QE £6: WWW ■■C:fjM,iy Myy^U' w,«,v,,vyi,^;V^,W, A. I WQ' ,0't>\i; Sp^asa^^^^^aa^ >^^v,w W'^^VM^v 'UUU^. /WWW: M^S5 '^^t:^^^^ti©s^y^^^ VW^Wi ;V:W,w.^ i^jWWW* ^VUW /w^g'Wi JMI i BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 1891 ENGtKEERtNG^LiBRARY A/JSAM. /y/r//s^.^... Cornell University Library FQE262.M26F79 1881 The geology of the oolitic and Liassic r 3 1924 004 557 306 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004557306 96 S.E. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUEYEI ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OP THE OOLITIC AND LIASSIC EOCKS TO THE. NORTH AND WEST OF MALTON. (EXPLANATION OF THE QUARTER SHEET 96 S.E. OF THE ONE- INCH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP OF ENGLAND AND WALES.) C. FOX-STRANGWAYS, F.G.S. THE LISTS Off FOSSILS REVISED BY R. ETHERIDGE, r.R.S., Pees. G.S. PRINTED BT OBDES OP THH L0ED3 COMMISSIONBES OE HEE MAJBSTT'3 IEEABUET. LONDON : PMKTED POK HER MAJESTY'S STATIONBET OFFICE. AND SOLD BT Longmans & Co., Paternoster Eow; Tetjbnee & Co., Ludgate Hill; Letts, Son, &. Co., Limited, 33, King William Street; Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross ; and J. Wtld, 12, Cbaring Cross ; ALSO ET Messrs. Johnston, 4, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh : Hodges, Figgis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street, and A. Thom & Co., Abbey Street, Dublin. 1881. Price One Shilling. LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. The Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geoloRically coloured by the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland; under the Superintendence of Prof. A. 0. Eahsat, LL.D., F.B.S &o., Director-General. The various formations are traced and coloured in all their Subdivisions. ENGLAND AND WAlES.-(Scale one-inch to a mUe.) Maps, JTos. 3 to 41, 44, Si price 8«. ed. each, with the exceptions of 2. 10, 28, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 38, 39, 58, ia. each. * Sheets divided into four quarters, 42, 43,45,46, (48 SB), 52, 53,64,65, 68,67jJ69 NF].SE),60, 61,62, 63,64, n,72, 73 74' 76. (76NS), (77 N), 78, 79, 80, 81, 82.87, 88,89, 105 (90 SB, NE,) (91SW,NW,9S SW.NW), (98 NE, SB, SW), (101 SB)] (109 SB). Price 3s. Except (57 NW), 76 (N), (77 NE). Price l».6d. j SCOTLAND.— Maps 2, 3, 7, 14, 15, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40 41, 6s. each. Maps 1, IS, 4s. IRELAND— Maps 21, 28, 29, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 50, 59, 60, 61, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78 to 92, and from 95 to 205, price S». each, ■with the exception ot 38, 50, 72, 82, 122, 131, 140, ISO, 159, 160, 170, 180, 181, 182, 189, 160, 196, 197, 202, 203, 204, 206, price Is. 6d. each. BORXZOIO'TAK SECTIONS, Illustrative of the Geological JUaps. X to 120, England, price 5s. each. 1 to 6, Scotland, price 5s. each. 1 to 24, Ireland, pricp 5«. each. VEKTICA^ SSCrXOISS, Illustrative of Horizontal Seciiona and Maps, ] to 63, E;;gland, price 3s. Sd. each. 1, Ireland, price 3s. 6d. 1 to 5, Scotland, price 3s. Sd- COniPKEXEB COITN TIES OF EITGXiAirs ATStTi WAKES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Kile. The sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Those marked t are illustrated by General Memoirs. ANGLESEI,— sheets 77 (N), 78. Horizontal Sections, sheet 40. BEDFOEDSHIRE.-sheets 46 (NW, NE, SWt, & SBt), 62 (NW, NE, SW, &. SE). BEEKSHIEB,— sheets 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34*. 45 (SW*). Horizontal Sections, sheets 59, 71, 72 80). BUECKNOCKSHIRB,— sheets 36, 41, 42, 56 (NW & SW), 67 (NB & SE). Horizontal Sections, sheets 4, 5, 6, 11; and Vertical Sections, sheets 4 and 10. BTJCKINGHAMSHIEE,— 7* IS* 46* (NE, SE). 46 (NW, SWt), 52 (SW). Horizontal Sections, 74, 79. CAEKMAETHENSHIRE, 87, 38, 40, 41, 42 (NW & SW), 56 (SW), 57 (SW & SB). Horizontal Sections 2, 3. 4, 7, 8, 9 ; and Vertical Sections 3, 4, 6, 6, 13, 14. CAEENARVONSHIEB,— 74 (NW), 76, 76, 77 (N), 78, 79 (NW & SW). Horizontal Section 28, 31, 40. CAEDIGANSHIEE,— 40, 41, 56 (NW), 67, 68, 69 (SE), 60 (SW). Horizontal Sections 4, 5, 6. CHESHIEB,— 73 (NE & NW), 79 (TrE & SB), 80, 81 (NW* & SW*), 88 (SW). Horizontal Sections 18, 43, 44, 60, 64, 66, 67, 70. COENWALL,— 24t 25t, 26t, 29t, 30t, Sit, 32t, & 33t. DENBIGH,-78 (NW), 74, 75 (NB), 78 (NE & SB), 79 (NW, SW, & SE), 80 (SW). Horizontal Sections 31, 35, 38, 39, 43, 44, and Vertical Sections, sheet 24. DEEBTSHIEE,-«2 (NB), 63 (NW), 71 (NW, SW, & SE), 72 (NE, SE), 81, 82, 88 (SW, SB)). Horizontal Sections 18, 46, 60, 61, 69, 70. DBVONSHIEE,— 20t, 21t, 2at, 23t, 24t. 26t, 26t, & 27t. Horizontal Sections, sheet 19. t The Geology of the Counties of Cornwall and Devon is fully illustrated by Sir H. De la Beche's Eeport." 8vo. 14s. DOESETSHIEB,— 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Horizontal Sections, sheets 19, 20, 21, 22 66. Vertical sections, sheet 22. FIjINTSHIBE,— 74 (NE), 79. Horizontal Sections, sheet 43. GLAMOEGANSHIEB— 20, 86, 87, 41, & 42 (SE & SW) . Horizontal Sections, sheets 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; and Vertical Sections, .sheets 2, 4, 6, 6, 7, 9, 10, 47. GLOtrCESTERSHIEE,— 19, 34*, 35, 43 (NE SW & SE), 44*. Horizontal Sections 12, IS, 14, IB, 59 and Vertical Sections, 7, 11, 16, 4B, 47, 48, 49, 50, 61. HAMPSHIEE,— 8t. 9, 10*, 11, 12*, 14, 15, 16. Horizontal Section, sheet 80. HEEEFOEDSHIEE,— 42 (NB i SB), 43, 55, 66 (NB & SE). Horizontal Sections 5, IS, 27, 30. 34 ; and Vertical Sections, sheet 15. KENT,— It (SW & SE), 2t St 4«, 6. 6t. Horizontal Sections, sheets 77 and 78. MEBIONBTHSHIEE,— 69 (NB & SB), 60 (NW), 74, 76 (NE & SB). Horizontal Sections, sheets 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 38, 37, 38, 39. MIDDLESEX— It (NW & SW) 7*, 8t. Horizontal Sections, sheet 79. MONMOUTHSHIRE,— 35, 36, 42 (SB & NE) 43 (SW). Horizontal Sections, sheets 5 and 12 ; and Vertical Sections, . sheets 8, 9, 10, 12. MONTGOMEEYSHIEE,— 56 (NW), 59 (NE & SE), 60, 74 (SW & SE) Horizontal Sections, sheets 26, 27, 29, 80, 82, 34, S6, 36, 38. NORTHAMPTONSHIEB,-64, 46 (NW&NE), 46 (NW), 52 (NW, NE, & SW), 53 (NE, SW, & SE), 63 (SE), 64. OXI'OEDSHIEE,— 7*, 13*, 34*, 44*, 46*, 53 (SE*, SW). Horizontal Sections, sheets 71, 72, 81, 82. PEMBROKESHIRE,— 38, 89, 40, 41, 58. Horizontal Sections, sheets 1 and 2 ; and Vertical Sections, sheets 12 and 13. RADNORSHIRE,— 42 (NW & NE), 56, 60 (SW & SE) Horizontal Sections, sheets 6, 6, 27. RUTLANDSHIRE,- this county is included in sheet 64. i saROPSHIRE.-65 (NW, NE), 56 (NE), 60 (NE, SE), 61, 62 (NW), 78 74 (NB, SE). Horizontal Sections, sheets 24, 25, 30, S3, 34, 36, 41, 44, 45, 68, 54, 68 ; and Vertical Sections, sheets 23, 24. SOMERSETSHIEB,— 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 35. Horizontal Sections, sheets 16, 16, 17, 20, 21, & .".2 : and Vertical Sections sheets 12, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, and 61. ' STAPEOEDSHIEE,— (64 NW), 65 (NE), 61 (NE, SE), 62, 63 (MW), 71 (SW), 72, 78 (NE, SE), 81 (SE, SW). Hori- zontal Sections 18, 28, 24, 25, 41, 42, 45, 49, 54, 57, 61, 60: and Vertical Sections, sheets 16, 17. 18, 19. 20, 21, 28, 26. SUEEET,— 1 (SWt), 6t, 7*, 8t, 9. Horizontal Sections, sheets 74, 75, 76, and 79. SUSSEX,- 4*, 5 6, 8, 9, 11. Horizontal Sections, sheets 73, 76, 76, 77, 78. WARWICKSHIRE,- 44*, Ha (NW), 53*, 64, 62 (NE, SW & SE), 6S (NW, SW, & SE), Horizontal Sections sheets 2S 48, 49, 60, 51 82, 83 ; and Vertical Sections, sheet 21. ' WILTSHIRE,— 12*, 13*, 14, 16, 18, 19, 34* and 85. Horizontal Sections, sheets 16 and 69. WORCESTBESHIEE,-43 (NB). 44*, 54, 65 62 (SW & SB) 61 (SE). Horizontal Sections IS, 23, 25, 60, and 69- and Vertical Section 16. ' 96 S.E. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEI ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OP THE OOLITIC AND LIASSIC ROCKS TO THE NORTH AND WEST OF MALTON. CEXPLANATION OF THE QUARTER SHEET 96 S.E. OF THE ONE. INCH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP OF ENGLAND AND WALES.) C. FOX-STEANGWAYS, F.G.S. THE LISTS OP FOSSILS REVISED BY R ETHEEIDGE, F.RS., Pees. G.S. PEINTED BY 0EDE2 OE THE lOEDS COMJttlSBIOKBEB OB HEB MAJESTY'S TEEASUEY. LONDON : PRINTED POR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OPMCE. AND SOLD BT Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row ; TrIjbner & Co., Ludgate Hill ; Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street; Edward Stanford, 53, Charing Cross ; and J. Wyld, 12, Charing Cross ; ^ ALSO BT Messrs. Johnston, 4, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh : Hodges, Figgis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street, and A. Thom & Co., Abbey Street, Dublin. 1881. Price One Shilling. ul CONTENTS. Notice ..-..-. ISTTEObTJCTION. General description of the district . - - - Table of roEMAiioNs ------ Lias. Lower, Middle, and Upper Lias . - - - LowEK Oolites. The Dogger ------ Lower Estuarine Series - . . - - MiUepore Bed (Whiiwell Oolite) Middle Estuarine Series - - - Scarborough or Grey Limestone Series (Brandsby Koadstone) Upper Estuarine Series - . . - . Cornbrash ------- Middle Oolites. Keflaways Rock ------ Oxford Clay - - - . . Northern liegion (^Pickering apd Helmsley) {Howardian Hills) /-Lower Calcareous Grit - Passage Beds Lower Limestone Middle Calcareous Grit - Upper Limestone ..Upper Calcareous Grit - rCalcareous Grit '^/'^!r.!!.£r!?i'"*J^^»*g®Beds - I Coralline Oolite [_^Upper Calcareous Grit - Upper Oolites. Kimeridge Clay - - . - Cretaceous Rocks. Red Chalk - - - - White. Chalk - . . - SuPEBEiciAL Deposits. Boulder Clay and Gravel . - - Warp and Lacustrine Clay, Sand, and Gravel Dry-VaUey Gravel - - - Alluvium ----- Phtsical Steucture - - . . Page 1 3 4 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 10, 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 21 23 23 26 26 27 28; 31 31 32 NOTICE. The formations described in this Memoir are the same as those of ■which Mr. Strangways gave an account in the Explanation of Quarter Sheets 95 SW. and SE ; with the exception that in the district comprised in 96 SE. the Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) clays, and the Portland Beds are abseut, and the three great divisions of the Lias are present. The Lower Lias is however not seen at the surface, being concealed by superficial deposits, i The whole has been mapped and described by Mr. Strangways with his usual accuracy. ANDREW C. RAMSAY, Director-General. 20th August 1881. Q 6486. Wt. 2848. ^ 2 NOTICE. The tract of country comprised in Quarter Sheet 96 SE. of the Geological Survey Map of England and Wales, of which this Memoir is an Explanation, was surveyed by Mr. C. Fox-Strang- ways, under the superintendence of Mr. H. H. Howell, District Surveyor. The rocks described by Mr. Strang ways are those lying to the north and north-west of Malton, and mostly belong to the Upper and Middle Oolites ; a very small area being occupied by the Chalk on the eastern side of the map, and the Liassic strata occurring in the south-western corner. The chief point of interest in the Memoir seems to be the remarkable change, both in character and development, of the Middle Oolites in the northern region of Pickering and Helmsley, and in the southern region of the Howardian Hills. The lists of Fossils have been revised by Mr. Etheridge. MS. Coloured Copies [of the Six-Inch Geological \ Survey Map of this area are deposited, for reference, in the Geological Survey Office. H. W. BRISTOW, Senior Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jeirmyn Street, S.W., 17th August, 1881. THE GEOLOGY OF THE OOLITIC AND LIASSIC ROCKS TO THE NORTH AND WEST OF MALTON. Introduction. The outcrop of the rocks in the northern part of the map is really a continuation of th^t to the east, in 95 S.W., and con- sequently this pamphlet should be read in conjunction with the one describing that sheet. / The area contained in the map is 216 8qip.re miles, and includes the western end of the great hollow knownfas the Vale of Picker- ing. The principal towns are Malton, Pick&ing, Kirkby Moorside and Helmsley, which are situated on the flanks of the valley juat where the hUls begin to rise on either side. There are also nearly 40 villages of considerable importance situated within the map, besides several smaller hamlets. Nearly the whole of the area is drained by the river E.ye and its tributaries, the waters of which enter the Derwent on the eastern edge of the map, and then flow south through the gorge below Malton. The south-west cprner, including an area of about 1? square miles, is drained by the little river Foss, which enters the Ouse at the City of York. The physical features of the district may be said roughly to assume the shape of a horseshoe, the most elevated ground ranging along the north, west, and south sides of the map, while the centre is either comparatively flat or occupied by hills of but slight eleva- tion, and as we shall show presently, the various groups of strata follow the semicular form of the hills. The most elevated areas are the Moors in the north-west comer, which exceed 1,000 feet in height; while the level of the Derwent, where it leaves the map a little south of Malton, is not more that 50 feet above the sea. The rocks coming to the surface in this district mainly belong to the Upper, Middle and Lower Oolites ; besides these a very small patch of Chalk, which forms the north-west corner of the Yorkshire Wolds, enters the map on the eastern side, and the Liassic rocks are found in the south-west corner. GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &0. Geological Fokmations. The following are the geological formations which occur in the district : — Tabh of Formations. Recent and Post Glacial Glacial Upper Cretaceous - Upper Oolite - Middle Oolites -< Lower Oolites -< r^Jluvium, -< Warp and Lacustrine Clay. LSand and Gravel. - Boulder Clay and Gravel. /White Chalk, "\Eed Chalk. - Kimeridge Clay. Upper Calcareous Grit. Coral Rag and Upper Limestone. Middle Calcareous Grit. Lower Limestone. Passage Beds. Lower Calcareous Grit. Oxford Clay. Kellaways Rock. "Cornbrash. Upper Estuarine Series. Scarborough or Grey Limestone Series including the "Brandsby Roadstone." Middle Estuarine Series. Millepore Series, including the "Whitwell Oolite." Lower Estuarine Series, with beds of Hydraulic Limestone. Dogger, r Upper Lias. ■^ Middle Lias. l^Lower Lias. The Lias. The Liassic Rocks