sr CORNELL UNIVERSITY. l8fP THE l^osntell p. dottier Cibrarg THE GIFT OF ROSWELL p. FLOWER FOR THE USE OF THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEQE. | 1897 ^::Uf:i' -' '^i "A. :, c>, Cornell University Library SF 915.T96 1895 , ■' A pharmacopoeia including the outlines o ■H^i 3 1924 000 279 194 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000279194 ROsfc- VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA \ yU>rj>o, PHAEMACOPGEIA INCLUDING THE OUTLINES OF MATERIA MEDIOA AND THEEAPEUTICS FOB THE USE OF PRACTITIONEES AND STUDENTS OF ^eterinari^ fiDeDicine BY THE LATE EICHARD V. TUSON FIFTH EDITION REVISED AND EDITED BY JAMES BAYNE, F.C.S. TROPESSOR or CHEMISTHT AND TOXICOLOGY AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLI^EGE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY. PHIiADELPHIA P. BLAKISTON, SON, & CO. 1012 WALNUT STREET 1895 ^osl^ PEEFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION In' this edition the original arrangement is retained. Several important preparations, which have been intro- duced since the last issue, have been added, and the whole work carefully revised and brought up to date. Reference has again been made to Finlay Dun's ' Veterinary Medicines,' and to Shoemaker's ' Materia Medica and Therapeutics.' My thanks are due to my colleagues Professors Mac- queen and Hobday, for the valuable assistance and advice which they have rendered me in the selection of new preparations, and the revision of doses. I am also indebted to my assistant, Mr. H. E. Lindley, F.O.S., for his help in the correction of proofs. JAMES BAYNE. Royal Vbtbeinaet College, N.W. Jan. UtJi, 1895. PEEPACE TO THE PIEST EDITION This work is designed for the use of practitioners and students of veterinary rliedicine. The agents are arranged in alphabetical order, according to the plan adopted in the ' British Pharmacopoeia,' and are treated of under the following heads : 1. Latin Pharmaceutic Name. 2. English Pharmaceutic Name. 3. Synonyms. 4. Natural Order. 5. Composition. 6. Mode of Preparation. 7. Characters and Tests. 8. Actions and Uses. 9. Doses. 10. Modes of Application. 11. Incompatibles. 12. Antidotes. 13. Preparations. Many medicines bearing old and familiar names have, for the sake of order, received new titles ; thus, the ' Diuretic Mass ' of Morton is, in the present work, termed Massa Resinse Composita. By whatever name, however, preparations may be known to the reader, they can be readily found by reference to the General Index. The modes of , preparation, characters, and tests are in most cases the same as those given in the ' British Phar- macopoeia,' VIU PREFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION The composition of bodies is expressed in modern atomic weights, a table of which, together with a list of the old ones, will be found in the Appendix. In the directions for preparing chemico-pharmaceutic .substances old chemical names are, for the most part, employed ; whereas, in explaining reactions and decom- positions, that which the author believes to be the best of the new systems of nomenclature, supplemented where necessary by the old, is adopted. The incompatibles mentioned are those recorded as such by the most eminent authorities ; although, no doubt, in many instances the incompatibility indicated is based upon hypothesis rather than upon the results of observation or experiment. For a more detailed account of the actions and uses of veterinary medicines the reader is referred to the books of Dun and Morton, also to the forthcoming work on ' Vete- rinary Therapeutics ' by Professor George Brown. To the last-named gentleman the author is deeply indebted for his kind assistance in revising those portions of the work which are comprised under the sub-headings ' Doses ' and ' Actions and Uses,' as well as for many valu- able suggestions made during the progress of the volume through the press. The principal sources, in addition to the ' British Phar- macopoeia' of 1867, from which the author has obtained much valuable information, are Morton's ' Veterinary Pharmacy,' Dun's 'Veterinary Medicines,' Macnamara's edition of ' Neligan's Medicines,' and Garrod's ' Materia Medica and Therapeutics.' KoTAL Veterinary Collhqb : October 1869 CONTENTS , PAGK Preface to the Fifth Edition . . v Preface to the Fibst Edition . . . vii Veteeikaey Phaemacopcbia . . . .1 Addenda ... . 325 Appendix: 1. Symbols and Atomic Weights op the Elembntaet Bodies mbntionhd in this Woek . 331 2. Weights and Mbasuees op the Beitish Phaema- copcbia . . . . 332 3. Weights and Measuees of the Mbteical System 333 4. Relation of the Weights and Mbasuees of the British Phaemacopcbia to those of thb Mbtei- cal System ... . . 333-34 Index to Veteeinaey Medicines, aeeanged accobding to theie Actions and Uses . . . 335 Geneeal Index . ... 349 YETERINAM PHAMAOOPGEIA ACACIA GUMMI GUM ACACIA Synonym.— Gum Arabic. Composition. — An exudation from certain species of acacia, belonging to the natural order Leguminosce, and consisting, when pure, of arabin, C12H22O11. Characters and Tests. — Spheroidal fragments, with shining surfaces ; nearly colourless ; bland and mucilagi- nous taste ; soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, ether, and oils. Its cold aqueous solution gives a white gelati- nous precipitate with lead subacetate, but no blue colour with iodine water, unless it be adulterated with starch. Actions and Uses. — See Mucilago Acacise. ACETANILIDE PHENYL ACETAMIDE Synonym. — Antifebrin. Composition. — A derivative of aniline. Characters and Tests. — A white powder, of neutral reaction, slightly pungent, slightly soluble in water, and 2 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCBIA freely soluble in ether and alcohol. Not changed by acids or alkalies. Actions and Uses. — Febrifuge, anti-spasmodic, ano- dyne, used to relieve pain in nervous affections and rheu- matism. Doses. — Cattle, 1 drachm dissolved in ether. — Dogs, 5 grains dissolved in ether. These doses repeated every four hours, according to Mr. J. A. Nunn, Army Veterinary -Department, produced marked lowering of temperature in fever, unaccompanied by nausea or other untoward effects. ACETUM VINEGAR Composition. — Water holding in solution about 5-41 per cent', of real acetic acid, HC2H3O2, together with colouring and flavouring matters. Mode of Preparation. — Weak alcoholic liquids, e.g. beer, poor wines, &c., are exposed to the air and suffered to undergo the acetous fermentation, whereby the alcohol is oxidised first into aldehyd, and finally into acetic acid, thus : — Alcohol. Oxygen. Aldehyrl Water. 1. 2O2H6O + O2 = 2C2H4O -f 2H2O Aldehyd. Oxygen. Acetic Acid. 2. 2C,H,0 -f O2 = 'IRC^H^O^ Characters and Tests. — A liquid of a brown coloui-, ace- tous odour, and sour taste. Sp. gr. 1-017 to 1-019. With barium chloride it should give no, or a very slight, precipi- tate, showing the absence, or the presence of only a minute quantity, of sulphuric acid.' ' The addition of 1 part of sulphuric acid to 999 of vinegar is permitted by law. VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 3 Actions and uses. — Internally : — Eefrigerant to allay febrile heat ; styptic, astringent, and diuretic ; also litho- lytic for calculi and urinary deposits consisting of calcium or magnesium phosphate or carbonate. Likewise employed as an antidote to poisoning by the alkalies and their carbo- nates. Very seldom, however, used internally. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 1 to 2 fluid drachms. — Pig, 1 to 2 fluid drachms. — Dog, 10 to 20 minims. Incompatibles. — Alkalies ; earths ; and all carbonates. Antidotes. — Potassium, sodium, calcium, or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate. ACETUM CANTHARIDIS VINEGAR OF CANTHARIDES Composition. — An impure solution of cantharidin, C5H5O2, in acetic acid. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Cantharides in powder . . 2 ounces. Glacial Acetic Acid . . .2 fluid ounces. Acetic Acid ... i 1^ ^"^"^ °^'^'=««' <"• \ a Sufficiency. Mix thirteen fluid ounces of the acetic acid with the glacial acetic acid, and digest the cantharides in this mix- ture for two hours at a temperature of 200° F. Cool the ingredients, transfer them to a percolator, and when the liquid ceases to flow, pour five fluid ounces of acetic acid over the residue in the apparatus. When the percolation is complete, press the contents of the percolator, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient acetic acid to make one pint. b2 4 VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA Actions and Uses. — Externally : — Counter-irritant. Vesi- cant and rubefacient in local congestion, and in irritation of important organs. ACIDUM ACETICUM ACETIC ACID Composition. — "Water mixed with 33 per cent, of real acetic acid, HC2H3O2. Mode of Preparation. — By distilling a mixture of crystallised sodium acetate and sulphuric acid ; sodium sulphate remains in the retort, while water and acetic acid, in the proportions above named, pass over into the receiver. Sodium Sulplmric Sodium Acetic Acetate. Acid. Sulphate. Acid. 2NaC2H302 + H2SO, = = ]Sra2S04 + 2HC2H3O2 Characters and Tests. — A colourless, sour liquid, having a pungent odour. Sp. gr. 1-044. Should leave no residue when evaporated, and will give no precipitate with hydro- sulphuric acid, barium chloride, or silver nitrate, if free from lead, copper, sulphuric acid, and chlorine. Put a fluid drachm of the acid, mixed with half an ounce of dis- tilled water and half a drachm of pure hydrochlotic acid, also a few pieces of granulated zinc, into a flask. While effervescence continues suspend a slip of white blotting- p3,per moistened with a solution of subacetate of lead in the upper part of the flask above the liquid for about five minutes. The paper should not become discoloured, thus indicating the absence of sulphurous acid. Actions and Uses. — Exteriially -. — Stimulant, astringent styptic, rubefacient, and vesicant. As a caustic for the removal of warts and similar growths. For the removal of VETEEINART PHAEMACOPCEIA 5 scurf in ringworm, mallenders and sallenders, scab, and mange. ^ Preparations. — Acetum Cantharidis ; Acidum Aceticum Dilutum. ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM DILUTED ACETIC ACID Composition. — Water mixed with 4'27 per, cent, of real acetic acid, HCjHgOa. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Acetic Acid ..... 1 pint. Distilled Water 7 pints. Mix. Characters and Tests. — Colourless, sour liquid. Sp. gr. 1'006. Actions and Uses. -, Doses. [ Similar to vinegar. Incompatibles. [ See Acetum. Antidotes. ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALS GLACIAL ACETIC ACID Synonyms. — Acetic Hydrate ; Eeal Acetic Acid. Composition. — HC2H3O2. Mode of Preparation. —By distilling a mixture of con- centrated sulphuric acid and sodium acetate deprived of its water of crystallisation by fusion ; sodium sulphate remains in the retort, and glacial acetic acid passes over ' For these purposes, and as an astringent and styptic, impure pyroligneous acid is preferred to Acidum Aceticum, on account of the former containing carbolic acid and similar compounds. 6 VETERINAEY PHABMACOPOSIA into the receiver. See Acidum Aceticum for an explanation of the decomposition. Characters and Tests. — At ordinary temperatures a colourless liquid, with a pungent odour and sour taste. Sp. gr. 1-065 to 1-066. Cooled to 34°F. it crystallises and remains solid unless heated to 48°F. Tested for sulphurous acid, as directed under Acidum Aceticum, it should give no indication of this impurity. Actions and JJsgs.— Internally : — Irritant poison. Ex- ternally :^Ilubefaoient, vesicant, and caustic. Used to destroy warts. Antidotes. — See Acetum. Preparations. — Acetum Cantharidis ; Mistura Creasoti. ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM ARSENIOUS ACID Synonyms. — Arsenious Anhydride ; "White Arsenic. Composition, — AsjOj. Mode of Preparation. — By roasting arsenical ores, e.g. arsenical pyrites, FeSAs, in a current of air ; the arsenicum combines with oxygen and becomes arsenious anhydride, which is purified by sublimation. Characters and Tests. — Heavy, white,' glistening powder ^ or in translucent masses resembling porcelain. Com- pletely volatile at 400°F. Sublimed in a test-tube, it con- denses in brilliant octahedral or triangular crystals. Solu- ble in water, 1 in 80 parts. Its aqueous solution furnishes a yellow precipitate (silver arsenite) with silver ammonio- nitrate, and a green precipitate (copper arsenite) with copper ammonio-sulphate. These precipitates are soluble in ammonia and in nitric acid. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 7 Actions and XTses. — Internally : In excessive doses, an irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, alterative and tonic in chronic rheumatism, paralysis, epilepsy, chorea, farcy, and mange. Externally : — Used in the cure of mange, scab, and other skin diseases ; also as a caustic to eradicate warts, and to produce the sloughing and effect the removal of maUgnant tumours. When used externally, especially for the latter purpose, arsenious acid must be employed with great caution, as it is liable to be absorbed and to kill the patient. Doses. — Cattle, 5 to 10 grains. — Hoese, 5 to 10 grains. Sheep, 1 to 2 grains. — Pig, ^ to 2 grains. — Dog, ^ to y^ of a grain. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — The powder sprinkled over, or mixed with, the animal's food.' Exter- nally : — Liquor Arsenicalis ; Unguentum Arsenici. Antidotes. — Freshly made moist hydrated peroxide of iron ; magnesia ; cold affusions ; inhalation of ammonia. Preparations, — Liquor Arsenicalis ; Unguentum Ar- senici. ACIDUM BORICUM BORIC ACID Synonym. — Boracic Acid. Composition. — H3BO3. Mode of Preparation. — Found naturally in the volcanic districts of North Italy. See Borax. Characters and Tests. — A transparent, colourless solid which crystallises in six-sided plates. It has a feebly acid taste. It dissolves in 25 parts of water or 15 of alcohol, ' See Liquor Arsenicalis, a better form of arsenical medicine for internal use. 8 VETBEINARY PHARMACOPOEIA and in 3 parts of boiling water or 5 of boiling alcohol. An alcoholic solution burns with a green flame. Actions and Uses. — Externally : — Antiseptic, used as a dressing for wounds. The saturated solution is used in the treatment of scaly and parasitic skin ei-uptions. Preparations. — Boroglyceride, a combination of boric acid (62 parts) and glycerin (92 parts). This dUuted with an equal quantity of glycerin makes the fifty per cent, boroglyceride, in which form it is used as an antiseptic. Lister's antiseptic ointment for dressing wounds is made by adding 1 part each of boric acid and white wax to 2 parts each of paraffin and almond oil. Borated lint or borated cotton- wool is made by steeping the substance in a saturated solution of the acid and allowing it to dry. ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CARBOLIC ACID Synonyms. — Carbolic Hydrate ; Phenic Acid ; Phenol ; Phenylic Alcohol. Composition. — HCjHsO. Mode of Preparation. — Those portions of coal-tar oil which distil between 300°F. and 400°^. are mixed with a strong and boiling solution of potassium hydrate. The resulting potassium carbolate is decomposed by hydro- chloric acid, and the liberated carbolic acid rectified by distillation off' calcium chloride. The calcium chloride deprives the acid of moisture. Carbolic Potassium Potaesium Acid. Hydrate. Carbolate. Water. 1. HOeHsO + KHO = KC.HjO -f H^O Potassium Hydrochloric Carbolic Potassium Carbolate. Acid. Acid. Chloride 2. KOsH^O + HCl = HOeHjO + KCl " VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 9 Characters and Tests. — Acicular crystals, which, when freshly prepared and quite pure, are colourless, but are often brown or turn so by keeping. At 95°F. they become an oily liquid, having an odour and taste like creasote. Sp. gr. 1-065 ; boiling-point, 370°F. Exposed to the air, the crystals absorb moisture and liquefy. The acid is slightly soluble in water, 1 in 15 parts, but freely soluble in glycerin, alcohol, and ether. About a grain of hypo- chlorite of calcium added to a little aqueous solution of carbolic acid, placed in a test-tube, produces, after agitation, the addition of a few drops of ammonia, and the appUcation of a gentle heat, a bright blue colour with a tinge of green. An aqueous solution of carbolic acid will also give a blue colour with a few drops of ferric chloride. One drachm of the acid, if pure, completely dissolves on being shaken with half a pint of warm water. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses it is occasionally em- ployed as an anthelmintic ; also given to dogs to allay vomition. Externally : — Caustic, disinfectant, astringent, and styptic ; applied to cancerous sores and ulcers which emit a fetid odour, e.g. canker and thrush in the foot of the horse, and foot-rot in sheep. It modifies suppuration, and facilitates cicatrisation when applied to wounds. Said to render inert the virus of cholera, cattle plague, and other contagious diseases. Doses. — Crystals : — Hoesb, 20 to 80 grains. — Cattle, 20 to 80 grains. — Sheep, 5 to 15 grains. — Pig, 5 to 15 grains. — Dog, 1 to 5 grains. Fluid : HoESE, 20 to 80 minims. — Cattle, 20. to 80 minims. — Sheep, 5 to 15 minims. — Pig, 5 to 15 minims. — Dog, 1 to 5 minims. Modes of Application. — Internally :— Dissolved in dilute spirits of wine, or made into a bolus with linseed meal or 10 VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPffilA common mass. Externally : — As a caustic, the undiluted acid ; for other purposes, in the form of lotion, liniment, or ointment. Buildings may be disinfected (?) and the atmosphere impregnated with the acid by steeping rags in it and then suspending them in various parts of the room, stable, &c. ; or the acid, in a diluted form,' may be sprinkled over floors and walls. Antidotes. — Albumen ; soap ; demulcent drinks ; oil. Glycerinum Acidi Oarbolici Linimentura Acidi Oarbolici Lotio Acidi Oarbolici. Preparations Unguentum Acidi Oarbolici. CoUodium Hsemostaticum. Sodii Sulphocarbolas. ACIDUM CHROMICUM OHROMIC ACID Synonym. — Ohromic Anhydride. Composition. — OrOj. Mode of Preparation. — By adding to one measure of a saturated solution of potassium dichromate one and a half measures of concentrated sulphuric acid, by small portions at a time, and allowing the solution to cool, when chromic anhydride crystallises out. Characters and Tests. — Orystalline in fine crimson needles, which are deliquescent, and very soluble in water. They decompose sometimes with explosion when mixed ' Pour an ounce or two of the fluid acid into a gallon bottle, nearly fill the bottle with water, shake, and set aside for twenty- four hours. From the undissolved aoid decant the aqueous solution tor use, Veteeinary pharmacopceia 11 ■with alcohol. An explosion occurs when 1 part of chromic anhydride is mixed with 2 parts of glycerin. Actions and Tlses.—HxternaUy in solution (from 5 to 20 per cent.) it acts as a caustic. In the solid form it rapidly destroys tissue (on account of its affinity for water), forming an eschar. It is a powerful disinfectant. ACIDUM GALLIC UM GALLIC ACID Composition.— HjCjHjOjjHaO- Mode of Preparation.— Take of Galls, in coarse powder . . .1 pound. Distilled "Water .... A sufficiency. Place the powdered galls in a porcelain dish, pour on as much water as will convert it into a thick paste, and keep it in this moist condition for six weeks, at a temperature between 60° and 70° ; at the end of that time boil the paste for twenty-minutes with forty -five ounces of water, strain through calico, and when the fluid has cooled collect the crystalline deposit which has formed, and let it drain. If the gallic acid is required very pure, it should be recrystal- lised. Characters and Tests. — Crystalline in acicular prisms or silky needles of a fawn colour ; it is soluble 1 in 100 parts of cold water, but dissolves in 3 parts of boiling water Soluble also in rectified spirit 1 in 8, glycerin 1 in 20. It leaves no residue on ignition with free access of air, it gives a bluish-black precipitate with a ferric salt, but no precipi- tate with a ferrous salt or a solution of gelatin, showing the absence of tannic acid. Actions and Uses, — The same as Tannic Acid. 12 VETEEINAEY PIIAEMACOPCEIA ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM HYDROCHLORIC ACID Sjmonyms. — Muriatic Acid ; Spirit of Salt. Composition. — Water holding in solution 31 -8 per cent, of its weight of hydrochloric acid gas, HCl. Mode of Preparation. — By distilling a mixture of sodium chloride, sulphuric acid, and water, and allowing the distillate to pass into a receiver containing distilled water. Sodium Sulphuric Hydrochloric Sodium Chloride. Acid. Acid. Sulphate. 2NaCl + H2SO4 = 2H01 + Na^SO^ Sodium sulphate remains in the retort, while hydrochloric acid gas passes over and is absorbed by the water in the receiver. Characters and Tests. — Colourless, strongly acid liquid, which emits white vapours and has a pungent odour. Sp. gr. ri6. With silver nitrate it gives a white curdy preci- pitate (silver chloride), which is soluble in ammonia but insoluble in boiling nitric acid. Should entirely evaporate on the application of heat, and, after being diluted with four times its volume of distilled water, should give no precipitate with hydrosulphuric acid or barium chloride, proving the absence of lead, copper, and sulphuric acid ; neither should a strip of polished copper tarnish when boiled with the acid thus diluted, showing the absence of arsenic and antimony. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, tonic. Said to act as a litholytic on earthy phosphates and carbonates ; probably it possesses this property only when injected into the TETEEINARY PHAEMACOP(EIA 13 bladder. If employed for this purpose, it must be highly- diluted. See Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. Exter- nally : — Caustic, astringent, antiseptic. Doses. — For internal use, Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum is employed. Modes of Application.— For external use the part is painted with the acid. Antidotes. — Carbonate of lime (chalk or whiting) ; mag- nesia ; carbonate of magnesia ; demulcent drinks ; large draughts of water. Preparation. — Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. ACIDUM HYDEOCHLORICUM DILUTUM DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID Composition. — Six fluid ounces of this preparation con- sist of water holding in solution 36'5 grains (one molecular weight) of hydrochloric acid gas, HCl. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Hydrochloric Acid . . .8 fluid ounces. Distilled "Water . . .A sufficiency. Mix the hydrochloric acid with sixteen fluid ounces of the distilled water, and add more water, so that at 60°F. the mixture shall measure twenty- six and a half fluid ounces. Characters and Tests. — Sp. gr. 1-052. For tests, see Acidum Hydrochloricum. Actions and Uses. — Tonic and litholytic internally. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 4 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 4 fluid drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 20 minims.— Pig, 10 to 20 minims. — Dog, 2 to 10 minims. 14 VETEEINART PHAEMACOPCETA Modes of Application. — Diluted with about a hundred times its bulk of water, or combined with infusions of vegetable tonics. As a litholytic, see Acidum Hydro- chlorioum. Ineompatibles. — Carbonates ; sulphides ; salts of silver. Antidotes. — Same as to Acidum Hydrochloricum. ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM DILUTED HYDROOYAISriC ACID Synonym. — Prussic Acid. Composition. — Water containing 2 per cent. ' by weight of real hydrocyanic acid, HCN or HOy. Mode of Preparation. — By distilling a mixture of potas- sium ferrocyanide, sulphuric acid, and water. Potassium Sulphuric Hydrocyanic Potassium-Hydro- Ferrocyanide. Acid. Acid. gen Sulphate. 2K4reCy5 + GH^SO^ = 6HCy + 6KHSO4 -f Potaesium- ferrous Ferrocyanide (Everitt's Yellow salt). KjFeFeCyg Potassium -hydrogen sulphate and potassium-ferrous ferro- cyanide remain in the retort, hydrocyanic acid accom- panied by water passes over into the receiver, into which a quantity of water has been previously placed. By the addition of water the distillate is made of such a strength that 100 grains or 110 minims of it precipitated with silver nitrate shall yield ten grains of silver cyanide. Characters and Tests. — Colourless liquid, with a peculiar ' Scheele's Prussic acid, as met with in the shops, is a prepara- tion of uncertain strength, the amount of real hydrocyanic acid contained in it varying from one to four per cent. VETERIJSTAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 15 odour.i Sp. gr. 0-997. With potassium hydrate and a mixture of ferrous and ferric sulphates it yields, after being acidulated with hydrochloric acid, a precipitate of Prussian blue. Silver nitrate furnishes a white curdy pre- cipitate of silver cyanide which is soluble in ammonia and in boiling nitric acid. Barium chloride should give no precipitate, proving the absence of sulphuric acid and sul- phates. Actions and TJses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, narcotic poison ; in medicinal doses, sedative, antispasmodic, and anodyne. Used in chronic cough, chorea, epilepsy, chronic vomiting, carditis, palpitation of the heart, rheu- matism, and tetanus. Doses. — Horse, 20 to 30 minims. — Cattle, 20 to 30 minims. — Sheep, 5 to 10 minims. — Pig, 5 to 10 minims. — Dog, 1 to 3 minims. To prevent accidents, the smaller doses should be given at first, and afterwards gradually increased. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Diluted with water. In troublesome cough in horses, twenty minims of the acid with a drachm each of camphor and extract of belladonna, made into a ball with powdered liquorice or linseed meal, and given two or three times a day. To the dog, in obstinate vomiting, two grains of the acid with ten grains of carbonate of soda and one ounce of water may be administered every hour. One drachm of the acid with about a quart of water, employed slowly as an enema two or three times a day, lessens muscular contractions in tetanus. Externally : — To allay pain and irritation in chronic skin afiections, especially in dogs, two to three drachms of the acid are mixed with a pint of distilled or rain water. ' This character should be very cautiously observed, as the vapoiu? of the acid, when inhaled, is highly dangerous. 16 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA Incompatibles. — Nitrate of silver ; sulphates and chlo- rides of iron with an alkali. Antidotes. — Fresh air ; affusions of cold water ; inhala- tion of ammonia or chlorine ; freshly precipitated hydrated peroxide of iron mixed with an alkaline carbonate. ACIDUM NITRICUM NITRIC ACID Sjmonym.— ^Aqua fortis. Composition. — Water containing 70 per cent, of real nitric acid, HNO3. Mode of Preparation. — By distilling a mixture of potas- sium (or sodium) nitrate and concentrated sulphuric acid ; potassium -hydrogen sulphate remains in the retort, and nitric acid distils over. Potassium Sulphuric Nitric Potassium-Hydro- Nitrate. Acid. Acid. gen Sulphate; KNO3 + H2SO4 = = HNO3 + KHSO4 Characters and Tests. — Colourless liquid. Sp. gr. 1-42 ; boiling-point, 250°F. Exposed to air, it emits acrid and corrosive fumes. Copper dropped into a mixture of equal parts of the acid and water causes the evolution of a colourless gas (nitric oxide), which, as it mixes with the oxygen of the air, forms ruddy fumes (nitrous anhydride, N2O3, and nitric peroxide, NOj). A crystal of ferrous sul- phate dropped into the acid, diluted with an equal bulk of water, becomes surrounded by a brown cloud if the mixture be cold. The acid should leave no residue on evaporation. Diluted with six times its volume of distilled water, it should give no precipitate with barium nitrate or silver nitrate, showing the absence of sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. VETEEINARY PHARMACOP(EIA ].7 Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, astringent and tonic. Externally : — Deodoriser and disinfectant ; also used as a caustic for removing warts and fungous growths, and in canker ; for improving the condition and destroying the foetor of unhealthy wounds, caries, foul, and foot-rot. Doses. — See Acidum Nitricum Dilutum, the preparation of nitric acid for internal use. Modes of Application. — Internally : see Acidum Nitri- cum Dilutum. Externally : — As a caustic, by means of a pledget of tow tied to a stick, or tow saturated with the acid laid on the part. As an excitant and deodoriser to indolent and sphacelated wounds and ulcers, a mixture of two to four drachms of the acid and one pint of water may be employed. Tow thoroughly saturated with a mixture of four parts of tar and one part of nitric acid is applied to the feet of horses aflFected with canker. Antidotes. — Copious draughts of water ; demulcent drinks ; albumen ; milk ; soap ; alkaline carbonates or bicarbonates ; carbonate of calcium (chalk or whiting) ; magnesia ; carbonate of magnesia. Preparation. — Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. ACIDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM DILUTED NITRIC ACID Composition. — Water containing 17-44 per cent, of real nitric acid, HNO3. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Nitric Acid .... 6 fluid ounces. Distilled Water . . .A sufficiency. Dilute the acid with twenty- four ounces of the water, c 18 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA then add more water, so that "at 60°F. the mixture shall measure thirty-one fluid ounces. Tests. — Colourless, sour. Sp. gr. 1-101. Actions and Uses. — Internally. — Tonic, astringent; during convalescence from debilitating disorders, in chronic skin diseases, and in chronic enlargement of the liver in cattle. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 3 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 20 minims. — Pig, 10 to 20 minims. — DoG, 2 to 10 minims. Mode of Application. — Diluted with from fifty to a hundred times its bulk of water. Incompatibles. — Alkalies, earths, and other oxides ; carbonates ; bicarbonates ; sulphides ; sulphate of iron ; and acetate of lead. Antidotes. — See Acidum Nitricum. ACIDUM NITRO-HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM DILUTED NITRO-HYDROCHLOEIC ACID Synonym. — Diluted Aqua Regia. Composition. — An aqueous solution of chlorine, chloro- nitric and ohloro-nitrous gases. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Nitric Acid .... 3 fluid ounces. Hydrochloric Acid , . 4 fluid ounces. Distilled Water . . .25 fluid ounces. Mix the acids and allow them to remain for at least twenty -four hours in a bottle, the mouth of which is VETEEINART PHABMACOPffilA 19 partially closed ; then add the water in successive portions, shake the bottle after each addition, and preserve the mixture in a stoppered bottle. Oil mixing the acids they gradually suffer mutual decomposition. Nitric Hydrochloric Chloro-nitric Acid. Acid. Chlorine. Gas. Water. 1. 2HNO3 + 6H01 = CI2 + 2NOCI2 + 4H2O Nitric Hydrochloric Chloro-uitrous Acid.' Acid. Chlorine. Gas. Water. 2. HNO3 + 3HC1 = CI2 + NOOl + 2H2O Characters and Tests. — Colourless liquid. Sp.gr. 1-074. Dissolves gold leaf. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irri- tant poison ; in medicinal doses, alterative and tonic. For the latter purposes it is preferred to either nitric or hydro- chloric acid separately. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 3 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 fluid 'drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 20 minims. — Pig, 10 to 20 minims. — Dog, 2 to 10 minims. Mode of Application. — Diluted with not less than a hundred times its bulk of water. Incompatibles. | g^^^ ^^ Acidum Nitricum Dilutum . Antidotes. f ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM CONCENTRATUM PHOSPHORIC ACID Synonym. — Orthophosphoric acid. Composition. — H3PO4 with 33 per cent, of water. Mode of Preparation. — By heating phosphorus with dilute nitric acid until nitrous fumes cease to form and diluting with water until the sp. gr. is 1'5. 20 VETERINAEY FHABMACOPCEIA Characters and Tests. — A colourless, sour, syrupy liquid, with an acid reaction. In diluted solution it gives a yellow precipitate with silver nitrate. Actions and Uses. — Externally : — An irritant and escharotic. ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM DILUTE PHOSPHORIC ACID Composition. — Water containing 138 per cent, of H3PO4. Mode of Preparation. — By mixing three parts of con-, centrated phosphoric acid with twenty of water. Actions and Uses. — In debilitated conditions of the system, has the reputation of checking tuberculosis. It is a good tonic, and useful in bronchial catarrh. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 2 drachms. — Dog, 5 to 10 minims. Preparations. — Phosphates of ammonia ; iron and soda ; Syrupus ferri quininse et strychninse phosphatum ; syrup of the phosphates of iron, quinine, and strychnine (Easton's syrup) contains iron phosphate 1-33, quinine 1-33, strychnine 0'04, phosphoric acid 8, sugar 60, water q.s. ad 100 parts : each drachm contains about ^^ gr. of strychnine. ACIDUM SALICTLICUM SALICYLIC ACID Synonym. — Hydroxy benzoic acid. Composition.— HC7H5O3 or CeH^.OH.COOH. Mode of Preparation. — By passing carbonic anhydride through sodium phenol for several hours, heating to 482°F. and treating the residue with dilute hydrochloric acid. VBTEEINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 21 Characters and Tests. — A colourless powder, usually crystallising in minute acicular crystals. Taste at first sweet, afterwards bitter. Soluble in water, 1 in 500 to 700 ; more soluble in hot water, alcohol, and ether. Ferric chloride gives a violet colour both with the acid and its salts. Copper sulphate gives an emerald green colour. Actions and Uses. — Antiseptic, antipyretic, both the acid, and sodium salicylate are employed in the treatment of rheumatism. Externally : — It is used as a dressing for wounds, and to relieve the itching and discharge of eczema and psoriasis. Also in the treatment of open joints. Doses. — Horses and Cattle, 1 to 2 drachms ; Sheep and Dogs, from 10 to 15 grains. Preparations. — Solution of one part each of salicylic acid and borax to thirty or fifty parts of water, used for soaking lint, &c., as an antiseptic covering for wounds. Ointment. — Salicylic acid, one part, mixed warm with twenty to twenty-five of vaselin. The B.P. ointment contains one part salicyclic acid, eighteen soft parafiin, and nine hard paraffin. ACIDUM SULPHUBICUM SULPHURIC ACID Synonym. — Oil of Vitriol. Composition. — 96-8 per cent, by weight of sulphuric hydrate, H2SO4, with 3-2 per cent, of water. Mode of Preparation. — Sulphurous anhydride, vapour of nitric acid, steam, and air are conducted into a leaden chamber, where they react upon one another in the follow- ing manner : Sulphurous Nitric Sulphuric Nitric Anhydride. Acid. Water. Acid. Oxide 3SO3 + 2HNO3 -f- 2H2O = 3H2SO, + 2N0 22 VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPffilA The resulting nitric oxide abstracts oxygen from the air, and becomes nitric peroxide : Nitric Nitric Oxide. Oxygen. Peroxide, NO + O = NO2 The nitric peroxide thus formed oxidises further quantities of sulphurous anhydride, and, with the assistance of steam, converts it into sulphuric acid : Sulphurous Nitric Sulphuric Nitric. Anhydride. Peroxide. Water. Acid. Oxide. SO2 + NO2 + HjO = = H2SO4 + NO The acid produced in the leaden chambers is very dilute ; it is concentrated by evaporation, first in leaden basins, and finally in glass or platinum retorts. Characters and Tests. — Colourless, heavy, oily, intensely acid liquid. Sp. gr. 1'843. Mixed with water, much heat is evolved. Diluted with five or six times its volume of water, it gives, with barium chloride, a white precipitate (barium sulphate), which is insoluble in nitric acid ; it should yield no precipitate or darkening of colour with hydrosulphuric acid, indicating the absence of lead. When a solution of ferrous sulphate is carefully poured upon the surface of the acid, there should be no brown colour deve- loped where the two liquids unite, showing the absence of nitric acid and oxides of nitrogen. The acid should leave no residue on evaporation. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Irritant and corrosive poison ; see Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum. Externally : — Employed as a caustic for the removal of warts and can- cerous growths. Mode of Application. — Made into a paste with flowers of sulphur, sawdust, finely powdered charcoal, or dried alum. Antidotes. —Same as for Acidum Nitricum VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 23 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM DILUTED SULPHURIC ACID Composition. — Water containing 12'42 per cent, of real sulphuric acid, HjSO^. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Sulphuric Acid .... 7 fluid ounces. Distilled Water . ... A sufficiency. Place seventy-seven fluid ounces of distilled water in a thin glass or earthenware vessel, and then pour into it the seven fluid ounces of acid. Stir the mixture, and, when cooled to 60°F., add more water, so that it shall measure eighty -three and a half fluid ounces. Characters and Tests. — Colourless, sour liquid. Sp. gr. 1-094. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irri- tant poison ; in medicinal doses, astringent ; also tonic during convalescence, and in other cases in which mineral tonics are indicated. Hxternally : — Astringent. Doses. — HoESE, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 20 minims. — Pig, 10 to 20 minims. — Dog, 2 to 10 minims. Modes of Application. — Internally : — As a tonic, it is given diluted with from fifty to a hundred times its bulk of water. In diarrhoea and dysentery, accompanied by alkaline discharges, two fluid drachms of acid, with one fluid ounce of laudanum, may be administered twice a day in gruel or some mucilaginous drink. One fluid drachm of this acid, with one ounce each of sulphuric ether and powdered cinchona bark, is sometimes given in gruel or 24 VETEKINAKY PHARMACOPOEIA ale to horses suffering from typhoid influenza. In cases of relaxed and ulcerated sore throat in horses, the acid, highly- diluted with water, may be slowly given. Externally : — As an astringent, thirty minims of acid in one fluid ounce of water. Incompatibles. i , . , ^^. . Antidotes. \ ^^"^^ ^' ^""^^"^ Nitncum. ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM SULPHUROUS ACID Composition. — Water containing 9-2 per cent, by weight of sulphurous anhydride (sulphurous acid gas), SOj.' Mode of Preparation.^ — Take of Sulphuric Acid . . . .4 fluid ounces. Wood Charcoal, in coarse powder 1 ounce. Common Water .... 2 fluid ounces. Distilled Water . . . .20 fluid ounces. Put the charcoal and sulphuric acid into a glass flask, connected by a glass tube with a wash-bottle containing the two fluid ounces of common water, whence a second tube leads into a pint bottle containing the distilled water, to the bottom of which the gas-delivery tube should pass. Apply heat to the flask until gas is evolved, which is to be conducted through the water in the wash-bottle, and then into the distilled water, the latter being kept cold, and the ' Equal to 11-78 per cent, of hypothetical sulphurous acid, H,S03. " For fumigating or disinfecting purposes, sulphurous anhydride may be easily evolved by setting fire to a few fragments of roll sulphur (brimstone) placed in a saucer or other suitable vessel. Sulphur. Oxygen from air. Sulphurous Anhydride. S 4- Oo = SO, Sulphurous Oxygen Anhydride. Water. from air. SO2 + HjO + VETERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 25 process being continued until the bubbles of gas pass' through the liquid undiminished in size. Sulphuric Sulphurous Carbonic Acid. Carbon. Anhydride. Oxide. Water. H2SO4 + C = SO2 + CO + H2O The product should be preserved in a stoppered bottle, to prevent the conversion of the sulphurous anhydride, by absorption of oxygen, into sulphuric acid ; thus : — Sulphuric Ac'd. It should be kept in a cool place, to prevent loss of gas. Characters and Tests. — A colourless liquid, with an odour like that emitted from burning sulphur. Sp. gr. 1'04. Should leave no residue on evaporation, and should give no precipitate, or but a very slight one, with barium chloride, showing the absence, or nearly so, of sulphuric acid. Actions and Uses. — Antiseptic, deodoriser, disinfectant. ' Applied externally to kill fungi that cause or accompany certain skin affections. Mode of Application. — One part of the acid mixed with three parts of water, or two of glycerin, applied to the diseased surface with a sponge. ACIDUM TANNICUM TANNIC ACID Synonym. — Tannin. Composition. — Pure tannic acid has the formula CijHgOj.COjH, but that obtained by the method described ' Active principles of Tuson's disinfectant, sulphurous acid and chloride of zinc. See Zinci Chloridum. 26 VETERINAKY PHARMACOPEIA below, and taken from the ' British Pharmacopoeia ' of 1867, is mixed with gallic acid, CeH2(OH)3C02H.' Mode of Preparation. — Take of Oak Galls in powder . • 1 ^ » , ^ ■ ■n,,, V Of each a sufBciency. Expose the powdered galls to a damp atmosphere for two or three days, and afterwards add sufficient ether to form a soft paste. Let this stand in a well-closed vessel for twenty-four hours, then, having quickly enveloped it in a linen cloth, submit it to a strong pressure in a suitable press so as to separate the liquid portion. Reduce the pressed cake to powder, mix it with sufficient ether, to which one sixteenth of its bulk of water has been added, to form again a soft paste, and press this as before. Mix the expressed liquids, and expose the mixture to a spontaneous evapora- tion until, by the aid subsequently of a little heat, it has acquired the consistence of a soft extract ; then place it on earthen plates or dishes, and dry it in a hot-air chamber at a temperature not exceeding 212°F. Under the combined influence of moisture and atmo- spheric oxygen tannic acid is, according to one view, con- verted into gallic acid, water, and carbonic anhydride, and, according to another view, into gallic acid and glucose. Characters and Tests. — Pale yellow vesicular masses or thin glistening scales, strongly astringent taste, and acid reaction. Readily soluble in water, ten in eight parts, and rectified spirit, sparingly soluble in ether. With an. aqueous solution gelatin gives a yellowish-white precipitate (gelatin tannate), and ferric chloride furnishes a bluish-black ' By some practitioners gallic acid is regarded as being a more effective astringent and styptic than tannic acid, and is prescribed . in cases where hsemorrhage has to be reached through the circu- lation. The doses are the same as those of tannic acid. VETERINARY PHAEMACOPffilA 27 precipitate (ferric tannate). The acid should leave no residue when burned with free access of air. Actions and Uses. — Internally and Externally ; — Astringent and styptic. Employed to diminish mucous dis- charges, as in diarrhcea and dysentery ; also used as a vermicide. Antidote to tartar emetic ; also to strychnia, morphia, and other alkaloidal poisons. Tannic acid is an ingredient of styptic collodion. Doses. — Horse, 20 to 60 grains. — Cattle, 20 to 60 grains. — Sheep, 4 to 12 grains. — Pig, 4 to 12 grains. — Dog, 1 to 3 grains. ' Modes of Application. — Internally : — Either in the form of bolus, pill, or solution in water or spirit of wine. Ex- ternally : — One part of acid dissolved in six parts water ; or Unguentum Acidi Tannici. Incompatibles. — Mineral acids ; alkalies ; salts of lead, silver, iron, antimony ; alkaloids ; gelatin, and emulsions. Preparations. — Glycerinum Acidi Tannici ; Unguentum Acidi Tannici. ACONITI FOLIA ACONITE LEAVES The fresh leaves and flowering tops of Aconitum Ncupellus (Monkshood, Wolfsbane, Blue Rocket), gathered when about one third of the flowers are expanded, from plants cultivated in Britain. Natural Order. — Eanunculacece. Characters. — Leaves smooth, palmate, divided into five deeply cut wedge-shaped segments, which are further 28 VETBRINAEY PHAKMACOP(EIA incised in a pinnatified manner, dark green above, paler beneath ; slowly exciting, when cautiously chewed, a sensa- tion of tingling. Flowers numerous, irregular, deep blue in dense racemes. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, cere- bro-spinal poison ; in medicinal doses, sedative and anodyne Externally : — Occasionally applied to allay neuralgic and rheumatic pains ; for this purpose, however, Linimentum Aconiti or Tinctura Aconiti is usually preferred. Antidotes. — Emetics, when they can be employed ; stimulants, internally and externally. Preparations. — Extractum Aconiti ; Linimentum Aco- niti : Tinctura Aconiti. ACONITI RADIX ACONITE ROOT The dried root of Aconitum Napellus. Imported from Germany or cultivated in Britain, and collected in the winter or early spring, before the leaves have appeared. Natural Order. — Ranunoulacem. Characters. — Usually from one to three inches long, not more than about three quarters of an inch in thickness at the croVn, tapering ; externally, blackish-brown ; internally, whitish ; earthy odour. A minute portion cautiously chewed causes prolonged tingling and numbness. Antidotes.— See Aconiti Folia. Preparations. — Aconitia ; Linimentum Aconiti ; and Tinctura Aconiti. TETERINAEY PHARMACOPCEIA 29 ACONITINA ACONITINE Synonym. — Aconitia. A highly poisonous alkaloid, 0331143^0,2, residing in, and forming the active principle of, the root, leaves, and other parts of several species of aconite. Not used in veterinary practice, as it is very costly. ADEPS PR^PARATUS PREPARED LARD Obtained from Sus scrofa. Natural Order. — Pachydermata. Synonyms. — Axungia ; Hog's Lard. Composition. — A mixture of 38 per cent, of margarin and stearin and palmitin, with 62 per cent, of olein. Preparation. — The fat of the hog {Sus scrofa), taken from the loins, omentum, and mesentery, is deprived of its membranes and purified by being kneaded with cold water, melted, strained, dried at a little above 212°F., again strained through flannel, and finally run into bladders or casks and allowed to solidify. Characters and Tests.— Soft, white, fatty substance, melting at about 100°F. Should not have a rancid odour, and should dissolve entirely in ether. If boiled with dis- tilled water and filtered, the filtrate should give no precipi- tate with silver nitrate, showing the absence of common salt ; and, when quite cold, no blue colour with solution of iodine, proving the absence of starch and flour. 30 -VETEKINAKT PHAEMACOPCBIA Actions and Uses. — Chiefly employed externally as a simple dressing to ulcers and blistered surfaces, which it softens and protects from the irritating action of the atmo- sphere and of acrid discharges. Occasionally to kill the acarus in mange, scab, and similar complaints. Exten- sively used in the preparation of ointments. JETHEE ETHER Synonyms. — Ethylic Oxide ; Ethylic Ether ; Sulphuric Ether. Composition. — About 92 per cent, of pure ether (02115)20 or C4H10O, with about 8 per cent, of impurities, chiefly water and alcohol. Preparation. — Take of Rectified Spirit Sulphuric Acid Chloride of Calcium Slaked Lime . Distilled Water 50 fluid ounces. 10 fluid ounces. 10 ounces. ^ ounce. 1 3 fluid ounces. Mix the sulphuric acid with twelve fluid ounces of the spirit in a glass retort capable of holding at least two pints ; connect the retort with a Liebig's condenser to which a receiver has been attached, and distil "with a heat sufiicient to maintain the liquid in brisk ebullition. Allow the remainder of the spirit to slowly flow in a continuous stream into the retort. For this purpose use a tube fur- nished with a stopcock to regulate the supply, connecting one end of the tube with a vessel containing the spirit raised above the level of the retort, and passing the other end through a cork fitted into the neck of the retort. When the whole of the spirit has been added, and forty-two VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 31 fluid ounces of impure ether have distilled over, the process may be stopped, Dissolve the chloride of calcium in the distilled water, add the lime, and agitate the mixture in a bottle with the impure ether ; the chloride of calcium absorbs water, and the lime sulphurous acid. Leave the mixture at rest for ten minutes, pour off the light supernatant fluid, and distil it with a gentle heat until a glass bead of sp. gr. 0'735 placed in the receiver begins to float. The product is ether of the composition already stated. In the foregoing process the decomposition takes place in two stages : Sulphuric Sulpliethylio Alcohol. Acid. Acid. Water. 1. C2H5OH + H2SO4 = C2H5HSO4 + H2O Sulphethylic Sulphuric Alcohol. Acid. Ether. Acid. 2. C2H5OH + O2H5HSO4 = {C,B.,)fi + H2SO4 The ether distils over, and the sulphuric acid remains in the retort. Characters and Tests. — Colourless, very volatile, and inflammable liquid, emitting a strong and characteristic odour, and boiling below 105°F. Sp. gr. 0735. Fifty measures shaken with an equal volume of water are reduced to forty-five, by an absorption of 10 per cent. It should evaporate without residue. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Stimulant, narcotic, and antispasmodic. — Externally ; — Befrigerant. Inhaled, it acts as an anaesthetic. Used also in the production of local ansesthesia. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 2 to 3 fluid ounces. — Shebp, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Pig, 2 to 4 fluid drachms, — PoG, ^ to 2 fluid drachms. 32 VETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA Modes of Application. — As a stimulant and antispas- modic, it is given with ten parts cold water ; as a refrige- rant, it is applied to the part either alone or mixed with a cooling lotion ; as a general ansesthetic, a sponge saturated with it is placed in the bottom of a nose-bag attached to the patient's head, and perforated so as to ensure the ether vapour being mixed with air. For the production of local ansesthesia, Dr. Richardson's spray-diffuser must be employed. Preparations. — CoUodium ; Collodium Flexile ; Spiritus ^theris. ALBUMEN OVI EGG ALBUMEN Liquid white of the egg of the Oallus Bankiva, var. domesticus. Natural OxSiev.