scale or balance is nearly always of a smaller capacity and of the equal-arm type with two pans hanging from or supported on a leyer. It is very necessary that the capacity be known to the inspector and user in order that it may be properly inspected and used. Specification No. 2, under the heading "Si ales: General Specifications," requires that prescription scales and bal- ances hereafter furnished be marked with their capacity, and this re- 121 quirement should be enforced. In accordance with Specification No. 11, above, all others should be assumed to be of a capacity of 1 ounce and it is advisable for the inspector to attach permanently to the scale or balance a metal strip or card bearing this information. Users should be cautioned against employing a prescription scale or balance for loads greater than its capacity, not only because such usage will cause it to deteriorate rapidly in accuracy and sensitive- ness but also because under the method of test ])rescribed its ac- curacy or inaccuracy in the '\\eighing of such loads will be unknoAvii. Two classes of prescription scales and balances are considered in the specifications and tolerances. The first is the ordinary kind, "Class A," and the second is designated as "Class B." Both are required to comply with the same set of specifications, but the sensi- bility reciprocals and tolerances for the latter class are larger than those applying to the former, for the reason that the latter are intended to be used only for the rougher weighings and therefore the greater accuracy is not essential. It should be especially noted that no drug store doing prescription work should be allowed to depend solely on a Class B scale or balance. Therefore no Class B scale or balance should be sealed for a store which does not also have a sealed Class A scale or balance. If the store has such a scale, however, then an additional scale or balance meeting Class B require- ments is advisable since this will enable a druggist to save his better scale for small loads (below 10 grains) and for other loads where a high degree of accuracy is essential. Class B scales or balances should always be labeled, as noted under this class, by the manufac- turer or in some cases, by the inspector. Very often a Class A pre- scription scale or balance will after long use fall below the require- ments of this class, while still remaining within the requirements of Class B. In this case, if a new scale meeting the requirements of Class A is procured by the druggist, the old scale may be sealed and labeled as conforming to Class B. Examine the scale or balance under test carefully to determine whether all the specifications given which apply to it are, in fact, complied with. Some particular types of scales, however, will be found in very common use and the inspector, after fully satisfying himself that any such type conforms to each of the specifications, will find it unnecessary to repeat in every case the detailed inspec- tion of each part, such as the clear space between the graduations on the graduated scale and on the graduated beam, etc. If a prescription scale or balance does not comply with all the specifications that are applicable to it, it is incorrect. 122 128 124 1'J.5 WEIGHTS Specifications. — 1. Weights shall be made of steel, iron, brass, or any other metal or alloy of metals not softer than brass: Provided, however, That \^'eights below one-fourth ounce shall not be made of iron or steel, but may be made of aluminum. 2. Weights shall have smooth surfaces, and no weight of more than 1 gram, 1 pennyweight, or 1 scruple shall have sharp points or corners. 3. Weights shall not be covered with soft or thick coat of paint or varnish. 4. All holes in which foreign material is to be placed for adjusting purposes must be of such form that this mat^-ial will be permanent- ly and securely held in place. In no case shall this adjusting material project beyond the surface of the weight- 5. Rings on weights shall not be split or removable. 6. All weights shall be clearly marked with their nominal value, and in addition weights intended for use on muUiplying-lever scales shall be clearly marked with the value they represent lohen used upon the scale for which they are intended: Provided, however, That the values of weights of less than 1 gram, 1 pennyweigiht, or 1 scruple may be designated by dots, lines, figures, definite shape, or other appropriate means. Tolerances. — The tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency on commercial weights shall not be greater than the following values : Provided, however, That the manufacturers' tolerances or the tolerances to be allowed on new commercial weights shall not be greater than one-half of the values given: AVOIRDUPOIS SYSTEM Weight Tolerance, ordinary weights (ratio 1:1.1 Tolerance, counterpoise weights for multiplying-lever scales Ratio less than 100 :1 Ratio 100:1 and less than 1001) :1 Eatio 1000:1 and over Pounds 50 - — - Grains 100.0 60.0 60.0 40.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 .5 .5 .5 .2 Grains 60.0 36.0 36.0 24.0 24.0 18.0 18.0 12.0 12.0 9.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.8 1.2 1.2 .9 .3 .3 .3 .12 Grains 40.0 24.0 24.0 16.0 16.0 12.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 21.0 1.2 .8 .8 .4 .2 .2 .2 .06 Grains 20.0 12.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .6 .4 .4 .2 .1 .1 .1 .04 25 20 15 10.. 8 5 4 3 2 1 • Ounces 10 8 5 4 2 . - 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64_1 126 APOTHECAEIES' SYSTEM Weight Tolerance Weight Tolerance Ouncos, ap. Grains Scruples Grains 12- _. 4.0 3 0.3 10 4.0 2 .25 « 3.0 1 .15 5 3.0 Grains 4 2.0 20 .15 2.0 10 .12 2 ._-... 2.0 5 .08 1 1.0 2 .04 Drams 1 .03 8 1.0 .5 .02 6 1.0 .2 .015 4____.___ .7 .1 .01 3. .6 2 .5 1 .3 .5 .2 METRIC SYSTEM Weight. Tolerance Weight Toierance Grams JliUigrams Milligrams Milligrams 500 350 50O 7 200 200 20O 4 100 150 100 3 50 lOO 50 2 20__-.— . 50 20 1 10 40 10 1 5 25 2 15 1 10 APPARATUS IN THE METRIC SYSTEM. No specifications contained in the preceding pages shall be under- stood or construed to prohibit the sale or use of weights and mea- sures or weighing or measuring devices constructed or graduated in units of the metric system. The tolerances to be allowed on anj^ weight or measure or weigh- ing or measuring device constructed or graduated in units of the me- tric system, shall be the same as those specified on similar apparatus of i'n equivalent size or at an equivalent load in the customary system. 127 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PUMPS No. 1. Definition. A mechanically-operated liquirt-measuring de- vice, hereinafter referred to as a liquid-measuring device, is a mechanism or machine adapted to measure and de- liver liquid by volume. Such a device often consists of a pump, or a pump in combination with other mechanism. No. 2. Perjnanetwe. Liquid-measuring devices shall he of such de- sign, construction, and materials that they may reason- ably he expected to withstand ordinary usage without im- pairment of the accuracy of their measurement, or the cor- rect functioning of their operating or indicating parts. No. 3. Plumb and Level Conditions. All liquid-measuring devices shall he so designed and constructed that they uiUl he in normal operating position when they are in level. All liquid-7nesuring derices shall he installed plumh and Icrel and their install .t ion shall he of .such strength and rigi- dity as to maintain this condition. No. 4. Means Required to Determine Level. Liquid-measuring de- vices, the indications or deliveries of which are changed hy an amount greater than one-lmlf the tolerance alloiced, token set in any position on a surface making an angle of 5 per cent or approximately 3 degrees with the hori- zontal, shall he equipjKd with suitable means hy xvhich the level can be determined and established, such as a two- way or a circular level, a plumh boh, leveling lugs, etc. No. .5. Units of Delivery. Liquid-tneasuring devices shall have the following discharge capacities per stroke or cycle and . • these only: One gallon; a multiple of the gallon; ^V-z (jallons; or a binary suhmultiple of the gallon, that is, the quantity obtained hy dividing the gallon hy the num- ber 2 or a power of the number 2: Provided^ however, that a device may he constructed to deliver other amounts than the above, corresponding to predetermined values at a definite price per gallon hut in such cases the device shall he so constructed that the price per gallon at which it is set at any time must he clearly indicated to the customer either by automatic means or hy means of a sign conspicuously displayed on the device. No. 6. Indication of Delivery Required. All liquid-measuring de- vices shall be so designed and constructed that the amount delivered will be clearly and definitely indicated by auto- matic means, and the indication of any delivery shall take place only when the kill discharge has in fact occurred: Provided, however, that the requirement that the full discharge shall have been completed before registration shall not apply to the dribble flow caused by the displace- ment of a piston rod during the