occupy a small portion of the south-west corner of the map, tjovering an area of about eight square miles ; they are much obscured by Boulder Clay and Gravel, and are apparently somewhat faulted, from which causes the mapping of the lower portion is rather uncertain. The Lower Lias. — Except quite the uppermost portion, these beds are not seen anywhere in this district, being buried by a great thickness of Boulder Clay and Gravel, which in wells between Stillington and Brandsby has been proved to have a thickness of about 20 yards. Judging from neighbouring areas it probably consists of dark blue shales with ironstone bands and doggers in the upper part, and hard bands of limestone full of fossils in the lower. Li lias LIAS. O These beds occupy the low ground south of Brandsby, but are only exposed in a few drains near Stearsby and Skewsby. The thickness of the Lower Lias in this neighbourhood we have at present no means of estimating. The Middle Lias. — This portion of the Lias consists in the main of sandy shales and sandstones with calciferous doggers full of fossils, of which the principal are Rhynchonella tetrahedra Avicula inoequivalvis, Exogyra Maccullochii, Feeten CBquivalvis, Cardium truncatum, Hypopodium, Isocardia, Myacites, etc. Above this is a greater or less thickness of soft shale with bands of ironstone doggers. These beds have a thickness of about 70 feet, and being con- siderably harder than either the beds above or below, form a well marked terrace along the hillside from Brandsby eastwards ; west of Brandsby they are depressed by a fault and crop out in the low gr ound, but are only obscurely seen west of Britton Wood. Around the hill at Crayke the Middle Lias also forms a fairly well marked terrace ; the beds are seen at a few places, and are also proved in the numerous wells about the village. The Upper Lias. — This consists of shales somewhat harder than those of the Lower Lias, but softer than the beds of the Middle Lias, above which it usually rises in a steep bank, and from either of which it is easily distinguished. The thickness of the Upper Lias is about 80 feet ; it forms a steep clayey bank along the hillside east of Brandsby, but west of that village it has not been seen anywhere, being entirely con- cealed by Boulder Clay. An outlier of these shales occurs on the hill at Crayke ; they are exposed in the roadside immediately below the Castle, and there is also a faulted portion to the south where the lower part with Inocei-amus dubius is seen on the side of the road leading to Easingwold. There must also be an:'" inlier of Tipper Lias below the Oolite north of Wiganthorpe, brought up by the great east and west fault near that place ; although the beds here are not really seen in situ their presence is inferred by the boggy ground and springs below the Dogger beds of the Inferior Oolite at Swinsey Can- near Wiganthorpe. LOWEE OOLITES. The principal portion of the Lower Oolites which crops out in this map is that in the south west, forming a portion of the Howardian range of hills. The Upper Estuarine beds also crop out in the bottom of the valleys of the Rye, Riccal, and Hodge Beck, but they occupy a very small area in this map, and really belong to larger spreads that outcrop on the moors to the north, and which will be treated of in describing that country. The lithological character and thickness of this southern por- tion differs considerably from tbat described in the east and north. 6 GEOLOGY OF MAI/TON, &C. and indicate a great dissimilarity in the physical conditions under which they were deposited. The beds on the whole consist of a great sandy series with four or five variable beds of calcareous sandstone or impure limestone occurring on certain horizons. Their total thickness is about 450 feet, but I have not much evidence to fix their upper limit with any exactitude. The Dogger. — This, which is the old name given to the marine bed at the base of the Oolites, is lithologically a rather curious mixture, being in part a ferruginous conglomerate, in part a ferruginous and oolijic limestone, in part a ferruginous sandstone, and in part an arenaceous ironstone. It is rather an irregular bed, and thickens out or dies away in very short distances, and it is not until we get to the neighbourhood of Terrington that it becomes of sufficient importance to map. Just below the trigonometrical station, nearly a mile west of Terrington, is the first good exposure in this rock. The section seen here is — ft. in. Eubbly bed of sandstone with pebbles or concre- tions - - - - - 4 Ferruginous limestone, lower part not seen - 7 At the village the Dogger either dies out or is so thin as not to be recognizable ; but further south it comes on again in consider- able force as a ferruginous and oolitic limestone, which is quarried at several places to a depth of from 9 to 13 feet. There is a small inlier of this rook brought up by the fault north of Wiganthorpe House, which is seen on the roadside at Swinsey Carr, where a few feet of ferruginous sandstone, with fossils and the usual pebbly concretions, repose on a thin bed of impure ferruginous limestone. The Lower Estuarine Series. — These beds consist principally of soft sandstone usually much falsebedded and containing small irony concretions ; towards the upper part they become more shaly and form heavy clay land requiring much draining. The series is chiefly remarkable from its containing, in its upper portion one or two well marked beds of cement stone or hydraulic limestone associated with a bed of ironstone. Through- out a portion of the district there are two beds of this limestone separated from each other by a few feet of shale. The upper of these beds, which is only two feet thick at Maidensworth, is not always present, and its outcrop is too obscure to be traced on the map ; it is therefore with the lower bed that we are principally concerned. This bed of limestone, which is the one shown on the map, has a thickness of about four feet ; it is a hard close-grained argilla- ceous limestone with a conchoidal fracture, and contains a few fossils, which, however, usually break transversely^ and are therefore LOWER OOLITES. 7 difficult of extraction and determination. A ffeshly broken sur- face of the stone is of a light greyish blue colour, but on exposure to the air it becomes white. Below the limestone is a bed o£ ironstone very full of fossils, of which the principal are Unicar- dium globosum, Ostrea gregaria ?, Myacites, RKynchonella, The hydraulic limestone has been burnt for lime at several places in the neighbourhood of Terrington, and is said to make very good lime for agricultural purposes ; it is also frequently used as a roadstone. The limestone outcrops in most of the valleys west and south of Gilling Park, being seen in Newborough Park, on Yearsley Moor, below Grimston, Scackleton, Howthorpe, and along the southern escarpment to the neighbourhood of Terrington, where it is in- terrupted by a fault for a short distance, but outcrops again in the side of the bank west and south, of Ganthorpe. A well at Moor- houses near Terrington is said to have gone through both beds of this limestone. In this series of measures occurs one of the coal seams of the Lower Oolite. It is many years since it was worked, and I was not able to gather any reliable information as to its thickness, which is said to vary from 1 to 4 feet, but I think the latter estimate is rather doubtful. The old pit heaps are to be seen on the sides of the becks on the north of Yearsley Moor and Grim- ston Moor, where it appears to have been worked mainly at its outcrop. The Millepore Bed. (Whitwell Oolite.) — Above the beds just described is a siliceous limestone, oolitic in part, which becomes thicker and more oolitic as we trace it eastwards. This bed, which from its dying out to the north, cannot be traced absolutely to join with the Millepore Bed of the Coast, is however correlated with it from the evidence of the large collection of fossils that have been made at WhitweU in the next map (93 N.E.), where this rock attains its typical development. In the present district the Mille- pore Bed consists of hard siliceous limestone with fossils, in large blocks, which occasionally stand out in large tabular masses over- hanging the softer beds below ; the lower part of the formation is a much purer limestone and more oolitic, but the oolitic structure does not seem to be always developed to an equal amount. Below the oolite are usually a few feet more of the siliceous beds which towards their base pass into softer sandstone. ' The thickness of these beds varies somewhat, in Newborough Park there is only about 10 feet of them, while at Terrington there must be 20 feet or more, but there is no complete section in which the thickness can be measured. The Millepore Bed crops out very regularly on the northern side of the Howardian Hills, from Newborough Park to Grimston Moor, and again on the southern escarpment as far as Bxandsby, where it is thrown up by a fault, so as to form outliers at High Wood and Dalby ; east of this the outcrop has a more or less 8 GEOLOGY OF MAiTON, &C. interrupted course by Terrington to Ganthorpe. In the centre of the district this bed outcrops on either side of the valley south of Oolton, at several places between this and Airyholme, and thence runs in aur uninterrupted line on the north side of the fault to beyond Coneysthorpe. The Middle Estuarine Series. — The Middle Estuarine beds are on the whole very sandy, and form very poor ground which re- quires to be well marled to bring it into cultivation. The upper part is more clayey, and at Grimstonit has been dug for spreading over the sandy ground below. The following section, which has a very coal-measure aspect, was measured at this place. ft. ins. 2 8 4 6 4 10 4 Marl Pit, Grimston Moor. Little Sandstone (irregularly bedded) - . - Brown Shale - - Dark shale with sandy streaks - . - - Light-coloured sandy shale, with a little sandstone here and there ------ Dark carbonaceous shale - - - - - White sandy clay with vertical stigmaria Hidden by talus - - - - - Thin seam of coal on floor of working - - - — The total thickness of these beds appears to be about 60 feet ; they form large spreads in Newborough Park, and on Grimston Moor, but thin away to the eastward, and near Terrington are not more than from 30 to 40 feet thick. The. Scarborough or Grey Limestone Series. (Brandsby Koad- stone). — This formation, which is the equivalent of the Scar- borough or Grey Limestone Series of the Coast, is better known in this district as the " Brandsby Roadstone," it having been quarried for a great number of years at Brandsby as a material for mending roads, and from which place extensive collections of fossils have been made.* It is a hard siliceous limestone splitting up into large slabs, in fact some of the beds are so fissile as to afford roofing slates, for which purpose it was largely used in former years ; the upper portion of the rock is a brown porous grit, very full of casts of Avicula Braamburiensis, It is very frequently only this upper grit which is exposed, the limestone below being decomposed into soft sand, and not making any feature. The total thickness of these beds is probably about 40 feet, but of this there will not be more than about 20 feet belonging to the limestone. The largest spread of this rock is on the summit of the hill about Yearsley, where it occupies nearly all the high ground between Newborough Park and Brandsby, it also outcrops in the * There is a very fine series of fossils from this locality in the York Museum, ooliected by the late Mr. Cooke, of York, MIDDLE OOLITES. 9 higher part of Newborough Park and at Park House ; after this it is much broken up by faults into several isolated patches, which are seen near Redcar House below Gilling Park, between the faults north of Grimston Moor to Hovingham Lodge, and thence at the foot of the Middle Oolite escarpment across Slingsby Moor. The outcrop is also repeated at Wiganthorpe and in the low ground north of Terrington by the great east and west fault north of those places. The Upper Estuarine Series. — These beds are of very little importance, they are mostly sand which towards the base becomes more solid, and in a few places is almost a grit, the upper portion is however rather more clayey. This series crops out in the valleys of Hodge Beck, Riccal, and Rye, along the northern edge of the map, where its base is represented by a thick bed of grit, the Moor Grit of the country to the north. In the south the beds form outliers in Newborough Park, at Yearsley, and at Brandsby ; they also crop out in the low ground north of the fault across Yearsley Moor, between the faults south of Sike Gate, and west of Hoving- ham High Wood, as far as Hovingham Lodge ; beyond this they are cut out by the fault as far as Wath Beck, after which they again form a tract of sandy land by Gay's Hall and Slingsby Moor until they meet the fault north of Coneysthorpe. To the north of Terrington there is a portion of these beds re- peated below the Calcareous Grit escarpment of Cumhag Wood. Cornbrash. — The Cornbrash . crops out in the valleys of the Hodge Beck, Riccal, and Rye on the North of the map ; it is seen at a few places in these valleys, but the best sections of the rock are to the north in the neighbourhood of Hutton-le-Hole and Lastingham. It is a ferruginous limestone very full of fossils, having a thickness of about two feet. In the Howardian Hills the Cornbrash is not mapped, as I am unable to say whether it is represented or not ; 1 do not know of a single section exactly on this horizon, but it is very evident that it does not exist as a hard rock, otherwise some fragments of it must have been discovered along the extended outcrop of strata at about this horizon. At Shaken Bridge on the Rye the Cornbrash was some years ago tried as an ironstone, but apparently without much success, and the workings were soon abaitdoned. Middle Oolites. Kellaways Rock. — ^This rock in the north of the map has a thickness of from 70 to 80 feet ; it is a tolerably massive sand- stone which is ferruginous and fossiliferous in the upper part. At Coney Birks, in the valley of the Riccal, the rock becomes quite a coarse grit, and covers the hill-side with large fallen blocks, one of which measured 27 feet in length by 