CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY F 159S4'C88""'"'"'"""-"'"^ ^'^'iniiKiiiimii&'iSimSi'ii '*^""- *'*'' '"" 0"* olin 3 1924 028 86T027' Cornell University Library The original of tinis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924028864027 ^^mu^ HISTORY OF SCRANTON, PENN. WITH FULL OUTLINE OF THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES, ACCOUNTS OF THE INDIAN TRIBES, EARLY SETTLEMENTS, CONNECTICUT'S CLAIM TO THE WYOMING VALLEY, THE TRENTON DECREE, MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND TRANSPORTATION INTERESTS, THE PRESS, CHURCHES, SOCIETIES, ETC., ETC., DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME. ILLUSTRATED. .A "'^/, PUBLISHED FOR H. W. CREW BY THE lA^ *(^ :D BRETHREN PUBLISHING HOUSE, ''^ Dayton, Ohio. , ■ | | / [ \' •- 1891. Copyright, 1891, BY Harvey W. Crew. PREFACE, This "History of Scraxton" has been written by Rev. David Craft, of Lawrence- ville, Pennsylvania, W. A. Wilcox and Hon. Alfred Hand, of Scranton, Pennsylvania, and J. Wooldridge, A. M., of Cleveland, Ohio. The intelligent people of Scranton, who are interested in works of this kind, and in this work in particular, need not to have Rev. Mr. Craft introduced to them. He is the author of a very acceptable "History of Bradford County, Pennsylvania," and is an accurate and enthusiastic historian. The chapters in this work written by him are Chapters I., II., III., IV., V., VI., and VII., with the exception of page 103. By those who read critically this portion of the work and carefully compare it with other works covering the same field, there will be found statements of facts in Mr. Craft's portion of the " History of Scranton " which can not be reconciled with statements in the other .works; but in such cases, as well as in those cases wherein Mr. Craft agrees with other writers, he is fully sustained by authentic sources of information; hence his history may be relied upon as true. It will also be observed by the readers of these first seven chapters of the book that many events are related that are far from being creditable to the ancient dignitaries of the proud commonwealth of Pennsylvania who were actors therein; and while these occurrences are thus conscientiously related it should not be inferred that the narration is a source of pleasure to the writer. Far from it. It is a source of mortification to be thus compelled to perform a painful duty to posterity. But it should likewise be born in mind that the events referred to are remote; that the main actors, and their immediate descendants as well, have long since passed oflf the stage of action. For this reason they will not, so far as we know, suffer from wounded pride or wounded feelings in perusing the records of unjust deeds. Then, too, injustice did not terminate with the settlement of the difficulties connected with the claim of Connecticut to the Wyoming Valley. With reference to acts and deeds of this kind committed in the immediate past, the actors themselves being still on earth and in many cases honestly striving to retrieve characters and fortune it frequently seems to be the duty of the historian to maintain a judicious silence; for he is not precisely in the position of the judge, who is from the relation VI PREFACE. he sustains to society in duty bound t CONTENTS. XV CHAPTER XVI. EDUCATIONAL. Early Education — Early Teachers and Schonlhouses — Proprietors' School Fund — Trustees of the Fund— Frame Schoolhouse — Hyde Park Schools — Providence Schools — Scranton Schools — Board of Control — Teachers, Wages, Etc — Superin- tendent of City Schools — Statistics — School Property — School of the Lackawanna — St. Mary's Parochial School — St. Mary's Academy — Wood's Business CoUeire. 377 CHAPTER XVII. CHVRCH HISTORY. First Baptist Minister, Elder William Bishop — The Parsonage Lot Described — First Meeting House — First Baptist Church Organization — Its Edifices — First Welsh Baptist Church — Penn Avenue Baptist Church — Welsh Baptist Church of Providence — Jackson Street Baptist Church — First German Baptist Church — Providence Baptist Church — Methodism — William Colbert — Bishop Francis Asbury — First Methodist Meetinghouse — Elder Owen — Pittston Circuit — First Methodist Episcopal Church of Providence — First Methodist Episcopal Church of Scranton — Rogers Memorial Chapel — First German Methodist Episcopal Church — First Methodist Episcopal Church, Hyde Park — Green Ridge Metho- dist Episcopal Church — Bellevue Bethany Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church — Hampton Street Methodist Episcopal Church — First Presbyterian Church — Second Presbyterian Church — Welsh Presbyterian Church — Washburn Street Presbyterian Church — First German Presbyterian Church — Green Ridge Pres- byterian Church — Providence Presbyterian Church — Catholic Churches — St. Luke's Episcopal Church — St. David's Episcopal Church — Reformed Episcopal Church — Church of the Good Shepherd — Welsh Congregational Church — Ply- mouth Congregational Church — Providence Christian Church — Church of God — Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity — German Evangelical Church — Christian Science Societies — Hebrew Congregations — Young Men's Christian Association — The Salvation Army 421 CHAPTER XVIII. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. First Poorhouse — Hillside Farm — Incorporation — Officers — Lackawanna Hospital — Moses Taylor Hospital — Home for the Friendless — School for Deaf Mutes — The Post Office — The United States Building 486 CHAPTER XIX. MEDICAL HISTORY. First Physician, Dr. Joseph Sprague —- William Hooker Smith — Joseph Davis — David Seaver — B. H. Throop — W. H. Pier — Nehemiah Hanford — H. Hollister — Henry Roberts — John B. Sherrerd — Silas M. Wheeler — William E.- Rogers — Xvi HISlOKY Of SCHAIJTON. PAGE- B. A. Bouton — Jonathan Leavitt — Augustus Davis — George B. Boyd — William H. Heath — R. A. Squire — S. B. Sturdevant — William Edward Allen — Wil- liam Frothingham — John Wilson Gibbs — John Wilson Gibbs, Jr — Charles Marr — A. F. Marsh — W. W. Gibbs — Horace Ladd — D. B. Hand — ?«'. Y. Lee* — I. F. Everhart — M. Z. Albro — H. V. Logan — Lowell M. Gates— W. I^- Dolan — Louis H. Gibbs — E. A. Heermans — David A. Capwell — A. 0. Connell — Furman B. Gulick— P. F. Gunster — Ludwig Wehlau — Clarence L. Frey — H. D. Gardner — C. H. Fisher— William A. Paine — John Burnett — G. Edgar Dean — Mrs. Mary 0. Nivison — J. E. O'Brien"— Henry C. Comegys — Scranton Medical Society — Lackawanna County Medical Society — Scranton Medical Club — A. P. Gardner — Charles A. Stevens — F. D. Brewster — H. B. Ware — H. F. Heilner — Charles A. Arthur — S. C. Ross — John W. Coolidge — Albert A. Lind- abury — F. W. Lange — Homeopathic Medical Society 505 CHAPTER XX. SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. General Remarks- First Lodge of Masons in Scranton — Other Local Lodges, Com- manderies, and Associations — Independent Order of Odd Fellows — First Lodge in Scranton — Other Lodges, Encampments, and Associations — Knights of Pythias — Ancient Order of Foresters — Patriotic Order Sons of America — Knights of Labor — Sons of St. George — Welsh Philosophical Society — Vesper Literary Association — Other Secret Societies — Lackawanna Bible Society — Lackawanna Scientific and Historical Society — Green Ridge Library Association — Persever- ance Club — Forest Hill Cemetery Association — Petersburg Catholic Cemetery — Other Cemeteries 531 CHAPTER XXr. BENCH AND BAR. Connecticut Jurisdiction— Town Meetings — Code of 1773 — Westmoreland County- Pennsylvania Jurisdiction — Compromise Act of 1799 — Luzerne County— Mayor's Courts of Carbondale and Scranton — Lackawanna County— Judge Bentley's Court — Lists of Judges and Lawyers — United States Courts 555 History of Scr anion. CHAPTER I. NA TVRAL AD VAXTAOKS. Scranton's Phenomenal Growth — Its Faotors — Its Location and JClevation— The Lacka- wanna River and Its Tributaries — The Topography of the Surrounding Country — Mineral Resources— Geology of the District — The Glacial Formation — Glacial Phenomena— Original Flora of this Region - Traditions Respecting the Existence of Gold and Silver Valueless — First Mining Operations- Iron Ore Utilized — Saline Beds — Ancient Fauna of this Region. THE recent riipid growth of the city of Scrautoii in population, in wealth, and in the variety- and extent of its manufacturing interests, has been phenomenal. In a little more than a quarter of a century, from a rural hamlet, it has become a city of more than eighty thousand inhabitants, and the few quiet homes nestled in its valleys and upon its hillsides have given place to the busy activity of a hundred indus- tries, affording remunerative employment to thousands, and developing the energies and resources of its people, until, by common consent, it is now the metropolis of JSTortheastern Pennsylvania. The factors to this remarkable growth are the boundless courage, the indomitable perseverance, the readiness to utilize every practical idea, and the liberality of spirit in its business men, together with the advantages of its location and environment, and the abundance of its natural resources. Situated in a valley of picturesque beauty, in the eastern part of the great northern anthracite coal field of Pennsylvania, with a healthful climate, and surrounded by a thrifty agricultural community, it possesses peculiar natural advantages. By rail, it is one hundred and fifty miles from the city of ITew York, one hundred and fifty-seven from Philadelphia, and three hundred and seventeen from Pittsburg — a suflicient distance to prevent its being overshadowed by these older and larger business centers, and yet near enough for easy access to each. Its location, therefore, aflbrds unusual commercial advantages for an inland city. 2 17 18 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. It is a little west of the geographical center of Lackawanna' County, of which it is the county seat, and on both sides of the Lack- awanna River, which enters the northeastern corner of the county and flows in a southwesterly direction across the entire breadth of it, emp- tying into the Susquehanna River a short distance below the county line. The courthouse, which is located nearly in the center of what was formerly Scranton Borough, as ascertained in 1885 by the United States coast and geodetic survey, is in latitude forty-one degrees, twenty-four minutes, and twenty-nine seconds north; and in longitude seventy-live degrees, thirty-nine minutes, and forty-seven seconds west from Greenwich; and it is seven hundred and forty-five feet above sea level. Situated within the belt ot variable winds, with a preponderance of northwesterly currents, and in the zone of frequent rains, the climate is not subject to extremes of either temperature or humidity, but is salubrious and healthful. The Lackawanna, which takes its rise among the hills of Susque- hanna County, is a bright, clear stream of sparkling spring water, and until corrupted by the inflow of mine water and city sewage, abounded in numerous varieties of fish, and in the early day swarmed especially with fine brook trout. The descriptions given of it by aged people, who remembef it in its primeval beauty, are of a stream larger than at present, flowing musically over its gravel or rocky bed, now hiding itself in tangled thicket of laurel and brushwood, — favorite haunts of deer and moose,— now dancing in the sunshine — everywhere bright, and cbeerful, and beautiful. Although deprived of much of its pristine loveliness, it is beautiful still, until its waters are blackened by the wash of the coal, or made offensive to the sight by the sulphur of the mines and the sewage of the city. It flows with a rapid current and a tortuous course the entire length of the city,— a distance of about five miles,— and is about fifty feet in width. It is bordered a part of the way by the rich meadows of Capoose (or Capouse), and in other parts by steep, rugged, rocky banks, from forty to sixty feet in height, and not only adds to the beauty and variety of the topog- raphy of the city, but affords fine facilities for a most complete system of drainage. The Lackawanna has several tributaries within the city limits. 'The county derives its name from the Lackawanna River, its principal stream which IS a corruption of the Delaware Indian name, Lechammh-lumnek, abbreviated to Lechau-hannel, signifying the forks of a stream. Zeisberger spells it L'chau-Mnne ' Like all aboriginal names, the early writers spelled it in a variety of ways. The Iroquois name was Hazirok. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 19 Leggett's Gap Creek,' coming down from the Abingtoii hills on the west, a music-loving stream of beautiful cascades, or gliding with a joyful song down pebbly slopes, or breaking over outcropping rocks, has in the lower part of its course cut for itself a deep channel through the soft shales, full of romantic beauty even now after the hand of man, in making a pathway for himself through its water- worn glen, has smoothed out many of its rough places and improved much of its rugged scenery. From the carriage road there are yet many views of great picturesqueness and beauty. From tiiis stream the northern part of the city derives its water supply, the reservoirs adding greatly to the variety of the landscape as one climbs the hills toward the source of this stream. On the east. Roaring Brook and Stafford Meadow Brook^ are mountain streams coming down from the gaps gashed in the western slope of Pocono, even now in places through thickly tangled brush- wood or deeply-shaded gorge, opening out here and there into scenes of rare attractiveness and pleasing variety of outlook. Nay Aug^ Falls on the Roaring Brook, just within the city limits, is a charmingly beau- tiful cascade, or series of cascades, and the mountain glen surroundino- them is an attractive resort in summer time, on account of its deli- ciously cool shade and laughter-loving waters; and in -the winter also, with its fantastically fashioned ice pillars and bridges. Further up the stream are the reservoirs from which is obtained the city's supply of water. The Delaware. Lackawanna & Western Railroad follows the Roaring Brook valley nearly to its source. In topographical contour there is within the city limits great variety of lowland, upland, and hillside. This was formerly more strikingly marked than at present, the hills having in many places been used to fill up the valleys in grading the streets. In the north- ern part of the city, on the west side of the river. Main Avenue follows the ceuter of a plateau, or terrace, breaking ofl' in a steep bluff from thirty to forty feet in height from the Lackawanna, and rising to the westward to the hills that bound Leggett's Gap; while on the opposite side of the river the land is much lower, and the ascent to the hills which bound the vallej' more gradual. The Providence Street railway crosafes the Capoose Meadows, now 1 Named in honor of James Leggett, an early settler. ^ Named in honor of Captain John Stafford. " It has been said that this is an aboriginal name ; if so, it would be derived from Ne (the) and Auchsin (rocks), or Na (three) and Auchsin, and is equivalent to tlie rocks, or the triple rocks or triple falls. 20 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. known as Tripp's Flatts, lying on the west bank of the river, a sti-etch of nearly level flat of deep, rich, alluvial soil, well adapted to agricul- tural purposes and eagerly' sought for b}' the early settlers. The old Sorantou race course is on these grounds, and the Diamond Mines are upon its western border. On this flat, Dr. Plollister, whose antiquarian researches have made him an authority on Lackawanna history, thinks were the evidences of an ancient Indian town. Several apple trees' of great age were standing upon this site wlien the whites first came upon it, one of which was, by vote of the town, made the sign post for the town of New Providence. A quarter of a mile up the river on the high bank of the Lackawanna, was their burial phice, long since obliterated by the cultivation of the spot by the whites.^ South of this flat the bank rises in a steep hillside, on which is Hyde Park. On this bench, or plateau, was the principal part of Hyde Park Borough. Opposite Capoose Meadow and Hyde Park, on the east side of the river the bank is steep and rocky, and in the rear of this is the principal, or largest, section of the city. Where the courthouse stands was formerly a low, marshy section, called in the early days, "Tamarack Swamp," and later the "Frog Pond." This has been tilled up, and upon it are located some of the handsomest buildings in the city. In excavating for the foundations of some of these build- ings, it has been necessary to go to a depth of thirty feet, before solid earth was reached. South of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad the surface slopes off to a low flat, which has a variety of local names, but is now commonly called the "South Side." The hills surrounding the city rise to a height of several hundred feet. Their lower slopes are being rapidly intersected with streets, and laid out in building lots, to meet the wants of the fast increasing population of the growing city. Scranton, however, owes more to its almost exhaustless mineral resources than to its geographical position. The northern anthracite coal field, the largest known in the world, underiying an area of four hundred and eighty square miles, is in the trough of the far-famed Wyoming Valley, reaching from Forest City, hi Susque- hanna County, to Shickshin^iy, in Luzerne County, a distance of fifty miles in nearly a southwesteriy direction, with a maximum breadth of five and a half miles. This valley, as it appears on the ^The Jesuit missionaries introduced apple trees and taught tlie Iroquois ^ Andastes to plant orchards as early as 1635. ^History of Luzerne, Lackawanna, and Wyoming counties, page 382. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 21 map, is crescent-shaped, witli its convex side toward the soutlieast, the mountains forming the walls joining and coalescing at its extremity. The range on the southeast is called the Moosic or Wyoming mountains, with various local names, while that on the nothwest is called the Lackawanna or Shickshinny mountains. The north hrancli of the Susquehanna River hreaks through this range about midway of its length, at Coxton, and follows the valley to its lower extremity. The Lackawanna enters the valley at Forest City, and falls into the Susquehanna at Coxton. The southeastern half of the county is a wilderness plateau of horizontal Pocono sandstone strata two thousand feet above tide water, traversed by deep ravines of Catskill red rocks, drained by Spring Brook, Roaring Brook, and smaller streams, through gaps in the Wyoming mountains into the valley of the Lackawanna. The northwestern wall, the Lackawanna mountains, is of steeply dipping Pocono rocks with a terrace of conglomerate running along its face, beautifully sculptured into a series of triangles by the drainage from the crest. Opposite Providence, Blakely, and Carbondale, tiie mountain is gaped by s.iiall streams. The county behind it, constituting Benton, Abington, Greeniield, Scott, J^ewton, and Ransom townships, is a wide and elevated anticlinal valley of Catskill formation, mostly drained northwestwardly by the Tunkhannock into the Susquehanna River. This river forms the western boundary of Lackawanna County for about seven miles, and aHords goods sections of nearly horizontal Catskill and Pocono rocks, growing steeper down stream, and standing in bold cliffs at Campbell's Ledge in the gap at Pittston, where the valley narrows down to less than a mile in w^dth. Here the lowest pebbly beds of the conglomerate have under them a rtimarkable black shale, live feet in thickness, full of fossil plants, and six species of fossil insects belonging to the genera Miarnia, Haphplebium, Euphemerites, Qereblaitina and Anhymilacris. Mr. Lacoe, of Pittston, found Spirorbis Carbonarius shells attached to many of the plants, and obtained also a few poorly preserved shells from the lower layers of the shale. Beneath the shale lies a three-foot sandstone and then one hundred and fifty feet of Mauch Chunk flagstone layers, and greenish sandy shales without a trace of the usual red shales. The Pocono here measures three hundred and fifty-three feet, with massive gray sandstone one hundred feet thick at the top. At the bottcmi is a beautifully ripple-marked massive gray sandstone thirty feet in thickness, having very large quartz pebbles ar its base, lying on a hundred feet of soft green shale; and fifty-five feet above it the white Griswold Gap conglomerate forty-five feet thick, the upper layers of which have been extensively quarried in Ransom town- 22 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. ship for public buildings. Alternations of three hundred feet of Pocoao and Catskill underlie it, and beneath these, twelve hundred and thirty- one feet of typical Catskill have been measured along the river to the crown of the arch near the west corner of Ransom township. The Lackawanna coal basin holds only three hundred and seven feet of coal measures with a total of twenty feet of coal at the northeast end; two hundred and eighty-two feet of measures with thirteen feet of coal at Carboudale; six hundred and thirty-three feet of measures with sixty-seven feet of coal at Scranton; and eight hundred and sixteen feet of measures with eighty-five feet of coal further west. The floor of the great trough rolls so as to subdivide it into several sub-basins. The rolls issue from the southeast side and run diagonally westward, dying out against the noi-thwest side. The details of work in the several collieries will be given in subsequent chapters of tliis volume. The whole of this country is covered with glacial drift, and the surface rocks are scratched by ice, which must have been at least two thousand feet thick to pass over the valley and cover the great high- lands to the south of it; but the drift in the valley itself is made up mostly of native fragments, very few pieces from New York or JSTew England being found. While in a work like the present we cannot enter into a discus- sion of the origin and formation of coal, or the theories which attempt to account for the glacial period, but must content ourselves with referring the reader for discussions on these subjects to some standard work on geology, and particularly to the extended and complete geo- logical survey of our own State, yet so' much of the topography of Scranton and vicinity is due to glacial action, that our description will be incomplete without a brief reference thereto. The commonly received opinion is that in the age immediately preceding the advent of man upon the earth, the entire northeast portion of this continent was covered with one vast sheet of ice, or glacier formation, to a depth nearly equal to the height of the loftiest mountains, extending over much of Northampton, and all of Monroe, Lackawanna, and Luzerne counties. This was not a merely stationary ice covering, like the frozen surface of a lake, but the slow, steady, irresistible onflow of a great ice stream, or rather, of a series of ice streams, each of great breadth and volume, like currents flowing side by side in a great river. One of these streams, coming from the Mohawk Valley, in New York State, crossed Wayne County and fol- lowed the Lackawanna Valley as far as Berwick. This onward flow was continuous and united, the motion of its upper strata being unin- NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 23 fluenced by the topographical features of the country. Its depth in Lackawanna County was probably between two tliousand and two thousand, five hundred feet'. The genera! direction of this great ice river was southwesterly, varying somewhat witli the general contour of tlie country. At Scranton it has been ascertained by the stria' left upon the rocks that its course was south, fifty-three degrees west. In this movement it plowed up and pushed before it a great mass of rock, boulders, and soil, called the terminal moraine, because it marks the southern limit of the glacier. Besides this, it rolled under its ponder- ous feet other masses of detritus, pebbles, boulders, and earth, witii which it scoured the rocks over which ir passed, leaving upon them the marks of its progress, in the shape of stri;e, or scratches, its own holograph, to tell future ages of its existence and its work. As the generally increasing heat which followed melted the ice, the southern limit began to recede northward, leaving behind it this great terminal moraine, but scattering the vast accumulations of detritus borne upon its bosom over its entire pathway. While the moraine crosses the lower edge of Luzerne County, the drift and "till" borne by the glacier are scattered all over Lackawanna County, and were abundant within the city limits. Among other glacial phenomena are long hummocky ridges of stratified sand and gravel, called kames and terraces. At Scranton a terrace rises nearly one hundred feet above tlie river. About five miles below, it is divided into two flat-topped terraces, tlie upper one of. which is much the higher. Both terraces have sharp escarpments, and appear to have been cut through by successive diminutions of volume in the rivei'. Apart fi»om the terraces is a peculiar ridge of stratified material running neai'ly parallel with the river, and which appears in the center of the vallejy, sometimes in front and sometimes in the rear of the terraces. At Scranton on the east side of the river, this ridge rises some sixty five feet above the terrace and contains irregular depressions or "kittle-holes." Below Moosic the ridge rises nearly two hundred feet above the river, and is seen both above and below Taylorville, where good sections are exposed. Under date of February 25, 1884, in a communication to the Scranton Bepublican, mention is made of a pot- hole, near Winton & Dolph's mines, at the upper falls of Laurel Run, one and a half miles from Archbald. ■ No stria; nor drift lias been found on Mount Ararat, twenty-six hundred feet, or Sugar Loaf, two thousand four hundred and fifty feet, above tide; but they are abundant on elevations two thousand feet above tide. 24 SiSTORY OP SCRANTON. It should not be forgotten that the numerous small lakes, said to be more than thirty in number, six of which are within fifteen miles of Scranton, and many peat bogs found in the outlying country, owe their origin to glacial action. In many cases they are surrounded with heaps of drift which have obstructed the course of small streams, con- stituting a basin in which a lake or a bog has been formed. In other cases they are true "kittle-holes" in kame-like ridges of stratified mate- rial. Of the peat-bogs, one of the most interesting was in the Tamarack Swamp, and exposed when the excavations were made for the foun- dations of the courthouse, where the alteration of a portion of the peat has produced a black, homogeneous, elastic jelly, hardened into a coal-like substance, the very coal in its incipiency.' North and northwest of Scranton the country is broken and diversified. It has been described as a "labyrinth of parallel and inter- locked mountains and valleys of the Devonian and Silurian ages, and covered with a mantle of glacial drift." There are gentle hills, high mountains, and fertile valleys, a rich farming and grazing countrj^, from which the markets of New York, as well as Scranton and the coal valley, are largely supplied. Twenty miles to the northeast from Scran- ton rise the Twin Elk Hills, named by the Indians, "Maiden's Breasts," the highest land in Northeastei-n Pennsylvania, if not in the State, — twenty-seven hundred and fifty feet above tide-water, interesting on account of the evidences of glacial action in the striae marks on their very summits. Originally the Lackawanna Valley, as well as the mountains that bound it, was heavily timbered with pine, hemlock, and spruce. These in the valley have disappeared, giving place in some instances to dwarfed, deciduous forest trees. On the hillsides may be seen patches of gnarled oak and chestnut, while on the broad plateau of the Pocono may be found "occasional tracts — all too few at the present day — of the primeval forest, their dark,, cool shades lighted up by the torches of rhododendron flowers in June and July. I have particularly in mind Lehigh Pond, surrounded by a Sphagnum, bog and a large tract of the virgin forest. In the cold Sphagnum are the heaths, orchids, and sedges of Labrador and Northern Europe, here almost on their southern limit. Such are the Kabnia glauca (pale Laurel), Ledum latifolium (Labrador tea), Andromeda polifolia, Carex limosa, and Carex mageUanica (sedges). In the half light of the forest borderin- on crumbling trunks of fallen trees, under tall pines, spruces, and fragrant ' Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Series Z. liTAfURAL ADVANTAGES. 25 balsams, spring the pink Ozallis, the odd Indian cucumber, the pappoose flower {Trillium ereetum), and dusky orchids like Habenaria orbiculata (round-leaved orchis) Habenaria hookeri (two-leaved orchis), the coral root {Corallorhiza innata), and the pink Moccasin flower (Lady's slipper, Cypripedium acaule). This plateau in its undisturbed tracts, is remarkable for the preponderance of northern plants, some of which here find their southern limits."' The trees — forest, fruit, and ornamental — with the shubbery and small fruits, vegetables, grasses, and grains common to our latitude, are successfully cultivated. Numerous traditions of the existence of mines of lead, copper, and the precious metals, known by the Indians to exist in various portions of the Wyoming Valley, have been told in all seriousness, as if they were ascertained facts. The suspicion of the Shawanese of Count Zin- zindorf, is said to have arisen from the fact that he pitched his tent over a silver mine. Other stories have been told of a carefully hidden sprinj-, from whose agitated waters gold was strained out. Indeed there is hardly a locality in the entire valley where there is not concealed some precious deposit of untold and fabulous wealth. "It is hardly needtul to say that all reports of their existence here must be explained either by tradition, superstition, or fraud. As valuable ores in any shape they are everywhere and entirely wanting, and every dollar spent in their search will be wasted."^ "Although these rocks [those of the Devonian system represented by the Pocono Catskill, which, outside of the carboniferous or coal bearing rocks, cover the greater part of Lackawanna County,] have such great thickness and spread over so large a portion of the district, they contain no valuable minerals of any description in paying quantities. Much useless search has been made in these rocks for lead, silver, and copper, but it can be confidently predicted that none of these will be found in paying quantities within the Devonian rocks of this district, and the money and time spent in searching for them will be totally wasted. Small scattered crystals of galena may be found almost anywhere in the Devonian system, and traces of copper are abundant in the Catskill, but always in such meager quantities that any attempt at mining either would be disastrous."' Theoretically also iron would be wanting, for it is claimed that all iron and limestone are found in the still older series, the Silurian,* > Professor William E. Dudley. ^Second Geological Survej^ Series G, 7, page ix. ^Second Geological Survey, Series G, 7, page .53. * Second Geological Survey, Series G, 7, page 85. 26 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. yet the first industry in the Lackawanna Valley was the manufacture of iron from ore found in the gulches, although not in large quantities nor of very good quality. As early as 1789, Dr. William Hooker Smith, the son of a Pres- byterian clergyman, an emigrant from New York into the Wyoming Valley in 1772, connected with the Sullivan expedition in 1779, a man of good education and superior abilities, having purchased of John Scot, of Pittston, a right to any iron ore or other metal he miglit discover on the hilly lands of the said John bcot, by the red spring, erected a forge for the purpose of converting the ore into iron. The forge was in active operation for several years. With two fires and a single trip hammer there was manufactured a considerable quantity of iron, which was floated in Durham boats to the markets. The poor quality and small amount of ore obtainable, with imperfect machin- ery, expensive transportation, and increasing competition, rendered the business unremunerative, and it was of course finally abandoned. The township of Old Forge, the name given by Dr. Smith, commemorates this bold and enterprising experiment. In 1800, the Slocum brothers, Benjamin and Ebenezer, erected on Roaring Brook, about a half mile from its mouth, a forge with a trip hammer, to utilize the ore which was thought to be in great abund- ance. These early manufacturers had not discovered the utility of the vast beds of anthracite all about them, but used charcoal burned in the neighborhood, for their works. The thickly timbered hills were denuded of their covering to supply charcoal for the Slocum forge. For twenty-six years they carried on the business, when it was abandoned for the same reason that led Dr. Smith to give up his enterprise further down the river. Both were pioneers in the business which to-day is one of the leading industries in the city. While the saline beds do not belong to the Devonian system, yet isolated springs slightly impregnated with salt are by no means of rare occurrence. They were usually in the first instance discovered by the keen instincts of wild beasts, and were called "licks," as the animals which resorted to them obtained the salt by licking the earth over which the brine flowed. Both red man and pioneer availed themselves of these springs to obtain the necessary but often scarce article in the domestic economy. One of these was in the upper part of Leggett's Gap, where the early settlers obtained a considerable supply. Another equally as rich was on Roaring Brook about five miles above its mouth. One or two others were within the present limits of Lacka wanna County. These licks were places of resort for the deer which NATUBAL ADVANTAGES. 27 came in herds and fell an easy prey to the settler's rifle; and not infrequently larger game rewarded his patient waiting. In common with all of our ISTorthern Pennsylvania forests, the country about Scranton aiiounded in game; deer, moose,' elk, the black bear, the panther, wolf, and catamount were abundant, and were hunted and killed on the present site of Scranton as late as 1816, while the Tama- rack Swamp afforded such a secure hiding place for wolves that the early settlers could not keep sheep. Says Dr. Hollister: "As late as 1816, wild game tlironged the thickets around Slocum Hollow. Benja- min Fellows, Esquire, now [then] a hale old gentleman, informs the writer that he has often seen fifty turkeys in a flock feeding on the stubble in his fathei-'s field in Hyde Park, while deer tramped over the plowed land like herds of sheep. In 1804, in company with other hunters, he killed both panthers and bears in the woods between Hyde Park and Slocum Hollow." These, however, like the red men and the forests, have disappeared before the on-tlowing tide of civiliza- tion, and even the smaller game, squirrels, rabbits, foxes, raccoons, etc., have been well-nigh exterminated by the persistent efforts of the multitude of sportsmen who roam field and woodland each autumn for their destruction. ^ ' Moosic Mountain takes its name from the herds of moose accustomed to congregate there when the wliites first visited the valley, and the Elk Hills from the numerous elk about them. CHAPTER II. INDIAN HISTORY. The Eelation of Scranton to the Whole of Wyoming -The Aboriginal Inhabitants- Indian Mound Near Pro vide ace — The Division of the Indians into Families — Their Eelations with the Penns — The Iroquois Supreme in Power ami Influ- ence—The Delawares — The Shawanese— The Minsis — Capoose not a Visitor to this Region — The Pontiae Conspiracy. I]Sr its history, as well as in its topography and geology, Scranton is closely and necessarily connected with the whole of Wyoming Val- ley of which indeed it forms an integral part. This is especially true of its aboriginal history. The same people roamed in the forests, fished in the streams, and pitched their wigwams upon the banks of the Lacka- wanna as upon the Susquehanna. The paths along which they traveled to their hunting camps, or visited their kindred, or went on their preda- tory excursions, skirted the liills which bound our beautiful city, and the railway train of the white man now thunders down the valleys where the Indian hunted his game, and the bands of steel are now laid upon the trail once pressed by the feet of the red men. It is no mean compliment to their practical knowledge that the best engineering skill of to-daj' has found no more feasible route for the commerce of a continent than the moccasin-worn tracks of the natives of oui' American forests. To know who these people were we must seek them in their more permanent homes along the Susquehanna and regions adjacent. The early history of the aboriginal inhabitants of this continent is shrouded in impenetrable mystery. Their origin, their migrations, the rise and fall of their different nations, — matters that largely enter into the history of peoples of other continents, — are, until the date of the coming here of Europeans, undiscoverable facts in the history of the American Indians. The wars in which they were almost contin- ually engaged were wars of extermination, not wars of conquest, by which vast stretches of country were entirely depopulated; while the migratory habits of those who survived, and a civilization that required but few of the simplest implements, have left only the scantiest possible hints for the archsologist. The scattered remnants of a few palisaded towns nearly or quite obliterated by our modern occupation, stone 28 INDIAN HISTORY. 29 arrowheads of various shapes, sizes, and colors, an occasional stone hatcbet or pestle, some rude ornaments of atone or bone, a few broken pieces of pottery of unburnt clay, the crumbling remains of a forgotten burying ground, and you have told all there is left to mark the toot- steps or guide the inquirer into the history of a people who once were the exclusive occupants of this country, but who, in tlieir departure, have left scarcely a wreck behind. "About a mile above Scranton, near Pi'ovidcnce, was found a mound which wiis probably an ancient place of sepulture. It was the only burial mound found in this region. . . . This mound was simple ill its construction, and excavations made in it nearly a century since brought to light a quantity of game arrow points, stone implements, and ornaments of very great variety; a copper kettle, and many broken specimens of the fictile art. Two phalanges of a finger found in this mound twenty years since by Dr. Ilollister, in whose possession they still are, and the copper kettle found there before, indicate that this was used as a burial place."' The copper kettle is sufScieut evidence of occupation after the natives began to have intercourse with the whites. Dr. ITolHster and the late Honorable Steuben Jenkins of Wyoming, have made large collections of the various stone implements found along the Lackawanna and Susquehanna valleys. The literature of the Indians, if such it can be called, is of even less historic value than their works of art. Their nearest approach to permanent records are the messages delivered with wampum or bead belts in the intercourse of one nation with another, relating to the stipulations of their treaties, the pledges of friendship, the causes of enmity, or other national affairs. These were accustomed to be repeated from time to time over the belts at their councils for the information of their young men. Traditional legends, which form so considerable a part of the literature of every barbarous nation, uncer- tain and unreliable at the best, with the red man was still more untrustworthy. His poetic and highly imaginative nature cast an heroic glow and glamour over all of his achievements. Proud of his own accomplishments, proud of his ancestry, and proud of his Indian ideas, habits, and cliaracter, everything pertaining to himself was trans- muted into the glory of the hero. Victories were conquests, and his subjugatiou was the voluntary yielding of the stronger to the weaker for the sake of peace. Indian traditions, therefore, have hardly the slightest historical value. ' History of Luzerne, Lackawanna, and AVyoming counties, p. 29. gQ HISTORY OF SCRANTON. When the Europeans first began their settlements on this continent, the people east of the Mississippi were composed of two great families. The one, called by themselves Aqaanuscmii, or United People, better known as the Huron-Iroqnois, from the two leading nations of the family, of which besides the Hurons and the Iroquois, or Five Nations, were the Andastes, the Eries, the Tuscaroras and others; the other, the Algonquins, comprising the Adirondacks of Canada, the Mohegans witli their various subdivisions in New England, the Lenni-Lenapi, or Delawares, on the river bearing their name, and the other nations of the South and West. Of these the Andastes were the most powerful. Having their seats on both branches and almost the entire length pf the Susquehanna, which atibrded them a great highway from the fruit orchards of Central New York to the corn and tobacco fields of the South, they became a numerous and warlike people, the terror of all surrounding nations. They comprised ten subdivisions, or tribes, bound together in a confederation and governed by a common council com- posed of sachems from each tribe. Forty palisaded towns dotted the banks of the river from the present northern line of Pennsylvania to the Chesapeake, the remains of which have been subjects of almost endless speculation by subsequent settlers in their neighborhood.' They received different names in different localities. Captain John Smith met them in Virginia as the Sasquesahanoughs, and by Mater travelers they were known as Sassaquahannocks; by the Dutch they were called the Mengue; by the French, the Andastes or Andastogues; by the Iroquois, Tehotachse, and by the Pennsylvanians, Conestogas. They maintained friendly relations with the Penus, having in 1700 confirmed a deed of sale for the river Susquehanna, and all the islands therein, and lands on both sides thereof, "which are, or formerly were the right of the people, or nation, called the Susquehaunagh Indians, or by what name soever they may be called or known," and the next year at a great council of their chiefs and of the Shawanese, entered into a lasting covenant with William Penn and his heirs and suc- cessors forever. This covenant was preserved inviolate by all parties while the Andastes maintained an existence. 'The Spanish Hill, or Spanish Ramparts, just above the ancient Diahoga, present Athens, in Bradford County, "the town of the Carantouans," described in 1616 by Stephen Brul4 who spent a winter with them, and the mounds of the Wyoming Val- ley, described by Miner and Chapman, doubtless are the remains of palisaded towns of the Andastes, as well as the burial inound above described in the text, ne&r Provi- dence. Their arrowheads were smaller, and more nearly equilateral than those of either the Delawares or Iroquois. Quite a number, in both Mr. Jenkins's and Doctor HoUister's collections, are Andaste. INDIAN HISTORY. 31 From time inimenioriul they had been hostile to the Iroquois, with whom for many }ears they had maintained constant and snccessfu! warfare, at one time driving a part of tliem into Canuda, whence tlie Adirondacks drove them back about tlie beginning of the seventeenth century.' About this time the Iroquois obtained lirearra.s from the Dutch, and with these new weapons sallied forth with gi-eat confidence and boldness against their hereditary foes. The Ilurons, joining them on the west, were the first to feel and to succumb to the furious and pitiless attacks of the Senecas, (about 1648) while the Cayugas^ led the invasion into the tei'ritoi'y of the Andastes, who, decimated by disease and exhausted and wasted by continual warfare, soon yielded to the fearless onsets of their victoi'ious foes. One after another of the fortified towns along the Susf|nelianna fell into the hands of the triumphant Iroquois, who not only destroyed the villages but ruthlessly exterminated the hypless captives, except a few who by Indian custom were adopted into the families of the victors, until about the year 1675^ the entire nation was overborne by the conquering Iroquois and all except a pitiable remnant entirely swept away. A few of this valiant people, the Conestogas,' continued to subsist for uearly a century, when during the Indian war linown as the "Pontiac Conspiracy," in 1763, ihey were massacred by a com- pany of lawless border men called " Paxton Boys," and the last of the Andastes, who for many generations claimed the Susquehanna and its tributaries as their own, perished from oft' the earth. '^ Ileucetbrth 1 Indians of Connecticut, p. 05. 2 In u letter of Sir Edmund AndrosK to the Governor of INfiiryland, October 21, 167."), he relates that he had been on a mission to Albany to engage the Maguas (Mohawks) and the Sinnekas to abstain from injuring the whites in the wars with the Susquehannas, and that he found the Susquehannas being reputed by the Maguas of their offspring, and that the "Sinneques" were wholly adverse to peace. (Pa. Arch., New Series, V. 676). The Cayugas, however, repeatedly declared the Susquehanna Valley was theirs by conquest, that they bought it with their blood. ( Cammerhoff Diary, Pa. Col. Eec. IV., 570 and 712, and \'., 287. ) = The war was going on in August, 167(i. (Pa. Arch New Series, V , (i/S, and Vll.^ 779 and 782.) Mr. Gallatin puts the conquest between 1666 and 1680; O'Callaghan, about 1676. See also Sir Edmund Andross's letter supra. In M. DuChesneau's Memoirs of the Western Indians, made in 1681, it is said that the Iroquois went to war against another nation called the Andostagues, who were very numerous, and whom they entirely destroyed. This probably fixes the date as closely as it can be. The Conestogas were formerly a part of the Five Nations, or Mingoes, and speak the same language to this day. They actually pay tribute to the Five Nations, and either from natural affection or fear, are under their influence and power. (October 2, 1722, Colonial Records III., 204). 5 Parkman's Jesuits of North America, page 443. 32' HISTORY OF SCRANTON. tlie Iroquois claimed this country as theirs by right of conquest, to use or sell or settle as they pleased. Into this devastated and depop- ulated region the subjugated tribes, whose land had been sold to the whites by the Five Nations, were subsequently transferred. Among those thus removed were the Mohegans and Delawares. The latter nation, although claiming the country along the Delaware River' and eastward to the sea, had been conquered by the Iroquois, and, in the expressive language of their conquerors, had been made women, that is, wei'e forbiclden to sell land, engage in war, or remove their habi- tations without the permission of their imperious masters. Tliey were subdivided into three tribes, the CJnamis (or Turtles), the Unalacligos (Turkeys), and the Minsis (corrupted into Munseys or Monseys, Wolves), the latter being the most numerous and warlike. Their settlements extended from the Minisink (place of the Minsis), on the Upper Delaware, where they had their council fire, to the Hudson on the east; southward through New Jersey and westward across the Delaware, having as late as 1742, a town where Nazareth in North- ampton County is now built. Under date of April 18, 1732, Governor Gordon, of Pennsylvania, writes: "Those Indians, by us generally called the Five Nations, but of late the Six Nations, alias Minguays and Iroquois. ... A friendship has subsisted between them and us on the river Sasquehaunah and in other parts of this province for above thirty years past . . . Those people since their conquest of the Sasquehannah Indians have always claimed that river and all the lands upon it or its branches, as their prop- erty, and this claim has constantly been acknowledged by all the other Indians in these parts . . . Those Sasquehannah Indians are accounted by the Five Nations as a part of themselves; their Captain Civility has a very good interest with their chiefs."^ These statements ought to set right those who persist in calling the Andastes, Algonquins, and deny tVieir conquest by the Iroquois. The proprietary government of Pennsylvania soon came to under- stand the supremacy of the haughty Iroquois, and were not slow in propitiating their favor. They called them "brothers," of one flesh and blood with themselves, both the children of the same great king. Their chiefs and sachems were frequently invited to visit the governor and his council, when they were treated with a princely hospitality and sent home loaded with presents. In all difficulties between the Penn- sylvania government and the surrounding Algonquins the interposition ^ Lenapewhittuck, or River of the Lenapes. ''Pennsylvania Archives, I., 322, 323. INDIAN HISTORY. of the Iroquois was solicited, and their authority invoked, not withont advantage to the English. This was notably tlie case in 1742. The Delawares as early as 1692 luul assumed to sell to Pennsylvania a large tract of land on the "forks of the Delaware," and althouo-h afterward confirming the sale, refused to give up posscs^^ion, which the Pennsylvanians had been trying for fifty years to obtain. At length the Iroquois and tlie Delawares were invited to a council to be held in Philadelphia in July, 1742. Among the subjects discussed at this council was the complaint made by the governor, of the rude and insolent behavior of the Delawares. Whereupon Canas- satigo,' an Onondaga chieftain, and the representative of the great Iroquois council, proceeded to rejirove their " nephews," as they styled the Lenapes, with the greatest severity, charging them with duplicity, reminding them that they were conquered and deprived of every right of manhood and unfit to be trusted with public business, and said "You may return to the other side of the'Delaware, where you came from, but we don't know whether, considering how you liave demeaned yourselves, you will be permitted to live there, or whether you have not swallowed that land down your throats as well as the land on this side. We therefore assign you two places to go — either to Wyoming or to Shamoking. You may go to either of these places, and we shall have you more under our eye, and shall see how you behave." Thus, taunted and reproved, the dispirited Delawares were driven out of the council by the imperious chieftain, and soon after, a consid- erable number of them sullenly went up to Wyoming, and the plains of the Skehandowana, three fourths of a century before stained with warriors' blood, were again enlivened by the presence of the red men. its blood-enriched fields were covered with the waiving maize, its hillsides resounded with the sounds of the chase, its unused paths were trod by strangers' feet, while from many a quiet nook arose the circling smoke of a Delaware wigwam. Here their town, which was composed mostly of Minsis and Unamis, was located a short distance below the present city of Wilkes-Barre, and was the "Wayomick" of the whites, and contained some twenty-five or thirty huts, or wigwams an unusually large Indian town. The Nanticokes, tide-water people, an Algonquin nation whose ancient seats were along the eastern coast of Maryland, having been dispossessed of their land, in company with some Conoys, the remnant of their nation, obtained permission to settle on the Susquehanna, at 'Pennsylvania Colonial Record, IV., 579. 3 3j. HISTORY OF SCRANTON. tlie month of the Juniata, in 1742. In 1751 they removed t<' ^ i"^'^' ino- and settled near the phico which bears their name." ^' The- Shawanese, a warlilce and treacherous Algonqni" nation, residing on tiie headwaters of the Potomac, in 1698 obtained permission to settfe in Pennsylvania, the Susquehannas, or Conestoo-as answering for their crood beliavior.= About sixty families came up and settled with manj^ others on the Susquehanna. In 1727 they committed some outrages on the white people, for which they were severely rebuked by the Imquois. On this account they removed the next year to the Ohio, and placed themselves under the protection of the French.^ In 1732 Thomas Penn, one of the proprietaries, with the co-operation of the Iroquois, induced them to return to their old settlement ou the Susque- hanna, which was where the present town of Plymouth is located. In 1751 what is known as the French and Indian War broke out. The Shawanese readily went with the enemy, while the Delawares smarting under the insults they had received from the Iroquois, who remained friendly to the English, soon, with the Nanticokes, joined their kindred at Diahoga, and under the lead of Teedyuscung, the king of the Delawares, spread havoc along the entire northern and western frontier settlements of the province. In April of the next year the Wyoming Indians were invited to a council held in Philadelphia. The Shawanese were represented by their king, Paxinosa, and the Delawares by Teedyuscung, and pledges of friendship were made which were confirmed the next year at a treaty held at Easton, and the Indians returned to their respective places at Wyoming. Besides the Delaware town, Wayomick, the Minsis had built a town on the plains north of the mouth of the Lackawanna, called Asserughney,'' where in 1755, "were about twenty Indian Delawares, all violently against the English."'"' At a conference held June 1 Colonial Records, IX., 332, and V., 545. 2 Penntivlvania Archives, I., 144, 22,S, 302. HJolonial Records, YI., 35, 726; VII., 49. Pennsylvania Archives, I., 329. * Colonial Records, VII., 66. ^This town has by some writers been erroneously located on the bluff at the top o£ Campbell's Ledge. The name of this town is spelled Assarockney, and is de- scribed as having ii big hill on one side, and the river Susquehanna ou the other side. (Pennsylvania Archives, VII., 52 ) The Lackawanna is called by the Delawares, Gachanai, and by the Maquas, Ihi-iiok. It is the upper boundary of Skehantowanno.' (Spanenberg Diary.) [[a:mik and Assarockney are from the same root, meaning a K(;iuare corner, which may refer to the perpendicular rocks of Campbell's Ledge, or to the fact that one stream meets tlie other so as to make a square corner. Gachanai, derived from two words meaning a iio-mi xircam, in allusion to the noise of the water pouring over the rocks and stones. INDIAN HISTORY. 35 11, 1756, a messenger brought a request from the Iroquois, that a fort be bnilt at Adjouqua^-, as the name is tliere spelled, foni-teen miles above Wayomick, "where there is a good sitnation and tine soil at the entrance of a deep creek, on a level . jilain live miles extending, and clear of woods."' In that ease the Indians at Diahoga would come there, and it would be the "tbretown" of the Six Nations. Although the fort was never bnilt, yet it indicates the importance given to the path of the Lackawanna,' connecting the Dclawai-e towns al Wyoming with those on the upi)cr waters of the Delaware and the Sus(|neluinna, as it was also the principal road for the Nanticokes between their towns at Chenango and Wyoming. The abundance of Delawai'c In- dian arrowheads and other implements found by tlie early settlers, is evidence that the neighborliood of Scrantoo was largely frequented by them. It is probable that Assarockney was conqiosed of the same people that occupied the earlier town on "Capoose Meadows," if in- deed there ever was any settlement of the Minsis there. Capoose Meadow, as it was called by the early settlers, was the ilat west of the Lackawanna, within the present city of Scran ton, where the fair grounds are located. Aside from this traditional name there is not the slightest evidence that Capoose, who was a Unanii, not a Minsi, ever lived there. All that is Icnowu of him from our records, is that at a conference held in February, 1758, by the governor of Xew Jersey, at Crosswicks, for the purpose of satisfying the Jersey Indians having claims for lands not paid for, a power of attorney was pre- sented, dated January 30, 1743-4, from Capoose and Talaman to Moses Tatamy, to negotiate "for lands on the south and southwest side of the south branch of the Rariton, joining thereto, as explained by said power."" This is his only appearance on the records unless it be under another name, which was frequently the case, and all speculations as to his history are simply visionary. The existence of apple orchards would indicate other than Delaware occupation. It is reported that in 1801 one of these apple trees was cut down which showed otie hundred and fifty-seven concentric, or annular, rings, showing that it must have been planted as early as 1650, which was the period of Andaste occupation and n(?arly a century prior to the coming of the Minsis. Unsatisfactory as this meager array of facts may be, it embraces the most important that have been preserved.^ 1 Colonial Eecords, VII., 157-159. 2 Pennsylvania Archives, III., 3^^- . . 3 It has been said that Count Zinzindorf passed through where Scranton now is m 1742. But neither the Count's diary nor the accounts given by his companions afford 36 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. The French were driven out of Canada in 17fil, but the peace was of short contiimance, for in 1763 tiie Pontiac or Western Indian war broke out, and again the Delawares were ready to join the hostile party, and Teedyuscung, it was alleged, while professing to be on the side of peace, was nevertheless negotiating with the enemy, the Iroquois being as usual on the side of the English. Teedyuscung's attitude and well-known sentiments, his ambition for independence, his great in- fluence with the Delawares and kindred nations, as well as his haughty bearing at the late treaties, made him an object of fear to the whites and of jealousy on the part of the Iroquois. About the middle of April, 1763, a party of Senecas was hanging about Wayomick, and on the 19th, after several days' debauch, Teedyuscung was burned in his own house, and several log houses built for his people by the govern- ment were also consumed. Thus ignobly perished the last king of the Delawares. About this time the Nanticokes and Conoys joined their brethren on the upper waters of the Susquehanna, while the Shawanese and Delawares went to their kindred on the Ohio, and Wyoming ceased to be an Indian country, although bands of traders and warriors for a number of years frequently passed over its well- known paths. any hint of such a visit. He went up the Delaware to above Stroudsburg and across to Shechomeco, and up the river to the Shawanese town at Wyoming; but on neither of these journeys did he come near the Lackawanna. CHAPTER III. THE CONNECTICUT CLAUf. Connecticut's Claim to this Region — Conflicting Cliarters Granted liy England — Tlie Plymouth Grants— Fertility of Wyoming Valley — The Sus()uehanna Conjpany and its Purchase — Attempts of the Company to Retain Possession of its Purchase — Massacre of the Connecticut Settlers — Attempt to Ren<^w Settlements — Demo- cratic Form of Government of Connecticut Settlers^Title of the Penns — Penn'ts Grant Lapped over onto the Connecticut Claim — Treaty of Fort Stanwix — Struggle for Possession — Revolutionary War takes Precedence of Local Quarrels — Trenton Commission and Decree — Pennsylvania Favored Thereby — Unanimous Opinion of the Individual Members of the Trenton Court that the Settlers Should Retain their Lands — No Settlement Possible Because of the Rapacity of the Land Owners — End of Second Pennamite War— Revival of the Susquehanna Company — Its Resolves — Half-Share Men — The Confirming Law — Final Result of Eflbrt for Peace. ' '' THE claim of Connecticut to a large part of Pennsylvania, and the controversies and conflicts which grew out of it, though u "thrice told tale," are so intimately- connected with the origin, progress, and present condition of things in Northeastern Pennsylvania, that our history would be incomplete without some account of them. In fact, this subject is so interwoven with the whole fabric of events connected with the early settlement of the Wyoming Valley, that it is the key to much that otherwise would be inexplicable. It will, however, answer the purpose of this work to state the grounds of that controversy in the briefest form consistent with an intelligible coni[irehension of the subsequent facts, referring the reader to more elaborate discussions for greater fullness of detail.' England, France, Spain, Holland, and Sweden were rival claimants for jurisdiction over the New World. It was understood however that such jurisdiction must be conditioned on prior discovery and actual occupancy. For nearly a century each of these nations was bending its energies to establish permanent colonies upon the territory .discovered by its own navigators. In pursuance of this purpose the French planted colonies in Canada, the Dutch in New York, the Swedes in Delaware, the Spaniards in Florida, and the English in the greater part of what is now the United States. In order to promote the coloniza- • Miner's, Chapman's and other histories of Wyoming, and especially Governor Hoyt's Seventeen Townships. 37 38 HISTORY OF SCKANTON. tion of the vast empire claimed by the Crown of England, charters were granted to companies, and in some instances to individuals, con- veying the fee simple to large tracts of country with certain rights of governnieut, privileges, and exemptions. Although the charters gave the incorporated company authority to parcel out and convey their territory to individuals or other companies, the right to set up a separate government thereon must come through a special charter or grant from the Crown. While tlie Indians made no claim to ownership of land according to our ideas of ownership, yet each nation held in common interest certain lai'ge tracts of territory on the ground of continued occupancy or conquest. It was by right of conquest that the Iroquois claimed the valley of the Susquehanna. They declared time and again that this was their land, and that they had "obtained it in fair war," that thoy had "bought it with their blood." Before a colony could be planted this title must be extinguished either by purchase at a *public treaty in which the entire nation interested in the sale was rep- resented, or by force. The former was the most common, as it was not only considered the most humane and most in accord with the usages of civilized society, but safer for the colonists and cheaper in the expenditure of money. Accordingly at almost every conference held between the red men and the whites, one of the important questions for discussion was the sale of land, and nearly all of the wars between them grew out of the encroachments of the Europeans upon the unpurchased lands of the Indians. Actual possession and occupancy were also required to complete the title to the colonist. And under these three heads — chartered rights, extinguishment of Indian title, and actual occupancy,— the discussion of the respective claims of Pennsylvania and Connecticut naturally fell. Under date of November 3, 1620, King James I. of England in- corporated "The Council established at Plymouth in the County of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New En- gland in America," granting to them, their successors, and assigns, all that part of America in breadth from the fortieth to the forty-eighth degree of northerly latitude, and in length, within all the breadth afore- said from sea to sea; provided, that any part of the premises hereinbefore mentioned "be not actually possessed or inhabited by any Christian prince or state." These territories, by the charter, are "nominated, termed, and called by the name of New England in America," and by that name were to "have continuance forever." It was further granted that this company, or council, "shall from time to THE CONNECTICUT CLAIM. 39 time distribute, convey, assign, and set over, such particular propor- tions of these lands, tenements, and hereditaments to other parties as tliey shall deem proper." On the 19th of March, 1628, the Council at Plymouth granted to Sir Henry Roswell and others, their heirs, assigns, and associates, all that part of tli.eir territory lying in breadth between the Merriniac and the Charles rivers, and in length from the Atlantic on the e:ist jiart to the South Sea on the west part. Exactly three years later, viz.: March 19, 1631, tiie Council at Plymouth granted to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, and others, all that part of New England in America, from the iN'^arragansctt River southward toward Virginia one hundred and twenty miles, and in latitude and breadth north and south, within all the breadth aforesaiti throughout the main lands from tiie Western Ocean to tlie South Sea. The north line of tliis grant was ascertained to be forty-two degrees and two minutes north latitude, and the soutli line to be the pai'allel of forty-one degrees. Lord Say and Seal and his associates appointed John Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, their agent, who, in the autumn of this same year, planted a town at the mouth of the Connecticut River, which in honor of his patrons he called 'Saybrook. " In a few years settlements were made at several places in the Connecticut Valley. Being outside the Colony of Massa- chusetts, they associated themselves into a body politic and formed a plan of government, under the name of "The Colony of Connecticut," purcliased of Lord Say and his associates their royal grant, and ni 1661, petitioned King Charles 1\. for a charter of government agree- ably to the plan they had entered into. This charter was granted April 20, 1662, to John Winthrop & Company, confirming' the purchase from the assigns of the Council at Plymouth for all that part bounded on the east by Narragansett Bay, north by the Colony of Massachu- setts, and extending westward to the sea, excepting as usual any portion thereof that might be occupied by any other Christian prince or state. In addition to the commodities, jurisdictions, royalties, privi- leges, franchises, and preeminences commonly granted by the royal charters, was this clause: "And lastly, we do for us, our heirs, and successors, grant, etc., that these our letters patent shall be firm and eifectual in the law to all intents, constructions, and purposes whatsoever, according to our true intent and meaning hereinbefore declared, as shall be considered, reported, and adjudged most favorable and for the best beneiit and behoof of the said Governor and Com- pany, and' their successors, although express mention of the yearly 40 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. value or certainty of the premises, or of any other gifts or grants by us, or any of our progenitors or predecessors, heretofore made to the' said Governor and Company, etc, is not made, or any statute, act, ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restriction heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or provided, or any other matter or thing whatever to the contrary." As Bancroft has remarked: " ihey (the people of the Connecticut Colony), "had purchased their lands ot the assi-ns of the Earl of Warwick, and from Uncas they had bought The territory of the Mohegans, . . . and they could plead for their possessions, their rights by purchase, by conquest from the Pequods. and by their own labor which had redeemed the wilderness.'" The charter was therefore the completion and perfection of their title to all the privileges and prerogatives conferred in it. Indian traders and hunters, and particularly the Germans, who had migrated from New York to Pennsylvania as early as 1730, had reported the lands at Wyoming on the Susquehanna to be of marvelous fertility and productiveness.^ It was soon ascertained that they were north of the forty-iirst parallel of latitude, and consequently within the charter limits of Connecticut, and the question of making a settle- ment upon them began to be agitated. As early as March, 1753, a memorial of one hundred persons, inhabitants of Windham County, Connecticut, was presented to the Assembly, in which they proposed to purchase a tract of land sixteen miles square on both sides of the Susquehanna River, at a place called Quiwanmick, "about seventy miles west of the Dielewey River, and, as we suppose, within the char- ter of the Colony of Connecticut," in which they say there are no white people living there, only Indians, whose claim they propose to purchase, but that if such sale would be against public policy, "then to be always under the government, and subject to the laws and disci- pline of this Colony." There was, however, enough of romance in the scheme, with promise of pecuniary profit, and scope for ambitious rivalry, to stir the blood of enterprising Yankees, and the plan took on larger dimensions. Five hundred subscribers to shares in the pro- posed purchase at seven dollars per share, were first admitted, to whom a little later three hundred more were added, and the shares held at 1 History of United States, II., .57. '' Rev. Azariah Horton, a graduate of Yale College in 173.5, was employed by the Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians from 1741 to 1750, and facts have recently come to light which make it more than probable that a part of this time was spent at Wyoming. If so, it is easy to understand how the New Englanders came to know of the valley. THE CONNECTICUT CLAtM. 41 nine dollars each, and the company took the name of the "Susquehanna Company." Its aft'airs were managed by an Executive Committee, and the character of the men forming the company may be inferred when such men as Major Phineas Lyman, Major Roger Wolcott, Colonel Samuel Talcot, Major Eliphalet Dyer, and Honorable George Wyllys, the Secretary of the Colony, were of the first committee chosen. The first step was to secure the Indian title to the lands the com- pany proposed to settle. The opportunity was soon afl:brded. In the spring of 1754, began at the confluence of the Allegheny and the Monongahela, in the then deep and unbroken forests of Western Pennsylvania, the hostilities in the "final struggle of the French and English for supremacy in America."' To concert plans for common defense, as well as to take measures for the continuance of the Iroquois and their allies in the interest of the English, a convention of repre- sentatives from all the British colonies was held in Albany, beginning June 19, 1754. At this conference the agents of the Susquehanna Company secured for a consideration of two thousand pounds sterling, a deed, bearing date of July 11, 1754, from eighteen chiefs, sachems, and heads of the Five ISTations, for lands bounded and described as "beginning from the one and fortieth degree of north latitude, at ten miles distance east of Susquehanna River, and from thence with northerly line ten miles east of the river to the forty- second or the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude, and to extend west two degrees of longitude, one hundred and twenty miles; and from thence south to the beginning of the forty-second degree, and from thence east to the afore-mentioned bounds, which is ten miles east of the Susquehanna Rivcr."- It will be observed that this tract, which was henceforth known as the "Susquehanna Company's Purchase," or the "Susquehanna Purchase," just included the present city of Scranton by its eastern boundary lines. The territory between this and the Delaware River was purchased by another company, similariy organized, called the " Delaware Company." The Susquehanna Company determined at the earliest practicable moment to take active measures to settle their new purchase. Explor- ers were sent on to make a careful examination of the soil and to select the most advantageous locations for the first settlements, but the Indians on the Susquehanna in the war then being carried on, took 1 Bryant's History of United States, III., 2(i0. ^ In this deed there are the names of six hundred and ninety-four grantees. 42 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. sides with the French, and it was deemed imprudent to attempt a settle- ment on their land while the war continued, especially a.s Teedjuscung was openly and outspokenly against the purchase. The design of the company was that ultimately they would be erected into a separate colony. To this end the Assembly of tlie next year. May, 1755, petitioned his Majesty, describing the lands purchased bv the company, and reciting that said lands were within the limits of their charter, and declaring "that they are of the opinion that the peaceably and orderly erecting and carrying on some new and well- regulated colony or plantation on the lands above mentioned, would o-reatly tend to tix and secure said Indian nations in allegiance to his Majesty, and accordingly hereby manifest their ready acquiescence therein, if it should be his Majesty's royal pleasure to grant said land to said petitioners, and thereon erect and settle, a new colony .... and also take leave humbly to recommend the said petitioners to his royal favors in the premises." With this endorsement the company sent an agent to London to lay their petition before the king and council. The war then going on with France occupied the entire attention of the government, and the consideration of the petition for the new colony was deferred to more auspicious times. It was not without suspicion that the adverse influence of the Penns, who had been interested observers of the move- ments of the New Englanders, contributed to the delay. The French war was terminated by the triumph of the British arras, and the treaty in the autumn of 1762 removed all French rule from the northeast of America. Peace being restored, the Susquehanna Company at once resumed their plans for occupying their purchase. To encourage those who should first emigrate, two townships, each ten miles square, were offered as a gratuity to the tirst two hundred settlers, a square mile to each settler who should go upon the ground and remain for five years. The last of August, 1762, about one hundred and fifty went on and encamped at the mouth of Mill Creek, who cut liay, built some huts, and after putting matters in readiness for work the next year, and securing their farming utensils, on account of the lateness of the season returned home. In the following spring the company sent on,, a large number to resume their possessions. It was estimated that during the season at least one thousand persons had visited Wyoming, although but a small proportion of that number remained upon the ground. During the season surveys and allotments were made to the settlers, houses were built, fields were plowed and planted, and the valley exhibited all the thrift of a New England town. THE CONNECTICUT CLAIM. 43 The untold treasures of mineral wealth which lay hidden beneath the soil, they never dreamed of. To them the broad plains of the Skehandowana, rivaling in beauty anil fertility the finest lands iti ISTew England, were valued for agricultural purposes only, which tlie homes of a coming generation should beautify, and whose fruitful soil should enrich and make glad many a household. The year before, Teedy- uscung had threatened the settlers and warned them ott, declaring that the land was liis, and that he would not part with it, and rejected every overture for a peaceable settlement of his claim, and promised to give them further annoyance, but early in the spring, April 19, 1763, his village was burned, and he perished in the flames of his own hut, and his followers fled up the river. The prospect before the set- tiers was now all that could be desired. With gladness of heart the happy colonists gathered in their first harvest, and in joyous antici- pations were preparing for stili larger improvements, when, without a note of alarm, this dream of hope was rudely broken by the war whoop of lurking savages, and the lurid tiames of their own dwellings. It was expected that with the end of French domination in Can- ada would end warfare with the Indians, but this expectation was doomed to a sad disappointment. French emissaries stirred up the western Indians to fresh hostilities, and the Pontiac Conspiracy made the otherwise bright skies of the opening summer dark with the fore- bodings of fresh dangers and renewed sufferings. VH the early part of October a band of Senecas who were in sympathy with the hostiles, said to have been one hundred and thirty-five in number, set out on a marauding expedition against the scattered white settlers on the Susquehanna. Making their way down the West Branch as far as Clark's Ferry, at the mouth of the Juniata, they crossed over into the Kittanning Valley, and continued eastward uutil they found their way into the Wyoming Valley. Here the Connecticut settlers were quietly and peaceably pui^suing their avocations. In an unguarded hour many of the iuhabitants lost their lives, or were taken into captivity, while their stock was slaughtered or driven oft', and their cabins committed to the flames.' In this massacre, which occurred October 15tli, about twenty of the settlers were killed and fifteen captured. Those who escaped fled with all haste toward their old homes, leaving everything behind them. The first eftbrt of Connecticut to occupy her western lands thus ended in disaster and ruin. Among the names in this early 1 Dr. Egle's Historical Addresses, page 19. 44 HISTORY OF scranton. emigration we find some who subsequently were closely identified with the early history of the Lackawanna, as Jonathan Slocuni, Ebenezer Searles, the Hollisters, Stevenses, and others. More than five years passed before the company attempted to renew their settlements in the "blood-stained valley." The Indians had been quieted and the frontiers were again pressed by the indomitable pluck and energy of the whites further into the wilderness, and the ISTew Englanders began to turn their thoughts toward their western lands and to make preparation for their reoccupancy. The company in the meantime had made some modification in their plans of distributing their lands. The purchase was to be laid out in townships, containing twenty-five square miles, or sixteen thousand acres each, tiiese town- ships to be subdivided into fifty three equal parts or shares of three hundred acres each, fifty for the proprietors applying for the same, and three for public use, for the school, for the first church established, and the minister of the Gospel who should first be settled there. After the manner of the townships of Connecticut, each of these townships was a separate political organization, whose officers were chosen and its general policy determined at a public meeting of the freeholders "legally warned" or notified, a form of government as nearly Demo- cratic as ever it has been found practicable to organize. Whenever twenty of the proprietors desired it for the purpose of settlement, a township was laid out under the direction of the committee of the company on the fround. For the encouragement of the first pioneers, five townships in the heart of the valley, each five miles square, were ottered as a gratuity, one township to the first forty settlers who should go on to the new purchase and hold their possessions for five years, and each of the remaining four to fifty settlers. These townships were Wilkes-Barre, Kingston, Hanover, Plymouth, and Pittston. In February, 1769, the first forty arrived in Wyoming, expecting to resume the possessions from which they had been driven by the savages in 1763. To their surprise they found a party of strangers had been for a month in possession of the stockade and huts upon Mill Creek, who claimed an adverse title to the lands, derived from Pennsylvania' and who bid defiance to the newcomers. These strangers were Amos Ogden, an Indian trader from New Jersey; Charles Stewart, a suryeyor for the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, and Sheriff Jennings, of North- ampton County, to whom the Penns had leased one hundred acres each for seven years on condition of defending the lands from the Connecticut claimants. The title of the Penns was based upon a charter granted by THE CONNECTICUT CLAIM. 45 Charles IL, of EiigUind to William Ponn, March 4, 1681, for lands "bounded east by the Delaware Rivei-, from twelve miles distance northward from New Castle town to the three and fortieth deo:i'ee of north latitude, if the said river do extend so far northward; but if the said river should not extend so far northward, then by the said river so far as it doth extend, and from the head of the said river the east- ern bounds are to be determined by a meridioinil line to be drawn from the head of the said river to the three and fortieth degree — the said land to extend westward five degrees in longitude to be com[iuted from the said east bounds; the said lands to be bounded on the north by the three and fortieth degree of north latitude, and on the sontii by a circle drawn at twelve miles distance from New Ciistle, northward and westward unto tbe beginning of the fortieth degree of uoi-tliern latitude, and then by a straight line westward to tb^ limits of longitude," with all the powers and preeminences necessary for government. It will be thus seen tbat the grant to Peun lapped ujion the Con- necticut territory the breadtb of one degree of latitude; the south line of that colony being upon the parallel of Stroudsburg, Bloonisburg, Lewisburg, and Clearfield, and to this line Connecticut sought to maintain her claim. It w^as not until the treaty of Fort Stanwix, November 5, 1768, that the proprietaries of Pennsylvania succeeded in procuring an Indian deed covering the northeastern portion cf the State, including the Wyoming Valley, which gave them a pretext for a claim to it. The Pennsylvania government undertook to establish a ground for title considerably anterior to this. About 1690, Colonel Thomas Dungan, governor of New York, secured from the Iroquois a deed for a large tract of land, the greater part of which was within the charter limits of Pennsylvania, and subsequently assigned it to William Penn. Although the proprietaries claimed that this assignment by Dungan of these lands gave them a sufiicient title, yet they engaged at a public Indian treaty, that there should be no settlement made on them with- out further satisfaction. In October, 1736, a number of Iroquois chiefs entered into an agreement not to sell any land within the boundaries of Pennsylvania to any person except the proprietaries thereof, which agreement was confirmed July 9, 1754, a few days prior to the date of the deed to the Susquehanna Company.' At the same time they gave the representatives from Pennsylvania distinctly to understand that they would not part with the land on the Susquehanna, as they 1 Pennsylvania Colonial Records, VI., 255-259. 4g HISTORY OF SCRANTON. intended to reserve that for their western Indians to live upon.' To make assurance doubly sure, as the Mohawks were largely engaged m the sale to the Susquehanna Company, Hendrick, the Mohawk chief, was invited to Philadelphia by the Pennsylvania government on the ground of his former promise to aid the governor in any way ho could fu negotiations with the Indians, when he was cajoled into repudiating the deed given to the New England people,^ and pledging his influence to have it set aside at a council of the Iroquois. It was claimed, how- ever, that the deed at Fort Stanwix extinguished forever the Indian title'in favor of the heirs of William Penn, and gave them an unques- tif.ned right to enter upon the coveted domain, and the claim of Pennsylvania was completed by sending Ogden in advance of the New Euglaiiders to get possession " For the next three years the struggle for possession was kept up by both parties. At first, tiie Pennsylvanians contented tlieniselves with arresting the settlers and taking them to Easton, the county seat of Northampton County of which Wyoming formed a part under Pennsylvania law, on a civil writ, where they were immediately bailed out and returned to the Susquehanna. The company was in nowise to be cheeked by these proceedings. Immigrants were arriving every day, and captures and reprisals occurred with each returning season. Civil processes had ceased to be respected, and in the early summer of 1771, Ogden attacked a stockade of the settlers, called Fort Durkee, a number being killed and wounded in the skirmish. Ogden in turu was besieged in Fort Wyoming, but escaping by a ruse, the Pennsyl- vania party surrendered, August 14th, and the Connecticut party remained in possession of the valley. With great activity they proceeded to lay out townships, establish civil government, erect for- tifications, and provide for the common defense. In October, 1773, the General Assembly of Connecticut expressed their determination to assert, and in proper way to support their claim to the lands contained wi±hin the limits and boundaries of their charter which were westward of the Province of New York, and commissioners were appointed to confer with the Pennsylvania gov- ernment, and if possible to secure an amicable adjustment of the questions in controversy; the conference failed of results. In January, 1774, an act was passed by the Connecticut Assembly, erecting all the territory within her charter limits from the Delaware River to a line 1 Pennsylvania Colonial Records, \'l., 116-119. = Ibid., 247-253, 277-284. THE CONNECTICDT CLAliM. 47 fifteen miles west of the Susquehanna, into a township by the nunie of Westmoreland, and attaching it to Litchfield County. By this act Connecticut formally extended her authority and protection over the Wyoming settlements. Henceforth, the company's settlers could not be looked upon as a lawless band of freebooters acting without author- ity and bent only on mischief and wrongdoing, but as having the protection and being subject to the laws of the ancient and powerful government of Connecticut. Of course the laws of the colony were now enforced and a feeling of securit}' and confidence sin-ang up among the people, ■ who were thereby stimulated to greater enterjirise. In December, 1775, the Pennsylvania autlioi'ities made a^ final ettort to expel by force the Connecticut settlers. Northumberland County had been erected out of a part of Northampton, and Colonel I'lunket, acting under orders from the governor of the Province, mustered about five hundred militia, and with a train of boats, store:^ of ammunition, and all the munitions of wa^-, moved up the ISTorth Branch, with a boastful assurance that he would make short work with the lawless and defiant Yankees. About three hundred of the settlers intercepted his march at Nanticoke with such a warm reception that, demoralized and dismayed, he beat a hasty retreat. ' Matters of graver import were now pressing upon the country, and local quarrels over a few acres of land must yield to the more serious strife between the coloiiies and the mother country. Congress directed tiie contending parties to cease all hostilities, and avoid all appearance of force until all matters in dispute could be legally adjusted. Both par- ties respected this action -of the American Congress and refrained from their disputes, the Connecticut party, which by this time numbered more than three thousand souls, remaining in possession of the ground. In November, 177,6, the township of Westmoreland became, by act of the General Assembly of Connecticut, the county of Westmoreland, and a complete civil and military organization under Connecticut laws was effected. The county was represented in the Connecticut As- sembly, and three companies of troops, raised to aid the patriot army of the Revolutionary War, formed part of the Twenty-fourth Regiment of the Connecticut line. In short, Westmoreland was as much an inte- gral part of Connecticut as Hartford or Litchfield. Thus matters continued until the close of the Revolutionary War. Reserving for another chapter the incidents, battles, and massacres growing out of that long and bloody conflict, the next important phase of the controversy was the submission of the question to the courts, the legislative enactments made in pursuance thereof, and the efforts _^g HISTORY OF SCRANTON. madcio enforce them. The partieis were the State of Peimsylvaina and State of Connecticut, tlie Susqnelianna Company being subordinate to State autiiority, and the settlers instead of visionary and lawless adven- turers, citizens of a powerful and influential State. Article IX. of the .\rticles of Confederation, provided tiiat Con- gress should api>oint a court of "last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that hereafter nuiy arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever;" and also provided how this court should be appointed and tlie number of members of which it should be composed. When the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, in October, 1781, was followed by assurances of speedy peace, Pennsylvania, through her Executive Department, having stated that there was a dispute with Connecticut in regard to boundaries, prayed Congress to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question according to the ninth article of the Confederation. Connecticut asked for delay on the ground that important papers were in England and could not be pro- cured during the war. This objection was overruled, and on the 2st,h of August, 1782, the following commissioners having been mutually 3hosen, viz.: William Whipple, of New Hampshire; Welcome Arnold, of Rhode Island; David Brearly and William Churchill Houston,- "f New Jersey; Cyrus Grifliu, Joseph Jones, and Thomas Nelson, of Vir- ginia, commissions were issued and they or any five or more of them were constituted a court " to meet at Trenton in the State of New Jer- sey, on Tuesday, the l-2th* day of November next to hear and finally determine the controversy between the said State of Pennsylvania and the State of Connecticut, so always a major part of said commissioners who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the determination." Never in the history of a country has a court been composed of men of greater patriotism, incorruptibility, or legal learning. Two of them, William Whipple and Thomas Nelson, were signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, the others being equally eminent for judicial ability and public service. The court commenced its session at Trenton, November 19, 1782, and continued forty-one judicial days. Both parties were represented by counsel who were among the most eminent lawyers of the nation. Erom the first Connecticut protested that important papers relating to her title were in England, and could not be obtained on account of the war then existing, but the objections were overruled both in Congress and by the court. ^ 1 For a full account of the proceedings see Pennsylvania Archives, IX., 679-725. THE CONNECTICUT CLAIM. 40 On Monday, December 30, 1782, the court, after having pledged each other to secrecy as to the grounds of it, pronounced the follo\Ying judgment: "We are unanimously of the oi)inion that the State of Connecticut has no right to the lands in controversj'. "We are also unanimously of opinion that the jurisdiction and pre-emption of all the territory lying within the charter boundary of Pennsylvania and now claimed by the State of Connecticut, do of right belong to the State of Pennsylvania." This decree v^'as conclusive as to the controversy between the States, and all the corporate rights and jurisdiction of the State of Connecticut ceased over the territory in dispute. That this decision was a surprise is beyond question. New York compromised with Massachusetts, whose charter had a like western boundary, by giving her the right of pre-emption over a large tract in the western part of the State, known as the Phelps and Gorham purchase, the proceeds of the sale of which went to the Common School Fund of the latter State, while in consideration of releasing all claim to western lands within her chartered limits to the General Government, Connecticut had the pre-emption right to a large tract now in the State of Ohio, known as the "Western Reserve," the sale of which was the foundation of the magnificent School Fund of that State. What were the consid- erations which governed the court in making this decree, whether of right or of public policy, can never be known, as upon that subject the lips of the judges were resolutely and eternally sealed. As the first chapter in this controversy, viz.: the Susquehanna Company against the Proprietary Government of Pennsylvania, termi- nated when Connecticut assumed jurisdiction over the company's purchase and extended her government and protection over the settlers, so now by this decree the controversy between the State of Connecticut and the State of Pennsylvania was brought to a close, and the govern- ment and laws of Connecticut ceased to be in effect, while those of Pennsylvania became the law of the land. The question was now between the Connecticut settlers and the Pennsylvania authorities as to the right of soil. In all civilized history change in the forms of government, change of rulers, the transfer of territory from one government to another had not invalidated land titles. These have been held as the most sacred of all possessions. In the adjustment of the boundaries between the colonies and the States, the fact that a settler's land proved to be on one side or on the other side of a disputed line did not affect his title, by whichever government it was granted. In this case, the 1 50 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. settlers declared that they were as willing to live under Pennsylvania as under Connecticut, provided they could have their titles to the land they had bought in good faith, had occupied, and cultivated, and enriched, and redeemed with their blood and sufferings in protecting them elves against the savages, secured to them. "While the court did not assume to decide that question, as it did not properly come before them, yet the very next day after the decree was published, December 31, 1782, Messrs. Whipple, Arnold, Houston, and Brearly joined in a letter to President Dickinson, governor of Pennsylvania, in which they say, among other things: "Their (the settlers') individual claims could in no instance come before us, not being in the line of our appointment. We beg leave to declare to your Excellency, that we think the situation of these people well deserves the notice of the Government. . . . With all deference, there- fore, we would suggest to your Excellency and Council, whether it would not be best to ado]ot some reasonable measures to prevent any, the least, disorder or misunderstanding among them, and to continue things in the present peaceable posture until proper steps can be taken to decide the controversy respecting the private right of soil in the mode prescribed by the Confederation," For more than a dozen years this letter, expressing the views of four of the members of this court on this important question, was kept a profound secret by the Pennsylvania authorities, who feared its moral effect upon the narrow, selfish, vacillating, and unstatesmanlike course they were pursuing toward the settlers. Though of later 'date, Hon. Cyrus Griffin, the other member of this court, subsequently a federal judge in the District of Virginia, wrote among other things: "But I can assure you, sir, that the commissioners were unanimously of opinion that the private- right of soil should not be affected by the decision. The decision was not to reach the question of property in the soil. "We recommend very strongly, derived from legal and political grounds, that the settlers should be quieted in all their claims, by an act of the Pennsylvania Assembly, and that the right of soil, if I recollect truly, as derived from Connecticut, should be held sacred. Such, how- ever, I am certain was the opinion of the individuals who composed that court." The proprietors having surveyed for themselves at Wyomino- two "manors," embracing all the valuable land on each side of tht river, called respectively the "Manor of Stoke" and the "Manor of Sunbury," these in April, 1771, were held by fifty-three lessees twenty-seven in "Sunbury" and twenty-six in "Stoke." They were THE CONNECTICUT CLAIxM. 51 not there as bona-fide settlers and improvers of the soil, but rather to hold the land against the Connecticut settlers. By the act of 1776, the legislature contiscated all the public lands not in actual occupancy by the descendants of "William Penn, allowing them the nominal sum of £130,000 as reimbursement therefor, releasing the quit rents and coniirniing the titles to them, and subsequently offering for sale large tracts of unoccupied territory. Speculation in "wild lands" became rampant, and brought ultimate financial ruin upon some of the richest men in the country, like John Nicholson, Robert Morris, Charles Car- roll of CarroUton, and others. In Wyoming some of the Penn's lessees obtained warrants- of survey for their holdings, but the Pennsylvania title to most of the land was purchased by Philadelphia merchants and wealthy gentlemen as a speculative investment, and not for their individual occupancy. So that on the publication of the Trenton Decree, every foot of laud in Wyoming was held by rival owners who were known as the "Pennsylvania Landholders" and the "Connecticut Settlers." The problem was how justly, without violence to the principles of government, to adjust the claims between the settlers and the actual bona-fide warrantees of a Pennsylvania title. "It was a question of real difficulty • and delicacy. The land speculators,- not numerous but influ- ential, were reckless and clamorous. The people, the best publicists, and the ablest lawyers, gave long and anxious consideration over some device by which a sovereign State might protect its own grantees, and deal justly with the claimants under another sovereignty. The Con- necticut settlers had unquestionably the sympathy and best wishes of the real population of Pennsylvania. Of late years they had felt no interest in the proprietaries. The Yankees had borne themselves patiently, defiantly, it may be, but heroically, without the assertion of any title, except to the " land under their feet," which they had dug out of the forests and wilderness. They had been a sober, steady people,. attending faithfully to the serious aftairs of life; they had been efficient promote^rs of churches and schools; they were no bandits or border ruffians; they brought with them as high views and lofty purposes in American citizenship as the most chivalrous or scholarly entertained. There were doubtless adventurers among them, but in war or peace they illustrated the best results of the bold, free tendencies of Americans. They were a brave, hardy, and proud com- munity. They had of their own resources defended themselves and the frontiers of the State of Pennsylvania. The over-ruling Supreme equity of the case, enforced by the unyielding attitude of the settlers, led 52 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. to the adoption of the legal device, and the acquiescence of all in it, open, as it may be, to some constitutional criticism."' Immediately upon the promulgation of the Trenton Decree the settlers at Wyoming sent a petition to the Assembly of Pennsylvania in which, after recounting the facts of their purchase and settlement, of their sufterings and losses, they say: "We care not under what State we live. We will serve you, promote your interests, fight your battles; but in mercy, goodness, wisdom, justice, and every great and generous principle, leave us our possessions, the dearest pledge of our brothers, children, and fathers, which their hands have cultivated, and their blood, spilt in the cause of their country, has enriched. We further pray that a general act of oblivion and ii^emnity may be passed, . . . and that all judicial proceedings of the common law courts held by and under the authority of the State of Connecticut, be ratified and fully confirmed." Acting on this petition the Assembly resolved that commissioners be appointed to make full inquiries into the cases, and report to the House; . . . that an act be passed consigning to oblivion all tumults and breaches of the peace which had arisen out of the controversy; and on the 13th of March, 1783, passed an act staying all suits and processes begun by the landowners against the settlers to dispossess them of any lands, and quashing all proceedings had thereon. But the reconciliation so auspiciously begun was doomed to a sudden and sad disappointment. The rapacity of the landowners knew no bounds and would brook no denial. The commissioners appointed to ascertain the condition of affairs were in the interest of the Pennsylvania party, and ready to do their bidding. In their first communication to the "Committee of the Seceders," April 19, 1783, they say: "It cannot be supposed that Pennsylvania will, nor can she, consistent with her constitution, by any ex post facto law, deprive her citizens of any part of her property legally obtained." The " Committee of Pennsylvania Landholders," Alexander Patterson chair- man, having thus notice that the State must secure their titles, came forward April 22, 1783, with their terms of settlement. "We propose," say they, "to give leases with covenants of warranty for holding their possessions one year from the first day of April instant, at the end of which time they shall deliver up full possession of the whole, and if they have opportunities of disposing of their huts, barns, or other buildings, they shall have liberty to do it. ...The widows of those who ' Governor Hoyt's Seventeen Townships, pp. 52-1 55. THE CONiVECTtCUT CLAIM. 53 loere killed by the savages to have a further indulgence of a year after the first of April, 1784, for half their possessions." To these liberal propositions, Judge John Jenkins, on behalf of the settlers, replied: "As we conceive that the proposals of the com- mittee which they offer as a compromise will not tend to peace, as they are so far from what we deem reasonable, we cannot comply with them without doing the greatest injustice to ourselves and our asso- ciates, to widows and to fatherless children; and although ive mean to pay due obedience to the constitution and lams of Pennsylrnvla, me do not mean to become abject slaves, as the Committee of Landholders suggest in their address to your honors." In their report to the Assembly, August, 1783, the commissioners recommend to the families of those who had fallen in arms against the common enemy, reasonable compensation in land in Western Pennsyl- vania, and to the other holders of Connecticut titles who did actually reside on the land at the time of the Decree at Trenton, provided that they deliver , possession by the first day of April, folloioing. The commis- sioners divided Wyoming into three townships in which Patterson and his associates elected justices of the peace and other officers, which the Assembly approved, and at the same time repealed the "act to prevent and stay suits." Two companies of soldiers of the Pennsylvania line were enlisted ostensibly for the defense of Wyoming, but who really were the tools of Patterson in his lawless proceedings. With this paid agent of the Pennsylvania landholders, under authority of his justice's commission and with a wanton and licentious soldiery to enforce his orders, the condition of the settlers was most deplorable. JSTo respect was paid to age, sex, or social or official position if they were Yankees. He changed the name of Wilkes-Barre to Londonderry, arrested Colonel Zebulon Butler, just returned from the Revolutionary Army, for pro- testing against the rudeness and cruelty of the soldiery, and committed him to Sunbury jail on the charge of high treason; at other times and for other alleged offenses Prince Alden, a feeble old man who was unable to walk without a staff", and Captain Bidlack, Benjamin Harvey, Samuel Ransom, and others who had rendered eminent services in the war and were greatly beloved and respected by the peopl^ were kept in loathsome prisons without tire, starved and insulted. Those who escaped prison were doomed to have their houses burned over their heads, their cattle driven off, their crops destroyed, and Patterson's friends put into the possessions from which they had been ousted. Such outrages became at length intolerable. While in all other places 54 HISTORY OK SCRANTON. the people were rejoicing in the peace whose benign fruits they were beginning to enjoy, the people of Wyoming, lacerated and bleeding, were suflering all the horrors of war and all the distress which a rapacious and' licentious soldiery, encouraged by a heartless and ava- ricious leader, could inflict. The people petitioned the Assembly for the removal of Patterson and the redress of their wrongs. A committee was appointed and sent to Wyoming to take testimony. Although that committee declared that the snfterings and wrongs of the people of Wyoming were intolerable, and "if ever there was on earth a people deserving redress, it is these people,"^ yet such was the influ- ence of the landholders that Patterson was sustained by the Assembly and the settlers treated as outlaws. In March, 1784, occurred the memorable "ice flood" in the Susque- hanna, which swept away houses and fences from the lowlands. This was Patterson's opportunity to dispossess the occupiers and re-establish the lines of the Pennsylvania surveys. One hundred and fifty fam- ilies, plundered of their little remaining property, were driven out of the valley into the wilderness at the point of the bayonet, and com- pelled to proceed on foot eighty miles through the forest, by way of the Lackawaxen, to the Delaware. Old men, whose children were slain in battle, widows with their infants in their arms, and children without parents to protect them, were here companions in exile and sorrow, and wandering in a wilderness where famine and ravenous beasts continued daily \s> lessen the number of the sufferers.' "By the 1st of June he [Patterson] had made pretty clean work of it, and this without trial, verdict, or other process of law."^ The news of these outrages was everywhere received with the greatest indignation. The landholders had overreached themselves. The people of Pennsylvania felt that their good name had been put in jeopardy to satisfy the greed and the passions of a few. The troops were ordered dismissed. Sherifl" Antis, of l^orthurnberland County, then including Wyoming, went to restore order, and messengers were sent forward to recall the fugitives, who by promises of protection were persuaded to return. Patterson and his adherents took refuge in Forty Fort. The settlers, rallied for their own defense and protection, were organized by John Franklin into a pretty formidable force, which swept down the west side of the Susquehanna and up the east side, dispossessing every Pennsylvania family they found. They attacked 1 Chapman, History of ^yyoming. ''Governor Hoyt's Seventeen Townships, p. 59. THE CONNECTICUT CLAIM. 55 the fort to which the Patterson party had fled, but were repulsed with some loss. Civil war prevailed. A commission of magistrates was sent to pacify the parties. The arms of both parties were demanded. The Connecticut people complied but the others refused, whereupon the arms were restored to those who had yielded to the demand. While the commission was still at its work. Colonels Armstrong and Boyd, with a force of four hundred militia from Northampton County, appeared in the valley, and by a piece of downright treachery,' in violation of "his faith as a soldier, and his honor as a gentleman," secured the surrender and disarmament of the Yankees, and marched sixty-six of them, bound with cords, under circumstances of great cruelty and humiliation, to the jails of Easton and Sunbury, wiiile Patterson and his party were left unmolested. "The conquest was complete. 'The only difficulty that remained was how to get rid of the wives and children of those in jail, and of the widows and orphans whose husbands and fathers slept beneath the sod.'"^ The first constitution of Pennsylvania contained a provision which indicates how jealously the people guarded the power conanitted to their rulers. It provided for a " Council of Censors," whose duty it was to "inquire whether the constitution had been preserved inviolate in every part, and whether the legislative and executive branches of the government have performed their duty as the guardians of the people, or have assumed to themselves or exercised other or greater powers than they are entitled to under the constitution." This Council was to be appointed once in seven years, and the first had now been chosen. Among the abuses to which their attention was called were the outrages perpetrated by Patterson and Armstrong upon the peo- ple of Wyoming. In September, 1784, they delivered their solemn judgment on the case, in which after recounting the grounds of the controversy, the adjudication by the Decree of Trenton, the acts of oppression on the part of the Pennsylvania authorities, in viola- tion of the Articles of Confederation, the sending of troops there in time of peace, whose acts of rapine and cruelty had attracted the atten- tion of the people of other States and involved our own in a large and useless expense, and the opprobrium brought upon the good name of the commonwealth, and the dissensions and strifes thereby engen- dered, conclude with these words: "In short we lament that our Government has, in this business, manifested little wisdom or fore- ' Miner, History of Wyoming, • p. 354. * Governor Hoyt's Seventeen Townslaips, p. 01. 5g HISTORY OF SCRANTON. sio-ht, nor has it acted as the guardians of the rights of the people committed to its care. Impressed with the multiplied evils which have sprung from the improvident management of this business, loe hold it up to censure, to prevent, if possible, any farther instances of bad government, which might involve and distract onr new-formed nation." The executive council was, however, too much under the influence of the land jobbers to pay much heed to this censure, or to the advice of President Dickinson. All sense of wisdom and justice seems to have been overpowered by the passions and greed of a few. Armstrong was directed to take a new levy of troops, and dispossess the Few Englanders. The militia of Northampton, Bucks and Berks, refused to march, declaring that it was a "quarrel of a set of land jobbers; that the whole country was not worth the life of a single man or the labor of the many who were now called out to quiet it, and that they were drawn forth not merely to support the laws, but to extirpate the whole race of Connecticut claimants.'" Throughout the entire com- monwealth the sting of public censure was being felt. Armstrong could beat up less than a hundred recruits, but with these he hastened to Wyoming and made an unsuccessful attack upon the settlers in the fort at Kingston, October 18, 1784. Among the wounded Yankees was one William Jackson. Captain John Franklin, seizing Jackson's bloody rifle, swore a solemn oath "that he would never lay down his arms until death should arrest his hand, or Patterson and Armstrong be expelled from Wyoming and the people be restored to their rights of possession, and a legal trial guaranteed to every citizen by the consti- tution, by justice, and by law."^ Public sentiment could be resisted no longer. Measures were being taken to bring the authorities to account. Armstrong and Patterson were recalled, and on the 15th of September the Assembly passed an act which Mr. Miner charac- terizes as "just and benevolent," whose preamble is, "Whereas, several persons at or near Wyoming in the county of Northumberland, were in the month of May last violently dispossessed of the messuages, lands, and tenements which they then occupied, and which are still detained from them by force; and the peculiar circumstances of these cases require that the possession of the premises so forcibly entered and detained, should without delay be restored to the persons who occupied them ae aforesaid," etc. " Thus ended the last expedition fitted out by the government of ' Letter of Colonel Armstrong to President Dickinson, August 7, 1784. * Miner's History of Wyoming, p. I!G6. tbe Connecticut claim. 57 Pennsylvania to operate against her own peaceful citizens," and the second Pennamite roar. "Two years," says Mr. Miner, "have elapsed since the transfer of jurisdiction by the Trenton Decree. Peace which waved its cheering olive over every other part of the Union, healing the wounds inflicted by ruthless war, soothing the sorrows of innnmerable cliildren of affliction, and kindling the lamp of hope in the dark chambers of despair, came not to the broken hearted people of Wyoming. The veteran soldier returned, but found no resting place. Instead of a joyous welcome to his hearth and home, he found his cottage in ruins or in possession of a stranger, and his wife and little ones sheltered in the open fields or in the caves of the mountains; like the ocean- tossed mariner approaching the wished-for harbor, driven by adverse wind i'ar from shore to bulfet again the billows and the storm. It is true and honorable to those who had effected it that the ISTew England people were repossessed of their farms, but a summer of exile and war had left them no harvest to reap, and they returned to their empty granaries and desolate homes crushed by the miseries of the Indian invasion, mourners over fields of more recent slaughter, destitute of food, with scarce clothing to cover them through the rigors of a northern winter, while clouds and darkness shrouded all the future. Assuredly the people of Wyoming were objects of deepest commisera- tion, and the heart must be harder and colder than marble that could look upon their sufferings and not drop a tear of tenderest pity."' Repeatedly since the Trenton Decree efibrts had been made in Congress for a reopening and rehearing of the case before a new tribunal, but without success. More desperate measures were now adopted. Franklin decided to visit his old friends in Connecticut, and if possible secure their -co-operation in the bold scheme he and his Wyoming friends were contemplating. Soon the pitiful story of the wrongs and sufterings of the settlers, the cruelty and oppression of the Pennsylvanians was ringing through all the valleys of New En- gland. The beauty of its situation, the fertility of its soil, its great advantages to young men made Wyoming a household word in every hamlet, while the atrocities of Indian massacres, the inability of Penn- sylvania to cope successfully with the handful of settlers already there were constant ■themes of conversation. Wherever Franklin went he infused his own ardent, resolute spirit, and the prejudices against Penn- sylvania were fanned into a blaze. The 24th of December, 1785, the •Miner's History of Wyoming, p. :]ii8. 58 HISTORY OF SORANTON. Pennsylvania Legislature passed "an act for quieting the disturbances at Wyoming, for pardoning certain offenders, and for other purposes therein mentioned," in which a general pardon and indemnity were offered for offenses growing out of the controversies between the Con- necticut cliiimants and other citizens of the State, in the counties of JSTorthampton and ISTorthumberland, before the 1st of ISTovem- ber, 1785, provided the persons who had so off'ended should surrender themselves before April 15, 1786, and enter into bonds to keep the peace, repealing also the division of the townships of Shaw- anese. Stoke, and Wyoming, into two districts for the election of justices of the peace, and annul the commissions granted. But few, if any, however, asked for pardon. Other plaiis were on hand, and the law accomplished nothing, but made the breach wider and afforded Franklin and his friends new arguments. The Susquehanna Company, which had practically expired with the publication of the Trenton Decree, was revived and again convened at Hartford, July 13, 1785. Its proceedings were ominous. Men were placed at the head of it of more than ordinary character for political sagacity and military knowledge. The resolutions adopted were a substantial declaration of war. The Pennsylvania authorities watched these proceedings with the deepest concern. The purpose of Franklin and his coadjutors to wrest the northern belt covered by the Connecticut charter from the grasp of Pennsylvania and erect a new State, was readily divined. To resist successfully such a move- ment was extremely doubtful. The feeling generally prevailed in the commonwealth that the Yankees had been unfairly and unjustly treated. JSTo sympathy was felt for the landholders who were willing to involve the State in war to retain possession of a few acres of land unjustly obtained. Wyoming was separated from the lower settlements by miles of mountainous wilderness, and the ease with which an invading force could be repelled, was seen in the repulse of the "Plun- ket invasion," in the autumn of 1775. No aid could be expected from Congress, for had it the power, such was the influence of the New England delegations that it never would have interfered tp crush out the proposed movement. It is not to be wondered at that the Philadelphia authorities viewed with alarm these threatening move- ments, and the wisest of her statesmen were endeavoring to fix upon some scheme to thwart the plans of Franklin. A year passed, however, and nothing was done. In May, 1786, the Susquehanna Company met again and resolved "effectually to justify and support the settlers" September 25th of this year, by an act of Assembly, the county of THE CONNECTICtTT CLAIM. 