—Gallince. Composition. — Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus, but the molecular weight has not yet been determined. Actions and Uses. — As an antidote to corrosive poisons.' Doses. — Ad libitum. Modes of Application.— Before administration it should be whisked, either alone or with water or demulcent drinks. ALOE BARBADENSIS BARBADOES ALOES The inspissated juice of the leaf of Aloe vulgaris, belong- ing to the natural order Liliacem. Imported from Barba- does, usually in gourds. . ' Serum from blood, emulsions of bean or pea meal, or milk, may be used in the absence of egg albumen. VETEKINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 33 Composition. — Aloin, CiyHjgO;, mixed with resin and other impurities. Characters. — Yellowish-brown or dark brown opaque masses ; breaks with a dull conchoidal fracture ; bitter nauseous taste, and a strong disagreeable odour ; dissolves almost entirely in proof spirit, and during solution exhibits under the microscope numerous crystals. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, purgative, nauseant, tonic, diuretic, vermifuge. Externally : — Traumatic. Doses. — Purgative. — Hoese, 2 to 8 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. — Sheep, ^ to 1 ounce. — Pig, 1 to 4 drachms. — Dog, 20 grains to 2 drachms. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Massa Aloes, Liquor Aloes, and Liquor Aloes cum Sodse Carbonate. Externally : — As a traumatic, the powder is sprinkled over wounds ; Tinctura Aloes Composita. Preparations. — Liquor Aloes ; Liquor Aloes cum Sodfe Carbonate ; Massa Aloes ; Tinctura Aloes Composita. ALOE CAPENSIS CAPE ALOES' The inspissated juice of the leaf of Aloe spicata and several other allied species belonging to the natural order Liliacece. Imported from the Cape of Good Hope in skins and in chests. Composition. — Similar to that of Aloe Barbadensis. ' Barbadoes aloes is usually preferred to this preparation, as it is considered by most veterinary practitioners to be more certain in its therapeutic action. D 34 VETERINAET PHARMACOPCEIA Characters. — Glossy, resinous appearance ; dark brown colour, with a strong, greenish-yellow shade, especially when in small fragments ; strong, disagreeable odour, increased by breathing on it ; acrid, bitter taste ; very brittle and readily reduced to powder, which has a shining greenish-yellow colour. Actions and Uses. Similar to those of Aloe Bar- Modes of Application, j '^ badensis. ALOE SOCOTRINA SOCOTRINE ALOES The inspissated juice of the leaf of one or more un- determined species of Aloe, probably from Aloe socotrina and Aloe purpurascens, belonging to the natural order Liliacece. Imported from the island of Socotra, also from Zanzibar. It comes over in skins, casks, kegs, and chests. Composition. — Similar to Aloe Barbadensis. Characters, — Occurs in masses, varying in colour in different parts of the same mass, sometimes garnet red, at other times much paler, and when quite dry golden red, yielding a golden-yellow powder. The colour is deepened by exposure to air ; fine pieces break with a smooth, glassy, conchoidal fracture, but specimens of good quality often break with a roughish fracture. The taste is very bitter, and the odour of fresh-broken pieces (especially when breathed on) is very fragrant ; it dissolves entirely in proof spirit, and during solution exhibits under the microscope numerous minute crystals. Actions and Uses, ^ a- i x ,, j, . , „ _ bimilar to those of Aloe Bar- Boses. I b d ■ Modes of Application, j VETERINABY PHAKMACOPCEIA 35 ALOIN ALOIN Synonym. — Aloine. Composition. — Ci,H, gO, This is the principal constituent of aloes, of which it forms about 60 per cent. It is contained in the cold infusion of aloeSj and also in a decoction which has cooled ; it may be obtained from either by evaporation. Tlius procured it is a brown bitter mass, readily soluble in water but with difficulty in alcohol. Its insolubility in ether dis- tinguishes it from the bitter principle of rhubarb. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 1^ drachm. — Dog, 3 to 20 grains, ALUMEN ALUM 1 Synonyms. — Potassium-aluminum Sulphate ; Potassium Alum. Composition.-KA12S04.12Aq,orK2S04.Al2(S04)324Aq. Mode of Preparation. — There are various modes, but the following is the simplest : — Cornish or pipe clay is boiled with sulphuric acid, so as to form aluminum sulphate and silica. Clay Silica (Aluminum Sulphuric Aluminum (Silicic Silicate). Acid. Sulphate. Anhydride). Water. Al2(Si03)3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(S04)3 + SSiOa + SH^O ' In the last ' British Pharmacopoeia ' ammonium alum, NH4A12S04.12Aq, is substituted for potassium alum. When solution of ammonium alum is mixed with potassium hydrate, ammoniacal gas is evolved and aluminum hydrate is precipitated, which dissolves in excess of the alkali. £2 36 VETERINAET PHARMACOPEIA The aluminum sulphate, after being separated from the silica, is mixed with solution of potassiom sulphate ; the two salts unite, and on evaporation crystallise out as alum : Al2(S04)3 + K2SO4 + 24H2O = 2[AlK(S04)2.12Aq]. Characters and Tests. — ^^Oolourless transparent crystal- line masses, exhibiting the faces of the regular octahedron, and having an astringent taste. Its aqueous solution gives a white gelatinous precipitate (aluminum hydrate) with potassium hydrate soluble in excess of this reagent, indicating the presence of aluminum. A platinum wire moistened with the solution, held in the reducing flame of the blowpipe, communicates a violet colour to the flame, showing the presence of potassium. Barium chloride added to the aqueous solution gives a white precipitate (barium sulphate), insoluble in nitric acid, prov- ing that the compound is a sulphate. Potassium ferro- cyanide should not produce either a pale or dark blue colour, showing the absence of iron. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, astringent in diarrhoea, dysentery, and obstinate diabetes ; as an antidote to poison- ing by lead, and to arrest the secretion of milk in cows. Externally : — Astringent to open joints and wounded thecse ; as a coUyrium in chronic conjunctivitis; also styptic. Doses. — HoESK, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, ^ to 2 drachms. — Pig, ^ to 2 drachms. — Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Dissolved in water, or in the form of bolus, either alone or in conjunction with opium and carminatives. Externally : — Pulvis Alu- minis Compositus sprinkled over the wound ; otherwise apply Liquor Aluminis, or Unguentum Aluminis Com- VETEREVAEY PHAEIIACOPCEIA 37 positum, or, in cases of open joints, one part of finely pow- dered alum with two or three parts of flour may be dusted over the opening. Incompatibles. — Tannic acid and vegetable astringents containing it ; alkalies, earths, and their carbonates ; acetate of lead. Preparations. — Alumen Exsiccatum ; Liquor Aluminis Compositus ; Unguentum Aluminis ; Unguentum Aluminis Compositum. ALUMEN EXSICCATUM DRIED ALUM Synonym. — Burned Alum. Composition. — Alum deprived of its water of crystalli- sation by heat. Mode of Preparation. — Heat alum in a porcelain dish till aqueous vapour ceases to be given off, taking care that temperature never exceeds 400°E. Pulverise the residue, and preserve in a well-stoppered bottle. Actions and Uses. — Caustic and astringent ; employed externally for the same purposes as alum, than which it is more powerful. Preparation. — Pulvis Aluminis Compositus. AMMONIACUM AMMGNIACUM Synonym. — Gum Ammoniacum. A gum-resinous exudation from Dorema Ammoniacum. Collected in Persia and the Punjaub. Natural Order. — Umbelli/ercB. 38 VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA Composition. — O40H30O9. When distilled yields um- belliferone OgHgOj. Characters. — In tears or masses ; the tears from one- fifth to four -fifths of an inch in diameter, pale cinnamon- brown, breaking with a smooth, shining, opaque, white surface ; the masses composed of agglutinated tears, hard and brittle when cold, but readily softening with heat. Faint odour, and a bitter, acrid, nauseous taste. Rubbed with water, it forms a nearly white emulsion. Actions and Uses. — Internally. — Stimulant and anti- spasmodic in coughs, spasmodic nervous diseases, e.g. chorea, epilepsy, (fee. ; also vermifuge. Doses.^HoRSB, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, \ to \\ drachm. — Pig, \ to 1^ drachm. — Dog, 10 to 20 grains. Modes of Application. — Administered in the form of bolus or emulsion. As a vermifuge it may be given either by the mouth or the rectum. AMMONIA CARBONAS CAEBONATE OF AMMONIA Synonym. — Commercial Carbonate of Ammonia. Composition.— Probably 2]SrH4HC03 + NH;4]SrH2C02, i.e. a mixture or compound of two molecules of ammonium- hydrogen carbonate and one molecule of ammonium carb- amate. Preparation. — By heating to redness a mixture of one part of ammonium chloride and two parts of calcium car- bonate (chalk), in an iron or earthenware retort, to which is luted an earthenware or leaden receiver. When the receiver has become filled with the ' carbonate of ammonia ' VETERINARY PHARMA0OP(EIA 39 by repeated distillations, it is broken or out in two, and its contents removed. ' Carbonate of Ammonia ' Ammonmm- Ammonium Calcium Hydrogen Ammonium Chloride. ■'Carbonate. Carbonate. Carbamate. 6NH4CI + SCaCOs = [2NH4HCO3 + NH4NH2CO2] Ammoniaca 1 Calcium Gas. Chloride. "Water. + 2NH3 + SOaCla + HjO The ammoniacal gas and water are first disengaged, then the ' carbonate of ammonia ' distils over, and the calcium chloride remains in the retort. Characters and Tests. — Translucent crystalline masses, with a strong ammoniacal odour ' and alkaline reaction ; soluble in cold water, ^ sparingly so in spirit of wine. Volatilised entirely by heat, and dissolved by acids with effervescence. If dissolved in slight excess of dilute nitric acid and boiled, the solution should give no white precipi- tate with silver nitrate, showing the absence of chlorine, and no blue colour with potassium ferrocyanide, prolong the absence of iron. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant and narcotic poison ; in medicinal doses, stimulant, antacid, and resolvent. Given in influenza, scarlatina, ' The odour is due to the escape of ammoniacal gas. By expo- sure to air the preparation also loses carbonic anhydride and becomes ammonium-hydrogen carbonate, which is opaque, odour- less, and antacid, but not stimulant ; hence, ' carbonate of am- monia' should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles. ' When commercial or pharmaceutical ' carbonate of ammonium • is dissolved in water, the ammonium carbamate which it contains is soon transformed into normal ammonium carbonate ; thus : Ammonium Ammonium Carbamate. Water. Carbonate. NH^NHjCO,) + HjO = (NH,)jCO, 40 VETBBINABY PHAEMACOPCEIA erysipelas, and other typhoid affections ; also in inflamma- tion of the lungs, pleurisy, and similar complaints. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 20 grains to 1 drachm. — Pig, 20 grains to 1 drachm. — Dog, 3 to 10 grains. Modes of Application. — In a bolus, pill, or in cold gruel. Incompatibles. — Acids ; alkalies ; lime-water ; and most metallic salts. Antidotes. — Copious draughts of water or mucilaginous drinks, oil, or highly diluted acids. Preparations. — Liquor Ammonise Acetatis ; Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus. AMMONII CHLORIDUM CHLORIDE OF AMMONIUM Synonyms. — Ammonium Chloride ; Hydrochlorate of Ammonia ; Muriate of Ammonia ; Sal Ammoniac. Composition. — NH4CI. Preparation. — ' Gas liquor,' which is water holding in solution carbonate and other salts of ammonium, is acidu- lated with hydrochloric acid and evaporated to dryness. The crude ammonium chloride, constituting the residue, is purified by sublimation. Characters and Tests, — Colourless, odourless, trans- lucent, fibrous masses, tough and difficult to powder ; sohible in water and in rectified spirit. Its aqueous solution, heated with potassium hydrate, evolves ammoniacal gas, which may be recognised by its odour ; with silver nitrate it gives a white curdy precipitate (silver chloride), insoluble in boiling nitric acid, soluble in ammonia. VETERINAEY PHARMxVCOPCEIA 41 Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive dosea, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, ' stimulant, resolvent, diuretic. Given in mucous fevers after subsidence of acute inflammatory symptoms ; in the milder forms of pneu- monia and inflammations of serous membranes ; in mucus diarrhoea, chronic rheumatism, and passive dropsies. Ex- ternally : — Stimulant to bruises, sprains, and inflammatory swellings. Doses. — Horse, \ to 1| ounce. — Cattle, ^to 1^ ounce. — Sheep, | to 2 drachms. — Pig, ^ to 2 drachms. — Dog, 5 to 20 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Bolus, pill, or dis- solved in water. Externally : — Lotio Ammonii Ohloridi et Camphorse ; Lotio Ammonii Chloridi et Potassse Nitratis. Incompatibles. — Sulphuric and nitric acids ; potash, soda, lime, and their carbonates ; and most metallic salts. Antidotes. — Large draughts of water ; and, when possible, vomiting should be promoted by warm demulcent and mucilaginous drinks. Preparations.— Lotio Ammonii Chloridi et Camphorse ; Lotio Ammonii Chloridi et Potassse Nitratis. AMYLUM STARCH Synonym.— Fecula. Composition. — C5H10O5, or more probably CigHjoOu. Mode of Preparation. — Chiefly obtained by grinding wheat or rice, or rasping potatoes, making the product into > Seldom employed internally in this country, but on the Con- tinent extensively used as a resolvent in inflammatory diseases, it is said, with the greatest advantage. 42 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA a pulp with water, and washing it in a sieve. The starch passes through the sieve, subsides, and is collected and dried at a gentle heat. Characters and Tests. — White columnar masses. Rubbed in a mortar with a little cold water, it should be neither acid nor alkaline to test-paper. Mixed with boiling water and cooled, it gives a deep blue colour (starch iodide) with solution or tincture of iodine. Actions and Uses,- — Internally : — Demulcent and emol- lient, in the form of gruel. Externally : — Applied in the state of dry powder, it diminishes the discharge from wounds, and, mixed with about one-eighth of its weight of alum, it is employed to arrest the flow of synovia from open joints. Also used in the preparation of starch bandages. AMYL NITRIS NITRITE OF AMYL Synonym. — Amyl Nitrite. Composition. — C5HHNO2. Mode of Preparation. — By passing nitrous acid into amyl alcohol. Characters and Tests. — Nitrite of amyl is a yellowish ethereal liquid ; sp. gr. of liquid, 0-877 ; boiling-point, 205°F. ; soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water ; converted by fused potassium hydrate into valerianate of potassium (KO,H,0,). Actions and Uses. — Sedative, antispasmodic, and an- sesthetic. Used in the treatment of tetanus. Doses. — As an ansesthetic the vapour of 1 to 3 drachms for the HoKSE ; 10 to 20 minims for the Dog. VETEEINAKY PHARMACOPCEIA 43 ANISI PRUCTUS ANISE FRUIT Synonym. — Aniseed. The fruit of Pimpinella Anisum. Cultivated in China, Japan, and Tartary. Natural Order. — UmbelUferoB. Composition. — The active principle is a volatile oil.' Characters. — Ovoid ; composed of two mericarps with five primary ridges ; slightly hairy ; yellowish-brown colour, peculiar sweet aromatic odour, and a warm sweetish taste. Actions and Uses. — Stomachic, carminative, aromatic. Used internally in indigestion and flatulency, to mask the disagreeable flavour of medicines, and to diminish the nauseating and griping effects of purgatives. Doses. — Horse, 5 to 2 ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 3 drachms. — Pig, 2 to 3 drachms. — Dog, 20 grains to 1 drachm. Modes of Application. — The powdered fruit is adminis- tered alone, or in conjunction with ginger or some other aromatic, in ale or in spirit and water. ANTHEMIDIS FLORES CHAMOMILE FLOWERS The dried single and double flower-heads of the common chamomile, Anthemis nohilis. Found in a wild state in all the temperate parts of Europe. Cultivated at Mitcham, Derbyshire, and other parts of England. ' The volatile oil of anise, Oleum Anisi, is commoDly added to masses as a flavouring ingredient, and is likewise employed to destroy pediouli on dogs and other small animals. 44 VETERINARY PHARJIACOPCEIA Natural Order. — Compositce. Composition. — The active principles are a bitter sub- stance of unknown composition and a volatile oil. Characters. — The single variety consists of both yellow tubular and white strap-shaped florets, the double of white strap-shaped florets only ; all arising from a conical scaly receptacle. Both varieties, but especially the single, are bitter and very aromatic. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Tonic and carminative in indigestion, and during convalescence after inflammatory attacks. Doses. — HoBSE, 2 to 6 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms. — Sheep, ^ to 2 drachms. — Pig, J to 2 drachms. — Dog, 10 to GO grains. Mode of Application. — The dried flowers powdered, in combination with ginger or some other aromatic, once or twice a day. Incompatibles. — Mineral acids and most metallic salts. ANTIMONII OXIDUM OXIDE OF ANTIMONY Synonyms. — Antimonious Oxide ; Antimony Trioxide ; Teroxide of Antimony. Composition. — SbjOj. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Solution of Chloride of Antimony . 16 fluid ounces. Carbonate of Soda . . . . 6 ounces. Common Water . . . .2 gallons. Distilled Water .... A sufficiency. Pour the chloride of antimony into the common water, and mix thoroughly ; let the precipitate (antimony oxy- VETERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 45 chloride) which forms settle, and, after removiBg the super- natant liquid by a siphon, add to it one gallon of dis- tilled -water, agitate well, let the precipitate subside ; again withdraw the fluid and repeat the processes of affusion of distilled water, agitation, and subsidence. Now add the carbonate of soda, previously dissolved in two pints of dis- tilled water ; leave them in contact for half an hour, stirring frequently ; collect the deposit on a calico filter, and wash it with boiling distilled water until the washings, after being acidulated by nitric acid, cease to give a precipitate with solution of silver nitrate. Dry the product (oxide of antimony) at a temperature not exceeding 212°r. The oxide of antimony thus prepared is formed in two stages : Antimony Antimony Hydrochloric Trichloride. Water. Oxychloride. Acid. 1. SbClj + H2O = SbOCl + 2HC1 Antimony Sodium Antimonious Oxide Oxychloride. Carbonate. (Oxide of Antimony). 2. 2SbOCl + NaaCOa = SbjOs + Sodium Carbonic Chloride. Anhydride. 2NaCl + CO2 Characters and Tests. — Greyish-white powder, fusible at a low red heat ; insoluble in water, but readily dissolved by hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric solution, dropped into distilled water, gives a white deposit (antimony oxy- chloride), which is immediately changed to orange (anti- monious sulphide) by sulphuretted hydrogen. Should entirely dissolve when boiled with water and excess of potassium -hydrogen tartrate. Actions and Uses. — Diaphoretic and febrifuge for the dog. Chiefly used in the preparation of tartarated anti- mony. Preparations. — Pulvis Antimonialis ; Antimonium Tar- tar atum. 46 VETERINABT PHARMACOPffilA ANTIMONIUM NIGRUM BLACK ANTIMONY Synonyms. — Antimonious Sulphide ; Antimony Trisul- phide ; Tersulphide of Antimony. Composition. — SbjSj. Mode of Preparation. — Native antimonious sulphide is fused in a perforated crucible placed over another ; the siliceous impurities are retained by the upper crucible, and the molten sulphide -which flows into the lower one is solidified by cooling, and reduced to a fine powder. Characters and Tests. — Greyish-black crystalline powder. It dissolves entirely in boiling hydrochloric acid, evolving sulphuretted hydrogen and furnishing a solution (anti- monious chloride) which throws down a white precipitate (antimony oxychloride) when poured into water. Actions and Uses. — Alterative, anthelmintic, and emetic. Its action is uncertain and irregular, and it should, therefore, not be employed as a remedial agent. Frequently given in combination with sulphur and nitrate of potash as an alterative to horses. Also used in the preparation of Liquor Antimonii Chloridi. ANTIMONIUM TARTARATUM TARTARATED ANTIMONY Synonyms. — Potassium-Antimony Tartrate ; Tartrate of Potassium and Antimony ; Tartar Emetic ; Emetic Tartar ; Tartarised Antimony. Composition.— K(SbO)C4H406.H20. 6 ounces. VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPCEIA 47 Mode of Preparation. — Take of Oxide of Antimony . . . .5 ounces. Acid Tartrate of Potash, in fine 1 powder ... J Distilled Water . . . .2 pints. Mix the oxide of antimony and acid tartrate of potash with sufficient distilled water to form a paste, and set aside for twenty-four hours ; then add the remainder of the water, and boil for a quarter of an hour, stirring frequently. Filter, and set aside the clear liquid which contains the tartarated antimony, to crystallise. Pour off the mother liquor, evaporate to one-third, and set aside, that more crystals may form. Dry the crystals (tartarated antimony) on filtering paper at the temperature of the air. Antimo- Potassium- Potassium- nious Hydrogen Antimony Tartrat? Oxide. Tartrate. (Tartarated Antimony). Water. SboOs 4- 2KHC,H,06=2K(SbO)04H406 + H^O Characters and Tests. — Colourless, transparent crystals, exhibiting triangular facets, soluble in water, and less so in proof spirit. Decrepitates, blackens, and emits an odour characteristic of tartrates when heated on platinum foil. Its solution in water gives, with hydrochloric acid, a white precipitate (antimony oxy chloride) soluble in excess ; if tartaric acid be previously added, no precipitate is formed by hydrochloric acid. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — ^In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in small doses it promotes the secretion of mucous membranes, skin, liver, pancreas, and kidneys, likewise stimulates the activity of the absorbent system ; in larger doses it causes nausea, relaxes muscular fibres depresses the nervous system, and, in animals capable of vomition, acts as an emetic. Used internally as an altera- tive, antiphlogistic, nauseant, sedative, and emetic. Given 48 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA in the early stages of inflammatory diseases, in pneumonia, bronchitis, articular rheumatism, &c. ; also employed as a vermifuge. Externally : — Vesicant, counter-irritant. Sometimes added to ordinary blistering ointments to in- crease their activity. Doses. — Alterative : — Horse, |^ to 1 drachm. — Cattle, ■^ to 1 drachm. Antiphlogistic, Nauseant, Sedative : — Horse, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms. — Dog, §• to 2 grains. Emetic : — Pig, 4 to 16 grains.^DoG, 1 to 4 grains. Vermifuge : — Horse, 1 to 2 drachms.' Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, pill, or dissolved in water. As an emetic to dogs it may be given rolled up in a piece of meat. Externally : — Liquor Antimonii Tartarati ; Unguentum Antimonii Tartarati. Incompatibles. — Gallic and tannic acids ; alkalies ; and lead salts. Antidotes. — Tannic acid, or agents containing it, e.g. powdered gall-nuts, catechu, &c. Preparations. — Liquor Antimonii Tartarati ; Pulvis Antimonialis ; Unguentum Antimonii Tartarati. ANTIPYRIN DI-METHYL-OXY-QUIlSriZINE Composition. — Oi iHiaNjO. Preparation. — A synthetical product, belonging to the Aniline series. Characters and Tests, — A white crystalline powder, of a slightly bitter taste, freely soluble in water, alcohol and 1 Should be given at Bight and f oUowod by an aloetio purge next morning. VKTERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 49 chloroform, less readily soluble in ether. Ferric chloride gives a dark brown colour. Spirits of nitrous ether give a green colour. Actions and Uses. — Antipyretic ; it causes a decided lowering of temperature in fever. Anodyne in neuralgic and rheumatic affections. Used sometimes in chor«a. Doses. — Dogs, 15 to 30 grains. AQUA DESTILLATA DISTILLED WATER Composition. — H2O. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Common Water . . .10 gallons. Distil from a copper still, connected with a block-tin worm ; reject the first half-gallon, and preserve the next eight gallons. Tests. — A fluid ounce evaporated in a clean glass cap- sule should leave scarcely any visible residue, indicating the absence of solid non-volatile impurities. Should not be affected by hydrosulphuric acid, ammonium oxalate, silver'nitrate, barium chloride, or lime water, proving the absence of lead and other metals precipitable by sulphu- retted hydrogen, calcium salts, chlorides, sulphates, carbo- nates, and carbonic acid respectively. TTses. — In the preparation of, and for dissolving, many medicinal agents ; also for making all aqueous solutions of tests. When distilled water cannot be obtained, its best substitute is boiled and filtered rain water. 50 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA AQUA MENTHiE PIPERIT.E PEPPERMINT WATER Mode of Preparation. — Take of Oil of Peppermint . . • li fluid drachm. Water . . . . • I5 gallon. Distil one gallon. Actions and Uses. — Carminative and stimulant. Used to relieve flatulence, and as a vehicle for other medicines. Doses. — HoBSB, 8 to 10 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 8 to 12 fluid ounces. — Dog, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. AREC.E SEMINA ARECA SEEDS Synonyms. — Nux Areca Catechu ; Areca Nut ; Betel Nut. The seeds or kernels of the fruit of the catechu or betel- nut palm, Areca Catechu. Natural Order.— PaZmacece. Composition. — Their medicinal properties depend upon tannic and gallic acids. Characters. — Spheroidal, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter ; hard ; colour, reddish brown ; taste, astringent. Actions and Uses, — Internally -. — Astringent ; employed as an anthelmintic, especially for dogs. Doses.' — Horse, 4 to 6 drachms. —Cattle, 4 to 8 drachms. — Dog, 30 grains to 2 drachms. VETERINAEY PHARMAC0P(E1A g]. Modes of Application.— The powdered seeds made into a bolus, or suspended in milk or gruel. Incompatibles. — Same as Acidum Tannicum. ARGENTI NITRAS NITRATE OF SILVER Synonyms, — Silver Nitrate ; Lunar Caustic. Composition. — AgNOg. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Purified Silver . . .3 ounces. Nitric Acid . . . ■ ^ fluid ounces. Distilled "Water . . .3 fluid ounces. Put the silver into a flask, pour on to it the nitric acid and -water, and apply a gentle heat until the metal is dis- solved. Decant the clear liquid from any black powder (gold) which may be present into a porcelain dish, evapo- rate, and set aside to crystallise ; pour oflf the liquor, and again evaporate and crystallise. Let the crystals (nitrate of silver) drain in a glass funnel, and dry them by exposure to the air, carefully avoiding the contact of all organic substances. To obtain the nitrate in rods, fuse the crystals in a platinum or thin porcelain capsule, and pour the melted salt into proper moulds. Nitrate of silver should be pre- served in carefully stoppered bottles. Nitric Silver Nitric Silver. Acid. Nitrate. Oxide. Water. Ag3 ■h 4HNO3 = = 3AgN03 + NO -1- 2H.,0 Characters and Tests. — Colourless tubular crystals, the primal form of which is the right rhombic prism ; or in white cylindrical rods. Soluble in water and rectified spirit. A fragment heated on charcoal with the blowpipe melts, B 2 52 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA deflagrates, and leaves a white metallic coating of silver. Its aqueous solution, mixed with excess of dilute hydro- chloric acid, yields a white precipitate (silver chloride), which darkens by exposure to light, and which should entirely dissolve in ammonia. If the white precipitate, with its accompanying liquid, be thrown on a filter and thoroughly washed with boiling distilled water, the filtrate should leave no residue on evaporation, proving the absence of potassium nitrate, lead, zinc, and copper. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant and corrosive poison ; in medicinal doses, tonic and antispasmodic. It is sometimes given to the dog in chorea, epilepsy, and other nervous affections ; and has also been found of service to the dog in diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera. Externally : — Stimulant, astringent, and caustic. Used as a collyrium in conjunctivitis and similiar superficial inflammatory complaints ; for the improvement of indolent sores, mange, ringworm, and other chronic skin diseases ; as a caustic for the eradication of warts, fungous and other growths. Applied also to poisoned wounds, and to the bites of rabid and venomous animals. Doses. — Dog : — In chorea, epilepsy, &c., ^ to ^ grain ; in diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera, ^ to 1 grain. These doses should be repeated two or three times a day. Modes of Application : — Internally : — In the form of bolus or pill. Externally : — In the form of stick ; Liquor Argenti Nitratis ; Unguentum Argenti Nitratis. Incompatibles. — Sulphuric, hydrochloric, and hydro- cyanic acids ; alkalies ; and soluble chlorides. Antidotes. — Solution of common salt in some demulcent drink. Preparations. — Liquor Argenti Nitratis ; Unguentum Argenti Nitratis. VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOP(EIA 53 ARNICiE RADIX ARNICA ROOT The dried rhizome and rootlets of Arnica montana, or Leopard's Bane. Collected in the mountains of middle and southern Europe. Natural Order. — Compositce. Composition. — The most important, because probably the active, constituents are resin containing cytosin and arnicin and volatile oil. Characters. — Rhizome from one to three inches long, and from one-tenth to three-tenths of an inch thick, cylindrical, contorted, rough from the scars of the coriaceous leaves, and furnished with numerous long, slender fibres ; has a peppery taste and peculiar odour. Preparation. — Tinctura Arnica. ASSAFCETIDA ASSAFCETIDA A gum resin obtained by incision from the living root of Narthex Assafcetida. Natural Order. — UmhellifercB, Composition. — Its active constituents are resinous matter and a volatile oil containing allyl sulphide (03115)28. Characters. — Irregular masses, partly composed of tears, moist or dry. The colour ofa freshly cut or broken piece is opaque white, but gradually becomes purplish pink, and ultimately dull yellowish or pinkish brown. Taste, bitter, acrid; odour (due to alljl sulphide), fetid, alliaceous, and 54 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA persistent. Dissolves almost entirely in rectified spirit. Powdered with difficulty, unless triturated with carbonate of potash. Actions and Uses. — A moderate stimulant, powerful antispasmodic, expectorant, and vermifuge. Chiefly used in treating colic and coughs. Given also to dogs suffering from chorea and other nervous afiections. [ Similar to Ammoniacum. Jaodes of Application. > Preparations. — Enema Assafoetidfe ; Spiritus Ammonije foetidus. ATROPINA ATROPINE Composition. — CijHjalSrOg. An extremely poisonous crystallisable alkaloid, obtained from belladonna root, and constituting the active principle of Belladonnfe Eolia, Belladonnse Radix, Extractum Bella- donnse, and Tinctura Belladonnse. Preparations. — Atropine sulphate. The B. P. Liquor atropines sulphatis consists of one part atropine sulphate and ninety-nine of camphor water ; it contains four grains in one fluid ounce. Doses of the Liquor. — Hoeses and Cattle, from 1 to 3 fluid drachms ; Dogs, 1 to 3 minims. One-fifth of these doses sufiices when used hypodermic- ally. Equal proportions of atropine sulphate and acetate of morphine solutions give prompt antispasmodic and an- odyne effects when used conjointly. Ointment. — Atropine dissolved in three and a half parts rectified spirit and fifty-five parts benzoated lard. VE^TEKINARY PHAEMACOPCEU 55 BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM BALSAM OF PERU A balss,m ' oVtaiBed from Myrox'ylon Pereirce, belonging to the natural order Legmminosoe, It exudes from the trunk of the tree after the bark has been scorched and removed. Prom Salvador in Central America. Composition. — A mixture of volatile oil called cinna- mein, C27H26O4, cinnamic acid, HCgHjOj, and resinous compounds. Characters. — Reddish-brown ©r nearly Hack liquid, translucent in thin films 5 syrupy consistence, balsamic "odour, and an acrid slightly bitter taste ; soluble in five parts of rectified spirit. Undergoes no diminution when mixed with water. Actions and Uses. — Stimulant and antispasmodic. Used in the preparation of Tinctura Benzoini composita (Friar's Balsam^. BELLADONNiE FOLIA BELLADONNA LEAVES The fresh leaves, with the branches to which they are attached, of Deadly Nightshade, Atropia Belladonna ; also the leaves separated from the branches, and carefully dried and finely powdered ; gathered from wild or cultivated British plants when the fruit has begun to form. Natural Order. — Solanacece. Characters. — Leaves alternate, three to six inches long, ovate, acute, entire, smooth, the uppermost in pairs, and ' A balsam is a natural mixture of essential oil and resinous substances. 56 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA unequal. The expressed juice, or ah infusion, dropped into the eye, dilates the pupil. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, a narcotic-acrid poison ; in medicinal doses, sedative, anodyne, and antispasmodic. In whatever doses it is administered or by whatever channel it enters the circulation, it causes dilatation of the pupil. Given in colic, acute and chronic rheumatism, bronchitis, influenza, and in cases of sore throat and cough which often accompany or succeed this last-named disease. Externally : — As a dressing for painful and irritable tumours ; for tender enlarged glands ; for cases of garget and sore throat ; and, in the form of injection, for allaying irritation of the bladder or rectum, and counteracting spasmodic contractions of the uterus. Doses.' — Horse, 1 to 3 ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 3 ounces. — Sheep, 10 to 20 grains.— Pig, 8 to 12 grains. — Dog, 2 to .5 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — In the form of bolus or pill. See also Extractum Belladonnsie ; Tinctura Belladonnas ; Massa Belladonnse composita. Externally : — Emplastrum Belladonnse ; Unguentum Belladonnse. As an injection, see Extractum Belladonnse. Antidotes.— An emetic of sulphate of copper, when practicable ; purgatives to empty the alimentary canal ; after vomition or purgation, administer opium in sufficient doses to counteract the effects of the belladonna. Move the animal about ; affusions of cold water over the head and chest ; artificial respiration ; galvanism ; ether ; brandy ; inhalations of ammonia. Preparations. — Extractum Belladonnse ; Tinctura Bel- ladonnse. ' Although the doses of the dried and powdered leaves are here given, Extractum Belladonnas or Tinctura Belladonnte is to be preferred for internal use. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 57 BELLADONNA RADIX BELLADONNA EOOT The dried root of Atropa Belladonna, or Deadly Night- shade. Cultivated in Britain or imported from Germany. Natural Order. — Solanaceoe. Characters. — From one to two feet long, and from half an inch to two inches thick ; branched and wrinkled, brownish white. An infusion dilates the pupil. Preparations. — Atropia, and Linimentum Belladonnse. BENZOINUM BENZOIN Synonym. — Gum Benzoin. A balsamic resin, obtained from Styrax Benzoin, belong- ing to the natural order Styracece, by making incisions in the bark of the tree, and allowing the liquid that exudes to concrete by exposure to the air. Imported from Siam and Sumatra. Composition. — Contains resins, benzoic acid (HCyHjOj), volatile oil, and aromatic extract. Characters. — Lumps consisting of agglutinated tears, or a brownish mottled mass with or without tears imbedded in it ; has little taste, but an agreeable odour ; gives oflF, when heated, fumes of benzoic acid ; soluble in rectified spirit and in solution of potash. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Stimulant and anti- spasmodic ; but seldom or never given at the present day. Externally : — Excitant to wounds and contusions in the form of Tinctura Benzoini composita (Friar's Balsam). 58 VETEEINAKY PHAEMACOPCEIA BOLI BALLS See Massse (Masses). BORAX BORAX Synonyms. — Sodium Diborate ; Biborate of Soda. Composition. — Na2B4O7.10Aq. Pound native in the waters of certain lakes in Thibet and Persia. Also im- ported in the crude state from the East Indies under the name of tincal. Mode of Preparation. — Jets of steam {fumerolles or suffioni) charged with boracic acid, HBO3, which issue from the earth in Tuscany, are conducted into lagoni (little lakes), in which the acid condenses. The solution thus formed, after being concentrated by heat, is neutralised with sodium carbonate, and, on evaporation, yields crystals of borax. Boracic Sodium Sodium Carbonic Acid. Carbonate. Diborate. Water. Anhydride. 4HBO3 + NajCOa = = NajB^O, + 2HjO + CO2 In the act of crystallising, the sodium diborate unites with ten molecules of water, and becomes Na2B40y.lOAq. Characters and Uses. — Transparent colourless crystals, sometimes slightly effloresced, with a weak alkaline reac- tion ; insoluble in rectified spirit. Solubility in water, 1 in 22 ; boiling water, 1 in 2. By the aid of 1 of glycerin, 1 part of borax will dissolve in 12 of water. A hot saturated solution, when acidulated with any of the mineral acids, VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 59 lets fall, as it cools, a scaly crystalline deposit of boracio acid, HBO3, the solution of which in spirits of wine burna with a green flame. Actions and Uses. — Externally : — Detergent and astrin- gent in aphthous affections of the mouth. Modes of Application. — A mixture of one part of finely powdered borax and six parts of honey or glycerin is applied to the part affected. BUCHU FOLIA BUCHU LEAVES The dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B. crenulata, and B. serratifolia. Natural Order. — Rutaceae. Characters. — The leaves are smooth, dull yellow-green, with a strong penetrating odour, a bitter, aromatic taste, and varying in different species from half an inch to an inch and a half in length. They contain a volatile oil, which is the most active constituent. A camphoraceous substance, barosma camphor, is deposited in the oil in the cold. They also contain mucilage. Actions and Uses. — A mild tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic, but the principal use of this agent is for disorders of a catarrhal character affecting mucous membranes and diseases of the genito-urinary organs. roses. — Horses or Cattle, 1 to 4 ounces ; for Dogs, 10 to 30 grains infused in a covered vessel with 20 parts of water for half an hour ; this infusion is given with linseed tea or barley water. It may be advantageously combined with belladonna, opium, hyoscyamus, or potas.sium bromide. 60 VETERINAUT PHAEMACOPCBIA CALCII CHLORIDUM CHLORIDE OF CALCIUM Synonym. — Calcium Chloride. Composition. — CaClj. Mode of Preparation. — By neutralising hydrochloric acid with marble (calcium carbonate), adding a little solu- tion of calcium hypochlorite and calcium hydrate to the solution, filtering, evaporating until it becomes solid, and finally drying the salt at about 400°F. When calcium carbonate dissolves in hydrochloric acid, calcium chloride, water, and carbonic anhydride are pro- duced, thus : Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Carbonic Carbonate. Acid. Chloride. Water. Anhydride. CaCOj + 2HC1 = CaCla -f HjO + CO2 Any iron that the marble may contain in the state of carbonate passes into solution as ferrous chloride, and is converted into ferric chloride and ferric hydrate by the calcium hypochlorite. Ferrous Calcium Calcium Chloride. Hypochlorite. "Water. Chloride. 12FeCl., + 3Ca(C10)2 + GH^O = SCaCl^ Ferric Ferric Chloride. Hydrate. -f iFe^Cls -1- 2Fe2(HO)5 The calcium hydrate transforms the ferric chloride pro- duced in the last reaction into ferric hydrate. Ferric Calcium Calcium Ferric Chloride. Hydrate. Chloride. Hydrate. FejOlg + 3Ca(HO)2 = SCaCla -f Fe2(HO)6 In this way the iron is precipitated, and by filtration it is completely removed. VETEEINARY PHARMACOPEIA 61 Characters and Tests. — "White agglutinated masses, dry, but very deliquescent. If hydrochloric acid be poured on it, no chlorine or hypochlorous acid should be evolved, proving the absence of calcium hypochlorite. Should dis- solve entirely in water and alcohol. Lime water added to its aqueous solution should give no precipitate, indicating its freedom from iron. Uses. — In consequence of its strong affinity for water, it is employed to withdraw this impurity from ether, and various other liquids, as well as from gases. CALCIS HYDRAS SLAKED LIME Synonyms.-^Oalcium Hydrate ; Hydrate of Lime. Compo sition. — Ca(HO) 2. Preparation. — Take of Freshly burned Lime ... 2 pounds. Distilled Water ^ . . . . 1 pint. Place the lime in a metal or earthenware vessel furnished with a lid ; pour the water upon it, and when vapour ceases to be disengaged, cover the vessel with its lid, and set it aside to cool. When the temperature has fallen to that of the atmosphere, put the slaked lime on an iron-wire sieve, and, by gentle agitation, cause the fine powder to pass through the sieve, and reject what is left. Put the powder into a well-stoppered bottle, and keep it excluded as much as possible from the air, to prevent its absorbing carbonic ' Although distilled water is directed to be employed in this preparation by the British Pharmacoposia, common water may be used in its stead. 62 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOP(EIA anhydride. In the process of slaking, lime unites chemi- cally with water. Calcium Oxide Calcium (Lime). Water. Hydrate. CaO + H2O = Ca(H0)2 Characters and Tests. — A white caustic and strongly alkaline powder. It is slightly soluble in water (1 in 800), more so in cold than hot. Should not effervesce on the addition of an acid, showing its freedom from carbonate. Actions and^ Uses. — Internally : — Irritant, corrosive, and antacid. Given chiefly to cattle, as an antacid in in digestion, diarrhcea, and tympanitis. Sometimes employed as an antidote to poisoning by arsenic and irritant acids. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 3 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 3 drachms. — Sheep, 20 grains to 1 drachm. Pig, 20 grains to 1 drachm. — Dog, 5 to 20 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — In the form of bolus or pill, or else suspended in water, milk, or some mucilaginous drink. Also administered as Liquor Calcis and Liquor Calcis Saccharatus. Incompatibles. — Mineral and vegetable acids ; metallic and ammoniacal salts ; tartarated antimony. Preparations. — Linimentum Calcis ; Liquor Calcis ; Liquor Calcis Saccharatus ; Lotio Hydrargyri flava ; Lotio Hydrargyri nigra. CALUMB^ RADIX CALUMBA ROOT Synonym. — Calumba Root. The root of the Jateorhiza Calumba and Cocculus palm- atus, sliced transversely and dried. Natural Order. — Menispermacece. VETERINARY PHAKMACOPCEIA 63 Characters and Tests. — The root consists of several fasciculated, fusiform, fleshy tubercles, which are brown externally and deep yellow internally, odourless, and very bitter. Moistened with a solution of iodine, it becomes blue, indicating presence of starch. A decoction is not blackened by the persalts of iron, indicating absence of astringent matter. Composition. — The principal constituents of calumba are calumbin (C21H22O7), and the alkaloid berberia (C2oHi,N04) combined with calumbic acid (O22H24OJ) and starch. Actions and Uses. — Calumba root is an excellent tonic, promoting the appetite, assisting the digestive process, and improving the quality of the secretions from the gastro- intestinal mucous membranes. It does not appear either to constipate or relax the bowels. Doses. — (Of the powder) Hoese, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. — Pia, ^ to 1 drachm. — DoG, 10 to 20 grains. Modes of Application. — The root is best administered in the form of powder or infusion. Preparation. — Infusum Calumbse. CALX LIME Synonyms. — Calcium Oxide ; Oxide of Calcium ; Quick- lime. Composition. — CaO. Mode of Preparation. — Some form of calcium carbonate, e.g. chalk, limestone, or marble, is calcined so as to expel 64 VETEKINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA carbonic anhydride ; lime, mixed with a small amount of impurity, remains. Calcium Calcium Oxide Carbonic Carbonate. - (Lime). Anhydride. CaOOa = CaO + CO2 Characters and Tests. — Compact rnasses of a whitish colour, which readily absorb water, and which, when rather less than their weight of water is added, crack, and fall into powder with the development of much heat. The powder thus obtained, agitated with distilled water and filtered, yields a clear solution, having an alkaline reaction, and giving a white precipitate (calcium oxalate) with ammonium oxalate. Actions and Uses. — Externally : — As a caustic and desicoant, dusted over the part affected. Preparation. — Calcis Hydras. CALX CHLORATA CHLORESTATED LIME Synonyms.— Calcium Hypochlorite ; Hypochlorite of Lime ; Chloride of Lime. Composition. — Not well established. By some autho- rities it is regarded as lime chloride CaOClj, by others as calcium hypochlorite Oa(C10)2 ; mixed with calcium chloride and variable quantities of calcium hydrate. Preparation. — Slaked lime is exposed in stone chambers to the action of chlorine gas as long as the latter is ab- sorbed. Assuming that the activity of chlorinated lime depends upon its containing calcium hypochlorite, its pro- duction may be thus explained : VBTEKINAEY PHARMACOPEIA 65 Chlorinated Lime. Caloinm ^ Calcium Calcium Hydrate. Chlorine, Hypochlorite. Chloride, Water 20a(HO)j + 2CI2 = Oa(C10)2 CaOla + 2H2O Characters and Tests. — Dull white powder, with a feeble odour of chlorine ; partially soluble in water. It evolves chlorine on being mixed with an acid. Its aqueous solu- tion, mixed with a dilute mineral acid, bleaches indigo. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In tympanites and hoven to absorb the carbonic anhydride and decompose the sulphuretted hydrogen which are developed in these affec- tions; Externally : — Disinfectant, deodoriser, and stimulant. Applied to gangrenous wounds, fistulse, phagedenic ulcers, thrush, canker, grease, and to the treatment of mange and other skin diseases. Also employed as a lotion for check- ing conjunctival ophthalmia and other circumscribed and superficial inflammations. Doses. — HoESE, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — Suspended in water, or, preferably, as Liquor Calcis Chloratse. Exter- nally : — Liquor Calcis Chloratse ; TJnguentum Calcis Chlorates. Tncompatibles. — Acids and most metallic salts. Preparations. — Liquor. Calcis' Chloratse; Unguentum Calcis Chloratse ; Vapor Chlori. CAMBOGIA GAMBOGE A - gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Morella, var. pedicellata belonging to the natural order Guttiferce. Im- ported from Siam. 66 VETEEINAET PHARMACOPCEIA Composition. — From sixty-eight to seventy-five per cent, of resin (active principle), C20H23O4, gum, and a minute quantity of woody fibre. Characters and Tests. — Cylindrical pieces, breaking easily with a smooth, conchoidal, glistening fracture ; colour, tawny, changing to yellow when rubbed with water ; taste, acrid. If adulterated with starch, an emulsion, made with boiling water and cooled, becomes green if treated with solution of iodine. Actions and Uses. — In large doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, purgative. Should not be given to horses or dogs, on account of the uncertainty and violence of its action. To cattle and sheep it is sometimes admi- nistered in indigestion ; also, combined with aloes or sulphate of magnesia, in impaction of the omasum i^fa/rdel hound) and similar disorders. Doses. — Cattle, 4 to 8 drachms. — Sheep, 15 to 30 grains. Mode of Application. — Made into an emulsion with water. Antidotes. — Demulcent drinks, and small, but repeated, doses of opium. CAMPHORA CAMPHOR A concrete volatile oil (stearopten), obtained in China and Japan from the wood and other parts of a species of laurel, Camphora qfficinarum, belonging to the natural order Lauracem. Composition.— C10H15O. YETERINAUY PHAEMACOPffilA 67 Mode of Preparation. — The small branches, leaves, wood, and root of the tree are cut into small pieces and boiled with water in an iron vessel, to which an earthen hood is luted ; the camphor sublimes and condenses on straws placed within the hood. The crude product thus obtained, after its importation into Europe, is mixed with quicklime to retain impurities, and sublimed in glass vessels. Characters and Tests. — White, translucent, tough," and crystalline ; has a powerful penetrating odour, and a pun- gent taste, followed by a sensation of cold ; floats on water ; volatilises slowly at ordinary temperatures ; slightly solu- ble in water, readily soluble in rectified spirit and in ether ; sublimes entirely when heated. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In large doses, irritant and narcotic poison ; in medicinal doses, stimulant, sedative, antispasmodic j also, after long exhibition, diuretic. Occa- sionally given in tympanites, and, combined with opium or digitalis, in chronic cough. Externally : — Discutient and anodyne for chronic sprains, bruises, and tumours, also for infiltration into the cellular tissue. Added to oil or ointment of cantharides, or sprinkled in fine powder over linseed poultices, it allays irritation, although for this pur- pose extract of belladonna is usually preferred. Doses. — HoBSE, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 30 grains. — Pig, 5 to 20 grains. — Dog, 3 to 10 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Spiritus Cam- phorse ; Oleum Camphoratum, or in the form of ball or pill. Externally :— Linimentum Camphorse j Linimentum Tere- binthinse ; Linimentum Terebinthinse Aceticum ; Lini- mentum Saponis ; Tinctura Camphorse. ' Camphor is difEcult to pulverise unless a little spirit ofwine be added to it, p2 68 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPffilA Incompatibles. — Camphor is not likely to be adminis- tered with anything that would counteract its effects. Preparations. Linimentum Aconiti. ,, Camphorse. „ lodi composi- tum. Opii Linimentum Saponis com- positum. „ Terebinthinse. Spiritus Camphorse. CANTHARIS CANTHARIDES Synonyms. — Cantharis Vesicatoria ; Lytta Vesicatoria ; Blistering Fly ; Spanish Fly. Natural Order. — Coleoptera. Composition. — Contains an active principle called can- tharidin, C1QH12O4. The beetles are 'collected, chiefly in Hungary, at night time, by shaking the trees on which they feed, and so caus- ing them to fall into cloths placed beneath the trees for their reception. After being transferred to sieves, they are killed by the vapour of vinegar or turpentine, or by being placed in a vacuum, and finally dried. Characters and Tests.