9 feet in breadth. The Kellaways Rock outcrops in the east branch of the Picker- ing Beck, called Levisham Beck, at Beck Houses in the Seven Yalley, and in the valleys of the«Hodge Beck, Riccal, and Rye. 10 GEOLOGY OP MA.LTON, &C. In the southern area the Kellaways Eock is not well seen ; it enters the map to the west of Ampleforth where it is completely obscured by the talus from the hill-side, but judging from the country further to the west it is probable that the rock is of no great thickness, and that it occurs merely as a sandy band in the midst of the Oxford Clay. Below Gilling Park and Hovingham High Wood it must also be very thin, and is masked by the greater preponderance of clayey ground both above and below ; it is even doubtful if it exists about here, but an outcrop is drawn on the map as there is no positive evidence of the bed dying out, and it becomes stronger again a little farther east. On the side of the projecting knoll, immediately east of Wath Beck, the rock is seen cropping out : it is here very siliceous and stands out from the hill as a large slab ; from this point it outcrops along the foot of the bank forming a belt of sandy ground which has been denuded into a series of little " nabs "in the same charac- teristic manner as the Kellaways E.ock near the Coast. This sandy feature is well marked on Slingsby Moor, and less dis- tinctly at the foot of Coneysthorpe Banks "Wood as far as the fault below Easthorpe Farm ; by this fault it is thrown down and crops out again at the foot of Cumhag and_ Owlers Woods, wherei it has the same tendency to form little sand hillocks or nabs, which are strikingly shown on the map by the crenulated line representing the base of the rock below Fryton Wood and near Ling Hills. Oxford Clay. — The sandy shales of the Oxford Clay retain much the same character as in the eastern part of the county, being far more sandy than the Oxford Clay of the south of Eng- land, and also containing fewer fossils. In the Howardian Hills, however, these beds are less sandy than in the northern valleys, and form wet clayey slopes generally devoted to wood- lands. The general thickness of the Oxford Clay in the north of the map is about 80 feet, but in the Howardian HiUs it seems to get rather less, and in fact the whole Oxfordian Series (Oxford Clay and Kellaways Kock,) cannot be any more than this. The Oxford Clay crops out in the seven main valleys in the northern part of the map, where it forms the steep slope between the feature formed by the Kellaways rock and the escarpment of the Calcareous Grit. The best sections in the shales are at Far wath Bridge in the gorge above Pickering, in the bed of the stream about Oropton Mills, and a large natural section at Hutton-le-Hole ; there are also exposures of these beds in the streams of the Eiver Dove, the Hodge Beck, the Riccal and the %«• ... In the southern district the Oxford Clay again enters the map and crops out in the steep slopes at and west of Ampleforth ; it is not well seen here being entirely obscured by the talus of the Calcareous Grit above. Just west of the village these beds are truncated by the large east and west fault, but appear again on - MIDDLE OOLITE^. 11 the other side of the valley being thrown up by the second of the great trough faults below Gilling Park; east of this they are faulted down and do not crop out until we come to Hovingham High Wood, beyond which there is a tolerably regular outcrop as far as Hildenley, with the exception of slight shifts of the beds at Wath Beck and Easthorpe. Behind the house at Hildenley are some shales which from their lithological character are supposed to belong to this formation, and for this reason a narrow strip is drawn on the map between the faults past this point. The beds are much disturbed about here, and it is quite possible that the shales may represent something much higher in the geological scale. In the steep bank below the Park, west of Coneysthorpe, there is another outcrop of Oxford S^laj cut off by faults on either side. The Oxford Clay is not of much economic value, but at Wool Knoll it has been worked for making bricks. The remaining divisions of the Middle Oolites are so very different in character and in general development in the north of the map to what they are in the south, that it will be better in describing them to take the two areas separately. . This is also necessary, as the exact correlation of different horizon^ at Malton with those in the north is not always satisfactory. The Noethekn Bbgion (Piokerikg and Hblmsley). The Lower Calcareous Orit. — This is the principal rock of the Middle Oolite series ; it has a thickness of nearly 150 feet, and consists in the main of a massive sandstone passing gradually into the shales of the Oxford Clay in its lower portion, but becoming more calcareous in its upper part till it passes into the true lime- stone above. In the north-western part of the map the Lower Calca,reou? Grit is much cut up by cherty layers and impure siliceous lime- stones which cover the ground with white fragments, giving il something the appearance of a chalk country ; this is especially remarkable on Rievaulx Moor and on the slopes of the gorges of the Eiccal and the Rye. In this area towards the top of the formation there is a well- marked line of balls or siliceous concretions lying in soft sandy beds, similar to those observed at Scarborough and elsewhere; this peculiarity I have not observed in the Howardian HjUs, except in a quarry near Hovingham, where something of this structure seems to be set up. The Lower Calcareous Grit forms a series of bold headlands facing the north just beyond the northern limit of the map, which are a continuation of the great tabular range mentioned in the country to the east. It dips to the south and is exposed in the sides of the several dales in this part of the map, and forms a large spread on Kievaulx Moor. 12 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &C A few miles beyond the nortfa-west corner of the map the outcrop curves round towards the south, forming the great table land of the Hambleton Hills, which attain an altitude of 1,300 feet above sea level. About Ampleforth these beds again enter the map under consideration where they form a bold escarpment facing the south, and, extending as far as Oswaldkirk, are lost against the great fault at the foot of this range of hills. In this part of its course the Lower Calcareous Grit is scarcely divisable from the sandstones of the Middle Calcareous Grit above, the in- tervening limestone having all but died away. Beyond Oswaldkirk the Calcareous Grit is cut out for a time, but appears again for a short space about Stonegrave ; it is, how- ever, not well seen here, the greater part of the escarpment being formed of limestone repeated by the fault in the bank side. On the opposite side of the valley the Calcareous Grit forms the picturesque nose of Gilling Park, and outcrops along the hill-edge to the east as far as Easthorpe and Malton, forming the bold wooded escarpments of Hovingham High Wood, Coneysthorpe Banks Wood,, and Castle Howard Park, but this region will be treated of again presently. The Passage Beds. — These beds, which form so marked an horizon in the country to the east, seem to be dying out as a distinct series in this map ; they are, however, well seen along the north, and can be recognized and mapped as a distinct bed as far west as the Hodge Beck. Beyond this they appear to become merged into the great mass of flinty strata which set in at the top of the Lower Calcareous Grit, and pass up into the limestone. The Passage Beds lithologically most resemble the same rocks nearer the coast, except perhaps that they are less ferruginous and rather more massive in character ; they contain large specimens of Gervillia aviculoides, Pecten subfibrosus, and a few other fossils in great abundance. The harder bands of this series are largely used for walling or building purposes wherever they occur. These beds crop out on the hill edge above Pickering Beck, where it is joined by Levisham Beck ; they usually form a hard edge, and in some cases even a line of crags, which is, however, liable to crumble away from the tendency of the rock to decompose and turn into sand, causing a great deal of the land along its outcrop to be of a very sandy nature. The outcrop continues as a thin sandy band by Newton in the next map, to Cropton, where it is quarried at several places, and is well seen on the side of the road going down to Rosedale. On the other side of the valley these beds are continued by Hamley to Spaunton, just beyond which they are depressed by a fault throwing the outcrop to the north, so that they appear at the edge of the escarpment at Riccal Head, and form the fine tabular hills on either side of Hutton-le-Hole, At Gillamoor the Passage Beds are still recognizable, and quarries are opened out in ihem, but the boundary lines dividing them from the Calcareous MIDDLE OOLITES. 13 Grit below and the limestone above are becoming very uncertain, and further west they cannot be separated. The Lower Limestone. — The Lower Limestone covers the largest area of any rock that crops out along the northern range of hills, and it also attains its maximum development in this district. It enters the map on the high ground above Thornton Dale, and is exposed in several quarries. It is here somewhat fossiliferous, and contains corals, which seem to link it with the Lower Coral Eag of Hackness, described in the Memoir on that sheet (95N.W.) The Oolite has here a dip to the south of from 5 to 6 degrees into the great fault which bounds these rocks on the south. In the valley north of Pickering the Lower Limestone has a very extended outcrop ; it is first exposed in the bottom of the valley, where the road to Newton crosses the railroad, and, rising gradually to the north-east, forms a narrow band in the steep wooded banks on either side till some distance beyond Kingthorpe, when it spreads out over the surface, and may be traced uninter- ruptedly to Cropton. It is largely quarried in this region, espe- cially at the latter village, where this bed and the Passage Beds below attain a considerable thickness, and are well worthy of study. On the further side of the valley of the Seven the Lower Limestone spreads out over a considerable area between Spaunton and Appleton-le-Moor, and is exposed in several good sections in the sides' of Hutton Beck and the valley of the Dove. The former of these valleys is one of the best localities for studying the Middle Oolites. The beck is usually dry for a great part of the year, and at one point or another presents sections of nearly every portion of the group. The following section was measured in the quarry on Hutton Common : — ft. in. Yellow sandstone (base only seen) ... Earthy limestone with Gervillia aviculoides Hard grey limestone - . Shaly limestone ..... Thick bed of limestone full of Osfreo^'rc^'ana . Thick bed of limestone ..... Cherty nodules - . ... Hard grey limestone - . . . . Cherty nodules ...... Hard cherty limestone" rich in fossils, Nucleolites scvr tatus, Gervillia aviculoides, Ostrea gregaria, Ostrea nana, Chemnitzia Heddingtonensis, Cylindrites elongatus and Nerincea - - . . . -114 On the further side of Dowthwaite Dale, near Gillamoor, there are some large quarries in this oolite which expose a section of nearly 60 feet, and as this is not the full thickness of the rock, it must here attain a very great, if not its maximum, development. West of this the limestone becomes very siliceous, and covers a large area of poorlsh land north of Pockley and Helmsley. A curious feature in this part of the country is the great quantity 6 2 6 2 6 2 2 1 6 1 9 14! GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &C. of white siliceous fragments which strew the sides of the dalcB, more particularly Eiccal Dale, gi^dng them the appearance of Chalk escarpments. Bey6nd the Eye the Lower Limestone becomes much thinner, and splits into two beds, the lower of which is seen half way up the wooded banks south of Eievaulx Bridge ; the upper bed follows a line of enclosures across Scawton Moor, but is not trace- able east of Waterloo Plantation. The lower bed of limestone, or the amalgamated representative of the two beds, is seen in the bed of the river Eye at Sproxton Mill, and below Duncombe House; it is here a thin impure limestone, and appears to be nearly dying out. Above Araplefocth this limestone can be scarcely said to exist, but there are about 6 feet of impure lime- stone, with oolitic grains, on this horizon, which serve to mark the division between the Lower and Middle Calcareous Grit. The fields above the village are also said to be more calcareous, and the land better, along the outcrop of this bed. The Middle Calcareous Grit — This rock is best seen at Pick- ering, in the quarries below the castle, where some of the beds have been worked as a freestone for a number of years. It here has a thickness of about 40 feet, but it is only the upper portion which is exposed in the quarries. It consists, in the upper part of impure limestone and calcareous beds with pockets and irregular bands crowded with fossils, of which the commonest are Trigonia perlata, Nerincea visurgis, Astarte Duboisiana, and corals ; the lower part of the rock con- sists mostly of soft sandstones with but few fossils, except quite at the base, where a somewhat foseiliferous horizon sets in again. The iFoUowing section was measured in the quarry below Pickering Castle : Solid beds of limestone with Chemnitzia Heddingtonensis - Rubbly oolite mth coarse pisolitio bed ... Thick irregular bed of limestone .... Oolite with irregular blue-centred limestone, containing Trigonia perlata - . . . . Thin bed full of Trigonia perlata ... Smooth limestone -..-.- Impure limestone with Trigonia bands . . - Soft yellow freestones with calcareous bands, containing Bxogyra mima, Gervillia aviculoides, Pecten fibrosus, Cardium, Trigonia costata, Trigonia clavellata, Chem- nitzia, Ammonites bipleSl! • . . .110 The Middle Calcareous Grit first enters the map on the high ground west and north of Thornton Dale ; its outcrop at first is rather obscure and liable to be confused with that of the Upper Calcareous Grit against which it is brought by a fault, it however spreads out on the hill tops to the north of Kingthorpe, and on the opposite side of Pickering Beck extends westwards as a broad band of poor sandy land by Blansby Park and Middleton Heights to the south of Cropton. It is seen in a few places in the sides of the Seven Valley, and extends in a somewhat obscure course by the north of Appleton to Hutton Beck. ft. m. 5 6 4 2 6 4 6 1 6 4 MIDDLE OOLITES-. 