59 Luzerne was erected, embracing the lauds settled with the New England people, by which they could have representation in the Assembly and in the Supreme Executive Council. On the 27th of December follow- ing, by another enactment, provision was made for the election of representatives and justices of the peace, and Timothy Pickering, Zebulon Butler, and John Franklin were appointed to organize the government of the new county. Pickering was a New Englander by birth, had held important offices under the government, was politic, shrewd, affable, doggedly unflinching jn the tenacity with which he held his purpose, thoroughly acquainted with the character and wishes of the settlers, and came with the assurance on the pait of the govern- ment that they should be quieted in their iiossessions. No better man for the difficult task of quieting the settlers and adjusting their new relations to the State could have been selected. Colonel Butler was ready to make almost any concessions to secure repose for himself and his neighbors, who were weary of the controversy. Franklin had other plans and refused to act. On the 26th of December, 1786, just the day before the passage of the act providing for the organization of the county of Luzerne, there was another meeting of the Susquehanna Company at Hartford. The new State schemp had become sufficiently developed that further dis- guise was unnecessary. An "ominous list of commissions," with such names as Major Judd, Samuel Gray, Joel Barlow, Oliver Wolcott, Jr., Al. Wolcott, Jr., Gad Stanley, Joseph Hamilton, Timothy Hosmore, Zebulon Butler, Nathan Denison, Obadiah Gore, John Franklin, Zerah Beach, Simon Spalding, John Jenkins, 'Paul Schott, Abel Pierce, John Bartle, Peter Loop, Jr., John Boy, and Ebenezer Gray, was appointed. The year before the company had declared the conduct of Pennsylvania toward the settlers to be "impolitic, unjust, and tyrannical, and has a tendency to interrupt the harmony of the States," .... that they would protect "their settlers in said country from all lawless outrage, unjustifiable and wanton depredations of property or personal abuse' whatever." The new commissioners were made a court *to decide all matter of controversy until "a form of internal government shall be established in that county." It was further '■^ voted that every able-bodied and effective man approved by any one of the company's committee, not being a proprietor, and that will repair to Wyoming, submit himself to the orders of the company and their committee at that place, shall become a half-share man proprietor in said company, entitled to all the benefits of any pro- prietor thereof that has paid his full taxes to this time, provided he gQ HISTORY 01? SCRANTON. remain in said county for the space of three years and do not depart therefrom without the permission of such committee, and also provided that such half-share proprietors do not exceed four hundred, and pro- vided they arrive by the first day of October next." This was the beginning of what subsequently in the upper part of the purchase proved such a formidable obstacle to all schemes for settling the controversy. They were Icnown as half-share men, or "wildVankees." In many instances they were the rough and lawless element of society that h»ngs upon the frontier settlements ready for enterprise, and only too willing to embark in any desperate under- taking. The number of half shares, each of which represented three hundred acres of land, was subsequently largely increased, and land speculations, through their agency, ran wild throughout the company's purchase. General Ethan Allen, of Fort Ticonderoga fame, was in the scheme, and had assigned him a township of land on the Wyalusing Creek, in Bradford County, for his influence and services. As he made his appearance in Wyoming in regimentals, cocked hat and feathers, he boasted that with his Green Mountain boys he had made one State in spite of ISTew York, and "by the Eternal" he would make another in spite of Pennsylvania.' Pennsylvania was now thoroughly aroused to the dangers which threatened her. Mr. Pickering ascertained that if the old settlers were quieted in their possessions, there would be no further trouble from them; that they were not in sympathy with the half-share movement, and set about devising a plan which, at the same time while confirming their titles, would effectually antagonize them to the half-share movement. Seventeen townships, all in the then county of Luzerne, had been granted and in part surveyed, allotted, and occu- pied under the rules adopted by the Susquehanna Company previous to the Trenton Decree. They were Kingston, Wilkes-Barre, Ply- mouth, Pittston, Providence or Caponse, Hanover, Iluntingtou, Salem, Ifewport, Exeter, JSTorthmoreland, Putnam, Braintrim, Springfield, Clave- rack, Bedford, and Ulster. Of these, Springfield, Claverack, aud Ulster were within the present Bradford County; Putnam and Braintrim within the present Wyoming County; Providence within the> present Lackawanna County, and the other eleven in the present Luzerne ^ " In April, 1786, General Ethan Allen paid us a visit at AVyoming, and proposed to settle among us, and to bring on with him a number of Green Mountain boys, and assist in supporting and defending our rights against the Pennsylvania claimants. A large number of proprietor's rights were given to General Allen, to induce him to espouse our cause." — Colum-l FridtJdin. THE CONNECTICUT CLAIM. 61 County. Bedford and Ulster were recent grants, and the want of sur- veys and settlements prevented their coming within the provisions of the compromise laws, but a subsequent enactment in 1810, called the Bedford and Ulster law, extended the privileges of those laws to the more recent settlements. In addition to the regular settlers in these townshifis, some others had obtained the privilege of locating their rights outside of the regular surveys. These were called "jiitches." They, however, were uniformly excluded from the advantages of the compromise measures of the State. On the 27th of March, 1787, the legislature passed what was called the "coniirming law," whose object was declared to be the "con- firming such of the Connecticut claims as were acquired by actual settlers prior to the determination of said dispute [by the Trenton Decree,] agreeably to the petition of a number of said settlers, and by granting a just compensation to the Pennsylvania claimants." A meeting of the settlers was called to accept or reject tliis act. Frank- lin, true to his purpose, opposed it with all his might and iiis great intluence. The Assembly was lield at Forty Fort, and after a most exciting discussion the act was accepted. Franklin refused to accept the verdict of the Assembly and continued his desperate plans of setting up a new State. Regarding him as the head of this new con- spiracy. Chief Justice McKean issued a warrant for his arrest for high treason, and he was apprehended October 2, 1787, and incarcerated in Philadelphia. The acceptance of the confirming law and the arrest of Franklin put an end to the movement for dismemberii g the com- monwealth. There were difficulties, however, in i)utting the act into execution. The people were suspicious that it might be some trick to deprive them of their rights. The arrest of Franklin had not allayed this suspicion, but on the contrary had aroused a more deter- mined opposition on the part of his adherents. Pickering, one of the commissioners under the act, had been compelled to fiee the country for the part he had taken in the arrest of Franklin. The landholders, however, had suflicieut influence with the Assembly, using the conduct of the people as a pretext, to secure the suspension of the act against the vigorous protest of Pickering, March 27, 1788, and its final repeal, April 1, 1790. A large number of cases was brought before the courts, whose decisions were not uniform either as to the interpretation of the laws or as to the principles which should govern the cases as they were presented. The general drift seems, however, to be that while neither the charter of Connecticut, the Indian deed, nor the Susquehanna Company, could give a legal title to land in Pennsyl- g2 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. vaiiia, yet there wus sach a. show of right, that before the Trenton Decree the settlers were not " coluntary trespassers," while their suffer- ings on the frontier during the Indian wars, from which the interior settlements were protected, placed the State under a moral obligation to secure them in their titles. On the 4th day of April, 1799, the legislature passed an act which by its provisions and those of its supplement, passed April 6, 1802, commissioners were appointed to survey, value, and certify the whole of each tract claimed by the Connecticut settler, to whom, if within one of the seventeen townships, and by the rules of the Susquehanna Company, he was entitled to his possession at the time of the Trenton Decree, his title should be confirmed; if there was a Pennsylvania claimant to any part of said land, he should receive compensation if he released iiis claim, otherwise he was turned over to the courts to fix the damage and loss he had sustained, but he could under no circumstances set up a title against a Connecticut claimant. Judge Cooper, General Steele, and Mr. Wilson were appointed commissioners under the act, whose administration of the law was so discreet and so just to the settlers, that general satisfaction was felt with the result. For the next two years the commissioners were continually employed in examining titles, surveying and valuing the lots of the settlers, and assessing damages to the Pennsylvania claimants. The constitution- ality of this act has never been questioned, and in the cases which found their way into the courts, the interpretation put upon it by the commissioners has been confirmed. While the "old settlers" were thus confirmed in their possessions the "half-share men" were shown no consideration whatever. Their claims were completely ignored, " cut up by the roots." Abandoned by the old settlers with the extension of the laws, and their execution through local ofiicers and courts, opposition to Pennsylvania gradually ceased, and after a half century of strife, confusion, bloodshed, and war, harmony was secured and prosperity has followed. Governor Hoyt thus gathers up the facts : "All the foregoing discussion converges upon two propositions, each somewhat paradoxical. " 1. In the forum of law, Connecticut, with a title regular on its face, failed justly. "2. In the forum of equity, 'the Connecticut Settlers' without other title than the possessio piedis, prevailed rightly."' ^ Seventeen Townships, p. 100. THE CONNECTICUT CLAIM. 63 It may be further added that the provisions of the compromise act were further extended by "the act of April 9, 1807, in which Pennsyl- vania claimants of lands under title previous to the confirming act of March 28, 1787, were permitted to release, and the commissioners in examining Connecticut claims, submitted and to be submitte'l, shall not require the same lands to have been occupied prior to the decree of Trenton, but the same lands to the several applicants certify, if under the rules and, regulatiojis of the Susquehanna Conipany at auy time they should otherwise thereto be entitled." By act of the 28th of March, 1808, all powers of the commissioners are suspended, and they are required to deposit their books, records, papers, etc., with the Secretary of the Land Office.' • These books aud papers contained a vast amount of material relating to tlie survey allotments, possessions and occupations o£ the seventeen townships in Luzerne County. Although not in a very good state of preservation, and bearing marks of rough usage, they were all in the Land Office in 1877, but in searching for them lor data for this work they were nowhere to be found, neither was there anyone about the office who could tell when or by whom they had been stolen. It is to be hoped there is sufficient personal honor in the person who has them to return them to their lawful depository in the Land Office. CHAPTER IV. EARLY SURVEYS AND SETTLEMENTS. Attractiveness of the "Cappows Meadows" — Early Surveys — Action of the Susquelianna Company — "SuflFering Riglits" — The Wyoming JNiassacre- Drawing of Lots- Form of Ancient Deed — Settlers on the Lots — Frances Slocum — Directors for the Town of New Providence — The Delaware Company — Appearance of Lacka- wanna Valley in 1776. NEXT to the "broad plains" of Wyoming, the "Cappows Meadows" were the most attractive portion of the Susquehanna Purchase to the early settlers, and etibrts were soon made for their possession. It will be remembered that Pennsylvania purchased the Indian title to this land by the treaty of Fort Stanwix, November 5, 1768. In the following spring, two lots aggregating more than seven hundred acres were surveyed, one to Philip Johnson, the other to Samuel Johnson, the former of which is described as a "tract of land called Cappows Meadows, situate about eight miles from the northeast branch of the Sasquehanna River, including part of an old Indian field on Lahawanack in the county of Northampton, containing three hundred and eighty-one acres and fifty-six perches, besides the usual allowance of six per cent for roads, etc. Surveyed the 16th day of August, 1769, by Charles Stewart, Deputy Surveyor, to John Lukens, Esq., Surveyor General." The next day another lot was surveyed to Samuel Johnson,^ on the south of the former survey, under an order of the same date. The upper line of these surveys was a little above the upper line of the city limits, and covered the lowlands for a mile and a quarter down the river, having a narrow belt from twenty to fifty rods in width on the east side of the stream. The Indian path, as delineated on the draft of these lots is about half a mile west of the river, and running' nearly parallel to it. Though surveyed thus early, no serious attempt was made to effect a settlement under the direction of the proprietary government, and not until some years later were additional surveys made under authority of Pennsylvania. A meeting of the Susquehanna 1 Philip and Samuel Johnson, Jr., are on the Wyoming list of Pennsylvania claim- ants under the Penns. 61 EARLY SURVEYS AND SETTLEJfENTS. 65 Company was held on the 2d of June, 1773, at which it was resolved to prosecute the settlement of Wyoming with vigor, and on the 9th of June, warrants of survey were issued in the name of William Wilson, next helow Samuel Johnson, and Caspar Weitsell, which extended to' the lower line of Old Providence, and Samuel Maclay, on the east side of the river, and on both sides of Roaring Brook.' These, however, were not surveyed until November, 1774. They were held under thJ usual leases, and, at the time titles were adjusted, were claimet meadow lott in Pittston Records, Reference thereto being had, Together with all ye after Divisions that shall at any time be laid out, said 14th lott to Have & to hold unto him ye said David Pixley, to his Heirs, Executors, and Administrators and Assigns forever hereafter, free and clear from me, ye said Jacob Anguish, or from my Heirs, Executors or Administrators or Assigns, &c , & I, ye said Jacol) Anguish am one of ye Proprietors in said town which Right of Land was Granteil to me, ye said Anguish, by ye committee of Settlers, &c. Therefore, I, ye said Anguish, Do, by these presents, Warrant, Secure, and forever Defend ye above Granted premises that shall be Drawn on said Right in said Township to himself, ye said Pixley, or from any other Person or Persons from or umler me. In witness, whereof, I, ye said Jacob Anguish, Have Hereunto set my Hand & Seal this 7th Day of July, 177L'. [Signed.] Jacou Anchush, L. S." Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of Zebulon Butlek, EzEKiEL Pierce. It would appear from the above that the drawing was not completed at the date of the deed, as the lot is not described either by number or by adjoinder. 'The commissioners reported no claimant for No. 2, but in the AVestmoreland Records is a deed of October 13, 177:'., from John Stephens, of Wilkes-Baj-re, to Mason Fitch Alden, also of AVilkes-Barre, for No. 2; Alden to John Wilson, of Goshen, New York, August 28, 1774. Whether Stevens was a proprietor does not appear. YO mSTORY 01" SCRANTON. drawn, and were subsequently assigned to the proprietors of the township for the benefit of the school fund in Providence; and Nos. 9, 10, and 36 were drawn as public lots, of which about four hundred acres of Nos. 9 and 10 were set oft" to the Reverend William Bishop, under the rule of the Susquehanna Company, as the first settled minister in the township, whose claim was certified to by Constant Searle, James Abbott, and Daniel Taylor, the committee for the pro- prietors of the township. From the purpose expressed in the grant of the township, as well as the fact that no "pitches" are noted in the survey, it is almost cer- tain that no settlements had been attempted within its limits prior to June, 1772. Who was the first settler within the city limits is uncer- tain, but as Jonathan Slocum, William Park, Thomas Picket, Henry Brush, and Daniel Mervin each received land for manning the rights of proprietors, that is, going upon the lots, remaining on them, and defending them, by force if need be, against all intruders and claimants, it is safe to infer that these were among the first. In the records of the commissioners, under the compensating law, is the following entry: "l!Tathan Waller, examined on oath, says Silas Benedict was settled on this lot, [No. 3,] in the year 1775, and built a house upon it, and that he was killed in the Indian battle." John Mur- phy, who was also killed in the battle, had made some improvements upon his lot, No. 8, but whether he ever lived there is uncertain. Isaac Tripp and Henry Dow Tripp were among the first to cast their lot in the new town. Timothy Keyes was also among the active settlers on the Capouse River at this early date. Some others of the original proprietors may have settled within the town prior to the Indian battle. Of these, Samuel Slater, Philip Wintermute, Jacob Anguish, John Pennsyl, and John Staples can be named. Wintermute, Anguish, and Pennsyl went oft" to the enemy in the Revolution, and were with the British and Indians in the battle. Rev. William Bishop, an En- glishman by birth and a Baptist minister, was also one of this company of hardy pioneers. There were probably others, but their names do not appear on the early records. From the records of the Slocum family we learn that Jonathan, the sixth' generation from the first emigrant, was born in East Greenwich, Kent County, Rhode Island, May 1, 1733, and married Ruth, daughter of Isaac Tripp, Esq., February 23, 1757. After their marriage they resided in Warwick, Rhode Island, where he was styled 1 The order is Anthony, Giles, Samuel, Giles, Joseph, and Jonathan. EARLY SURVEYS ANt) SETTLEMENTS. 71 a blacksmith. Joseph Slocum, the father of Jonathan, and Isaac Tripp came to Wyoming in 1769. Jonathan sold his land in Warwick in February, 1771, and followed his father and father-in-law to Wyoming, where he did "ye duty of a settler" for Ojidirk [OpdykeJ "in ye township called Capouse Meadows.", Jonathan returned to Warwick, but again came on to Wyoming in the spring of 1774. He received from Jonathan Fitch a deed dated November 6, 1775, for a lot in Wilkes-Barre, and lived within a hundred yards of Wilkes-Barre Fort, where he resided at the time of the Eevolutionary War. He was a member of the Society of Friends and kindly disposed toward the Indians, who frequently enjoyed the hospitality of his house. Being, as well as known, from principle a non-combatant, he considered himself and family comparatively safe, but his son Giles was in the far-famed battle, and the family were marked as objects of Indian vengeance. JSTovember 2, 1778, two boys, sons of Nathan Kingsley who was a prisoner among the savages, and his family inmates of the Slocum home, were grinding a knife, when a rifle shot and a cry of distress brought Mrs. Slocum to the door, where she beheld an Indian scalping Nathan, the eldest Kingsley boy, a lad of about fifteen, with the knife he had been sharpening. Waving her back the Indian entered the house, and took up Ebenezer Slocum, a little boy. The mother stepped up to the savage, and reaching for the child, said: "He can do you no good; see, he is lame." Giving up the boy, he took Frances, her little sandy-haired, five-year-old daughter, gently in his arms, and seizing the younger Kingsley boy by the hand hiyried away to the mountains.' An alarm was given, but the Indians eluded pursuit, taking their captives with them. About forty days alter, December 16th, Mr. blocum, Isaac Tripp, Esq., his aged father-in-law, with Wil- liam Slocum, a lad of nineteen or twenty, were foddering cattle from a stack in the meadow, in sight of the fort, when they were fired upon by Indians; Mr. Slocum was shot dead, Mr. Tripp wounded, speared, and tomahawked; both were scalped, and the swift-footed enemy escaped. William was wounded slightly by a spent ball, made his escape and gave the alarm, but no trace of the foe could be found. The story of the capture of Frances Slocum, her adoption into an Indian family, her marriage, her almost complete transformation into the habits and life of a born daughter of the forest, the long and expensive journeys undertaken by her brothers in their fruitless search for her, her subsequent discovery sixty years after her capture, and ' Miner's History of Wj'oming, pp. 247 d .leij. Y2 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. the visits of her relatives to her Western home, so vividly told by Miner and recently with great particularity by Meginnis, forms one of the' most thrilling episodes of Wyoming history. While connected with the family most intimately associated with the early history^ of this city and the incipient development of its industries, yet having occurred while they were living in Wilkes-Barre, and its full and interesting details being so accessible, their repetition seems hardly called for here. Isaac Tripp, Esq.,' also of Warwick, Rhode Island, was early in- terested in the operations of the Susquehanna Company. At a meeting of the company held at Hartford, May 18, 1763, at which plans were adopted for the settlement of their purchase, Isaac Tripp, Job Randall, and Ezra Dean were the committee from Rhode Island to approve and admit the iirst two hundred who should offer themselves, and also "that Isaac Tripp, Benjamin Follet, John Jenkins, William Burk, and Mr. Benjamin Shoemaker, be, and they are hereby appointed a committee to approve and admit, oversee, superintend, manage, and order the affairs of the first forty settlers," etc. While his name is not on the list of those who came on to Wyoming in 1762, yet the fact that the names of all the members of the committee except his are on the list, which does not claim to be complete, it is probable that he was among them. On the resumption of the settlement in 1769, he was one of the first forty, and was selected with Benjamin Follet and Vine Elderkin to negotiate with Ogden for the possession of the fort, was treacherously arrested and sent, to Easton jail, where all were bailed out and immediately returned to Wyoming. He was one of the original propri- etors, " an old sufferer," of Capouse, his lot, JSTo. 12, including part of the Indian clearings; a purchaser of lot No. 14, he also owned parts of lots No. 30 and 33. As has been said, he was killed by the Indians in 1779. Dr. Ilollister thus relates the incident: "In the Revolu- tionary War, the British for the purpose of inciting the Indians to more murderous activity along the frontier and exposed settlements, offered large rewards for the scalps of Americans. As Tripp was a man of more than ordinary efiiciency and prominence in the colony, the Indians were often asked by the British why he was not slain. The unvarying answer was that Tripp was a good man. He was a Quaker in his religious notions, and in all his intercourse with the Indians his manner had been so kind and conciliatory that when he, 1 Job Tripp wag the deputy from North Kingston, Rhode Island, to the Assembly in 1742, 1746, and from Exeter in 1745, 1748, and 1752. John Tripp was admitted freeman of Providence in 174G. EARLY SURVEYS AND SETTLEMENTS. fell into their hands as a prisoner the year previous at Capouse, they dismissed him unharmed, and covered him with paint, as it was their custom to do with those they did not wish to harm. Eendering him- self inimical to the Tories by the energy with which he assailed them afterward in his efforts to protect the interests of the Wyoming Colony at Hartford, whither he had been sent to represent its grievances, & double reward was offered for his scalp, and us he hud forfeited their protection by the removal of the war-paint, and incurred their hostil- ity by his loyal struggles for the life of the republic, ho was shot and scalped the tirst time he was seen."' Thomas Picket was from Brooktield, Connecticut, by profession a land surveyor, and held one hundred acres for services rendered. At a meeting of the Susquehanna Company, held at Hartford, Connecti- cut, June 2, 1773, a plan for the government of the settlements, called "Articles of Agreement," was adopted, in which, after giving a history of their purchase and settlement, professing loyalty to the King of Great Britain and to the laws of Connecticut, they provide: "For the due enforcing of such laws, as well as such other orders and regulations as shall from time to tin^e be found necessary to be come into by said settlers and company, we will immediately with each town already settled, and immediately after the settlement of those that may be hereafter settled, choose three able and judicious men among such settlers to take upon them, under the general directions ^of the company, the direction of the settlement of such town, and the well ordering and governing of the same; to suppress vice of every kind, preserve the peace of God and the king therein, to whom each inhabitant shall pay such and the same submission as is paid to the civil authority in the several towns of this colony. Such inhabitants shall also choose in each of their respective towns, one person of trust to be their peace officer, who shall be vested with the same power and authority as a constable by the laws of this colony is, for preserving the peace and apprehending offenders of a criminal or civil nature." The directors for the town of ITew Providence were Isaac Tripp, Esq., Timothy Keyes, and Gideon Baldwin. Of Timothy Keyes, one of the "able and judicious men" of Providence, but little seems to be known. He was married. Miner calls him a young man, but he was probably one of the most active in the township, since he not only held the office of director, but the office of constable and of collector in the Westmoreland Township. He had sold part of the lot he drew, 'History of Lackawanna ^'alley, p. 129. 74 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. and oil which he was living in 1774, No. 5, as appears from a deed dated March 5, 1790, in which Joseph Washburn, of Providence, con- veys to Daniel Taylor "a lot obtained from Samuel Slaughter, beginning on the southwest side of Jedediah Hoyt's land, which he obtained from Timothy Keyes, decea-^ed, where the road now crosses, and run- ning across the lot to Thomas Picket's line at an old bridge." Miner says: "About Ihis time [August, 1778], three Indians took prisoners on the Lackawanna, Isaac Tripp, Esq., the elder, Isaac Tripp, his grand- son, and two young men by the name of Keyes and Hocksey.' The old gentleman they painted and dismissed, but hurried the others into the forest, now Abington, above Leggett's Gap, on the warriors' path to Oquago. Resting one night they rose next morning and traveled about two miles, when they stopped at a little stream of water. The two young Indians then took Keyes and Hocksey some distance from the path, and were absent about half an hour, the old Indian looking anxiously the way they had gone. Presently the death whoop was heard, and the Indians returned, brandishing bloody tomahawks and exhibiting the scalps of their victims. Tripp's hat was taken from his head and his scalp examined twice, the savages speaking earnestly, when at length they told him to fear nothing, he should not be hurt, and carried him ofl as a prisoner." Hollister says: "In the spring of 1803 two skulls, white as snow, and some human bones, porous and wether-beaten by the storms of a quarter of a century, were found in Abington, by Deacon Clark, upon the edge of a little brook passing through Clark's Green, and were at this time supposed to be, as they probably were, the remains of Tripp's tomahawked com- panions."^ Among the hardy pioneers more or less intimately connected with the early settlement of Providence Township, was Gideon Baldwin, from Voluntown, Connecticut, who subsequently moved to Hanover, where 1 Hollister calls him Solomon. Zebulon Hawksey, or Hocksey, or Hoxsie, of Dutchess County, New York, is among the first 240 settlers. - Dr. Hollister, History of Lackawanna Valley, p. 127, quotes the following note from Eev. E. L. Baily's History of the Abington Baptist Association: "This Isaac Tripp was, in early life, a resident of Capouse Meadows, in the Lackawanna Valley. In the eighteenth year of his age, and soon after the Wyoming massacre, he was taken captive by the Indians, and with others marched to Canada. On the way he experienced the most excruciating sufferings from the gnawings of hunger and the cruel treatment of the savages, who bound his hands behind him and compelled him to run the gauntlet. At Niagara he met his cousin. Miss Frances Slocum, who was also a captive from the Wyoming Valley. They planned their escape, but their intentions being discovered by their captors they were separated never more to meet on earth, and young Tripp was EARLY SURVEYS AND SETTLEMENTS. 75 probably be died, as bis widow and son Gideon were living in Wya- lusiug in 1793, which was probably about the time of the death of the elder Gideon; for on January 20, 1793, he sold a lot in Hanover to his son. He was chosen lister (assessor) for Westmoreland in 1774, and was in the battle on July 3d, but fortunately escaped. John Staples, probably from Warwick, occupied lot No. 11. His sons Joseph and Reuben were killed in the Wyoming battle. Under date of Oc- tober 9, 1789, he conveyed one half of this lot to Isaac Tripp, which he designated as his settling right in the town of Providence, bought from Captain John Howard. "John Taylor, with no companions but his ax, his rifle, and his faithful dog, early made a pitch in Providence on the elevation below Hyde Park, . . . known throughout the valley as the 'Uncle Jo Griffin Farm.' Mr. Taylor subsequently became a man of more than ordinary usefulness in the colony. He was a prominent member of a number of committees, . . . and took an active part in the social and political organizations of the day."^ He claimed lot JSTo. 3 before the commissioners in 1802, on account of intermarriage with Sarah, daughter of Silas Benedict, and conveyances from the other heirs of Benedict who was killed in the Wyoming battle, and probabl}' came in company with his father-in-law. John Murphy, who had married a daughter of the elder Obadiah Gore, and had emigrated with the family from Massachusetts, drew No. 8 and made some improvement on it, although it is doubtful if he ever resided on it. He sold the lot, " with the appurtenances thereof," to Jonathan Cook, of Harrington, Connecticut, for £50 ($167.00), the deed bearing date of May 15, 1773. Murphy was killed at the massacre five years later. Prior to the erection of Westmoreland Township, January, 1774, the improvements in Providence Township had been small. The Indian sold to the English and compelled to enter their service, in which he reluctantly con- tinued until the close of the Revolutionary War. He now returned to his early home and resumed the peaceful pursuits of the farm. He moved to Scott, Luzerne [now Lackawanna] County, and finally settled in the Elk AVoods, in Susquehanna County. His wife died in Clifford, J\Iay 10, 1816, aged sixty-seven years. He followed her to the grave April 15, 1820, aged sixty years. The remains of both now repose in the burying ground near Clifford Corners." Clark, History of Wyoming Valley, p. 73, says Keyes put up a sawmill on Reiser's Creek in 1779, in Lackawanna Township. It was at this mill that the lumber was manufactured for Lord Butler's house in Wilkes-Barre. There must be some mistake in date here, as in 1779 was the year of the Sullivan expedition, when all was confusion in the valley. 1 It is noticeable that the conveyances to Taylor are not made earlier than 1800. 76 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. clearings at Capouse, as formerly those at Wyoming, were made avail- able for the first crops for these pioneers in the wilderness. Between this point and Pittston the settlers had begun to plant themselves. Soon after the organization of the Susquehanna Company, another of einiilar character, called the Delaware Company, was organized, which purchased of the natives the territory within the chartered limits of the Colony of Connecticut westward from the Delaware River, unto a line run parallel with the Susquehanna aiid ten miles eastward of it. This company made settlements at several points, the most important of wliich was at Coshutunk, in 1757, and which in 1760, contained thirty houses, a blockhouse, a sawmill, and a grist- mill. Among the first questions discussed at the Wyoming town meetings was the necessity and feasibility of opening a road from the Susquehanna to the Delaware settlements, and so to the Connecticut River. It was to aid this enterprise that the settlements on the Lack- awanna were encouraged, and the probability of its early construction was a strong inducement for settlers to go in that direction. "At a meeting of the Proprietors and Settlers Belonging to ye Susquehanna Purchase Legally warned and held in Wilkes-Barre, December 7, 1772, Captain Butler was chosen moderator for ye work of ye Day." Among other things, it was voted: "That there shall be a Tax Granted upon each Settling Right on ye East Branch of ye Susquehanna Purchase in order to make and finish a Rode from Dilleware River to this place," etc. "Voted, That Mr. Asa Stevens is appointed collector for ye town of Wilkes-Barre to collect ye taxes to be raised on each right in Wilkes-Barre^" Captain Benjamin Follett was appointed the collector for Kingston; Deacon Hopkins, for Plymouth; Mr. William Stewart, for Hanover; Mr. Lemuel Harding, for Pittson, and "Mr. Samuel Johnson is appointed collector for ye town of Providence." " Voted, That there shall be a committee of five men to apipoint houses of public entertainment, but they shall not appoint more than two persons within this Fort. Voted, That Captain Follett, Asa Stevens, Mr. Avery, Esquire Trypp, and Mr. Dana are appointed a committee for the above said work." At another meeting legally warned and held December 28, 1772, Timothy Keyes was appointed constable for the town of Providence. At a meeting legally warned, held October 2, 1773, Keyes Wa« chosen collector in the place of Samuel Johnson. From these appointments it is quite certain that Johnson and Keyes were living in the town in 1772. EARLY SURVEYS AND SETTLEMENTS. 77 The construction of this highway was a matter of deep interest to the early settlers as it opened coninuinieation between these remote settlements and the more thickly settled parts of the colony with which they were so closely identified, and of which they were a part; and it was a subject of earnest discussion at many of the meetings of the inhabitants. Isaac Tripp was appointed to oversee the work at a compensation of five shillings or about eight^'three cents per day, and the price for laborers on that part, from tlie Delaware to the Great Swamp, was three shillings per day, and from the Great Swamp westward to the settlements, one shilling and sixpence. The New Englander had learned from bitter experience that if he wished to retain his possessions he must be able to defend them and be watchful to protect them. While all seemed to be peaceful, he knew not from what quarter, or at what time, a descent would be made upon his family and home. In 1772, by a vote of the inhabitants, each settler was required to provide himself with a serviceable musket, am- munition, and a blanket ; and no matter how pressing the worlc, the trainings, details for guarding the roads leading to Wyoming, and sentry duty at the forts were diligently maintained. At a town meet- ing held March 2, 1774, the township of Westmoreland was divided into eight districts; "Exeter, Providence, and all the lands west and north to ye town line, be one district, by ye name of ye North Dis- trict;" and at a meeting held June 27th, the freemen in each district were organized into a military company, properly officered, which companies subsequently were combined into a regiment, and regimental, as well as company trainings, were of frequent occurrence. ISTot only were all breaches of the peace vigorously prosecuted and punished, and acts of injustice rebuked, but the people were anxious to maintain a standard of public morals as high as in the older settled portions of New England. At a meeting of the proprietors and settlers held December 8, 1773, Christopher Avery, Samuel Slaughter, Captain Stewart, Solomon Strong, and Esquire Tripp were appointed a committee to devise a plan for the better government of the town, and "the suppression of vice and immorality which unhappily prevails in some parts." In the uncultivated condition of the country the settlers were compelled to allow their stock to roam at large, and each settler was required to register his "ear mark" for public information. In the records we find the following: "Job Trypp's, ye 2d, his ear mark, a smooth cross of ye left ear and a half penne ye fore side of each ear. Entered April ye 2d, 1776." "Samuel Slater, his ear mark, a cross on 78 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. ye left ear. Entered March ye 15th, 1774." These are attested by Ezekiel Pierce, clerk. These old records of deeds, town meetings, votes, etc., from which such frequent extracts have been made, may seem trivial to the thought- less reader, yet their quaint script as well as quaint expressions tell the story of the daily life of these heroic pioneers in the wilder- ness, with its joys and hopes, its anxieties and cares, its burdens and sori'ows, its pleasures and its toils. It is the picture of themselves in their every-day working clothes, and in their every-day social and political life, and which more accurately delineates that life than the most studied phrase. To a traveler passing from Pittson to Providence in the spring of 1776, the path along the Lackawanna must have afforded many views of great beauty, and the settlements have been a veritable picture of peace. The clearings from Assarockney, extending five miles up the river, had nearly or quite all been cut up into farms, which were homes of the enterprising settlers. John Depew had made a pitch at the Falling Spring, Augustine Hunt was next to him, and Isaiah Ilalstead, next, where they had been since 1772, and must have made quite considerable improvements. Reaching the town line of Provi- dence, Thomas Picket had a log house and several acres cleared on lot 'No. 4, while a little below and on the opposite side of the river, on No. 43, Captain Elijah Simons, who had manned the right for Ebenezer Hibbard, had made some improvements, although he probably never lived on the lot long at a time. JSText above Picket, on the west side of the river, was Timothy Keyes, who must have made some clearings, since he was gathering his crops when captured by the Indians; Hocksey, who was captured at the same time, seems to have been living near or with him, while Andrew Hickman, whose wife was, in 1772, one of the five white women in Wyoming,' Silas Benedict and his son-in-law, John Taylor, and others, were in the same neighborhood. Hickman and his wife and child were murdered and his log cabin burned to the ground by a band of Indians, who at the same time shot and scalped two men by the names of Leach and St. John, who were escaping with their families. Further up the river were the Tripps and the Slocums. Benjamin Bailey, formerly of Wilkes-Barre, bought of Solomon Johnson a part of No. 19, in 1 Miner, p., 138. He names Mrs. James McClure, Mrs. Bennett, Mrs. Jabez Sill Mrs Thomas Bennett, and Mrs. Hickman. Mrs. Benjamin Budd was also in tiie Wyoming Valley at that time, and was the ]nother of the first child of New England parentage born there, whom she called Susquehanna Budd.— History of Bradford County, p. 58 EARLY SURVEYS AND SETTLEMENTS. 79 August, 1775, and lived there a year, when bis purchase passed into the hands of Charles Knapp. On account of the very few women in the township, most of the lot owners were temporary residents, or several of them lived togetlier in their huts in the very plainest manner, while nuiking tiieir clear- ings and preparing for more permanent habitations. But this picture of rural beauty, this dream of peace, was soon i-udely broken up by the dire tocsin of war whose distant echoes soon told of danger, and called to the central settlements these far away pioneers, for the better protection of themselves and their families. Without the pro- tection of a fort, the nearest one being at Pittston, on the path from the Indian towns of the Upper Susquehanna to Wyoming, these pioneers were peculiarly exposed, and on the lirst alarm most of them hastened to Pittston, Wilkes-Barre, or Kingston. Hollister says after the Indian battle not a single liouse was left standing in the township. The devastation was complete and no attempt was made to renew the settlements until the conclusion of peace. CHAPTER V. SETTLEMENTS RESUMED. Changes Among the Early Settlers — Owners of Lots at the Beginning of the Present Century —" Deep Hollow" — Rev, William Bishop — Enterprises in the Hollow — The Beginning of Roads, Etc. FOR nearly ten years the entire Lackawanna Valley was well-nigh or quite abandoned by the whites. In the meantime changes had taken place in the families of the early settlers. Some, as John Murphy and Silas Benedict, had been slain in the battle; others, as Keyes and Hocksey, Hickman and Isaac Tripp, had been massacred by the sav- ages; some had been taken captive and never returned; some had died from natural causes, and others still, discouraged by the hardships, dangers, and privations of their past experiences, had left the valley never to return. Titles to land had been transferred to other parties, and in many cases new owners and new faces had taken the place of the former ones. As aftbrding the best possible knowledge of the condition of things, the records give the following owners and occupants of lots in the township to the beginning of the present century, or the iirst twelve years of the renewed settlements. Isaac Wilson had purchased lot No. 1 from the heirs of Samuel Slater in 1797, and was in occu- pancy in 1800; John Taylor had secured his father-in-law, Silas Benedict's, title to ISTo. 3, and had rebuilt the devastated homestead. Thomas Picket returned to his old possession on No. 4, prior to 1790, but sold it to Samuel Roberts. The rest of the lot was sold to Joseph Washburn, who conveyed it to Reuben Taylor, who also in 1795 purchased No. 5 of the heirs of Jedediah Hoyt. Jonathan Slocum sold No. 6 to James Bagley, whose heirs sold it to Ebenezer Park, and he to Joseph Fellows, by deed bearing date September 23, 1796. Isaac Tripp, who had purchased No. 7 of Captain John Howard, sold half of it to Moses Dolph, December 15, 1792, who three years later sold the larger moiety to William Stanton. No. 8 was owned by Thomas San- bourne, who was surveyor for the commissioners under the law of 1799, and who sold it to Edward Mott, of Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1805. Nos. 9 and 10 were public lots, four hundred acres of which were SETTLEMENTS RESUMED. 81 set off" to Rev. William Bishop, the first settled gospel minister in the town. As the compensating law required the commissioners to eon- firm titles to those only who had their lots specifically set ofl' to them and were in occupancy prior to the Decree of Trenton, December 30, 1782, Mr. Bishop must have taken up his residence iu the town earlier than that date, and probably before the massacre. Of him Ilollister says: "On the bluff upheaved from the Lackawanna, whose waters so gracefully bend around its base, the log house and church of Elder Bishop combined in one, emerged from the forest. It was a rude, paintless affiiir. ISTo bell, steeple, pulpit, nor pews marked it as a house of worship; four plain sides, chinked with wood held by adhesive mud, formed a room where the backwoodsmen gathered in a spirit of real piety, sincerity, and an absence of display impossible to find to-day in the more costly and imposing sanctuaries around us." Lots numbered 11, 12, 13, and 14, excepting one hundred and forty acres of No. 12, held by Reuben Ireland, and one hundred and sixty-nine acres of ISTo. 14, belonging to Lewis Jones, were owned by the Tripps, Isaac, Sr., and Isaac, Jr., and Stephen, the latter owning also parts of ISTos. 19, 20, 23, and 33. Benjamin Brown and John Hollenback, of Wilkes-Barre, were claimants of Nos. 15 and 16. John Tripp, as the administrator of Job Tripp, sold the former lot January 8, 1793, to Micajah Harding, iu which "the log mansion house thereon" is especially named as included iu the conveyance. John Staples was living on a part of this lot from 1794 to 1800, and Stephen Gardner was on No. 16 until 1798. Jonathan Dean, whose father, Ezra, had drawn No. 17, came upon the lot in 1793, but sold the greater part of it to Nathan Roberts iu 1802, and returned to Rhode Island. James Bagley was living upon No. 18 in 1795, but sold it and purchased a lot in No. 20, where he was living in 1802. James Leggett, of Mount Pleasant, Winchester County, New York, purchased part of No. 20 and of 21 in June, 1775, but if he lived upon it at all his stay was short, for in September of the same year he transferred his title to his son Gabriel, who made his clearing and gave his name to the gap and creek along which the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad is laid. Soon after the war Gabriel returned to his old possession, which, in September, 1792, he sold to Elijah Hunter and Obadiah Foot. In the boundary of the former he begins the description, "at a white pihe stump north from the house where the said Gabriel Leggett now lives." Enoch Holmes was on the lot above the Leggett place, where he lived for some time, and m the fall of 1803, sold it to Joseph 6 82 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Fellows "distiller."' Joseph Fellows, Stephen Tripp, Rohert Secor, of Carmel,' Putnam County, New York, and William Wright were owners of ]Sro'23- John Hollenback, Ebenezer Slocnm, Joseph Ilorsfield, of Bethlehem^ Pennsylvania, and William Case", of No. 24, but it is doubt- ful if any save Secor and Case were living there. Matthias Hollenback owned No. 25, and on July 7, 1797, William Miller purchased No. 26 of Elijah Slater, of West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, son and heir of Samuel Slater, deceased. Solomon Avery, of Tunkhannock, Pennsyl- vania, the original proprietor of No. 27, sold it, except the one hundred acres '"for manning the right," to Joseph Waller, of Providence, and Daniel Waller, of Wilkes-Barre. These lots passed by various convey- ances to Levi Depew, of Buttonwood, New York, in 1800. No. 28 was owned by Charles Dolph, who made the purchase in 1794. William Hurlbut, the devisee of bis father. Captain John Hurlbut, conveyed No. 29 to William Allsworth and Oliver Pettibone, both of Kingston, Pennsylvania. Pettibone sold his interest to Benjamin Atwater, of Providence, and he to Isaac Tripp in June, 1798. Hollister says Allsworth was the pioneer in the present Dunmore, in 1783; he is rated an innkeeper in the assessment of 1796, and a man of consider- able estate. Charles Dolph, on No. 28, and Abraham Brown and James Wygan, on No. 30, were his neighbors. In 1794, Coourod Lutz bought of Zebulon Butler No. 31. No. 32 was owned by John Carey, who came to Providence prior to 1796; No. 33 by Stephen Tripp; No. 34 by David Bidwell, of Wilkes-Barre; No. 35 by Daniel Barnum, of Pittston; No. 36 was a public lot; Nos. 37 and 38 came- into the possession of Ebenezer and Benjamin Slocum in 1798. John Howe had bought No. 37 of Robert Cooley, May 22, 1792, and occu- pied it until he sold it to the Slocums, while No. 38 had been owned successively by Ichabod and John Sergeant Hopkins and Clark Baldwin, all of Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Stephen Jenkins sold No. 30 to Asa Chadwick in September, 1789, and in the following month, Chadwick sold to James Abbott, then of Wilkes-Barre, but formerly of Windham, Connecticut, and among the first emigrants to Wyoming, who about the same time purchased also the adjoining lot, No 40. Mr. Abbott and his brother Philip were for several years among the most active and enterprising men in the township. He, with Constant Searle and Daniel Taylor, was chosen on the town 'Hollister says: "During the same year, 1788, Enoch Holmes erected the first house on the site of Providence Village, near what is now the corner of Oak and Main streets. It was a double log cabin, and no doubt an imposing structure for the times and locality." SETTLEMENTS RESUMED. 83 committee to represent the Connecticut claimants before the commis- sion under tlie compensation law, and received the State title to the public lands in the township. "The manifest necessity of a gristmill nearer home [than near Wilkes-Barre] led Philip Abbott to build on Roaring Brook, in 1788, the first settlement of the kind in tiie vicinity. The construction of this establishment was simple in the extreme. It soon became evident that capital was required to enlarge and improve the mill. In October of the same year, Mr, Abbott's brother James joined him in the enterprise, and the firm was further strengthened by the admission of Reuben Taylor,' in the spring of 1789. Mr. Taylor built the second house in the hollow, and is said to have ground the first grist in the mill. A year later, however, they sold the mill and their other property at the hollow to John and Seth IIowc, w}:o in July, 1798, sold the same with their improvements to Ebeuezer Slocuni and James Duwain."^ Lot No. 41 had, in 180,0, no claimant. Thomas Wright, a mer- chant in Pittston, had the title to 42; Daniel David and James Lewis to 43. Besides these, who were owners or claimants of lots in the township of Providence prior to 1800, the assessriient of 1796 gives the names of others, among them Cornelius Atherton, John Ather- ton, Eleazer Atherton, James Brown Taylor, Asher Bagley, Jesse Bagley, Solomon Bates, William Cogswell, Jonathan Dolph, William Goodridge, John Giffbrd, Nathan Hall, John Lamkins, John Lutz, Michael and Jacob Lutz, Nicholas Lutzens, Christopher Miller, Ebenezer Park, Benjamin Pedrick, Jonathan Ralph, Thomas Smith, Timothy Stevens, William Simral, Daniel Scott, Constant Searle, William Stan- ton, Preserved Taylor, and Benjamin Tompkins. Several of these were transient people, some young men who were assessed for something to qualify them to become voters, while some were occupying their holdings under contract without having obtained a full title. Preserved Taylor had at various times held an interest in several lots in the township and was among its earliest proprietors. Hollister mentions also Daniel Waderman, a native of Hamburg, Germany, who was impressed into the British military service in 1775, was captured by the Americans in 1 Reuben Taylor was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1759. At the age of seven- teen he entered the Revolutionary Army and served through the vpar. He then came to Pennsylvania in 1789, and married Celinda Abbott in Wilkes-Barre, June 27, 1790. He is said to have ground the first grist manufactured in what is now the Lackawanna County. He was one of the most active and trusted men of his day in Providence Township. He had six children, of whom John A., the eldest, was born in Providence, August 29, 1791. * History of Lackawanna County, p. 386. 34 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. 1779 served the remainder of the war iu the patriot army, came as the second settler in what was Providence Borough, Enoch Holmes being the first, and bnilt his log cabin where the house of Daniel Silkman now is, in 1790, and lived there in peace and contentment for many years, when he moved further up the valley; and that as late as 1816 only three families lived in the immediate vicinity of the Borough. Isaac Tripp, third, with his son Stephen, then ten years old, emigrated from Rhode Island in 1786, and took up his permanent residence in Capouse Meadows two years later. That part of the city which was formerly the Borough of Scran- ton was called by the earliest settlers, "Deep Hollow;" the Tamarack Swamp, now hidden by the improvements where the courthouse stands, being the bottom of a deep basin rimmed by the high hills which ajiparently enclosed the valley on all sides. Pliilip Abbott built bis log .house here the same year Enoch Holmes went into Providence, 1788. He was joined by his brother James the following autumn, and by Reuben Taylor the next spring, who built the second house in the "Hollow." Rev. William Bishop is credited with being the first settler in Hyde Park in 1794, whose rude dwelling was on the site afterward occupied by Judge Merrifield. He was followed by the Dolphs, Aaron, Moses, and Jonathan, to whose thrift and energy this part of the city owed much. Hollister says of them: "A Mr. Dolph made a clearing and built nearly opposite [corner of Main and Washburn streets], on what has since been known as the Knapp place. Another of the same name settled near the westerly corner of Main Street and Sixth Avenue, on the site of the residence of the late Benjamin Fellows, Esq." About these centers, Providence, Dunmore, Deep Hollow, and Plyde Park, the newcomers into the township naturally gathered, and from them gradually radiated, not only into tbe adjoining parts of the township, but also into the townships surrounding. The prog- ress of development and increase was slow. The surface of the greater part of the township was broken, heavily timbered, and not so easily tilled as the flats along the Susquehanna River. It was ten miles from the river, which was the great thoroughfare for transportation before the introduction of artificial water ways and highways, and not least the bitter and continuous strifes about land titles between the State of Pennsylvania and the settlers under the Susquehanna Company, made the pioneer distrustful of the tenure of his holdings, and discouraged him from making improvements upon them. In 1792, four years after the settlements had begun to be renewed, there were in the township SETTLEMENTS KESUMED. not to exceed twenty families, but ten horses, twenty-eight oxen, and fifty-two cows. In 1796 there were enuniera'ed as residing in the township sixty-one taxables, including two "spinsters," tvventj' seven horses, fifty-four oxen, and seventy-three cows. In 1800 the popula- tion had increased to a little more than five hundred, and there were less than one hundred families in the entire township, as it was then constituted. In addition to the gristmill hnilt by the Abbotts, Captain John Stafl:ord, in or about 1790, erected a sawmill on the stream that lieai-s his name. Like all structures at that time it would now be considered a rude affair, but it met the wants, and answered the requirements of its patrons. In the purchase of a lot of land in Providence, No. 22, from Enoch and Elizabeth Holmes, October 18, 1803, Joseph Fellows is designated as "distiller." The inns of that day partook of the primitive habits of the people, and were little more than places where the neighbors assembled evenings, drank grog, told stories of tlie hunt or the war, had their wrestling matches, and indulged in the rough sports so popular with our grandfathers. The road opened under the direction of Esquire Tripp, continued to be used by the newcomers and others in 1788 and later, as well as the bridge constructed across the stream near the Keyes place. In a deed of March 5, 1790, Joseph Washburn describes the land conveyed to Daniel Taylor, a part of No. 4, as beginning "where the road now crosses, and running across the lot to Thomas Picket's line to the old bridffe," etc. Previous to the erection of a bridge, the settlers desiring to cross, were obliged to ford the river. There were three public fords above Pittston, Tripp's, Lutz's, and Bagley's. Joseph Fellows, Sr., a man of great resolution and intelligence, who had just gained » residence on the Hyde Park hillside, aided by the farmers of Capouse, in 17!HJ, placed a substantial bridge across the river, with a single span. The planks used upon it were the first production of Stafford's mill. With the publication of the Decree of Trenton, which gave Penn- sylvania jurisdiction over the 'Wyoming settlements, Connecticut at once withdrew all pretentions to its government aud Pennsylvania assumed control. The territory at that time was included in the county of Northumberland; but by act of Assembly, passed Septem- ber 25, 1786, the county of Luzerne was erected. In 1790 the county was divided into townships and election districts, in which Providence was joined with Pittston in one district, but two years later the district was divided, aud Providence, with its original boundaries, became a separate township and election district. HISTORY OS SdRANXON. In 1799 the legislature passed the compeusation law, under which the Connecticut titles were confirmed to the settlers. In 1802 and 1803 the commissioners appointed under the law held their court in Providence; lands were valued by them, titles examined, surveys made, certificates issued, and after fifty years of controversy and uncer- tainty, the dispute which had cost so much money and so many lives and had been the cause of so much bickering and strife, was, so far as this township was concerned, brought to an end. At this time there was no public conveyance, not even the lum- bering stage coach, to connect Scranton with the outside world, nor mails to afford its people means of communication. Simple in their habits, plain in their attire, social and friendly in their intercourse with each other, their wants few and easily supplied, their ambitions mod- erate and easily gratified, they all met on a common level and cared little for what was transpiring around them. The following paragraph, condensed from an account furnished Doctor Hollister by Rev. John Miller, will be an appropriate conclusion to the brief account of this period. The date is 1804: "Along the path from Keyes Creek to Providence the woods retained their native aspect until the 'Uncle Joe GrifHn farm " came in sight. There stood a log cabin with its roof running to the ground, occupied at that time by Heuben Taylor. Mr. La France held a possession immediately above Taylor, while the residence of Joseph Fellows, Sr., on the slope of the hill was visible. Elder William Bishop's unhewn log cabin stood on the site of the residence of the Honorable William Merrifield. Only one acre was cleared where Hyde Park afterward grew up. With the exception of the Indian clearings and a little additional chopping around it, the central pcn'tion of Capouse Meadows or Tripp's Flats, was covered with tall white pines. The road lay along the brow of- the hill for nearly half a mile from Bishop's, when it reached the two-roomed log cabin of Stephen Tripp, whose distillery was near at hand. About i"The original GrifBn in Providence was Steplicn, wlio in 1794, left Westchester, County, New York, to battle witli Pennsylvania forests. He located near Lutz's fordway. . . . Tlie far seen hill below Hyde Park, crowned on its western edge by a noble park, reserved for deer, is known throughout the valley as the ' Uncle Joe Griffin place,' where he lived for half a century. He filled the office of Justice of the Peace for many years, and in 1839-40 conjointly with the late Honorable Chester Butler, he represented the interests of the county in the State Legislature, with credit." [Hollis- ter.] Reuben Taylor, January 24, 1797, bought one hundred acres of No. 4, and three hundred acres of No. 5, of Stephen and Ransford Hoyt, heirs of Jedediah Hoyt, deceased. Taylor sold these lots to Joseph Griffin who secured a patent for them, October 14, 1822. SETTLEMENTS UESUMED. 87 midway between this point and the river, a little northeast of the present location of the Diamond mines, was a small tract of land only theu recently purchased by Lewis Jones' from John Gifibrd and William Tripp. Giffbrd was a son-in-law of Isaac Tripp, and lived there at that time. John Staples^ occupied the Widow Griffin farm. The Von Storch clearing was not far distant. Between it and the cabin of Enoch Holmes was a belt of pine timber. Holmes's cabin stood on the site of the village of Providence. Where now stands the cottage of Daniel Silkman lived Henry Waderman. James Bag- ley' lived on the flats now known as the Rockwell farm. Selah Mead cultivated a narrow intervale at *he mouth of Leggett's ci-eek, while Mr. Hutchins occupied a patch of land arising from the brook, known now as the McDaniels farm. The next clearing was that of Ephraira Stevens.* A traveler over, that part of the township of Providence, at present bounded by the city limits of Scranton, would have seen, besides the improvements mentioned, only those at tSlocum Hollow, and elsewhere previously described." ijohn Gifford, of Pittston, sells to Lewis Jones, one hundred and sixty-nine acres, part of No. 14, March 19, 1798. 2 John Tripp, of Exeter, sells to John Staples part of No. 15, May 10, 1794. 3 James Bagley si^ld No. 18 to Joseph Yeomans, of New York City, July 7, 1796, and purchased two hundred acres, a part of No. 20, September 22, 1792, which he owned in 1803. « William Stephens received a patent for fifty acres, a part of No. 23, July 16, 1812. CHAPTEE VI. GENERAL HISTORY. An Era Marked in the Development of the Valley — Dr. William Hooker Smith Among the First to See the Value of Anthracite Coal— First Forge in the Valley— First Forge at Slocum Hollow — Distilleries — Easy Transportation Necessary to Business — Dr. Silas Eobinson's Cabin — First Town Meeting. THE begin iiiiig of the century marked an era in the history of the development of Lackawanna Valley. In the "Hollow" Slocum and James Duwain had enlarged and improved their gristmill, built a sawmill, a blacksmith shop, a cooper shop and distillery, which with three or four rude houses comprised the entire settlement. A sled path had been cut through the "notch," as far as Clark's Green. In his reminiscences of Abington, Rev. John Miller says: "I came to Abington in 1800, and found the family of Deacon William Clark, with whom I had lived two years in Plainfield, JSTew Jersey. His wife was the only woman to be found within six miles in any direction ... In 1802 a road had been opened to Deacon Clark's, but to get a small load of four hundred pounds from Providence through the "notch" to Clark's Green, required one team of horses all day long, and the combined labor of Robert Stone, Stephen Parker, and myself There was a sled path through the mountain gorge, but no wagon had ever passed through the narrows. By attaching a rope to the wagon we were enabled to keep it from upsetting at a critical time, by pulling ou the rope in the opposite direction. We had fre- quently to lay poles against the rocks and logs, and then lift at the wheels in order to get the load over." Doctor William Hooker Smith came to Wilkes-Barre in 1772. Possessing a keen, active mind and considerable practical and scientific knowledge, he was among the very first to see in the vast mineral deposits the sources of untold wealth. In 1791 he began to make purcliases of coal lands in Pittston, Exeter, Plymouth, Providence, and Wilkes-Barre. His schemes were regarded by his neighbors as vision- ary, and but little attention was given to his operations. In 1789 he and James Sutton erected a fofge for the purpose of converting ore into iron. It stood about two miles above the mouth of the Lackawanna River. Jesse G. Fell says of the "Old Forge," which GENERAL aiSTOEY. 89 was the pioneer enterprise of the Lackawanna Valley, "From 1812 to 1815 my father rented and occupied the hotel, farm, and sawmill on the north side of the river. At that time the forge was in full operation. It was situated below the road bridge on the south bank of the river, so that the ore and coal were unloaded from the road into the forge. The water power for running the forge was taken from the river by a race dug through the rock just above the bridge. The forge was a cheap building, and the ore was picked up on top of the ground ovei- the hills and valleys and hauled in carts by oxen. Charcoal was burned on the mountains for the forge. The business was owned by three of the most enterprising and prominent men of the day, Doctor William Hooker Smith and his two sons-in-law, Jumes Sutton and ]Sr. Huribut. The forge must have stopped in 1816 or 1817." With the crude ideas and cruder machinery, the few and almost impassable roads, the uncertainties of a market, and the expensive modes of reaching it, the lack of capital, and the greater lack of skilled workmen, it required a heroic faith to launch an enterprise ten miles from any certain water way, which should depend for its success upon a market far from its own vicinage. But such faith was not wanting in the men of the last century. Ebenezer Slocnm,' son of Jonathan Slocum, one of the earliest settlers of Providence, had associated with him in the business^ in Deep Hollow, now properly called "Slocum Hollow,"" his brother, Benjamin, who had bought the interest of James Duwuin. After consultation with Doctor Smith, they determined to add to their other industries the manufacture of 1 Ebenezer Slocum, born in Warwick, RlioJe Island, June 10, 17(l(i, removed witb his parents to Wyoming when about eight years of age, and j^hared the privations and toils of the other settlers. He married December 3, 1790, Sarah, daughter of Doctor Joseph and Obedience [SperryJ Davis, of Wilkes-Barre. She wag born August :!I, 1771, He died suddenly of apoplexy in the street in Wilkes-Barre, July iT), 18:;i.', 'The management of the gristmill, the sawmill built in 17118-99, and a dis- tillery in 1799. ^It is right to say that Mr. Slocum gave the name "Unionville" to the place. Joseph Slocum, a son of Ebenezer, is quoted as saying: "All the transactions here and all transactions upon my father's books bear the name of Tnionville' as late as 18L'8; but the place was known far and wide as Slocum Hollow, and was so named in IsUi by a jolly Dutchman named James Snyder. That year was known as the 'cold season.' Little or no corn escaped the ravages of the frost, which killed all perishable vegetation. This Dutchman, who was employed at the forge, and who was fond of whisky and convivial sports, had ever before called the place 'Skunk's Misery,' but when this frost with ite disastrous breath froze everything it could reach, he indignantly exclaimed that this spot was fit only for a Slocum to live in, and he should name it 'Slocum Holler.' " History of Lackawanna County, p. o87. 90 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. iron. Accordingly in the year 1800, a forge was constructed and the work was commenced. The furnace was built of stone, in whicVi was placed the ore, such as could be found, mixed with a proper quantity of charcoal, with the limestone also found in the neighborhood, as a flux. The charcoal was burned on the surrounding hillsides, and like the ore, was hauled on sleds, afterward on carts, by oxen, to the forge, there being no roads on which wagons with horses could be used. After the iron had been melted and separated from the slag in the furnace, it was heated again, and hammered into balls of pretty fair iron, said to have been strong and tough, and capable of being worked into any desired shape by their simple trip hammer. The forge had two tiros and a blacksmith shop attached. Peter La France was the foreman, and John Gordon, Thomas Williams, George Worten, and lienry Stark, the latter two culored and slaves, were employees about the works. The power for the forge was derived from the river, a dam being constructed for this purpose. In the spring freshet the dams built for the mills were washed out, but others of more substan- tial character were erected, every farmer in the township lending a helping hand. For several years the -'Hollow" was the center of a good deal of business activity. Whisky, lumber, iron, flour, and feed were manufactured in such quantities as to bring the isolated settlement into considerable prominence in the country, while the burning of charcoal, the transportation of ore, and the products of the various industries, gave employment to a considerable number of men and teams. On account of imperfect machinery and the cost of materials the profits at the best were meager. In 1805, Ebenezer Slocura built the first frame house in the place, which was for many years a prominent landmark, the "old red Slocura house" being known far and wide. The main portion of it was seventeen by forty- four feet, with an annex of seventeen by thirty-four feet. Under its roof many a traveler found entertainment and rest. The house was partly destroyed by fire in 1869, but it was rebuilt the same season. It was taken down in 1875, to make room for the extensive steel works which now are one of Scranton's important industries. In 1811, the gristmill was repaired by Elisha Hitchcock,' and another distillery was built the same year. Slocum Hollow productions found market in iMr. Hitchcock was at this time a young, energetic millwright (born in Clermont New Hampshire, January 21, 177,S), wh,j came to Slocum Hollow in 1809 He married Ruth, daughter of Ebenezer Slocum, July 24, 1811. He purchased, tilled, and cleared a tract of wild land where Ebenezer Hitchcock now lives, in the most beautiful part of the city. He was justice of the peace for many years, and died October 16 1858 GENERAL HISTORY. 91 Wilkes-Barre, Montrose, Easton, Paupack, and Bethany, whither they were transported by teams. The iron was held in high esteem, but the supply of ore began to diminish, and was finally exhausted entirely, and the work of the forge was suspended June 10, 1822. The distilleries were much more profitable, and were nontinued four years longer. Jacob Myers, in 1824, and William Johnson, in 1826, were the last distillers. In this latter year, Ebenezer and Benjamin Slocum dissolved partnership, the latter removing to Tunkhanuock, where he died in 1832. In 1828, on account of advancing years, Ebenezer Slocum retired from active business, and was succeeded by his sons, Joseph and Samuel' During their active career the Slocums became possessed of eighteen hundred acres of land, nearly all of which is underlaid with coal. The abandonment of active operations by the Slocums seriously checked the progress of settlements and improve- ments in the Hollow.^ In other directions, while there was no rapid advancement, yet some progress was made, especially in what became Providence Borough, known for many years by its nickname, "Razor- ville," or "The- Corners." While the Slocums were carrying on their enterprises at the Hol- low, that was the center of activity of all that now comprises the city. In a newspaper article, over the signature of Jesse G. Fell, it was said: "There were other industries in the city at this time. On a small stream that runs into the Lackawanna, just below Babb's, were the blacksmith shops and trip hammer of John and Benjamin Brake who were fine workmen in edge tools, mill irons, traps, and other kinds of smithing; and where Taylorville now stands quite an exten- sive business was done by Uncle John Atherton^ and his sons. Tlie^' had a triji-hammer, and made mill cranks, anvils, edge tools, cow •Joseph Slocum was born July 15, 1800, in the house of his maternal grand- father, Doctor Joseph Davis, in Wilkes-Barre. He was reared by liin parents in Deep Hollow. In all the mechanical departments of the business carried on by his father he was an expert. He built the first schoolhouse within tlie city limits. It was situated where the blast furnace ore dump is at present. The school had an average attendance of seven the first year, the teacher being IVIiss Sarah Hitchcock. In IS:!:) he was chosen township collector, and upon the incorporation of the borough of Scranton in 1856, he was chosen first burgess, and afterward served as city auditor. December 22, 1830, he married Elida, daughter of Rudolphus Bingham, of Palmyra, Pennsylvania. Mr. Slocum died June 22, 1890. ' At this time Unionville, or Slocum Hollow, contained a gristmill, a sawmill, tlie forge, two distilleries, the old Slocum house, and five log houses. 'Cornelius Atherton, grandson of Colonel Humphrey Atherton who served in King Philip's War, was born in 1736, and died December 4, 1809. He was a black- smith, and had discovered a process, for converting iron into steel. He was noted as a 92 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. bells, bear and deer traps, and drew custom from a long distance because of their superior workmanship." Both of these families are represented by numerous highly respected and intelligent descendants. At Hyde Park, Philip Heermans, iu 1810, opened a tavern "in compliance with a demand for a public bouse, at which town meetings and elections could be held." Otherwise the first quarter of the cen- tury had witnessed no very marked improvements in thi-^ part of the city. Burning charcoal on the mountains for the furnace and forge of the Slocums, and lumbering, were the principal occupations of the settlers, neither of which was calculated to improve the country to any great extent. In 1811 a post route was opened from Wilkes-Barre through Pittston and Providence to Abington, and post otiices established at each of these points. The Providence post office was located at Sloeuni Hollow and Benjamin Slocum appointed postmaster. The duties of the office were not burdensome and the remuneration was correspondingly small. The mail was carried once a week by Zepliaiiiah Knapp. In 1824 John Vaughan was appointed postmaster, and the post office was removed to Providence. A new office was established at Hyde Park in 1831, and William Merritield appointed postmaster.' skillful gunsmith. He came to Plymouth, Pennsylvania, in 1775, where he made hoes, bells, etc. His son Jabez volunteered for his father in the military service during the Revolutionary War, and was killed in the battle of Wyoming. The father, with his family, then fled to New Jersey, remaining there until the war was over, when they re- turned to the valley, came to the Lackawanna, and took up a tract of six hundred acres. By deed dated April 20, 1793, Cornelius Atherton, of Providence, Pennsylvania, blacksmith, sold eighty-two and one half acres in Providence Township, to John Chamberlain, which Atherton bought of Benjamin Bailey, adjoining land of Eleazer Atherton. Richard Hallstead sold to Benjamin Pedrick, of Providence, a lot containing six hundred acres, bounded east by lands owned by Cornelius Atherton, January 8, 1795. From which it ajipears that Cornelius Atherton must have lived further up the river from 1793 to 1795 at least. He subsequently erected a house about thirty rods east of Taylorville depot, on the brow of the hill overlooking the river. John built a house and lived on the very spot where the depot now is, and Eleazer occupied a house where Ira C. Atherton now lives. 1 William Merrifield, born at Pine Plains, Dutchess County, New York, April 22, 1806, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1819, and settled with his father, Robert Merri- field's, family in Hyde Park. Except a year in Center Moreland, Pehnsylvania, his subsequent life was spent in Hyde Park. He held the office of postmaster for ten years. In 1843 he was elected to the State Legislature, and was re-elected for three successive terms, serving on some of the most important committees of the House, and advocating a system of water communication for Scranton with the seaboard He was elected Associate Judge for Luzerne County in 1856, and in 1,S70 was chosen president of the Hyde Park Bank, which office he held until his death, June 4, 1877. His success was the result of his own untiring exertions guided by right principles. GENERAL HISTORY. 93 Easy transportation is essential to business prosperity. The question of roads was a subject of deep interest to the early settlers. Atten- tion has already been directed to an effort to open a wagon road from the Susquehanna to the New England settlements on the Delaware, and the later road up Leggett's Gap and another to Allvvortli's, where Dunmore now is. It was thought the Lackawanna could be deepened and made navigable to the Susquehanna, and in 1817 a com|)any was incorporated for this purpose, but nothing ever came of it. In 1826 the project of the North Branch canal was agitated, and two years later work was begun on it at Pittston. Great expectations were raised that this improvement undertaken by the commonwealtli would aftord easy and cheap transportation to the sea, and hopes were enter- tained that an extension might be made up the Lackawanna, which in the end wei'e doomed to disapiiointment. An act of Assembly passed April 3, 1792, reduced the price of vacant land in the common- wealth to six and two thirds cents per acre. Speculation in wild lands ran wild. Wealthy men invested all their means and credit in these ventures, which in many cases proved disastrous. Henry Drinker, a wealthy Philadelphia merchant, obtained warrants of survey for forty square miles [more than twenty-five thousand acres], which was located principally in Lackawanna, "Wayne, Pike, and Susquehanna counties. His son, Henry W. Drinker, at once began to acquaint himself with these lands and devise means by which they could be brought into market. Eesurveys were made, roads were planned, and means adopted not only to make them accessible to settlers, but profitable as well. In April, 1826, Mr. Drinker obtained an act of incorporation for the "Susquehanna and Delaware Canal and Railroad Company." The charter described the route from Pittston to the Delaware Water Gap, by way of Slocum Hollow and the Roaring Brook, which thirty years after, as well as another route by the way of Leggett's Gap subsequently surveyed, was utilized by the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Railroad Company. The Drinker road was planned before the days of steam locomotives. The idea was either a road run by planes and levels, the cars to be drawn up the slopes by an ingenious system of water wheels, and down the levels by gravity, or a canal a portion of the way. It need hardly be added that this now seemingly crude plan of transportation was never even partially constructed, but a map made from original surveys by Joseph Welch in 1826, is still in existence, on which the place where the Slocums were located is marked "Deep Hollow," with but two houses, the Slocum house and that of Ebenezer Hitchcock. Providence, then the 94 HISTORY OF SCUANTON. largest village in the Lackawanna Vallej', was printed " Centerville," and was at the intersection of the principal roads in the valley. Scranton, Hyde Park, Green liidge, and Dunmore are names not then known in that locality nor even heard of. There was no store and but one post office between Pittston Ferry and Carbondale. The " Lacka- wanack" and the streams flowing into it are accurately delineated. Roaring Brook (N'ay Aug was a later christening), is oalled " Deep Hollow Creek." At the mouth of Leggett's Creek is marked Sey- mour's line to the Great Bend. This was a project contemporaneous with the Drinker road, and was known as the Meredith road, or the Leggett's Gap road, from the mouth of Leggett's Creek to the Great Bend on the Susquehanna, in Susquehanna County. Thomas Meredith, its projector, was, like Drinker, largely interested in Pennsylvania wild lands. It was surveyed by James Seymour in 1830, and fre- quently called "Seymour's line." Its primary object was increased facility for bringing lumber to market. "On a knoll just below the village of Providence now stands the low brown cottage where Doctor Robinson commenced practice in 1823. At this time no other practitioner save Davis and Giddings [both of Pittston,] lived in the valley, nor was the wild region known as Drinker's Beach trodden by a physician until long after this time." For a number of years the good doctor rode the bridle paths, and forded the streams, and breasted the storms on his horse in answer to calls for his services, without a rival. With the increasing popula- tion of later years the city has enjoyed the services of men more noted in their profession, but of none with a warmer heart or of more self-sacrificing toil. In 1813 the first town meeting was held at the house of Stephen Tripp. The township then included within its jurisdiction what is now known as Lackawanna with the city of Scranton, Covington, Jefferson, Blakely, Greenfield, and Scott, and polled eighty-two votes; the next year eighty-three votes were cast. In 1815 there were ninety-five votes, and in 1828, one hundred and ten. As this was an exciting presidential election it may be safely inferred that it repre- sents fairly the vote of the township, and it was evenly divided between the Federals and Democrats. The first quarter of the century the settlers of Old Providence had experienced many discouragements, its growth in population had been slow, the improvements inconsiderable, and the prospect for the future development by no means encouraging. Woods and thickets still hemmed in Hyde Park, Slocura Hollow, and Providence, wild GENERAL HISTOKY. 95 turkeys were frequently seen upon the stubbles, deer in the pastures, and bears in the forests and brushwood. The people were plain in their dress, uncouth iu their habits and speech, and from necessity frugal iu their living. CHAPTEE. VII. GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT. Sci-anton as a Manufacturing City — Providence and Hj'de Park Owe Their Growth to the Opening up of Communication with the Outside World — Scranton Owes Her Importance to Mining and Manufacturing Industries — Incorporation of Each of the Three Boroughs and of the City of Scranton — Growth in Population and Property — Present Valuation. SCE ANTON, as a manufacturing city, owes its existence to the vast stores of mineral wealth deposited beneath its surface, and their use in the manifold industries which have given it such prominence in this great commonwealth. Remote by hundreds of miles from the great markets and cities of the seaboard, without a natural navigable water communication, hemmed in by mountains whose steep slopes render the construction of even ordinary wagon roads difficult and expensive, the untold resources of the Lackawanna Valley were destined to be locked up in their wild fastnesses until some feasible highway should be opened with the eastern marts of trade. The uncertainty and cost- liness of transportation absorbed the profits of the business of the Slocums, and was a constant menace of disaster to any who should attempt to renew the experiment. Fourteen years elapsed after the closing of the Slocum forge before any decided and practical steps were taken to revive the abandoned works. In 1826 Henry W. Drinker obtained a charter for his road connecting Slocum Hollow with the Delaware Water Gap, but it was not until five years later that the pre- liminary survey was made, and the next year, 1832, the company was properly organized and officered. The Meredith Railroad leading from Providence through Leggett's Gap to the Great Bend, known as the Leggett's Gap Railroad, was also surveyed. Neither of these contemplated the use of steam power. They were "gravity roads," and after years of agitation, in which public meetings were held and business men were urged to embark iu the venture, which seemed to promise large returns for the money invested, the schemes were ultimately abandoned by their projectors, only to be made practically useful a quarter of a century later. In the meantime the value of "stone coal," as anthracite was then called, for manufacturing and domestic uses, was just beginning to be understood. GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT. 97 For nearly twenty years it had been struggling to gain the attention of business men, until success had in a uieasure been achieved, partly through a better knowledge of its capabilities and partly through the increased cost of charcoal, on account of the war of 1812; and now the problem was to get it to the consumer at a reasonable cost and in quantity to meet whatever demand should he made for it. To haul in wagons was too expensive. Ark loads were sent down the Susque- hanna and the Lehigh, but the navigation of these streams was too precarious, and after frail boats had often been dashed in pieces on the rocks and the cargoes lost, this plan was abandoned. Slack water navigation on the Lehigh and the North Branch Canal were attempts to solve the [)roblem. The Delaware & Hudson Canal Company had connected Honesdale with Rondout on the Hudson by canal. It was on a road belonging to this company, connecting their mines with the canal, that the first locomotive engine, the "Stourbridge Lion," imported from England in 1829, was used. These various movements served to keep attention turned to the possibility that some time an outlet would be found for the hidden and hitherto unavailable treasures stored up in the earth in the Lackawanna Valley. During these fourteen years while undertakings of such vast mag- nitude had been planned as were destined to revolutionize the world's productions, but little enterprise had been exhibited by the inhabitants in the vicinity of the Capouse. Content with their rude homes and homely fare they looked with suspicion upon all the plans devised for developing the mineral resources around them. "They had no faith in it." At this time (1840) Slocum Hollow contained five dwelling houses, one of them, the "stone still house," converted into a dwelling, oue schoolhouse, one cooper shop, one gristmill, and one sawmill. The post office hjid been removed to Providence. Hyde Park contained a single store, where the post office found ample accommoda- tions in a single pigeon hole, a small meeting-house, and six or eight dwellings scattered along a single roadway. "Neither physician, lawyer, nor miner, and but a single minister, and he without a church ot his own, resided within its precincts. Providence had a dozen houses, two stores and a post office, a gristmill, an ax factory, three doctors, no minister, and did a snug business in the way of horse racing on Sunday, and miscellaneous traffic with the round about country during the week." Nowhere were there many signs of thrift, and but little to attract a stranger or encourage one to take up his residence among them. Such is the picture of Scranton fifty years ago. The people were 7 98 HISTORY OF SCllANTON. liiippy, contented, hospitable, and not anxious to welcome any enter- prise that was likely to disturb their easy-going ways. But hidden beneath their feet were treasures of such value as were destined to awaken tjje intensest energies of earnest men, and to be made available in increasing the world's wealth, which were destined to set in motion the wheels of human industry whose music is now heard around the globe. The history of these industries, the men who were engaged in them, and the results of their development, will be detailed in sub- sequent chapters of this work, and in reality involve the history of the city for the last half century. In 1826 Colonel Henry W. Drinker, with some aid from the State, had succeeded in opening a turnpike from Philadelphia to Great Bend, which crossed the valley at Ca- pouse, and a triweekly stage communication with New York and Philadelphia was secured. The time from Providence to New York, by way of Stroudsburg, was three days. This, with the other projected means of communication, served to make this the probable business center of the valley, and a considerable village had sprung up, with hotels, stores, and mills, which had quite a trade with the surrounding country, and a slowly increasing population. By act of Assembly, passed March 4, 1849, the village of Providence was incorporated into a borough, with J. R. Wint for burgess; W. W. Winton, S. Gardner, Asa Coursen, and Ira Tripp for couneilmen ; Francis Fuller for constable; David S. Koon for justice of the peace, and Theodore Von Storch for assessor. The construction of a church had begun, but it was almost entirely swept away in 1834, in a great and destructive cyclone. A newspaper was established in 1845, but it did not prove a profitable investment, and so was abandoned. The borough maintained a steady growth until it was absorbed into the Scranton city corpora- tion, since which time it has enjoyed the same privileges as other parts of the city, and has had a more rapid growth than formerly. In 1866 the street railway between Providence and Scranton was opened, which has since been incorporated into the general system of electric railways, which extends to all parts of the city. For a num- ber of years it had its own post office, in fact, from 1829, when it was removed from Slocum Hollow, until a few years since when the free delivery was extended to this part of the city, and the Providence post office was discontinued. Three years after the incorporation of the borough of Providence, Hyde Park, which, under the fostering care of Honorable William' Merrifield, B. S. Tripp, and William Swetland, had become a consid- erable village, was incorporated into <^a borough, May 4, 1852, with GROWTH AND IJVIPUOVEMENT. 99 Mr. Merrifielcl as the first burgess and William Pier, the first justice of the peace. "As late as 1820 Hyde Park had not readied tlie dignity of a village." As the Drinker road aftbrded a stimulus to the growth of Providence, the road from Wilkes-Barre to Carbondale was helpful to Hyde Park. When it became a stage route, the Hcer- mans House, or "old White Tavern," of which mention has already been made, was the dinner station, and presented a lively appearance at midday as the four-horse stage with its hungry passengers drove up to the door of this famous hostelry. The place is said to owe its name to Harvey Chase, who came there about 1828, from Dutchess County, ]S"ew York. In 1832, July 14th, the post office was established here, and the next year laud was donated for a Christian church. In 1840, the village contained, besides the church and schoolhouse, two stores, two taverns, two wagon and blacksmith shops, a cabinet shop, one or two shoemaking establishments, and about twenty houses. In 1850, Messrs. Merrifield and Tripp laid out a number of acres into building lots, which were readily sold. Other owners of real estate, especially Mr. Swetlaud, Edmund Heermans, Jqseph Fellows, W. W. Winton, and others, have followed in the same course, as there has seemed to be demand. "The population of Hyde Park is made up partially of Americans, Irish, and Germans, but mostly of Welsh; indeed, the latter people have given the place a distinctive character. By their prudence, exemplary conduct, and general intelligence, they have done much to add to its welfare and prosperity?" Scranton, unlike Providence and Hyde Park, did not so much owe its origin to the highways of travel and commerce traversing it as to the indomitable energy and perseverance of the men, who, recognizing the wealth of its wellnigh inexhaustible mineral resources, decided to undertake their development, with the idea that they would build up a business which would make it an object for capitalists to invest their money in opening ways of transportation for their products to the seaboard and to the marts of the world. William Henry, who was one of the commissioners appointed to survey and locate the Drinker road, and was thoroughly conversant with the mineral re- sources of the Lackawanna Valley, was convinced that a business could be established there second to none in the country. He secured the cooperation of capitalists, especially the Scrantons, who became associated with him in forming the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Com- pany, in 1840, purchased over five hundred acres of coal land, erected a furnace near the intersection of the Roaring Brook with the Lacka- ^ History of Lackawanna County, p. 393. 200 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. wanna Eiver, and after repeated failures succeeded at length in the manufacture of iron. There was at this time in the little cluster of live rude dwelling houses, less than one hundred souls. The next year, 1841, Captain Stott, of Carbondale, a civil engineer and surveyor, laid out the village site into streets and lots. Mr. Henry was a staunch Whig and a deeply interested, advocate of the election of William Henry Harrison to the presidency of the United States, and desired to commemorate the suc- cess of his candidate by calling the new town "Harrison," which name it reluctantly bore for a few years, when it was abandoned. With the prosecution of the work in building the furnace and the manufac- ture of iron, workmen began to gather in the neighborhood, and stores, shops, hotels, and other enterprises became in demand. But notwithstanding all this, the growth of the place was not so rapid as might have been expected. There seemed for a number of years to be a feeling of distrust for the new enterprise which was frequently styled a "Jersey speculation," and a "Jersey humbug," so that in 1845 the population of Harrison did not exceed five hundred. At this time the nearest post office was either Hyde Park, one mile, or Providence, two miles distant. Application was made to the Post Office Department for an office at Harrison, but although endorsed by some prominent names, the application was refused until April 1, 1850, when, after much difficulty, its re-establishment was secured under the name of Scrantonia, which, after a short time, and for a peculiar reason, was on January 27, 1851, shortened into the equally euphonious name of "Scranton."' John W. Moore was the first postmaster, and J. C. Piatt, for many years the business partner with the Scrantons, received the 1 To no one person is Scranton more deeply indebted for what it is than to Colonel George W. Scranton, whose honored name it bears, and who by common consent has left to it not only his name, but the ineffaceable impress of his own genius, enterprise, and character, and whose portrait is appropriately the frontispiece of this work. He was born in Madison, Connecticut, May 23, 1811, the eldest of seven children, and a lineal descendant of John Scranton, who emigrated from England in 1638 and was one of the original settlers of the Colony of New Haven. The early education of Colonel Scranton was had in the common school of his native town and two years in Lee's Academy. At the age of eighteen he accepted an offer from his uncle and came to Belvidere, New Jersey. He lived with his uncle for some time, and then was clerk in a store in that town. He married Miss Jane Hiles, of Belvidere, January 21, 1835. In 1839, in partnership with his brother, Selden, he assumed, though under very discouraging circumstances, the management of the iron furnace of Oxford, New Jersey, where he met with unexpected success. In May, 1840, Colonel Scranton, in company with William Henry, Sanford Grant, P. H. Mattes, and others, formed the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, which at once commenced operations on the site of the present city. After discouragements that would have appalled ordinary men, the first iron was made January 18, 1842. GROWTH AND IMPROVEMEKT. 101 first letter and the first newspaper through the ofiice. The population had increased to two thousand seven hundred and thirty souls. In 1850-51 a more extensive survey of the village was made by Joel Amsden, under the direction of Mr J. C. Piatt, which survey was sub- sequeptly adopted by the borough, and was the plan after which the city has been built. The first important brick building erected in Scranton was the Wyoming House in 1850; others followed, and in a few years Lackawanna Avenue presented the appearance of a thriving tosvn. Further up the river nearly opposite Providence, Elisha Hitchcock had his residence in 1840, on what is now the corner of Monroe Avenue and Linden Street. Li April, 1855, Honorable George Sander- son bought the Hitchcock farm, and the next year began to lay out lots and streets. This locality is now known as Green Ridge, and is the most beautiful part of the city. Scranton received its borough incorporation in February, 1856. The first borough council was organized March 27th, followiiig, and consisted of James Harrington, J. C. Piatt, John Hincehelser, D. K. Kressler, and William W. Ward, and Joseph Slocuni was elected first burgess. Benjamin Jay was the first justice of the peace. At the presidential election held November 4, 1856, there were cast nine huudred and fifty-one votes. The next year the number of taxables was two thousand, two hundred, and the population was ten thousand. William Allsworth was the oldest settler in what is now called- Dunmore, which as late as 1848 consisted of but four houses. In • this year a post ofiice was established there, and on April 10, 1862, the village was incorporated into a b orough with Calvin Spencer, burgess. Although iron was obtained, the sales were slow and' the company suffered for want of means. In 1844, a rolling-mill was built. The Erie Railroad was in process of construc- tion and through the address of Colonel Scranton a large order was secured from them for iron rail to be delivered along the road-bed. From this hour the success of the Scranton enterprise was assured. He became interested in the Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad from Owego to Ithaca, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, which was put under contract June, 1853, and completed May 27, 1856. In 18o8, he was nominated, as a AVhig, for member of Congress in a district which usually gave two thousand Democratic majority, and was elected by thirty-nine hundred majority and re-elected at the close of his term. He died just after the end of the session, March •M 1861 The news of his death was received with feelings of universal and profound sorrow. Especially was this the case in Scranton, which everywhere displayed the emblems of mourning. On the 25th of March a public meeting was held, resolutions of condolence were offered, and all persons were requested to close their places of business, which waB universally done. The city of Scranton mourned for him, as chil- dren for a heloved father. He wa. an earnest Christian worker, and ap active member of the First Presbyterian Church of Scranton. 102 HlSTOKY OF SCRANTON. The City of Scrauton was incorporated by act of the legislature passed April 23, 1866.' Its limits embraced all that remained of the ancient township of Providence, including the boroughs of Scranton, Hyde Park, Providence, and the village of Green Ridge and a very small portion of Dunmore. In the act of incorporation, this territory was divided into twelve wards. In 1875 some of these wards were divided so that five were added to the number. Each ward is entitled to one member in the Select Council and two members in the Com- mon Council, and an additional member for every four hundred taxable inhabitants and fraction thereof exceeding three hundred. E. S. M. Hill was the first mayor from 1866 to 1869. Thanks to Messrs. Amsden and Piatt, the city is laid out with great regularity, with wide streets running at right angles with each other, which have been well graded and paved, the principal ones with asphalt, and the entire city is bril- liantly lighted with electricity. The Lackawanna Eiver runs through the midst ot the city its entire length, and toward it the surface on both sides naturally slopes, affording peculiar advantages for drainage, to which within the past few years particular attention has been given. Fine bridges connect Avhat was formerly the borough of Scranton with Hyde Park and Providence, and Providence with Green Kidge. Every year is witnessing not only a constant and rapid increase in population, in the volume of business transacted, in the erection of new, costly, and elegant private residences and public buildings, in new lines of industry, in an increasing number of churches and benevolent associations, in better graded and more efficiently taught schools, in multiplied newspapers and periodicals, but also in improved streets, more careful attention to the health of the people, and in short in everything that pertains to a well-ordered and prosperous community. These will be more particularly described in the follow- ing chapters, as well as the several banks, whose rapidly increasing capital as well as numbers infallibly indicates the large money trans- actions involved in the various enterprises of the city. In 1853, what was Scranton Borough contained a population of three thousand souls; in 1860 it had reached nine thousand, two hundred and twenty-three; in 1870 it was thirty-five thousand and iHoUister calls attention to the following decades: In 1820 the Drinker road opened direct communication with the seaboard; in 1836 the North Branch canal awakened hopes of future prosperity; in 1846 sales of iron brouglit assured success to the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company; in 1850 the borough of Scranton was created, and the first locomotive rolled into Scranton, and in 1800 the city of Scranton was incorporated. The formation of Lackawanna County came in 1878, two years beyond the decade. URO^VTH AND IMPEOVEMENT. 103 ninety-two, including Hyde Park ai:d Providence ; in 1880 it was forty-five thousand, nine hundred and twenty-five, and in 1890, seventy-five thousand, two hundred and fifteen. The area of the city is at the present time nineteen and six hundreths square miles, and the number of streets and avenues is three liundred and sixty-five. It would be extremely difiicult to collect complete statistics as to the assessed values of the property of tlie city previous to 1880. Tiie following table presents those values from 1880 to 1891, both years inclusive: i o C 0) S P^ OJ Eh' ■s.S o O '£ ° Oj cl, -J K 1880 $850,968 908,800 775,918 868,950 850,370 915,145 , $8,195,082 8,313,500 10,970,163 11,855,375 11,950,707 12,343,697 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 $1,004,475 942,110 989,485 995,330 1,044,410 $177,470 213,636 199,865 $12,351,165 1882 15,475,562 1883 1884 1885 1886 $218,960 169,375 182,519 14,945,497 15,390,853 17,749,083 221 220 The assessment of coal and land in 1891 was |8, 613,507; of buildings, |7,002,616; and of outbuildings, $867,330. The following statement shows the number of taxables together with the value of real estate in each of the twenty one wards in the city: First ward, number of taxables, 1,443, real estate, |538,468; second, 2,-249, real estate, |517,144; third, 812, $289,542; fourth,' 1,950, $664,143; fifth, 2.489, $835,801; sixth, 749, $114,812; seventh, 1,102, $286,757; eighth, 1,207, $2,847,662; ninth, 1,313, $1,611,473; tenth, 457, $272,496; eleventh, 1.490, $423,944; twelfth, 719, $98,373; thirteenth, 1,364, $834,272; four- teenth, 1,329, $429,850; fifteenth, 1,307, $355,991; sixteenth, 1,115, $992,862; seventeenth, 1,119, $1,346,328; eighteenth, 629, $74,357; nineteenth, 1,854, $321,596; twentieth, 1,818, $339,461; twenty-first, 727, $477,426; total number of taxables, 27,542; total taxable value of real estate, $13,672,797. The total number of taxables outside of the city and in Lackawanna County was for the same year, 23,390, and the value of real estate outside the city was $9,733,979, making the total number of taxables in the county, 50,932, and the ^total taxable value of the real estate, $23,406,776. CHAPTER Vlir. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. Providence — Boundaries— Becomes Part of the City of Scranton— A.ttempt to Withdraw — Early Elections — Hyde Park Incorporated — Officers Elected — Borough Bounty Bonds — Scranton Incorporated — Boundaries — Police Force — Officers Elected— Two Wa;rds — Scranton City Incorporated — First Select, and Common Council — Sub- sequent Councils — " City of Lanterns " — City Officers — Board of Appeal and Revision — Board of Health — Assessed Valuation — Fire Department — Chiefs of Police — City Park — City Building — Albright Library. PROVIDENCE is now a part of the city of Scranton, constituting the first and second wards. Previous to 1826 it had made but little progress. At that time it consisted of seven dwellings, and was called "The Corners," or "Razorville." During this year, Colonel Henry W. Drinicer, with a little assistance from the State, constructed the Philadelphia & Great Bend Turnpike, opening communication with New York City by a triweekly stage, and the same year Colonel Drinker built the first bridge across the Lackawanna River at Providence. Providence Borough was incorporated by an act of the legislature, March 14, 1849. According to this act the boundaries of the borough were as follows: "Beginning at the line between the lands of Theodore Von Storch and Silas B. Robinson, on the west bank of the Lackawanna River; thence up the river along said bank, to a bridge across said river on the north line of lands belonging to Henry Heermans, deceased; thence along the ridge north seventy-eight degrees west eighty-one perches to a pine stump; thence north six degrees west about two hundred perches, to a corner of lands belonging to Mrs. Polly Dean; thence south forty degrees west, to the line between Theodore Von Storch's and Silas B. Robinson's lands ; thence along said line to the place of beginning." By this act the first election was set for the second Tuesday (9th,) of April, 1850, and subsec[uent elections for the second Tues- day of March each year. The first oflicers of this borough were as follows: J. R. Wint, burgess ; W. W. Winton, 8. Gardner, Asa Coursen, and Ira Tripp, councilmen; Francis Fuller, constable; David S. Koon, justice of the peace; Theodore Von Storch, assessor; 0. T. 104 Municipal HisxoRt. 105 Atwater, S. Easterbrooks, and D. R. Randall, school directors. Jacob R. Bloora and William H. H. Crandali were the inspectors of elec- tion, and Nathaniel Cottrill, Judge. The successive burgesses of this borough were as follows: N. D. Green, 1850; A. B. Dunning, 1851-52; Sanford Grant, 1853; E. Leach, 1854; Theodore Von Storch, 1855-57; E. S. M. Hill, 1858; E. Leach, 1859; Daniel Silkraan, 1860; Theodore Von Storch, 1861, and each subsequent year, so long as a burgess was elected in the borough. The borough of Providence, like that of Hyde Park, became a part of the city of Scranton when this city was incorporated. The justices of the peace commissioned in Providence from year to year, were as follows: Daniel S. Koon, 1850; E. Leach, 1850, 1855, 1860, and 1865; Theodore Von Storch, 1854 and 1859; G. W. Miller, 1864. It is not practicable to present a full list of the other officers of the borough of Providence, because the borough records could not be found. The inhabitants of Providence, very generally at one time at least, were anxious to be released from the city of Scranton. In 1876 they prepared a paper of which the following is a copy, and which explains itself: " Senator: "Your attention is earnestly invited to the following statement of facts: " Scranton's charter granted in 1866 formed a city by joining together three boroughs, Scranton, Hyde Park, and Providence. The latter place then contained about 5,000 people, and covered some six square miles of land. With the exception of about fifteen persons her residents were ignorant of the proposed consolidation until the charter awaited only the Governor's signature to become a law. The united remonstrance of Providence promptly made did not reach Governor Curtin in time to stay his powerful pen. " Scranton's originators of the charter promised release to Provi- dence when desired; her people have always asked for separation, and have always been opposed. "The city of Scranton covers, throughout its length of over six miles, territory on both sides of the Lackawanna. Running thence to mountain summits it embraces thousands of acres of uncultivated lands; between its many isolated hamlets lie numerous farms. " Providence has its own separate post office, stores, churches. jQg HISTOKY OF SORANTON. scliools, water-works, and poor board, with its business center nearly three miles from Scranton. It contains within itself all the elements of a thriving village, having been a prosperous borough for a quarter of a century prior to consolidation. It has been, and can only be an appendage of Scranton, valuable for tribute, but with results most damaging to the contributors; in fact Scranton and Providence have nothing in common except the tax-gatherer., "The following condensed extracts are from the city records: During the ten years of city life Providence has been taxed for city purposes |94,449.53. There has been expended within the same dis- trict but 147,956.62 — showing $46,492.86 paid into the city treasury over all expenditures within the district. Scranton's entire taxable valuation is $4,827,571.00; her debt is about $400,000, This debt now equals a mortgage of $8.28 on each $100 of the valuation. $637,311 is the valuation of Providence, which makes her proportion of the debt $52,769.35. This, added to $46,- 492.86 paid into the treasury over and above all receipts therefrom, gives a total of $96,261.21, as the cost to the taxpayers of Providence for having been included within the limits of Scranton for ten years. Taxation of the district has increased from $3,840, in 1866, to $12,746, in 1876, or nearly four times, while the expenditures in the district have only increased from $2,666, in 1866, to $3,629, in 1876, an in- crease of less than one half; but, as above stated, taxation has increased fourfold; the city debt is gaining in volume at the rate of $25,000 to $30,000 yearly. "The above is the mute appeal of an entire community without, regard to party, creed, or sect, in evidence of which a petition is presented, including the sic/natures of nine tenths of our citizens and taxpayers, praying for legislation that will redress our grievous wrongs and those of other like communities." In accordance with this petition a law was passed for the purpose of enabling Providence to be separated from the rest of the city, but notwithstanding this, every eflort to accomplish this result has failed. According to Munsell's History of Luzerne, Lackawanna, and Wyoming Counties, the Heermans House, or old White Tavern, was long a place of popular resort. At this house elections were often held before the boroughs of Providence, Hyde Park, Scranton, or Dunmore were incorporated, and it was the scene of many a fierce and excit- ing political contest. It was the changing place and dinner station on the stage route between Wilkes-Barre and Carbondale, and after the MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 107 establishment of the daily line of four-horse coaches, presented a lively appearance at noontime every day. This was before 1852, when the borough of Hyde Park was incorporated by an act of the legislature, that event taking place May 4th of that year. The territory included within the limits of the borough was bounded by lines "beginning at the line between the lands of William Swetland and those until recently owned and possessed by Charles H. Silkman, on the west bank of the Lackawanna River; thence running along the north line of said Swet- land's lands lifty-four degrees and thirty minutes west to a stream known as Keyser's Creek; thence southerly along the east bank of said creek to the north line of lands formerly owned by Joseph Griffin, and now understood to belong to the Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company; thence along the uorth Hue of said lands formerly owned by said Joseph Griffin south fifty-four degrees and thii-ty minutes west to the Lackawanna River, and thence northerly along the west bank of said river to the place of beginning." Section 3 of said act provided that the name of the body politic created by it should be " The Burgess and Town Council of the Borough of liyde Park." The first election held in the newly created borough of Hyde Park, was at the house of James N. Phinney, March 14, 1854. The act provided that the first election should be held on the third Tuesday in April, but by an act passed January 25, 1853, the date for the first election was changed to the first Tuesday in February. J. M. Alexander was appointed judge of election, and D. C. Carpenter and A. T. Wilsey, inspectors, the three to constitute the first board of election. However, the first election of which any record could be found, was held March 14, 1854, at the hotel of James ]Sr. Phinney. The officers elected at this time were as follows: Bur- gess, Joseph T. Fellows, by a vote of seventy-two to one vote cast for A. S. Crowell; town council, Thomas Eynou had seventy-three votes, Archibald Murray seventy-three votes, Alexander Kenner seventy three votes, A. S. Washburn seventy votes; for school directors, 0. Frink had seventy-four votes for three years, George Decker seventy-four votes for one year. The board signing the returns of this election were D. C. Carpenter and Harland D. Fuller, inspectors, and William Englen, judge. At the call of the burgess the town council held a meeting March 21st, at the house of Henry Hufford, and elected 0. Frink, treasurer; David Powell, high constable; Calvin Washburn, supervisor, and L. N. Clark,' secretary. . April. 28, 1854, a supplement to an ordinance, "I^Og HISTORY OF SCRANTON. which was omitted from the records, was passed to the effect that the pound master should be appointed every year, and the duties of the high constable should devolve upon the pound master. John Lanniiig was at the time collector of taxes; William Smith, road master, and P. W. Snyder, assessor. John Lanning collected the taxes for 1853, amounting to |380.14J. The treasurer's bonds were fixed at $1,000. A tax of one and one half mills was levied on all taxable property, trades, occupations, and professions subject to borough taxes. Benjamin Fellows was appointed collector of the same. The tax duplicate for 1854 was as follows: Borough taxes, 1107.03; poor taxes, $204.56; dog tax, |50.50; total, |362.09. At the election held March 13, 1855, Joseph T. Fellows was elected burgess; Mcholas Washburn, assessor; David T. Lewis, con- stable; Sheffield Reynolds, William Phillips, George Decker, and John Connolly, councilmen; Patrick Kelly, secretary. Milton Knicker- bocker was appointed collector of borough and poor taxes for the year 1855, which that year amounted to |348.79. At the election held March 11, 1856, the following officers were elected: Burgess, A. P. Finch; councilmen, Nicholas Washburn, S. M. Wheeler, J. T. Fellows, and John Connolly; constable, S. B. Barker; school directors, 0. P. Clark and A. P. Finch. A. P. Finch being inel- igible, J. T. Fellows was chosen in his place, and to fill the vacancy in the council thus caused, Patrick Kelly was elected. R. W. Luce was elected clerk, and Orrin Frink, treasurer. In 1857 William Smith was elected burgess; William Berryman, Nicholas Washburn, Patrick Kelly, and Thomas Howell, councilmen; William H. Owens, R. W. Luce, and John Connolly, school directors; David Smith, assessor; A. W. Millard, constable, and George Decker, high constable. March 25, 1857, territory bounded as follows was annexed to Hyde Park: "Beginning at the northeast corner of the borough of Hyde Park on the Lackawanna River; thence along the Lackawanna River to the boundary line of Providence Borough; thence along said line of Providence Borough north fifty-two degrees and thirty minutes to the most westerly line of Providence Township; thence along the said township line to the township line of Lackawanna; thence along the line of Lackawanna Township to the southwest corner of the borough of Hyde Park." At the election held March 9, 1858, Joseph Fellows, second, was elected burgess; and John Fellows, A. P. Finch, George Decker, and Alexander Coleman, councilmen; Nicholas Washburn, assessor; J. H. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 109 Bttckus, high constable; John Connolly, A. P. Finch, and J. T. Fel- lows, school directors, and William Tier, secretary. This year a full police force was appointed as follows: Chief, C. W. Falkenburg; Harrison Kiukerbrecker, Timothy Gardner, Edward Blair, G. B. Gardner, Daniel Krigbanm, Horace C. Bagley, W. H. Decker, James M. Slioeniaker, and William H. Brookins, ail of whom were sworn in March 29, 1858. The election of 1859 resulted as follows: E. Heermans, burgess; William Barrowmaii, Silas Ripple, Benjamin Hughes, Patrick McCann, and Nicholas Washburn, councilmen; chief of police, Edward Blair; Hiram Stark, treasurer; William Pier, high constable and clerk. In 1860 E. Heermans was elected burgess; Benjamin Hughes, Peter McCann, Silas Ripple, William Barrowman, and Nicholas Washburn, councilmen; William Pier, secretary; Harvey Tuttle, chief of police; William Pier, high constable. In 1861 J. T. Fellows was elected burgess; Thomas Howell, Daniel Dodge, John Koch, William Oram, and Benjamin Hughes, councilmen; Bradford Sampson, chief of police; William Pier, high constable and secretary; Orrin Frink, treasurer; and William Eynon, collector of borough tax. In 1862, E. Heermans was elected burgess; Nicholas Washburn, Benjamin Hughes, Daniel Dodge, Peter McCann, and Charles Vetter, councilmen; William Oram, secretai-y; Jacob Westfall, high constable; Orrin Frink, treasurer; William Eynon, tax collector. In 1863, Thomas Howell was elected burgess; Nicholas Washburn, Thomas Hammond, David J. Davis, George Graeber, and Thomas Carson, councilmen; William Oram, secretary; Jacob Westfall, high constable; Orrin Frink, treasurer; David J. Davis, tax collector. At a special election for burgess held April 23, 1863, E. Heermans was elected. In 1864, E. Heermans was elected burgess; J. T. Fellows, Thomas Eynon, George Graeber, and E. W. Carlton, councilmen; William Oram, secretary; David J. Davis, bounty tax collector. On March 19, 1864, E. Heermans, George Graeber, and E. W. Carlton were appointed a committee to procure volunteers to fill the quota of Hyde Park under the last two calls. On March 25, 1864, an act was passed by the legislature authoriz- ing the borough of Hyde Park to pay to persons entering the army of the United States under any of the calls of the President, and who should be credited to the quota of Hyde Park, a bounty of such sura or sums, as they or a majority of them should deem proper, not to exceed $300.00 to each volunteer. Section 2 of this act authorized 110 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. the issue of bonds beariiig interest not to exceed seven per cent per annum, and to be payable in not less than three months nor more than ten years, which bonds might be given to the volunteer, or be sold and the funds thus raised given to the volunteer. Section 3 pro- vided that a tax might be levied on property to meet the payment of these bonds of not more than twenty mills in any one year. April 12, 1866, an act was' passed providing, among other things, that a per capita tax might be levied on every male adult inhabitant of Hyde Park, of not less than $5.00 nor more than $8.00 each, to be used in paying ofl" these bonds. Under the provisions of these laws the borough paid out in bonds and money considerable sums to volunteers, and sub- sequently had considerable difficulty over the payment or redemption of the bonds, which troubles are briefly set forth in the chapter on the military history of the city. The principal ordinance under which money was paid to volunteers was passed April 19, 1864. Section 1 of this ordinance was as follows: That the borough of Hyde Park shall and will pay to each volunteer who will enter into the military service of the United States under any of the calls of the President, and who shall be accredited to said borough, a bounty not to exceed $320.00, the whole number of such volunteers not to exceed one hundred and sixty, and no volunteer to receive said bounty unless enlisted by the authority of said borough. Section 2. That the burgess and town' council shall issue bonds against said borough, payable out of the bounty fund of said borough, in the sum of $50,000.00, with seven per cent interest thereon, such bonds to be made payable at such time or times as shall be deemed expedient; provided that no bond shall be issued for a time exceeding ten years. Section 3. The denominations of said bonds shall be in sums of $50.00, $100.00, $500.00, and $1,000.00. Section 4. That a tax of twenty mills on the dollar be levied on all property and money at interest, and a tax of $5.00 ou the occupa- tions, trades, and professions, for the current year. On December 7, 1864, it was resolved by the council to issue a new series of bonds, not to exceed in amount $10,000.00, said bonds to be used for the purpose of paying a bounty to drafted raeu who would enlist in the service of the. United States, and who would be credited to the quota of the borough under the then last call. And on March 3, 1865, the council resolved to pay each man that might be drafted into the service of the United States under the then present call for troops, the sura of $300.00 in borough bonds, provided that legal authority should be obtained for the issue of bonds for that purpose MDNICIPAL HISTORY. Ill Tlie election in 1865 resulted in the choice of E. Hcerinaiis as burgess; of Benjamin Hughes, George Graeber, Thomas Houser, Edward Carlton, and Thomas Eynon as coundhnen; William Oram, secretary; E. Hecrmaus, tax collector of the bount}' fund; Thomas Eynon, treasurer, and Jacob Westfall, high constable. A tax of eight mills was levied for borough purposes and of twenty mills for the bounty fund. In 1866 E. Heermans was elected burgess; W. II. Decker, William Munson, Tliomas Carson, Thomas Hammond, and David Howell, councilmen; William Oram, secretary; tax collector, David J. Davis; Orrin Frink, treasurer; George Aug, high constable and chief of police. On April 23, 1866, Hyde Park became a part of the city of Scran- ton, and thereafter, the council authorized so to do, filled vacancies occurring in said council and in the offices, for the purpose of transac- tino- such unfinished borough business as might come before them. In 1867 E. Heermans was burgess, and W. H. Decker, Thomas Ham- mond, William Merrifield, and D. Howell, councilmen. E. Heermans was the bounty tax collector; Orrin Frink, treasurer of the bounty fund, and William Oram, secretary. October 7, 1867, William Merrifield was authorized to purchase borough bonds at the best possible advantage, and on November 4th, reported that he had bought bonds to the amount 6f $600.00, and interest amounting to $31.50, for |550.00. On this same day Mr. Merrifield was authorized to secure counsel for the borough, to conduct the cases then pending in the courts under the bounty laws. January 8, 1869, David T. Richards was elected to the council, to fill the vacancy caused by the removal of Thomas Hammond from the borough. November 5, 1869, D. M. Jones was appointed collector of the bounty tax, Ziba Wood having failed to qualify. February 1, 1870, Thomas Watkins was appointed to the same position, Mr. Jones not qualifying. In 1869 E. Heermans was burgess; and W. H. Decker, David Howell, David T. Richards, Thomas Carson, and William Merrifield, councilmen; William Merrifield, secretary. In 1870 the burgess and council were the same. In 1871 ^ Heermans was burgess; and the councilmen, W. H. Decker, D. T. Richards, William Merrifield, and William Frink. In 1872 E. Heermans was burgess; and the council- men were W. H. Decker, Thomas Carson, D. T. Richards, William Merrifield, and William Frink. William Merrifield was the secretary. Some time during this year, Mr. Merrifield resigned from the council 112 HISTOKY OF SCRANTON and A. P. Finch was elected in his place, and W. H. Decker was elected secretary. April 20, 1872, D. H. "Wade was appointed collector of the bounty tax for the year 1871-1872. In 1873, E. Heermans was burgess; and Finch, Carson, Richards, Frink, and Decker, councilmen; W. H. Decker was secretary. E. Heermans died in July, 1875, and at a meeting held soon afterward A. B. Stevens was elected as burgess to till the vacancy. The council still remained the same. The same officers served through 1876, 1877, and 1878. September 18, 1878, A. B. Stevens resigned as burgess and was succeeded by William Oram. March 11, 1880, William Frink and David T. Richards resigned as councilmen, and Thomas D. Davis and Doctor W. H. Heath were elected to fill the vacancies. A. P. Finch also resigned and Thomas Phillips was elected in his place. June 18, 1881, Thomas D. Davis resigned as councilman and was succeeded by Ransom Briggs. April 12, 1883, William Oram resigned as burgess and D. M. Jones was elected in his place. On July 29, 1871, a lease was effected for the lot held by the borough of Hyde Park for the term of nine hundred and ninty-nine years, upon which stands the Franklin Engine Company's engine house, to the city of Scranton, upon the condition that the city should erect thereon a two-story brick building suitable for housing a fire engine, hose, hook and ladder wagon, etc. This lot became the property of Hyde Park Borough by a deed from Milton Knickerbocker and wife. In 1884, it was quit-claimed by the borough to Franklin ' Engine Company, as the borough was about to pass out of existence, in order that there might be somebody in which the title might inhere. In July, 1886, Thomas Phillips died, and he was succeeded in the council by D. W. Powell. On June 15, 1887, it was ascertained that nearly |10,000 was yet required to settle the bounty indebtedness of the borough, and a levy was made of $1.00 per capita on each person liable for such tax, and five mills on the dollar on the valuation, for occupations and property. On July 30, 1887, a settlement was made with the collectors, James Oliver, Owen D. John, and David W. Vaughn. Thus, finally, the bounty tax matter was got out of the way of the borough's progress. ^, Hyde Park Borough is still in existence, fov the purpose of set- tling up some accounts which by legislative enactment have been revived. Many believe these enactments to be unconstitutional, but the final and effective decision can be given only by the supreme court of the State. A decision by this tribunal will probably be rendered MUNICIPAL UISTORY. 113 during the current year. The present borough officers are D. M. Jones, burgess; W. 11. Decker, secretary; A. B. Eynon, treasurer, and besides the first two, Ransom Briggs, Thomas Carson, M. L. Bhiir, and D. W. Powell, councilmen. Scranton was incorporated as a borough February 14, 1856, and the council of this borough held its first meeting at tlie house of D. K. Kressler on Thursday evening, March 27th, following. Those present were Joseph Slocuni, burgess; James Harrington, Joseph C. Phitt, John Nichelser, J). K. Kressler, and William W. Ward. Joseph C. Phitt was elected secretary pro tern, and later H. L. Marvine was elected per- manent secretary. To organize the council was ail that was done at this first meeting. The second meeting was held the next Monday evening, but as the burgess was absent, uotiiing was done except to informally discuss the question of the appointment of the various bor- ough officers. On Saturday evening, April 5th, the full board was present,- and at this meeting the question of the division of the "Pro- prietors' School Fund" was taken up. After some discussion the following preamble and resolution were adopted: "Whereas, By an omission in our borough charter of a clause granting the borough its proportionate share of the School Fund in the township, known as the 'Proprietors' School Fund,' thus depriving the borough of the benefits rightly belonging to it; therefore, ^'■Resolved, That the burgess be authorized to take the necessary steps to procure the passage of a bill, or law, at the present session of the legislature, granting the borough its proportionate share of the Proprietors' School Fund, including the amount now on hand." ]Sr. B. Hutchinson and E. G. Coursen were then appointed street commissioners; Peter Carliug, treasurer, and the burgess and secretary were appointed a committee to procure a borough seal. The first ordi- nance adopted by the council was on April 14th, and consisted of six sections. The first section prohibited horses, neat cattle, etc., from run- ning at large, but permitted cows to run at large "between four o'clock in the forenoon and nine o'clock in the afternoon." The en- tire ordinance was devoted to various phases of the same subject. The second ordinance pertained to the obstruction of highways; the third to injuries to public improvements; the fourth to public exhibitions and amusements; the fifth to disorderly behavior; the sixth to assess- ors, revenue, and taxes, and the seventh provided for the appointment of a Safety Committee. On April 25th, an ordinance was adopted prohibiting the discharge of firearms within the borough limits, which limits were described as 114 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. follows: "Beginning at the northeast intersection of the northeast line of said borough with the Lackawanna River; thence following said river to its intersection with Birch Street; then following the northeast line of Birch Street to its intersection with Crown Street; then following the northwest line of Crown Street to the north side of Eoaring Brook; thence up said Roaring Brook to the northeast boundary of said borough, and thence along said line to the place of beo-inning;" except upon the fourth of July or upon days of training, or upon permission from the burgess, The penalty for violating this ordinance was fixed at $3.00 with costs of suit. The burning of fire crackers, throwing of rockets, fire balls, or other fireworks was pro- hibited except on the fourth of July, on penalty of $1.00. On May 11, 1856, William P. Carling presented the assessment list of the borough, amounting to $453,280.00. A five-mill tax was levied on the list for street and road purposes, and a five-mill tax was also levied for borough purposes. The collector was required to give bonds for double the amount of each and every duplicate placed in his hands for collection; the treasurer was required to give bonds in the sum of $10,000.00, and the high constable, in the sum of $1,000.00. On July 21, 1856, Mr. Harrington presented a subscription amounting to $145.00 from citizens who proposed to pay one half of the expense of grading Franklin Avenue, and the p)roposition was accepted b}' the council, to take effect as soon as the council should acquire jurisdiction over the streets. July 28, 1856, Francis A. Page presented his bond as high constable in the sum of $1,000.00. The committee on securing lots for the use of the borough reported that George Sanderson ottered to sell two lots on Washington Avenue between Mulberry and Linden streets, for the price of one, viz: $650.00. The committee was thereupon instructed to enter into formal contract for the purchase of the lots; but afterward, Mr. Sanderson objected to the building of the lock-up on the lots, and the contract was not concluded, the committee reporting later that two lots could be purchased on the corner of Adams Avenue and Mechanics Street for $1,250.00. The committee was thereupon instructed to purchase these two lots on the best terms possible. September 22, 1856, a proposition was received by the council from the Lackawanna L'on & Coal Company with reference to releas- ing and conveying to the borough of Scranton the right of way to certain streets, signed by S.'"F. Scranton, president of the company. A plot of the lands intended to be conveyed to the borough was attached to the proposition. There was also the proviso that before the release MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 115 and conveyance were executed the authorities of the borough should in due form, by ordinance or otherwise, ratify and confirm the said plot as the plot of said borough, and the avenues, streets, and alleys to be laid out and opened, and the borough should in due form of law cause the following streets and parts of streets to be vacated and annulled as streets: 1. The road leading from the Dunmore Road to Petersburg via Aaron Silkman's. 2. The road leading from said borough to Dunmore from ]\k'- chanics Street eastward so far as the lands of said company extend. 3. The street called Mattes Street leading from the old schoolhouse to Adams and Lackawanna avenues. 4. That part of the back road to Pittstou between Willow and Birch streets. 5. So much of the road leading from the old Providence road to Sand's Mill and Petersburg as passes through the land of said company'. The said streets to be duly declared vacated at once, but the said company are to permit them to be used and occupied as public streets as they were then until the streets that are intended to take their place are opened by said borough or other parties. But there were the following reservations in favor of the company: 1. That all buildings belonging to the company were to remain as then located for two years, even though they might infringe upon the proposed streets. 2. The company reserved the right to permit all their mining and railroad fixtures and machinery to remain as then located and to use the same without unnecessarily interfering with the travel on any street. 3. The" company also reserved the right to erect other mining and railroad machinery and of laying railroad tracks from time to time in that portion of said borough lying northeast of Vine Street and southeast of Webster Avenue and south of Roaring Brook, although the same might infringe upon the right of way proposed to be 3onveyed for said streets, provided the travel on such streets was not unnecessarily and unreasonably interfered with. 4. The company also reserved all coal with the privilege of mining the same. The people of the borough were invited by the council to meet with them and advise them in reference to the acceptance of the streets as oifered by the L. I. & C. Company, and after considering the proposition, it was returned to the company November 17th, and the committee having the matter in hand discharged. This action 116 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. was however, reconsidered, and a resolution adopted to accept the plot of the town as laid down in the map presented hy the cohipany. October 13, 1856, the high constable suggested the appointment of a police force and recommended the following as proper persons to constitute the force: John Grier, captain; John L. Travis, John Beckhorn, Simon Jones, Francis Quick, Warren Slocum, Richard Stilwell, Samuel "Wiggins, Thomas Busicl^er, John JSTapes, Ilezekiah Fisher, Warren Tewksbury, Seely Niver, Patrick Bluett, Edward Leonard, and liesbeu Hetfelfinger. The proposition was agreed to by the council, and the several persons suggested appointed. On ISTovember 24th, the fees of each policeman employed in an arrest were fixed at $1.00 for each arrest, to be paid by the person arrested for any misdemeanor. On March 29, 1858, William W. Ward was elected chief of police and his salary fixed at $75.00 per year. October 27, 1856, an application was received by the council from a company requesting a fire engine, upon which the lollowing reso- lution was passed: "That as there are now three very fair engines in the borough, and but one of them managed by a company, we do not deem it expedient for the council under their present burdens to embarrass themselves with further expenditures for these objects." In May, 1858, an arrangement was made with W. P. Carling to ring the bell at the Presbyterian Church, in case of fire, at $1.00 for each alarm. During this year a great many fires occurred, believed to be of incendiary origin, and on December 6th, the council decided in favor of a permanent fire department as soon as one could be estab- lished. They also requested the companies then in existence, together with the hose company, to appoint a committee of three persons from each company to form a draft for a permanent organization of a department, and in order to prevent unnecessary trouble in case of fire in a public hall, the owners of such halls were requested to place upon the front doors fastenings, so as to hold them open, in order to prevent them from being forced shut by a rush of persons attempting to escape. February 26, 1859, a committee appointed by the several fire companies reported a constitution and by-laws for the organization of a permanent fire department. November 24, 1856, it was resolved that Lackawanna Avenue, from Wyoming Avenue to the Lackawanna River, and the road leading from Lackawanna Avenue to the bridge across the Lackawanna River, the street to be called Park Street, and Franklin Avenue, from Lacka- wanna Avenue to Spruce Street, be adopted as streets belonging to the borough. In January, 1857, as the Scranton House, where the MUNICIPAL HISTORY. II7 borough elections had been held previous to that time, had been moved and torn down, Mr. Kressler was appointed to receive petitions to have the elections held at the council rooms on Adams Avenue, and to extend the time of holding the elections. The petition was forwarded to the governor of the State, February 9, 1859. On this same day an ordinance was passed, requiring all persons having lots occupied by buildings, or enclosed by fences, so far as the same were bounded by streets and avenues, to lay down good and sufficient side- walks of plank, brick, or flagging stones, the walks to be completed by May 1st. It was also determined at this same meeting, to ajipoint a competent engineer, whose duty it should be to determine and settle the grade of the aforesaid sidewalks. The street commissioners were required to lay down crossings composed of three-inch plank, at the crossings of certain designated streets For some time during the early existence of the borough the question was unsettled whether the board had a right to tax money out on interest for borough purposes, but on February 9, 1857, Esquire Jones reported that it had been decided adversely to that right by the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerue County. In the evening of this day the town hall was burned down. The council met on the grounds of the ruins February 16, 1857, and adjourned to the office of the machine shop. At this meeting Doctor Throop appeared as a committee from a meeting of citizens on the subject of the erection of a bridge connecting Scranton with Hyde Park at Lackawanna Avenue, stating that the citizens proposed levying a tax or raising the money by subscription, with which to erect the bridge. The council thereupon resolved to attend in a body a meeting to be held February 17th, at the Wyoming House, for the purpose of dis- cussing the subject. February 23d the councils of Hyde Park and Scranton met on the ground at the lower end of Lackawanna Avenue. Engineer Joel Amsden was also there, and was authorized by the councils to make a profile of the bridge and estimate of its cost, and furnish the same to a meeting of the citizens at the Wyoming House on Tuesday even- ing, the 24th. Accordingly Mr. Amsden reported his estimate of the cost of the proposed bridge as $8,980.00 for a wire bridge, and *7,500.00 for a truss bridge. Mr. Amsden was elected on the 2d of March to establish the grades in streets and walks. Mr. Slocum was still burgess at this time, and on the 16th of this month he was appointed a committee to lease and cause to be fitted up a hospital for temporary purposes. On March 21st he reported 118 History oS soraMon. havino- attended to this duty. This step was taken to prevent the spread of smallpox which then threatened the city. On the 23d of the month the following resolutions were adopted: "Whereas, The varioloid now exists in the house of Ignatius Zlhiuger on Franklin Avenue, and there is danger to be apprehended of the spread of the said disease by means of persons passing in and out of said house and mingling with the community; therefore, be it ^^ Resolved, That the burgess be required as soon as practicable to enclose the sidewalk in front of said house and the rear yard of the house in such manner as with a suitable guard to prevent egress and regress to and from the said house; and that the burgess be further required to detail such a police force as may be sufficient to prevent all conmiunication with the said house, except the attending physician, "and all persons within the said house from departing therefrom without a pass from the attending physician until the danger is past." March 24, 1857, the new council met for organization, at which time there were present George Sanderson, burgess; C. Schlager, W. E. Rogers, L. S. Fuller, I. R. Williams, and John Beckhorn. H. L. Mar- vine was chosen secretary jpro tem. The next day D. L. Sprong was elected high constable; D. K. Kressler, street commissioner; Joel Amsden, engineer, and Peter Carling, treasurer. John Grier was appointed chief of police and requested to nominate his associates. D. K. Kressler was elected tax collector. May 11th a contract was made with Kierstead & Bryant for the erection of a lock-up, for $575,00, and on the 21st of July, they were paid |592.7l for the work. July 13th, it having been found that D. L. Sprong was not a citizen of the commonwealth, he was removed from office, and G. II. Gardner appointed high constable in his place. August 1, 1857, a resolution was passed to the eti'ect that in order to secure pure water and gas for the borough, a loan be effected equal to |1.00 for every $1,000.00 of the assessed value of the real and personal estate of the borough; the debt thus created to be payable in ten years, with semi-annual interest at six per cent, but that the debt should not exceed $5,000.00. The burgess was authorized to subscribe to the stock of the Scrauton Gas and Water Company to an amount equal to the loan authorized, and the loan to be appropriated to the payment for the stock. On October 5th, the Scranton Gas and Water Company was permitted to lay pipes in the streets and alleys of the town, and a committee of three was appointed to attend to the matter of placing hydrants throughout the borough. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 119 October Slst, G. P. McMillan was elected high constable in place of G. 11. Gardner, resigned. On November 7, 1857, the council passed the following resolution: "That in compliance with the request of the citizens of this borough in public meetings held in Union Hall October 3l8t and ISToveniber 5th, and in view of the destitute condition of a large number of persons thrown out of employment by the deplorable condition of the monetary system and the embarrassments of business generally, and the stern necessity which exists to provide for the support of such as are needy and destitute of employment, that the revenue of the borough for all of 1857, as well as for 1858, \>e anticipated for the payment of laborers to be enijiloyed on the sti-cets and other work of public utility during the ensuing winter." It v.'as also resolved that the bni-gess and secretary be authorized to draw their orders on the treasurer in sums of from fl.OO to $5.00 payable on the 1st of January, 1858, with interest, and that the orders thus authorized to be issued should be in payment for labor employed as aforesuid, and for other dues except taxes for 1857, provided that the amount of orders issued for that purpose should not exceed |5,000.00. And it was also resolved that so much of the revenues of the borough from taxes and other sources for 1858 as were necessarj' be pledged and appropriated for the payment of the orders issued. November 11th, J. C. Wright resigned as secretary and Edward P. Kingsbury was elected in his stead. The new council for 185S met March 27, 1858. George W. Scranton was the burgess elect, and the members of the council were Thomas Dickson, Samuel Dolph, J. J. Albright, Frederick Schrader, and Philip Robinson. Edward P. Kingsbury was elected secretary pro tern. On the 29th of the month D. K. Kressler was elected street commissioner at $1.50 per day. John Travis was elected high constable at $75.00 per year; George B. Chase was chosen permanent secretary at $40.00 per year and ofKce rent; W. P. Carling was elected collector of taxes; Peter Carling, treasurer, and George Sanderson, attorney. May 31, 1858, David Ward was appointed collector of taxes in place of W. P. Carl- ing, resigned. John L. Travis was removed from the office of high constable, and G. P, McMillan appointed to the vacancy thus created. March 26, 1859, instructions to the high and borough constables were issued by the council as follows: Whereas, a supplement has been passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, at its present session, enti- tled: "An Act to Divide the Borough of Scranton into Two Wards," said supplement requiring that the time of holding elections shall be on the third Friday of April in each year; therefore, public notice 120 HISTORY OP scra>;ton. shall be ^iveii to the qualified electors of the borough of Scranton to assemble in the north ward at the Wyoming House, and in the south ward at the Washington Hotel on Cedar Street, on Friday, April 15th, to elect officers as follows: one burgess, six councilmen, one assessor, one street commissioner, two school directors for three years, one auditor, besides ward officers, two justices of the peace, one constable, one judge of elections, and two inspectors of elections. The said supplement also authorized the borough to contract a loan of $25,- 000.00 for the discharge of the liabilities of the borough, which should be passed upon by the voters of the borough at this election. The loan was approved by the voters, and on April 30th, the issue of $15,000.00 worth of bonds was authorized by the council, to bear seven per cent semi-annual interest, to be dated June 1, 1859, and to run ten years. This action was taken by the new council elected just pre- viously, and consisted of Frederick Schrader for one year, William Kenna for two years, and James MuUins for three years, all from the south ward;* and N. C. Norton, for one year, A. M. May- nard for two years, and T. J. Leavenworth for three years, from the north ward. Doctor P. C. Morgan was elected secretary; C. C. Carpenter, high constable; A. A. Arnold, chief of police; Daniel Lundy, collector of taxes, and Peter Carling, treasurer. The members of the council in April, 1860, were, from the north ward : Fred Repp for one year, Richard Stilwell for two years, and A. N. Meylert for three years; from the south ward: Frederick Weicliel for one year, Jacob Robinson for two years, and William Kenna for three years. Jacob Robinson was elected president of the council; E. 1^. Willard, secretary; C. W. Roesler, high constable; Christian Robinson, collector of taxes; Fred Seaman, treasurer, and E. N. Willard, attorney. At the election held April 13, 1861, the results were as follows: For chief burgess, L. S. Fuller received 536 votes, and Joseph Chase 321; for treasurer, Michael O'Boyle, 430, F. Lemon, 427; for street com- missioner, A. Fashald, 341, D. K. Kressler, 275, John F. Daniel, 265; for school directors, William A. Chittenden, 463, J. C. Piatt, 461, D. H. Couklin, 395, D, A. Malvin, 394; assessors, C. S. Miner, 481, Patrick Scanlon, 369; auditors, R. A. Oakford, 402, George Cone, 886; council- men, north ward, Jacob Bryant, 295, George L. Dickson, 151; south ward, Frank Dittman, 388, Richard Lamb, 199, Samuel Williams, 191. The election held April 18, 1862, resulted as follows: For burgess, L. S. Fuller, 424, Frederick Simon, 605; treasurer, Daniel Ward, 401, Frederick Weichel, 623; school directors, D. W. Conklin, 429, Henry Carpenter, 426, Edward Collins, 600, Joseph Gunster, 608; MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 121 auditor for three years, Joseph Chase, 427, E. N. Willard, 594; trustees of the proprietors' school fund, D. R. Malner, 433, John H. Coleman, 432, William Stine, 428, Michael O'Boyle, 600, C. S. Miner, 604, Peter Bloom, 602; street commissioner, Lewis Lewis, 425, John O'Donnell, 603; assessor, W. V. Carling, 449, John Gibson, 580; couneilmen, north ward, James Ruthven, 296, Philo Whitmore, 210; south ward, John O'Boyle, 396, John Walters, 384. On May 5th, G. N. Meylert was elected president of the council; Henry Wilbur, chief of police; Peter O'Donnell, high constable; and E. N. Willard, secretary. General Meylert resigned as councilman and was succeeded by Richard tetilwell. Soon afterward Mr. Stilwell's resignation was handed in by the sec- retary, he being in the service of his country in the Union Army, and Edward Miller was elected to fill the vacancy. November 11, 1862, Peter O'Donnell resigned as high constable and was succeeded by Henry Wilbur. On April 22, 1863, William Cooke and Matthias Bushnagle were admitted to seats in the council from the north ward, and Mr. Bryant was elected president. A special meeting of the council was held February 22, 1864, at which the following members were present: William Cooke, John O'Boyle, Matthias Bushnagle, and James Ruthven. The secretary being absent, Alfred Hand was appointed secretary pro tern. At this meeting Matthias Gehen was appointed tax collector, and Charles W. Roesler, high constable and chief of police. James Ruthven was appointed to correspond with General Sigel for the purpose of obtaining from the United States Government, the amount of money expended in burying the dead horses left by the United States cavalry then recently encamped at this point within the borough limits. On April 23d, a communication was received from General Sigel, stating that the claim could not be allowed as the officer in charge of the post had been relieved from duty and the post abandoned. At the election of April 15, 1864, the following were the results: For burgess, George Sanderson, 444; Edward C. Lynde, 304; trustees of the proprietors' school fund, Peter Bloom, 462; John Walsh, 461; Joseph Schields, 462; James Archbald, 454; Isaac Coslett, 354; John Rock, 353. The couneilmen elected were Charles Q. Carman, north ward, three years; Darby Melviu, south ward, two years; Timothy Lavelle, three years; John Walter, middle ward, one year; William Stein, three years; James Ruthven was elected president of the council; John Nape, treasurer; C. W. Roesler, chief of police and high constable; Samuel Sherrerd, secretary and attorney, and Matthias Gehen, tax collector. 122 HISTORY Of SCRANTOU. At the election of April 21, 1865, the result was as follows: For burgess, James Ruthven, 401; D. B. Oakes, 146. For trustees of the proprietors' school fund James Merrill had 1 vote and no opposition, and Anthony Weinschank had 88 votes. The councilmen selected were Joseph Godfrey, north ward, three years; Philip Weichel, also three years. Joseph Godfrey was chosen president of the council, and Matthias Gehen, tax collector. May 22d, Alfred Hand was elected secretary and attorney; C. W. Roesler, chief of police and high con- stable, and Jacob Robinson, treasurer. In April, 1866, the new members of the council were J. W. Gregory, John Walsli, and James Mullins, from the south ward; John Zeidler from the i orth ward, and George Hartman from the middle ward, James Matthias was elected president of the council; E. S. M. Hill, sec- retary; Charles Ochs, treasurer; C. W. Roesler, high constable and chief of police, and Matthias Gehen, tax collector. At the meeting of April 30, 1866, C. Q. Carman read the forty-sixth section of the act of the legislature, incorporating the city of Scranton, which section related particularly to the borough of Scranton, and made the following motion: That a committee of live be appointed from the council to ascertain the indebtedness of the borough of Scranton, and to certify the same to the loan commissioners. This forty-sixth section is too long to quote in this place, but the substance of it was to the effect that the burgess and town council of each of the boroughs, and the supervisors of the township of Providence, then in office, should continue in office until they had settled up the affairs, and paid ofi" the debts of their respec- tive boroughs, provided that the burgess and council of the borough of Scranton should certify the indebtedness of their borough to the loan commissioners, appointed by virtue of an act of the Assembly of April 22, 1863, and its supplements, and should thereafter cease to act, and that thereupon the loan commissioners should make the proper arrangements for the settlement of the indebtedness within three years from the date of incorporation of the city of Scranton. A meeting of the council of the borough was held Mp,y 22, 1866, and the following entry upon the records shows what was done: "It appearing that some irregularities occurred in the election of borough officers at the last election, and that doubt might arise as to the legal qualifications of the persons acting, it is therefore "Resoloed, By all present, that the members of the old council resign and thus cause vacancies, and that the vacancies be filled under the provisions of the act incorporating the city of' Scranton by choosing the persons to the same offices who had been elected at MUNICIPAL HISTORt. 123 the last election," and thereupon, upon motion of Mr. Carman, duly seconded, it was unanimously resolved that the resignations of Messrs. Cooke, Bushnagle, and Melvin, tendered by them, be ac- cepted, and Messrs. Zeidler, Hartman, and MiiUins were duly cliosen to till the vacancies thus occasioned. John Walsh was chosen to till the vacancy in the south ward. Upon motion, the resignation of James Ruthven was accepted, and J. W. Gregory was elected burgess to fill the vacancy thus caused. May 4, 1866, a meeting was held at the office of Alfred Hand, Esq., and the following officers elected: Joseph Godfrey, president of the council; E. S. M. Hill, secretary; C. W. Roesler, high constable and chief of police; Charles Ochs, treasurer, and Matthias Gehen, col- lector of taxes. The last meeting of the councii of the borough of Scranton was held May 1:2, 1868, at which tliere were present Joseph Godfrey, Mullins, Carman, Weichel, Stein, and Zeidler. Among other items of business, the following was transacted: ''Resolved, That all salaries of all oflicers of the borough of Scran- ton from this day cease and determine." The minutes were signed by E. S. M. Hill, secretary, and J. W. Gregory, burgess. A full list of the burgesses of the borough of Scranton is as follows: Joseph Slocum, 1856; George Sanderson, 1857-64; George W. Scranton, 1858; Wiliiam H. Pier, 1859; L. S. Fuller, 1861; Fred- erick Simons, 1862; Adam L. Horn, 1863; George Sanderson, 1864; James Ruthven, 1865; J. W. Gregory, 1866. The act incorporating the city of Scranton, referred to above, was passed by the legislature April 23, 1866. It is accessible to all interested, hence is not inserted here in full. The territory embraced by the city of Scranton as thus incorporated was the "township of Prov- idence, the borough of Scranton, the borough of Hyde I'ark, and the borough of Providence, in the county of Luzerne." This territory was divided into twelve wards, whose limits were described in the act, together with the polling places in each ward. The qualifications of electors were to have lived within the bounds of said city at least one month, and within the ward at least ten days before voting, and within one year to have paid a borough, tax except within the Umits of the township of Providence, which was designated by the act as the third ward of the city, and in this ward it was necessary to have paid a county tax within one year. The electors thus qualified were required to meet on the first Tuesday in June, 1866, and elect from each ward two persons to serve in the common council, one of them for one year and the other for two years, and annually thereafter to elect one mem- 124 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. ber of the common council from each ward. They were also required to elect one member from each ward to serve in the select council of the city. The select council was required by the act of incorporation to be divided into three classes, one class to hold office for one year, one class for two years, and the third class for three years, their respective terms of office to be determined by lot at their first meeting. The select council was constituted by the act commissioners of the city. At the first election held under the act on June 5th, the following- named gentlemen were elected members of the select council': First ward, Henry Roberts; second ward, Frank B. Marsh; third ward, S. G. Oram; fourth ward, A. B. Stevens; fifth ward, Edmond Heerrnans; sixth ward, Patrick Mahon; seventh ward, Patrick Scanlon; eighth ward, Samuel ShopHng; ninth ward, Alfred Hand; tenth ward, Maurice Tauer; eleventh ward, Jacob Robinson; twelfth ward. Darby Melvin. S. G. Oram was elected at the first meeting, president of the council, and Alfred Hand, secretary pro tern. It was then determined by lot, in accordance with the act of incorporation, that S. Gr. Oram, A. B. Stevens, Patrick Mahon, and Darby Melvin should hold office for one year; Henry Roberts, F. B. Marsh, Samuel Shopland, and Patrick Scanlon, for two years, and Edmond Heerrnans, Alfred Hand, Maurice Tauer, -and Jacob Robinson for three years. Henry Roberts, Alfred Hand, and S. G. Oram were then appointed a committee to consult with the Common Council with reference to a plan of government for the city. The above proceedings transpired on June 9th. On June 16th, E. N. Willard was elected clerk of the select council. The common councilmen elected at the first election under the new charter were as follows: First ward, George Griffin and Henry 0. Silkman; second ward, David E. Evans and Thomas E. Geddis; third ward, Patrick Gallagher' and Lawrence Toomey'; fourth ward, Paul Jones and George Graeber; fifth ward, Thomas Watkins and Walter Phillips; sixth ward, Patrick Welsh' and James Brogan;' seventh ward, F. W. Watson' and John T. Walsh;' eighth ward, Joseph H. Gunster and William P. Connell; ninth ward, Theodore F. Hunt and Charles Schlager; tenth ward, Adam Koch and Joseph Westhauser; eleventh ward, George Hartman and John Walters; twelfth ward, Michael Corbett' and John Walsh.' The common coun- cil contained sixteen "citizens' nominees" and eight Democrats. The select council contained eight "citizens' nominees" and four Demo- crats. The committee of the common council on the organization of ^ Democrat. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 125 the city government consisted of Theodore F. Hunt, William P. Con- nel], and H. 0. Silkman. On June 23, 1866, the common council elected Joseph H. Guuster, president, and Charles du Pont Breck was elected clerk. At the same first election, the qualified voters were required by the ninth section of the act of incorporation to elect a mayor of the city, a clerk of the mayor's court, a treasurer, and a marshal. Under this provision two sets of officers were nominated, a "citizens' comple- ment and a Democratic contingent." The citizens' convention was held on May 26, 1866, with H. B. Rockwell chairman. Joseph God- frey was nominated for mayor; Christian Robinson for clerk of the mayor's court; A. H. Winton for district attorney; Ira Ti-i[)p for treasurer; Major Alexander Phillips for marshal. Major Phillips was a one-armed soldier. The Democratic convention held on May 22d, nominated E. S. M. Hill for mayor; Cornelius Ward for clerk of the mayor's court; James Mahon for district attorney; Frederick Schrader for treasurer; and Peter ISTallin for marshal. The result of the election was as follows: WARDS. MAYOR. MARSHAL. CLERK. TREASURER. DIST. ATTORNEY. a s g a I 5 O c a o A 03 1 136 10 130 15 ]24 15 J 24 '?0 50 86 2 111 57 109 57 106 59 108 57 60 105 3 17 147 16 147 15 149 29 134 14 149 4 140 159 160 133 170 130 157 143 156 145 5 65 51 89 28 88 31 85 35 90 29 6 32 117 34 114 35 113 35 113 :!:! 115 7 28 94 26 96 23 !li) 25 97 25 97 8 370 158 405 127 411 122 391 147 3,S5 1.39 9 155 85 156 34 153 30 157 34 156 33 10 4 74 7 71 10 68 •-> 76 o 76 11 94 62 99 54 144 6 101 45 97 45 12 24 409 18 415 17 41(i 15 418 17 416 1,185 1,373 1,249 1,291 l,29(i 1,238 1,229 1,321 1,085 1,435 126 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. The act of incoi'poration also provided for the election of an alderman for each ward in which there was a justice of the peace then in commission. Under this portion of the act aldermen were elected in four wards: Third ward, Thomas Saultry; fifth ward, Benjamin Slocum; sixth ward, Patrick Coroner, and seventh ward, Matthew W. Loftus. In four of the wards aldermen previously elected were in oflice: Ninth ward, Lewis A. Wati'es; tenth ward, John Bulterman; eleventh ward. Freeman Moore, and twelfth ward, Thomas D. Kelly. In the other wards justices of the peace were in commission. Thus was the city government of Scranton set in operation, with E. S. M. Hill, mayor; Peter Nalliii, marshal; Christian Eobinson, clerk of the mayor's court; Frederick Schraeder, treasurer, and James Mahon, district attorney, with the other officers as named above. October 4, 1866, at a joint meeting of the two councils, J. W. Gregory was elected assessor. March 28, 1867, an ordinance was passed providing for the lighting of the city, the commissioners being empow- ered and required to place and keep lamp posts at such corners and places throughout the city as the street commissioners might designate, the same to be lighted with oil, kerosene, or other burning fluid, except those posts which were within fifty feet of the mains of the gas com- pari}^ which might be lighted with gas. The above was passed by the common council, but when it came up in the select council, that body was in no hurry about lighting the streets, and postponed the consideration of the ordinance six months. It was finally passed on the 23d of March, 1868. In the meantime the city earned and received the name of "The City of Lanterns," being thus christened in November, 1867. This came about from the fact that every third man, on the average, walking in the streets at night had a lantern on his arm. The lack of arrangements for lighting the streets was a great inconvenience to the people, and it was likewise a great surprise to strangers when they learned that Scranton was a city of thirty thousand inhabitants. The Washington Avenue crossing of the D. L. & W. K. R. was lighted by lamps put up by the railroad company, about January 15, 1868, this crossing having been for some time the most dangerous place in the city. The select council elected for 1868 was as follows: First ward, Henry Roberts; second ward, Peter Walsh; third ward, S. G. Oram; fourth ward, A. B. Stevens; fifth ward, Edmond Heerraans; sixth ward, James Brogan; seventh ward, Patrick Scanlon; eighth ward, Samuel Shopland; ninth ward, James Woolsey; tenth ward, Morris Thauer; eleventh ward, Joseph Schiel; twelfth ward, Francis Beamish. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. C. H. Welles was elected clerk June 5th. In accordance with an act of October 2, 1868, authorizing the election of a city engineer, AVilHani S. Eawson was elected October 16th, foUowiug. On October IS, ISiili, Edward Hughes from the iifth ward, John M. Thayer from the tenth ward, and Joseph Sehiel from the eleventh ward, were admitted to seats in the council. F W. Gunster was elected clerk. Juno 2, 1868, P. Mahon received 1,466 votes for city treasurer, to 828 cast for C. Fuller. In June, 1870, the following new members took their [ilaces in the select council: S. G. Oram, third ward; Alexander Barrow- man, fourth ward; John Coggins, sixth ward, and Patrick Uofter, twelfth ward; all for three years. March 22, 1871, Fred J. Amsden was elected city engineer, and again February 15, 1872. January 16, 1872, Frederick W. Gunster resigned as clerk, and Jason II. Welles was elected his successor. The newly elected members of this council were Jenkin Nicholas and Michael O'Boyle from the fifth ward; George Ferber from the tenth ward; and J. W. Slocum from the eleventh ward. About May 5, 1873, Joseph Gillespie, member of the select council, died, and appropriate resolutions were adopted by the council May 27th. The select council for 1871 was composed of Ambrose Alnlley, P. Walsh, P. Larkiu, R. T. Evans, J. Nicholas, John Coggins, P. Scanlon, G. W. Bushnell, M. O'Boyle, George Farber, J. W. tSlocum, and F. A. Beamish. G. W. Bushnell was elected president, and G. B. Foster, clerk. For 1875 the select council was as follows: First ward, J. W. Gillespie; second ward, Godfrey Von Storch ; third ward, P. Larkin; fourth ward, E. T. Evans; fifth ward, J. Nichols; sixth ward, W. W Ruane; eighth ward, G. W. Bushnell; ninth ward, M. O'Boyle; tenth ward, George Fisher; eleventh ward, J. W. Slocura; twelfth ward, F. A. Beamish. . G. W. Bushnell was elected president, and G. B. Fos- ter, clerk. For 1876, Urst ward, J. W. Gillespie; second ward, Godfrey Von Storch; fourth ward, Nicholas Hellering; iifth ward, J. P. Phillips; sixth ward, James O'Malley; seventh ward, W. W. Ruane; eighth ward, U. G. Schoouniaker; ninth ward, George Fisher; tenth ward, George Farber; eleventh ward, P. J. Zeigler; twelfth ward, P. Mahon; thirteenth ward, George Sanderson; fourteenth ward, A. B. Stevens; fifteenth ward, Daniel Moses; sixteenth ward, William Weaver; seven- teenth ward, A. G. Oilman; eighteenth ward, E. R. Flannery; nineteenth ward, F. A. Beamish; twentieth ward, M. Judge. For 1877, first ward, J. W. Gillespie; second ward, Godfrey A'on Storch; third ward, P. J. Ruane; fourth ward, Nicholas Hellering; 128 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. fifth ward, J. P. Phillips; sixth ward, Jiiriies O'Mallej'; seventh ward, W. W. Euane; eighth ward, U. G. Shoonmaker; ninth ward, D. N. Green; tenth ward, George Farber; eleventh ward, P. J. Zeig- ler; twelfth ward, P. 'Mahon; thirteenth ward, George Sanderson; fourteenth ward, A. B. Stevens; fifteenth ward, Daniel Moses: six- teenth ward, G. W. Bushnell; eighteenth ward, Thomas O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, M. T. Lavelle; twentieth ward, James Gibbons. James W. Gillespie was elected president, and G. B. Foster, clerk For 1878, first ward, Richard Thomas; second ward, P. O'Don- nell; third ward, P. J. Ruane; fourth ward, Nicholas Hellering; fifth ward, Jolm T. Richards; sixth ward, Jamey O'Malley; seventh ward, W. ~W. Ruane; eighth ward, S. W. Keller; ninth ward, D. JST. Green; tenth ward, Jacob Engle; eleventh ward, John Nape; twelfth ward, John Connery; thirteenth ward, C. W. Thompson; fourteenth ward, Thomas Gilroy; fifteenth ward, John Johnson; sixteenth ward, William Kel- low; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, T. O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, M. T. Lavelle; twentieth ward, John Gibbons; twenty- first ward, Thomas Martin. P. J. Ruane was elected president, and G. B. Foster, clerk. For 1879, first ward, Richard Thomas; second ward, P. O'Don- nell; third ward, P. J. Ruane; fourth ward, W. B. Williams; fifth ward, John T. Richards; sixth ward, James O'Malley; seventh ward, W. W. Ruane; eighth ward, S, W. Keller; ninth ward, D. N. Green; tenth ward, Jacob Engle; eleventh ward, John JSTape; twelfth ward, John Connery; thirteenth ward, C. W. Thompson; fourteenth ward, Thomas Gilroy; fifteenth ward, John Johnson; sixteenth ward, William Kellow; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, Thomas O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, H. Notz; twentieth ward, John Gibbons; twenty-first ward, Charles Gallagher. P. J. Ruane was elected presi- dent, and G. B. Foster, clerk. For 1880, first ward, Edwin W. Pierce; second ward, P. O'Donnell; third ward, P. J. Ruane; fourth ward, W. B. Williams; fifth ward, J. T. Richards; sixth ward, James O'Malley; seventh ward, W. W; Ruane; eighth ward, Fred Durr; ninth ward, D. N. Green; tenth ward, Jacob Engle; eleventh ward, John Nape; twelfth ward, John Connery; thirteenth ward, C. W. Thompson; fourteenth ward, A. H. Brown; fifteenth ward, John Johnson; sixteenth ward, William Kel- low; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, Thomas O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, H. Notz; twentieth ward, John Gibbons; twenty-first ward, Michael Gallagher. D. N. Green was elected president, and G. B. Foster, clerk. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 129 For 1881, first ward, E. W. Pearce; second ward, P. O'Don- nell; third ward, P. J. linane; fourth ward, W. B. Williams; fifth ward, Benjamin Hughes; sixth ward, James O'Malley; seventh ward, W. W. Ruane; eighth ward, Fred Durr; ninth ward, John P. Albro; tenth ward, Benjamin .Thaner; eleventh ward, William Franz; twelfth ward, Thomas Melvin; thirteentli ward, D. C. Seward; fourteenth ward, A. H. Brown; fifteenth ward, Thomas D. Davis; sixteenth ward, William Kellow; seventeenth Avard, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, Thomas O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, Herman Xotz; twentieth ward, John Gibbons; twenty-first ward, Thomas Hart. D. N. Green was elected president, and G. B. Foster, clei-k. On October 11, 1881, G. B. Foster resigned as clerk of the select council, and M. T. Lavelle was elected his successor. Mr. Lavelle has been chosen to this position at every regular election since, and is still clerk. But this ofiicer has been styled the city clerk since 1877, an ordinance having been adopted July 16th, that year, requiring the two councils to select a city clerk on the first Monday in April each year. Mr. Lavelle has had but two assistants in this office; first T. R. Evans from 1881 to May 24, 1882, and from that time to the present, Evan R. Morris. The select council for 1882 was as follows: First ward, E. W. Pearce; second ward, P. O'Donnell; third ward, P. J. Ruane; fourth ward, J. G. Jones; fifth ward, B. Hughes; sixth ward, M. D. McCaw- ley; seventh ward, W. W. Ruane; eighth ward, F. Durr; ninth ward, John P. Albro; tenth ward, Benjamin Thauer; eleventh ward, William Franz; twelfth ward, T. C. Melvin; thirteenth ward, D. C. Seward; fourteenth ward, H. Krigbaum; fifteenth ward, T. Davis; sixteenth ward, William Kellow; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, T. O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, D. W. Vaughan; twentieth ward, M. J. Gordon; twenty-first ward, T. Hart. Benjamin Hughes was elected president. The members of the select council elected February, 1883, were as follows: First ward, J. B. Farries; second ward, P. O'Donnell; third ward, Patrick P. Grier; fourth ward, J. G. Jones; fifth ward, B. Hughes; sixth ward, M. D, McCawley; seventh ward, Patrick Barrett; eighth ward, F. Durr; ninth ward, John P. Albro; tenth ward, W. B. Thauer; eleventh ward, William Franz; twelfth ward, T. C. Melvin; thirteenth ward, D. C. Seward; fourteenth ward, H. Krigbaum; fifteenth ward, T. D. Davis; sixteenth ward, William Kellow; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, T. O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, D. W. Vaughan; twentieth ward, M. J. Gordon; 9 ^30 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. twenty-first ward, Thomas Hart. William Kellow was elected president of the council, and M. P. Lowell, clerk. The new members of this council who came into office in April, 1884, were, from the third ward, P. T. Grier; fifth ward, Reese G. Brooks; ninth ward, Joseph L. Medway;, tenth ward, George Farber; eleventh ward, Charles JSTeuls; twelfth ward, M. J. Mahon; thirteenth ward, M. A. Goodwin; fourteenth ward, Martin Scanlon; fifteenth ward, Joseph D. Lloyd; twenty-first ward, Thomas Hart. J. B. Parries was elected president of the council. The select council elected for 1885 was as follows: First ward, J. B. Parries; second ward, P. J O'Donnell; third ward, John Saltry; fourth ward, David C. Huojhes; fifth ward, Reese G. Brooks; sixth ward, P. J. Mahon; seventh ward, P. Barrett; eighth ward, Fred Burr; ninth ward, Joseph L. Medway; tenth ward, George Frey; eleventh ward, Charles Neuls; twelfth wai-d, M. J. Maliou; thirteenth ward, M. A. Goodwin; fourteenth ward, M. Scanlon; fifteenth ward, Joseph D. Lloyd; sixteenth ward, William Kellow; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, Michael J. Burns; nineteenth ward, Den- nis Kelly; twentieth ward, Patrick Corcoran; twentj^-first ward, Thomas Hart. John B. Parries was elected president of the council. The new members of the council elected in 1886 were as follows: Finley Ross, L. N. Roberts, W. W. Ruane, C. M. DeLong, and James P. Dickson. Charles Neuls was elected president. James B. Parries died in August, 1886. He was distinguished by having favored the present fire alarm system for several years before it was finally adopted. The new members of this council who came into office in April, 1887, were as follows: Third ward, Michael O'Malley; fourth ward, John F. "Williams; fifth ward, Reese G. Brooks; sixth ward, P. J. Mahon; ninth ward, Joseph L. Medway; tenth wai'd, George Frey; eleventh ward, John Schuer; twelfth ward, P. F: Ryan; thirteenth vs'ard, Morris D. Brown; fourteenth ward, Charles Robinson; fifteenth ward, Joseph D. Lloyd; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, Thomas O'Boyle; nineteenth ward, Dennis Kelly; twentieth ward, Patrick Corcoran; twenty-first ward, M. H. Dale. C. F. Mattes was elected president. The select council for 1888 was as follows: First ward, Walter B. Christmas; second ward, L. N. Roberts; third ward, John A. McNam- ara; fourth ward, William N. Fowler; fifth ward, W. Gaylord Thomas; sixth ward, Patrick Golden; seventh ward, Patrick E. Spellman; eighth ward, C. M. DeLong; ninth ward, William A. May; tenth ward, Rudolph Buenzli; eleventh ward, John Rosen; twelfth ward, James MUNICIPAL HISTORY. J gj Manley; thirteenth ward, G. A. Clearwater; fourteenth ward, Charles Robinson; fifteenth ward, John Schantz; sixteenth ward, William Kel- low; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, Michael J. Burns; nineteenth ward, Charles Iliinjin; twentieth ward, Thomas M. Grail; twenty-first ward, M. II. Dale. William KeHow was elected president. For 1889, the select council was as follows: First ward, Walter B. Christmas; second ward, L. N. Roberts; third ward, J. A. Mc- Gannon; fourth ward, William M. Fowler; fifth ward, W. Gaylord Thomas; sixth ward, Patrick Golden; seventh ward, Patrick Spell- man; eighth ward, C. M. DeLong; ninth ward, W. A. May; tenth ward, Rudolph Buenzli; eleventh ward, John Rosen; twelfth ward, James Manley; thirteenth ward, G. A. Clearwater; fourteenth ward P. McCann; fifteenth ward, John Schantz; sixteenth ward, William Kellow; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth wai'd, M. J. Burns; nineteenth ward, Charles Hamiu; twentieth ward, Thomas McGrail; twenty-first ward, M. H. Dale. Wilham Kellow was elected president of the council. The select council elected in 1890, who came into office this year and who are in office at the present time, are as follows: First ward, George Archbald; second ward, 0. P. Miller; third ward, J. J. Kearney; fourth ward, Thomas D. Beavan; fifth ward, George Benore; sixth ward, Patrick Golden; seventh ward, John F. Corley; eighth ward, John J. Flanaghan; ninth ward, W. A. May; tenth ward, George Farber; eleventh ward, J. F. Scliwenk; twelfth ward, James Manley; thirteenth ward, George Sanderson; fourteenth ward, P. F. McCann; fifteenth ward, John Schantz; sixteenth ward, William Kellow; seventeenth ward, C. F. Mattes; eighteenth ward, James Kelley; nineteenth ward, D. W. Vaughan; twentieth ward, Thomas McGrail; twenty-first ward, M. H. Dale. George Sanderson was elected president of the council. Under the provisions of a supplement to the charter passed by the legislature March 30, 1867, the number of common councilmen was reduced to one from each ward. Of the council elected in accord- ance with these provisions, Thomas E. Geddes was elected president, and Charles du Pont Breck, clerk. The members of this council, elected in 1868, were II. 0. Silkman, John R. Fordham, Patrick Larkin, Joseph P. Sibbett, Francis Bradley, William Breck, Fred Teufel, George Hartman, Charles Read, Anthony Kelly, Jacob Bryant, and Michael Kearney. Joseph P. Sibbett was elected president, and Fred. W. Gunster, clerk. October 15, 1869, the council organized with James 232 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. 0. Kiersted, president, and Isaac P. Hand, clerk. The other members, aside from the president, were John B. Gillespie, Lawrence Toomey, Owen D. John, J. H. Millspangh, Daniel Noon, Anthony Loftus, George Kaiser, Adam Koch, Jacob Engle, Thomas Butler, and II. B. Rockwell. In 1870, the council Avas composed of Rockwell, Bushnell, Eideii, Mills- paugh, Bristley, Koele, Noon, Koch, John, Butler, Eschar, Moffitt, aud Loftns. J. H. Millspaugh was elected clerk. In 1871 the council was composed of Chase, Rockwell, John, Bushnell, Koch, Butler, Loftus, Moffitt, Carling, Noon, Eiden, Birtley, and Chase. Joseph Chase was elected president, and J. H. Millspaugh, clerk. In 1871 the council was composed of G. W. Bushnell, D. P. Birt- ley, Adam Koch, Owen D. John, Daniel Noon, Anthony L ftus, John Eiden, Thomas Butler, Mr. Moffitt, and Mr. Carling. In 1872 the common council was composed of H. B. Rockwell, first ward; Joseph Church, second ward; Edward Mahan, third ward; Morgan Bowan, fourth ward; R. li. "Waters, fifth ward; Patrick Clark, sixth ward; Christ Eckart, seventh ward; J. C. Burgess, eighth ward; Charles Fischer, ninth ward; Nicholas Planstein, tenth ward; Peter Hartman, eleventh ward; Thomas P. Brown, twelfth ward. J. C. Burgess was elected president, and F. A. Beamish, secretary. In 1873 the council was composed of James II. Gillespie, first ward; Stephen Vaughan, second ward; Daniel Connell, third ward; Thomas Beavan, fourth ward; Frank V. Barnes, fifth ward; Patrick Clark, sixth ward; Patrick Iloran, seventh ward; Daniel S. Roberts, eighth ward; Charles Fischer, ninth ward; Samuel Hay, tenth ward; Henry J. Zeigler, eleventh ward; John F. Ilarly, twelfth ward. D. R. Roberts was elected president, and M. J. Flanaghan, clerk. In 1874 the council was as follows: Uriah McDonnell, first ward; Henry Chapin, second ward; Daniel Connell, third ward; Thomas Beavan, fourth ward; A. P. Finch, fifth ward; M. J. Lovern, sixth ward; John McLain, eighth ward; Jacob Bryant, ninth ward; Fred- erick Farber, tenth ward; Henry J. Zeigler, eleventh ward; John Gibbons, twelfth ward. Jacob Bryant was elected president, and M. J. Flanaghan, clerk. The council of 1875 was composed of T. S. Jones, first ward; H. H. Chapin, second ward; Martin Clark, third ward; W, B. Wil- liams, fourth ward; John J. Howell, fifth ward; M. J. Lovern, sixth ward; John McLain, seventh ward; William Kellow, eighth ward; Charles F. Mattes, ninth ward; Joseph Baumeister, tenth ward; Mor- ris Zwick, eleventh ward; John Gibbons, twelfth ward; H. H. Chapin was elected president, and P. W. Stokes, clerk. mdnicipal history. 133 all III March, 1876, the common couiicilmeu elected were Urif McDonnell, first ward; Patrick O'Douuell, second ward; William Ho^ kins, third ward; Francis Williams, fourth ward; J. J. Howell, fifth ward; Patrick Calpin, sixth ward; M. W. Parrell, seventh ward; A. M. Decker, eighth ward; D. X. Green, ninth ward; Joseph Banmeister, tenth ward; Peter Eosar, eleventh ward; M. T. Lavelle, twelfth ward; B. F. Filmore, thirteenth ward; John Wagner, fonrteenth ward; Fred Mason, fifteenth ward; William Kellow, sixteenth ward; C. K. Mattes, seventeenth ward. William Kellow was elected jiresident, and P. W. Stokes, clerk. These oflicers were elected under the provisions of an act passed March 10, 1875, which required all niembei-s of councils and certain other oflicers to begin their terms of ofiice on the first Monday in April, which that year was the third. The new coun- cil that came into office under this law, April 3, 1876, was composed of the following members: W. McDonald, first ward; P. O'Donnell, second ward; William Hopkins, third ward; F. Williams, fourth ward; J. J. Howell, fifth ward; P J. Calpin, sixth ward; i\l. W. Far- rell, seventh ward; A. iVl. Decker, eighth ward; D. JST. Green, ninth ward; J. Baumeister, tenth ward; P. Eosar, eleventh ward; J. Ilannon, twelfth ward; B. F. Filmore, thirteenth ward; John Wagner, fourteenth ward; F. Mason, fifteenth ward; William Kellow, sixteenth ward; C. V. Mattes, seventeenth ward; J. L. Lee, eighteenth ward; M. T. Lavelle, nineteenth ward; John Murray, twentieth ward. The couiicilmeu coming into office April 2, 1877, were as follows: L. H. Wint, first ward; N. White, second ward; T. F. Noon, third ward; George Jones, fourth ward; Joseph Marquis, fifth ward; John Horn, sixth ward; M. W. Farrell, seventh ward; A. M. Decker, eighth ward; D. Bartholomew, ninth ward; Henry Wentzel, tenth ward; Simon Schier, eleventh ward; M. Lundy, twelfth ward; B. F. Filmore, thirteenth ward; Thomas Gilroy, fourteenth ward; S. B. Mott, fif- teenth ward; D. J. Newman, sixteenth ward; C. F. Mattes, seventeenth ward; P. W. Kelly, eighteenth ward; Ed. Steinway, nineteenth ward; Eobert Marsh, twentieth ward. Charles F. Mattes was elected pres- ident, and P. W. Stokes, clerk. On this same day letters patent were received from the governor, declaring Scranton a city of the third class. On March 18, 1875, a supplement ^to the act approved May 23, 1874, which act divided the cities of the State into three classes, was approved, under the provisions of which each wai'd still continued to be represented in the select council by one member, and in the common council each ward had at least two members, and in addition one mem- 134 HISTOKY OP SCKANTON. ber for ever}' four hundred taxable inhabitants, and for every fraction of four hundred, greater than three hundred. In accordance with this supplement, the common council which came into office April 1, 1878, was composed of the following members: First ward, L. H. Wint, J. tl. .Moore, and Ed. D. Jones; second ward, W. H. Williams, F. S. Phinney, and Valentine Berthlie; third ward, Thomas F. ISToon and J. P. Collings; fourth ward, T. J. Luce, Lewis Morse, John Frank, and W. S. Williams; fifth ward, li. Meyer, Joseph Morgan, Nicholas Washburn, and Thomas P. Stevens; sixth ward, John Noble and Peter Foy; seventh ward, John Doherty and James Marion; eighth ward, C. J. Johnson, C. A. Stevens, and H. Schirer; ninth ward, C. W. Kirkpatrick and William Matthews; tenth ward, John Freese and Philip Switzer; eleventh ward, William Frantz, Simon Straub, and Antoin Fisch; twelfth ward, Michael Fenton, John Stanton, and Wil- liam Morgan; thirteenth ward, li. A. Mace and J: A. Smith; fourteenth ward, N, F. Wymbs, Duncan Wright, and Thomas Gilroy; fifteenth ward, T. G. Jones and N. Foster; sixteenth ward, B. H. Throop, A. G. Smith, and A. Moore; seventeenth ward, Ezra H. Pipple, li. M. Han- nah; eighteenth ward, Daniel Vaughan and James Corcoran; nineteenth ward, Charles Hamin, P. B. Brogan, and Ed. J. Murray; twentieth ward, Martin Duuleavy and Michael Casey; twenty-first ward, J. G. Nicholson and Charles Gallagher. L. li. Wint was elected president, and P. W. Stokes, clerk. The councilmen coming into office April 7, 1879, were as follows: First ward, L. li. Wint, J. li. Moore, and J. J. Morris; second ward, W. H. Williams, F. S. Phinney, and Valentine Birthley; third ward, T. F. Noon and John P. Collins; fourth ward, T. J, Luce, Lewis Morse, John Frank, and W. S. Williams; fifth ward, H. Meyer, Joseph Morgan, Nicholas Washburn, and Thomas P. Stevens; sixth ward, John Noble and Ed, J. McNally; seventh ward, John Doherty and Patrick Barrett; eighth ward, C. J. Johnson, C. A. Stevens, and H. Schirer; ninth ward, C. W Kirkpatrick and William Matthews; tenth ward, John Freese and Philip Switzer; eleventh ward, William Frantz and Antoin Fisch; twelfth ward, Michael Fenton, William Morgan, and John Keenen ; thirteenth ward, II. A. Mace and J. H. Smith; fourteenth ward, M. F, Wymbs, Duncan Wright, and Thomas Gilroy; fifteenth ward, T, G. Jones, Nicholas Foster, and Peter Galla- gher; sixteenth ward, B. li. Throop, S. G. Smith, and Austin Moore; seventeenth ward, Nicholas Kiefer_ and II. M. Hannah; eighteenth ward, W. P. Kelly and Martin Corcoran; nineteenth ward, Charles Hamin, P.|B. Brogan, and E. J. Murray; twentieth ward, M, Dunleavy MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 135 and Michael Casey; twenty-first ward, John Flynn and Bernard Ken- nedy. L. H. Wint was chosen president, and P. W. Stokes, clerk. The members of the council elected February 18, 1880, were as follows: First ward, William B. Watkins; second ward, Evan Eeese; third ward, Richard Walsh; fourth ward, Eleazer Evans; fifth ward, Thomas P. Stevens; sixth ward, E J. McJSTally; seventh ward, P Barrett; eighth ward, Robert II. Frear; ninth ward, E. W. Kirkpat- rick; tenth ward, Frank Mechler; eleventh ward, (-harles Neuls; twelfth ward, Michael Lundy; thirteenth ward, H. A. Mace; fourteenth ward, Thomas L. Williams; fifteenth ward, John Schantz; sixteenth ward, S. Q. Smith; seventeenth ward, George A. Jessup; eighteenth ward, W. P. Kelly; nineteenth ward, Daniel W. Vaughan; twentieth ward, John Murray; twenty-first ward, Isaac Ricbards. H. A. Mace was elected president, and P. W. Stokes, clerk. The members of the common council elected February 15, 1881, and who took office April 4, 1881, were as follows: First ward, U ij. Ham B. Watkins; second ward, Evan Reese; third ward, Richard Walsh; fourth ward, E. S. Evans; fifth ward, Thomas R.Peters; sixth ward, E. J. MclSTally; seventh ward, P. B. Barrett; eighth ward, R. H. Frear; ninth ward, C. W. Kirkpatrick; tenth ward, Frank Mechler; eleventh ward, Charles Neuls; twelfth ward, Michael Luudy; thirteenth ward, H. A. Mace; fourteenth ward, Thomas L. Williams; fifteenth ward, John Schantz; sixteenth ward, S. G. Smith; seventeenth ward, George A. Jessup; eighteenth ward, W. P. Kelly; nineteenth ward, D. W. Vaughan; twentieth ward, John Murray; twenty -first ward, Isaac Evans. W. P. Kelly was elected president, and W. P. Stokes, clerk. The members of the common council taking office April 3, 1882, were as follows: First ward, William B. Watkins; second ward, Seth Griffith; third ward, Richard Walsh; fourth ward, Daniel Williams; fifth ward, John E. Richards; sixth ward, George Duhigg; seventh ward, Patrick Weir; eighth ward, R. H. Frear; ninth ward, Charles E. Chittenden; tenth ward, Louis Meiers; eleventh ward, Charles :Neuls; twelfth ward, Michael Lundy; thirteenth ward, B. F. Kdlani; fourteenth ward, James R. Maguire; fifteenth ward, John Schantz; sixteenth ward, N. Halstead; seventeenth ward, John T. Howe; eighteenth ward, Patrick J. Messett; nineteenth ward, Herman E"otz; twentieth ward, M. M. Lavelle; twenty-first ward, Patrick Gallagher. Charles E. Chit- tenden was elected president, and A. Kiefer, clerk. The members of the common council for 1883 were as follows: First ward, William B. Watkins; second ward, Seth Griffith; third 136 HISTOKY OF SCRANTON. ward, liichard Walsh; fourth ward, Daniel Williams; fifth ward, John E. Richards; sixth ward, George Duhigg; seventh ward, Patrick Weir; eio'hth ward, Robert H. Frear; nin h ward, C. E Chittenden; tenth ward, Louis Meiers; eleventh ward, Charles Neuls; twelfth ward, James Manley; thirteenth ward, B. F. Kiliam; fourteenth ward, James R. Maguire; fifteenth ward, John Schantz; sixteenth ward, if. Halstead; seventeentTi ward, John T. Howe; eighteenth ward, Patrick J. Messett; nineteenth ward, Herman Notz; twentieth ward, M. M. Luvelle; twenty- first ward, Patrick Gallagher. Charles Neuls was chosen president of the council, and A. Kiefer, clerk. The members elected in 1884 were as follows: First ward, Walter B. Christmas; second ward, John A. La Barr; third ward, John A. McFamara; fourth ward, Robert R. Williams; fifth ward, John R. Richards; sixtli ward, George J. Duhigg; seventh ward, John J. Loftus; eighth ward, George Snydam; ninth ward, Charles E. Chittenden; tenth ward, Jacob Schaft'er; eleventh ward, Philip Kirst; twelfth ward, George Frable; thirteenth ward, B. F. Kiliam; fourteenth ward, W. H. Keane; fifteenth ward, John Flanaghan; sixteenth ward, N. Halstead; seven- teenth ward, F. H. Clemons; eighteenth ward, P. J. Messett; nineteenth ward, Jacob F. Miller; twentieth ward, M. M. Lavelle; twenty-first ward, Patrick Philips. ' George J. Duhigg was elected president, and A. Kiefer, clerk. The members of the council elected in 1885 were as follows: First ward, Walter Li. Christmas; second ward, John A. La Barr; third ward, J. A. McJ^amara; fourth ward, Robert R. Williams; fifth ward, John R, Richards; sixth ward, George J. Duhigg; seventh ward, John J. Loftus; eighth ward, George R. Snydam; ninth ward, C. E. Chit- tenden; tenth ward, Jacob Schafier; eleventh ward, Philip Kirst; twelfth ward, George Frable; thirteenth ward, B. F. Kiliam; fourteenth ward, William H. Keane; fifteenth ward, John Flanaghan; sixteenth ward, N. Halstead; seventeenth ward, F, H. Clemons; eighteenth ward, P. J. Messett; nineteenth ward, Jacob F. Miller; twentieth ward, M. M. Lavelle; twenty-first ward, Patrick Phillips. P. J. Messett was elected president of the council, and A. Kiefer, clerk. The following members took ofiice April 5, 1886: First ward, Walter B. Christmas; second ward, William M. Feun ; third ward, John A. xMcNamara; fourth ward, Robert R. Williams; fifth ward, Thomas Carson; sixth ward, John F. Cloherty ; seventh ward, J. J. Loftus; eighth ward, G. R. Snydam; ninth ward, T. U. Watts; tenth ward', Jacob Schaft'er; eleventh ward, Jacob Hartman ; twelfth ward, George Frable; thirteenth ward, C. W. Thompson; fourteenth ward, G. W. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 137 Kellow ; fifteenth ward, John Flaiiaghan ; sixteenth ward, Simon Rice seventeenth ward, F. H. demons: eighteenth ward, P. J. Messett nineteenth ward, Patrick Ketrick; twentieth ward, Maurice Duggaii twenty-first ward, Patrick Phillips. George Frable was elected presi- dent, and John Morris, clerk. The members of the common council fur 1887 were as follows: First ward, Walter B. Christmas; second ward, D. B. Atherton; third ward, James Hopkins; fourth ward, R. D. Thomas; fifth ward, Thomas Carson; sixth ward, J. F. Cloherty; seventh ward, J. J. Lof- tus; eighth ward, J. J. Flanaghan; ninth ward, T. H. Watts; tenth ward, Rudolph Buenzli; eleventh ward, Jacob Hartman; twelfth ward, Morgan Sweeney; thirteenth ward, A. E. Kiefer; fourteenth ward, George F. Kellow; fifteenth ward, E. H. House; sixteenth ward, Simon Rice; seventeenth ward, F. li. Clemons; eighteenth ward, P. J. Messett; nineteenth ward, Emil Smith; twentieth ward, M. J. Donohue; twenty- first ward, Patrick Logan. T. H. Watts was elected president, and John Morris, clerk. The members of the common council for 1888 were, first ward, Evan H. Reese; second ward, F. M. Vandling; third ward, James Hopkins; fourth ward, R. D. Thomas; fifth ward, Thomas Carson; sixth ward, William A. Grady; seventh ward, John F. Corby; eighth ward, J. J. Flanaghan; ninth ward, T. H. Watts; tenth ward, B. Thauer; eleventh ward, Jacob Hartman; twelfth ward, Morgan Swee- ney; thirteenth ward, A. E. Kiefer; fourteenth ward, George F. Kel- low; fifteenth ward, Thomas R. Evans; sixteenth ward, John P. Jones; seventeenth ward, William L. Connell; eighteenth ward, M. J. Walsh; nineteenth ward, Philip Robinson; twentieth ward, M. J. Donohue; twenty-first ward, John Ward. M. J. Donohue was elected president, and John C. Morris, clerk. The members of the council elected in 1889 were as follows: First ward, E. M. Reese; second ward, F. M. Vandling; third ward, James J. Grier; fourth ward, R. D. Thomas; fifth ward, Timothy Jones; sixth ward, William A. Grady; seventh ward, Charles Clark; eighth ward, John J. Flanaghan; ninth ward, James Moir; tenth ward, William A. Neilson; eleventh ward, D. W. Humphry; twelfth ward, Heiiry W. Coyle; thirteenth ward, George Sanderson; fourteenth ward, Joseph Bristley; fifteenth ward, T. R. Evans; sixteenth ward, John P.Jones; seventeenth ward, W. L. Connell; eighteenth ward, James Langan ; nineteenth ward, John C. Doud; twentieth ward, M. J. Donohue; twenty-first ward, John Ward. W. L. Connell was elected president, and John P. Mahon, clerk. -[38 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. The members elected February 18, 1890, were as follows: First ward, Heury C. iJatton; second ward, E. E. Miller; third ward, James J. Grier; fourth ward, John Mc Williams; fifth ward, Timothy Jones; sixth ward, George J. Duhigg; seventh ward, John McLain; eighth ward, Frederick Weichel; ninth ward, James Moir; tenth ward, Wil- liam A. ISTeilson; eleventh ward, George E. Griswold; twelfth ward^ H. W. Covle; thirteenth ward, Lewis Francois; fourteenth ward, Joseph Bristley; fifteenth ward, Joseph D. Lewis; sixteenth ward, Simon Rice; seventeenth ward, W. L. Conuell; eighteenth ward, Henry Williams; nineteenth ward, P. W. Gallagher; twentieth ward, James H. Dempsey; twenty-first ward, James Durkin. George J. Duhigg was elected president of the council, and John P. Mahou, clerk. The members elected February 16, 1891, and who are now in ofiSce are as follows: First ward, Harry C. Hatton; second ward, E. E. Miller; third ward, James J. Grier; fourth ward, J. McWilliams; fifth ward, E, E. Robathom; sixth ward, George J. Duhigg; seventh ward, John Mcfjain; eighth ward, Fred Weichel ; ninth v^^ard, James Moir; tenth ward, Fred. Swartz ; eleventh ward, George E. Griswold; twelfth ward, Henry W. Coyle; thirteenth ward, Louis Francois; fourteenth ward, Joseph Bristley; fifteenth ward, T. Ellsworth Davis; sixteenth ward, J. M. Keramerer; seventeenth ward, W. L.. Conuell ; eighteenth ward, Henry Williams; nineteenth ward, P. W. Gallagher; twentieth ward, James H. Dempsey; twenty-first wai'd, Thomas Bellow. Aldermen were elected at the same time as follows: Charles M. DeLong, M. Andrews, Fred Fuller, J. L. Post, and John E. O'Malley. The mayors of Scranton have been as follows: E. S. M. Hill, elected in 1866; W. N". Monies, elected in 1869; M. W. Loftus, elected in 1872; Robert H. McKune, elected in 1875; Terrence V. Powderly, elected in 1878, and reelected in 1880, and in 1882; Francis A. Beam- ish, elected in 1884; Ezra H. Ripple,' elected in 1886, and John H. Fellows, elected iu 1890. The city treasurers of Scranton have been as follows: Frederick Schraeder, elected in 1866; P. J. Mahon, elected in 1868; Charles H. 1 Among those occupying a prominent place in the business, political, and military circles of the city the name of Colonel Ezra H. Ripple must be mentioned. He is of German descent, his grandfather, Peter, having emigrated from Hesse Darmstadt nearly a century since. Ezra, the only son of Silas and Elizabeth (Harris) Kipple, was born in Mauch Chunk, February 11, I,S42. In l,S4(i his father removed his family to Buck Mountain, Carbon County, Pennsylvania, and in 1857 to Hyde Park, where he died in 1861, leaving to the son the entire care of his business and the family. Colonel Ripple obtained a good education in the common schools, a four years' course in Wyoming Seminary, and, subsequently, a full course in Eastman's Commercial College, Pough- MUNICIPAL IIISTORY. 139 Schadt, elected in 1869; John O'Donnell, elected in 1872; James li. Millspaugh, elected in 1874; Thomas Durkin, from 1876 to February 2, 1878; C. W. Courtright from February 4, 1878, to May 11, 1878; Reese T. Evans from May 11, 1878, to April, 1879; D. M. Jones, elected in 1879; P. J. Euane, elected in 1883; Alexander Simpson, elected in 1887; John Gibbons, elected in 1889; Reese G. Brooks, elected in 1890, and present treasurer. The city controllers of Scranton have been: Charles du Pont Breck, elected in 1877; E. P. Kingsbury, elected in 1879; E. C. Dimmick, elected in 1883; Lemuel A merman, elected in 1887; J. George Eisele, elected in 1889, and reelected in 1890, and present controller. By the supplement to the act approved May 23, 1874, dividing the cities of the State into three classes, the real estate of cities of the third class was divided into three classes for the purposes of taxation, and the assessors were required to value property in all cases at such sums as the property' would bring at a fair public sale. Days of appeal were also provided for, and also a board of appeal and revi- sion. This board of appeal and revision was to consist of seven or nine members, as the councils might determine, and were to be ap- pointed by the councils. The act further provided that "From the political party in the minority in said councils, upon joint ballot, there shall be appointed in said board at least three members of said com- mittee on tax if the committee consists of seven, and at least four members if said committee consists of nine." April 17, 1880, the select and common councils met in joint con- vention for the purpose of electing a board of appeal and revision. It was decided that the board should consist of nine niend^ers, and as the statute provided that the political party in the majority in the joint body should have a majority of the board, a roll call was had to determine the political complexion of the convention. The result was the finding of twenty-four Republicans and eighteen Democrats, and the board was therefore to consist of five Republicans and four Demo- keepsie, New York. In 1862, and again in 1S6:1, he went out at the call for "emergency men" to assist in repelling the invasion of the State, and in :\rarch, l.sii4, he enlisted in the Fifty-second Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry, then in command of Colonel Henry M. Hoyt, afterward governor of the cinnmonwealth. He was captured by the enemy at Charleston, South Carolina, July -t, ISfU, and was confined for three months at Andersonville prison, and five in Florence stockade, South Carolina, where he suf- fered the untcild horrors of the military prison pen. From the latter place he made his escape, but was tracke.l by bloodhounds, with which he fought for his life until recaptured. He was finally exchange.l and discharged at the close of the war. In the 140 HISTORY OF SCKANTON. crats. The Republicans elected as members of the board were John Nape, T. P. Stevens, William B. Williams, Jacob Engle, and C. W. Thompson. The Democrats elected were W. W. Ruaue, J). W. Vaughan, P. J. Rnane, an^ John Gibbons. For 18.81 they were as follows: Republicans, E. S. Evans, B. Hughes, E, W. Pearce, S. G. Smith, Evan Reese. Democrats, E. Michler, E. J. MclSTally, Thomas Melvin,' and James O'Malley. In 1882 the Board of Revision and Appeals was composed of five Republicans and four Democrats, as follows: Republicans, J. E. Rich- ards, N. Halstead, Fi'ed. Durr, Charles Neuls, and D. ' C. Seward; Democrats, M. D. McCawley, James Maguire, P. J. Messett, and M. J. Gordon. In 1883 the board was composed as follows: Republicans, Fred. Durr, John E. Richards, Louis Meiers, P. J. Messett, and B. F. Kil- 1am; Democrats, Thomas O'Boyle, T. C. Melvin, George J. Duhigg, and Herman Notz. In 1884 the board was composed as follows: Democrats, Gordon, Hart, Lavelle, McCawley, and P. J. Messett; Republicans, Kellow, Christmas, Medway, and Kirst. In 1885 it was composed as follows: Democrats, Thomas Hart, George J. Duhigg, John J. Flanaghan, M. J. Mahon, and W. H. Keane; Republicans, John E. Richards, Charles Neuls, W. B. Christ- mas, and D. C. Hughes. In 1886 as follows: Republicans, W. B. Christmas, D. C. Hughes, William Kellow, C. H. Thompson, and William M. Fenn; Democrats, Hart, Phillips, Ilartman, and Kelly. During the years 1887 and 1888 there was no board of revision and appeal. In 1889 they were as follows: Select council, C. M. DeLong and James J. Manley; common council, Roland D. Thomas, James Langan, and Joseph D. Lewis. In 1890 they were as follows: Select council, James J. Manley upheavals of 1877, he assisted in organizing the vigilantes, to aid the mayor in keeping the peace of the city. On the organization of the four companies of the City Guard he was made captain of Company D, and on its consolidation with the Thirteenth Regi- ment he was commissioned major of the regiment, and subsequently was made its colonel. In 1878 he was elected member of common council, but resigned after a few months. He was the first elected treasurer of Lackawanna County in the fall of 1879, and served three years. In February, 1886, he was elected mayor of the city, and held the office for four years. He is a member of the firm of William Connell & Com- pany, coal operators, an active Republican in politics, and a member of the Reformed Protestant Episcopal Church. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 141 and George Arelibald; common council, George J. Duhigg, Jamts J. Grier, and Timothy Jones. The city charter approved May 2o, 1874, provided that cities of the third class in which there was not then a board of health, should have power to create such a board and confer upon it the following certain powers: It was to be constituted .as follows: It should be composed of five members- the mayor of the city to be ex officio a member of the board. The other four members were to be appointed by the councils, to serve for two years, except that at the first election of members, two should serve for one year, and at each subsequent election two members should be elected lor two years. They should serve without compensation, and were granted power to appoint a health officer, a clerk, and as many ward physicians as they might deem necessary. The members of this board for 1879 were as follows: Drs. Everhart and Allen, and J. C. Phttt and J. J. Ilawley. The health officer was Dr. G. B. Boyd, and the sanitary police, Thomas Scanlon. The members elected in 1881 were Dr. W. Allen, J. 0. Phitt, J. J. O'Boyle, and Dr. H. B. Lackey. The health oflicer was Dr. J. E. O'Brien, and the sanitary police, Thomas Scanlon. In 1882 they were Dr. H. B. Lackey, John T. Richards, Hum- phrey Bradley, and F. W. Gunster. The health officer was Dr. S. P. Reed, and the secretary, T. P. O'Malley. In 1883 they were Dr. H. B. Lackey, John T. Richards, Hum- phrey Bradley, and D. N. Green. The health officer was Dr. S. P. Reed, and secretary, T. P. O'Malley. In 1884, Dr. H. B. Lackey, John T. Richards, Lawrence Duhigg, and D. E. Green. The health officer was Dr. J. J. Sullivan, and the secretary, T. P. O'Malley. The sanitary police was J. J. Dever. In 1885, Honorable Lewis Pughe, John T. Richards, Lawrence Duhigg, and John Quinan. The health officer, secretary, and sanitary police the same as the year before. In 1886, P. J. Ruane, M. W. Hughes, Lawrence Duhigg, and John Quinan. The health officer was J. H. O'Malley; the secretary, J. H. Duhigg, and the sanitary police, P. F. Ryan. In 1887, W. T. Smith, president; Dr. M. J. Williams, Dr. J. L. Rea, P. J. Ruane, and Henry J. Zeigler. Health officer, Dr. W. E. Allen; clerk, S. W. Edgar; sanitary police, W. H. Burke. In 1888 they were W. T. Smith, president; Dr. M. J. Wil- liams, Dr. J. L: Rea, P. J. Ruane, and Henry J. Zeigler. Health ■^^2 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. officer, Dr. W. E. Allen; clerk, S. W. Edgar; sanitary police, W. H. Burke. In 1889, P. J. Kuane, president; Dr. M. J. Williams, Dr. J. L Eea, Henry J. Zeigler, and Lewis Pughe. Health officer, Dr. W. E. Allen; clerk, S. W. Edgar; sanitary police, W. H. Burke. In 1890 tbey were as follows: Michael J. Kelley, for one year; Henry J. Zeigler, for two years; Dr. J. K. Bartley, for three years; Dr. W. A. Paine, for four years; Hon. Ezra H. Ripple, for five years. The city solicitors, called city attorneys for several years, have been as follows: James Malion, Cornelius Smith, E. IST. Willard, H. M. Hannah, and I. II. Burns. The latter gentleman has been in this office constantly since 1887. The city engineers have been as follows: Joel Amsden, J. D. Van Fostner, Fred J. Amsden, and Edward F. Blewitt. On February 12, 1881, an ordinance was passed providing for the levy and collection of license taxes within the city of Scranton, fixing the amounts to be paid by each class of business men, and providing that the license tax should be appraised by the appraiser of State taxes last appointed by the State. It also required the select council to appoint a mercantile appraiser annually after the passage of the ordinance. The mercantile appraisers appointed under this ordinance have been as follows: 1883, F. A. Beamish; 1884, Walter B. Christmas; 1885, James Coleman; 1886, John E. O'Malley; 1887, T. C. Melvin; 1888, George W. Jenkins; 1889, Jacob F. Miller, who is still serving. Scranton, like other cities, early felt the need of some reliable means of extinguishing tires. In order to meet this want the D., L. & W. R. R. Company and the L. I. &. C. Company each agreed to furnish one hand engine and three hundred feet of hose, provided their property should have the advantage of their use in case of fire, in preference to any other suflerer. The propositions of the tvi'o com- panies were acceded to by the town, and as soon as it was known that an engine would be forthcoming, C. W. Roesler organized a compan}' of about forty members, and took charge of the engine belonging to the D., L. &. W. R. R. Company, naming it "l^eptune, No. 1." This was in 1855. The next year some of the members of this company and others who had not joined the "Neptune," organized a new company and took charge of the engine belonging to the L. I. & C. Company, naming it the "Washington, No. 2." Between these two companies great rivalry sometimes manifested itself, but the MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 143 ^ "Neptunes" were generally the most efficient. The engine belongin to the L. I. & C. Company was honsed in a little twostory brick engine house, the lower story containing the "Washington, Xo. 2,"' besides a nonde8cri[it engine named the "Niagara,'' and the ujipor story was used as a meeting room. John Grier was foreman of this company, David Beecher, assistant foreman, and David Dale, secretary. The company was kept up until the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, when nearly all of the members enlisted in the Union Army and the company was disbanded. Afterward the remaining members and others purchased a new engine for $1,700.00, which turned out to be worthless, and the company was then disbanded. The rivalry between tliese first two companies above referred to sometimes led to collisions, even at fires, and they would occasionally cease to play on the fire to play on each other. Under these circum- stances property was uot so cei'tain to be saved from destruction as it might otherwise have been. In order to bring this state of things to a close, the citizens early in 1858 bouglit a hose carriage and hose and organized Nay Aug Hose Company, No. 1. This company was com- posed of merchants, clerks, and law studeuts, and by the old comjianies was dubbed " Silk Stockings." C. P Matthews was elected foreman and the company maintained its existeiice until the breaking out of the war, when it was disbanded. In the little two-story engine house, as was stated above, the "Niag- ara" was also stored, as well as the "Washington." Early in 1858 a company was formed to operate the former engine, composed of married men, except the torch boys. Richard Stilwell was elected foreman; J. 0. Kiersted, assistant, and D. K. Kressler, clerk. This company was named Niagara, No. 3. When its engine was ready for service, it was proposed to organize a regular fire department. The council took hold of the matter and rendered material assistance. A constitution and by-laws for the government of the department were reported to the council April 4, 1859, the constitution containing the following provisions: 1. The association shall be known as the Fire Department of the Borough of Scranton. 2. The association shall consist of a chief engineer, two assistant engineers, secretary, treasurer, and as many engines, hose, and hook and ladder men, as shall from time to time be designated by the town council. 3. The chief and assistant engineers, secretary, and_^ treasurer shall be elected annually on the fourth Friday of April by the several fire companies. 144 HISTOKY OF SCRANTON 4. The chief engineer shall have the sole and absolute control over all engineers and other persons connected with, and all appa- ratus belonging to, the department. At the first election George Fisher was chosen chief engineer, and F. W. Watson and J. W. Brock, first and second assistants. A representative body named the Firemen's Board, was organized, cousist- ino- of the chief and assistant engineers, and two delegates from each company. The chief engineer was the president, ex officio, and Dr. A. Davis, of No. 2, and D. K. Kressler, of No. 3, were elected secre- tary and treasurer, respectively. The borough council appropriated $60.00 for the expenses of the Firemen's Board. The companies not respecting the orders of the chief engineer, Mr. Fisher resigned, and Mr. Watson, the first assistant, kept the department together until the expiration of his term. On the 28th of December, 1859, Mr. Watson was authorized to go to Philadelphia for the purpose of negotiating for the purchase of an engine and hose for the use of the department, and to conclude any contract that might seem to him judicious. Twenty dollars was appropriated to pay his expenses. He was instructed to purchase a second-class engine with ropes and fixtures, the price not to exceed $1,500.00, and a truck for a hook and ladder company, at a price not to exceed |300.00, all to be paid for with borough bonds. On April 7, 1860, Chief Watson reported that he had purchased an engine for $1,050.00 in cash, it being impossible to negotiate for an engine with borough bonds. Bonds to the amount of $1,000.00 were thereupon placed in the hands of Phinney & Cone as collateral, and $500.00 was raised in cash with which to pay for the engine. The bonds were to be redeemed within three months with any money that might be in the treasury. At the expiration of Mr. Watson's term, he was succeeded by J. 0. Kiersted, who was the last chief engineer under the borough organization. At the time of the incorporation of the city of Scranton, there were but two hand engines fit for use, the "Franklin" engine, of Hyde Park, and the "Neptune," of Scranton. There was besides these the Nay Aug Hose Company, No. 1. About July 15, 1866, a new hook and ladder company was organ- ized with the following officers: John W. Gregory, president; George Graeber, vice-president; William Breck, secretary, and Edmond Heer- mans, treasurer. The various fire companies then in existence, about this time decided in favor of organizing a general fire department, and on Saturday, July 21, 1866, an election for officers was held. J. R. Keeley was elected chief engineer. On February 8, 1867, an ordinance MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 145 was passed by the councils establishing a general fire department. This ordinance provided that the said department should have power to make its own constitution and laws, and to elect its own officers, but that the constitution should be subject to the approval of the select and common councils. A supplement to the ordinance was adojited July 11, 1867, providing that the department should consist of a chief engineer and two assistant engineers, and as many engines, hose, hook and ladder, and bucket companies as might thereafter be designated and appointed by the select council acting as commissioners. The election of the chief engineer and the two assistants was set for the last Wednesday in each year. At this election John R. Keeley was chosen chief engineer; Eobert H. McKune, first assistant, and A. P. Vining, second. 'On July 13, 1867, Edmoud Ileermans, S. G. Oram, and Dr. C. A. Stevens were appointed a committee to ascertain the price of a lot upon which to erect a building to serve as an engine house for the Hyde Park engine. November 16, 1867, Lady Washington Fire Com- pany No. 1, was transferred to the city, and on December 21st, Nay Aug Hose Company was also thus transferred. February 22, 1868, it was determined to erect a building for Eap- atone Hook and Ladder Company's truck, on the lot adjoining Jifkin's butcher shop. March 16th, a citizens' meeting was held at Wyoming Hotel in response to a call. George Coray was made chairman of the meeting, and James Euthven, secretary. Just previously there had been two large, destructive fires, and after speeches by the chairman of the meeting and Alfred Hand, a committee of ten persons was appointed to report a plan of action which should result in the or- ganization of a satisfactory department. The committee consisted of George Coray, Alfred Hand, E. C. Fuller, A. M. Decker, James Euth- ven, Thomas Moore, E. S. M. Hill, E. P. Kingsbury, George L. Dick- son, C. H. Dowd, and Eobert Blake. Eobert H. McKune favored the purchase of a steam fire engine, to be placed in the hands of a stock company, and a committee composed of Eobert H. McKune, W. P. Council, and Dr. C. A. Stevens, was appointed to examine into the comparative merits of the various steamers in use. Subscriptions for a stock company were immediately started, and $600.00 was subscribed in equal amounts by George Coray, Alfred Hand, A. M. Decker, Thomas Moore, C. H. Dowd, and Connell & Silkman. Afterward Thomas Dick- son subscribed two shares, $50.00 each; Joseph A. Scranton, two shares; William Breck, one share; C. H. Schadt, one share; Horn & Ober, one share; Merrill & Johnson, one share; J. H. Gunster, one share; Brain- 10 146 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. ard Brothers, two shares; Siitto Brothers, one share; George Silsby and Jeremiah Sliafter, one half share each; making a total subscribed prev- ious to March 20, 1868, of |3,950.00. The company, organized with the above stockholders, was named the Citizens' Fire Association. The constitution of the association was adopted March 27th. This association held a meeting on Saturday, March 28, 1868, and then resolved to purchase a second-class engine of Mr. Button's manufac- ture, at a cost of $4,000.00. The engine weighed 5,500 pounds, and was capable of throwing six hundred gallons of water per minute. It was named "iSTay Aug," in honor of Nay Aug Hose Company. Jan- uary 6, 1869, Richard Stilwell was elected chief engineer, in place of C. W. Roesler. March 31, 1869, by a joint resolution of the two councils the city of Scranton was divided into four lire districts as follows: District No. 1 was composed of the first and second wards; District No. 2, of the fourth, fifth, and sixth wards; District No. 3, of the seventh and eighth wards; and District No. 4, of the eleventh ward. On the 8th of the following December each of these four districts was required to elect an assistant engineer, who should reside within the district for which he was elected. In the summer of 1869, Chief Engineer Stilwell sought the aid of the city in repairing "Lady Washington" engine. December 18,1869, Lady Washington Engine Company, Franklin Engine Company, and Rescue Hose Company were admitted to membership in the fire de- partment. April 16, 1870, Chief Roesler represented to the councils that the city was still without sufiicient fire apparatus, and nearly destitute of hose. The Committee on Fire Department thereupon was authorized to procure one thousand feet of hose and to distribute it among the various fire companies. On June 16, 1870, |500.00 was appropriated to the Citizens' Fire Association to pay engineers and firemen, and to pay for the use of steamers. The association elected officers June 21st, as follows: James Ruthven, president; A. M. Decker, first vice-president; U. G. Schoonmaker, second vice-presi- dent; M. Williams, secretary and treasurer. January 7, 1871, C. W. Roesler was elected chief engineer of the department, and again January 6, 1872. The salary of the chief of the fire department was fixed October 28, 1875, at $300.00 per year, as also that of the engineer of "Crystal Steamer." December 9, 1876, the pay of engineers was fixed at 1200.00 per year, and those of firemen at $100.00. The Com- mittee on Public Buildings, in 1877, reported in favor of purchasing a piece of ground on Green Ridge Street between Seventh and Eighth MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 147 Streets upon which to erect a house for the General Phinney Fire Company. Diamond City Hose Company was received into the lire department in September or October, 1877. In 1879 the committee reported in favor of building an engine house in Providence at a cost of $1,400.00, and another at Green Ridge at a cost of $800.00. C. W. Roesler was succeeded as chief engineer by Enoch Page, who served three terms; he was succeeded by Henry F. Ferber, who served one term; he was succeeded by S. B. Stilwell; he by George A. Connor, and he by Harry E. Madison, who is chief of the department at the present time. The city is now divided into six districts, each of which has one assistant chief, as follows: First district, James H. Riley; second district, Louis Schoen; third district, George 8. Throop; fourtli district, S. S. Spruks; fifth district, James J. O'M alley; sixth district, Charles Robinson. The various fire companies, together with the location of their engine houses, and the number, are as fol- lows: Columbia Hose Company, ISTo. 5, South Main Street, 19 members; Crystal Hose Company, No. 4, Linden Street, 32 members; Franklin Fire Company, No. 1, Hyde Park Avenue, 14 members; Nay Aug Hose Company, No. 1, Spruce Street, 32 members; Neptune Engine Company, No. 2, Cedar Avenue, 27 members; Eagle Engine Company, No. 5, 334 Fifth Street, 30 members; Relief Engine Com- pany, No. 3, Ash Street, 26 members; Liberty Hose Company, No. 8, Market Street, 23 members; Niagara Hose Company, No. 7, East Market Street, 30 members; Pha-nix Hose Company, No. 6, Lacka- wanna Avenue, 34 members; General Phinney Engine Company, No. 4, Dickson Avenue, 24 members; Excelsior Hose Company, No. 8, Oak Street, 40 members; William Connell Hose Company, No. 9, Pittston Avenue, 27 members; Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1, West Lacka- wanna Avenue, 56 members; Century Hose Company, No. 10, 33 members. Citizens' Fire Association is still in existence, S. W. Keller being the secretary. The estimated value of the property belonging to the fire depart- ment is as follows: Real estate, $17,077.00; four steam fire engines, $14,500.00; one hand engine, $350.00; seven hose carriages, $3,020.00; one hose wagon, $675.00; two swinging harnesses, $200.00; 5,750 feet rubber hose, $5,175.00; 2,850 feet rubber hose, $1,425.00; 1,050 feet cot- ton hose, $525.00; supplies, etc., $1,001.30; nine fire alarm signal boxes, $900.00; one combined gong and kidicator, $225.00; one oil tank, $9.00; three fire hydrants, $72.00; 250 fire hydrants ready for use, $12,500.00; total value, $57,654.30. lu October, 1887, what was known as the Gamewell Ordinance, 148 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. was adopted by the councils. This was to adopt the Garaewell fire alarm for use in the city. This alarm is automatic in its operations. It connects with the telegraph service. The Gamewell Company became obligated to furnish and put in i)lace thirty-six alarm stations at a rental of $1,100.00 per year for five years, the telegraph compiiny giving the use of its wires and calls, and an attendant to see that the alarm is in good condition, for five years at $200.00 per year. At the end of five years the city has the option of purchasing the Gamewell apparatus for |9,250.00, and the perpetual right to use the wires and calls of the telegraph company for $2,000.00. According to the report of the chief of this department for 1890, the total loss from fires during the year was $303,704.00, the insurance being $128,581.00, leaving a net loss of $175,123.00. The loss was greatest in May,— $171,435.00,— and least in October,— $976.00. By reference to preceding pages it will be seen that a police force was appointed in 1856, at the suggestion of the high constable_ Ever since that time the force has been steadily growing in numbers and importance. On the 20th of October, 1866, a police department was established by ordinance, which department was to consist of one chief of police, and from one to five piolicemeu for each ward. These officers were all to be appiointed by the mayor, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the select council. B3' a supplement to the first charter which was granted April 23, 1866, the supplement referred to being approved March 30, 1867, the select council was required to ap- point at its first regular meeting in July each year, one chief of police, and such other policemen as they might deem necessary, the commission of each to be signed by the mayor, or by the piresident of the select council, and to be countersigned by the clerk of said coun- cil. On July 6, 1867, C. W. Roesler was elected chief of police. James ^ orbett was elected chief of police in 1869, and at the re- quest of Mayor Monies he was removed March 28, 1870. He was succeeded by A. Farber. April 2, 1870, Mayor Monies urged upon the councils the necessity of the reorganization of the police force, and it was thereupon moved that a paid police force be established, but this motion was voted down. December 31, 1870, a petition came up from the eighth ward, that a paid police force be established in that ward, which petition was granted, and four men placed on the force. A similar petition from *he ninth ward was likewise granted. In July, 1874, J. W. Brice was appointed chief of police, and iu 1875 he was succeeded by J. B. Fish. In 1876 A. Farber was again chief of police, and in 1877, a difiE'erence having arisen between him and MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 149 the council as to how much was due him for past services, the question was submitted to City Solicitor I. H. Burns, who gave it as his opinion that $300.00 per annum was all that could be legally paid him. However, on June 27, 1877, the council passed a resolution to the efiect that it would pay him all he claimed, $1,250.00, his salary up to that time. Mr. Farber was succeeded that year by Captain P. De Lacey, who remained in office until 1885, when John Coggins became chief of police. He was succeeded in 1886 by B. 11. Wade. In addition to the chief, the police force is composed of two sergeants, li. J. Edwards and W. P. Rilej-, and thirty-four patrolmen. The cost of sustaining the police force for the last eleven years has been as fol- lows: 1880, $11,080.00; 1881, $11,280.00; 1882, $11,130.00; 1883, $12,- 240.00; 1884, $16,000.00; 1885, $16,000.00; 1886, $17,320.00; 18»7, $24,- 800.00; 1888, $23,800 00; 1889, $35,707.00. Chief Wade resigned as chief of police, January 16, 1891, and retired from the position January 31st. W. T. Simpson was appointed to succeed Mr. Wade, and assumed charge of the department, Febru- ary 1, 1891, On January 7, 1890, the following communication was made to the mayor and councils of the city of Scranton: "The members of the firm of William Connell & Company propose to donate and convey by ■ proper deed to the city of Scranton about fifteen or twenty acres of land, equal in extent to about the ordinary size of four blocks, together with the streets as usually laid out upon the city plat, to be used solely for the purpose of a public park. The proposed piece of land to be conveyed is situated on the south side of the city on the tract owned by us. We would expect the city to accept the same on condition that it is to be used as a park only, and that it is to be improved and embellished by the city by an annual expenditure of not less than $1,000.00 for that purpose. In case the city is willing to accept this proposition, will you please indicate it by a proper resolution and appointment of a committee to arrange the details, in order to properly protect the city and ourselves. Such com- mittee should report full arrangement and recommend the proper ordinance for final action by your honorable body. "Very respectfully yours, " William Connell." A special committee of three from each council was appointed to take the matter into consideration. March 25, 1890, Mr. May, from the special committfee, reported as follows: 150 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. " Whereas, William Connell & Company have very generously offered to donate to the city of Seranton about twenty acres of land in the twentieth ward for the use of a park, subject to the expenditure of 11,000.00 per year for beautifying and taking care of said park; therefore, be it '■'■Resolved, By the select council, the common council concurring, that the gift be and is gratefully accepted with the understanding that the specified expenditure begin with the fiscal year 1891. ^'Resolved, That the city solicitor be, and is hereby instructed to draw the necessary papers to legally secure said gift to the city, to be submitted to the councils, and to be ratified by them by ordinance regularly passed." This report was received and approved. The necessity for a city building had been felt for years, when the councils began to move in the matter of securing a lot of ground on which to erect one for the various city offices. After several attempts to make a selection of a suitable lot, an ordinance was approved by Mayor Ripple, May 1, 1887, providing for the purchase of a lot for a municipal building site on the southeast corner of Washington Avenue and Mulberry Street, which is one hundred and twenty feet on Washington Avenue and one hundred and fifty feet on Mulberry Street. The cost of this lot was $25,000.00. On June 28, 1887, an ordinance was approved directing the preparation of plans, specifica- tions, and estimates of cost for the proposed new building. November 8, 1887, an ordinance was approved providing for the erection of a municipal building, for which the plans and specifications had been prepared by E. L. Walter, architect, and the estimated cost of which was $125,000.00. This ordinance provided for the erection of the foun- dation, or basement, story for $32,500.00, and the contract was awarded Conrad Schroeder for $31,200.00, but its cost when completed proved to be $33,376.75. November 15, 1889, an ordinance was approved fixing the limjt of the cost of this building at $175,000.00, excluding the cost of the site, making the limit of cost of the building and lot upon which it stands $200,000.00. February 8, 1890, an ordinance was approved providing for the awarding of the contract for the erec- tion of a portion of the superstructure. This contract included the stone work, brick work, iron work, slating, tin work, copper work, roofing, etc., but did not include interior work and finishing, which was estimated to cost $50,000.00. The contract above referred to was let for $88,900.00. To the contract price for the building must be added the architect's con;mission, five per cent, and inspector's pay, MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 151 which up to December 1, 1890, amounted to $1,206.50. Following is the estimated cost of the work now under contract: First contract to Mr. Schroeder, $33,376.50; second contract to Mr. Schroeder, $88,- 900.00; architect's commission, $6,113.83; inspector's pay, $1,044.00; incidental expenses, $25.81; estimated cost of ccmpleting the build- ing, $50,000.00; total, $180,060.14. There has been appropriated and placed to the credit of the municipal building fund up to date (De- cember 24, 1890), $170,000.00, of which $25,000.00 was paid for the lot. The rest has been. placed at interest, and this interest will mate- rially- lessen the appropriations needed to complete the building. The new city building is a notable structure. It is situated at the corner of Washington Avenue and Mulberry Street, and is one hun- dred and thirty-two feet long on the Mulberry Street side, and eighty-six feet front on Washington Avenue. The lowest sfory is a cellar for heating purposes. Next is a basement story mostly above the ground and twelve feet in height, with a suite of offices on the Mulberry Street side; an entrance from the alley for the use of the police to the rear of the building where are the police head- quarters, sergeant's room, and two rooms for the confinement of prisoners. The entrance to the first floor is on Washington Avenue, the vestibule is ten by thirty feet, and the corridor leading lengthwise through the center of the building is ten feet wide. On the left of this corridor are the ti-easurer's office, the mayor's office, and the office of the chief of police. On the right of the corridor opposite the treasurer's office is the city clerk's office, and then vaults, lavatories, and- several other offices. About the center of the building on the right is the main stairway, twenty feet wide, to the second story. At the head of the stairway and on the Mulberry Street side of the building are the two council rooms, each thirty-two by forty feet and twenty-five feet high, connected with each other hy a passage ten feet wide, and so arranged that both rooms can be thrown together, mak- ing a room thirty-two by ninety feet in size, in case of a joint session of the council. The i-emaining portion of the second story is devoted to committee rooms, reception rooms, and oflices of the controller, city solicitor, chief of the fire department, board of control, and super- intendent of the city schools. In the third story are the office of the city engineer, draughting rooms, rooms of the assistants to the chief of the fire department, and board of health, besides other offices not yet assigned. The fourth or attic story is for the present left unfinished. The entire building is so 152 HISTORY 01' SCRANTON. constructed as to be fireproof. The exterior is of native stone, trimmed with Ohio sandstone, and the style of architecture is modern Gothic. The height of the building from the basement to the attic roof is about seventy feet, and the tower on the corner of the two streets is one hundred and sixty feet high. Mr. E. L. Walter drew the architectural designs for this building. In the history of the board of trade may be found a brief account of the action of that body with reference to the donation to the city of Scranton of the lot on the corner of Washington Avenue and Vine Street, for the purpose of a public library. In this connection is recited the action of the city authorities upon the same subject. An ordinance was approved by the mayor, April 5, 1890, vs^hich is as follows, and is self-explanatory: "Be it ordained by the select and common councils of the city of Scranton, Pennsylvania, and it is hereby ordained by the author- ity of the same: "Section 1. That the city of Scranton hereby accepts the convey- ance and donation of real estate which has been conveyed by John Joseph Albright and Harriet L. Albright, his wife, Raymond J. Ben- nell and Jennie R. Bennell, his wife, James Archbald and Maria H. Archbald, his wife, Henry C. Albright and Frances E. Albright, his wife, heirs and devisees of the late Joseph J. Albright and Elizabeth Albright, his wife, deceased, to William T. Smith, Henry Belin, Jr., and Alfred Hand, bearing date the 24th day of February, A. D. 1890, in trust for the purposes therein mentioned, and by the said trustees to be conveyed to the city of Scranton on the passage of this ordinance. And the mayor of the city, in the name of the city, is authorized to receive the due delivery of said deed to and in the name of the city at any time after the passage of this ordinance, and of the library to be therein established by the citizens of Scranton. "Section 2. The said donation and conveyance are received by the city of Scranton upon the following trusts and conditions, being the same that are mentioned in said deed, to-wit: For the establish" ment of a free public library for the use and benefit of the citizens and residents of the city of Scranton ; that the building shall be called the 'Albright Memorial Building,' in memory of Joseph J. Albright and Eliza-beth Albright, his wife; that the library therein placed shall be reasonably maintained ; that the same shall be managed and controlled by a board consisting of sixteen trustees, of whom the mayor of the city shall be, ex officio, one, and fifteen shall be selected and appointed as follows: five thereof shall be nominated by the mayor, one each MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 153 from the clergymen or pastors, residents of the city of Seranton, of the following denominations, to wit: Episcopalian, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian, which nominations shall be confirmed by the select cdnncil; four thereof (no more than two of whom shall be of the same political party), shall be nominated by the mayor from the citizens at large, and confirmed by the select council; three thereof shall be appointed by the board of trade of the city of Seranton, and three thereof shall be appointed by the presiding judge of the court of common pleas of Lackawanna County, from the mem- bers of the bar of said court. The said fifteen members shall be divided into five classes of three members each, in such manner that the terras of three members shall expire each year, and they shall hold their full terms of five years, the respective terms to be at first fixed at the first organization of the board by drawing lots. Vacancies occurring for any cause, shall be filled for the unexpired term by nom- ination and appointment from the same class by the respective bodies and persons above designated. In case any vacancies cannot be filled in the manner thus indicated, then the board may fill such vacancies. The board of trustees shall annually make report to the select and common councils of the city of Seranton, of the condition, expendi- tures, and necessities of the library and property, real and personal, connected therewith." On December 18, 1890, Hon. John H. Fellows, mayor of Seranton, addressed a communication to the select and common councils, conveying to them the information that under deed from the heirs and devisees of J. J. Albright and Elizabeth Albright, his wife, both deceased, to William T. Smith, Henry Belin, Jr., and Alfred Hand, trustees, dated February 24, 1890, lots Nos. 23, 24, and a part of JSTo. 22, in block No. 104, corner of Washington Avenue and Vine Street, were conveyed for the purpose above recited; that there was also a deed from the above-named trustees to the city of Seranton, dated April -5, 1890, for the same lands Both these deeds had been delivered to James A. Linen, in escrow, to be delivered to the -city as soon as the building should be completed. The mayor thereupon submitted the following names as those of persons selected by him for trustees under the deed: Rev. H. C. Swentzel, of St. Luke's Episcopal Church; Rev. S. C. Logan, D. D., of the First Presbyterian Church; Rev. Father P. J. McManus, of St. Paul's Catholic Church; Rev. J. W. Williams, D. D., of the First Welsh Baptist Church, and Rev. C. C. McLean, of the Adams Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. From the citizens at large he submitted 154 HISTOKY OF SCRANTON. the names of James Archbald and William T. bmith, Republicans, and Henry Belin, Jr., and Hon. Frederick W. Gunster, Democrats. These nominations were all confirmed December 18, 1890. On the 31st of the same month Judge R. W. Archbald made the nominations which completed the board of trustees in the persons of Hon. Alfred Hand, Milo J. Wilson, and Samuel B. Price. Thus the board was made complete on the last day of the year 1890. In 1878 the question of the formation of a new county out of a portion of what was Luzerne County, attracted wide attention. A mass meeting was held at Washington Hall to consider this question July 20th, and to organize for the movement in favor of the new county project. E. Merrifield was elected president; C. Smith, vice- president; T. V. Powderly, corresponding secretary; J. R. Thomas, recording secretary, and Col. W. N. Morris, treasurer. A campaign committee of two from each election district was appointed, and also a iinance committee, the latter consisting of H. B. Rockwell, Hon. D. M. Jones, and Col. Monies. When the election came oft, the vote in Scranton was 6,221 in favor of, to 134 against, the new county. And in the entire territory whicli was to compose the ne\v county if set apart and organized, the vote was 9,615 for it, to 1,986 against it. After the election of the new county officers, the next thing that attracted the attention of the public in connection therewith, was the question of new county buildings. Tlie Lackawanna Iron & Coal Com- pany owned the block bounded by Washington and Adams avenues and by Spruce and Linden streets. On the 1st of March, 1879, they made a formal oifer of this block for a site for county buildings and a public park, and when it was demanded a deed in fee simple was made for the block. The county committee on public buildings opened bids for the erection of the courthouse, October 26, 1880, and selected that of John Snaith, of Ithaca, New York, which was to erect the building for $139,929.00; extra stone work, $6,250.00; and excavating, $2,700.00; total, $148,879.00. The commissioners having charge of this important matter for the county were Gaige, Barrett, and Tierney. They selected I. G. Perry's plan for the courthouse, on January 6, 1881, and let the contract to build it to John Snaith, March 18th, following. Contractor Snaith commenced the excavation April 15, 1881, and the first stone above the ground was laid March 28, 1882. The corner stone of the building was laid on Thursday, May 25, 1882, in the rain, but notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather it was laid in the presence of a large concourse of people, Judge Alfred Hand delivering the oration of the occasion. In the MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 155 evening there was a banquet at the Wyoming House. The county officers moved into the new building on March 22, 1884, and the formal opening took place March 24th. The courthouse is a substantial and handsome structure, constructed of a variety of sandstone quarried within two miles of the city, and contains all the necessary offices for the transaction of the business of the county. The entire cost of the property was as follows: Courthouse, $208,256.62; improvements of grounds, $28,648.23; furnishing the building, $22,455.19; total, $259,360.04. The ground, which as has been stated, was donated, is worth at least $250,000.00, so that the property is worth more than $500,000.00. The county jail, which is located on Washington Avenue and 'Hew York Strejit, was completed in December, 1886. It is constructed of stone brought from the Winton quarry. E. L. Walter was archi- tect, and Conrad Schroeder, the contractor. The cost of the building was $128,540.62; that of the grounds, $22,694.86, and that of furnish- ing, $2,984.56; total cost of jail, grounds, and furnishing, $154,219.54. The jail proper is in the shape of a cross, and is surrounded by a spacious yard, which is inclosed by a wall twenty-five feet high. CHAPTER IX. MILITARY HISTORY. General Causes of the War — Misconception of the Nature of Slavery, the Bible, and the Constitution of the United States, by the Leaders Who Precipitated the Late Rebellion — Secession of the Several Southern States — Formation of Companies and Eegiments of Soldiers for the War — Sketches of Eegimental Histories — List of Soldiers in Rebel Prisons — Scranton City Guard— Thirteenth Regiment — Grand Army of the Republic — Posts — Sons of Veterans — Union ex-Prisoners of War — Memorial Hall Association. THE general causes of the war have been related so frequently, and are so well known to intelligent Americans, that it ia not deemed necessary to recount them in this work, at least so far as respects their evolution and development. Everyone knows that it was an attempt on the part of the Southern politicians to establish the divin- ity of a stupendous crime upon the authority of the sacred Scriptures and by means of the false and pernicious doctrine that under the con- stitution of the United States, a State is a sovereign power. The mere fact of the complete and irrevocable extinction of slavery is sufficient of itself to prove, even to the man incapable of reasoning, that the "divine institution" had connected with it not a sina;le element or scintilla of divinity; though the failure of the South to overthrow the Government of the United States has not so success- fully established in the minds of Southern people nor in the minds of many people in the Northern States, who are endowed with the elec- tive franchise, the falsity of the doctrine of State sovereignty. The right to secede is still believed in by many people who have not ex- amined with any degree of care, the history of the formation of the constitution of the United States, and who are not familiar with the provisions of that venerable instrument. This, however, is not so marvelous when it is considered that even now there are numerous persons incapable of distinguishing between the right of secession, supposing that right to exist, and the right of revolution; who are like- wise incapable of perceiving that the right of a State to secede must be found formulated in the constitution, if it exist at all, whereas, the right to rebel against the Government is inherent in the nature of man 156 MILITARY HISTORY. 