return of a piston to its 128 initial position, loheii a clear statement conspicuous to tlw customer and adjnrr.iit to the indicating means is 'placed on the liquid- laeasurhuj device to the effect that the full amount cannot he delivered until the piston or the pointer or indie tor has hcen reiuru.ed to its initial jjosition. Xo. 7. Hensitireness. All liquid-me s-uriny devices shall he so de- signed and couKtrnctcd that they can readily he operated to delit^er each quantity for which a graduation, stop, overflom pipe, or other indicating means is provided with- in the tolerance on such amount herein-after provided. This specification shall he construed to require that in the case of all devices which have a graduated scale or dial or similar indicating means as the sole means of de- termining the amount of liquid discharge, the length on the scale or dial equivalent to the toleramtce at any gradun- tion mtist be readily apprcciahle when- the character of the indicating element and its normal distance from and posi- tion in reference to the observer's eye are taken into con- sideration, and in no case shall this length be less than 0.04 inch. For example, if a device is designed and con- structed so that (1) one gallon is the first gr duation; (2) there is no stop, overfloiv pipe, or other a-utomatic means of terminating the delivery: (3) the graduations are equally spaced; and (4) if the cross section- lof the measuring chamber is the same throughout its length, the minim-um length on the scale or dial shall be 3.1 inches per measured g lion, the ma-.rimum cross sectional area of the nirasuring chamber .'^hall be 15 square inrhes. and if cylindrical, the maximum diameter must be 9. 73 inches. Note: The second paragraph of the above specification was adopted tentatively only. For the Conference inter- pretation of tlie word "tentative", see text of resolntion adopted by the Conference and incoi'porated under "Gen- eral Notes" at the end of these specifications and toler- ances. The values given in this specification have been refigured to conform to the new tolerances adopted by the Fourteenth Annual Conference. No. 8. Constancy of Delivery. The amounts delivered by any liquid-measuring device shall not vax-y from the standard by more than the tolerances hereinafter provided, irre- spective of the speed at which the apparatus is operated, and, subject to the conditions of the special test described below, iri'esjiective of the time elapsing between opera- tions: Piovided, hoAvever, That when a liquid-measuring device is operated faster than normal speed of operation tlie tolerance shall be applied in deficiency only; that is, tlie liquid-measuring device shall not be deemed to be in- c(irr(>et by reason of the tolerance in excess being exceeded during such operation. 129 For the purpose of test, tlie condition of tlie device shall be such that a period of non-use of one hour shall not re- sult in an error of the first delivery of the device after such period of non-use greater than the tolerance allow- able on the smallest amount which the device is designed to deliver, and a period of non-use of six hours shall not result in an en-or of the first delivery of the device after such period of non-use greater than 10 cubic inches, or in the case of a new liquid-measuring device, 5.0 cubic inches. Note: In the special elapsed-time test described above, allowance sliall be made for errors due solely to a change in volume of the contained liquid, resulting from temp- erature variations alone, since an error of this character is unavoidable in the case of volumetric measurements of this kind, when the af>paratus is standing unused. This change in volume due to temperature variations is, how- ever, small in amount for all ordinary variations of temp- erature, amounting in the case of gasoline to about 0.7% for each 10° Fahrenheit change of temperature, or about 1.3% for each 10° Centigrade change of temperature. In applying the 6-hour test it is recommended that the delivery be not made through a hose since the amount of gasoline necessary to wet the inside of the hose will cause an additional shortage in the delivery. Indicating and Eegistering Tarts. Counters and graduated Fco.lcs and dials used on liquid-measuring devices to tally sales and deliveries to individual purchasers or to indicate the amount delivered when any portion of the cycle or stroke has been completed shall be of such size and style and shall be so located and disposorl that they are clearly visible to and" readable by, the customer from any position which he may reasonably be expected to assume. The graduations shall be of such character and arrangement that the major ones are niorc prominent than and are clearly distinguishable from the minor ones. In all types of liqui(imr.a.viriug dericca which have a graduated scale which at some point or points or at all points constitutes the sole or most sensitive means of (Jetermining the amouni of liqvid discharged, the width of the graduation marks shall not exceed 0.04 inch. >sTo 1 Pointers and Indicators. All pointers and indicators which ■ when used in conjunction with a graduated scale or dial indicate the amount of liquid discharged or the value of the delivery at a predetermined price per unit of volume shall be so shaped that a correct and accurate reading is aiven Pointers and indicators are required to M sym- metrical alout the graduation lines at which they may .9 No. D. 130 atand. tSuch pointers (iiid indiattors as when t(scd in (■oiijunction with a f/radu.tcd scale or dial constitute at some point or points or at all points the sole or most scnsitire means of determining the amount rjf liquid dis- charged or the ralue of the delivery at a predetermined priee per unit of volume, shall reach to the finest grad- uation marks and the widlh of the pointer or indicator or of the end thcrerjf shAl not he greater than the width of such marks. Xo. 11. Parallax-. All liquid-measuring devices in which the ac- eura1 cubic inches per indicated gallon of delivery. Adjustments of piston displacement to correct for leaks, slippage, excessive length of pipe line, or other defects of the installation shall not be permitted. No. 21. Diversion of Measured Liquid. All liquid-measuring de- vices shall be so designed and constructed that no portion of the measured liquid can be diverted from the one dis- charge outlet through which delivery is being made or to be made during the operation of the liquid-measuring device. This specification is to be construed to require that there shall be no means provided liy -which any of the measured liquid can be diverted from the measuring chamber or the discharge line to the supply tank or else- where, during the period of operation, and that all valves in the supply line intended to prevent the reversal of flow of the liquid shall be of such design and con- struction that their closure is automatically effected in the use of the device. Also when two or more discharge outlets for the liquid are provided all outlets except the one in use must automatically be tightly and completely closed off during-the period of discharge, and the closure 132 shall be so effected that delivery made through one dis- charge outlet shall not effect the subsequent delivery- through any other discharge outlet: Provided, .however, That the above shall not apply 1o the drain outlet from the filtering chamber when such outlet is in plain view of the customer. No. 22. Shutt-Ofl:' Valves in Discharge Line. No Liquid-measuring device shall be equipped with a shutt-off valve at the ex- tremity of the hose or elsewhere in the hose line except in the case of devices designed and constracted so that tliey must be operated with the hose full of liquid at all times. In case such valve is used any other valve in aaiy portion of the discharge line leading to this outlet must be so designed and constructed that it can only be closed off by the use of some tool or device which is outside of and entirely separate from the measiiring device itself such as a wrench, screw-driver, etc., but not an adjusting pin. This specification is not to be construed as allowing a shut-off valve in the hose in the case of devices in w^hich the hose or any part thereof can be drained of liquid after the actual mechanical operation of the mechanism of the liquid-measuring device is discontinued in any way except as followr: (1) by means of the mechanically operated valve, or (2) by delivering from the measuring device more than the full measuring capacity thereof dur- ing the actual mechanical operation of the mechanism thereof. No. 23. Drainage of Discharge Line. All liquid-measuring devices shall be so constructed and installed that they will pro- vide for the complete and rapid drainage, to a definite and uniform level, of the liquid contained in the hose or outlet pipe and will not permit a siplionins or a contin- uous trickle of liquid from the discharge outlet after the operation of the mechanism is discontinued. This specification will be construed to require that if hose is used its inlet end shall be at least 5 feet above the normal level ui)on Avhich the receiving