15 In this beck a very fine section of the rock is again exposed, extending for nearly a mile along the bed and sides of this stream. Some very fine slabs with Trigonia are to be seen here, but a great portion of the rock is a sandstone poor in fossils. To the north of Kirkby Moorside this rock forms a somewhat large spread by Cockpit Hall and Woolah House ; it is well seen in Kirkdale, opposite the Church, but west of this the outcrop becomes more obscure although it may be still recognized in Riccal Dale, and to the north of Helmsley. Here the Middle Calcareous Grit appears to be becoming thinner, but it rapidly thickens again to the north, for just south of the town, in the banks of the Rye below Duncombe Park, there are nearly 80 feet of this rock which has been quarried below the House, and in Quarry Bank Wood, near Kievaulx. South of the Eye the Middle Calcareous Grit forms a great spread of barren land on Wass Moor and Sproxton Moor to the hill edge above' Ampleforth. In a quarry on Wass Moor, of which a woodcut is given below, there is a curious section showing that the lower limestone was exposed to denudation before the deposition of the Calcareous Grit above. Fig, 1. Limestone Quarry on Wass Moor. a. Oolitic Limestone, whitish streaks at bottom. h. Reddish Sandstone. c. Dark carbonaceous matter, witl rf. Bed Clay. e. Sandstone, filling old erosion in Oolitii Limestone, much fractured. The Upper Limestone. — This limestone is also splendidly ex- posed in the fine series of quarries at Pickering, which are opened out just above those for the freestone of the Middle Calcareous Grit. It has a thickness of about 50 feet, and consists principally of massive beds of limestone which are largely quarried for lime- burning, and as a flux for smelting the iron ore in the furnares oi" north Yorkshire. On certain horizons these limestones are very fossUiferous, the principal fossils being Ostrea, Pecten, Astarte ovata, Chemitzia Q 648C. T> 16 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &C. Heddingtonensis, NerineRa, Phasianella striata, etc. ; towards the base of the series there is a marked bed of pisolite of which the grains are as large as small beans ; the upper part of the limestone is more bituminous and has acquired the local name of " black posts," it is from about this horizon, or just above, that most of the limestone is obtained which is sent to the iron furnaces. Besting on the top of the limestone beds there is a peculiar argillaceous limestone, with a conchoidal fracture, to which the local name of " throstler " has been applied.- It is not, at the most, more than four feet thick, but has a very irregular outcrop, and does not appear to be always present.* The Upper Limestone is first seen in a quarry on the hill west „of Thornton Dale. It does not appear to be so thick here as at Pickering, and the outcrop being broken by faults, can be but obscurely traced over the ground known as High Fields. In Howl Dale, however, the bed becomes more distinct and can be followed along the bank on both sides of that dale. Near Hagg House the limestone is quarried for road metal ; it is here mostly a hard blue rock with a marked band of Oolite in the upper part. Beyond Howl Dale the outcrop of the limestone turns round by Ivingthorpe into the Pickering valley, it is well exposed in the sides of this gorge, and on the west side forms a considerable spread over Blansby Park and on the hill side above Middleton, Aislaby and Wrelton to the gorge at Sinnington. At this latter place there is a magnificent section along the side of the river just north of the village which shows the whole of this series together with the grits both above and below. There is a large fault in the valley here which depresses the limestone to the west, so that it crops out in the bed of the river, and also on the hill-top at Appleton-le-Moor, a difference of about 200 feet-f In Hutton Beck there is again a fine section in these beds, showing a considerable thickness of Coral Hag and Chemnitzia Limestones, the details of which are given below. Section in Hutton Beck. ft. Ochrey sandy beds - - - - - — Hard grey fossiliferous limestone with ringed Serpula Cladophyllia, Montlivaltia dispar, Cidaris florigemma, Cidaris Smithii, Ostrea bullata, Exogyra, Astarte ovalis, Cerithmm mmcatum, and Littorina muricata - - 3 8 Thick bed of denser limestone with Pseudodiadema, Cidaris, and Belemnites - - - - 2 8 Flaggy earthy beds, much used for walling, passing down into limestone, containing corals in some places - 10 Coarsely oolitic bed with masses of Cladophyllia and Rhabdophyllia. Trigonia towards the base, which is irregularly bedded - - - - - 2 C Cherty fossiliferous limestone with Chemnitzia Hedding- tonensis . - - . 16 * Mr. Hudleston classes this bed with the division above, the Upper Calcareous Grit. Qitart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XXXIII., p. 335. f This, on account of the dip of the beds, is more than the realthrow of the fault. Vide p. 33. MIDDLE OOLITES. 17 IBeyond Hutton Beck the Upper Limestone forma a narrow strip to the north of Kirkby Moorside, by Pockley to the neigh- bourhood of Helmsley. There are numerous quarries opened in the rock throughout this region, and it is also well exposed in the sides of the several gorges through which the moorland streams reach the Vale of Pickering. In a quarry near the roadside at Kirkdale are the remains of the famous Kirkdale Cave in which were found the bones of no less than 27 species of Mammalia and Birds. The cave, which has now been mostly quarried away, is situated about half way up the face of the quarry along an irregular line formed at the junction of the Chemnitzia limestones with the more earthy Jitnestones above ; the upper surface of the Chemnitzia limestones through- out this region is very hummocky, and is known to the qnarrymen of Pickering and Hutton by the name of " hilly and holey ;" on this irrjegular surface repose the more earthy limestones above with soft marly partings which are easily worked away and form the cave line throughout the district. It is probable that at this horizon in the limestone are formed the numerous " swallows " or underground channels, in which most of the streams in the neigh- bourhood lose a part or all of their water, and if the denudation of these valleys was carried 100 feet lower, it is probable that a fine series of caves would be exposed in this region. In the neighbourhood of Helmsley the outcrop of the limestone is broken by an east and west fault, having a downthrow to the south which brings in a large spread of the rock over Duncombe Park to the west of the town. On the south side of the Kye the limestone forms a steep bank along the river for some distance ; it here appears to be getting more siliceous, and in several of the quarries is very flintj'^. The rock may be traced along the steep bank facing Duncombe Park, and through the Park to Sproxton Quarry ; from this point the general direction of the outcrop, which is interrupted by the numerous dry valleys coming down fiom the Moor, turns south to Beacon House on the hill top above Ampleforth College. At this point the outcrop trends east and is quarried along the edge of the escarpment in several places. The Coral Rag portion of the Limestone is here well developed and contains very fine Thecos- milia in position of growth, and Isastroea. The Limestone at this point attains its greatest elevation, about 690 feet, but rapidly falls away to the east, so that at Oswaldkirk it is only 300 feet, and at !Nannington cutting only 200 feet above sea level, it how- ever rises again in Cauklass Bank to the 300 contour. At Oswaldkirk the limestone is quarried at several places and has a thickness of about 50 feet, but beyond this it becomes truncated by the great east and west fault which brings in the Kimeridge Clay on the south, so that at Laysthorpe Lodge only a very few feet are seen, the greater part of the hillside being clay,. In the hollow, however, through which the railway to Helmsley runs, the full thickness appears again and a good section is ex- posed in the railway and quarry close by ; the limestone is here B 2 18 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &C, much shattered, and has large fissures probably caused by its proximity to the Stonegrave faults. At Stonegrave the limestone forms a large spread on the hill top, and is also quarried in the bank side at the village and at the side of the road goiag up to Ntinnington. The stratigraphy is here exceedingly obscure, and it is probable that the outcrop of the Limestone is repeated by a fault in the hillside, otherwise the thickness would be too great as we have limestone nearly at the 175 feet contour and also at the 300 feet which would give more than 100 feet, or what is twice the usual thickness in this district. A noticeable fact in the limestone about here is the great abundance of corals Thamnastrcaa, Thecosmilia, and Cladophi/llia, there is also a peculiar shaly band about a foot thick exposed in some of the quarries in this region. At the base of the limestone in this district, that is from Ample- forth to Cauklass, there is a peculiar band of rock consisting of impure gritty beds with oolitic grains ; it has a thickness of only a few feet, and constitutes a sort of passage bed from the Cal- careous Grit into the Limestone above. These beds stratigraphi- cally are at a higher horizon than the Passage Beds previously mentioned at the base of the Lower Limestone as can be seen by following up the road from Ampleforth village to Beacon House, which passes successively over the Lower Calcareous Grit, the cherty representative of the Lower Limestone and a considerable thickness of Middle Calcareous Grit before coming to these beds. These beds are best seen below the old tree in Oswaldkirk Bank and close to the Inn at Stonegrave, they also outcrop generally at the base of the Limestone throughout the Howardian Hills, although they are too thin to represent on the map. The Upper Calcareous Grit. — The Upper ' Calcareous Grit is somewhat dissimilar to the Lower and Middle divisions previously described, being rather redder in colour and sharper or more rough in texture. In the neighbourhood of Pickering it is known as the " Red rock," and has a thickness of over 30 feet ; it is full of forms resembling fucoids, which, falling into fissures in the limestone below, have been istaken for bones. This rock out- crops to the west of Thornton Dale at High Fields, and is exposed in many places in the lanes and quarries between here and Pickering. It forms a large spread on Scalla Moor and above Middleton. At Sinnington it is cut by the fault at that place, so that it is exposed on the top of the bank just north of the village, and also in the lower part of Bishop Hagg Wood. In Hutton Beck, just where the main road crosses, it is very well seen, and the complete section may be traced from the limestone up into the Klmeridge Clay. Section measured in Hutton Beck. ft. in. Black Shale crowded in places witli Vermiculariu Grey mottled sandy beds - - 2 6 Soft reddish sandstone with fucoids - - - 4 MIDDLE OOLITES. 19 Ochrey sandy beds containing Goniomya-^-seripta, Am- ft. in. monites biplex, and large plant-like concretions - 8 Sandy beds more evenly bedded with Pecien fibrosas and Serpula intestinalis - - - - - 5 Hard grey fossiliferous limestone with Cerithium - — Beyond Kirkby Moorside this rock forms a somewhat larger spread, and many fine sections are exposed in it, the most notable being the railway cutting near Kirkdale, where many fine Ammonites are said to have been procured ; the bed of the river at Tilehouse Bridge ; and the high road at Nawton. At Helmsley the outcrop is thrown to the west by the east and west fault there, and is seen along the road going to Rievaulx ; it is here rather nodular and somewhat similar to the ball bed of the Lower Calcareous Grit. There are several outliers of the rock in Duncombe Park, where the outcrop turns to the south and more or less follows the line of the York road to Oswald- kirk. . The Upper Calcareous Grit forms a considerable spread about here, and dipping to the north occupies nearly the whole surface of the hill. From Oswaldkirk the outcrop extends east- ward to the railway cutting at Nunnington Station, where is exposed one of the finest sections in this rock to be found any- where in the whole of Yorkshire. The rock is here very massive and blue-centred, and exhibits the tendency to run into lines of balls or doggers, mentioned as occurring at Helmsley. From this point the outcrop follows the northern slope of the hill by Nunnington to the end of the promontory at Ness, where it finally sinks beneath the alluvium of the valley, ' and when it appears again to the south is so altered lithologically as not to be recognizable as the same rock. The Southern Region (the Howardian Hills). Throughout this range of hUls in a general way there are only two well-marked divisions of this group of rocks, the Cal- careous Grit and the Oolitic Limestone above ; the several alternations of grits and limstones previously described having either thinned out or become very obscure, and it is only on palse- ontogical evidence that we can hope to correlate the limestone of Malton with those of Pickering. The Calcareous Grit, — In this region the Calcareous Grit first appears in the picturesque nose of Gilling Park ; it here appears to correspond in thickness and general position with the same beds on the opposite sides of the valley at Ampleforth, but the thin band of oolitic limestone, dividing the Lower from the Middle Grit, which was already excessively thin at Ampleforth, we have been unable to discover on this side. It would therefore appear that at this, the western end of the range of hUls, the grit is really the equivalent of both the Lower and Middle Calcareous Grits of the north, but when we get to Appleton-le-Street and the eastern end of the range, this is not the case, and the Middle Calcareous Grit, if it exist at all, occurs at a considerably higher horizon. 