— From eight-tenths to an inch in length ; furnished with two wing-covers of a shining metallic green colour, under which are two membranous transparent wings ; odour, strong and disagreeable ; powder, greyish brown, containing shining green particles. Should be free from mites. Actions and Uses. — Internally -. — In large doses, irritant poison; in medicinal doses, stimulant, diuretic. With vegetable bitters, sometimes used as a stimulating tonic in cas3S of debility, accompanied or not with anasarca ; ako VETEEINARY PSAEMACOPCEIA 69 in farcy, glanders, and some other affections. As can- tharides are liable to inflame the neck of the bladder and cause strangury, they are seldom employed as a diuretic. Externally : — Rubefacient, vesicant, counter-irritant, sti- mulant. Employed as a blister, and for charging materials used for setons ; also to promote the adhesion of unhealthy wounds and fistulse ; to stimulate weak and callous ulcers ; and to induce an improved condition of skin in mallenders, ringworm, and inveterate mange ; likewise to promote the growth of hair. Doses. — HoESE, 5 to 10 grains. — Cattle, 10 to 20 grains. — Sheep, 2 to 8 grains. — Pig, 1 to 4 grains. — Dog, J to 1 grain. Modes of Application. — Internally : — In a bolus, or as Tinctura Cantharidis. Externally : — To keep up discharges, also to increase the activity of mustard poultices and simi- lar applications, the powdered insect is used. To promote the growth of hair, a solution of one part of cantharides in twenty parts of acetic acid, or an ointment consisting of one part of cantharides and twenty parts of lard, is to be applied with friction. For the other applications of can- tharides, see the ' Preparations ' enumerated below. Preparations. Acetum Cantharidis. Linimentum Cantharidis. Liquor Cantharidis Tere- binthinatus. Oleum Cantharidis. Tinctura Cantharidis. „ „ fortior. Unguentum Cantharidis. CAPSICI FRUCTUS CAPSICUM PRUIT The dried ripe fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum. Imported from Zanzibar, and, in a pulverised state, in gourds from the West Indies. It is distinguished in commerce as 70 VETEKINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA Guinea Pepper and Pod Pepper ; when powdered, and mixed with a fourth part of common salt, it forms the well- tnown condiment ' Cayenne Pepper.' Natural Order. — Solanacea. Composition. — The fruit contains an alkaloid and a crys- tallisable solid oil, to both of which the name capsicum has been applied ; the latter body is very acrid, and constitutes the active principle of capsicum. Characters and Tests. — Pod membranous, from five- to eight-tenths of an inch long, two-tenths of an inch broad ; straight, conical, pointed, smooth, shining, but somewhat corrugated ; orange-red ; intensely hot taste. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In large doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, stimulant and carminative. Externally : — Rubefacient and vesicant. Doses. — Horse, 5 to 20 grains. — Cattle, 10 to 30 grains. — Sheep, 5 to 10 grains. — Pig, 2 to 8 grains. — Dog, 1 to 5 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — The powdered fruit in a bolus, or, preferably, suspended in gruel. Externally : — In the form of ointment. CARBO LIGNI WOOD CHARCOAL Composition. — Carbon mixed with from one to five per cent, of ash. Mode of Preparation. — By exposing various kinds of wood to a red heat without access of air. Characters. — Black, brittle, porous masses, tasteless, odourless, very light ; retains the shape and texture of the wood from which it was obtained. When burned with free VETEEmART PHARMACOPEIA 71 access of air it should not leave more than two per cent, of ash. Actions and Uses. — Deodoriser, disinfectant, desiccant. Internally : — In dyspepsia, accompanied by flatus, to absorb the gases causing gastric distension ; in diarrhoea and dysen- tery, to correct the foetor of the evacuations ; as an anti- dote to arsenic, aconite, strychnia, and probably to most vegetable poisons.' Externally : — As a desiccant and deo- doriser to unhealthy wounds and phagedenic ulcers, espe- cially when accompanied by fetid and irritating discharges; also in cases of mange, scab, and grease. Wood charcoal, particularly when strongly heated and subsequently cooled just before being used, is a valuable deodoriser if strewn over the floors of a stable, &c., or sprinkled over putrefying substances. Doses. — Horse, | to 1 ounce. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. — Sheep, 1 to 3 drachms. — Pig, 1 to 3 drachms.^— Dog, 20 to 60 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Pulverised and mixed with gruel or some mucilaginous drink. Externally : Dusted over the part in the state of powder, or as Cata- plasma Carbonis. Preparation. — Cataplasma Carbonis. CARDAMOMUM CARDAMOMS The dried capsules of the Malabar cardamom, Eletlaria Cardamomum. Cultivated in Malabar. The seeds are best kept in their pericarps, from which they should be sepa- ' Animal charcoal (Garbo animalis} is to be preferred to wood charcoal in consequence of its greater absorptive power for the poisons above referred to. 72 VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPCEIA rated when required for use, the pericarpal coats being rejected. Natural Order. — Zingiberacece. Composition. — The therapeutic activity of cardamoms is due to a volatile oil contained in the seeds. Characters. — Seeds obtusely angular, corrugated, red- dish brown ; internally white, with a warm, aromatic agreeable taste and odour ; contained in ovate-oblong, triangular, pale brown, coriaceous, ribbed pericarps. Actions and Uses. Doses. 1- Same as Anisi Fructus. Modes of Application. CARUI FRUCTUS CARAWAY FRUIT Synonym. — Caraway Seeds. The dried fruit of Caruni Carui. Cultivated in England and Germany. Natural Order. — JJmheMiferce. Composition. — The active principle is a volatile oil. Characters. — Fruit usually separating into two parts, which are about two-tenths of an inch long, curved, taper- ing at each end, brown, with five paler longitudinal ridges ; agreeable aromatic odour and spicy taste. Actions and Uses. -i Doses. I Same as Anisi Fructus. Modes of Application. ] VBTERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 73 CARYOPHYLLUM CLOVES The dried unexpanded flower-buds of Caryophyllus aro- matious. Cultivated in Penang, Bencoolen, and Amboyna. Natural Order. — Myrtacece. Composition. — The active principle is a volatile oil. Characters and Test. — About six-tenths of an inch long ; dark reddish brown ; plump and heavy ; consisting of a nearly cylindrical body surmounted by four teeth and a globular head ; strong fragrant odour, and a bitter, spicy, pungent taste. Emits oil when indented with the finger- nail. Actions and TJses. \ Doses. I Same as Anisi Fructus. Modes of Application, j Preparation. — Oleum Caryophylli. CASCARILL^ CORTEX CASCARILLA BARK The bark of Groton Eluteria. From the island of Elu- thera, -one of the Bahamas. Natural Order. — Euphorhiacece. Composition. — Its therapeutic actions depend upon a crystalline bitter principle, cascarillin, and a volatile oil. Characters. — Quills, two or three inches long, and from two- to five- tenths of an inch in diameter ; dull brown, but more or less coated with white crustaceous lichens ; breaks with a short resinous fracture ; warm and bitter taste, and emits a fragrant odour when burned. 74 VETEEINAET rHAEMACOPCEIA Actions and Uses. — Aromatic tonic and slightly astrin- gent. Sometimes given in indigestion, diarrhoea, chronic typhous affections, and during convalescence from debili- tating diseases. Doses. — HoESB, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 3 to 6 drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. — Pig, 1 to 2 drachms. — Dog, I^ to 1 drachm. Mode of Application. — In the form of ball. CATAPLASMA CALCIS CHLORATE CHLORINATED LIME POULTICE Take of Solution of Chlorinated Lime . 2 fluid ounces. Linseed Meal . . . . 4 ounces. Boiling Water . . . .8 fluid ounces. Mix the linseed meal gradually with the water, and add the solution of chlorinated lime, with constant stirring. Use. — Deodoriser, antiseptic, and excitant to unhealthy wounds and ulcers. CATAPLASMA CARBONIS CHARCOAL POULTICE Take of Wood Charcoal, in powder . . -J ounce. Linseed Meal . . . .3^ ounces. Boiling Water. . . . . 10 fluid ounces. Add the linseed meal to the water, and stir them together so that a soft poultice may be formed. Mix with this half the charcoal, and sprinkle the remainder on the surface of the poultice. Use. — Applied while warm to absorb the foetor of foul ulcers. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 75 CATAPLASMA PERMENTI YEAST POULTICE Take of Beer Yeast .... 6 fluid ounces. Wheaten Flour . . .14 ounces. Water heated to 100°F. . , 6 fluid ounces. Mix the yeast with the water, and stir in the flour. Place the mass near the fire till it rises. Use. — Stimulant and antiseptic to indolent ulcers. CATAPLASMA EURFURIS BRAN POULTICE - Take of Bran 2 to 3 parts. Linseed meal . ... 1 part. Boiling Water .... A sufficiency. Mix the bran and linseed meal together, and then add the water, with constant stirring, so as to form a soft poultice. Use. — Emollient ; relaxes the vessels of the part to which it is applied, and thereby allays pain and inflam- mation. CATAPLASMA LINI LINSEED POULTICE Take of Linseed Meal .... 4 ounces. Olive Oil i fluid ounce. Boiling Water . . . .10 fluid ounces. 76 VETEElNAET PltARMACOFCEU Mix the linseed meal gradually with the water, and then add the oil, with constant stirring. Use. — Same as CataplasmaFurfuris. Opium, belladonna, or subacetate of lead may be added to this poultice when it is desired to allay irritation. CATAPLASMA SINAPIS MUSTARD POULTICE Take of Mustard,' in powder . . -2^ ounces. Linseed Meal . . . • 2J ounces. Warm ^ Water . . . .10 fluid ounces. Mix the linseed meal gradually with the water, and add the mustard, with constant stirring. Use. — Rubefacient to allay inflammations of serous and mucous surfaces ; to relieve congestion of various organs, and to alleviate neuralgic and other pains and spasms. CATAPLASMA SINAPIS AMMONIATUM AMMONIATED MUSTARD POULTICE Take of Mustard, in powder 1 , , „ . . ' f . ^ of each a sufliciency. Solution of Ammonia I Mix so aa to form a poultice.' Use. — Similar to, but much more powerful than, Cata- plasma Sinapis. ' See note to Sinapis. ' Boiling water should not be used, as a temperature of 212''F. prevents the formation of the vesicating principle, allyl sulpho- cyanide. ' Oil of turpentine is sometimes added to this poultice, but such addition should be omitted in treating afEections of the kidneys. VETEKIKAET PHAEMACOPCEU 77 CATECHU PALLIDUM PALE CATECHU Synonym. — Terra Japonica. An extract of the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria Garkhir, belonging to the natural order Cinchonacece. Pre- pared at Singapore and in other places in the Eastern Archipelago. Composition. — Mainly consists of catechin, C13H12O5, and tannic acid. Mode of Preparation. — The leaves of Uncaria Gamhir are boiled in water immediately after they are pulled from the tree, and the decoction concentrated and run into square or moulds, to form the commercial cubes of catechu. Characters. — Cubes, or masses formed of coherent cubes ; the former about an inch in diameter, externally brown, internally ochrey yellow or pale brick-red, breaks easily with a dull earthy fracture. Taste, bitter, very astringent, and mucilaginous, succeeded by slight sweetness. Entirely soluble in boiling water. The decoction, when cool, should not be rendered blue by iodine, indicating the absence of starch. Actions and Uses. — Astringent. Internally : — Given in atony and relaxation, and in excessive mucous discharges, especially from the alimentary canal ; also in diarrhoea. Externally : — To sluggish sores and ulcerations, for excoria- tions on the udder, &c. Soses. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, ^ to 1 drachm.— Pig, 10 to 20 grains. — Dog, 1 to 10 grains. Three or four times a day. 78 VETEEmAET PHAEMACOPCEIA Modes of Application. — Internally : — Massa Catechu Composita ; Infusum Catechu ; Tinctura Catechu, or the powder in sufficient gruel or mucilage to mask its astrin- gent flavour. Catechu is likewise given with aromatics to remove flatulency, with opium to allay irritability, and with magnesia or an alkaline carbonate to correct acidity. Externally : — The powder ; Infusum Catechu ; and, occa- sionally, TJnguentum Catechu. Incompatlbles. — Alkalies (?) ; most metallic salts ; gelatin. Preparations. — Infusum Catechu ; Massa Catechu com- posita. Tinctura Catechu. CERA TLAVA YELLOW WAX Synonym. — Unbleached Beeswax. A secretion of certain glands (wax pockets) situated on the abdomen of the common bee. Apis mellijica, and used by the insect for constructing the cells of the honeycomb. Composition. — A mixture of myricin, cein, and cerolein. Mode of Preparation. — The comb, after being freed from honey by dripping and pressure, is melted in hot water to free it from impurities ; the residue constitutes yellow wax. White wax (Cera Alba) is obtained by agita- ting molten yellow wax with water, and bleaching in the open air. Characters. — Firm, breaking with a granular fracture ; yellowish, having an agreeable honeylike odour. Not unctuous to the touch ; does not melt at 140°F. ; yields nothing to rectified spirit, but is entirely soluble in oil of turpentine. Boiling water, in which it has been agitated, VETERINAEY PHARMACOPffilA 79 when cooled, should not he rendered blue by iodine, show- ing its freedom from starch. Actions and Uses. — Emollient andto increase consist- ency of ointments. Preparation. — Emplastrum Picis. CEREVISI^ PERMENTUM BEER YEAST The ferment obtained in brewing beer. Characters.— Viscid, semifluid, frothy, exhibiting under the microscope numerous round or oval confervoid cells, Torula cerevisice. Preparation. — Cataplasma Fermenti. CERII OXALAS OXALATE OF CERIUM Composition. — CeCjO^. Mode of Preparation. — By adding oxalic acid to a solu- tion of a cerium salt, cerium oxalate is precipitated. Characters and Tests. — A white granular powder, odour- less and tasteless, insoluble in water and alcohol, soluble in hydrochloric acid. Actions and Uses. — Infernally/ : — It is sometimes given in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, and chorea. 80 VETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA CHLORAL HYDRAS HYDRATE OF CHLORAL Synonyms. — Chloral Hydrate ; Trichloraldehyd. Composition.— C2HCI3O.H2O or COI3.COH.H2O. Mode of Preparation.' — Dry chlorine gas is passed for several days through absolute alcohol, which is at first kept cool to prevent explosion, but which, towards the end of the operation, is heated to nearly its boiling-point to com- plete the decomposition. The resulting liquid (impure chloral, CjHCljO) is exposed to the air for a day or two, when it absorbs water and becomes converted into a solid mass of crude chloral hydrate. This is purified by agitating it with four times its bulk of concentrated sulphuric acid, separating the anhydrous chloral which floats on the surface, and subjecting it to fractional distillation. The anhydrous chloral thus purified is placed in a still with eleven per cent, of water, and distilled off chalk to remove any hydro- chloric acid that may be present. The solid distillate (chloral hydrate) obtained in this manner is fused and cast in shallow vessels into cakes. Hydrochloric Alcohol. Chlorine. Chloral. Acid. 1. C^HeO + 4CI2 = C2HCI3O + 5H01. Chloral. Water. Chloral Hydrate. 2. O2HCI3O + H2O = C2HCl3(HO)2. Characters and Tests. — White, opaque, crystalline solid ; pungent odour, resembling that of a ripe melon ; soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin. One hundred grains dis- solved in ^ oz. of distilled water, well shaken with 1 oz. of Liquor Potasses, and allowed to stand several hours in a ' Dr. Squire's process. VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 81 well-stoppered bottle, will, if pure, yield a layer of at least 46 grain measures of chloroform. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, narcotic poison ; in medicinal doses, stimulant, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic, and narcotic. Said to possess the good, but none of the objectionable, qualities of opium ; successfully used in milk fever in cattle. ' Doses. — HoESE, 5 to 1 ounce. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. — Pig, 1 to 2 drachms. — Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Mode of Application. — Dissolved in a large quantity of water. Preparation. — Syrupus Chloralis. CHLOROFORMI MISTURA HYDROCYANATA COMPOUND CHLOROFORM MIXTURE Synonym. — Chlo rody ne. Composition. — The two following formulae may be used in the preparation of chlorodyne : 1 . Morphine sulphate 4 grains, oil of peppermint 8 grains, ether I drachm, alcohol 1 drachm, hydrocyanic acid (dilute) 5 drachms, chloroform 3 ounces, syrup to 17 ounces. 2. Ten parts each of chloroform, ether, Indian hemp, and morphine ; two parts of tincture of capsicum and prussic acid ; three parts of tinctures of aconite and hyoscyamus ; one part oil of peppermint, five parts of hydrochloric acid, and fifty parts of simple syrup. Actions and Uses. — Anodyne, antispasmodic, and to relieve gastro-intestinal and bronchial irritation. Doses. — HoESE, 2 to 4 drachms. — Dog, 20 to 40 minims. ' Dr. Tuke, in speaking of its effects on maniacal patients, says : ' Its advantages over other hypnotics are as follows : it is more uniform in its action and its effects are more lasting; it has no depressing influence; it does not constipate nor produce nausea.' G 82 VETERINAEY PHAKMACOFOEIA CHLOROFORMUM CHLOEOFORM Synonyms. — Formyl Trichloride ; Terchloride of For- myl. Composition. — CHCI3. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Chlorinated Lime Rectified Spirit Slaked Lime Water . Sulphuric Acid Chloride of Calcium, in small ) r fragments . . . . ) Distilled Water . 10 pounds. .30 fluid ounces. A sufficiency. 3 gallons. A sufficiency. 2 ounces. 9 fluid ounces. Place the water and the spirit in a capacious still, and raise the mixture to the temperature of 100°F. Add the chlorinated lime and five pounds of the slaked lime, and mix thoroughly. Connect the still with a condenser ter- minating in a narrow-necked receiver, and apply heat so as to cause distillation, taking care to withdraw the fire the moment that the process is well established. When the distilled product measures fifty ounces, the receiver is to be withdrawn. Pour its contents into a gallon bottle half filled with water, mix well by shaking, and set at rest for a few minutes, when the mixture will separate into two layers of different densities. Let the lower layer, which constitutes crude chloroform, be washed by agitating it in a bottle with three ounces of the distilled water. Allow the chloroform to subside, withdraw the water, and repeat the washing, with the rest of the distilled water, in suc- cessive quantities of three ounces at a time. Agitate the washed chloroform for live minutes in a bottle with an equal VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 8^ volume of sulphuric acid, allow the mixture to settle, and transfer the upper layer of liquid to a flask containing the chloride of calcium mixed with half an ounce of perfectly dry slaked lime, and mix well by agitation. After the lapse of an hour connect the flask with a Liebig's colidenser, and distil over the pure chloroform by means of a water-bath. Preserve the product in a cool place in well-stoppered bottles. The lighter liquid which floats on the crude chloroform after its agitation with water, and the washings with dis- tilled water, should be preserved and employed in a subse- quent operation. The exact nature of the chemical changes which occur in the production of chloroform by the foregoing process is still undetermined, but the following equations represent the probable reactions which take place : Alcohol. SOaHeO Aldehyd. 2. CoH.O Oxygen from the Calcium. Hypochlorite (Chlorinated Lime). + 02 = Chlorine from the Calcium Hypochlorite (Chlorinated Lime). + 3Cl2 = Aldehyd. 2C2H4O Chloral. 3C2HCI3O + Calcium Hydrate. Ca(H0)2 Chloral. C2HCI3O Chloro- form. 2PHCI3 + + + Water. 2H2Q Hydro- chloric Acid. 3HC1 Calcium Formate. Ca(CH02)2 Characters and Tests. — Limpid, colourless liquid, of an agreeable ethereal odour and sweet taste. Soluble in alcohol and ether in all proportions ; dissolves slightly in water, communicating to it a sweetish taste. Burns, though not readily, with a green and smoky flame. Sp. gr. 1-49. Should not be coloured by agitation with sulphuric acid, and should leave no residue nor unpleasant odour after evaporation. Actions and Uses. — In excessive doses, whether the liquid be swallowed or the vapour inhaled, narcotic poison ; G.2 84 VETEKINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA in medicinal doses, stimulant and antispasmodic ; breathed in admixture with air, ansesthetic. Doses. — See Spiritus Ohloroformi. Modes of Application. — As an antispasmodic : Spiritus Ohloroformi. As an ansesthetic, a sponge saturated with pure chloroform is placed in the bottom of a nose-bag attached to the patient's- head, and perforated so as to insure the chloroform vapour being mixed with a sufficiency of air. Antidote. — Fresh air. Preparations. — Spiritus Ohloroformi ; Tinctura Ohloro- formi Oomposita. CINCHON.J] FLAV^ CORTEX YELLOW OINOHONA BARK The bark of Cinchona (Jalisaya. Oollected in Bolivia and Southern Peru. Composition. — Its therapeutic value depends upon the presence of quinine (C20H24N2O2) and cinchona (02oH24N20)> which, with several other alkaloids, exist in the bark in combination with kinic, kinovic, and tannic acids. Mode of Preparation. — The trees are generally cut down, and the bark, after removal from the stem and branches, is carefully dried, so that it may retain its bright colour ; the larger and thicker portions are dried so as to form flat pieces, while the smaller are allowed to curl into quills. Unless very coarse and injured, the epidermis, with the lichens which grow on it, is carefully preserved on the bark. Characters. — Flat pieces, uncoated or deprived of the periderm, rarely in coated quills, from six to eighteen VETEEmABY PHARMACOPCEIA / 85 inches long, one tp three inches wide, and two- to four-tenths of an inch thick, compact and heavy ; outer surface brown, marked by broad, shallow, irregular, longitudinal depres- sions ; inner surface tawny yellow and fibrous ; transverse fracture shortly and finely fibrous. Powder cinnamon brown, somewhat aromatic ; persistently bitter. Test. — Boil one hundred grains of the finely powdered bark, for a quarter of an hour, in a fluid ounce of distilled water, acidulated with ten minims of hydrochloric acid, and allow it to macerate for twenty-four hours. Transfer the whole to a small percolator, and, after the fluid has ceased to drop, add at intervals about an ounce and a half of similarly acidulated water, or until the fluid which passes through is free from colour. Add to the percolated fluid solution of subacetate of lead until the whole of the colouring matter has been removed, taking care that the fluid remains acid in reaction. Filter and wash with a little distilled water. To the filtrate add about thirty-five grains of caustic potash, or as much as will cause the precipitate which is at first formed to be nearly re-dissolved , and afterwards six fluid drachms of pure ether. Then shake briskly, and, having removed the ether, repeat the process twice with three fluid drachms of ether or until a drop of the ether employed leaves, on evaporation, scarcely any perceptible residue. Lastly, evaporate the mixed ethereal solutions in a capsule at the temperature of boiling water. The residue, which consists of nearly pure quinia, when dry, should weigh not less than two grains, and should be readily soluble in dilute sulphuric acid. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Tonic and astringent. Given in debility ; in periodic and intermittent diseases, e.g. spasm, neuralgia, and periodical hsemorrhage ; in continued fever, rheumatism, and erysipelas ; in chronic atonic affections of the alimentary canal, e.gi. dyspepsia ; 86 VETERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA in chorea, passive haemorrhages, profuse mucous dis- charges, leucorrhoea, and chronic diarrhoea ; in enlarge- ments and indurations of the absorbent glands in scrofula ; in convalescence after either acute or lingering maladies, and during debility after surgical operations. Externally : Astringent and antiseptic in leucorrhcea and to fetid ulcers. Doses. — HoESE, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. — Pig, 1 to 2 drachms. Dog, 5 to 1 drachm. Twice or thrice a day. Sometimes the administration of cinchona to dogs is followed by nausea or vomition ; in such cases the dose should be greatly diminished. Modes of Application. — Internally : — The powdered bark, in the form of ball ; Infusum Cinchonae Flavae ; Tinctura Cinohonse Flavse. Externally : — Infusum Cinchonse Flavse ; Tinctura Cinchonse Flavse. Incompatibles. — Alkalies ; alkaline carbonates ; metallic salts ; gelatin. Preparations. — Infusum Cinchonse Flavse ; Tinctura Cinchonse Flavse. CINCHONA PALLIDA CORTEX PALE CINCHONA BARK Therapeutic properties, uses, and doses, similar to those of Cinchonse Flavse Cortex. CINCHONA RUBR^ CORTEX RED CINCHONA BARK Therapeutic properties, uses, and doses, similar to those of Cinchonse Flavse Cortex. VETfiRINAEY PHARMACOPEIA 87 CINNAMOMUM CINNAMON The inner bark of thie sixoots of dnnamomum zeyJani cum (Ceylon cinnamon), or of one or more undetermined species of Chinese cinnamon, belonging to the natural order Lauracec^ Compositiott. — Contains a volatile oil, which is used for flavouring purposes, tannic acid, mucilage, colouring matter, an acid, and lignie. Actions and Uses. — A hEemostatic, and stomachic and carminative, useful in the treatment of diarrhoea. Used in conjunction with purgatives to prevent griping. Doses ; of the bark. — Horses, ^ to 1 ounce, I Do«s, ^ to 1 drachm. Of the oil. J Horses, 20 minims to 1 drachm, ( DoGSj 1 to 4 minims- COCAINE COCAINE An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of tlie ETytlirox~ ylon Coca, a small tree of Peru and Bolivia, belonging to the natural order Erythroxylacem. Composition.— Ci7H2,N04. Characters aad Tests. — Crystallises in colourless prisms requiring for solution 704 parts of water. The Hydro- chlorate C17H21NO4HCI is readily soluble in water and alcohol, and is therefore usually employed. Actions and Uses. — Internally ; — Stimulant and tonic in treatment of sore throat. Externally : — As a local anaesthetic. Principally employed in veterinary practice in 88 VETERINAET PHARMACOPOEIA diseases of the eye. Twenty minims of a 4 per cent, solution of the hydrochlorate are dropped into the eye, for lessening irritability and pain in cases of conjunctivitis, ophthalmia, and ulceration of the cornea, for stitching torn eyelids, or for treatment of other injuries to the eye. In conjunction with Atropine Sulphate, it is employed in ophthalmoscopic examinations. Piofessor Hobday has found that it is unwise to inject more than two grains of hydrochlorate of cocaine subcuta- neously to produce local ansesthesia in small dogs, such as fox terriers, or four grains in the case of large dogs, collies, &c. That is, one drachm of a 4 per cent, solution for small dogSj and two drachms of a 4 per cent, solution for large dogs. Local ansesthesia will be manifested in from three to five minutes, and extends for about half an inch to one inch around the seat of injection, and lasts for about twenty minutes. COLCHICI CORMUS COLCHICUM CORM The fresh corm of Meadow Saffron, Colchicum autwiri- ncde, belonging to the natural order Melanihacem ; collected about the end of June, stripped of its coats, sliced trans- versely, and dried at a temperature not exceeding 150°F. Composition. — Contains a poisonous crystallisable alka- loid called cholchicine (CjyHigNOs). Characters. — Fresh corm about the size of a chestnut, flattened where it has an undeveloped bud ; furnished with an outer brown and an inner yellow coat ; internally white, solid, and fleshy, yielding, when cut, a milky, acrid, and bitter juice. Dried slices about a tenth of an inch thick, moderately indented on one, rarely on both, sides ; firm, flat, whitish, amylaceous. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 89 Actions and TJses. — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, cathartic, emetic, and sedative ; it also increases the secreting action of the skin, kidneys, and particularly that of the intestinal mucous membrane. Occasionally prescribed on account of its sedative and diuretic qualities, in small and frequently repeated doses, in rheumatism and rheumatic influenza, also in deep-seated or constitutional ophthalmia. Doses, — HoESE, ^ to 2 drachms. — Cattle, ^ to 2 drachms. Sheep, 5 to 30 grains. — Dog, 2 to 8 grains. Modes of Administration. — In powder, ball, or Tinctura Colchici Seminum. Incompatibles. — Tincture of Iodine ; Guaiacum ; and all astringents. Antidotes. — Emetics, where practicable, followed by demulcent drinks ; and, if coma be present, brandy, ammonia, and other powerful stimulants. COLCHICI SEMINA COLCHICUM SEEDS The fully ripe seeds of Golchicum autumncde. Characters. — About the size of white mustard seed ; very hard, and of a reddish-brown colour. Similar to those of the corm, but Actions and Uses. by some considered milder and more certain. Doses. — Same as of corm. Preparation. — Tinctura Colchici Seminum. 90 VETEKINAEY PHARMACOPfEIA COLLODIUM COLLODION Take of Pyroxylin .... 1 ounce. Ether . . 36 fluid ounces. Rectified Spirit . . .12 fluid ounces, Mix the ether and the spirit, and add the pyroxylin. Set aside for a few days, and, should there be any sediment, decant the clear solution. Keep in a well-corked or stoppered bottle. Characters. — Colourless, highly inflammable liquid, with ethereal odour, which dries rapidly on exposure to the air, and leaves a thin transparent film, insoluble in water or rectified spirit. Uses. — As an adhesive to excoriations, ulcers, burns, wounds, &c. ; likewise in erysipelas. Mode of Application.— Brushed over the part. The applications are repeated, at intervals of a few minutes, until the film has become sufiiciently thick to protect the affected part from atmospheric and other causes of irrita- tion. COLLODIUM FLEXILE FLEXIBLE COLLODION Take of Collodion ... 6 fluid ounces. Canada Balsam . . 120 grains. Castor Oil ... 1 fluid drachm, Mix, and keep in a well-corked bottle. VETEEINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 91 Uses and mode of application similar to those of Collo- dion, to •whicli, however, this preparation is superior on account of its elasticity. COLLODIUM HiEMOSTATICUM HEMOSTATIC COLLODION Take of Collodion . . . .10 fluid ounces Carbolic Acid . . .1 tjttnce Tannic Acid . . . ^ ounce. Dissolve. Action and Use. — Externally : — Styptic Mode of Application. — Same as Collodion. COLOCYNTHIS COLOCYNTH Synonym. — Bitter Cucumber. The fruit of Citrullus Colocynthis deprived of its rind, a native of Western Asia, belonging to the natural order CuGurhitacece. Composition. — It contains a bitter alkaloidal principle Colocynthin, a resin Colocynthein, and a tasteless crystal- line body Colocynthitin. Actions and Uses. — A hydragogue purgative in chronic constipation. Its griping tendency may be overcome by combining it with aromatics, or a small proportion of hyoscyamus or belladonna. Doses. — Of the extract for Dogs, 1 to 2 grains in com- bination with other purgatives. 92 VETERIiNARY PHAEMACOPCBIA CONFECTIO ROStE GALLICS CONFECTION OF ROSES Take of Fresh Red Rose Petals 1 pound. Refined Sugar 3 pounds. Beat the petals to a pulp in a stone mortar, add the sugar, and rub them well together. Use. — In making Pilula Hydrargyri cum Ferro. CORIANDRI FRUCTUS CORIANDER FRUIT Synonym. — Coriander Seed. The dried fruit of CoriandruTui sativum, belonging to the natural order Umhelliferce. Cultivated in Britain. Composition. — The active principle is a volatile oil (C.oHi^H^O). Characters. — Globular, nearly as large as white pepper, beaked, finely ribbed, yellowish brown ; has an agreeable aromatic odour and flavour. Actions and Uses. Soses. Modes of Application. Same as Anisi Fructus. CREASOTUM CREASOTE A product of the distillation of wood tar. Composition. — A mixture of carbolic and kresylic acids with other bodies. VETERIIfAIlY PHAEMACOPCEIA 93 Characters and Tests. — Liquid, colourless or with a yellowish tinge, and a strong empyreumatic odour. Spar- ingly dissolved by water, but freely by alcohol, ether, and glacial acetic acid. Sp, gr. 1-071. Coagulates albumen. A slip of deal dipped into it, and afterwards into hydro- chloric acid, acquires on exposure for a short time to the air a greenish-blue colour. Dropped on white filtering paper and exposed to a heat of 212°F., it leaves no trans- lucent stain. It turns the plane of polarisation of a ray of polarised light to the right. Is not solidified by the cold produced by a mixture of hydrochloric acid and sodium sulphate. Actions and Use. ^ Doses. Modes of Application. Antidotes. Similar to those of Acidum Carbolicum. Preparations. — Linimentum Creasoti Compositum ; Mistura Creasoti ; Unguentum Creasoti. CRErA CHALK Native friable calcium carbonate (carbonate of lime), OaCOj, with small quantities of siliceous and other impu- rities. Preparation. — Greta Prseparata. CRETA PR^PARATA PREPARED CHALK Chalk freed from most of its impurities by elutriation, and afterwards dried in small, usually conical, masses. 94 VETEEINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA Characters and Tests. — White amorphous powder ; dissolves with effervescence (escape of carbonic anhydride) in dilute hydrochloric acid, indicating that it is a carbonate, and leaving only a small residue. The solution thus formed gives with ammonium oxalate a white precipitate (calcium oxalate), showing the presence of calcium. The salt (calcium chloride) formed by dissolving prepared chalk in hydrochloric acid, if rendered neutral by evapora- tion to dryness, and re-dissolved in water, gives only a very scanty precipitate on the addition of saccharated solution of lime, showing the absence of calcium phosphate. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Antacid in indiges- tion, chronic diarrhcea, and dysenbery ; antidote to oxalic and most other acids. Externally : — Desicoant for absorb- ing irritating discharges ; for protecting wounds, bums, and scalds from the air ; also in erysipelas. Doses. — Horse, ^ to 1 ounce. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 4 drachms. — Pig, I to 2 drachms. — Dog, 5 to 15 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally '- — In the form of bolus, or suspended in gruel, mucilage, or milk. Given in diarrhoea and dysentery ; seldom administered alone, but usually in combination with opium, ginger, and catechu ; the Mistura Cretse Composita. Externally: — Asa desic- cant it is used in the form of powder ; to scalds and burns it may be applied mixed with water into a stiff paste. Incompatibles. — All acids. Preparations. — Hydrargyrum cum Creta ; Mistura Cretse Composita ATITERINAEY PHAEMACOPGEIA 95 CROCUS SAEFRON The dried stigma and part of style of Crocus sativus. Imported from Spain, France, and Italy. Natural Order. — Iridaceai. Composition. — Contains an active principle called saf- franin (C4g05oIIig), a volatile oil, and also a colouring matter, crocin (CnjIIisOie). Characters and Tests. — Hay saffron consists of the dried parts of the styles, with their attached stigmas entangled together. The odour of saffron is penetrating, aromatic, and, in large quantities, narcotic. The taste is hitter and somewhat aromatic. When chewed, saffron tinges the mouth and saliva yellow ; and when rubbed on the moistened finger it produces an intensely orange stain. Actions and Uses. — Seldom employed internally ; prin- cipally used as a colouring and flavouring ingredient. CROTONIS SEMINA CROTON SEEDS Synonyms. — Crotonis Tiglii Semina, Croton Beans. Natural Order. — Euphorhiacece. Composition. — Contains, in addition to oil, an acrid purgative principle, the chemical nature of which is still unknown. Characters.— About the size of a coffee grain, oblong, rounded at the extremities, with two faces, the external more comrex; than the internal. If the shelly covering of 96 VETERINARY PPIAKMACOPOEIA the seeds is partially removed, they present a mottled appearance ; but if entirely so, they are brownish black. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, cathartic in obstinate constipation, and when it is necessary to effect a speedy evacuation of the contents of the intestines. Doses. — Horse, 30 to 36 grains.' — Cattle, 30 to 80 grains.' — Sheep, 5 to 15 grains.' — Dog, 3 to 10 grains.' Modes of Application. — The seed, crushed to powder, made into a bolus, mixed with the animal's food, or diluted with linseed oil. Preparation. — Oleum Crotonis. CUMINI FRUCTUS CUMIN FRUIT Synonym. — Cumin Seeds. The dried fruit of Cuminum Gyminum. Natural Order. — Umhelliferm. Composition. — The properties of cumin depend upon a volatile oil, which is of a pale yellow colour and limpid. It is very acrid to the taste, and of a disagreeable odour. Characters. — The fruit commonly termed cumin seed is larger than anise, and of a light brown or greyish-yellow colour. It has some resemblance to, though it is larger than, caraway. Each mericarp has five primary ridges, which are filiform, and furnished with very fine prickles, The four secondary ridges are prominent and prickly, and under each there is one vitta. The odour of the fruit is 1 One seed weighs about three grains. VETERINAEY PHABMACOPOIIA 97 strong and aromatic. Both in odour and taste it resembles caraway, though less agreeable. Actions and Uses. Doses. Same as Anisi Fructus. Modes of Application. J CUPRI AMMONIO-SULPHAS AMMONIO-SULPHATE OF COPPER Composition.— Probably CuS04.4NH:3.H20. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Sulphate of Copper, in powder . 2 ounces. Carbonate of Ammonia, in powder 3 ounces. Rub them together in a porcelain mortar until effer- vescence has ceased ; then roll up the product in bibulous paper, and place it on a porous brick. When dry, preserve it in a well-stoppered bottle. Characters. — Azure-blue coloured powder ; emits an ammoniacal odour, and has an ^stringent metallic taste. Actions and Uses. — Tonic, stimulant, antispasmodic^ astringent. Given to horses and cattle in influenza, pleuro- pneumonia, consumption, and other debilitating maladies ; to dogs it is administered in chorea and other nervous complaints. Doses.— HoESB, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 2 drachms. — Sheep, 5 to 20 grains. — Dog, 1 to 4 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of ball, or suspended in cold gruel or mucilaginous drink.\ Incompatibles. — Acids ; fixed alkalies. Antidotes. — Albumen ; bean or pea meal suspended in water. H 98 VETERINARY PHARMACOPffilA CUPRI lODIDUM CUM lODO IODIDE OF COPPER WITH IODINE Synonym. — Improperly, Iodide of Copper. Composition. — A mixture of cuprous iodide, CU2I2, and free Iodine. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Iodide of Potassium .... 2 ounces. Sulphate of Copper . . , . 4 ounces. Boiling Distilled Water . . -If pint. Dissolve the sulphate of copper in one pint of the dis- tilled water, and the iodide of potassium in the remaining half-pint. Mix the solutions ; collect the precipitate which forms (mixture of cuprous iodide and iodine) on a filter, wash it with distilled water, and, when dried over sulphuric acid, pulverise it, and preserve it in a stoppered bottle. Cupric Potassium Iodide of Copper Potassium Sulphate. Iodide. with Iodine. Sulphate. 2CUSO4 4- 4k:i = Oaala-Ha + 2K2SO4 Characters and Tests. — Light fawn-coloured powder, which changes colour by exposure to air ; metallic taste. The presence of free iodine is recognised by the preparation emitting the odour peculiar to this element, and by dis- tilled water, after having been shaken with it and filtered, giving a blue colour (starch iodide) with cold aqueous solution of starch. The presence of combined copper and iodine may be proved by dissolving the solid in nitric acid, and testing the resulting solution for these elements. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Tonic and alterative ; also stimulant to the absorbents. Has been employed in the treatment of diabetes insipidus, glanders, farcy, and nasal gleet. Externally: — Stimulant and astringent. VETEEINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 99 Applied to chronic cfidematous enlargements of the legs, ill-conditioned ulcers, and in inveterate grease. It is doubtful, however, whether the internal or external applications of this agent are attended with any greater benefits than those derived from the use, in similar cases, of sulphate of copper. Dose. — HoESE, 1 to 3 drachms, daily, combined with gentian and pimento, or some other carminative. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — In the form of bolus. Externally : — The powder, either alone or made into an ointment with 4 parts of lard. Incompatibles. — Acids ; acidulous salts ; alkalies and their carbonates ; lime water ; vegetable astringents. CUPRI SUBACETAS STJBACETATE OF COPPER Synonyms. — Copper Subacetate ; Diacetate of Copper J&vugo ; Verdigris. Composition. — The blue variety chiefly consists of the compound, Cu(C2H302)2.Cu0.6H20 ; the green variety con- tains, in addition to this compound, variable quantities of several basic copper acetates. Mode of Preparation. — Plates of copper are subjected for several weeks to the united action of atmospheric oxygen and acetic acid. Sometimes the acid is derived from refuse grape husks undergoing the acetous fermentation ; at other times, cloths soaked in vinegar are arranged alternately with the plates of copper. When a sufficiency of the salt has formed, it is scraped off from any copper that may have remained unacted upon. Characters and Tests. — Coarse masses or powder, either of a rich blue colour (blue verdigris) or of a pale bluish- h2 LIBRARYOQul veterinary piiarmacop(eia SfS^ colour (green verdigris). Astringent and metallic ^^A RY fe;»fe. Partially soluble in water, completely dissolved by hydrochloric acid. Evolves an acetous odour, which is increased on the application of heat or of strong sul- phuric acid, showing the compound to be an acetate. Boiled with water and a few drops of acetic acid and filtered, a solution is obtained which furnishes a maroon -red pre- cipitate (cupric ferrocyanide) with solution of potassium ferrooyanide, indicating the presence of copper. Actions and Uses. Doses. Modes of Application. Incompatibles. Antidotes. Same as Cupri Sulphas. Preparations. — Linimentum Cupri Subacetatis ; Un- guentum Cupri Subacetatis. CUPRI SULPHAS SULPHATE OF COPPER Synonyms. — Cupric Sulphate ; Blue Vitriol ; Blue Stone. Composition. — CuS04.5Aq. Mode of Preparation.— Scraps of metallic copper are heated in a current of air so as to convert them superficially into cupric oxide, CuO, which forms in flakes and is known in commerce as 'copper scales.' The oxide thus pro- duced, digested with dilute sulphuric acid, is converted into sulphate.^ By filtration and evaporation the salt is obtained in the crystalline state. ' Cupric sulphate is also prepared by boiling concentrated sul- VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 101 Copper. Oxygen. Cuprio Oxide.' 1. 2Cu + O2 = 2CuO Cuprio Sulphuric Cuprio Oxide. Acid. Sulphate. Water. 2. CuO + H2SO4 = CUSO4 + H2O Characters and Tests. — Blue crystalline salt, in oblique prisms, soluble in -vrater, forming a pale blue solution -which strongly reddens blue litmus. The aqueous solution gives with barium chloride a white precipitate (barium sulphate) insoluble in hydrochloric acid, showing the salt to be a sulphate ; and with potassium ferrocyanide a maroon-red precipitate, indicating the presence of copper (cupric ferro- cyanide). If an aqueous solution of the salt be mixed with twice its volume of chlorine water, to peroxidise any iron that may be present, and solution of ammonia be added, the precipitate (cupric hydrate) formed by the first addi- tion of the ammonia will be dissolved by a further and sufficient addition of the alkali, and a violet-blue solution (copper ammonio-sulphate) will be produced, leaving no- thing undissolved unless iron be present, in which case a reddish-brown precipitate will be left. Actions and Uses. — Internally -. — In large doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, astringent and tonic. Given in debility, scrofula, dysentery, obstinate diarrhoea, glan- ders, and farcy ; also, combined or alternated with Liquor Ammonise or Ammonise Oarbonas, in purpura, typhoid fever, and other debilitating disorders. Likewise administered as an emetic to the dog. Externally : — Stimulant astrin- gent, styptic, mild escharotic, detergent. Applied to phuric acid with metallic copper, when the following decomposition takes place : Sulphuric Cupric Sulphurous t Acid. Copper. Sulphate. Anhydride. Wafer. 4H2SOJ1 + Cuj = 2CuS0, + 2SO2 +, 4HjO 102 VETEEINAEY PHARMACOFCEIA phagedenic ulcers, e.g. in canker, thrush, and foot-rot, also to farcy buds ; sometimes a weak solution is injected up the vessels or into the frontal or maxillary sinuses in ulcerated conditions of the Schneiderian membranes; to the skin in scurvy ; to arrest haemorrhages ; as a coUyrium in chronic ophthalmia. Doses. — Tonic and Astringent : — Horse, 1 to 5 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 3 drachms. — Sheep, 20 to 30 grains. — Pig, 5 to 10 grains. — DoG, 1 to 3 grains. Modes of Applieation. — Internally : — As a tonic and astringent, in the form of Massa Cupri Sulphatis, or sus- pended in gruel or linseed tea. As an emetic, dissolved in warm water. Externally : — In the state of powder ; Liquor Cupri Sulphatis ; Liquor Cupri Sulphatis Compositus ; Linimentum Cupri Sulphatis. Incompatibles. — Alkalies ; alkaline carbonates ; vege- table astringents. Antidotes. — Albumen ; milk ; bean or pea meal sus- pended in water ; mucilaginous drinks. Preparations. — Linimentum Cupri Sulphatis ; Liquor Cupri Sulphatis ; Liquor Cupri Sulphatis Compositus ; Massa Cupri Sulphatis. cusso KOUSSO The flowering panicles of Bray era anthelmintica, gathered before the seeds are quite ripe, dried in the sun, and reduced to coarse powder. Imported from Abyssinia. Natural Order. — Bosacece. Composition. — Contains two varieties of tannin, a bitter acrid and a tasteless resin, a fixed and a volatile oil, a VETERINARY PHAKMACOPCBIA 103 crystalline body termed kosin, chlorophyll, sugar, gum, (fee. Characters and Tests. — The branches of flowers are of a greenish-yellow colour, the edges of the petals having a purplish hue ; balsamic odour, when freshly opened, compared by Pereira to the combined odour of tea, hops, and senna leaves ; slightly acrid and unpleasant taste. On the addition of a ferric salt to an infusion or decoction of kousso, a dark green colour develops. Actions and Uses. — Anthelmintic, especially for taenia. Doses. — HoESE, ^ to 1 pound. — Dog, 2 to 6 drachms. Modes of Application. — In the form of Inf usum Cusso. Preparation. — Infusum Cusso. DECOCTUM TABACI DECOCTION OP TOBACCO Take of Tobacco .... 1 ounce. Water .... 1 pint. Boil the water with the tobacco for a few seconds (for ten minutes, if the time will permit), strain, and add cold water to the strained liquid until it measures two pints. Use. — Antidote to Nux Vomica ; also to Strychnia and its preparations. Doses. — HoESB, 1 to 3 pints. — Cattle, 1 to 3 pints. — Sheep, 5 to 15 fluid ounces. — Pig, 5 to 15 fluid ounces. — Dog, 2 to 5 fluid ounces. Should the spasms continue after the administration of the tobacco, repeat the dose, at intervals to be determined by the efiect produced, until complete muscular relaxation ensues. The effects of an overdose of tobacco may be counteracted by the exhibition of diff'usible stimulants. 104 VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPffilA DIGITALINUM DIGITALIN Composition. — O54H54O27 The difficultly crystallisable sedative principle of Digi- talis purpurea, Too expensive for veterinary use. DIGITALIS FOLIA DIGITALIS LEAF The dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea, Purple Foxglove. Natural Order. — Scrophulariacece. Composition. — Contains a neutral active principle, termed digitalin. See Digitalinum. Mode of Preparation. — The leaves are gathered from the wild indigenous plant, in June, and July, when about two-thirds of the flowers are expanded, and dried by the heat of a stove in a dark place. Characters. — Ovate-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, rugose, downy, crenate. Bright green colour, which is paler on the under than on the upper surface ; scarce any odour ; acrid and nauseous taste. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In large doses, irritant and sedative poison ; in medicinal doses, sedative and di- uretic. Liable to accumulate in the system and irritate the intestines ; its action should, therefore, be carefully watched. Chiefly given as a sedative in the secondary stages of inflammatory afiections, functional diseases of the heart, and chronic rheumatism ; also recommended in pneumonia VETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 105 and chronic cough. Prescribed as a diuretic, either alone or in combination with nitrate of potash, in dropsical com- plaints. Externally : — Irritant, diuretic, sedative, anodyne. Occasionally employed as a collyrium in ophthalmia. Coses. — Horse, 3 grains to 1 drachm. — Cattle, ^ to 1 drachm. — Sheep, 5 to 15 grains. — Pig, 2 to 10 grains.