vehicle or ves- sel stands and the liquid-measuring device shall be equip- ped with an automatic vacuum-breaker or equivalent means to insure Ihe complete and rapid drainage of the hose, that is required by the above. Tlie hose shall be properly reinforced and shall l»e of such length and stiff- ness that no movable portion thereof will bo readily dis- ))os('d in such a w;iy as to tend to retain liquid after the operation of 1he device is completed. Provided, however, that this sj)ecification shall not be construed to apply to devices which, under the terms of specification No. 22, may be equipped with two shut-off valves or cocks and are to be ouerated with the hose full of liauid at all times 133 No. 24. Limiting Height of Suction Lift. No defined-strolie piston- type, liquid-measuring device shall be so installed as to work under a total suction head suflicient to cause vapori- zjition of the liquid for which it is used under tlie Ligliest temperature and lowest barometric presure likely to occur. No. 25. Use Limited to Certain Liquids. Liquid meanuriug devices which will not give correct results e.ee-ept when used with liquids having particular pi'opertics, as for example, high viscosity, sltall he conspicuously, clearly, and permanently marked to indicate this limitation. Such wording may take the form, ''Not suitable for gasoline or light oils", ''Use only for molasses or heavy oils", or ''For viscous liquids only". No. 26. Computing Charts. The value graduations on all comput- ing charts used on liquid-measuring devices shall not ex- ceed 1 cent at all prices per gallon up to and including 30 cents. At any higher price per gallon the value gradu- ation shall not exceed 2 cents: Provided, however, that nothing in the above shall he construed to prevent the placing of a special value graduation to represent each 5-cent interval. These special graduations may take the form of dots, staggered graduations, or similar forms. They shall he so placed that their meaning and value may he clearly understood hut they shall not he placed in the space between the regular graduations. And provided further that nothing in the above shall be construed to p<-event the omission of all value graduations from a clear interval hetn-een the zero graduation and any subsequent graduation. No. 27. Fraudulent Construction Prohibited. All liquid-measuring devices and all devices designed to be attached thereto and used in connection therewith shall be of such construc- tion that they are not designed to and may not be used to facilitate the perpetration of fraud. No. 28. Metric System. No specification contained in the preced- ing pages shall be understood or construed to prohibit the sale of use of liquid-measuring devices constructed or graduated in units of the metric system. The tolerance to be allowed on any liquid-measuring device constructed or graduated in units of the metric system, shall be the same as those specified on similar apparatus of any equivalent size or at an equivalent capacity in the customary system. TOLERANCES Except on special tests described above tlie tolerances to be allowed in excess or deficiency on all liquid-measur- ing devices shall not be greater than the values shown in 134 the followiag table. Trovlded, however, that the mami- faitnrcrs' tok'iaiiccs or the tolerances on all iicw liquid- measuring devices shall not he ^reatei- than one-half of the values given; and jirovided further that tliese latter tolerances shall also be a])pli('(l to all devices which are being retested after lieing found incorrect and subsequent- ly adjusted or repaired. Delivery Tolerance On. In. ¥2 gal. or less 2.0 1 gal. ;!.n 2 gal. 4.0 ;; gal. 5.0 4 gal. (i.O 5 gal. 7.0 6 gal. 8.0 7 gal. 9.0 8 gal. 10.0 9 gal. 11.0 10 gal. 12.0 For deliveries of over 10 gallons add 1 cubic inch per indicated gallon. 135 APPENDIX II].— THE METKIO SYSTEM LEGALITY AXD IKSE OF SYSTEM The weights and iiieayuics ofiicial should be familiar with the principales of the metric system of weights and measures. This system has been specifically legalized by fVingiess, by section 3569 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, which reads as follows: It shall be lawful thmughont the T'nited States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system ; and no contract or dealing, or pleading in any court shall be deemed invalid or liable to objection because the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric system. The metric system is extensively used in prescription work in drug .stores,and the latest edition of the Pharmacopoeia gives preference to tlie use of this system. It is also coming into more common use by manufacturers. The weights and measures official will thus find it necessary to use it in his ordinary field work. Therefore the following brief explanation of the system is included in this publication. This has been taken from a publication of the Bureau of Standards entitled "The International Metric System of Weights and Mersures," a copy of which can be abtained from the Bureau upon request. SYNOPSIS OF SYSTEM The fundamental unit of the metric system is the meter — the unit of length. From this the units of capacity (liter) and of weight (gram) were derived. All other units are the decimal sub- divisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related ; e. g., for all practical purposes one cubic decimeter equals one liter and one liter of water weighs one kilogram. The metric tables are formed by combining the words "meter," '^gram," and "liter" with the six numerical prefixes, as in the following tables: PREFIXES MEANING UNITS milli- =oiic IhoKKfiiHUli 1 1000 .001 conti' -=0}ie ltui\(h'r[ St;indardK. ] TABLES OF WE[(;H1\S AND MEAt^UKES LIXEAK MICASURE 12 inches (in.)=l foot (ft.) 3 feet ^1 yard (yd.)=3fi inches 5}i yards ^1 rod (rd.) or pole^Hi^feet 40 rods =1 furlong (fiir.)=220 yards^(;00 feet 8 furlongs ^1 statute mile (mi.)=--]760 yards=r)280 feet 3 miles =1 league=5280 yards=1584{) feet. SQUARE MEIASUEE 144 square inches (sq. in.)=l square foot (sq. ft.) 9 square feet ^1 square yard (sq. yd.)=12!tG square inches 30J4 square yards =1 square rod (sq. rd. )=2T2i/4 square feet 160 square rods =1 acre (A.) ^4840 square yards 640 acres =1 square mile (sq. mi.)^3 097 600 square yards 36 square miles =^1 township CUBIC MEASURE 1728 cubic inches (cu. in.)=1 cubic foot (cu. ft.) 27 cubic feet =1 cubic j'eai' (cu. yd.) 144 cubic inches ^1 board foot 128 cubic feet ^^1 cord CHAIN MEASURE r fruntPi's ur hui-vf .\ or's chain. ] 7.92 inches (in.)=l link (li.) 1(10 links ==1 chain (ch. )=66 feet 80 chains =1 mile (mi.) =5280 feet > K:\,^nAVL-'s cliain.] 12 inches (in.)=l link (li.) 100 links =1 chain .(ch.)=l«0 feet 52.8 chains =1 mile (mi.)=5280 feet STTRA'EYOR'S AREA MEASURE 625 square links (s(| li.)=^l square pole or square rod 16 square poles =1 square chain (sq. ch.), surveyor's 10 square chains =1 acre (A.) 640 acres =1 square mile (sq. mi.) 36 square miles ^1 township LIQUID MEASURE 4 gills (gi.)^^l ]iint (pt.) 2 pints ~--l (|uart (qt.)=^S gills. 4 quarts ==1 gallon (gal.)^8 pints==32 gills ■ilyi gallons =1 barrel (bbl.) =126 quarts 2 barrels =r:1 hogshead (hhd.)=63 gallous=252 quarts 139 APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASURE 60 minims (min. or m)=l fluid (or liquid) dram (.fl. dr. or i3) 8 fluid drams =1 fluid (or liquid) ounce (fl. oz. or f3)=480 minims 16 fluid ounces =1 pint (0.)=128 Huid drams=7680 minims 8 pints =1 gallon (C.)=12S fluid ounces=1024 fluid drams DRY MEASURE 2 pints (pt.)=:] quart (qt.) 8 quarts =1 peck (pk.)=16 pints 1 peeks =1 bushel (bu.)=32 quarts^l2s pints 105 quarts =1 barrel (for fruits, vegetables, and other dry com- modities j ^7056 cubic inches AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT 27 ll/;>2 grains (gr.) =^1 dram (dr.) 16 drams =1 ounce (o7,.)=i?,7y2 grains l(i ounces =1 pound (lb.)=2.")6 (lrams^7000 grains 100 pounds ^1 hundredweight (cwt.)=16IOO ounces 20 hundredweight ^1 ton (tn.) =2000 pounds (In long measure) 112 pounds =1 long hundredweight (l.cwt.) 20 long hundredweight =1 long ton (1. tn.)=2240 pounds TROY WEIGHT 24 grains (gr.) ^1 pennyweight (dwt.) 20 pennyweights ==1 ounce (oz. t.)^480 grains 12 ounces =1 pound (lb. t.)=240 pennyweights=570O grains APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT 20 grains (gr.)=l scruple (s. ap. or ) 3 scruples =1 dram (dr. ap. or )=60 grains 8 drams =1 ounce (oz. ap. or )=24 scruples=480 grains 12 ounces =1 pound (lb. ap. or lb)=96 drams=288 scruples ^5760 grains CIRCULAR MEASURE 60 seconds (")=1 minute (') 60 minutes =1 degree (°) 90 degrees ^1 quadrant 4 quadrants =1 circle or circumference PAPER MEASURE rOkl moasuvi", still in use for sirrnll papers.] 24 sheets=l quire (qr.) 20 quires^l ream (rm.)=480 shc-ets TN-™- incasm-o. usort for p,U"-.,s pl.l i.p ii. '^^'-■■s, l^ullos, or fran.os.) 25 sheets=l quire (qr.) x tmn u + 20 quires=l standard ream (rm.)=500 sheets 140 TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS Lengths 1 barleycorn ^ inch. 1 bolt (cloth) 40 yards. f 120 fathoms. 1 cable's length (U. S. Navy) i 720 feet. L 219.457 meters. 