20 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &0. From Gilling Park the Calcareous Grit is traceable for some distance on either side of the hill to within about a mile of Hoving- ham Spa. At this point a large fault, which is probably to some extent the cause of these mineral waters,. elevates the beds to the south so that we find the Calcareous Grit capping the hill at Hovingham High Wood and formiiig a series of bold escarpments by Bank Wood, South Wood, Fryton Wood, Slingsby Bank Wood, Coneysthorpe Bank Wood to Easthorpe. It is here some- what interrupted by faults, and being depressed to the south outcrops again at Head Hag and Mill Hill, and also in the western part of Castle Howard Park, where it forms the fine escarpment of Cumhag and Owlers Woods, and dipping to the north west forms a large spread between this point and the Great Lake. There is here a very famous quarry in the grit from which most of the stone was obtained of which Castle Howard is built, and which is also remarkable for the abundance of aptychi of Ammonites and the phragmacones of Belemnites which it contains. From this quarry l, was fortunate enough to obtain a specimen of Ammonitfs perarmatus with the aptychus in position of growth. The following list was also collected at this quarry : — Fossils from Park Quarry, Castle Howard. Collyrites hicordatus. Lestre. Holectypus depressus. Lara. Rhynchonella ohsoleta. Sow. r-~ Thurmanni. Voltz. (concinna). Gryphma dilatnta. Sow. Exogyra nana. Sow. Pecten vagans. Sow. Modiola bipartita. Sow. Ammonites perarmatus. Sow. plicatilis. Sow. biplex. Sow. cordatus. Sow. Belemnites ahbreviatus. MiU. hastatus. Montf Nautilus hexagonus. Sow. Beyond Easthorpe the Calcareous Grit is cut out by the Hil- denley faults, but, coming in again at Musley Bank, is traceable as far as Malton, where it is largely quarried for freestone. At Appleton-le- Street these beds are brought up by a roll of the strata, and are well seen in several quarries near the village. On the hill top to the south of Slingsby, and in the valley near Wath there is a thin band of oolitic limestone, the outcrop of which can be traced for about two miles ; this limestone may be a thin representative of the Lower Limestone, but there is too much faulting about here to be sure of the exact position occupied by this bed. The Passage Beds. — Between the Calcareous Grit and the Limestone throughout the Howardian district there are a few MIDDLE OOLITES. 21 feet of oolitic gritty beds which constitute a sort of passage between the two ; these should probably in part be correlated with the Passage Beds mentioned above, although they can scarcely be said to be identical In all cases. They are not more than a few feet in thickness, and are composed of calcareous grits and sandy limestone with oolitic grains ; they contain the following characteristic fossils, Pectenjibrosus, Avicula ovalis, Rhynchonella Thurmanni, Echinobrissus scutatus, and Millericrinus echinatus. These beds are seen at the base of the limestone wherever a fairly good section occurs ; but on account of their extreme thinness, and the outcrop being frequently in a steep bank, they have not been shown by a distinct colour on the map. At the western end of their outcrop about Gilling these beds appear to correspond in position with those on the opposite side of the valley at Ampleforth and Oswaldkirk, that is at the base of the Upper Limestone, and above the Middle Calcareous Grit, but when we get to the eastern end of their outcrop, about Appleton-le-Street, and Malton, they appear to lie at a lower horizon, and certainly occur at the top of the Lower Calcareous Grit ; whether this apparent discrepancy is owing to the thinning out of the beds in the intermediate area, or to the difficulty in tracing the lines across the faulted area in the hill top south of Slingsby, there is not sufficient evidence to say. These beds are quarried for road-metal at Appleton-ie-Street, and on the hill east of Goneysthorpe, but they are not of much importance in this map ; in the country to the south, about Langton, . they are better developed, and will be further described in treating of that country. The Coralline Oolite. — This division, which may represent both the Upper and Lower Limestones of the north or may be only the equivalent of the upper bed, is first seen in the southern region capping the hill edge east of Gilling. It is here a massive very fossiliferous limestone becoming coarsely oolitic in its upper part, the whole surmounted by a considerable thickness of Coral Rag, with fine Thecosmilia. The Coral Eag is well seen about Cawton, where there is a peculiar pisolitic bed in the upper part. From the low ground about the Spa the limestone is thrown up, and crops out in the higher part of Hovingham Park ; but, having a rapid north-east dip, it follows the slope of the hill, and has been quarried in the lower part of the park. The limestone is here softer and more homogenous, and has been worked in tunnels, as a freestone, probably for building purposes, beneath the harder beds. P\om this point the limestone maybe traced along the range of hills to the south of Hovingham, Slingsby, Barton, and Appleton-le-Street to Malton, being quarried at a number of places in the neighbourhood of these places.* * Mr. Hudleston considers the limestone between Barton and Malton to be the equivalent of the Lower Limestone of the Pickering district. Upon palseontological grounds this certainly appears to be the case, but 'he stratigraphical evidence is unfortunately not sufficiently clear to justify such divisions being drawn. Mr. Hudleston gives a very exhaustive description of these rocks in his paper on the CoralJian Rocks. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XXXIII., p. 361. 22 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &C. In the neighbourhood of Hovingham, the Coral Eag portion of the limestone is well developed and continues as far as Slingsby, beyond this it has been removed by denudation ftir some distance, and does not occur again till we reach Malton. At Hildenley, there is a peculiar limestone which upon palseon- tological grounds appears to occupy the position of the Kag ; it is a very smooth-grained homogenous stone, and on that account much prized for carved work. The characteristic fossils at Hildenley are Cidaris florigemma, Modiola cancellata, Lucina aspera scnA Ammonites varicostatv^, which show that the rock is the equivalent of Coral Eag of other places or at least high in the series. The Coral Eag also outcrops in the faulted outlier at Con^ys- thorpe, where it is let down by the great east and west fault running between Wiganthorpe and Easthorpe, which truncates it off very sharply on the northern side. The following list of fossils was collected in the limestone quarry behind the village : — Cidaris florigemma, Phil. Pseudodiadema mammillanum) Eom, Gryphoea dilaiata, Sow. Pecten vagans. Sow. Ammonites perarmatus. Sow. ■ biplex, Sow. triplex, Sow. ■ Achilles, D'Orb. plicatilis. Sow. The following sketch of a quarry near Swinton is interesting as showing that the Oolite was frequently subjected to denudation during the period of its deposition. Fig. 2. Limestone Quarry, near Swinton. a. Oolitic Limestone, with few fossils. h. Oolitic Limestone, full of Chemnitzia Heddingtonemis, c. Oolite in a solid bed. d. Broken Oolite. e. Kaggy, false-bedded Oolite, full of Ostrea. UPPEK OOLITES. 23 The Upper Calcareous Grit. — At Hildenley there is a peculiar stone ■which from its position and from the fossils which have been found in it at North Grimston, in the next map, must be the equivalent of the Upper Calcareous Grit of other places. The rock is a peculiar argillaceous sandy limestone, and is seen in the low bank immediately east of the garden at Hildenley Hall, where also it was proved in digging the foundations of the hothouses. It is apparently a narrow strip either let down between two faults or turned up beneath the Kimeridge Clay by a fault ranging between the gardens and the hall. This is the only outcrop of the rock in this map ; it is much better exemplified in that to the south, at North Grimston, and will be treated of more fully in describing the " cement stone " of that place. TJppEE Oolites. Kimeridge Clay. — The Kimeridge Clay is by far the thickest formation, and has the most extended outcrop of any bed with which we have to deal, nearly half the entire area of the map being occupied by shales of this age. Throughout a large part of its range, however, the Kimeridge Clay is covered by a great accumiJation of alluvial and lacustrine beds, and rises in a series of more or less isolated hills from the general flat land formed by these newer deposits. The thickness of the Kimeridge Clay in this district has not as yet been proved, although several boreholes have been made in it, ,both with the hope of getting water and also in a ridiculous attenipt at^ndiug'eoEil. ' The following are the boreholes referred to ; the first is just beyond the west edge of the map, but as it shows the great thickness of clay in the valley below Ampleforth it is inserted here. Boring for Major Staplefon, in search of Coal, Low Pasture House, Wass. Kimeridge Clay* .... Stone,t water rising to the surface Blue shale - . - . . Hard blue shale .... 398 Boring for Water, J. W. Woodall, Esq., Salton. Sand and Gravel - - . . - 7 Kimeridge Clay* ..... 145 Rock - 148 74 300 7i * These are the names used hy Mr. Owston, to whom I am indebted for the ahove particulars. It is probable that all the shale is Kimeridge Clay, but we have no means of ascertaining. f Probably one of the hard bands in the Kimeridge Clay. ft. : in. 90 2 . 186 . 120 24 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &0. A good supply of water at 210 feet, 4 inches of coal at 215 feet, more water at 220 feet and 263 feet. The rods dropped 3 inches at 282 feet, and abundance of water rose above the surface. Boring at Old Malton* (Particuliirs generally taken at intervals of five feet). ft. in. Sand 5 Claj - 4 Gravel ...... 80 At 17 to 55 feet, hard dry clay with white specks to 160 feet. At 60 feet, a stone, supposed Septaria, about 12 inches thick. The hole full of water to within two or three feet of surface. At 65 to 145 feet. Hard dry clay with white specks. At 150 to 170 feet. Clay changes to pure black and plastic, and becomes gradually softer. Tool almost sank with its own weight. 175 feet. Clay hardens ; some Pyrites; water comes to the surface. 180 „ Clay, as before. 1"5 „ „ „ 190 „ „ softer, and mixed with grey colour of the Oolite. 195 „ 200 „ „ black. -^Oo „ „ „ 210 „ „ soft and moist. 215 „ „ dry and white specks again. ■^■^" s> y) j» >» 225 „ or rather above. Hard strata requiring drill, say, about 12 inches, and the clay very soft under it, but again becomes very dry and friable. 232 feet. A small strata of red sandy matter, a few inches. 245 „ Clay plastic. ^^-^ — -.-./ — ^.^..^..'^^ ' 250 „ „ no white specks. ^ 260. Stone, hard to drill, about 12 to 18 inches. 265 to 330 feet. Clay, as above^'^ (At 300 feet, or rather above, two or three inches of hard bed.) 335 „ Hard clay, with white specks and some pimples of spar. 340 „ „ „ „ 345 „ Hard clay, jetty; at 348 a hard band, which required the drill ; only three or four inches thick. 353 feet. Clay, hard, with large white patches size of a pigeon's egg, and like salt, but tasteless. Clay easier to work. 36/ feet. Hard strata ; had to use driU. Say about 8 inches thick. 370 to 400 feet. Clay, hard, black and dry ; very hard to work. 405 feet. Clay, hard and black. Jetty as before.- 410 „ Hard strata, about 8 inches. Had to use drill. 415 to 425 feet. Hard clay, with white flakes. 430 „ Hard and black, with white specks, and part very white, almost pure lime. Jetty looking. 436 feet. Black with white streaks. 447 „ Black, and no white in it. A small pebble. 453 „ Came at a hard "stone which they were more than two weeks in going through ; only 4 or 6 inches thick. The portion brought up showed clear spair and pyrites. • " • ■ 468 feet. Another hard stone similar to the last. The rods too weak and the boring abandoned. * I am indebted for the details of this section to Mr. Henry Hartley, of Malton. Mr, Hudleston gives an abstract of it, Proe. Geol. Assoc, Vol. V., p. 47. ft. in. 40 60 260 UPPER OOLITES. 25 Boring at Mr. Fosters, Norton. (Canal House, on Ordnance Map.) Soil and sand ------ Soft clay - - Hard black clay with boulders,* occasionally from 12 to 18 inches thick. No water and the boring abandoned 360 All these boreholes, with the exception of that at Salton, are within about 500 yards of the Oolites, thus showing the presence of large faults in their immediate neighbourhood. The principal hills in the centre of the map formed by the Kimeridge Clay are at Kirkby Misperton, Great Barugh, Salton, South Holme, Red Hall, Normanby, Edstoii, near Sinnington and near Helrasley. At Thornton Dale the Kimeridge Clay is ftiulted against the Oolites, but rises gradually with the dip at Sinnington and Kirkby Moorside, the actual junction being seen in Hutton Beck near Sinnington Manor House ; about here it is spread over the Oolite in several isolated patches, which attain an altitude of as much as 400 feet. To the north of Helmsley it is again faulted against the Oolite, but to the soutli it rises regularly over the inferior beds, and crops along the flanks of the Oolites from Sproxton to Nunnington. Between Oswaldkirk and Grilling it is let in by the great trough faults on either side of the valley, and is well seen at several places forming small scars in the sides of the hills south of Ampleforth. East of Gilling the Kimeridge Clay is not exposed, unless a little clay seen near Oawton and in Hovingham Park should represent it. The Kimeridge Clay again outcrops in a narrow strip to the south of Hildenley, where it is let in between two faults extending as far as the great lake in Castle Howard Park, and also on the steep slopes below the Chalk at Scagglethorpe and Settrington. The brickyard at Hildenley and the steep slopes about Settring- ton are the best and most foasiliferous exposures in this formation. Mr. Hudleston mentions the following species from Hildenley: — f Ammonites mutdbilis. Sow. Alaria mosensis, Buvig. Ostrea deltoidea. Sow. Exogyra nana, Sow. Avicula (cediligensis), Blake. Trigonia (clavellate sp.). Thracia depressa. Sow. Myadtes oblatus, Sow. Pholddomya, sp. * Proliably Septaria or the hard bands in the Kimeridge Clay. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXXIII., p. 372. 26 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &0. To these the following, which have been found near Kirkby Moorside and near Settrington, may be added : — Ammonites cordatus, Sow. „ Lamberti, Sow. „ biplex, Sow. Avicula expaiisa, Phil. Exogyra suhsinuata, Sow. Ostrea Jlabelloides, Lam. Pecten subtextorius , Miinst. Cucullcea. Astarte lineata. Sow. Lucina Porilandica, Sow. Thracia depressa, Sow. Discina latissima, Sow. The Kimeridge Olay has been worked for making bricks at Kirkby Moorside, Nawton Grange, Wass Grange, Hildenley, and Scagglethorpe, but very few, if any of them, are in operation now. CKETAOEOUS ROCKS. The Red and White Chalk. — As the Cretaceous Rocks scarcely enter this map, we need not devote much space to their descrip- tion. The Lower Cretaceous beds, as represented by the Speeton or Neocomian clays, are entirely overlapped by the Chalk before they reach this district, so that the Chalk reposes directly on the Kimeridge Clay. The Red Chalk has a thickness of from 10 to 15 feet, and is succeeded by yellowish nodular beds, which in their turn are succeeded by white cbalk, with red and white variegated bands. These beds outcrop in the steep bank at the summit of the hill above Scagglethorpe and Settrington, and were well exposed at one point near the former village, where the above succession was made out, the red beds being crowded with Belemniies minimus, Inoceramus sulcatus, &c. The White Chalk, which occupies the summit and surface of the hill, has no great thickness in this map. It constitutes the north-west corner of Thorpe Basset Wold, and represents merely the basement beds of the Chalk formation, or the Lower Chalk without flints. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 27 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. Boulder Clay and Gravel. — The principal area of Boulder Clay is in the south-west of the map, in the low ground between Crayke and Brandsby. It here has a thickness of from 45 to 60 feet, as has been proved in one or two wells sunk near here. The follow- ing: well sections were obtained from this neighbourhood : — ^ 3road Oak. ft. in. Old weU 30 Sand - 4 Clay, with cobbles - 50 Shale - - 36 Total boulder clay and sand - - 84 Near Brandsby, two miles from Stillington, clay and stones 45 feet. This Boulder Clay is confined almost entirely to the low ground, and rarely rises above the 350 contour. It is composed chiefly of the usual stiff clay, with erratics, and there is not very much gravel, except at Brandsby, and just beyond the limit of the map at Whenby. There are two local patches of drift on the hills above Adams Hall and Hollin Hill, but they are very thin and not of much importance. Over the central portion of the map there is a certain amount of Boulder Clay and Gravel which caps most of the hills lying in the plain ; its thickness at Kirkby Misperton and Barugh is about 7 feet It thins out towards the sides of the hills, and does not appear to be present to any great extent under the alluvium in the lower districts, as far as we can judge from those borings which have gone down to the Kimeridge Clay. On some of the hills, as at Kirkby Misperton, there is a considerable deposit of gravel, which gives rise to several springs, and which is of con- siderable importance to the villages, as being the only source from which they can obtain good water. Sections were exposed in some of the cuttings in the railway between Helmsley and Pickering which showed that the Boulder Clay was never more than a few feet thick, and rarely so much as that. At the top of Cropton Banks Wood, and near Kingthorpe House, are two isolated patches of Drift, which are all that we know of occurring above the level of the Kimeridge Clay. In the Pickering and Scarborough railway, which is now being made, a fme section of Boulder Clay is seen in the cutting just south of Thornton Dale. It here has a thickness of over 25 feet, and is composed entirely of materials derived from the immediate neighbourhood, chiefly, in fact, of large doggers from the Calcareous Grit and masses of black shale from the Kimeridge Clay, which do not seem to have been exposed to either much crushing or rolling, and cannot have been carried very far. 28 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, Warp and Lacustrine Clay, Sand, and Gravel. — The whole of the central, low-lying plain is covered with these sands and clays, which, as will be seen from 1:he subjoined list of wells and bore- holes, are of considerable thickness. Sinnington Statio?i. Clay Shale ft. in. 15 6 21 Clay Gravel Gate House near Pickering Junction. ft. in. 6 - 18 24 Black Bull, near Brignam Park. Clay and sand - 14 ft. 6 in. or more, not total depth. Near Charity Farm. Clay and sand - - - 40 ft. B ellifax Grange. ft. in. Soil . - 2 Clay . _ - 4 Quick sand - . . - 6 Soft clay - ■ , - 40 Hard black clay _ . 8 Slate and gravel ■ " ■ - 7 67 Scampst on Bogs. ft. in. Soil sand - . _ - 6 Clay . , - 6 Quicksand . _ 4 Clay - . - 6 Quicksand . . 6 Soft clay - . _ - 65 Sand and clay . . - 4 Sand and gravel - , - 16 Soft clay, leafy - 5 6 107 6 JVath House. Loam and sand ft. in. Shale , Clay - . Gravel . . Clay - - Total - 90 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 29 Near Golden Square {two wells). .Clay and sand - - - 70 and 90 ft. Boring at Howe, neur Malton. ft. in. Sand ... 4 Good clay - - 10 Shale P Laminated clay - 80 "Sea gravel" - 3 Black shale - 63 Total supeifioial deposits - - 97 Boring at Espersikes. Clay and sand - - - - 60 ft. Boring at Old Malton* (north side of village). ft. in. Sand - 5 Clay .... - 4 Gtravel . - . . - 8 17 Boring at Old Malton (in Westgate). ft. in. Sand . . - - . Clay .... - Sand .... . Gravel .... . Clay .... - Gravel .... - Clay ■ - . Stone .... . Gravel .... . Oolite rook, about 2 ft. gone into - - Total - 28 Well at Leng^s Cottage, near Parnham House. ft. in. Sand .... - 4 Clay .... . 3 Sand .... . 2 Clay . 50 Grey sand ' - - 2 Black shale below. 61 Water rises to the surface. Well at Parnham House. Clay and sand - 80 ft. Well at Manor House. Clay and sand . 60 ft. * The rest of this section is given in detail, p. 24. 30 GEOLOaY OF MALTON, &C. Well at Shortten Hall. Clay and sand - - - - 70 ft. White gravel at bottom. Great Habton. ft. Sand and clay - 10 Black shale 130 140 By a careful comparison of the depth of these different wells, it is possible to make out roughly the contour of the old valley below these accumulations. Throughout the greater portion of this great valley clay lands predominate, especially over all the area between Thornton Dale and Slingsby ; the principal spreads of gravel being at Pickering, along the valley betv^een Slingsby and Gilling and the great terrace south of the Derwent, between Norton and Settington ; in this latter district the clay underlays the gravel as may be seen in the brickyards near the Malton Station, where there is from 8 to 10 feet of falsebedded sand and gravel over clay. The clay is usually finely laminated, and in most cases forms a very good material for brickmaking. The following sections obtained from the brickyard in this district afford an insight into the nature of this deposit Clay Pit, near Brignam Park, Pickering Low Carr, ft. in. Yellow clay - 3 Blue clay - - 16 Sand - 1 Blue clay* - - 4 C Loam Sand ... - 4 6 Clay, unknown depth. Clag Pit, Low Moor, Rillington. Half a mile north of the station. Soil Loam Clay Sand Clay (Laminated) - Sand Clay (Laminated) Sand (bored into) - The bottom clay is the most laminated, best for brickmaking. ft. in. 1 - 1 6 5 6 7 5 6 2 14 3 39 6 The middle clay is the * Laminated clay, very good for brickmaking ; the brickyard east side of railway has 9 feet of sand, and no laminated clay. SUPEBPIOIAL DEPOSITS. 31 Brick and Tile Works, Sling shy. Sand and loam Laminated clay Sand Brickyards near Barugh, Sand Clay ft. in. . 4 - 11 - 2 17 ft. in. - 3 - 4 7 This is the only clay worked in these pits, the workmen cannot get lower on account of water. There is the same peculiarity with regard to the gravels in this district as we noticed in the country to the east, that they are composed almost entirely of the neighbouring rocks ; thus, those at Pickering are derived from the Oolites generally, those at Malton mostly from the oolitic limestone, those at Norton from the Chalk. Dry-Valley , Gravel. — As is usual in a country where porous rocks occupy a large area of the surface, we have several dry valleys with an accumulation of sand and gravel along their bottoms : such valleys occur at various points along the range of hills from Pickering to Helmsley. There is also a dry valley running north and south through the town of Malton, but this appears to be the remnant of an older contour ; it contains a thick deposit of gravel which is very falsebedded and highly inclined in. places as if it had been rearranged since its original deposition. Alluvium. — Most of the principal rivers have a strip of modern alluvium along their banks which is at a lower level than the surrounding flat. This alluviuiii is well marked along the River Derwent and up the Eye' as far as Newsham Bridge, but above this it frequently becomes blended with the general spread of lacustrine deposits, so that it is only in some cases the two can be separated from one another. For instance, the river Leven, after issuing from the gorge at Sinnington, does not form an alluvium which is separable from the general clay flat of the Vale; and below Normanby, instead of being below that level, is at a higher elevation, so that it has to be confined by artificial banks from overflowing the surrounding land, Q 6486. 32 GEOLOGr OF MALTON, &0. Physical Steuctuee. Lie of the Eoqks, FaultSj eto.^— The general contour of tbe ground in this map assumes roughly, as we said above, the shape of a borse shoe ; tbe most elevated ground being in tbe north, west and south, with a low lying and comparatively flat area in tbe centre and towards the east ; and it will be seen that the general dip of tbe strata turns round in tbe same manner as tbe range of billy ground. Commencing along the northern edge of the map we find that tbe dip of tbe several beds is southerly, at angles of from two to five degrees, varying froni nearly south-west at Thornton Dale to south-east in tbe neighbourhood of Helmsley ; at this latter place tbe beds curve round rather sharply, and to tbe south of the town, on tbe high ground towards Ampleforth Moors are dipping north-east at an angle of about four degrees. As we approach tbe escarpment at the foot of which the villages of Ampleforth and Oswaldkirk stand, the dip again changes, becoming nearly north by east. Crossing the valley between here and Gilling, in which tbe strata have been let down between trough faults, the beds do not appear to have any considerable dip, and we find tbe same general direction, or about N.N.E, con- tinued along tbe Howardian range of bills to Malton. A glance at the map will show that the outcrop of the strata along tbe north is very regular, that there are but few faults, and that the several beds strike from east to west with scarcely any ' interruption, but on turning to the southern range of bills we see a very different state of things ; here tbe whole country west of Malton, over a breadth of about four miles, is intersected by faults, some of them of considerable amount, which either termi- nate tbe outcrop of large series of strata, or else repeat them. It appears that a great east and west dislocation has at some time taken place, which, finding the strata thinnest and also weakest along the Howardian range of hills, has shattered them, causing the irregularity of outcrop we observe, and thus has given rise to one of tbe most intricate pieces of geology in north-east Yorkshire. Tbe general structure of the country divides itself into three areas; the central low-lying and more or less flat ground to the north of Malton ; tbe range of bills north and west of Pickering and south of Helmsley, and the Howardian hills west of Malton. The first and second of ;tbese areas are a continuation of tbe country described in tbe memoir on 95 S.W., tbe first being tbe western half of tbe great depression known as the Vale of Pickering. This ground, which covers an area in this map of nearly 80 square miles, is over a large part covered by superficial accumulations of Boulder Clay and Alluvium, which, in some places are as much as 90 feet in thickness : out of this plain of alluvium rise several isolated bills of Kimeridge Clay, the principal of which are those at Kirkby Misperton, Great Barugh, PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 33 Salton, Normanby, Edston, Eiseborough, and those near Thornton Dale and Helmsley. The Kimeridge Clay appears to He tolerably flatly over this valley, but as the sections in it are but few it is not easy to say whether it is much faulted or otherwise disturbed. The second area includes the hills on the north, and is, as we have said, a continuation of the range of Middle Oolites running from the coast at Scarborough. The rocks in this district dip regularly beneath the Kimeridge Clay of the valley throughout a great part of their course, but this regularity is however dis- turbed at a few places. At Thornton Dale there is a large east and west fault which brings in the Kimeridge Clay, on which the greater part of the village stands, sharply against the underlying Oolites, outcropping on the high ground to the north. The amount of displacement caused by this fault there it no means of judging, as tne base of the Kimeridge Clay has never to my knowledge been proved. There is a very deep well within a few yards of the outcrop of the Oolitic Limestone, but it is very possible that this well went through the hade of the fault, and thus penetrated to water bearing strata without reaching the base of the Kimeridge Clay. The limestone also seen in the quarry close by at the side of the road to Lockton is somewhat faulted and disturbed at its southern end. This fault is probably continued to the south of Pickering, and the underground river which issues at Keld Head may in some measure be due to it. At Ellerburn there is a small branch of this fault which can have no very great throw, but which the somewhat obscure nature of the ground about there renders necessary. At Sinnington there is a well marked fault running to the north west and having a downthrow on the west side of about 100 feet. This fault is very noticeable along the valley imme- diately north of the village, the Oolites on the east rising in a steep precipitous bank, while the Kimeridge Clay and Upper Calcareous Grit on the west are seen on lower ground and dipping towards them. On tracing this fault to the north it is equally manifest for some distance, and where the river makes the large bend about half a mile north of the village the Coral Kag is seen on the west side, 100 feet lower than its outcrop on the east. At Appleton-le-Moor part of the gardens on the west side stand on Kimeridge Clay, while the houses are on Limestone, and north of this the break in continuity of the beds is very apparent. This fault is lessening in throw towards the north, and just beyond the map, after cutting the great escarpment above Lastingham, appears to die out. There is a small branch of this fault with a downthrow to the south, which is seen in section at the south end of the quarry, just above the village of Sinnington, it throws the Upper Cal- careous Grit against the Coralline Oolite, but there is no evidence of its extending for any distance. 