157 himself, provided that Governnieiit is depriving him of valuublo rights that are his l>y nature, and providc ifteenth wards, and John Cawley for the Sixth and Eighteenth wards, all of whom- were required to pay in their collections weekly, and to furnish lists of all who paid their taxes. A. B. Eynon was then appointed treasurer of the bounty fund, and his bond iixed at |60,000.00. D. M. Jones then presented the duplicates, showing the following amounts: For the Fourth Ward, 117,372.97, Fourteenth Ward, $11,565.98, for these two wards, $28,- 938.95; Fifth Ward, $19,274.84, Fifteenth Ward, $9,647.16, total for these two wards, $28,922.00; Sixth Ward, $5,974,08, Eighteenth Ward, $4,315.80, total for these two wards, $10,289.88. Total for all six wards, $68,150.83. Having thus got the machinery in perfect working order, the taxes were collected, and the judgment satisfied. The Scranton City Guard was organized at the time of the riots in 1877, an efficient military body being one of the necessities of the times. A large subscription was raised for the organization of the four companies of which it was composed and for fully uniforming them. By means of a fair money enough was raised to purchase a lot on Adams Avenue and to erect a substantial and commodious armory for their use, at Nos. 324 to 330. This armory contains two head- quarters rooms, four company rooms, a drill room seventy-five by ninety feet, a janitor's room, and a store room. The building com- mittee was composed of James Archbald, William Connell, and U. G. Schoonmaker, on the part of the citizens, and Major H. M. Boies, Captain A. Bryson, Jr., and Lieutenant William Kellow, of the guard. At the request of Major Boies the corner stone was laid by the masonic fraternity, November 14, 1877, a dispensation having been granted deputizing E. P. Kingsbury, acting D. D. G. M., to perform the ceremony according to the ancient usages of freemasonry. On that day the commanderies of Knights Templar from Wilkes-Barre, Carbondale, and Pittston were present^ in Scranton and participated in the ceremonies. A beautiful fiag, a gift of the ladies of Scranton, was presented to the guard, being received for that body by' Major Boies. After the laying of the corner stone was completed, an address was delivered by Major General E. S. Osborne. The armory was MILITARY HISTORY. 175 opened for use by a grand military ball, January 31, 1878. The Scran- ton City Guard had the honor of escorting the President of tlie United States on his visit to the Centennial of the Massacre at Wyoming, July 3, 187 ■*, and was highly complimented for the excellence of its drill and discipline. The guard now constitutes companies ABC and D of the Thirteenth Regiment of the National Guard of Penn- sylvania The organization of tlie guard was somewhat as follows: On August 7, 1877, a paper was drawn up for signatures addi'csscd to the "Hon. George Sanderson, president; Hugh M. Hannah, secretary; A. C. Konarson, Julius Sutto, Julius Kramer, John Raymond, J. W. Garney, Dr. Hollister, H. B. Rockwell, Thomas Phillips, C. W. Roesler, and others of the citizens' meeting" which, the day after the riot, had endorsed the firing on the mob. It was afterward addressed to the citizens generally. This paper expressed the desire of tlie signers to form themselves into a militarj- organization provided they could secure the permanent pecuniary and moral support of law-abiding citizens. It was signed by one hundred and eighteen of the best young men of the city. At a meeting held that uight, it was discovered that the citizens would support the movement; but objection was raised that an organization could not be effected without its being mustered into the service of the State. A committee of the following lawyers: F. L. Hitchcock, Hugh M. Hannah, I. J. Post, and H. A. , Knapp, was appointed to investigate this phase of the question and to report at a subsequent meeting. A committee consisting of A. Bryson, Jr., J. E. Brown, and Ezra H. Ripple, was appointed on military organization. A committee consisting of H. M. Boies, J. A. Linen, H, A. Kingsbur}^ Ezra H. Ripple, and James E.. Brown, was appointed on finance, and a committee consisting of W. W. Scranton, James Ruthven, and A. W. Dickson, was appointed to call on General Osborne to ascertain what arrangements could be made to secure the use of State arms for such an organization, and still another com- mittee consisting of Dr. S. C. Logan and H. M. Boies, was appointed to secure an armory. This movement for a military organization, while it was facilitated by the presence in the city of United States troops, and by a grand parade and military review of the Seventh Division of the JSFational Guard of Pennsylvania by General Huidekoper and staff on the 7th of the month, was on the other hand retarded somewhat by the feeling on the part of property owners and other conservative citizens that danger lay in such an organization, and also about this time the entire 176 HISTORY OF SCRANTON matter was temporarily arrested by the sudden revelations of the plans of the coroner's court for tlie arrest of the young men who had con- stituted the citizens' corps, and to have them tried and punished for murder. These young men were arrested and taken to Wilkes-Barre accompanied by one hundred of their friends, of the best citizens of the place, where they were released on bail. It soon afterward became apparent that while they could go about their business in the daytime, it was not safe for them to be on the streets at night, or to remain, at home without a guard, without being in constant danger of assassina- tion. As the result of deliberations, it was determined on August 10th, to organize under the State law as a part of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, if the organization could be accepted as a separate company. Upon consultation with the governor, who was at the time in the city at his headquarters on a train of cars, it was ascertained that he would accept the muster into the service of the State of a battalion of four companies of forty men each, and it was at once resolved to attempt the organization of four companies. E. H. Eipple, A. Bry- son, Jr., James E. Brown, and E. B. Merriam were appointed each with a separate paper to enroll a company. On Monday evening, August 13th, at 7 o'clock, each company elected its officers as follows: The first company elected Henry A. Coursen, captain; James E. Brown, first lieu- tenant, and Louis A. Watres, second lieutenant. The second company elected Andrew Bryson, Jr., captain; H. A. Knapp, first lieutenant, and Edward J. Smith, second lieutenant. The. third company elected Ezra II. Kipple, captain; James A. Linen, first lieutenant, and P. L. Hitchcock, second lieutenant. The fourth company elected R. B. Merriam, captain; Daniel Bartholomew, first lieutenant, and William Kellow, second lieutenant. The four companies thus organized then took up their first march, to the hall over the Second National Bank, and it was then determined that the order and rank of the companies should be settled by lot. H. M. Boies was elected to command the battalion until it should be mustered into the service of the State and a commander elected. The rank of the companies was settled by writing the first four letters of the alphabet on slips of paper and placing these slips in a hat. Then each captain drew out a slip, Captain Ripple drawing "D;" Captain Merriam, "B;" Captain Bryson, "A," and Captain Coursen, " C." The ranking captain was authorized to act as major until a major should be chosen, and he was authorized to appoint an adjutant to act until an adjutant should be commissioned. Captain Bryson, as major, immediately appointed Charles R. Smith, of Company MILITARY HISTORY. 177 D, to act as adjutant. On August 14, 1877, the battalion of four com- panies was mustered into the service of the State of Pennsylvania, as a part of the National Guard, under the name of "The Scranton City Guard," by Major Espy, of General Osborne's staff. II. M. Boies was then elected major of the battalion, and accepted the position one week later. On the 23d of the month he issued his first general order, calling attention to the necessity of sometimes restraining license in order to preserve liberty, and to the necessity of sometimes using force to maintain freedom. In this order he made the following appointments: F. L. Hitchcock, iirst lieutenant and adjutant; li. A. Kingsbury, captain and commissary; James Ruthven, first lieutenant and quarter- master; iN". Y. Leet, first lieutenant and assistant surgeon; S. C. Logan, D. D., captain and chaplain. On the 24th, Major Boies formed the officers into a board, which for some years met regularly once each month, but which in later years have met only once each quarter. The most important work on hand at first was the drilling and equipping of the battalion. Captain Bryson drilled his own com- pany, while Colonel Morrow appointed Captain Shaw to drill Company B; Sergeant Vine to drill Company C, and Sergeant Leary to drill Company D. On August 27th, General Order ISTo. 2, was issued, .ap- pointing as non-commissioned officers of this battalion the following: Henry M, Bunnell, sergeant major; S. G. Kerr, quartermaster sergeant; George H. Maddock, commissary sergeant; W. W. Ives, hospital steward; M. D. Smith and Charles R. Smith, musicians. As mustered into service August 14th, and as accepted by the public September 17, 1877, the Scranton City Guard was officered as above noted. Company A had in all, sixty-five men; Company B, sixty-four men; Company C, sixty-five men, and Company D, fifty-five men, making an aggregate of two hundred and forty-nine men. The organization thus far constituted the battalion. In August of the same year, the Honesdale Guard was recruited and officered as follows: Captain, George F. Bentley; first lieutenant, D. R. Atkin- son; second lieutenant, H. G. Young. This company became Company E of the regiment. About the same time the Van Bergan Guard of Carbondale, was recruited and officered as follows: Captain, John 0. Miles; first lieutenant, Thomas M. Lindsay; second lieutenant, William M. Thompson. This company became Company F. The Zouaves, of Susquehanna, became Company G, and Captain Boone's company of the Ninth Regiment became Company H. This company was from Pleasant Valley. During the year this company was dis- 12 178 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. banded, and a new company organized in Providence to take its place, which was of course Company H. It was officered as follows: Captain, E. W. Pearce; first lieutenant, Frank Courtright; second lieutenant, R. E. Westlake. This regiment has from the first sustained a high reputation for dicipline and drill, which reputation extends all over the State. Col. Boies upon assuming command, instituted a system of rifie practice which has been steadily persisted in, and in which the regiment has attained a high degree of perfection. The regiment stands first in the State as accurate marksmen. The first year's work resulted in fifty-one members of the old Scranton City Guard becoming qualified as marks- men, and they were presented with badges by the governor and his stafl" at the annual inspection, December 6, 1878. The following year one hundred and thirty-five members of the regiment became qualified as marksmen under the rules of Wingate's Manual. Without pursuing the details of the discipline and its results from year to year, it is deemed sufficient to present, in the language of the Scranton Bepublican, the result of the work of the regiment at Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania, during the week ending September 20, 1890. " The Thirteenth Regiment rifle team did such magnificent work on the State range at Mt. Gretna last week that it seems proper to summarize its achievements here. The team was composed of the field captain and five men; viz.: Lieutenant Herman Osthaus, Lieutenant C. W. Gunster, Lieutenant F. W". Stillwell, Sergeant Major C. B. Pratt, Quartermaster Sergeant Reese Watkins, and Private W. W. Youngs. Sergeant Watkins was the team coach. This team won the first place in every competitiou during last week. Four matches were shot, the Coleman team match, the Coleman individual match, the Regimental match, and the Brigade match, and our team won first place in every one of them. When it is borne in mind that tweuty-one teams were competing, and that they represented every portion of the great com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, it will be perceived that the successive victories reflect all the more credit upon its splendid organization and workmanship. Seven times during the week all the twenty-one teams shot over the range, and each time our men outshot the teams of every other regiment. One year ago our men also won first place in each of the four matches named, but it was harder to win this year, for our opponents shot even better than last year. Such a series of victoi-ies is not due to accident, but to careful training, good organization, and fine coaching. Other teams also had splendid marks- men, but they were not so well organized, nor so well trained, nor so MILITARY HISTORY. 179 well coached. Among the "Western teams were many marksmen who never yet missed a deer on the wilderness trail, but not being so well organized they were not so united nor so effective. "The team of the Thirteenth Regiment has, for three years in succession, won the first prize in the Coleman match, for two succes- sive years the individual prize, for two successive years the regimental prize, and for four successive years the brigade match has been won by the Third Brigade, through the efforts of Scranton marksmen. "It will be noticed that the regimental match was won by only one point over the Sixth Regiment team. The closeness of this result is largely due to the fact that the high and irregular wind which blew while our team was shooting, had nearly ceased when the team of the Sixth began to shoot. "Private Youngs, of the Thirteenth's team, made the highest score that was shot during the week, and he is now the champion marksman of Pennsylvania, as was Sergeant Pratt one year ago. Youngs made the remarkable score of ninety-seven. Pratt's score last year was ninety-eight. These two scores are the highest yet made in Pennsylvania rifle practice. Sergeant Watkius has made a reputation for splendid coaching, and is known among riflemen the State over, as 'Reese, the Thirteenth Regiment's Mascott.'" The score made by the team of the Thirteenth Regiment was as follows: In the Coleman match Monday, September 15th, distances in all the matches, 200, 500, and 600 yards. Watkins, 88; Gunster, 87; Stillwell, 85; Youngs, 77; total, 422. First Regiment, 416; Second Regiment, 411. Tuesday morning, Pratt, 91; Stillwell, 91; Gunster, 89; Watkins, 88; Youngs, 85; total, 444. Sixteenth Regiment, 421 Ninth Regiment, 414. Tuesday afternoon. Youngs, 94; Stillwell, 93 Pratt, 92; Gunster, 86; Watkins, 84; total, 449. Sixteenth Regiment 436; Ninth Regiment, 434; Sixth Regiment, 422; Tenth Regiment, 419 Eighth Regiment, 417. Regimental match, Gunster, 89; Youngs, 87 Pratt, 85; Stillwell, 84; total, 345. Sixth Regiment, 344; Ninth Regiment, 340; Fifteenth Regiment, 339; Sixteenth Regiment, 332 Fourteenth Regiment, 328. Brigade match, Youngs, 91; Pratt, 19 Watkins, 87; Stillwell, 87; Gunster, 86; Moyer, 86; Ilelwig, 86 Morse, 85; Bergstresser, 85; Newton, 85; Wallace, 84; Fulmer, 81 total, 1,034. First Brigade, 1.030; Second Brigade, 1,015. Coleman individual match. Youngs, Thirteenth Regiment, 97; Weagraff, Six- teenth Regiment, 95; Mountjoy, Sixth Regiment, 95; Tuness, Ninth Regiment, 93; Bispham C. Troop, 93; Stillwell, Thirteenth Regiment, 93; Gauley, S. F., 93; Kerr, Fifth Regiment, 92; Critchfield, Tenth 180 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Regiment, 92; Helwig; Fourth Regiment, 92; Bacon, Fifteenth Regi- ment, 92; Pratt, Thirteenth Regiment, 92; Gunning, Sixteenth Regi- ment, 92; Thompson, Sixteenth Regiment, 92; Root, First Regiment, 91; Coulston, First Regiment, 91; Smith, Sixth Regiment, 91; Berg- stresser. Eighth Regiment, 91. The contest at Mt. Gretna was in charge of Colonel Watres, who was much praised for his efficient management,. and at the close of the meeting he was presented with a series of resolutions strongly com- mending his services in the cause of rifle practice. The Grand Army of the Republic was founded by Benjamin F. Stephenson, of Springfield, Illinois, in the spring of 1866. In Sep- tember, of the same year, a national soldiers and sailors' convention was held at Pittsburgh. The first national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic was held at Indianapolis, Indiana, in Novem- ber, 1866, and the second at Philadelphia, in January, 1868. During the same year Memorial Day was instituted by a general order of the commander-in-chief, General John A. Logan. In January, 1868, a movement was inaugurated for the organiza- tion of a post of the Grand Army in Scranton. Other towns were oro-anizing posts, why not Scranton? The organization was effected about February 21, 1868, and named Raub Post, No. 101. The post temporarily rented Good Templars' Hall for their meetings, and about November 13th, moved into a room which the members had fitted up in Washington Hall, the old provost marshal's office. December 31, 1868, the following ofiicers were elected: J. A. Price, post commander; T. C. McGregor, senior vice commander; Thomas Davis, junior vice com- mander; E. W. Pierce, adjutant; David Ulmer, quartermaster; R. Jones, surgeon; R. II. Atkinson, chaplain; H. D. Treat, sergeant major; James Ruger, quartermaster sergeant; William H. McDonnell, officer of the day; E. Buttegan, officer of the guard. Willie Jones Post, No. 199, Grand Army of the Republic, was instituted at Odd Fellows' Plall, Hyde Park, December 1, 1869, and named after Willie Jones, member of Company K, Ninth Pennsyl- vania Cavalry. The following were its first officers: D. M. Jones, post commander; W. H. McOonnell, senior vice commander; George Skill- horn, junior vice commander; T. D. Lewis, adjutant; Joseph Nash, quartermaster; Freeman Cosier, surgeon; W. S. Jones, chaplain; N. A. Owens, sergeant major; R. II. Cook, quartermaster sergeant; D. P. Jones, officer of the day; Theodore M. Colvin, officer of the guard. Lieutenant Ezra S. Griffin Post, No. 139, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized July 7, 1879, with the following-named charter MILITARY HISTORY. 181 members: Edwin H. Pearce, Ezra H. Kipple, Edward L. Buck, Robert C. Clark, Kufus Messenger, Fred J. Amsden, Daniel Bartholomew, Wil- liam Kellow, George F. Millett, Charles li. Smith, Thomas Wagner, M. J. Andrews, Frank P. Amsden, Thomas D. Lewis, Fred F. Adams, Fred L. Hitchcock, William J. Lewis, J. B. Fish, William Martin, and James J. Maycock. The first oiEcers were Fred J. Amsden, post commander; Thomas T>. Lewis, senior vice commander; James J. Maycock, junior Vice commander; Robert C. Clark, adjutant; William Kellow, quarter- master; Daniel Bartholomew, officer of the day; George F. Millett, officer of the guard. The organization of this post is still maintained. Colonel William N. Monies Post, ISTo. 319, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized April 6, 1883, at a meeting held in Odd Fel- lows' Hall. The following officers were installed: J. A. Price, com- mander; John Horn, senior vice commander; W. H. McConnell, junior vice commander; Thomas P. Brown, quartermaster; S. I. Phillips, chaplain; S. W. Heller, officer of the day; J. W. Sanford, officer of the guard; J. D. Jones, surgeon. The officers appointed were J. T. Howe, adjutant; J. H. DeGraw, sergeant major; J. A. A. Burchell, quarter- master sergeant. Following are the officers of this post at the pres- ent time, elected January 13, 1891: P. DeLacey, commander; George H. Taylor, senior vice commander; Henry ISTyman, junior vice com- mander; S. S. Jay, chaplain; F. B. Gulick, surgeon; W. Frable, quar- termaster; John Wertz, orderly sergeant; R. 0. Bryant, officer of the day; J. B. Chandler, officer of the guard; S. I. Phillips, adjutant; L. Hancock, sergeant major; A. A. Chase, quartermaster sergeant. These officers were installed by H. E. Paine, of Post No. 139, of Scranton. The first camp of the Sons of Veterans of the United States of America organized in the United States was one in Pittsburgh by Major A. B. Davis, in May, 1881. The next was organized in Phila- delphia. These two camps were then chartered by the State, and authorized' to charter subordinate camps. The first camp of this order organized in Scranton was Ezra Griffin Camp, No. 8, on May 10, 1881, with twelve members. This camp had been in existence in a difl'erent form and under the name of a cadet corps belonging lo Lieu- tenant Ezra Griffin Post No. 139, Grand Army of the Republic. When this camp was chartered it had about thirty members, though only twelve were charter members. At the present time it has about one hundred members. The camp met at first in Good Templars' Hall on Wyoming Avenue, and it remained there until 1887, when it removed its rooms to the Grand Army of the Republic Hall over the First National Bank. The officers of this camp at the present time are 182 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Andrew Hartwick, captain; P. H. Ehrhardt, first lieutenant; George LaRose, second lieutenant; William E. Gaboon, first sergeant; T. H. Brick, quartermaster sergeant. The Union ex-Prisoners' of War Association was organized January 30, 1885. The meeting was held at the post room of Lieu- tenant Ezra S. Grifiin Post, No. 139, G. A. R., at the invitation of Colonel Ezra H. Ripple, the following survivors of Andersonville and other Southern prisons responding to the invitation: Ezra H. Ripple, Samuel E. Bryant, George Hudson, Robert M. Ennis, Robert Campbell, James K. Spry, A. S. Smith, IsT. W. Elmsdorf, George B. Porter, Michael Beaver, Michael Horan, G. M. Brandon, J. G. Sanders, Perry H. Fuller, William Davis, Josiah M. Wolfe, Wilson Long, Morris Sullivan, Thomas T. Morgan, C. L. Mercereau, Walter Spry, W. J. Scott, George W. Simpson, P. H. Campbell, George W. Muchler, S. S. Hagei-, Michael Momsen, C. B. Metzgar, Halsey Lathrope, M. V. Doud, Henry Boker, W. Mahaddy, E. J. Curtis, John McDonough, David C. Hughes, W. Dunbar, Philander Kemble, Peter F. Welteroth, 0. A. Parsons, Milton McFarland, T. M. Maynard, H. D. Beebe, Peter Rinker, B. Benuett, Martin Gaughan, Homsou F. Mott. The association was organized under the authority of the Ifational Association of Union ex-Prisoners of War, and by the election of the following oflicers, who still retain their places: President, Halsey Lathrope; vice-presidents, Samuel E. Bryant and Charles B. Metzgar; secretary, Ezra H. Ripple; recording secretar^^, Edward L. Buck; treas- urer, C. L. Mercereau; standard bearers, 0. A. Parsons and Milton McFarland; executive committee, George W. Simpson and George Hudson; chaplain, W. J, Scott, The meetings of the association were for a time held on the third Fridays of January, April, July, and October, but they are now held annually on the third Friday of January. All persons presenting evidence of having been prisoners of war, upon application, giving rank, regiment, and company, the time of capture, place of confinement, and date and place of release, and who shall not at any time have taken the oath of allegiance to the Confederate States Government, are eligible to membership. Since the organization of the association one hundred and sixty comrades have become members, and have strengthened the ties of fraternal fellowship and sympathy formed by companionship in arms during the war for the Union. The Memorial Hall 'Association of Scranton had its origin in the fall of 1882, in a movement of the wives, sisters, and daughters of MILITARY HISTORY. 183 members of Lieutenant Ezra S. Griflin Post, jSTo. 159, Grand Army of the Republic, to replenish the treasury of the post. To. Mrs. Wil- liam li. Peppard, now deceased, belongs the credit of originating the idea of having a fair for this purpose. At her suggestion it was brought before the post, and by resolution an invitation was extended to the ladies to meet a committee of the post to consider the subject. .The first meeting was held December If), 1882. Other meetings fol- lowed, and on the 8th of January, 1883, a "Fair Association" was formed by the ladies, with the following organization: President, Airs. D. J. Newman; vice presidents, Mrs. G. W. Skillhorn, Mrs. C. P. Mayer, Mrs. William Blunie; secretary. Miss Maggie Clark; treasurer, Mrs. William H. Peppard. The arrangements for the fair grew on the hands of the ladies to such an extent that thej' found themselves unable to give the necessary time, and they consequently called for a committee of the post to select a general manager, who could devote all his time to the fair. The committee appointed Hon. R, H. McCune, ex-mayor of Scranton, and on approval by the Fair Association, he entered on his duties. At his suggestion an executive committee was at once appointed, as follows: Chairman, Mrs. Dr. J. E. O'Brieu; secretary, Miss Maggie Clark; and the following members: Mesdames R. C. Clark, S. Y. Haupt, T. C. Snover, D. J. Newman, C. P. Mayer, John Fern, William Blume, John Seward, Jane Wurts, G. W. Skill- horn, and J. K. Thomas. On March 28, 1883, the general manager called on Post No. 139 to appoint a committee to assist the ladies. In response the post appointed Ezra H. Ripple, Fred. J. Amsden, T. C. Snover, E. W. Pearce, WiUiam Blume, R. C. Clark, William Kellow, F. W. Watson, D. J. Newman, D. M. Jones, T. D. Lewis, William T. Decker, James P. Green, John Chamberlain, P. McAndrew, and John W. Marshall. On the next day this committee met and organized by selecting Ezra H. Ripple chairman, and Fred. J. Amsden, secretary. During the following week the "Fair Association" extended the object of the fair, so as to include Lieutenant Ezra S. Griffin Camp, No. 8, Sons of Veterans. On the 27th of March the camp appointed an executive committee to represent it, on the same basis of member- ship as that of the post, viz., one in eight. This committee consisted of F. W. Martin, C. P. Mayer, W. W. Swarts, William E. Clark, L. N. Potter, G. L. B. Skillhorn, and F. E. Miller. Up to this time a memorial hall had not been considered, and the fair had for its object the benefit of Post No. 139, G. A. R., and Camp No. 8, Sons of Veterans, only. Monies Post, No. 319, not yet having come into existence. 184 HISTORY OV SCRANTON. April 5th General Manager McKune reported that Mr. John T. Howe, of the new post about to be established, had said to him that as soon as organized they would appoint a committee to confer with the committees of the post and camp for unity of action. Post No. 139 and Camp J^o. 8 thereupon appointed Comrades Fred. J. Amsden, C. J. Johnson, and P. McAndrew, and Sons of Veterans F. W. Martin and L. IST. Potter a committee to confer with a similar committee from the new post when appointed, the result of the con- ference to be reported back to the executive committee of the post and camp. April 12th the conference committee reported having met the committee of Monies Post and that they would act in accordance with this committee and would appoint an executive committee on the same basis of membership as the post and camp. In due time Monies Post named as its executive committee John T. Howe, Leopold Schimpft", George Farber, Charles Robinson, J. A. Price, John Horn, and Thomas P. Brown. April 16th, the joint executive committee of ladies, posts, and camp, met together for the first time. The fair was opened May 30, 1883, and closed June 15, 1883. September 17, 1883, the joint executive committee authorized the invest- ment of funds arising from the fair in the purchase of U. M. Stowers' mansion on Washington Avenue, between Lackawanna Avenue and Spruce Street, and elected a board of trustees consisting of comrades Ezra H. Ripple, Fred. J. Amsden, and William Blume, to be known as the Trustees of the Memorial Hall Association. October 18, 1883, the joint executive committee met and approved the action of the trustees in the purchase of the above-mentioned property, paying cash, $4,000.00, and executing mortgages for $6,000.00. The trustees remod- eled the building for office purposes, expending at that time about 12,000.00, and have since then expended some $3,000.00 or $4,000.00 more in repairs and improvements. At the present time a committee of citizens has in hand the proj- ect of raising a fund sufficient to carry out the original plans of the G. A. R., viz: the erection of a memorial hall, which shall be made an historical depository of records, flags, guns, and other valuable relics of the late war, and in which shall be a tablet to the memory of every soldier who went from what now constitutes Scranton. This, it is hoped, is to be accomplished within the near future. An event of considerable importance and interest connected with the history of Grand Army posts in Scranton occurred December 30, 1890, in the public presentation at the Academy of Music of two handsome memorial volumes to the two posts — one to each. Rev. MILITARY HISTORY. 185 Dr. S. C. Logan presided at the meetiug, and briefly stated the uses to which the volumes were to be dedicated. These uses are to preserve the proceedings of this meeting and the last meeting of the posts, a sketch of the soldiers after whom the posts were named, and for the individual war record of each member. The donors of the volume to Post ^o. 139 were A. W. Dickson, William Oonnell, Dr. B. II. Throop, James P. Dickson, Hon. J. II. Fellows, Hon. W. J. Lewis, Colonel li. M. Boies, and E. B. Sturges; and those to Post No. 310, Hon. Alfred Hand, James P. Dickson, C. du Pont Breck, and Fred. Wormser. Colonel Boies presented the volume to Lieutenant Ezra S. Griffln I'ost and Pev. N. F, Stahl responded in behalf of the post; Hon. Alfred Hand presented the volume to William JST. Monies Post, and Colonel J. A. Price responded. After these exercises were concluded an address was delivered by A. W. Dickson, in wiiich he spoke of the fact that as yet Scranton has no memorial in the shape of a soldiers' monument, and proposed to start a movement toward the erection of a memorial hall on the lot adjoining the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. William Council started the subscription list with a subscription of $1,000.00; Dr. Throop then subscribed $500.00; W. H. Halstead, James Fairchild, and W. T. Smith, subscribed $250.00 each; and Charles Schlager, Reese G. Brooks, C. F. Mattes, Dr. Everhart, J. li. Fellows, Luther Keller, W. J. Lewis, T. C. Snover, and E. S. Moffitt subscribed $100.00 each, and Dr. S. C. Logan subscribed $50.00. A committee was then appointed to solicit further subscriptions, and thus the movement for the erection of a memorial hall was fairly started. CHAPTER X. MINING INTERESTS. Scranton, Headquarters of Mining Operations in tlie Lackawanna Valley — Descriptions of Coal Seams — Estimate of Amount of Coal— First Anthracite Coal Burned- Early Coal Miners — Railroads Acquire Possession of Coal Fields — Combination of Operators — Description of Coal Fields — Mines In and Around Scranton — Tabular Statement of these Mines' Operations— Tabular Statement of Entire Amount of Anthracite Coal Mined in Pennsylvania— The Coal Breaker — Improvements in Methods of Burning Anthracite Coal — Strikes — Miners' Wages — The Eiot of 1877 — Pennsylvania Coal Company — The Avondale and Mud Run Disasters. SCRAJSTTON is the headquarters and shipping point of the three great Lackawanna Valley Coal Mining companies and a large num- ber of smaller companies, whose product of anthracite coal comprises nearly one third of the entire output of this kind of coal in the United States. It is but reasonable therefore, that the reader of this volume should expect a tolerably full and accurate history of anthra- cite coal mining, so far as their operations are concerned. Anthracite coal mining has been and will continue for a long time to b6 the principal basis for the city's prosperity and remarkable growth within _^ the past fifty years; hence everything pertaining to this substance and the manner and amount of its production is of permanent interest to all the people of this country, and to many in other portions of the earth. In a previous chapter the geology of this section is sufficiently set forth in a general way; hence in this chapter it remains only to give a particular description of the various coal seams found beneath the surface of this part of Lackawanna Valley, and the mountain ranges on either side, treating the subject more as if the reader were a practi- cal coal operator than a scientific geologist. The best authority with reference to the geology of this section is undoubtedly Professor Henry D. Rogers, of Boston, Massachusetts, who was engaged in 1853 by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company to investi- gate the coal measures on their property. But the results of his work are, of course, more or less general, that is, they are applicable to the entire valley, instead of being limited to the particular property of this compan3^ Scranton is very nearly in the center of the coal area examined by Professor Rogers, this area lying southwest of Cobb's 186 MINING INTERESTS. 187 Gap and Leggett's Gap, and east of Hyde Park, as well as south and southwest of the latter place. Being guided therefore by Professor Rogers, it is proper to state that commencing at the surface of the ground and going downward as we should do if we were drilling an artesian well or sinking a shaft for coal, and supposing the coal measures to lie now as when origi- nally deposited or formed, that is, supposing the Lackawanna Valley not to have been formed, and thus having all the coal measures and other deposits as they were before being washed away in the process of denudation by water, we should tind the highest coal bed of what is known as the Scranton series, to be about fifty feet below a layer of black slate at or near the surface of the ground. This vein of coal is known as " Coal M," and is eight feet thick. Proceeding downward about ninety feet "Coal L" is found, and is from two to four feet thick. Below this vein about twelve feet is "Coal K" about five feet thick; "Coal I" is twenty feet lower down, and is from seven to eight feet thick; "Coal H," a vein ten feet thick, is one hundred feet still lower down. "Coal G" is ninety feet below "li" and is four feet thick. "Coal F" is called the "big vein," is fourteen feet thick, and about sixty feet below " G." From seven to twelve feet below "Coal F" is "Coal E" two feet thick, and still lower down about sixteen feet is "Coal D" eight feet thick. Ninety feet below "Coal D" is "Coal C" six feet thick; and "Coal B" four feet thick is forty feet lower down. Finally "Coal A" is thirty- feet below "B" iiud is from one to three feet thick. The total thickness of coal therefore in this region is seventy-five feet, and the lowest seam is about six hundred and eighty feet lower than the upper one. However, several of these veins are too thin to be of any practical value for mining purposes; but the four great veins, the eight, the ten, the fourteen, and the eight feet veins, furnish a total thickness of forty feet, and estimating that it requires a cubic yard of coal to weigh a ton, the total yield per acre of these four veins, provided all the coal they contain could be mined and were marketable, is about 62,900 tons; or if three fourths is marketable, then the yield of mar- ketable coal per acre is somewhat more than 45,000 tons. "Coal A" is in two seams, the lower one two feet thick, the upper one one foot thick. It is seldom fit for mining, but it has been mined to some extent at Duumore, at Plane No. 6, of the Penn- sylvania Eailroad. "Coal B" has also been mined, and profitably, at this same plane, as has also " Coal C ". JSTo one of these three veins any- where rises to the surface, even upon the highest anticlinal ridges, nor 188 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. in the deepest denuded depressions of the coal basin, and hence they all underlie the entire Scranton coal field. The contents of "Coal C" is about 7,000 tons per acre. "Coal D" is a valuable seam. Locally it is known as the "eight foot vein." This seam in the center of the coal field, is lifted high above the water level of the Lackawanna on both flanks of the Dun- more anticlinal. It descends from its southern outcrop with a gentle northern dip, making its first basin in the valley of Roaring Brook, just above the level of the stream between the furnaces and the rolling mills, rising in the Scranton and Dunmore spur, and arching under the surface near Scranton, but coming to the surface, and sepa- rating into two outcrops, with the eastward lifting of the saddle in its course toward Dunmore. On the northwest side of the Lackawanna Valley, the outcrop may be seen on the Leggett's Gap road. In a transverse belt passing through Scranton, this seam nowhere rises to the surface or water level of the Lackawanna Valley, but remains under cover, e-wen on the backs of the anticlinal undulation, and this is apparently its position until approaching the meridian of Provi- dence. It therefore underlies, as do the other three seams already mentioned as below this one, the entire Scranton coal field, with the exception of a strip between the southeast outcrop and the conglom- erate boundary, and also a narrow, wedge-shaped tract between its two inner outcrops on the back of the Dunmore anticlinal. "Coal E" is too thin to be mined. "Coal F" is the "Big Vein" of Scranton. It is in places fourteen feet thick. At the furnaces, on Roaring Brook, where the seam makes its most southern flat and gentle basin just at the water level, its size is about twelve feet, but the yield of good coal is not more than seven and a half feet. At the base of the hill on the Griflin farm, near the edge of the Lackawanna, there are from ten to twelve feet of excellent coal. North of Scranton, where the anticlinal next north of the main Dunmore. axis brings it to the surface on Bine Brook, it is of the average thickness of fourteen feet, and yields good coal of eleven feet in thickness. At Leggett's Gap it is twelve feet thick. Thus while it spreads underneath the Scranton section of the basin, it is like all the coals, lifted and de- pressed in the undulations which traverse the field, and is even brought to the surface and washed oft" from the higher crests of one or two of the anticlinals. The Dunmore axis lifts it out into two outcrops, the northern one ranging eastward from the old Odd Fellows' Hall, in Scranton, toward Dunmore. After 'spreading under the northern slope of the Dunmore anticlinal, it reapproaches the surface and crops out MINING INTERESTS. 189 eastward of Scranton. By a second npvvai'd wave it reenters the hill a little lower down and again reappears on Pine Brook at the Sand- bank Mine. It then goes beneath the flats of the Lackawanna in the Sweatland meadows, and makes a wide basin with bnt one gentle anti- clinal wave, which barely brings to the surface "Coal li," two coals above itself, leaving the larger bed at a depth of nearly one hundred and thirty feet. It thus appears that a large portion of the Scranton coal field is underlaid by this important vein, the yield of wdjich is from 10,000 to 12,000 tons of good, merchantable coal per acre. "Coal G" has its southern outcrop on the south side of the coal field, just south of Roaring Brook, the valley of which stream it does not ascend eastward quite so far as the furnaces, but occupies the flat basin westward, thence along the Roaring Brook and the Lackawanna as far as the synclinal structure extends. It is lifted out or washed away on the back of the main Scranton or Dunmore anticlinal on the north dip. It reenters the ground at the north of the ridge upon which stood the old Odd Fellows' Hall. The next anticlinals to the north, which barely lift the Big Vein to the surface, throw this vein out over a wide field, and it again re-enters the ground on a north dip north of Pine Brook. Opposite Scranton, and more to the west- ward, it is at least one hundred and ten feet below the bed of the Lackawanna in the highest part of the second undulation. Between its line of outcrop near Pine Brook and the northern margin of the basin, there is no evidence of its reappearance. This seam is estimated to contain about five thousand tons of coal per acre. "Coal H" is a ten foot seam. It is about seventy feet above " G." Roaring Brook basin contains none of this seam, nor of course of any higher seam. To the westward of Scranton it has its most southern outcrop in the prolongation of this basin in the bluft' hills on the Griffin farm, on the north side of the Lackawanna. At Scranton and eastward the first outcrop is north of the ridge or main anticlinal undulation of the strata, under the covering of drift upon which the town is built. The third anticlinal undulation counting northward brings this coal into view at the base of the hills where they make a concave sweep. This is just south of the brow of the table-land of Hyde Park. Lying at some depth below the surface all along the north bank of the Lackawanna above the railroad bridge it comes up to the level of the meadow, makes a gentle arch from the south to a flat north dip, and goes under cover at the base of the line of hills bounding the meadow on the northwest. Each acre of this seam is estimated to contain about 12,000 tons of coal. 190 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. "Coals T and K" are sometimes called the seven foot and five foot veins. The principal outcrop is in the southern face of the Hyde Park table-lands, where they are seen on the road leading up the slope from the Lackawanna into the village. They may be traced eastward along the escarpment following 'nearly the level of the Leggett's Gap Railroad to near the intersection of this with the turnpike leading to Providence. Here the margin of the seams swings away more to the northward, maintaining a course nearly parallel with that of the lower outcrop of "Coal H," but at a higher level and further to the north- west. Only in one short part of their course do the outcrops lie below the railroad, this being a little westward of the breaker of the mine connected with '-Coal H," where either a fault or a dislocation to the extent of a few feet has cast the strata down from a level a few feet above the I'ailroad track to about the same distance below it. Along this line these coals present the same unusual facilities for mining which belong to the ten foot coal beneath. Occupying a more southern position in the valley, there is a nar- rower basin of " Coal I " as well as of the overlying " Coal K," which two veins are only about twenty feet apart. The middle of this trough ranges nearly with the course of the Lackawanna, past the railroad and carriage road bridges to the sudden elbow of the river, and a few hundred yards west of the latter. Along this undulation "Coal I" lies but little below the level of the stream, and at a distance of a few hundred yards east of the railroad bridge it lies above the water level on both sides of the river. This basin of these coals has on its southern side the second anticlinal which passes under the gravel plain of the town of Scranton, and on its northern side it is bounded by the third axis or that of the Sweatland meadow. Still further to the southwest, "Coal I" measures nearly eight feet in thickness, while "Coal K" is apparently a little thinner than it is east of Hyde Park. "Coal I" contains about 7,000 tons to the acre, while "Coal K" contains about 4,000 tons. "Coal L" is at a variable distance above "Coal K," but along Leggett's Gap Railroad it is at an average distance of twelve feet. It is also of a variable thickness, from two to three and one half feet, and hence is of but little or no value for mining purposes. "Coal M" is the highest bed of the Scranton series. It is met with about a mile west of Hyde Park on the Griffin farm, where it outcrops a little below the brow of the upper plateau only a few hundred feet south of the turnpike, with a flat dip toward the north. This measure is about eight feet thick, but its extent is not consider- MINING INTERESTS. 191 able, as only the higher parts of the most synclinal or trough-like dipping summits contain it at all. It is therefore of but little economic value. Collecting the facts above set forth into a tabular form, and omit- ting therefrom coals A, B, E, L, and M, thus leaving seven seams as valuable working seams, the following result is obtained: rt 'a ^ 0; . o . O -4-t — CD Hi -' '"" a 8fl a; -; "^ ^. 2^3 rt ■2ia,rt §.3 d •- s« o rJ"""" ^ in ->-■" o ^"- ;h ="•- c () -t^ 7,000 H 10 7-] lli.OOO D 8 10,000 I 7 ■ii 7,000 F 12 6 15,000 5,000 K 5 3 4,000 (i 54 37 J 60,000 Of course it is not meant to be conveyed that all of the above seven coal seams are everywhere present throughout the Scranton field, and the above totals apply only where they are all present. However, the four middle beds, D, F, G, and H, do underlie neai'ly the entire field, and the yield of these four seams in good coal as stated above, is about 45,000 tons per acre. The Lackawanna coal field is about twenty-five miles long by three and a half miles broad, and contains an area, therefore, of eighty-seven and one half, say eighty-eight square miles, or 56,320 acres. This number of acres, according to the estimate . made above, of 45,000 tons to the acre, originally con- tained 2,534,400,000 tons. If, therefore, the rate of the extraction of coal is known, and the ratio of annual increase in this rate, it is not a difficult matter to arrive at a tolerably accurate estimate of the number of years the coal in the Lackawanna region will last. It may be that light will be thrown on this subject as we proceed. If the coal in the other measures, outside of the four in reference to which the above estimate is made, be added to the gross amount supposed to rest in the four seams, and the coal in the other measures be esti- mated at 300,000,000 tons, the total amount becomes 3,000,000,000 tons; and if an average of 10,000,000 tons be taken out each year, it is evident that the coal will last three hundred years. Whether this is a near or a remote estimate of the annual output will be shown by statistics later iu this chapter. The anthracite coal area in Northeastern Pennsylvania is about 192 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. 480 square miles, or a little more than 300,000 acres, of which about 200,000 are classed as good coal lands. At 45,000 tons of coal per acre there would be, therefore, in this entire coal-bearing region, about 9,000,000,000 tons of marketable coal originally; but in 1882 it was estimated that 450,000,000 tons had been mined, and now in 1890, it is estimated that 750,000,000 tons have been mined, or somewhat less than one twelfth of the entire original amount. Having seen briefly something of the locations of the coal meas- ures, and having formed an approximate estimate of the commercial value of those measures, let us now turn our attention to the extent of the mining operations that have been conducted in the Lackawanna region of anthracite coal. It is altogether probable that the Indian who inhabited this country for several centuries previous to the intrusion of the white man, was more or less familiar with the existence of anthracite coal, which was of so little use to him, and which is of such great use to his successor. Among the first of these successors to appreciate the fact of the existence of this mineral, if indeed it is a mineral, in this locality, and to appreciate the fact that it had value, was the Cele- brated Dr. William Hooker Smith. Dr. Smith was, in his day, both a prominent and a peculiar man. He was a citizen of property and of influence, and had the rare faculty of securing the friendship of all who knew him. He was one of the first justices of the peace in Lu- zerne County, and his commission, dated May 11, 1787, was signed by Benjamin Franklin, then president of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Upon the records of Luzerne County Dr. Smith's name frequently appears as a lessee of coal lands, and in view of future developments, this fact gives to those records a peculiar inter- est. These leases, or purchases, were made between 1789 and 1798 inclusive of both years. The first is dated May 30th, of the former year, and is in substance as follows: "This indenture witnesseth, That I, Jonathan Newman, of Pitt- ston, in consideration of seven shillings, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do give, grant, bargain, and sell to .Dr. William Hooker SmitJj, the privilege of digging and raising on the farm upon which I now live iu Pittston, otherwise called Lackawanna, which farm I bought of Captain Bates, at all time and times, as he, the said Smith, and his heirs and assigns shall think proper, any iron ore, or mineral which may contain iron, lying and being on my said farm, with liberty of roads to go on my said farm, and roads to carry off said ore or mineral, at all time and times, hereafter, from the date of this writing," etc. The MINING INTERESTS. 193 witnesses to this document were Ebenezer and Jonathan Morey. It was recorded May 9, 1792. The next document of the kind found recorded in the early records, is similar to the above, and while it, like the above, does not mention coal, yet it is deemed worthy of perpetuation in this connection on account of the revelation it furnishes in regard to Dr. Smith. It is as follows: "This indenture witnesseth. That I, John Scot, of Pittston, in consideration of five shillings, Pennsylvania money, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby give, grant, bargain, and sell unto Dr. William Hooker Smith, his heirs and assigns, forever, one half of any mineral, ore of iron, or other metal which he, the said Smith, may discover on the hilly lands of the said John Scot, by the red spring or adjoining, with free liberty to dig and raise any ore of the said John Scot." The witnesses to this instrument were Jeremiah Blanchard and Joel Atherton. This paper is mentioned by Dr. Hollister as the first of its kind signed in favor of Dr. Smith, but the records show that there was at least one drawn and signed previously, though not recorded until afterward. It is not clear, however, that Dr. Smith at the time of making this bargain had any idea that there was any coal on the lands that he was leasing, unless indeed the phrase in the above reading, " one half of any mineral," be claimed as covering the ground, and it may do so; but still it is not certain that coal was intended to be included. Plowever, in the next agreement found in the records, no room for doubt on this point is left us, as will be seen from its language. It is as follows: "This indenture witnesseth. That I, Joseph Washburn, of Provi- dence, in consideration of twenty shillings, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do give, grant, bargain, and sell unto Dr. William Hooker Smith, his heirs and assigns forever, the privilege to enter on my farm of land, lying in the town of Providence, and dig, delve, and raise any ore, mineral, or stone coal, or iron ore on my land, free and clear to Dr. William Hooker Smith, his heirs and assigns, forever, and I do bind myself, and my heirs, and executors, and administrators, to warrant and defend the said heirs and assigns thereof, in the above privileges. This paper was drawn up and signed April 16, 1792, and is be- lieved to contain the first reference to stone coal made in any of the papers thus signed and recorded. It was witnessed by Jonathan Davis and Jesse Gardner, and recorded April 17, 1792. 13 194 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. October 3, 1792, Martin Smith, of IS'ewport, for five Spanish milled dollars, paid him by Dr. William Hooker Smith, of Pittstown, now Pittston, gave to Dr. Smith the right to dig and raise any ore of the " cotton stone," so called, or to collect it ofl" the surface of the ground, and also to dig any iron ore, or other mineral, or to dig in the earth in search therefor, or to go on the farm at all times in order to take off any ore or mineral from said land, which he said he bought of Captain Samuel Hover, and which had been formerly occupied by Robert Frazier. Philo Glover and Lewis and Easter Smith were the witnesses to this document. These papers show that Dr. Smith had knowledge that his neigh- bors had not, and that these neighbors thought they were making a good bargain when they were disposing of the privileges to Dr. Smith for such small sums. Still another may be here inserted. It was to the effect that Jonathan Stark, for ten shillings leased to Dr. Smith the privilege to dig and raise any iron ore, fossil stone, or pit coal, or any other mineral, with the privilege of roads to and from the mines, with teams or otherwise, reserving the right to enter into partnership with Smith if he should find any iron ore, fossil stone, or pit coal, or any other mineral of value. This paper was signed October 28, 1793, and witnessed by Asaph and Luther Jones. In the reservation of the right to enter into partnership with Dr. Smith is the first evidence of the glimmering of a suspicion on the part of any of the proprietors of lands with whom said Smith was negotiating, that he was not a mere visionary, and that he might possibly be on track of something of value. It does not appear, however, that Dr. Smith, or any of those who reserved the right to go into partnership with him (for there were others besides Jonathan Stark who began to be suspicious of the ex- istence of something valuable beneath the surface of the ground,) ever accumulated a fortune from their operations in mining. Dr. Smith himself died at Tunkhannock in 1815, at the unusual age of ninety- one years. These old claims remained in his name until 1850, when they passed into the hands of G. P. Steele, and the same year into the hands of James R, Snowden, of Philadelphia. It has already been intimated that the existence and use of anthracite coal was in all probability known to the Indians to some slight extent. Dr. Hollister quotes William Henry to the effect that about the year 1750, a gunsmith lived at Christian Spring, near Naza- reth, in ISTorthampton County, who, upon being applied to by some Indians to repair their rifles, replied that he was entirely out of char- MINING INTERESTS. 195 coal and that they would have to wait some weeks. To wait they could not afford, so securing a bag from the gunsmith they went away, and after an absence of two days returned with as much coal as they could carry, but they would not tell where they had procured it. Anthracite coal was iirst used in the Wyoming Valley about 1774, by a blacksmith named Obadiah Gore, who had come from Connecticut a short time before. During the latter part of the Revolutionary War, this coal was taken down the Susquehanna from Wyoming on rafts to Carlisle, where it was used in the armory forge. After the close of the war the coal was used in Wilkes-Barre by blacksmiths, but for many years all attempts to use it for domestic purposes were miser- able failures. It appears that it could not always be used successfully by smiths, as in 1798 a bushel of it was sent to Christian Micksch, a gunsmith at Ifazareth, who, after three or four days' attempts to make it burn by blowing, punching, and changing his fire in all possible ways, became impatient and threw the coal out into the street. To Mr. Henry he said: "I can do nothing with your black stones, and I therefore threw them out of my shop into the street; I can't make them burn. If you want a,ny work done with them you must do it yourself; everybody laughs at me for being such a fool as to try to make stones burn, and they think you must be a fool for bringing them to Ifazareth." The first anthracite coal sent down the Lehigh to Philadelphia, was purchased by the city authorities, and as a portion of it put under the boiler put the fire out, the rest was broken up fine and used for graveling the streets. It seems that the great difficulty which stood in the way of the successful use of anthracite coal for fuel at first, was the want of a proper draft. This is indicated by the fact that blacksmiths were the first, or at least among the first, to use it suc- cessfully. But it is a most noteworthy fact, taken in connection with recent methods of burning this coal, that toward the close of the last century anthracite coal was burned successfully by first pulverizing it, and sprinkling it on a good wood fire. During the earlier years of the settlement of the Lackawanna Val- ley, the presence of this coal, as has been already stated, was known to but few, and that it had value as fuel was known perhaps but to one — and that one, Dr. William Hooker Smith. He does not, how- ever, seem to have learned how to burn it in a common grate. This honor, according to all authorities, belongs to Judge Jesse Fell, of "Wilkes-Barre, whose house stood on the spot where afterward stood the hotel of Hon. G. P. Steele. The success of Judge Fell was accom- 196 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. plished and made known in February, 1808. It is doubtless true that Judge Fell reflected on the fact that this coal had been used for many years by blacksmiths in their forges, where they could command as strong a draft as they desired; and also upon the correlative fact that it would not burn in common fireplaces where there was no draft. He therefore came to the conclusion that a good draft was all that was required to make it burn. He accordingly constructed a grate of green hickory saplings, placed it in a large fireplace in his barroom, and filled it with broken coal. He then placed a quantity of dry wood beneath the green hickory grate and set it on fire. The flames spreading upwards through the coal soon ignited it, and before the improvised grate of saplings was consumed, the problem of burning anthracite coal in a grate was satisfactorily solved. The next thing was to construct a wrought iron grate, and set it in the fireplace with bri^k and mortar, which was accordingly done. An anthracite coal fire was soon glowing in the wrought iron grate. Judge Fell made the following memorandum, at the time, on one of the fly leaves of a book entitled "The Freemasons' Monitor:" "February 11th, of Masonry 5808. Made the experiment of burn- ing the common stone coal of the valley in a grate, in a common fire place in my house, and found it will answer the purpose of fuel, making a clearer and better fire, at less expense than burning wood in the common way. Jesse Fell." "The news of this experiment spread rapidly throughout the valley, and to convince themselves of the truth of the report, the cit- izens flocked from every quarter to 'Fell's Tavern,' to witness the feasibility of appropriating the hitherto worthless stones to fuel pur- poses. The public house in which this memorable experiment was made stood at the corner of Washington and Northampton streets, in the city of Wilkes-Barre." ^ "It was shortly after this event that the Smiths, John and Abijah, loaded two arks with coal, and proceeded down the river to Columbia, where, finding no market, they left the black stones behind them."^ This successful experiment brought into general use for fall and winter fires, the anthracite coal of the Lackawanna Valley; and it has been truthfully said that to witness this coal burning without sparks, without smoke, and almost without flame, and yet so beautiful, was a most astonishing phenomenon. It was about this time, or according to Col. H. B. Wright, in his "Historical Sketches of Ply- ij. A. Clark. MINING INTERESTg. 197 mouth, Luzerne County," it was in the fall of 1807, that Abijah Smith, who the year before had bought seventy-five acres of land for 1500.00, a large amount of money at that time, purchased of John P. Arndt, a merchant of Wilkes-Barre, an ark, for which he paid $24.00, floated it to Plymouth, loaded it with fifty tons of anthracite coal, and landed it safely at Columbia, Lancaster County, Pennsyl- vania. The entire anthracite coal trade of that year was this same fifty tons, and this was the first cargo of it ever oflEered for sale in this or any other country. It would be exceedingly tedious, even if it would be profitable, to pursue closely in detail all the early operations in mining coal, in the Lackawanna Yalley alone, from the shipping of Mr. Smith's first cargo to the present time. The attempt to do so will not, therefore, be made. It can readily be imagined that after the discovery by Judge Fell that anthracite could be burned without an air blast, the knowl- edge of such a valuable discovery spread throughout this section of the country, and that it soon came into use in many families. In 1812 H. C. L. Von Storch, of Providence, made an attempt to sup- plant wood with this new kind of fuel, and such was his success that, although wood was everywhere plentiful and very cheap, yet coal was so much safer and so much more convenient, and even cheaper, that it was preferred on all accounts. Mr. Von Storch struck the B vein, which was thus the first vein opened and used in the valley. It is altogether probable, as it is generally believed, that this success of Mr. Von Storch prevented the lands in this vicinity from falling into the hands of William Wurts, who came to this section that year. Mr. Wurts's failure to secure this property sent him higher up the valley, with -the results sketched to some slight extent in connection with the history of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. In 1814 Mr. Wurts selected and secured control of several thousand of acres of coal lands in different localities, including the district where now are located Carbondale and Archbald, and the same year opened the seven and nine foot veins. Also in the same year a company was formed in Philadelphia to carry the coal of the Lehigh summit down to that city. In August, 1814, Charles Miner, Jacob Cist, John W. Robinson, and Stephen Tuttle, of Wilkes-Barre, leased the Mauch Chunk mines, which had been opened several years before, and sent an ark load of coal down the Lehigh. George M. HoUenbach, also in 1814, sent an ark load down the Susquehanna, which had been mined the year before. Joseph Wright, in 1814, sent two ark loads from the mines of his brother, Samuel G. Wright, near Port Griffith, in Pittstoa. 198 HiaTOKT OP SCRANTON. It was from this mine that coal had been taken for the old Smith forge as far back as 1775. Lord Butler had also shipped coal from his mines, subsequently known as the "Baltimore Mines," in 1814, and so likewise had Crandal Wilcox, of Plains Township, from his mines. These efforts were, however, for the most part, spasmodic. None of the gentlemen named steadil}' followed up the business but Abijah Smith and his brother John. The mine opened by Abijah Smith in 1807 has been operated almost every, year since that time. John Smith came to the valley in 1808, two years after Abijah, both coming from Derby, Connecticut, and purchased coal lands from William Currey, Jr., a tract of one hundred and twenty acres for $600.00. Soon afterward he opened his mine, which, like Abijah's, has been in almost constant operation ever since. Abijah Smith is otherwise distinguished. He was the first to conclude that the powder blast could be successfully used in mining instead of the much more expensive pick and wedge, and in order to test the correctness of his conclusion he secured the services of John Flanigan, of Milford, Connecticut, whose occupation there was that of a stone quarrier by means of the powder blast. Mr. Flanigan first applied the powder blast to coal raining in Pennsylvania in March, 1818. Previous to the introduction of this blast a miner with pick and wedge could take out about one and a half tons of coal per day, for which he received seventy-five cents. The coal was trans- ported to the place of shipment on carts and wagons and dumped on the bank of the river to await the spring freshets on the Susquehanna, on which it descended on arks. An ark would carry sixty tons. It was ninety feet long, sixteen feet wide, and four feet deep, and cost to build.it $75.00. It cost about $3.00 per ton to get coal to market, and the perils of navigation increased the cost to about $4.00 per ton. About one ark in three failed to get through the rapids and over the bars and rocks in the stream. The Smiths never shipped more than five hundred tons per year, and the business continued in this small way until 1820, in which year the total yield of anthracite coal in the United States was only three hundred and sixty-five tons, one ton for each day in the year. From the time the Smiths commenced mining coal in this valley, Abijah commencing in 1807 and John in 1808, they did nothing else during their lifetime. The former died in 1826, and the latter in 1852. In 1820 as stated above, the amount of coal mined in the Cnited States was 365 tons. In 1823, 6,000 tons reached the seaboard, and from that time to the present, the output has gone on steadily in- MINING INTERESTS. 199 creasing, until now the amount rained annually may be truly said to be enormous. In 1829 there were sent to market from the Lackawanna region, 7,000 tons; in 1830, 43,000 tons; 1831, 54,000 tons; in 1832, 84,000 tons; 1833, 111,777 tons; in 1834, 43,700 tons; in 1835, 90,000; in 1836, 103,861 tons; in 1837, 115,387 tons; in 1888, 78,207 tons; in 1839, 122,300 tons; in 1840, 148,470 tons; in 1841, 192,270 tons; in 1842, 205,- 253 tons; in 1843, 227,605 tons; in 1844, 251,005 tons; in 1845, 273,435 tons; in 1846, 320,000 tons; in 1847, 388,203 tons; in 1848, 437,500 tons; in 1849, 454,240 tons; in 1850, 432,339 tons; in 1851, 472,- 478 tons; in 1852, 497,839 tons. The amounts sent to market from the Lackawanna region, are included in the column headed " Wyom- ing Region " in the table to be found later in these pages. At the close of the war anthracite producing lands were in the hands of individuals, but in 1867 the railroads began . to acquire possession of them. This acquisition went steadily forward, and at the end of 1876 the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, the Central Railroad Company, of ISTew Jersey, the Pennsylvania Coal Company, and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, had acquired by purchase or lease the greater por- tion of anthracite producing territory. Some time later, the Reading absorbed the Jersey Central. These companies were called carrying companies to distinguish them from producers, and their power became absolute over the State through the ownership and control of freights. The acquisition of these lands involved the creation of enormous debts and an unwise increase in the producing capacity from which the trade suffered for many years, up to 1885 at least, and then the adjustment of the supply to the demand and the scaling of the debts to the earning capacity of the corporations were prob- lems that still remained unsolved. In the meantime anthracite coal was losing the market among the iron producing and manufacturing interests. At one time thirty-three per cent of the entire output of anthracite coal was used in producing steam and iron and its products, but that it had lost this place was plain from the following statistics: In 1883 the amount of iron pro- duced by anthracite coal was 965,454 tons, while in 1884 it was only 708,884 tons. In 1880 the total amount of anthracite coal used in blast furnaces was 3,322,498 tons, while in 1885 it was but 1,973,305 tons. While anthracite coal was thus falling off, bituminous coal was coming more into use, as the following table shows: 200 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. In 1880 anthracite coal used in blast furnaces, rolling mills, and steel works, 3,322,498 tons; bituminous coal similarly used, 5,569,055 tons; coke, 2,227,555 tons; total tons, 11,118,108. In 1884 anthracite coal thus used, 1,973,305 tons; bituminous coal, 4,226,986 tons; coke, 3,833,170 tons; total tons, 10,033,461. The opening of new fields of bituminous coal in Central and West- ern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, was expected to affect the anthracite coal trade. Already two of the great anthracite coal compan- ies had prepared for a change. The Reading and the Lehigh Valley had purchased immense tracts of bituminous coal fields, as had also the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. There then seemed no hope for the increased use of anthracite, except it should be more exten- sively introduced for domestic purposes. The large coal operators in 1872 formed a combination for the purpose of united action in the prosecution of their business. The re- sult was that the people of Pennsylvania, as well as all that bought anthracite coal, were mercilessly taxed. The average price of this species of coal in 1872 was |3.70 per ton, free on board at New York. In Philadelphia it was about the same, though nearer by about one hundred miles to the coal fields, and with the advantage of down grades nearly all the way. These advantages were, however, neutralized by the allowance of drawbacks on all coal shipped beyond Philadelphia to competitive points. Some of the operators admitted that they made a profit at the price, but others claimed that they should receive from twenty-five to thirty cents more per ton. Hence it was assumed, in estimating the damage caused to the people by the coal combination, that $4.00 per ton would have been a fairly remunerative price all round. In the years following, the actual reduction in the wages of the miners should have been taken into account, and hence it seemed that at no time previous to 1882, should the price of coal have ruled above $3.50 per ton. But the year 1873 found Mr. Gowen with a grip upon the Schuylkill region strong enough to enable him to form a combination with the other coal magnates, for the purpose of monop- olizing the trade. The price of coal was forced up to $4.90 per ton, $1.20 above the price for 1872, and $1.40 above what it should have been. The shipments for this year were 21,263,000 tons, making the people's tribute to the coal combination, $29,768,200.00. In 1874 the price was $5.13, the cost being $1.63. The total shipments were 21,179,000 tons, making the people's contribution $34,091,770.00. In 1875 the price was $5.00 per ton, and the total shipments 19,725,000 tons, and the tax this year was therefore $29,587,500.00. Thus it MINING INTERESTS. 201 will be seen that the pressure of high prices reduced the demand, but the great profits were filling up the holes made by the mismanage- ment that everywhere prevailed. In the first ten years of the existence of the coal combination the cost of the monopoly to consumers of anthracite was estimated to be not less than $250,000, 000. This coal combination consisted of the Philadelphia & Reading Eailroad Company, the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, the Pennsylvania Coal Company, and the New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad Company, named in the order of their importance as coal miners and carriers. This combina- tion made arrangements in 1885 that the output of coal should be 35,000,000 tons, of which the Reading Company was allowed to put out 38.85 per cent; the Lehigh Valley Company, 19.60 per cent; the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Company, 16.65 per cent; the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company, 8 per cent; the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, 11 per cent; the Pennsylvania Coal Company, 5 per cent; the JSTew York, Lake Erie & Western Company, 1.5 per cent. For long periods this combination employed in the aggregate 100,000 men, and kept the mines running on three-fourths time. It advanced and depressed prices of coal to suit itself. It advanced the charge of transportation, notwithstanding the carrying companies were making nineteen per cent per annum on the cost of their roads and their equipment. In 1888 the cost in freight was higher than it was at the close of the war, while the cost of transporting freight was not over one third as much. By restricting production and by advanc- ing prices it had crippled vast iron interests, decreasing the demand for anthracite coal in the reduction of ores, forcing iron furnaces out of blast, and placing nearly all the industries of Eastern Pennsylvania at its mercy. So far, it has been or seemed to be beyond the capacity of legislation to grapple with such gigantic combinations. The anthracite coal field of Pennsylvania lies mainly within the counties of Northumberland, Schuylkill, Carbon, Luzerne, and Lacka- wanna. There is coal of this kind, however, to some extent in other counties adjoining these. The coal region is divided by geologists into four great basins. The first basin includes the territory between the Lehigh and Susquehanna rivers, passing west to the extreme end of the Lykens Valley and Dauphin fields. The second basin extends through Mahanoy and Ashland westward to Sharaokin and Ti-evorton. The third basin consists of the Lehigh coal fields, including the 202 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Hazelton. Jeddo, Black Creek, Buck Mountain, and other small basins. The fourth basin includes the Wyoming-Lackawanna Valley region from Fanticoke to Carbondale. This territory is divided into seven mine inspectors' districts. The first district comprises Lackawanna, Wayne, and Susquehanna counties. The second district comprises the Bernice Basin in Sullivan County and the Pittston District in Luzerne County. The third district comprises Plymouth, Kingston, and Wilkes-Barre districts in Luzerne County. The fourth district comprises the Green Mountain, Black Creek, Hazleton, and Beaver Meadow districts in Luzerne County, the east- ern portion of Panther Creek District in Carbon County, and the Honeybrook District in Schuylkill County. The fifth district com- prises the Mahanoy and Shenandoah districts in Schuylkill County. The sixth district comprises the Ashland and Mt. Carmel districts in Columbia County, and the Shamokin District in ITorthumberland County. And the seventh district comprises the Pottsville District and the western portion of Panther Creek District in Schuykill County, and the Lykens Valley in Dauphin County. The following statement shows what coal mines in the first district were in operation in 1889, where each mine is located, and by whom operated: The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Eailroad Company operated the Archbald slope and shaft, located in Lackawanna Township; Belle- vue slope, in Lackawanna Township; Bellevue shaft, in Lackawanna Township; Brisbin shaft, third ward, Scranton; Continental shaft, in Lackawanna Township; Central shaft, fifteenth ward, Scranton; Cayuga shaft, -third ward, Scranton; Dodge shaft, Lackawanna Township; Holden shaft, Lackawanna Township; Hampton shaft, Lackawanna Township; Hyde Park shaft, fifth ward, Scranton; Manville shaft, thir- teenth ward, Scranton; Oxford shaft, fifth ward, Scranton; Pyne shaft, Lackawanna Township; Sloan shaft, Lackawanna Township; Storrs shaft, Dickson City; Taylor shaft, Lackawanna Township; and Tripp shaft, twenty-first ward, Scranton. The Delaware & Hudson Canal Company operated the following mines: In Scranton, Dickson shaft, second ward; Leggett's Creek shaft, first ward; Manville shaft, thirteenth ward; Marvine shaft, first ward; Von Storch, Diamond Rock, fourteen foot veins, and Clark vein, third ward; Coal Brook tunnel, Carbondale; Midland and Wilson Creek tunnels. Fell Township; Clinton slope and tunnels. Fell Township; Eddy Creek shaft, and Grassy Island shaft, both in Olyphant; Jermyn shaft, in Jermyn; ISTo. 1 shaft, and No. 3 shaft, MINING INTEBESTS. 203 both in Carbondale City; Olyphant No. 2 shaft, in Olyphant; Pow- derly slope in Carbondale Township; and White Oak slope and drifts, Archbald. The Pennsylvania Coal Company operated shaft No. 1, and Gypsy Grove shaft, No. 3, in Dunmore, Gypsy Grove shaft No. 4, and shaft No. 5 in Dunmore. The Lackawranna Iron and Coal Company operated Pine Brook shaft and Capouse shaft, the first in the seventh and the second in the twenty-first ward, Scranton. William Connell & Company operated Meadow Brook shaft, Meadow Brook tunnel, and the National shaft and slope, all in the twentieth ward, Scranton. The Hillside Coal and Iron Company operated Clifford shaft and slope, and the Forest City shaft and slope, in Forest City Borough, Susquehanna County; and the Erie shaft and slope, Glenwood shaft. No. 1, and Glenwood shaft No. 2, and Keystone tunnel, in Mayville Borough, Lackawanna County. Frisbie, Blanchard & Company operated Brennan's tunnels in Fell Township; the Church Coal Company, limited, operated the Church slope and tunnel in the second ward, Scranton; James Flynn, the Clark tunnel in the third ward, Scranton; the Dolph Coal Company, limited, the Dolph tunnel, in Winton Borough; Jones, Simpson & Company, the Eaton shaft and tunnel, Archbald Borough; the Edger- ton Coal Company, limited, Edgertou tunnel, Archbald; the Fair Lawn Coal Company, limited. Fair Lawn slope, seventh ward, Scran- ton; 0. S. Johnson, Green Ridge slope, Dunmore; A. Langdon, Grassy Island shaft and tunnel, Winton Borough; Edgerton Coal Company, limited, Hendricks tunnel, Carbondale Township; John Jermyn, Jermyn No. 3 slope, and Jermyn No. 4 slope, both in Dickson Borough; Lackawanna Coal Company, limited, Lackawanna shaft, in Blakely Borough; Mount Pleasant shaft, William T. Smith, Mount Pleasant shaft, fourteenth ward, Scranton; Mount Jessup Coal Company, lim- ited. Mount Jessup slope, in Winton Borough; the Moosic Mountain Coal Company, Marsh wood slope and tunnel; the Pancoast Coal Company, the Pancoast shaft; the Pierce Coal Company, limited, the Pierce slope and tunnel, Archbald Borough; the Providence Coal Company, the Providence coal shaft, second ward, Scranton; A. D. & F. M. Spencer, Spencer's shaft, Dunmore; the Winton Coal Company, limited, the S. V. White tunnel, Winton Borough; the Northwest Coal Company, limited, Simpson slopes, in Fell Township; Tripp & Com- pany, Tripp Local Coal Sale mine, twenty-first ward, Scranton; the Car- 204 HISTORY 01? SCRANTON. bondale Coal Company, Watkins slope and tunnel, Carbondale City; and the Rushbrook Coal Company, Kushbrook shaft, Archbald Borough. There were thus during the year 1889, seventy-iive mines in operation in the First Anthracite District, and of these twenty-four were within the limits of the corporation of Scranton. The following table shows the number of tons of coal mined by the several operators in this district, together with the nun:ber of men employed, and the number of days the mines were in ope- ration, for the year ending December 31, 1889: The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Eailroad Company: Total Tons No. Days Persons Mined. Worked. Employed. Archbald Shaft 149,091.16 142.7 480 Bellevue Shaft and Bellevue Slope 160,522.13 147.3 475 Brisbin Shaft 147,194.01 143.9 434 Continental Shaft 187,467.19 143.6 474 Central Shaft 203,742.19 139.9 524 Cayuga Shaft 141,185.07 134.3 433 Dodge Shaft 132,245.10 146.8 349 Diamond No. 2, and Diamond Tripp Shaft 204,588.01 151.7 520 Holden Shaft 143,401.15 144.8 338 Hampton Shaft ' 142,688.04 142.8 479 Hyde Park Shaft.... 118,132.39 137.4 372 Manville Shaft 72,471.18 90 190 Oxford Shaft 124,076.04 146 409 Pyne Shaft * 164,814.16 150 482 Sloan Shaft , 169,956.17 138.5 485 Storrs Shaft 14,230.09 25.4 190 Taylor Shaft and Taylor Drift 174,355.10 163.7 459 Total, 2,450,159.18 138.6 7,043 Of the coal mined, 200,989 tons were consumed at the mines, and 40,719 tons were sold at the mines, leaving 2,208,461.18 tons as the amount shipped to market. Following are similar statistics for the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company: Total Tons No. Days Persons Mined. Worked. Employed, Coal Brook Tunnel Mines, Midland, and Wilson Creek.. 249,867,04 234.5 679 Dickson Shaft 241,655.09 233.5 472 Clinton Slope and tunnels 7,832.00 147 17 Eddy Creek Shaft 98,230.06 132 444 Grassy Island Shaft 176,763.03 235 400 Jermyn, No. 1, shaft 193,239.01 231.5 429 Leggett's Creek Shaft 187,829.18 232.5 467 Manville Shaft 85,281.15 95.5 193 Marvine Shaft 176,581.09 229 427 No. 1 Shaft and White Bridge Tunnel 107,597.03 205.5 260 MINING INTERESTS. 205 Total Tons jVo. Dni/s Persons ilhied. Worked. Employed. No. 3, shaft .M5,T2S.OO 20:i..i 147 Olyphant, No. 2, shaft 7S,165.0.5 122..i :ri7 Powderly Slope 140,42S.O(i 210..i 27H Racket Brook Breaker 35 004.28 2.i4 5 75 Von Storch Shaft and Slope 254 75,s.04 227 630 White Oak Slope and Drift ]5,s:!50.05 230 5 373 Totals • 2,24(i,r,08.1(i 2(Ni.l 5,(14(5 Of the total amount of coal mined, 132,466.1.5 tons were consumed at the mines, and 26,680.11 tons sold at the mines, leaving 2,087,161.90 tons to be shipped to market. The Pennsylvania Coal Company mined the following amounts: Total Tons No. Days No. Men Mined. Worked. Employed. Gypsy Grove Shaft, Xo. 1 8,962.00 28.5 143 Shafts Nos. 3 and 4 137,847.00 207.5 330 Shaft No. 5 144,794.00 212,5 417 Totals 291,603.00 181 890 Following are similar statistics for the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company: Total Tons No. Days No. Men Mined. Worked. Employed. Capouse Shaft 254,144.00 158.4 614 Pine Brook Shaft 345,000.00 182.6 574 Totals 599,144.00 170.0 1,188 Of this amount 15,550 tons were consumed at the mines, and 21,750 tons sold there, leaving 561,844 tons to be otherwise used. William Connell & Company mined the following amounts: Total Tons No. Days No. Men Mined. Worked. Employed. Meadow Brook Shaft 194,272.00 185.7 348 Meadow Brook Tunnel 178,609.00 179.5 385 Totals 372,881.00 182.4 733 The Hillside Coal and Iron Company, the following amounts: No. Tons No. Days No. Men Mined. Worked. Employed. Clifford Shaft and Mine 69,965.71 209.5 137 Forest City Shaft and Slope 191,863.00 219.0 341 Erie Shaft 174,614.11 198.0 534 Glenwood Shaft, Nos. 1 and 2 245,607.01 186.0 551 Keystone Tunnel 106,738.19 224.0 322 Totals 788,788.10 203.0 1,885 206 HISTOKY OF SCRANTON. For the remaining mines the following are the statistics: No. Tons No. Days No. Men Mined. Worked. Employed. Brennan's Shaft 10,414.00 127 55 Church Slope and Tunnel 16,000.00 145 25 Clark Tunnel 4,269.10 201 12 Dolph Tunnel 79,087.16 168.5 342 Eaton Shaft and Tunnel 136,937.04 218.5 424 Edgerton Nos. 1 and 2 183,709.13 183.9 265 Fair Lawn Slope 54,922.00 178.5 227 Green Eidge Slope 124,651.00 226.5 266 Grassy Island Shaft 95,094.05 136.5 360 Jermyn No. 3 2,413.08 18.8 150 Jermyn No. 4 163,968.18 211.2 619 Lackawanna Shaft 197,918.13 219.7 484 Mount Pleasant Shaft 52,787.00 72 395 Mount Jessup Slope 39,102.11 186 172 Marshwood Slope and Tunnel 62,779.00 217 193 Pancoast Shaft 153,006.64 199.5 621 Pierce Slope and Tunnel 91,507.00 102.2 338 Providence Coal Company 39,071.00 172 138 Eushbrook Shaft 2,000.00 212 12 Spencer Shaft 125,397.16 160.9 350 S. V. White Tunnel 37,903.19 105 225 Simpson's Slopes 154,850.02 219.5 287 Tripp & Company 13,000.00 160 41 Watkins Slope and Tunnel 6,015.00 43 121 Buffalo Tunnel 6,675.13 53 52 Fall Brook Tunnel 2,379.00 143 9 Murray & Jackson 8,080.00 254.5 18 Miscellaneous local sales 9,150.00 90 39 Total 1,873,085.12 167.5 6,240 Of this gross amount there were consumed at the mines 113,044 tons, and there were sold at the mines 80,060.40 tons, leaving 1,680,- 085.12 tons to be shipped to market. It thus appears that in the year 1889 there were mined in the First District the grand sum of 8,621,978,56 tons of coal. Of this amount 7,872,600.45 tons were shipped to market, 551,572.15 tons con- sumed at the mines, and 197,805.96 tons sold at the mines. The following table shows the quantity of anthracite coal, in tons, sent to market from the different regions in Pennsylvania, from 1820, the year when this trade is usually reckoned to have com- menced, down to the present year: MINING INTERESTS. 207 >' Wyoming Kegion. Total Shipments. 1820 365 365 1,073 3,720 1821 1,073 1822 1,480 2,240 1823 1,128 5,823 6,951 11,108 34,893 1824 1,567 9,541 1825 6,500 28,393 1826 16,767 31,280 48,047 63,434 1827 31,360 32,074 1828 47,284 30,232 77,.516 1829 79,973 25,110 7,000 112,083 1830 89,984 41,750 43,000 174,734 1831 81,854 40,966 54,000 176,820 1832 209,271 70,000 84,000 363,271 1833 252,971 123,001 111,777 487,749 1834 226,692 106,244 43,700 376,636 1835 339,508 131,250 90,000 560,758 1836 432,045 148,211 103,861 684,117 1837 530,152 223,902 115,387 869,441 1838 446,875 213,615 78,207 738,697 1839 475,077 221,025 122,300 818,402 1840 490,596 225,313 148,470 864,379 1841 624,466 143,037 192,270 959,773 1842 583,273 272,540 252,599 1,108,412 1843 710,200 267,793 285,605 1,263,598 1844 887,937 377,002 365,911 1,630,850 1845 1,131,724 429,453 451,836 2,013,013 1846 1,308,500 517,116 518,389 2,344,005 1847 1,665,735 633,507 583,067 2,882,309 1848 1,733,721 670,321 685,196 3,089,238 1849' 1,728,500 781,556 732,910 3,242,966 1850 1,840,620 690,456 827,823 3,358,899 208 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. CD 60 Total Shipments. 1851 2,328,525 964,224 1,156,167 4,448,916 1S52 2,636,835 1,072,136 1,284,500 4,993,471 1853 2,665,110 1,054,309 1,475,732 5,195,151 1854 3,191,670 1,207,186 1,603,478 6,002,334 1855 3,552,943 1,284,113 1,771,511 6,608,567 1856 3,603,029 1,351,970 1,972,581 6,927,580 1857 3,373,797 1,318,541 1,952,603 6,644,941 1858 3,273,245 1,380,030 2,186,094 6,839,369 1859 3,448,708 1,628,311 2,731,236 7,808,255 1860 3,749,632 1,821,674 2,941,817 8,513,123 1861 3,160,747 1,738,377 3,055,140 7,954,264 1862 3,372,583 1,351,054 3,145,770 7,869,407 1863 3,911,683 1,894,713 3,759,610 9,566,006 1864 4,161,970 2,054,669 3,960,836 10,177,475 1865 4,356,959 2,040,913 3,254,519 9,652,391 1866 5,787,902 2,179,364 4,736,616 12,703,882 1867 5,161,671 2,505,054 5,325,000 12,988,725 1868 6,330,737 2,502,582 5,968,146 13,801,465 1869 5,775,138 1,949,673 6,141,369 13,866,180 1870 4,968,157 3,239,374 7,974,660 16,182,191 1871 6,552,772 2,235,707 6,911,242 15,699,721 1872 6,694,890 3,873,339 9,101,549 19,669,778 1873 7,212,601 3,705,596 10,309,755 21,227,952 1874 6,866,877 3,773,836 9,504,408 20,145,121 1875 6,281,712 2,834,605 10,596,155 19,712,472 1876 6,221,934 3,854,919 8,424,168 18,501,011 1877 8,195,042 4,332,760 8,300,377 20,828,179 1878 8,282,226 3,237,449 8,085,587 17,605,262 1879 8,960,829 4,595,567 12,586,293 26,142,689 1880 7,554,742 4,463,221 11,419,279 23,437,242 1881 9,253,958 5,294,676 13,951,383 28,500,017 MINING INTERESTS. •209 >,.2 5 ill 6C 11 X "a ^ I 1882 9,459,288 5,689,437 i;;,97i,:'.7l 29,120,09(1 1883 10,074,720 6,113,809 1 5,(104,492 31,793,027 18S4 9,478,314 5,562,22(i 15,677,763. 30,7]S,293 1885 9,488,426 5,S98,(i:!4 l(i,23,(i,470 • 31,623,530 1886 9,381,407 5,72:;,129 17,031,129 32,135,6(i5 1887 10,609,028 4,347,061 19,684,929 34,641,018 1888 11,786,549 5,564,:!27 17,290,142 34,641,018 1889 10,474,364 (1,285,420 18,647,925 35,407,709 1890 10,867,821 6,329,658 18,657,694 35,855,173 The most prominent and important institution connected with the mining of anthracite coal, aside from the mine itself, is the " coal breaker." Previous to 1853 this species of machinery was unknown. The coal was brought out of the mines and shipped to the consumer iu large lumps, the miner breaking it up only into such pieces as could be readily loaded into the cars. Each piece was then fractured by the consumer, in a similar manner to that in which stone is broken into different sizes, to prepare it for the fireplace or the stove. But iu consequence of sending coal to market in this unprepared shape, "a prejudice was created in the minds of some consumers against the quality of the coal, but the managers feel assured that they have now removed the difficulties heretofore encountered in this branch of their operations. They have not only succeeded in reaching the best veins of coal, but by the erection of steam coal breakers and revolving screens for preparing it, and extensive pockets and chutes for loading it into the cars, they now possess every facility for shipping it iu the best possible manner.'" The first steam coal breaker was put up at the Diamond Mines of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, its erection having been commenced in 1852, and its completion occurring in 1853, as above stated. This coal breaker Dr. HoUister calls the "inven- tion of the devil, and one of the greatest conspirators of modern times against economy." By its use, the coal as it leaves the hands of the 1 First Annual Report of the Board of Managers of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, 1854. 14 210 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. miner is broken up into all the various sizes needed by all the vari- ous classes of consumers, and a great part is ground so fine as to be unsalable, because, until recently at least, no means had- been invented by which it could be consumed. This fine coal, or culm, lies in im- mense heaps all, along the valley, which are continually and rapidly increasing in size and height, and which are by no means inviting to the eye or to the contemplation. These culm piles represent about thirty per cent of the entire amount of anthracite coal taken from the mines, and so far, are almost altogether a dead loss to the world. "Before half the coal owned by companies in the valley is mined, the culm piles, which already smother villages and cities along the Lacka- wanna, will close up the valley with ground coal and obliterate the fair vale from the sight of coming generations. Within the Schuylkill, Lehigh, Lykens, Wyoming, and Lackawanna coal area lies sufficient culm to pay the national debt, if it could be utilized with judgment and economy. Within a radius of three miles of the Scranton court- house are two hundred and fifty boilers where steam is generated exclusively from culm for power purposes. The manufacturers save at least |25,000 each month in this manner. Still, in spite of this, six thousand tons of the purest coal are wasted every day in the year and thousands of tons accumulate in culm dumps."' A few years after the establishment of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Company's breaker in 1853, the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company put a breaker in operation on Rocket Brook in Carbondale. Their number steadily increased until 1873, and since then, of course, but little unprepared coal has been taken to market. These deposits of culm are in the valleys and along the banks of the streams, which they pollute by leaching and by the comminuted particles carried away in the di'ainage of the water; and in addition, the sulphuric acids pumped from the mines with the mine water, have operated to destroy all the piscatorial life of the streams, which were once most justly famed for an abundance of trout, pickerel, and other gamey fish. But while this immense waste has been constantly going on it could hardly be expected that inventive genius would remain idle in the presence of so great a problem as that of the consumption of the waste. In fact, with the institution of the process of preparing coal for market, the invention of devices and their application to the end of reducing the proportion of waste to the amount of marketable mate- rial were rapidly developed. And in connection with the greater use 1 HoUister's Fifth Edition, 1885. MINING INTERESTS. 211 of coal ill its new forms and the consequent spread of its field of usefulness, attention was soon directed to the mechanical devices by which this greater usefulness was being brought about. Xot later than 1865 or 1866 it was found that inventive talent was developing these devices for the consumption of waste. The first of these devices were particularly directed to an enlargement of the grate, or the burn- ing surface, recognizing the fact that lighter fires and greater air spaces were necessary in the consumption of fine material as against the larger masses. The first devices were crude, plain structures, in- volving no mechanical action. Closely following these developments forced blast, in smaller or more contracted or thicker tire beds, was instituted and experimented upon; and following still further in this particular line, the combined steam and air blast was applied. In the space of seven or eight years this line of experiments produced practi- cally the system of consumption of fuel at present in use. As a matter of description, these devices consist of perforated plates and grate bars of fine, herringbone construction, sufficiently close to retain the fine material, through which the steam and air blast is forced to pro- duce combustion. This process consists in the decomposition of the vapor into its component gases, oxygen and hydrogen, making a combination with the carbon of the fuel, and resulting in an intensely inflammable material; so that it is not only a process of obtaining the results of the incandescence of carbon, but every furnace may be said to be, in a measure, a combined fire chamber and gas retort. In, or about, the year 1866, the first steps were taken toward in- vestigating the idea of mechanical action in the fire chamber, for the purpose of removing the ash and refuse from combustion without drawing the fire. This line of experimentation was carried along the entire field of combustion for power and domestic purposes, and constitutes a department of invention and mechanics upon which a whole volume of experimental results have been obtained. The first development upon the line of mechanical action may be said to have originated in 1867, when the simplest form of moving grate bars with gear attachments Avas adopted. The general principle once established, viz., that positive action could be applied to the removal of the refuse of combustion, the greatest difiiculty in burning the material was soon removed. With the accomplishment of these mechanical devices for fire cleaning, it was found that the entire field of the preparation of anthracite coal had been steadily enlarged and extended, and the demand has constantly increased for other and smaller sizes of coal 212 HISTORY OP SCKANTON. than those first produced in preparation, until to-day the range runs from lump down to what are called stove, -chestnut, pea, buckwheat, bird's eye, and pinhead sizes, under which names the varieties now prepared appear in market. The development of the common do- mestic use of anthracite coal has increased from a small to a very large proportion, as these different devices have met the necessities of civilized life, and an astonishing fact has been developed, which was considered to be practically impossible in the earlier days, which fact is, that in reality the finer the coal burned, the greater is its efficiency as fuel, until it is not at all improbable that the day is not far distant when the comminuted particles, or coal prepared as an impalpable dust, like flour, will be the best available form in which anthracite coal will appear as fuel. The accomplishments in the preparation of coal have steadily kept pace with these advancements in its use, until the vast culm deposits of former days are now being sold to work over, and there are extracted all the grades of pea, buckwheat, bird's eye, and pin- head, for marketable purposes. These lower sizes are extracted princi- pally and more efficiently by the application of water to the culm by suitable devices. Thus the volume of waste has been reduced from an absolute or total waste of from twenty to thirty per cent, down to about eight per cent. "While all these measures of progress have been applied with such efficiency, another line of experimentation has also contributed to the general end of the utilization of the waste. Not less than two hundred patents covering different combinations of material used to form the waste into blocks, either as a mechanical cement or as a compound of combustible articles, are upon the statute books of the United States. The ingenuity developed in this line of thought has been perhaps not less remarkable than that developed in the applied mechanics of the art, and it is found that the waste material combined with common clay, and salt, and waste products of the gas house, coal tar, etc., or a great variety of other materials, pressed into blocks and put upon the market and sold, in most instances is used with marked efficiency and success. But owing to the fact that the regu- larly prepared product is put upon the market at such a low average of cost, no combination that has yet been produced finds itself able to compete with the regular standard sizes in which anthracite ap- pears in commerce; and until the difference between the cost of such anthracite coal itself in the market and the waste now lying on the surface at the mines, is greater than it is, work upon this line will in MINING INTERESTS. 213 all probability be futile; uot because it is not or cannot be made a success so far as all usefulness is concerned, but from the fact that it is commercially discriminated against by the cheapness of the original article of which it may properly be termed a residuum. The climax of the grand work, and the great and continuous attention that has been given to this waste material, the greatest sin- gle waste of any age and of all countries, is in the fact that with the success of its perfect combustion by means of the mechanical devices already alluded to, new systems and inventions have plainly suggested themselves, covering the entire field of the utilization of the fuel for all purposes whatever; and have thoroughly convinced the world that the fuel of the future is gaseous rather than mass, and that the per- centage of loss in heavy produce of tire place, and furnace and chimney waste, will be reduced from seventy to eighty per cent, to from thirty to fifty per cent, a possible minimum with present devices when the same appears in gaseous form. These problems consti- tute to-day a chapter upon which the engineering and best thought of the world seeking 'after power and the utilization of heat in their best forms, are struggling for ultimate and unqualified success. Success is achieved already, yet a perfection of method and device under the principles that are already worked out and known, is all that is left in mechanical accomplishment, until it is beyond a doubt that communities will, in time, turn all carbonaceous waste material into gasified product, use the fiery and combustible elements of which water is composed, in its dissociated state, constituting a divine mixture by which the efficiency of carbon is greatly augmented. And here again the gasifying process has developed another remarkable circum- stance, in the discovery that this process is conducted much more efficiently in the presence of incandescence in the comminuted state, in what may be called a species of reverbatory furnace,^ than in a common steam producer with its mass fuel; and herein, with the introduction and dissociation of vapory elements at a proper tempera- ture, lie the highest conceptions to be accomplished in combustion in the future. Every development steadily forces us to the conclusion that all the methods obtained in times past of the consumption of fuel in mass, are inefficient, extravagant, and barbaric. So great has been the recognition of all that has been done by the faithful and conscientious industrial experimentation upon this most important subject, and so much is yet to be done, that the State of Pennsylvania, recognizing both the fact and cost of attention to the proper utilization of its millions upon millions of tons of ^vaste mate- 214 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. rial, has appointed a commission to consider both the past development and the future possibilities of the entire great question of the waste of coal in raining, in preparation, and in combustion. This commission consists of Colonel J. A. Price, of Scranton, chairman; Eckley B. Coxe, of Drifton, and P. W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, and is already at work along the line indicated in the promulgation of its first circular, classi- fying and subdividing the great question into its appropriate divisions. The first general strike that occurred in the Lackawanna coal district began on May 25, 1869, and lasted until August 27th, follow- ino'. The miners of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, together with those working the collieries whose coal was bought by this company, with the exception of those at the Roaring Rock Colliery, struck on the date given above. The miners of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company also struck on the same day. The reason for this strike was that the first named company refused to grant a demanded advance of ten cents per car in the price of mining coal, and when the difficulty was finally adjusted, it was on the agreement by the company to pay the same price for mining that was paid by the Pennsylvania Coal Company, and not to make any re- duction in the price before the first of the following December without first giving thirty days' notice of such reduction. The miners of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company went to work about a week later. The miners of the Pennsylvania Coal Company and those of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company at the Roaring Brook Colliery continued on at work during the entire summer. The next strike occurred the next year, and lasted several months. There was also a simultaneous suspension at the Schuylkill mines. The immediate cause of this strike was that the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, at a meeting in New York, held in JSTo- veraber, determined to reduce the miners' wages, the reduction to take efi'ect on December 1st. The company had been paying |1.31 per diamond car, and the price was reduced forty-five cents per car. The price for coal had been steadily going down for the past few years from war prices, and the miners expected a reduction, but not to such an extent as that proposed. When the price was named they were taken completely by surprise. It is altogether likely that had a mod- erate reduction been made no suspension would have occurred. The miners demanded |1.00 per diamond car, and as this price was not granted them by the company, the suspension was decided and was very protracted. On February 4, 1871, a meeting was held, which was addressed MINING INTERESTS. 215 by Mr. John Parker, editor of the Anthracite Monitor. He urged the miners to stand by the "Workingmeu's Benevolent Association, and not under ■ any circumstances to falter. He suggested no remedy for the troubles then experienced nor means of prevention for similar disturbances, to do which, indeed, would have required great wis- dom. He said that the producing capacity of all the coal fields was then 22,000,000 tons per year, while the consumption amounted to only 16,000,000 tons. Steady work, therefore, while desirable, was impossible. The men must therefore combine in order to get good wages during the eight or nine months of the year which they did work. There were various theories suggested for bringing the troubles to a termination. One writer said that inasmuch as the difficulty was occasioned by an excess of mine labor and the rivalr}- of mine opera- tors in the different coal fields, to reduce the number of miners and to harmonize the difficulties between the various operators would solve the question. With reference to the first, it was said in reply that the Miner's Union could readily agree that to get rid of the excess of mine labor would go a great way toward solving the problem, but could see no way in which to get rid of this excess. With regard to the second part of the suggestion it was said that the great coal operators would not agree to limit the output, because each was anxious to drive the others out of the market so that he might con- trol it. The great operators in the Lackawanna Valley had the advantage of operators in the Schuylkill region .because they were carrying their own coal to market, whereas the others had to pay whatever freight the Philadelphia and Reading Eailroad Company chose to exact. The Workingmeu's Benevolent Association thought that a solution of the difficulties was to be found in the establishment of what was known as "bases" throughout the entire anthracite coal region; but some of the operators had said that they would let their works rot down before they would agree to a "basis." The suspension was very severe upon the iron interests, and the miners were criticized in no very stinted terms, and blamed by the public for preventing furnaces from running that were using anthracite coal; they at least ought to furnish enough coal for them. The question of bringing in coal from Nova Scotia began to be considered. The leaders of the Miners' Union began to be alarmed at the threatening aspect of public sentiment in various parts of the State, and John Sivey, president of the Workingmeu's Benevolent 216 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. Association, held a consultation with Franklin B. Govern, president of the Philadelphia & lieading Railroad Company', and other leading operators in the anthracite coal region, and an agreement was arrived at by which sufficient coal was to be taken out to supply the furnaces in danger of blowing out for lack of coal. The Grand Council of the Workingnien's Benevolent Association, at its session in Pittston a short time before, had adopted a resolution permitting a few men to resume work with the above object in view. The continued suspension of work in the mines caused a meeting of the principal coal operators to be held at the office of the Dela- ware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, at the corner of Exchange Place and Williams Street, JSTew York, February 22, 1871. The assembly of operators represented a capital of about $300,- 000,000.00, and an annual production of 15,000,000 tons of anthracite coal. Since the suspension the price of coal to the consumer had been advanced, which these gentlemen blamed upon the retailer. The Del- aware & Hudson Canal Company claimed to be losing $250,000.00 per month on accouut of the suspension, as they employed 15,000 men in their mines, and were then the largest producers. They also stated that the wages offered to miners were larger than those received by any other class of laborers in the country. Those present at the meeting resolved to do nothing for the time being. They were unalterably opposed to any "basis," or in other words, they were op- posed to the determination of the wages of the miner by the prices of coal. The number of men idle at that time was over one hundred thousand. This meeting of the large operators made it clear to the country that it was possible for them to prevent any coal from getting into the market; especially when it was considered that the railroad com- panies which were' not interested in the mines, such as the Lehigh Valley aud the Philadelphia & Reading, were present at the meeting, and that all of them had agreed to advance the rates of freight to such a figure that it would be impossible for small operators to ship any coal, even if they could get it mined. This advance in freight rates prevented the miners from going to work that expected to do so on the 15th of February. As an illustration of the advance made in these rates, it was stated that the Lehigh Valley and the Lehigh & Susquehanna railroads had notified operators that until further notice they would charge |7.10 per ton on coal from Wilkes-Barre to Elizabethport, the rate having previously been $2.75. Petitions were therefore rapidly circulated and signed praying the legislature to compel MINING INTERESTS. 217 the Reading Railroad Company to continue their tolls at not more than one and one fourth cents per mile, and if the company should refuse to comply, to revoke its charter. The notice of freight rates pub- lished by the Lehigh Coal and JSTavigation Companj^ at Philadelphia February 22, 1871, was to the effect that the rates of transportation would be until further notice, from Wilkes-Barre to Penn Haven, 70 cents per ton on coal; from Penn Haven to Mauch Chunk, 32 cents; from Mauch Chunk to Phillipsburg, $1.84; from Phillipsburg to Port Johnson, $2.72; total from Wilkes-Barre to Port Johnson, |5.58 per ton. At this juncture, the State senate asked Governor Geary to submit to that body the opinion of the attorney-general of the State as to the power of railroad companies to advance the rates of freight on the transportation of coal. In reply the attorney- general, Hon. F. Carroll Brewster, cited a sample of the manner iii which charters of incorporated companies pretend to protect the interests of the public, by quoting from an act approved April 4, 1833, these words: "Toll on any species of property shall not exceed an average of four cents per ton per mile," and then said that these words had received judicial construction in the case of Noyle vs. Railroad Companies, where it was ruled that a company might charge for transportation in addition to its charge for toll. He then quoted Judge Strong as to the legal meaning of the word "toll" to the effect that the use of the word was well defined: "it is a tribute or custom paid for -passage, not for carriage; always something taken for the liberty or ■privilege, not for service; such is also the common understanding of the word. The power to charge for transportation is therefore deemed to be without limit." About this time a committee of the miners of the Delaware, Lackawanua & Western Railroad Company called upon Mr. Storrs and demanded a "basis," which Mr. Storrs said could not be granted. The committee called again on the afternoon of the 25th of February and demanded certain other prices which were refused; nothing therefore was accomplished in these interviews. The prices for the preceding five years are here introduced: For 1866, July, $1.13, November, $1.00; 1867, February, 85 cents, March, 92 cents; 1868, February, 78 cents, May, 82 cents, September, 92 cents, November, $1.01; 1869, January, 86 cents, August, $1.31; 1870, December, 86 cents; and it was the placing of the price at 86 cents that caused all the trouble. A meeting of the miners of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company was held in Hyde Park, March 1, 1871, at which speeches were made by Thomas Barrow, Peter Gallagher, Daniel 218 HISTORY OP SCEANTON. Moses, James Oliver, Henry Leitner, Esquire Reynolds, Joseph Prosser, Thomas Hogan, S. S. Bice, and Dr. William H. Heath. After the speeches had been heard a series of resolutions was adopted to the effect that inasmuch as the coal operators and railroad companies of the State had formed a combination for the purpose ot crushing labor, and as the legislature of the State, including both political parties, was under the influence of capital, therefore, "■Resolved, That the workingmen of the city of Scranton do unite together and organize a new political party. "Resolved, That this party shall be known as 'The Workingmen's Political Party.' "Resolved, That the object of said party shall be to defend the fundamental principles of our republic by maintaining the rights of labor as well as capital. "Resolved, That said party shall nominate and elect representatives to fill the different offices in our legislature, council, etc." When this meeting had been brought to a close, another meeting was held of which John P. Lewis was the chairman, and James May, secretary. The following names were presented as the names of men who should be entrusted with the formation of the said new political party: Robert J. James, John R. Davis, John H. Powell, Edward D. Davis, Joseph Prosser, William B. Williams, Thomas Barrow, Peter Gallagher, James Oliver, Owen Flyn, John Collins, John Wagner, John P. Lewis, Thomas Morgan, Thomas Hogan, Gwillym M. Williams, D. C. Powell, Adam Pfeifer, Henry Leitner, John J. Hurnells, Con. A. Dolan, Daniel Moses, John McGlauchlan, James Conlin, Thomas Evans, Charles Oakley, Chris. Filler, Thomas Leystion, William Jen- kings, Richard Williams, Miles Gibbons, Watkin H. Williams, Titus Evans, Isaac Jenkings, Michael , Gallagher, and Owen Grogan. Thus, it was thought the trouble could be remedied. Besides this attempt to form a new political party, which from the nature of the case must have been sporadic, inasmuch as the causes which led to the attempted organization were but temporary in their nature, there was another feature to the complexion of the times, which threatened to operate against the anthracite coal mining interests. This was the changing of their works by the large iron and machine shop companies so as to substitute bituminous coal for anthracite. Up to that time but little of bituminous coal had been sold east of the Alleghenies, and it began to look as though Pennsyl- vania bituminous coal stood a chance of supplanting anthracite coal. However, the difficulties were at length so adjusted as to avert MINING INTERESTS. 219 this calamity to the anthracite coal trade, for it is clear that had these iron companies so changed their furnaces and boilers as to burn bituminous coal, it would have required powerful arguments to induce them to change back again. One effect of the strike was that the wages which miners had been receiving underwent a searching scrutiny, and the results of the inves- tigation were published in the papers of the day as follows: Four miners in the Diamond shaft for September, October, and Novem- ber, 1870. to a a, X "^ CO -I 1* Number 1 72i $600 00 157 00 $187 50 $2 90 $4 90 Number 2 75i 624 72 69 40 190 50 2 52 4 83 Number 3 75§ 634 17 78 00 190 50 2 52 4 84 Number 4 75J 624 80 69 00 195 25 2 59 4 78 Four laborers and four miners in top coal at the Dodge mines earned wages as follows: aj 01 0) o ater, William E. Dodge, F. E, Griffin's estate, Lucius Hotchkiss, John Howland, Benjamin Loder, Samuel Marsh, P. 11. Mattes, D. S. Miller, Edward Mowry, Anson G-. Phelps, J. C. Piatt, John A. Hobinson, Henry Sheldon, W. H. Sheldon, E. C. Scranton, G. W. Scranton, J. H. Scran- ton, S. T. Scranton, W. B. Skidmore, and James Stokes. Mr. John Howland was the largest stockholder. Moses Taylor, though probably interested in the company at that time, does not appear as a stockholder until June 27, 1853. The following gentlemen became stockholders in the order named: Theodore Sturges, 1856; Percy R. Pyne, 1861; Samuel Sloan, 1864;. William E. Dodge, Jr., 1864; E. F. Hatfield, 1872, and B. G. Clark, 1873. Upon the organization of the company S. T. Scranton was made president, and held the position until 1858, when he was succeeded by Joseph H. Scranton, who remained in the position until his death in 1872. The business of the company continuing to increase, the capital was again increased April 30, 1860, to $1,200,000.00, a.nd in 1873 74, when the steel works were built, it was increased to 13,000,000.00. The furnaces of this company were erected as follows: No. 1, in 1841; JSTos. 2 and 3, in 1848; No. 4, in 1853; No. 5, in 1857. The first puddling mill was built in 1846-47, and the second, in 1867. This mill commenced running August 23, 1867, and had twenty-eight furnaces. The addition of this mill made the Scranton Iron Works the largest in the country, with the single exception of the Cambria Iron Works at. Johnstown, Pennsylvania, though on account of the greater steadi- ness with which the mills at Scranton had been run, their production had been greater during the previous- year than that of the Cambria Iron Works. The product of these works kept on increasing, and the announcement was made in February, 1871, that during the last full week of the month, the number of gross tons produced was 1,082, the largest production from one train of rolls ever made up to that time in the United States. The quality of the iron turned out had steadily improved, competition rendering it necessary to adopt improved methods of manufacture, as well as the pride of the company in their work rendering it a matter of choice. By October, 1873, they had succeeded in making an iron rail, which, when subjected to a press- ure of sixty tons, was bent into a circle instead of breaking, as would have been the case with rails made after the old-fashioued MANUFACTURING INDUSTBIES. 253 processes. But it soon became necessary to change the factory into a steel rail mill, stronger, more tenacious, and more durable rails than could be made of iron having become a necessity. To meet this new demand the company began excavations for the new steel mills on Good Friday, 1874. The foundations were begun June 16th, and the first brick work on the walls was laid August 29th. The two massive engines then recently put in were put in motion on Friday, July 31, 1874. They were registered at five hundred horse power each, and were known as independent, horizontal, and contlens- ing blowing engines, each fifty inches in diameter, with blowing cylinder fifty-four inclies in diameter, and five feet stroke. Their ofiice was to furnish blast for the process of conversion, to the con- verters in the main room, which they were capable of doing at the rate of ninety-five hundred cubic feet per minute, and under a pres- sure of twenty pounds per square inch. The main wheel of each was twenty-four feet in diameter, and they revolved at a uniform rate of thirty-five revolutions per minute. They were built by the Dickson Manufacturing Company of this city. The new steel works were opened October 23, 1875, the charging taking place under the supervision of Mr. Rothmau, who had superin- tended the construction of the works. The first casting was made at 6:30 o'clock. The first ingots were cast December 18th, and the first steel rails rolled December 29, 1875. The new works consisted of a cupola room 44 feet span, 71 feet long, and 49 feet high; a converting room 84 feet span, 124 feet long, and 31 feet high; an engine room 54 feet span, 77 feet long, and 16 feet high, and a boiler room 46 feet span, 73 feet long, and 16 feet high. All of these build- ings were arranged in a rectangle 124x202 feet. The size of the ingots depends on the weight of the rail desired, but averages 12 inches square and 45 inches long for 30-foot rails, 65 pounds to the. yard. . In the cupola room there were originally placed four cupolas of seven and one half feet diameter, capable of smelting five tons in thirty minutes. These were afterward replaced by larger ones. There were also two ten ton ladles mounted on scales for receiving the molten pig iron from the cupolas, and in which it is weighed before being converted into steel; also three reverbatory furnaces for receiving the Spiegel, the ofiice of which is to impart to the converted product its requisite hardness, as well as to remove impurities. The two seveu ton converters are of eight feet external diameter and fifteen feet high. They are lined with refractory material ten inches thick at the bottom of the vessel, are provided with stout trunnions eighteen inches in 254 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. diameter, and with hydraulic gear for rotating, mounted on iron frames and columns. These converters, by means of the hydraulic rotating gear, are put first in a horizontal position for receiving the molten pig iron, then in an upright position for the converting of the iron, and lastly in a reversed position to discharge the hot and hissing steel into the ladles. In each end of the cupola room is a hoisting tower, furnished with a hydraulic elevator of six tons capacity and fifty feet travel. Besides all these there is the casting pit, thirty- eight feet in diameter, commanded by a central hydraulic ladle-crane of twelve tons capacity, at the extreme end of which is mounted a ladle which receives the steel from the converters. After receiving the molten steel this ladle-crane is swung over the several ingot-molds standing in the casting pit in rotation, and the liquid metal is tapped from the ladles at the bottom, in order to avoid mixing the slag with the steel. The steel ingot is then cooled, taken out of the mold, weighed and stamped with the number of the charge and the degree of hardness, when it is ready for blooming and rolling into rails. All the hydraulic machinery is actuated by two hydraulic duplex force pumps, having two steam cylinders each twenty inches in diameter, and two water cylinders each nine inches in diameter with a twenty-four inch stroke. These pumps are in the engine room, where are also the two independent horizontal and condensing blowing engines already described. The boiler house is occupied by a battery of twelve boilers of the locomotive type, each having one hundred and twelve tubes sixteen feet long and three inches in diameter. The foundation of the company's stores and offices, situated at the corner of Lackawaniui and Jefferson avenues, was laid in February and March, 1867. The building is a large three-story structure 100x113 feet in size. It was completed and occupied about the 12th of March, 1868.