1 centimeter fern) i ^'^^ ™^*^^- i cenrimerer ^cmj | ^^^^^ ^^^^ 1 chain (cli) (Gunter's or Surveyor's) ■■{ ^ J? meters 1 cubit 1.5 feet. 1 decimeter (dm) { '^l^^t^^,,_ 1 dekameter (dkm) -f JJ^o^*^^*^^?- L o93.( inches. 1 fathom (U. S.) 6 feet. 1 foot (ft.) 0.3048 meter. f 10 chains, surveyor's. 1 furlong (fur.) < 660 feet. L 201.17 meters. 1 hairbreadth i Y^,}^^.^- ^ I 1/48 inch. 1 hand 4 inches. f 100 meters. 1 hectometer (hm ) -s 328 feet and 1 inch. L 328.083 feet. 1 inch (in.) 2.5400 centimeters. I 1000 meters. .1 kilometer (km) j 0.62137 mile. ) 3280 feet and 10 inches. I 3280.83 feet. 1 knot (U. S.) See Mile, (nautical). "-^™'^-^-» {iSlifCS. 1 line (U. S.) ' v" 1/12 inch. 1 link (li.) (surveyor's) { o^'Sl^meter. 1 link (li.) (engineer's) { Jio^S meter. 1 meter (m) / ^^■^'^ inches. ' I 1.0936 yards. 1 micron (m) J" 0.001 millimeter. ' ■ 1 0.03937 mil. I mjl J 0.001 inch. I 0.02540 millimeter. 1 milUmicron (m.) { SSos'sT mil. 141 ] mile (mi.) (statute or land) J ^280 feet. ■ ' I 1.6093 kilometers. 1 mile (mi.) nautical, geograpliica], J ^-^'^^^ "liles (statute). or sea, U. S.) i ^'^'•'^^■2 feet. ■ ■ L 185.3.2 meters. 1 millimeter (mm) / ^■^'>^^ meter. I '0.03937 inch. 1 myriameter (myr ) J 10 kilometers. 1 6.2137 miles. 1 nail (na.) (cloth) . . ." | % ^Pan. I 2% inches 1 pace, military ;', feet. 1 pace, common 2^ feet. 1 palm 3 inches. 1 point (typoraphy ) j \^}]^^f' , 1 quarter (qr.) (cloth) 9 inches. 1 rod (rd.) , pole, or perch ( V'Ll^^^^ L 5,0292 meters. 1 span I /8 fathom. 1 9 inches. I yard ( yd ) 0.9144 meter. ARHAS OR SURFACES 1 acre (A) | -ff^J^'f''% ^^''^^- L 0.40469 hectare. r 100 square meters. 1 are (a) ^ 119.60 square yards. I 0.02471 acre. 1 centare (ca) (See Square meter.) 1 hectare (ha ) | lO'OOO square meters. 1 2.4710 acres. 1 section (of land) 1 mile square. 1 square (building) 10*0 square feet. 1 square centimeter (cm^) | S-??Snn'^"^''^ "^^^l' ^ L 0.15500 square inch. 1 square chain (sq. ch.) (surveyor's. . .( ^^. !§^^^® '^^^^^ . ^ V 1 / 1^ 404.687 square meters. 1 square decimeter (dm^) . . . .' | ?;?i.'^^"^^^ °^?*^"/ ^ I 15.500 square inches. 1 square dekameter (dkm^) (See Are.) r 0.11111 square yard. 1 square foot (sq. ft.) \ 929.03 square centimeters. L 0.09290 square meter. 1 square hectometer ( hm^) (See Hectare.) . ■, , ■ ^ r 0.f!iH!9i s(iiiare foot. 1 square mch (sq. m.) | g^g^g ^^^^^^ centimeters. 1 square kilometer (km^) | lO.Oi'O a'es. 247.104 acres. 142 1 square link (sq. li.) / 0-0484 square, yard. ^ ' 1 ^ -j^ 0.040-17 s(iuare meter. 1 square meter (m^) J ]-l'l*>!l '^'iuare yards. 1 10.704 square feet. 1 square mil (sq. mil) | .'nTJll '*^"^'''' '"fv" . L 0.000645 square millimeter. f 640 acres. 1 square mile (sq. mi.) 4 ,3 097 600 square yards. L 259.00 hectares. -, -IT X / OS r 0.01 square centimeter. 1 square millimeter (mm"') J ann-itrl • i. ' I 0.001.55 square inch. , , 2, r 100 square kilometers. 1 square myriameter (myr^) | ..^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^^^ 1 square rod (sq. rd.), sq. pole or .sq." / ^f^^Q^are links^ ' , '■ ' ^ J ' ^ .^,0.25 square yards. ^ L 25.2!).". square meters. 1 snuare vard ^sn vd ) ( ^ square feet. 1 square jard (sq. jd.) j 0.8361.3 square meter. 1 township 36 square miles. CAPAOITIES OE VOLUMES 1 barrel (bbl.), dry, for fruits, vege- / '^f^^ ^"''|^ inches. tables, and other dry commodities.. 1 o oo,*^^J^^l^' , ''' ' -^ L 3.2S1 bushels. 1 barrel (bbl.), liquid " { "^.i?^,. 1 board foot I ]{]" 7.'^ic. f^t- L 114 cubic inches. 1 bushel (bu.) (r. S.) I -}^l^-i-, ";bi^ ^""^l^e^- \ .l.).23S., liters. 1 bushel (bu.) (British) 1.00320 bushels (F. S.) ro.Ol liter. 1 centiliter f cl. ) < 0.33S1 fluid ounce. 10.6102 cubic inch. 1 cord (c.) (firewood) 12S cubic feet. 1 cord foot (firewood) | ?^*^'^^'1'. . L 16 cubic feet. 1 cubic centimeter (em's) -. i '{•1;'*?""^ "T'^i': ™eter. L 0.0610 cubic inch. 1 cubic decimeter fdm') J ll-'^f'l cubic meter. L 61. (23 cubic inches. 1 cubic foot (cu. ft.) I IpS cubic inches. I 28.31 1 cubic decimeters. 1 cubic inch (cu. in.) / <).000570 cubic foot. L 16.387 cubic centimetena. 1 cubic meter (m^) / 1000 cubic decimeters. 1 1.3079 cubic j^ards. 1 cubic millimeter (minM f 0.001 cubic centimeter. \ 0.00006 cubic inch. 143 1 ciiMc j-ard (cu. yd.) ■ 1 dram, fluid (or liquid) (fl. dr. or foi j (U. S.) I 1 dram, fluid (or liquid) (fl. dr. or fo) r (British) \ 1 deciliter (dl) 1 dekaliter (did) 1 firkin 1 gallon (gal.) (U. S.). . . 1 gallon (gal.) (British) 1 gill (gi.) (U. S.) 1 gill (gi.) (British) 1 heaped bushel. r I 1 hectoliter (hi) 1 hogshead (hhd.), liquid. 1 Imperial gallon 1 kiloliter (kl) r liter (1) ; 1 milliliter (ml) . 1 minim (min. orm) (IT. S. 9 cubic feet. 0.7(5456 cubic meter. ^ fluid ounce. 022.5() cubic inch. .3.6966 milliliters. 0.9607 dram, fluid (U.S.). 0.1 liter. 0.,S154 gill. 0.1816 Pint, dry. 6. ion.") cubic inches. 10 liters. 2.6418 gallons. 1.1351 pecks. 9 gallons. 231 Cubic inches. 3.7853 liters. 1.2009 gallons (U. S.). ^ quart, liquid. 7.2817 cubic inches. 0.1183 liter. 1.2009 gills (U.S.). 2747.715 cubic inches. 1.27S bushels, struck meas ure. (Al'^o given as 1^ bushels. 100 liters. 26.418 gallons. 2 bushels and 3.35 pecks. 2.8.".S bushels. 6102.5 cubic inches. 2 barrels, liquid. 63 gallons. 238.474 liters. (See Gallon, British.) 1000 liters. 264.18 gallons. 28.378 bushels. 1.0567 quarts, liquid. 0.90'Sl quart, dry. 61.02.50 cubic inches. 0.001 liter. 0.270.52 fluid dram. 16.231 Minims. 0.06102 Cubic inch. 1/60 fluid dram. 0.00376 cubic inch. 0.06161 milliliter. 144 1 minim (min. or m) (British) 0.90073 minim (U. S.). 1 ounce, fluid (or liquid) (fl. oz. or f 3) / ^/Ef,;?"^^*' '^^^^\^- ,-1] v.\ 1 ' \ J 1.8047 cubic inches. " • -• I 29.573 milliliters. 1 ounce, fluid (or liquid) (fl. oz. or f 3)/ 9fi073 fluid ounces (T'.f^.) (British) 1 1 J r J \ ITT o \ r 573.605 cubic inches. 1 peck (pk.) (U. S.) I g g^gg ^^^^g 1 peck (pk.) (British) ,r 1.0320 pecks (U. S.). 1 . , / . , -, ,Tr a \ r 33.60 cubic inches. Ipmt (pt.),dry (L..S.) | 0.5506 liter. 1 pint ,pt.), liquid (U. S.) { ^■^JgVliter."'"'" 1 pint (pt.) (British) I l-jfj Pi^^ ,^ry 1^- «-^. ^ ^^ ' ^ ' L 1.2009 pints, liquid (I . S. i i,u.rt„..),a„MD.s.. {SLT"*"- i,„.,t;„,),ii,„a,as., { S'SIS^r""- 1 quart (qt.) (British) ( 1£() quarts dry (U. S ) 1 1.2009 quarts, liquid (L. S.) 1 quarter (qr.), dry (U. S.) 8 bushels. 1 stere (s) (See Cubic meter.) 1 tierce, liquid (1^. S.) 42 gallons. 1 Winchester bushel (See Bushel, U. S.) 1 barrel (bbl.), (of flour) 196 pounds. 1 barrel (bbl.), (of lime, large) 280 pounds 1 barrel (bbl.), (of lime, small) 180 pounds. 1 carat (c), metric \ fili^"^^^^.^^- L 3.0865 grains. 1 centigram (eg) | If.Af^' ■ { 0.15432 gram. 0.1 gram. 1.5432 grains. 10 grams. 0.35274 ounce. 1 decigram (dg) X 1 dekagram ( dkg.) | p 1/16 ounce. 1 dram, avoirdupois (dr. av.) '-, 27.344 grains. I 1.7718 grams. 1 dram, apothecaries' (dr. ap. or3) . . . . J" ^ „-S?!f^'^^- \ 3.88 1 9 grams. 1 grain (gr.) | '''•'''' P.^V.^*^" *' " 1 (i4.79!> milligrams. -, t \ r 15.432 grains. 1^^^" (g) { 0.03527 ounce. 1 , , ,, . f 100 grams. 1 hectogram (hg) | .,^5273 ounces. 145 1 hundredweight, long (1. cwt.) { ^gSoTSograms. 1 hundredweight, short (cwt. or sh.t 100 pounds. owt.) I 45.359 kilograms. >">»««'"■ w {^Sfprnd. 1 millier ( See Ton, metric. ) '-'■•S'^W' { SSTain. 1 .,™gram ,Myg, { IS.Ol&d. 1 ounce foz.), avoirdupois | oo^oL^^^™^' I 2S.350 grams. 1 ounce, troy or apothecaries' (o/.. t. or J , „„^'''^™*^' . , . „J ^^ o\ i 1.0071 ounces, avoirdupois oz. ap. or o J ..1 1 Ao ^ L 31.10.3 grams. 1 pennyweight (dwt.) ' { J^ff^^lJ;^,,, 1 pounds (lb.), avoirdupois | l^^oiM^f""^- ^ ' ^ 1 453.5924 grams. 1 pound, trov or apothecaries' (lb. t. or [ ^'I'^ilE^^^^' .. ■ ., ■ ,, nr, ' 'l 0.82286 pound, avoirdupois ^ ' : L 373.24 grams. 1 quarter, long (1. qr.) / ;^ £?-,"V*?f' '■ ; s V H ; 1^ 12.701 kilograms. 1 quarter, short (qr. or sh. qr.) S ^^,P?"°*? m [. 11.340 kilograms. 1 quintal, avoirdupois (See Hundredweight, short. 100 kilograms. 1 quintal, metric { ^^oJe pounds. 1 scruple, apothecaries' (s. ap. or ) . ./ , nA^)?^'^'^' '- I 1.2960 grams. 1 stone (British) I 14 pounds. r 2240 pounds. 1 ton, long or gross (1. tn.) < 1.1200 tons, short. L 1.0160 tons, metric. I" 1000 kilograms. 1 ton, metric (t), tonneau, or millier. A 0.98421 ton, long. I 1.1023 tons, short. r 2000 pounds. 1 ton, short or net ftn. or sh. tn.) . . . . ^ 0.892i86 ton, long. I 0.90718 ton, metric. 1 tonneau (See Ton, metric.) 