34 GKOLOGY OP MALTON, &0. Near Pockley tbere is a long strip of Ximeridge Olay thrown ill by a fault having a downthrow on tlie east. This fault is very apparent as far as Pockley, but north of this it appears to die out. Its southern end joins with an east and west fault along the roadside above .Beadlam Grange. The east and west fault, which is parallel with the road for a short distance, has a marked effect on the rocks exposed in an old quarry at the roadside where the dip of the beds to the south suddenly increases from 3 to 12 degrees. West of this the Kimeridge Clay is seen in the bed of the river Kiccal, about 200 yards above the bridge, abutting against the sandstones of the Middle Calcareous Grit. North of Helmsley the fault may be traced by tlie abrupt termination of the Kimeridge Clay, &c., against the beds of the Middle Oolites, but beyond this its course is not so marked, although it causes a dip of 18 degress in a quarry near Griffs, and also some irregu- larity in the mapping of the beds in the bank south of Kievaulx. This fault is seen in the river Rye, about 260 yards above Eievaulx Bridge, but beyond this it is not traceable, although it probably coincides with the opposite dale for some distance. There are a few small faults also in this area, near Pickering, in the valley of the Dove ; and at Kirkby Moorside, but they are only of minor importance, and do not extend for any great distance. Passing to the south the beds are undisturbed until we come to the Ampleforth escarpment, where we may be said to enter our third area, the faulted district of the Howardian Hills. In this district all the main faults are more or less east and west, and the principal of these seem to be those which bound the Kimeridge Clay, Starting on the north side are the two faults which bound the valley traversed by tbeThirsk and Malton Kailway, on the north and south, and which being down towards each other have formed a trough in which the Kimeridge Clay lies to an unknown depth. The northern of these faults ranges along the base of the Ample- forth escarpment by Oswaldkirk and Stonegrave ; its exact position may be fairly well fixed by the juxtaposition of the Kimeridge Clay, with beds of the Lower Oolite near Wass, and with the Middle Oolite at Ampleforth ; this latter village stands on a rubble of Calcareous Grit, fallen from the hill above, so that the line is rather obsctu-e near here, but at Ampleforth College, where wells have been sunk into the clay, it becomes more distinct. At Hag House the black shales of the Kimeridge Clay are seen on the north side of the road, close to a well which was sunk 34 feet in sandstone without finding water; beyond this the line of fault nearly follows the road as far as Oswaldkirk Hall, where is a well sunk 42 feet in shale close to the great bank of Calcareous Grit and Coralline Oolite. Beyond Oswaldkirk the clay creeps further up the bank, and may be seen in the fields beyond Laysthorpe Lodge, nearly to the summit of the hill, the junction with the Oolite being very sharp and well defined. At Stonegrave this fault appears to split into two parallel branches, the southern one keeping along the foot of the hill and bringing in the Kimeridge PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 35 Clay at its base, the northern branch ranging along the hillside and repeating the Coralline Oolite and Passage beds at Stone- grave, and the Upper Calcareous Grit beyond Caukiass Grange. To the north of South Holme these faults probably unite again ; but how far they may extend in an easterly direction there is no means of judging, as they become lost in the alluvium of the valley. The fault on the south side of the Gilling valley cannot be traced quite so exactly as that just described, but its general position is not difficult to make out. Along the northern side of Newborough Park the Lower Oolites are cut off sharply by this fault, and the Kiraeridge Clay, which is here obscured by Drift, is brought against them. In the neighbourhood of Gilling the fault is obscured by the alluvium, but its position will probably be close below the bank on which the Castle stands. At Cawton and liovingham a little clay is seen, which may be the weathered sur- face of the Kimeridge Clay coming out on the north side of the fault. Beyond this the fault ranges along the foot of the hills through the villages of Slingsby, Barton-le-Street, Appleton-le- Street, and Amotherby, to Old Malton ; throughout this part of its course the fault is covered by alluvium, and I have not been able to obtain any informa,tion to enable me to trace its course very definitely. At Old Malton, however, its position can be again fixed, for a well sunk at the side of the lane leading to Kainbow House was in Oolite Limestone, while the borehole, 360 yards north of this spot, went 468 feet in the Kimeridge Clay without finding the bottom. Again the Oolite Limestone is seen in the bed of the Eiver Derwent, just above the Doodales, dipping at a high angle, and ending off so sharply a little further up the stream in deep water as to form a very dangerous place for bathers. There is a quany in Oolite Limestone on the roadside near Norton Parks, which will not be far south of the line of fault, but beyond thia it becomes lost under the alluvium, and there is no means of tracing it. It is possible that this fault affects the Chalk to the south of Thorp Basset in the next map, and may be the cause of the disturbances noticed between there and "Weaverthorpe. The next fault with which we have to deal is that south of Gilling Park. This may be said to commence at the valley called Heron Gill, in Newborough Park, for there is not much ' evidence for it west of this ; it runs nearly due east with a gradually increasing amount of throw across Years! ey Moor where the limestones outcropping in the upper part of the hill are repeated in the lower ; east of this the Middle Oolite of Gilling Park is thrown against the Lower Oolite, and a little further the limestone of the Coraline Oolite is actually touching the celebrated roadstone quarry of the Lower Oolite at Low Warren House. Beyond this, at Stocking House, the Calcareous Grit is seen dipping at an angle of about 30 degrees to the north away from the fault, and occurs at a level of nearly 200 feet lower than its outcrop in Hovingham High Wood to the south ; from this 36 GEOLOGY OF MALTON, &0. point the fault follows down the valley to Hovingham Spa where it unites with the great east and west fault previously described, .the union of these two faults very probably giving rise to the mineral waters at this place. There are two small branches of this fault on its northern side, and also one at Cawton which shift the limestone to some extent, but are not otherwise of much im- portance. On the south side, however, there is a branch fault also throwing down to the north which bounds the outcrop of the roadstone at Piper Hill, Blackdale Plantation, and north of Colton. In the neighbourhood of Brandsby is another fault which is a continuation of one running through the town of Easingwold, in map 93 N.AV., where the Keuper and lihsetic beds on the south are thrown against the Middle Lias on the north. In this map, its effect on the Liassic Rocks is not very apparent on account of their outcrop being so much obscured by Boulder Clay, but it is very evident that a faxxlt exists here, the Middle Lias at Crayke being at a much higher level than that seen near Britton Wood, and this last is certainly much thrown forward when compared with the outcrop of the same beds east of Brandsby. When, however, we reach the Oolites the displacement becomes much more marked, the Grey Limestone being nearly on a level with the base of the Oolites in High "Wood, and the Millepore bed forming an outlier on the south which is 150 feet higher than the outcrop^ of the same bed on the north, beyond this the fault ranges east to Scackleton Grange, but from the want of any sections about here becomes more obscure; from this point it bends round to the north causing a reverse or southerly dip in a quarry near Scackleton, and a slight break in the beds as far as "Wool Knowl when it appears to di(3 out. At the point near Scackleton where this last fault makes its great bend another main fault takes its rise, which would seem to be a continuation of that from Brandsby were it not that the throw is down to the south or in the opposite direction. This fault, which ranges along the north of "Wiganthorpe, causes a marked depression in the beds on its south side which cannot fail to be observed in crossing it at almost any point, in fact it is the most marked and easily recognized of all the faults in the district. South of Scackleton it throws beds below the Hydraulic Lime- stone against the upper part of the Grey Limestone, and an inlying portion of the Dogger and Lias crops up at the back of the fault near "Wiganthorpe House. Beyond the valley going down to "Wath the rault becomes even more apparent, the great escarpment of the Lower Calcareous Grit being thrown forward, and nearly the whole series of Lower and Middle Oolite repeated over again, so that at Coneysthorpe the Coralline Oolite is on a level with beds below the Millepore. East of this the fault dies out very rapidly, and it is doubtful if it extends beyond Eas- thorpe, although there is a fault with the same throw and running in the same direction by Tricky Castle to Musley Bank, which depresses the limestone on the south at these places. PHYSICAL STBUCTURE, 37 At Terrington is another east and west fault, which, breaking the escarpment of Lias and Oolites at Flat Top, more or less follows the road for -nearly two miles through the village. By this fault the Hydraulic Limestone which crops at the corner of the road going down to Sherriff Hutton, is thrown out nearly as far as Ganthorpe, and the escarpment of Calca^dOus Grit is cut off at Owlers Wood ; east of this it ranges nearly along the edge of the map, forming a boundary to the Calcareous Grit in this part of Castle Howard Park as far as the Dairies where it unites with a fault bounding the Kimeridge Clay. This latter fault appears to traverse the Great Lake, and having a down throw to the north-east, cuts out the Coralline Oolite, so that we have a dip slope of Calcareous Grit on the west side of the Lake, and a large spread of Kimeridge Clay on the east. This fault runs along the north edge of the Park, by the Mausoleum in the next map, and curving round as it crosses the Derwent enters this map again to the south of Sutton Grange and traverses the foot of the Oolites by Kectory Farm to Settington, where it is splendidly seen in the railway cutting. It forms the southern boundary of the long inlet of Kimeridge Clay below the alluvium of Norton, while that next to be described forms its northern limit. The last of the main faults with which we have to deal is one which, apparently uniting with that just mentioned in the Great Lake at Castle Howard, strikes east at the foot of the escarpment by Easthorpe Hildenley, Musley Bank, and on to Malton. It is a downthrow to the south and brings in the Kimeridge Clay in the low ground south of these places ; the amount of throw about Hildenley does not appear to be very great, as the highest beds of the Middle Oolite have been found in the gardens at the Hall at only a slightly lower level than that at which, considering the high dip of the Coralline Oolite to the north of the House, they might naturally crop out. Still it is just possible there may be a larger fault to the south between the gardens and the brickyard. At Malton the fault has been proved on the north side of the river, the foundations of the bridge near the Kailway Station being in Kimeridge Clay, and clay was also seen resting against the Oolite in digging the foundations of Russell's Brewery. The Lady's Spring which supplies the town with water is also pro- bably on the line of this fault ; east of this the fault crosses the river and strikes just north of Canal House where a well sunk 360 feet in Kimeridge Clay failed to reach the bottom, beyond this it probably strikes against the Old Malton Fault, and the two more or less neutralize one another. At Hildenley there is a branch of this fault which runs just at the back of the Hall, and the principal evidence for which is that some shales upon which the house stands, and which I suppose to be Oxford Clay, although I was not able to find any fossils in them, are within a few yards of the quarry of Hildenley stone. It is just possible that the shales may belong to the aupra coralliue 38 GEOLOST OF UA,l.TON, &C. beds, and in that case a fault would also be required, but with a reverse throw. Of the minor faults there is not much to say. They are rendered evident in tracing out the various beds, but are mostly small, and do not, any of them, extend for