— Dog, 1 to 3 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — The powdered leaf made into a ball ; Extractum Digitalis. For coughs, Massa Digitalis Composita. Externally : — Infusum Digitalis. Incompatibles. — Sulphate and chloride of iron, the ace- tates of lead, and the preparations of cinchona bark. Antidotes. — Empty the alimentary canal, and apply stimulants internally and externally. Preparations. — Extractum Digitalis ; Massa Digitalis Composita. EMPLASTRUM PICIS PITCH PLASTER Take of Burgundy Pitch . . .20 ounces. Resin . . ) Yellow Wax I °* ^^"^ " ' ^i ounces. Olive Oil . . . . • I5 fluid ounce. Water . . . . .1 fluid ounce. Add the oil and the water to the Burgundy pitch, resin, and wax, previously melted together ; then, constantly stir- ring, evaporate to a proper consistency. Use. — Adhesive to wounds when spread on leather. 106 YETEBINARY PHAEMACOPffilA ENEMA ALOES ENEMA OF ALOES Take of Aloes , . . . .4 drachms. Carbonate of Potassium . . 30 grains. Warm Mucilage of Starch or i Gruel. ... I ^P^'^*- Mix and rub together. ENEMA ASSAFCETID^ ENEMA OF ASSAFCETIDA Take of Assafoetida . . . -SI drachms. Warm Water .... 1 pint. ENEMA MAGNESIA SULPHATIS ENEMA OF SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA Take of Sulphate of Magnesia . . 2 ounces. Linseed or Castor Oil . . 2 fluid ounces. Mucilage of Starch or Gruel . 1 pint. Dissolve the sulphate of magnesia in the mucilage of starch or gruel, add the oil, and mix. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 107 ENEMA OPII ENEMA OE OPIUM Take of Tincture of Opium . . .5 fluid drachms. "Warm Mucilage of Starch or Gruel .... Ipi"*' Mix. ENEMA TABACI ENEMA OF TOBACCO Take of Leaf Tobacco . . 1 drachm. Boiling "Water . . 20 fluid ounces (1 pint). Infuse in a covered vessel for half an hour, and strain. ENEMA TEREBINTHIN^ ENEMA OP TURPENTINE Take of Oil of Turpentine . . .2 fluid ounces. Mucilage of Starch or Gruel . 1 pint. ERGOTA ERGOT Synonym. — Ergot of Rye. Natural Order. — Fungi. The sclerotium (compact mycelium or spawn) of a fungus, Claviceps purpurea, produced within the palese of the common rye, Secale cereale. 108 VETERINARY PHARMACOPffilA Composition. — Complicated, and not well known. Its parturient effects are probably due to a mixture of an alka- loid Cornutin and an acid (Sphacelinic Acid). Characters. — Subtriangular, curved with a longitudinal furrow on the concave side, obtuse at the ends ; from one- third of an inch to an inch and a half in length ; violet- brown colour superficially, pinkish internally ; solid, fran- gible, fracture short ; faint odour, which may be increased by trituration with solution of potash. Actions and Uses. — Internally -. — In large doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, styptic in haemorrhages of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs, but principally used as a parturient, i.e. to excite the uterus to contract and expel its contents during parturition. Its efficacy in this respect is, however, doubtful on the lower animals. Externally : — Employed as a styptic, to arrest haemorrhages, e.g. of the vagina, uterus, &c. Doses as an Ecbolic. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 20 to 40 grains. — Pig, 15 to 30 grains. — DoG, 2 to 10 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — The powder, in ale or porter, with a carminative ; Extractum Ergotae Liqui- dum,i Infusum Ergotse, Tinctura Ergotse. Externally : — Extractum Ergotse Liquidum ; Infusum Ergotae ; Tinctura Ergotse. Preparations. — Extractum Ergotse Liquidum ; Infusum Ergotse ; Tinctura Ergotae. ' Until we are in possession of more complete and accurate in- formation respecting the therapeutic actions of the oil, said to be the only poisonous principle of ergot, Extractum Ergotse Liquidum, which is freed from this constituent, should be preferred to its other preparation as a parturient. VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPEIA 109 EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS Synonym. — Australian Blue Gum-tree. The leaves of the Eucalyptus globulus, belonging to the natural order Myrtacece, ; from the leaves an oil is obtained by distillation. {See Oleum Eucalypti.) EUPHORBIUM EUPHORBIUM Synonym. — Gum Euphorbium. An acrid resin, obtained from Euphorbia officina/rum,, and probably other species of euphorbia, belonging to the natural order Euphorbiacece. Characters. — Irregular, slightly friable tears, usually pierced with one or two holes. These tears are almost odourless, but their dust is very irritating when applied to the mucous lining of the nose. Taste at first slight, after- wards acrid and burning. On heating, euphorbium melts, swells up imperfectly, evolves an odour like benzoic acid, takes fire, and burns with a pale flame. Alcohol, ether, and oil of turpentine are its best solvents ; water only dissolves a small portion of it. Composition. — Contains about 60 per cent, of a reddish- brown, hard, brittle resin, which is its active constituent. Actions and TTses. — Sometimes it is employed as an errhine in chronic affections of the eyes, ears, or brain ; but its local action is so violent that it can only be applied when largely diluted with starch or flour. Mixed with turpen- 110 VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA tine, Burgundy pitch, or resin, it is employed in the form of plaster, as a rubefacient, in chronic affections of the joints. Sometimes used as a vesicant. EXTRACTUM ACONITI EXTRACT OF ACONITE Mode of Preparation. — Take of The fresh leaves and flowerins ) , . ., ° 112 pounds, tops 01 Aconite ... J ^ Bruise in a stone mortar, and press out the juice } heat it gradually to 130°P., and separate the green colouring matter by a calico filter. Heat the strained liquor to 200°F. to coagulate albumen, and filter. Evaporate the filtrate on a water-bath to the consistence of a thin syrup ; then add to it the green colouring matter previously sepa- ratedj and, stirring the whole together assiduously, continue the evaporation at a temperature not exceeding 140°F., until the extract is of suitable consistence for forming balls or piHs. Doses. — IIoKSE, 10 to 15 grains. — Cattle, 15 to 30 grains. — Sheep, 2 to 5 grains. — Pig, 2 to 5 grains. — Dog, :|- to 2 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or rubbed up with cold water. EXTEACTUM BELLADONNA EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA Jlode of Preparation. — Take of The fresh leaves and young ^ branches of Belladonna | 112 pounds. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 111 Bruise in a stone mortar, and press out the juice ; heat it gradually to 130°F., and separate the green colouring matter by a calico filter. Heat the strained liquor to 200°F. to coagulate albumen, and filter. Evaporate the filtrate on a water-bath to the consistence of a thin syrup ; then add to it the green colouring matter previously sepa- rated, and, stirring the whole together assiduously, con- tinue the evaporation at a temperature not exceeding 140°P., until the extract is of a suitable consistence for forming balls or pills. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 2 drachms. — Sheep, 3 to 10 grains. — Pig, 2 to 5 grains. — Dog, | to 3 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or rubbed up with cold water. EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDICiE] EXTRACT OF INDIAN HEMP Preparation. — Take 1 lb. of the dried flowering or fruit- ing tops of the female plants of Cannabis sativa, from which the resin has not been removed ; powder coarsely, macerate for seven days, press out the tincture, distil off the spirit, and evaporate to the consistency of a soft extract. The Cannabis sativa grows in India, where it is known as Gunjah or Ganga ; it is rough to the feel, brittle, of a greenish colour, and with a peculiar characteristic narcotic odour. Characteristics. — A soft extract, of a greenish colour, and with the peculiar characteristic narcotic odour of the plant. Natural Order. — Cannabinacece. 112 TETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA Actions and Uses. — Antispasmodic, hypnotic, and seda- tive. Used internally in colic and inflammation of the bowels ; in chronic cough ; in tetanus ; and in chorea of dogs it has been observed to lessen the involuntary move- ments. It has not the effect of producing constipation or loss of appetite when repeatedly given, and is very conve nient to administer as bolus or pill. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms.- — Dog, 1 to 3 grains. Preparation. — Tinctura Cannabis Indices. EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS EXTEACT OF DIGITALIS Mode of Preparation. — Take of Fresh leaves of Digitalis . 112 pounds. Bruise in a stone mortar, and press out the juice ; heat it gradually to 130°F., and separate the green colouring matter by a calico filter. Heat the strained liquor to 200°F. to coagulate albumen, and filter. Evaporate the filtrate on a water-bath to the consistence of a thin syrup ; then add to it the green colouring matter previously sepa- rated, and, stirring the whole together assiduously, con- tinue the evaporation at a temperature not exceeding 140°F., until the extract is of a suitable consistence for forming balls or pills. Doses. — Horse, 5 to 10 grains. — Cattle, 5 to 10 grains. — Sheep, 1 to 5 grains. — Pig, 1 to 5 grains. — Dog, ;^ to 1 grain. Modes of Application, — In the form of bolus, or rubbed up with cold water. VETBKINAEY PHARMACOPEIA 113 EXTRACTUM ERGOTS LIQUIDUM LIQUID EXTRACT OF ERGOT Mode of Preparation. — Take of Ergot, in coarse powder . 1 pound. Ether . . . . 1 pint, or a sufficiency. Distilled "Water . , 3| pints. Rectified Spirit . . 8 fluid ounces. Shake the ether in a bottle with half a pint of the water, and after the two liquids have separated from one another on standing, decant the ether. Place the ergot in a perco- lator, and free it from its oil by passing the washed ether slowly through it. Remove the marc, and digest it in three pints of the water at 160°F. for twelve hours. Press out, strain, and evaporate the liquor by the heat of a water- bath to ninq fluid ounces ; when cold add the spirit. Allow it to stand for half an hour to coagulate, then filter. The product should measure sixteen fluid ounces. Actions and Uses, — See Ergota. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 4 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 40 minims. — Pig, 10 to 20 minims, — Dog, 10 to 30 minims. Mode of Application. — Diluted with water. EXTRACTUM FILICIS LIQUIDUM LIQUID EXTRACT OF MALE FERN" Mode of Preparation. — Take of Fern Root, in coarse powder 2 pounds. Ether. . . . . 4 pints or a sufficiency I 114 VETEKINAET PHARMACOPOSIA Mix the fern root with two pints of the ether, pack closely in a percolator, and add the remainder of the ether at intervals, until it passes through colourless. Evaporate off the ether over a water-bath, or recover it by distillation, and preserve the oily extract which remains. Doses. — Horses, J to 1 ounce.— Dog, 5 to 1 drachm. EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI EXTRACT OF HYOSCYAMUS Mode of Preparation. — Take of The fresh leaves and young 1 branches of Hyoscyamus J " Bruise in a stone mortar, and press out the juice ; heat it gradually to 130°F., and separate the green colouring matter by a calico filter. Heat the strained liquor to 200°F., and filter. Evaporate the filtrate on a water-bath to the consistence of a thin syrup ; then add to it the green colouring matter previously separated, and, stirring the whole assiduously, continue the evaporation at a tempera- ture not exceeding 140°, until the extract is of a suitable consistence for forming balls or pills. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 2 drachms. Sheep, 15 to 30 grains. — Pig, 10 to 20 grains. — Dog, 2 to 8 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or rubbed up with cold water. VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPCEIA 115 FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATA SACCHARATED CARBONATE OF IRON Composition. — Ferrous carbonate (carbonate of iron), FeCOj, mixed with ferric oxide, FejOs, and sugar, the car- bonate forming at least fifty-seven per cent, of the mixture. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Sulphate of Iron . . . .2 ounces. Carbonate of Ammonia . . . 1^ ounce. Boiling Distilled Water. . . .2 gallons. Refined Sugar . . . .1 ounce. Dissolve the sulphate of iron and the carbonate of am- monia separately in half a gallon of the water, and rnix the two solutions with brisk stirring in a deep cylindrical vessel, which is then to be covered as accurately as possible. Set the mixture by for twenty-four hours, and from the pre- cipitate (carbonate of iron) which has subsided separate the supernatant liquid by a siphon. Pour on the remainder of the water, stir well, and after subsidence again remove the clear liquid. Collect the resulting carbonate on a calico filter, and, having first subjected it to expression, rub it with the sugar in a porcelain mortar. Finally, dry the mixture at a temperature not exceeding 212°F. Ferrous Sulphate. Ammonium Carbonate. Ferrous Carbonate (Carbonate of Iron). Ammonium Sulphate. FeSO^ -f (NH4)2C03 = FeCOg + (NH,),SO, ^ The sugar is added to prevent the absorption of atmo- spheric oxygen, the loss of carbonic anhydride, and the con- i2 116 VETEEINAET PIIARMACOPCEIA sequent conversion of the ferrous carbonate into ferric oxide.' Characters and Tests. — Small coherent lumps of a grey colour, with a sweet very feeble chalybeate taste. Dissolves with effervescence in warm hydrochloric acid diluted with half its volume of water, indicating that it contains a carbonate, and the solution gives but a very slight pre- cipitate with barium chloride, showing its almost total freedom from sulphate ; with potassium ferrocyanide the solution gives a pale blue precipitate, which, on exposure to air, changes to a dark blue, indicating the presence of a ferrous salt. Actions and Uses. "1 ^ .J, r Same as Fern Sulphas. Modes of Application. — In bolus, pill, or suspended in some mucilaginous drink. Incompatibles. — Acids ; acidulous salts ; vegetable astringents. ' When commercial or pharmaceutical carbonate of ammonia is dissolved in water, the ammonium carbamate which it contains is rapidly converted into normal ammonium carbonate (NH,)2COs, thus: Ammonium Ammonium Carbamate. Water. Carbonate. NH,(NHj,CO,) + HjO = (NHJ^COa This ammonium carbonate decomposes the ferrous sulphate in the manner indicated above, while the ammonium-hydrogen car- bonate in the commercial salt acts upon ferrous sulphate in the way explained by the following equation : Ferrous Ammonium-hydrogen Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate. Carbonate. Carbonate. Sulphate. FeSO, + 2NH4HCOJ = FeCO, + (NHJ.SO, + Carbonic Water. Anhydride. H,0 + CO. VETERINARY PHAEMACOP(EIA 117 FEREI lODIDUM IODIDE OF IRON Composition. — Ferrous iodide, Felj, with about eighteen per cent, of water of crystallisation and a little ferric oxide. Mode of Preparation. — ^Take of Fine Iron Wire . • li ounce. Iodine . . . .3 ounces. Distilled Water . . 15 fluid ounces. Put the iodine, iron, and twelve ounces of the water into a flask, and, having heated the mixture gently for about ten minutes, raise the heat and boil till the froth becomes white. Pass the solution as quickly as possible through a wetted calico filter into a dish of polished iron, washing the filter with the remainder of the water, and boil down until a drop of the solution taken out on the end of an iron wire solidifies on cooling. The liquid should now be poured out on a porcelain dish, and, as soon as it has solidified, should be broken into fragments, and enclosed in a well-stoppered bottle. In this process iron and iodine combine chemically, thus : Ferrous Iodide {Iodide Iron. Iodine. of Iron). 2Fe + 2I2 = 2Fel2 The iodide acquires five molecules of water of crystalli- sation, and becomes Felj.SAq. Characters and Tests. — Crystalline ; green, with a tinge of brown ; inodorous ; deliquescent ; almost entirely soluble in water, forming a slightly green solution, which gradu- ally deposits a rust-coloured sediment (ferric oxide), and 118 VETEEINARY PHAEMACOPffilA acquires a red colour. Its aqueous solution gives a copious blue precipitate with potassium ferricyanide, showing the presence of iron. Mixed with mucilage or starch, it ac- quires a blue colour on the addition of a minute quantity of solution of chlorine or nitric acid, indicating that the compound is an iodide. Actions and Uses. — Tonic, hsematinic, alterative, astrin- gent. Given in diabetes insipidus and nasal gleet. Doses. — HoESE, J to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 2 drachms. — Sheep, 15 to 30 grains. — Pig, 10 to 20 grains. — Dog, 1 to 8 grains. Modes of Application. — In bolus, pill, or solution in water. Incompatihles. — Acids; acidulous salts; alkalies; alka- line carbonates; lime water; vegetable astringents. TERRI PEROXIDUM HUMIDUM MOIST PEROXIDE OF IRON" Synonyms. — Moist Ferric Hydrate ; Ferri Perbxidum Hydratum ; Moist Hydrated Peroxide of Iron. Composition. — Ferric hydrate, Fe2(H0)g, with about eighty-six per cent, of uncombined water. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Solution of Persulphate of Iron . 4 fluid ounces. Solution of Soda . . . 33 fluid ounces. Distilled Water . . .A sufBciency. Mix the solution of persulphate of iron with a pint of the distilled water, and add this gradually to the solution of soda, stirring constantly and briskly. Let the mixture stand for two hours, stirring it occasionally, then put it on a calico filter, and, when the liquid has drained away VETEKINAKT PHAEMACOPCEIA 119 wash the precipitate (moist peroxide of iron) with distilled water until the filtrate ceases to give a precipitate with barium chloride, which shows that the precipitate is freed from sulphate. Lastly, enclose the precipitate, without drying it, in a stoppered bottle from which evaporation cannot take place. This preparation, when used, should be recently made. Ferric Hydrate Ferric Sodium (Moist Peroxide Sodium Sulphate. Hydrate of Iron). Sulphate. re2(S04)3 + 6NaH0 = re2(HO)6 + SNajSO^ Characters and Tests. — Soft pasty mass, of a reddish- brown colour. Dissolves readily in diluted hydrochloric acid without the aid of heat, and the solution gives a copious blue precipitate [ferric ferrooyanide, Prussian blue, Fe^ (FeCy5)3] with potassium ferrocyanide, but none with potassium ferricyanide. A little of it dried at 212°r. until it ceases to lose weight gives off water of hydration when heated to dull redness in a test-tube. Actions and Uses. — Antidote to poisoning by arsenic, in which case it forms an insoluble and inert ferrous sub- arseniate. Doses. — The administration should be frequently re- peated until at least twelve times the supposed quantity of the arsenic has been given, or until it appears to have been effective in allaying the action of the poisoii. Hode of Application. — Mixed with water or some de- mulcent drink. FERRI SULPHAS SULPHATE OF IRON Synonyms. — Ferrous Sulphate ; Protosulphate of Iron ; Green Vitriol ; Copperas. Composition. — FeS04. 7Aq. 120 VETEKINAEY PHAKMACOPCEIA Mode of Preparation. — Take of Iron Wire . . .4 ounces. Sulphuric Acid . . 4 fluid ounces. Distilled Water . • li pint. Pour the water on the iron placed in a porcelain dish, add the sulphuric acid, and, when the disengagement of hydrogen has nearly ceased, boil for ten minutes. Filter through paper, and after the lapse of twenty-four hours separate the crystals (sulphate of iron) which have de- posited from the solution. Dry these on filter paper placed on porous bricks, and preserve them in a stoppered bottle. Ferrous Sulphate Sulphuric (Sulphate Iron. Acid. of Iron). Hydrogenl Foj + 2H2SO4 = 2FeS04 + 2H2 In the act of crystallising, seven molecules of water are taken up by the salt, forming the compound FeS04.7Aq.' Characters and Tests. — Oblique, rhombic, prismatic crys- tals ; pale, greenish-blue colour and astringent taste ; soluble in water, insoluble in rectified spirit. Its aqueous solution gives a white precipitate (barium sulphate) with barium chloride, a dark blue one (ferrous ferricyanide,^ TurnbuU's Blue, FojFejCyij) with potassium ferricyanide, and a nearly white or light blue precipitate (ferrous ferrocyanide,^ FegFeCyg) with potassium ferrocyanide. It should give ' This salt is most extensively obtained by the oxidation of iron pyrites (iron disulphide), FeSj. Iron Oxygen (from Ferrous Sulphuric Disulphide. the air). Water. Sulphate. Acid. FeSj + 7O2 -1- 2H2O = 2FeS0, + 2KfiO^ ' Ferrioyanogen is a compound radical, having the formula Fe2(CN),2, and sometimes written Fefiy^^. » Ferrocyanogen is a compound radical, having the formula Fe(CN)|j, and sometimes written FeCy^. YETERINARY PHAEMACOP(EIA 121 no precipitate with hydrosulphuric acid, showing its free- dom from lead and other metals precipitable by this re- agent. Actions and TJses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, astringent, tonic, and hsematinic. Given in, and during convalescence from, debilitating diseases ; in dysentery, internal haemorrhages, hsematuria, diabetes, chorea, and occasionally in epilepsy. Externally : — Astringent to ulcers, to check capillary haemorrhages, and to diminish profuse discharges. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 3 drachms. — Sheep, 15 to 30 grains. — Pig, 10 to 20 grains. — Dog, 1 to 10 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Massa Ferri Sul- phatis, or dissolved in water. Externally : — In powder or strong aqueous solution. Incompatibles. — Alkalies ; alkaline carbonates ; lime- water ; vegetable astringents. Preparation. — Massa Ferri Sulphatis. FEREUM IRON" Wrought iron, in the form of wire or nails, free from oxide. Composition. — An element ; symbol Fe. Preparations. — Ferri Carbonas Saccharata ; Ferri lodi- dum ; Ferri Peroxidum Humidum ; Ferri Sulphas ; Liquor Ferri Perchloridi Fortior ; Liquor Ferri Persulphatis. 122 VETERINART PHAEMACOPCEIA FILIX MAS MALE FERN Synonyms. — Male Shield Fern ; Fern Root. The dried rhizome, with the bases of the foot-stalks and portions of the root-fibres, of Aspidium or Nephrodium Filix-mas, belonging to the natural order Filices, collected in summer. Indigenous. Composition. — According to Bock the root contains 0-04 per cent, of a volatile oil, to which are attributed its anthel- mintic properties. It also contains 4 per cent, of resin, a green fatty oil, tannic acid, and filicic acid. Mode of Preparation. — The rhizome should be dug up in summer, cleared of root-fibres, &c., but not washed, and dried quickly and thoroughly in the open air, in the shade, or in a hot-air press at a temperature not above 140°F. ; the tufts and those parts of the root-stock which are greenish internally are alone to be kept ; they should be reduced to powder immediately, and preserved in well- stoppered bottles ; the stock should be renewed annually, as in two years the plant loses its medicinal qualities. Characters. — Tufted, scaly, greenish brown ; powder greenish yellow, with a disagreeable odour, and a nauseous, bitter, somewhat astringent taste. Action and Use. — Anthelmintic for tsenia. Doses. — Horse, 8 to 16 ounces. — Cattle, 8 to 16 ounces. — Sheep, 3 to 4 ounces. — Dog, 1 to 3 ounces. Mode of Application. — The powder made into a bolus or mixed with gruel ; Extractum Filicis Liquidum.^ Preparation. Extractum Filicis Liquidum. ' This preparation is to be preferred to the powder, as the latter is uncertain in its action, no matter how well it may be kept. VETEKINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA 123 GALBANUM GALBANUM A gum-resin, derived from Ferula galhaniflua and pro- bably other allied umbelliferous plants. Imported from India and the Levant. Composition. — Its medicinal properties depend upon the presence of a resinous body and a volatile oil. Characters. — Irregular tears, about the size of a pea, usually agglutinated into masses ; greenish-yellow colour, translucent, having a strong disagreeable odour, and an acrid bitter taste. Actions aad Uses. \ Similar to Ammoniacum and Assa- Doses. I foetida. GALLA GALLS Synonyms. — Oak-galls ; Nut-galls. . Excrescences formed on the young branches of the oak, Quercus infectoria, belonging to the natural order Cupu- liferce, as a consequence of the irritation produced by the puncture and deposited ova of the female of a hymeno- pterous insect, Cynips Gallce tinctorice. Composition. — Their therapeutic properties are chiefly due to their containing about 40 to 75 per cent, of tannic acid, CijHgOjCOgH, and 3 per cent, of gallic acid C6H,(HO)3C02H. Characters. — Hard, heavy, globular bodies, varying in size from half an inch to three-fourths of an inch in 124 VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA diameter ; tuberculated on the surface, the tubercles and intervening spaces smooth ; bluish-green colour superfi- cially, yellowish white within, with a small central cavity ; intensely astringent. Actions andUses. — Internally and Externally : — Astrin- gent and styptic. Employed in same cases as Acidum Tannicum. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 3 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 20 to 40 grains. — Pig, 10 to 20 grains. — Dog, 2 to 10 grains. Modes of Application, — Internally : — In the form of bolus or Tinotura Gallse. Externally : — Tinctura Gallse ; Unguehtum Gallse ; Unguentum Gallse cum Opio. Incompatibles. — Mineral acids ; soluble salts of iron and lead ; sulphate of copper ; nitrate of silver ; tartar emetic ; lime-water ; alkaline carbonates and bicarbonates, and many vegetable agents containing alkaloids. Preparations. — Acidum Gallicum ; Aoidum Tannicum ; Unguentum Gallse ; Unguentum Gallse cum Opio. GENTIANS RADIX GENTIAN ROOT The dried root of Gentiana lutea. Collected in the mountain districts of central and southern Europe. Natural Order. — Gentianaceai. Composition, — Gentian root consists for the most part of a volatile, odorous, and butyraceous oily matter, a bitter crystalline body consisting of an acid (gentisic acid), and a bitter crystalline principle (gentiopicrin), with gum, sugar, pectin, wax, caoutchouc, a yellow colouring matter, and woody fibre, VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOP(EIA 125 Characters. — From half an inch to one inch in thickness, several inches in length, often twisted, much wrinkled or marked with close transverse rings ; brown externally, yel- low internally ; tough and spongy ; taste at first sweetish, but afterwards very bitter. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Tonic and stomachic. Externally : — Occasionally employed as a mild excitant and antiseptic. Poses. — HoHSE, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. — Pig, ^ to 1 drachm. — Dog, 10 to 20 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus ; Infusum Gentianse Compositum ; Tinctura Gentianse Composita. Preparations. — Infusum Gentianse Compositum. GLYCERINUM GLYCEEIN Synonym. — Propenyl Alcohol. Composition. — CaHgOg, or 03115(110)3, with a small amount of water. Mode of Preparation. — Price's glycerin is preferred to that of other makers. Molten fat is resolved by the action of high-pressure steam, at a temperature of from 500° to 600°F., into glycerin and a mixture of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids ; the former dissolves in the water formed by the condensation of the steam, while the latter floats on the surface of the solution of glycerin. After the removal of the fatty acids the glycerin is deprived of nearly the whole of its water by evaporation. Characters. — Clear colourless fluid, oily to the touch. Sp. gr. 1 -25. Slight odour ; sweet taste ; freely soluble 126 VETERINAEy PHAEMACOPffilA in water and in alcohol. Strongly heated, it decom- poses and evolves intensely irritating vapours (acrolein, CsH.O). Actions and Uses. — Chiefly employed externally as an emollient in skin affections accompanied by dryness and irritation ; to excoriations, cracked heels, burns, scalds, and freshly blistered surfaces. When used to allay irritability it may be advantageously mixed with an equal bulk of Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. Also employed as a vehicle for many medicines, and, in consequence of its non-drying properties, it is often added to masses to prevent their hardening. GLYCERINUM ACIDI CARBOLICI GLYCERIN OF CARBOLIC ACID Take of Carbolic Acid . . . . .1 part. Glycerin ...... 4 parts. Rub together in a tuortar until the acid is dissolved. Use. — Astringent and stimulant to indolent wounds and ulcers, also to abrasions, sore backs, cracked heels, 4.i, ^or each, 8 to 10 ounces. Carbonate of Potash . / ' Water 20 gallons. Boil together for half an hour. This quantity is suflBcient for twenty sheep. Sometimes 8^ ounces of soft soap and 6 ounces of flowers of sulphur are added to the foregoing mixture before it is boiled. Tuson's sheep dip is a solution cf arsenic acid (HjAsO,) in water, mixed with a Utile paraffin oil. 166 VETEKINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA Modes of Application. — Internally -. — Diluted with sufficient water to make a draught. Externally : — Diluted with from two to three times its bulk of water. Antidote. — A mixture of an alkaline carbonate and Ferri Peroxidum Humidum. LIQUOR ARSENICI HYDROCHLOBICUS HYDROCHLORIC SOLUTION OF ARSENIC Synonjrm. — Liquor Arsenici Chloridi. Composition. — A solution of arsenious anhydride (arse- nious acid) in dilute hydrochloric acid. One ounce of the solution contains four grains of arsenious anhydride. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Arsenious Acid, in powder . 80 grains. Hydrochloric Acid . . 2 fluid drachms. Distilled Water . . .A sufficiency. Boil the arsenious acid with the hydrochloric acid and four ounces of the water, then add distilled water to make the bulk up to one pint. No decomposition takes place in this process ; the arse- nious acid is simply dissolved by the dilute acid. Characters and Tests. — Colourless liquid, having an acid reaction. Sp. gr. 1 009. Sulphuretted hydrogen gives at once a bright yellow precipitate (arsenious sulphide). Soluble in ammonium carbonate. Actions and Uses. \ Mode of Application. I Same as Liquor Arsenicalis. Doses. J Antidote. — A mixture of an alkaline carbonate and Ferri Peroxidum Humidum VBTEEINAEY PIIARMACOPCEXA 167 Preparation. — Liquor Arsenici et Hydrargyri lodidi (the B.P. imitation of Donovan's solution) contains about one per cent, by weight of arsenious iodide and of mercuric iodide; it is useful in chronic skin and rheumatic complaints. Dose. — For Hoese and Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. LIQUOR CALCIS SOLUTION OF LIME Synonyms. — Aqua Calcis ; Lime-Water. Composition. — An aqueous solution of calcium hydrate, Ca(H0)2. Ten fluid ounces of the solution should contain 7*4 grains of calcium hydrate. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Slaked Lime, freshly prepared . 2 ounces Distilled Water .... 1 gallon. Put the lime into a stoppered bottle containing the water, and shake well for two or three minutes. After twelve hours the excess of Ume will have subsided, and the clear solution may be drawn off with a siphon as it is required for use, or transferred to a green glass bottle ^ furnished with a well-ground stopper. Characters and Tests. — Transparent, colourless, and odourless liquid, having a disagreeable alkaline taste. Feebly alkaline to test-paper. Exposed to the air, a white pellicle or film (calcium carbonate) forms upon its surface,^ owing to the absorption of carbonic anhydride by the calcium hydrate. With solution of oxalic acid it gives a white precipitate (calcium oxalate), insoluble in acetic acid. ' Lime-water should not be kept in white glass bottles, as it ^attacks the lead of which they are partly composed. ' This reaction takes place much more rapidly if air from the lungs be blown tbroug-b a tube into the lime-water. 168 VETEHINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA Actions and Uses. — Chiefly as an antacid ; occasionally as an antidote for poisoning by acids. Doses. — Horse, 4 to 6 fluid ounces.^CATTLE, 4 to 6 fluid ounces. — Sheep, ^ to 2 fluid ounces. — Pig, ^ to 2 fluid ounces. — Dog, 1 to 4 fluid drachms. Mode of Application, — Mixed with sufficient water to form a draught. Incompatibles. — Acids, and most metallic salts. Preparations. — Linimentum Calcis ; Lotio Hydrargyri Flava ; Lbtio Hydrargyri Nigra. LIQUOR CALCIS CHLORATE SOLUTION OF CHLORINATED LIME Synonyms. — Solution of Chloride of Lime ; Solution of Hypochlorite of Lime. Composition. — Water holding in solution an amount of calcium hypochlorite equivalent to thirteen grains of avail- able chlorine in one ounce of the fluid. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Chlorinated Lime . . .1 pound. Distilled Water . . .1 gallon. Well mix the water and the chlorinated lime by tritura- tion in a mortar, and, having transferred the mixture to a stoppered bottle, shake it occasionally during three hours ; now pour out the contents of the bottle on a calico filter, and preserve the solution, which passes through, in a stop- pered bottle. Characters and Tests. — Transparent, nearly colourless liquid. Sp. gr. 1-035. Exposed to the atmosphere, the calcium hypochlorite is decomposed by carbonic anhydride ; the calcium carbonate produced is deposited as a white VETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 169 precipitate, and the chlorine which is set free may be recognised by its odour. Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, mild erodent, and deodo- riser to ill-conditioned and foetid wounds and fistulous sores. Sprinkled about stables and other buildings, it acts as a deodoriser and disinfectant. In eases of grease, exfoliating bone, &c., it should be diluted with from ten to fifteen times its bulk of water. Preparation. — Cataplasma Calcis Ghloratse. LIQUOR CANTHARIDIS TEREBINTHI- NATUS TEREBINTHINATED SOLUTION OF CANTHAEIDES Take of Cantharides, in powder . . .1 part. Oil of turpentine . . . , 8 parts. Digest, at a gentle heat, for three or four days, with frequent agitation, and filter. To every ounce of the filtrate add an equal quantity of Canada balsam, and thoroughly mix them together. Use. — For medicating materials used for setons. The tape, cotton, cord, or other material is immersed in the liniment until it ceases to imbibe any more of the liquid ; it is then to be removed and drawn between the finger and thumb to deprive it of any superfluous fluid, and finally hung up to dry. LIQUOR CUPRI SULPHATIS SOLUTION OF SULPHATE OF COPPER Take of Sulphate of Copper, in powder . 5 ounces. Boiling Distilled Water . . 1 pint. Dissolve an4 filter, 170 VETERINAET PHARMACOPOEIA Uses. — For injection into sinuses, one part of this solu- tion is mixed with from two to three times its volume of water. See also Cupri Sulphas. LIQUOR CUPRI SULPHATIS COMPOSITUS COMPOUND SOLUTION OF SULPHATE OF COPPER Take of Sulphate of Copper of each 3 ounces. Alum ..... Water 1^ pint. Sulphuric Acid 1| ounce. Uses. — See Cupri Sulphas. LIQUOR FERRI PERCHLORIDI PORTIOR STRONG SOLUTION OF PERCHLORIDE OF IRON Composition. — One fluid drachm contains 35'47 grains of perchloride of iron (ferric chloride, FejClg), dissolved in water. This preparation also contains free hydrochloric acid. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Iron Wire . . .2 ounces. Hydrochloric Acid . .12 fluid ounces. Nitric Acid . . .9 fluid drachms. Distilled Water . . 8 fluid ounces. Mix eight fluid ounces of the hydrochloric acid with the distilled water, and in this dissolve the iron at a gentle heat. Filter the solution, add it to the remainder of the hydro- chloric acid and the nitric acid, hes^t the mixture briskly VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 171 until on the sudden evolution of red fumes the liquid be- comes of an orange-brown colour, then evaporate by the heat of a water-bath until it is reduced to ten fluid ounces. The production of perchloride of iron takes place in two stages : Iron. Fe Ferroua Chloride. 2. erecij Hydrochloric Acid. + 2HC1 Ferrous Chloride. = FeClj Hydrochloric Nitric Acid. Acid. + 6HC1 ■{- sHisro, Hydrogen. + Ha Ferric Chloride (Perchloride of Iron). = SFe^Cls Nitric Oxide. Water. + 2N0 + 4H2O Characters and Tests.^Orange-brown solution, with a strong astringent and inky taste ; miscible with water and rectified spirit in all proportions. Sp. gr. 1"338. Diluted with water, it gives a white precipitate (silver chloride) with silver nitrate, showing that it contains chlor- ine, and a dark blue precipitate (Prussian blue) with potas- sium ferrocyanide, indicating the presence of a ferric salt. Uses. — In preparing Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi (1 of liquor to 3 of spirit) and in preparing Liquor Ferri Per- chloridi (1 of Liquor to 3 of water.) LIQUOR FERRI PERSULPHATIS SOLUTIOISr OF PERSULPHATE OF IRON" Take of Sulphate of Iron Sulphuric Acid Nitric Acid . Distilled Water 8 ounces. I fluid ounce. I fluid ounce. . 12 fluid ounces. Add the sulphuric acid to ten ounces of the water, and 172 VETEEIXAUY PHARMACOPCEIA dissolve the Sulphate of iron in the mixture with the aid of heat, Mix the nitric acid with the remaining two ounces of water, and add the diluted .acid to the solution of sulphate of iron. Concentrate the whole by boiling, until, by the sudden disengagement of ruddy vapours, the liquid ceases to be black and acquires a red colour. Test a drop of the solution with potassium ferrocyanide ; if a blue precipitate be produced, indicating the presence of some unaltered ferrous salt, a few additional drops of nitric acid are to be added and the boiling renewed in order that the whole may become converted into ferric salt.' When the solution is cold, make up the quantity to eleven fluid ounces by the addition, if necessary, of distilled water. Sulphate of Oxygen Persulphate of Iron (Ferrous Sulphuric from Iron (Ferric Sulphate). Acid. Nitric Acid. Sulphate). 2FeS04 + 2H2SO4 + 02 = 2Fe2(S04)3 Water. + 2H2O Uses. — Styptic ; also in the preparation of Ferri Peroxidum Humidum. LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI PERCHLORIDI SOLUTION OF PERCHLORIDE OF MERCURY Take of Perchloride of Mercury . , 3 to 6 grains. Water ..... 1 fluid ounce. Uses. — Externally : — In the treatment of scab and mange, also for the destruction of vermin infesting the skin.' ' The boiling, with small additional quantities of nitric acid, must be repeated until a drop of the solution ceases to jdeld a blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide. ' 2 minims of hydrocyanic acid added to 2 grains of perchloride of mercury dissolved in 1 fluid ounce of water forms a lotion which is sometimes applied to the skin, especially of dogs, to relieve itching, VETERINARY PHARMACOP(EIA 173 LIQUOR lODI ET POTASSII lODIDI SOLUTION" OF IODINE AND IODIDE OF POTASSIUM Synonyms. — Liquor lodi ; Lugol's Solution. Take of Iodine . . . .22 grains. Iodide of Potassium . . 33 grains. Distilled Water . . .1 fluid ounce. Mix and dissolve. Uses. — Injected into cavities to cause adhesion of their sides ; one fluid drachm diluted with three fluid ounces of water injected into the bladder, to arrest hemorrhage from that organ 7 applied with friction to the skin, when depilated, it is said to promote the return of hair. Internally : — Antiseptic, and in treatment of Bots. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms. LIQUOR MORPHINiE ACETATIS SOLUTION OP ACETATE OF MORPHIA Take of Acetate of Morphia . . .9 grains. Dilute Acetic Acid . . .18 minims. Rectified Spirit ... A ounce. Distilled Water . . • H ounce. Dissolve the acetate of morphia in the mixed liquids The strength is about 1 in lOOl Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, sedative, and narcotic. Doses. — HoESE, 2 to 6 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 fluid drachms. — Dog, 5 to 15 minims. Preparation. — Injectio morphinae hypodermica. A solution of acetate of morphine, containing one grain of the acetate in 10 minims of the injection. Use from 30 to 60 minims for the horse in abdominal afiFectiona. 174 VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA LIQUOR MORPHINiE HYDROCHLORATIS SOLUTIOlsr OF HYDROCHLORATE OF MORPHIA Take of Hydrochlorate of Morphia 9 grains. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid . 18 minims. Rectified Spirit ^ ounce. Distilled Water . IJ ounce. Mix the hydrochloric acid, the spirit, and the water, and dissolve the hydrochlorate of morphia in the mixture. - The strength is about 1 in 100. Uses. — As a sedative, soporifi^c, antispasmodic, &c. Doses. — See Liquor Morphise Acetatis. LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD Synonyms. — Liquor Plumbi Diacetatis ; Solution of Di- acetate of Lead ; Goulard's Extract. Composition. — Not accurately known ; probably a mix- ture of two or more basic acetates of lead. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Acetate of Lead . . 5 ounces. Oxide of Lead (Litharge), in powder Distilled Water . . 1 pint, or a sufficiency. 3 5 ounces. Boil the acetate and oxide of lead in the water for half an hour, constantly stirring ; then filter, and when the liquid is cold add to it more distilled water until the product VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPEIA 175 measures twenty fluid ounces. Keep the clear solution in well-stoppered bottles, to prevent its being decomposed by atmospheric carbonic anhydride. In this process the ace- tate of lead unites with the oxide of lead, and is transformed into the mixture of basic salts above referred to. Characters and Tests. — Heavy, clear, colourless liquid. Sp. gr. 1'26. Alkaline reaction, sweet astringent taste. Exposed to the air it becomes turbid,' from the absorption of carbonic anhydride and consequent formation of lead carbonate. The addition of strong sulphuric acid throws down a white precipitate (lead sulphate), and liberates the vapour of acetic acid, which can be identified by its odour. The former reaction indicates the presence of lead ; the latter that the salt is an acetate. Use. — In preparing Linimentum Plumbi Subacetatis. LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS DILUTUS DILUTED SOLUTIOlSr OF SUBACETATE OE LEAD Synonym. — Goulard's "Water. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Solution of Subacetate of Lead ] of each, 2 fluid Kectified Spirit . . . j drachms. Distilled Water * . . .19^ fluid ounces. Mix, and filter through paper. Keep the clear solution in a stoppered bottle. ' Air from the lungs blown through a tube into a solution pro- duces the turbidity much more rapidly. Compare with Plumbi Acetas. 2 Common water should never be employed for diluting subacetate of lead, as it precipitates the lead as sulphate and carbonate, and thus destroys or diminishes the activity of the preparation. 176 VETERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA Actions and Uses. — Externally : — Astringent and seda- tive. Applied, by means of rags wetted with it, to the skin to allay pain and irritation, and to subdue superficial inflam- mation. See also Linimentum Plumbi Subacetatis. As a coUyrium in conjunctival ophthalmia, one part of this pre- paration, diluted with an equal bulk of water, is to be used. LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS ET OPII SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD AND OPIUM Take of Solution of Subaoetate of Lead 1 fluid drachnl. Tincture of Opium . . 1 fluid drachm. Distilled Water . . .6 fluid ounces. Mix. Uses. — Anodyne to wounds, to blistered and cauterised surfaces, and in superficial inflammation of the eye, skin, or joints. LIQUOR POTASS^ SOLUTION OF POTASH Composition. — Twenty-seven grains of potassium hy- drate, KHO, in one fluid ounce of water. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Carbonate of Potash . 1 pound. Slaked Lime . . .12 ounces. Distilled Water . . .1 gallon. Dissolve the carbonate of potash in the water, and having heated the solution to the boiling-point in a clean iron vessel, gradually mix with it the slaked lime, and con- tinue the ebullition for ten minutes with constant stirring. Then remove the vessel from the fire ; and when, by the VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 177 subsidence of the insoluble matter (calcium carbonate), the supernatant liquor (solution of potassium hydrate) has become perfectly clear, transfer it by means of a syphon to a green glass bottle ' furnished with an air-tight stopper, and add distilled water, if necessary, to make it corre- spond with the test of specific gravity and neutralising power. ^ Potassiom Hydrate Potassium Caloium (Caustio CaJoinm Carbonate. Hydrate. Potash). Carbonate. K2CO3 + Ca(H0)2 = 2KH0 + CaCOj Characters and Tests. — Transparent, colourless, and odourless liquid. Sp. gr. 1-058. Alkaline to test-paper ; acrid taste ; feels soapy when rubbed between the finger and thumb. Mixed with excess of solution of tartaric acid, and stirred, it yields a white granular precipitate (hydrogen- potassium tartrate), showing the presence of potassium. Added to excess of diluted hydrochloric acid, no efferves- cence should be occasioned, indicating its freedom from carbonate. Treated with slight excess of nitric acid, and evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolves in water and yields a nearly clear solution, which should give no precipi- tate, or a very slight one, when separate portions of it are mixed with silver nitrate, barium chloride, and solution of ammonia ; these reactions prove the absence or nearly so, of chlorides, sulphates, and iron respectively. XTse. — In preparing Potassa Caustica. ' As it slowly acts npon and dissolves tSklead of white bottles. ' See the ' British Pharmacopoeia ' publsffied in 1867, if it be required to make this test. 178 VETERINAET PHAEMACOP(EIA LIQUOR POTASSiE NITRATIS SOLUTION OF NITRATE OF POTASH Take of Nitrate of Potash, in powder . 1 ounce. Water 7 fluid ounces. Dissolve, and apply immediately after the solution of. the salt has been effected, Uses. — Stimulant to gangrenous and other wounds, also to superficial inflammations and slight sprains. LIQUOR POTASS^ PERMANGANATIS SOLUTION OF PERMANGANATE OF POTASH Take of Permanganate of Potash , , 4 grains. Water .... ,1 fluid ounce. Dissolve. Use. — Cleansing wash for diseased surfaces. LIQUOR POTASS^ SULPHURATJ! SOLUTION OF SULPHURATED POTASH Take of Sulphurated Potash . . .1 ounce. Water 8 fluid ounces. Dissolve. Use. — Applied to the skin in scab, mange, and other skin aSections. VETEEINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 179 LIQUOR SODiE SOLUTION OF SODA Composition. — 18'8 grains of sodium hydrate, NaHO, in every fluid ounce of water. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Carbonate of Soda , . ,28 ounces. Slaked Lime . . . .12 ounces. Distilled Water ... 1 gallon. Dissolve the carbonate of soda in the water, and, having heated the solution to the boiling-point in a clean iron vessel, gradually mix with it the slaked lime, and continue the ebullition for ten minutes with constant stirring. Then remove the vessel from the fire, and when, by the subsi- dence of the insoluble matter (calcium carbonate), the supernatant liquid (solution of sodium hydrate) has become perfectly clear, transfer it by means of a siphon to a green glass ' bottle furnished with an air-tight stopper, and add distilled water, if necessary, to make it correspond with the tests of specific gravity and neutralising Calcium Carbonate. power. ^ Sodium - Hydrate Sodium Calcium (Caustic Carbonate. Hydrate. Soda). NajCOj + Ca(H0)2 = = 2]SraH0 + CaOOs Characters and Tests. — Transparent, colourless, and odourless liquid. Sp. gr. 1047. Alkaline to test-paper; acrid taste ; feels soapy when rubbed between the finger and thumb. Mixed with excess of solution of tartaric ' As It slowly acts upon and dissolves the lead of white ones. 2 See the 'British Pharmacopoeia ' for 1867, if it be desired lo apply this test. N a 180 VETEEINAEY PHAEMAGOPCEIA acid, and stirred, no precipitate is thrown down ; thus it is distinguished from Liquor Potassse. If a platinum wire, moistened with the solution, be heated before the blowpipe, a yellow colour is imparted to the flame, indicating the presence of sodium. It should not effervesce when added to an excess of diluted hydrochloric acid, proving the absence of carbonate. Chlorides, sulphates, and iron are detected in the manner described under Liquor Potassse. Preparation. — Soda Caustica. LIQUOR STRYCHNIA SOLUTION OF STRYCHNINE Take of Strychnia, in crystals . .10 grains. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid . 15 minims. Rectified Spirit ... 5 fluid drachms. Distilled Water . . .15 fluid drachms. Mix the hydrochloric acid with ten drachms of the water, and dissolve the strychnia in the mixture by the aid of heat ; then add the spirit and the remainder of the water.' The strychnine, during its solution in the hydrochloric acid, is converted into hydrochlorate, CjiHjjNjOj.HCl. Actions and Uses. — Stimulant and tonic. Doses.' — HoESE, 2 to 6 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 fluid drachms.— Sheep, ^ to 2 fluid drachms. — Dog, 3 to 10 minims.^ ' Two fluid drachms of Liquor Strychniae contain one .grain of strychnia. ^ Liquor Strychnias is the safest form of administering strychnine to dogs. — Ed. VETEEINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 181 LIQUOE ZINCI CHLORIDI SOLUTION OF CHLORIDE OF ZINC Synonym. — Butter of Zinc. Composition. — Prepared in the manner described in the ' British Pharmacopoeia ' for 1867, one fluid ounce contains 366 grains of zinc chloride, ZnClj. Sir William Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid is a very similar preparation, and is the form of chloride of zinc most commonly employed in vete- rinary practice ; one fluid ounce of it contains 200 grains of zinc chloride. A solution of ' British Pharmacopoeia ' strength, but containing small quantities of iron and other impurities, may be obtained by the following Mode of Preparation.— Take of Granulated Zinc ... 1 pound. Hydrochloric Acid . , 44 fluid ounces. Distilled Water ... 