- The company's ore mines at Moosic Mountains are no longer used; but it has mines at Mount Hope, New Jersey; Brewster's, New York, and at Franklin, New Jersey. At the latter the company has a large blast furnace. The company also has its own coal mines at Rolling Mill slope, Pine Brook shaft, and Briggs shaft. It does not prepare coal for the market, simply mining for its own use. W. W. Scranton resigned his position as general manager of this company September 11, 1880, and then for the first time in its history the name of Scranton ceased to be connected with the works. He had been general manager since 1874. Mr. C. F. Mattes was appointed to MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 255 succeed Mr. Scranton, and was himself succeeded by E. S. MojEtt in 1886. Mr. Mattes has been connected with the company since 1841, and is the son of Philip H. Mattes, one of the original investors, as appears earlier in this sketch. On Tuesday, September 21, 1880, William E. Dodge, John I. Blair, Percy R. Pyne, Benjamin G. Clark, Dcwitt C. Bhiir, and Thomas Sturges, of New York City, came to Scranton, at which time the following board of directors was elected: Moses Taylor, John I. Blair, William E. Dodge, Percy R. Pyne, J. C. Piatt, Benjamin G. Clark, Samuel Sloan, Dewitt C. Blair, and Edwin Hatfield, Jr. Mr. LJatfield was chosen president of the board, and the stockholders returned to New York. Edward C. Lynde was secretary of this com- pany from 1862 to 1882, when he was made assistant secretary, and Mr. N. W. Hix was made secretary. In 1883 this company began drilling an artesian well. In 1885 the well was completed, but was not a success. It was drilled two thousand and twenty feet deep, going down through an open strata of rocks, which had to be tubed before water was thrown to any height. This tubing was completed May 23, 1885, but the flow never exceeded fifty gallons per minute. The officers of this company are as follows: E. ¥. Hatfield, presi- dent; B. G. Clark and C. F. Mattes, vice-presidents; H. V. Vultee, secretary; Theodore Sturges, treasurer; E. C. Lyude, assistant secre- tary; E. S. Moffitt, general manager; Messrs. Hatfield, Vultee, Clark, and Sturges living in New York City, the (jthers in Scranton. The total product of steel rails from both steel mills in Scranton for 1882, 1887, 1888, and 1889, was as follows: 1882, 120,000 tons; 1887, 335,000 tons; 1888, 326,000 tons; 1889, 294,955 tons; and for 1890, 320,786 tons, 188,737 tons being from the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company's mills, the entire product of these mills, however, having been for that year 195,170 gross tons of heavy and light rails, blooms, bars, and billets. I'he Capouse Works of Pulaski Carter were established in 1840, by Jerison White. This was the first edge tool factory started at Capouse. Soon afterward Mr. White sold out to Mr. Carter and removed to Providence where he erected a second factory, which, together with his dwelling, was swept away by a flood. Mr. White then built a small, rude shop, placing a bellows therein, and with the assistance of a boy began business on a small scale. In 1847 he built a larger factory and occupied it until 1861, when he sold out to his nephew, Crandall White, who conducted it for some time during 256 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. the war. After the war was over Edward II. White and his father, J. White, were taken into partnership, and the business was resumed. In 1874 they removed to Green llidge Avenue, and carried on the Inisiness tliere until 1878, when they abandoned it a]toa;ether. This establishment enjoyed the highest reputation, their specialty, axes, being made of the best Sheffield steel, tempered by a process that was original with the original proprietor. Returning now to the establisiiment of Pulaski Carter, which be- came his in 1841, it may be stated that Mr. Carter was then a young man, from Windham County, Connecticut, wlio rented the recently erected shop of Jerison White, and in the fall put in three trip hammers and three forges, all of which he set to work at once, and soon after- ward purchasing the property, he established what became widely and favorably known as the " Capouse Works." In 1841 he employed three hands, who together with him, made up three and a half tons of iron into one hundred and eighty dozeu scythes, and one hundred and sixty dozen axes, which were ground, polished, boxed, and sold by Mr. Carter himself. These implements were of superior quality, and were highly satisfactory to the pioneers of this section. The shop which was then only one building, has given place to a group of more than thirty buildings. In 1877 Mr. Carter's partners were Calvin Parson, of Wilkes-Barre, and Edward Weston, of Providence. In this year Mr. Carter fitted up a rolling mill, which was designed to manufacture bar iron from scrap iron of every Icind of shape. These works are still in existence, and are doing a prosperous business. The firm of Dickson & Company was organized in February, 1856, and was composed of T'homas Dickson, John A. Dickson, George L. Dickson, Maurice Wurts, Charles P, Wurts, Joseph Benjamin, and C. T. Pierson. This company was formed because of the fact that the anthracite coal business had assumed such proportions that a shop foi repairing mining machinery and doing new work was needed in what- was then the southern portion of the Lackawanna coal regions. Thi company began the erection of a foundry and machine shop almost immediately, and in May of the same year ran its first heat of iron in the foundry, melting about two tons. About thirty men were era- ployed at first, moat of whom worked in the foundry and the rest in the machine shop and blacksmith shop. During their first year they con- tracted to manufacture the engines and boilers to be used by .he Delaware & Hudson Canal Company in constructing their new road over the Moosic Mountains, and the thoroughness of this work at once established the reputation of the company. Since then their machuiery I- ' C^ ^ ^' ' 'A--^i<-^- ■^' '^/^^. -^/-c/^l.i.-iy Ariann.cPuMis/imr/Sf«fmvmr/Co,vr MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 257 has been constantly in demand, though during the first few years of the company's existence the business did not increase to any great extent. Tiio average monthly pay-roll remained at about $1,200.00, but the works managed to keep in operation during the commercial depression of 1857, and were slightly increased from time to time. In 1862 the company was incorporated under the name of the Dickson Manufacturing Company with an actual capital of $150,000.00, and an authorized capital of $300,000.00. The first officers were Thomas Dickson, president; George L. Dickson, secretary and treas- urer, and John A. Dickson, master mechanic. During the first year of their incorporation the number of men employed was about one hundred and fifty, the average monthly pay roll was $7,500.00, and the sales $200,000.00. As the output of anthracite coal increased the company increased their capacity to produce, and in 1862 purchased of Messrs. Cooke & Company the locomotive shops known as the Cliff Works, which had then a capacity of not moi'e than five locomotives per year. In 1864 the planing mill adjoining the Cliff Works was bought and the manufacture of cars began. In 1865 the company employed about four hundred men, the daily heat of iron was about four tons, the monthly pay roll was $16,000.00, and the annual sales over $600,000.00. In 1866 the foundry and machine shops of Lanning & Marshall, at Wilkes-Barre, were purchased and a branch established there. At these shops were manufactured car wheels and axles, and such repairs were executed as were needed about the coal works. The number of men employed there at this time was about sixty. The business of the company had by this time so increased that in that year the capital stock was increased to $600,000.00, though it was not all issued until 187,0. In 1867 George L. Dickson' succeeded Thomas Dickson in the presidency of the company; John C. Phelps, of Wilkes-Ban-e, was made vice president, and William H. Perkins, secretary and treasurer. In 1869 a large brick foundry was built at the Penn Avenue shops which greatly increased the general efficiency of the works, and assisted the Clift" Works in particular. As additions had been made 1 George L. Dickson was born in Scotland, August 3, 1830, and in January, 1850, came to Carbondale. While living here he married Lydia M. Poor. On the retirement of his brother, Thomas, from the presidency of the Dickson Manufacturing Company, January, 1867, George removed to Scranton to accept the position, which he held for several years. He is now manufacturers' agent and dealer in various iron productions, steam engines, pumps, etc. He is vice-president of the First National Bank, and a vestryman in St. Luke's (Protestant Episcopal) Church. 17 258 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. from time to time to the locomotive works, their capacity in 1870 was four locomotives per month. Five hundred men were employed at the three places, the daily heats of iron were about seven tons, the monthly pay roll, $20,000.00, and the annual sales, |975,000.00. On February 27, 1875, the Cliff Works were destroyed by- fire, entailing a loss on the company of $500,000.00, about $200,000.00 more than the insurance. But the works were immediately rebuilt, and buildings much superior to those destroyed took their place. New tools of the most improved patterns and designs were put in and the capacity of the works increased to sixty locomotives per year. In 1876 the capital stock of the company was increased to $800,000.00, at which it remains to-day. In 1878 a large brick building three stories high was erected at the corner of Penn Avenue and Pine Street, to be used as a store for the sale of shop and mining supplies, general offices and storage house, the upper floors being designed for the storage of patterns. In 1880 about six hundred men were employed, the monthly pay roll was about $30,000.00, and the annual sales amounted to $740,000.00. In 1882 George L. Dickson resigned the presidency, and was suc- ceeded by H. M. Boies. In that year the work of rebuilding the Penn Avenue shops was commenced. A new machine shop was built, which is conceded by experts to be the best arranged shop for the work to be done, in the country. It covers two hundred and twenty-three by one hundred feet of ground, of which the machine shop proper occupies one hundred and ninety-six by ninety-seven feet, and has two galleries twenty-five feet wide running lengthwise of the building on both sides, giving altogether, floor space of nearly twenty-nine thousand square feet. The remaining part of the ground on tlie Vine Street end of the building is occupied by a four-story building. In the flrst story of this building, besides the foreman's office in the tower, is a large room for the storage of tools and flnished work, and also a well appointed wash room. On :the ground, or main floor, is the superin- tendent's office. On the third floor is the office of the mechanical engineer, which has large storage facilities for drawings, the room being fire proof, and adjoining these are offices for draughtsmen. A new brick pattern shop was also erected, three stories high above the basement, 145x63 feet in size. The basement is used for the stora.ge of lumber, and contains the power for driving the shop. The first, or main floor is used entirely for pattern work, and the upper floors for the storage of lumber and patterns. The Penn Avenue shops were supplied with new tools of the best and most approved patterns, aud '^^?%^: ^ ^"0-h£.amharas ti£m0 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 259 there was placed in the boiler shop the Twecldell hydraulic system for Hanging and riveting. In 1883 the average heat of pig iron was twenty-five tons per day, and the sales amounted to more than 11,400,000.00. In 1886 Colonel Boies retired from the presidency, and was suc- ceeded by Mr. James P. Dickson' who is now the president. The other officers are, E. W. Weston, vice president, and William H. Perkins, secretary and treasurer. The company has lately made extensive improvements in its foundry, including the introduction of three travel- ing cranes — two of them of twenty -five tons each, and the other of ten tons, thereby largely increasing the capacity of the works. It is now building a new boiler house which is intended to be a model plant, and will soon be in operation. The capacity of the shops at the present time is about as follows: The Penn Avenue Shops. — Six hundred tons of iron melted per month; one hundred stationary engines per year, of all kinds, with cylinders over twenty-two inches in diameter; mining machinery of all kinds; rolling mill machinery of all kinds; blast furnace and steel works machinery; blast engines and air compressors, and machine shop machinery of all kinds; contractors' machinery of all kinds; water works machinery of all kinds; twenty boilers per mouth, including loco- motive boilers. Cliff Works. — One hundred locomotives per year. Wilkes-Barre Shops. — One hundred and fifty stationary engines of 'The name Dickson is most closely associated with Scranton's manufacturing interests. Thomas, the tirst of the family here, and to whose genius, energy, and foresight many of the enterprises of the city are largely indebted, has been spoken of in another place. James Pringle, his son, was born in Carbondale, July 20, 1852. In 1858, he moved with his father's family to Scranton. At the age of twehe he was prepared for college, and entered for the classical course in La Fayette, but, on account of ill health, was compelled to lay aside his books at the end of the first year. He then joined the engineer corps of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, in which he continued until 1869, when he went to China, where, for two years, he filled a minor, but responsible, position in the extensive commission house of Olyphant & Company, at Hong Kong. Toward the close of 1872 he gave up the position, returned to Europe, and thence home, and was clerk for the Dickson Manufacturing Company, in 1875 the company's agent in AVilkes-Barre, seven years later its vice president, and in 1886 its president. In the same year he was also elected a member of the city select council from the Sixteenth Ward. He is also a director in the Moosic Powder Company, and of the Crown Point Iron Company; also of the Scranton Electric Heat, Illuminating, and Power Company. He is a member of the First Presbyterian Church, the president of the board of trustees of the Keystone Academy, the etRciency of which has largely been increased since his connection with it. He married, October 19, 1876, Laura H., daughter of J. Fuller Reynolds, of Wilkes-Barre. 260 HISTOllY OF SCRANTON. all kinds with cylinders under twenty-two inches in diameter; mining machinery of all kinds; wire rope making machinery of all kinds; Cornish pumps of all sizes; fifty cast-iron plate car wheels per day, and two hundred cylinder boilers .per year. Following are the names of the various styles of locomotives built by this company: Standard gauge locomotives, narrow gauge loco- motives, mine locomotives for outside or inside service, locomotives for rolling mills, contractors' locomotives, plantation locomotives, logging locomotives, and locomotives for any special service. The Providence Stove Foundry was founded in 1857 by S. and J. Tuustall on a very small scale. They had at first but three stove patterns, the "Bentley," the "Webster," and the "Vista." These were all heaters. The firm had but one molder and one cupola tender. In the winter of 1860-61 Heni-y 0. Silkman bought one third interest in the concern, and the firm name became Tunstalls & Silkman. This firm lasted three years, when Mr. Silkman bought out his partners and enlarged the buildings and the business. In 1867 the buildings consisted of the mounting room, two stories, the molding room, in which two tons of iron were melted daily, and a storeroom. He was then making about thirty different kinds of stoves; as the "Union," six sizes; "Lackawanna," two sizes; "Scranton," two sizes; "Susquehanna," two sizes; "Miner," one size; "Wyoming;" Range," two sizes; " Americus," one size; "Calorio," one size; "Webster," one size; "Bentley," one size; "Tropic," one size, etc. In 1865 he made 1,796 stoves; in 1866, 3,051; in 1867, about 4,000. This foundry burned down in the winter of 1872-73, and Mr. Silkman then disposed of the patterns to a company in Provi- dence, which made arrangements with George Quinn, of Providence, to take charge of the entire molding department upon a contract to deliver the castings to the company. Mr. Quinn had had charge of Mr. Silkman's business for eight years, and hence was well qualified to carry on the work. The firm of I. A. Finch & Company was established in 1855 at Scranton, being moved from Eed Falls, New York, by A. P. Finch, who, in partnership with Burton Q. Morss, conducted the business until 1866. Upon the retirement of Mr. Morss, I. A. Finch, son of A. P. Finch, was admitted to partnership. In 1880 A. P. Finch retired from business, leaving I. A. Finch sole proprietor, under whom the business has been built up to its present proportions. The office and works are on West Lackawanna Avenue between Eighth and Ninth streets, adjoining the tracks of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 261 Railroad. The number of men employed previous to the late enlarge- ment varied from ninety to one hundred, and the work turned out is noted for its excellence. The articles manufactured here are steam engines, vertical and horizontal, boilers, castings, and all kinds of machinery. A specialty is made of hoisting engines and breaker machinery, most of the machinery used in the Wyoming and Lacka- wanna valleys being made at these works. The goods are however sold in all the adjoining States. The proprietor of the works besides being a thorough business man, is one of the most public spirited citizens of Scranton; By a great fire, which occurred May 7, 1890, this firm suft'ered severely, but since then they have erected new shops, 190x87 feet in size, forty feet high in the clear in the central portions, .and with two twenty-two foot galleries extending all around the building. By this enlargement the capacity of the works has been doubled, and now instead of employing about one hundred men, they employ when running their full capacity, over two hundred men, and the enterprise may truly be said to be one of the leading industries of the city. The Scranton Stove Works were established in 1865, under the firm name of Fisher & Co,, for the purpose of manufacturing stoves and hollow ware. The first articles were manufactured in .December of that year. In 1868 the company was greatly increased, both in cap- ital and membership. It was also incorporated that year, the following being the first directors: H. S. Pierce, T. F. Hunt, A. E. Hunt, C. H. Doud, W. G. Doud, S. Grant, and J. A. Price. H. S. Pierce was elected president, and J. A. Price, general superintendent and treasurer. In 1880 the buildings consisted of a foundry, two fitting, mounting, and machine buildings, and two warehouses, and the capacity of the works was then about thirty stoves per day. At the present time the build- ings and capacity of the works remain about the same. The various departments are fitted up with the best machinery obtainable, and about two hundred workmen are employed. The principal stoves made are the following: Ranges and Cooking fi-itows — "Dockash Range," in thirty-five sizes; "Dockashcutis Surface Burner," square and oblong; "Good Morning Range," in nine sizes; "Eastern Range," "Longfellow Cook," "Mch- olas Cook," "Gladstone Cook," "New Cook," "Sumter Cook," "Dockash Cook." Parlor Stoves. — ''Dockash Surface Burner;" "Central Sun," four sizes; "ISTay Aug." Heaters. — "Lackawanna," and "Chunky." 262 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. The Dockash varieties are fitted up with the famous Doclcash grate, which is playing such an important part in the solution of the problem of the consumption of the finer forms of anthracite coal, and are growing in popularity. The number of stoves turned out here annually is about ten thousand. The officers of the company are, Colonel J. A. Price, President; J. A. Lansing, vice president, and A. C. Fuller, treasurer. The Moosic Powder Company was incorporated in 1865, with a capital of $300,000.00, There are two mills, one at Moosic, called the Moosic Mills, and the other at Jermyn, known as the Rushdale Mills. They are very extensive and well equipped, the combined output of the two mills being more than three hundred tliousand kegs of powder per annum. Blasting powder is the specialty of the company, and it is raiade exclusively for mining purposes in the Lackawanna Valley. The company is also agent for sporting and rifle powder made by the Laflin & Rand Powder Company, and for the Atlas powder, made by the Repauno Company, of Wilmington, Delaware. Col. H. M. Boies is the president of the company, and John D. Sherer, secretary and treasurer. The Boies Steel Wheel Company was incorporated in September, 1888, with a capital of |500,000.00, but the business had been carried on for two years previously by Colonel Boies. The work is limited to one specialty, the manufacture of Mr. Boies's patent steel wheel for passenger coaches, locomotives, and tender trucks. This steel wheel is the invention of Colonel Boies, and is now used on many of the railroads of the country. The plant is located at the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Ash Street, and occupies an entire block. Their capacity is about 7,500 car wheels per annum, and about fifty skilled mechanics are constantly employed. The peculiarity in the construction of these wheels is this: that the connection between the axle and the tire is of flexible steel, bolted to both tire and hub, giving to the wheel an elas- ticity and durability not to be secured in any other way. H. M. Boies is president of the company; John D. Sherer, secretary, and L. M. Horton, treasurer. The Weston Mill Company, limited, was incorporated in 1874, with a capital of |112,000.00, though the enterprise itself had been in existence since 1864. It was established then by C. T. Weston & Co., and was conducted by them until the limited partnership was formed. The mill is located at ISTos. 47 and 49 Lackawanna Avenue, and is a four story brick structure, seventy-five feet by one hundred and fifty feet in size. It is thoroughly equipped with all the machinery MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 263 necessary for grinding flour, feed, and meal. The flour department was added in 1885, when, under contract with Messrs. C. P. Allen & Co., of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a complete roller mill, with a daily capacity of one hundred and fifty to one hundred and sixty barrels of flour was built, and is thorough and complete in all its appointments. The best brands of flour made at this mill are the "Snow White," and the " Scranton Patent," both from No. 1 hard spring wheat. This company is the largest of the kind in Northeastern Pennsylvania and has an extensive wholesale trade throughout the Lackawanna Valley and neighboring counties. The company are mill agents for " Washburn's Superlative Flour," manufactured by the Washburn- Crosby Company, of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Under the name of the Carbondale Mills, they have a flourishing branch establishment at Car- bondale, Pennsylvania. The oflicers of the company at present are E. W. Weston, president, and A. W". Dickson, secretary and treasurer. The Green Ridge Iron Works were established in 1876 at Capouse, and then consisted of one furnace with a capacity' of three tons per day. A. L. Spencer was the proprietor. Afterward the firm became Spencer & Price, Edward Price joining Mr. Spencer, because he had the experience while Mr. Spencer had the money, both being neces- sary to make the enterprise a success. This arrangement lasted until 1878, when the present works on Green Ridge were erected, and Mr. Price retired, Mr. Spencer having had suflacient experience to run his business alone. He had been the sole proprietor up to this time. Additions to the machinery have been made from time to time, until now the capacity of the works is twenty tons per day. The products of the works are all kinds of merchant bar iron, which is largely sold to railroad companies for car building. The works consume both muck iron and scrap iron. Culm is used for making steam, and both hard and soft coal mixed in the furnaces. The engines are four in number — one eighty horse power, one fifty horse power, one twenty horse power, and one ten horse power. There is one pair of shears weigh- ing thirty tons, and two smaller pairs. There are in operation two furnaces working night and day. About seventy-five men are em- ployed, and the pay roll amounts to about $2,500.00 per month. The shipping facilities are excellent, the works being located on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, and the Ohio, New York & Erie Railroad. A large stock of iron is always on hand for filling orders as they come in. There is also a store connected with the works, of which Frank Hagen is the manager. D. B. Atherton is secretary and treasurer of the works, and does the buying and 264 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. selling; is in fact, general financial manager for both the works and the store. James Waldron is the superintendent of the works. In the early part of July, 1872, John E. Atwood, superintendent of the Sprague Manufacturing establishments in Providence, Rhode Island, came to Scranton and purchased sixty lots on the flats known as the Pawnee tract, for the erection of buildings for a silk factory. The tract purchased was one thousand two hundred feet long and four hundred feet wide. On July 20th, the foundations of the building were commenced, which was forty by one hundred feet, to be four stories high and to be completed by the fall of the year. The Pawnee tract, upon which this enterprise was located, was about one mile below the city.' By October the building was ready for the engine and machinery, and the factory commenced operations December 3, 1872. Alfred Harvey was inside superintendent and J. K. Harvey local agent for the company, which had been incorporated with a capital of $100,000.00. The article at first made here was a silk thread or warp to be used in the manufacture of dress goods or rib- bons. There was at first but a small number of girls employed. The number of hands steadily increased, however, and in April, 1875, there were one hundred and eighty hands employed in the mill, principally girls, at ages varying from twelve to twenty. The factory was preparing four thousand pounds of silk per month, worth $30,- 000.00, and was the fifth iti size in the United States. The earnings of the operatives varied from $3.00 to |4.50 per week. In 1877 the factory was closed, and in 1879 it was sold at assignee's sale. When originally built the property cost $86,173.00, the machinery alone costing $64,671.00; but it sold for $18,200.00 to Mr. Burrett, of the firm of H. Fogg & Company, of New York, who bought it for the Sauquoit Silk Manufacturing Company. No weaving was done in this factory while it was operated, the parties operating it making only "organzine" and "tram," the warp and woof of silk goods. After its purchase by the Sauquoit Silk Manufacturing Company the building was enlarged from one hundred feet in length to three hundred and twenty feet in length, and its capacity increased propor- tionately. In 1885 weaving silk was introduced in this mill, and now there are in operation here one hundred and forty -five looms; twenty- five soft silk weaving frames; twelve quillers; four soft silk doubles; twenty-five warping frames, and besides these thirty-two thousand and eight hundred spindles. The product of the spindles is about twenty thousand pounds per month of organzine and tram, one third of which is woven into dress goods. The Sauquoit Company has two other MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 265 mills in operation, one in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the other in Sauquoit, New York. The one in Sauquoit does no weaving, that in Philadelphia has two hundred and seventy-five looms. Eaw silk is obtained from France, Italy, China, and Japan, the best qualities coming from the two former countries. Six hundred girls are em- ployed in this mill, ranging from twelve to twenty years in age, though there are very few at the age of twelve, girls at that age being taken only in exceptional cases. The wages earned by the girls range from $15.00 to $25.00 per month. Thirty -five men are employed also at this mill. Two Buckeye engines are in use here, one of two hundred and fifty horse power, the other of one hundred and fifty. The officers of the company are as follows: L. E. Stelle, president; Richard Ross- massler, treasurer; S. C. Stelle, secretary, and William H. Davis, superintendent of the Scranton mill. In the summer of 1891 arrange- ments were made for the extension of these works by the erection of two large buildings, one three hundred and fifteen feet in length, fifty feet wide, and four stories high, the other three hundred and twelve feet long, forty feet wide, and three stories high. The cost of these improvements will be about $300,000.00, and when completed the Sauquoit Silk Mill will be the fourth in size in the United States. Harvey's Silk Mill was established in the early part of 1880, on West Lackawanna Avenue, in a building that had been used for a furniture factory. The best machinery obtainable was put in and the mill was ready for operations June 15th of that year. Tliis machinery included three large winding machines, five matching machines, three spinning machines, and twisting, stretching, and rolling machines. Mr. Harvey ^began operations with about thirty girls, and remained on West Lackawanna Avenue about a year. While running this mill he erected a new frame building where he is at present located, just below the junction of Roaring Brook and the Lackawanna River, on South Washington Avenue. This new building was forty by eighty- four feet in size and two stories high. It was erected in the fall of 1880, and moved into on April 1, 1881. In the spring of 1882 it was enlarged by the addition of twenty-four feet to its length, and one story to its height. In 1884 it was again enlarged to its present dimensions, twenty-four by one hundred and forty-two feet and three stories high. Besides this building there is an annex containing engine and boiler rooms. The engine used to propel the machinery is of eighty horse power. The total number of spindles now in this mill is ten thousand; the capacity of the mill is six thousand pounds of organzine and two thousand pounds of tram per month. The number 266 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. of hands employed averages about two hundred and forty, eight of whom are men, the rest girls, ranging in age from twelve to twenty years. All the raw silk used is imported from France, Italy, or Japan. The Meadow Brook Silk Company, limited, was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania in January, 1889, by W. W. Van Dyke, Michael Hand, and H. lienard. Mr. Yan Dyke is president, Mr. Hand, vice-president, and Mr. Renard, secretary, treasurer, and manager of the company. The capital stock is |40,000.00, all paid in. The factory stands on Cedar Avenue and Meadow Brook, hence the name of the company. The building is forty-five by one hundred and sixty-seven feet in size, and four stories high, in which there are in operation thirty-six winders, fifteen doublers, forty-five spinners, and forty-two twisters, having an aggregate of twelve thousand spindles. The best machinery made is in the works, and is propelled by an engine of eighty horse power, the boiler being of one hundred and ten horse power, and furnishing steam heat for the building. The goods manufactured consists of organzine and tram, and equals in amount two hundred pounds per day, though the capacity of the mill is twice that amount. There are employed in the works one hundred and fifty hands, twelve of them being men, the rest girls. The mill is lighted by electricity, the company owning its electric plant and using three hundred incandescent lamps. Mr. Renard, the manager, is a native Frenchman and has been in this country thirty-eight years, most of the time in the employ of the Sauquoit Silk Manufacturing Com- pany, up to the time of the establishment of the Meadow Brook Company. He is the inventor and patentee of the endless belt spin- ners and twisters. Gallands' Underwear Manufactory was established in 1877 by B. & A. Galland, at No. 338 Penn Avenue. The building erected is a four-story structure with a fifteen horse power engine in the basement, built by Finch & Company, of Scran ton. Outside of the main room is the boiler room containing a forty-five horse power boiler, which furnishes the steam for the engine and for heating the building. On the first floor of the main building are the cutting and trimming departments. On the second floor are four long sewing tables extend- ing the entire length of the room, at each of which are thirty-one sewing machines all run by steam, and each managed by a girl. On the third floor are likewise four long tables extending the entire length of the room, at each of which also are thirty-one sewing machines propelled by steam, and each managed by a girl. All the finer work is done on this floor. The fourth floor contains the laundry, where MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 267 the garments made below are dampened and pressed and sent down to be examined and shipped. There were employed in tliis factor}' in the early part of 1890 five hundred girls, and the mannfactured goods were sent to every State in the Union, to Canada, the West Indies, and South America. The Lackawanna Carriage Works were started by the present proprietor in 1878, at No. 423 Spruce Street, where they remained until July, 1886, when they were removed to their present location in the old Lackawanna Rink which Mr. Keller had bought for their use. The location now is at No. 315 Adams Avenue. The buiJdino- is seventy by two hundred and twenty-five feet in size. At this establishment all kinds of carriages and wagons are manufactured. Mr. Keller's specialty is what is called the Cooper Gear Steel Bar I^uggyj which is doubtless one of the finest buggies made, the steel bar giving the buggy an ease and independence of motion not attained by any other kind of side bar. At this establishment about fifty men are employed, and the capacity of the works is about five hundred vehicles per year: The Scranton Glass Company was organized under the Hmited act in 1881, the company consisting of Charles P. Matthews, president, and Samuel Hines, E. P. Kingsbury, Charles Henwood, M. A. Good- win, and M. 0. Carr, the latter being secretary and treasurer, and Mr. Goodwin, who in fact secured the establishment of the enterprise, superintendent. The capital at first was $15,000.00, and it has since been increased from time to time until now it is |150,000.00. In commencing operation the ground upon which their works are located at the corner of Mylert and Albright avenues, was leased for five years, and the necessary buildings erected ready for work to commence in May, 1881, with about thirty-five men. The buildings contain large furnaces, pots, annealing ovens, and other contrivances, and employ- ment is now given during ten months of the year to three hundred and fifty men. The capacity of the works now is about $250,000.00 worth of glassware per year. The company was incorporated Novem- ber 11, 1887, with the following ofiicers: C. P. Matthews, president; E. P. Kingsbury, vice president; Charles Henwood, secretary and treasurer, and M. A. Goodwin, general manager and superintendent. The pay roll of this company amounts to about $10,000.00 per month. The goods manufactured consists exclusively of hollow glass- ware. The Green Ridge Iron Foundry was established in September, 1887, by B. S. Robinson, and in April following C. W. Pearce rented 268 HISTORY OP SORANTON. the front room of Mr. Robinson's building, and established a machine shop in connection with the foundry, though the two enterprises are separate so far as ownership and business management are concerned. Mr. Robinson has a twenty-five horse power engine, and employs about six hands, and Mr, Pearce employs one hand and works himself. The castings from the foundry and the work turned out by the machine shop find a market up and down the Lackawanna Valley from Carbon- dale to Nanticoke. Pea coal is used for both heating and steam making purposes. It is in contemplation to erect in the spring of 1891 a new building for the foundry on account of steadily increasing trade. The Scranton Steel Mill was established in 1881 by W. W. Scran- ton, who had been chief manager of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company's works for about six years, from 1874 to September 11, 1880. Mr. Scranton built his new mills on the flats just below the brick silk mill, and between the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad and the Lackawanna River. The main building as erected was sixty by six hundred and ninety feet in size, and there are three other buildings in connection, a foundry, a machine shop, and a repair shop. The frame ofiice building was erected on higher ground across the railroad from the mills, and is one hundred and ten by twenty-five feet in size. The charter of the company was obtained August 8, 1881. The first directors were W. W. Scranton, William Connell, George L. Dick- son, E. P. Kingsbury, and Charles E. Judson, all of Scranton; Walter Scranton, of Vergennes, Vermont, and George B. Smith, of Dunmore. The capital stock of the company was at first |600,000.00, but it was afterward increased to $750,000.00. The mills were put in operation in January, 1883, though at that time the steel rail industry was suti:ering from a depression. This company had several advantages, however, over other steel mills in this county, inasmuch as it had the cheapest kind of fuel, culm, at its doors, with which to make steam for power; and its plant enabled it to roll rails direct from the ingot, instead of first converting the ingots into blooms, thus saving one heating; and also to roll rails one hundred and twenty feet long, instead of thirty, by means of which process still another saving was ettected, viz., there being only two "crops" to each four rails, instead of to each rail. This entire process of rolling direct from the ingot had been in successful operation for some time in several steel mills in England and Scotland, notably, at the mills of Bolchow, Vaughan & Company, in England, then the largest steel rail mills in the world, rolling five thousand rails per week. The Scranton Steel Mills continued in operation under the man- MANUFACTURING INDUSTKIES. 269 agement of Mr. Scranton until the winter of 1890-91, during which negotiations were in progress looking to a consolidation of these mills with the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company's mills. These negotia- tions were effected and completed in March, 1891, and on the 12th of that month General Manager E. S. Moffitt, and Assistant Secretary E. C. Lynde, of the latter company, took possession of the Scranton Mills. On that day the following notice was posted up at the works: "The manufacturing plant of the Scranton Steel Company having been consolidated with that of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company into a new organization known as the Lackawanna Iron & Steel Company, notice is hereby given that E. S. Moffitt is general manager of the new consolidated company, and that possession of the works is given to-day. W. W. Scranton, "President of the Scranton Steel Company." Previous to the consolidation the Scranton Steel Mills had been for some weeks running on half time, but the next morning after the consolidation they started on full time. The papers connected with the consolidation of these two large in- terests consist of three deeds, — one being that of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company to the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company; one being from the Scranton Steel Company to the same company, and the third being from the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company to the Lackawanna Store Association, limited. Besides these deeds there is a mortgage from the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company to the Farm- ers' Loan and Trust Company, of the State of New York. The output of these works for the year 1890 has been given in connection with the sketch of the Lackawanna iron and Coal Com- pany, which has now become the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company. Since the change of proprietorship considerable improvements have been made in the lower mills, the principal one so far being the erection of two additional heating furnaces, by the addition of which the steel will have a longer time to heat, by which it is expected to reduce the number of second class rails to a minimum. Another step to be taken is the erection of an iron extension in the place of the present rail shed, which is to be three hundred and twelve feet long by one hundred feet v/ide, and when completed, will place this establishment in an unrivaled position with respect to similar estab- lishments in the United States. The Barber Asphalt Paving Company was incorporated under the laws of West Virginia in February, 1883, and in the Evening Star 270 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. of Wasliiiigton, District of Columbia, shortly afterward notice was giveu of a meeting of the stockholders of the company to be held for the purpose of electing officers and a board of directors. The names signed to the notice were A. L. Barber, J. J. Albright, E. B. Warren, James Archbald, and Joseph J. Albright. The general offices of the company are at Washington, District of Columbia, but it has branches in many of the cities of the country. Their office was located here in 1886, and since then they have paved many of the streets of the city. The area of pavement laid in Scranton since then is shown by the following statistics: In 1886, Franklin Avenue, Lackawanna to Spruce Street, 2,289 square yards; Lackawanna Avenue, railroad crossing to Wyoming Avenue, 8,454 square yards; Washington Avenue, Lackawanna Avenue to Olive Street, 12,556 squai-e yards; total that year, 23,299 square yards; 1887, Washing- ton Avenue, Olive to Gibson Street, 5,079 square yards; Lackawanna Avenue, railroad crossing to Cliflt" Street, 3,358 square yards; total that year, 8,437 square yards; 188'*, Lackawanna Avenue, Bridge to the Weston Mill, 1,870 square yards; Lackawanna Avenue, 570 square yards; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western square, 2,866 square yards; Center Street, Franklin to Seybolt's Mill, 328 square yards; Penn Avenue, Spruce Street to Olive, 6,865 square yards; West Lacka- wanna Avenue, Bridge to Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 4,376 square yards; total that year, 16,375 square yards; 1889, Vine Street, Washington Avenue to Jefferson, 3,671 square yards; Spruce Street, Wyoming Avenue to Jefferson, 5,627 square yards; West Lack- awanna Avenue, front of city lots and property of Jones Brothers, 827 square yards; Wyoming Avenue, Mulberry to Pine, 9,555 square yards; Adams Avenue, Lackawanna Avenue to Gibson Street, 16,830 square yards; total that year, 36,510 square yards. The number of yards of this pavement laid in 1890 was as follows: Jackson Street, 2,281; Clay Avenue, 1,440; Maine Avenue, 8,789; Capouse Avenue, 7,677; for the Central Eailroad of ISTew Jersey, 1,194; total for the year, 21,381; total in the city prior to 1891, 103,002 square yards. The officers of this company at the present time are A. L. Barber, president; E. V. Green and E. B. Warren, vice presidents; D. 0. Wickham, treasurer; J. C. Rock, secretary. The superintendent in Scranton is G. P. Griffith, whose office is Room 21, Library Building. Mason & Snowden commenced business in 1883, on Scranton Street, with simply a lumber yard and building materials. They remained there until January 1, 1890, when they leased what has been known for more than thirty years as the Providence Planing MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 271 Mill and Lumber Yard, on East Market Street, close to the Lacka- wanna Eiver. Here they manufacture and keep on hand a general assortment of house-building materials, as well as doors, sash, and blinds. They have a large one-story stone building, in the form of an L, in which are numerous planing machines, molding machines, matching machines, etc., all run by a sixty horse power engine, which is in a separate building. Their facilities in this location are all first-class. The number of hands employed is about twenty-live, ou the average, and the annual output of the planing mill and the lumber yard is probably about $50,000.00. The Scranton Jar and Stopper Company was incorporated January 16, 1889, with a capital of $60,000.00. The incorporators were Thomas B. Howe, Rudolph Bloeser, Charles du Pont Breck, Edward C. Dim- mick, George H. Clearwater, M. A. Goodwin, H. B. Reynolds, and L. N. Kramer. The officers of the company upon its organization were L. N. Kramer, president; M. A. Goodwin, treasurer; H. B. Rey- nolds, secretary, and Thomas B. Howe, superintendent. All are still members of the company, except Mr. Bloeser, who sold his interest to other members of the company. The company purchased property at the corner of Green Ridge Street and Mylert Avenue, one hundred and ten by one hundred and eighty-one and a half feet in size, upon which they erected a frame building forty-four by seventy feet, and two stories high. Here they carry On the manufacture of bottle stoppers, fruit jar and milk can fasteners, etc., of which Mr. Howe and Mr, Bloeser are the patentees. The company have just sold to the Delaware, Lack- awanna & Western Railroad Company, the western portion of their property for the erection of a depot, and they themselves on November 1, 1890, commenced the erection ou the immediate corner of Green Ridge Street and Mylert Avenue, of a much larger building than their first one, for their own use. When their works are running to their full capacity the company employs about twenty-five men and boys. For the past twenty-five years Guernsey Brothers, composed of Marvin W. and Harmon D. Guernsey, have dealt in all kinds of musi- cal instruments and musical merchandise. They were located first at Honesdale, then at Carbondale, and then at Scranton, coming to Scranton in 1884. Their business covers an area of about two hundred miles in diameter, having Scranton for its central point. They soon recognized the desirability of a complete repair department for musical instruments, as necessary repairs could not be made nearer than Few York. This being established the idea developed of manufacturing pianos themselves, finding that even in first-class pianos there was 272 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. room for improvement. Tl^ey secured the services of W. H. Guernsey, a brother of theirs, and an experienced tuner and tone regulator, to take charge of tlieir work, and soon merged the repaii'ing department of their business into a piano manufactory. W. H. Guernsey came to Scranton in August, 1888, and the first complete piano was turned out in September, 1890. The factory is located at J^os. 1,507 to 1,511 Von Storch Avenue, where upright pianos of two sizes are manufactured. The peculiarities of this piano are new devices in connection with the sounding board rim, giving an increased duration to the vibration, which is long, powerful, and sympathetic, and other improvements such as a pedal trapwork that can never squeak, and a swing desk which places the music at the most convenient point for the player, as well as numerous other small details of construction which increase the durability and general good qualities of the piano. The present factory is a small frame building on the rear of the lot, upon the front of which it is the design to erect a four or five story building to cover the lot, which is one hundred and eighty-one by eighty feet. From the success thus far attained Guernsey Brothers confidently expect to be able to manufactui-e a piano which will satisfy and supply their trade, meet the requirements of the severest critic, and please the most fastidious musician. The Scranton Wood Working Company was established in 1884 on the West Side, where the business was conducted until April, 1888, when the company under its present name was incorporated. The business was then transferred to its present location, No. 510 Penn Avenue. H. C. Hinmau is president of the company, and Charles Ileuwood, secretary and treasurer. The building is a three-story brick, with lumber yard and storage sheds adjoining, the area occupied being eighty by one hundred and ninety feet. The establishment is supplied with the best machinery, the whole being driven by a fifty horse power engine. All kinds of planing mill work are done, such as planing, turning, shaping, mortising, tenoning, etc., and also the man- ufacture of doors, sash, and blinds, and of house, school, and ofiice furniture. Twenty-five mill hands are employed, and five others, making a total of about thirty employes. In November, 1890, an important step was taken to prevent the destruction of the works by fire, in the introduction of Mackey's Automatic Extinguisher, Thermostat, and Fire Alarm. The risk from fire is thereby so greatly decreased that insurance is reduced fifty per cent. This the first firm in Scranton to introduce this system of fire extinguisher. Frank T. Kuauss commenced business for himself as a cabinet MANUFACTUKING INDUSTRIES. maker, and manufacturer of furniture and interior decorations for pri- vate and public buildings, and churches, in 1887, in Hyde Park. In 1888 he moved to his present location, in the third story of the Scran- ton Wood Working Company's building, where he is now engaged in carrj'ing on the manufacture of furniture for offices and private houses, book cases, desks, sideboards. He makes a specialty of shelving and store fixtures, and is constantly occupied in filling orders. Mr. Knauss has paid strict attention to cabinet work for the past twenty-two years. He now employs six men and turns out about |5,000 worth of his products each year. The Scranton Brewing Company commenced business in 1884. The company is composed of Michael Hand and William W. "Van Dyke, and their brewery is located at the corner of Cedar Avenue and Brook Street. The plant comprises a five-story building and plenty of yard room and stables. The motive power is a large steam engine, and the brewery is equipped with the latest and best machin- ery and brewing appliances. About twenty men are employed, and eight teams are in constant use in supplying the local demand for the products of the establishment. The annual product is about twenty thousand barrels, and the specialties of the brewery are cream stock ales, pale ales, and porter. M. Kobinson's Brewery is located at the corner of Cedar Avenue and Alder Street. It was established more than forty years ago, by Philip Eobinson, and it contains a fine equipment of brewing machinery, the entire establishment covering five lots, each forty by one hundred and fifty feet. The capacity of the place is forty thou- sand barrels of lager beer each year. About thirty people are given steady employment, and twelve teams are necessary to supply the home demand for the products of the brewery. Since Mr. Robinson's death the business has been in the hands of his widow. There was made to this establishment an addition of a new cold storage building four stories above the ground, with a capacity of about ten thousand barrels, in the fall of 1890, and in the winter of 1890-91 a five-story building was added. The capacity of the brewery when in complete order has been thus increased to one hundred and twenty-five thou- sand barrels per year. E. Robinson's brewery was started in 1876 by Jacob Robinson at its present location, Nos. 435 to 455 North Seventh Street. Three acres of land are occupied by the buildings, the brewery proper being a large four-story structure, finely equipped with the necessary ma- chinery and steam power. The ice machines, of which there are 18 274 HISTORY OF SCRA-STON. two, are each capable of making thirty-five tons of ice per day. They are known as Consolidated Ice Machines. The beer manufactured here is made from the best of malt and hops, domestic and imported, and is known as "Extra Brand Filsener." The yearly output is about one hundred thousand barrels. The number of men employed about the establishment is about fifty, and eighteen teams are used in the delivery of the beer. Since the death of the founder of the brewery, Jacob Robinson, it has been conducted by his sons, August, William, and E. Robinson. This firm has also in successful operation a large ice factory. The Green Ridge Lumber Company was established in a small way in May, 1885, by M. D. Brown, who at that time purchased two lots on Green Ridge Street near the Delaware & Hudson Railroad Depot, upon which he erected sheds, and commenced a retail lumber business. Later in the same year he associated with himself his brother, ■ George D. Brown, and W. L. Scott, who were then in the same business in ITorwich, New York, at the same time purchasing more land and erecting a large planing mill, and equipping it with the latest improved machinery for getting out all kinds of building mate- rial. In the spring of 1887 the capital of the firm was increased, and to their lumber and planing mill business they added that of putting up buildings on contract. In many instances they purchased lots, erected thereon houses, and sold them to parties on monthly payments. In 1888 it became necessary to purchase more land, and by so doing they increased their space to what equals fifteen large building lots. About this time the firm was incorporated under the name of the Green Ridge Lumber Company, with W. L. Scott, president; M. D. Brown, vice president; George D. Brown, treasurer, and G. A. Clearwater, secretary. The company owns and operates three lumber yai'ds, one in ISTorwich, New York, managed by W. L. Scott; one in Olyphant, managed by M. D. Brown, and one in Serauton, managed by George D. Brown. The business of the company has steadily and quite rapidly grown from the first, and dui'ing the year 1890 their sales of lumber amounted to about twenty-five million feet. The Scranton and North Carolina Lumber Company was organ- ized in October, 1888. The following were the members of the company at that time: James M. Rhodes of Elmhurst; F. E. Loorais of Scranton; A. D. Dean of Scranton; P. Mulherrin of Taylorville; Charles Monies of Taylorville; James Matter of Scranton; E. E. Nettleton of Scranton; P. J. McCafi"rey of Scranton; M, 0. Webster of Dunmore; Professor W. L. Dean of Kingston; E. E. Dale of Daleville; George H, Lancaster of Wayne County; Theo. Burger MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 275 of Scraiiton; Frank Eauschmeier of Jefferson; and Hon. Metrah Makely of Makelyville, North Carolina. The company was organized October 5, 1888, with J. M. Rhodes, president; P. Muiherrin, secretary, and F. E. Loomis, treasurer. The other members of the directors were A. D. Dean, George PI. Lancaster, James Matter, and F. E. IsTettieton. The property of the company is on the south side of Pongo River and on Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, and was purchased in October, 1888. It consists of sixteen thousand live hundred acres of timber and farm lands, and includes the town of Makelyville, which has a harbor large enough for vessels drawing twenty feet of water, and which is live miles up Pongo River from Pandico Sound. Here the company has a sawmill capable of sawing seven million feet of lumber per annum and a large store, at both of which forty men are employed. The timber is about three fourths yellow piue, the rest being cypress, pop- lar, sweet gum, and hickory. About one thousand five hundred acres of the land is devoted to farming. The board of directors of the company, which was incorporated in February, 1889, by the legislature of North Carolina, with a capital of $100,000 00, remains the same as at first, except that Luther Keller has succeeded F. E. Nettleton. The capital stock of the company is now |150,000.00. The Lackawanna Lumber Company was organized in 1887 with a capital of $200,000.00, all paid in. The ofiicers of the company are as follows: President, J. W. Peck; vice president, I. F. Megargel; secretary and treasurer, J. L. Connell, and superintendent, F. L. Peck. The directors are William Connell, William T. Smith, Henry Belin, Jr., J. H. Steel, J. W. Peck, and F. L. Peck. This company operates three mills in Potter County, Pennsylvania, where they own fifteen thousand acres of land and the timber on ten thousand other acres. The annual output is about twenty-five million feet, which is sold mostly in New York and the Eastern States. The Scranton Lumber Company was organized in 1889, with a capital of $40,000.00. The officers are S. S. Spruks, president; R. H. Patterson, secretary, and C. II. Von Storch, treasurer. The directors are H. A. Kaufhold of Scranton; Thomas Levison and W. D. Evans of Carbondale, and W. E. Clark of New York. The principal office of the company is at Scranton, Pennsylvania, and the mills are at Scranton, Hyde County, North Carolina, which is located on the Pongo River. Here the company has mills and dry kilns which enable it to prepare for market from five million to six million feet of lumber annually, consisting of North Carolina pine, juniper, cypress, holly, oak, and poplar. The laborers employed are mostly negroes, 276 HISTORY OF. SCRANTON. they being more reliable than the ordinary white laborers of the South. The Wilson Lumber Company was incorporated under the laws of !N"orth Carolina December 10, 1890, having, however, been in existence some time as an unincorporated company. It has a capital stock of $100,000.00, and its officers are James P. Dickson, president; James J. Williams, vice president; George E. Stone, general manager and treasurer, and Martin R. Kays, secretary. This company owns twelve thousand acres of land in the vicinit}'^ of Caldwell, North Carolina. On this land is a large quantity of white pine timber, which does not suffer in comparison with the white pine of Michigan. The principal market is Baltimore, and it has fine prospects of doing an extensive business. The Scranton Brass Works, J. M. Everhart' proprietor, were established in 1865, under the direction of John Maclaren. Soon afterward Mr. Everhart was admitted to partnership, and the firm became Maclaren & Everhart. About a year afterward Mr. Maclaren died, and Mr. Everhart took sole charge of the business, which grew rapidly and constantly, and is now one of the largest of the kind in the State. The buildings consist of founderies, and machine and finishing shops, and the business, in the manufacture of brass cock;^, globe valves, steam whistles, etc. Mr. Everhart also manufactures Maclaren's patent compression Bibb cocks for water and steam, which were patented in January and March, 1872, and which have been proved by the severest tests to be most durable and simple. They can be used for both hot and cold water, steam, air, gas, and fluids of all kinds, wherever it is necessary to have a faucet. Mr. Everhart also keeps on hand a large assortment of finished work ready for immediate delivery, such as globe and angle valves, check valves, steam, air, and cylinder cocks, gauges of all kinds, hose pipe nozzles ' James M. Everhart is the fifth of a family of eight children of James and Cath erine ( Templin ) Everhart, and the fifth generation from Zechariah Everhart, who emijjrated from Saxony, Germany, more than two centuries ago ( 1689 ), from whom has sprung a large family of earnestly patriotic and successful business men. Among those who have reached places of prominence and influence in business circles is the subject of this note. Born June 7, 1828. When a youth he entered the academy at New London, where he acquired a good education, and from which he graduated with honor. After several years spent in business of various kinds, in 1853 he came to Pittston, where, with his brother John, he had charge of the large landed estates of his father in the coal fields of that region. Returning from an extended tour in Europe, made in 1867, he came to Scranton and secured a half interest in the Scranton Brass Works, and on the death of his partner, John McClaren, became sole owner of the plant, which has steadily increased in production and value. Besides the brass foundry, Mr. Everhart has large interests in coal lands, and in coal-operating companies, and in silver mining in South America. The years of his busy life peem to sit lightly upon him, and he still ranks among the active business men of the city. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 277 bushings, couplings, iiiid all sorts of iilnmber's work, and does a large business in adapting cocks to steam. The Scranton Forging Company was incorporated January 17, 1887, with a capital of $100,000.00. Its business is indicated by its name and is one of the most important in Scranton. It was established by J. B. Savage in 1867, in Southington, Connecticut, its removal to Scranton being secured by the eftbrts of the board of trade. The company was incorporated upon removing to Scran- ton, the incorporators being J. B. Savage, Alfred Hand, Henry Belin, Jr., J. C. Piatt, W. T. Smith, J. A. Price, William Council, G-. L. Dickson, Thomas Moore, J. M. Kemmerer, L. N. Kramer, J. H. ■Gunster, Luther Keller, James M. Everhart, J. J. Albright, John E. Allen, Megargel & Connell, Leland, Sampson & Taylor, Matthews Brothers, John T. Porter, Richard O'Brien, J. H. Steel, Ezra Finn & Sons, R. M. Lindsay, Jacob Keeper, W. N. Ilazlett, Saniter Brothers & Company, Charles Schlager, I. F. Everhart, E. B. Sturges, James J. Linoler, and Casey Brothers. The first directors of the company were J. B. Savage, C. H. Pond, A. L. Lewis, J. C. Piatt, William •Connell, J. M. Kemmerer, and William T. Smith. The first oflicers were J. B. Savage, president; William Connell, vice president; Henry Belin, Jr., treasurer; and C. H. Pond, secretary and general manager. The business of the company consists of the manufacture of articles of <;oninierce from iron or steel, or both, or of any other metal. The plant is located on Green Ridge Street between Albright and Gardner avenues, the largest building being one hundred and eighty by fifty feet in size, the second being one hundred and thirty by forty-five feet, and the third, one hundred and twenty by forty feet. Operations com- menced in Scranton about August 1, 1887, with fifty hands, a wide range of carriage hardware and special forgings, such as breaker teeth, ■ox shoes, etc., being made. The goods made here find a market in all par^ of the United States and are exported to some extent, especially the ox shoes. Culm has been used most of the time for making steam. The Scranton Fire Brick Manufacturing Company was established as a private partnership in May, 1889, and was then composed of George F. Richmond, who was manufacturers' agent for the Calumet Fire Clay Company's Salt Glazed Vitrified Sewer Pipe, etc., and S. M. Reese, dealer in hardware in Hyde Park. They leased the property where they are now carrying on the manufacture of fire brick, on Green Ridge Street and Nay Aug Avenue, close to the Lackawanna Kiver, from Mrs. John Rosek, of Wilkes-Barre, whose husband, John Eosek, had bought the property from Patrick Cox, who had himself 278 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. bought it from Ambrose Mulley and George Sanderson. Mr. Cox commenced making brick here in 1885, and sold out to Roseii in January, 1889. After the death of Mr. Eosek, Messrs. Richmond and Reese leased the property, as stated above, and had been making fire brick from clay imported from Woodbridge, New Jersey, as had Mr. Cox before them, until October, 1, 1890. About three weeks before this time they had made a most important discovery of what is called "silica clay" at Georgetown, Northumberland County, Penn- sylvania, where they leased a large tract of laud underlaid with this clay, from which great things were expected. In November, 1890, the company was making about two thousand bricks per day, but it is now the intention to erect new kilns and make as many as can be sold. November 6, 1890, the partnership between Mr. Richmond and Mr. Reese was dissolved, and a new company formed consisting of Mr. Reese, T. L. Phillips, of the Traders' National Bank, and Hon. D. W. Connolly. It is the expectation of this company to carry on the manufacture of fire brick on an extensive scale. The Duumore Iron and Steel Company was organized under the laws of Pennsylvania, November 4, 1885, the incorporators being John J3. Smith, George B. Smith, George H. Catlin, Edwin H. Mead, A. D. Blackinton, George A. Hoyt, and William E. Street. The first board of directors was composed of John B. Smith, George B. Smith, George A. Hoyt, George H. Catlin, and Edwin H. Mead, and the first officers were John B. Smith, president, and Henry Heyea, secretary and treasurer. Since then the officers have been as follows: 1886, the same; 1887, the same; 1888, John B. Smith, president, and Joseph T. Feor, treasurer. And from that time to the present (January, 1891,) the same. The capital of the company is $500,000.00. The property is located in Dunmore, and consists of about thirty acres of land,, upon which stands a foundry, a machine shop, car shop, etc. The work done at these shops is to build and repair locomotives, to build stationery engines, and to build and repair cars, mine pumps, make water pipe, etc. These works are operated in connection with the Pennsylvania Coal Company. During the summer of 1890, representatives of Messrs. Mosely, Wot- ten & Clifton, manufacturers of lace at Nottingham, England, visited Scranton, with a view of establishing here a branch factory for the manufacture of high grade lace. These representatives were received by the board of trade, and shown about the city. A site was donated by William Connell, and about |55,000 00 worth of stock subscribed. Plans were at once sent on from England, a company was organized MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 279 and work commenced. In the fall a change was made in the original plans, the scope of the work was enlarged, and as a consequence a larger capital became necessary. In January, 1891, a meeting of those interested was held in the board of trade rooms, and directors elected; but in March the site previously selected, in the twentieth ward, became unsatisfactory to the principal projectors of the enterprise and a new one had to be selected. At length a piece of property belonging to Messrs. Breck and Dimmick, facing on Marion Street, neai- Oreen Ridge, was chosen as a proper location for the factory and was purchased, the owners thereof taking stock in the enterprise in pay- ment. By March 31st a sufficient amount of stock was subscribed, and on April 2, 1891, the following named directors were elected: John M. Kemmerer, John Simpson, T. G. Snover, Charles -du Pont Breck, T. C. Von Storch, Abraham Bittenbender, J. H. Fisher, William Creighton, and William S. Taylor. Officers were elected as follows: John M. Kemmerer, president; George Sanderson, treasurer; J.H.Fisher, secretary. The name, "The Scranton Lace Gurtain Manufacturing Company," was then chosen, and a building committee consisting of John M. Kemmerer, T. G. Von Storch, and T. C. Snover was ap- pointed. On July 2, 1891, the building committee decided to let the contract for the stone work in their factory to Mathias Stipp, and that for the wood work to Tajdor & Mulherin, of Taylorville. On April 7, 1891, a movement was inaugurated looking to the establishment of another new industry in Scranton — the manufacture of steel tubes by a newly invented process. Of this process, Stephen P. M. Tasker, of Philadelphia, is the inventor. By it it is possible to roll seamless steel tubes from hollow ingots in one operation, by which the tube is produced at one third of the cost by previous methods, thus working a revolution in the manufacture of goods of this class of almost equal importance with that of the Bessemer process of making steel. On the night in question, at a meeting of the South Side Board of Trade, W. F. Bartlett, of the Tasker Tube and Steel Company, gave a full explanation of the process and of its advantages, with the view of securing subscriptions to the stock of the company and the location of a manufactory in Scranton. The committee appointed to raise the subscriptions consisted of C. T. Boland, S. S. Spruks, G. G. Boland, J. F. Miller, and George Frable, and by April 12th, they had secured |47,000.00 in subscription, and felt certain that in a few days the amount would reach $75,000.00. This hope was fully realized by the 16th of the month. The location selected, which was surveyed by Civil Engineer Mousey, of Counell & Gompanj', is 280 HISTORY OF SORANTON. in the form of a square, and abuts on the Lackawanna Township line on the south, and on the Delaware & Hudson Railroad on the west. It contains ten acres, and is satisfactory to all parties con- cerned. At the present writing' (July 15, 1891,) it is believed to be decided that these works will locate in Scranton. The Stephens Tin Mining, Milling, and Manufacturing Company was organized in September, 1885, most of the members being Scranton capitalists. The company is named after Eev. J. G. Stephens, pastor of a Methodist church at Clifford, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, who had his attention called to the rich tin ore found in the neighbor- hood of the Black Hills in Dakota. In his youth he had been a miner in Cornwall, England, and concluded to investigate the matter. After a time he succeeded in awakening an interest among his friends and to secure the requisite capital, and a company was formed. Rev. Mr. Stephens in company with Rev. A. -J. Van Cleft, residing at Norwich, New York, went to Dakota to look over the ground. Upon returning to Scranton they succeeded in getting several capitalists to take hold of the matter for the purpose of developing the mines to such an extent as might prove profitable. With this end in view, Alexander H. Sherrard, chemist for the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, was sent to Dakota to make an investigation and test the value of the mines. The claims were, upon his report, bought up for $11,000.00. Tlie company which had been previously formed organized with the following directors and officers: Charles McMullen, presi- dent; C. P. Matthews, vice president; R. P. Patterson, Carbondale, treasurer; G. F. Reynolds, Scranton, secretary; Charles Schlager, Jacob T. Nyhart, Maurice Levy, Rev. A. J. Van Cleft, Norwich, New York, and Rev. J. G. Stephens, Westford, New York. This reorganization was effected in September, 1885. The Scranton Gas and Water Company was incorporated in March, 1854, Benjamin H. Throop, Joseph H. Scranton, John D. Mead, Edward C. Puller, and James McKinney, and their associates, successors, and assigns, and such other persons as might become stockholders, being made the incorporators. The company was granted by the act power to provide, erect, and maintain all works, machinery, fixtures, or engines necessary and proper for making, raising, and introducing into the village of Scranton, Luzerne County, a sufficient supply of gas and pure water. The capital stock was authorized to be $25,000.00, and the company could increase it to $75,000.00, if nec- essary. February 26, 1858, they were authorized to increase the capital stock to $100,000.00, if necessary, and on March 21, 1861, the company's MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 281 powers and liabilities were extended to Hyde Park and Providence. April 12, 1866, the company was antliorized to increase its stock to $250,000.00, and on May 18, 1871, to $500,000.00. Originally water was taken from the Lackawanna River, wliieh was then clear, beautiful, and pure, but which upon the accumulation of the culm heaps became unfit for use. It was therefore necessary to seek some other source of supply, and a change was made in I.SGG from the Lackawanna River to Roaring Brook. A dam was con- structed at the upper end of the raih'oad tunnel on the Delaware, Lackawanna & "Western Railroad fifteen feet liigh, ten feet thick at the bottom, and four feet thick at the top. From the reservoir thus made pipes were laid to the cit3-, and the water was let into the mains from Roaring Brook January 4, 18G7, for the specific purpose of supplying the railroad shops. July 1, 1871, work was commenced on the dam at JSTo. 7, and the dam was completed December 1, 1872. This dam is three hundred and twenty feet long and has an overflow of one hundred feet; it is forty-three feet from the foundation to the top of the parapet wall, and thirty-seven feet high from the foundation to the overflow. It is twent^'-two feet wide except under the overflow, where it is thirty-five feet wide. This dam causes the overflow of about twenty acres of land, which had been carefully prepared for the reception of the water. It was estimated that there was storage for sixty million gallons of water. The water was brought into the city from this reservoir through a pipe eighteen thousand feet long, and was received into the reservoir at the corner of Olive Street and Madi- son Avenue, whence it was distributed to the city. The fall from the dam at ISTo. 7 to the small reservoir is two hundred and ten feet, and the mains are capable of delivering to the city six million and five hundred thousand gallons per day. The* cost of the improvements made at this time, that is in 1873, was $250,000.00. During the year ending about September 1, 1880, this company expended about $75,000.00 for the purpose of securing still better con- nections with its reservoir, the improvements consisting mainly in laying new and larger mains up to No. 7, which mains it succeeded in connecting with the reservoir after triumphing over some little difliculty in the courts, the history of which it is deemed unnecessary to present in this work. In 1889-90 a still larger reservoir was made at Dunnings by the construction of a new dam at this place. The object was to store a very large quantity of water, sufficient to meet the necessities of the city in any emergency, these necessities being constantly increasing, and to utilize the occasional freshets as they 282 HISTORY OV SCEANTON. occni'red. The city of Scranton at the present time requires over seven million gallons of water per day, and when the new dams were completed, the various reservoirs of this company, at Oak Run, at ISTo, 7, at Duunings, and at Lake Henry, were given a capacity of more than two billion gallons, sufficient to supply the city with water for drinking and all other purposes, continuously for two hundred and fifty days. At the present time the company is able to supply, if necessary, thirty million gallons of water per da3^ The Oak Run dam is on the Erie & Wyoming Railroad, about two miles from the Dunnings dam, and the reservoir here has a capacity of about four hundred million gallons. The Dunnings dam causes the overflow of about one hundred and fifty acres of land. The main wall here extends across the valley forty-two feet, and is fifty feet high. In connection with it are two wings running parallel respectively with the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, and the Erie & Wyoming Raih'oad, the former being one thousand two hundred and the latter six hundred feet long. The object of these wings is to protect the two railroads. The entire cost of this dam was over |300,000.00; thus in solidity and expensiveness the dam at Dunnings, as well as all the dams and reservoirs belonging to this company is all that could be desired, because all that is necessary for the purposes intended to be accomplished. This company, as its name implies, supplies the city with gas as well as water. By April, 1868, it had extensive facilities for so doing. That year it erected a new retort house, a new purifying house, and a new meter house, and had apparatus capable of making fifty thousand cubic feet of gas per day. The officers of the company at this time were Joseph H. Scranton, president, and Henry Battin, superintendent. The directors were JoseplS' Battin, of Newark, ISTew Jersey, Joseph Godfrey, J. J. Albright, Thomas Dickson, Sanford Grant, and James Archbald. February 1, 1870, the price of gas was reduced from $5.00 to $4.50 per thousand feet. The plant is situated on the left bank of the Lackawanna River, and covers a block and a half of ground at the corner of Scranton and Bridge streets. Here a very superior quality of gas is made and sold to consumers at $1.40 per tliousand feet, subject to a discount of five per cent when the quantity used amounts to less than $10.00; to a discount of ten per cent when tlie amount is from $10.00 to $25.00; and to a discount of fifteen per cent on all sums above $25.00, The Scranton Illuminating, Heat, and Power Company, oper- ating under charter issued iMay, 1886, was the first to introduce the MANtlPACTURING INDUSTRIES. " 283 incandescent electric light in the city, adopting the Edison system. Their light station is located on the east bank of the Lackawanna liiver, at the foot of Spruce and Linden streets, where culm, which is used for fuel, was easy of access, and is deposited directly into their boiler room, supplying the furnaces to ten boilers of sixty horse power each, running six high-speed engines and fourteen dynamos at present. The company has installed something over six thousand incandes- cent lamps, of sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, thirty-two, to fifty candle power each, and two hundred and twenty-five arc lamps for commer- cial purposes. The incandescent lamps, as well as some of the incandescent arcs, are run on the meter system, and are growing in popularity. The demand from the first has been so great that the company has found it necessary to add to and increase their plant to meet the requirements of the community. The officers of the company are as follows: Dr. B. H. Throop, president; James P. Dickson, vice president; G. A. Fuller, secretary and treasurer. The Wightman Electric Manufacturing Company was established in April, 1891, for the purpose of manufacturing an electric motor invented by Mr. Merle J. Wightman, of Scranton, formerly of the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, of Boston, and for manufacturing and dealing in electrical supplies. The company for some time had its plant on Washington Avenue in the building constructed by the Subur- ban Street Railway Company. At first they employed a force of about fifty men, but such was the demand for the motor that they were scarcely able to fill the orders received. The manufacture of this motor is the principal business of this company. This motor is an improvement on the motors heretofore and now generally used on street cars, the armature being geared directly to the car axle, saving greatly in both power and noise. The stockholders of the company held a meeting in the office of Horace E. Hand, July 7, 1891, and elected directors as follows: J. E. McKee, Eugene Griffin, 0. T. Crosby, Wiuthrop Coffin, Merle J. Wightman, W. H. Taylor, and George Sanderson. Officers were elected as follows: J. R. McKee, president; Merle J. Wightman, vice president; Horace E. Hand, sec- retary and treasurer, and Herman Bergholtz, general manager. Several efforts have been made to induce this company to establish its works permanently in some other city than Scranton, but negotia- tions are now being carried on which will result in the location of the plant in the city, and the erection of the necessary buildings will be commenced at an early date. The Wightman motor is now success- 284 ■ HISTORY Of SCRANtON. fully operated on the street railways in Scrantou, Eastern Pennsylvania, and Auburn, New York. From the above brief sketches it will be seen that Scranton is an extensive manufacturing and mining center. From the two steel mills alone, now consolidataA under one management, the amount of money coming into Scranton is very large. If the amount of steel rails for 1890 be taken as the standard, viz., 320,000 tons, and the price be supposed only $30.00 per ton, which would be a low estimate, there would be from this single source |9, 600, 000. GO brought into the city and most of it paid out in some direction for wages, materials, etc. The monthly pay roll of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Eailroad Company for coal mined, etc., is from |1,000,000.00 to |1,500,000.00. That of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company ranges from $750,- 000.00 to $1,000,000.00, and these, together with the pay rolls of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, the Central Railroad Company of iN'ew Jersey, and the jSTew York, Ontario & Western Railroad Company, which companies pay in Scranton every month, bring up the amount paid out by the large coal companies to nearly $4,000,000.00 per month. It is in all likelihood a safe estimate to put the amount of money paid in Scranton and its vicinity for wages at $5,000,000.00 per month. Such a constant inflow of money must from the necessity of the case, keep everything in good working order, and is a constant stimulus and encouragement to all classes of business men. It goes a long way toward explaining the rapid growth of the city and also toward explaining the fact of the building up of so many suburban villages and homes; and this feature is largely assisted by the numerous flour- ishing Building and Loan Associations, which of more recent years especially have been honestly and etflciently conducted. One very important feature of the tax assessment is this, that the valuation of a new manufacturing concern has been steadily fixed for years at $100.00 for the first ten years of its existence in the city, a measure of protection and encouragement highly appreciated by these new establishments. CHAPTER XII. MERCAXTILE AM) COMMERCIAL. Business Men in Scranton in IS.'ii— I'riccs from Yuar lo Yi-ar— Scranton I'.oard of Trade — Albright IMcmorial Building — State Board of Trade— Board of Tiade Committees — Statistics — Publications of the Board of Trade— Business Men and Firms in 1800 and 1890. IN 1852 the following named individuals and firms were in business in Scranton — Scranton & Piatt, Champin k Chase, Ilawley & Bar- ton, Durfee & Welsh, S. W. Thompson, George Washington, W. G. Dpud, Peckens & Co., Dr. B. H. Throop, Dr. Sherer, and five or six small grocers. In 1857 there were in Scranton Borough the following establishments-: Machine shop, 1; rolling mill, 1; planing mill, 1; hotels, 5; car factory, 1; boiler shop, 1; real estate dealers, 4; bank- ers, 2; dry goods and grocers, 11; hardware dealers, 2; clothiers, 5; liquor dealers, 2; liverymen, 2; carpenters, 5; barbers, 2; saloons, 2; jeweler, 1; boot and shoe maker, 1; baker, 1; brewery, 1; undertaker, 1; miscellaneous, or unclassifiable, 7. The city at the time had a population of 10,000, and 2,000 persons subject to the payment of tax. In December, 1852, there were in Scranton the following profes- sional men: Doctors, B. II. Throop, W. II. Pier, G. W. Masser, J. E. Leavitt, O'Gorman, and one other. Dentists, Dr. J. 0. Eolsom and Dr. Pierce. The prices of several kinds of goods in the market in 1864 were as follows: Ginghams, 48 cents; apron checks, 45 to 60 cents; shirtings, 40 to 60 cents; tickings, 55 to 75 cents; Canton flannel, 55 to 80 cents; denims,, 45 to 70 cents; corset jeans, 45 to 60 cents; stauchird sheeting, 72 cents; brown sheeting, 45 to 62 cents; linseys, 55 to 87 cents; Coates's spool cotton, |2.00; blankets, 18 to 50 cents. In 1878 the prices of the same goods were as follows: Ginghams, 8 cents; apron checks, 8 to 13 cents; shirtings, 7 to 12 cents; tickings, 12 to 25 cents; Canton flannel, 7 to 14 cents; denims, 8 to 14 cents; corset jeans, 8 to 9 cents; standard sheeting, 7 cents; brown sheeting, 5 to 6 cents; linseys, 9 to 17 cents; Coates's spool cotton, 40 to 45 cents; blankets, 2 to 10 cents. The following prices prevailed in 1867: Flour, winter wheat, 285 HISTOKY OF SCRANTON. wholesale, |12.25, retail, |13 00; spring wheat, wholesale, $11.00, retail, 112.00; rye, wholesale, |4.50, retail, $5.00; pork, heavy mess, |24.00 wholesale, retail, 15 cents per pound; hams, 20 and 21 cents; shoulders, 14J to 16 cents; mackerel per barrel, wholesale, $21.50, retail, 14 cents per pound; per kit, wholesale, $2.75, retail, $3.00; butter, 28 to 35 cents; cheese, 14 to 18 cents; eggs, 25 to 30 cents; lard, 16 to 18 cents; coffee, 32 to 35 cents; tea, Young Hyson, $1.60 to $1.75; sugars, 17 to^ 18 cents; molasses, $1.20; clover seed, $10.00; timothy, $5.00; hay, $12.00; oats, 80 cents; corn, $1.30. The Scranton board of trade was organized December 12, 1867, at an adjourned meeting of citizens interested in such an organization, at the ofSce of Grant & Frothingham. A large number of business men was present, and the meeting was presided over by General Elisha Phinuey, Mr. M. H. Dale acting as secretary. The committee appointed at the first meeting held to consider the propriety of effecting such an organization, to draft a constitution and by-laws, reported thi'ough their chairman, Lewis Pughe, a constitution which was in the main adopted, and a permanent organization was eftected by the election of the following otficers: General Elisha Phinney, president; George Coray, vice president; Lewis Pughe, secretary; D. Cone, treasurer, and George Fisher, J. C. Phelps, M. li. Dale, Lewis Pughe, T. J. Fisher, aud D. Patterson, directors. By the constitution each member pledged himself to contribute $50.00 annually to carry out the objects of the board. The firms which through their representatives signed as members, were as follows: D. B. Oakes & Company, J. Phillips & Company, Monies & Pughe, Fisher, Sutphin & Company, Cone & Lent, Phelps & Chase, David Patterson, Dale & Keene, and George Coray & Company. At the meeting held January 5, 1869, the following officers were elected: General Elisha Phinuey, president; A. M. Decker, vice pres- ident; Colonel F. L. Hitchcock, secretary, and George Coray, treas- urer. At the annual election for 1870 the following officers were elected: Lewis Pughe, president, and W. W. Winton, secretary. At a meeting of this body held at its rooms, No. 402 Lackawanna Avenue, December 9, 1870, there were present the following members: T. F. Hunt, G. A. Fuller, George Fisher, F. L. Hitchcock, A. G. Gil- more, C. PL Doud, J. W. Garney, C. W. Kirkpatrick, and Lewis Pughe, who presided. G. A. Fuller was chosen secretary, and Messrs. Pughe and Hitchcock were appointed to secure a charter for the Scranton Board of Trade. The charter was secured, and is dated February 10, 1871, and is in part as follows: MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 287 "The persons who now constitute the association of the Scranton board of trade, and such persons as shall hereafter be admitted as members of the same, shall be and are hereby declared to be a bodj' politic and corporate, in deed and in law, b}- the name, st3-le, and title of the Scranton Board of Trade, to have succession," etc. The officers provided for in the charter were a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary', and an executive council of twelve members. On February 6, 1871, a committee was ajipuinted on freights and transportation: George Fisher, G. A. Fuller, and F. L. Hitchcock; and also a committee on rooms and fixtures: T. F. Hunt, L. B. Powell, and A. G. Gilniore. March 6th, a committee was appointed on cartage: George Fisher, L. B. Powell, and G. A. Fuller. March 14th, the committee on rooms was authorized to secure a room in the third story of the Exchange Block for the use of the Board, which instructions were carried out. April 3d, a committee on commercial laws was appointed: C. H. Dond, James W. Garney, and S. P. PIull; and also a sanitary committee: F. L. Hitchcock, D. B. Oakes, and George Fisher. January 8, 1872, George Fisher was elected president for the year, and G. A. Fuller, secretarj', and the following stand- ing committees were appointed: On manufactures and commercial industry: Lewis Pughe, G. A. Fuller, and J. A. Price; on co.mmercial laws: S. P. Hull, C. H. Doud, and C. W. Kirkpatrick; on transpor- tation: T. F. Hunt, F. L. Hitchcock, and A. G. Gilmore. On April 8, 1872, it was reported to the board of trade by the proper committee that the receipts of flour, grain, etc., by rail, for the year ending December 31, 1871, were as follows: Flour, 93,600 barrels; wheat, 18,550 bushels; corn, 343,200 bushels; oats, 147,880 bushels; malt, 17,000 bushels; cheese, 437,700 pounds; dressed hogs, 660,000 pounds; pork and hams, 1,528,800 pounds; apples, 12,553 barrels; potatoes, 140,000 bushels. A board of credit was established October 14, 1872, consisting of five persons, whose duty it was to prepare a book containing a list of dealers in Luzerne County and adjoining counties, designating therein an estimate of the standing and characteristics of said dealers by proper ratings, remarks, etc., and to revise and correct the same from time to time, so as to make it a safe and reliable record of the condition of said dealers, the book to be open to the inspection of the members of the board of trade. On January 13, 1873, G. A. Fuller was elected secretary of the board. In May Joseph English was employed to prepare the books for the board of credit, and in November following he was engaged as secretary of the board of 288 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. credit for one year. In January, 1874, Mr. English was elected secretary of the board of trade, but he soon afterward resigned, and G. A. Fuller was elected February 9th. On January 11, 1875, G. A. Fuller was chosen president of the board, and E. C. Fuller, secretary. January 10, 1876, A. M. Decker was elected secretary, and in January, 1877, Lewis Pughe was elected president, and G. A. Fuller, secretary. On January 5, 1880, Lewis Pughe was elected president; R. W. Luce, vice president; A. W. Dickson, treasurer; John B. Owens, secretary; William Conuell, trustee. June 7, 1880, R. W. Luce was elected secretary, Mr. Owens having resigned. In January, 1881, W". T. Smith was elected president; T. II. Dale, vice president; R. W, Luce, secretary; A. W. Dickson, treasurer, and William H. Perkins, trustee. In 1882, T. H. Dale was elected president; C. J. Johnson, vice president; R. W. Luce, secretai-y; A. W. Dickson, treasurer, and Wil- liam Counell, trustee. On February 7, 1882, E. C. Fuller, A. M. Decker, and A. W. Dickson were appointed a committee to prepare a memorial to Congress and to do all that was necessary to assist the Hon. Joseph A. Scranton to secure an appropriation for a public building in Scranton. This memorial was dated March 20, 1882, and according to it the shipments and receipts for 1878 and 1881 were as follows: . Grain, 1878, 572,400 bushels; 1881, 1,417,200 bushels; flour, 1878, 160,000 barrels; 1881, 294,596 barrels; meat, 1878, 30,261 barrels; 1881, 85,783 barrels; butter, 1878, 1,453,386 pounds; 1881, 3,760,150 pounds; cheese, 1878, 026,426 pounds; 1881, 2,589,272 pounds; potatoes, 1878, 60,000 bushels; 1881, 85,000 bushels; beans, 1878, 6,474 bushels; 1881, 13,549 bushels; lumber, 1878, 1,050 cars; 1881, 5,346 cars; tobacco, 1881, 482,000 pounds; coal, tons shipped in 1880, 7,774,612; in 1881, 9,540,972 tons. This memorial also furnished the following statistics as to the amount of capital invested in manufactures and in various kinds of business: Iron and steel manufactures, $7,000,000.00; merchandise, 16,689,542.00; machinery, $1,071,000.00; breweries, $160,000.00; grist mills, $172,000.00; edge tools, $135,000.00; lumber, $115,000.00; foun- dries, $100,000.00; silk mills, $80,000.00; undergarments, $60,000.00; glass factory, $18,000.00; file works, $14,000.00; patent medicines, $12,- 000.00; gas and water company, $600,000.00; bank capital, $1,286,- 000.00; total, $17,512,542.00. The deposits in bank were stated as being $2,818,756.87. On January 15, 1883, T. II. Dale was elected president; Simon Rice, vice president; R. W. Luce, secretary; A. W. Dickson, treasurer; and William Counell, W. H. Perkins, and G. A. Fuller, trustees. lu MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 289 January, 1884, J. A. Price was elected president; John Jermyn, vice president; R. "W. Luce, secretary; A. W. Dickson, treasurer, and W. H. Perkins, trustee. January, 1885, J. A. Price was elected president; L. W. Kramer, vice president; R. W. Luce, secretary; A. W. Dickson, treasurer, and William Connell, trustee. Li Jan- uary, 1886, J. A. Price was elected president; J. M. Kemmerer, vice president; R. W. Luce, secretary; A. W. Dickson, treasurer, and Gr. A. Fuller, trustee. In January, 1887, H. M. Boies was elected president; L. N. Kramer, vice president; A. W. Dickson, treasurer; R. W. Luce, secretary, and William Connell, trustee. In January, 1888, William Connell was elected president; W. T. Smith, vice president; A. W. Dickson, treasurer; R. W. Luce, secretary, and G. A. Fuller, trustee. R. W. Luce having resigned as secretary, J. H. Fisher was elected as his successor, February 24, 1888, and has been reelected at each subse- quent annual election of officers. January 21, 1889, W. T. Smith was elected president; T. li. Dale, vice president; A. W. Dickson, treasurer, and W. H. Perkins, trustee. In January, 1890, W. T. Smith was elected president; T. H. Dale, vice president; A. W. Dickson, treasurer, and William Council, trustee. In January, 1891, J. M. Kemmerer was elected president; J. A. Lansing, vice president; A. W. Dickson, treas- urer, and Gr. A. Fuller, trustee. Mr. Fuller's term expires in 1894, Mr. Connell's in 1893, and Mr. Perkins's in 1892. On the 27th of January, 1890, the following communication was submitted to the board of trade: "ScRANTON, Pennsylvania, January 24, 1890. " Scranton Board of Trade: "Gentlemen: — This letter is addressed to you as thoroughly rep- resenting, directly or in sympathy, all the various classes of people within the city of Scranton, whom the following proposition is in- tended to benefit: "It is proposed by the heirs of Joseph J. Albright, deceased, viz., Mrs. Jennie H. Bennell, of Scranton; Mrs. Maria H. Archbald, of Scranton; Mr. Henry C. Albright, of Utica, New York; and Mr. Joseph J. Albright, Jr., of Buffalo, New York, to donate to trustees to be named by us, for the purpose of holding the title and eventu- ally conveying the same to the city of Scranton, when the city shall be legally authorized to receive the same; or in case this cannot be accomplished, to such incorporated body as may be created, the piece of land on the [southeast] corner of Washington Avenue and Vine Street, about one hundred and ten feet front and one hundred 19 290 HISTOKT OF SCRANTON. and sixty-seven feet deep, being the homestead of the late Joseph J. Albright, to be held for the purpose of a public library, for the benefit of the citizens and residents of the city of Scranton and vicinity; and Joseph J. Albright, Jr., proposes to erect thereon a suitable building of the value of from $50,000.00 to $75,000.00, as the plans may require for the same purpose. " The building vs^hen so erected shall be designated ' The Albright Memorial Building.' "The motives prompting us to make this donation are to provide a suitable literary and educational element not heretofore supplied for the elevation of the people of all classes who may desire to avail themselves of the privileges conferred, and at the same time present a suitable memorial of the late Joseph J. Albright and wife, Elizabeth, who spent so many of the best years of their lives in this city. It is here their greatest successes were achieved, where they are best known, and where they made many friends. Their children, grateful for the memory they have left of their life and worth, desire this memorial of appreciation, and ask the citizens of Scranton to cooperate in perpetuating the influence of their parents by benefits which in future years shall flow from this gift. "Inasmuch as the board of trade have already interested them- selves in the subject, we make this proposition through you, aud will ask your assistance in projecting and perfecting all the practical and legal ^^raatters by the legislature and the councils, as will secure a library worthy of the city and a blessing to generations to come. We do request Judge Hand to act for us in regard to the future details, and he will confer from time to time with such committee as you may appoint in order that a permanent and well digested plan may be devised. "Jennie R. Bbnnbll, [Signed.] "Maria H. Archbald, "Henry C. Albright, "Joseph J. Albright, Jr." '■■> The reading of this communication being concluded, Judge Hand moved that the gift be accepted by the board of trade on behalf of the city and the trustees. He said that it was proposed to deed the lot to the city when the city should be legally authorized to hold the same, and in the meantime it was to be held by trustees. The following resolution was then offered by Judge Hand: "That having received from the children of Joseph J. Albright and Elizabeth Albright, his wife, the announcement of their gift of MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 291 land in the most eligible location in the city, and from Joseph J. Albright, Jr., a suitable building to be erected thereon for the purpose of a public library, the board of trade hereby expresses its gratitude and admiration, and we are confident that in so doing, we are only giving utterance to the feelings which must animate all the citizens of the city of Scranton, in response to this munificent gift and touching memorial. We also pledge our active cooperation and influence in secur- ing the proper legislation, and the means of supplying the devise with a library worthy of the generous gift to the city of Scranton." After several other brief remarks by different members of the Board, the resolution offered by Judge Hand was unanimously adopted. A com- munication was then addressed to the donors, dated January 28, 1890, thanking them for the generous gift, and the entire matter was then referred to the public library committee of the board of trade for future action. A subscription was then started for the purpose of raising a fund of $35,000.00, with which to purchase a library of twelve thousand volumes, and by March 17, 1890, |22,500.00 had been subscribed. The amount subscribed January 1, 1891, was about $25,000.00. December 5, 1890, the members of the board of trade who were to represent that body as provided in the Albright deed of trust were appointed as follows: William Connell, T. H. Dale, and H. M. Boies. On the 18th of the month a communication was received from Mayor Fellows in which he named the following as trustees in accordance with the deed of trust: Rev. H. C. Swentzel, of St. Luke's Church; Rev. S. C. Logan, D. D., of the First Presbyterian Church; Rev. P. J. McManus, of St. Paul's Catholic Church; Rev. J. W. Williams, D. D., of the First Welsh Baptist Church, and Rev. C. C. McLean, of the Adams Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. From the citizens he had selected James Archbald, William T. Smith, Henry Belin, Jr., and Hon. Frederick W. Gunster. These nominations were confirmed by the board without debate. The action taken by the councils is set forth with sufficient detail in the chapter on "Municipal History." The library building which is to be erected on the lot at the corner of Washington Avenue and Vine Street, will be a stately and useful ornament to the city. The structure is to be in the form of an "L," one wing extending to Vine Street, the' other, to Washington Avenue. The dimensions are one hundred and thirty-two by ninety-five feet. Between the wings and the two streets is to be a rectangular lawn fifty-two by ninety-two feet. The entrance to the building faces Vine Street, and is a little to the riglit of the center of the building. 292 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Above the stone arch over the entrance will be ornamental terra cotta work, and immediately to the left of the entrance and at the junction of the two wings will be a large octagonal tower, two stories in height. The entire building is of stone, of the Gothic style of archi- tecture, and fireproof. Passing through the main entrance on Vine Street, the newspaper room is on the right, thirty-four by thirty-eight feet in size, and from this to the left is an entrance hall thirty by sixteen feet. This hall leads into a reading room, forty-two by thirty-eight feet in size. To the left of the entrance, in the tower, is the delivery department for the librarian, and adjoining this is the card catalogue room. Back of these in the "L" is the stack room for the books, fifty-two by thirty-two feet in size. On the first floor there are seventeen stacks, and on the lower floor, twenty stacks. The upper floor is reached by ascending five steps, and the lower by descending seven. These two rooms have a capacity of one hundred and twenty thousand volumes. Upstairs over the newspaper room is a lecture room, and a gal- lery surrounds the reading room, while between the two is the trustee room, which may be used by different reading clubs at different times. In September, 1890, a movement was made by the Scranton board of trade looking to the establishment of a State board of trade, under a resolution introduced by A. "W". Dickson. The secretary under this resolution corresponded with the different local boards with this object in view. A committee on this subject was also appointed, with T. H. Dale as chairman. Besides Mr. Dale, the members of this committee are as follows: A. W. Dickson, J. H. Fisher, Richard O'Brien, and C. H. Pond. The movement is now in progress with this end in view with every prospect of success. At a meeting held December 5, 1890, a resolution was adopted pro- viding for a special committee of five to take into consideration the subject of erecting a building for the use of the board of trade. This committee is composed of H. M. Boies, James Archbald, A. W. Dick- son, and J. A. Lansing. The board of trade exerts great influence on the growth and pros- perity of Scranton. Especially during the past three years has the board itself grown largely in numbers, influence, and power. It now comprises two hundred of the best business men of the city, and it is an organization in which the city takes great pride. Most of the manufacturing establishments that have located here within the last ten years have done so, either directly or indirectly, through the influ- ence of the board of trade. The main reason, it may not be improper MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 293 to State, for the iucreased activity and induence of the board for the past few years is that it has had a secretary under good salary, who devotes his entire time to the interests of the board and the city — a thing that could not be done by any secretary who, working for partial pay, could devote only part of his time to this important work. The complete organization of the board of trade at the present time is as follows: J. M. Kemmerer, president; J. A, Lansing, vice president; A. W. Dickson, treasurer; J. H. Fisher, secretary, and G. A. Fuller, William Connell, and W. H. Perkins, trustees. Committee on Manufactures — William Connell, William T. Smith, J. A. Finch, T. C. Snover, James Archbald, Luther Keller, and Conrad Schroeder. Committee on Legislation and Taxes — J. H. Torrey, W. A. May, L. N. Kramer, Horace E. Hand, and L. A. Watres. Committee on Transportation — J. H. Stelle, I. F. Megargel, and T. E. Hughes. Committee on Finance — E. G. Coursen, F. L. Crane, and Solomon Goldsmith. Committee on Streets and Highioays — J. A. Pi-ice, W. D. Kennedy, and Ebenezer Williams. The membership of the special committees is as follows: Committee on State Board of Trade — T. H. Dale, A. W. Dickson, J. H. Fisher, Richard O'Brien, and C. H. Pond. Committee on Postal Affairs — Samuel Hines, D. M. Jones, and W. H Taylor. Committee on Public Library — Henry Belin, Jr., Rev. B. C. Logan, D. D., Alfred Hand, Everett Warren, and Ezra H. Ripple. Committee on Public Safety — B.. W. Luce, George Sanderson, J. J. Lawler, Dr. L. M. Gates, and D. B. Athertou. Committee on Publication — W. H. Peck, H. J. Anderson, and S. G. Kerr. Committee on Membership — J . H. Fisher, H. B. Reynolds, George Russ, Thomas Moore, and T. J. Kelly. Committee on Board of Trade Building- H. M. Boies, J. M. Kemmerer, A. W. Dickson, James Archbald, and J. A. Lansing. Committee on Dinner — R. M. Boies, Henry Belin, Jr., J. P. Albro, Maurice Levy, and E. G. Coursen. Committee on Montrose Eailroad — Alfred Hand, T. C. Snover, Simon Rice, H. B. Reynolds, and W. G. Parkes. The following statistics . show the commerce of Scranton in the articles named for the year 1890. That is approximately, as it is 294 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. impossible to secure the precise amouuts: Grain received, bushels, 1,826,608, forwarded, 108,173; flour received, barrels, 108,104, for- warded, 23,273; other mill stuffs, tons received, 5,000, forwarded, 2,330; hay and straw, tons I'eceived, 11,944, forwarded, 1,320; tobacco, pounds received, 1,406,629, forwarded, 508,410; fruits and vegeta- bles, tons received, 10,928, forwarded, 2,869; dressed meats, tons received, 7,750, forwarded, 1,587; other packing house products, tons received, 4,213, forwarded, 3,41^; poultry, game, and fish, pounds received, 2,067,869, forwarded, 788,980; ores, tons received, 376,376, forwarded, 29,800; pig and bloom iron, tons received, 387,640, for- warded, 583; iron and steel rails, tons received, 20,620, forwarded, 402,990; live stock, tons received, 3,515, forwarded, 584; lumbei', feet received, 56,947,600, forwarded, 6,465,850; refined petroleum and other oils, gallons received, 1,424,070, forwarded, 485,270; leather and hides, pounds received, 931,540, forwarded, 474,677; iron castings and ma- chinery, tons received, 15,100, forwarded, 13,550; building materials, tons received, 47,990, forwarded, 12,400; agricultural implements, tons received, 1,566, forwarded, 1,120; wagons, carriages, tools, etc., tons received, 620, forwarded, 330; wine, liquors, and beer, gallons received, 1,861,700, forwarded, 869,900; household goods and furniture, tons received, 1,770, forwarded, 1,275; other manufactured goods, tons received, 15,250, forwarded, 16,200; sugar, tons received, 2,768, for- warded, 627; other merchandise, tons received, 11,110, forwarded, 6,500; wool, pounds received, 175,000, forwarded, 37,200; steel blooms, tons received, 266, forwarded, 21,990; scrap iron, tons received, 83,- 175, forwarded, 16,400; limestone, tons received, 69,800; all other articles, tons received, 144,488, forwarded, 77,288. Besides its "First Annual Eeport," published in 1890, and an admirable publication, the board of trade has published several other pamphlets. One of these is on "Postal Telegraphy," by Colonel J, A. Price, and consists of an address delivered by him IsTovember 20, 1882. In this address he reviews the history of telegraphy, and strongly advocates the adoption of postal telegraphy in this country, because of the great benefits to be derived, and because of the tendency toward monopoly in connection with private concerns. In 1884 a report on "Manufacturing Industry" was published, set- ting forth the growth of Scranton, its railroad facilities, shipping statistics for 1882 and 1883, the business at the post oflice, number of buildings erected from year to year, a description of the building material to be found in the vicinity of the city, the city's finances, the shipments of coal, etc., in all a very interesting publication. MEBCANTILB AND COMMERCIAL. 295 In 1888 the board published a pamphlet on " The Abolition of the Credit System," an address by Colonel J. A. Price, delivered at Wash- ington, January 18, 1888, before the National Board of Trade. This address is a strong arraignment of the credit system, a system which according to Colonel Price "has very little to recommend it." "It is an ingenious device of the human intellect to give an unnatural stim- ulus to the weakness of men, to foster unnatural desires, to prolong payment, to make an invisible something out of nothing, to transform fiction into reality. It is a systematic violation of nature's methods, and leads us periodically into all sorts of discontent, confusion, and disturbance. Without a credit system financial fluctuation is impossi- ble — such a thing as a commercial crisis would be unknown — panic and disaster could not be inaugurated or experienced. Mankind never adopted a regulation that compares for costliness and deadliness with this, the history of which is everywhere marked with sacrifice and dissatisfaction. " The histor}' of the credit system presents a lamentable compila- tion of social disquietude, of foreign and civil warfare, and of individual wreck of both position and character. The operation of the laws upon which the system of credit is based, invariably leaves a sting behind that is sometimes multiplied into national disaster, ending in riot, bloodshed, and frequently in appeals to arras. The system may well be compared to a boundless ocean that is both fickle and treacherous, and whose maddened waves are ever filled with universal wreck." Then after a dissertation upon debt, showing the extent to which real property is mortgaged in most civilized countries, and showing also, that at the time of the delivery of the address the indebtedness of all kinds in the United States amounted to nearly $30,000,000,- 000.00, or $465 per cajnta of the population, and after calling attention to the fact that in many cases one debt oft'sets another, so that the immense aggregate mentioned is to be somewhat reduced, the speaker argues forcibly against a continuance of the system, or at least against the perpetuation of its evils. In order to show that its abolition is not among the impossibilities, he calls attention to the fact that liquor selling over the bar is almost entirely unprotected by law, either in the United States, Europe, South America, or the Islands of the Pacific, and yet that an immense volume of business is transacted without dispute and almost exclusively upon honor. It is the same with gambling and amusements. These facts suggest the remedy for the evils of the credit system, "The laws that uphold the credit system are both a sword and a shield to the strong. Let us then, as a nation that once 296 HISTOKT OF SCKANTON. broke the shackles of another slavery, dare to say that the State shall not be called upon to collect a debt, as it cannot to return a slave, and thus maintain our progress without peril." It is a vision worthy of a prophet, and the accomplishmenf of the task is a labor worthy of a giant. The cleansing of the Augean stables, indeed the entire twelve labors of that fabled hero, liercules, by comparison sink into, insignificance. By its accomplishment poverty is abolished, colossal fortunes become an impossibility. When accom- plished it will stand out as the grandest and most beneficent revolution in the history of the human race. But the change from the present order of things to the full reahzation of the revolution cannot be made in the twinkling of an eye. First the dawn, then the twilight, then the bright effulgence of the full-orbed globe of day. The refo'rm must be gradual and persistent, enabling commercial and other enter- prises to adjust themselves to the coming new order of things. The dawn of this new commercial era may appropriately consist in the with- drawal of the power of the State from the necessity of collecting indebtedness that is unsecured. In this way the minor commercial transactions will at once be thrown upon honor and cash. Only small debts of this kind could then be made. The dimes and dollars of the workingmen would at once be transferred from the saloon to the till of the butcher and the baker. The waste of labor would be greatly reduced, and the economy of living greatly increased. Comfort and contentment would take the place of poverty and distress. The money getting sense now so lamentably lacking with the masses of mankind, would be developed and strengthened, and the stronger this sense, or power, the more general would become the possession of smaller or larger properties. Property would thus be more evenly distributed, the tenure of property would not be disturbed, the power of the State would find its appropriate sphere in protecting the tenure of property. Since before the days of the Gracchi mankind has dreamed of the even distribution of wealth; but all the theories of agrarianism, communism, socialism, have so far most dismally failed. Such even distribution cannot be made by force, or if made by force the evenness thus made would as rapidly vanish as the dew before the shining sun. If the application of force to the solution of the question, have and must prove unavailing, the logic of the situation requires the removal of force, and the removal of force is simply the removal of the power of the State, the strong arm of the law, from between the creditor and the debtor. "It is a consummation devoutly to be wished." It should not be understood, however, that the idea of the aboli- MBRCANTIIiE AND COMMERCIAL. 