146 REQITIREJIEXTS OF THE LAW AS IT APPLTElr; TO THE MARKING OP PACKAGE GOOI»S. The qnanity of the couteiits of all goods sold in package form must be plainly and conspicuously marked in terms of weight, meas- ure or numerical count on the outside of the covering or container usually delivered to the consumers. The quantity of the contents so marked shall be the amount in the package. The statement of the quantity of the contents should be plain and conspicuous and should not be obscured by any "legend or design." and should be so placed in letters or figures as- to be readily seen and clearly legible. Lead pencil figures are not permissable. "Statements of weight should be in terms of avoirdupois pounds and ounces" "Statement of liquid measures should be in terms of United States gallon and its customary sub-divisions, i. e., in gallons, quarts, pints, or fluid ounces." "Statements of dry measure should be in terms of United States standard bushel and its customary sub-division, i. e„ in bushels, half bushel, pecks, quarts, pints and half-pints." Provided, That where the law fixes a standard weight per bushel for commodities that are usually sold by dry measure to insure to the consumer the full quan- tity as fixed by the standard the quantity of the package may be expressed in terms of avoirdupois pounds and ounces. Under Section 7 o€ the Commodities Act the Chief of the Bureau of Standards is authorized to establish reasonable variations on goods that are sold in package form and which are subject to losses caused ~bj shrinkage or evaporation. The following tolerance and variations from the quantity marked on the package shall be allowed ; the tolerance named in this schedule is based upon the weight and volume named on each commodity upon which a tolerance has been fixed. Wherever any of these commodities are sold in greater or smaller quantities the variances permitted should be in accordance with good commercial practice: TABLE OF VARIATIONS. Asparagus, 1 Bacon, 1 Baking powder, ^ Baking powder, } Beans (all kinds) , 1 Beef, (corned), 1 Beef (sliced) , 1 Beets, 1 Biscuits and crackers, 1 Bufiter, 1 Cement, 50 Cherries (canned), 1 Chicken (boned), 1 Chili sauce, 8 ft). i oz. ft. i oz. ft). i oz. ft. 1-16 oz. ft). i oz. ft). i oz. ft). i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i 07.. ft). 1-16 oz. ft. 2* ft. ft). i oz. ft). i oz. oz. i oz. 147 Chili sauce, 1 Chocolate, 8 Chocolate sauce, "^ Chow chow, 8 Cider, 1 Cocoa, 8 Cocoa, i Oocoanut (shredded), i Cocoanut (shredded), i Coffee 1 Corn, 1 Corn flakes, 1 Cordials, 1 Cordials, 1 Cream of tartar, ^ Crlsco, 1 Dried fruits (all kinds), 1 Dried fruits (all kinds), | Farina, 2 Fish' flakes, 1 Flavoring extracts, 4 Flour, 49 Flour, 241 Flour, 12" Flour, 5 Flour, 2 Fruit juices, 1 Fruit Juices, 1 Ham (potted), 1 Herring in Tomato, 1 Herring (Kippered) 1 Honey, strained, , 1 Ice cream powder, 4 Jam (see Pi-eserves.) . Karo, 1 Ketchup 1 KetchuxJ i Macaroni, 1 Macaroni, i Milk (evaporated) , • 1- Milke (condensed) 1 Mince Meat, 1 Molasses, 2 Noodles, ■■ i Oats, Rolled, 1 Oleomargarine 1 Olive Oil, I Olive Oil 32 Oyster Cocktail Sauce, i ^Peanut Butter, 8 Peaches (canned), 1 Pears (canned), 1 Peas (canned), 1 Peppers, • 1 ft. i oz. oz. i oz. ()Z. 1-16 oz. oz. i oz. qt. 1 oz. oz. i oz. oz. i oz. lb. i oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. qt. 1 oz. pt. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. lb. 1 oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. 1-16 oz. oz. 1-5 oz. ft. 10 oz. ft. 6 oz. ft. 4 oz. ft. 3 oz. lb. 2 oz. qt. i oz. pt. i oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. J oz. oz. i oz. a. i oz. lb. i oz. m. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. lb. i oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. lb. i oz. lb. 1-16 oz. oz. 1-16 oz. oz. i oz. ft. i oz. oz. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. J oz. lb. i oz. lb. i oz. 148 Pickles (sweet) , 1 Pickles (relish), 1 Pine apple (canned), 1 Plums (canned), 1 Post Toasties, 1 Porter, 1 Porter, i Preserves (all kinds), 1 Pumpkin, 1 Pumpkin, 2 Rice, 1 Saled dressing, 1 Salmon, 1 Shrimp, 1 Soap powder, 1 Soups, 1 Spaghetti, 1 Spaghetti (cooked), 1 Spices, i Spinich, 1 Starch, Corn, 1 Strawberries (canned), 1 Succotash, 1 Sugar, hard, 1 Sugar, hard, in bags, 100 Sugar, powdered, 1 Sugar, powdered, in bags, 100 Sugar, confectioners, 1 Sugar, all soft, in bags 100 Sugar, granulated, packages, 25 Sugar, granulated, packages, 5 Sugar, granulated, packages, 34 Sugar, granulated, packages, 2 Sugar, granulated, packages, .^ 1 Sugar, granulated, packages, 1 Syrup (Table), 1 Syrup (Maple) , 1 Tomatoes (Canned), 1 Tongue, 1 Tryphosa, , 5 Vinegar, 1 TOLERANCES PERMITTED ON BOTTLES OR JARS FOR MILK OR CREAM. Bottles or jars used for the sale of milk or cream shall be of the capacity of yi gallon, one quart, one pint, ^ pint and one gill. The following variations on individual bottles or jars shall be al- lowed: 6 drams above and 6 drams below on one-half gal. i drams above and 4 below on one qt. 3 drams above and 3 drams below on one pt. 2 drams above and 2 drams below on one-half pt. 2 drams above and 2 below on one gill. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. 4 oz. lb. i oz. lb. i oz. pt. i oz. pt. i oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. f oz. ft. i oz. lb. i oz. m. i oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. ■2 oz. ft. i oz. lb. i oz. oz. i oz. m. i oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. bbl. li ft. ft. 8 oz. bbl. 2 To. lb. 13 oz. bbl. 2 It). ft. If oz. ft. 2 oz. ft. 1 oz. lb. 1 oz. lb. 1 oz. lb. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. ft. i oz. tt). i oz. lb. i oz. oz. i oz. qt. i oz. 149 REQUIREMENTS. A bottle used for the sale of milk or cream shall have the capacity clearly blown or otherwise permanently marked on the outside of the bottle. Any person using such bottles in the sale of milk or ci'enm and neglecting to comply with the requirements subjects himself to the penalties imposed by the weight and measure Act. LIST OF EXEMPTIONS PERMITTED ON SMALL PACKAGES. The Act of Assembly approved July 24, 19i;J, directs the Chief of the Bureau of Standards to fix exemptions on small packages. The following shall be exempt from the provisions of the law requiring the quantity of the contents to be marked on the outside of the pack- age. (1) All dry commodities sold in package form weighing three ounces or less. (2) All commodities sold in liquid form weighing one ounce or less. (3) All packages selling for (S) eight cents or ]ess. (4) All confectionery sold in package form Avhich sells for ten cents or less. (5) All garden, flower and lawn seed and all seeds in package form which sells for ten cents or less. (6) The provisions of the Act exempt all drugs, medicines, chemi- cals or pharmaceutial or proprietary preparations used as medicine, and toilet preperations. 150 151 152 GENERAL INFORMATION Moflel Affidavit Stale of I'uuntij'lvania, Daupliiu County, ss. STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA, vs. JOHN DOE. Richai'd Roe, being duly sworn upon his oath, says that on the 5th day of May, 1922, in the city of Harrisburg, Dauphin County and State of Pennsylvania, one John Doe did then and there unlawfully offer and expose for sale and sell to one Richard Roe a certain quantity of butter at and for the price of fifty cents A\hich said quantity of butter, he, the said John Doe did then and there represent to the said Richard Roe to l)e one pound avoirdupois, when in truth and in tact said quantity of butter was less than one iDOund, to wit: 151/2 ounces and no more, then and there being contrary to the form of the statutes in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Pennsylvania. Richard Roe. Subscribed and sworn to before nie, this 5th day of May. 1022. To find the diameter of a circle from the circumference divide the circumference by 3.1416. To find the capacity of a rectangular box or bin: Multiply the length by the breadth by the depth or height. The three dimensions must be in the same units. Example : A bin is 6 ft. wide 5 ft. 6 in. deep and S ft. 3 in. long. Its capacity is 6 x 5j/2 x 'Si4^272i4 cubic feet. To find the 'capacity of a cylindrical measure or box, or bin: Multiply the diameter by tlic diameter by 3.1110 by the height and divide liy 4. Example: If a cylindrical measure is 13 inclies in diameter and 6 inches in depth, its capacity is (13 x 13 x 3.1416 x 6)~4=796.38 cubic inches. Find the approximate capacity of a barrel of dimensions different from thos given in the statues by measuring the mean diameter and depth. Example: A barrel is 25 inches between the heads inside. The inside diametei' of the toj) and bottom is 18 inches and inside dia- meter at the center is 20 inches. Find the capacity. The average diameter is approximately ^ of the diameter of the ends and of the center, or (18" x 20")-^ 2^9 inches. Then proceed as in the case of a cylinder. (19 X PJ x 3.1116 X 25)^4=7088.2 cu. in. 153 The approximate capacity of a berry box which has sloping sides can be i'onnd by adding the area of the top and the area of the bottom and di\'iding by 2 and then multiplying by the depth. Example: A berry box is 5.1 x5.1 inches on top i.'M x 4.37 inches at the bottom, and 2.!);? in depth; the content is [ (l.ST x l..">7) + (5.1 X 5.1) X 2-93^-2=66.1 cubic inches. To find the capacity of a berry box more exactly find the area of the top and the area of the bottom, and the perpendicular depth. Then multiply one-third of the height by the sum of the top area plus theibottom area plus the square root of the product of the two areas- Example: A berry box is 5.1 inches on the side at the top and 4.:!7 inches on the side at the bottom. The depth is 2.03 inches, then 1/3 x2.93^ [(4.37x4.37) + (5.1x5.1) ] + V[ (4.37 x 4.37) x (5.1 x 5.1) ] } ^65.8 cubic inches. 