1 pint. Mix the hydrochloric acid and water in a porcelain dish, add the zinc, and apply a gentle heat to promote the action until gas (hydrogen) is no longer evolved. Boil for half an hour, supplying the water lost by evaporation, and allow the product to cool. Filter the liquid (zinc chloride) into a porcelain basin, and evaporate until it is reduced to the bulk of two pints. Zinc Chloride HydrooUorio (Chloride of Zinc. Acid. Zinc). Hydrogen. Zn + 2HC1 = ZnCla + H^ Characters and Tests. — Heavy, oily, colourless liquid, having a powerfully astringent and metallic taste. Diluted with water, it will give no precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen unless lead be present, when a black precipitate or brown coloration (lead sulphide) is produced. If 182 VBTERINAEY PHARMACOPEIA solution of ammonia be slowly added to the preparation diluted with water, a white, or, if iron be present, a brownish-white, precipitate (zinc hydrate) will be thrown down, which dissolves in excess of the precipitant. On saturating this ammoniacal solution, after filtration, if necessary, with sulphuretted hydrogen, a white precipitate (zinc sulphide) is produced, which readily dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid ; this reaction is indicative of the presence of zinc. Another portion of the diluted prepa- ration, acidified with nitric acid, and treated with silver nitrate, furnishes a white precipitate (silver chloride), showing that the salt is a chloride. Actions and Uses. — Chiefly employed as a deodoriser and disinfectant ; for this purpose one fluid ounce of chloride of zinc may be diluted with one gallon of water and dis- tributed about the apartment in shallow plates, or it may be sprinkled over the floor, &c. Fifty minims of Burnett's Fluid, diluted with one pint of water, forms a lotion which may be applied, by means of a sponge saturated with it, to open joints. In the concentrated state it is a powerful astringent and caustic, and used in the treatment of fetid ulcers and wounds, fistulse, luxuriant growths, &c. See also Zinoi Chloridum. Preparation.' — Zinci Chloridum. LIQUOR ZINCI SULPHATIS SOLUTION OF ZINC SULPHATE Take of Sulphate of Zinc ... 5 ounces. Distilled Water . . .20 ounces. ' Tuson's Liquid Disinfectant consists of a solution of zinc chloride saturated with sulphurous anhydride. VETEEINABY PHAEMACOP(EIA 18 J Mix the sulphate of zinc with the water, and dissolve by the aid of heat. Actions and Uses. — Similar to Liquor Zinci Chloridum. LOTIO ACIDI CARBOLICI LOTION OP CARBOLIC ACID Take of Carbolic Acid . . .1 fluid drachm. Water . . . . 6 to 1 2 fluid ounces. Mix and well shake. TTses. — Dressing for unhealthy sores, indolent ulcers, foot-rot in sheep, the feet of cattle sufiering from foul ; in the treatment of eczema, grease, mange, and scab ; also to allay itching in skin affections.' LOTIO AMMONIA ACETATIS LOTION OF ACETATE OE AMMONIA Take of Solution of Acetate of Ammonia \ Of each, Rectified Spirit . . . * J ■ ^ fluid ounces. Water 1 pint. Mix. Use. — Discutient. The part is to be kept constantly moist with the lotion. ' One drachm of carbolic acid shaken with a quart of water forms an efficient wash for the mouth, feet, and udders of animals soSering from aphthous epizootic. 184 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA LOTIO AMMONII CHLORIDI ET CAMPHORS LOTION OF CHLORIDE OF AMMONIUM AND CAMPHOR Synonyms. — Lotio Discutiens ; Discutient Lotion. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Chloride of Ammonium, in powder 1 ounce. Diluted Acetic Acid . . .8 fluid ounces. Spirit of Camphor .... 1 fluid ounce. Dissolve the chloride of ammonium in the diluted acetic acid, and add the spirit of camphor. Use.— Discutient to indolent tumours and chronic sprains. It should be well shaken before use, and applied with friction. LOTIO AMMONII CHLORIDI ET POTASS^ NITRATIS LOTION OF CHLORIDE OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE OF POTASH Synonyms. — Lotio Refrigerans ; CooKng Lotion. Take of Chloride of Ammonium, in powder | Of each Nitrate of Potash, in powder. . j 2^ ounces. Water ...... 1 pint. Add the chloride of ammonium and nitrate of potash to the water, and, directly they are dissolved, dip cloths in the solution and lay them on the inflamed part. VETEEINART PHARMACOPCEIA 185 LOTIO HYDRARGTRI TLAVA YELLOW MERCURIAL LOTION Synonym. — ^Yellow Wash. Take of Perchloride of Mercury . .18 grains. Solution of Lime . . .10 fluid ounces. Mix. TJse. — Stimulant to unhealthy sores and ulcers. LOTIO HYDRARGTRI NIGRA BLACK MERCURIAL LOTION Synonym. — Black Wash. Take of Subchloride of Mercury . . 30 grains. Solution of Lime . . .13 fluid ounces. Mix. TTse. — Stimulant to unhealthy sores and ulcers. MAGNESIA • MAGNESIA Synonyms. — Magnesium Oxide ; Magnesia Usta. Composition. — MgO. Hode of Preparation. — Take of Carbonate of Magnesia * . .4 ounces. Put it into a Cornish or Hessian crucible closed loosely by a lid, and expose it to a low red heat until a small ' Magnesia Levis (Light Magnesia) Is a bulky white powder, possessing the same chemical and therapeutic properties as this preparation. ^ Keally a mixture of carbonate and hydrate. See Magnesias Car- bonas. 186 VETEKINAET PHAEMACOP(EIA quantity taken from the centre of the crucible, when it has cooled, and dropped into dilute sulphuric acid, causes no effervescence, showing that it contains no carbonate. Official Carbonic Carbonate of Magnesia. Magnesia. Anhydride. 3MgC03.Mg(HO)2.4H20 = 4MgO + SCOa Water. + 5H2O Characters. — White powder, very slightly soluble in water, but readily dissolves in acids without effervescence. Its solution in hydrochloric acid, when neutralised by a mixed solution of ammonium chloride and ammonia, gives a copious crystalline precipitate (ammonia-magnesium phos- phate) when hydrogen-di-sodium phosphate is added to it. Dissolved in nitric acid, it should give no precipitate with barium chloride, showing the absence of sulphate, and when neutralised with a mixture of ammonium chloride and ammonia, it should yield no precipitate with ammonium oxalate, indicating its freedom from calcium. Actions and Uses. — Antacid and laxative. Only given by the veterinarian to foals or calves suffering from indi- gestion. Loses, — From 2 to 8 drachms, combined with a carmina- tive, are administered, suspended in milk or gruel. MAGNESIA CARBONAS' CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA Synonym. — Magnesia Alba. Composition. — A mixture of magnesium carbonate and hydrate, to which the formula 3MgC03.Mg(H0)2.4H2O has been assigned. ' Magnesise Carbonas Levis (Light Carbonate of Magnesia) is a bulky white powder, possessing the same chemical and therapeutic properties as this preparation. VETERINAEr PHARMACOPOEIA 187 Mode of Preparation. — Take of Sulphate of Magnesia . . 10 ounces.- Carbonate of Soda . . 12 ounces. Boiling Distilled Water . a sufficiency. Dissolve the sulphate of magnesia and the carbonate of soda each in a pint of the water, mix the two solutions, and evaporate the whole to perfect dryness by means of a sand- bath. Digest the residue for half an hour with two pints of the water, and having collected the insoluble matter (official carbonate of magnesia) on a calico fi.lter, wash it repeatedly with distilled water (to remove sodium sulphate) until the washings cease to give a precipitate with barium chloride. Finally, dry the product at a temperature not exceeding 212° F. MagneBium Sodium Official Sulphate. Carbonate. Water. Carbonate of Magnesia. 4MgS04 + iNajCOa + SH^O = 3MgC03.Mg(HO)2.4H20 Sodium Carbonic Sulphate. Anhydride, + 4Na2S04 + COa Characters and Tests. — White granular powder, which dissolves with effervescence in diluted nitric acid, showing that the preparation contains a carbonate, and yielding a solution which, when treated with ammonium chloride, ammonia, and hydrogen-di-sodium phosphate, gives a copious white crystalline precipitate (ammonio-magnesium phos- phate), showing the presence of magnesium. With slight excess of hydrochloric acid it forms a clear solution, in which barium chloride will cause no precipitate if sulphates be absent. Another portion of the solution supersaturated with ammonia gives no precipitate with ammonium oxa- late or sulphuretted hydrogen, unless calcium and iron are respectively present. Actions and Uses. Doses. l Same as Magnesia. 188 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA MAGNESIiE SULPHAS SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA Synonyms. — Magnesium Sulphate ; Epsom Salts^ Composition. — MgSOj.TAq. Mode of Preparation. — Various methods are adopted, but the simplest consists in dissolving magnesite (native magnesium carbonate, MgCOg) in dilute sulphuric acid, heating the solution formed (magnesium sulphate) until carbonic anhydride ceases to be evolved, filtering and evaporating the filtrate, so that the resulting magnesium sulphate may crystallise out on cooling and standing. Magnesium Sulphate 1 Magnesium Sulphuric (Sulphate of Carbonic Carbonate. Acid. Magnesia). Water. Anhydride. MgCOj + H2SO4 = MgS04 + HjO + CO2 In assuming the solid state the salt acquires seven mole- cules of water of crystallisation.' Character and Tests. — Very small, colourless, trans- parent rhombic prisms, possessing a bitter taste. Readily dissolves in water, and the solution gives a copious white crystalline precipitate (ammonio-magnesium phosphate) with ammonium chloride, ammonia, and hydrogen-di- sodium phosphate ; and a white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, with barium chloride, showing that the salt is ' Magnesium sulphate is also prepared by decomposing magnesian limestone (MgCO, 4 CaCOj) with sulphuric acid. Magnesian Sulphuric Magnesium Calcium Limestone Acid. Sulphate. Sulphate. [MgCOj + CaCOJ + 2H2SO, = MgSO, + • CaSO, The magnesium sulphate is separated from the comparatively in- soluble calcium sulphate by solution in water, and is purified by crystallisation. VETERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 189 a sulphate. Should give no blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide, indicating its freedom from iron. Actions and Uses. — Cathartic, diuretic, and febrifuge. Chiefly employed, combined with ginger, as a purgative for cattle and sheep. Used also as a febrifuge for the horse, and as an antidote to poisoning by lead. loses. — Catha/rtic : — Cattle, 1 to 1^ pound.— Sheep, 1 to 2 ounces.— Dog, 1 to 4 drachms. Febrifuge : — Horse, 2 to 4 ounces, dissolved in water twice a day. Mode of Application. — Dissolved in from ten to twenty times its weight of water. Sometimes, as in- cases of obstinate constipation and torpidity of the bowels in cattle, a drachm of calomel, or ten to fifteen croton beans, are added to the ordinary dose of the salt, to increase its cathartic activity. Incompatibles. — Alkaline carbonates • lime-water j ace- tate of lead. MANGANESII OXIDUM NIGRUM BLACK OXIDE OF MANGANESE Synonyms. — Manganic Peroxide ; Manganese Dioxide ; Peroxide 6f Manganese ; Biaoxide of Manganese. Composition. — MnOj. Found native. Character and Tests. — Heavy black powder, which dis- solves almost entirely in hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine, and gives off oxygen when heated to bright redness. Use. — Chiefly for the production of chlorine, and in the preparation of Potassium Permanganate. 190 VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA MARMOR ALBUM WHITE MAEBLE Composition, — Naturally crystallised calcium carbonate, CaCOj. Characters and Tests, — Heavy, white crystalline, solid. Dissolves almost completely in hydrochloric acid, with evolution of carbonic anhydride. Use, — Chiefly in the production of carbonic anhydride. MASSA ALOES MASS OF ALOES Synonym, — Cathartic Mass. Take of Barbadoes Aloes, in small pieces . 8 ounces. Glycerin , .... 2 ounces. Ginger,' in powder . . .1 ounce. Eape Oil . . , . .1 ounce. Melt together in a water-bath, and thoroughly in- corporate by frequent stirring. Use. — Cathartic for the horse. Dose. — From 6 to 8 drachms. ' In cases in whicli the use of ginger may be considered objection- able substitute an equal weight of powdered gentian. VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPCBIA 191 MASSA ALOES COMPOSITA COMPOUND MASS OF ALOES Synonym, — Alterative Mass, Take of Barbadoes Aloes, in powder . , 1 ounce. Soft Soap . . . . .1 ounce. Common Mass . . . .6 ounces. Thoroughly incorporate by beating in a mortar, so as to form a mass. Use. — Alterative for the horse. Dose. — 1 ounce. MASSA ANTIMONII TARTARATI COMPOSITA COMPOUND MASS OF TARTARATED ANTIMONY Synonym. — Fever Ball. Take of Tartarated Antimony, in powder . ^ drachm. Camphor, in powder , , , ^ drachm. Nitrate of Potash, in powder . . 2 drachma. Common Mass , . , , a sufficiency. Mix so as to form a bolus. ITse. — Febrifuge for the horse. Dose. — ^The above mixture constitutes one dose. 192 VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA MASSA BELLADONNA COMPOSITA COMPOUND MASS OF BELLADONNA Synonym. — Cough Ball. Take of Extract of Belladonna . Barbadoes Aloes, in powder . Nitrate of Potash, in powder . Common Mass ^ to 1 drachm. 1 drachm. 2 drachms. a sufficiency. Mix so as to form a bolus. Use. — For the horse in chronic cough. Dose. — The above mixture constitutes one dose. MASSA CATECHU COMPOSITA COMPOUND MASS OF CATECHU Synonym. — Astringent Mass. Take of Extract of Catechu, in fine powder Cinnamon Bark, in fine powder . Common Mass .... Mix. Use. — Astringent for the horse. Dose. — 1 ounce, in the form of bolus. 1 ounce. 1 ounce. 6 ounces. MASSA COMMUNIS COMMON MASS Take of Linseed, finely ground Treacle [ of each, equal parts. VETEEINART PHAEMACOPCEIA 193 Mix together so as to form a mass. Use. — An excipient for medicinal agents when they are to be administered in the form of bolus." MASSA CUPRI SULPHATIS MASS OF SULPHATE OF COPPER Synonym. — Tonic Mass. Take of Sulphate of Copper, finely powdered . 1 ounce. Ginger, in powder .... 1 ounce. Common Mass . . . . .6 ounces. Mix. Tlse. — Tonic for the horse. Dose. — 6 to 8 drachms. MASSA DIGITALIS COMPOSITA COMPOUND MASS OF DIGITALIS Synonym. — Cough Ball. Take of Barbadoes Aloes, in powder . . 2 ounces. Digitalis ...... 1 ounce. Common Mass . . . .13 ounces. Mix. Use. — For the horse in chronic cohgh. Dose. — 1 ounce, once or twice a day. 194 VETERINAET PHAKMACOPffilA MASSA FERRI SULPHATIS MASS OF SULPHATE OP IRON Synonym. — Tonic Mass. Take of Sulphate of Iron, in powder . . 2 onnces. Ginger, in powder . . .1 ounce. Common Mass ... 5 ounces. Mix. Use. — Tonic for the horse. Dose. — 6 to 8 drachms. MASSA RESINS COMPOSITA COMPOUND MASS OF RESIN Synonym. — Diuretic Mass. Take of Resin, in powder . . . \ Nitrate of Potash, in powder . Y ' Hard Soap . . . . ) equal parts Mix. Use. — Diuretic for the horse. Dose. — 1 ounce. VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 195 MASSA ZINGIBERIS COMPOSITA COMPOUND MASS OF GINGER Synonym. — Cordial Mass. Take of Ginger, in powder • • ) „ , , , „ , . -o , . J h of each, equal parts. Gentian Koot, m powder . ) > -a r Treaole .... a sufficiency. Mix so as to form a mass. Use. — Stomachic for the horse. Dose. — 1 ounce. MISTURA AMMONIA AMMONIA MIXTURE Take of Solution of Ammonia . Spirit of Nitrous Ether . Compound Tincture of Gentian Actions and Uses. — Stimulant and antispasmodic. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 fluid ounces.— Cattle, 2 to 4 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 4 to 6 fluid drachms. MISTURA CREASOTI CREASOTE MIXTURE Take of Creasote 16 minims. Acetic Acid . . • -16 minims. O 2 of each, equal parts. 196 VETEKINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA Spirit of Juniper Syrup Distilled Water . ^ drachm. 1 ounce. 15 ounces. Mix. Actions and Uses. — Astringent, styptic, and antiseptic. Doses, — HoESE, 7 to 10 ounces. — Dog, 5 to 1 ounce. MISTURA CRET^ COMPOSITA COMPOUND CHALK MIXTURE Synonym,— Sheep and Calves' Cordial. Take of Prepared Chalk . Catechu, in powder Ginger . Opium . Peppermint Water 2 ounces. 1 ounce. ^ ounce. 1 drachm. 1 pint. Use, — To check diarrhoea in calves and sheep. Doses. — Calf, 5 to 1 fluid ounce, — Sheep, 4 to 8 fluid drachms. MISTURA RICINI CASTOE-OIL MIXTURE Take of Castor Oil 3 ounces Syrup of Buckthorn . . .2 ounces Syrup of Poppies . . .1 ounce. Mix. Use. — Cathartic for the dog. Dose. — 4 to 8 fluid drachms. VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 197 MORPHIiE ACETAS ACETATE OF MORPHIA Composition. — C,7Hi9N0302H4O2. Preparation. — Acetate of morphia is prepared by de- composing a solution of hydrochlorate of morphia by ammonia solution, adding dilute acetic acid to the pre- cipitated morphia, and drying at a gentle heat. Characters and Tests. — It closely resembles the alkaloid, from which it is distinguished by the evolution of an acetous odour on the addition of sulphuric acid. Actions and Uses. Doses. Modes of Application. Preparation. — Liquor Morphias Acetatis. See Morphise Hydrochloras. MORPHIiE HYDROCHLORAS HYDROCHLORATE OF MORPHIA Synonyms. — Morphise Murias ; Muriate of Morphia. Composition.— C17H19NO3.HCI.3H2O. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Opium sliced . 1 pound. Chloride of Calcium . 1 ounce. Purified Animal Charcoal . 1 ounce. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 2 fluid ounces, or a sufficiency. Solution of Ammonia of each. Distilled Water a sufficiency. 198 VETBEINART PHAEMACOPCEIA Macerate the opium for twenty-four hours with two piats of the water, and decant. Maicerate the residue for twelve hours with two pints of the water, decant, and repeat the process with the same quantity of the water, subjecting the insoluble residue to strong pressure. Unite the liquors, evaporate in a water-bath to the bulk of one pint, and strain through calico. Pour in now the chloride of calcium, previously dissolved in four fluid ounces of distilled water, and evaporate until the solution is so far concentrated that upon cooling it becomes solid. Envelop the mass in a double fold of strong calico, and subject it to powerful pressure, preserving the dark fluid which exudes. Triturate the squeezed cake with about half a pint of boiling distilled water, and, the whole being thrown upon a paper filter, wash the residue well with boiling distilled water. The filtered fluids having been evaporated as before, cooled and solidified, again subject the mass to pressure ; and, if it be still much coloured, repeat the process a third time, the expressed liquids being always preserved. Dissolve the pressed cake in six fluid ounces of boiling distilled water ; add the animal charcoal, and digest for twenty minutes ; filter, wash the filter and charcoal with boiling distilled water, and to the solu- tion thus obtained add the solution of ammonia in slight excess. Let the pure crystalline morphia, which separates as the liquid cools, be collected on a paper filter and washed with cold distilled water until the washings cease to give a precipitate with solution of nitrate of silver acidulated by nitric acid. From the dark liquids expressed in the above process an additional product may be obtained by diluting them with distilled water, precipitating with solution of potash added in considerable excess, filtering, and supersaturating the filtrate with hydrochloric acid. This acid liquid, digested VETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 199 with a little animal charcoal, and again filtered, gives, upon the addition of ammonia, a small quantity of pure morphia. Diffuse the pure morphine, obtained as above, through two fluid ounces of boiling distilled water placed in a porcelain capsule, kept hot, and add, constantly stirring, the diluted hydrochloric acid, proceeding with caution, so that the morphine may be entirely dissolved and a neutral solution obtained. Set aside to cool and crystallise. Drain the crystals and dry them on filtering-paper. By further evaporating the mother liquor, and again cooling additional crystals are obtained. Water extracts from opium the meconate and sulphate of morphine and codeine ; a part of the narcotine, of the meconine, of the narceine, and of the thebaine ; the brown acid extractive, and a part of the resin and of the fat oU. When chloride of calcium is added to infusion of opium, meconate, with a little sulphate of lime, and some resinous colouring matter, are precipitated, while the hydrochlorates of morphine and of codeine are left in solution. A watery solution of the impure crystals obtained by evaporation is then decom- posed by ammonia by which the morphia is precipitated, while codeine and hydrochlorate of ammonia are left in solution. The morphine is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the solution of the hydrochloric decolorised by charcoal. Characters and Tests. — White, fiexible, acicular prisms of a silky lustre, not changed by exposure to the air, soluble in water and alcohol. The aqueous solution gives a white curdy precipitate with nitrate of silver, and a white one with potash, which is redissolved when an excess of the alkali is added. Moistened with strong nitric acid it becomes orange-red, and with solution of perchloride of iron greenish-blue. Entirely destructible by heat, leaving • no residue. Twenty grains of the salt dissolved in half an ounce of warm water, with ammonia added in the slightest possible excess, give on' cooling a crystalline precipitate 200 VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA which, when washed with a little cold water and dried by exposure to the air, weighs 15 to 18 grains. Actions and TTses. — Internally : — Anodyne, sedative, soporific, and antispasmodic. Externally : — To relieve neuralgia, tetanus, acute rheumatism, and enteritis in horses. Doses.' — HoESE, 3 to 10 grains. — Cattle, 3 to 10 grains. Sheep, ^ to 2 grains. — Pig, ^ to 2 grains. — Dog, ^ to ^ grain. ' Modes of Application. — Internally -. — In the form of bolus, or dissolved in water acidulated with a little hydro- chloric acid. Externally : — By hypodermic injection. See Liquor Morphise Acetatis. Antidotes. — See Opium. MORPHINA MORPHINE An alkaloid, Ci^HigJSTOj, obtained from opium. Nearly insoluble in cold water. Readily soluble in hydrochloric or acetic acid. Used in the form of acetate or hydro- chlorate of morphia. APOMORPHINE APOMORPHINE Composition.— Ci ^H, ^NOj. Mode of Preparation.— By heating morphine for some hours with an excess of hydrochloric acid, and precipitating' the hydrochloride thus formed with sodium carbonate. ' For Liquor Morphise Hydrochloratis, see p. 174. TETEKINAEY PHAKMACOPCEIA 201 Characters and Tests. — An amorphous white powder, which rapidly turns green in air, and dissolves in ether with a pink colour. Actions and Uses. — A powerful emetic. Dose. — Dogs, -j^,^ to |^ of a grain. MUCILAGO ACACIA MUCILAGE OF GUM ACACIA Take of Gum Acacia,^ in small pieces . 13 ounces. Distilled Water ... 1 pint. Put the gum and water into a covered earthenware jar and stir them frequently until the gum is dissolved. If necessary, strain the solution through muslin. Actions and Uses. — Demulcent and emollient to allay irritation of the alimentary canal, whether caused by disease or poison ; also injected into the bladder in inflam- mation of that organ and of the kidneys. Dose. — Ad libitum. MUCILAGO AMYLI* MUCILAGE OF STARCH Take of Starch, in powder . . . . \ ounce. Water 1 pint. ' The much cheaper and equally efficacious dextrin, or British gum, may be substituted for gum acacia in this preparation. 2 For most veterinary purposes ordinary gruel may be used instead of this preparation. 202 VETEEINAKT PHAEMACOPCEIA Triturate the starch with the water, gradually added ; then boil for a few minutes, constantly stirring. Use. — In preparing enemas. MYLABRIS MYLABRIS Synonyms. — Mylabris Cichorii ; Chinese Blistering Fly. Natural Order. — Coleoptera. Composition. — Its vesicant properties are due to the presence of cantharidin. Characters. — An insect, found on the flowers of the suc- cory plants in India and China. About an inch and a quarter in length ; sheath- wings black, each presenting anteriorly two almost quadrate brownish-yeUow spots ; behind these two brownish-yellow bands, each of which equals about one-sixth of the length of the sheath-wings. Actions and Uses. — Its physiological actions are the same as those of cantharides, except that it is said not to affect the kidneys when topically applied. Employed in the form of Unguentum Mylabridis as a counter-irritant aud vesicant. Preparation. — Unguentum Mylabridis. MYRRHA MYRRH A gum-resinous exudation from the stem of Balsamoden- dron Myrrha. Collected in Arabia Felix and Abyssinia. Natural Order. — Amyridacem or Burseracece. Composition. — Its medicinal activity depends upon the resin and volatile oil which it contains ; they are both per- VBTEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 203 feotly soluble in rectified spirit, bnt only partially so in proof spirit. Characters. — In irregularly shaped tears or masses, vary- ing much in size, slightly translucent, of a reddish-yellow or reddish-brown colour ; fractured surface, irregular, and somewhat oily ; odour agreeable and aromatic ; taste acrid and bitter. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Stimulant and tonic. It is sometimes given in dyspepsia depending upon debility, but recommended chiefly for cattle in cases of chronic cough ; for the latter purpose it is usually combined with opium. Externally : — As an excitant and deodoriser to wounds and indolent and foetid ulcers. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, ^ to 1 ounce. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. — Pig, 1 to 2 drachms. — Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — In the form of bolus ; pill ; Tinctura Myrrhse, Tinctura Aloes Composita. Externally : — Powder ; Tinctura Myrrhae ; Tinctura Aloes Composita. Preparations. — Tinctura Aloes Composita ; Tinctura Myrrhse. NUX VOMICA NUX VOMICA The seeds of Strychnos Nux-vomica. Imported from the East Indies. If atural Order. — LoganiacecB. Composition. — Contains the highly poisonous alkaloids strychnine, C21H22N2O2, and Igasurin, and an almost inert alkaloid, brucine, in combination with igasuric acid. 204 VETERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA Characters. — Nearly circular and flat, about an inch in diameter, umbilicated and slightly convex on one side ; externally of an ash-grey colour, thickly covered with short satiny hairs ; internally translucent, tough, and horny ; taste intensely bitter ; inodorous. Actions and Uses. — In excessive doses, highly poisonous ; in medicinal doses, it is given as a nervous stimulant in general paralysis, paraplegia, and amaurosis ; also as a tonic in chorea and affections of the alimentary canal, e.g. dyspepsia, dysentery, colic arising from lead poisoning, &c. Doses. — Horse, 30 to 60 grains. — Cattle, 60 to 120 grains. — Sheep, 5 to 15 grains. — Pig, 5 to 15 grains. — Dog, |- to 3 grains.^ Modes of Application. — The powdered seed made into a bolus or pill ; Extractum Nucis Vomicse, or Tinctura Nucis Vomicse. Antidotes. — Decoctum Tabaci. Preparations.— Strychnia ; Tinctura Nucis Vomicse. OLEUM ANISI OIL OF ANISE Composition. — A mixture of two distinct volatile oils, one of which solidifies at temperatures below 50° P., and is named anethol or anise camphor, CioHijO, while the other remains fluid at all temperatures. The constitution of the latter oil is not known, but it is believed to be isomeric with oil of turpentine. ' As the powdered drug varies very much in alkaloidal strength it should be avoided in dog practice, and Liquor StrychninEe Hydro- chloratis used in its place. — Ed. VETEEINAET PHARMACOPCEIA 205 Mode of Preparation.— In Europe by distilling the fruit of Pimpinella Anisum, and in China the fruit of Ilicium anisatum, with water. Characters. — Colourless or pale yellow, with the odour of anise, and a warm sweetish taste. Completely vola- tilised by heat ; congeals at temperatures between 50° and 60°r. (10° to 15-5° C). Uses. — For flavouring medicines, especially masses ; also for destroying pediculi on pet dogs and other small animals. OLEUM CAJUPUTI CAJUPUT OIL Composition. — According to Blanchet, the composition is C.oHisO. Mode of Preparation. — By distilling the leaves of Mela- leuca Cajuputi (Myrtacem). Imported from Batavia and Singapore. Characters. — Pale bluish or myrtle green colour. It is transparent, limpid, of a strong penetrating agreeable odour resembling that of camphor, rosemary, and cardamoms combined, and of a warm aromatic camphoraceous taste, succeeded by a sensation of coldness in the mouth. Specific gravity varies from 0'914 to 0'930. Oil of Cajuput is soluble in alcohol. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — A powerful diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic. Useful in pain- ful spasmodic affections of the stomach, and in flatulent colic. Externally : — As an application in chronic rheu- matism. Doses. — Same as Oleum, Terehinthince. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — In the form of p,n Emulsion. Externally : — Mixed with olive oil 206 VETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA OLEUM CAMPHORATUM CAMPHORATED OIL Take of Camphor 1 part. Olive Oil 4 parts. Dissolve the camphor in the oil. Uses. — Discutient and anodyne for tumours, bruises, and chronic sprains. OLEUM CANTHARIDIS OIL OF CANTHARIDES Take of Cantharides, in powder . . 1 ounce. Olive Oil . . . . .8 fluid ounces. Digest over a water-bath for two or three hours, and filter for use. Use. — To maintain the action of blisters. OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI OIL OF CLOVES The oil of the clove (^Eugenia caryophyllata) distilled in Britain. Characters. — Colourless or pale yellow when fresh, be- comes reddish brown on keeping. Aromatic odour and pungent taste. Uses.^ — Internal ■ — Carminative, antispasmodic, stoma- chic, and corrective. Frequently given with purgatives to prevent griping. External : — Used to arrest the pain and check the flow of synovia in open joints and as a dress- ing for wounds. Doses. — Horse, 20 to 30 minims. — Dog, 1 to 4 minims. ' Used in the preparation of the 10 to 20 per cent, solution of Cocaine, for local anassthesia. VETERINARY rHARMACOl'CElA 207 OLEUM CROTONIS CROTOlSr OIL Composition. — Principally stearin, palmitin, and two compounds allied to olein ; myristic, lauric, crotonic, and angelic acids have also been obtained from it. Its irritant effects upon the skin are attributed to a body called crotonal, O9H14O5J ; but the exact nature of its purgative principle is still unknown. Mode of Preparation. — By pressure from the kernels of the seeds of Groton Tiglium, belonging to the natural order Euphorhiacece. Characters. — Fixed, viscid ; colour brownish-yellow ; taste acrid ; odour faintly nauseous. The oil expressed in England is soluble in an equal volume of rectified spirit of wine. Indian croton oU, agitated with cold rectified spirit, forms a milky-looking emulsion, which becomes trans- parent on the application of heat, but which, on cooling and standing, allows the oil to separate and subside. Croton oil is readily dissolved by sulphuric ether and by the fixed and volatile oils. Actions and Uses. — Internally -. — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, drastic purgative. Given in obstinate constipation ; in torpidity of the bowels dependent on a disordered state of the nervous system, as in tetanus and parturient apoplexy ; to produce co'pious fluid evacuations and excite extensive counter-irritation in pas- sive dropsies and in local inflammation in parts remote from the alimentary canal ; in anasarcous swellings and effusions into cavities, when purgatives are admissible ; and in afiec- tions of the kidneys when it is desirable to avoid irritating them Also valuable for the horse in cases in which 208 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA neither a bolus nor a draught can be given, as when the animal is unmanageable or unable to swallow. Externally : Vesicant and counter-irritant. Applied to all animals, but especially to cattle, in bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, chronic rheumatism, and glandular and other indolent swellings. Soses. — HoESE, 10 to 20 minims. — Cattle, 30 to 60 minims. — Sheep, 2 to 5 minims. — Pig, 2 to -5 minims. — Dog, ^ to 3 minims, usually given with other purgatives. Modes of Application. — Internally : Mixed with lin- seed meal so as to form a bolus, dissolved in olive or linseed oil or put into the animal's mash or food. The oil may be placed upon the tongue of horses that refuse their pro- vender, or that are vicious or incapable of swallowing. To remove constipation in cattle, the oil is frequently given in conjunction with sulphate of magnesia or calomel. Exter- nally : — One part of croton oil mixed with from four to eight parts of soap liniment, or Linimentum Terebinthinse et Olei Crotonis, or in oil or gruel. Antidotes. — Where available, an emetic of sulphate of copper, demulcent drinks, and opium to check the purga- tion. Preparation. — Linimentum Terebinthinse Compositum. OLEUM EUCALYPTI EUCALYPTUS OIL Composition. — A volatile oil containing Eucalyptol, Terpene, and Cymol. Actions and Uses. — A good disinfectant ; applied to the skin it is an irritant. The vapour of the oil is useful in the treatment of influenza and bronchitis. VETBEINAET PHAEMACOPffilA 209 OLEUM JUNIPERI OIL OF JUNIPER Composition. — C , oHj g. Mode of Preparation. — In Britain, by distilling the unripe fruit of Juniperus communis, belonging to the natural order Goniferae, with water. Characters. — Colourless or pale greenish-yellow, sweetish odour, and warm aromatic taste. Completely volatilised by heat. Actions and Uses. — Stomachic and diuretic. Given as a diuretic. Doses. — Horse, 1 drachm. — Cattle, 2' drachms. — Sheep, 15 minims. — Pig, 10 minims. — Dog, 2 to 5 minims. Mode of Application. — Suspended in water or some mucilaginous drink. OLEUM LINI LINSEED OIL Composition. — Linolein, palmitin, and possibly stearin. Mode of Preparation. — By expression, without heat, from linseed, belonging to the natural order Linaceae. Characters. — A fixed oil, viscid, yellow, faint odour, and oleaginous taste. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Nutritive, cathartic, and emollient ; chiefly employed, either alone or conjoined with sulphate of magnesia, as a laxative for cattle and sheep. Its activity may be increased, if desirable, by the 210 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA addition of croton oil. Given in cases of intestinal irrita- bility arising from natural causes or from the action of poison ; in colic and diarrhoea, where saline and other vege- table cathartics have proved inactive, or where their repetition is inexpedient ; to give relief in cases of choking ; also injected into the bladder or rectum to allay irritation. Extemcdly : — In skin afl'ections, as an emollient to hard and dry surfaces, and as a soothing application in cases of cutaneous and other superficial irritability. Likewise often used in the preparation of liniments instead of the non-siccative, and consequently preferable, olive oil. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 2 pints. — Cattle, 1 to 2 pints. — Sheep, 3 to 6 fluid ounces. — Pig, 3 to 6 fluid ounces. — Dog, 1 to 3 fluid ounces. OLEUM MENTHiE PIPERITA OIL OF PEPPERMINT. Composition. — The oil contains two bodies, the fluid Menthene, CioHig, and the solid crystalline Menthol, CioECzoO. Characters and Tests. — A colourless or pale yellow oil, which has a warm aromatic taste. Actions and Uses. — Antiseptic, carminative, and para- siticide. Used to prevent the griping efiects of purgatives and to flavour medicines. Doses. — HoESEs and Cattle, 20 to 30 minims. — Dogs, 3 to 5 minims. The solid menthol is used in the form of a pencil to relieve neuralgic and other pains. VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPOEIA 211 OLEUM MORRHUJE OOD-LIVER OIL Synonym.— Oleum Jecoris Aselli. Composition. — Chiefly consists of oleia, palmitin, and stearin, with small quantities of free butyric and acetic acids, biliary constituents, gaduine, trimethylamine and other peculiar substances, iodine, bromine, sulphur, phos- phorus, and about one per cent, of mineral salts. Mode of Preparation. — Although directed by the ' British Pharmacopoeia ' to be obtained from the cod Gadus Morrhua, it is also procured from other allied species, e.g. ling, Gadus lota ; the dorse, Gadus callarias ; the torsk, Gadus Brosme, &c., belonging to the natural order Acipenser. The livers are exposed to the sun and allowed to putrefy ; the oil runs from them, and is collected in vessels placed for its reception. Imported principally from Newfoundland and the north of England. Characters. — Fixed, viscid, yellow colour, faint odour, and oleaginous taste. Actions and Uses. — Nutritive and alterative in debility accompanied with emaciation, chronic rheumatism, scrofula, phthisis pulmonalis, and other diseases affecting the respi- ratory organs, chronic skin affections, and distemper in dogs. Doses. — Horse, 8 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 8 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 4 fluid ounces. — Pig, 2 to 4 fluid ounces.^ Dog, J to 1 fluid ounce. Twice a day for some considerable period, and gradually increased to double the dose originally given. Modes of Application. — Administered alone or in milk or gruel, flavoured (if necessary) with an aromatic. In dog practice it may be given in capsules, or in biscuits. 212 VETEEINAKY PHAKMACOPCEIA OLEUM OUYM ' OLIVE OIL Composition. — Chiefly olein and palmitin. Mode of Preparation. — In the south of Europe by pressing the fleshy portion or pericarp of the ripe fruit of the olive, Olea europcea, belonging to the natural order Oleacece, in a mill. Characters. — Fixed, pale-yellow colour ; scarcely any odour ; and a bland oleaginous taste. It partially congeals at about 36°F. Actions and Uses. ] ^ ^ •p. [ Same as Oleum Lini. OLEUM PALMiE PALM OIL " Synonym. — Palm Butter. Composition. — Tripalmitin, 03115(015113102)3, with a small quantity of olein, C3H5(C| 5113302)3. Mode of Preparation. — The kernels of the fruit of certain kinds of palm {Cocos butyracea or Arvira Elais, or both) are crushed and heated with water. The oil rises to the surface in the hquid condition, and is removed. Characters. — In this country it usually has the con- sistency of butter. The fresh oil melts at about 76 ° F. Colour usually yellow, which can be removed by bleach- ' Linseed oil, rape oil, and whale oil are frequently used as sub- stitutes for olive oil in veterinary pharmacy. VETEEINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 213 ing ; odour peculiar and agreeable, said to resemble that of violets. Actions and Uses. — Substitute for lard as an emollient, and in the preparation of ointments. OLEUM RICINI CASTOR OIL Composition. — Principally ricinoleate of glyceryl with other fixed oils, a resin, and possibly an alkaloid, ricinine, and a drastic purgative principle. Mode of Preparation. — That imported from the West Indies, and the finer qualities from the East Indies, are procured by submitting the seeds of Ricinua communis, belonging to the natural order Euphorbiaceae, after the removal of their coats, to pressure, with or without heat. Most of the East Indian oil, however, is obtained by boiling the seeds in water, drying and crushing them, and again boiling them until the oil separates and floats on the surface. Gold-drawn castor oil is considered to possess the finest quality. Actions and Uses. — Cathartic, chiefly for the dog; For other animals linseed oil is usually substituted as an olea- ginous purgative. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 1\ pint. — Cattle, \ to 1^ pint. — Sheep, 2 to 3 fluid ounces. — Pig, 2 to 3 fluid ounces. — Dog, 5 to 2 fluid ounces. Modes of Application. — Usually administered alone. It is, however, sometimes given with linseed or olive oil, or gruel and aromatics, to diminish its irritant efiects ; to increase its cathartic activity it is combined with small doses of oil of turpentine or of croton. Preparations, — CoUodium Flexile ; Mistura Ricini. 214 VETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA OLEUM TEREBINTHIN^ OIL OF TUEPENTINE Synonyms. — Spirits of Turpentine, Terebene. Composition. — 1 oH i g. Mode of Preparation. — The outer bark near the root is removed from Finns palustris, Pinus tasda, Finns pinaster, as well as from other varieties of pines. Incisions are then made through the inner bark into the wood, from which a mixture of volatile oil and resin (crude and common tur- pentine) flows into pits dug in the earth, whence it is transferred to casks. By distillation, with or without water, the volatile oil (oil or spirit of turpentine) is separated from the resin. Characters. — Volatile, limpid, colourless ; strong peculiar odour ; pungent and bitter taste. Imported from Prance and America. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses astringent, stimulant, cathartic, and diaphoretic. Chiefly employed as a diuretic, antispasmodic, and anthelmintic. Externally : — Vesicant, counterirritant, stimulant, and digestive. Principally applied to cattle, in conjunction with mustard or ammonia, in the treatment of inflammation of the bowels or lungs, and in chronic rheumatism. Doses. — Diuretic : — Hoese, 4 to 8 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 4 to 8 fluid drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 15 minims. — Pie, 10 to 15 minims. Antispasmodic : — Hokse, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 20 to 60 minims.— Pig, 20 to 60 minims. VETERINARY PHARMACOPffilA 215 Anthelmintic : — Horse,' 2 to 3 fluid ounces. — Cattle,' 2 to 3 fluid ounces.— Sheep,' 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Pig,' 2 to 4 fluid drachms.— Dog,' 1 to 1| drachm. Modes of Application. — Internally :— Dissolved in lin- seed, olive, or other fixed oil ; beaten into an emulsion with yolk of egg (one yolk to every two drachms of oil of turpentine) ; or Enema Terebinthinse. Externally :— As a rubefacient or digestive, the oil alone ; Linimentum Tere- binthinae ; Linimentum Terebinthinse Compositum. As a counterirritant for cattle, Cataplasma Terebinthinse Com- positum ; for the dog, Cataplasma Terebinthinse. Preparations. — Cataplasma Terebinthinse ; Cataplasma Terebinthinse Compositum ; Enema Terebinthinse ; Linimen- tum Terebinthinse ; Linimentum Terebinthinse Compo- situm. OPIUM OPIUM Composition of Opium. — Opium contains about 25 per cent, of a gummy substance, 20 per cent, of ill-defined organic matters, a little caoutchouc, resin, oil, and water, and variable proportions of a large number of alkaloids, of which morphine, narcotine, and Narceine are the most abundant. Subjoined is a list of the opium alkaloids : Hydrocotarnine, CigHuNos Morphine, C,7H,9N03 Oxymorphine, C17H19NO4 Codeine, CigHjiNOs Thebaine, CigHaiNOj Codamine |c^^h,,NO, Laudanme] ^^ ^^ . Protopine, C30H19NO5 ' Combined with a small dose of castor oil, linseed oil, or solution of aloes. Papaverine, C21H21NO4 Meconidine, C21H23NO4 Laudanosine, C21H27NO4 Cryptopine, C2iH23]Sr05 Narcotine, C22H23NO7 Lanthopine, O23H25NO4 Narceine, C23H29NO9 216 VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPEIA These alkaloids are present principally as meconates and sulphates. Mode of Preparation.— Incisions, by means of an in- strument consisting of four or five heart-shaped blades tied together with thread, are made in the unripe capsules of the poppy Papaver somniferum, belonging to the natural order Papaveraaece. A white milky juice exudes from the incisions in drops, and is allowed to remain on the poppy head for twenty-four hours in order that it may thicken. The inspissated exudation is then scraped ofiF, and the different collections stirred together. The opium is finally dried without the aid of artificial heat, usually by exposure to the sun, and made into cakes or masses, which are in most places wrapped in poppy leaves to prevent their adhering to one another. Chiefly imported from Turkey, Egypt, and India. Characters. — Irregular lumps, weighing from four ounces to two pounds ; enveloped in the remains of poppy leaves, and generally covered with the chaffy fruits of a species of Rumex ; when fresh, plastic, tearing with an irregular, slightly moist, chestnut-brown surface, shining when rubbed smooth with the finger ; peculiar odour and bitter taste. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, narcotic poison ; in medicinal doses, stimulant, sedative, narcotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. Given in gastritis, diarrhoea, dysentery, enteritis, colic, peritonitis, pleurisy, bronchitis, pneumonia, tetanus, rheumatism, and very many other maladies. Externally : — Anodyne to wounds and blistered and cauterised surfaces ; in cases of superficial inflammation of the eye, skin, or joints ; and in the treat- ment of haemorrhoids. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, 10 to 40 grains. — Pig, 10 to 40 grains. — Dog, I to 3 grains. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 217 Modes of Application. — /w^erwraZ^j' = — In the form of bolus, Tinctura Opii, or Tinctura Opii ^therea ; also Enema Opii. Although frequently given alone, it is often combined with belladonna, aconite, tartar emetic, or calo- mel when required to act as a sedative ; and with chloro- form, sulphuric ether, or nitrous ether when employed as a stimulant or antispasmodic. As an injection, as well as by the mouth,' in enteritis and inflammation of the bladder and kidneys. Externally : — Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis et Opii j Linimentum Opii ; Tinctura Opii. lucompatibles. — Lime-water ; alkalies, and their car- bonates ; the acetate of lead ; sulphates of iron, zinc, and copper ; perchloride of mercury ; arsenites of potash and soda ; and all vegetable astringents. Antidotes. — Where possible, empty the stomach by means of emetics or the stomach-pump ; administer brandy, ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, or some other stimulant ; apply ammonia or strong acetic acid to the nostrils ; dash cold water over the body, and endeavour to keep the patient moving about. Preparations. — Enema Opii ; Linimentum Opii ; Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis et Opii ; Pulvis Ipecacuanhte Com- positus ; Pulvis Opii Compositus ; Tinctura Opii. PARAFFINUM PARAFFIN Synonym. — Tar-oil Stearin. Composition. — A mixture of several solid hydrocarbons. Mode of Preparation. — Paraffin is found native in the coal-measures and other bituminous strata constituting ' Two or three times as much opium may be administered per rectum as would be given by the mouth. 218 VETEKINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA the minerals known as fossil wax, ozocerite, &c. It exists also in the state of solution in many petroleum springs, and may be separated by distilling the more volatile portion and exposing the remainder to a low temperature. Characters and Tests. — A colourless, crystalline, fatty substance. Melting at about 113°F. Soluble in ether in all proportions. When melted should dissolve entirely in fixed and volatile oils. Sulphuric acid chlorine, and nitric acid, below the temperature of 212°F., have no action upon it. Actions and Uses. — Employed externally. Occasionally used in the manufacture of ointments. PHENACETINE PARA-AOETPHENITIDIN Composition. — A coal-tar product, analogous in com- position to acetanilid. Characters and Tests. — A white crystalline powder, of slightly bitter taste, without odour ; soluble in alcohol and glycerin, and sparingly soluble in water. Actions and Uses. — A nervous sedative and antipyretic, useful in influenza, rheumatism, and pneumonia. Dissolved in glycerine and water it has been found useful in distemper. Doses. — Dogs, 2 to 8 grains. PHYSOSTIGMATIS SEMEN CALABAR BEAN The seed of the Physostigma venenosum. Natural Order. — Leguminoseae. Composition. — It contains the alkaloid physostigmine,. VETEEINARY PHAEMACOP(EIA 219 also known as eserine, CisHjiNjOj ; it also contains cala- brine. Actions and TTses. — Calabar bean stimulates voluntary and involuntary muscular fibres and paralyses nerve centres. It is very poisonous, causing tetanic convulsions. It con- tracts the pupil of the eye. Principally employed in veterinary medicine in the treatment of obstinate consti- pation. A solution of the alkaloid physostigmine is usually employed hypodermically for this purpose. Doses — of the bean. — Hoeses and Cattle, 15 to 30 grains. — Dogs, J to ^ a grain. Preparations . — Extractum Physostigmatis, Physostig- mine or Eserine.^ PILULA HYDRARGYRI ET FERRI PILL OP MERCURY AND IRON Synonyms. — Mercurial Pill with Iron ; Perruginate Blue Pill. Preparation. — Take of Mercury, pure . . . .2 parts. Hydrated Peroxide of Iron . . 1 part. Confection of Roses . . .3 parts. Rub together until the globules of mercury are no longer visible. Use. — Alterative for the horse.^ Dose. — I to 1 drachm. PIMENTA PIMENTO Synonym. — Allspice. The dried unripe berries of the allspice, Eugenia Pime?ita. Imported from the West Indies. ' For actions and uses &c. see Addenda. ^ If there be any apprehension of this preparation exciting catharsis, it should be combined with opium. 220 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA Natural Order. — Myrtaeece. Composition. — Therapeutic value dependent on the pre- sence of a volatile oil. Characters. — Of the size of a small pea, rough, crowned with the teeth of the calyx ; contains two dark-brown seeds ; externally brown, internally yellowish ; odour and taste hot, aromatic, and peculiar. Actions and Uses. — Aromatic, carminative, stomachic, and antispasmodic. Given in indigestion, relaxed stomach, flatulency, and in colic. Employed also to disguise the flavour of nauseous medicines. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms. — Sheep, ^ to 1 drachm. — Pig, | to 1 drachm. — Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of powder, bolus, or Tinotura Pimentse. Preparation. — Tinctura Pimentse. PIPER NIGRUM BLACK PEPPER Natural Order. — Piperaceae. Composition. — Its medicinal properties are due chiefly to a volatile oil, and an alkaloid piperine. Mode of Preparation. — The berries of Piper nigrum, before they have all changed to red, are collected, dried, and ground to powder. Characters. — Small roundish wrinkled bodies ; tegu- ment brownish black, containing a greyish-yellow globular seed (white pepper). VETERIJiARY PHARMACOPCEIA 221 Actions and Uses. — Principally employed as a stomachic and carminative in simple indigestion, and as an aromatic to mask the unpleasant flavour of many medicines. Doses. — Horse, 2 drachms. — Cattle, 3 drachms. — Sheep, 20 to 40 grains. — Repeated two or three times a day. Modes of Application.