297 tion of the credit system is an original one with Colonel Price. So long ago as November 23, 1830, the suggestion was made in the National Intelligencer, that "the recovery of small debts should be abolished." This suggestion was made upon observing the barbarous practice, now happily outgrown in most of the States of the American Union, of imprisoning a man who was unable to pay his debts, by which process the debtor was not only rendered unable to earn the money with which to pay his debt, but the debt itself by the addition of costs and fees, was made to increase sometimes almost an hundred- fold, showing the utter unreasonableness of the practice as well as its barbarity. Then again, during the two presidential campaigns of 1836 and 1840, this very question of the abolition of credit was made one of the issues in each case, the charge being made against the Democratic party that besides abolishing the banks, and establishing an exclusive)}' "hard money" currency', that part}' was in favor of the abolition of credit; and this in all likelihood, had its due weight in the overthrow of "Van Burenism" in the latter year. The following beautiful extract (presumably) from the pen of Hon. Langdon Cheves, of South Carolina, who was, previously to Nicholas Biddle, president of the Bank of the United States, was written during the commercial crisis of 1837 against the doctrine of the abolition of credit: "Credit, perhaps the most powerful creation ■ of modern times, is the inspiring genius of commerce. In magnitude and beneficence it is like the atmosphere, and the showers which bring to life and cherish and force to maturity the crops of the earth. Like them too we admit it may swell into a tempest, which shall spread desolation far and wide; but it would be little less for that reason to destroy the beneficent power than it would be (could our puny 'arrogance scintillate the thought) to petition the Almighty to shut the heavens and imprison the winds, because one of those awful hurricanes which we sometimes witness should pour its • temporary violence over our happy clime and soil. It seems to be a law of nature that our greatest blessings should be at the same time the instruments of our greatest affliction." Following is an extract from the message of Governor Porter, of Pennsylvania, in 1840, on the same subject, showing that it was still in his opinion necessary to combat what the Whigs thought was a political heresy: "A system of credit acted upon with caution and sound judgment is not only wise, but it is indispensable to an enlightened business 298 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. community. The honesty, industry, and capacity of a poor man is his only capital, and unless it gives him credit where he is known, there is little practical difl'ereuce between the condition of the honest and the dishonest, the capable and the ignorant man. The station of man in society, on the opposite principle, would be fixed by his birth, and merit would be regarded as a bootless qualification. This is not the doctrine of nature, or of our Declaration of Independence and American System." In 1889 a report of the transportation committee was published by the board of trade. This committee was especially enjoined to report on the loss to this section of a part of its anthracite coal trade in ISTew England and other States. It came to the conclusion that bituminous coal was favored by the railroads with lower rates of freight, and that it was therefore rapidl}' driving anthracite coal out of the great manufacturing centers of the New England States", and that the producers of this section were being discriminated against in their natural markets. One remarkable result of the investigations of this committee was the discovery to them that bituminous coal was apparently rapidly taking the place of anthracite coal in the making of steam. In the district east of the Alleghenies in 1880, the output of bituminous coal was 4,375,000 tons, while in 1888 it had risen to 12,250,000 tons, and it was also found that from 1882 to 1888 there had been a great change in the use of anthracite coal, for in the former year New York, Pennsylvania, and ISTew Jersey took 68^^ per cent of the total output, and New England ITxts" P^i' eent of the total output, while in 1888 New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey took only GOyfo per cent of that output, and New England only 15/7^ per cent. Here was a loss in six years of 9j%\ per cent, or 3,612,594 tons. It was also shown that nearly all over New England bituminous coal , was gradually superseding anthracite in the making of steam, which change was mainly on the score of economy, and that the rates of freight over the railroads had much to do with the change. With reference to freight rates the report said: "Here, then, is an anomalous state of aftairs. Millions of tons of fuel thrown away every year for want of cheap transportation, while soft coal is carried past our doors to drive us out of the markets of New England and the Eastern Middle States by reason of low rates. While at the same time the very raih'oad companies that charge more to carry coal to tidewater than any other kind of freight, haul the same coal to the West for less rates than they do other freight. The consequence is that while the percentage of coal sent to the Eastern Middle and New MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 299 England States has steadily declined, the percentage of coal sent to the Western States has steadilj'- increased. In 1882 they took 2,213,107 tons, or 7t% per cent. In 1888 this had risen to 5,039,568 tons, or IB^V P^r cent. In other words, the trade had nearly doubled its per- centage of the whole in six years. Accompanying this report on the rate of transportation is a report by the same committee on the value of culm as a steam producing fuel. In this work reference can be and need be made only to the third test of this value as compared with other fuels. The report says: "A company in Scranton uses boilers of 365 horse power, and consumes seven tons of culm a day, at ten cents a ton royalty. The plant is erected on the side of a culm pile, and the culm shoveled directly into the fire. To handle this culm and haul away the ashes requires the services of two firemen, at |50.00 and $45.00 a month, respectively, and one ash-man, at $35.00 per month. This gives li%% cents per horse power per boiler per day. To do the same work with natural gas, with 30,000 cubic feet to the ton, as given by such high authorities as Leslie, Ashburner, Ford, and others, at 10 cents a thou- sand feet, which is about the lowest price for which gas is now sold, it would cost 51 cents per horse power per boiler per day. With bitu- minous coal at $1.50 per ton, it would cost, handling included, 4 cents per horse power per boiler per day. Anthracite coal, at $2.50 per ton, would cost almost 6 cents. Pea coal, at $1.00 per ton, would cost 8iV cents. Buckwheat coal, at 75 cents per ton, would cost 2i%\ cents. Allowing for the difierence in amounts used to produce the same steam would make some difference in the amount per horse power, but would not much affect the general result. Taken generally it may be safely stated that fuel per horse power per boiler, costs per day, as follows: Anthracite coal, prepared sizes, from 5 to 8 cents; bituminous coal, from 4 to 6 cents; natural gas, from 3 to 5 cents; culm, from J to 2 cents. After calling attention to the fact that a manufacturing concern which owns its* own culm pile can do much better even than this, the report goes on to state that : " One of the practical proofs of the cheapness of this fuel over nat- ural gas, is found in the fact that steel rails are made here in Scranton to-day with culm for less than it costs to make the same rails, in the same way, with natural gas, so that rails made here can be carried three hundred miles to Pittsburgh to get an even start with their nat- ural gas made rails, and then beat them in the same market. As a consequence more steel rails were made in Scranton during the first six 300 HISTOBY OF SCEANTON. months of 1889, than in any other city in the world, allowing Pittsburgh and Chicago the rails credited to them from outside mills. Manufact- urers everywhere will do well to ponder these facts, and investigate them folly. Another and perhaps a far-reaching thought is embodied in the following paragraph from this same report : "The day is not far distant when electrical power will be trans- mitted long distances for manufacturing purposes. When that time comes it will quickly be seen that nowhere in the world can power he generated more cheaply or more easily than in the Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys. In view of all these circumstances, then, your committee feels that one of the greatest burdens resting upon this board is to scatter broadcast among the manufacturers the great advantages Scrauton possesses over any other city in the world in its cheap power fuel." The board of trade of Scranton at its meeting of February 3, 1891, placed itself on record against tlie passage of the bill pending in congress favoring the free coinage of silver. The following resolution, introduced by Colonel H. M. Boies, fairly expresses the opinion in relation to that measure : "That the Scranton board of trade earnestl}- remonstrates against the passage of the Senate Free Coinage bill by the house of representa- tives, believing that if it should become law, the consequences to the material interests of the country would be extremely disastrous. We urge our representative in congress to resist the passage of the bill to the utmost." Besides the central board of trade there are three other boards of trade within the limits of the city of Scranton. These are the Hyde Park board of trade, the North End board of trade, and the South Side board of trade. The Hyde Park board of trade was organized April 12, 1888, with the following members: D. M. Jones, W. M. Patterson, D, D. Evans, Dr. M; J. "Williams, George "W. Jenkins, Wil- liam Price, Joseph A. Mears, H. D. Jones, John E. Farr, S. M. Reese, T, J. Price, James K. Watson, 'William P. "Williams, Plummer Aker, Daniel WiUiams, B. G. Morgan,. M. E. Wymbs, E. M. Eagan, T. H. Jones, and Dennis Madigan. This board was comparatively inactive during the year 1890, but iu the early part of 1891 it v?as revived, and again took an active part in developing the interests of the West. Side. The North End board of trade was organized in January, 1891, with W. J. Lewis, president, and Reverend George E. Guild, secretary. The jrERCANTlLE AND COMMERCIAL. 301 constitution and by-laws of this organization were adopted on the 14th of the month. The principal object of the board is to develop and foster the interests of the north end of the cit}-, or Providence. The South Side board of trade has similar objects in view with respect to the south side of the city. Of this organization T. J. Moore is president; Henry J. Zeigler, vice president, and William II. Malla, secretary. The membership of this board, in addition to the officers mentioned, is thirty-eight. In 1871 the receipts in Scranton of the following articles of com- merce were: "Flour, 93,600 barrels; wheat, 18,550 bushels; corn, 343,- 200 bushels; oats, 147,880 bushels; malt, 17,000 pounds; dressed hogs, 660,000 pounds; pork and haras, 1,528,000 pounds; apples, 12,550 barrels; potatoes, 140,000 bushels. In July, 1873, a new organization was effected in this city, which was to be under the supervision of the board of trade. This was called the bureau of manufactures and statistical development. The object of the organization was to induce manufacturers, seeking a bet- ter location, to come to Scranton. A meeting was held July 21, 1873, which was largely attended. The bureau proposed to lease lands, erect buildings suitable for manufacturing purposes, and lease them at a reasonable rental to parties who would locate in this city. The organ- ization was composed of the best business men of the place. In 1860 the number of individuals and firms engaged in the differ- ent kinds of business in Scranton was as follows: Architect, 1; auctioneer, 1; bakers, 2; barbers, 5; billiards, 1; blacksmiths, 2; book sellers, 2; book binders, 1; boot and shoe dealers, 6; brewers, 3; brush makers, 1; builders, 8; butchers, 5; clothing dealers, 7; daguerreotypists, 2; dentists, 2; drugs, 4; dry goods, 8; civil engineers, 3; mining engineers, 2; exchange companies, 2; flour, grain, and feed, 2; furniture dealers, 2; gas fitters and plumbers, 2; grocers, 34; hardware, 4; hats and caps, 1; hide dealers, 2; hotels, 8; leather dealers, 2; livery stables, 3; merchant tailors, 6; milliners, 4; painters, 2; restaurants, 32; saddle and harness makers, 2; sash, door, and blinds, 1; soap makers, 2; tinware, 4; tobacconists, 2; wagon and carriage maker, 1; watch makers, 4; wine and liquor dealers, 3. The following statement for 1890, when compared with the above for 1860, will serve to show the growth of the city in the various industries and professions, many of those enumerated below not ap- pearing at all in that above: Academies, schools, and colleges, 13; agricultural implement man- ufacturer, 1, dealers, 5; places of amusement, 2; architects, 7; art 302 HISTORY OP SCKANTON. association, 1; artesian well driller, 1; artists, 10; auctioneers, 2; tent makers, 2; ax manufacturer, 1; bakers, 26; bands, 2; banks, 8; barbed wire, 5; barbers, 53; belting, rubber, and leather, 6; bessemer rolling mill and steel plant machinery, 1; billiard halls, 5; blacksmiths, 33; boardino- houses, 57; boiler makers, 4; book binders and blank book manufacturers, 2; book sellers and stationers, 10; boot and shoe dealers, 50; boot and shoe makers, 43; boot and shoe manufacturer, 1; bottlers, 9; bottle manufacturer, 1; bottle stopper manufacturer, 1; box manufacturer, 1; brass founders, 3; brewers, 5; brick manufactur- ers, 3; brick, lime, and cement dealers, 5; brush manufacturers, 2; builders' hardware dealers, 2; building mg-terial, 8; business college, 1; button manufacturer, 1; cabinet makers, 3; car wheel manufactur- ers, 2; caruenters and builders, 22; dealers in carpenters' tools, 4 carpet weavers, 10; carpets and oil cloths, retail, 7, wholesale, 1 carriage and wagon builders, 11; carriage hardware manufacturers, 2 carriage painters, 4; coflin manufacturer, 1; caterer, 1; cheese, 1; Chicago dressed beef, wholesale, 3; china, glass, and queensware, 5; church and school furniture, 1; cigar and tobacco manufacturers and wholesale dealers, 15; cigar and tobacco, retail dealers, 19; civil and mining engineers, 6; clergymen, 64; clothiers, 21; manufacturer of coal breaker rolls, 1; coal miners and shippers, 31; coal sci'een manufacturers, 3; collection agents, 5; commercial and mercantile agencies, 2; commis- sion merchants, 12; confectioners, wholesale, 3, retail, 57; conserva- tories, 2; constables, 8; contractors, 38; copyist and designer, 1; creameries, 2; cutlery, 1; decorators, 2; dentists, 13; desiccating works, 1; diamonds, bronzes, and French clocks, 2; door, sash, and blinds, 8; drain and sewer pipe, 5; draperies, 3; draymen, 7; dress- makers, 75; druggists, wholesale, 4, retail, 40; dry goods, wholesale, 5, retail, 18; dyers and scourers, 6; electric bell and annunciators, 2; electric light and power companies, 4; emigration agency, 1; employ- ment agencies, 2; dealers in engines and boilers, 2; manufacturers of engines and boilers, 3; engraver, 1, on metal, 1, on wood, 1; explos- ives, 1; express companies, 4; extracts, 1; fancy goods, wholesale, 3; retail, 12; fertilizers, 1; file manufacturer, 1; fire brick, 4; fire escapes, 1; fish and oysters, 6; fishing tackle, 1; flagging and stone, 4; florists, 6; flour, feed, and grain, 9, wholesale, 6; flour mills, 3; paper flour sacks, 1; manufacturer of force pumps, 2; fountain pens, 1; fruit jar manufacturer, 1; fruit dealers, wholesale, 5, retail, 13; furnaces and ranges, 3; hot air furnaces, 1; furniture, 18; furniture manufacturers and wholesale dealers, 9; furs, 2; gas and water companies, 2; gas flxtures, 3; general stores, 50; gents' furnishing goods, 12; glass MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 303 dealers, 4; gold and silver plater, 1; gristmills, 2; grocers, wholesale, 10, retail, 255; gun and locksmiths, 2; gnns and rifles, 3; hair goods, 2; hair dressers, 3; hame mannfacturer, 1; hardware and cutlery, 20; harness and saddles, 8; hats, caps, and furs, 12; hides and tallow 2- mannfacturer of hoisting engines, 1; hoisting machines, hand and power, 1; hollow ware, 3; horse and cattle dealer, 1; horseshoers, 9; hotels, 86; house furnishing goods, 3; ice dealers, 2; ice cream manu- facturers, 3; importers of lace curtains, 1; installment houses, 8; insur- ance agents, 42; tire insurance companies, 2; life insurance companies, 5; iron and steel, 5; manufacturers of iron fences, 5; iron foundries, 4; iron manufacturers, 3; iron pipes, 3; knitting mill, 1; ladies' and children's fancy goods, 2; lamps and chandeliers, 5; laundries, 8; lawyers, 105; leather and findings, 6; livery stables, 33; loan broker, 1; locomotive manufacturer, 1; lumber dealers, 12, wholesale, 7; machinery dealers, 5; machinists' supplies, 9; manufacturers' agents, 3; marble and granite, 9; masons, 6; masons' supplies, 3; meat markets, 75, wholesale, 5; merchant tailors, 35; milk depots, 30; mill and mine supplies, 4; milliners and millinery goods, 23; miners' lamps, 4; mining, hoisting, and pumping machinery, 2; molding manufacturers, 6; music and musical goods, 7; nails and spikes, 5; newsdealers, 2; newspapers, 17; notaries public, 27; notions, 5; nurserymen, 3; oculists and aurists, 5; oils and grease, 3; illuminating and lubricating oils, 4; painters, 24; paper dealers, 3; pawnbrokers, 3; photographers, 10; physicians, 85; piano tuners, 2; piano and organ dealers, 7; piano manufacturer, 1; planing mills, 11; pork packers, 2; powder manufac- turers, 3; printers, 17; produce commission, 9; proprietary medicines, 4; wholesale provisions, 4; publishers, 17; pumps, 8; real estate agents, 18; roofers, 10; ropes and cordage, 2; rubber stamps, 2; sausage manufacturers, 2; dealers in scales, 3; sewing machines, 4; shirt manu- facturers, 2; silk manufactures, 3; silverware, 4; sportsmen's goods, 3; steam heating apparatus, 7; steel rail manufacturers, 2; stenographers, 3; stoves and tinware, 15; teachers of music, 30; tea, coffee, and spices, 4; tin and sheet iron workers, 4; toys, 3; trunks, valises, etc., 4; undertakers, 17; upholsterers, 4; variety stores, 7; veterinary surgeons, 4; wagon makers, 2; wall paper, 9; watchmakers and jewelers, 25, wholesale, 2; wines and liquors, wholesale, 8, retail. 111; wire rope manufacturer, 1; wire screen manufacturers, 2; wire goods dealers, 5; wood and iron working machiner}-, 5; wood carvers, 2; wood turners, 4, and wood polisher, 1. The wholesale dealers in different lines of goods in Scranton at the present time are as follows: Drugs, Thomas A. Black, Daniel 304 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. W. Burr & Company, L. S. & E. C. Fuller, and Matthews Brothers. Dry goods, the Boston Store, Brannon & O'Neill, Globe Warehouse, Gold- smith Brothers & Company, and Kelly & Healy. Fancy goods, the Boston Store, Globe Warehouse, and Goldsmith Brothers & Company. Flour, feed, and grain. Knight, White & Company, Charles P. Matthews, Sou & Company, Charles M. Maynard, Joseph A. Mears, Thomas H. Watts, Weston Mil! Company. Fruit, Broad Brothers & Company, William A. Gallagher, Pierce & Holgate, John T. Porter, C. D. Wegman & Company. Furniture, wholesale dealers and manufacturers. Economy Furniture Company, Hill & Connell, Hull & Company, H. D. Judd & Company, Frank T. Knauss, Patrick F. MclSTamara, William Protheroe, Scranton Manufacturing Company, and William Sisseuberger. Grocers, Ackerman Brothers, Beadle & Steel, Gilmore & DujSy, Megargel & Connell, Palmer & Company, John T. Porter, Rice, Levy & Company, James E. Ruddy & Company, Schlager & Teal; and J. T. & G. T. Wil- liams. Lumber, Coleman & Bunnell, Green Kidge Lumber Company, Richards Lumber Company, William B. Rockwell, H. T>. Swartz, George M. Tisdale, and the Tunis Lumber Company. Meats, Henry Armbrust, Bell, Francois & Company, Bale & Company, J. W. & J. S. Miller & Company, and the Scranton Dressed Beef Company. Provisions, Ack- erman Brothers, Scranton Packing Company, Stowers Pork Packing and Provision Company, Thomas H. Watts. Watchmakers and jewel- ers, C. W. Freeman, and IT. B. Levy & Brother. Wines and liquors, Casey Brothers, Owen Cusick, William Kelly, Morris Schwattzkopf, Frank Thompson & Company, Edward J. Walsh, Weichel Brothers, and William H. Whyte. The entire number of business houses in 1880 was eight hundred and fifty-nine, and in 1890 one thousand, four hundred and fifty. -^ CHAPTER XIII. BANKS, BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS, AND INSURANCE. Banking House of George Sanderson & Oonipany — First National P.ank — Second Na- tional Bank — Scranton Savings Bank — Serai iton Trust Company and Savings Bank — JNIerehants and IMeclianics' Bank — Tliird National Bank — Citizens and Miner.«' Bank and Trust Company — Mechanics and Jtiners' Cooperative Loan Association — Scranton Savings Bank and Trust Company — Scranton City Bank — Lackawanna Trust and Safe Deposit Company — Traders' National Bank — J )ime Deposit and Savings Bank — Buil9!»,541 61 Excess 77,771 69 Grand total $777,313 30 In April, 1879, this company made an assignment to its president, H. S. Pierce, and its affairs were closed up under the law governing assignments. The immediate reason for this step was an action in equity by Thomas Canavan, one of the depositors, praying for an injunction restraining the bank from conducting any further business, and for the appointment of a receiver. A temporary injunction was granted, and then Mr. Canavan withdrew his suit. James A. Linen and George Fuller were afterward made assignees, and in the course of their investigations into the affairs of the bank they found that a former cashier had apparently embezzled money to the extent of about 16,000.00. However, this turned out to be only apparent, and the affairs of the institution were finally wound up in 1876. The Merchants and Mechanics' Bank of Scranton, was organized August 6, 1870, under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, succeeding in business John Handley & Company, private bankers. The following were its first directors and officers: John Handley, Daniel Howell, Thomas Moore, D. T. Eichards, Patrick M. Cann, Edward Jones, D. B. Braiuard, J. H. Gunster, M. M. Kearney, D. B. Oakes, and Peter Bnrschel. The officers were: Hon. John Handley, president; J. C. Burgess, vice president, and W. H. Fuller, cashier. The authorized capital of the bank was |500,000.00; the paid up capital, $125,000.00, and the bank opened for business at No. 420 Lackawanna Avenue. Mr. Fuller resigned as cashier in 1871, and on May 18th, R. T. McCabe was elected his successor. Li March, 1873, the paid up capital was increased to $250,000.00. Li 1875 Mr. Handley was elected judge of Luzerne County, and. resigned the presidency of this bank. He was succeeded by General Elisha Phinney. In 1876 R. T. McCabe was elected treasurer of the Pennsylvania Anthracite Coal Company, and was suc- ceeded as cashier by John T. Eichards. In 1880 its oflicers were Daniel Howell, president; Thomas Moore, vice president; and John T. Eich- ards, cashier. Up to February 1, 1890, this bank had paid in dividends to its stockholders $335,495.17, and had accumulated a surplus of 175,000.00. Its officers and directors at the present time (1890,) are BANKS, BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS, ANB INSURANCE. 311 as follows: Edward Jones, president; James Jordan, vice president; John T. Richards, cashier; directors, B. E. Leonard, James Jordan, A. J. Casey, Edward Jones, and James J. Williams. The capital at this time is $250,000, and surplus, $75,000. The deposits amount to $750,000. The Third National Bank of Scranton commenced business April 15, 1872. Hon. Alfred Hand was the first president of the institution. The present bank building, at No. 118 Wyoming Avenue, was erected by the bank for its own use, and first occupied November 1, 1877. In March, 1879, Hon. Alfred Hand was appointed additional law judge for Lackawanna County, and resigned the presidency of the bank. His term of ofHce having expired, he was elected, November 19, 1888, a director of the bank to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon. F. W. Gunster, who had been elected additional law judge of the county. William Connell, one of the original directoi-s of the bank, succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Hon. Alfred Hand in 1879, and still fills the position. In March, 1882, N. 11. Shafer, the first cashier, resigned, and was succeeded l)y William H. Peck, the present cashier, who had been twelve years with tlie First National Bank of Scranton. The capital of the bank is $200,000.00, the surplus, $165,000.00, and the undivided profits over $42,000.00. Its liberal and yet conserv- ative manner of doing business has won for it m-duy customers, and a well established and prosperous business is the result of its nineteen years' history. The present officers are William Connell, president; George H. Catlin, vice president; William H. Peck, cashier, and William Council, James Archbald, Alfred Hand, George H. Catlin, Henry Belin, Jr., William T. Smith, and Luther Keller, directors. The Citizens and Miners' Savings Bank and Trust Company, of Providence, was established Monday, May G, 1872, when $l()(j,(l(.t().00 was subscribed. The bank opened for business July 1, 1873, in the banking room formerly occupied by the private banking firm of Wiuton, Clark & Company. The bank was organized under a special charter granted to it by the legislature. The following were the first ofiicers: W. W. Winton, president; E. W. Weston, vice president; D. C. Lake, cashier; directors, W. W. Winton, E. W. Weston, H. 0. Silkmau, Isaac Dean, S. Osterhout, D. C. Lake, and J. B. Gillespie. At the time of opening its doors for business the capital stock was $110,000.00, one half paid in. This bank suspended business April 12, 1879, on account of the gen- eral depression of business which had been felt for several years, during 812 HISTORY OP' SCRANTON. which the bank's depositors had been withdrawing their deposits, but especially during the year 1878, these witlidrawals being caused in part by a loss of confidence in banks, the Second National Bank and the Scranton Trust Company and Savings Bank failing about this time. The suspension of business by this bank was determined upon by the directors at a meeting held April 11th, to last at least as long as it would require to make collections with which to pay depositors. The following statement of the condition of the bank's affairs was made at the time: ASSETS. Bills and loans, ifI35,4r,0 10 Due from other banks 213 70 Cash items -. 4,S1 96 Furniture and fixtures 2,505 15 Total $i:!S,(i50 <»1 LIABILITIES. Capital stock $51,450 00 Deposits 77,278 40 Due other banks 5 80 Total $128,734 29 Excess 9,91G 62 (irand Total §138,650 91 The Mechanics and Miners' Cooperative Loan Association of Scranton, was organized December 11, 1873, at the office of the Lack- awanna Valley Bank, on Lackawanna Avenue. George Sanderson was made president; J. G. Sanderson, secretary and treasurer. George Sanderson remained president of the association until 1876, when J. G. Sanderson was elected and, served one year. George Sanderson was again elected in 1877, serving one year. J. G. Sanderson was elected president in 1878 and served until 1883, when Benjamin Hughes was elected and has been in the office ever since. The first vice president of the association was Benjamin Hughes, who was elected in 1874 and served until" 1883, when D. M. Jones was elected John Gordon was elected vice president in 1884 and served in that position until 1890, when Reese G. Brooks was elected and is' still in the position. A. B. Stevens was elected secretary and treasurer in 1874 and served until 1884. D. M. Jones was then elected and served one year. T. D. Davis was elected in 1885 and has held the position ever since. Mr. McConkie was the first cashier of the association, resigning May 8, 1874. He was succeeded by Hugh Sawyer who resigned Sep- tember 18, 1876. L. A. Reynolds became cashier on the 2iJd of the BANKS, BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS, AND INSURANCE. 313 same month and served until his death, which occurred ISToveniber 18, 1877, and on December 17, 1877, the present cashier, A. B. Eynon, was chosen to the place. The name of the associatiou was changed April 2, 1874, to the Miners and Mechanics' Loan and Banking Association, and its business was being transacted in June, 1874, at Odd Follows' Hall, No. 118 North Main Avenue. It removed in Ajiril, 1878, to No. lOG South Main Avenue, and later, having purchased the Hyde Park Bank's business house, it moved there in March, 1882. This is at No. 109 North Main Avenue. Here the bank is still located. The name of the institution was changed May 12, 1890, to the West Side Bank. The Scranton Savings Bank and Trust Company was organized December 13, 1873, and opened for business June 10, 1874, with a capital of $50,000.00, The following were the first directors and officers: E. N. Willard, president; John Handley and Rev. Moses Whitty, vice presidents; L. A. Watres, cashier; other directors, John Handley, E. A. Coray, F. D. Collins, U. M. Stowers, and Thomas Phillips. In 1880 the officers and directors were as follows: E. N. Willard, president; William M. Silkman, vice president; L. A. Wat- res, secretary; A. II. Christy, cashier; other directors, E, P. Kingsbury, Hon. F. D. Collins, and M. J. Wilson. At the present time its officers are the same as above, and also the directors, with the addition of 0. S. Johnson and August Robinson. The bank is located at No. 428 Lackawanna Avenue. The Scranton City Bank was organized June 10, 1873, by the election of the following officers: Charles II, Schadt, president; Victor Koch, vice president; Joseph H. Gunster, cashier; N. G. Goodman, secretary; directors, the above and l^^avid Ackerraan, Philip Robinson, John Zeidler, Michael Miller, Charles Tropp, C. D. Neufler, and Charles Fisher. The bank was opened for business September 29, 1873. In 1875 Victor Koch was president; Charles Tro}ip, vice president; J. H. Gunster, cashier, and N. G. Goodman, secretary. The bank had a successful career until May 25, 1889, "when it was suspended, and an assignment made on account of the accidental discovery by the directors that -its vice president, G. A. Jessup, had been speculating with its funds. Some years previous the bank had been reorganized with the following officers: Dr. B. H. Throop, president; George A. Jessup, vice president; other directors, Henry Armbrust, Victor Koch, Charles Tropp, Morris Goldsmith, and Edward Merrifield. When J. E. Payfair failed he owed the bank $6,000.00, with no security except a life insurance policy. This led the directors to look into the affairs of the institution. 314 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. and they found similar instances of a loose method of transacting business. They also discovered another, and what seemed to them a greater difficulty, viz., that the vice president had used about $135,000.00 of the funds of the bank.- Mr. Jessup had been buying up coal lands, which he expected would appreciate in value, and then the bank's funds could easily have been made good. It is now confidently asserted by many that Mr. Jessup was justified in his anticipations as to the advance in the price of lands, and that had it not been for the dis- covery of his operations on the occasion of Mr. Payfair's failure, the bank would not have lost any money, and would not have had to suspend. Its capital stock was $110,000.00, and its deposit account amounted to over $250,000.00. As it was, however, the assignment and its affairs have since been in process of settlement. This process, however, was so extremely slow that many of the stockholders became dissatisfied, and on April 4, 1891, they, to the num- ber of thirty-one, filed with the prothonotary a suit in equity against the late directors and Joseph H. Gunster the trustee. The complain- ants in the bill, after charging that the directors have been so negligent of their duty to the stockholders as to permit the officers to misappro- priate the funds of the bank to their own uses, say that the said directors and assignee have had charge of the boolcs of the bank since May 25, 1889, and have, as they are informed and believe, been collecting the assets and have paid some of the stockholders, etc., and for these reasons they pray that an account be made of all the deal- ings and transactions of the bank since May 25, 1889, and that they may have such information and relief as the nature of the case may furnish and require. The result of this movement has as yet (July 15, 1891), not been made public. . The Lackawanna Trust and Safe Deposit Company was organized in May, 1887, with a capital of $250,000.00. Its premises are situated at No. 404 Lackawanna Avenue, and it has two of the finest vaults in the State. This company conducts a general trust business, receiv- ing deposits payable by check on sight, and savings deposits in any amount; provides safe receptacles for money and all kinds of valuable papers, bonds, etc., and is authorized to act as administrator, execu- tor, guardian, trustee, agent, receiver, and assignee, by appointment of the court or by power of attorney. The vaults were made by the Damon Safe and Iron Works Company, of Boston, and have all the latest appliances for the automatic locking of doors, etc. The doors are of iron and steel. The outer door is locked by twenty steel bolts, each two inches iu diameter, automatically governed by a Holme fto bjEC \ 'wo^ fiANKS,' fiUiLDlNG ASSOCIATIONS, AND INSURANCE. 316 Electric Lock. There is room in the vaults of this company for two thousand small safes. Interest is allowed on all deposits that "have run three months. The surplus and undivided profits of this company are now $40,000.00. Its ofhcers are Wdliam T. Smith, president; Henry J. Anderson, vice president; John W. Fowler, treasurer. The directors of the company are as follows: Henry Belin, Jr., 11. T. Black, Charles du Pont Breck, William Connell, J. Benjamin Dimmick, E. B. Sturges, r. J. Iloran, George Sanderson, Conrad Scliroeder, William T. Smith, Henry J. Anderson, and I. C. Snover. The Traders' J\ational Bank of Scranton, was organized in Decem- ber, 1889, and commenced business January 2, 1890, with a capital of $250,000.00. The place of business of this bank is at No. 234 Lackawanna Avenue. The directors are Samuel Hines, James M. Everhart, Irving A. Finch, Pierce B. Finley, Charles P. Matthews, John T. Porter, Hon. W. W. Watson, and J. J. Jermyn, all of Scranton; M. S. Kemmerer of Manch Chunk, Pennsylvania; and the officers are Samuel Hines,' president; W. W. Watson, vice president; and A. B. Williams, cashier. According to the last official report of the condition of this bank, its total resources amounted to $597,077.54, and its surplus to $15,889.31. This report was dated December 19, 1890. The Dime Deposit and Savings Bank was organized under the laws of 1876, in the summer of 1890, and chartered with a capital of $100,000.00, all paid in. The first officers of this institution were James P. Dickson, president; Charles du Pont Breck, vice president; and H. G. Dunham, cashier. This bank was opened for business March 30, 1891, in a new building erected for its use on the corner of Wyoming Avenue and Spruce Street. On the first day of its business $12,000.00 was deposited by two hundred and twenty-three 1 Samuel Hines was born in Washington, District, of Columbia, July 21, 1.S4:!; he was at one time general agent and paymaster of the Mercer Iron and Coal Company, and treasurer of the Jamestown and Franklin Uailroapointed to lay out a road in the town of Providence. In response thereto it was ordered that Ebenezer Marcy, Isaac Tripp, Samuel Miller, Henry Dow Tripp, "Waterman Baldwin, and Jonathan Newman be appointed to lay out the necessary road in said town and make return at the next session of the court. At the next, or December session, they reported that they had laid out roads in Pittston, lint none in Provi- dence. Their report was therefore not accepted. As the road was a pressing necessity to the upper township, six housekeepers were appointed to survey one fifty feet wide. This road followed the old one constructed under Yankee jurisdiction up through the Capouse. The next year John Phillips and David Brown were appointed supervisors of highways for Pittston, and Job Tripp and William Alsworth for Providence. It does not appear, however, that up to this ' time any of these supervisors thus appointed laid out any new 21 322 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. roads. They confined their energies to the resurvey and repair of old roads. In 1791 Job Tripp, Constant Searles, Jedediah Hoyt, Daniel Tay- lor, and James Abbott, all living in Providence, were appointed to lay out roads through their township, and they that year surveyed the present road from Providence to Pittston. This road was " on the northeast side of the Lackawanna River in the township of Provi- dence, beginning at the Lackawanna Kiver near where Mr. Leggett now lives," and thence running through Providence to the Pittston line, dp to this time no bridge had been built across the Lackawanna River, and there was no way of crossing it except by fording, which could be done only at certain places in the stream, and at these places only at certain seasons of the year. The fording places were named from the owners of the land in the immediate vicinity of each ford. Bagley's ford was were the Capouse works were afterward located, and Lutz's ford was at Providence. It was. near this latter ford, on the western bank of the stream, that the Indian burying ground was situated that is hereafter mentioned. Leggett's Gap Road was laid out in 1795. The first road in Providence Township, of which there is any mention in the record of roads laid out in this township, was authorized to be surveyed in Ifovember, 1801, at the session of the court of quarter sessions, held that month. It was upon the petition of Samuel Hall, and others, that viewers were appointed to view this road, which was run upon the confirmation of the court of the report of the viewers, "from the road in Providence leading northward on the east side of the Lackawanna River, to begin at, or near, where the road was form- erly marked out, running easterly from the aforesaid road over said river near the old Indian burying ground, so as to intersect the road leading by where the Widow Alsworth now lives, and thus to run from the aforesaid place of beginning a westerly course through the gap in the mountain called Leggett's Gap, until it intersects the road leading from Keelar's Ferry to Great Bend; from thence to be continued to the mouth of the Tunkhaunock Creek." The viewers who surveyed this road were William Clark, Stephen Jenkins, Jonathan Dean, William Wall, Robert Stone, and Solomon Reynolds, The next road of which mention is made in the records was authorized at the August session of 1804, of the court. The viewers appointed were Foster Horton, Asa Dimock, Ebenezer Slocum, Ambrose Dickson, Deodat Smith, and Ebenezer Bartlett. The road ran "from the township of Providence through the gap in the mountain called Leg- TRANSPORTATION. 323 gett's Notch, and extending northwardly through Clark's settlement to the settlement on the north and south branches of Tuukhannock Creek, and through, or near, the settlement at Hopbottom, and from thence the nearest and best route to the State line to the village of Owego." At the court of quarter sessions, held in July, 1814, Isaac Hart and others petitioned for the vacation of a road laid out from the Susquehanna River to the beech woods through the township of Prov- idence, because a part of said road had become subject to overflow by the damming up of a sawmill pond, making it wet and marshy, and for the laying of it out on higher ground. The viewers appointed to make this change were Eliphalet Smith, Samuel Fell, Ebenezer Marcy, James Brown, Isaac Smith, and John Benedict. Their work was confirmed by the court in JSTovember, 1815. In 1815 a road was laid out to run from the Lackawanna River opposite to James Connor's to Wayne County, to intersect a road then laid out in that county. In January, 1819, a road was authorized to be laid out leading "from Stevens' mill, in Providence, to intersect the road near Philip Swartz's, in said township, leading from the Lackawanna to the Delaware, a distance of about three miles." In April, 1819, a road was authorized "from Slocum's mill, in Provi- dence, in a direct line between or on lots N"os, 8 and 9 to meet the road leading from a settlement west of Providence westerly of the mountain to said mill." At the August session of the court a road was authorized "from the guide board between Deodat Smith's and Charles Drake's to intersect the Exeter Road at or near the farm occupied by Robert Kendall, in Pittston." In January, 1820, a road was authorized " beginning at or near the house of Joshua GrifSn, in Providence, thence the nearest and best Avay to the house of "William Kuapp, in Blakely." In April, 1821, a road was authorized "from the road beginning at the highway leading from Wilkes-Barre to Clifford on the north side of the Lackawanna River near the house of Benjamin Fellows, to end at the highway leading from Wilkes- Barre to Milford on the south side of the Lackawanna River." In the same month a road was authorized "from a road leading from the main road from Stephen Tripp's to Abington, to commence near the mill of Joseph Fellows, in Providence, to intersect the main road from Wilkes-Barre to Providence at or near the Lackawanna bridge, near Wright's Forge, in the township of Pittston." Other roads were authorized as follows: In November, 1882, "from a road beginning at or near James Ward's, in Providence, to intersect with a new road laid out from the Abington Road to com- 324 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. muuicate with the Big Beiul & Wilkes-yarre Eoad near the bridge over the Lackawanna at the Old Forge." Another, in April, 1823, "from the road leading from Exeter a little north of Abner Briggs's, running an easterly direction to intersect the Philadelphia & Great Bend Turn- pike near the Little Bearing Brook." In January, 1832, "from a road leading from a point in the main road through Providence township, on or near the main road, between James Ward's and John and Adam Coon's, in said township, and leading thence southwesterly to the bridge across the Lackawanna Eiver near Wright's old forge." There were several other roads laid out, and the last entry in the record of Providence Township roads was of the petition for a change in the road leading from Carbondale & Providence Turnpike to the plank road crossing the Lackawanna River to the Capouse Works, in said borough, so as to change the site and location of the bridge cross- ing said stream near said Capouse Works. The court appointed Thomas Collins, William Merrifield, and A. B. Dunning to view the route to which it was proposed to change, and confirmed their report Decem- ber 1, 1865. The Lackawanna Turnpike Company was incorporatgd March 22, 1817, and was the first to construct a turnpike through the valley. The Drinker Turnpike Company was chartered in 1819; the Carbondale & Blakely Turnpike Company, in 1828; the Pottsville, Minersville, Car- bondale & Susquehanna Turnpike Company, May 5, 1832, and the Carbondale & Tunkhannock Turnpike Company, and the Carbondale & Lackawanna Turnpike Company, April 9, 1833. The Seranton and Olyphant Boulevard Company was incorporated February 18, 1870, the commissioners to open the subscription books being George Coray, Lewis Jones, S. M. Nash, James S. Slocum, George Filer, IL K Grant, Edward Dolph, and David Voyle, or any five of them. The company was authorized to construct a turnpike road, to be well surfaced with broken stone and gravel from the intersection of Gibson Street with Madison Avenue at Fairlawn in the city of Seranton, to a point at or near the depot at Olyphant. The capital stock of the company was authorized to be $30,000.00, and no railroad was to be constructed lengthwise of said boulevard. On April 14, 1870, the act of incorporation was so amended as to add the names of Stephen B. Hull and James A. Savage to the number of commissioners, and to substitute the name "Fair Haven," for that of " Fairlawn." For the first three years progress on this boulevard was made slowly. In June, 1873, it was finished from Capouse to the Crippin TRANSPORTATION. 325 bridge, across the Lackawanna River, and to the village of Price, where it intersects the Carbondale road. The bridge was iinished in June, 1873, and Dr. Throop was the first to drive over it, on Jnne 10, 1873. The turnpike was completed in the following August and opened to the public, the first toll being taken on Tuesday', August 5th. The Scranton & ITewton Turnpike Companj- was incorporated in 1881. Its ofiicers since its organization have been Dr. B. II. Throop, president, and H. W- Luce, secretary and treasurer. The road i-uns from Scranton to Newton, a distance of five miles. The cost of its construction was about $7,000.00. The Ridge Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1881. Its officers since its organization have been George Sanderson, president, and J. Atticus Robinson, secretary and treasurer. The road extends from Scranton to Throop, a distance of about three miles. In the liistory of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, it is as eminently true as in that of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, that in the beginning the primary object of the projectors was not to conduct the business of common carriers, either in passengers or freight. Instead of this, it was to provide means to carry to market the immense quantities of anthracite coal which were then know to lie covered up in the mountain ranges, and even in the valleys, of Northern and Northeastern Pennsylvania. The history of this company properly begins with the year 1812, and it is inseparably connected with the high price of fuel, caused by the interruption of commercial relations between Liverpool and Virginia, by the war between England and the United States, which broke out that year. This war, by cutting ofir' the supply, raised its price so high that serious embarrassment was caused to all the industries of this country. That anthracite coal was valuable to manufacturers had some years before dawned upon the minds of men, as is sufficiently shown in the chapter on "Mining," elsewhere in this work; and a company was formed in Philadelphia, to carry coal from the Lehigh summit to that city, but the expense proved so great (|14.00 per ton,) that the enterprise had to be abandoned. But this failure was not without what may be called its success. The eftort to secure cheaper fuel brought out a young merchant of Philadelphia, who proved himself to possess genius equal to the solving of the problem. This young merchant was named William Wurtz, who, self-reliant and persistent, devoted much of his time and money in the exploration of the hills and valleys of Luzerne County, tracing the coal up the valley of the Lackawanna to the Dela- MQ HlStORT OS SCRANTON. ware River, surveying the gaps across the Moosic Mountains, Eixe's, Wagner's, and Cobb's, keeping constantly in view the Delaware as the grand highway for the coal which he knew was here in such great abundance, to the Eastern market. He commenced his explora- tions in 1812, immediately upon the stringency of fuel above referred to being felt. These explorations were continued by himself and his agents throughout the central and northern portions of the valley, until he was thoroughly satisfied of the complete feasibility of his project. One of these agents was a Mr. Noble, who is worthy of particular mention, on account of the reasons for his being in this locality at the time, as well as of the part he played in connection with Mr. Wurts in assisting him to secure possession of the lands. Mr. Noble was a refugee from Wayne County because of certain debts which he was unable to pay, and had taken to the woods with his rifle to avoid im- prisonment on that account, as Pennsylvania like many of the other States, still thought that the surest way to compel a man to pay his debts was to imprison him and thus render it utterly impossible for him to earn money with which to pay them. David JSToble was found by Mr. Wurts while thus avoiding the officers of the law, rambling around on Eagged Island. After becoming acquainted with Mr. Noble's misfortunes, Mr. Wurts advanced him money suflicient to pay his debts and then employed him to search for coal and to carry knapsacks of provisions from Canaan in Wayne County. During the summer months of that year the two were almost constant companions in the exploration of Lackawanna Valley in the search for coal. In 1814, after nearly two years spent in this way, through the assistance of Mr. Noble, or perhaps it were better to say through his agency, Mr. Wurts secured control of several thousand acres of coal lands in the county of Luzerne. Mr. Noble's part was to make the purchases or leases of the farmers and others who owned the lands, on account of his rough exterior, for refinement was then as now an evidence of wealth, and it was necessary to avoid awakening the suspicion of "the narrow-minded yeomanry" of that early day that there was danger of a grasping monopoly securing means by which to grind them down to the ground, or of anything that looked like an innovation in the way of enterprise. Mr. Noble's general appearance was far from suggesting anything of the kind. The cost of land at that time was from fifty cents to |3.00 per acre. The purchases thus made included the districts where now are located the flourishing villages of Carboudale and Archbald, with some TBANStORTATlON. 327 of the intervening lands, together with other tracts a short distance above Cobb's Gap, in Providence, The timber which covered these lands was of no commercial value, and much of it was cut down and burned to clear a place for the reception of the cabins of the workmen who were destined to bring to the light of day and the uses of mankind the rich black pearls that for ages had lain hidden beneath the surface of the earth. In this same year Mr. Wurts opened the seven and nine foot veins of coal to obtain specimens for exhibition in the cities of New York and Philadelphia. According to Mr. J. A. Clark, author of a valuable work on "The Wyoming Valley and the Lackawanna Coal Region," lion. Paul S. Preston gave some sound advice to Maurice Wurts, a brother of William Wurts, about this time, to the eft'ect that he would do well to hold on to the lot in the Lackawanna region which he had obtained of Mr. Noble for a debt. This advice was adhered to, and from that time the two brothers were united in their labors in the development of the anthracite coal in the Lackawanna Valley. On the eastern side of the Moosic Mountains is a narrow, partially concealed stream of water, know as Jones's Creek, and one of the upper and larger branches of the Wallenpaupack. Being not more than eight or nine miles from the coal mines opened in Providence, this stream was chosen to carry light rafts, each with a small quantity of coal, on its way to larger streams and the great markets of the East. During the entire summer of 1816 Mr. Noble was engaged in clearing Jones's Creek of logs and intertangled driftwood. A raft was at length lashed together, and loaded with two sled loads of coal. It swung out into the creek, lately swollen by a heavy rain, and with its freight of black, glistening diamonds, ran swiftly down the stream for about a mile, when it struck a projecting rock, and its entire cargo sank to rise no more. This unexpected misfortune, however, merely delayed, it did not prevent the maturing of the grand scheme that had taken fast possession of the minds of the two persistent, far-seeing men that had the enterprise committed to their care. It simply turned their attention to the slackened and more slowly flowing waters of the Wallenpaupack, a tributary of the Lackawaxen, itself a tributary of the Delaware, and about twenty miles instead of the eight or nine miles to Jones's Creek from the coal mines, to which coal was then drawn by the slow ox team on the old Connecticut Road from the Delaware. LTpon the Wallenpaupeck rafts were constructed from dry pine trees, and upon these rafts the coal which had been hauled by the slow ox teams from the mines was taken as far as Wilsonville 328 HISTOKT OP SCEANTOW. Falls, where the stream narrows to seventy feet in width and leaps over three successive ledges of rock of fifty feet each. Around these falls the coal was hauled in wagons to the eddy in the Lackawaxen, there loaded into arks, taken to the Delaware, and then on that classic stream to the City of Brotherly Love. Upon its arrival in PJiila- delphia, however, no amount of blowing and stirring would induce it to hum, iuid with the economy for which the founders and pro- moters of that beautiful city have ever been noted, it was broken and devoted to the graveling of their sidewalks and streets. Besides its temporary failure as an article of commerce in Philadelphia, what coal had been shipped there had been at great expense, and another route to. that city was seen to be a necessity if coal was to be taken to that market. The route already described was therefore abandoned, but not the enterprise of making the coal business a success. In 1822, after a lapse of six years, mining was commenced at the present location of Carbondale at a bluft" which rises on the western side of the town upon what was then the imme- diate bank of the river. About eight hundred tons of coal was taken out which it was intended to haul to the Lackawaxen. River in the spring by way of Rixe's (ilap, and then float it down the Delaware River to Philadelphia. But the winter was mild, but little snow fell, and what did fall was badly drifted so that hiuch of the ground was bare, and only about one hundred tons found its way to the Lacka- waxen River on the sleds, by way of Cherry Ridge. Rafts of pine trees were again brought into requisition, upon which the coal was successfully carried, to Philadelphia, and sold at from $10.00 to |12.00 per ton, and it was estimated that at this price a remunerative busi- ness could be established and carried on. But now a new difiiculty arose, entirely different from any that had heretofore been encountered by the indomitable, pioneers, William and Maurice Wurts'. It soon became generally known that the Lehigh, Schuylkill, the. Susque- hanna, and the Lackawanna valleys contained supplies of coal that were practicably inexhaustible, and as the former valleys were nearer Philadelphia the cost of transportation from them to that city would be less than from the Lackawanna, and hence the coal from this region could not be placed in that market in competition with the coal from that. Another market for the coal of the Lackawanna was therefore a necessity, or otherwise it must lie for an indefinite time undeveloped. Up«ni a careful investigation of the circumstances by which they were surrounded, and a survey of the obstacles by which they were confronted, the Wurts brothers refiected that no coal had THANSPORTATION. 329 been discovered in New York State, and that the Lackawanna Valley extending for forty miles in a northeasterly direction from the Susque- hanna, which was full of coal, was but little more than one hundred miles from Xew York City, which was therefore the natural market for the coal of this region. They also observed that the upper branches of the Lackawanna River were in close proximity to the western tributaries of the Delaware, and that it would not be imprac- ticable to construct a canal from the last mentioned river to the Hudson. This was the conception of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. The project which entered their minds was to improve the navigation of the Laekawaxen and to construct a canal from the Delaware to the Hudson, along the valleys of the Xevcrsink and the Rondout. Such a canal would form an uninterrupted water communication between New York City and the head of the A'anorka branch of Laekawaxen at Keene's Pond, and leave a portage of only nine and a half miles between Keene's Pond and the coal mines on the Laekawaxen. March 13, 1823, the legislature of Pennsylvania authorized Maurice Wurts to improve the navigation of the Laekawaxen, and on the 23d of April of the same year the legislature of New York incorporated the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. By the former act authority was granted "to levy a toll on all commodities passing down that river, if improved by slack-water navigation, of twelve and a half cents per ton per lock;" and by the latter act it was enacted "that the toll on stone coal should not exceed eight- cents per ton per mile." The original act of the State of New York authorized the company to construct a canal between the Delaware and liudson rivers. April 7, 1824, a supplement was passed increasing the capital from $500,- 000.00 to $1,500,000.00, and gave authority to extend the canal from Carpenter's Point to the mouth of the Laekawaxen River. Li Novem- ber following a second supplement authorized the company to employ $500,000,00 in the business of banking, and to establish a banking house in the State of New York. Li the meantime the route had been explored by Mr. William Wurts himself, who, after a superficial investigation, came to the conclusion that the project was perfectly feasible. The brothers then engaged Benjamin Wright, at that time the most experienced engineer in the country, to make the necessary survey of the route, and an estimate of the expense of constructing the proposed canal. The report of Mr. Wrio-ht was favorable to the building of the canal, but his estimate of the cost, $1,300,000.00, was quite discouraging. However, a report was made about the same time by I'rofessor Griscom, of New York, whom 330 HISTORY Of SCRANTON. the Messrs. Wurts had employed to visit their coal mines on the Lackawanna, with respect to the great value of the immense deposits of anthracite on this river, that had a tendency to ofi'set the efi'ect of the report of Mr. Wright. The Wurts brothers were by no means idle in attempting to correctly inform the public in respect to the value of the coal, and as to the probable earnings of the canal when it should be con- structed. Their eftbi'ts in this direction were so effective that when the books were opened, early in January, 1825, by commissioners appointed under the acts of the State of New York, for that purpose, more than the authorized amount of capital, $1,500,000.00, was almost instantly subscribed, and the company soon afterward became legally organized. February 4th, following, a new difficulty seemed to present itself with reference to the power of a corporation to hold lands in this State. The question was raised by Mr. Duncan, chairman of the committee of the senate of Pennsylvania, in a report made by him in response to a resolution referred to his committee, relative to foreign corporations. Mr. Duncan's report was to the effect that a corporation in this State had not the power to hold lands in mort- main witlwut the consent of the commonwealth, and that lands conveyed to trustees named in deeds of conveyance in trust for the uses of the company were subject to forfeiture. This report had a peculiar significance with reference to the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, and it was then thought advisable to secure a declaratory act from the State of Pennsylvania in its favor. A bill was therefore introduced into the house of representatives at Harrisburg, by John Wurts, a brother of William and Maurice Wurts, making it lawful for the president, managers, and company of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, by and with the consent of Maurice Wurts, his heirs, or assigns, to improve the navigation of the Lackawaxen and any one of its branches in the same manner authorized and provided by an act entitled "An Act to Improve the Navigation of the River Lackawanna," passed March 13, 1828, and that the said company should hold and enjoy the same as fully and effectually as the said Maurice Wurts, his heirs, or assigns, might or could do; and that it should be lawful for the said company to purchase and hold any quantity of lands situated within ten miles of the river Lackawanna, not to exceed five thousand acres. The first board of managers was elected March 8, 1825, Philip Hone being chosen president. The engineers employed by the com- pany recommended the construction of an independent canal instead of a canal part way, and slack water navigation in the Eoudout, TRANSPORTATION. 331 Delaware, and Lackawaxen rivers and between the great rivers. The managers adopted this recommendation in the main, and decided upon the valley of the Rondout. Thirty-four sections were advertised to be let July IB, 1825, and the president on that day, surrounded by a large concourse of his fellow-citizens, delivered an appropriate address and broke ground for the commencement of the work on th^ summit forty miles from the Hudson River. Contracts were let at the same time for all of the sections ready for operations. At subse- quent times dilierent portions of the work were let from the summit to the Iludson River, the last contract being made December 6th of the same year, from tide water on the Hudson, below Eddy's factory, to Montgaup on the Delaware, sixty-five miles. It was decided to locate the head of the canal at Honesdale, whence a railroad of sixteen and a half miles in length would be required to reach Carbondale. On April 5, 1826, therefore, a further supplemental act was secured to construct a railway, or railways, from the coal beds owned by the company to the forks of the Dyberry on the Lacka- waxen, and to collect and receive toll on said railroad. During this year (1826,) the canal was begun, and in 1828 it was completed. It may be worth noting in passing, that the line of this canal, between the Delaware and Hudson rivers, passes along a valley through which at some remote period the Delaware poured its waters into the Hudson. The supply of water obtained from numerous streams issuing from the mountain sides, from the Rondout River, and from the Neversink, was found to be more than sufficient for the necessities of the canal in all ordinary years; but in order to provide against insufficient water in times of droughts, it was deemed advisable to bring in the N"ever- sink, which was done at an expense of $30,000.00 additional to the original estimates. This, however, gave a continuous level for sixteen miles, supplied water in descending, both toward the Hudson and the Delaware, besides diminishing the descent of one and the ascent of the other. This was a change from the original route surveyed, and notwithstanding the increased expense of bringing in the Neversink, and the construction of an aqueduct across the Rondout entirely of stone, at* a cost of |5,000.00, Judge Wright asserted that there would be a saving, nevertheless, of at least $44,000.00, and perhaps even more than that. The State of iTew York, by an act passed probably in January, or February, 1828, granted the loan of the credit of the State for $500,000, simply on the merits of the enterprise. This gen- erosity on the part of that State relieved the board of managers of threatened pecuniary embarrassment, and assured the completion 332 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. of the great work in which they were engaged. Contracts were immediately let for the construction of the canal from the narrows of the Lackawaxen to the forks at Dyberry, where it had been deter- mined to stop the canal, and thence constniet a railroad to the coal mines, distant nearly fifteen miles. This termination of the canal was about seven miles short of that contemplated in the original plan. A turnpike had been constructed from the coal mines at Carbondale to the Milford & Owego Turnpike, and also one from this turnpike to the head of the canal, thus making a continuous turnpike from Carbon- dale to the head of the canal. Over this turnpike coal was hauled by teams to the head of the canal at $2.25 on sleds, and $2.75 per ton on wagons. The coal was thence transported to New York by means of the canal, and thus was the grand scheme completed. The next thing then to be done was to build the railroad to take the place of the turnpike, as that would furnish a means of transport- ing coal for about' one tenth the cost by turnpike as given above. All engineers agreed that railroads were much superior to turnpikes, and but little inferior to canals in the cheapness and facility of transporta- tion." The chief engineer's plans were submitted to Judge Wright and Professor Renwick, and with the sanction of these two gentlemen the company proceeded to the buildiu.g of the road. It is well known that the manner of building railroads at that early da}' was very different and far inferior to that in vogue at this time. The road built by this company was of timber laid lengthwise of the road, with rolled iron plate securely fastened to the timbers with screws. The chief expense in the construction of this road was involved in the pur- chase of the iron plates, and by a comparison of their cost in Europe with the freight added, with their cost in this country, and taking also into account the superiority of the English manufactured rail, it was found to be economy to purchase the rails needed,, in England. At that time John B. Jervis was chief engineer of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, and Horatio Allen was in England on a mission of interest to the northeastern part of the State, Mr. Jervis sent instructions to Mr. Allen to purchase the iron needed for this road which had already been graded, and also to buy three locomotives for the road. After purchasing one of these three locomotives Mr. Allen ordered it shipped to New York City, at which place it landed from the shjp, "John Jay," about the middle of May, 1829, at the foot of Beach Street. Here it was set up in the yard of the West Point Foundry Works, steam connections being made from the foundry engines, and thousands visited it to see the new wonder go through its motions. TRANSPORTATION. 333 From the 3forning Courier unci Xew York Enquirer, of June 12, 1829, the following extract is made: ''Locomotive Enejives.— We yesterday attended the first exhibition of a locomotive engine called 'The Lion,' imported by the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, to be used upon their railway. On Wednesday (the lOtli,) the engine just imported was tried and gave such general satisfaction that the present exhibition was unanimously attended by gentlemen of science and particular intelligence. The engine was put up in Mr. Kimball's manufactory by Horatio Allen,. Esq., who went to England to purchase it for the company, and it gives us great satisfaction to say that the most important improvements which have lately been made in the construction of these engines originated with him. It is nine horse power, having a boiler sixteen and a half feet long, with two cylinders each of three foot stroke. It is calculated to propel from sixty to eighty tons at five miles per hour. The power is applied to each wheel at about twelve inches from the center, and the adhesive power of the wheel arising from the weight of the engine will give locomotion to the whole structure. " The steam was raised by the Lackawaxen <(coal, and sustained (although there was no friction) at between forty and fifty pounds to the inch. "We were much delighted with the performance of the engine, and have no doubt that the enterprising company to whom it belongs will reap a rich reward for their enterprise and perseverance. "Pleased as we were, however, with the engine, we were much more pleased with the practical demonstration offered of the, import- ance and usefulness of the coal which the company propose to bring to market. It is now reduced to a certainty that the Lackawaxen coal will generate steam in sufficient quantity to answer all the pur- poses to which it is ajiplied, and that fact is not only of great importance to the company, but it is worth millions to our State." After remaining on exhibition in New York for about six weeks, its arrival at the upper end of the canal was thus announced by the Dundaft' Eepii.blican, published in Dundaff, Su-quehanna County, under date of July 23, 1829: "The boats begin to arrive [on the Delaware and Hudson Canal] with the traveling engines and railroad machinery; all is bustle and business. The engine intended for this end of the road, is a plain, stout work of immense height, weighing about seven tons, and will travel four miles per hour, with a train of thirty to thirty-six carriages loaded with two tons of coal each, The engine is called 334 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. the ' Stourbridge Lion,' its boiler being built something in the shape of that animal and painted accordingly. Now imagine to yourself the appearance of that animal, the body at least twelve feet in length and five in diameter, traveling at the rate of four or five miles per hour, together with a host of young ones in train, and you will have some idea of the scene before us; but the enchantment is broken, and in a few days the whole will be set in motion, and we will now give you information that when the whole is in operation we shall give a general notice that we intend to hold a day of rejoicing on the completion of the same, and shall give a general invitation to our fellow-citizens to attend. "We have procured a large cannon, and intend to station it on the top of the high peak to sound on the occasion." While waiting now for the engineer to get his new engine in shape for its first trip on this railroad, it will doubtless be well to introduce a particular description of the monster. It was a four- wheeled engine (all drivers), with all four wheels connected by pins in the wheels. The boiler was a cylindrical one, with no drop part for the furnace, ancj, the smoke box had a well-painted lion's head on it. The cylinders were set vertically, and were placed at the back and at each side of the furnace, with grasshopper beams and connecting rods from them to the crank pins in the wheels. There were side rods between the back and front wheels, and the front ends of the beams were supported by a pair of radius rods, which formed the parallel motion. This engine was built by Foster, Rastrick & Company, of Stourbridge, England, and was hence called the " Stourbridge Lion." Its first trip, and the first trip made by any locomotive in the United States, was made August 8, 1829. The engine had been placed upon the company's track at the dock, which consisted of hemlock rails eight by ten inches thick, placed four feet, ten inches apart, and spiked to hemlock ties laid upon the ground ten feet apart. Ballast, ing and grading had not then been heard of, and on account of the dry weather the timbers had dried and warped a good deal. After leaving the docks there was about five hundred feet of straight line, and then the road crossed the Lackawaxen Creek on a slight hemlock trestle about thirty feet high, and with a curve, the radius of which was from three hundred and fifty to four hundred feet. The general im- pression was that the locomotive would either break down the bridge or jump from the track at the curve and plunge into the creek. Honesdale at that time contained about one hundred inhabitants, and the farmers bad come into town from all the surrounding country, to TRANSPORTATION., 335 the number of several hundreds more. On account of the fears for the safety of anyone who might venture across such a frail structure as the bridge across the Lackawaxen, no one could be persuaded to accompany Mr. Allen on this trial trip, and efforts were made to induce him to forego the trip. In reply to these friendly admoni- tions and entreaties, Mr. Allen said that it was too late to consider the probabilities of failure or disaster in any way; that the trial must come off, but that no more than one need be involved in its fate; he said that he would take the ride alone, aiid expressed the opinion that the time would come when he would be able to look back with great pleasure to the occasion. Mr. Allen thereupon placed his hand upon the throttle valve handle, and believing the road would prove safe, decided to start with considerable velocity, preferring that if the bridge should not hold up, to show no evidences of fear. He passed the bridge safely and went around the curve with such velocity that he was soon out of sight. After going up the road two or three miles he reversed his engine and returned to Honesdale, having made the first trip on a railroad locomotive in the United States. The "Stourbridge Lion" was then attached to a train of coal cars, and handled them in a satisfactory manner; but as the railroad was too slightly built to sustain the heavy locomotive with a train of cars, the engine was not afterwards used for the purposes for which it was intended, but was placed in a shanty on the company's dock, where it remained for several years, gradually going to decay. The boiler, however, was taken to Carbondale and there set up in a foundry, most of the rest of the machine being sold for old iron. The other two locomo- tives contracted for by Mr. Allen in England were never put together. In 1870, Hon. John Torry, writing to William H. Brown, author of a valuable work entitled "The First Locomotives in America," after giving an account of the first trip made by the Stourbridge Lion, adds: "In November, 1829, it was housed in with rough boards, as it thus stood beside the railroad, though some of the boards on the sides were soon displaced to give opportunity for the curious to examine it more readily. It remained where thus housed some fourteen or fifteen years, until so many of its parts were detached or broken that it was entii-ely worthless as a locomotive, when the boiler was removed to Carbondale and used witfr a stationary engine in running the company's shops, and the wheels, axles, aud loose parts were sold for old iron. Some of the loose parts are still kept as mementos of the first locomotive run upon a railroad in America. The boiler is now in use in Carbondale," 336 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. On April 80, 1891, the writer of this chapter saw Prof. J. E. Watkins of the National Museum in Washington, District of Columbia, and was informed by him that the boiler of this first loco- motive, after running for several years in Carbondale, as above noted by Hon. Mr. Torry, was purchased by a Carbopdale firm, named Lindsey & Early, for the purpose of exhibiting it throughout the country for what it was. At length they took it to Chicago in 1883, and.it was there exhibited at the Exposition of Railway Appliances that year, where it was identified by Horatio Allen, who ran it upon its first and only trip on a railroad as a part of a self-propelling riiachine. It was returned to Lindsay & Early at Carbondale, and in 18,90, it was by them sent to the National Museum, "Washington,. District of Columbia, and besides the boiler, the museum has also the four wheels, the walking beam, and one of the cylinders of the origi- nal locomotive. It is the design of the National Museum, in case congress can b^ prevailed upon to make an appropriation sufficiently lai'ge for the purpose, to have manufactured fae similes of the missing parts, and finally set up the whole machine as nearly as possible as it was when it arrived in this country in 1829. The canal had been built from Rondout, New York, to Hones- dale, Pennsylvania, at a cost of $6,250,000.00, a little more than $58,000.00 per mile. The attempt to use steam power, as has been stated, was in August, 1829, and proved a failure, only because the tracks prepared for the reception of the iron horse were not strong enough to bear his weight. Inclined planes were then resorted to, down which loaded cars would run by the simple force of gravity, and up which they were drawn by horses or mules. The first works of this kind anywhere in this country on an extended scale, were at Rixe's Gap, and these were a complete success. During the year 1829, in which the " Stourbridge Lion " made its one trial trip, the company was able to take but little coal to market, and that little was for the most part surface coal, and for this reason of such an inferior quality as to furnish plausible grounds for the assertions made by rival companies that the coal of the company was quite valueless. Yet notwithstanding the difiiculties under which it was laboring, and while it was putting forth its best endeavors to make its enterprise valuable to itself and the countr/at large, a portion of the people in Northeastern Pennsylvania, in 1830, with a prevision that was remarkable, and which doubtless was extremely creditable to their sagacity, became greatly alarmed at the prospect that the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company would immediately become a great monopoly, and ruin all personal TRANSPOETATION. 337 interests in their section of the State. To counteract this growth of an imaginary despotism indignation meetings were held, and a flaming appeal, in the shape of a pamphlet, was issued, the title page of which was as follows: "Monopoly is Tyranny; or, An Appeal to the People and Legislature from the oppression of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. Dundaft", Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. Printed by S. Hamilton, 1830." The prelude to the appeal, which illustrates the fears which these people entertained respecting this company, was as follows: "It becomes a painful but imperious duty to appeal to the people from the oppression and monopoly of a powerful foreign corporation, which threatens to absorb all our most valuable rights, privileges, and trade, to the destruction of some classes of society and to the injury of all." The pamphlet then proceeded to present a history of the monopolies from the beginning of the seventeenth century down to that time, and a detailed history of the development of the enterprise which it was denouncing, and closed as follows: " Let the people engaged in the river trade, whose property has been destroyed — nay, whose very lives have been jeopardized in passing the dams in the Delaware and Lackawaxen — reply. By ex- cluding individuals from the railroad, and thereby monopolizing the coal trade of the whole Lackawanna Valley, as well as by other acts already referred to, it has manifestly inflicted deep wounds upon the general nrosperity of the county, and 'abused the privileges' granted in its charter. "Will these abuses be tamely submitted to by the people? Will they remain careless spectators of the misery and ruin brought on inno- cent individuals by the daring violation of chartered rights? Can they continue silent under the constant encroachments and oppression of a powerful foreign company whose chains will soon be riveted upon them? For the honor and welfare of the community we trust not. Let them instantly and fearlessly unite in petitioning the legislature for the appointment of competent engineers to examine whether any of the works or improvements on the Delaware and Lackawaxen have rendered the channels of those rivers less safe and convenient than they were in their natural state; that the engineers should proceed immediately on this duty and report to the present session of the legislature. Let them also apply for the appointment of a committee with power to send for persons and papers; and to inquire whether the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company have not misused or abused the 22 338 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. privileges granted them. Such a petition the legislature of this State would never reject." The purpose of those engaged in thus attempting to inflame the minds of the people, vi^as, through them, to influence the action of the legislature, which was about to assemble; but the effort failed to accomplish its mission. In fact, the eftect was quite the opposite of what was intended, as is often the case with such attempts. The company itself went into the next legislature with such an array of facts and figures as to convince that body that it was honestly endeav- oring to develop the resources of the northeastern section of the State, and that the funds of the company had been, for the most part, rigidly devoted to that end. It was shown that, instead of the company being at that time a powerful monopoly, it was really in a weak condition on account of the depressed condition of its finances, and the movement against it on the part of those trembling individuals, instead of awakening enmity against it, awakened both approval of its course and objects, and sympathy for its difficulties; and an application to the legislature of New York, in 1832, resulted in a loan by that State of $300,000.00 for seven years, making $800,- 000.00 in all received from that source. In applying this sum to the liquidation of its liabilities there still remained a debt of $75,500.00, thus showing that the company was then in reality in an embarrassed condition. But it was getting ready to fulfill its destiny, which it has since nobly none. The history of this company as a coal operating organization is presented in the chapter on " Mining," elsewhere in this work, and the next event deemed essential in this connection is the history of the proceedings of the legislature regarding the assumption by the State of Pennsylvania of that portion of the canal included in this State. By the eighteenth section of the act entitled "An Act to Improve the Navigation of the Elver Lackawaxen," passed March 13, 1823, the State of Pennsylvania reserved to itself the right to assume the rights, privileges, and franchises granted to the company, at the expiration of thirty years, on certain conditions specified in the act. The thirty years expired March 13, 1853, and in anticipation of this expiration, the house of representatives on April 3, 1851, appointed a committee of three of its members to sit during the recess of the legislature for the purpose of investigating the aflairs of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company with reference to this reserved right of the State, and to report to the next legislature. This committee, in pursuance of the object of its appointment, sought information from TRANSPORTATION. 339 the agfetits and ofBcers, who, while they looked upon the inquiry as at least premature, even if it applied to their company at all under the charter, yet did not hesitate to furnish the committee all the information it desired. On January 8. 1852, the committee made its report to the legislature, stating as its conclusion, that if the com- monwealth should assume the Pennsylvania section of the canal, the sum it would have to pay was $1,246,437.68, that being the diiference between the amount of tolls received and the cost of construction and repairs. The board of managers, however, did not agree with the com- mittee. According to their views that amount was, far too small, even if the right of assumption by the State existed, which they did not concede. An account made up by them to February 28, 1851, was submitted to the committee by the company, which account was by the committee submitted to the legislature together with its own report. After discussion in the legislature a bill was passed April 30, 1852, as follows: "That the eighteenth section of an act entitled 'An Act to Improve the Navigation of the River Lackawaxen,' passed the 13th of March, 1823, which provides for the resumption by the State of the improve- ments of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Compatiy, known as the Pennsylvania section of the Delaware & Hudson Canal, together with the corresponding stipulations, if any in the supplements to said act, be and the same are hereby repealed, and the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company are hereby authorized to conduct their business as they have heretofore done according to their charter, and maintain and use their works and appurtenances as heretofore without liability to account and surrender, as provided for in said eighteenth section of the aforesaid act passed on the 13th of March, 1823." Thus the privileges and franchises of the company were made unequivocally perpetual. Maurice Wurts died December 29, 1854. The inception of the company originated with him, and he had been closely identified with its history from the beginning until his lamented death. He had seen the first shipment of coal leave the mines on rude sleds, and descend the rivers on rafts. At the time of his death the entire amount of coal sent to market by means of this canal from different sources was 5,763,369 tons, and of this amount his own company shipped from Honesdale, 438,406 tons. William Musgrave, vice president of the company, died in April, 1856, and the vacancy thus caused was filled by the appoint- ment of Robert Soutter. John Wurts, president of the company, who 340 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. had been devoted to its service for twenty-seven years, resigned his position. His resignation was accepted with reluctance, and the fol- lowing resolutions adopted: "Whereas, Mr. John "Wurts has signified to this board his wish to retire, on account of the feeble state of his health, from the position he has so long held as president of this company; be it therefore " lie solved, That this board has learned with feelings of sincere regret the determination of Mr. Wurts to retire from the presidency of this company, and though the reasons which he gives for com- ing to this decision are such as forbid us, in justice to him, from seeking to change his purpose, they cannot, in accepting his resigna- tion, forbear to put on record their profound appreciation of the singular ability and self-sacrificing zeal with which he has discharged the duties of president for a period of twenty-seven years. And in thus expressing their sense of the value and faithfulness of his ser- vices, they would at the same time most cordially congratulate him on the fact that having been placed at the head of the company at a time when its affairs were in extreme embarrassment, and its credit almost gone, he is now able to retire, leaving it in a state of great prosperity, and possessing in an extraordinary degree the public con- fidence, a result, as they think, in a very large measure owing to the wisdom and devotion with which he has labored in its service, "Resolved, That it is the earnest hope of this board that, being released from the cares and labors of office, Mr. Wurts may speedily recover his former health and vigor and be long spared to give to the company the benefit of his advice and counsel. " By order of the board, "George Talbot Olyphant, President. "New Yokk, March 30, 1858." Mr. Wurts remained a member of the board of managers until 1861. In 1858 the company extended its railroad from Archbald down the valley six miles, to the coal lands belonging to them which had not yet been worked. Upon this tract the town of Olyphant, now containing a population of more than four thousand inhabitants, is located. It was named in honor of George T. Olyphant, president of the company at that time. In 1859-60 the railroad was extended to within a mile of Scrantou, a distance of four and a half miles. In 1864 the capital stock of the company was increased to |10,000,000.00. Mr. R. F. Lord, who had been in the service of the company since 1826, resigned his position as chief engineer of the canal on January TRANSPOaiATlON. 341 1, 1864. During this year Thomas Dickson became vice president of the company. In 1865 two strikes occurred — one early in the spring on the railroads, the other in the summer by the miners, in the latter case work being suspended seventy days. By these difficulties the receipts of the company were largely cut down from what they had been in previous years. These receipts were also greatly reduced by the Pennsylvania Coal Company diverting its business to the Erie Railway. The Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, believing this action to be in violation of an agreement entered into with them by the Pennsylvania Coal Company, brought suit to recover the toll upon the coal thus diverted to the Erie Railway, claiming damages for 1864, alone, of $600,000.00. Having in 1866 aided the Union Coal Company by a loan of $1,300,000.00, to purchase the property of the Baltimore Coal Com- pany, near Wilkes-Barre, and through the financial difficulties of this company, having come into possession of this property, the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company thereby increased its possession by three thou- sand acres of coal lands; four breakers, with all the necessary appurte- nances capable of turning out two thousand tons of coal per day; and seventeen miles of railroad, connecting with their line already extended, as mentioned above, to within one mile of Scranton, and equipped with four locomotives, five hundred and fifty coal cars, and about one hundred canal boats. About the same time the company also came into possession, by purchase, of an important • coal estate near Ply- mouth, paying therefor |1,575,000.00. This property consisted of eight hundred and three acres of coal lands, purchased in fee simple; two hundred and twenty-five acres on lease; three mine openings; one breaker complete, and one in course of construction; a store and house, gristmill, etc.; mine houses; a good i-ailroad bridge over the Susquehanna, and two miles of railroad, connecting the property with the main line of traffic on the east side of the river. In 1868, on account of its rapidly increasing business, increased railroad facilities became a necessity. Important changes were there- fore recommended by the president of the company, Mr. Olyphant. These were in part the widening of the gauge from four feet, three and a half inches, to the standard gauge, and the change to a locomo- tive road, where previously they had depended upon a gravity road below Carbondale. This latter change was in anticipation of the building of a railroad from Carbondale to Nineveh, connecting with the Albany and Susquehanna. In September, 1868, the New York & Erie Railroad Company entered into a contract to construct a 342 HISTORt 01" SCRANTON. railroad from Carbondale to their main line at Susquehanna, to be completed not later than June 1, 1870, and thereafter to transport coal for the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company to Rochester and Buffalo. The length of the new line was twenty miles, and when completed it gave the shortest line between the anthracite coal fields and the numerous towns along the line of the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad. Even before the completion of the new line from Carbon- dale to Susquehanna it became evident that the possession of the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad would give additional transportation facilities to the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, and also secure additional markets for its coal, which the enlargement of the canal jf made, could not give. This road was therefore acquired by a perpetual lease at an annual rental of seven per cent on the capital and bonded debt of the company, $7,000,000.00. On May 1, 1871, a perpetual lease was effected of the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad. The branch road from Nineveh to Susquehanna, known as the Lackawanna and Susquehanna Railroad, had recently been completed and a third rail had been laid on the Albany and Susquehanna for the use of the narrow coal cars. These extensions and improvements of trausportation facilities resulted in greatly increased traffic. From 1829 up to this time, about 1872, until the company obtained control of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad and the use of the Erie Railroad, the canal was the only outlet to the market for the com- pany's coal. By the canal was obtained the wealth which enabled the company to secure the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, and its stock previous to that time had been as high as two hundred per cent. It was always believed that it was the canal that had saved the company from bankruptcy when the complications following the acquisition of the railroad caused the stock to fall to forty per cent. In 1884, however, so great had been the change between the relative value of railroads and canals as means of transportation, that Mr. Thomas Dickson, president of the company, and Coe F. Young, the chief engineer, said that as such means the canal was of no value because it cost more to transport coal over it than it did by rail. In November, 1885, on account of the appraisement of this property at Kingston, New York, at |750,000, the company appealed from the assessment and made affidavit to the effect that the canal was not paying expenses. The affidavit declared that the canal was being carried on the books of the company at 16,339,210.48; and that if it had to be given in payment for a debt it would have to go at far below that amount. It was also said that if a railroad were built on TUANSPORtATION. 343 the bed of the canal, coal could be transported to tide water for fifty- four cents per ton, whereas by the canal it cost sixty-five cents per ton. The various lines of railroad owned and operated by this company at the present time are as follows: Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, proper, 40.81 miles; Northern Coal & Iron Company's railroad, 2.03 miles; Union Railroad, 19.95 miles; Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 152.50 miles; Cherry Valley, Sharon & Albany Railroad, 21 miles; Schenectad}' & Duanesburg Railroad, 13.80 miles; JSTew York and Canada Railroad, 149.94 miles; Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, 194.86 miles; Albany & Vermont Railroad, 12 miles; Glens Falls Railroad, 14 miles; Mechanics- ville & Fort Edward Railroad, 2.86 miles; Rutland & Whitehall Rail- road, 7.30 miles; Saratoga & Schenectady Railroad, 21 miles; West Troy & Green Island Railroad, 1 mile. Total mileage, 653.05. The officers of this company since its organization in March, 1825, have been as follows: Presidents — Thihp Hone, 1825; John Bolton, 1826-32; John Wurts, 1832-58; George T. Olyphant, 1858-69; Thomas Dickson, 1869-84; R. M. Olyphant, 1885-91. Vice Presidents — Isaac L. Piatt, 1845-49; John Ewen, 1849-51; William Musgrave, 1851-57; Robert Soutter, 1857-66; Thomas Dick- son, 1866-69; H. V. Olyphant, 1875-85; LeGrand B. Cannon, 1886-91. Treasurers — John Bolton, 1825; Samuel Flewelling, 1826-32; John H. Williams, 1832-45; Isaac N. Seymour, 1845-69; Charles P. Hartt, 1869-73; James C. Hartt, 1873-91. Secretaries — Isaac N. Seymour, 1842-48; Gilead A. Smith, 1848-55; James C. Hartt, 1855-66; Richard H. Nodyne, 1866-71; Daniel Wilson, 1871-73; George L. Haight, 1873-83; F. Murray Olyphant, 1883-91. General Managers — Coe. F. Young, 1869-85; Horace G. Young, 1885-91. Superintendents of Mining Department — Thomas Dickson, till 1866; E. W. Weston, 1866-74; A. H. Vandling, 1874-91. Superintendent of Railroad Depaiiment-li. Manville, 1866-91. Superintendents of Canal Department — R. F. Good, 1826-66; Coe F. Young, 1866-69; A. M. Atkinson, 1869-77; L. 0. Rose, 1877-91. General Agent of Real Estate Department — ^. W. Weston, 1874-91. Chief Engineers — James Archbald, to 1854; C. W. Wentz, 1873-83; the business was then placed in charge of division superintendents, C. D. Hammond, of Albany, and Theodore Voorhees, of Troy. The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad system, now one of the most extensive and important in the East, originated in a very 344 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. humble and modest way. It appears to be the concurrent testimony of all authorities upon the origin of this railroad, that it was the knowledge of the existence of coal in large quantities in the Lacka- wanna Valley, that led Henry W. Drinker, a man of superior intellectual ability, to conceive the idea of connecting the Susquehanna River at Pittston, with the Delaware River at the Delaware Water Gap. The means by which these two points were to be connected, according to Mr. Drinker's idea, was a railroad, extending from the Susquehanna River up the Lackawanna Valley, to the mouth of Roar- ino- Brook; thence up the valley of that stream to Lake Henry, and down the Pocono and Alawomink, through Stroudsburg, to the Water Gap at Dutotsburg. This railroad was to be operated by hydraulic power along the inclines, and by horse power along the level portions. The route for the road was explored by Mr. Drinker, with the object above named in view, in 1819, but no instrumental survey of the route was made for eleven years. Li 1826, however, Mr. Drinker secured from the legislature of Pennsylvania, an act incorporating the "Susquehanna & Delaware Canal and Railroad Company," his original idea of a simple railroad having become modified so far as to contemplate the construction of a railroad part of the way and a canal the rest of the way. Horses were to be the motive power over the plains. Toll houses were to be established which Avere to be in charge of collectors, and upon ap- proaching these toll houses the drivers upon the canal or upon the railroad, were to notify the collectors of such approach by a blast upon a trumpet or a horn. The commissioners under this act of incorporation were Henry W. Drinker, William Henry, David Scott, Jacob D. Stroud, Daniel Stroud, James N. Porter, A. E. Brown, Stogdell Stokes, and John Coolbaugh. Henry W. Drinker and William Henry were the most active and indefatigable members of this board, though they accomplished little besides a preliminary sur- vey of the route. This survey was mainly coincident with the present southern division of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. It was made by Ephraim Beach, Esq., civil engineer, in 1831, who was employed by Mr. Henry in accordance with the wishes of the board. It was intended to build seventy miles of railroad at a cost of, 1625,000,00, upon which there would be employed three hundred and twenty-six cars transporting two hundred and forty thousand tons of coal per year to New York. At that time coal was worth $9.00 per ton, and coal lands were worth from $10.00 to $20.00 per acre. It was the coal trade mainly that was expected to sustain this TRANSPORTATION. 345 road, yet not wholly so, as it was thought that iron in bars, castings, and pig iron would find its way over it from the eastern portions of both Pennsylvania and New Jersey to the coal fields where coal was both abundant and cheap. However, this germ of thought of Mr. Drinker's never materialized in its original shape. But another project which was contemporaneous therewith, conceived by Thomas Meredith, and known for a long time as the "Meredith Railroad," did in process of time take permanent shape, in the form of a railroad from the mouth of Leggett's Creek, within the limits of Providence, to Great Bend, on the Susquehanna River, at a point a little to the west of north of Providence, and distant forty-seven and a half miles there- from. This road was at first called the "Lackawanna & Susquehanna Railroad," the termini of the line resting respectively on the "Lack- awannock," as it was then called, and the Susquehanna rivers. This road, like the Susquehanna & Delaware Canal and Railroad Company, was chartered in 1826, but the survey was not made until 1830. James Seymour made the survey. In the report of the commissioners above named, they said: "A route for a railroad has been recently surveyed by Mr. Seymour from the Lackawannock by Leggett's Creek [it con- nects with the Susquehanna & Delaware Railroad at a point about fifty-three miles from Water Gap J, to the Great Bend on the Susque- hanna; this is said to be shorter than the line from Carbondale, and the summit less. If the distance is the same, then we have, from Hoboken to the Water Gap, 81 miles; from Water Gap to Seymour's Line, 53 miles; from the mouth of Leggett's Creek, 47J miles; a total distance of ISIJ miles. "By the Susquehanna & Delaware Railroad and its connections we conceive the wants and interests of Western New York will be better accommodated than by any other line that has yet been, or indeed that ever can be projected. A connection with the inexhaust- ible coal beds of Luzerne County, it is scarcely necessary to say, will soon be as vital to the interests of Western New York as to her great and splendid commercial capital; whilst the same line which amply supplies these wants afifords a most extended market for her agricultural products, and at the same time connects the interests of ;that State by the shortest possible line with the parent city, whose position and commercial advantages are without a rival. The certain improvement of the Susquehanna River to the State line leaves the great question to depend alone on the success of our contemplated undertaking — an undertaking which has in its favor, as is conceived, unrivaled advantages." 346 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. "By a section of the Susquehanna River the southwestern counties of New York would be fully accommodated, whilst one of the lines which have recently been examined by Mr. Seymour to the Great Bend, would perhaps be more desirable to other parts of the State, to Owego, Ithaca, etc," To the simple-minded yeomen of the sparsely settled wild woods of Northeastern Pennsylvania, the projects above described were as "insubstantial as the baseless fabric of a dream;" but the few far- seeing men most intimately concerned were far from disma^^ed. Yet it is worthy of remark that even the few were not what then would have been considered so wildly visionary as to contemplate the use of steam locomotives upon either of these roads as a motive power, or that either of the then roads would ever be utilized for the transpor- tation of human freight. For motive power they were to depend upon gravity one way, and motive means mainly upon coal. The present, if they could have foreseen it, would have been a resplendent and overwhelming apocalyptic vision; it would have been to their untutored minds, what now is to us the seemingly impossible naviga- tion of the air, an utter impossibility. Hollister, on page 315 of the lirst edition of his "History of the Lackawanna Valley," writes of another feature of these enterprises as follows: " Shadowed so deeply in the forest of Pennsylvania as was the Lackawanna Valley, known in New York City only by the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, which had been in operation only four years, up to this time neither Drinker's nor Meredith's charter was looked on with suspicion." A company was organized in the spring of 1832, with Henry W. Drinker, president; John Jordan, Jr., secretary, and William Henry, treasurer. The president and the treasurer were made a financial com- mittee to raise means with which to build the road. It appears clear that not only was neither of the two charters above referred to looked upon with suspicion, but also that neither of them was looked upon with favor, even after long and strenuous efforts to bring them into public notice. For six or seven years a great deal was done by the projectors of the roads, especially the latter one, to induce capitalists to invest in the enterprise, but without success. The commercial crisis of 1837, as it is generally called, also had its depressing effect, and caused it to languish. In the meantime, it may be worth while to notice the fact that the enterprise narrowly escaped having connected with it a scion of the English nobility, which may or may not be a TRANSPORTATION. ijil matter of regret. This is shown by the following paragraph from Dr. Hollister's history' of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Eail- road Company: "In the summer of 1836 an English nobleman named Sir Charles Augustus Murray became interested in the project while on a travel- ing tour on this continent. A correspondence ensued which led to a meeting of the friends of the road at Easton, June 18, 1836. Messrs. Drinker and Henry, on the part of the railroad company, and Messrs. Armstrong, of New York, Murray, of England, and Clem- son, of New Jersey, wrote articles of association. The committee authorized Mr, Murray to raise, as he proposed to do, £100,000 sterling in England on a condition precedent that the company- would raise the means to make a beginning of the work. Mr. Wil- liam Henry accompanied him to New York and furnished him with a power of attorney, and on the 8th of August, 1836, Mr. Murray sailed for home. Mr. Henry at once met and made arrangements with the Morris Canal board of directors to raise |150,000.00 on stock sub- scriptions to commence the road, but before these arrangements had matured news arrived from England through Mr. Murray that the prostrated monetary affairs of Europe would not admit of any specu- lation for the time being." At length, however, arrangements were made with New York cap- talists to build the road, provided Mr. Drinker and his associates would secure a charter for a continuous line of gravity railroad from the Sus- quehanna Eiver at Pittston to the New York State line. In 1838 a perpetual charter was by them obtained for such a road, and the first 15.00 installment paid. It will be noticed that so far all the charters secured contemplated the use of gravity as a motive power on a portion of the road; but the necessities of the growing iron industries of Scranton for better communication with the seaboard could not be supplied by the inclined plane, the horse or mule team, and the slow- moving boats upon the canal. Such considerations led Colonel George W. Scranton, in 1847, to suggest the opening of communication between Scranton and the lake country northward by a locomotive railway. In 1849 a careful survey was made and work commenced on the line in 1850. Difficulties were still encountered in securing the requisite capital to prosecute the work, from the fact that the northern terminus of the route was at Great Bend, and that from there there was no open access to the Erie Canal; but about this time application was made to the company to purchase the Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad, which upon examination was found to furnish 348 HISTORY OP SORANTON. the desired outlet, and it was also found that the control of this route would at all times secure the company from the exactions to which they would otherwise be exposed from attempts to take advantage of their jiecessities by other routes. The Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad was accordingly purchased, and measures taken to enlarge its capacity. But as the Caj'uga & Susquehanna Railroad Company had been incorporated under the laws of another State, this company could not purchase it as such, and hence it was necessary for individ- ual stockholders of the company to purchase, and they succeeded to its corporate title and powers. It then being ascertained that an arrangement could be effected with the New York & Erie Railroad Company for the use of their road from Great Bend to Owego, which would for a time at least meet the necessities of the company, the project which had for some time been entertained of changing the terminus of the road from the former to the latter place was abandoned, and the contract for the use of the New York & Erie Railroad was signed January 27, 1851. The construction of what is now known as the Northern Division of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad was continued and completed, and the road was opened for traflic in October following, the name having in the meantime been changed to the Lackawanna & Western Railroad. The charter of the Leggett's Gap Railroad Company had been kept alive by Dr. Andrew Bedford, Thomas Smith, Nathaniel Cottrill, and others, and it was purchased in 1849, at the suggestion of Colonel George W. Scranton. The commissioners to obtain subscriptions to the capital stock of the company met at Harrison, March, 7, 1849, and the amount subscribed then was $251,300.00. The first meeting for the election of officers, was held at Harrison, January 2, 1850. John J. Phelps was chosen president; Charles F. Mattes, secretary, and Selden T. Scranton, treasurer. The managers elected were as follows: John I. Blair, Henry W. Drinker, Joseph C. Piatt, Jeremiah Clark, Andrew Bedford, George W. Scranton, Joseph H. Scranton, Fred R. Griffin, David S. Miller, and Charles Fuller. On March 27th, following, nearly all these officers resigned. Roswell Sprague, of New York, was then chosen in place of Selden T. Scranton, treasurer; and Henry Hotchkiss of New Haven, Connecticut, in place of Charles F. Mattes, secretary. Four of the original managers retained their places, and in place of those resigned the following were elected: John Howland, William E. Dodge, Edward Mo wry, Drake Mills, and Moses W. Scott, all of New York, and J. B. Williams of Ithaca, New York. On the next day TRANSPOKTATION. 349 Colonel George W. Scranton was appointed general agent, and it was under his supervision that the road was completed, and opened to Great Bend, as above narrated. The name was changed to "The Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company," by an act of the legislature, passed in April, 1851. The Delaware & Cobb's Gap Railroad Company was chartered April 7, 1849. The road to be built by this company was to run from the Delaware to some point on the Lackawanna River near Cobb's Gap. The commissioners were Moses W. Coolbaugh, S. W. Kchoonmaker, Thomas Grattan, H. M. Lebar, A. Overfieid, J. Place, Benjamin V. Bush, AlpKeus Hollister, Samuel Taylor, F. Starburd, James H. Stroud, R. Bingham, and W. JSTyce. At the organization of the company, December, 26, 1850, Colonel George W. Scranton was elected president. Negotiations looking toward a union of the two lines were at length successful, and in response to a joint application by them the Lackawanna & "Western and the Delaware & Cobb's Gap Railroad companies were consolidated by ao act of the legislature passed March 11, 1853, the name of the new company being the Delaware, Lacka- wanna & Western Railroad Company. The first meeting of the commissioners of the Delaware & Cobb's Gap Railroad Company was held at the house of Jacob Knecht, in Stroudsburg, November 28, 1850. The first meeting of the stock- holders for the election of oflacers was held December 26, 1850, at which Colonel George W. Scranton was elected president, and the following named gentlemen directors: John J. Phelps, William E. Dodge, Thomas W. Gale, L. L. Sturges, John I. Blair, Selden T. Scranton, Joseph H. Scranton, Joseph C. Piatt, Horatio W. Nicholson, James M. Porter, James M. Stroud, and Franklin Starburd. John I. Blair was elected treasurer, and Charles F. Mattes, secretary. Immediately after the consolidation of the two companies as narrated above, measures were taken to construct the railroad from Scranton to the Delaware River. An additional subscription to the capital stock was secured at the time of consolidation. The capital amounted then to $1,441,000.00, and confidence had so strengthened in the minds of capitalists in the success of the enterprise that the additional amount, $1,500,000.00, was taken in a single day. The survey had been already made by the chief engineer of the company, E. McNeil, Esq., and the work of construction was put under contract in June, 1853. This part of the work was so far completed as a single track railroad that a locomotive and a train of cars passed over it from Scranton to and across the Delaware River January 21, 1855. 350 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. By January, 1856, a considerable portion of the road bed had been prepared for a second track and the rails purchased. At this time the road was divided into the Northern and Southern divisions, for the sake of convenience in keeping accounts. The Northern Division extended from Scranton fifty miles, to Great Ben'd, and the Southern Division, from Scranton sixty-one miles, to the Delaware River. As has been already stated, the northern outlet was secured by a connection with the New York & Erie Railroad at Great Bend, and in 1855 a lease was made of the Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad, extendino- from Owego to Ithaca — thirty-five miles. For a time -the latter place became the principal shipping point for coal sent by this company to the Western markets. Coal thus sent reached the Erie Canal by transportation down Cayuga Lake, and was thence distrib- uted through Western New York and Canada. Not much later- an engagement was made with the Syracuse, Binghamton & New Y'ork Railroad Company, by which, over a line eighty miles in length from Binghamton north, Syracuse became an important point for the ship- ment of coal to the West. This road has since then been operated by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company. In 1869, by the construction of the Valley Railroad between Great Bend and Binghamton, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Company was rendered independent of the New York & Erie Company for services between these points, and a wide gauge road was thus completed from New York to Oswego. In 1869 the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Company leased the Oswego & Syracuse Railroad, and by 1871 had provided facilities for the transportation of coal over the line — thirty-six miles. During the same year they acquired by lease the Greene Railroad to the village of Greene, in Chenango County, New York — eight miles — and the Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley Railroad running from Utica to connect with the Greene Rail- road — a distance of seventy-six miles, with a branch of twenty-two miles to Richfield Springs. The last two roads were so far completed that traffic commenced on them about February, 1871. In 1856 a connection was made between the terminus of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad at the Delaware River, and the Central Railroad of New Jersey at New Hampton Summit. The railroad between these points was the Warren Railroad, and was eighteen miles in length. It was leased by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company. At the opening of the road east, the only outlet by rail to tide water for coal mined in the Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys was over the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western TRANSPORTATION. 351 Railroad and its connection, tVie Central Railroad of New Jersey. The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company provided ample accommodations for their business at Elizabethport, about twelve miles from the city of New York, on Staten Island, and continued to ship in lai'ge quantities at that point. They however secured another out- let by way of the Morris Canal from Washington, New Jersey, to Jersey City. January 1, 1869, they also leased the Morris & Essex Railroad from Iloboken to Easton, a distance of eighty-four miles, with branches to Chester and Mont Clair. In order to relieve that portion of this line east of Morristown, from the presence of through freight, and the coal -business, which was interfering with the passenger traffic, they immediately set about and completed what is known as the J3oonton Branch, running from Danville to lioboken, via Paterson, a distance of thirty-four miles. Thus they provided an outlet, not only for their own coal, but also for the large quantities mined on the Lehigh Valley, and on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, and gave promise of making Iloboken one of the largest coal ports in the United States. This branch runs through one of the most beautiful and interesting districts of New Jersey. It gives the extensive nail and iron manufac- tories of Boonton, and the vast brick manufactories of Singuck, direct connection with New York, and affords the merchants and citizens of Paterson an opportunity to escape the extortions of the New York & Erie Railroad. Over this line the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Company almost immediately commenced running passenger trains to Washington, New Jersey, thence to Binghamton, New York, and on to Syracuse and Oswego, reaching these cities in equal time with the New York Central, and making connections at Oswego with boats run- ing to Detroit and Chicago. Early in its history this company became interested in the Lacka- wanna & Bloomsburg Railroad. The company having this name was incorporated by the legislature in April, 1852, and it was authorized to construct a railroad from Scranton to Rupert, a distance of tifty- seveu miles. The road was afterward extended to Northumberland, a total distance of eighty miles. Almost every foot of this road runs over coal, or iron, or limestone, and many large furnaces and rolling mills have built along the line. Toward the latter part of the decade ending in 1870, this company secured possession of the property of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, upon a lease for nine hun- dred and ninety-nine years. This company was one of the oldest in the coal fields, and its property was extensive and valuable. It com- 352 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. prised about eight thousand acres of lands in the Lehigh district, one hundred and fifty miles of railroad, and thirty-six miles of gravity road with a canal sixty miles in length. In January, 1871, the com- pany opened a branch road from Binghamton to Norwich, Chenango County, New "York, where it intersected the Midland Railroad. From this point a third rail was laiid upon the Midland track a distance of about nine miles to connect with the Utica and Chenango Valley Railroad, which was then already constructed. Over this route the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Company ran coal trains supplying Utica and the populous country along the line with coal direct from the Pennsylvania mines. Since the acquisition of the roads mentioned above other acquisi- tions have been made, and at the present time the Delaware, Lacka- wanna & Western Railroad Company owns and operates the following lines: Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, proper, length, 209.91 miles; the Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad, 34.41 miles; the Chester Railroad, 10.02 miles; the Greene Railroad, 8.10 miles; Morris & Essex Railroad, 119.85 miles; Newark & Eloomfield Railroad, 4.24 miles; New York, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 214.20 miles; Oswego & Syracuse Railroad, 34.98 miles; Passaic & Delaware Rail- road, 13.99 miles; Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley Railroad, 97.41 miles; Valley Railroad, 11.64 miles; Warren Railroad, 18.80 miles; Sussex Railroad, 29.52 miles; Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Railroad, 81 miles; total mileage of the road and its branches, 888.07 miles. Early in its history this company made provision for the repair of its locomotives and cars, and the machinery and cars in its coal department, in the erection of shops in Scranton, which were supplied with all the necessary tools and machinery for not only such repairs, but also for the erection of engines, etc. In 1854 these shops consisted of one brick building on Washington Avenue, in the form of an E, the main part being two hundred and ten by seventy-five feet, and the two wings being each two hundred by fifty-five feet. The main building was used for a smith and pattern shop, office, and engine and boiler shop; the west wing, for the repair and building of cars, and the east wing, for the engine house and the repair of engines. In 1855 a foundry was erected, also on Washington Avenue, and an engine house capable of holding thirty engines. This building was located on "the north ends of the two wings of the main building, and was completed in 1856. In 1860 another shop was erected, one hundred by one hundred feet. In 1862 a smith shop was erected on the south i TRANSPORTATION. 353 side of Washington Avenue, in which was set up a steam hammer and thirty-two forges, and to which all the smiths were removed from the main building, which afterward was used for the repaii- of cars and engines. In 1865 the company purchased what ground remained between Washington Avenue and Cliff Street, and north of the shops already erected, upon which to erect still other buildings, which were commenced the same year The roundhouse building was completed in 1866. During this year the dome of the first roundhouse erected was taken down on account of its becoming unsafe, and the building itself remodeled into an engine house. A new foundry was erected, one hundred b}^ one hundred feet in size, with a capacity of ten tons of engine and car castings per day. It is worthy of note that the first locomotive of this company was named the "Pioneer, No. 1." The second locomotive on the ground was the "Spitfire, No. 2," and this locomotive made the first trip on the road, through the exertions of Mr. Dotterer, who was determined to be first with this engine. Mr. Dotterer was then at the head of the transpor- tation department of the company. The "Spitfire" was of English manufacture, as was also, it will be remembered, the " Stourbridge Lion," which made the first trip of any locomotive in the United States, on the railroad of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, at Honesdale. The "Spitfire" was bought second-hand of the Reading Railroad Company, and made its first trip on the Leggett's Gap Railroad, Thursday, May 15, 1851. The first trip of the "Pioneer," which came from the Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad, was made June 17, 1851. The "Pioneer" was soon abandoned as worthless, while the "Spitfire" ran for a considerable time on the road. The engines at first on this road burned wood, but afterward a locomotive named "Anthracite, No. 14," was built which burned anthracite coal. The officers of this company, commencing with those of the Leg- gett's Gap Railroad Company, have been as follows: Presidents — John J. Phelps, 1850-53; Delaware and Cobb's Gap Railroad Company, George W. Scrantou, 1853; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, George P. Phelps, 1854-57; Drake Mills a few months in 1857; Christopher R. Roberts, 1857-63; John Brisbin, 1863-67; Samuel Sloan, 1867-91. Vice presidents — 'Drake Mills, 1855-1867; Percy R. Pyue, 1867 to the present time. Second vice president — ^. R. Holden, 1886 to the present time. Treasurers Selden T. Scrantou, January to March, 1850; Roswell Sprague, March, 1850, to March 11, 1853; William E. Warren, March 23 354 HISTORY OP SORANTON. 