1 To find the number of tons of coal in a bin, find the number of cubic feet it occupies and multiply by the weight of a cubic foot of coal and divide by 2,000. Example: Average nut coal weights about 52 pounds to the cubic foot of coal. If a rectangular bin is 5 feet wide and 8 feet 6 inches long and filled evenly to a depth of 4 feet, there will be: 5 x 8^ x 4=170 cubic feet of 'coal, or (170x52^2000=4.42 tons of coal. The weight of a cubic foot of various kinds of coal as given in a bulletin of the Anthracite Coal Operator's Association is as follows: Weight Cu. Ft. per per ton Cu. Ft, Lbs- 2000 Lbs. Lehigh Lump 55.26 36.19 Lehigh Cupola 55.22 36.02 Lehigh Broken 56.85 35.18 Lehigh Egg 57.74 34.63 Lehigh Stove 58.15 34.39 Lehigh Nut 58.26 34.32 Lehigh Pea 53.18 37.60 Lehigh Buckwheat 54.04 37.01 Lehigh Dust 57.25 34.93 Free Burning Egg 56.07 35.67 Free Burning Stove 56.33 35.50 Free Burning Nut 56.88 35.50 Pittsburgh 46.48 43.03 Illinois 47.22 42.35 Connelsville Coke 26.30 76.04 Hocking 49.30 40.56 Indiana Block .• 43.85 45.61 Erie - •••• 48.07 41.61 Cannei '".'.'. 49.18 40.66 Pocahontas Mine Eitn 55.55 36.00 Pocahontas egg Lump 50.00 40.00 Equivalents to be used by tlie sealer in transposing weights. Leverage or miillipUciitUm of scale, 1 to /. \ 1 dwt. = 1 -I gr. 2 dwt. = 2 S or. 154 H dwt. = l dr. 12 gr. 4 dwt. = 1 'A dr. (i gr. .f, dwt. = 2 dr. (> dwt. = 2 dr. 1 -i gr. 7 d',\-1. = 2 dr. 2 S gr. 8 dwt. =3 dr. 12 gr. 9 dwt. = 3 y2 dr. 6 gr. LO dwt. = 4 dr. 20 (h\t. = 1 oz. av. 2 2.5 gr. 2 oz. T. = 2 oz. av. + K: <«• + 1/10 oz. +.3 gr 4 oz. T. = 4 oz. av. -f 14 oz. + y?. oz. + fi gr. S oz. T. = S oz. av. -f /^ oz. + 14 oz. + 12 gr. 1 lb. T. = 1 3 oz. av. + '^ oz. 4-l.Sgr. Leverage or miiltij-iJieafiori of scale, 1 to 100. 49 lb. Hour weight = 7 oz. av. + 1/2 oz. + 1/4 oz. +1/K5 oz. + 12 gr. 98 lb. flour weight = 15 oz. av. + y2 oz. -\- y% oz. -\- 24 gr. 196 lb. flour weight = 1 Ib.av. + 15oz. 4-1/4 + 1/16 oz. + 20.8 gr. The weights and measures official is sometimes called upon to test apothecaries' weights. When he has with him only avoirdupois and grain weights for the larger sized weights he can use the equivalents as given below: Equivalent of the apothecary Tveights made up by avoirdupois and gram weights Use Apothi r— ?cary Avoirdupois Troy weifflits Lb. oz. Individual grain weights 1 nz. — 1 + 20 + 20 + 2 + .. 5 gr. 2 oz. — 2 + 50 + 20 + 10 + . 5 gr. 4 oz. = 4 + i + 50+10 + . 5 + .1 gr. 8 c.z. =, 4 + 2--} + 20 + 10 + 5 + 1 + .2 gr. 8 oz. — . 8 + i--i + 10 + 1+.5 + .2+.2 gr. 12 oz. ^ 8+4 --1 + 50 + 20+2+.5gr. 2 11). = 1 +S+2+i + 20 + 10 + 5 + .5 + .1 gr. .S lb. = 2 +4+2+1+J 4 Ih. =3 2+1 +4 + 1 + 50 + 20+1 gi-. 3 lb. = 4 + l + J-|-i + 20 + 10 + 5 gr. Large measures such as milk cans, oil cans, etc., may be tested by weighing them empty, clean and dry and then filling them "wath water to the place where they are usually filled and again weighing. The difference of the two weighings is the weigh of the water contained. This divided by 8.323 lbs., which is the weight of a gallon of water, gives the number of gallons contained. For example: Suppose a five gallon oil can weighs three pounds and when filled with water to the bottom of the neck weighs 44^ lbs. Then 44^ minus 3 equals 41f ; and 41f divided by 8.323 equals 5. A cubic foot of fresh \\'at('r contains 7^ gallon, 1,728 cubic inches, weighs (;2^ pounds, and there arc ;>5.S4 cubic feet in one ton. One cubic foot of ice at •■>2 Fahrenheit weighs 57J pounds ; there are almost exactly 3(* cubic inches of ice in one pound; and 30.13 cubic feet in one ton of ice. A cubic foot of sea-water weighs 64.31 pounds. A gallon of milk varies liom S.57 to 8.()2 pounds at 00 Fahrenheit, A cubic foot of fresh snow wei alis 5.2 pounds. 155 COST OF COMMODITIES BY THE TON- To find the cost of any number of ponndw sold by ton of 2000 pounds, point off tliree (3) places for decimals and multiply Qjy Yi the pi'ice per pound. To compute the volume of a cone: multiply the area of the base l;y the perpendicular height and take 1/3 of the product. EXAMPLE: the diameter of cone is 15 inches, and the height is .'{2.5 inches what is the volume? 1.") X 15 X .7S5-1 = 17(!.715 then 176.715 x :'.2.5 = 1914.4125 APPROXIMATE AVOIRDUPOIS EQUR'ALENTS. The following table will be found useful for testing scales gradu- ated in the metric system where the sealer is not provided with metric weights. It is accurate to the nearest 1/16 ounce. 1 Kilogram — 2 pounds, 3i^ ounces avoirdupois 2 " — 4 " ' 61/9 5 " —11 " % 10 - _22 " 34 20 " — 14 " 11/9 " " 25 '•• —55 ;' \% " " O'/XCES lEDT'CWl) TO EHA(^TIOXAL (DECIMALS) PARTS OF A POUND. * * ■/-■* * 1* ******* * * ■♦:■ * 1/4 ounce ■>4 1 ■> ounces ■> 4 5 6 7 ,s 10 11 12 i:! 14 15 16 .015625 .03125 .046875 .0625 .1250 .1875 .2500 .3125 .3750 .4375 .5000 .5625 .6250 .6875 .7500 .8125 .8750 .9375 1 .0000 por nd **«-»*i **»»****«*«* mr, PENNA.'S LARGEST INDUHTRY HOUSEKEEPING. -Read this pamphlet carefully, and if you carry out instructions contained herein, you will do much to protect yourself against loss. If you are engaged in this industry you should: Trade with dealers who have accurate and sealed weighing and measuring devices. See that your milk and cream bottles are filled to the cap or stopple. Know that when dried beans, etc., are sold by the liquid quart in- stead of dry measure you are losing 15 per cent of what you pay for and entitled to. Ascertain that measures, liquid and dry are so marked with their capacity before purchasing a commodity so measured. In purchasing turkey, chicken, etc., don't accept the weight as sometimes already marked on same, but insist that the commodity be reweighed in your presence. Be business-like when purchasing. The merchant is careful that in his sales he receives full value for correct weight or measure given. He is obliged to be thus careful, else his business would; be done at a loss. Why then should the BUSINESS OF HOUSEKEEP- ING be done in a careless manner and at a loss. Order commodities in terms of weight and measure. Don't order a "pail of lard", "print of butter", "thirty cents worth of potatoes", "piece of bacon", can of oil", "box or basket of fruit", unless you know how much that pail, print, package, etc. contains in weight or measure. Never take less than you are entitled to in goodsi any more than you would in money. To properly protect yourself against being defrauded, it is essen- tial that you provide yoxir household with a good scale, and a set of accurate dry and liquid measures. When you buy your scale or measiires, to be sure that they are accurate you should send them to the Department of Weights and Measures and have them tested. There is no charge made for this test. To be absolutely fair with your merchant, scales or measures you buy should be of as good a type as you can afford. Since you are judging the honesty of your merchant by the reweighing and re- measuring of his goods, you should be absolutely sure that your scale and measures are right, lest you should misjudge an innocent and honest person. See that all package goods purchased by you, has the net weight ot contents printed or stamped thereon ; this applies to all food pro- ducts, and is required by Law. Net weight means the actual weight of the contents of the package, carton, can, bottle, etc. Don't be deceived by placing package on the scale and guessing at the net weight ; the weight of the container in some cases is heavier than the contents you purchased for food. Don't save at the spigot and waste at the bung hole by patronizing merchants who are selling commodities at a lower price than their competitors are buying for. When buying from hucksters, vendors and peddlers, unless you are acquainted with them and know them to have an established resi- dence, be very careful to weigh and measure all commodities pur- .„: 157 chased from them. They are very often transient, making but one trip in j'our district, and you may have trouble in locating them when you discover you have been cheated. Get their license number from the wagon so you will be able to describe them in case yo\i want to notify your local Inspector. Don't neglect to weigh up your purchases, which you bought today over a scale; if you brought home one dozen eggs or roasting ears the chances are you count them, of course yon do. You don't forget the numerals, but you do forget the pounds' and ounces. What is the difference? You lose an egg worth four cents or an ounce of but- ter worth four cents. Keep thi,s in mind. Don't be afraid of looking at the weighing of your purchases when buying, it is a privilege of yours. Tf the merchant gives you less change, you call his attention to it, don't you? What':-' the difference •short-changing you out of five cents, or short-weighing you out of five cents? Be careful of the merchant who undersells his competitor. He pays the wholesaler just as much for his goods as the other man, some one gets 'stung', is it you ? Don't buy in dribs, if possible, for example: butter is selling at forty-five cents per pound; twenty-three cents per half pound; twelve cents per one-fourth pound. So you are paying forty -eight per pound when buying in quarter pounds. Give this a thought in all pur- chases. Don't buy in a careless manner. lApk for a pound of beeftseak, not thirty cents worth, this way you know what you should receive. You never ask for forty-five cents worth of eggs, do you? You al- ways ask for a dozen. Don't allow the merchant to weigh in the wooden dish — ^you throw the dish away, that you just paid for, instead of butter. Think this over the next time you go to the store. Why telephone your order to the Grocer or Butcher and there^\v take a chance, when, by going yourself you can be sure yon are get ting what you pay for; if you must nse the phone in ordering your foodstuffs, you must also take extra precaution to .