— In the form of bolus, or, pre- ferably, suspended in gruel. PIX BURGUNDICA BURaUNDY PITCH A resinous exudation from the stem of the spruce fir, Abies excelsa, belonging to the natural order Coni/erae, melted and strained. Imported from Switzerland. Characters. — Hard and brittle, yet gradually taking the form of the vessel in which it is kept ; opaque, varying in colour, but generally dull reddish brown ; of a peculiar, somewhat empyreumatic perfumed odour, and aromatic taste, without bitterness ; free from vesicles ; gives off no water when heated. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Irritant and diuretic. Externally : — Rubefacient and digestive ; stimulant to sprains ; to give support to fractures ; and as an adhesive to wounds. Modes of Application. — Externally :— Melted and ap- plied, after the hair of the part has been loosened by the currycomb, to fractures and sprains. As an adhesive, Emplastrum Picis is used. 222 VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA PIX LIQUIDA TAR Synonym. — Wood Tar. Composition. — Hydrocarbons, methylio alcohol, carbolic acid, acetic acid, cresylic acid, resinous bodies, pitch, and many other substances. Mode of Preparation. — By submitting to destructive distillation the wood of Pinus sylvestris and other pines. Characters. — Thick, viscid, brownish-black liquid, of a well-known peculiar aromatic odour. Water agitated with it acquires a pale-brown colour, sharp empyreumatic taste, and acid reaction. Actions and Uses. — Externally : — As an excitant, rube- facient, antiseptic, and deodoriser in the treatment of thrush in the horse, and of broken horns and punctured wounds of the belly and chest of cattle ; foot-rot in sheep ; and in mange, eczema, impetigo, and other skin affections. ' Modes of Application. — In thrush and foot-rot, tar alone is applied to the diseased parts ; for broken horns and punctured wounds, the tar should be spread over coarse cloth ; for skin affections, Linimentum Olei Picis Liquidee Compositum or Linimentum Picis Liquidre is used ; and as a common foot ointment for all domesticated animals, Unguentum Picis Liquid* is employed. Preparations. — Linimentum Olei Picis Liquidse Com- positum ; Linimentum Picis Liquidse ; Unguentum Picis Liquidse. ' A ' Stoppmgfor Feet ' is made by mixing together — Tar 2 palts. Soft Soap i part. LimeedMeal. . . . ( b- sufficiency to impart L tenacity to the mixture. VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 223 PIX NIGRA PITCH Synonym. — Black Pitch. The black, resinoid, and highly carbonaceous residue which is left when the volatile constituents of tar are removed by distillation. Uses. — Mild stimulant in thrush, canker, and sand-crack in horses, and foot-rot in sheep. Also used to impart consistency and adhesiveness to plasters and ' charges.' PLUMBI ACETAS ACETATE OF LEAD Synonyms. — Lead Acetate ; Sugar of Lead. Composition, — Pb (02H3O2)2.3Aq. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Oxide of Lead (Litharge, | 54 ounces, in fine powder . . J Acetic Acid . . .2 pints, or a sufficiency. Distilled Water , , 1 pint. Mix the acetic acid and the water, add the oxide of lead, and dissolve with the aid of a gentle heat. Filter, evapo- rate till a pellicle forms, and set aside to crystallise, first adding a little acetic acid should the fluid not have a dis- tinctly acid reaction. Drain, and dry the crystals on filter- ing paper without heat. Lead Acetic Lead Acetate Monoxide. Acid. (Acetate of Lead). Water, PbO + 2HC2H3O5 = PbCCaHaOa)^ + H.,0 224 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA In the act of crystallising the salt unites with three molecules of water. Characters and Tests. — White crystalline masses, slightly eflBorescent ; acetous odour, and sweet astringent taste. It dissolves in distilled water, and forms a clear solution, or one which has only a slight milkiness, which disappears on the addition of acetic acid. Its solution in water slightly reddens litmus, gives a yellow precipitate (lead iodide) with potassium iodide, and a white precipitate (lead sul- phate) with dilute sulphuric acid, acetic acid being set free and recognisable by its odour ; the precipitates by potassium iodide and sulphuric acid indicate the presence of lead, and the elimination of acetic acid shows that the salt is an acetate. Air blown from the lungs through its aqueous solution should not occasion any turbidity, showing its freedom from subacetate. Actions and TJses. — Sedative and astringent. Seldom employed in veterinary practice ; it is, however, occasionally administered in from 1 to 2 drachm doses to the horse in diarrhoea and diabetes insipidus. Principally used in the production of Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. Preparations.' — Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. PLUMBI OXIDUM OXIDE OF LEAD S3nionyms. — Lead Monoxide ; Protoxide of Lead ; Litharge. Composition. — PbO. Mode of Preparation. — Metallic lead is oxidised by being heated in a current of air. Oxygen Lead Lead. (from Air). Monoxide. 2Pb + 02 = 2PbO ' Plumbi acetas and zinoi sulphas, dissolved in water, form the well known ' white lotion.' VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 225 Characters and Tests. — Heavy scales, pale brick-red colour, completely soluble without effervescence in diluted nitric and acetic acids, either solution, when neutral, giving a yellow precipitate (lead iodide) with potassium iodide, indicating the presence of lead. Its solution in diluted nitric acid, when saturated with ammonia and filtered, does not exhibit a blue colour, showing that it is free from copper. Uses. — In preparing Plumbi Aoetas and Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. PODOPHYLLI RHIZOMA PODOPHYLLUM RHIZOME Synonym. — Podophylli Radix. The dried rhizome of Podophyllum peltatum,, belonging to the natural order Ranunoulaceae. Imported from North America. Characters. — In pieces of variable length, about two inches thick ; mostly wrinkled longitudinally ; dark reddish- brown externally, whitish within ; breaking with a short fracture : accompanied with pale brown rootlets. Powder yellowish-grey, sweetish in odour, bitterish, subacrid, and nauseous in taste. Preparation. — Resina Podophylli. Actions and Uses. — Cholagogue, purgative ; used as a substitute for calomel. Experiments have shown that podophyllin is not likely to be serviceable as a purgative for the domesticated animals. It is given to lower the heart's action in acute diseases of the respiratory organs; rheumatism, laminitis, and other inflammatory disorders. Doses. — As a sedative. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 2 drachms. — Dog, 1 to 2 grains. Q 226 VETERmART PHARMACOPCEIA modes of Application. — United with calomel, or potas- sium nitrate, or magnesium sulphate. For dogs it may be administered with calomel, grey powder, or ipecacuanha. PODOPHTLLI RESINA RESIN OF PODOPHYLLUM Take of Podophyllum Root, in coarse powder 1 pound. Rectified Spirit .... | 3 pints, or a I sufficiency. Distilled Water . . . . .a sufficiency. Hydrochloric Acid . . . .a sufficiency. Exhaust the podophyllum by percolation with the spirit ; distil over the spirit ; slowly pour the liquid remaining after the distillation of the tincture into three times its volume of water, acidulated with one twenty-fourth part of its weight of hydrochloric acid, constantly stirring ; let it stand twenty- four hours ; collect the resin which falls, wash on a filter with distilled water, and dry in a stove. Characters and Tests. — A pale, greenish-brown, amor- phous powder, soluble in rectified spirit and in ammonia ; precipitated from the former solution by water, from the latter by acids. Almost entirely soluble in pure ether. POTASSA CAUSTICA CAUSTIC POTASH Synonyms. — Potassae Hydras ; Potassa Fusa ; Potas- sium Hydrate ; Hydrate of Potash. Composition. — KOH. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Solution of Potash . . .2 pints. VETEBINART PHARMACOPEIA 227 Boil down the solution of potash rapidly in a silver or clean iron vessel until there remains a fluid of oily con- sistence, a drop of which, when removed on a warm glass rod, solidifies on cooling. Pour this into proper moulds, and when it has solidified, and whUe it is still warm, put it into a stoppered bottle. Characters and Tests. — Hard white pencils, very deli- quescent, powerfully alkaline, and corrosive. A watery solution acidulated by hydrochloric acid gives a yellow precipitate (potassium-platinic chloride) with platinic chloride, indicating the presence of potassium. It should dissolve in diluted nitric acid without efiervescence, showing the absence of carbonate, and give but scanty white precipitates with barium chloride and silver nitrate, showing the presence of traces only of sulphate and chloride respectively. Actions and Uses. — Principally applied as an escharotic to wounds produced by the bites of rabid animals, also for stimulatiag unhealthy ulcers and inducing suppura- tion. In consequence of the highly deliquescent nature of this preparation, it has an objectionable tendency to spread beyond the part upon which it is required to act. The use of Soda Caustica is not open to this objection, and, as its escharotic efiects rival those of Potassa Caustica, it may be advantageously substituted for the latter agent. POTASSA SULPHURATA SULPHURATED POTASH Synonyms. — Potassii Sulphuratum ; Hepar Sulphuris ; Sulphide of Potassium ; Liver of Sulphur. Composition.— A mixture of several sulphides, sulphates, and other compounds of potassium. Q2 228 VETERINAKT PHAEMACOPCEIA Mode of Preparation. — Take of Carbonate of Potash . . .10 ounces. Sublimed Sulphur ... 5 ounces. Mix the carbonate of potash and the sulphur in a warm mortar, and having introduced them into a Cornish or Hessian crucible, let them be heated, first gradually, until efiervescence has ceased, and finally to dull redness, so as to produce perfect fusion. Let the liquid contents of the crucible be then poured out on a clean flagstone, and covered quickly with an inverted porcelain basin, so as to exclude the air as completely as possible while solidification is taking place. The solid product thus obtained should, when cold, be broken into fragments, and immediately enclosed in a green glass bottle furnished with an air-tight stopper. Characters and Tests.— Solid greenish fragments, liver-brown when recently broken, alkaline and acrid to the taste, readily forms with water a yellow solution which has the odour of sulphuretted hydrogen, and evolves it freely when excess of hydrochloric acid is dropped into it, sulphur being at the same time deposited. The acid fluid, when boiled and filtered, is precipitated yellow (potassium -platinic chloride) by platinic chloride, showing the presence of potassium, and white by barium chloride, indicating the presence of sulphate. About three-fourths of its weight is dissolved by rectified spirit. Actions and Uses. — Internally -. — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in doses of from half to one drachm to the horse it acts as a stimulant and diaphoretic. Very seldom employed as an internal remedy in this country. Exter- nally : — In chronic skin diseases, especially those of a scaly character. Modes of Application. — Externally : — Liquor Potassse Sulphuratse ; or Unguentum Potassse Sulphurate. VETEEINAET PHARlVIACOPOErA 229 Antidotes. — Solution of chlorinated lime, with an emol- lient drink. Preparations, — Liquor Potassse Sulphuratse ; Unguen- tum Potassse Sulphuratse. POTASS^ BICARBONAS BICARBOlSrATE OF POTASH Synonym. — Potassium-hydrogen Carbonate. Composition. — KHGO3. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Carbonate of Potash . . .1 pound. Distilled Water . ... 2 pints. Hydrochloric Acid . . • I5 pint. Common Wkter . . . . 3 pints. White Marble, in fragments J ^ P""*"^' °'' * I sufficiency. Dissolve the carbonate of potash in the distilled water, and filter the solution into a three-pint bottle capable of being tightly closed by a cork traversed by a glass tube sufficiently long to pass to the bottom of the fluid. In- troduce the marble into another bottle, in the bottom of which a few small holes have been drilled, and the mouth of which is closed by a cork also traversed by a glass tube, and place the bottle in a jar of the same height as itself. Join the two glass tubes, so that the connection is air-tight, by a caoutchouc tube. The cork of the bottle containing the carbonate of potash having been placed loosely, and that of the bottle containing the marble tightly, in its mouth, pour into the jar surrounding the latter bottle the hydro- chloric acid, previously diluted with the common water. When carbonic anhydride has passed through the carbo- nate of potash solution for two minutes, so as to expel the 230 VETERINABY PHARMACOPEIA whole of the air of the apparatus, fix the cork tightly in the neck of the bottle, and let the process go on for a week. At the end of this time numerous crystals of bicarbonate of potash will have formed, which are to be removed, shaken with twice their bulk of cold distilled water, and, after decantation of the water, drained, and dried on filtering-paper by exposure to the air. The mother-liquor, filtered if necessary, and concentrated to one-half, at a temperature not exceeding 110°r., will yield more crystals. The tube immersed in the solution of carbonate of potash, which should have as large a diameter as possible, may require the occasional removal of the crystals formed within it, in order that the process may not be interrupted. Potassitun- liydrogen Carbonate Potassium Carbonic fBicarbonate Carbonate. Water. AnViydrirlw of Potash). K2CO3 + H2O + CO2 = 2HKCO3 Characters and Tests. — Colourless right rhombic prisms, not deliquescent ; saline, feebly alkaline, taste ; not corro- sive. The addition of diluted hydrochloric acid causes strong efiervescence (escape of carbonic anhydride), and forms a solution which gives a yellow precipitate (potas- sium-platinic chloride). An aqueous solution gives no precipitate with magnesium sulphate, owing to the forma- tion of soluble magnesium-hydrogen carbonate. Actions and Uses, — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, antacid and diuretic. Doses. — HoESE, 2 to 6 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms. Sheep, 40 grains to 2 drachms. — Pig, 40 grains to 2 drachms. — DoG, 10 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus or dissolved in water. VETEEINAUT PHAEMACOPCEIA 231 Incompatibles. — Acids ; lime-water ; acetate and chlor- ide of ammonium ; most metallic salts, but not sulphate of magnesia. Antidotes. — Highly diluted acetic acid or vinegar, and linseed or oUve oil. POTASS^ CARBONAS CARBONATE OF POTASH Synonym. — Potassium Carbonate. Composition. — K2CO3, with about 16 per cent, of water of crystallisation. Mode of Preparation. — In the United States, Canada, Russia, and on the shores of the Baltic, various kinds of wood ^re burned, and their ashes collected and lixiviated. By lixiviation various potassium compounds — e.g. carbonate, sulphate, chloride, phosphate, and silicate — are dissolved, while silica and certain salts of calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum remain insoluble. The soluble portions of the ash are evaporated to dryness in iron pots, and deprived of their volatile impurities by being heated in an oven- shaped furnace, whose flame is made to play over the mass. The product thus obtained is impure carbonate of potash, and is commercially termed pearlash. In order to obtain medicinal carbonate of potash, pearlash (to dissolve the carbonate and leave undissolved the other potassium salts) is treated with its own weight of distilled water, and the solution so formed evaporated to dryness, while it is kept briskly agitated. Characters and Tests. — White crystalline powder, al- kaline and caustic to the taste, very deliquescent, readily soluble in water, but insoluble in spirit of wine. It effer- vesces with dilute hydrochloric acid, showing that it is a 232 VETERINAEY PHARMACOPOEIA carbonate, and forms a solution which gives a yellow pre- cipitate (potassium-platinic chloride) with platinic chlo- ride. Loses about 16 per cent, of its weight (water) when exposed to a red heat. Its aqueous solution gives a white precipitate (magnesium carbonate) with solution of magnesium sulphate ; it is thus distinguished from Potassse Bicarbonas. If dissolved in water and mixed with excess of nitric acid, it should give but a faint precipitate on the addition of barium chloride and silver nitrate, indicating its almost perfect freedom from sulphates and chlorides. Actions and Uses, — Same as Potassse Bicarbonas, but more liable to irritate the stomach and intestines than that agent. Loses. — HoHSB, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. Sheep, 30 grains to 1^ drachm. — Pig, 30 grains to I5 c'rachm. — Dog, 5 to 20 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or dis- solved in water. Incompatibles. — Same as with Potassse Bicarbonas. Antidotes. — Same as for Potassse Bicarbonas. POTASSII BROMIDUM BEOMIDE OF POTASSIUM Synonym. — Potassium Bromide. Composition. — KBr. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Solution of Potash . . .2 pints. Bromine . . . . .4 fluid ounces. Wood Charcoal, in fine powder . 2 ounces. Boiling Distilled Water . . 1^ pint. VETEEINAUY FHIRMACOPCEIA 233 Put the solution of potash into a porcelain vessel, and add the bromine in successive portions, with agitation, until the mixture has acquired a brown tint. Evaporate to dryness, reduce the residue to a fine powder, and mix this intimately with the charcoal. Throw the mixture, in small quantities at a time, into a red-hot crucible, and when the whole has been brought to a state of fusion remove the crucible from the fire and turn out its con- tents. When the fused mass has cooled, dissolve it in the water, filter the solution through paper, and set it aside to crystallise. The crystals should be dried at a gentle heat. The chemical reaction occurring in this process takes place in two stages : Potassium Potassium Potassium Hydrate. Bromine. Bromate. Bromide. Water. 1. 6KH0 + SBrj = KBrOj + 5KBr + SH^O Potassium Potassium Potassium Carbonio Bromide. Bromate. Carbon. Bromide. Oxide. 2. lOKBr + 2KBr03 + SC^ = 12KBr + 600 Characters and Tests. — In colourless cubical crystals with no odour, but a pungent, saline taste. Soluble in water, 1 in 2 ; less soluble in spirit. Its aqueous solution gives a white crystalline precipitate with tartaric acid (KHG4H4O5), proving the presence of potassium. When its solution in water is mixed with a little chlorine, chlo- roform agitated with it, on falling to the bottom, exhibits a red colour (^bromine). Silver nitrate will also give a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in dilute nitric acid ; dissolving sparingly in ammonium hydrate, but readily in potassium cyanide. Actions and Uses. — As a sedative. It exerts a powerful influence on the generative organs, lowering their functions in a marked degree. 234 VETEEINART PHAEMACOPCEIA Soses. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 5 drachms. — Dogs, 5 to 20 grains. Repeated when re- quired. POTASS^ CHLORAS CHLORATE OF POTASH Synonym. — Potassium Chlorate. Composition. — KCIO3. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Carbonate of Potash . . 20 ounces. Slaked Lime . . . .53 ounces. Distilled Water . . .a sufficiency. Black Oxide of Manganese . 83 ounces. Hydrochloric Acid . . .24 pints. Mix the lime with the carbonate of potash, and triturate them with a few ounces of the water, so as to make the mixture slightly moist. Place the oxide of manganese in a large retort or flask, and, having poured upon it the hydrochloric acid, diluted with six pints of water, apply a gentle heat, and conduct the chlorine as it comes over, first through a bottle containing six ounces of water, and then into a large carboy containing the mixture of carbo- nate of potash and slaked lime. When the whole of the chlorine has come over, remove the contents of the carboy, and boil them for twenty minutes with seven pints of the water, filter and evaporate till a film forms on the surface, and set aside to cool and crystallise. The crystals thus obtained are to be purified by dissolving them in three times their weight of boiling distilled water and again allowing the solution to crystallise. Potassium ' Chlorate Calcium Potassium (Chlorate of Hydrate. Carbonate. Cblorine. Potash). 5Ca(HO)2 + K2CO, -L 6CI3 = 2KCIO3 VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPCEIA 235 Calcium Carbonic Chloride. Anhydride. Water. 5CaCl2 -h CO2 + 5H2O The potassium chloride^ystallises out, while the calcium chloride remains in solution. ■Characters and Tests. — Colourless rhomboidal crystal- line plates, cool saline taste, soluble in cold water 1 in 12, boiling water 1 in 2. Its aqueous solution is not affected by silver nitrate or ammonium oxalate. Strongly heated, it fuses, gives off oxygen gas, and leaves a white residue (potassium chloride), which readily dissolves in water, and produces a solution which yields a white precipitate (silver chloride) with silver nitrate, indicating the presence of chlorine, and a yellow precipitate (potassium-platinic chloride) with platinum chloride, showing the presence of potassium. It explodes when triturated in a mortar with sulphur.' Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Mild stimulant, diu- retic, and refrigerant. Given principally in tympanites and hoven, from its having the power, it is said, of causing a condensation of the gases developed in these complaints. Externally : — Stimulant and refrigerant to cancerous and other ill-conditioned ulcers. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms. — Sheep, 20 to 40 grains. — Pig, 20 to 40 grains. Dog, 5 to 15 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — Dissolved in water. Externally : — In the form of Liquor Potassse Chloratis Compositus. Preparation. — Liquor Potassse Chloratis Compositus. • To avoid accidents, the particles used in performing this ex- periment should not be larger than a pin's head. 236 VETEEINAUT PHAEMACOPCEIA POTASS^ NITEAS NITRATE OF POTASH Synonyms. — Potassium Nitrate ; Nitre ; Saltpetre. Composition. — KNO3. Hode of Preparation. — In India and other hot climates putrefying organic matter is naturally, and in some parts of Europe it is artificially, associated with alkaline and earthy carbonates, together with other materials which render the mass porous. Under these conditions the am- monia arising from the substances undergoing putrefaction is transformed into nitric acid at the expense of atmo- spheric oxygen. Ammonia. Oxygen. Nitrio Aoid. Water. NH3 -f 2O2 = HNO3 + H2O The nitric acid thus formed is converted into calcium and potassium nitrates by contact with calcium and potas- sium carbonates. Nitric Calcium Calcium Carbonic Acid. Carbonate. Nitrate. Anhydride. Water. 1. 2HNO3 + CaCOa = Ca(N03)2 -1- CO^ + H^O Potassium % Nitrate Nitric Potassium (Nitrate of Carbonic Acid. Carbonate. Potash). Anhydride. Water. 2. 2HNO3 -1- K2CO3 = 2KNO3 + OOj -1- H2O Soil containing nitrates is known as nitre- or saltpetre- earth, and is the source of large quantities of the nitrate of potash used in medicine and in the arts. The nitre-earth is lixiviated, and the watery solution obtained is mixed with solution of potassium carbonate, to convert any calcium nitrate into the corresponding potassium salt. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 237 Potassium Nitrate Caloium Potassium (Nitrate of Calcium Nitrate. Carbonate. Potash). Carbonate. Ca(N03)2 + K2CO3 = 2KNO3 + CaCOs By decantation or filtration a clear solution is procured, which, on evaporation, deposits nitrate of potash in a crys- talline state. The salt is purified by solution and careful recrystallisation. Characters and Tests. — White crystalline masses or fragments of striated six-sided prisms, colourless ; peculiar cool saline taste. Soluble in cold water 1 in 4 parts, boil- ing water 1 in 2^ parts. Thrown on the fire or on red-hot charcoal, deflagration takes place ; warmed in a test-tube with sulphuric acid and metallic copper, red fumes (nitric peroxide) are evolved ; these two reactions show that the salt is a nitrate. Its aqueous solution, acidulated with hydrochloric acid, gives a yellow precipitate (potassium- platinic chloride) with platinic chloride, indicating the presence of potassium. Its aqueous solution should not be affected by barium chloride or silver nitrate, proving its freedom from sulphates and chlorides respectively. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, diuretic, febrifuge, and refrigerant. Externally : — Stimulant to unhealthy wounds. Coses. — Horse, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 4 drachms. — Sheep, ^ to 1 drachm. — Pig, 5 to 1 drashm. — Dog, 5 to 10 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — As a febrifuge, it is best given, when possible, in the form of bolus ; as a diuretic, it is administered in solution in water. Where nitre is used as a refrigerant, the solution should not b^ made until just before it is to be given. — Externally :■, — In the form of Liquor Potassse Nitratis. Zob VETEKINAET PHARMACOPCEIA Incompatibles. — Sulphuric acid and sulphates. Preparations. — Liquor Potassse Nitratis ; Liquor Am- monii Chloridi et Potassse Nitratis. POTASS^ PERMANGANAS PERMATSTGAJSTATE OF POTASH Syaonym. — Potassium Permanganate. Composition. — KaMnjOg. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Caustic Potash . . 5 ounces. Black Oxide of Manganese, Powder . in fine ] , ^ 4 ounces. Chlorate of Potash . 3^ ounces. Diluted Sulphuric Acid a suiBciency Distilled Water . . 2| pints. Finely pulverise the chlorate of potash in a perfectly clean mortar, and mix it with the oxide of manganese ; ' put the mixture into a porcelain basin, and add to it the caustic potash, previously dissolved in four ounces of the water. Evaporate to dryness, stirring diligently to prevent spurt- ing. Pulverise the residual mass, put it into a Hessian or Cornish crucible, and expose it to a dull red heat for an hour, or till it has assumed the condition of a semi-fused green mass (potassium manganate). When cool, pulverise it, and boil it with a pint and a half of the water, for the purpose of converting it into permanganate. Let the insoluble matter (manganese dioxide) subside, decant the fluid, boil again with half a pint of the water, again decant, ■ The mixture should be effected by stirring with a spatula ; if the manganese and chlorate be ground together with a pestle, a dangerous explosion may occur. VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 239 neutralise the united liquors accurately with the diluted sulphuric acid, and evaporate till a pellicle forms. Set aside to cool and crystallise. Drain the crystalline mass, boil it in six ounces of the water, and strain through a funnel, the throat of which is slightly obstructed by a little asbestos. Allow the fluid to cool and crystallise, drain the crystals, and dry them by placing them under a bell-jar over a vessel containing sulphuric acid. The chemical reactions occurring in this process take place in two stages : Manganese Potassium Potassium Dioxide. Chlorate. Hydrate. 1. SMnOj + KCIO3 + 6KH0 PotasBium Chloride. Water. + KCl + Potassium Maugacate. SK.MnO, Potassium Manganate. SKjMnO^ Water. + 2H2O 3H2O Potassium Permanganate (Permanganate of Potash). KjMnjOg Manganese Dioxide. + MnOa Potassium Hydrate. + 4KH0 The diluted sulphuric acid is added to neutralise the potassium hydrate liberated in the second reaction. Characters and Tests. — Dark purple, prismatic crystals, with a sweet astringent taste. Completely dissolved by cold water, forming a rich purple solution. Actions and Uses. — Applied as an excitant and deodo- riser to cancerous and ill-conditioned wounds, and in the treatment of certain skin affections. Principally employed as a deodoriser and disinfectant. Modes of Application.^To foetid wounds and ulcers in the form of Liquor Potassae Permanganatis. For ordinary 240 VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA d'eodorising and disinfecting purposes, mix a wineglassful of Condy's fluid (commercial potassium permanganate) with a pailful of water, and well sprinkle it, or place it in dishes, about the room, stable, Potassmm Potassium PotasBium. Carbonic Iodide. Iodate. Carbon. Iodide. Oside. 2. 5KI + KIO3 -f C3 = 6KI + SCO Characters and Tests. — Colourless, generally opaque, cubic crystals, readily soluble in water, less so in spirit of wine. It commonly has a feeble alkaline reaction. Its solution mixed with mucilage of starch gives a blue colour on the addition of a minute quantity of solution of chlorine VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 243 (to set free iodine), thus proving that the salt is an iodide. Its aqueous solution mixed with solution of tartaric acid, or hydrogen-sodium tartrate, furnishes a crystalline preci- pitate (hydrogen-potassium tartrate), indicating the presence of potassium. Silver nitrate gives, with an aqueous solution of the salt, a yellowish-white precipitate (silver iodide), which, when agitated with ammonia, yields hy subsidence a clear liquid, in which excess of nitric acid should cause no turbidity, showing the absence of chlorides. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irri- tant poison ; in medicinal doses, alterative, deobstruent, and diuretic. Given in scrofula, enlargement of the lymphatic glands, periostitis, articular rheumatism, and dropsy.' Externally : — To promote the absorption of tumours and other abnormal growths. Also employed as a solvent for iodine, which it strongly resembles in thera- peutic action. roses. — Horse, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 1 to 3 drachms. — Sheep, 20 grains to 1 drachm. — Pig, 20 grains to 1 drachm. — Dog, 1 to 5 grains. Repeated two or three times a day. Modes of Application. — Internally : — In the form of bolus, or dissolved in water. Externally : — Unguentum Potassii lodidi ; Unguentum lodidi Oompositum. Incompatibles. — Acids, and Spiritus Athens Nitrosi. Preparations. Linimentum lodi Comp. Liquor lodi et Potassii lodidi. Tinctura lodi. Unguentum lodi. Unguentum lodi Comp. ' Potassium Iodide la now largely used in the treatment of actinomycosis and other tumours due to discomyces. R 2 244 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS ANTIMONIAL POWDER Synonym. — Factitious James's Powder. Take of Oxide of Antimony .... 1 ounce. Phosphate of Lime . . . .2 ounces. Actions and TJses. — Similar to those of tartarated anti- mony, but not so likely to cause local irritation. Em- ployed as a febrifuge for the dog. Doses. — 3 to 10 grains. PULVIS FERRI SULPHATIS COMPOSITUS COMPOUND POWDER OF SULPHATE OF IRON Take of Sulphate of Iron, in powder . 1 to 1^ drachm. Gentian, in powder . . 4 drachms.' Mix. This mixture forms one dose for the horse, to which animal it is given as a tonic, sprinkled over his food. PULVIS IPECACUANHA COMPOSITUS COMPOUND POWDER OF IPECACUANHA Synonym. — Factitious Dover's Powder. Take of Ipecacuanha, in powder . . 1 ounce. Opium, in powder . . .1 ounce. Sulphate of Potash, in powder . 8 ounces. ' If it be thought desirable, from 30 to 40 grains of ground ginger may be added to this powder. VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 245 Mix thoroughly, pass the powder through a fine sieve, and finally rub it lightly in a mortar. Keep it in a stop- pered bottle. Actions and TJses. — Given to the dog as a nauseant, sedative, in from 5- to 15-grain doses, repeated four or five times a day. PULVIS OPII COMPOSITUS COMPOUND POWDER OF OPIUM Take of Opium .... Galls .... Pimento .... Carbonate of Soda . Mix. In powder, of each equal parts. Use. — In diarrhoea occasioned, or accompanied, by a relaxed or irritable condition of the intestines. Doses. — HoESB, 4 to 6 drachms. — Cattle, 4 to 6 drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 1^ drachm. — Pig, 1 to 1| drachm. Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or mixed ■with gruel. PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS COMPOUND POWDER OF RHUBARB Synonym. — Gregory's Powder, or Gregory's Mixture. Take of Rhubarb Root, in powder . . .2 ounces. Ginger, in powder ... .1 ounce. Light Magnesia 6 ounces. 246 VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA Mix thoroughly, and pass the powder through a fine sieve. Actions and Uses. — Antacid and stomachic in indi- gestion. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 3 ounces. — Cattle, 2 to 4 ounces. Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. — Pig, 1 to 2 drachms. — Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or mixed with gruel. PULVIS ZINCI CARBONATIS COMPOSITUS COMPOUND POWDER OF CARBONATE OF ZINC Take of Carbonate of Zinc, in powder . . 4 ounces. Alum, in powder . . . . 1 ounce. Mix. Uses. — Excitant and astringent when sprinkled over abrasions, ulcerated heels, open joints, &c. PYROXYLIN GUN COTTON Synonym. — Dinitro-cellulose. Composition.— Ci8H2i06(OH)(N03)8. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Cotton Wool ... 1 ounce. Sulphuric Acid . . ] Nitric Acid . . . I °^ ^^°^' ^ fluid ouiices. Mix the acids in a porcelain mortar, immerse the cotton in VETEETNARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 247 the mixture, and stir it for three minutes with a glass rod until it is thoroughly wetted with the acids. Transfer the cotton to a vessel containing water, stir it well with a glass rod, decant the liquid, pour more water upon the mass, agitate again, and repeat the affusion, agitation, and decan- tation until the washings cease to give a precipitate with barium chloride, indicating that the acids have been com- pletely removed. Drain the product on filtering-paper, and dry it in a water-bath. Tests. — Readily soluble in a mixture of ether and recti- fied spirit ; should leave no residue when exploded by heat. Preparations. — Collodium ; CoUodium Flexile. QUERCUS CORTEX OAK BARK The dried bark of the small branches and young stems of Quercus pedunculata. Collected in spring from trees growing in Britain. Natural Order. — CupuU/erce. Composition. — Its medicinal activity depends upon its containing from fifteen to twenty per cent, of tannic acid with a small quantity of gallic acid. Characters. — Covered with a greenish shining epidermis ; cinnamon coloured on the surface ; fibrous, brittle, and strongly astringent. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Astringent and tonic. Employed to arrest diarrhoea, dysentery, and similar mucous discharges. Externally : — Astringent, styptic, and excitant. Occasionally used for stimulating unhealthy wounds and arresting gangrene ; also i prolapsus recti and prolapsus uteri. 248 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPGEIA Doses. — HoESE, 2 to 6 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms.— Sheep, ^ to 2 drachms.— Pig, i to 2 drachms. Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally : — The powdered bark made into a bolus, or mixed with gruel, but prefer- ably in the form of Decoctum Quercus, Externally : — The powder, or Decoctum Quercus. Preparation. — Decoctum Quercus. QUINI^ SULPHAS SULPHATE OF QUININE Synonyms. — Quinia Sulphate ; Sulphate of Quinine ; Disulphate of Quinine. Composition. — (C2oH24N202)H2S04.7Aq. Mode of Preparation. — Take of * Yellow Cinchona Bark, in 1 pound, coarse powder Hydrochloric Acid . Distilled Water Solution of Soda Diluted Sulphuric Acid 3 iluid ounces, a sufficiency. 4 pints. a sufficiency. Dilute the hydrochloric acid with ten pints of the water. Place the cinchona bark in a porcelain basin, and add to it as much of the diluted hydrochloric acid as will render it thoroughly moist. After maceration, with occasional stir- ring, for twenty-four hours, place the bark in a displacement apparatus, and percolate with the diluted hydrochloric acid until the solution which drops through is nearly destitute of bitter taste. Into this liquid pour the solution of soda, agitate well, let the precipitate (impure quinine) completely subside, decant the supernatant fluid, collect the preoipi- VBTERINAEY PHARMACOPCEIA 249 tate on a filter, and wash it witli cold distilled water until the washings cease to have colour. Transfer the precipitate to a porcelain dish containing a pint of distilled water, and, applying to this the heat of a water-bath, gradually add diluted sulphuric acid until very nearly the whole of the precipitate has been dissolved and a neutral liquid has been obtained. Filter the solution while hot through paper, wash the filter with boiling distilled water, concentrate the filtrate till a film forms upon its surface, and set it aside to crys- tallise. Dry the crystals (quinine sulphate) on filtering -paper without the application of heat. By digestion with diluted hydrochloric acid the bark is exhausted of quinine, cinchonine, and other alkaloids which are precipitated on the addition of soda to the solution. The precipitated alkaloids, on being dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid, are converted into sulphates, and their aqueous solution, when evaporated till a film forms upon its surface and allowed to cool, deposits the less soluble quinine sulphate, while the more soluble cinchonine sul- phate remains in the mother-liquor. Characters and Tests. — Filiform, silky, snowy-white • crystals, of a pure intensely bitter taste, sparingly soluble in water, yet imparting to it a peculiar bluish tint. The solution gives with barium chloride a white precipitate (barium sulphate), insoluble in nitric acid, showing that the salt is a sulphate, and when treated first with solution of chlorine and afterwards with ammonia, it assumes a splendid emerald-green colour, highly characteristic of quinine. Should dissolve in pure sulphuric acid with a feeble ' Herring's ' Hospital Sulphate of Quiiipe' is less costly than this preparation, owing to its not having been deprived of colour, and may be substituted for it in veterinary'medicine. 250 VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPOEIA yellowish tint, and undergo no further change of colour when gently warmed. Ten grains, with ten minims of diluted sulphuric acid and half a fluid ounce of water, form a perfect solution, from which ammonia throws down a white precipitate (quinine). This should redissolve on agitating the whole of it with half a fluid ounce of ether, without leaving any crystalline matter (cinchonine) floating on the lower of the two strata into which the agitated fluid separates on rest. Twenty-five grains of the salt should lose 3'6 grains of water by drying at 212° P. Actious and Uses. — Tonic and antiperiodic in inter- mittent and other fevers ; in loss of appetite, and weak digestion depending on debility ; in acute rheumatism, chorea in dogs, and constitutional or deep-seated oph- thalmia in horses ; during convalescence from acute com- plaints ; also during the exhaustion which follows influenza and other diseases. Doses. — HoESE, 20 to 40 grains. — Cattle, 20 to 60 grains. — Sheep, 5 to 10 grains. — Pig, 5 to 10 grains. — Dou, 1 to 5 grains. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or mixed with gruel. Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their carbonates ; infu- sions of vegetable astringents precipitate quinia tannate especially in the presence of sulphuric acid. RESINA EESIN Synonym. — Yellow Resin. The residue obtained by difftilling the turpentines from various species of Pinus, and *p^drawing the heat before the .whole of the volatile oil is"' expelled. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 251 Composition.— A mixture of abietic (sylvic) acid, which is crystallisable, and pinic acid, which is amorphous. Characters. — Translucent, yellowish, brittle, pulveris- able ; fracture shining ; odour and taste faintly terebin- thinate. When heated it easily fuses, and burns with a dense yellow flame and much smoke. Soluble in rectified spirit ; insoluble in water. Actions and Uses. — Internally. — Diuretic. Externally: — Mild excitant, astringent, and styptic. Also employed for imparting consistency and adhesiveness to plasters. Doses. — HoESE, 4 to 6 drachms. — Cattle, 4 to 6 drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Pig, 1 to 2 drachms. — Dog, 20 to 30 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally: — Eesin is principally given to the horse. It is administered in the form of bolus, preferably as Massa Resinae Composita. Externally : — The powder sprinkled over wounds. To arrest hsemorrhage after castration a small quantity of the powder is sometimes applied to the ends of the spermatic cord and melted by a hot iron. Preparations. — Massa Resinse Composita ; Emplastrum Picis ; Unguentum Resinse. BHEI RADIX RHUBARB ROOT The dried root of Rheum officinale and of other un- determined species of Rheum. Grows in China, Chinese Tartary, and Thibet. Imported from Shanghai and Canton, and brought ovgukud by way of Moscow. Natural Ox&.eT.^—PolygonacecB. 252 VBTERINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA Composition. — The root contains a number of principles, including chrysophanic acid, erythroretin, phseoretin, and aporetin. At present it is not known whether the physio- logical effects of rhubarb are due to one particular con- stituent or to the combined action of several of them. Characters. — Trapezoidal, roundish, cylindrical, or iiattish pieces, frequently bored with one hole ; yellow ex- ternally, internally marbled with fine waving greyish and reddish lines ; finely gritty under the teeth ; taste bitter, faintly astringent and aromatic ; odour peculiar. Should be free from decay and not worm-eaten. Boracic acid does not turn rhubarb brown unless it is adulterated with turmeric. Actions and Uses. — But little used in veterinary medi- cine. Chiefly given as a tonic to young animals with weak digestions, and to the dog as a cathartic. Boses. — Tonic : — Horse, 1 to IJ ounce. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 4 drachms. — Pig, 1 to 1^ drachm. Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Cathartic : — Dog, 2 to 3 drachms. Mode of Application. — The powdered root made into a bolus or mixed with gruel. Preparations. — Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Tinctura Rhei. ROS.E GALLICS PETALA RED ROSE PETALS The fresh and dried unexpanded petals of Rosa gallica. From plants cultivated in Britain. Natural Order. — Eosacece. Characters. — Colour fine purplish red, retained after drying ; taste bitterish, feebly acid, and astringent ; odour VETEEIKAEY PHARMACO-PCEIA 253 roseate (owing to presence of volatile oil), developed by drying. Use. — In preparing Oonfectio Rosse Gallicse. SABINJJ CACUMINA SAVIN TOPS The fresh and dried tops of Juniperus Sabina. Collected in spring from plants cultivated in Britain. Natural Order.— Coni/eros. Composition. — Medicinal properties are due to a volatile oil having the formula CioHig. Characters. — Twigs densely covered with minute imbri- cated appressed leaves in four rows ; odour strong, peculiar, and unpleasant ; taste acrid, bitter, resinous, and disagree- able. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, anthelmintic, but is very seldom employed for this purpose, on account of its violent and uncertain irritant qualities. Externally : — • Stimulant to ill-conditioned wounds and indolent sores ; also used for maintaining the action of, and keeping up the discharge from, blisters and setons. Mode of Application.— ^a;fer?iaZZy '• — Infusum Sabinse, and, preferably, Unguentum Sabinse. Preparations. — Infusum Sabinse ; Unguentum Sabinae. SACCHARUM PURIFICATUM EEFINED SUGAR Pure cane sugar prepared from the juice of the stem of Saccharum officinarum, cultivated in the West Indies and other tropical countries. Natural Order. — Grarmnaceoe. 254 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOP(EIA Composition. — C12H22O,,. Characters. — Compact crystalline conical loaves, known in commerce as lump sugar. Preparations. — Confectio Rosse Gallicse ; Ferri Carbonas Saccharata. SANTONINUM SANTONIN A crystalline neutral principle obtained from the Arte- misia maritima, which is not a seed, but the unexpanded flower-heads of a species of Artemisia imported from Russia. It is the only so-called worm-seed which yields santonin, a crystalline neutral principle, in quantity worth extracting. Natural Order. — Compositce. Composition. — Oi.,H,g03. Characters and Tests. — In colourless, flat, rhombic prisms, feebly bitter, sparingly soluble in water. Solubility in rectified spirit 1 in 50. Not dissolved by diluted mineral acids. Entirely destructible by a red heat with free access of air. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Anthelmintic, useful both for tape- and thread-worms. Doses. — Horse, 20 to 40 grains. — Dog, 2 to 10 grains. SAPO DURUS HARD SOAP Composition. — Chiefly sodium oleate,' NaCigHajOj, with a large percentage of water. Mode of Preparation. — Olive oil ' is boiled with caustic ' Although the ' British Pharmacopoeia ' directs hard soap to be made from olive oil, the best ' ourd soap ' of commerce, which is a VETERINARY PHAEMACOP(EIA 255 soda (sodium hydrate) ; glycerin passes into solution, and sodium oleate (hard soap) floats on the surface of the liquid. After remaining quiescent for a few hours the soap is skimmed off, transferred to ' frames,' in which it solidifies on cooling, and finally cut by wires into slabs or bars. Olive Oil Sodinm Sodium (Triolein). Hydrate. Oleate. Glycerin. C3H,(C,8H3302)3 + 3NaHO = 3NaCi8H3302 + H3C3H5O3 Characters. — Greyish white, dry, homy, and pulveris- able when kept in dry warm air ; easily moulded when heated. Soluble in rectified spirit, producing a solution which, when evaporated on paper, does not leave g,n oily stain. Incinerated, it yields an ash which does not deli- quesce. Actions andTJses. — Internally. — Cathartic and diuretic, but chiefly employed as an antacid, as an antidote to poi- soning by the mineral acids, and in the preparation of clysters. Externally : — Stimulant to sprains and contu- sions ; also applied to burns and scalds to diminish the irritation and pain by excluding air. Likewise employed as an excipient in making up boluses, liniments, and oint- ments. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. Sheep, 2 to 6 drachms. — Pig, 2 to 6 drachms. — Dog, 20 to 60 grains. Kodes of Application. — In the form of bolus, or beaten up with water. Incompatibles. — Acids, and most metallic salts. mixture of sodium stearate, palmitate, and oleate, and which is pre- pared from various solid and liquid fats, may be substituted for it in practice. 256 VBTEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA SAPO MOLLIS SOFT SOAP Composition. — Principally potassium oleate, ' KC i jHj 3O2, with glycerin, free potassium hydrate, and a large percent- age of water. Mode of Preparation. — By boiling together olive oil ' and caustic potash (potassium hydrate) until the soap produced assumes the appearance of a transparent jelly, and until a drop of it, when allowed to fall on a glass plate, remains clear, and does not exhibit a fatty border on cooling. Olive Oil Potassium Potassiuni (Triolein). Hydrate. Oleate. Glycerin. C3Hj(Ci8H3302)3 + 3KH0 =3KCi8H3302 + H3C3H5O3 Use.— In the preparation of Linimentum Saponis Com- positum. Preparation. — Linimentum Saponis Compositum. SCILLA SQUILL The sliced and dried bulb of Urginea Scilla. Natural Order. — Liliacece. Composition. — It contains scillipicrin, scillitosin and scillin. The active principle sciUitosin is soluble in water, acetic aeid, and alcohols. ' Olive oil is directed by the ' British Pharmacopoeia ' to be em- ployed in the preparation of soft soap ; but the commercial article, which is the material used by the veterinary surgeon, is made from tallow, also ftom whale, linseed, and other oils. VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 257 Actions and Uses. — Principally used in catarrhal and bronchial affections. Doses of the Syrup.— Hoeses, If ounce.— Dogs, 10 to 60 minims. Preparation.— Syrupus Scillse. SEVUM PRiEPARATUM PREPARED SUET The internal fat of the abdomen of the sheep, Ovis Aries, purified by melting and straining. Composition. — A mixture of stearin, palmitin, and olein. Characters. — White, smooth, almost scentless ; fusible at 103° P. Uses. — Sometimes employed as a substitute for, or in conjunction with, lard, in the preparation of ointments. SINAPIS MUSTARD The seeds of Sinapis nigra and Sinapis alba ; also the seeds of both reduced to powder and mixed.' Natural Order. — Cruciferce. Composition. — The vesicating power of mustard, and the pungent odour emitted by it when moistened, depend upon a volatile oil (allyl sulphocyanide, OgHgCNS). It does not exist ready formed in the seed, but is developed by the mutual action of two of its proximate principles, viz. myrosin, a kind of ferment, and potassium myr^onate, in the presence of hot, but not boiling water.' ' BoOing water coagulates myrosin, and destroys its power as a ferment. s 258 VETEKINAET PHARMACOPffilA Potassmm Allyl PotasBium Myronafce. Sulphoeyanide. Glucose. bulpHate. KCioHisNSjOio = C3H5CNS + CsHijOe + KHSO4 Actions and Uses. — Vesicant and counterirritant, in the form of poultice. Preparations. — Cataplasma Sinapis ; Cataplasma Sinapis Ammoniatum. SODA CAUSTICA CAUSTIC SODA Synonyms. — Sodium Hydrate ; Hydrate of Sodium ; Hydrate of Soda. Composition. — NaOH. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Solution of Soda .... 