any great distance ; they are most of them more or less connected with the larger throws and are offshoots from them. INDEX. Adams Hall, 27. Airyholme, 8. Aislaby, 16. Alluvium, 31, 32. Amotherby, 35. Ampleforth, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 34. Ampleforth College, 17, 34. Ampleforth Moors, 32. Appleton-le-Moor, 13, 14, 16, 33. Appleton-le-Street, 19, 20, 21, 35. B. Balls, siliceous, 11, 19. Bank Wood, 20. Barton-le-Street, 21, 35. Baiugh, 31. Beacon House, 17, 13. Beadlam Grange, 34. Beck Houses, 9. Bellifex Grange, 28. Bishop Hagg Wood, 18. Blackdftle Plantation, 36. " Black posts," 16.. Blansby Park, 14, 16. Boring at Espersikes, 29. „ „ Howe, 29. „ „ Old Malton, 24, 29. „ in Kimeridge Clay, 23, 24, 25. „ at Norton, 25. Boulder Clay, 27, 32. Brandsby, 4, 5, 7, 9, 27, 36. Braudsby Eoadstone, 8. Brickyards in Alluvium, 30, 31. „ ,, Eimeridge Clay, 26. Brignam Park, 28, 30. Britton Wood, 36. Broad Oak, 27. Canal House, 37. Calcareous Grit, 19. Castle Howard Park, 12, 20, 25, 37. Cauklass Bank, 17, 18, 35. Caves, 17. Cawton, 21, 25, 35, 36. Cement stone in Lower Oolitfes, 6. Charity Farm, 28. Chemnitzia Limestones, 17. Chert in Lower Calcareous Grit, 1 1. Coal in Lower Oolite, 8. Cockpit Hall, 15. Colton, 8, 36. Coney Birks, 9. Coneysthorpe, 8, 9, 21, 22, 36. Coneysthorpe Banks Wood, 10, 12, 20. Q 6486. Corals in Upper Limestone, 18. Coral Rag, 21, 22. Coralline Oolite, 2 1 . Combrash, 9. Crayke, 5, 27, 36. Cretaceous Rocks, 26. Cropton, 12, 13, 14. Cropton Banks Wood, 27. Cropton Mills, 10. Cumhag Wood, 9, 10, 20. D. Dalby, 8. Denudation in Oolitic beds, 15, 22. Derwent, river, 31, 35. Dip of the rocks, 32. Dogger, 6. Doodales, 35. Dove, river, 10, 13, 34. Dowthwaite Dale, 13. Dry-Valley Gravel, 31. Duncombe Park, 14, 15, 17, 19. E. Easingwold, 36. Easthorpe, 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 36, 37. Edston, 25, 32. EUerbum, 33. Espersikes, 29. F. Farwath Bridge, 10. Faults, 32. Flat Top, 37. Fossils from Coneysthorpe, 22. „ „ Kimeridge Clay, 25, 26. „ „ Park Quarry ,Castle Howard, 20. Fryton Wood, 10, 20. Fucoids in ITpper Calcareous Grit, 18. G. Ganthorpe, 8. Gays Hall, 9. Geological Formations, 4. GillamooT, 12. GiUing, 12, 21, 25, 80, 32, 35. Gilling Park, 7, 9, 10, 19, 35. Golden Square, 29. Great Barugh, 25, 27, 32. Great Habton, 30. Grey Limestone Series, f . Griff, 34. Grimston, 7, 8, 9. 40 INDEX. H. Hagg House, 16, 34. Hamley, 13. HamMeton Hills, 12. Hartley, H., 24 Head Hag, 20. Helmsley, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 25, 31, 32, 34. Heron GUI, 35. High Fields, 16, 18. High Wood, 8, 36. Hildenley, 11, 22, 23, 25, 37. "Hilly and Holey," 17. Hodge Beck, 5, 9, 10, 12. HolUnffiU, 27. Hovingham, 11, 22, 35. Hovingham High Wood, 10, 11, 12, 20, 35. Hovingham Lodge, 9. Hovingham Park, 21, 25. Hovingham Spa, 20, 36. Howardiau Hills, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 32, Howe, 29. Howl Dale, 16. Howthorpe, 7. Hudleston, W. H., 16, 21, 24, 25. Hutton Beck, 13, 14, 16, 18, 25. Hutton Common, 13. Hutton-le-Hole, 9, 10, 12. Hydraulic|Limestone in Lower Oolites, 6. Ironstone of the Cornbrash, 9, „ in Lower Oolites, 6. K. Keld Head, 33. Kellaways Rock, 9. Keuper Beds, 36. Kimeridge Clay, 23, 32. Kingthorpe, 13, 14, 16, 27. Kirkby Misperton, 25, 27, 32. Kirkby Moorside, 15, 17, 19, 25, 26, 34. Kirkdale, 15, 19. ICrkdale Cave, 1 7. Lacustrine Beds, 28. Lady's Spring, 37. Langton, 21. Lastmgham, 9. Laysthorpe Lodge, 17, 34. Lengs Cottage, 29. Levisham Beck, 9, 12. Ling Hills, 10. Lower Calcareous Grit, 11. Lower Estuarine Series, 6. Lower Lias, 4. Lower Limestone, 13. Lower Oolites, 5. Low Warren House, 35. M. Maidensworth, 6. Malton, 12, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, 37. Manor House, 29. Middleton, 16, 18. Middle Calcareous Grit, 14. Middle Estuarine Series, 8. Middle Lias, 5, 36. Middle Oolites, 9. Middleton Heights, 14. Millepore Bed, 8. Mill Hill, 20. Moor Grit, 9. Musley Bank, 20, 36, 37. Nawton, 19. Ness, 19. N^GWton 1 2 Kewborough Park, 7, 8, 9, 35. Newsham Bridge, 31. Normanby, 25, 31, 32. North Grimstone, 23. Norton, 25. 30, 31, 37. Norton Parks, 35. Nunnington, 17, 18, 19, 25. O. Old Malton, 24, 29, 35. Oswaldkirk, 12,.17, 19, 21, 25, 32, 34. Owlers Wood, 20, 37. Owston, T., 23. Oxford Clay, 10. P. Park House, S. Famham House, 29. Passage Beds, 12, 18, 20. Physical Structure, 32. Pickering, 11, 14, 15, 18, 28, 30, 31, 33, Pickering Beck, 14. Piper Hm, 36. Pisolite, 16, 21. Pockley, 13, 17, 34. Q. Quarry Bank Wood, 15. R. Rectory Farm, 37. Kedcar House, 9. Red Chalk, 26. Red Hall, 25. "Red Rock," 18. Rhsetic Beds, 36. Riceal Dale, 14, 15. Riccal Head, 12. Biccal River, 5, 9, 10, 11, 34. Rievaulx, 34. Rievaulx Bridge, 14. Rievaulx Moor, 11. Rillington, 30. Eiseborough, 32. INDEX. 41 Russell's Brewery, 37. Rye River, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 31, 34. S. Salton, 23, 25, 32. Scackleton, 7. Scackletou Grange, 36. Scagglethorpe, 25, 26. SeaSa Moor, 18. Scampston Bo^, 28. Scarborough Limestone Series, 8. Scavrton Moor, 14. Seven, river, 13, 14, 31. Section near Barngh, 31. „ Brignam Park, 30. at Broad Oak, 27. on Grimston Moor, 8. in Hutton Becks, 16, 18. on Hutton Common, 13. below Pickering Castle, 14. near Billington, 30. at Slingsby, 31. near Swinton, 22. on Wass Moor, 15. Settrington, 25, 26, 30, 37. Shaken Bridge, 9. Shortten Hall, 30. Sike Gate, 9. Sinnington, 16,18, 25, 28, 31, 33. Sinnington Manor House, 25. Skewsby, 5. Slingsby, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 35. Slingsby Bank Wood, 20. Slingsby Moor, 9, 10. South Holme, 25, 35. South "Wood, 20. Spaunton, 12, 13. Sproxton, 25. „ Mill, 14. „ Moor, 15. „ Quarry, 17. Stearsby, 5. Stillington, 4, 27. Stonegrave, 12, 18, 34, 35. Stocking House, 35. Superficial Deposits, 27. Sutton Grange, 37. Swinsey Carr, 5, 6. Swinton, 22. Terrington, 6, 7, 8, 9, 37. Thickness of Boulder Clay, 27. „ Cornbrash, 9. „ Dogger, 6. „ Grey Limestone, 8. „ Hydraulic Limestone, 6. „ Kellaways Rock, 9. „ Lower Calcareous Grit, 11. Lower Limestone, 13. Thickness of Lower Oolite, 6. „ Middle Calcareous Grit, 14, 15. „ Middle Estuarine Beds, 8. „ Middle Lias, 5. „ Millepore Bed, 8. „ Oxford Clay, 10. Bed Chalk, 26. „ Upper Calcareous Grit, 18. „ UpperLimestone, .5, 15, 17. Thornton Dale, 13, 14, 16, 25, 27, 30, 33. Thorpe Basset, 35. Thorpe Basset Wold, 26. Tilehouse Bridge, 19. Tricky Castle, 36. " Throstler," 16. U. Upper Calcareous Grit, 18, 23. „ Estuarine Series, 5, 9. „ Lias, 5. „ Limestone, 15. „ Oolites, 23. Vale of Pickering, 32. W. Warp, section in, 28. Wass, 23, 24. Wass Moor, 15. Wath, 36. „ Beck, 9, 10, 11,20. „ House, 28. Waterloo Plantation, 14. Weaverthorpe, 35. Well at Bellifax Grange, 28. Brignam Park, 28. Charity Parm, 28. Golden Square, 29. Great Habton, 30. Lengs Cottage, 29. Manor House, 29. Moorhouses, 8. Pamham House, 29. Pickering, 28. Scampston Bogs, 28. Shortten Hall, 30. Sinnington Station, 28. Wath House, 28. Whenby, 27. White Chalk, 26. Whitwell Oolite, 8. Wiggantharpe, 5, 9, 22, 36. 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Is. , The GEOLOGY of the COUNTRY between LIVERPOOL and SOUTHPORT (90 SB.) By C. E. De Range, F.G.S. Oct. 1869. Sd. The GEOLOGY of the COUNTRY around SOUTHPORT, LYTHAM, and SOUTH SHORE. By C. E. De Ranob, F.G.S. The GEOLOGY ofthe CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS NORTH and EAST of LEEDS, and the PERMIAN and TEIASSIC ROCKS about TADCASTBE. By W. T. Atemhe, F.G.S., A. H. GEEEif,M.A., J. R. Daktkb, M.A., J. C. Waed, P.G.S., and R. Russell. 6d. The GEOLOGY of the NEIGHBOURHOOD of KIRKBY LONSDALE and KENDAL. By W. T. AVEIIHE, F.G.S, T. Mo K. Hughes, M.A., F.S.A., and R. H. Tiddeman, B.A. Price 2s. The GEOLOGY of the NEIGHBOURHOOD of KENDAL, WINDERMERE, SEDBERGH, and TEBAY. By W. T. Aveline, F.G.S., and T. Mo K. Hughes, M.A., F.S.A. Price Is. 6d. The GEOLOGY of the NEIGHBOURHOOD of LONDON. By W. Whitakee, B.A Price Is. The GEOLOGY of the EASTERN END of ESSEX (WALTON NAZE and HARWICH). By W. Whitakee B A.., F.G.S. Price 9d. ' The GEOLOGY of the EAST SOMERSET and BRISTOL COALFIELDS. By H. B. Woodwaed, P.G.S. Price 18s The GEOLOGY of the NORTHERN PART of the ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT (101 SB. ) By J. C. Waed, F.G.S. ' Tha SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS ot SOUTH-WEST LANCASHIRE. By C. E. De Range, F.G.S. Price 17s. THE COAL-FrELDS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM ARE ILLUSTRATED BY THEi FOLLOWING PUBLISHED MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ^ GOAL-FIELDS OF UNITED KINCDOM. (Illustrated by the following Maps.) Anglesey, 78 (SW). Bristol and Somerset, 19, 35. Coalbrook Dale, 61 (NB & SB). Clee Hill, 53 (NE, NW). Denbighshire, 74 (NB & SE1,79 (SE). Derby and Torkshire, 71 (NW, NB, & SE), 82 (NW & SW), 81 (NE), 87 (NE, SE), 88 (SE) Durham, 105. Flintshire, 79 (NE & SB). Forest of Dean, 43 (SE & SW). .Forest of Wyre,«l (SE), 65 (NE). Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89(SE,NE, NW, & SW), 88 (SW). (For corresponding six-inch Maps,see detailedllst.) •Leicestershire, 71 (SW), 63 (NW). Northumberland and Durham (N. part), 105 (NE & SB). •North Staffordshire, 72 (NW), 72 (SW), 73 (NE), 80 (SE), 81 (SW). •South Staffordshire. 54 (NW). 62 (SW). Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 61 (NW & SW). South Wales, 36, 87, 38, 40, 41, 42 (SE, SW). •Warwickshire, 62 (NE & SB), 63 (NW & SW), 54 (NE), 63 (NW). Torkshire, 88, 87 (SW), 93 (SW),,&c. SCOTLAND. •Edinburgh, 32, 33. •Haddington, 32, 33. Fife and Kinross, 40, 41., &c. &c. IRELAND. •Kanturk, 174, 175. 'Oastlecomer, 128, lli7. •Killenaule (Tipperary), 146. , (For Sections illustrating these Maps, see detailed list.) * With descriptive Memoir. GEOLOGICAL MAPS. Scale, six inches to a mile. The Coalfields of Lancashire, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Durham, Torkshire, Edinburghshire, Had- dington, Fifeshire, Renfrewshire, Dumbartonshire, Dum- friesshire, Lanarkshire, Stirlingshire, and Ayrshire are surveyed on a scale of six inches to a mile. Xancaslilre. 47. Clitheroe. 48. Colne, Twiston Moor. 49. Laneshaw Bridge. 65. "Whalley. 66. Haggate. 6s. 67. "Winewall. 61. Preston. 62. Balderstone, &c. 63. Accrington. 64. Burnley. 66. Stiperden Moor. 4». 69. Layland. 70. Blackburn, &c. 71. Haslingden. 72. Cliviger, uacup, &c. 7S. Todaiorden. 4s. 77. Chorley. 78. Bolton-le-Moors. 79. Entwistle. 80. Tottington. 81. Wardle. 6». 84. Ormskirk, St. Johns, &c. 85. Standish, &c. 86. Adlington, Horwick, &c. 87. Bolton-le-Moors. 88. Bury Heywood. 89. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 111. 112. 113. !Rochdale, &c. Bickerstaffe, Skelmers- dale. Wigan, Up Holland, &c. ■West Houghton, Hind- ley, Atherton lladcliffe. Peel Swinton, &c. Middleton, Prestwich, &0. Oldham, &c. Knowsley, Eainford, &c. BlUinge, Ashton, &c. Leigh, Lowton, Ashley, Ecoles. Manchester, Salford, &c. Ashton-under-Lyne. Liverpool, &c. Prescott, Huyton, &c. St. Helen's, Burton Wood. Winwick, &c. 65. Cheedale, part of StocK- port, &c. Stockport, &c. is. Part of Liverpool, &c. 4s. Surbam. Scale, six inches to a mile Sheet. Sheet. 1. Byton. 4s. 8. Sunderland. 2. Gateshead. 4s. 9. 4s. 3. Jarrow. 4s. 10. Bdmond Byers. 4s. 4. S. Shields. 4«. 11. Ebchester. 6. Greenside. 4s. 12. Lantoydy. 6. Winlaton. 13. Cheater-le-Street. 6». 7. Washington. 14. Chester-le-Street. Durham — cout. Sheet. Sheet. 16. Hunstanw'orth. 25. Wolsingham. 17. Waskerley. 26. Brancepeth. 18. Muggleswick. 32. White Kirkleyi 19. Lanchester. 6s. Vertical S3. Hamsterley. Section, 39. 34. Wffltworth, 20. Hetton-le-Hole.- 41. Oockfield. 24. Stanhope. 42, Bishop Auckland, €5. 73. 77. 78. 80. 81. 84. 85. 86. 87. Coquet Island. 4s. Druridge Bay, &c. Netherwitton. Newbiggin. 4s. Belingham. Bedesdale. Bedlington. Bljrth. 4s. Swinbum. Ingoe. Gs. Cramlington. Earsdon. Newborough. Chollerton. Matfen. Heddon-on-the-Wall. KTortlininberlaiid. Scale, six Inches to a mile. 88. Long Benton. 89. Tynemouth. 92. Haltwhistle. 95. Corbridge, 96. Horsley. 4s. 97. Newcastle-on-Tyne. 98. Walker, is. 101. 102. Allendale Town. 105. Newlauds. 107. Allendale. 108. Blanchland. 109. Shofteyfleld. 110. Wellhope. 111. Allenheads. 100. Limley. 184. Kelbrook. 201. Bingley. 204. Aberford. 216. Bradford. 217. Calverley. 218. Leeds. 219. Kippax. 231. Halifax. 232. Birstal. 233. East Ard-sley. 23*. Oastleford. 246. Huddersfield. 260. Honley. 272. Holmflrth. 273. Penistone. Torkshire. 274. Barnsley. 275. Darfield. 276. Brodsworth. 281. Langsell. 282. Wortley. 283. Wath upon Deame. 284. Conisborough. 287. Low Bradford. 288. Ecclesfleld. 289. Kotherham. 290. Braithwefl. 293. Hallam Moors, is. 295. Handsworth. 296. Laughton-en-le-Morthen. 299. . 300. Harthill. 2. Edinburgh, &c. 3. PortobelK), Mussel- burgh, &c. 6. Gilmerton, Burdie House, &c. 7. Dalkeith, &c. 8. Preston Hall. 4s. SCOTLAND. Scale, six inches to a mile. Edliiburglisliire. 12. Penlouick, Coalfields of Lasswade, &c. 13. Temple, &c. 14. Pathead. 4s. 17. Brunston Colliery, &c. 18. Howgate. Haddingtonshire. Six inches to a mile. 8. Prestonpans, &c. Price 4s. 9. Trenent, Glaxlsmuir, &c. Price 6s. 13. Blphinstone, &c. Price 4s. 14. Ormiston, Bast Salton, &c. Markinch, &c. Scoonie, &c. Beath, &c. Auchterderran Dysai-t, &c. Newmilns. Glenbuck. 4s. Monkton, &c. Tarbolton, &c. Aird's Moss. Muirkirk. 4s. Ayr, &c. Coylton, Fifeshire. Six inches to a mile 33. Buckbaveu. 35. Dunfermline. 36. Kinghorn. , 4s. 37. Kinghom. 4s. Ayrshire. Six inches to' one mile. 86. Grieve Hill. 40. Chiltree. 41. Dalleagler. 42. New Cumnock, 46. Dalmellington. 47. Benbeock. 60. Daily. 62. Glenmoat. MINERAL STATISTICS Embracing the produce of Tin, Copper, Keeper of Mining Mecords. From: 1860, 8s. 6(J., 1861, 2s. i and Appendix, is. 1862, 2s. 6d. 1863,2s. 6d. 1864,2s. 1865, 2s. ed. 1866 to 1876, 2s. each ' . . ', Lead, Silver, Zinc, Iron, Coals, and other Minerals. By Robest HruT PES Keener of Mining Mocords. From 1863 to 1867, inclusive. Is. 6d. each. \m,PartI.,ls.6d.; Part Ij:.,5s. 1869 li erf' THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN. Part I. The IRON ORES o" the North and North Midland Counties of England (Out of print) . Part IT Tho Tpr>ivr ORES of South Staffordshire. Price Is. Part III. The It--. -- - . IRON ORES of the Shropshire Coal-fleld and of North Sta.. ,-... ~ ^^^ft ■mm '^> u^ TSt I 1* '■'^' ^^V^fe>- .^ \V: 'V.V^V.v ^^wvi^y^y w Wv'v NSftj.^j .11 L^V V ^%r >i %• ■ ■^ A^'l ^J.:'.'-J>K %i\. W%^k . ^^Vv^UW> vwv V