11, 1853 to 1867; A. J. Odell, 1867-75; F. H. Gibbons, 1875 to the present time. Secretaries — January, 1850 to July, 1850; Moses W. Scott, July, 1850 to 1853; William E. Warren, 1853 to December, 1854; Andrew J. Odell, December, 1854 to 1867; Charles E. Carry], 1867-73; Fred F. Chambers, 1874-75; A. J. Odell, 1876; Fred. F. Chambers, 1877 to the present time. Auditor — Fred F. Chambers, 1886 to the present time. Superintendents — John Brisbin, 1861-63;' Watts Cook, 1863-67; J. M. Toucey, 1867-68; William F. Hallstead, 1868 to the present •-.ime. General Coal Agents — Joseph J. Albright, 1860-66; William R. Storrs, 1866 to the present time. General Freight Agents — E. A. Henry, 1860-74; B. A. Hegeman, 1875-83; W. S. Sloan, 1884 to the present time. General Ticket Agents — W. N. Jenks, 1860-74; W. F. Holwill, 1875 to the present time. General Baggage Agents — R. F. Westcott, 1875-83; G. E. Ziple, 1884 to the present time. Chief Clerk — James Fowler, 1875 to the present time. Master Mechanics — W edter Dawson, 1875-86; Charles Graham, 1887-91; David Brown, 1891. General Traffic Managers — B. A. liegeman, 1884 to the present time. The Erie & Wyoming Valley Railroad Company was organized November 6, 1882, under the law of April 4, 1868, and the supplements thereto, especially the supplement of June 8, 1874. The first directors of the company were Samuel Hines, Scranton;E. P. Darling, Wilkes- Barre; J. V. Darling, Wilkes-Barre; William A. May, Scranton; Charles E. Bradbury, Scranton; Edward M. Clymer, Reading, and E. W. Ives, Scranton. Edward M. Clymer was elected president of the companj', and Augustus R. Macdonough, secretary. This was all done on the day mentioned above as the date of the organization. On November 17th J. V. Darling, W. A. May, Charles E. Brad- bury, E. W. Ives, and Edward M. Clymer resigned their positions as directors, and John B. Smith, H. J. Jewett, Edwin H. Mead, and George R. Blanchard were elected directors. Mr. John B. Smith was chosen president in place of Edwin M. Clymer, and on the same day B. W. Spencer was elected treasurer, Mr. Macdonough remaining secretary. The officers of this company have been since then as follows: TRANSPORTATION. 355 President, John B. Smith; secretaries, Augustus R. Macdonough, until June 23, 1885, when he was succeeded by George B. Smith, who has been secretary ever since; treasurers, B. W. Spencer, until January 26, 1885, when he was succeeded by George B. Smith, who has been treasurer ever since; superintendents, E. Van Etten, previous to May 19, 1886, since then George B. Smith; chief engineer, Sebastian Wim- mer, who constructed the road, Octavo Cheaunute being the consulting engineer. Mr. Cheaunute was then chief engineer of the New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad. Hugh J. Jewett became vice president of the company June 18, 1884, remaining such ofl&cer for a year or two, and A. H. McCiintock was made vice president June 11, 1889, still remaining in office. The directors of this company since the first election noted above have been as follows: Elected June 10, 1884, John B. Smith, Edward P. Darling, Samuel Hines, George H. Catlin, Hugh J. Jewett, Edwin H. Mead, and George R. Blanchard; elected in 1885, John B. Smith, Samuel Hines, George H. Catlin, E. P. Darling, Andrew H. McCiin- tock, John King, and Edwin H. Mead. In 1886 the directors were the same, and also in 1887, except that S. M. Felton took the place of E.. P. Darling. In 1888 the directors were the same, as also in 1889 and 1890. The Erie & Wyoming Valley Railroad extends from the Lacka- waxen River in Pike County to Port Griffith in Luzerne County, thus making connection with both the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. The road from Lackawaxen to Hawley, a distance of sixteen miles, is leased to the JSlew York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad Company, and is operated by that company. From Hawley to Port Griffith the line is operated by the Erie & Wyoming Valley Railroad Company. The distance is forty-eight miles. There are a number of branches to this road, one extending from Dunmore to Scrauton, a distance of three miles, the Scranton depot being at the corner of North Washington Avenue and Pine Street. Other branches extend to the breakers of the Pennsylvania Coal Company and those of other operators located on the main line, and being in the aggregate about eight miles, ex- clusive of the Scranton branch. The total length of the road and its branches is therefore seventy-five miles. The road makes connections with the New York, Lake Erie & Western at Hawley; with the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western and the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company's railroad at Scranton; with the Bloomsburg Division of the Delaware, Lackawanna & "Western Railroad at Avoca, and with the Lehigh Valley Railroad at the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Junction. 356 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. The line of the Central Railroad, of JSTevv Jersey, which runs into Scrantou, was completed to this city May 1, 1888. This division extends from Scranton to New York City, a distance of 195 miles. The other main branch of this road extends from ISTew York City to Bayside, at the head of the Delaware Bay, in New Jersey, a distance of 136 miles. The entire length of these two main lines, and the various shorter branches is 627.27 miles. The officers of this road at the present time are as follows: J. R. Maxwell, president; J. S. Harris, vice president; H. P. Baldwin, general passenger agent; P. H. Wyckoff, general freight agent; J. H. Olhausen, general superintendent; S. M. Williams, controller; Samuel Knox, secre- tary; J. W. Watson, treasurer, and J. B. Greenawalt, general baggage agent. William E. Thayer has been in the employ of this company since 1867, and as local freight and passenger agent at Scranton since 1874. The Ontario, Carbondale & Scranton Railroad extends from Scran- ton to Hancock Junction, on the New York, Ontario & Western Railroad, which extends from New York Cit}' to the suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. The president of this company is E. B. Stur- ges; vice president, James E. Childs; secretary and treasurer, John Fleming. The distance from Scranton to Hancock Junction is fifty- four miles. As soon as completed the road was leased to the New York, Ontario & Western Railroad Company. The last spike of this road was driven at 5:15, June 19, 1890, and the first train imme- diately afterward passed over the high trestle at Carbondale. This train had on board General Manager James E. Childs; General Pas- senger Agent Anderson; Mr. Lamphere, superintendent of the main line; E. Canfield, chief engineer; and Ames Caryl, superintendent of construction. The first charter for a street railroad was secured in 1863, or 1864, by Mr. Chittenden, with the design to run a road of this kind from Scranton to Dunmore, then to Providence, and back to Scranton by way of Hyde Park. Nothing was done, however, under this charter. In the winter of 1865-66, D. R. Randall and A. B. Dunning went to Harrisburg and secured the passage of a law authorizing A. B. Dun- ning, D. R. Randall, George Tracy, A. Bennett, and Samuel Raub to construct a street railroad between the towns of Scranton, Dunmore, Providence, and Hyde Park. This was easily accomplished, because the legislature thought it to be a visionary scheme without profit to anyone, and there was reason not only for the legislature to think so, but also for others to look upon it as a chimerical project; for if an TRANSPORTATION. 357 omnibus running twice per day between Providence and Scraiiton with a few passengers at twenty-five cents apiece brouglit nothing but bankruptcy to its ovv'ners, liow was it possible for a street railroad, costing $30,000.00 or more, to do a profitable business by carrying passengers at ten cents a head? The company organized under this charter was named The Peo- ple's Street Railway Company of Luzerne County, and its organization was efi'ected in June, 1866, liy the election of James Blair, president; W. W. Winton, treasurer, and Alfred Hand, secretary. The directors were James Blair, II. B. Kockwell, T. F. Hunt, Ira Tripp, and Daniel Howell. The charter of the company permif-ed the running of cars from Scranton, Hyde Park, Pi-ovidence, and to Dunmore. The origiijal design was to put down tracks from tlie Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad depot u)) Lackawanna Avenue to Penn Avenue, where the road would branch, one track running out Penn Avenue to Mulberry Street, the other continuing up Lackawanna Avenue to Wyom- ing Avenue, then to Mulberry Street, then to Penn Avenue, continuing on up Penn Avenue, and crossing the Lackawanna River, proceed to Providence. During the fall of 1866 the survey was made of the proposed route. ITothing more, however, was done that year except that the interests of Mr. Randall and Mr. Dunning passed into the hands of the other stockholders, Ira Tripp, T. Fellows, Daniel Howell, and W. W. Winton. The first car over the People's Road ran on July 4, 1867, upon the occasion of the Caledonian games which were being held at the race course. This first car carried to Providence that day one hundred and twenty-seven passengers. In August, 1867, this road was reported as doing a good business. Directors of this company were elected ISTovember 5, 1867, as follows: James Blair, Ira Tripp, Daniel Howell, T. F. Hunt, PL B. Rockwell. James Blair was elected president, and Alfred Hand, secretary. A contract was let about this time to Clapp & Company for building the Hyde Park extension of the road. It was to cross the bridge at the foot of Lackawanna Avenue, pass to Wyoming Street (now Ninth Street), then to Jackson Street and to Main Avenue. Its completion was expected to open up a new era to Hyde Park. Work began on this extension December 9, 1867, and by April, 1868, the capital stock of the company had been increased to $90,000.00. In the meantime, the farm of Hank Whaling became the property of Hon. George Sanderson. At that time the farm had on it no house, and only an orchard, a barn, and a rail fence comprised the whole of 358 , HISTORY OF SCRANTON. the Green Ridge of that day. Mr. Sanderson perceiving that a street raih'oad from Scranton to Providence would at least delay the growth of the village he intended to build, sought to counteract the effect of the building of the People's line by building one of his own on the easterly side of the Lackawanna River. In order to accomplish this result he secured a charter March 7, 1866, and in the following October a meeting of the stockholders of this company was held, at which Mr. Sanderson was elected president; George S. Kingsbury, secretary and treasurer, and Jacob Robinson, William J3reck, 'William W. Monies, and Mr. Sanderson, directors. Work commenced on the grading of this road about ]!^ovember 20, 1866, and cars commeiiced running May 29, 1867, from the depot and the head of Wyoming Avenue, the road being popularly known as the Scranton & Provi- dence Railroad. By June, 1867, the company was running cars with considerable regularity from the Scranton depot of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, to the Providence depot of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad. The Scranton depot was the southern terminus of both the street railroads, and as a natural consequence each company was desirous of taking exclusive possession of the most popular avenue leading thereto. A lively contest over the right of way was settled by Judge Conyngham, and oii the 11th of May, 1868, both roads, merged into one, were opened to the public. In November, 1868, the capital stock was increased to |115,000.00, and in 1869 to |125,000.00. The directors and officers elected in IsTovember, 1868, were as follows: James Blair, president; Alfred Hand, secretary and treasurer; T. F. Hunt, Daniel Howell, W. W. Winton, John B. Smith, Ira Tripp, Joseph H. Scranton, and Sauford Grant. The same officers were continued until 1871. In this year the new members of the board elected were J. C. Piatt, William Matthews, James Archbald, and W. H. Heath, the old members remaining being James Blair, J. H. Scranton, W. W. Winton, Ira Tripp, and John B. Smith. In 1872 Messrs. Heath and Tripp retired and were succeeded by W. R. Storrs and T. F. Hunt. At this time James Blair, who had been president since the organization of the company, declined to serve longer, and William Matthews was chosen to the position, and retained the place until October 1, 1888, when he was succeeded by Lathrop R. Bacon of 'Sew York. Alfred Hand remained secretary and treasurer until March 24, 1879, when he re- signed and was succeeded by J. C. Piatt, who was succeeded by the present secretary and treasurer, Horace E. Hand, in March, 1887. On November 5, 1872, the board of directors passed a resolution looking TRANSPOKTATION. 359 toward the amendment of their cliarter so as to permit the use of steam upon their road, which was the first movement made toward having rapid transit in the city. In 1873, William Connell took the place of T F. Hunt, and W. W. Scranton that of his father, Joseph H. Scranton, in the board of directors. The capital stock of the com- pany was at this time increased to $150,000.00. In March, 1874, the company purchased two lots on Linden Street, between Wyoming and Washington avenues, upon which they erected a new building for car barn and stables, which building was used for both purposes until the change to electricity as a motive power. In 1879 George Sanderson succeeded Ira Tripp as a director, serving until IS.'^G, when he was succeeded by George H. Catlin. Frank Pearce served as superintendent of the street railway system from the begin- ning until 1888, when the change was made to electricity. At this time some New York parties bought a controlling interest in the stock, and the company was reorganized with the following officers: Lathrop R. Bacon, of New York, president; P. S. Page, of Scranton, vice president; directors, W. W. Winton, Scranton; C. Weidenfeld, New York; W. W. Sherman, New York; J. Alton Davis, Scranton; T. H. Thomas, New York; li. T. McCabe, New York; and W. H. Jessup, Jr., Scranton, with Horace E. Hand, secretary and treasurer. W. T. Van Brunt, general manager, was succeeded by J. H. Van der Veer, in 1x89. E. W. Van Brunt is now master mechanic. The capital stock of the company was at the time of the reorganization increased to 1400,000.00, and $200,000.00 worth of bonds were issued. With the money obtained from the sale of this increased stock and from the bonds, the road was almost entirely rebuilt by the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company, and their system of overhead trolleys was substituted for horse power. The company purchased a lot in Dun- more, near No. 4 breaker, upon which lot they erected a station from which to furnish the electric power for the operation of the road, and from this station at the present time all the roads of the city are operated. The extensions of the road since then have been on the Providence and Hyde Park lines, and in addition a new line has been built down Seventh Street to that portion of the city known as Bellevue. Prior to the introduction of electricity on its lines by the People's Street Railroad Company, Messrs. E. B. Sturges, George Sanderson, and others, interested in Green Ridge property, desiring to secure rapid transit between the outlying and central portions of the city, secured a charter in May, 1886, for a company under the name of the Scranton Suburban Railway Company, and entered into negotiations 360 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. with the Van der Poele Electric Company, of Chicago, for the constrnction of their road. This road was constructed from the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western Eailroad depot along Franklin Avenne to Spruce Street, then on Spruce Street to Adams Avenue, then to Gibson Street, then to Washington Avenue, then to Marion Avenue, where it branched, one line running three fourths of a mile to a point near the Delaware & Hudson depot, and the other line running about two miles to a point beyond the corners in Dunmore. The first car ran on this road by electricity on the 27th of November, 1886, and this was the first road built to be operated by electricity in the United States; this company also was the first street railway in the world to light its cars by electricity. The capital of the company was 150,000.00. The first board of directors was composed of George Sanderson, president; Thomas F. Torrey, John L. Hull, 0. S. John- son, Charles du Pont Breck, J. Benjamin Dimmick, E. B. Sturges, and H. M. Boies; Thomas F. Torrey, treasurer, and John W. Fowler, secretary. The power for operating this system of railway was furnished by the Lackawanna Electric Power Company from their station on Washington Avenue near Johnson's breaker, and adjoining the car house of the Suburban Railway Company. On December 23, 1886, a charter was issued to the ISTay Aug Cross Town Eailway Company, which almost immediately passed into the control of those interested in the Suburban Railway Company. The route of the road of the former company was the same as that of the latter from the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad depot to the corner of Adams Avenue and Linden Street, where the Nay Aug Cross Town Company's road branched off on Linden Street, running up to Jefferson Avenue, then to Mulberry Street, and then to Irving Avenue, where the car house was located. On May 23, 1889, this company was consolidated with the Scranton Suburban Railway Company, which at that time passed into the control of New York capitalists. The directors of this company a,re at the present time Arthur J. Moulton, of New York, president; W. J. Hand, of Scran- ton, vice president; I. B. Newcombe, of New York; W. H. Thomas, of New York; Isaac Post, of Scranton; H. C. Sanderson, of Scranton, and Isaac L. Post, of Scranton, with Horace E. Hand, secretary and treas- urer. The power by which this road is operated is furnished by the People's Street Railway Company, from their station at Dunmore. At the time of the consolidation of these two companies the Cross Town line was extended from Irving Avenue along Mulberry Street to Prospect Avenue, then to Vine Street, then to Wheeler Avenue, TRANSPORTATION. 361 then to Olive Street, and tbence ti) its present terminus, Xa^' Aug Falls, which is the natural park of the city. In August, 1887, the Serantou Passenger Kailwaj' Company was incorporated and granted permission to construct and operate a street railway from the intersection of Wj'oming and Lackawanna avenues to Adams Avenue, then to Mattes Street, then to Cedar Avenue, then to Birch Street, and thence to the city line, thus traversing a portion of the city formerly called "Shanty Hill," which had heen up to that time entirely without street car facilities. The capital stock of the company was $25,000.00, and the officers were L. A. Watres, president; Isaac Case, vice president; Robert C. Adams, secretary; A. H. Christy, treasurer; H. B. Cox, general superintendent; antl E. A. Motfat, C. E. Chittenden, and Dr. A. J. Connell as the remaining directors. In April, 1890, the capital stock of this company was [)urcha8ed by the People's Street Railway Company, and the road is now operated as a branch of their system, the power being furnished from their station in Dunmore. This station consists of a building one hundred by forty-live feet, and contains four Armington & Sims engines of one hundred and thirty-five horse power eaeb; five horizontal tubular boilers of one hundred and thirty-five horse power each, and eight Edison generators, No. 20. The road is equipped with twenty-one cars, each supplied with two fifteen horse power Sprague motors, and seventeen cars with two fifteen horse power Thomson-Houston motors. There are eighteen Sprague cars and twelve Thomson-Houston cars in daily use, each car averaging ninety miles per day. There are twenty-five miles of street railway track in the city, exclusively supplied with electric cars and all under one management. CHAPTER XV. THE PRESS. First Newspaper, The Providence Mirror and Lackawannian — Lackawanna Herald — Spirit of the Valley — Daily Morning Herald — Scranton Daily and Weekly Repub- lican— Soran ton Wochenblatt— Scran ton City Journal — The Examiner— Ban er America— Daily Times — Sunday Free Press — Hyde Park Visitor — Scranton Herald — The Avalanche— The Daily Observer — The People's Shield -The Sunday Visi- tor — Industrial Advocate — \Vorkingmen's Banner — Sunday Breeze — Providence Register— Sons of America — Hyde Park Courier — Sunday News — Real Estate Register — Real Estate Bulletin — Church News — Scranton Truth — The Index — The People — The Cricket — The Young Lutheran — The Scranton Tribune — Publica- cations Other than Newspapers. THERE was no newspaper in what is now Scranton until 1845, when the Mnror and Lackawannian was established by Frank- lin B. Woodward. The paper was published in Providence, One of the purposes for which it was established was the erection of a new county, and another was to prevent if possible, the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company from mining coal in the Lackawanna Valley below Archbald. Its publication, however, was not continued longer than into 1847, and during that year Mr. Woodward, its editor, found a grave in Virginia. The Lackawanna Herald was the next paper published in the present city limits. Its first number appeared April 3, 1853. This was the first paper published in Scranton proper. Its editor was Charles E. Lathrop, and according to Dr. HoUister, the Herald was characterized more by a bitter partisan spirit than by editorial ability. The Spirit of the Valley made its appearance January' 25, 1855. This was the first Democratic paper in Scranton. It was published by Thomas J. Alleger and John B. Adams a year, next door to the Herald. At the end of the year the two papers were consolidated under the name of the Herald of the Union. This paper was purchased by Ezra B. Chase, who after conducting it with manifestly superior ability for some time, sold it to Dr. A. Davis and John B. Adams. In the spring of 1859 Dr. Davis bought the interest of Mr. Adams, and soon afterward transferred that interest to Dr. Silas M. Wheeler, and these two physicians published it for several years, with a 362 THE PRESS. 363 spieiness rarely surpassed in weekly newspapers. It iinally disappeared and was continued in the Scranton Register, which had a fitful, troubled existence. It was owned at iirst by E. S. M. Hill, first mayor of Scranton, and published by him until 1868. Mr. Uill established the Daily Register, the local editor of which was John B. Adams. The first number of the paper appeared February 19, 1867, and it was sold in 1868 to Messrs. Carl & Burtch. It subsequently passed into the hands of Mr. J. IT. Burtch, Mr. Carl returning to Biiighamton, New York, and the Register ceased to exist in 1869. The Daily Morning Herald was established by Brock & Adams, of the Miners' Journal, the first number appearing April 23, 18G6, but it contained no telegrai)hic news, and it ran but a brief career. The Scranton Weekly Republican was established in August, 1856, by Theodore Smith, of Montrose. It was at first a sheet twenty-two by thirty-two inches in size. The Republican, while edited by Mr. Smith, was strongly opposed to the "Know JSTothing" craze, and on this account attained considerable popularity. In 1858 it was sold to F. A. McCartney, who enlarged and improved it in many ways. It was conducted by Mr. McCartney until 1863, in the summer of which year it was purchased by Thomas J. Alleger, who owned and edited it until 1866. In March of this year F. A. Crandall, of Utica, New York, purchased a half interest, and shortly afterward became sole proprietor. During the same year Mr. Crandall sold a half interest in the paper to R. IST. Eddy, of Cazenovia, New York, and in September, 1867, Josepli A. Scranton purchased the interest of Mr. Eddy, the firm then becoming Crandall & Company. This firm lasted until March 3, 1869, when Mr. Scranton purchased Mr. Crandall's interest, the latter remaining on the editorial stafl:' for six months. Mi'; Scranton has since this time been sole proprietor. The Scranton Morning Republican was started November 1, 1867, and a small cylinder Iloe press was put in in May, 1889. Henry W. Chase was the first local editor of the Morning Republican, remaining with it three years, when he was obliged to retire on account of ill health, and with the hope that a warmer climate would be beneficial to his disease, con- sumption, went to the South. In this hope, however, he was doomed to disappointment, and returning to his home died in Utica, New York, December 21, 1873. The Weekly Republican was enlarged Jan- uary 13, 1870, to an eight-page, seven-column paper. The editorial corps then was Joseph A. Scranton, editor; J. D. Laciar, assistant editor; E. A. Niven, city editor; F. E. Meeker, news editor. The ofiice of this paper was removed April 1, 1866, to the third story of Blake 364 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. & Company's new building, No. 322 Lacliawanna Avenue, for laeic of room ill its former quarters. In February, 1868, the office was burned with nearly all of its contents, but in fifteen days thereafter its publi- cation was resumed. In 1871 the general business of the Republican having been for the previous years so steadily increasing, Mr. Scranton began the erection of a five-story brick and stone building, corner of Wyoming Avenue and Center Street, v/hich was completed at a cost of about $50,000.00, and occupied until 1888, when the business was removed to its present commodious liome on Washington Avenue. The business of the Republican has kept pace with the rapid growth of the city, and the Wyoming Avenue printing house having become overcrowded and inadequate, Mr. Scranton again erected, in 1887, a five-story and basement pi-inting house and office building on Wash- ington Avenue, adjoining the government plat, at an outlay of 180,000.00, which he occupied, as stated, in May, 1888. The Republican Book.Bindei'y was started in 1866 and its capacity nearly doubled in May, 1872, by the purchase and consolidation there- with of the only other bindery in the city, belonging to Fred. Keller. In 1889 Mr. Scranton purchased the entire plant of the Bingham- ton Lithographing Company and moved it to Scranton, starting in his new building a first-class lithographing department, being the pioneer and only establishment of the kind in the city. Upon removing to the Washington Avenue office, Mr. Scranton discarded his double cylinder Hoe newspaper press and put in a Hoe three pages wide perfecting press and stereotyping apparatus, this single item of expense being |22,000.00. The Republican Printing Department has ten fast steam power presses of the latest and best approved designs and manufacture. Its bindery and ruling department is operated by steam power. Its news- paper composing room is newly fitted with Hoe's iron stands and furniture complete. Its business office, wainscoted, paneled, and ceiled with Mexican mahogany, tiled flooring, mahogany counter, desks, and furniture, presents the handsomest counting room in the city. The editorial corps of the Republican at the close of the year 1890, is as follows: J. A, Scranton, manager and publisher; Colonel J. D. Laciar, associate editor; S. A. Lackey, night managing editor; J. E. Kern, city editor; J. W. Gould, news and telegraph editor; T. J. Duffy, assistant city editor, and a full force of local reporters. The Scranton Wochenblatt, a German Democratic paper, was estab- lished by E. A. Ludwig in January, 1865. It was afterward sold to Fred Wagner, and Mr. Wagner sold it to August Stutzbach. It was THE PRESS. 365 again purchased by Mr. Wagner, and he is now the proprietor. It has a large subscription list, and has excellent facilities for job print- ing, having recently added a iine cylinder press and electric power. The Scranton. City Journal was established in March, 1867, by E. A. and G. W. Benedict, who came from Carbondale. In 1869 the membership of the firm was increased by the addition of S. D. Baker, also from Carbondale, the firm name becoming Benedict Brothers & Baker. Mr. Baker retired at the expiration of about eighteen months, leaving the firm as before his advent. In 1875 G. W. Benedict purchased his brother's interest and changed the name of the paper to the Scranton Journal. The Examiner was established in 1868 by J. D. Reagan. It was soon purchased by John B. Adams, and its name changed to the Democrat. It was a Democratic paper of the strictest sect for several years, and then discontinued. The Baner America (American Banner) was established in 1869. It was a Welsh paper, the first in Scranton. The proprietors were a corporation, and it was edited at ditt'erent times by H. M. Edwards, T. B. Morris, W. S. Jones, D. J. Evans, and E. R. Lewis. It was sold in 1874 to Thomas Phillips, who sold it in 1876 to D. J. Evans. In 1877 it was sold to Lewis & Holmes, Mr, Lewis becoming editor, and it was discontinued in 1879. The Daily Times was founded in 1870, by a chartered corporation, and was edited for a few months by J. A. Cliirk. He was succeeded by W. H. Stanton, who remained in the position until September, 1872. Aaron Augustus Chase then became its editor, and continued in the editorial chair about fourteen years, when he placed P. A. Barrett in charge, whose interest in the paper was purchased by the Times Pub- lishing Company, by which it is now published, in 1889; it is managed by Jiimes C. Coon. The Weekly Times was established in 1873, and is published on Thursdays. The Times has always been Democratic in politics. The Sunday Free Press was established in 1872 by an association of printers known as the Cooperative Printers' Association. Mr. J. C. Coon was president of the association and editor of the pajier. The first number was issued June 10, 1872, and immediately the manage- ment established a pony express to all points within twenty miles of Scranton. The Free Press soon attained great popularity which it has maintained and indeed increased ever since, though not without vicissi- tudeif. In January, 1873, the paper was purchased by F. E Clark, who in turn sold it on May 11, 1874, to F. A. Beamish, who still retains 366 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. the ownership. In 1876 the office was destroyed by fire and the paper was removed to the Baner America office. In 1878 Mr. E. J. Lynett was installed as editor and on the 15th of July of the same year the office was removed to the old Hepiiblican building on Wyoming Avenue. Here it remained until 1889 when it was removed to beautiful quarters in the new Republican building on Washington Avenue. The early issues consisted of twenty-four columns, but as the paper increased in circulation and influence it grew in size. In 1875 it was enlarged to twenty-eight columns, in 1878 to thirty-two, and in 1882 to eight pages, in the aggregate forty-eight columns. In 1889 it came out as a fifty-six column paper in its ordinary editions, and frequently appears as a twelve page paper with eighty-four columns. It is printed on a Webb perfecting press from stereotype plates. In politics the Free Press has always been Democratic. The Hyde Park Visitor was established by E. R. Williams, widely known by the iiom. de plume of "Jenkins," in 1873. At the expiration of about eight months it was discontinued on account of the death of its proprietor. The Scranton Herald was estahlished in 1874 by Nicholas Kiefer. It has always been independent in politics", and is published in the German language. At the present time it is owned, published, and edited by John Christian, at ISTo 303 Lackawanna Avenue. Since 1884 it has been published semi-weekly, on Wednesdays and Satur- days, at $2.50 per annum. The Avalanche was published a short time in 1876, as a Democratic campaign sheet, James C. Coon being the manager. The Daily Observer was commenced in 1877, and in 1878 was owned by Holmes & Jones, who changed the name to the Evening Star. It was discontinued after a few months. The People's Shield was established in 1877 by John Morris, but its publication was discontinued in 1878, on account of a change in the politics of the Welsh people of Luzerne and Schuylkill counties, who were its main supporters. The change was from the Republican to the Democratic party. The Sunday Visitor was established November 1, 1878, by Reagan & Higgius, and continued about six months. The Industrial Advocate was started in the fall of 1877 by the Industrial Advocate Publishing Company, and continued about a year. The Workingmen's Banner was established in May, 1879, by D. J. Evans. It had a large corps of able contributors and was ably edited. It was Republican in politics, but notwithstanding that, was short lived. THE PRESS. 367 The Sunday Breeze was published for a short time in 1879 by the Breeze Publishing Company, and was merged into the News Dealer, a Sunday paper published simultaneously in both Scranton and Wilkes- Barre, the Scranton department being managed by Frank P. Woodward. The Providence Register was established January 19, 1876, as the JSTorthumberlaud Echo, at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, by J. U. Hopewell. The iirst issue was a small four page paper, each page five and a half by nine inches. It has been frequently enlarged until now it is a four-page, seven-column publication. It remained in North- umberland until 1878, when it became necessary to seek a larger place for its publication, and Mr. Hopewell came to Providence. The name was then changed to the Providence Echo. In 1880 a change in man- agement was effected, W. C. Tunstall becoming the proprietor, and Mr. Hopewell retaining the management and editorship. This arange- ment still continues in force. At the same time with the chansre in management the name of the paper was changed to the Providence Register, as it still remains. The office of publication is in Rockwell's Block, ISTos. 1,910 and 1,912 North Main Avenue. The paper is inde- pendent in politics and religion, and is devoted mainly to the interests of Providence and Green Ridge. It has a circulation of about eight hundred copies weekly. It is now printed on a Cottrill press, one of the finest printing machines made. The Sons of America was started June 10, 1890. This is a paper devoted exclusively to the interests of the Patriotic Order of the Sons of Amei'ica It is owned and edited by the Sons of America Company, which has its office at No. 519 Lackawanna Avenue, and is printed at the office of the Providence Register. It is a twelve-page paper, each page containing three wide columns, and is published on the 10th and 25th of each month. The H^'de Park Courier was started in 1881 by John Morris and John R. Farr. The latter sold out his interest to Mr. Morris a short time afterward, and he continued its publication alone until 1886. In the meantime Mr. Farr had established in 1884 the West Side Progress, and on January 1, 1886, he purchased the Courier of Mr. Morris and consoli- dated the two papers under the name of the Courier- Progress, of which he has since been the sole proprietor. The Courier- Progress is an eight- column, four-page paper. Republican in politics, and is devoted to the general and special interests of the West Side. Its office is at No_ ,1,022 Jackson Street. Mr. Farr, its proprietor, was elected to the State legislature on Tuesday, November 4, 1890, over Lewis Schoen. The Sunday News was started in 1877 by J. C. Coon, as the Plain 368 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Dealer, a branch of the paper of the same name published in Wilkes- Barre. In 1880 tlie name was changed to the Sunday News and was SO continued until 1882 when J. C. Fitzsimmons and F. P. Woodward became the proprietors. Mr. Woodward is now the proprietor of the Pioneer of Dunmore. They changed the name to the Sunday News which it has since remained. Since the retirement of Mr. Woodward in 1886 Mr. Fitzsimmons has been the sole proprietor. The Sunday News is a six-column, eight-page paper, and is independently Dem- ocratic in politics. The Seal Estate Register was started in 1881, by Loomis & Reynolds, law partners. S. M. Reynolds succeeded F. E. Loomis in 1884, and H. C. Reynolds succeeded S. M. Reynolds in 1887. The paper is usually published annually, though distributions are made two or three times each year. The Real Estate Bidletin was started in 1884 by F. E. Loomis, who still continues its publication. It is devoted to real estate, trade, and manufactures. A large edition is issued in December each year, and oc- casionally an edition is issued at other times. It is sent all over this and adjoining States. Church News is a paper published monthly by Rev. Frank Schell Ballentine, pastor of the Church of the Good Shepherd. It was started as the Good Shepherd in October, 1888, and continued to be published under that name until June, 1889, when it took on the name it now bears, Church News. The Good Shepherd was a four-page paper, three columns to the page, while Church News is a four-column, four-page paper. Its motto is "■Pro Ecclesia, Pro Patria, Pro Bomo." It is devoted especially to the interests of the Church of the Good Shep- herd, but sufficient space is devoted to the church news of the arch- deaconry of Scranton, consisting of the counties Lackawanna, Luzerne, Wayne, Wyoming, Susquehanna, Pike, Monroe, Bradford, and Sullivan. The Scranton Truth is an independent afternoon paper. Its proprietors are John E. Barrett and J. J. Jordan, whose business is conducted under the firm name of Barrett & Jordan. The first number of Truth was issued April 21, 1884, and in the spring of 1890, when the paper was but little more than six years old, the circu- lation had reached ten thousand copies per day. The Truth was started as a four-page paper, six columns to the page. It is now an eight-page paper, generally six but occasionally seven columns to the page. Its career began in rented offices at the corner of Lackawanna, and Penn avenues, and it was printed on a single cylinder press during the first few months, but the paper outgrew its office room THE PRESS. 369 and facilities, and its proprietors were compelled to build the Truth building at the corner of Penn Avenue and Mnlberrj- Street. Here they equipped their press room with one of R. Hoe & Company's stereotype, Web perfecting presses, capable of printing ten thousand eight-page, or twenty thousand four-page papers per hour. The Scran- ton Truth is independent in all things, but it is never neutral on questions political or otherwise affecting the welfare of the people. Politically it supports the men and measures it deems most worthy, regardless of party affiliations. In general it advocates fair play for every man, woman, and child in the land. John E. Barrett is the editor of the paper, and J. J. Jordan, business manager. The Truth employs a large number of competent editors, reporters, correspondents, and business assistants. The working force in 1890 consisted of men who had been in its employ, some of them all of the time and others most of the time, since its publication was begun. A. F. Yost is assistant editor; James O'Connor, city editor; M. E. Sanders, news editor; John H. Jordan, assistant city editor; W. H. Malia and Charles Daniels, city reporters. In addition to the above the paper employs special paid correspondents in all of the principal surrounding towns, and has also special paid correspond- ents in Washington, District of Columbia, Harrisburg, New York, and Philadelphia. It also has correspondents in several European countries and receives tlie daily telegraphic reports of the United Press. Mr. Jordan's business assistants are R. W. Jordan, superintendent of the circulation department; James J. Cummings, solicitor of advertising; T. F. Barrett, P. A. Philbin, M. R. Heany, Charles P. O'Malley, and Charles McMeans, office assistants. The foreman of the job room is William H. Crolly, Jr., Philip Gall is stereotyper and foreman of the press room, and William Corless is foreman of the composing room. The Index was established in January, 1887, as the Diocesan Index and was intended merely as a local paper. Its proprietor and editor has always been James F. Judge. Up to January 1, 1891, the Index was a monthly periodical, and then it was changed to a weekly. It is devoted principally to the cause of total abstinence, but it gives attention to Catholic matters. It is the organ of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America, whose history will be found in the chapter on "Societies." From a local paper the Index has attained a national circulation and a national reputation. At the close of the year 1890 it had a circulation of about four thousand, live hundred copies per month. It is a four-page publication, each page being twenty-four by thirty-four inches in size. While it was a monthly 370 HISTORY OF SCEANTON. its subscription was fifty cents per annum, but changed to a weekly, the price was raised to $1.00 per annum. At first it was published at the office of the Scranton Truth, at the corner of Lackawanna and Penn avenues, and when that paper removed to the corner of Penn Avenue and Mulberry Street, the Index also moved there. In April, 1889, it moved to its present location, rooms 35 and 36 Burr Buildine:, on Washington Avenue, where it has a complete outfit — composing room and press room of its own, where the entire work of the paper is performed. The People is the State organ of the Prohibition .party of the State of Pennsylvania. It is issued weekly, and its circulation for one issue has often been over twenty thousand copies. The paper was established by Mr. Tallie Morgan, the pi-esent editor, as a local medium for the Prohibitionists. The first number appeared January 15, 1887, the size being that of a five-column. The paper very soon attracted the atten- tion of the Prohibition leaders of the State, and they urged its proprietors to make it a State paper. A stock company was formed under the name of the People Printing Company, limited, and the first number under the new management appeared January 1, 1888. The paper had been enlarged during the year to six columns, and now it was made a seven-column folio. The new company secured quarters for the office at IsTo. 328 Lacka- wanna Avenue, and the following named gentlemen were elected a board of directors: J. W. Brock, president; Martin R. Kays, secretary and treasurer; Charles E. Bradbury, B. G. Morgan, W. W. Lathrop, directors, and Tallie Morgan, editor. The Peopile was very soon recognized as the State organ of the party, and was acknowledged as one of the leading Prohibition papers of the country. Its circulation extended into every county in the State, and into nearly all the States of the Union. In January, 1890, Charles E. Bradbury was elected president of the board of directors, and the other directors were reelected. As the business of the company kept increasing the necessity came for a larger plant to meet the demand. Therefore a meeting of prominent Prohibitionists was held at the Girard House, in Philadelphia, with the view of considering the advisability of increasing the stock to $25,000.00, and of securing a charter from the State. The meeting after discussions, was adjourned for two weeks to meet at the Young Men's Christian Association, in Harrisburg. At t'his meeting it was decided to form a corporation with a capital of $26,000.00, at $10.00 a share, for the purpose of establishing a national publication house for the Prohibition party. The following board of directors was elected: THE PRESS. 371 S. C. Freed, of Eoyersford, Pennsylvania; H. T. Ames, of Williams- port, Pennsylvania; Charles II. Cool, Pittston, Pennsylvania; Tallie Morgan, W. W. Lathrop, Charles E. Bradhury, and B. G. Morgan, Scranton, with Martin E. Kays, secretary and treasurer. In January, 1891, the company began the publication of a companion paper to the People, called the People's Herald. This paper is intended as a na- tional educator on the Prohibition question. In November, 1890, the office was removed to the Arcade building, on Wyoming Avenue where it has fine offices and excellent facilities for its work. The Cricket, a linmorons jjictorial weekly paper, first appeared on Saturday, March 2, 1889, under the sole proprietorship of J. 8. Horton, who was also the editor. The jiaper achieved popularity and phenom- enal success in a very short time. Being a bright, clean pajier editor- ially, and illustrated in a high style of art, it has grown to be a household friend and welcome visitor, as well as a power in the community. On March 1, 1890, Mr. Horton formed a company, him- self retaining a controlling interest, since which time the paper has been issued by the Cricket Publishing Company, with Mr. Horton as editor. The Young Lutheran is a paper published by Rev. E. L. Miller, of the Holy Trinity Evangelical Church, It was started in October, 1890, and is published monthly. It is a quarto of twenty-four passes, devoted mainly to the interests of the Holy Trinity Church and Sunday-school, but in addition, contains articles of general interest. The circulation is growing rapidly. The iScrauton Tribune was incorporated April '2-i, 1891, the stock- holders being as follows: Henry M. Boies, Henry Belin, Jr., William T. Smith, William Cornell, Clarence G. Whetstone, Alfred Hand, Luther Keller, Ezra H. Ripple, and Everett Warren. The company was organized by the election of Everett Warren, president; Alfred Hand, vice president; Ezra H. Ripple, treasurer, and E. P. Kingsbury, secre- tary. E. P. Kingsbury was also chosen business manager, and Clarence G. Whetstone, editor of the paper. The Tribune is an independent Re- publican paper. Its offices are located in the new and handsome Bloeser building, at the corner of Penn Avenue and Spruce Street. It has all the associated press franchises, and prints from the fastest Hoe press in the State, outside of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The capacity of the press is thirty thousand per hour. The circulation is now, after an existence of only seven weeks, nearly nine thousand, and it is rapidly gaiuiug. The paper is printed by the Tribune Publishing Company, which was formed through the efforts of Mr. Whetstone, who came 372 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. here from Philadelphia for that purpose. The first number of the paper was issued on June 20, 1891. Among the. valuable books written by Scranton authors, Dr. Hol- lister's "History of the Lackawanna Valley" doubtless stands at the head. It is manifestly the result of great research, and is full of val- uable historical data. It has passed through five editions, the first appearing in 1857, the last in 1885. The first edition contained three hundred aud twenty-five 12mo pages, the last, five hundred and forty- seven 8vo pages. Being devoted to the entire Lackawanna Valley it deals more with general than with local facts, and contains much valuable history with reference to the Indians, to the early settlers, and to the natural resources of the valley. One of the most valuable and interesting portions of Dr. Hollister's work deals with the rival claims of Connecticut and Pennsylvania as to the rightful ownership of this part of the State, and the remarkable tragic sequel to their contentions, the massacre at Wyoming, which sent a thrill through the hearts of all Americans, which is and will continue to be rever- berant so long as history is read. Rev. George Peck, D. D., was an author of more than ordinary ability, and of a national reputation. He wrote a "History of Wyom- ing," a "History of Early Methodism," aud numerous other historial and religious works, which have taken their places as standard publications. Among these other works were the following: " [Jni- versalism Examined," 1826; " Histoi'y of the Apostles and Evangelists," 1836; "Christian Perfection," 1841; "Reply to Bascom," 1845; "Rule of Faith," 1844; "Manly Character," 1852; "Our Country, its Trials and its Triumphs," 1865. The "History of Wyoming" was published iu 1858, and "Early Methodism" in 1860. Dr. Peck, like all Methodist preachers, served many congregations. While pastor of the church at Cazenovia, New York, he began the study of Greek, and became a proficient scholar in that language, as also in Latin and Hebrew. In 1840 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Augusta College and was elected editor of the Methodist Quarterly Review. In 1846 he was appointed by the New York Central Conference delegate to the great general convention of the Evangelical Alliance held in London, England. When the great rupture between the two divisions of the Methodist Church occurred over sfavery, Dr. Peck was chosen as one of the commissioners to adjust the differences. In 1848 he was chosen editor-in-chief of the Christian Advocate and Journal, remain- ing in that position four years. About 1858 he returned to the Valley of Wyoming, and in that and the Valley of the Lackawanna, he THE PRESS. 373 spent the rest of his long and useful life. He was born at Middlefield, Otsego County, New York, August 8, 1797, and died in Scranton, May 20, 1876. "The Utilization of Culm in Agriculture," by Colonel J. A. Price, is a valuable pamphlet. It is a strong argument in favor of the use of this material on the farm. It is of dark color, which is always associ- ated with fertility. A dark-colored soil is more apt to be fertile than a light-colored soil, because it absorbs the rays of the sun, while a light- colored soil reflects them. Dark soil is therefore warmer than light soil iti cool periods, and cooler in heated periods. Thus a longer season is produced by making the color of the soil darker, which may be done by the application of culm. Culm contains most of the elements found in growing plants, and therefore possesses both the color and the richness needed by growing plant life. It is a powerful element in preventing rust, and is also valuable in checking the ravages of insects. A notable book is that entitled, "A City's Danger and Defense; or, Issues and Results of the Strikes of 1877, Containing the Origin and History of the Scranton City Guard, by Samuel C. Logan, D. D." It was published in 1887, and contains eighteen chapters. It is a remarkably well written book and for a most commendable purpose, and is a faithful history of the troublous times which it discusses. One of its forceful expressions, forceful because truthful, is as follows: "The mob anywhere and at all times is a brainless monster with a cowardly heart which can only be begotten of a lawless spirit. It is a headless force whose vitality is to be found in its whole body. Its only remedy is quick and remorseless force legally organized and under the command of law." And the purpose of the book is clearly set forth in the following extract: "Nothing can be more clearly demonstrated than the fact that the legal organization of a military guard made up of the best young men of the city, who have ever stood ready to resist unto death every attempt, however made, to overpower law and order, has given peace and safety to this city and vicinage. The history of strikes, which are to mobs what the egg is to the viper which the sun hatches from it, and of lawless violence in the coal fields in times past; and the remarkable peace and unbroken business prosperity which for ten years have kept step with the march of the 'Scranton City Guard,' leave no room to question the relations of the one to the other." The book was written to make this statement clear, hence to show the great value of the Scranton City Guard as a conservator of the peace and a protector of the prosperity of the valley. The author, however, has plenty of sympathy for the laboring 374 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. man, whose lot is often hard, V;oth from short time and low wages, which difficulty is often impossible of remedy, or at least of speedy remedy, by capitalist, corporation, or other employer, even though the disposition exist, except through out and out charity, which if brought into operation, might sooner than is generally believed destroy the power to employ when better times should arrive. In fact it would seem that the most certain and potent, if not the only remedy for such a state of things as that which resulted in the great strikes which this book discusses, is a preventive remedy, and consists in the patient and persistent industry and wise economy of the laborer himself when times are for him comparatively prosperous. The author clearly shows that one of the great evils of such times is the "small pot-house politician, perpetually seeking to identify himself with the workingman," who is able to trace all depressions in business to defects in the administration of the government, and to demonstrate that he alone is capable of conducting public affairs. This dangerous class of public aspirants added fuel to the smoldering fires which through the dreary winter and early spring of 1877 were filling the air and blearing the vision of honest men throughout the coal region. The effect of secret associations on the laboring men is well portrayed and the more general causes of the general suspension of railroad freight services, as well as passenger service in the summer of 1877. That "league of communists and assassins known as the Molly Maguires" comes in for a fair share of attention. The most interest- ing portions of the book, however, are those chapters which treat of the local strikes, their resulting riot and its suppression, and the insane attempt to have convicted and punished for murder those who risked their lives to prevent wholesale murder, and to whom is due the credit of having saved the city from at least partial destruction. Of these young men no one showed more true courage or a clearer insight into the nature of the mob and its purpose, and the nature of the remedy necessary to be applied, than did W. W. Scrauton. After these recitals the book presents a detailed and extended account of the origin and history of the Scranton City Guard, and of the Thir- teenth Eegiment, a briefer account of both of which may be found in these pages. This book of Dr. Logan's was undertaken more as a labor of love than as a work of gain, and it is well worthy of the place it occupies in the libraries of Scrantonians. Another noted book by a Scranton author, is "Thirty Years of Labor," by Hon. Terrence V. Powderly. It is an earnest attempt to present a history of the various movements by different bodies of organ- THE PRESS. 375 ized laborers to improve their condition. The period covered is that from 1859 to 1889. The book treats at length of the great change from manual labor to machine labor, which change was inaugurated about the former date, although it was pretigured if by nothing else, at least by the invention and operation of Fulton's steamboat in 1807, and later, as the efiect of that innovation was sorely felt in certain lines of life, notably by the stage lines between Jfew York and Albany, the sailing vessels on the liudson, and the hotels between the two cities. The book of Mr. Powderly seems earnestly to regret the changes made, looking, perhaps, too intently at the disturbances caused by the successive innovations as they came along, and the chaos temporarily produced, without reflecting that in time all industries adapted them- selves to the changes, and that the great eft'ect was in almost, if not in every instance, to improve the condition of mankind in general, as well physically as mentally and morally; and yet it admits that "labor-saving inventions are often labor-making inventions as well." The author, however, in tracing the great change from manual to machine labor, sometimes greatly exaggerates the facts, the following being, perhaps, the most striking example of this kind: "When machinery began to make itself felt, the farm was not forgotten. A man with a team of horses or a yoke of oxen did good work once in plowing three acres of soil in two days. Five acres in as many days was regarded as very rapid work. The three gang or double furrow plow does the same amount of work in one day. The steam plow has superseded the double furrow plow, and makes it pos- sible for one man to do in one day what he formerly did in thirty days. One man now plows for thirty; twenty-nine men leave the fur- row to make I'oom for steam." If it were attempted to apply the above statement to the United States the facts would fall far short of justifying the attempt at the present time, and in all probability they always will, for the conditions of agriculture do not in most parts of the country permit the intro- duction of the steam plow; the farms are too small even in the West and Southwest, and the surface of the land is too uneven in the East and Southeast. In general it is altogether probable that so far as the book regrets that machine labor has so rapidly in the past superseded, and is in the present so rapidly superseding manual labor, it gives expression to an unintelligent and vain regret. As a history of the organization of laboring men into bodies for protection against the injustice of such employers as are unjust, the book is a very valuable one. It traces with great minuteness the 376 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. origin and progress of the various labor unions in this country, and especially of the great organization known as the Knights of Labor. It is, too, an earnest plea for justice to the working man, for shorter hours of labor, and better pay. The history of the establishment of labor bureaus in each State is presented, leading up to the establish- ment of the National Labor Bureau, June 27, 1884; the land question is discussed as well as the " single tax " idea, the latter being ap- proved, but the idea of the single tax taking the place of a protective tarift" on imports from foreign countries is opposed. The author, how- ever, favors the purchase by the general government of the railroads and telegraph lines, which is certainly impracticable; the issuance of currency direct to the people; opposes the introduction into the United States of foreign servile labor; gives the history of the passage of the foreign labor contract labor laws; thoroughly discusses the eight hour problem; approves socialism, but condemns anarchy. He ap- proves temperance on general principles, and opposes the introduction of liquor dealers into the order of Knights of Labor. The official history of the organization from 1879 to 1889 is fully presented, and the book closes with a eulogy on the Knights of Labor for the good work they have done. CHAPTER XVI. EDUCATIONAL. Early Education — Early Teachers and Schonlhouses — Proprietors' School Fund — Trustees of the Fund— Frame Schoolhouse — Hyde Park Schools — Providence Schools — Scranton Schools — Board of Control — Teachers, Wages, Etc.— Superin- tendent of City Schools— Statistics — School Property — School of the Lackawanna — St. Mary's Parochial School — St. Mary's Academy — Wood's Business College. ALTHOUGH not strictly within the limits assigned to this work, it is deemed advisable, because of the great interest attaching to the subject, to note brie% the steps taken by the early settlers in this section of the State, with respect to public education, or, in other words, the education of the young at the public expense. The first reference to the establishment of public schools in the Wyoming Valley is found in the proceedings of a public meeting held at Wilkes-Barre August 23, 1773. At that meeting it was voted to raise three pence on the pound on the district list in order to keep free schools in the several districts in Wilkes-Barre. At a subsequent meeting measures were adopted for keeping three free schools going — one in the upper district, one in the lower, and one in the town plat. On the 21st of the following December a meeting was held at which it was voted that Ifathaniel Landon, Samuel Coinmins, and John Perkins be appointed committeemen to divide the town into three school districts for keeping schools. In December, 1774, at a general meeting of the entire settlement, it was voted that Elisha Richards, Captain Samuel Ransom, Perrin Ross, Nathaniel Landon, Elisha Swift, Nathan Denison, Stephen Harding, John Jenldns, Anderson Dana, Obadiah Gore, Jr., James Stark, Roswell Franklin, Captain Lazarus Stewart, Captain Parks, and Uriah Chapman be chosen school com- mittee for the ensuing year. In this connection it may be remarked that there is no record, nor even any tradition, of any school being established or kept at Wyoming by the Pennsylvania claimants, nor of any religious services having been provided or enjoyed by them. It is to the New Englander that we must look for this great idea of public education, and it is noteworthy that now, one hundred 377 378 HIHTOKY OF SCRANTON. and more years after it was tirst put in practice in the Wyoming Valley, it iinds its perfect justification in being the prevailing method of educating the children of the masses in all parts of the United States. The most renowned of the early teachers of the valley was Stephen Gardner, whose name is familiar to all versed in its early annals. John Jenkins was the first teacher in Kingston, and was a brother-in-law of Stephen Gardner, having married his sister, Lydia. According to Miner, Stephen Gardner was a very shrewd man, a great reader, very inteUigent, distinguished for the sharpness of his wit, the keenness of his sarcasm, the readiness of his repartees, and the cutting pungency of his satire, yet was withal a very amiable man, and kind in his domestic circle. The first schoolhouse built in the Lackawanna Valley was erected in the early part of 1818, It stood in Providence Borough, near the crossing of the People's line of street railway with the old Providence road. It was ten feet square, and was standing as late as 1867. The next schoolhouse was erected in 1834 by Harry Heermans and others near the depot of the People's Street Railroad Company on Main Street. It was distinguished as the " Hell Schoolhouse," because it had upon it the tirst bell that was hung in the Lackawanna Valley. This bell was cast in ISTew York, and cost |15.00. In 1838, on account of a fierce pai'ty spirit then raging, another schoolhouse was built under Democratic auspices, near the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company's depot in Providence. The old "Bell Schoolhouse" was used as a place of religious worship for some time by the Christians, but was abandoned about the 1st of January, 1869, a new chapel having been erected and occupied for the first time on January 10th of that year. In 1858 the Providence Borough graded school was established under the direc- tion of James S. Kennedy, D. P. Randall, William Silkman, J. R. Wint, Pulaski Carter, and Dr. B. A. Benton, with Prof. E. W. Rogers as principal. The schoolhouse on Prospect Hill was erected in 1859, and the old bell was removed to this new schoolhouse. In this connection it is deemed appropriate to introduce what is necessary to say in this work in reference to the "Proprietors' School Fund," about' which there has been so much litigation and from which the schools have realized so little. This fund was created by the proprietors of the seventeen townships certified to the Connecticut settlers in Westmoreland, who set apart certain lots of land in each townshi)) for educational purposes. Providence Township was the sixth ill number of these townships. In this township alone about two EDUCATIONAL. 379 thousand acres' were reserved for this purpose. The commissioners appointed under the act of 1799, ottering compensation to the Penn- sylvania claimants, issued patents for the land from the State to the committees for these lots in trust for the use of the township. The annual committee had from time to time sold or leased for a term of years, a portion of this property, reserving the remainder for tlie use of the proprietors. It was supposed, however, that these annual com- mittees had but little or no legal authority to transact business, and hence the sales and leases made by them were so little regarded that some of the debts for purchase money and rents are yet outstanding. During the session of the legislature of 1835, the proprietors secured the passage of an act of incorporation clothing the trustees of the township with all the privileges of incorporations. Under this act John Dings, Samuel De Puy, William Merrifield, Joshua Griffin, and Nathaniel Cottrill were vested with the authority of trustees until the next succeeding annual election. This act, while it did not enable the trustees to recover the lands already sold, did enable the proprie- tors subsequently elected, to sell the remainder of the land lying in Hyde Park for |3,500.00, which being secured by bond and mortgage, afterward formed the fund since known as the "Proprietors' School Fund." This fund since 1869 has been under the administration of the presidents of the school districts of Dunmore and Scranton. However, to retrace our steps, a little, in order to go somewhat into particulars, it is necessary to say that in 1821 a law was passed by the leo-islature, making legal all transfers and other official acts of the pro- prietors in the townships of Wilkes-Barre, Plymouth, and Hanover; and in 1835 the provisions of the law were extended to Providence Township, which embraced the territory now comprising the city of Scranton and the borough of Dunmore. Under this latter act, trustees were elected annually until 1860. In 1853 M. P. Baldwin, rulaski Carter, and James Harrington were the trustees of this fund, with Daniel Ward, treasurer, and N. B. Hutchison, clerk. The receipts of the fund for the years 1851 and 1852 were 1812.87, and the expenditures, $257.27. For 1853 the receipts were $281.16, and the expenditures, S263.93. On July 15, 1854, the trustees of this fund numbered the ' By reference to a preceding chapter it will be seen that the lands granted ilirectly to the schools consisted of lots numbered 2. 41, and 42, aggregating 1,095 acres; and that the lots devoted to religious purposes were numbered 9, 10, and :;(i, aggregating 1,312 acres. Deducting Elder Bishop's 4U0 acres from this latter aggregate, there remain 912 acres, which added to the 1,095, make 2,007 acres. This is, of course, assuming that the remainder of the 1,312 at'res was thrown into the school lands. 380 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. school districts in the township of Providence, in the borough of Provi- dence and that of Hyde Park, and divided it out to each district in the sum of $14.13. On April 12, 1856, the districts were numbered up to 14, and $15.00 apportioned to each. On July 14, 1856, there was a meeting of the trustees of the fund, and the action taken in April, re- considered, on account of a law then recently enacted by the legislature of the State, which gave the borough of Scranton a portion of the fund. The new apportionment made in accordance with this new law, was $11.17 to each district. July 3, 1858, the apportionment was made, but the sum given to each district was not stated in the minutes of the trustees. May 14, 1859, the apportionment was as follows: To Providence Township, six districts, $67.20; borough of Scranton, five districts, $56.00; borough of Providence, three districts, $33.60; Hyde Park, two districts, $22.40. On September 18, 1861, the fund was stated to be as follows: Peter Briggs, debt $750.00, interest for two years, $90.00; Henry Griffin, debt, $1,400.00, interest, $168.00; E. Leach, debt, $206.35, interest, $24.76; D. R. Kandall, debt, $200.00, in- terest, $24.00; Bridge Lot, debt, $187.00, interest, S22.44; Ira Tripp, debt, $298.00, interest, $35.76; Hyde Park district, debt, $122.00, interest, $14.64; William Silkmau, debt, $225.00, interest $27.00. Total debt, $3,388.35; total interest due, $406.60; contingent expenses for the year, $40.45; leaving to be divided among the districts, $366.15. The ap- portionment was made as follows: Providence Township, six districts, $137.28; Scranton, five districts, $114.40; Providence Borough, three districts, $68.64; Hyde Park, two districts, $45.76. Total amount appro- priated, $366.08. When the township of Providence was divided into the four boroughs named above, it was provided in the act that each should receive its share of the fund, but no provision was made in any of the charters except that of Duumore for the election of trustees. In Dunmore the school directors were constituted ex officio trustees. The other boroughs, however, elected trustees annually, notwithstanding there was no authority for such proceeding. Por some years, as will have been seen from the above paragraph, the fund created was properly invested, and the several districts received the income regu- larly. But for twenty years after 1861 no income was received, and on the contrary, a considerable amount of money was expended in fruitless endeavors to make the fund a source of revenue for the schools. While the war for the Union was in progress but little attention appears to have been bestowed on the matter of the Proprietors' EDUCATIONAL. 381 Fund,, but in 1866, on July 12th, a meeting of several committees appointed by the several school boards interested was held. Pulaski Carter was elected president; E. C. Fuller, secretary, and Sidney Oram, treasurer. The object of this meeting was to investigate the situation of the Proprietors' Fund. Alfred Hand and C. II. Silkman were appointed attorneys for the purpose of making the investigation. By their investigations it was found that up to 1865 the trustees had been in possession of fifty acres of land located near the IJyde Park end of the Lackawanna Avenue bridge, subject to a lease for nine hundred and ninety nine years, made to Josei)h Fellows in 1796, at an annual rental of seven pounds and ten shillings, Pennsylvania currency. This property had become very valuable, both because of its location and its valuable deposits of coal. The rent was paid up to 1861, when the lessees refused to pay any further, and it was claimed that on account of the violation of their contract the property should revert to the school district. In 1865 a deed had been made for the property in fee simple to Joseph W. Griffin, for $300.00, which deed was duly recorded. This deed was signed by only two of the three trustees, Michael Rock, the third trustee, refusing to affix his signature because he believed the deed to be a fraud upon the public. Nevertheless, his name was affixed, with a certificate of acknowledgment before a justice of the peace. Upon instituting suit in equity for the recovery of the land, it was found necessary to create a body to represent the fund. Accord- ingly a bill was passed in 1869 providing that the presidents of the boards of education of Scranton and Dunmore should act as trustees of the fund, and ownership of the land and other property belonging thereto was vested in them. They were required to publish annually a statement in two papers in Scranton and Dunmore. On February 12, 1869, a meeting of the four presidents of the school districts in Scranton and of the school district of the borough of Dunmore was held, and proposed to organize under the act of the 10th of the month, by which they had been incorporated. Tlie following gentlemen were present: Dr. H. Roberts, of the first Scranton district; Thomas Houser, of the third Scranton district; E. C. Fuller, of the fourth Scranton district, and John Beagle, of the Dunmore district. Dr. Roberts was chosen president of the meeting, and E. C. Fuller, secretary. Alfred Hand and F. D. Collins were appointed attorneys to bring such suits as were necessary to recover the property, and to collect all moneys due the board. E. N. Willard, Esq., was chosen master in chancery, and as such master he became convinced that the Griffin deed was a 382 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. fraudulent one. Upon his report being' made to the court, the court decreed "that the deed from Henry Griffin and John Quinnan to Joseph W. Griffin, dated March, 1865, recorded in deed book No. 104, page 91, etc., is null and void, and shall be delivered up to be cancelled, and the said Griffin is enjoined from conveying or encum- bering the title." The deed having been invalidated, the next thing was to attack the validity of the nine hundred and ninety-nine year lease, upon which no rent had been paid for more than twenty years. A coal mine on the property had been operated for several years by the "Park Coal Association," which had paid no royalty to either claim- ant. Judge Maynard, in behalf of the trustees, instituted a suit against John Heermans and Ebenezer Leach, executors of the Joseph Fellows estate; John Heermans, trustee of Joseph Fellows, deceased; Joseph W. Griffin; The Park Coal Association, limited; and James H. Gulick, administrator, cum testamento annexo, of Joseph Fellows, deceased. The court was asked by Judge Maynard to order J. H. Gulick and the Park Coal Association to file accounts of the moneys received from such sources and that such moneys be transferred to the trustees. Mr. Gulick answered that he had not received any money from the property; that John Heermans, trustee, had received money and had rendered to him no account; but he claimed the land as the property of the estate which he was to administer under the lease of 1796. The Park Coal Association answered through its president, Reese G. Brooks, that the company had leased the land from John Heer- mans, agreeing to pay a royalty of fifty cents per ton of two thousand pounds, for coal mined in the diamond vein, and fifteen and twenty- five cents per ton in other veins; that thirty thousand tons had been mined, and that royalty had accrued to the amount of $10,000.00, which the company held itself in readiness to pay as soon as the rightful owners were determined upon by the court. The stockholders of this company were R. W. Luce, Reese G. Brooks, Morgan Bowen, Evan J. Davis, J. H. Millspaugh, T. D. Thomas, and H. M. Edwards. Having made this confession of indebtedness the company at once disposed of its property and disbanded, so that the school fund lost all that was due it from that source, and the case was not pursued by Judge Maynard. Out of the ruins of the Park Coal Company arose the School Fund Coal Association, limited. The stockholders of this association were: A. B. Stevens, R. G. Brooks, D. S. Roberts, William Bowen, Morgan Bowen, and J. W. Maynard. The capital stock of this association was EDUCATIONAL. , 383 $30,000.00. Ill order to gain possession Judge Maynard advised tlie trustees to lease to this association the coal under the Ix-idge hit, and accordingly the contract was signed January 27, 1877, for twenty years, on a royalty of tifteeu cents per ton, in quarterly installnients, the minimum anion nt to be $7,500.00 per year. Xo royalties were paid for the first, second, or third quarter, the association not having any money. It therefore oftered its bonds for $10,003.00 in payment. 'I'hese bonds, which were 6 per cent bonds at par, were accepted at par by the trustees. These bonds presently became worthless, and the association refused to pay royalty. Judge Maynard, however, liad been paid over $2,000.00 by the trustees, for his services. The association reported officially to the State authorities that they had mined in 1876, 50,933 tons; in 1877, 50,030 tons; in 1878, 52,:J55 tons; in 1879, 67,500 tons; in 1880, 60,000 tons, and in the first half of 1881, about 20,000 tons; thus ill all there had been mined by this association about 300,818 tons, which at a royalty of fifteen cents per ton amounted to over $45,000.00. While there was no official report of what had been mined previous to 1876, it was estimated that at least as much had been mined before 1876 as since, so that the amount rained, and for which no royalty had been paid, was not far from 600,000 tons On Monday, July 4, 1881, a committee of the board of cantrol was appointed to procure a restraining injunction against the School Fund Association, to prevent their agents or workmen from mining any more coal from the property. About this time another complica- tion arose, W. H. Jessup, trustee, selling the property to A. B. Stevens for $78,896.00, $25,000.00 being receipted on the contract. Two years were given to Mr. Stevens in which to pay the remainder in two equal payments. On the 8th of August, 1881, however, Mr. Stevens signed a judgment note for $54,203.32 in favor of W. H. Jessup, trustee of the estate of Joseph Fellows, due in thirty days, and on September 20th, the property was advertised for sale. In this adver- tisement the property was described as follows: "All the right, title, and interest in and to the coal conveyed to R. W. Luce and Morgan Bowen by John Heermans, trustee of the estate of Joseph Fellows, by indenture of lease dated June 20, 1874, and recorded in the recorder's office of Luzerne County; also the coal conveyed to the Park Coal Company Association by lease dated April 10, 1875, with the right to collect all royalty and rents due; also a tract of land beginning at the west wing wall of Lackawanna Avenue bridge,, extending to the gas house and taking in considerable land on the Hyde Park side of the river." 384 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. In June, 1881, E. W. Howard was chosen president of the Dun- more school board. He made an eft'ort to ascertain the true status of the case, but he could get no satisfactory statement from Judge May- nard. In the meantime the property was sold back under execution to W. H. Jessup for $70,000.00. A meeting of the school trustees was held at the Wyoming Hotel, January 9, 1882, at which it was con- cluded to demand of Judge Mayuard a statement of the condition of the case, and in case he refused to furnish such statement, then to demand the papers. About this time the School Fund Association was dissolved, and in its place the "Bridge Coal Company, limited," was incorporated, the articles of incorporation being tiled January 5, 1882. A. B. Stevens, Edward ISTewell Wiilard, Julian Glendower Stevens, Fred. Ellsworth Stevens, and Everett Warren being the incor- porators. The capital stock of this company was $30,000,00. The trustees of the fund brought, suit against W. H. Jessup, trus- tee, for the possession of the property, June 10, 1883. P. P. Smith, of Honesdale, was counsel for the plaintiff, and Judge Jessup, I. J. Post, and I. P. Hand, for the defendant. In this suit, Mr. Smith said there was in reality but one point at issue, and that was the validity of the nine hundred and ninety-nine year lease to Josepii Fellows, father of Joseph Fellows for whom Judge Jessup was the trustee. Mr. Smith sued for a judicial annulment of this lease. There had been, he said; about six hundred and seventy-five thousand tons of coal removed from the premises by several limited companies, composed mainly of the same individuals. The plan of these limited companies was to incur no personal liabilities further than those incurred by the articles of incorporation for limited companies, and then they permitted these limited companies to be declared insolvent at critical periods; then the same persons would organize another limited company and go on with the work of despoiling the property. The Supreme Court decided as follows: "Per Curiam — Notwithstanding the numerous specifications of error and the earnest argument of counsel for the appellant we cannot dis- cover that the facts of the case difter substantially from those we passed upon in Griffin vs. Fellows, 32, P. F. Smith, 117. We do not deem it necessary to review the case in detail; the facts as well as the law arising thereon are so fully and so ably presented by the master and learned judge, that we are content to adopt the opinion of the latter disposing of the exceptions to the report. On that opinion the decree is aflirmed and the bill dismissed at .the costs of the appellant." EDUCATIONAL. 385 This decision of the Supreme Court apparently settled the case, and at a meeting of. the trustees on May 24, 1884, Attorney Gunster was instructed to settle with W. H. Jessup for arrears of rent since 1867, at $11.20 per year. On June 24, 1886, Judge Jessup appeared before the Scranton board of trustees, and offered $500.00 for the fee simple title to the bridge lot, instead of the yearly rental of $11.20 which the Fellows estate, of which he was the trustee, was bound to pay. The Judge was referred to the trustees of the Scranton and Dunmore school boards. The only alternative for the board of trus- tees, was to continue receiving the $11.20 per year, for the remainder of the nine hundred and ninety-nine years, and trust to their suc- cessors establishing their title to the property then after the lease had expired. The case was at length settled November 4, 1887, at a meet- ing at .Judge Jessup's office. There was then due the fund twenty years' rents, or $224, against which the Judge claimed as set ofi", $324.87. This claim was not allowed, and the payments for $11.20 were secured. The board of control of the city of Scranton took hold of this matter in February, 1890. On the 24th of this month a committee, previously appointed to examine into the condition of the fund, reported through its chairman; H. A. Kingsbury, to the following eftect: " Whereas, upon the settlement of the township of Providence, in or about the year 1770, certain lands of said township were set apart for school and other charitable purposes, which same lands were after- ward by patent from the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, bearing date July 17, 1812, conveyed to J. Carey and John Taylor, town committee, in trust for the proprietors of said township, and by acts of the general assembly of said commonwealth of Pennsylvania, of April 2, 1831, (Pennsylvania Laws, 367,) April 14, 1835, (Pennsylvania Laws, 274,) and February 10, 1869, (Pennsylvania Laws, 132,) the fee simple title of certain of said lands, to wit, a certain tract of about fifty acres situated in the Fourteenth and Eighteenth wards of the city of Scran- ton, bounded on the southeast by the Lackawanna River, on the northeast by Swetland Street, on the northwest by ISTiuth Street, and on the southwest boundary crossing Scranton Street, was vested in the trustees of the Proprietors' School Fund, of Providence, a corporation duly incorporated by the said act of February 10, 1869, and " Whereas, The said corporation holds the title to said lot of land in trust for the benefit of the schools within the limits of the city of Scranton sind borough of Dunmore, and " Whereas, On September 8, 1796, Joseph Bagley and Stephen ■Si 386 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Gardner, for the town committee of Providence Township, leased the said lot of land to Joseph Fellows for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years at the rental of 4£ 4s Pennsylvania currency per annum, which lease has been declared by the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania to be valid and binding, and the estate in possession of said corporation in trust for the schools aforesaid until the 8th day of Sep- tember, 2795, and " Whereas, It is considered to be for the best interests of the schools aforesaid that the interest of said corporation in said land should be sold at the price hereinafter named; therefore, "Besolved, That the trustees of the Proprietors' School Fund of Providence are hereby requested to make, and execute, and deliver quitclaim deeds to purchasers of said lot of land, or parts thereof, upon the payment of |2,50 per front foot where streets are laid out, the purchase money to be divided in the proportion of one fifth to the Dunmore school board, and four fifths to the Scranton school district." This report was signed by H. A. Kingsbury, F. L. Wormser, and T. J. Jennings. It was then moved and carried that the time during which purchasers could avail themselves of the above terms should be limited to one year, and that afterward six per cent interest should be added to the purchase price. In the report of the superintendent of public instruction for the year ending June 1, 1877, there is a very interesting history of the early schools of the Wyoming and Lackawanna valleys written by the Hon. Steuben Jenkins, than whom no man was more com- petent to do the subject justice. But little of what he said can be quoted in this work, for the reason that his history covers much more territory than our limits permit us to cover. However, a small por- tion of it is extremely "interesting, showing as it does in great degree the views of the early settlers in this country, coming as they did from Connecticut, as to the value of education. It is of course well known that this portion of the State was settled, in part at least, by and under the auspices of the Susquehanna Company, which held a meeting at Hartford, Connecticut, December 28, 1768, at which it was voted to lay out five townships of laud within the purchase of said company on, the Susquehanna River, of five miles square each; so that the first forty settlers of the first township settled and the first fifty settlers of each of the other townships settled, should divide #the towns among themselves, reserving and appropriating three whole shares or rights EDUCATIONAL. 387 in each township for the public use of a gospel ministry and the schools in each of said towns; and also reserving for the use of said company all pots and mines of iron and coal that might be within said townships. Not only the above live townships, but all the townships settled under the said company, were settled upon the same terms and condi- tions as the above five. The three rights or shares were subsequently devoted by the settlers exclusively to the schools. In consequence, however, of the early sale of these rights or shares, but little money was realized from them. For instance, the three shares in the township of Kingston would sell to-day for more than $250,000.00, but the town- ship has only about |5,000.00 of the fund on hand, and Kingston has the largest fund on hand from this source of any of the townships. It is worthy of note that at the meeting of the Susquehanna Com- pany, referred to above, an offer was made to Dr. Eleazer Wheelock of a tract of land in the eastern part of the Susquehanna purchase, ten miles long by six miles wide, for the use of the Indian school then under his care, provided he would set up and keep the school on the premises. This offer was not accepted, the doctor receiving offers from other directions that were more advantageous or more satisfactory to him, which he accepted, and which resulted in the establishment of Dartmouth College. Somewhere about 1840 there was a frame schoolhouse built near the Roaring Brook, on a point just above the old gristmill, which stood a short distance from the bluff, or ledge, and both of which were not far from the reservoir at the blast furnace of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company. They were both a little above where the high railroad bridge crosses Roaring Brook. It was a frame building about thirty by twenty feet in size, and had on two sides desks running the entire length. The benches in front of these desks were occupied by the scholars who could write, and two other rows of benches were- occupied by the smaller scholars. In the summer there were about thirty pupils in the school, and in the winter about fifty. During the winter of 1842-43 the teacher was Asa Cobb, and some of his pupils were John Nicholas, Henry Nicholas, now a prominent citizen of Newark, New Jersey, Albert Milbert, Barney Slocum, Giles Slocum, James Davis, John Davis, and Patrick De Lacey. Asa Cobb, it is believed, taught in this schoolhouse two or three winters. Mr. Cobb is referred to in the "Tri-county History," as living, in 1880, on, or near, the very spot upon which his grandfather, Asa Cobb, from whom the Moosic Mountains are sometimes called Cobb's Mountains, settled 388 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. in 1784. Asa Cobb, the teacher, is also referred to as starting the pioneer tannery near the same place in 1835. Captain De Lacey, who is authority for most that is said about this schoolhouse and its school, has vivid recollections of the fact that, whether or not Mr. Cobb was a good instructor in the fundamental principles of an English education, he was, in case of necessity, really an expert in the hand- ling of the birch. He saw several unruly boys get their jackets tanned in that good, old-fashioned way. Dr. HoUister in the first edition of his "History of the Lacka- wanna Valley," printed in 1857, has the following paragraph in which reference is made to this schoolhouse: " A single sawmill, with its clattering saw, and two small, wooden dwelling houses, were all the evidence upon this property that it had passed from the Indian to the white man. Immediately below and adjoining lay the debris of the old forge of Slocum's, near which now stood the gristmill, two dwellings owned by Barton Mott, and next below was the large red stone house and barn of Samuel Slocum, which yet remain like landmarks of other days; and a little school- house, yet in use, made complete the town of Slocum Hollow in 1840." In 1852, when Hyde Park was incorporated as a borough, there were but two schoolhouses in the district. One of these is believed to have been erected previous to 1820, and the other was erected in 1837. During the year 1854-55 the public schools were closed on account of the resignation of the principal teacher, Mr. Tallman. A brick school building was erected in 1858 to take the place of the one sold to the Methodists, and in this brick building were established the first graded schools in the district. Two schoolhouses were erected between 1860 and 1870, and in 1871 a borough superintendent was elected. In 1877, at the time of the consolidation of the four school districts of Hyde Park, Providence Township, Providence Borough, and the borough of Scranton, there were in the former district seven schoolhouses, five of them frame and the other two of brick. The schools were fully supplied with good teachers and were well attended. This fact is shown by the following statistical history of the schools which extends back to 1865. In that year there were 6 schools in Hyde Park, with 1 male and 6 female teachers. The wages of the former were $50.00 per month, and of the latter, |27.60 per month. In 1867 there were 9 schools, with 1 male and 8 female teachers. The man's wages were 170.00 per month, and the women's $27.50 per month. In 1868 there were 13 schools, with 1 male and 12 female teachers. The man's EDtJCATlONAL. 389 wages were $64.00 per month, and the women's averaged $30.00 per month. In 1869 the number of schools had increased to 16, with 2 male and 18 female teachers. The wages of the males averaged $60.00 per month, and those of the females, $32.00 per mouth. In 1870 there were 17 schools, with 2 male and 17 female teachers. The wages of the males were on the average $60.00 per month, and of the females, $32.00 per month. In 1871 there were 23 schools, with 3 male and 20 female teachers. The wages of the males averHged $73.00 per month, and those of the females, $35.00 per month. The number of schools remained the same until 1875, when tliere were 28. The number of male teachers was 6, and of female teachers, 31. The wages of the former averaged $70.07 per month, and of the latter, $35.95 per month. In 1877 there were 40 schools in Hyde Park, with 4 male and 37 female teachers. The wages of the former were on an average $73.77 per month, and of the latter, $34.00 per month. In 1865 there were 199 male and 222 female scholars; the levy for school purposes was $1,893.62, and for building purposes, $1,136.00. The receipts from the State appropriation were $358.24, and from taxes, collections, etc., $2,409.70; the wages of the teachers amounted to $1,582.50; the cost of fuel, etc., $467.95, and there was expended for purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $201.48. In 1867 there were 562 male and 652 female scholars, and the levy for school pur- poses was $3,156.22, and for building purposes, $2,532.49. The receipts from the State were $435.54, and from taxes, collections, etc., $6,755.40. The teachers' wages amounted to $2,773.15; the cost of fuel, etc., was $509.91, and there was spent for purchasing, building, and renting school- houses, $2,988.11. In 1868 there were 654 male and 859 female pupils; the levy for school purposes was $5,409.92, and for building purposes, $1,127.48. The receipts from the State were $404.43, and from taxes, collections, etc., $3,355,28; the wages of the teachers amounted to $3,693.78; the cost of fuel, etc., was $922.43, and there was spent for purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $1,979.50. In 1869 there were 739 male and 820 female scholars; the levy for building purposes was the same as for school purposes, $6,069.40, according to the report of the State superintendent of instruction. The receipts from the State were $1,018.50, and from taxes, collections, etc., $12,132.92; the wages of the teachers amounted to $5,680; the cost of fuel, etc., was $1,180, and there was spent for purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $5,400.00. In 1870 there were 837 male, and 967 female scholars; . the school levy was $5,616.83, and the building was reported as the same; the 390 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. receipts from the State were $977.76; and from taxes, collections, etc., $10,294.15; tiie wages of the teachers amounted to $5,848.00; the cost of fuel was $1,579.00, and there was spent for schoolhouses, $2,767.15. In 1871 there were 1,512 male, and 1,232 female scholars; the school levy was $8,049.67, and the levy for building purposes, $4,835.99; the receipts from the State were 11,201.83, and from taxes, collections, etc., $10,210.76; the wages of the teachers amounted to $8,753.00; the cost of fuel, etc., was $806.60, and there was spent for schoolhouses, $1,496.64. In 1875 there were 1,476 male, and 1,497 female scholars; the total levy for all school purposes was $17,096.68; there was received from the State, $2,141.22, and from taxes, collections etc., $19,223.38; the wages of the teachers amounted to $9,670.00; the cost of fuel, etc., was $6,184.00, and there was spent for schoolhouses, $5,752.51. lu 1877 there were 1,704 male, and 1,670 female scholars; the total school levy was $22,758.00; there was received from the State $3,645.17, and from taxes, collections, etc., $23,717.37; the wages of the teachers amounted to $11,815.75; the cost of fuel, etc., was $11,203.79, and there was spent for schoolhouses, $3,500.07. This was the last year that reports were made out separately for Hyde Park. The schools of Providence Borough were not quite so numerous nor so expensive as were those of Hyde Park previous to the consoli- dation of the districts. In 1865 there were 5 schools in Providence, with 1 male and 4 female teachers. The wages of the former were $70.00 per month, and of the latter, on the average, $26.00 per month. In 1867 there were 6 schools, with 1 male and 5 female teachers. The wages of the former were $75.00, and of the latter, on the average, $30.00 per month. In 1868 there were 7 schools, with 1 male and 6 female teachers, the wages of the former being $80.62 per month, and" of the latter $35.00 per month. In 1869 there were 7 schools, with 1 male and 7 female teachers, the wages of the former being $100.00 per month, aud of the latter, $35.00 per month. In 1871 there were 8 schools, with 1 male and 7 female teachers, the wages of the former being $100.00 per month, and of the latter, $37.84 per month. In 1873 there were ten schools, with 1 male and 9 female teachers, the wages of the former being $120.00 per mouth, and of the latter, $41.11 per mouth. In 1876 there were 15 schools, with 3 male and 12 female teachers the wages of the former being, on the average, $76.66 per month, and of the latter, $44.18 per month. In 1877 there were also 15 schools, with four male and 11 female teachers, the wages of the former being on the average, $71.25 per month, and of the latter, $40.90 per month. In 18'65 there were 175 male and 169 female scholars; the levy for EDUCATIONAL. 391 school purposes was $1,700.00, and that for building purposes, $646.00; the receipts from the State were $190.00, and from taxes, collections, etc., $2,000.00; the cost of instruction was $1,345.00, and of fuel, etc., $480.00, and there was spent for purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $143.00. In 1867 there were 209 male and 198 female scholars in the schools; the levy for school purposes was $2,559.89, and for building purposes, $2,182.87; the receipts from the State were $223.88, and from taxes, collections, etc., $2,578.32; the cost of instruc- tion was $2,023.50; cost of fuel, etc., $552.80; and there was spent for schoolhouses, $340.49. In 1868 there were 277 male and 297 female scholars; the levy for school purposes was $3,868.91; the receipts from the State were $207.87, and from taxes, collections, etc, $4,230.77; the cost of instruction was $2,345.00; cost of fuel, $962.00; and there was spent in purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $923,27. lu 1869 there were 305 male and 313 female scholars; the school levy was $3,777.73, and that for building was $1,790.45; the receipts from the State were $469.00, and from taxes, collections, etc., $4,994.10; the cost of instruction was $3,285.00; cost of fuel, $771.31; and there was spent in purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $248.00. In 1871 there were 339 male and 271 female scholars; the levy for school purposes was $5,509.19, and that for building purposes, $3,033.49; the receipts from the State were $450.24, and from taxes, collections, etc., $8,042.43; the cost of instruction was $3,340.00; of fuel, etc., $1,149.18, and there was spent in purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $3,553.25. In 1873 there were 371 male and 362 female scholars; the total school levy was $9,166.45; the receipts from the State were $766.02; from taxes, collections, etc., $10,844.20; the cost of instruction was $4,850.00; of fuel, etc., $2,506.08, and there was spent in purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $4,308.96. In 1876 there were 503 male and 571 female scholars; the total school levy was $12,677.50; the receipts from the State were $1,434.06; from taxes, collections, etc., $9,765.27; the cost of instruction was $7,865; of fuel, etc., $4,943.27, and there was spent iu purchasing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $458.31. In 1877 there were 507 male and 564 female scholars; the total school levy was $10,731.65; the receipts from the State were $1,417.80; and from taxes, collections, etc., $8,273.59; the cost of instruction was $6,595; of fuel, etc., $3,407.80; and of schoolhouses, $136.15. Records of the Scranton school district being still in existence, it is much easier to give a more detailed account of the proceedings of the directors of this district than of the other two. A meeting of these 392 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. directors was held June 1, 1857, at which were present J. W. Brock, H. L. Marvine, and John Grier. John Grier had been the treasurer for the year previous at least, had paid out $2,705.05, and was allowed $54,10 for his services. He was succeeded as treasurer b}' Mr. Brock, who gave bond in the sum of $2,000.00, for faithful performance of his duties. P. J. Oonyne was then secretary, and H. L. Marvine, presi- dent. On June 3d, John Hopkins was appointed to superintend the erection of a schoolhouse then being built by Joseph Coar, at the corner of Washington Avenue and Vine Street. During this month the fol- lowing orders were issued by the directors: To Miss Julia A. Curtis, district No. 1, $25.00; H. N. Rogers, district ISTo. 2, $25.00; F. E. Rogers, district No. 3, $25.00; A. W. Brink, district No. 4, $25.00; Henry Box, district No. 4, $40.72; Miss Sophronia Hoyt, district No. 5, $25.00, Messrs. Hammond, Smith, and Gannon waited upon the board with reference to the establishment of a school near Captain Carr's coal works, and at the next meeting of the board it was decided to lease a suitable building for a schoolhouse in that vicinity. On the 24th of November, 1857, the borough was redistricted so as to arrange the boundaries as follows: District No. 1 was bounded on the north by Olive Street to its junction with the railroad leading to the mines; east by the borough line and Roaring Brook to its junction with the Lackawanna River; south by Roaring Brook and the Lackawanna River, embracing all that portion of the borough lying south of Olive Street and between Roaring Brook and the Lackawanna River. District No. 2 was bounded on the north by Roaring Brook; east by the borough line; south by Birch Street from Prospect Street to Roaring Brook, and west by Prospect Street from Birch Street to Orchard Street and Roaring Brook. District No. 3 (Orchard District) was bounded north by Orchard Street from Roaring Brook to Prospect and Birch Street, and Pros- pect Street to the borough line; east by the borough line; south by the borough line, and west by Lackawanna River and Roaring Brook. District No. 4 was bounded north by the borough line; east by Madison Avenue; south by Olive Street, and west by Lackawanna River. District No. 5 (Petersburg District) was bounded on the north by the borough line; east by the borough line; south by Olive Street, and west by Madison Avenue. The new schoolhouse at the corner of Washington Avenue and Vine Street was a two-story brick building and contained four rooms. EDUCATIONAL. 39S It was designated the Central school building, and in it were the first graded schools in the Scranton District. It included the primary, intermediate, grammar, and high schools, and was opened January 1, 1858. E. D. Eawson appears to have been the first principal in this new schoolhouse, and he received a salary of $83.33 per month. On April 7, 1858, H. L, Marvine was elected president of the board for the year; W". N. Jenkins, secretary, with P. J. Conyne, deputy, and A. L. Horn, treasurer. Messrs. Brock and Piatt were elected a building committee for the year, and Messrs. Chittenden and Horn, auditors. During this year a new schoolhouse was erected on the Flats. October 11th the building committee was authorized to enter into a contract with Oram, Harris & Company to erect a school- house at the Ifational Anthracite Coal Company's mines, at a cost not to exceed $500.00, the building to be similar to that at the Sand Banks; Oram, Harris & Company having made a proposition to erect the schoolhouse on a lot to be donated by them, they to be reimbursed by the application of their yearly school taxes, which they would otherwise have to pay. The erection of this schoolhouse was finally let to Joseph Coar for |600.00. In November, 1858, Mr. Rawson resigned his position as principal of the high school on account of ill health, and E. A. Lawrence was engaged to succeed him at a salary of |1,000.00 for the first year, and $1,200.00 for succeeding years, if he should give satisfaction to the board. On May 7, 1859, H. L. Marvine was elected president of the board; William A. Chittenden, secretary, and A. L. Horn, treas- urer. Mr. Marvine died in February, 1860, and Joseph C. Piatt was chosen president to fill out the unexpired term. February 20, 1860, the board was notified that A. B. Silkman had offered to donate to them, lots Nos. 1, 2, and 3, in block H, 100 feet on Ash Street and 120 feet on Prospect Avenue, Mr. Silkman reserving the coal. April 30, 1860, Joseph C. Piatt was elected president of the board; William A. Chittenden, treasurer, and P. J. Conyne, secretary. The other members of the board at that time were Henry Carpenter, Sanford Q-rant, and Dr. B. PI. Throop. On May 6, 1861, Sanford Grant was elected president, the other two officers being reelected. In 1862 there were the following school's in the district: On Wyoming Avenue, 2; in the high school building, 4; in the German Presbyterian church, 1; on River Street, 3; on Division Street, 1; on Hickory Street, 1; Minooka School, 1; Pine Brook, 1; Petersburg, 1; Bunker Hill, 1. On May 3, 1862, Edward Collins and J. H. Gunster took their places as members of the board, having been elected for three years. J. C. 394 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. Piatt was elected president; J. H. Gunster, secretarj', and William A. Chittenden, treasurer. The compensation of the secretary was fixed at 175.00 per year, and that of the treasurer at one per cent of his collections. An addition was made this year to the high school build- ino- by Samuel Shopland, at a cost to the district of $1,575.00. In September of this year, E. A. Lawrence was succeeded as principal of the high school by J. A. Lippincott. In November the Bunker IIiU school was set off to Dunmore. In May, 1863, Cornelius Ward and Theodore Hessinger were elected members of the board, taking their seats on the 6th, on which day William A. Chittenden was ,elected president; J. C. Piatt, secretary, and J. H. Gunster, treasurer. In August, 1863, the entire number of schools in the district was 16, and the number of months taught during the year had been 10. There were 3 male and 17 female teachers. The salaries of the former averaged |43.34 per month, and those of the feriaales, |25.16. The male scholars numbered 1,056; the female, 1,154. The taxes for school purposes for the year were $8,448.83; for building pur- poses, $3,134.18. From the State the district received $985.20, and from taxes, collections, etc., $9,245.00. The wages of the teachers amounted to $5,361.23; the cost of fuel, etc., was $1,206.08; the salary of the secretary was $70, and the total expenses of the district were $6,637,31. In June, 1864, R. A. Henry, Frederick Kreilich, and A. B. Farn- ham were elected members of the board. K. A. Henry was elected president; A. B. Farnham, secretary, and Theodore Hessinger, treasurer. On May 29, 1865, it was decided to erect two new brick schoolhouses, one with basement, one without. The contract was let to Joseph Shiel, for the former for $3,576.00, and for the latter for $2,984.00. In June, 1865, Samuel Shopland and William A. Chittenden were elected members from the JSTorth Ward. Dr. Chittenden was chosen president; P. A. Henry, treasurer, and Frederick Kreilich, secretary. Mr. Lippincott was succeeded as principal of the high school in November, 1865, by Joseph Roney, who remained in that position until February 7, 1868, when he was made superintendent of the district, retaining this position until the consolidation of the four districts, and in 1878 he was made city superintendent, a position which he retained until 1887, when he was succeeded by the present superintendent, George W. Phillips. In June, 1866, P. A. Henry was elected president of the board; E. C. Fuller, secretary, and Dr. William A. Chittenden, treasurer. July 12th, of the same year, a contract was entered into with Thomas Ham- EDUCATIONAL. 395 mon, by which he was to build a new schoolhouse at No. 6, for $3,400.00. On June 1, 1867, G. A. Fuller was elected president; F. W. Watson, secretary,' and E. C. Fuller, treasurer. June 8, 1868, E. C. Fuller was elected president of the board; James Ruthven, secretary, and Julius Wellner, treasurer. The salary of the secretary was fixed at $400.00,. the bond of the treasurer at $10,000.00, and that of the collector at $40,000.00. In 1865 there' were 15 schools in the Scranton, or fourth district, with 1 male and 19 female teachers. The wages of the former were $125.00 per month, and of the latter, $30.72 on the average. There were 1,514 male and 1,462 female scholars. In 1867 there were 20 schools, with 1 male and 25 female teachers. The wages of the former were $125.00 per month, and those of the latter were, on the average, $30.00 per month. There were 1,337 male and 1,527 female pupils. In 1868 there were 25 schools, with 2 male and 28 female teachers, the wages of the former being, on the average,' $94.15 per month, and of the latter, $84.70 per month. There were 1,272 male, and 1,385 female scholars. In 1870 there were 40 schools, with 1 male and 40 female teachers. The wages of the male were $180.00 per month, and those of the females, on the average, $37.89 per month. There were 1,498 male and 1,598 female scholars. In 1871 there were 47 schools, with 1 male and 46 female teachers. The wages of the former were $180.00 per month, and of the latter, on the average, $40.97. There were 1,787 male and 1,892 female scholars. In 1872 there were 50 schools, with 1 male and 50 female teachers, the wages of the former being $150.00 per month, and of the latter $39.00 per month. There were 1,636 male and 1,765 female scholars. In 1873 there were 52 schools, with 1 male and 51 female teachers, the wages of the male being $166.67 per month, and of the females $42.00. There were 1,583 male and 1,734 female scholars. In 1875 there were 58 schools, - with 5 male and 57 female teachers, the wages of the males being, on the average, $90.00 per month, and of the females $40.00 per month. There were 1,718 male and 1,719 female scholars. In 1877 there were 33 schools, with 5 male and 60 female teachers. The wages of the former, on the average, were $100.00 per month, and of the latter $40.00 per month. There were 1,743 male and 1,779 female scholars. In 1865 the amount levied for school purposes was $8,871.15, and that for building purposes, $3,027.51; there was received from the State $888.40, and from taxes, collections, etc., $10,727.51; the cost of in- struction Was $6,832.69, and of fuel, etc., $2,530.46. In 1867 the levy for school purposes was $13,109.92, and for building purposes, $5,042.29; 396 HISTORY 0» SCRANTON. the receipts from the State were $955.92, and from taxes, collections, etc., $16,489.85; the cost of instruction was $8,506.76, and of fuel, etc., $3,669.87. In 1868 the school levy was $20,782.55, and the building levy, $7,993.30; the receipts from the State were $887.64, and from taxes, collections, etc., $21,580.50; the cost of instruction was $11,600.38, and of fuel, etc, $t,030.28. In 1870 the levy for school purposes was $25,038.51, and for building purposes, $9,630.19; the receipts from the State were $2,003.64, and from taxes, collections, etc., $35,503.82; the cost of instruction was $16,777.16, and of fuel, etc., $5,602.38. In 1871 the levy for school purposes was $23,957.62, and for building purposes, $11,978.83; the receipts from the State were $2,003.64, and from taxes, collections, etc., $34,945.13; the cost of instruction was $19,734.27, and of fuel, etc., $3,388.77. In 1872 the school levy was $22,490.73, and the levy for building purposes, $14,- 993 80; the receipts from the State were $2,033.64, and from collections, etc, $52,136.96; the cost of instruction was $21,118.37, and of fuel, etc., $6,753.47. In 1873 the total school levy was $51,245.12; the receipts from the State were $3,710.62, and from taxes, collections, etc., $56,660.79; the cost of instruction was $22,702.87, and the total cost of the schools was $64,095.21. In 1875 the total levy for the schools was $55,683.40; the receipts from the State were $4,802.62, and from taxes, collections, etc., $69,841.71; the cost of instruction was $36,437.32, and the total expense of conducting the schools, was $94,463.06. In 1877 the total school levy was $55,960.46; the receipts from the State were $5,827.74, and from taxes, collections, etc., $83,827.74; the cost of instruction was $28,932.11, and the total expense connected with the schools was $69,519.60. This brings the statistics of the schools down to the time of the consolidation in 1877. Previously, however, to this time, in 1874, the four districts which are now consolidated were united into a kind of quasi consolidation, and placed under the management of the Scran- ton board of school control. These four districts were Providence Borough, as district No. 1; Providence Township, as district No. 2; Hyde Park, as district No. 3; and Scranton District, as district No. 4. This arrangement lasted until 1877. The consolidation effected in this latter }ear was made in accordance with a law passed by the legislature, May 28, 1874; but it was not effected without opposition on the part of some of the members of the school districts, which were still in a kind of semi-separate condition. An informal meeting of the school directors of the several districts was held at the Central school buildings on the corner of Washington Avenue and Vine Street, EDUCATIONAL. 397 April 16, 1877. The districts were represented as follows: First district, G. W. Miller and Ambrose Mulley; second district, Thomas Connolly, Thomas Stanton, Patrick McGuire, Andrew Rnane, and Anthony Henry; third district, Thomas Davis, W. H. Carling, R. J. Hughes, Benjamin Daniels, and J. Reibert; fourth district, William Con- nell, A. Chamberlin, C. F. Wagner, J. Keifer, John Rosen, John McLain, John Gibbons, and J. Bntterman. Mr. Connell stated that the object of this meeting was to consider the question of consolidation under the new law, which brought the four districts into one. Attorney F. W. Gunster being present, upon request gave his views, reading several sections of the law, and explaining them, showing that the di- rectors of the several districts should organize as provided by the new charter. The meeting organized by the appointment of A. Chamber- lin, president, and Mr. Connell then said that a committee should be appointed to go to Harrisburg to confer with the State superintendent; and that the State superintendent and attorney general should be requested to give their opinion, which would probably set the directors right, and moved that a committee of four, one from each district, be appointed. Messrs. Miller and Mulley stated that the first district would decline to make any move toward consolidation, and would do all they could to prevent it. It seemed to be the general desire of those present, that the schools should be carried on as they had been, if that could be done legally. The committee appointed to go to Harrisburg to consult with the State officials, was composed of G. W. Miller, or Ambrose Mulley, from the first district; Thomas Connolly, from the second; Thomas D. Davis, from the third, and William Con- nell from the fourth. This committee reported to a meeting of the school directors held at the Central building, April 23d, at which there were present from the first district, Matthews, Carr, Miller, and Mulley; from the second, Connolly, Stauton, McGuire, Fox, and Henry; from the third, Davis, Carliug, Hughes, Daniels, and Reibert; from the fourth, Con- nell, Chamberlin, Keifer, Rosen, McLain, Gibbons, and Butterman. The report of the committee was submitted verbally by Attorney Gunster, showing that the opinion of the attorney general was the same as that expressed by him at the previous meeting — that the directors should organize — and that under the new charter a consolidation could not be avoided. Mr. Connell was of the opinion that the boards should organize at once, and then the controllers could make arrangements for each district to settle up its affairs. The explanation was made that under the new law the presidents of the new Scrauton board and 398 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. of the Duumore board would be the legal trustees of the Proprietors' School Fund. At a meeting on April SOth, a protest from the First District against consolidation was presented and placed on file, but no action was taken thereon. The board then proceeded to organize by the election of William Connell, pi'esident, who was chosen by nineteen votes, and Mr. Carling was elected permanent secretary by twelve votes. A committee of three (Carling, Chamberliu, and Davis) was then appointed to secure from the assessors the last adjusted valuation, in order that a tax might be levied understandingly. The secretaries of each of the old districts were requested to bring in a report show- ing the financial standing of their respective districts. On June 4th William Connell was chosen president of the board, and Mr. Carling, secretary. June 9th a contract was made with Williams & Henry to build a schoolhouse in the twentieth ward for $4,100.00, and F. W. Gunster was engaged as attorney for the board at a salary of $25.00 per year. June 18th the following committees were appointed: On Teachers — Black, Davis, Carling, Miller, Mulley, Gibbons, O'Malia, and Chamberliu. On Books — Miller, Black, Chamberliu, Carr, and Lotz. On School Property — Piatt, Daniels, Cooper, Gallagher, Osterhout, Griffin, McGuire, and McLain. On Taxes — Piatt, Carling, Wagner, McMillan, and Keifer. On Finance — Black, Torrey, Osterhout, McDonough, and Davis. On July 23, 1877, the salaries of Profs. Roney and Hawker were reduced fifteen per cent, making the former $1,275.00 per year, and the latter $1,020.00. August 13th, the committee on teachers reported teachers and salaries, the principal teachers and their salaries being as follows: Providence Central School, J. RusselPeck, $75.00; Grammar School, Miss Julia Kennedy, $40.00; Green Ridge School, William Bailey, $60.00; Oak Street School, Mrs. L. A. Sturges, $45.00; Capouse School, Marion Bloom, $40.00; ISrotch School, Mr. Henuigan, $50.00; High Works, A. F. O'Boyle, $50.00; Diamond Flats, WilHam M. l^icholas, $50.00; Hampton School, M. B. Keane, $50.00; Hyde Park, Central Building, J. E. Hawker, $102.00; Grammar School, Lizzie Stevenson, $40.00; Main Street School, John P. Heath; Fourth Ward, Marion Mears; Patagonia School, E. D. Fellows; Eighteenth Ward School, M. D. McCawley; Church School, First Division, Alice Hall; Old District No. 4, superintendent, Joseph Roney, $1,275; principal High School, Miss E. J. Chase, $50.00; School No. 2, Orchard Street, P. J. Durkin, $50.00; School No. 3, River Street, M. Heydecker, EDUCATIONAL. 399 $50.00; School Ko. 4, Vine Street, Miss Mary Siierrer, |35.00; School No. 5, Petersburg, Mrs. E. J. Daley, $35.00; School No. 6, Flats, Miss M. A. Pitcher, $35.00; School No. 7, Minooka, Mr. O'Malia, $50.00; School No. 8, Siocurn Hill, Miss S. A. Krigbaum, $35.00; School No. 9, Wyoming Avenne, Mr. Munky, $50-00; School No. 10, Prospect Avenue, M. J. Lovern, $50.00. On January 14, 1878, the teachers' committee reported tlirough Mr. Piatt that all the schools in District No. 1 were graded, and that all, the teachers were principals of departments or grades and received $35.00 per month; that a partial examination of the schools in District No. 2 had been made and that the schools were not graded, except possibly the High Works school. The following resolution was there- fore adopted: ''That the following be and is hereby made the grade to which all primary pupils be brought before promotion to a higher grade: "Third Reader, finished; numeration and the four fundamental rules of arithmetic; writing in Copy Book No. 2; language lessons; object lessons; geography; dictation exercises; spelling words from reader; denomination tables; and that Miss Annie Quinnan be con- sidered the principal of the High Works school, dating from December 1, 1877; and that as soon as any other assistants bring their depart- ments up to that now established as ' primary,' they shall respectively be considered as principals and receive corresponding pay." The following statement of the financial condition of the board was made February 25, 1878: District. School Tax. Building Tax. Dog Tax. Aggregate. Number 1 $11,001 441 $3,143 271 $82 00 $14,226 72 Number 2 6,146 14 1,756 04 20 50 7,922 68 Number 3 15,006 88| 4,287 661 161 50 19,456 00 Number 4 40,980 55i 11,708 72| 163 00 52,852 28 $73,134 97f 120,859 70f $427 00 $94,457 68 Aggregate receipts The estimates for the year were— Orders already drawn $41,845 48 Teachers and janitors 27,590 85 Night schools ^.