2 pints. Boil down the solution of soda rapidly in a silver or clean iron vessel until there remains a fluid of oily consist- ency, a drop of which, when removed on a warmed glass rod, solidifies on cooling. Pour the fluid on a clean silver or iron plate, or into moulds, and as soon as it has solidi- fied break it into pieces, and preserve it in stoppered green glass bottles. Characters and Tests. — Hard and greyish white, very alkaline and corrosive. Does not deliquesce on exposure to the atmosphere. It imparts a yellow colour to flame indicating the presence of sodium, and its solution in water, acidulated by nitric acid, should give only scanty white precipitates with argentum nitrate and bariunL chloride, showing the presence of traces only of chlorides and sulphates respectively. VETEEINAKf PHAEMACOPCEIA 259 Actions and Uses. — Externally : — As a caustic. It is equal in activity to Potassa Caustica, but preferable to this agent, as it does not deliquesce and spread. SOD^ ACETAS ACETATE OE SODA Synonym. — Sodium Acetate. Composition. — NaCjHjOj.SAq. Mode of Preparation. — By dissolving sodium carbonate in acetic acid and evaporating the solution, so that the sodium acetate produced may crystallise out. The crystals are drained, and subsequently dried by exposure to air on a porous brick. Sodium Acetio Sodium Carbonio Carbonate. Acid. Acetate. Anhydride. NajGOs + 2HC2H3O2 = 2ISraC2H30j + COj Water. + H2O The salt, in assuming the crystalline state, acquires three molecules of water. Characters and Tests. — Transparent colourless crystals, soluble in water, forming a solution neutral to test-paper. The salt, or its solution in water, warmed with dilute sulphuric acid, emits the odour of vinegar. The aqueous solution, when dilute, is not precipitated by barium chloride or silver nitrate, showing its freedom from sul- phates and chlorides. Use. — In the preparation of acetic acid. s 2 '260 VETERINART PHAEMACOPffilA SOD^ BICARBONAS BICARBONATE OF SODA Synonym. — Sodium-Hydrogen Carbonate. Composition. — NaHCOg. Mode of Preparation. — Carbonic anhydride ' is passed into a vessel containing a mixture of two parts of crystal- lised and three parts of dried sodium carbonate until the gas is no longer absorbed. The damp salt which is formed is shaken occasionally during half an hour with half its weight of cold distilled water, for the purpose of dissolv- ing an unaltered carbonate, and the remaining insoluble bicarbonate is dried by exposure to air on filtering-paper placed on porous bricks. The object of using the crystal- lised earbonate is that it may conveniently furnish the necessary amount of water for the success of the process. Sodium Carbonate. Carbonic Anhydride. Water. S odium- Hydrogen Carbonate. NajCOj + CO2 + H2O = 2NaHC03 Characters and Tests. — In powder, or small opaque irregular scales, white ; saline unpleasant taste. Imparts a yellow colour to flame, showing the presence of sodium. Soluble in water 1 part in 10. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted hydrochloric acid, showing that it is a carbonate ; and the hydrochloric acid solution gives no precipitate with platinic chloride, indicating that it is neither a potassium nor an ammonium salt. Its aqueous solution acidified with nitric acid should give but faint indications of sulphates and chlorides on the addition of barium chloride and silver nitrate. A solution of the salt in cold water gives a white and not a coloured precipitate* with mercuric chloride, unless 1 For mode of generalicg this gas, see PotassBe Bicaibonas. VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 261 sodium carbonate be present. Distinguished from sodium carbonate by its aqueous solution not giving a precipitate with magnesium sulphate. Actions and Uses. — Similar to those of Potassse Bicar- onas. Less alkaline and milder than Sodse Carbonas. Doses. — Horse, 4 to 6 drachms. — Cattle, 4 to 8 :drachms. — Shbkp, 1 to 2 drachms, — Pig, 1 to 2 drachms. Dog, 5 to 40 grains. Modes of Application. ) Incompatibles. J Same as Potass* Bicarbonas. SODiE CARBONAS CARBONATE OF SODA Synonyms. — Sodium Carbonate ; Washing-Soda. Composition. — IfajCOs-lOAq. Mode of Preparation. — Sodium chloride (common salt) is decomposed by sulphuric acid, whereby sodium sulphate ('salt eake ') and hydrochloric acid are produced; the former remains on the hearth, while the latter escapes by the chimney, of the furnace in which the operation is con- ducted. Sodiora Sulphnric Sodium Hydrochloric Chloride. • Acid. Sulphate. Acid. 2NaCl + H2SO4 = NaaS04 + 2HC1 The sodium sulphate is next heated with a mixture of carbon (coal-dust) and calcium carbonate (chalk or lime- stone), when the following changes take place .• Sodiam Sodium Carbonic Sulphate- Carbon. Sulphide. Oxide, 1. Na^SO^ + 40 = NajS + 400 Sodium Calcium Sodium Calcium Sulphide. Carbonate. Carbonafc Sulphide. 2, NajS + CaCOa = NajCOa -|- CaS 262 VETREINABr PHAEMACOPCEIA The resulting mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide (' black ash ' or ' ball soda '), when cold, is broken up into little pieces and lixiviated with water ; the sodium carbonate passes into solution, and the calcium sulphide is undissolved. By evaporating to dryness the solution thus formed, ' soda ash ' is procured, and by dissolving ' soda ash ' in water, filtering, and evaporating the solution, and then allowing it to cool, sodium carbonate is obtained in the crystallised state. Characters and Tests. — Transparent, colourless, laminar, rhombic crystals, efflorescent ; harsh alkaline taste, and strong alkaline reaction. It imparts a yellow colour to flame, showing the presence of sodium, and dissolves with effervescence in diluted hydrochloric acid, indicating that it is a carbonate. Soluble in cold water 1 in 2 ; insoluble in rectified spirit. The hydrochloric acid solution gives no precipitate with platinic chloride, showing that it is neither a potassium nor an ammonium salt. Its aqueous solution gives a white precipitate (magnesium carbonate) with mag- nesium sulphate, a reaction by which it is distinguished from Sodse Bicarbonas. Strongly heated, it undergoes the aqueous fusion, and then dries up, losing water to the extent of sixty-three per cent, of its weight. When its aqueous solution is treated with excess of nitric acid, it should yield but slight precipitates with barium chloride and silver nitrate, indicating the almost total absence of sulphates and chlorides. Actions and TTses. — Very similar to those of Potassse Bicarbonas, Potskssse Carbonas, and Sodse Bicarbonas. Doses. — Half those of Sodse Bicarbonas. Mode of Application. *! Incompatibles. / Same as Potassse Bicarbonas. Preparations. — Liquor Sodse ; Liquor Sod« Chloratse Sodae Bicarbonas ; Sodse Carbonas Exsiccata. VETEEINART PHAEMACOPCEIA 263 SOD^ CARBONAS EXSICCATA DRIED CARBONATE OF SODA Composition. — NaaCOj. Mode of Preparation. — Crystallised sodium carbonate is heated in. a porcelain capsule until the liquid which first forms is converted into a dry cake. This cake, when pul- verised, is to be preserved in a stoppered bottle. Actions and Uses. — Similar to those of the potassium and sodium carbonates and bicarbonates. Doses. — About one fourth of those of Sodse Biearbona,s. Modes of Application. 1 „ ^ , ^. , iSame as irotassse Bicarbonas. Incompatibles. } SOD^ HTPOSULPHIS HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA Synonyms. — Sodium Thiosulphate ; Antichlor. Composition. — ^328203. 1 OAq. Mode of Preparation. — An aqueous solution of sodium sulphite is boiled with flowers of sulphur and filtered. On evaporating the filtrate the salt crystallises out. Assuming the first of the above formulae to represent the composition of the salt, the following equation explains its formation. Sodium Sodium Sulphite. Sulphur. Hyposulphite. 2Na3S03 + 82 = 2Na2S203 During crystallisation the salt acquires five molecules of water. 264 VETERINAKY PHARMACOPCEIA Characters and Tests. — Rhombic prisms, soluble in water. Imparts a yellow colour to flame, indicating the presence of sodium. Diluted hydrochloric acid added to its aqueous solution causes effervescence (due to the ex- pulsion of sulphurous anhydride, recognisable by its odour), and the solution is, at the same time, rendered turbid by the precipitation of sulphur. The latter reaction distin- guishes this salt from sodium sulphite. Actions and Uses, -i Doses. > Same as Sodse Sulphis. Incompatibles. J SOD^ SULPHAS SULPHATE OF SODA Synonyms.— Sodium Sulphate ; Glauber's Salt. C omposition. — ]Sra2S04 1 OAq. Mode of Preparation. — By neutralising the residue (sodium-hydrogen sulphate) left in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid with sodium carbonate, and crystallising the product from solution in water. Sodium- Hydrogen Sodium Sodium Carbonic Sulphate. Carbonate. Sulphate. Anhydride. 2]SraHS04 -I- NajCOs = 2Na2S04 -1- 00^ Water. + H^O Characters and Tests. — Transparent oblique prisms; has a saline and bitter taste ; effloresces on exposure to the air ; soluble in water, 1 in 3. Heated in a porcelain cru- cible, it loses 55-9 per cent of water, It imparts a, yellow colour to flame, indicating the presence of sodium. With barium chloride its aqueous solution furnishes a white pre- cipitate (barium sulphate) insoluble in nitric acid, showing VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 265 that the salt is a sulphate. Its aqueous solution mixed with diluted hydrochloric acid gives no precipitate with platinic chloride, proving that it is neither a potassium nor an ammonium salt. Actions and Uses. — Cathartic, diuretic, and resolvent* Magnesise Sulphas being more certain in its action than Sodse Sulphas, the latter is not much employed by the veterinarian, except occasionally as a purgative for cattle. Dose. — Purgative for cattle, from 1 to 1^ pound. Uode of Application. — Dissolved in water, or mixed with ginger and treacle. SOD^ SULPHIS SULPHITE OF SODA Synonym. — Sodium Sulphite. Composition. — NajSOj.TAq. Mode of Preparation. — An aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is saturated with sulphurous anhydride ; sodium' hydrogen sulphite is formed and remains in solution, while carbonic anhydride escapes in the gaseous state. Sodium Sulphurous Sodium-Hydrogen Carbonic Carbonate. Anhydride. Water, Sulphite. Anhydride. Na.COs + 2SO2 + H2O = 2NaHS03 + COj The solution of sodium-hydrogen sulphite is mixed while warm with as much sodium carbonate as was used in the first operation ; on cooling, sodium sulphite crystallises out. The crystals, after being drained, are dried on filtering paper. Sodium- Hydrogen Sodium Sodium Carbonic Sulphite. Carbonate. Sulphite. Anhydride. Water. SNaHSOs + NajCOs = = 2Na2S03 -f COj + H2O 266 VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA In the act of crystallising the salt takes up seven mole- cules of -water. Characters and Tests. — Sometimes in transparent pris- matic crystals, but usually in white opaque masses. Soluble in water. It imparts a yellow colour to flame, showing the presence of sodium. On adding diluted hydrochloric acid to its aqueous solution, sulphurous anhy- dride (recognisable by its odour j is evolved with efferves- cence, and the solution remains bright and transparent. Aetions and Uses. — Internally : — Antiseptic, disin- fectant, and alterative. Given in indigestion, tympanites, and in so-called blood diseases. Externally : — Antiseptic, deodoriser, and disinfectant. Employed in the ti'eatment of ulcerated sore throat and phagedsenic wounds and ulcers. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 1| ounce. — Cattle, 2 to 4 ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 6 drachms.^PiG, 2 to 6 drachms. — Dog, 20 to 60 grains. Frequently repeated. Modes of Application. — Internally -. — Dissolved in water. Externally : — Three to four drachms, dissolved in every ounce of water employed. Incompatibles. — Acids, and most metallic salts. SODII CHLORIDUM CHLORIDE OF SODIUM Synonym. — Sodium Chloride ; Common Salt. Composition. — NaCl. Mode of Preparation. — Crude ' rock salt,' or a similar product obtained by evaporating sea-water, or the water of brine springs, is purified by solution and crystallisation. VETEEINAEY PHABMAOOPCEIA 267 Characters and Tests. — Small -white crystalline grains, or transparent cubic crystals, free from moisture ; purely saline taste ; soluble in water. Its aqueous solution mixed with hydrochloric acid and platinic chloride yields no precipitate, showing that it is neither an ammonium nor a potassium salt. It imparts a yellow colour to flame, indi- cating that sodium is present ; and its aqueous solution gives with silver nitrate a white precipitate (silver chloride) soluble in ammonia, but insoluble in boiling nitric acid, proving the salt to be a chloride. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, cathartic, anthelmintic, emetic, diuretic, tonic, alterative, and resolvent. To cattle and sheep it is given as an anthelmintic ; also as a pur- gative in diarrhoea caused by the presence of an irritant or by over-feeding, in fardel-bound, and in distention of the stomach by food. To sheep it is likewise given as a preventive of rot, for the destruction of intestinal worms and as a corrective of the bad effects of damp and badly kept fodder. It is employed as an emetic for the dog, and is given to all animals, in frequently repeated doses, as a tonic and stimulant in impaired digestion. Rock salt should always be kept as a provocative of the appetite in the horse's manger, the ox's crib, and the sheep's trough. Externally : — As a stimulant in chronic sprains, many affections of the joints, and in some diseases of the feet, particularly amongst cattle and sheep. Common salt is frequently added to laxative enemas. Doses. — Anthelmintic and Cathartic : — Cattle, 12 to 24 ounces. — Sheep, 1 to 3 ounces. Emetic : — Dog, 1 to 2 drachms. Tonic : — Horse, 1 to 2 ounces. — Cattle, 2 to 4 ounces^ Sheep, 2 to 4 drachms. — Dog, 10 to 30 grains. 268 VETEEINAEY PHAKMACOP(EIA Modes of Application. — Internally : — As a cathartic and emetic dissolved in tepid water. Sometimes half doses of chloride of sodium and sulphate of magnesia are mixed ■with ginger, pimento, or some other aromatic and treacle ; such a mixture will often be voluntarily drunk by cattle and sheep. Croton oil, oil of turpentine, and calomel may be added to common salt, to increase its cathartic and anthelmintic action ; and mustard, sulphate of zinc, sul- phate of copper, or tartarated antimony may be combined with it to ensure its prompt action as an emetic. As a tonic and stomachic, it should be sprinkled over the animal's food, either in the state of powder or in solution. Externally : — A lotion consisting of one pound of common salt dissolved in a gallon of cold water. This lotion should be applied during, or immediately after, the solution of the salt. SPIRITUS ^THERIS SPIRIT OF ETHER Synonym. — Spiritus ^theris Sulphurici. Composition, — A mixture of sulphuric ether with twice its bulk of rectified spirit. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Ether 10 fluid ounces. Rectified Spirit ... 1 pint. Mix. Test.— Sp. gr. 0-809. Actions and Uses. — DifiFusible stimulant ; antispas- modic. Doses. — HoESE, 3 to 6 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 5 to 10 •fluid ounces. — Sheep, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Pig, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Dog, 1 to 5 drachms. 9 ounces. VETEEHiTAET PHAKMACOPCEIA 269 SPIRITUS iETHERIS NITROSI SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER Synonyms. — Spiritus Athens Nitrici ; Sweet Spirits of Nitre. Composition. — An alcoholic solution of nitrous ether (ethyl nitrite), C2H5NO2. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Nitric Acid .... 3 fluid ounces. Sulphuric Acid . . .2 fluid ounces. Copper in fine wire (about No. 25) . Rectified Spirit . . .a sufiiciency. To one pint of the spirit add gradually the sulphuric acid, and stir them together ; then add, in the same way, two and a half fluid ounces of the nitric acid. Put the mixture into a retort or other suitable apparatus, into which the copper has been introduced, and to which a thermometer has been fitted. Attach an efiicient con- denser, and, applying a gentle heat let the spirit distil at a temperature, commencing at 170°r., and rising to 175°, but not exceeding 180°, until twelve fluid ounces have passed over and been collected in a bottle kept cool, if necessary, with ice-cold water ; then withdraw the heat and, having allowed the contents of the retort to cool, introduce the remaining half-ounce of nitric acid, and resume the distillation as before, until the distilled product (spirit of nitrous ether) has been increased to fifteen fluid ounces. Mix this with two pints of the rectified spirit, or as much as will make it correspond to the tests of specific gravity and percentage of ether separated by calcium chloride. Preserve it in well- stoppered bottles. 270 ■VETEEINAET PHARMACOPCEIA The following equation explains the principal changes which probably take place in the foregoing process : Sulphuric Nitrio Ethyl Alcohol. Acid. Acid. Copper. Nitrite. 2CJH5HO + 2H2SO4 + 2HNO3 + Cu2 = 2C2H,]SrOj Cupric Sulphate Water. + 2CUSO4 + 4H2O The ethyl nitrite distils over, accompanied by alcohol and other bodies of minor importance. Characters and Tests. — Transparent and nearly colour- less, but with a very slight tinge of yellow ; mobile, inflam- mable ; peculiar penetrating apple-like odour, and sweetish cooling, sharp taste. Sp. gr. 0'845. It effervesces feebly or not at all when shaken with a little sodium-hydrogen carbonate, indicating the presence of a trace or the absence of free acid. When agitated with solution of ferrous sul- phate and a few drops of sulphuric acid, it becomes deep olive-brown or black. Agitated with twice its volume of a saturated solution of calcium chloride (to absorb water and alcohol) in a closed graduated tube, two per cent, of its original volume should separate in the form of ethyl nitrite and rise to the surface of the mixture. Actions and Uses. — In excessive doses narcotic and seda- tive ; in medicinal doses, stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Given in colic, indigestion, tympanites, and local congestions ; during convalescence from debili- tating diseases ; also in combination witli tincture of opium for diminishing the pains and spasms which sometimes follow parturition in cows. Doses. — HoESB, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 3 to 4 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 3 to 6 fluid drachms. — Pig, 3 to 6 VETERINART PHAEMACOPCEIA 271 fluid drachms. — DoG, ^ to 2 fluid drachms. Frequently repeated. Mode of Application. — Mixed with suflBcient cold water to make a draught. SPIRITUS AMMONITE AROMATICUS' AROMATIC SPIRIT OF AMMONIA Take of Carbonate of Ammonia . , 8 ounces. Strong Solution of Ammonia . 4 fluid ounces. Volatile Oil of Nutmeg . . 4 fluid drachms. Oil of Lemon . . . . 6 fluid drachms. Rectified Spirit . . . . 6 pints. Water . . . . .3 pints. Mix and distil seven pints. Test.— Sp. gr. 0-870. Actions and Uses. — Difiusible stimulant, antacid, and antispasmodic. Doses. — HoESE, ^ to 1 fluid ounce. — Cattle, ^ to 2 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — ^Pig, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Dog, 10 to 20 minims. Mixed with water. SPIRITUS AMMONI-ai TCETIDUS FETID SPIRIT OF AMMONIA Take of Assafcetida . . . .12 ounces. Strong Solution of Ammonia . 2 fluid ounces. Rectified Spirit .... a sufficiency. ' This preparation is stronger in spirit, and about one-half stronger in ammonia, than the Spiritus AmmoniK Aromaticus of the ' British Pharmacopoeia.' 272 VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPffilA Break the assafoetida into small pieces, and macerate it in a closed vessel, in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, for twenty four hours ; then distil oft' the spirit, mix the product with the solution of ammonia, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make one pint. Actions and Uses. — Stimulant and antispasmodic. Doses. — Horse, ^ to 1 fluid ounce. — Cattle, 5 to 2 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Pig, 2 to 4 fluid drachms. — Dog, 10 to 20 minims. Mixed with water. SPIRITUS CAMPHOE^ SPIRIT OF CAMPHOR S3nionym. — Tinctura Camphorse. Take of Camphor . . . . .1 ounce. Rectified Spirit ... .4 fluid ounces. Dissolve. Actions and Uses. — Externally : — Stimulant, anodyne and discutient. SPIRITUS CHLOROrORMI SPIRIT OF CHLOROFORM Synonym. — Chloric Ether. Take of Chloroform . ■ . . .1 fluid ounce. Rectified Spirit . . .19 fluid ounces. Dissolve. Test.— Sp. gr. 0-871. VBTERINAEY ■ PHARMACOPCEIA 273 Actions and ITses. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, and anodyne. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 4 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 2 to 4 fluid ounces. — Sheep, -^ to 1 fluid ounce. — Pig, ^ to 1 fluid ounce. — Dog, 1 to 3 fluid drachms. Mixed with -water. SPIRITUS HYDRARGYRI PERCHLORIDI COMPOSITUS COMPOUND SPIRIT OF PERCHLOEIDE OP MERCURY Synonym. — Liquor Hydrargyri Bichloridi. Take of Perchloride of Mercury, in I 1 ounce. powder . . . I Hydrochloric Acid . . 1 fluid ounce. Rectified Spirit . . 7 fluid ounces. Add the acid to the spirit, and dissolve the perchloride mercury in the mixture. Uses. — Externally : — Occasionally to farcy ulc^ers, and for arresting synovial discharges. SPIRITUS METHYLATUS METHYLATED SPIRIT Composition. — A mixture consisting of ninety per cent, of spirit of wine and ten per cent, of methylic alcohol, CH3HO. Uses. — As a substitute for the more expensive spirit of -wine in the preparation of tinctures, &c., for external use only. The law forbids methylated spirit, or any preparation containing it, to be used internally. T 274 VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEU " SPIRITUS RECTIFICATUS EECTIFIED SPIRIT Synonym. ^Spirit of Wine. Composition. — Alcohol (absolute alcohol, CjHjHO), with sixteen per cent, of water. Mode of Preparation. — Saccharine fluids are permitted to ferment, whereby the sugar which they contain is trans- formed into alcohol and carbonic anhydride. The former is separated from the impurities with which it is mixed by distillation, and the latter escapes into the air in the state of gas. Grape Sugar Carbonic (Glucose). Alcohol. Anhydride. CgHi^Oe = C,H,HO + 200^ Characters and Tests. — Colourless, transparent, very mobile and inflammable ; peculiar pleasant odour, and a strong spirituous burning taste. Burns with a blue flame, without smoke. Sp. gr. 0-358. Should have a purely alcoholic odour and taste, and should remain clear when diluted with distilled water, indicating its freedom from fusel oil (amylic alcohol, CjHii.OH). Actions and Uses. — Internally : — Stimulant, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Alcohol, in the form of ale, brandy, whisky, or gin, for the larger animals, and in the form of wine for the smaller ones, is employed as a stimulant in colic and tympanites ; in the latter stages of influenza, bronchitis, and other inflammatory diseases ; also in, and during convalescence from, debilitating complaints. Ex- ternally : — Rectified spirit is added to cooling lotions to increase their refrigerating power. Rectified spirit is like- wise employed in the preparation of medicinal spirits, tinctures, and extracts. VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 275 Doses.^ — Horse, 1 to 3 ounces. — Cattle, 3 to 6 ounces. Sheep, ^ to 1^ ounce. — Pig, ^ to 1^ ounce. — Dog, 1 to 3 drachms. Repeated every two hours. Table slwwing the average amounts by measure of absolute alcohol (C2H5.OH) contained in 100 volumes of the following alcoholic heverages : Name of Bererage. Small Beer and Table Ale , Absolute Alcohol in 100 volumes 1 to 2 Porter ..... about 5 Ale (various kinds) 5 to 9, Sherry 15 to 17 Port .... 17 to 18 Brandy (common) 36 Gin . . , 45 Brandy (Cognac) . 46 Rum . 48 Whisky 50 SPIRITUS TENUIO R PROOF SPIE JT Composition. — One hundred parts, at 60°F., consists of forty-nine parts by -weight of absolute alcohol, and fifty- one parts by weight of water. Take of Rectified Spirit .... 5 pints. Distilled Water , . . . 3 pints. Mix. Test.— Sp. gr. 0-92. TTse. — In the preparation of tinctures'. ' The doses here enumerated refer to rectified spirit ; the deter- mination of those of the ordinary alcoholic beverages must be left to the judgment of the presoriber. 276 VETERINABY PIIzVEMACOPCETA STAPHISAGRI^ SEMINA STAVESACRE SEEDS The seeds of Delphinium Staphisagria. Natural Order, — Ranunculacem. Composition. — The seeds contain several alkaloids, the most important being delphinine, delphisine, and delphi- noidine. They also contain a fixed oil. Actions and Uses. — A solution made by boiling the seeds in water, 1 part of seeds to 20 or 30 of water, is used as a parasiticide lotion. STRYCHNINA STRYCHNIjSTE Composition. — C21H22NO2. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Nux Vomica . Acetate of Lead Solution of Ammonia Rectified Spirit Distilled Water 1 pound. 180 grains, a sufficiency, a sufficiency, a sufficiency Soften the nux vomica by subjecting it for two hours to steam in any convenient vessel ; chop or slice it ; dry it in a water-bath or hot-air chamber, and immediately grind it in a coffee-mill. Digest the powder at a gentle heat for twelve hours with two pints of the spirit and one of the water, to dissolve out the igasurates of strychnine and brucine ; strain through linen, express strongly, and repeat the process twice. Distil ofT the spirit from the mixed fluid, evaporate the watery residue to about sixteen ounces, VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 277 and filter when cold. Add now the acetate of lead previously dissolved in distilled water, so long as it occasions any precipitate (lead igasurate) ; filter ; wash the precipitate with ten ounces of cold water, add the washings to the filtrate (containing the acetates of strychnia and brucia) ; evaporate the clear fluid to eight ounces, and when it has cooled add the ammonia in slight excess, stirring thoroughly. Let the mixture stand, at the ordi- nary temperature, for twelve hours ; collect the precipitate (impure strychnine) on a filter, wash it at once with a few ounces of cold distilled water, dry it in a water-bath or hot-air chamber, and boil it with successive portions of rectified spirit till the fluid scarcely tastes bitter. Distil off" most of the spirit, evaporate the residue to the bulk of about half an ounce, and set it aside to cool. Cautiously pour off the yellowish mother-liquor (which contains the brucinc of the seeds) from the white crust of strychnine which adheres to the vessel. Throw the crust on a paper filter, wash it with a mixture of two parts of rectified spirit and one of water till the washing ceases to become red on the addition of nitric acid, showing that the brucine has been removed from the strychnia ; finally, dissolve it (the strychnia) by boiling it with an ounce of rectified spirit, and set it aside to crystallise. More crystals of strychnine may be obtained by evaporating the mother-liquor. Characters and Tests. — Right square octahedrons or prisms, colourless and inodorous ; sparingly soluble in water, but communicating to it an intensely bitter taste ; soluble in boiling rectified spirit, chloroform, and in eom- meccial ether, but not in absolute alcohol or ether. Pure stilphiiric acid forms with it a colourless solution, which on the addition of solid potassium bichromate acquires a purple hue, changes to yellowish-red, and ultimately leaves a green residue. Should not be coloured by nitric 278 VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA acid ; if it turns yellow, it shows that brucine is present. Should leave no ash when burned with free excess of air. Actions and TJses. — In excessive doses, highly poisonous ; in medicinal doses, stimulant and tonic in paralysis, and in chorea in the dog. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 3 grains. — Cattle, 1 to 3 grains. — Sheep, ^^ to 1 grain. — Dog, -^^ to j'^th grain. Once or twice a day. Modes of Application. — In the form of bolus, pill, or dissolved in water acidulated with acetic or sulphuric acid. Antidotes. — Same as to Nux Vomica. Preparation. — Liquor Strychnia. SUCCUS RHAMNI BUCKTHOEN JUICE Synonym. — Rhamni Succus. The recently expressed juice of the ripe berry of the common buckthorn, RJiamnus catharticus, belonging to the natural order RhaTrmacece. Preparation. — Syrupus Rhamni. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM SUBLIMED SULPHUR Synonym, — Flowers of Sulphur. Composition. — rAn elementary body, havingthesymbol S. Mode of Preparation. — Crude sulphur, imported from Sicily, Naples, the Roman States, and other volcanic dis- tricts, is placed in a retort connected with a brick chamber. VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 279 On the application of heat to the retort the sulphur sub- limes into the chamber, to the walls of which it attaches itself, while the earthy impurities remain behind. When a sufficient quantity of the sulphur has collected on the walls of the condensing chamber, it is scraped off for use. Characters and Tests. — A slightly gritty crystalline powder, of a fine greenish-yellow colour, tasteless and odourless, unless heated ; burns in open vessels with a blue flame and the evolution of sulphurous anhydride, recognisable by its odour. Entirely volatilised by heat. Insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether, but soluble in carbon disulphide and turpentine. Should not redden moistened litmus paper. Solution of ammonia agitated with it and filtered does not leave any residue on evapora- tion, showing that it is free from arsenicum trisulphide. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses irri- tant poison ; in medicinal doses laxative, and as an altera- tive in rheumatism, skin diseases, and many other affections. Externally :— In scabies and other skin diseases. Doses. — Laxative : — Horse, 3 to 4 ounces. — Cattle, o to 6 ounces. — Sheep, 2 ounces. — Pig, \\ to 2 ounces. — Dog, 2 to 8 drachms. Alterative : — Horse, f to 1^ ounce. — Cattle, 1 to 2 ounces. — Sheep, 6 drachms. — Pig, 4 to 6 drachms. — Dog, ^ to 2 drachms. Modes of Application. — Internally: — In the form of bolus or pill, mixed with gnxel, or dissolved in oU. Externally : — Unguentum Sulphuris. Freparations, — Unguentum Sulphuris. Unguentum Sulphuris Compositum. 280 VBTEEINAKY PHAEMACOPOEIA SULPHURIS lODIDUM IODIDE OF SULPHUR Composition. — Not well established. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Iodine ..... 4 ounces. Sublimed Sulphur ... 1 ounce. Rub them together in a Wedgwood mortar until they are thoroughly mixed. Put the mixture into a flask, close the orifice loosely, and apply a gentle heat, so that the colour of the mass shall become gradually darkened. When the colour has become uniformly dark throughout, increase the heat so as to produce liquefaction. Then incline the flask in different directions, in order to return into the liquid any portion of the iodine which may have condensed on the inner surface of the vessel. Lastly, withdraw the heat, and when the liquid has congealed remove the mass by breaking the flask, reduce it to pieces, and keep them in a well- stoppered bottle. Characters and Tests. — A greyish-black solid, with a radiated crystalline appearance. Resembles iodine in odour and in the property of staining the skin. Soluble in about sixty parts of glycerin ; insoluble in water, but decomposed when boiled with it. Actions and Uses. — Externally :^In scabies, urticaria^ and other skin affections ; also applied to farcy ulcers and indolent sores. Mode of Application. — Unguentum Sulphuris lodidi. Preparation. — Unguentum Sulphuris lodidi. VBTEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 281 STRUPUS CHLORALIS HYDRATIS SYRUP OF HYDRATE OF CHLORAL Preparation. — Take of Hydrate of Chloral ... 80 grains. Distilled Water . . . 1| drachms. Syrup to make 1 ounce. Mix together. The specific gravity should be about 1'32. Coinpositioii. — One drachm contains 10 grains of Chloral Hydrate. Uses. — See Chloral Hydrate. Used in canine practice. Dose. — Dog, 30 minims to 2 drachms. SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS SYRUP OF POPPIES Take of Poppy Capsules, dried, freed » from seeds, and coarsely I 3" ounces, powdered. . . . Rectified Spirit . . . 16 fluid ounces. Refined Sugar ... 4 pounds. Boiling Distilled Water . a sufficiency. Mix the poppy capsules with four pints of the water, and infuse for twenty-four hours, stirring them frequently ; then pack them in a percolator, and, adding more of the water, allow the liquor to pass slowly until about two gallons have been collected, or the poppies are exhausted. Evaporate the liquor by a water-bath until it is reduced to three pints. When quite cold, add the spirit, let the mix- ture stand for twelve hours, and filter. Distil ofi" the spirit, evaporate the remaining liquor to two pints, and 282 VETEEINART PHARMACOPCEIA then add the sugar. The product should weigh six and a half pounds, and should have the sp. gr. 1-32. Actions and Uses. — Sedative, anodyne, and hypnotic for the dog. Dose. — 2 to 5 fluid drachms. Preparation. — Mistura Ricini. SYRUPUS RHAMNI SYRUP OF BUCKTHORN" Take of Buckthorn Juice . 4 pints. Ginger, sliced . ) , ° ' . r - 4 ounce. Pimento, bruised J Refined Sugar . . 5 pounds, or a sufficiency. Rectified Spirit . . 6 fluid ounces. Evaporate the juice to two and a half pints, add the gin- ger and pimento, digest at a gentle heat for four hours, and sorain. When cold, add the spirit, let the mixture stand for two days, then decant off the clear liquor, and in this dissolve the sugar with a gentle heat, so as to make the. sp. gr. 1-32. ITse. — Mild cathartic and laxative for the dog, and in preparing Mistura Ricini. Dose. — Dog, | to 2 ounces. — Cat, 2 to 6 drachms. TABACI rOLIA' LEAF TOBACCO The dried leaves of Virginian Tobacco, Wicotiana Taha- cum. Cultivated in America. Natural Order. — Solanacem. ' In practice the ordinary 'shag' tobacco is usually employed. VETERINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA 283 Characters. — Large mottled-brown, ovate or lanceolate acuminate leaves, bearing numerous short glandular hairs ; having a peculiar heavy odour and nauseous, bitter, acrid taste ; yielding, when distilled with potassium hydrate, an alkaline fluid, which has the peculiar odour of nicotine (the active principle of tobacco), and precipitates with platinie chloride and tincture of galls. Preparations. — Decoctum Tabaci ; Enema Tabaci ; Infu- sum Tabaci. TARAXACUM DANDELION The root of Taraxacum Dens-leonis (Natural Order Gompositce). Composition. — It contains asparagin, taraxacin, and taraxacerin. Actions and TTses. — According to Rutherford it is a feeble hepatic stimulant, it is also a laxative and diuretic and is of service in duodenal dyspepsia. The best prepar- ation is the fresh succus, the dose of which is for the Horse, one ounce ; DoG, a drachm and a half to two drachms. TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS CANADA BALSAM The turpentine obtained by incision from the stem of Abies balsamea, Balm of Gilead fir. Cultivated in Canada, Natural Order. — Coniferce. Characters. — Pale yellow ductile oleo-resin, of the con- sistence of thin honey ; peculiar agreeable odour, slightly bitter, feebly acrid taste ; by exposure to air it dries very slowly into a transparent adhesive varnish ; solidifies when mixed with a sixth of its weight of magnesia. Use. — In preparing CoUodium Flexile. 284 VETEKINARY PHAKMACOP(EIA THERIACA TREACLE Synonyms. — Sacchari Fsex ; Molasses. Composition. — A mixture chiefly consisting of uncrystal- lisable sugar, produced by tlie action of too high a tempera- ture on cane sugar, unaltered cane sugar, and colouring matter. Characters. — Thick brown fermentable syrup, very sweet, not crystallising by rest or evaporation. Sp. gr. about 1'4. Nearly free from empyreumatic odour and flavour. Actions and Uses, — Laxative. Employed for hastening the activity of cathartics, and as a vehicle for medicines having a disagreeable flavour, or which occasion nausea. Also used in the preparation of masses. Doses. — Horse, 1 to Impound. — Cattle, 1 to 1^ pound. Sheep, 3 to 4 ounces. — Pig, 3 to 4 -ounces. — Dog, 1 to 2 ounces. Frequently repeated until a laxative effect is produced. THYMOL THYMOL A stearoptin obtained from the volatile oil of thyme, ■which is extracted from the Thymus vulgaris. Natural Order. — LaJbiatce. Composition. — C, qHuOH. Characters and Tests. — Thymol crystallises in hexagonal forms, nearly or quite colourless, it has an aromatic thyme- like odour, a pungent aromatic taste. It is soluble in about VETEKINARY PHARMACOPffilA 285 1,200 parts of cold water, and 900 of boiling water, freely- soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and oils. Actions and Uses. — A powerful disinfectant and anti- septic, also diaphoretic and diuretic, principally employed externally for allaying irritation and removing scales in chronic eczema and psoriasis, either in solution 1 to 2 grains in diluted spirit, or as an ointment 8 to 10 grains to an ounce of vaselin. TINCTURA ACONITI' TINCTURE OF ACONITE Take of Aconite Root, in coa.rse powder . . 2| ounces. Rectified Spirit . . . . .1 pint. Macerate the aconite root for forty-eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit in a closed vessel, and agitate occasionally ; transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ' This is the tincture of the ' British Pharmacopoeia,' 1867 ; it has one fourth of the strength of Tinctura Aconiti, Dublin, and one third of the strength of Tinctura Aconiti, London. Fleming's Tinc- ture of Aconite is nearly four times as strong as that of the ' British Pharmacopoeia.' Squire, in his admirable ' Companion to the British Pharmaco- poeia,' gives the following directions for percolating tinctures : — ' After the materials have been macerated for forty-eight hours in three fourths of the menstruum ordered, percolation will be most efficiently performed by decanting the liquid, pressingthe ingredients in the hand, and carefully packing them, in small portions at a time, in a conical percolator, so that the mass shall be uniformly tight throughout. The decanted liquid may then be poured upon the in- gredients and suffered to percolate ; the remainder of the menstruum being afterwards poured upon them in order to chase the strong tincture out. As soon as the liquid ceases to drop, the ingredients are to be removed and pressed. Any deficiency in the product may be made up by adding more of the menstruum and repeating the pressure.' 286 VETERINARY PHAEMACOF(EIA ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit ; then subject the contents of the per- colator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Internally : — As a sedative. Externally : — A^ an anodyne. Doses. — Horse, 30 to 50 minims. — Cattle, 40 to 80 minims. — Sheep, 8 to 12 minims. — Pig, 8 to 12 minims. — Dog, 3 to 10 minims. Given in water, and repeated every two hours. TINCTURA ALOES COMPOSITA COMPOUND TINCTUEE OF ALOES Take of Barbadoes Aloes, in coarse ] powder . . . . f • 10 drachms. Myrrh 5 drachms. Methylated or Rectified Spirit . 14 fluid ounces. "Water 6 fluid ounces. Macerate the aloes and the myrrh in the spirit and the water, previously mixed, for fourteen days in a closed vessel, and shake frequently. Filter and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Externally : — Excitant to wounds, obstinate ulcers, and excoriations. TINCTURA ARNICA TINCTURA OF ARNICA Take of Arnica Root, bruised . . .1 ounce. Proof Spirit 1 pint. VETEEINABY PHAKMACOP(EIA 287 Macerate the arnica for forty- eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit,' in a closed vessel, agitating occa- sionally ; transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Then subject the contents of the perco- lator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Externally : — Stimulant to sprains and bruises, and in chronic rheumatism. TINCTURA CAMPHORS See Spiritus Camphorse. TINCTURA CANNABIS INDICT TINCTURE OF CANNABIS INDICA Take of Extract of Indian Hemp ... 1 ounce. Rectified Spirit . . . .20 ounces. Dissolve. Uses. — Internally : — See Extractum Cannabis Indices. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 ounces. — Dog, 10 to 40 minims. TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS TINCTURE OF CANTHARIDES Take of Cantharides, in coarse powder . . ^ ounce. Proof Spirit 1 pint. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, with occa- 288 VBTERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA sional agitation ; strain, press, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Internally : — Stimulant and tonic. Externally : Tinctura Cantharidis Fortior is used instead. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 4 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 3 to 6 fluid ounces. — Sheep, ^ to 1| fluid ounce. — Pig, ^ to 1^ fluid ounce. — Dogs, 1 to 3 fluid drachms. TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS TORTIOR STRONG TINCTURE OF CANTHARIDES Take of Cantharides, in coarse powder . . 1 ounce. Proof Spirit ..... 1 pint. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, with oc- casional agitation ; strain, press, filter, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Use. — Externally : — Stimulant and rubefacient. TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPOSITA COMPOUND TINCTURE OF CARDAMOMS Take of Cardamom Seeds, freed from 1 their pericarps and bruised J ^ ' Cinnamon, bruised ... 2 ounces. Proof Spirit . . . .80 fluid ounces. Macerate, with occasional agitation, for forty-eight hours withsixtyfluid ouncesof the spirit, pack in a percolator, and let it drain ; pour on the remaining spirit, and, when it cetises to drop, press, and wash the mass with sufficient VETEEINAKT PHAEMACOPffilA 289 spirit to make the resulting tincture measure eighty fluid ounces. Tlses. — Carminative and antispasmodic. Doses.— Horse, 1 to 4 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 2 to 6 fluid ounces.— Sheep, 1 to 2 fluid ounces.— Pig, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Dog, 2 to 6 fluid drachms. Preparation. — Tinctura Chloroformi Composita. TINCTURA CHLOROFORMI COMPOSITA COMPOUND TINCTURE OF CHLOROFORM Take of Chloroform 1 fluid ounce. Rectified Spirit . . . .4 fluid ounces. Compound Tincture of | Cardamoms . . | • ■ ^^ ^""^^ ^"'^ces. Mix. Uses. — Similar to Spiritus Chloroformi. Doses.: — Same as Spiritus Chloroformi. TINCTDRA CINCHONA FLAV^ TINCTURE OF YELLOW CINCHONA Take of Yellow Cinchona Bark, in mode- ] rately fine powder . . J ounces. Proof Spirit . . . . .1 pint. Macerate the cinchona bark for forty-eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occasionally ; then transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the re- maining five ounces of spirit. Afterwards subject the u 290 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Internally : — Stimulant, stomachic, and tonic. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 3 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 3 to 6 fluid ounces. — Sheep, J to 1 fluid ounce. — Pig, 5 to 1 fluid ounce. — Dog, 2 to 5 fluid drachms. TINCTURA COLCHICI SEMINIS TINCTURE OF COLCHICUM SEEDS Take of Colchicum Seeds, bruised . . 2| ounces. Proof Spirit . . . . .1 pint. Macerate the colchicum for forty-eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occa- sionally ; then transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Afterwards subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Internally: — Sedative. Externally : — Anodyne. Doses. — Horse, f to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, | to 2 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 1 to 4 fluid drachms. — Pig, 1 to 4 fluid drachms. — Dog, 20 to 80 minims. TINCTURA CONII TIlSrCTURE OF HEMLOCK Synonym. — Tinctura Conii Fructus. Take of Hemlock Fruit, bruised . . 1\ ounces. Proof Spirit .... 1 pint. VETEKINAET PHARMACOPffilA 291 Macerate the hemlock fruit for forty-eight hours in. fifteen ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating; occasionally ; transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Then subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Internally : — ^ Alterative and sedative. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 3 to 6 fluid drachms. — Pig, 3 to 6 fluid drachms. — Dog, 10 to 40 minims. TINCTURA CROTONIS TlNCTtrRE OF CROTON Take of Croton Seeds, bruised . . • H ounce. Rectified Spirit .... 1 pint. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, with occa- sional agitation ; strain, press, filter, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make one pint. Uses, — Internally : — Cathartic. Externally : — Rube- facient and counterirritant. Doses. — HoESE, | to 1 fluid ounce. — Cattle, ^ to 1^ fluid ounce. — Sheep, 1 to 3 fluid drachms, — Pig, 1 to 3 fluid drachms. — Dog, 20 to 50 minims. TINCTURA ERGOTS TINCTURE OF ERGOT Take of Ergot, in coarse powder . . .5 ounces. Proof Spirit 1 pint. 292 VETERINAEY PHARMACOPCEIA Macerate the ergot for forty-eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occasion- ally ; then transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Afterwards subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Use. — Internally : — Parturient. Doses. — Maee, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cow, 1 to 3 fluid ounces. — Ewe, 1^ to 3 fluid drachms. — Sow, 1^ to 3 fluid drachms. — Bitch, 20 to 60 minims. TINCTURA TERRI PERCHLORIDI TINCTGEE OF PERCHLORIDE OE IRON Synonjrm. — Tinctura Ferri Sesquichloridi. Take of Strong Solution of Perchlo- I ride of Iron . . . f 5 fluid ounces. Rectified Spirit . . . 15 fluid ounces. Mix, and preserve in a stoppered bottle. Uses. — Internally : — Astringent and tonic in hema- turia, farcy, many typhoid affections, and indigestion ; also in distemper in dogs. Externally ; — Astringent, styptic, and caustic. Doses. — Horse, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 3 to 6 fluid drachms. Pig, 3 to 6 fluid drachms. — Dog, 5 to 20 minims. Diluted with water VETEEINAEY PHAEMACOPCEIA 293 TINCTURA lODI' TINCTURE OF IODINE Take of Iodine 2^ ounces. Iodide of Potassium . . • IJ ounce. Rectified Spirit ' . . . .1 pint. Dissolve the iodine and iodide of potassium in the spirit. Uses. — Internally : — Alterative. Externally : — Caustic, stimulant, and deobstruent. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 6 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 3 to 8 fluid drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 fluid drachms. — Pig, 20 to 60 minims. — Dog, 10 to 30 minims. TINCTURA MYRRHS TINCTURE OF MYRRH Take of Myrrh, in coarse powder . . 2\ ounces. Rectified Spirit . . . . 1 pint. Macerate the myrrh for forty-eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occasion- ally ; then transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Afterwards subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient rectified spirit to m^ake one pint. Uses. — Externally : — Mild astringent and excitant to foul and indolent ulcers, and to canker in the mouth. ' This preparation is five times as strong as the Tinctura lodi of the ' British Pharmacopoeia.' 294 VETEEINAKY PHARMACOPOEIA TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICA ' TINCTURE OF NUX VOMICA Take of Nux Vomica .... 2 ounces. Rectified Spirit .... 1 pint. Apply steam to the nux vomica until it is thoroughly softened, then dry rapidly, and reduce it to fine powder. Macerate the powder for forty-eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occasion- ally ; then transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Afterwards subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make one pint. TTses. — Stimulant and tonic in paralysis, chorea, and dyspepsia. Doses. — HoKSE, 4 to 8 fluid drachms. — Cattle, 4 to 8 fluid drachms. — Sheep, 1 to 2 fluid drachms. — Pig, 1 to 2 fluid drachms. — Dog, 10 to 40 minims. TINCTURA OPII TINCTURE OF OPIUM Synonym. — Laudanum. Take of Opium, in coarse powder . • 1^ ounce. Proof Spirit .... 1 pint. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, with occa- ' Morton's TincturaNuoisVomicffiistwoandahalf timesstronger than this preparation. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 295 sional agitation ; then strain, press, filter, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative, and antispasmodic. Doses. — HoKSE, 1 to 3 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 3 fluid ounces.— Sheep, 2 to 8 fluid drachjQS. — Pig, 2 to 8 fluid drachms. — Dog, 10 to 30 minims. Preparations.— Enema Opii ; Linimentum Opii. TINCTUEA PIMENTO TINCTURE OF PIMENTO Take of Pimento Berries, bruised . . 2^ ounces. Proof Spirit . . , .1 pint. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, with occa- sional agitation ; then strain, press, filter, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Antispasmodic and carminative. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 4 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 3 to 6 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 1 to 3 fluid ounces. — Pig, 1 to ^ fluid ounces. — Dog, 1 to 3 fluid drachms. TINCTURA SANTALIS RUBRA TINCTURE OF RED SANDERS WOOD Take of Sanders "Wood, rasped to powder . ^ ounce. Proof Spirit 1 pint. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, with occa- sional agitation ; then strain, press, filter, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. Use. — To impart colour to draughts. 296 VETERINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS TINCTURE OF GINGER Take of Ginger, in coarse powder . . 2| ounces. Rectified Spirit ... .1 pint. Macerate the ginger for forty-eight hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occasion- ally ; then transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Afterwards subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make one pint. Uses. — Carminative, and as an adjunct to tonic, stimu- lant, and purgative medicines. Doses. — HoESE, 1 to 2 fluid ounces. — Cattle, 1 to 3 fluid ounces. — Sheep, 2 to 6 fluid drachms. — Pig, 2 to 6 fluid drachms. — Dog, ^ to 2 fluid drachms. UNGUENTUM ACIDI CARBOLICI OINTMENT OF CARBOLIC ACID Take of Carbolic Acid .... 1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 6 ounces. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Applied to sloughing and unhealthy wounds. VETERINARY PHAEMACOPCEIA 297 UNGUENTUM ACIDI CARBOLICI COMPOSITUM COMPOUND OINTMENT OF CARBOLIC ACID Take of Ointment of Carbolic Acid . . 7 ounces. Sublimed Sulphur . . .2 ounces. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — In the treatment of scab and mange. UNGUENTUM ACIDI TANNICI OINTMENT OF TANNIC ACID Take of Tannic Acid 1 part. Prepared Lard . ... 6 parts. Mix thoroughly. Use. — Astringent. Sometimes from ^ to 1 part of opium is added to this ointment. UNGUENTUM ACONITI ' OINTMENT OF ACONITE Take of Extract of Aconite . . .2 ounces. Prepared Lard .... 