■see that you are not being defrauded. Don't condemn the merchant in all cases of short-weight, it may )ie the clerks fault, and the Grocer or Butcher may be innocent, but don't fail to call their attention to the mistakes. You are the loser, so protect yourself and the merchant against dishonest clerks. I>id you ever notice the retail mei'drmt check up tlie goods lirought to his store by the wholesalers wagon, oi- auto truck? He docs not claim that the wholesaler is dishone,«t, but he wants to be sure he is getting what he ordered — this ought to be a lesson to you. Don't buy from a merchant who use.'- dented, dinRcd or flattered measures, this cheats yon ; he does not allow his clerks to batt(M' or d'nge his cash register, or show-cases, why his measures. Two and two make four, but fifteen ounces of butter and o-iie ounce of carton or wooden dish, dont make one pound of butter. Always secure from the driver of the coal -wagon a delivery tickel showing the net weight, and the name and ;iddre-\s of the dealer, if you are not sure that you are receiving correct weight notify your local Inspector of Weights and Measures. 158 Don't be ready to condemn the tradesman. There are thousajids of honest merchants in this State, they sometimes make mistakes, so do his clerks. A mistake need not always be a dishone-it one. Butter put up in prints, is sanitary, but be sure you are getting sixteen ounces of butter without the paper or carton ; the carton is thrown into the garbage-can when you arrive home, and if it were included in the weight of butter sold to Vou, you are short on an average of one ounce of butter, or over six percent of your purchase. DO NOT LEAVE THE TRIMMINGS OF YOUR MEAT WITH THE BUTCHER. Many butchers are very accommodating and obliging in their de- sire to trim the meat which you purchase of them, after the meat has been weighed and you have paid for every particle of it. For example, you order a steak at 25 cents a pound. The butcher cuts the steak and places it upon the scale. He then informs you of the price of the steak. If the steak weighs three pounds exactly, it will cost you 75 cents. Thus, you are paying for every portion of that steak. He then removes the steak to the block and proceeds to "trim" the steak, cutting away certain portions of the fat. meat and bone. This applies to roast of beef, leg of lamb, etc. He then deposits all. he has cut from your steak in a box beneath the counter, all of which you have already been charged for at the rate of 25 cents per pound. On the following morning the butcher again sells these trimmings for which you have paid at the rate of 25 cents per pound, for 6, 7 and 8 cents per pound, In tlie meantime you have taken your steak home, and if you are careful you have weighed it upon the scale in your kitchen. If the butcher has been dishonest, you dis- cover a variance between the weight charged for and the weight of the steak on your own home scale. If you go back to complain to the butcher, lie will promptly tell you that the difference betw^een the weight of the steak when he sold it to joxi and the weight of the same steak on your own home scale has been deposited in the box under his counter as "trimmings"'. He has removed all possible trace of the necessary evidence in a short-weight case. The Department of Weights and Measures advises you and urges you in all cases to insist upon the "trimmings" being: given you or sent with the meat. There are many uses to which you can put these "trimmings" at home. If the butcher can sell them for vari- ous prices per pound, they certainly must have some value in your home. The fat can be rendered into lard ; the bones can be used in soup, and any careful houswife can certainly find many uses for "trimmings" of meat. Don't buv goods that are weighed over scales or sold in a measure that has marked on them "NOT LEGAL IN TRADE" or for "HOUSEHOLD USE ONLY" Scales tested to-day by the Inspector of Weiahts: and I\Ieasures may be found cori'cct and his stamp of approval be placed on it, but that same scale may he out of balance when he leaves as th" State, City, or (\)unty can not afford to have the Inspector pay a daily visit to every store. You the purchaser should w^atch the scale when you are buying, if the scale is out of balance J4, 1 or 2 ounces. 159 the chances are, you will be defrauded that much in your purchase. Are those ounces and pennies, worth the trouble of watching the scale? Remember, ''one brick does not amount to much, but many build a house." Don't hesitate to notify the Inspector of Weights and Measures if you are suspicious of being cheated. Every County and all Cities have Inspectors of Weights and Measures who will attend to your complaint and if it is your desire, all communications will be treated confidentially. If your neighbor has not a copy of this pamphlet, and desires one, write to the Bureau of Standards, Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pennsjivania, and a copy will be mailed to you. MERCHANTS— WHOLESALER AND RETAILER. Should know: — That the Bureau of Standards was created with a twofold purpose. Protection to merchant and consumer. That the Inspectors in this service are in your employ and you should co-operate with them that they might eliminate that unfair competition which is canned by dishonest merchants. That ignorance of the Law excuses no one. That yoxir Aveighing and measuring apparatus is accurate and sealed as required by law. Thit a rpniiest for service from merchant and consumer are given equal consideration. When in doubt as to the accuracy of your scales, etc., consult your Inspector. When obliged to install new apparatus, be careful to have same passed ^lpon by Inspector of Weights and Measures, before using as the use of an unsealed apparatus is forbidden by law. When purchasing scales, measures, etc., require that they be delivered with the understanding that they may be returned and purchase price refunded, should they not pass the Inspector's test. That all goods sold in package form, the quantity of the contents shall be plainly and conspicuously marked on the outside of the package, in terms of weight, measure numerical count. Refuse to handle package goods not properly marked. It is the duty of the inspector to see that your scales and measures are correct, so that the consumer and merchant may profit by the funds which are appropriated for this work. That the patrons are interested in the regulation of weights and measures and it is your duty to show your patrons the seals' of approval placed by our Inspectors so that they might become fam- iliar with their appearance and encourage their patronage of estab- lishments using approved apparatus. Mr Merchant if you had appendicitis, would you go to a black- smith? Xo, you would go to a doctor. Well then, if your scale needs repairing, get a practical scale repairman to do the job for you. DON'TS FOR THE JIERCHAXT. Don't delay to notify this office of the scales, weights and meas- ures you are using or have in your possession, in order that they mav be inspected, tested and sealed. 160 iJon't dispose of any condemnd weights and measures, unless auiljcrized by lliis ])epartment. Don't lemove any tags or labels or seals placed by an Inspector. Don't fail to show these DON'TH to your clerks or help. Don't sell, or offer for sale, or expose for sale, a lesser quantity than represented. Don't tcli i'V ( tfc for sale in :i m.iiner contiiiry (o Unv. Don't sell, or offer for sale any device for weighing or measuring calculated to falsify or register incorrect weights or measures. Don't use liquid measure for dry measure. All your measures innst be plainly marked with the capacity thereof. Don't hinder or obstruct an Inspector in the discharge, of his di'ties Don t buy except by true net weight or measure anu over in- sjiected and sealed scales. Don't hesitate to notify this offce if you have any suspicions of your wholesale dealer. Your relations with this Department can be strictly confidential. Don't fail to check the goods received by weight or measure. Don't handle package goods unless they are marked to Indicate, clearly the net contents of the package. Short weighing or meas- uring is short changing. Don't sell except by true net weight. Wooden dishes and twine and wrapping paper are not very good eating, and come high when paid for at the price of the commodity. Read carefully the tables in the back part of this pamphlet or book: all the laws on weights and measures. Knomng these you will know your rights, but if in doubt, call, write or telephone your local Inspector of Weights and Measures, or the Bureau of Stand- ards, Harrisburg, Penna. 