4 ounces. Mix thoroughly. Use. — Anodyne. ' Ungueutum Aconitias of the ' British Pharmacopoeia ' consists of 8 grains of Aconitia, | a fluid drachm of Rectified Spirit, and 1 ounce of Prepared Lard. 298 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA UNGUENTUM ALUMINIS COMPOSITUM COMPOUND OINTMENT OF ALUM Take of Alum, in fine powder . . 1 ounce. Common Turpentine . . 1 ounce. Prepared Lard . 3 ounces. Melt the turpentine and the lard together on a water- foath, add the alum, and stir the mixture while it cools. Uses. — Astringent and digestive in ' grease.' UNGUENTUM ANTIMONII TARTARATI OINTMENT OF TAETARATED ANTIMONY Take of Tartarated Antimony, in fine powder 1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . . .4 ounces. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Counterirritant to the chest in pulmonary com- plaints, and to joints in chronic articular affections. UNGUENTUM ARGENTI NITRATIS OINTMENT OF NITRATE OF SILVER Take of Nitrate of Silver, in fine powder . 5 to 10 grains. Prepared Lard . . . .1 ounce. Mix thoroughly. Use. — A piece the size of a pea is placed between the eyelids every third day in chronic ophthalmia. VETEEINAUT PHAEMACOPCEIA 299 UNGUENTUM ARSENICI OINTMENT OF ARSENIC Take of Arsenious Acid, in fine powder . 6 grains. Prepared lard .... 1 ounce. Mix thoroughly. Use. — Caustic to warts and cancerous growths. UNGUENTUM CALCIS CHLORATE OINTMENT OF CHLORINATED LIME Take of Chlorinated Lime . . . . 1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . . . 4 to 8 ounces. Mix thoroughly. TTses. — In grease, especially when accompanied by con- siderable foetor. UNGUENTUM CANTHARIDIS OINTMENT OF CANTHARIDES i • Synonym. — Blistering Ointment. Take of Cantharides, in powder - , .1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 6 ounces. Digest the cantharides and lard together over a water- 300 VETERINAET PHAEMACOP(EIA bath for three hours, with occasional stirring ; while hot filter through paper, and allow the clear liquid to cool. Uses.— IrriUnt to keep open blisters, and to promote the discharge from setons and ulcers. UNGUENTUM CREASOTI OINTMENT OF CREASOTE Take of Creasote 1 fluid ounce. Prepared Lard .... 8 ounces. Mix thoroughly. XJses. — Same as Unguentum Acidi Carbolici. UNGUENTUM GUPRI SUBACETATIS OINTMENT OF SUBACETATE OF COPPER Synonym. — Unguentum .ffiruginis ; Ointment of Ver- digris. Take of Subacetate of Copper, in fine ) , \ 1 ounce, powder .... J Common Turpentine . . .1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . . .12 ounces. Melt the turpentine and lard together over a water-bath, then withdraw the heat, add the subacetate of copper, and thoroughly mix by stirring the whole until cold. Use. — Detergent to foul ulcers. VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPEIA 301 UNGUENTUM GALL^ OINTMENT OF GALLS Take of Galls, in fine powder . . .1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 4 ounces Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Astringent to ulcers with profuse discharge. UNGUENTUM GALL^ ET OPII OINTMENT OF GALLS AND OPIUM Take of Ointment of Galls . . .5 ounces. Opium, in fine powder . . ^ ounce. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Astringent and anodyne. UNGUENTUM HELLEBORI NIGRI OINTMENT OF BLACK HELLEBORE Take of Black Hellebore Leaves . Common Turpentine Prepared Lard of each, equal parts. Melt the turpentine and the lard together in a water- bath, add the hellebore, and digest for one hour ; then remove the mixture and express through calico. Use. — Digestive to wounds of Cattle. 302 VETEfilNARY PHARMACOPOEIA UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OINTMENT OF MERCUEY Synonym. — Blue Ointment. Take of Mercury . . . . .1 pound. Prepared Lard .... 1 pound. Prepared Suet ' . . . .1 ounce. Rub them together until metallic globules cease to be visible when a small portion of the ointment is rubbed with the finger on brown paper. Uses. — In scab, mange, and other scurfy cutaneous affec- tions ; to indolent sores and ulcers ; as a resolvent in glan- dular enlargements ; and applied to the skin with fric- tion to expedite and maintain the constitutional effects produced by the internal administration of mercury. For skin affections, however, the next preparation is generally used. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI AMMONIATI OINTMENT OF AMMONIATED MERCURY Take of Ammoniated Mercury . . 1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . , 6 to 8 ounces. Mix thoroughly. Use. — To destroy pediculi and acari. VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA 303 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYEI COMPOSITUM COMPOUND OINTMENT OF MERCURY Take of Ointment of Mercury . . .1 ounce. Soft Soap . . . . .2 ounces. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — See Unguentum Hydrargyri. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI lODIDI RUBRI ' OINTMENT OP RED IODIDE OP MERCURY Synonyms. — Unguentum Hydrargyri Biniodidi ; Oint- ment of Biniodide of Mercury ; Blistering Ointment. Take of Red Iodide of Mercury, in fine ) , f 1 ounce.^ powder . . . . ) Prepared Lard . , . .8 ounces. Mix thoroughly. TTses. — Caustic, stimulant, and detergent to unhealthy sores ; counterirritant ; also resolvent in the treatment of curbs, splints, incipient spavins, and enlarged bursse. ' This preparation is nearly three and a halE times stronger than Unguentum Hydrargyri lodidi Rubri of the ' British PharmacopCeia.' ^ An ointment containing twice the quantity of iodide of mercury f oms a powerful counterirritant when applied to the skin of the ox. 304 VETEEINAKT PHAEMACOPCEIA UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS OINTMENT OF NITEATE OF MERCURY Synonym. — Citrine Ointment. Take of Mercury, by weight . . 4 ounces. Nitric Acid . . .12 fluid ounces. Prepared Lard . . .15 ounces. Olive Oil . . . .32 fluid ounces. Dissolve the mercury in the nitric acid with the aid of a gentle heat. Nitric Mercuric Nitric Mercury. Acid. Nitrate. Oxide. Water. Hgj + 8HNO3 = 3Hg(N03)2 + 2N0 + iKfi Melt the lard in the oil by a steam- or water-bath, in a porcelain vessel capable of holding six times the quantity, and, while the mixture is hot, add the solution of mercuric nitrate, also hot, mixing them thoroughly. If the mixture does not froth up, increase the heat till this occurs. Keep it stirred until it is cold. T/Ses. — Stimulant and detergent in grease, ringworm, and other skin affections. One part of this ointment, mixed with one part of lard and one of olive oil, is em- ployed in the treatment of tarsal ophthalmia, and for the removal of nebulae from the cornea. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI PERCHLORIDI OINTMENT OF PERCHLORIDE OF MERCURY Take of Perchloride of Mercury, in fine 1 , , •' [ 1 ounce, powder ■. . . . ] Prepared Lard . . , 2 ounces. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 305 Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Spread on leather for the removal of bony tumours. One part of this ointment, mixed with two parts of lard, is used for dressing Professor Varnell's caustic ciriTYm UNGUENTUM lODI OINTMENT OP IODINE Take of Iodine 1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 8 ounces. Rectified Spirit or Glycerine . 1 drachm. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Stimulant and resolvent. UNGUENTUM lODI COMPOSITUM COMPOUND OINTMENT OF IODINE Take of Iodine 1 ounce. Iodide of Potassium, in fine powder 1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 8 ounces. Rectified Spirit or Glycerine . . 1 drachm. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Stimulant and resolvent. UNGUENTUM MYLABRIDIS OINTMENT OF MYLABRIS Take of Mylabris, in fine powder . . 1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . . . 6 ounces. Digest the mylabris and the lard together over a water- bath for three hours, with occasional stirring ; while hot filter through paper, and allow the clear liquid to cool. Uses. — Same as those of Unguentum Cantharidis, but has no diuretic eflfect. X 306 VETERINAKY PHARMACOPEIA UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDS OINTMENT OF TAR Take of Common Tar . . 1 Resin . . . ^ of each, equal parts. Prepared Lard . . J Melt together with a gentle heat, and stir the mixture while it cools. Uses. — In foot-rot in sheep, and as a foot ointment for all other domesticated animals. UNGUENTUM POTASS^ SULPHURATE OINTMENT OF SULPHURATED POTASH Take of Sulphurated Potash, in fine powder 1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 8 ounces. Triturate the sulphurated potash in a porcelain mortar, and gradually add the lard, rubbing them together until the ointment is perfectly smooth and free from grittiness. This ointment, when used, should be recently prepared. Uses. — In mange and other skin afiections. UNGUENTUM RESINS OINTMENT OF RESIN Syiion3rin. — Digestive Ointment. Take of Resin, in coarse powder . . 8 ounces. Yellow Wax .... 6 ounces. VETERINARY PHARMACOPCBIA 307 Almond Oil .... 3 ounces. Prepared Lard .... 3 ounces. Melt with a gentle heat, strain the mixture while hot through flannel, and stir constantly while it cools. Uses. — Stimulant to ulcers, wounds, blistered surfaces, and to impart consistency to other ointments. UNGUENTUM SABINE OINTMENT or SAVIN Take of Savin Tops, bruised . . .1 ounce. Prepared Lard . ... 2 ounces. Melt the lard and the wax together on a water-bath, add the savin, and digest for twenty minutes. Then remove the mixture, and express through calico. Uses. — Irritant to blistered surfaces, and for the reiooval of warts. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS OINTMENT OF SULPHUR Take of Sublimed Sulphur . . .1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 4 ounces. Mix. Uses, — For scab in sheep, parasiticide, and in treatment of eczema, mange, &c. 308 VETERINAKT PHARMACOPCEIA UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM COMPOUND OINTMENT OF SULPHUR Synonym. — Sheep Ointment. Take of Sublimed Sulphur . 1 pound. Common Turpentine . . 4 ounces. Ointment of Mercury . . 2 ounces. Linseed Oil . . 1 pint. Melt the oil and turpentine together over a water-bath ; when the mixture is nearly cold, stir in the sulphur, and afterwards the ointment of mercury, until the whole is thoroughly mixed. Uses. — For eradicating scab in sheep. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS lODIDI OINTMENT OF IODIDE OF SULPHUR Take of Iodide of Sulphur, in fine powder . 1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . . ,8 ounces. Triturate the iodide of sulphur in a porcelain mortar, and gradually add the lard, rubbing them together until the ointment is perfectly smooth and free from grittiness. Uses. — In mange, urticaria, and other skin diseases. VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA 309 UNGUENTUM TEREBINTHIN-SJ OINTMENT OF TURPENTINE Synonym. — Digestive Ointment. Take of Common Turpentine . . ,1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . . .3 ounces. Melt together over a water-bath, and mix thoroughly by stirring, and cool. Use. — Stimulant to wounds. UNGUENTUM VERATRI OINTMENT OP WHITE HELLEBORE Take of White Hellebore Root, dried, and in ) „ , t 1 ounce, nne powder . . . . I Prepared Lard .... 4 ounces. Thoroughly mix. Uses. — Applied to the skin as a parasiticide, and for charging materials to be used as setons. UNGUENTUM ZINCI CARBONATIS OINTMENT OF CARBONATE OF ZINC Synonym. — Healijig-Ointment. Take of Carbonate of Zinc, in fine powder . 1 ounce. Prepared Lard . . < .6 ounces, 310 VETERINARY PHARMACOPffilA. Mix thoroughly. Uses. — Desiccant and mild astringent to slight excoria- tions. UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDI OINTMENT OF OXIDE OF ZINC Take of Oxide of Zinc .... 1 ounce. Prepared Lard .... 5 ounces. Mix. Uses.— Employed in slight excoriations and ulcerations. VAPOR CHLORI CHLORINE GAS Composition. — An element ; symbol CI. Modes of Preparation. — There are two methods com- monly resorted to. 1st Method. — Put three or four ounces of powdered manganese peroxide into a flask, basin, or other suitable vessel ; make it into a thin paste with strong hydrochloric acid, and apply a gentle heat to the mixture. tfan^ranese Hydrochloric Manganese Peroxide. Acid. Chloride. Water. Chlorine. MnOa + 4HC1 = MnCla + 2H2O + CI, 2nd Method.^— Take of Sodium Chloride (common salt), in fine powder . . . .2^ ounces. Manganese Peroxide, in fine powder 2 ounces. ' Chlorine may also be evolved by pouring diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid on chlorinated lime. VETERINARY PHARMACOPffilA 311 Strong Sulphuric Acid . . . 2| fluid ounces. Water 5 fluid ounces. Intimately mix the manganese peroxide and sodium chloride, and place them in a flask, basin, &c. Pour the sulphuric acid into the water contained in porcelain, earthen- ware, or thin glass vessel. Add the diluted sulphuric acid to the mixture of manganese peroxide and sodium chloride, and thoroughly stir or shake them together. If necessary, the evolution of chlorine may be promoted by the application of a gentle heat. Sodium Manganese Sulphuric Sodium Chloride. Peroxide. Acid. Chlorine. Sulphate. •2]SraCl + MnOj + 2H2SO4 = Clj + NajSO^ Manganese Sulphate. Water. + MnS04 + 2H2O Characters and Tests. — Heavy greenish-yellow gas, with a peculiar odour, and producing great irritation when breathed. Bleaches blue litmus paper and develops a blue colour (starch iodide) when brought in contact with paper imbued with a mixture of starch and potassium iodide. Actions and Uses. — Chiefly employed for disinfecting the air of stables and other buildings. Occasionally used as 0, therapeutic in glanders, farcy, and similar afiections, in which cases it first increases, but ultimately diminishes, the secretion of the nasal membrane. It has also been recom- mended as an antidote to poisoning by hydrocyanic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen. Modes of Application. — As an aerial disinfectant, the apparatus is to be placed in the stable, &c. ; the doors and other openings should be closed for several hours during the generation of the gas, and afterwards opened for some time previously to the entrance of any person. 312 VETEEINAET PHAKMACOPCEIA When the gas is to be inhaled the patient should be placed in a loose box, along with the apparatus containing one of the mixtures above described. As soon as the gas begins to exert its irritating effects upon the attendant, he should withdraw, remove the apparatus, and close the door of the box. Antidotes. — Coughing, and other symptoms of the irri- tant effects of chlorine, may be allayed by inhaling the vapour of ammonia, ether, alcohol, or hot water. VASELIN VASELINE A substance of the consistence of butter, obtained during the fractional distillation of rock oil. Composition. — Hexadecane, Ci^S^^, and other hydro- carbons. Actions and Uses. — It dissolves iodine, sulphur iodide, and carbolic acid, it is used as a lubricant, and emollient for irritable, inflamed, or bKstered mucous and skin surfaces. It is nearly free from greasiness, and is not oxidisable ; it therefore forms a good basis for ointments. It is advisable to use the best varieties of vaseline, as the cheaper pre- parations, owing to imperfect rectification, frequently cause irritation and even blistering. VERATRUM WHITE HELLEBORE The rhizome of Veratrum album. A native of the moun- tainous regions of Central and Southern Europe. Natural Order. — Melaaithacece. VETEEINART PHARMACOPCEIA 313 Composition. — Its medicinal activity is attributed to an alkaloid named verafrine, C37Hg3NO,j. Characters. — Usually consists of the rhizome with the radicles attached ; in pieces of from two to three inches long, about the thickness of the little finger ; covered with a rough dark brown bark ; greyish white internally. In the fresh state it emits a strong disagreeable odour, which it nearly loses by drying, but it retains its acrid, intensely bitter taste. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses an irritant poison ; in medicinal doses nauseant, emetic, seda- tive, purgative, and anthelmintic. Given sometimes to the horse as a sedative, and as an excitant to promote absorp- tion in oedematous enlargements of the legs. Externally : — Applied to the skin as a parasiticide ; also in the cure of mange and other cutaneous diseases. Doses. — HoESE : — As a sedative, 20 to 30 grains every four or six hours, until its depressant action is manifested. As an excitant, 5 to 1 ounce. Modes of Application. — Internally : — In the form of bolus, or tincture made with proof spirit. Externally : — The powdered rhizome, or Unguentum Veratri. Antidotes. — Demulcent drinks : also tannic acid, and vegetable astringents containing it. If coma be present, ammonia, or some powerful alcoholic stimulant, should be administered. Preparation. — Unguentum Veratri. VINUM FEREI WINE OF IRON Composition. — A weak solution of ferrous tartarate, malate, and acetate in sherry. 314 VETEEINAKT PHARMACOPOEIA Take of Fine Iron Wire (about No. 35) . 1 ounce. Sherry 1 pint. Macerate for thirty days in a closed vessel, the iron being almost, but not quite, wholly immersed in the wine ; fre- quently shake the vessel, remove the stopper after each shaking, and filter. Use. — Tonic. Dose. — Dog, 1 to 4 fluid drachms two or three times a day. ZINCI ACETAS ACETATE OF ZINC Synonym. — Zinc Acetate. Composition. — Zn(C2H302)2.2Aq. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Carbonate of Zinc ... 2 ounces Acetic Acid .... f 5 ounces, ' \ or a sufficiency. Distilled Water ... 6 fluid ounces. Add the carbonate of zinc in successive portions to three ounces of the acetic acid, previously mixed with the water in a flask ; heat gently ; add by degrees the remainder of the acid till the carbonate is dissolved ; boil for a few minutes, filter while hot, and set it aside for two days to crystallise. Decant the mother-liquor ; evaporate to one half, and again set it aside for two days to crystallise. Place the crystals (zinc acetate) in a funnel to drain, then spread them on filtering-paper on a porous tile, and dry them by exposure to the air at ordinary temperatures. VETEEINART PHAEMACOPCEIA 315 Zinc Cftrbonic Carbonate. Acetic Acid. Zinc Acetate. Anhydride. "Water, ZnCOs + 2C2H4O2 = Za(02H302)2 + CO^ + H^Q In the act of crystallising tlie salt takes up two molecules of water. Characters and Tests. — Thin, translucent, and colour- less crystalline plates, of a pearly lustre, with a sharp unpleasant taste ; evolving acetic acid (recognisable by the characteristic odour of its vapour) when' decomposed by sulphuric acid ; soluble in water, forming a solution which gives a white precipitate (zinc sulphide) with ammonium sulphydrate. A dilute aqueous solution should not be affected by barium chloride (showing the absence of sulphate) or by silver nitrate (showing the absence of chlorides) ; and when slightly acidulated with hydro- chloric acid, it should furnish no precipitate with sulphu- retted hydrogen.' After it has been boiled for a few minutes with a little nitric acid (to convert into ferric salt any ferrous compound that may be present), it yields, with ammonia, a white precipitate (zinc hydrate), which is soluble, without colour (if iron be absent), in an excess of the reagent. Uses. — Externally : — Stimulant and astringent to wounds, especially those accompanied by profuse discharges ; also to allay superficial inflammation, A wash-leather bandage, ' saturated with a watery solution of acetate of zinc, is used to reduce the swellings on the legs of hunters. Modes of Application. — A lotion consisting of twenty- five to fifty grains of the acetate dissolved in one pint of cold water, and 'applied as soon after the solution of the salt as possible. 316 VETEEINAET PHAEMACOPCEIA 2INC1 CARBONAS' CARBONATE OF ZINC Composition. — A mixture or compound of zinc carbonate and zinc hydratej ZnC03.2Zn(HO)2. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Sulphate of Zinc . . .10 ounces. Carbonate of Soda . . • lOj ounces. Boiling Distilled Water . . a suflSciency. Dissolve the carbonate of soda with a pint of the water in a capacious porcelain vessel, and pour into it the sulphate of zinc, also dissolved in a pint of the water, stirring dili- gently. Boil for fifteen minutes after eflFervescence (escape of carbonic anhydride) has ceased, and let the precipitate (carbonate of zinc, B.P.) subside. Decant the supernatant liquid, pour oU the precipitate three pints of boiling dis- tilled water, agitating briskly ; let the precipitate again subside, and repeat the processes of affusion of hot distilled water and subsidence till the washings are no longer pre- cipitated by barium chloride, showing that sulphate of zinc is completely removed from the carbonate. Collect the precipitate on calico, let it drain, and dry it with a gentle heat. Zinc SodiTim Carbonate of Sulphate. Carbonate. Water. Zino, B.P. 3ZnS04 + SNajCOa -|- 2H2O = ZnCOj . 2Zn(HO)2 Sodium Carbonic Sulphate. Anhydride* + 3Na2S04 -I- 2OO2 ' In veterinary practice the native greyish-brown zinc carbonate (calamine) is generally used, after it has been partially purified by levigation. It is then known as ' Prepared Calamine.' TETERINAEY PHAEMACOPCEU 317 Characters and Tests. — White, tasteless, inodorous, insoluble in water, soluble with eflfervescence and without residue in diluted nitric acid. This solution should not be affected by barium chloride, showing the absence of sulphates ; or silver nitrate, showing the absence of chlo- rides ; and gives with ammonium carbonate a white precipi- tate (zinc carbonate and hydrate), entirely soluble, without colour (if iron be absent), in an excess of the reagent, forming a solution which furnishes a white precipitate (zinc sulphide) with ammonium sulphide, showing the presence of zinc. Actions and Uses. — Externally : — Desiccant, stimulant, and astringent. Mode of Application. — The powder dusted over the wounds, &c., or Ungnentum Zinci Carbonatis. Preparations. — Unguentum Zinci Carbonatis ; Zinci Acetas ; Zinci Oxidum. ZINCI CHLORIDUM CHLORIDE OF ZINC Synonyms. — Zinc Chloride ; Butter of Zinc' Mode of Preparation.— Take of Granulated Zinc . .16 ounces. Hydrochloric Acid . 44 fluid ounces. Solution of Chlorine . a suflSciency. Carbonate of Zinc . \ ounce, or a sufficiency. Distilled Water . . 1 pint. Put the zinc into a porcelain basin ; add by degrees the > Tuson's fluid disinfectant is an aqueous solution of zittc chloride impregnated with sulphurous acid gas (see Aeidvm Sul- phurosum). 318 VETERINAET PHAEMACOPffilA hydrochloric acid, previously mixed with the water ; and aid the action by gently warming it on a sand-bath until gas (hydrogen) is no longer evolved. Boil for half an hour, supplying the water lost by evaporation, and allow it to stand on a cool part of the sand-bath for twenty -four hours, stirring frequently. Filter the product into a gallon bottle, and pour in the solution of chlorine by degrees, with fre- quent agitation (to convert any ferrous chloride into ferric chloride), until the fluid acquires a permanent odour of the gas. Add the carbonate of zinc (to precipitate iron and lead, if present) in small quantities at a time, and with renewed agitation, until a brown sediment (ferric hydrate and lead peroxide) appears. Filter through paper into a porcelain basin, and evaporate until a portion of the liquid, withdrawn on the end of a glass rod and cooled, forms an opaque white solid (zinc chloride). Pour it now into proper moulds, and, when the salt has solidified, but before it has cooled, place it in closely stoppered bottles. Hydrochloric Zinc Zinc. Acid Chloride. Hydrogen. Zn + 2HC1 = ZnClj -I- Ha Characters and Tests. — Colourless opaque rods or tablets, very deliquescent and caustic ; almost entirely soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.. The watery solution gives a white precipitate (zinc sulphide) with ammonium sulphide, showing the presence of zinc ; also a white precipitate (silver chloride) with silver nitrate, indicating that the salt is a chloride ; if first acidulated with hydrochloric acid, it is not affected with sulphuretted hydrogen. Its aqueous solution should give no precipitate with barium chloride, showing the absence of sulphates ; or ammonium oxalate, showing the absence of calcium ; and should not be tinged blue by potassium ferro- or ferric cyanide, showing the absence of iron. Ammonia throws down a white precipi- VETEEINAKY PHAEMACOPCEIA 319 tate (zinc hydrate), entirely soluble in an excess of the reagent. Uses. — In the solid state, or in the form of concentrated solution, as a caustic and deodoriser in canker, quittor, foot- rot in sheep, fistulse, ill-conditioned wounds, phagedsenic ulcers, luxuriant granulations, &c. In the form of Liquor Zinci Chloridi it is applied to wounds as an astringent, stimulant, and antiseptic ; to the skin of horses and dogs as a parasiticide, and in eczema ; also as a ' dip ' or ' wash ' for killing ticks and preventing the attacks of the fly on sheep. For deodorising and disinfecting stables, manure heaps, &c. Preparation. — Liquor Zinci Chloridi. ZINCI OXIDUM OXIDE OF ZINC Synonym. — Zinc Oxide. Composition. — ZdO. Mode of Preparation. — Carbonate of zinc is exposed to a dull red heat in a loosely covered Hessian crucible, until a portion taken from the centre of the contents of the crucible and cooled no longer effervesces when dropped into dilute sulphuric acid, showing that the expulsion of carbonic anhydride is complete. Let the crucible cool, and transfer the product (zinc oxide) to a stoppered bottle. Zinc Zinc Carbonic Carbonate. Oxide. Anhydride. ZnCOs = ZaO + COj Characters and Tests. — Soft, nearly white, tasteless, and inodorous powder, becoming pale yellow when heated. Dissolves without effervescence in diluted nitric acid, show- ing absence of carbonate ; forming a solution which is 320 VETERINAKT PHAEMACOPffilA not affected by barium chloride, showing the absence of chlorides ; and gives with ammonium carbonate a white precipitate, zinc carbonate and hydrate, which dissolves entirely without colour (if iron be absent) in an excess of the reagent, forming a solution which gives a white preci- pitate (zinc sulphide) with ammonium sulphide, indicating the presence of zinc. Uses. — Externally : — Astringent and desiocant to icho- rous ulcers, excoriations, (fee. Mode of Application. — In the form of powder, and ointment. ZINCI SULPHAS SULPHATE OF ZINC Synonyms. — Zinc Sulphate ; White Vitriol, Composition. — ZnS04.7Aq. Mode of Preparation. — Take of Granulated Zinc . .16 ounces. Sulphuric Acid . DistUled Water . Solution of Chlorine Carbonate of Zinc 12 fluid ounces. 4 pints, a sufficiency. I ounce, or a sufficiency. Pour the sulphuric acid, previously mixed with the water on the zinc, contained in a porcelain basin, and, when effer- vescence (escape of hydrogen) has nearly ceased, aid the action by a gentle heat. Filter the fluid into a gallon bottle, and add gradually, with constant agitation, the solution of chlorine ' until the fluid acquires a permanent odour of chlorine. Add now, with continued agitation, carbonate of zinc,' until a brown precipitate (ferric hy- ^ The uses of the chlorine water and carbonate of zinc are ex- plained under Zinoi Chloridum. Sulphuric Zinc Zinc. Acid. Sulphate. Zn + H^SO, = ZnSO^ VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA 321 drate and lead peroxide) appears ; let it settle, filter the solution, evaporate till a pellicle forms on the surface, and set aside to crystallise. Dry the crystals (zinc sulphate) by exposure to the air on filtering paper placed on porous tiles. More crystals may be obtained by again evapo*- ratiiig the mother liquor. Zinc Hydrogen. + H2 In the act of crystallising, the salt acquires seven mole- cules of water. Characters and Tests. — Colourless, transparent, prismatic crystals, strongly resembling sulphate of magnesia, but with a metallic astringent taste. Its aqueous solution gives a white precipitate (zinc sulphide) with ammonium sulphide, indicating the presence of zinc, and a white precipitate (barium sulphate) with barium chloride, insoluble in nitric acid, showing that the salt is a sulphate. Its watery solu- tion should give no bluish black precipitate or coloration with tincture of galls, showing the absence of iron, and when acidulated with hydrochloric acid it should not be affected by sulphuretted hydrogen. After it has been boiled for a few minutes with a little nitric acid (to convert into ferric salt any ferrous compound that may be present), it should yield with ammonium hydrate a white precipitate (zinc hydrate), which is entirely soluble, without colour, showing absence of iron, in an excess of the reagent. Actions and Uses. — Internally : — In excessive doses, irritant poison ; in medicinal doses, astringent and tonic. Also emetic when given in sufficient quantity to the pig or dog. Externally : — Astringent, excitant, mild escha- rotic, and desiccant when applied to wounds, injected into sinuses, and in quitter. Y 322 VETEEINAKT PHAKMACOPOEIA Doses. — Tonic : — Horse, 1 to 2 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 3 drachms. — Sheep, 20 to 30 grains. — Pig, 10 to 20 grains. Dog, 2 to 5 grains. Emetic : — Pig, 30 to 50 grains. — Dog, 8 to 15 grains. Modes of Application. — Internally :— As a tonic, in the form of bolus or dissolved in water ; as an emetic, dissolved in tepid water. Externally : — In the state of powder or dissolved in water, the solution varying in strength from half an ounce to seven ounces of the salt to a pint of distilled water, according to the purpose for which the lotion is required. lacompatibles. — Alkalies and their carbonates ; lime- water ; acetate of lead ; nitrate of silver ; astringent vege- table infusion ; and milk. Antidotes. — Where possible, warm demulcent drinks, to promote the evacuation of the poison by vomiting. Preparation. — Zinoi Carbonas. ZINCUM GRANULATUM GRANULATED ZINC Composition. — An element, symbol Zn. Zinc of commerce is heated just sufficiently high to melt t, and the fused metal is poured in a thin stream into a essel containing about two gallons of cold water. The granulated zinc is to be removed from the water and dried. Preparations. — Liquor Zinci Chloridi ; Zinci Chloridum ; Zinci Sulphas. VETEEINAEY PHARMACOPEIA 323 ZINGIBER GINGER The scraped and dried rhizome of Zingiber officirude obtained from plants cultivated in the West Indies, India, and other countries. ITatural Order. — Zingiheracew. Composition. — Its medicinal properties are attributed to the volatile oil, which, according to Thrush, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and products of their oxidation. Characters. — Irregularly lobed decorticated pieces, three or four inches long, subcompressed, yellowish white, but not chalky, on the surface ; has a short mealy fracture, hot taste, and agreeable aroma. Powder yellowish-white. Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, and tonic. Given in flatulent colic and debility of the stomach and intestines ; also combined with cathartics to increase their activity and to prevent griping. Doses.— HoESE, 2 to 4 drachms. — Cattle, 2 to 6 drachms.— Sheep, ^ to 2 drachms. — Pig, ^ to 1 drachm. — Dog, 10 to 30 grains. Mode of Application. — In the form of bolus, or as Tinctura Zingiberis. Preparations. — Massa Aloes ; Syrupus Bhamni ; Tinc- tura Zingiberis. ■y 2 ADDENDA PHTSOSTIGMINA PHYSOSTIGMINE Synonym. — Eserine. Composition. — C i jHj 1N3O2- Mode of Preparation. — Obtained from tlie alcoholic extract of Calabar bean, by dissolving the extract in water, adding sodium bicarbonate, shaking the mixture with ether, and evaporating the ethereal Kquid. Characters and Tests. — An alkaloid which occurs in colourless or pinkish crystals, slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and in dilute acids. The aqueous solution when warmed with, or when shaken with, dilute solution of potash becomes red ; and when evaporated to dryness over a water-bath leaves a bluish residue, the acidified solution of which is beautifully dichroic, being blue and red. Action and Uses. — Hypodermically, as sulphate or salicylate of eserin ; the salicylate is preferable, as it keeps for a much longer period. For therapeutic action see Physostigmatis Semen. Doses. — Horse, 2 to 3 grains. — Dog, i^^to ^ of a grain. Hypodermically, one- half these doses. 328 ADDENDA EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS EXTRACT OF CALABAR BEAN Mode of Preparation. — Calabar Bean in No. 40 powder . . .1 pound Rectified Spirit . . . . . .4 pints. Macerate the bean for forty-eight hours with one pint of the spirit in a closed vessel, agitating occasionally ; then transfer to a percolator, and when the fluid ceases to pass add the remainder of the spirit, so that it may slowly per- colate through the powder. Subject the residue of the bean to pressure, adding the expressed liquor to the product of the percolation ; filter, distU off most of the spirit, and evaporate what is left in the retort by a water-bath to the consistence of a soft extract. Preparation.— Physostigmine or Eserine. Tlses. — See Physostigmatis Semen. APPENDIX SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTABY BODIES MENTIONED IN THIS "WOBK. Elementary Bodies. Symbols. Atomic Weights. Alntnininm , . . . . Al = 27 Antimony (Stibium) . . . . Sb = 120 Arsenic As = 75 Barimn Ba = 137 Bismuth Bi = 219 Boron B =11 Bromine Br = 80 Cadmium Cd = 112 Calcium Ca = 40 Carbon C =12 Chlorine CI = 35-5 Chromium Cr = 52'5 Copper (Cuprum) . . . . Cm = 63'5 Gold (Auinmi) An = 196-4 Hydrogen ...... H = 1 Iodine I = 127 Iron (Ferrum) Fe = 56 Lead (Plumbum) Pb - 207 Magnesium Mg = 24 Manganese Mn = 55 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) . . . Hg = 200 Nitrogen N =14 Oxygen "^ ^^ Phosphorus ^ =31 Platinum Pt = 195 Potassium (Kalium) . . . . K =39 Silver (Argentum) . . . . Ag = 108 Sodium (Natrium) . . . . Na = 23 Sulphur S =32 Tin (Stannum) Sn = 118 Zinc Zn = 65 332 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES "WEIGHTS AND MEASUBES OF THE BBITISH PHAEMACOPCBIA ' 1 Grain 1 Ounce 1 Pound oz. lb. ■WEIGHTS 16 ounces = 437'5 grains = 7000 MEASTIEES OF CAPACITY 1 Minim 1 Fluid Drachm 1 Fluid Ounce IPint 1 Gallon min. £1. drm. fl. cz. O. 0. 60 minims 8 fluid drachms 20 fluid ounces 8 pints MBASUEES OF LENGTH 1 line = j^r inch 1 inch = jgTjjgg second pendulum 12 inches = 1 foot 36 „ =3 feet = 1 yard Length of pendulum vibrating seconds of] mean time in the latitude of London, |-39"1393 inches in a vacuiun at the level of the sea RELATION OF MEASURES TO WEIGHTS 1 Minim is the measure of 0'91 grain of water 1 Fluid Drachm „ 54"68 grains of water 1 Fluid Ounce „ 1 ounce or 437'5 „ 1 Pint „ 1-25 pound or 8750'0 „ 1 Gallon „ 10 pounds or 70000-0 „ ' AltHongh the drachm of sixty grains is discarded by the Editors of the Jiritith Pharmacopoeia, the Author has retained it in the body of his work in consequence of its being a convenient, commonly employed, and well-known quantity in Veterinary Medicine. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 333 WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES OP THE ' METRICAL SYSTEM WEIGHTS 1 Milligramme = the thousandth part of one grm. or O'OOl grm. 1 Centigranmie = the hundredth „ O'Ol „ 1 Decigramme = the tenth „ 0-1 „ 1 Gramme = the weight of a cubic centimetre I'O „ of water at 4°C. 1 Decagramme = ten grammes „ lO'O grms. 1 Hectogramme = one hundred grammes „ lOO'O „ 1 Kilogramme = one thousand grammes „ lOOO'O , MEASUEES OF CAPACITY 1 Millilitre = 1 cub. centim. or the mea. of 1 grm. of water 1 Centilitre = 10 „ 10 grms. „ 1 Decilitre = 100 „ 100 „ 1 Litre = 1000 „ 1000 „ (1 kilo.) MEASURES OF LENGTH 1 Millimetre = the thousandth part of one metre, or 0-001 metre 1 Centimetre = the hundredth ,. O'Ol „ 1 Decimetre = the tenth „ O'l „ 1 Metre = theten-miUionth part ofa quarter of the meridian of the earth. KBLATION OF THE WEIGHTS OF THE BRITISH PHARMACOPOSIA TO THE METRICAL WEIGHTS 1 Pound = 453-5925 grammes 1 Ounce = 28-3495 1 Grain = 0-0648 334 WEIGHTS AND MBASUEES EELATION OJ" MEASURES OF CAPACITY OF THE BEITISH FEABMACOFCEIA TO THE METRICAL MEASUBES 1 GaUon = 4-543487 Utres 1 Pint =0-567936 „ or 567-936 cubic centimetres 1 Fluid Ounce = 0-028396 „ 28-396 1 Fluid Drachm = 0-003549 „ 3-549 1 Minim = 0-000059 „ 0-059 „ EBLATION OF THE METRICAI, WEIGHTS TO THE WEIGHTS OF THE BRITISH PHARMACOF(EIA 1 Milligramme 1 Centigramme 1 Decigramme 1 Gramme 0-015432 grains 0-15432 1-5432 15-432 1 Kilogramme = 2 lbs. 3 oz. 119-8 grs. or 15482-348 RELATION OF THE METRICAL MEASUBES TO THE MEASURES OF THE BRITISH PHAEMACOPCEIA 1 Millimetre 1 Centimetre 1 Decimetre 1 Metre 1 Cubic Centimetre = 0-03937 inches = 0-39371 „ = 8-93708 „ = 39-87079 „ or 1 yard 8-7 inches 15-432 grain-measures 1 Litre = 1 pint 15 oz. 2 drs. 11 m. or 15432-348 grain-measnies INDEX TO VETERINAKY MEDICINES ARKAKGED ACCOEDING TO THEIK ACTIONS AND USES INDEX TO VETERINARY MEDICINES Arramged according to their Actions and Z/set. AdheSlVes Qndluereo, to stick to) Agents employed to keep the edges of wounds together. CoUodium. I Emplastrum Piois. Collodium Flexile. I Alteratives (altera, to change) Medicines which gradually change the condition and function of organs from a diseased to a healthy state. Acidum Arseniosum. — Nitro-hydrochloricnm. dilutum. Antimonium Sulphuratnm. — Tartaratum. Argenti Nitras. Ferri lodidum. Hydrargyri Perchloridum. — Subchloridum. Hydrargyrum cum CretS. lodum. Liquor Arsenicalis. Oleum Morrhuse. Pilula Hydrargyri et Ferri. Potassa Sulphurata. Potassii lodidum. Pulvis Antimonialis. Sodse Bicarbonas. — Carbonas. exsiccata. Sodii Chloridum. Sulphur Sublimatum. Sulphuris lodidum. Tinctura lodi. Unguentum Hydrargyri. compositum. lodidi Eiibri. Nitratis. — lodi. compositum. — Sulphuris lodidi. Anaesthetics («, a, privative, and olo-fl7;TiKi{j, aistheticos, belonging to ataBiiffis, aisthSsis, or sensation).— Agents which cause insen- sibility to pain. ^ther. Cold water. Chloroform. Ice. Cocaine. 338 INDEX TO VETERINARY MEDICINES Anodynes (o, a, privative, and libvri, odiml, pain). — Agents which allay or diminish pain. ^ther. Enema Opii. Extractum Aconiti. — Hyoscyami. Hyoscyami Folia. Linimentnm Aconiti. — belladonnas. — Camphorse. — Chloralis Hydratis. — Chloroformi. — Opii. Opium. Spiritus ^theris. Antacids (Juiri, cmti, against, and acidut, acid) neutralise acidity. Spiritus .ffitheris Nitrosi. — Camphors. — Chloroformi. Syrupus Papaveria. Tinctura Aconiti. — Belladonnae. — Chloroformi composita. — Hyoscyami. — Opii. Unguentum Aconiti. — Gallffi. cum Opio. Unguentum Veratrise. Agents which Ammonise Carbonas. Calcis Carbonas. Calx. Creta Prsepafata. Liquor Ammonise. — Calcis. Saccharatus. Magnesia. Magnesise Carbonas. Mistura Cretse. Fotass£e Bicarbonas. — Carbonas. Sapo Durus. — Mollis. Sodffi Bicarbonas. — Carbonas. exsiccata. Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticns. Antemetics (avri, anti, against, and ^/leTmd, emetika, from ifiiu, emeo, I vomit). — Agents which check or allay vomition. Aoidum Carbolicum. — Hydrocyanicum. Bismuthi Subnitratis. Caryophyllum. Creasotum. Magnesia. Magnesise Carbonas. AnthelniintivS (ayn', anti, against, and tX/iivs, helming, a worm). — Agents which kill, expel, or prevent the return of worms. Aloes. Arecas Semlna. Cambogia. Cusso. Enema Aloes, — Btheris. — Quassias. Enema Sodii Chloridi. — Terebinthinae. Filix Mas. Kamala. Oleum Terebinthinse. Santonin. Sodii Chloridum. INDEX TO VETEEINART MEDICINES 339 Antidotes (ii/rf, anti, against, and 5'iSaiu, didomi, I give) Agents which counteract the injurious eflEects of poisons. AntilitMcS (avri, anti, against, and Xi'floj, lithos, a stone) Agents which dissolve or prevent the formation of calculi and urinary deposits. Acidum Hydroohloricum dilu- tum. — Nitrioum dilutum. Acidum Nitro-h3'drochloricnm dilutum. AntipBira/SiticS (avri, anti, against, and irapdiriros, paraiitot, a parasite). — Agents which prevent the attacks of, or destroy parasites. Sodffi Arsenias. Sulphur Sublimatum. Sulphuris lodidum. Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammo- niati. — Sulphuris. lodidi. Acidum Arseniosum. — Carbolioum. — Sulphurosum. Decootum Tabaci. Liquor Calcis Chloratse. Oleum Anisi. Sapo Durus. — Mollis. Antipsriodics (avrf, anti, against, and irfpioSos, periodos, a period). Agents which counteract periodicity in disease, eg. in inter- mittent fever. Acidum Arseniosum. Cinchonse Flavse Cortex. — Pallidse Cortex. — Eubrse Cortex. De^octum Cinchonae Flavffi. Liquor Arsenicalis. Liquor Arsenioi Hydrochlorici. — Sodii Arseniatis. Piper Nigrum. Quinise Sulphas. Sodii Salicylas. AntiphlOgisticS (avri, anti, against, and \4ya, pUegd, I bum).— Agents which counteract inflammation. See Sedatives. Antiseptics (kvTl, anti, against, and (TTjirriKiir, sep!!iiojt,putrefyirg). Agents which prevent, retard, or arrest putrefaction. Creasotum. Acidum Arseniosum. Aceticum dilutum. — Carbolioum. Sulphurosum. Cataplasma Fermenti. Cerevisias Fermentum. Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici. Liquor Acidi Carbolici. Sodii Chloridi. Zinci Chloridum. — Sulphas. z 2 340 INDEX TO VETEEINART MEDICINES Antispasmodics (acTf, anti, against, and airacriiSs, rpasmos, a spasm Agents which prevent or allay the irregular muscular contrac- tion called spasm or cramp. .Ether. Assafoetida. Belladonnas Folia. Cannabis Indica. Chloralis Hydras. Chlorodyne. Chloroformum. Cupri Sulphas. Enema Assafoetidae. — Tabaci. — Terebinthinas. Eztractum Belladonnas. Extractum Hyoscyami. Ipecacuanha. Spiritus .SItheris. Spiritns iEtheris Nitrosi. — Ammoniae Aromaticns. FcEtidus. — Chloroformi. Tinotura Asafoetidse. — Belladonnse. — Chloroformi composita. — Opii. Unguentum Belladonnae. Aperients (apei-io, to open). — Agents which act gently on the bowels, so as to cause mild purgation. See Laxatives. AromatlCS (api, ari, intensely, and Sfw, oxD, to smell). — Agents possessing an agreeable taste and odour. Mistura Cretae. Oleum Menthse Piperita. — Caryophylli. Pimenta. Piper Nigrum. Spiritus .Stheris Nitrosi. — Chloroformi. Tinotura Zingiberis. -Agents which lower the action of the heart Anethi Fructus. Carai Fructus. Casoarillae Cortex. Coriandri Fructus. Cumini Fructus. Enema Assafoetidas. Fenugreek. Infusum Digitalis. Arterial Sedatives- and of the vascular system. Digitalis and its preparations. | Plumbi Aoetas. Astringents {ad, to, and stringo, I bind). — Agents which cause a contraction of muscular tissue, promote the coagulation of albuminous fluids, and check secretion. Acetum. Acidum Carbolicum. — Gallicum. — Sulphuricum dilutum. — Tannicum. Alumen. Borax. Calcis Hydras. Calx. Catechu. — Pallidum. Chlorodyne. ' Cinchouae Flavs Cortex. Creasotum. Cupri Sulphas. Ferri Peroxidum humidum. INDEX TO VETERINASY MEDICINES 341 Aatrin^ents — continued. Ferri Sulphas. Galla. Gossypinm. Kino. Liquor Ferri Perohloridi fortior. — Plumbi Subacetatis. dilutus. Myrrha. Plumbi Acetas. — Carbonas. Qaercus Cortex. Sodii Chloridum. Tinctura Catechu. — Gallae. TJnguentum Gallae. et Opii. Zinoi Acetas. — Carbonas. — Oxidum. — Sulphas. Ice and other cold applications. Carminatives (^earmen, a verse or charm). — Agents which were formerly supposed to possess the power of charming away flatu- lency and pain in the alimentary canal. See Aromatics. Cathartics (^xaOa'pa, kathairo, I cleanse) Agents which excite the bowels to increased peristaltic action, and enable them to eject their contents. See Laxatives, Drastics, Hydragogues, and Cholagogues. Caustics (koios, kaio, I bum). — Agents which, by chemical action, destroy the parts to which they are applied. The more power- ful caustics produce an eschar (scab or crust), and are hence termed Eseharotics. Acidum Acetic am Glaciale. — Arseniosum. — Carbolicum. Hydrochlorioum. — Sulphuricum. Alumen exsiccatum. Argenti Nitras. Calx. Creasotum. Cupri Sulphas. Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum. Oxidum Rubrum. Hvdrargyri Perchloridum. Liquor Ammonise fortior. — Antimonii Chloridi. — Ferri Perchloridi fortior. — Hydrargyri Perchloridi. — Zinci Chloridi. Potassa Caustica. Soda Caustica. Tinctura Ferri PerchloridL — lodidi composita. Zinci Chloridum. Cholagogues, Ckolagogue Purgative/ (xo\-ll, eh^^e, bile, and iyuyis, agogos, an eipeller)— Agents which have the reputation of in- 342 INDEX TO VETEEINAKT MEDICINES creasing the secreting power of the liver and the flow of bile into the intestines. It is probable, however, that they simply cause an emptying of the gall-bladder. They also induce purgation. Aloes. I Hydrargyrum cum CretS. Hydrargyri Subohloridum. I Corrosives.— See Caustics. Couaterirritants.— See Irritants. Demulcents (demuleeo, to soften). — See Emollients. Deobstraents (de, from, and dbstnio, I stop up). — Agents which remove any obstruction in the body. Cambogia. I Magnesias Sulphas. Iodine. I Potassii lodidum. Deodorisers (de, from, and odor, & scent). — Agents which absorb or decompose fetid effluvia. See Antiseptics and Disinfectants. Desiccants (desieco, to dry up) Agents which dry up mucous dis- charges and purulent secretions from ulcers and wounds. Plnmbi Acetas. — Subacetas. Unguentum Plnmbi Acetatis. Subacetatis. Calcis Carbonas. — Hydras. Calx. Catechu. Greta Preeparata. Liquor Calcis. Magnesise Carbonas. — Potassae Sulphurats. — Zinci. Zinci Oxidum. Diaphoretics (jSia^pia, dHarpJumo, to throw ofi). — Agents which increase the action of the skin, and produce sweating, but in a milder degree than sndorifics. Disinfectants (dis, indicating separation, snd vnfici», I infect). — Agents which render infectious matter inert. Acidum Arseniosum. — Carbolicum. — Nitricum. — Sulphurosum. Calx Chlorata. Carbo Ligni. Cataplasms Calcis Chloratse. — Carbonis. Liquor Caleis Chloratse. Potassse Permanganas. Vapor Chlori. Zinci Chloridum. INDEX TO VETERINARY MEDICINES 343 Diuretics (Sid, Ma, through, and oiipEoi, oureo, I make water). — Agents which cause an increased secretion and discharge of urine. Colchioi Cormus. — Semina. Digitalis Folia. Extractum Digitalis. Liquor Ammoniee Acetatis. Magnesiee Sulphas. Oleum Terebinthiuffi. Pix Burgundica. Potassse Acetas. — Bioarbonas. Potassse Carbonas, — Chloras. — Nitras. Besina. Sodas Acetas. — Bioarbonas. — Carbonas. Spiritus .astherfs Nitrosi. Terebinthina Canadensis. Tinctura Digitalis. Drastic Purgatives (Spao-Ti/ciSs, drasUkos, efiective, powerful).— Violent cathartics, which produce speedy and copious eva- cuations. Cambogia. Jalapa. Oleum Crotouis. Oleum Terebinthinae. Rhamni Succus. Terebinthina Canadensis. Ecbolics (Ik, ek, out of, and ^iWa, lalh, I throw).— Agents which cause the uterus to contract and expel its contents. Ergota. I Infusum Ergotse. Emetics QixfTMi, enwtika,' from i/x^a,, emeo, I vomit — Agents which cause vomition. Antimonium Tartaratum. Zinci Acetas. Cupri Sulphas. — Sulphas. Ipecacuanha. .Emollients (emolUo, to soften) — Agents which soften the part to which they are applied, and diminish irritation. When used internally to protect the mucous membranes of the alimentary canal from the action of irritants, they are termed Demulcents. Acacias Gummi. Adeps Praeparatus, Albumen Ovi. Amylum. Cera Flava. CoUodium. — Flexile. Glycerinum. Infusum Lini. Lini Farina. — Semina. Mucilago Acaoiae. Oleum Olivae. Sevum Praeparatum. 344 INDEX TO VETEEINART MEDICINES EpispasticS (incrirda, epispao, to draw to) Agents which, when applied to the skin, produce a vesicle or blister. Acetum Cantharidis. Acidum Aceticum Glaciale. Cantharis. Linimentum Cantharidis. Limmentum Crotonis. Mylabris. TJnguentum Cantharidis. — Mylabridis; EscharotlCS (fo-xapia, escharoo, to scab over). — See Canstics. Excitants (exoitaris, exciting, stimulating) See Stimulants. Febrifuges {feiris, a fever, and fugn, to drive away). — Agents which moderate or abate the violence of fevers. HsmatilllCS (aliniTOia, hcematina, the red colouring matter of the blood) Preparations of iron, which increase the number of red corpuscles in the blood. Cambogia. Ferri Carbonas Saccharata. — lodidum. — Peroxidum humidum. Ferri Sulphas. Manganesii Oxidum Nigrum. Pilula Hydrargyri et Ferri. Heemostatics (oT/io, haima, blood, and ariais, stadi, a standing) See Styptics. Hydrag^OglieS {SSap, hudor, water, and ayu'y6s, agSgos, expeller). — Cathartics which have the power of causing a very large secre- tion of fluid from the mucous membrane of the intestines. Hypnotics (Swos, hv^pnos, sleep) See Narcotics. Irritants (irnto, to excite) — Agents which stimulate and irritate the skin or other parts to which they are applied. See deriva- tives. Rubefacients, Epispastics, and Pustulants. Laxatives {laxo, to loosen). — Mild cathartics. Aloes. Oleum Eioini. Jalapa. Potassse Sulphas. Magnesia. Rhamui Succus. Magnesise Carbonas. Khei Radix. — Sulphas. Sodse Sulphas. Oleum Lini. Sulphur Sublimatum — Olivae. Theriaca. INDEX TO VETEEINAET MEDICINES 345 LithontriptiCS (xfSoj, UtTws, a stone, and rpi&a, tribo, to rub down) See Autilithics. Narcotics (vdpKri, narks, stupor') — Agents which allay pain and produce sleep. Chloroformum. I Tinctura Opii. Opium. I Kutritives (nutria, to nourish). — Agents which facilitate the assimilative process, and improve the condition of the tissues. Oleum Lini. I Oleum Olivas. — Morrhuje. I Sevum Preeparatum. Purgatives (purgo, to cleanse).— See Cathartics. Fustulants (tSoj/, puon, pus). — Agents which, when applied to the skin, prdduce a pustule. Antimonium Tartaratum. I Oleum Crotonis. Argenti Nitras. I Hefrigerants (refngero, to cool) Agents which diminish heat, lower the circulation, and quench thirst. Aoetum. Acidum Hydrochloricum dilu- tum. — Nitricum dilutum. — Sulphurioum dilutum. Ammonii Chloridum. Fotassse Chloras. — Nitras. — Permanganas. Liquor Ammonise Acetatis. Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi. Hesolvents (resolvo, I unloose). — Agents having the power to dis- solve or relax. Hubefacients (rube/ado, to make red). — Agents which, when applied to the skin, irritate and redden it. Acetum Cantharidis. Linimentum Ammonise. Cataplasma Sinapis. compositum. Hydrargyri Perohloridi. Linimentum Camphoraa Compo- lodum. situm. Liquor Ammonise (weak solu- Oleum Terebinthinse. tion). 346 INDEX TO VETERINARY MEDICINES Sedatives (tedo, to allay).^ — Agents which depress nervous power without previously exalting it. Acidum Carbolicum. — Hydrcjcyanieum dilutum. Aconiti Folia. — Radix. Antimonii Oxidum. Antimonium Tartaratum. BelladonnEe Folia. Camphora. Colohioi Cormus. • — Semina. Creasote. Digitalis Folia. Bxtractum Aconiti. — Belladonnse. SialagOgues {