161 "THOUGHTS" Every Inspector of Weights and Measures is a link in tJie chain that holds the key of just where Honesty ceases and Dishonesty begins. If you want to become a trusted employee, one whom the 'Boss' will depend on, don't depend on routine work, show initiative. An Inspector who claims he does'nt know how, can not be disput ed. You must not permit yourself to become wiser than the Law ; you must administer it as you find it. The Law is in the books, but interpret it by using common sense. You must match your wits against the Merchant who insists on keeping his scale set fast. You are sure to make mistakes, you are only human, but be sure to profit by them. Don't enter a store in a slip-shod sort of a way, ,as if you were afraid of the Owner; you have no ai)()logy to olTer, you are tliere (;n business, just the same as the man is who conducts the store. The stronger personal hold you can get upon the consumer and Merchant in the territory assigned you, the greater will be your in- dividual worth to your City. County and State. He is a wise Inspector who takes pains to know more than he is expected to know about his work. Enthusiasm is as necessarv for ;>n luspectu as a scale is for a Butcher. You may fail as an Inspector because you don't take advantage of reading all the literature the Manufacturei's of sfales, pumps, etc., places at your disposal. Whatever is worth while doing, is worth whili doing ^^ell : it costs no more to make a thorough inspection than it does a listless one. Get the idea? The first rule when inspecting any Weighing or Measuring De- vice, is to know the de\'ice as well as a fish does water. , An Inspector who wastse his time is like the fellow trying to run an auto without gas; he never gets anywhere, waste 10% of your time and you waste 10% of your value. The Inspector who is reprimanded for errors, in time comes to think he has a right to make them. When Babe Euth goes up to the plate he is ni)t thinking of what he is going to have for dinner, his mind and eyes are on the ball — when you are on the job give this a thought. The Inspector who starts the day for nowhere, gets nowhere, — so systemize your day's work. Study your laws from A to Z, then forget .50% in some cases, and apply 50% common sense; this is where the golden rule comes in again. Davy Crockett said, "be sure you're right then go ahead" follow this saw and you'll never bump into trouble. You must always remenibei- the GOLDEN RULE you can straighten out many situations ]»y applying the (jolden Eule, instead of pussey-footing with laws and ordinances. If the 'Boss' has a system mapped out, keep it going. Notice how Babe Euth bunts once in awhile — bench orders, my boy. 162 Keep suiiling. A grouchv look reminds one of the measle'^. KEEP SMILING. Showing the Merchant and Sf-ale-man that you know your work, is what counts. Specialize in your spare moments on some phase of your work, this is the stub that makes experts. If yon are not enthusiastic and put 'pep' into your work, how do you expect to become a ISO. 1 Inspector? Think this over. (Always keep this in mind: Its a fool that gives over-weight, and a cheater that gives under-weight. The Merchant Avho can not ofl' handed tell how his Weighing and Measuring Devices are working, needs you and so does his customers. It is a good policy to remember the Golden Rule in matters of dispute between Merchants and Consumers. You should always remember the old adage: "nothing succeeds like success, and nothing fails like failure." You should always bear in mind, that your decisions are final, unless taken into Court, where a set-back cuts into that' 100% efficiency, for which you are aspiring. Love thy Merchant as thyself, as long as he is honest. Read your Laws many times and carefully, think deeply. Your own ideas may be better than the ideas your 'Boss' has, don't hesi- tate to express them. Slipshod methods make slipshod Inspectors, and slipshod Inspect ors make slipshod methods. Hitch your wagon to the system star, and then keep it hitched. After all, the main thing for our Inspector to know is, how to do his work and get along with the Merchants and the Public. Whatever the business of life, act well your part, and prove to the world, that the man enobles the profession, not the profession the man. 163 INDEX I'ase Activities and Duties 3 Act 842, with amendments, D Bureau o£ Standards r> Legal Weights & Measures, ri Chief '> Duties, '. 5 Report 5 Testing of AV eights and Measures, f> Right of entry, t> Stopping of Vehicles ti Destruction of false weight and measures, C Deputies 6 Act 177, with amendments, 11 Inspectors, 11 Salaries 11 Proviso, 11 Standard tests 12 Reports, 12 Right of entry 12 Seizure 13 Use of false, or insufficient weight or measures, 13 Jurisdiction 13 Penalty, 13 Repeal, 13 Act 445, with amendments, 17 Commodity defined, 17 Manner of sale, 17 Measures to be marked as to capacity, 17 Bottles or jars for the sale of milk or cream 17 Proviso, 10 Packages shall be marked, 19 Violation, 10 Penalty, 20 Not applicable to wholesalers, jobbers, or commission Merchants, 20 Act 147, with amendment 24 Dealer in milk and cream, 24 Use of standard Babeock testing glassware 24 Penalties, 27 Enforcement 27 Act 337, 31 Bureau of Markets, 3X Powers, 31 Standards and Classifications of farm products 31 Bureau of Standards, 31 Standards for receptacles, 31 Selling, etc ,32 Rules and Regulations 32 Bureau of Standards, 31 Investigation and test, 33 Procuring of samples, 33 Employes and agents 33 164 INDEX Page Licensed investigators, 33 CrrtifieHte 33 Fees 33 Suspension or revocation of license, 33 Appeal to Director, 33 Evidence 34 Disposition of Pees and Money 34 Reports covering products in storage 34 Name of Owner or Informant not to be disclosed, 34 Right of entry 04 Compulsory of attendanci' of persons from whom reports have been requested 34 Oaths 34 Production of books, etc 34 Violations, 34 Misdemeanors, 35 Regulations, 35 Penalties, 35 Prosecutions, 35 Bureau of Standards 35 Farm Products, 35 Marking, 35 Director, 35 Act 187 40 Weights and Measures, 40 Standard Weights and Measures, 40 Use in trade or commerce, 40 Liabilities for acts, or omission of agents 40 Submission for approval 41 Certificate of approval 41 Notification of disapproval, . . .' , 41 Hearing, 41 Appeal to Secretary of Internal Affairs, 41 Appeal to common pleas, 41 Sale excepted 41 Existing Weights and Measures, 41 Weights and Measures intended for use outside of the State, . . 41 Manufacturers or Vendors gnarauty 42 Regulation serial number and description, 42 Marking of Weights and Measures 42 Marking of unapproved Weights and Measures, 42 Misdemeanor 43 Penalty, 43 Parts of Weights or Measures, 43 Marking of Weights and Measurers not intended for use in trade. 43 Marking impracticable 43 Rules and Regulations 43 Sealing of Weights and Measures, 44 Effect of iippri>i';a of I ype 44 Violations, 44 Jurisdiction, 44 165 INDEX Page Penalty 44 Enforcement, 44 Repeal 45 Aiiproximatc avoirctupoisi equivalents 155 Berry Baskets or Boxes, 74 Specifications 74 Tolerances 74 Duties and activities, 3 Dry capacity Measures 60 Specifications (if) Tolerances, 70 Exemptions on small packages 14fl Olass Graduates 50 Specifications, '. 59 Tolerances, '. 60-61 General Information 152 Model Affidavit, 152 Linear Measures, 49 Specifications 49 Tolerances, 49 Liquid capacity measures, , 54 Specifications, 54 Tolerances, 55 Milk Bottles 65 Specifications, 65 Tolerance, 65 Merchants, Wholesalers and Retailers, 159 Ounces reduced to fractionals (decimals) 155 Fractional parts of pounds . 155 Pumps, ■ 127 Tentative specifications 127 Tolerance, I33 Pennsylvania's largest Industry — "Housekeeping," 156 Requirements of the Law as it applies to the marking of package goods, 146 Table of variation 146 Scales, 78 General specifications, 78 Sensibility reciprocal 80 Platform Scales 81 Specifications, 81 Sensibility reciprocal 83 Tolerances 84-85 Counter Balance Scale, 89 Specifications, 89 Sensibility reciprocal, 9O Tolerances, ., 91 Suspension Scales of the lever type, 95 Specifications, 95 Tolerance, 95 1(JU INDEX Page Spring Scale, 99 Specification 99 Tolerance 100-101 Straight face Spring Scale, 105 Specifications, 105 Tolerance, 105 Computing Scales 109 Specifications, 109 Sensibility reciprocal, 110 Tolerance, 110 Cream tost and Butter fat Scale 114 Specifications, 114 Sensibilitj' reciprocal, 114 Tolerance ' 114 Prescription Scales au'd Balances, 118 Specifications 118 Sensibility reciprocal, 119 Tolerance 119 Table of Weights and Measures, 138 Linear Measure, 138 Square Measure, 138 Cubic Measure 138 Chain 138 Suveyors area Measure, 138 Liquid Measure, 138 Apothecaries fluid measure, 139 Dry Measure, 139 Avoirdupois Weight 139 Troy Weight, 139 Apothecaries Weight 139 Circular Measure, 139 Paper Measures, 139 Table of Equivalents, 140 Lengths 140 Area or surface, 141 Capacity or volume 142 Thoughts, 161 Tolerances permitted on bottles or jars for Milk or Cream 148 Requirements, 149 Weights 125 Specifications, 125 Tolerance 125 Avoirdupois, 125 Apothecaries, 125 Metric System, 126-135 Units of length, 136 Area 136 Volume ". '. 136 Units of capacity 137 Units of Weights, .• 137