^Ot) 00 Total §94,457 68 Balance.. 70,936 33 $23,521 35 400 HISTORY OF SCKANTON. The board of control, one member from each ward, was organized February 26, 1878, with William Conneli, president, and Matthew Malia, secretary. The members, named in the order of the wards, were as follows: Alexander Simpson, D. P. Thomas, Patrick Loftus, James E. James, G. W. George, David W. Thompson, M. J. Kelly, E. W. Simrell, A. W. Dickson, Charles F. Wagner, Anthony Wimsehank, James McCann, S. P. IIull, James C. Gallagher, William R. Wins, Isaac F. Fuller, William Conneli, Patrick Kennedy, Matthew Malia, and C. G. Boland. On March 11, 1878, the president of the board of control was requested, through a paper read by A. W. Dickson, to call a convention of the school controllers, to decide upon the question whether there should be a superintendent of the schools of Scranton. This paper was signed by A. W. Dickson, E. W. Simrell, James R. James, W. R. Wins, Patrick Kennedy, C. G. Boland, M. J. Kelly, and Patrick Loftus. In accordance with this request the president, on April 15, 1878, called such a convention to meet Api'il 22nd. At this meeting S. P. Hull moved that the superintendency be dispensed with, and that the city depend on the county superintendent. Mr. Conneli urged that a city superintendent was necessary, and it was decided to meet again on the first Tuesday in May, for the purpose of electing a city super- intendent. Prof. J. E. Hawker was elected, but failed to receive a commission from the State superintendent. On June 10, 1878, a com- munication was received by Mr. Conneli, president of the board of control, from J. P. Wickersham, State superintendent of instruction, giving his opinion on several points, as follows: 1. That as the convention of school controllers, which met on May 7th, had adjourned without fixing upon a time for reassembling, the ofiicers had no power to call a second meeting. 2. That the meeting of a portion of the board on the 11th of May was without legal authority, and therefore incom- petent to elect a superintendent. 3. That under the circumstances no commission could be issued to J. E. Hawker, whose certificate of elec- tion duly signed, had been forwarded to the department. 4. That the board of school control could then elect a city superintendent only by holding a preliminary convention, and deciding to elect one, and subsequently holding another convention, and duly, under the forms of law, carrying their intentions into effect. On August 19, 1878, it was decided by the board to discontinue the high schools in the first and third districts, and that thereafter there should be but one graduating high school in Scranton, and that, at the Central schoolhouse, No. 1, old fourth district. EDUCATIONAL. 401 For 1879 the board of control was composed of the following members, named in the order of the wards: First, ; second, D. P. Thomas; third, P. Loftns; fourth, James R. James; lifth, George W. George; sixth, D. W. Thompson; seventh, M. J. Kelly; eighth, E. W. Simrell; ninth, A. W. Dickson; tenth, C. F. Wagner; eleventh, Anthony Weinschank; thirteenth, S P. Hull; four- teenth, J. C. Gallagher; sixteenth, I. F. Fuller; seventeenth, William Connell; eighteenth, P. Kennedy; nineteenth, M, Malia; twentieth, C. G. Boland; twenty-first, William Coghlan. A. W. Dickson was elected president, and C. G. Boland, secretary, at a salary of $750.00 per year. On April 28, 1879, as the nomenclature then in use with reference to the names of the schools, was rather unwieldy, the numbers in the old fourth district were continued and were as follows: The eighteenth ward s(;hool became No. 12; the fifteenth ward, ITo. 13; the fifth ward. No. 14; the fifth annex, No. 15; Main Street, No. 16; Hampton, No. 17; fourth ward, No. 18; fourth ward church school, No. 19; Diamond school. No. 20: Park Place, No. 21; High Works, No. 22; Notch school. No. 23; Oak Street school, No. 24; Providence Central, No. 25; Capouse, No. 26; Green Ridge, No. 27; thirteenth ward school. No. 28. The board of control organized February- 24, 1880, was as fol- lows: First ward, E. I). Jones; second ward, D. P. Thomas; third ward, P. Loftus; fourth ward, Luther Jones; fifth ward, George W. Jones; sixth ward, Patrick Mahon; seventh ward, M.J.Kelly; eighth ward, F. L. Wormser; ninth ward, A. W. Dickson; tenth ward, George Schultz; eleventh ward, Anthony Weinschank; twelfth ward, John C. Moran; thirteenth ward, S. P. Hull; fourteenth ward, W. W. Davis; fifteenth ward, W. R. Williams; sixteenth ward, I. F. Fuller; seven- teenth ward, William Connell; eighteenth ward, Patrick Harrison; nineteenth ward, M. Malia; twentieth ward, John Gibbons; twenty- first ward, Edward Mahon. I. F. Fuller was elected president, and D. P. Thomas, secretary. On May 10, 1880, a contract was entered into with Morgan & Plympton for the erection of a new school house in the fourteenth ward for $4,800.00. September 4, 1880, a meeting was held to consider the propriety of establishing a school for deaf mutes. A committee appointed to consider the question reported in favor of the project and recommended the employment of Jacob M. Koehler as principal thereof, at $40.00 per month, the school to be opened at once. During the year 1881 William Connell and I. F. Fuller remained respectively president and secretary of the board. On May 3, 1881, in 26 402 HISTOKY OF SCRANTON. pursuance of a call made April 25th, and signed by I. F. Fuller, W. W. Davis, 8. P. Hull, A. W. Dickson, M. J. Malia, P. Mahon, and W. E. Williams, the board met to consider the question of electing a superintendent for three years, and the board, by a resolution, expressed themselves as unanimously in favor of the election. A regular convention as authorized by law was immediately organized by choosing William Connell president, and I. F. Fuller, secretary. W. W. Davis nominated Joseph Eoney for the position, and M. J. Kelly nominated M. G. Munley. Those voting for Mr. Eoney were W. W. Davis, F. L. Wormser, A. W. Dickson, George Schultz, An- thony Weinschank, S. P. Hull, W. E. Williams, I. F. Fuller, William Connell, Patrick Hari-isou, and Matthew Malia — 11; those voting for Mr. Munley were J. D. Evans, Patrick Mahon, D. P. Thomas, M. J. Kelly, P. J. Loftus, J. C. Moran, Luther Jones, John Gibbons, John E. Welsh, and Edward Mahon — 10. Mr. Eoney was therefore elected for three years. The members of the board elected for the year 1882 were as fol- lows: First ward, G. W. Benedict; third ward,' P. J. Loftus; fifth ward, John Morris; seventh ward, M. J. Kelly; ninth ward, G. A. Fuller; eleventh ward, A. Weinschank; thirteenth ward, W". W. La- throp; fifteenth ward, D. W. Lewis; seventeenth ward, H. A. Kings- bury; nineteenth ward, F. A. Beamish; twenty-first ward, Timothy Quinnan. M. J. Kelly was elected president, and D. W. Lewis, sec- retary. For the year 1883 the members elected were: Second ward, T. D Lewis; fourth ward, M. L, Jones; sixth ward, P. Mahon; eighth ward, F. L. Wormser; tenth ward, George Schultz; twelfth ward, John C. Moran; fourteenth ward, W. W. Davis; sixteenth ward, Lewis Pughe; eighteenth ward, Patrick Harrison; twentieth ward, John Gibbons. T. D. Lewis was elected president, and John Morris, secre- tary. The members elected for the year 1884 were as follows: Second ward, M. Preston; fourth ward, D. J. Bevan; sixth ward, J. W. Mil- lett; eighth ward, F. L, Wormser; tenth ward, C, F. Wagner; twelfth ward, Joseph McNally; fourteenth ward, John E. Farr; sixteenth ward, Daniel Langstaff; eighteenth ward, Patrick Harrison; twentieth ward, John Gibbons. F. A. Beamish was elected president, and John Morris, secretary. On May 6, 1884, Joseph Eoney was reelected superintendent of the city schools, for three years. For the year 1885, G. A. Fuller Avas elected president, and John E. Farr, secretary of the board. For 1886, the difierent members of the board were: First ward, G. A. Kemmerling; second ward, M. Pi'eston; third EDUCATIONAL. 403 ward, Thomas Connor; fourth ward, D. J. Bevan; iifth ward, Jobn Morris; sixth ward, J. W. Millett; seventh ward, M. J. Kelly; eighth ward, F. L. Worniser; ninth ward, G. B. Thompson; tenth ward, C. F. Wagner; eleventh ward, Joim C. Miller; twelfth ward, John McNally; thirteenth ward, J. B. Dimmick; fourteenth ward, John E. Farr; fifteenth ward, John H. Fellows; sixteenth ward, Daniel Langstaff; seventeenth ward, H. A. Kingsbury; eighteenth ward, Patrick Harrison; nineteenth ward, F. A. Beamish; twentieth ward, John Gibbous; twenty-tirst ward, W. S. Langstafi". J. B. Dimmick was chosen president, and R. D. Schimptf, secretary, February 23, 1886. F.' L. Wormser was elected president of the board and R. D. Schimpft", secretary, February 22, 1887. George W. Phillips was elected superintendent May 10, 1887, and has served in that capacity ever since. For 1888 the members of the board were as follows: First ward, George B. Mitchell; second ward, D. B. Atherton; third ward, H. J. O'Malley; fourth ward, Thomas 0. Williams; fifth ward, John Morris; sixth ward, 0. F. O'Malley; seventh ward, John Devanney; eighth ward, F. L. Wormser; ninth ward, G. B. Thompson; tenth ward, W. S. Watrous; eleventh ward, J. C. Miller; twelfth ward, Joseph McJS'ally; thirteenth ward, 0. Chambers; fourteenth ward, T. J. Jen- nings; fifteenth ward, John H. Fellows; sixteenth ward, E. F. Cham- berlin; seventeenth ward, H. A. Kingsbury; eighteenth ward, Thomas Coar; nineteenth ward, F. A. Beamish; twentieth ward, C. G. Boland; twenty-tirst ward, Thomas P. Mctlale. H. A. Kingsbury was elected president, and R. D. Schimpfi', secretary. Mr. Schimpft' died Decem- ber 24, 1888, and was succeeded by Frank T. Okell, who has been secretary ever since. The members of the board of control at the present time are as follows: First ward, G. B. Mitchell, Jr.; second ward, D. B. Atherton; third ward, H. J. O'Malley; fourth ward, Thomas 0. Williams; fifth ward, George B. Carson; sixth ward, Owen F. O'Malley; seventh ward, John Devanney; eighth ward, F. L. Wormser; ninth ward, G. B. Thompson; tenth ward, W. S. Watrous; eleventh ward, B. F. Moore; twelfth ward, J. MclSTally; thirteenth ward, W. L. Carr; fourteenth ward, T. J. Jennings; fifteenth ward, J. H. Williams; sixteenth ward, P. J. Vetter; seventeenth ward, H. A. Kingsbury; eighteenth ward, Thomas Coar; nineteenth ward, Herman Notz; twentieth ward, C. G. Boland; twenty-first ward, W. S. Langstaff. The president of the board is D. B. Atherton, and the secretary, Frank T. Okell; super- intendent, George W. Phillips, and H. A. Knapp, attorney of the 404 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. board. The city treasurer is ex officio treasurer of the board of control. The president of the board is ex officio, by resolution of the board, a member of all standing committees. The chairmen of the dif- ferent committees are: Building committee, G. B. Thompson; teachers' committee, F. L. Wormser; supply committee, W. S. Watrous; tax committee, H. A. Kingsbury; book committee, W. S. Langstaff"; insur- ance committee, G. B. Mitchell, Jr.; auditing committee, George B. Carson. The city teachers' institute meets on the third Saturday of each month at the Central building. The principal teachers of the schools since 1877 have been as follows: Central Building, high school, Joseph Eoney, 1878; L. G. LaBar, 1879-80; S. H. Moore, 1882-83; G. W. Phillips, 1885--6; J. C. Lange, 1887-91. School No. 2, P. Durkin, 1878-82; John Quinnan, 1883-91. School ISTo. 3, Theobold Hoschkie, 1878-82; Lizzie E. Penman, 1883-91. School IsTo. 4, Amanda A. Lamb, 1879-82; Mary E. Lynn, 1883-91. School ISTo. 5, Maggie S. Moflatt, 1879-86; Flora E. Colvin, 1887-91. School No. 6, Mary A. Pilcher, 1879-80; J. C. Vaughan, 1881-84; H. V. D. Roney, 1885; M. J. Kettrick, 1886-9L School No. 7, Mary L. Gannon, 1879-81; Ellen Gibbons, 1882-86; Kate G. O'Malley, 1887-91. School No. 8, Sarah C. Krigbaura, 1879-82; Theobold Hoschkie, 1884-87; W. E. Graves, 1888-91. School No. 9, M. G. Munley, 1878-82; A. F. O'Boyle, 1884-86; M. J. Donahoe, 1887-88; M. H. Jordan, 1889-91. School No. 10, M. J. Lovern, 1878-87; J. J. Murphy, 1888-91. School No. 11, John E. O'Malley, 1879-91. School No. 12, M. D. McCawley, 1878-91. School No. 13, E. D. Fellows, 1878-82; J. B. Hawker, 1883-90. School No. 14, John E. Ross, 1879-81; Marion S. Mears, 1882-85; W. S. Briggs, 1886-88; W. G. Powell, 1889-91. School No. 15, Libbie LaRue, 1879; Alice Thomas, 1880; Stella Goodrich, 1881-88; Lizzie Wade, 1889; Rozelle Frank, 1891. School No. 16, John P. Heath, 1878-82; P. F. Durkin, 1883-85; H. V. D. Roney, 1886-91. School No. 17, M. B. Keane, 1878-89; J. C. Vaughan, 1890-91. School No. 18, Marion S. Mears, 1878-81; Elizabeth R. Stevenson, 1882; E. D. Fellows, 1884-91. EDUCATIONAL. 405 School Xo. 19, Lizzie Evans, 1878-80; Fannie Searle, 1881-82; D. P. Evans, 1883-86; Bridget C. Dnrkin, 1887-91. School No. 20, E. F. Blewitt, 1878-80; M. J. Kettrick, 1882-85; R. J. Beamish, 1886-87; John T. Jones, 1888; Annie E. Orr, 1891. School No. 21, William Kennedy, 1878; Martha M. Jones, 1879; Lihbie LaRue, 1880-81; Mrs. L. C. Phinney, 1882-85; Kate A. Smith, 1886; Mrs. M. Bloom, 1887-91. School No. 22, A. F. O'Boyle, 1878-81; J. J. Costello, 1882; J. F. Judge, 1883-91. ■> School No. 23, P. J. Clark, 1878-79; John Quinnan, 1880-82; J. J; Costello, 1884-91. School No. 24, P. J. Higgins, 1878-81; A. F. O'Boyle, 1882; T. J. Holland, 1884-87; Agnes Kelly, 1888-91. School No. 25, J. R. Peck, 1878-82; G. W. Phillips, 1883; Mrs. S. A. Collins, 1885; J. C. Taylor, 1886-91. School No. 26, E. F. Blewitt, 1878-79; Mrs. Martha M. Jones, 1880-91. School No. 27, William Bailey, 1878-85; Ida Cahoon, 1886; J. B. Hawker, 1890-91. School No. 28, Mrs. M. A. Burns, 1879-82; Julia A. Kennedy, 1884-88; H. L. Burdick, 1889-91. School No. 29, Emma S. Rhodes, 1880-82; Belinda Caffrey, 1884-91. School No. 30, Johanna E. McCafl'rey, 1881; Maggie O'Donnell, 1882-91. School No. 31, A. D. Sweetzer, 1884; J. C. Vaughan, 1885; M. B. Keane, 1891. School No. 82, B. C. Durkin, 1885-86; May Anthony, 1887; Sophia A. Collins, 1888; J. T. Jones, 1890; new building, lifteenth ward, J.T. Jones, 1890-91. School No. 33, German church, originally, Ida A. Snyder, 1887-88; Daniel A. Stone, 1889-91. School No. 34, E. A. Brainerd, 1890-91. , School No. 35, (annex) Bessie C. Whitmore, 1890-91. The total number of teachers in all the schools is given in the statistical summaries. Returning now to the statistical history of the schools since the consolidatiou of the districts, we have in 1878, 73 schools, with 20 male and 121 female teachers; the average wages of the former being $55;50 per month, and of the latter, $83.15. There were 4,900 male and 4,821 female scholars. In 1879 there were 81 schools, with -22 male and 129 female teachers; the average monthly wages of the 406 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. former being |51.90, and of the latter, $33.15. There were 4,118 male and 4,710 female scholars. In 1881 there wer? 84 schools, with 20 male and 150 female teachers; the average monthly wages of the former being $53.00, and of the latter, $34.25. There were 3,875 male and 5,104 female scholars. In 1883 there were 90 schools, with 26 male and 186 female teachers; the average wages of the former being $61.64, and of the latter, $37.89. There were 3,890 male and 4,967 female scholars. In 1889 there were 176 schools, with 19 male and 180 female teachers-; the average monthly wages of the former being $73.06, and of the latter, $42.70. There were 5,108 male and 5,522 female scholars. In 1879 the total levy for school purposes was $66,774.46; the receipts from the State were $8,049.70, and from taxes, collections, etc., $126,773.83; the amount of wages paid out to teachers was $54,131.51, and the total cost of the schools was $89,105.65. In 1881 the total school levy was $78,773.19; the receipts from the State were $8,003.46, and from taxes, collections, etc., $77,904.44; the wages of the teachers amounted to $61,630.13, and the total cost of the schools was $90,- 208.98. In 1883 the school levy was $99,365.94; the receipts from the State were $8,251.45, and from taxes, collections, etc., $107,076.28; the teachers' wages amounted to $78,379.64, and the total cost of the schools was $111,835.38. In 1889 the total amount levied for school and building purposes was $166,250.00; the receipts from the State were $17,696.25, and from taxes, collections, etc., $192,626.48; the wages of the teachers amounted to $92,679.42; the amount expended for fuel and contingent expenses was $28,731.57, and in purchas- ing, building, and renting schoolhouses, $22,481.05, making the total expense for schools, $143,892.04. The best general idea of the extent, condition, and workings of the schools in the Seranton school district, is furnished by the super- intendent's report for the year ending June 27, 1890, which is as follows : EDUCATIONAL. 407 SCHOOLS. No. 1. High Preparatory A Grammar B Grammar C Grammar A Intermediate B Intermediate Intermediate A Primary A and B Primary B Primary B Primary C Primary C Primary Total No. 2. Grammar A Intermediate B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary Total No. 3. Preparatory and A Grammar B and C Grammar A Intermediate s 14 18 9 21 37 46 21 40 40 32 29 26 30 37 400 21 21 2(i 32 25 27 40 192 17 29 23 5! 63 53 25 49 40 29 40 44 18 26 27 33 44 550 24 2'> 27 26 31 27 40 197 31 30 19 73 81 62 46 86 86 50 80 84 50 55 53 63 81 950 45 43 53 58 50 54 SO 389 48 59 42 14 15 6 17 28 30 17 3'-* 29 26 24 25 21 18 302 15 15 17 22 21 19 26 1,35 11 15 16 49 38 31 18 23 28 33 15 15 16 17 24 370 15 17 19 17 26 23 24 141 20 14 63 53 37 35 64 57 40 60 62 41 39 41 38 42 672 30 32 :',(> 39 47 42 50 276 34 35 30 TE.vcn- ERS. SALARIES. Ph oj I — ' $1,500 650 500 500 450 450 400 500 450 450 450 450 550 500 387,800 700 500 500 $1,650 500 400 280 400 280 $3,510 700 700 500 500 450 450 450 380 450 380 450 450 550 550 $3,480 S3,4S0 500 >1,150 1,150 500 500 850 730 400 900 730 450 450 450 550 500 11,310 1,200 500 500 408 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. SCHOOLS. No. 3 — Continued. B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary C Primary Total No. 4. A Primary B Primary C Primary C Primary Total No. 5. A and B Intermediate B and C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary Total No. 6. Grammar and Intermediate, A and B Primary C Primary Total No. 7. Primary Total 19 31 35 24 27 17 222 24 23 27 33 107 24 31 34 2t) 34 149 21 16 28 fio 3(1 3ti 248 31 27 22 40 120 28 22 31 27 26 134 20 28 34 82 49 49 51 64 55 45 56 50 470 55 50 49 73 227 52 53 65 53 60 283 41 44 62 Ul 85 85 13 16 21 19 20 17 148 15 17 20 16 68 16 23 25 19 30 113 14 15 21 50 29 29 21 17 14 14 18 21 162 22 19 15 17 73 21 17 22 19 25 104 16 21 59 35 35 54 33 35 33 38 38 310 37 36 35 33 141 37 40 47 38 55 217 30 36 43 109 64 64 Ph TEACH- ERS. SALARIES. cj a $380 300 300 280 550 550 $4,060 500 450 300 450 $1,700 550 450 450 450 280 $2,180 700 450 550 $1,700 450 a S 300 $300 300 300 280 550 550 $4,560 500 450 300 450 ,700 550 450 450 450 280 $2,180 700 450 550 ,700 750 $750 EDUCATIONAL. 409 SCHOOLS. No. 8. Grammar and Intermediate.... B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary Total No. 9. Grammar A Intermediate B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary Total No. 10. Grammar and Intermediate A B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary C Primary Total No. 11. Grammar and Intermediate A. B and C Intermediate fe 32 21 19 25 41 17o 6 21 28 35 28 44 .53 215 30 27 25 29 28 33 14 18H 29 34 20 27 26 27 19 31 150 30 35 38 26 30 43 52 48 45 52 60 68 36 56 66 61 58 ,s' 57i 110 259| 474 LSI 4,S 20 24 15 24 29 28 1.58 43 28 4' 49 44 52 62 42 344 72 62 AVERAGE. 22 18 15 21 26 23 125 9 13 13 17 22 13 26 113 16 20 19 22 20 30 12 139 13 IS 21 19 15 1 TEACH- ERS. c4 104 29 16 21 18 16 20 90 142 9 15 19 10 17 19 20 109 17 21 le! 18 35 36 36 40 41 41 229 38 29 34 35 38 33 48 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 6 , o H 25 35 3/ 49 32 248 34 1 ... 1 , 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 7 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 7. 1 . 1 . ^7(1(1 . 500 . 500 . 450 400 . 500. 3,050 . 700. 500 . 450 . 280 . 450 . 400 . 400 . $:'.,180 . 700 . 500 . 450 ., 450 ., 500 ., 4.50 ., 2S(I ., J3,330 .. 700 .. 450., ^700 5(IU 500 45(1 400 500 $3,050 700 500 450 28t) 450 400 400 83,180 700 500 450 4.50 500 450 2S0 83,330 700 450 410 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. SCHOOLS. No. 11 — Continued. A Primary B Primary C Primary Total No. 12. Grammar A Intermediate B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primar}^ B Primary C Primary C Primary Total No. 13. Grammar A Intermediate B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary C Primary Total No. 14. Preparatory and Grammar A. fM 156 26 26 25 36 28 15 20 35 28 239 28 17 24 .30 25 27 31 41 223 14 B Grammar 23 31 32 35 169 37 34 30 37 16 20 17 26 39 256 26 31 23 27 35 30 31 51 254 47 31 66 55 70 325 63 60 55 73 44 35 37 61 67 495 54 48 47 57 60 57 62 92 477 61 54 AVERAGE. 23 14 17 20 93 9 15 14 13 23 14 1 24 18 148 16 11 20 18 18 18 18 28 147 15 20 22 95 24 22 17 14 14 1 17 18 22 37 37 42 165 18 25 17 18 24 22 19 22 165 26 22 188 33 37 31 37 37 31 35 1 40| 313 34 36 37 36 42 40 37 50 312 34 37 TEACH- ERS. SALARIES. (5 $450 450 550 2,600 700 500 500 450 500 400 380 380 550 $4,360 700 500 500 500 400 400 450 350 $3,800 800 500 $400 o $450 450 550 2,600 700 500 500 450 500 400 380 380 550 1,360 700 500 500 500 400 400 450 350 13,800 1,200 500 EDUCATIONAL. 411 I)X ROLL. AVERAGE. TEACII- EHS. SALARIES. SCHOOLS. ■a -a s 1^ 3 o H 14 19 14 17 24 28 139 31 33 64 10 16 13 21 67 127 5 10 59 74 19 21 17 0^ "b 3 23 19 22 '^3 33 33 201 30 24 54 25 22 21 33 64 165 17 19 66 102 29 31 24 1 37 38 36 40 57 61 340 61 57 118 35 38 34 54 131 292 22 29 125 176 48 52 41 % a PL, 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 m 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 11 2 2 4 1 1 1 2 4 s ■J. to CO -<1 1 No. ^■^—Cont^1med. C Grammar 19 .34 17 ]>'* 41 45 215 52 68 120 16 22 19 37 77 171 7 18 71 96 29 33 20 29 35 39 25 57 39 302 66 45 111' 36 24 31 47 84 222 •->•-> 23 107 152 42 44 28 48 69 56 47 98 84 517 118 113 2,31 52 46 50 84 161 393 29 41 178 248 71 77 48 $500 500 450 450 450 450 $500 500 A Intermediate B Intermediate 450 C Intermediate 450 A Primary ■. B Primary 400 4.nn 850 850 Total 14 10o'*i 'fin $5 300 No. 15. C Primary 450 380 300 •>sn 750 C Primary 660 Total $830 700 500 500 450 550 $580 $1,410 700 No. 16. B Intermediate .. 500 TnteriTipflia.te 500 A Primary B and C Primary 280 1,080 730 1,630 Total 4 9 $2,700 700 $1,360 $4,060 No. 17. Grammar .. . 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 5 o 2 I 700 Intermediate Primary 550 680 1,230 Total 4^1, 2o0 700 500 500 $680 400 400 $1,930 No. 18. A and B Grammar 1,100 C Grammar 900 500 412 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. SCHOOLS. No. IS — ('oniinned. B Intermediate C Intermediate Total I.., No. 19. A and B Primary C Primary Total No. 20. Intermediate Primary Total No. L'l. Orammar and Intermediate A B Intermediate C Intermediate A and B Primary C Primary Total No. 1'2. Intermediate Primary Total No. •>:',. Intermediate Primary Total 23 25 130 64 126 190 16 43 34 51 178 44 40 >S4 IS 50 ^ 30 56 110 16(> 17 34 51 24 24 27 34 45 154 59 67 302 120 236 356 61 65 78 143 49 OK W. 17 14 88 o6 82 135 20 20 21 20 24 105 17 28 45 12 20 24 18 126 45 71 116 8 16 88 15 20 35 19 26 45 41 32 214 153 251 18 31 49 34 38 46 193 32 48 77 TEAt'H- EKS. Ph Ph $500 500 .'S2,700 500 550 SI, 050 050 550 $1,200 600 300 450 300 400 $2,050 650 280 $;)30 650 500 $1,150 $800 ()80 1,030 $1,710 500 $3,500 1,180 1,580 $2,760 650 550 $1,200 600 300 450 300 400 $2,050 650 280 $930 050 500 $1,150 EDUCATIONAL. 413 SCHOOLS. No. 1'4. A and B Primary C Primary Total No. L'.'i. Preparatory A Grammar B Grammar C Grammar A Intermediate B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary C Primary Total Nn. I'li. Intermediate A Primary B Primary Primary Total No. L'7. A and B Intermediate C Intermediate A and B Primary C Primary Total 1 20 2>s 0-) :ji 22 1)7 40 50 :504 3M 12(i 31 32 26 61 24 32,S 3!) 13 20 18 90 30 27 21 110 100 34 57 50 49 5,S 53 69 66 111 53 40 43 TEACH- ERS. lR(i 5s 54 54 70 23(i' 13 4 15 12 21 14 19 15 IS 22 18 20 17S 13 20 16 16 15, 2.S 14 3(i 29 11 12 27 17 22 20 17 19 IS oo 17 202 24 11 15 15 15 17 64 15 27 39 38 36 39 32 37 40 40 .'!7 :',S0 130 30 1 35 4 s.\i,Ai:iKs. ?5( )0 400 SHOO 800 .500 450 450 500 380 450 400 280 280 S4,490 :;o( 500 fi,:;5( 500 S5( )0 400 $'.100 l,:;oo .)00 450 450 500 3S0 450 400 2H0 280 $500 §4,000 550 :!(io 500 Sl,>!50 300 .>lO 300 .",80 300 3S0 :;oo 81,530 $1,530 414 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. SCHOOLS. No. 28. Grammar and Intermediate A. B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary Total No. 2!». A Primary A and B Primary B Primary Primary C Primary Total No. 30. Grammar and Intermediate A. B Intermediate C Intermediate A Primary B Primary C Primary Total No. ;!1. Grammar and Intermediate A. B Intermediate Intermediate 24 25 32 19 33 51 184 26 24 28 27 36 141 18 34 23 21 18 28 142 28 29 34 32 50 36 52 233 30 23 24 29 46 152 32 33 19 24 18 37 163 50 35 32 53 59 64 69 69 103 417 56 47 52 56 82 293 50 67 42 45 36 65 305 78 60 54 AVERAGE. 22 19 16 18 20 30 125 25 25 22 29 21 29 151 18 14 21 20 22 20 101 16 18 19 24 17 22 116 12 16 17 16 20 23 90 19 20 27 19 17 35 1.37 23 23 18 47 44 38 47 41 59 276 32 38 36 42 43 191 35 38 46 43 .34 57 253 32 35 34 TEACH- ERS. P^ SALARIES. c3 fM $700 $700 500 500 400 400 400 400 400 400 550 550 $2,950 $2,950 550 500 450 450 450 $2,400 600 450 400 400 280 550 $2,680 700 380 300 a <1 O 550 500 450 450 450 2,400 600 450 400 400 280 550 2,680 700 380 300 EDUCATIONAL. 415 SCHOOLS. No. 31 — Ctmtivvecl. A Primary.. B Primary.. C Primary.. C Primary.. Total. No. 33. A Grammar B Grammar C Grammar A Intermediate . B Intermediate.. C Intermediate.. A Primary B Primary C Primary C Primary Total Nil. 34. Primary Total., No. 35. Primary Total., ON ROLL. fe 40 43 39 31 228 24 36 2V 2S 29 48 30 35 33 35 325 33 33 29 38 47 263 35 28 30 24 26 33 29 26 35 24 290 21 21 78 491 59 64 57 5! 55 81 59 61 68 59 615 54 54 41 41 16 20 ] 17 107 17 22 19 21 23 30 21 22 20 26 221 130 22 17 21 22 19 15 21 20 19 17 193 26 16 4; 32 39 34 39 39 40 43 42 45 42 42 39 43 414 26 16 42 16 20 3(i 16: 1 20 36 TB.iCH- EHS. !U 10 a (5 300 450 400 $2,810 S400 $400 700 700 500 500 500 500 500 500 400 400 280 280 400 400 450 450 450 450 550 550 $4,730 $4,730 $280 300 450 400 S2,810 $400 $400 416 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Report of schools by departments, for the year ending June 27, 1890: enrollment. AV. ATTENDANCE. teachers. GKADE. "3 I— < <5 -2 "3 a 3 ^ _aj "ca 1 4 •3 1 .S <1 s ^ Hidii School Department. High (second and third years) Prpnaratorv ^first vear^ 14 48 59 142 73 190 14 16 49 47 63 63 1 4 5 27 54 91 172 5 172 177 2 4 6 3 14 19 6 19 25 3 8 Xotal 62 482 1,5.56 .3,178 201 696 1,7,35 3,143 263 1,178 .3,291 6,321 30 371 1,000 2,092 96 509 1,152 " 1,981 126 880 2,1,52 4,073 11 C'oMMiix School Department. Gramniar 30 Intermtidiate 56 Priniarv 105 Total 5,216 62 5,216 5,574 201 5,574 10,790 263 10,790 3,463 30 3,463 3,642 96 3,642 7,105 126 7,105 191 System. 11 Common School Department 191 Grand total 5,278 5,775 11,053 3,493 3,738 7,231 202 salaries. ^1 (H J3 ft -5 11 GRADE. "3 a S 'to w rcscnt site of Clark & Snover's tobacco fac- tory, Nor. 602 and 604 Lackawanna Avenue; in 1855 to Fuller's drug store; in 1857 to the corner of Wyoming Avenue and Center Street; PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 501 in July of the same year back to Fuller's drug store; hi 1861 to a build- ing occupying the present site of the First Xational Bank; in 1864 to a building at No. 310 Lackawanna Avenue; in 18(35 tu the corner of Center Street and Peun Avenue; in 1871 to Wyoming Avenue, where the Academy of Music now is. At the present time it is situated at the southeast corner of Penn Avenue and Spruce Street, having been removed tiiere December 27, 18S4, in a building erected for that purpose by W. M. Silkman, but will be moved to the new government building now in process of erection at the southwest corner of Wash- ington Avenue and Linden Street as soon as that building is completed. The system of free delivery was established in Scranton, November 1, 1883, very soon alter the abandonment of the Providence and Hyde Park post offices, the streets of the entire city having been renamed, where this was neccessary to avoid confusion, in the next preceding February. The following statistics for the last six months in 1869 for each of the three post offices then in existence, compared with the ao-oreo-ate business of the Scranton post. office for 1890, will serve to illustrate the growth of this business for the last thirty years: Providence Post Office — Stumps canceled, §773.42; newspaper postage collected, |25.86; unpaid letter postage collected, $43.88; box rent $31.13; total, $874.29. Hyde Park Post Office — Stamps canceled, $1,061.18; newspaper postage collected, $5.38; unpaid letter postage collected, $123.98; box rent, $123.00; total, $1,203.54. Scranton Post Office — Stamps canceled, s?7,058.63; newspaper post- age collected, $181.22; unpaid letter postage collected, *196.47; box rent, $675.75; total, $8,012.07. The totals for the three post offices thus amounted to $10,149.90. The number of money orders issued at the Scranton post office equalled 1,247, for $19,961.75; and the amount paid out on money orders was $14,879.18. The number of registered letters issued from the Scranton office was 226, and the number received, 324; the number issued from Llyde Park was 173, the number received, 113; the number issued from the Providence post office was 57, the number received 69; the total number of registered letters issued from the three offices was 456, the number received, 506. The following statistics and facts with reference to the business done and by whom done at the Scranton post office for the year 1890, were prepared under the direction of Postmaster D. M. Jones especially for this work: Postmaster, D. M. Jones; assistant postmaster, B. H. Pratt; superintendent of mails, Louis Schantz; money order clerk, Thomas R. 502 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Straub; registry clerk, Roger Evans; stamp clerk, Willis R. Campion; general delivery, Charles L. Ottinger; assistant general delivery clerk, Evan G. Reese; first assistant mailing clerk, W. J). Roche; second assistant mailing clerk, James A. Merrill; first special delivery messenger, John J. Connolly; second special delivery messenger, Frank Jones; night clerk, Rush Wright; additional night clerk, Joseph H. Mathias; stamper, Harry M. Coursen; stamp agents, Thomas D. Lewis, Charles P. Jones, John Kileullen, Greorge Schultz, Edward Maloney, A. J. Mahon, George W. Jenkins, S. L. Foulke, Lucius D. Powers, David M. Jones, Andrew R. Reed, and John B. Davis. Carriers — Harry E. Whyte, superintendent; John E. Breese, Fred- erick Emery, Eleazer S. Evans, Eugene Evans, Joseph Fidian, Argus IST. Jenkins, Leopold Johler, Benjamin L. Jones, Edward D. Jones, John Kelly, Henry Knoepfel, Eugene H. Long, James McGinnis, Walter McNichols, William D. Morgan, William Moser, Michael O'Malley, John H. Phillips, Edward R. Pickering, Lucius R. Squier, Armit Thomas, John R. Thomas, Joseph D. Thomas, Joshua R. Thomas, John A. Williams, and Thomas 0. Williams. Substitute Carriers — David H. Jenkins, Joseph Shiel, Jr., Thomas R. Jones and John B. Owens. Baihoay Postal Clerks — Herbert L. Coleman, J. Porter Dunham, H. E. Snyder, and George W. Tiffany. Transfer Clerk — John Long. Mail Messenger — Michael J. Coggins. For 1890 the receipts were as follows: Stamps, postal cards, and stamped envelopes, $62,236.80; box rent, |1,251.75; total, $63,488.55. The receipts for 1888 were $51,945.85; increase, $11,542.70. The expenditures for 1890 were as follows: Postmaster's salary, $3,150; clerks' salaries, $8,645.28, carriers' salaries, $19,799.33, railway postal clerks' salaries, $3,960.38, special delivery messengers' fees, $191.92, rent, light, heat, and furniture and fixtures, $3,908.18, and miscellaneous expenses, $96.89; total, $39,851.98. The total expenses for 1888 were $29,677.93; increase, $10,174.05. The net revenue of the office for 1888 was $22,267.92, and for 1n90, $28,636.57; increase, $1,358.65. The city delivery business for 1890 was as follows: Letters, papers, parcels, and postal cards, delivered by carriers, 6,394,076; letters, papers, parcels, and postal cards collected by carriers, 2,856,498; registered letters and packages delivered by carriers, 5,857; total num- ber of pieces handled by carriers, 9,256,431. The business of the mailing department was as follows: Number PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 503 of pouches and sacks received, 46,720; number of pouches and sacks dispatched, 44,682; total number handled, 1)1,402. The number of pieces of first-class mail matter received was 11,574,580; number of pieces of second, third, and fourth-class mail matter received, 4,642,465; num- ber of pieces of first-class mail matter dispatched, 27,142,542; number of pieces of second, third, and fourth-class mail matter dispatched, 9,475,235; total number of pieces handled, 52,834,822. The number of pieces of first-class matter held for postage, 840; number of pieces of first-class matter forwarded, 9,450; number of pieces of first-class matter returned to writers, 3,275; number of pieces of first-class matter sent to dead letter office, 3,866. The business of the registry department was as follows: Letters and parcels received, 13,359; number dispatched, 9,374; number of letters and parcels in transit, 20,279; total number of pieces handled by registry clerk, 43,012. The business of the money order department was as follows: Money orders and postal notes issued, number, 16,407; value, $148,238.16; paid, number, 9,976; value, $107,447.98; fees earned in money order depart- ment, $1,481.71; 190 certificates of deposits, aggregate, $46,441.00; num- ber of special delivery letters received and delivered, 2,399; 501 fourth class postmasters throughout ten counties in the State deposited with the Scranton post office, during the year, $31,096.79. The United States courthouse and post oflice building is situated at the corner of Washington Avenue and Linden Street. It is con- structed of light gray granite, and is artistically finished in every detail. The appropriations, so far as they have been made, were secured through the efitbrts of Hon. Joseph A. Scranton. Ground was broken for the erection of this building in December, 1890, and it is expected that the entire structure will be under cover in one year from that time. The probable cost of the building is $250,000.00. The ground upon which it stauds cost $35,000.00, and the foundations about $25,000.00. The contract for the erection of the building was let to Conrad Schroeder, and the detailed drawings, plans, and specifi- cations were furnished by the supervising architect at Washington. The building is a three-story one, one hundred feet square, with entrances on both Washington Avenue and Linden Street, and also on the corner between the two streets. There is a corridor sixteen feet wide on all sides of the interior except that facing the alley in the rear. Within the enclosure all of the departments ^ill be arranged, the general delivery occupying the Washington Avenue and Linden Street corner, the carriers' department the south 504 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. corner, the stamp, registry, money order, and mailing departments being arranged in the order named on the Linden Street side of the building from Washington Avenue. The mails are received at an entrance in the rear upon the alley. The office of the postmaster ■ and his assistant and the private secretary of the former are on the side of the building toward the Republican newspaper establishment. No partitions are constructed on the first floor, tVius giving everyone an opportunity to see everything that is going on on that floor. The upper story is occupied by the Federal courts and other offices. The building is surrounded by a sixty foot lawn on the southerly, a fifty foot lawn on the westerly, and by a sidewalk twenty feet wide on the Washington Avenue and Linden Street sides. No fences are erected on any side of the building, thus supplementing finely the beautiful courthouse park. CHAPTER XIX. MEDICAL insroj!)'. First Physician, Dr. Joseph Sprague— WilHam Hooker Smilh — .Icseph Davis-David SeavCT— B. H. Throop — AV. H. Pier — Xehemiah Ilanford-H. Holli>tei- ll.-nry Roberts — John B. Sherrer.l — Silas M. Wheiacr — William E. lioKers — B. A. Bouton — Jonathan Leavitt— Augustus Davis- (n-or^e B. Boyil - William H. Heath — E. A. Squire — S. B. Sturdevant— WiUiam Edward Allen— William Frothingham — John Wilson Gibbs -John Wilson (.libbs, Jr. — Charles :\Iarr — A. F. Marsh- W. W. (Hbhs — Horace Ladd — D. B. Hand — N. Y. Leet — I. F. Everhart— M. Z. Albro — H. V. Logan — Loweh M. (iates— W. K. Dolan — Louis H. Gibbs — E. A. Heermans — David A. Cap well— A. C. Connell — Furman B. Gulick— P. F. Gunster — Ludwig Wehlau — Clarence L. Frey — H. D. Gardner — C. H. Fisher — William A. Paine — John Burnett — G. Edgar Dean — Mrs. :Mary C. Nivison— J. E. O'Brien— Henry C. Comegys — Scranton Medical Society — Lackawanna County IMedical .Society —Scranton ]Medical Club — A. P. Gardner — Charles A. Stevens— K. D. Brewster — H. B. Ware — H. F. Pleilner — Charles A. Arthur — S. C. Ro.«s— John W. Coolidge- Albert A. Lindabury — F. W. Lange — Homeopathic ^Medical Society. THE first physician in the Lackawauua, Valley was Dr. Joseph Sprague. He came from Hartford, Connecticut, in 1771, and settled between Spring Brook and Pittston Ferry. The inhabitants of the valley being few and sickness rare among them, the Doctor paid more attention to the purchase and sale of land than to the practice of medicine. He was one of the original proprietors of "Ye Town of Lockaworna," the upper boundaries of which extended up the valley nearly to the present city of Scranton. According to the Westmoreland records his first sales were made in 1772, and most of the time for twelve years afterward he lived in contented retirement, hunting, fishing, and farming at the home of his selection until 1784, when he, with the other Yankee settlers, was driven out of the vallej- l)y the Penny- mites, and died in his native State, Connecticut, the same year. His widow, known throughout the valley as " Granny Sprague," returned to Wyoming in 1785, and lived in a small log house in \Vilkes-I!an-e, where for several years she was the only accoucheur in Wyoming and Luzerne counties. She continued her practice, which was greater than that of any other phj'siciau in this part of the State, as late as 1810, never charging more than one dollar in any case, though she did not refuse more if it were offered. 505 506 HISTORY OF SCKANTON. The celebrated Dr. William Hooker Smith was the second physi- cian to settle in the valley. He located at Wilkes-Barre in 1772 and purchased land in 1774. He was a most successful physician and sur- geon. Dr. Smith, as is well known to all who are conversant with the earl}' history of this section of the State, was justly famous in more ways than one. He marched with General Sullivan in his expe- dition into the Indian country after the massacre of Wyoming, and was of great service to the soldiers, not only as a surgeon, but also as an exemplar in his patient endurance of the hardships and fatigues of the camp and field. He was verily an old school physician and an "unwavering phlebotomist." 'So difference where located or what the nature of the disease, bleeding was the invariable remedy, coupled with a rigid dietetic regimen and rest. He died near Tunkhannock in 1785 at the ripe age of ninetj'-one. Mindful of his services as a surgeon in the army, congress, in 1838, voted |2,400.00 to his heirs. Dr. Joseph Davis was the third phj'sician to settle in the valley. He was born in ISTew Haven, Connecticut, in 1732, and settled in Slocum Hollow in 1800, being the first physician to locate in Provi- dence Township. He was a gradua.te of Yale College, and was a bold and most skillful physician. After settling here he came into control of the entire surgical practice of the two valleys, beside a large extent of country for one hundred and fifty miles around. He died at the ripe age of ninety-eight years. Dr. Silas B. Robinson came to Providence Township in 1823. He was born in Otsego, ISTew York, and received an ordinary education, but by native industry attained a respectable knowledge of medicine under the tuition of Dr. Stephen Wilson of Lawrence, JSTew York, receiving a diploma from the Otsego County Medical Society in March, 1821. From November, 1821, until March, 1822, he practiced medicine at Abington, and soon afterward removed to Providence. At this time there were only two other physicians in the valley, Dr. Davis and Dr. Nathaniel Giddings, the latter of whom settled at Pittston in 1783. Dr. Robinson practiced over a large extent of country, making his visits on foot, sometimes going into Wayne County in this way. He was the poor man's friend, "attending all far and near regardless of fee or reward." He died suddenly of congestion, January 10, 1860, having visited patients within two hours of his death. • Dr. David Seaver, born in Wayne County, came to Providence Township in 1834, and remained three years; but owing tp the finan- cial crisis of 1837 he was obliged to leave to avoid imprisonment for debt. MEDICAL HISTORY. 507 Dr. Benjamin H. Throop came to Providence in 1840. He was born November 9, 1811, at Oxford, Xew York, was educated at the old Oxford Academy, and graduated in 1832 from the Fairfield Medical College after having studied medicine with the celebrated Dr. Perez Parker. In February, 1832, he settled at Honesdale, remaining there until 1835, when he removed to Oswego, New York, where he remained nearly a year. He then removed to New York City, and in 1810, as before stated, settled in Providence. In 1845 he built the first house in Scranton proper, outside of those erected by the iron company. In 1861, upon the call of President Lincoln for volunteers to suppress the rebellion, he was the first surgeon in Luzerne County to respond. He went with the Scranton soldiers to Harrisburg, and was there commissioned surgeon of the Eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, April 23, 1861. His services to the soldiers were so successful that he did not lose a man from sickness while he was absent from home. He started the first field hospital of the war at Charabersburg in April, 1861, and was on duty nearly two months after the battle of Antietam as a volunteer surgeon. There he established in a forest the Smoketown field hospital, to which the seriously wounded were taken from the various field hospitals of the regiments engaged in that battle. He followed the army to Harper's Ferry, where an attack of typhoid fever obliged him to return to his home. At this time his business and other engagements so required his attention that he withdrew from active practice, and has since acted mainly as consulting physician. He has, however, held for a number of years the position of chief surgeon to the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Eailroad Company, and to the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. He established the Lackawanna hospital and sustained it for a long time out of his private funds at an expense of about $100.00 per month. Afterward, through his efforts, it was endowed by the State. In 1872 he was appointed a trustee of the Danville Insane Hospital, and has held that position ever since. Dr. William li. Pier was born in Warren County, Pennsylvania. He studied medicine with Dr. William G. Sands at Oxford, Xew York, attended medical lectures at Albany College during the winter of 1844-45, and received his diploma from the censors of Chenango County Medical Society in August, 1845. In October following he settled in Hyde Park, at which time there were but two physicians practicing in the valley between Pittston and Carbondale, Dr. B. li. Throop and Dr. Silas B. Robinson. In 1846 he moved across the river to Scranton, where he enjoyed a lucrative practice, attending to all calls from rich or poor; thinking more of the good that he could do by his 508 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. ministrations, than of the reward he was to receive for his services. Dr. Pier still resides in Scranton, but has not for some years been engaged in active practice. He has a sou, William B. Pier, M. D., who is thns engaged. Dr. Nehemiah liauford settled in Providence in 1846, had a limited practice for two yaars, and at the end of this time removed to ISTew York, where he soon afterward died. Dr. Horace Hollister was boru in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, in 1822, received a common school education while at home on his father's farm, and an academic education at Bethany and Honesdale from 1840 to 1843. lie read medicine with Dr. Charles Burr, of Salem; Dr. Ebenezer T. Losey, of Honesdale; and Dr. B. H. Throop. He then graduated from the University of New York, in March, 1846, and at once entered upon the practice of medicine at Providence, where for thirty-four years he attended to his professional duties with acknowl- edged fidelity and skill. Besides the practice of his profession Dr. Hollister has found time to do a great deal of literary work, with which the citizens of Scranton and the entire Lackawanna Valley are perfectly familiar. His "History of the Lackawanna Valley " has much more than a local reputation; and he has written the "History of the Delaware Canal Company," "Recollections of Our Physiciaus," and " Coal Notes," all of which have been copiously drawn upon in the preparation of this work. His collection of Indian relics is perhaps the most valuable in the State, and is certainly one of the best in the country. For the past nine years he has been a sufierer from paralysis of the lower limbs, and for that reason has been compelled to abandon all hope of an active life, and to devote himself mainly to literature. Dr. Henry Roberts was one of the most eminent men in his profession. He was born in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, June 14, 1821. When nineteen years old he entered the store of Sinton, Tracey & Company of Wilkes-Barre, where he enjoyed the acquaintance of Hon. L. D. Shoemaker, through whose assistance he was enabled to prepare for the study of medicine. In 1842 he became a student in the office of his uncle, J. M. Roberts, at Cardington, Ohio, remaining there until the fall of 1843, when he entered Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. Here he graduated in 1845, and in the same summer located in the practice of medicine at Laceyville, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania. He spent the winter of 1849-50 in hospital study and practice in Philadelphia, and in May, 1850, located in Providence, remaining there until 1853, when he went to New York City. After MEDICAL HISTORY. 509 a varied experience of several years in the West, he returned to Prov- idence in 1861 and resumed the practice of medicine. Early in the war he was appointed one of the State marshals for enrolling men subject to military duty. During Lee's invasion of the Stattj in 1863, he quickly enrolled an entire company for the emergency and accom- panied them to Harrisburg, where he organized the 'Thirtieth Kegiment of Pennsylvania State troops, with W. X. Monies as colonel, and with it served as volunteer surgeon until it was discharged. In 1864 he was appointed a commissioner to the arm}- for supplying blanks and collecting election returns in the army. In Ajiril, 1864, he was com- missioned by Abraham Lincoln as an examining surgeon for claimants for pensions. Dr. Roberts remained under appointment until 1SS7 as a member of a board of exauiiuers, a full board having been consti- tuted in 1873, consisting of Dr. Roberts, Dr. R. A. Scpiires, and Dr. A. Davis. Dr. Davis died in 1875, and was succeeded by Dr. G. B. Boyd. Dr. Squires died in 1890 and was succeeded by Dr. W. E. Allen. Soon afterward a new board was appointed, consisting of Dr. Bovd and two other physicians. Dr. Roberts retired from regular practice iu 1884, but still resides in Scrauton. Dr. John B. Sherrerd located in Scrauton in 1851, and soon after- ward formed a partnership with Dr. B. H. Throop. lie built the second drug store iu Scran ton next to Hunt Brothers' hardware store. Soon after he had it furnished and stocked with drugs he was taken with typhoid fever and died, regretted by everyone. Dr. Silas M. Wheeler was born in the village of Deposit, Xew York, iu 1818. Upon attaining his majority he commenced the practice of medicine and surgery in Windsor, New York. He practiced in a o-reat many places, giving special attention to diseases of the eye, in Carbondale, Waverly, Benton, Newton, Ilawley, Hyde Park, and Scrauton. In 1859 he was associated with Dr. Davis, as eo-editor and proprietor of the Herald of the Union. He was a very pungent, ironical, and sarcastic writer, and in the use of these occasionally useful qualities was somewhat injudicious; but he was a nuin not deficient in tender and benevolent attributes. He was a reliable prac- titioner, and was president of the Lackawanna Valley Medical Society in 1858. He went to Waverly previous to the war, and died about 1875. Dr. William E. Rogers was born in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, in 1825. In 1847 be entered the office of Dr. Sloan, of Ilonesdale, and afterward attended medical lectures at the University of New York. In 1847 he entered into partnership with Dr. U. H. Ilamlinton, of Saratoga 510 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Springs, ITew York, and practiced there about a year. Eeturuing to Canaan he practiced there three j^ears, establishing in the meantime the famous Water Cure on the summit of the Moosic Mountain, midway between Waymart and Carbondale. He graduated at Syracuse, JS^ew York, in 1853, and located in Southern Indiana, where he remained two years. In 1856 he returned to Pennsylvania, where he took charge of twelve hundred men and their families on the southern division of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, as physician and surgeon. Afterward he secured a first-class practice in Scranton, remaining two years, a portion of which time he was associated with Dr. Pier. He afterward left the Lackawanna Valley. Dr. B. A. Bouton was born iu Litchfield, Connecticut, August 14, 1801. He was early thrown upon his own resources and entered Jefl'erson Academy, in Schoharie County, at the age of eighteen. He remained there four years, first as pupil, and then as assistant tutor. He then read medicine two years at Delhi with Dr. Steele, and after- ward became a student of Dr. Thomas W. Miner. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1830, and from that time to 1853 he was one of the foremost physicians along the Susquehanna, Bow- man's Creek, and Tunkhannock Creek, and enjoyed the largest and best practice in that portion of the State. Soon after this he removed to Scranton, which place was then giving promise of becoming a prosperous city. He purchased the property and practice of his for- mer student. Dr. Henry Roberts, in Providence, where he at once became one of the leading physicians. He was chosen the first president of the Lackawanna Valley Medical Society, which was established in 1855, and was recognized as one of the foremost phy- sicians in the valley. Dr. Jonathan Leavitt came to Scranton in 1853, remaining here but a single year. Being ottered a large salary as physician and surgeon on the Panama Railroad, then in course of construction, he left Scranton and landed in Chagres in 1854, where he was soon taken ill with the fever prevailing in that low country. Months after- ward when he had partially recovered, a mere skeleton, he reembarked for New York, and died in New Jersey 'sometime in 1863 or 1864. Dr. Augustus Davis was born in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, in 1813. In 1827 he was left an orphan, and at the age of eighteen he was prepared to enter college in the sophomore class, but soon afterward he entered the ofiice of Dr. Miller of Ashburntham, Massa- chusetts. In 1849 he received his diploma from the Medical College of Harvard University, and began practice at Castleton, Vermont, but MEDICAL HISTORY. 511 soon afterward he settled in Duiimore, and became associated with Dr. B. H. Throop. At Factoryville he had a large practice until 1854, when he opened an office in Scranton, erecting the first house on Franklin Avenue. He became a contributor to the Herald of the Union, a weekly paper published in Scranton in 1857. In 1862 Dr. Davis was appointed surgeon in one of the nine months' regiments, and went with it to the Army of the Potomac; he was at the battles of South Mountain, Antietara, Brandy Station, Chancellorsville, iind Gettysburg. He afterward returned to Hyde Park, and practiced there until his death, which occurred in 1875. Dr. George B. Boyd was born January 8, 1829. He read medicine with Dr. Boyington in Belvidere, New Jersey, two years, and prac- ticed with him one year. He was then for nearly two years a pu[)il of the celebrated Dr. Valentine Mott. He graduated in 1852 from the University of the City of New York, and in the same year came into possession of the drug store of Dr. Sherrerd, who has been mentioned as dying that year. He carried on the drug store until the beginning of the war, when he was placed in charge of a hospital for wounded soldiers and continued to serve the government as hospital surgeon until the close of the war. He then returned to Scranton and has given his entire attention to the general practice of medicine up to the pres- ent time. Dr. William Heath was born in New Jersey, and when about twelve years old went with his father to Northern Ohio. He graduated from Sterling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, and practiced medicine in St. Clair County, Illinois, for some time. At the breaking out of the Mexican War he joined the Eighth Illinois regiment and was its assistant surgeon until the end of the war. Afterward he went to California in search of gold, but returned home poorer than when he went away. In 1860 he became a physician in Hyde Park, and soon one of the best in the place. Ralph A. Squire, M. D.. was born in Leisle, near Whitney's Point, New York, in 1826, and was the only son of Deacon Harvey Squire. He graduated from the Medical Department of the University of New York in 1854 and practiced medicine at his native place one year in company with Dr. French, an eminent physician. In 1855 he removed to Scranton, and here soon afterward entered upon an active and extensive practice which remained his until death. He was enthus- iastically and exclusively devoted to his profession, practiced it because he loved it, and refused to be allured by political temptations to the extent of withdrawing even a portion of his attention from medicine. 512 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. His practice was very large aud very exacting, and it is confidently asserted that his unremitting labors in behalf of the sici<:, shortened his own life many years. He married Miss Mary C. Wheeler Sep- tember 23, 1857, and they two wei'e from that time until his death closely identified with the progress and development of this city, and were highly esteemed by all. During the war Dr. Squire was ap- pointed hospital surgeon at this point, and was medical examiner of applicants for pensions for a number of years. In the pursuit of his practice no personal discomfort was too great for him to undergo in order to minister to the necessities of his patients. During the later years he often left his comfortable home in the dead of night at great risk of his own health, to carry relief to the afflicted, knowing well at tlie time that tiie consciousness of having done good would be his only recompense. The manifestation of this spirit readily and neces- sariljr won the love of his patients, who universally regarded him as a personal friend as well as a skillful phj-sician; and upon his skill as a practitioner, his devotion to his profession, and his great sympathy for sufiering humanity his fame is securely' based. Dr. Squire died January 2, 1890, greatly regretted and beloved by all. Dr. S. B. Sturdevant was born in 1830, and read medicine with Dr. Bouton, receiving his degree of Medical Doctor from Jefl'erson Medical College. He opened an office in Dunmore in 1856. In 1863 he joined the army in the capacity of surgeon, following its fortunes until peace was declared. He then settled down to the practice of medicine in Providence, remaining there about fifteen years, when he removed to Wilkes-Barre, where he now resides. Dr. William Edward Allen was born in Sussex County, ISTew Jersey, aud was educated at the Belvidere Academy; studied Latin and Greek with his father; read medicine with his brother. Dr. J. Linn Allen, in Branchville, Sussex County, ISTew Jersey, and graduated from the Albany Medical College in 1856. He commenced the practice of medicine in Milford, Pike County, Pennsylvania, where he remained one year, and then on account of ill health retired from practice and located in Hyde Park where he carried on a drug store for two years, and in 1858 resumed the practice of medicine. In July, 1862, he went to Fortress Monroe as assistant surgeon in the United States Army general hospital, remaining there eighteen months. He resigned his place on account of ill health and returned to Hyde Park. In June, 1864, he reentered the service and was an officer in Christian Street Hospital, I'hiladelphia, until its discontinuance. He then again returned to Hyde Park, and in February, 1865, was appointed one MEDICAL HISTORY. 513 of the examining surgeons for the Eleventh Pennsylvania District, filling the position in connection with Dr. Moody until the end of the war. After that he resumed the jiractice of medicine in Scranton, and has been thus engaged ever since. Dr. William Frothingham was born in Johnstown, Xew York, in 1830. He studied closely until 1847, when he went into a drug store and remained for a year. For two years he was civil engineer on the Pennsylvania Coal Company's railroad, and then studied medicine with Dr. David Maxwell in his native village. lie entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City in 1851, and graduated in 1854, remaining in the surgical department of the hospital, and afterward was in Europe one year, visiting the great hospitals of London, Paris, and Dublin. In 1857 he located in Scranton, where he soon became known as a physician worthy of confidence. When the Eebelliou brolco out, he joined the army as surgeon of a New York regiment, and afterward resumed the practice of medicine in New York City. Dr. John Wilson Gibbs was the oldest of six brothers, all of whom studied and practiced medicine. He located in Hyde Park in 1857, and was a most successful and popular obstetrician. He died suddenly on Friday, May 23, 1879, of angina pectoris, after an illness of but a single day. He was seventy-eight years old, and had over- exerted himself a few days previously in visiting his patients. He was the father of eight children, five of whom were boys, and physi- cians of character and ability. Two of his sons survived him, John Wilson Gibbs, Jr., of Hyde Park, and Judson Gibbs, of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Dr. Gibbs was a consistent and constant apostle of temperance, and was an honest, charitable, kind-hearted man. His cheerfulness and skill always made him a welcome visitor in the sick room. Dr. John Wilson Gibbs, Jr., was born near Newark, New Jersey, October 10, 1823, and graduated from the Pennsylvania Medical College. He began the practice of medicine in Schuylkill County, and in 18^57 located in Hyde Park, where he soon became known as a successful practitioner. In 1879 he was elected a member of the medical staff of the Lackawanna Hospital, and was reelected in 1880. He was the first treasurer of the Lackawanna Medical Society, and was also reelected to this position. Dr Charles Marr was a native of Pennsylvania, read medicine in Schuylkill County, and graduated from Jefferson College in 1857. He immediately located in Scranton, but in a few months he was induced 33 514 HISTOKY OP SCRANTON. to make a trip to France as surgeon of a ship's crew. In 1859 on account of ill health he sought the milder air of the South, but returned during the war. For about one year previous to his death, in 1864, he filled the office of assistant examining surgeon for the eleventh district of Pennsylvania. Dr. A. F. Marsh was an Englishman by birth, thought, and habit. He located in Scrauton in 1857 and remained for a year, practicing in the best families of the place. In 1859 he removed to Maryland and practiced there for a year. He then returned to Honesdale, and in 1861 he was made brigade surgeon and was taken prisoner when McClellan retreated from before Richmond. Soon after being exchanged he was appointed medical director of the Department of the South, and was located in Georgia, remaining there until October, 1865, when he was honorably discharged. He then located at Port Jervis, New York, where he died in August, 1867. Dr. W. W. Gibbs was born in 1838, and graduated with honor in 1859. lie began the practice of medicine in Bellevue Medical Hospital, and became a resident of Lackawanna County in 1864. After service in the war as assistant surgeon in 1865, he settled in Providence, where he enjoyed the confidence of the people to a great degree. He was a kind-hearted, social, and honorable gentleman, and was dignified, cheerful, and attentive as a physician. He was ready at all times to sacrifice his own comfort for the benefit of others. He removed to Hoboken, I^ew Jersey, in 1871, and died there October 26th of that year. Horace Ladd, A. M., M. D., was born in Philadelphia Septem- ber 14, 1823. He graduated at the Philadelphia High School when eighteen years of age. Soon afterward he became a medical student in the oflice of Dr. John K. Mitchell, and he graduated from the Jefi:erson Medical College in the spring of 1848. He began the prac- tice of medicine at his own home, and received the appointment of vaccine physician by the city council, dispensary physician by the Philadelphia Dispensary, and resident physician to the Bush Hill Hospital by the board of health. Shortly after the epidemic of cholera he removed to Carbon County, Pennsylvania, locating at Summit Hill. He remained five years,, and in 1854 removed to Mauch Chunk, two of the oldest and most reliable physicians of that place having been prostrated by the sudden outbreak of cholera. In June, 1859, he removed to Scrantou, preceded by his reputation as a successful and conscientious physician. Here he remained engaged in the practice of medicine for more than twenty years. While a resident of Scrauton he was identified with every public charity, and was physician to the MEDICAL HISTORY. ^1^ Lackawanna Hospital and the Home of the Friendless. He assisted in the organization of medical societies wherever he lived, and was always one of the public spirited citizens as u-ell as one of the best physicians. He removed to his native city, Philadelphia, in 1880, and resides there at the present time, David B. Hand, M. D., was born at Hawley, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, March 31, 1848. He received a good education at the common and high schools, and began the study of medicine when seventeen years old, with Dr. G. B. Curtis at Hawley. He graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1868, and began the practice of medicine at South Canaan, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, remaining there three years. He then removed to Carbondale, where he practiced seven years when he sold out his practice and went to California, spending considerable time in that and other Western States, but failing to find a suitable location he returned to Pennsylvania and settled at Columbia, returning to Scranton in 1880. Here he pur- chased the property of Dr. Ladd, and upon the removal of Dr. Ladd to Philadelphia, succeeded him in his practice. Dr. Hand, by his energy and skill, has amassed a competence, and is one of the wealthiest physicians in Scranton. ]Sr. Y. Leet, M. D., was born in Friendsville, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, March 3, 1830. He was educated at Hoboken, New Jersey, and read medicine with Dr. E. Patrick, and afterward with Drs. Henry and Joseph Sargent, of Worcester, Massachusetts. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1853, and spent two years in the Pennsylvania Hospital at Philadelphia, and after- ward took charge of a gang of men on the Susquehanna division of the 'New York and Erie Railroad, remaining thus engaged about two years. He then entered the United States army as assistant surgeon, and was assigned to duty at Reading, Pennsylvania, and afterward at Fort Niagara, New York, and at Little Rock, Arkansas, and New Orleans. Here he remained about ten months and then came north just before the War of the Rebellion broke out. When the war began he went to Washington and was mustered in as an assistant surgeon and assigned to duty with Major General John Sedgwick, but soon received permission to join the volunteer corps. Soon after this he went out with Colonel McKibben as assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Fifty-Eighth New York, and was next appointed surgeon of the Seventy-Sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers and served with this regiment the rest of the war. He came to Scran- ton in 1866, and has been engaged here in the general practice of 516 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. medicine and surgery with great success ever since. He has been surgeon of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, of the Erie & Wyoming Railroad Company, and of the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroad Company. Dr. Leet, during his experience in the army, performed some noted surgical operations which rank high in medicine, and were fully reported in the leading medical journals. I. F. Everhart, M. D., was born in the southern part of Penn- sylvania in 1840. He attended the Franklin-Marshall College at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, spent a year in the West Philadelphia United States Military Hospital, and afterward attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1863. He then served as surgeon of the Eighth and Sixteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry regiments until a year or so after the close of the war. He spent the year 1867 in Europe, travel- ing all over the continent. In the year 1868 he came to Scranton where he began the general practice of medicine, and has been thus engaged ever since. He was a member of the first board of health established in the city, was connected with the Lackawanna Hospital for about ten years, and is a member of the Lackawanna County Medical Society and of the United States Medical Society. Dr. Everhart has spent many years in collecting and mounting specimens of the native birds and animals of Lackawanna County, and has two thousand specimens. M. Z. Albro, M. D., was born in Poughkeepsie, ISTew York, in 1865. He studied medicine at the Medical Department of Columbia College, otherwise known as the College of Physicans and Surgeons, New York City, graduating in 1887. The same year he came to Scranton, where he has since been engaged in the general practice of medicine. He is a member of the Lackawanna County Medical Society, of the Scranton Medical Club, and is one of the staff of attend- ing physicians to the Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deaf. He was outdoor physician to the poor board in 1889, and became assistant surgeon in the Thirteenth Regiment in September, 1887. H. V. Logan, M. D., was born at Constantine, Michigan, in 1853. He graduated from Lafayette College in 1876, studied medicine in the office of Dr. R. A. Squire for one year, and then entered the University of Pennsylvania, remaining three years and graduating in 1880. He then located in Scranton, and has been here engaged in the general practice of medicine ever since. He was placed on the medical staff of Lackawanna Hospital in 1881, and is still a member of the staff, In 1880 he became assistant surgeon of the Thirteenth Regiment, and in 1884 was made surgeon, remaining in that position until 1887. MEDICAL HISTORY. 517 Lowell M. Gates, M. S., M. D., was born in Wayne County, Penn- sylvania, March 26, 1853. He gradnated from the Hillsdale College with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1876, and three years after- ward received the degree of Master of Science: He graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Michigan in 1878, and was engaged in the general practice of medicine at Deposit, 'New York, about a year and a half previous to removing to Scranton in the latter part of 1879. After being in Scranton he became superintendent and house surgeon of the Lackawanna Hospital, retaining the position two years. Since then he has been engaged iu the general practice of medicine, and has been on the stafi' of the Lackawanna Hospital. He is a member of the Lackawanna County Medical Society, of the Scranton Medical Club, of the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and of the American Medical Association. William K. Dolan, M. D., was born in Orange County, Xew York, January 25, 1855. He was educated at the Montrose High School, graduating therefrom in 1876, and commenced the study of medicine with Dr. I. B. Lathrop, entering the medical department of the University in 1877', from which he graduated in 1880. He then entered the Philadelphia Hospital, remaining until the spring of 1881, when he came to Scranton, a)id has been engaged in the general practice of medicine here ever since. He is a member of the Lacka- wanna County Medical Society, of the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and of the Scranton Medical Club, and is one of the staff of the Lackawanna Hospital. Louis H. Gibbs, M. D., was born in Philadelphia in 1846, and graduated from St. Stephen's College, Annandale, from the University, and from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1873. He then practiced medicine in Scranton two years, and was at the New York Dispensary during the winter of 1873-74. He was also in attendance there during the winter of 1877-78, when he returned to Scranton, and has been continuously engaged here- in the general practice of medicine since that time. He has been connected with the Lacka- wanna Hospital as staff surgeon for the past eleven years, has been a member of the Scranton Medical Club since its inception, is a member of the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and of the American Medical Association, and is examiner for the ISTorthwestern Mutual Life Insur- ance Company, of Milwaukee. E. A. Heermans was born in Scranton in 1845. He graduated from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1875, and has been in the general practice of medicine ever since. He was on the staff of 518 HISTORY OF SORANTON. surgeons of the Lackawanna Hospital one year, and is a member of the Lackawanna County Medical Society. David A. Capwell, M. D., was born at Factoryville, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1860. He graduated in medicine from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in March, 1884, and practiced medicine two years at Factoryville. He then came to Scran- ton, and has been superintendent and resident physician of the Lackawanna Hospital ever since. Alexander Charles Connell, M. D., was born in Scranton, Septem- ber 18, 1856. He was educated at the Wyoming Seminary, graduating in 1873, and then took a regular course in medicine at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, JSTew York, from which he graduated in 1877. He remained in IsTew York City engaged in hospital practice for several months, until he attained his majority, and then came to Scranton and established himself in the general practice of medi- cine, in which he has been engaged ever since. He has been a member of the staff of the Lackawanna .Hospital since 1880, and is a member of the Lackawanna County Medical Society, of the Scranton Medical Club, and of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania. Furman B. Gulick, M. D., was born in Wyoming County, Penn- sylvania, in 1844. He served through the War of the Eebellion, and then attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from the Medical Department of that University in 1868. He then began the practice of medicine in Susquehanna County, remaining there one year, and removed to Scranton, where he has been engaged in the practice of medicine twenty-one years. He is a member of the Lackawanna County Medical Society and of the Lackawanna Institute of History and Science. P. F. Gunster, M. D., was born in Lockweiler, Prussia, February 1, 1848. In March, 1853, he came to the United States and took a partial course of study at the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale College, graduating in medicine from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1871. He then practiced medicine in Scranton about two years, and went to Europe in 1873 for the purpose of further pursuing the study of medicine, spending six months in Berlin and considerable time in each of the following cities: Leipsic, Heidelberg, Paris, and London. In the latter part of 1874 he returned to Scranton, practicing here a few months when he removed to Wilkes-Barre, remaining there one year. He then returned to Scranton and became connected with the Lackawanna Hospital. In 1877 he received the appointment of physician to the ]Srorth German Lloyd Steamship Company, and was MEDICAL HISTORY. 519 in their service somewhat over a year. He then went to Wyoming Territory and settled in Laramie City, remaining there from 1878 to January, 1885. While a resident of Laramie City he served one year as coroner of Albany County, and was mayor of Laramie City three years. In 1885 he returned to Scranton, and has been engaged here in the general practice of medicine ever since, with the exception of the year 1889, which he spent in Xew York at the Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital for the purpose of further perfecting his knowledge of medicine. In 1890 he again became connected with the Lackawanna Hospital as a member of its statf of physicians and surgeons, and still retains the position. He is a member of the Scran- ton Medical Club, Scranton Dispensary, and of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania. Ludwig Wehlau^ M. D., was born in Oldenburg, Germany, Nov- ember 5, 1851. He received his primary education at the Gymnasium at Oldenburg and Berlin; his medical education at Geneva, Berne, and Zurick, Switzerland, and graduated from the Wurzburg Medical College, Bavaria, in 1874. He began the practice of medicine at Witteghausen in Baden, remaining there for a short time, when he was appointed physician for the North German Lloyd Steamship Com- pany, in which capacity he served about two years. He then came to the United States in 1876, settling in Scranton, where he has been successfully engaged every since in the practice of medicine. He is a member of the Scranton Medical Club, and of the Scranton Dis- pensary. Clarence L. Frey, M. D., was born November 7, 1851, at Glen Rock, York County, Pennsylvania. He began his medical studies in the office of his father. Dr. L. Frey, at Glen Rock, and afterward graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1872. He was engaged in the general practice of medicine at his home for two years, and at the end of this period was appointed resident physician in the State hospital for the insane at Danville, where he remained until the fall of 1876. He then engaged again in the general practice of medicine. In 1880 he went to Philadelphia and devoted his atten- tion to the study of diseases of the eye and microscopy at the Wills Eye Hospital, and in the laboratory of the Penn Hospital, until the summer of 1881, at which time he came to Scranton, and devoted himself to diseases of the eye and ear until the spring of 1884, when he went to Europe for the purpose of becoming familiar with the methods in use in the hospitals of the continent, spending the spring and summer months of that year in Vienna, Paris, and London. Here 520 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. he enlarged the scope of his studies, taking in diseases of the throat, in addition to those of the eye and ear. Returning to Soranton, he has since been engaged here in the treatment of diseases of the eye, ear, and throat, with most gratifying success to himself and patients. He is a member of the County Medical Society and of the Medical Club. H. D. Gardner, M. D., was born in Wyoming County, Pennsyl- vania, in 1855. He graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1880, and for the next two years practiced medicine in Wyoming County. In 1882 he was appointed superintendent of the Lackawanna Hospital, Scranton, and filled that position four years. Since then he has been engaged in the general practice of medicine in this city, and is one of the leading young physicians of the place. In the fall of 1889 he was elected coroner for Lackawanna County, which position he now holds. He is one of the visiting surgeons to the Lackawanna Hospital, is a member of the Scranton Dispensary, of the Lackawanna County Medical Society, of the State Medical Society, and of the Scranton Medical Club. C. H. Fisher, M. D., was born at Owego, Tioga County, New York, June 12, 1837. , He was thoroughly educated at Owego Acad- emy, and was prepared to enter the sophomore class in college when the Rebellion broke out. He at once abandoned his purpose of taking a collegiate course, and with a view of entering the medical department of the army, placed himself under the private instruction of Professor H. K". Eastman, of Geneva Medical College, taking a full course of lectures at that institution during the fall and winter of 1862-63. At the close of his course he proceeded to Washington, District of Columbia, and after passing a medical examination before the United States Army Medical Board, was appointed medical cadet of the United States Army, and was stationed at General Field Hospital No. 1, Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He served under General Rosecraus during the campaign terminating with the battle of Chicamauga, and was then assigned to duty at General Hospital No. 1, Nashville, Ten- nessee. While on duty here he attended a second course of lectures and graduated from the medical department of the University of Nashville, in the spring of 1864. He was then appointed acting assistant surgeon of the United States Army, in which capacity he served at Hospital No. 1, and at Cumberland Hospital until August, 1865. After passing a second examination before the United States Army Examining Board, at Nashville, he was promoted to a full surgeoncy, and assigned to duty as surgeon of the Ninety-sixth United States Cavalry Troop, Department of the Gulf. He was MEDICAL HISTORY. 521 honorably mustered out of service with his regiment at 'Sew Or- leans January 28, 1866, and accepted a position in the Freedmeii's Bureau as surgeon in charge of the Freedmen's Hospital at Shreve- port, Louisiana. Eesigning this position in the fall of 1866, he returned North and attended a third course of lectures at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York. He then took a private course under Professor ISToyes, at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and in the spring of 1867 moved to Scranton. In 1878 he founded the Scranton Eye and Ear Infirmary, associating with himself Dr. R. A. Squire and Dr. B. H. Throop. Dr. Fisher was for a number of years a member of the Luzerne County Medical Society, and was a charter member of the Lackawanna Medical Society. He was active in the establishment of the Lackawanna Hospital, and for a number of years was connected with its staff. He was appointed first county physician of Lackawanna County, and served three terms. He is still pursuing his special practice in Scranton, the treatment of diseases of the eye, ear, throat, and nose, with distinguished success. William A. Paine, M. D., was born in Lancaster County, Penn- sylvania, April 29, 1854, was educated in the public schools, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1879. He then took a post-graduate course of study during 1880. In December of this year he came to Scranton, since which time he has been engaged here in the general practice of medicine. He has been a member of the board of health of the city of Scranton; was for several years secretary of the Lackawanna County Medical Society, and is at the present time its president. He is a member of the Medical Society of Pennsyl- vania, and is medical examiner of the Lackawanna County Eoyal Arcanum. John Burnett, M. D., was born in Canaan, Wayne County, Penn- sylvania, May 13, 1849. He began the study of medicine in 1870, and graduated -from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, March 1, 1876. He began the practice of medicine at Carbondale on the 10th of the same month, and remained there until the fall of 1884, when he went to New York and took a six months' course at the Post Graduate School of Medicine and Surgery, and located in Scranton April 1, 1885, since when he has practiced his profession in this city. He was elected coroner of Lackawanna County, and served from January 1, 1887, to January 1, 1890. Mrs. Mary C. Nivison, M. D., sometimes called the pioneer woman physician of the Lackawanna Valley, though this is not strictly correct, was born June 3, 1834. She was a daughter of Hiram and Harriet 522 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. Owen, of Enfield, N. Y., and commenced the study of medicine in 1867 with her si-ter-in-Iaw, Miss Anna T. Nivison, M. D., with whom she studied three years. During this time she attended two courses of lectures at the Electric Medical College of New York City, and graduated therefrom in March, 1871. In May following she com- menced the practice of her profession in Scranton, where she was continuously engaged until her death, which occurred January 16, 1891. Her remains were taken to Mechlenburg, New York, for interment. G. Edgar Dean, M. D., oculist and surgeon, was born iu the town- ship of North Abington, October 27, 1853. In the autumn of 1874 he began the study of medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, taking three winter courses and spending ten months in the year in study. He graduated in March, 1877, winning the prize in anatomy. He was elected one of the physicians at the Episcopal Hospital in Phil- adelphia about this time, and there gave his services for what he could learn. Being hard worked in hot weather in a malarious locality, a little undue exposure to the sun prostrated him with spinal conges- tion, which was quickly followed by inflammation of that great nerve center, and this inflam.mation led to a partial paralysis. For seven months he was a patient in the hospital for nervous diseases. After nearly two years of enforced inaction he was sufficiently recovered to resume active practice, with the aid of crutches, and opened an office on Wyoming Avenue in Scranton, October 1, 1880. Having had unusual opportunities to study the diseases of the eye and ear, he gave these his special attention almost from the beginning. In May, 1887, he went to Europe for the purpose of further qualifying himself in these specialties, and after returning in 1^88, he confined his practice exclusively to them, and has been eminently successful. He has been visiting physician to the Lackawanna Hospital since 1880, and is a member of the Lackawanna Medical Society, tbe State Medical Association, and of various other societies not medical, and he is also president of the Dunraore Young Men's Christian Association. J. Emmet O'Brien, M. D., was born in 1848, and previous to commencing the study of medicine, he was noted as being one of the youngest and fastest Morse telegraphers in the world. At the close of the War of the Eebellion he attended two courses at the Medical Department of Georgetown University, and graduated at liush Medi- cal College, Chiciigo, in 1869. After practicing medicine in several States, he was caljed to Rush College, as a lecturer in the spring course, in 1871. The great fire of October, 1871, having destroyed the MEDICAL HISTORY. 523 college, Dr. O'Brien moved to Scranton in the spring of 1872, where he soon attained high rank among the physicians of the city, especi- ally in surgery. He has made several hundred successful operations, including the removal of two, and in one case, assisted by Dr. C. H. Fisher, of three limbs, with recovery. He has many times performed ail the capital operations in surgery successfully. He was the second health officer of Scranton, and during his year of service repelled an epidemic of smallpox by vaccinating seven thousand children, four or iive hundred in a day, brought together at the schoolhouses. Dr. O'Brien is a member of most of the medical societies in this part of the State, and has contributed largely to various medical journals, attracting wide attention, both in the United States and Europe. Henry C. Comegys, M. D., was born in Greensboro, Maryland, April 7, 1833. He was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and graduated at the University of Maryland. After practicing medicine one year at Willow Grove, Maryland, he located in Greensboro, remaining until 1881, when he located in Scranton, where he has since resided. He is a member of the Lackawanna County Medical Society and of the State Medical Society. He served six months as acting assistant surgeon of Hammond General Hospital. The Scranton Medical Society was organized at a meeting held at Boyd's Hotel, June 6, 1866, the following physicians being present at the time: Drs. B. H. Throop, B. A. Boutou, A. Davis, E,. A. Squire, J. W. Gibbs, Jr., W. W. Gibbs, K Y. Leet, S. B. Sturdevant, F. R. Wagner, S. P. Eeed, Horace Ladd, W. H. Heath, W. E. Allen, George W. Masser, Peter Winter, G. B. Boyd. Dr. Throop was made temporary chairman, and a committee previously appointed reported several articles of a constitution which were adopted. At an election of officers B. A. Bouton was chosen president; Horace Ladd and A. Davis, vice presidents; R. A. Squire, treasurer, and G. B. Boyd, secretary. Drs. W. E. Allen, 1>1. Y. Leet, and W. W. Gibbs were elected censors, and Drs. B. H. Throop and E. A. Squires were chosen delegates to the State Medical Society. In order that a physician might become a rnember of this society it was necessarj' that he should be a resident of Luzerne County, a graduate of a respectable medical school, a licentiate of three years' standing of some medical institution or board, recognized by the State Medical Society, or a regular practitioner of at least iifteen years' standing, and of good moral and professional reputation. The code of medical ethics of the American Medical Society was adopted. The subscribers to the con- stitution were: B. H. Throop, B. A. Bouton, A. Davis, E. A. Squire, 524 ■■ HISTOKT OP SCRANTON. J. W. Gibbs, Jr., W. W, Gibbs, N. Y. Leet, S. B. Sturdevent, S. P. Reed, Horace Ladd, W. H. Heath, G. B. Boyd, W. E. Allen, Peter Winter, W. H. Pier, C. Prischkorn, L. Kelly, C. H. Fisher, I. F. Everhart, William Haggerty, F. B. Gulick, I. Van Sickle, and P. F. Gunster. The officers elected May 29, 1867, B. A. Bouton, president; Horace Ladd and A. Davis, vice presidents; R. A. Squire, treasurer; G. B. Boyd, secretary; W. E. Allen, Horace Ladd, and W. W. Gibbs, censors. May 27, 1868, the officers elected were: W. H. Heath, president; R. A. Squire and W. W. Gibbs, vice presidents; A. W. Burns, treas- urer; G. B. Boyd, secretary; A. Davis, Horace Ladd, and S. B. Sturd- evant, censors. May 26, 1869, the officers elected were: W. H. Heath, president; R. A. Squire and W. W. Gibbs, vice presidents; A, W. Burns, treas- urer; G. B. Boyd, secretary; A. Davis, Horace Ladd, and B. A. Bouton, censors. May 25, 1870, the officers elected were: R. A. Squire, president; B. A. Bouton and A. Davis, vice presidents; G. B. Boyd, secretary and treasurer; S. P. Reed, C. H. Fisher, and I. F. Everhart, censors. May 31, 1871, the officers elected were: R. A. Squire, president; A. Davis and B. A. Bouton, vice presidents; G. B. Boyd, secretary and treasurer; S. P. Reed, I. F. Everhart, and C. H. Fisher, censors. May 29, 1872, the officers elected were: B. H. Throop, president; Horace Ladd and J. W. Gibbs, Jr., vice presidents; G. B. Boyd, sec- retary and treasurer; S. P. Reed, L F. Everhart, and C H. Fisher, censors. May 27, 1874, the officers elected were: Horace Ladd, president; W. E. Allen and C. Frischkorn, vice presidents; G. B. Boyd, secretary and treasurer; R. A. Squire, S. P. Reed, and L F. Everhart, censors. Soon after this election the society ceased to exist. The Lackawanna County Medical Society was temporarily organ- ized at a meeting held at the Wyoming House November 20, 1878. There were present at this preliminary meeting Drs. R. A. Squire, W. H. Heath, Charles H. Fisher, J. W. Gibbs, S. D. Davis, L. H. Gibbs[ J. H. Jones, J. P. Higgins, W. E. Allen, George B. Boyd, L. Wehlau, H, Ladd, E. A. Heermans, J. W. Sine, and Charles Frischkorn. The meeting adjourned until December 4, 1878, and at this meeting elected ' the following permanent officers: Dr. B. H. Throop, president; Dr. C. Burr and G. B. Boyd, vice presidents; Dr. E. A. Heermans, corres- ponding and recording secretary; J. W. Gibbs, treasurer, and C. H. Fisher, censor. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, and the MEDICAL HISTORY. 525 code of ethics of the American Medical Association adopted as the code of the society. The second regular meeting was held in the courthouse, December 10, 1879, and the same officers elected to the same positions except that Dr. William JB\ Pier was elected secretary, Dr. E. A. Heermans declining to serve. On January 11, 1881, the following officers were elected: Charles Burr, president; Dr. I. F. Everhart and Dr. W. H. Heath, vice presidents; Dr. E. A. Heermans, secretary; Dr. J. W. Gibbs, treasurer; and Dr. D. B. Hand and Dr. L. H. Gibbs, censors for two and one years respectively. The next election of officers was held January 9, 1883, resulting as follows: Dr. Thomas Stewart, president; Drs. C. H. Fisher and H. J. Jones, vice presidents; Dr. W. A. Paine, secretary; Dr. J. W. Gibbs, treasurer, and Drs. D. 5- Hand, L. H. Gibbs, and S. P. Reed, censors. December 11, 1883, the following officers were elected: Dr. John Burnett, president; Drs. L. M. Gates and F. B. Davison, vice presi- dents; Dr. W. A. Paine, secretary; Dr. J. W. Gibbs, treasurer, and Dr. A. J. Connell, censor for three years. December 9, 1884, Dr. B. H. Throop was elected president; Drs. L. M. Gates and Thomas Stewart, vice presidents; Dr; W. A. Paine, secretary; Dr. J. W. Gibbs, treasurer, and Drs. H. V. Logan, A. J. Connell, and L. H. Gibbs, censors. December 8, 1885, Dr. F. B. Davison was elected president; Drs. A. Strang and D. L. Bailey, vice presidents; Dr. J. C. Morgan, secre- tary; Dr. J. W. Gibbs, treasurer, and Drs. L. M. Gates, L. H. Gibbs, and A. J. Connell, censors. December 14, 1886, Dr. W. E. Allen was elected president; Drs. J. E. O'Brien and J. R. Murphy, vice presidents; Dr. J. C. Morgan, secretary Dr. J. W. Gibbs, treasurer; and Drs. L. M. Gates, H. V. Loo-an, and J. L. Pea, censors. December 13, 18S7, Dr. J. E. O'Brien wat elected president; Drs. J. K Murphy and H. D. Gardner, vice presidents; Dr. J. C. Morgan, secretary; Dr. J. W. Gibbs, treasurer; and Dr W. K. Dolan, censor for three years. December 11, 1888, Dr. L M Gates was elected president; Drs. J. L. Rea and W. G. Fulton, vice presidents; Dr. D. A. Capwell, secretary and treasurer; and Drs. W A Paine, W. K. Dolan, and J. L. Rea, censors. Dr. H. D. Gardner was elected librarian for three years. On December 10, 1889, the fol- lowing officers were elected: Dr. J. L. Rea, president; Drs. W. K Dolan and Charles Frischkorn, vice presidents; Dr. D. A. Capwell, secretary and treasurer; and Dr. W. W. Ives, censor. 526 HISTORY OF SCKANTON. Following are the names of the members of this society: Drs. W. E Allen, F. B. Davison, A. Strang, Charles Burr, M. J. Williams, A. Van Cleef, B. H. Throop, G. S. Troop, H. Pennypacker, W. A. Paine, J. E. O'Brien, H. V. Logan, W. W. Ives, Albert Kolb, J. L. Rea, J. Burnett, J. J. Carroll, A. J. Connell, G. E. Dean, W. K. Dolau, I. F. Everhart, H. D. Gardner, L. M. Gates, L. H. Gibbs, T. C. Church, Charles Frischkorn, J. R. Murphy, C. W. Traverton, Oliver Chambers, W. G. Fulton, L. H. Van Sickle, D. A. Capwell, F. F. Arndt, M. Z. Albro, S. W. Lamoreaux, E. A. Heermans, S. D. Davis, J. L. Griffith, J. J. Sullivan, C. E. Richards, L. E. Wheat, N. C. Mackey, F. B. Gulick, G. E. Ross, J. K. Bentley, Lewis Frey, C. L. Frey, S. M. Ward, J. R. Ammann, J. B. Loos, E. K. Mott, S. E. Lynch, J. W. King, Charles Newton, J. A. Manley, T. W. Kay, and Lewis Barnes. The Scranton Medical Club was organized in July, 1882, and held several informal meetings at the offices of different members before making any record of its proceedings. This step was taken June 20, 1883. At this time Dr. H. V. Logan was president of the club and Dr. G. E. Dean, secretary. The object of the club is the mutual assistance of its members in the study of medical science; Dr. L. M. Gates became secretary of the club July 18, 1883. In August, 1884, the officers elected were Dr. L. H. Gibbs, president, and Dr. L. M. Gates, secretary. July 22, 1885, Dr. L. M. Gates was elected president, and Dr. T. F. Heebner, secretary. September 22, 1886, Dr. H. D. Gardner was elected president, and Dr. W. W. Ives, secretary. Dr> J. E. O'Brien became secretary April 20, 1887, upon the resignation of Dr. Ives. July 20, 1887, Dr. P. F. Gunster was elected president, and Dr. Albert Kolb, secretary. October 3, 1888, Dr. John Burnett was elected president, and Dr. J. E. O'Brien, secretary. October 2, 1889, Dr. P. F. Gunster was elected president, and Dr. M. Z. Albro, secre- tary. November 13, 1890, Dr. G. E. Dean was elected president, and Dr. M. Z. Albro, secretary. The members of this club at the present time are as follows: M. Z. Albro, F. J. Arndt, John Burnett, D. A. Capwell, G. E. Dean, W. K. Dolau, C. L. Frey, W. G, Fulton, H. D. Gardner, L. M. Gates, L. H. Gibbs, P. F. Gunster, W. W. Ives, Albert Kolb, H. V. Logan, J. E. O'Brien, J. L. Rea, Ludwig Wehlau, A. Strang, Morgan J. Williams, and S. M. Ward. The club meetings are held on the last Thursday of each month, at the office of some member in the central part of the city. At each meeting a paper is read by some member appointed previously for MEDICAL HISTORY. 527 the purpose, on any topic that may be interesting to him at the time, and discussion follows the reading. The club is now in a flourishing condition, and the meetings are well attended. The Scranton Dispensary was established in July, 1890, at the cor- ner of Linden Street and Eaymond Alley, by Drs. J. Burnett, Ludwig Wehlau, and P. F. Gunster, after having been engaged in a desultory way in the same work for about a year. Almost immediately Drs. H. D. Gardner and James B. Garvey, of Dunmore, were elected members, and upon organization of the dispensary, Dr. John Burnett was elected president; Drs. Wehlau and Garvey, vice presidents; Dr. H. D. Gardner, treasurer; and Dr. P. E. Gunster, secretary. The work performed by the dispensary is divided as follows: Diseases of women and nervous diseases, Drs. Wehlau and Burnett; treatment of general diseases and diseases of the skin, Dr. Garvey; diseases of the nose and throat. Dr. Gardner; orthopedic and general surgery. Dr. Gunster; diseases of the eye, Drs. Wehlau and Gunster. The dispensary is open from 3:00 to 5:00 p. m., and it depends upon voluntary contributions for its support. Dr. A. P. Gardner was the first homeopathic physician in the Lackawanna Valley. He was born in Warren, Orange County, New York, and graduated in New York in 1841. He located soon after at Carbondale. About 1851, after careful reading, thought, und exper- iment, he came to the conlusion that the law of cure embraced in the homeopathic doctrine was the only guide to a physician in the applica- tiou of medicine to a disease with any certainty as to its ultimate result. Being thus convinced he continued ever after to practice that system of medicine. The dose, however, he cared nothing for, whether it was the first or the one hundredth potency, so that neither too little nor too much was used. He located in Scranton in 1854, and con- tinued to practice here until compelled by ill health to relinquish his practice in 1859, and retire to his farm in Madison Township. Dr. Charles A. Stevens was born at Harpersfield, Delaware County, New York, January 19, 1818. He completed his education at Homer Academy. Having determined upon the study of medicine he entered the office of Dr. H. P. Burdick of Cortland County, New York, remaining with him one year, and he then became a private student with Dr. John Stevens of Ithaca, New York. He graduated at Geneva Medical College in 1841, but during his studies there he became inter- ested in the then new system of homeopathy. Li March following his graduation he went to Seneca Falls, New York, where he began practice. In 1842 he went to Palmyra, New York, remaining there 528 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. two years, and then removed to Buffalo, being the first homeopathic physician in that city. After seeing something of the country he settled in Hudson, ISTew York, in 1859, and in 1862 removed to Scranton, where the practice of homeopathy had not then been very successful. F. D. Brewster, M. D., was born in Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, October 10, 1850. He was educated at the academy there, and at the State IS'ormal School at Mansfield, gradua- ting from the latter school in 1871. He followed the profession of teaching for about five years, and then entered the IS'ew York Home- opathical Medical College in 1876, and graduated from that institution in 1879, with honorable mention for the faculty prize. He located at Tunkhannock that year, and began the practice of medicine, and was there thus engaged for ten years. In May, 1889, he removed to Scranton, and has been engaged here in the general practice of medi- cine ever since. He has been a member of the Homeopathic Medical Society of Northeastern Pennsylvania ever since its organization, and was president of the society during its second year. H. B. Ware, M. D., graduated from the Hahnemann Medical Col- lege, Philadelphia, in 1885, after which he served in the hospital six months. September 1, 1885, he began studying-with Dr. C. M. Thomas, a noted physician for diseases of the eye, ear, and throat, remaining with him about one year. In October, 1886, he went to JS'ew York and took two courses of clinics in the Polyclinic Institute of New York City, leaving there in May, 1877. He then came to Scranton and began the practice of his specialties, June 1, 1887, and has been thus engaged ever since, except that in May, 1889, he went to Europe for the purpose of studying his special work, and remained there, in the hospitals of Vienna and London, until June, 1890, resuming his practice July 1st, of that year. Dr. Ware is now president of the Homeopathic Medical Society of Northeastern Pennsylvania. H. F. Heilner, M. D., was born in Middleport, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in 1861. He graduated from the Middleport High School, and studied medicine four years in the Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, graduating in 1887. During the rest of that year and 1888 he practiced medicine in Atlanta with Dr. Orme, one of the most celebrated homeopathic physicians in the United States. In January, 1889, he came to Scranton, and has been engaged in the general practice of medicine ever since. He is a member of the Home- opathic Medical Society of Northeastern Pennsylvania and of the American Institute of Homeopathy. MEDICAL HISTORY. 529 Charles A. Arthur, M. D., was a native of Philadelphia, and a son of the celebrated T. S. Arthur, author of so many popular works. Dr. Arthur practiced medicine in Scranton from 1875 to 1887, when he removed with his family to Pasadena, California, where he now resides. 8. C. Ross, M. D., was a native of Bradford County, Pennsylva- nia: He located in Scranton in 1883, and remained in practice until 1890, when he removed to Gloucester City, New Jersey. John W. Coolidge, M. D., is a native of Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, came to Scranton in 1884, and formed a partnership with Dr. Charles A. Arthur, and became the successor to the joint practice upon the removal of Dr. Arthur to California. Dr. Coolidge is a graduate of Michigan University, and has taken post-graduate courses in the New York Opthalmic College and the Post-Graduate Medical College of New York. He has succeeded to and built up a very fine practice, and is recognized as the leading homeopathic physician in the city. Albert A. Lindabury, M. D., M'as born at Clinton, New Jersey, January 15, 1862. He received his literary education at the Flemington Academy of Science, and graduated in medicine from the Baltimore Medical College in the spring of 1886. He began the general practice of medicine at West Auburn, Pennsylvania, remaining there until the fall of 1889, when he became convinced of the superiority of homeop- athy over the regular practice, and entered the Hahnemann Medical College of Phila(Jelphia, from which institution he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine and of Homeopathic Medicine at the annual commencement of 1890. He then removed to Scranton, where he soon gained a very nice practice and was elected a member of the Homeo- pathic Medical Society of Northeastern Pennsylvania. Frederick W. Lauge, M. D., was born in Scranton, October 14, 1861. He graduated from the Scranton High School, and afterward from the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, in 1888, as Bachelor of Philosophy. He then attended the Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1890, and began the practice of medicine in Scranton in May of that year. He is a member of the Homeopathic Medical Society of Northeastern Pennsylvania, and of the Home- opathic State Medical Society of Pennsylvania. The Homeopathic Medical Society of Northeastern Pennsylvania was organized at Pittston, Pennsylvania, June 22, 1882, with Drs. H. N. Dunnell, S. C. Ross, and Charles A. Arthur, of Scranton; Drs. J. A.Bullard and S. J. Coe, of Wilkes-Barre; Drs. S. A. Campbell and Theodore M. Johnson, of Pittston; Dr. H. K., Leonard, of Plymouth, 31 530 HISTORY OF SCKANTON. and Dr. J. W. Coolidge of Carbondale, as charter members. The society includes in its district the counties of Lackawanna, Luzerne, and Wyoming. The first officers were: Dr. Bullard, president; Dr. Dun- nell, vice president, and Dr. Johnson, secretary and treasurer. Meet- ings have been held regularly once in two months, rotating between Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, and Pittston, though of late they have been held in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. The organization has steadily increased in numbers and importance, until at the present time it has several times the number of members it began with, and each meeting is signalized by the reading of one or more papers of sterling merit on subjects of interest to its members. Discussion on "Diseases of the Month," is a regular order of business. The officers of this society at the present time are as follows: President, Dr. H. B. Ware, of Scran- ton; vice president. Dr. H. D. Baldwin, of Montrose; secretary and treasurer. Dr. Theodore M. Johnson, of Pittston. CHAPTER XX. SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. General Remarks — First Lodge of Masons in Scranton — Other Local Lodges, Command- eries and Associations — Independent Order of Odd Fellows — First Lodge in Scranton — Other Lodges, Encampments, and Associations — Knights of Pythias — Ancient Order of Foresters — Patriotic Order Sons of America— Knights of Labor — Sons of St. George — Welsh Philosophical Society — Vesper Literary Association — Other Secret Societies— Lackawanna Bible Society —Lackawanna Scientific and Historical Society — Green Ridge Library Association — Perseverance Club — Forest Hill Cemetery Association- Petersburg Catholic Cemetery — Other Cemeteries. SCRANTON', like all cities of its size in modern times, has a large number of secret societies. So numerous indeed are they that it is deemed inadvisable to present the history of each society in detail, and instead, to give a somewhat general outline of the history of each species of society. The Masonic fraternity was the first to establish itself in Scranton. Free Masonry has passed through two stages of development, and is now in its third stage. For several centuries it was merely an operative body; then for some hundreds of years it was both operative and speculative, and finally it became wholly speculative. In 1717, after the death of Sir Christopher Wren, the Grand Lodge of England was formed in London, by the four lodges then in active work in the south part of England, at the celebrated Apple Tree Tavern in Covent Garden; and having been so modified in its character as to be almost wholly speculative, it began to spread rapidly throughout the world. In 1725 it was introduced in its new form into France; in 1729, into Ireland; in 1731, into Holland, Russia, and Spain; in 1733, into Italy, and in 1736, into Scotland — the Grand Lodge being organized in Scotland in 1736, on the same principles as in England in 1717. In 1730 an attempt was made to introduce the organization into the English colonies in America by the appointment of a provincial grand master for New Jersey; but it is not known whether the incumbent established any lodges. However, in 1733, a lodge was organized in Boston, Massachusetts, and others then speedily followed in other colonies. After the establishment of independence by the United States the lodges of this country availed themselves of the 531 532 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. privileges possessed by similar bodies in all independent countries, ceasing to derive their warrants from the grand lodges of England or of Scotland, as had previously been the case. The first lodge of Masons organized in what is now Scranton, was Hiram Lodge, No, 261, which was instituted May 27, 1852, in Provi- dence, with the following charter members: Elisha Hitchcock, worthy master; Silas B. Eobiuson, senior warden; William H. Pier, junior warden; Sanford Grant, treasurer; A. B. Dunning, secretary; 0. P. Clark, senior deputy; J. R. Bloom, junior deputy; Joseph P. Fellows, page; M. P. Baldwin, scribe; S. Bristol, and Caleb Bloom. This lodge is. still in existence and meets on the second Thursday of each month. Union Lodge, No. 291, Free and Accepted Masons, was instituted at Odd Fellows' Hall in Scranton November 29, 1854. The charter had been obtained on the previous 4th of September. This lodge meets on the third Friday of each month in Masonic Hall, on the corner of Penn Avenue and Linden Street. Peter Williamson Lodge, No. 323, was organized July 15, 1858, at Masonic Hall, and holds meetings on the first Tuesday in each month. Hyde Park Lodge, No. 339, was instituted at Odd Fellows' Hall, Hyde Park, June 20, 1866, and meets at Masonic Hall on the third Monday in each month. Schiller Lodge, No. 345, was instituted June 15, 1864, and holds its meetings at Masonic Hall on the second Monday night of each month. Lackawanna Chapter, No. 185, High Royal Arch Masons, was instituted June 3, 1856, at Odd Fellows' Hall, in Scranton, and meets on the second Tuesday night of each month. Coeur De Lion Commandery, No. 17, Knights Templar, was con- stituted April 28, 1858, in Scranton. The charter is dated June 23, 1858. The commandery meets on the last Wednesday of each month. Melita Commandery, No. 68, was constituted September 10, 1890, the following officers being installed in the evening of that day: John G. McAskie, eminent commander; R. A. Zimmerman, generalissimo; T. F. Penman, captain; John Alexander, Jr., treasurer; W. L. Carr, recorder; R. H. Patterson, senior warden; John T. Fear, junior warden; E. C. Browning, prelate; George Broome, standard bearer; Fred T. Cash, sword bearer; James H. Zerfass, warder; Joseph B. Brunson, sentinel; H. D. Guernsey, organist. The charter membership was twenty-two. The Scranton Masonic Benefit Association was organized for the benefit of members of the Masonic fraternity, and is an important SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 533 organization. The officers are as follows: President, Edward P. Kingsbury; vice president, "William J. Lewis; treasurer, Edward C. Lynde; secretary, Byron R. Wade. One of the most important events that has occurred in Scranton as connected with Masonry was the twenty-fifth annual conclave held during the week ending June 4, 1881. Coeur De Lion Commandery spent a great deal of time in making preparations for the event. The Tancred Commandery, of Pittston, arrived on Tuesday, May 31st; St. Albans Commandery, St. Mary's Commandery, and St. John's Commandery, all of Philadelphia, also arrived on the same day. A memorable feature of the conclave was the "fan drill" by twenty- four young women under the command of Captain L. A. Watres, of Company A, Thirteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard, a performance which evoked much enthusiasm. After dancing, the same young women gave a broom drill, which evoked only less enthusiatic applause than did the fan drill. The annual parade, though some- what interrupted by the inclemency of the weather, was a magnificent afiair, and there were exhibited in it some of the most beautiful banners ever seen in Scranton. The building and hall owned jointly by Hyde Park Lodge No. 339, and Capouse Lodge, No. 170, was destroyed by fire, together with all the furniture and regalia belonging to the two lodges, March 2 1872. A new building was commenced almost immediately after- ward, the corner stone of which was laid June 24, 1872, with imposing ceremonies. The building is located at Nos. 204 and 206 North Main Avenue, is of the Romanesque style of architecture, and is constructed of white marble and pressed brick. It is thirty-one by eighty feet in size, and is three stories high. The first story is used for stores, the second is a large hall for public meetings, and the third is devoted exclusively to the Masonic fraternity. It was dedicated October 15, 1873. In 1885 a large, fine hall was erected by Mr. Victor Koch, on the corner of Penn Avenue and Linden Street, for the use of the various Masonic societies. It is four stories high, the upper story being a double one, to give plenty of height for the main hall. The building is of Philadelphia pressed brick with terra cotta tnmmings. It is forty-eight by one hundred feet in size, and cost $50,000.00. The laro-e hall in the upper story is forty-eight by sixty feet in size, and eighteen feet high in the clear, the rest of the story being occupied by anterooms. The second story is occupied by various, orders, among them being the Sons of St. George, Patriotic Order Sons of 534 HISTOET OF SCRANTON. America, Royal Arcanum, Catholic Mutual Benefit Associations, ITriendly Order Sons of Columbia, and Iron Hall. In the latter part of the eighteenth century societies of mechanics and laborers existed in London, England, calling themselves "Ancient and Honorable Loyal Odd Fellows." From them the " Union Order of Odd Fellows" sprang, and spread rapidly throughout England. The order was at this time convivial in its nature, and attempts were made to abolish that feature. From these attempts a new system arose in 1813, and several seceding lodges formed the "Manchester Unity." This Unity now numbers the majority of the Odd Fellows in England. The first lodge of Independent Odd Fellows formed in the United States was the Washington Lodge, in Baltimore, Maryland, April 26, 1819. This lodge was organized by Thomas Wildey and four others. There had been a few lodges of the order previously in New York City and Boston, which bore allegiance to the parent lodge in Great Britain, but they were not in any way national in their charac- ter. The second lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was organized in Boston, March 26, 1820, and another was organized in Philadelphia, December 26, 1821. Both of these lodges received their charters from Baltimore in 1823. The celebration of the establishment of the order in the United States occurred in Scranton, April 26, 1869, and was a notable affair. The procession formed on Wyoming Avenue, and was marshaled by Adam L. Horn, grand marshal. Man- uel Green was first assistant marshal, and Charles Corliss, second assistant marshal. The Dunmore Cornet Band , headed the procession and the Nay Aug Drum Corps occupied the center. There were eight lodges in the procession, including Lackawanna Lodge, Fo. 291, of Scranton, which then had forty members; Lincoln Lodge, No. 492, thirty members; Eesidenz Lodge, No. 513, sixty njembers, and Alliance Lodge, No. 540, forty-four members. There were also two Encamp- ments, viz., Arnim Encampment, No. 124, fifty-eight members, and Scrantonia Encampment, No. 81, forty-seven members. Rev. I. Cohen delivered an address in German, in which he said that Odd Fellowship boasted of four cardinal principles — friendship, love, truth, and faith in the Supreme Arbiter of Destiny. John T. Howe also made an address, and the occasion was one long to be remembered. The first lodge of Odd Fellows in this immediate section of the valley, was Capouse Lodge, No. 170, of Hyde Park. Its charter members were mostly from Cambrian Lodge, No. 58, of Carbondale, and its institution occurred July 24, 1846, in the old Slocum House. The first officers were: E. S. M. Hill, noble grand; William SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 535 Hawket, vice grand; J. S. Sherrerd, secretary, and John Mead, treas- urer. Up to March 2, 1872, the lodge was located in a hall erected for it on the site of the subsequent Hyde Park Bank, but at that time its hall was burned down, and it met in the halls of the Cooper- ative Association, and of Warnke & Ilower. Its new hall was erected in 1874, but had to be sold for debt. This lodge has had varying fortunes, at one time having as many as three hundred and seventy- six members, at other times less than one hundred. Its name was changed June 29, 1880, to Blocum Lodge, No. 976, and it meets every Saturday evening at Masonic Hall, Hyde Park. The first lodge of this order organized in Scranton was Lacka- wanna Lodge, JSTo. 291, which was instituted in Odd Fellows' Hall March 16, 1848. It now meets every Friday evening at Odd Fellows' Hall, Nos. 209 and 211 Wyoming Avenue. Lincoln Lodge, No. 492, was instituted at Dunmore June 27, 1853, removed to Providence November 1, 1864, and meets every other Saturday evening at No. 112 West Market Street, Providence. Residenz Lodge, No. 513, was insti- tuted December 29, 1854, had seventeen charter members, and meets every Wednesday evening at German Odd Fellows' Hall on Lacka- wanna Avenue. Alliance Lodge, No. 540, was instituted May 9, 1858, at Lafayette Hall, and meets every Thursday evening at German Odd Fellows' Hall. Silurian Lodge, -No. 763, was institued May 5, 1871, and meets every Friday evening at No. 702 South Main Avenue, Hyde Park. Globe Lodge, No. 958, was instituted July 24, 1878, aud meets every Monday evening at Ilarugari Hall, Nos. 115 and 117 North Main Avenue, Hyde Park. Robert Burns Lodge, No. 859, was instituted October 29, 1873, and meets at German Odd Fellows' Hall, No. 522 Lackawanna Avenue. Green Ridge Lodge, No. 603, meets every Thursday evening at Hornbaker's Hall. Celestial Lodge, No. 833, was instituted April 21, 1873, and meets every Monday evening at No. Ill West Market Street, Providence. Scranton Encampment, No. 81, was instituted at Odd Fellows' Hall, Scranton, March 16, 1849, and meets on the second and fourth Mondays of each month, at Odd Fellows' Hall, Nos. 207 and 209 Wyoming Avenue. Arnim Encampment, No. 124, was organized at a special meeting July 10, 1857, at Scranton. The first regular meeting was held on July 17th, following. It meets on the first and third Mondays of each month at German Odd Fellows' Hall. Hyde Park Encampment, No. 249, was instituted December 13, 1871, and meets on the second and fourth Wednesday evenings of each- month at Masonic Hall, Nos. 204 and 206 North Main Avenue. 536 HISTORY OF SCEANTON. The degi-ee of Rebekah was established by Hon. Schuyler Colfax and adopted by the grand lodges in 1851, for the use of women legally connected with the subordinate lodges by male members. The Odd Fellows*of Hyde Park, Providence, and Scranton, made arrangements in August, 1868, to hold meetings for the purpose of conferring this degree, the meetings to be held monthly in turn at each place. The Urst meeting was held at Lincoln Lodge rooms in Providence on Friday, August 14, 1868. There is one lodge of this degree in Scran- ton, viz., Christiana Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 64, which meets on the first and third Mondays in each month at German Odd Fellows' Hall. In 18.86 there were nine hundred and ninety-five Rebekah Degree Lodges in Pennsylvania. The Grand Encampment of Pdd Fellows was held in Scranton during the week ending May 21, 1887. There was a large attendance both of members and strangers. The Grand Encampment was opened Monday morning, the 16th, but the great day was Tuesday, when most of the lodges in the northeastern part of the State turned out in parade.. All the bands in Lackawanna County were in attendance, and Mayor Ripple delivered an address of welcome, which was responded to by Charles Ridgway, most worthy grand master. The procession occurred in the afternoon, in which there were fully four thousand men in line. Odd Fellows' Hall Association was organized June 1, 1849, in a schoolhouse standing on the brow of the hill between the furnaces and flour mill of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company. S. T. Scran- ton was chosen president; B. H. Throop, secretary, and J. C. Piatt treasurer. The upper story of the hall, which had been erected some time, was arranged as a lodge room, and was first used by the Sons of Temperance, March 1, 1848, and by Lackawanna Lodge, No. 291, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, March 16, 1848. This same hall was occupied by Scrantonia (formerly Lechawanna) Encampment, No. 81; Hyde Park (formerly Armion) Encampment, No. 124; Residenz Lodge, No. 513, and Alliance Lodge, No. 540, all Odd Fellows; Lack- awanna Lodge, No. 221, Independent Order Good Templars; Scranton Lodge, No. 158, Independent Order Good Templars; and by Cascade Temple of Honor, Cadets of Temperance; by the various Masonic organizations, by the " Know Nothings," Union League, and by the ladies of Scranton in their labors for the Union soldiers. The first story had been used by the Presbyterians, German Pres- byterians, Episcopalians, and Baptists, by the German Lutherans and Universalists, by the Union, Welsh, Baptist, and Presbyterian Sunday- SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATlOlSfS. 537 schools, by the Presbyterian, Baptist, and union prayer meetings, German, Welsh Baptist, Mechanics' Union, beneficial and other socie- ties; German Republican Club, caucuses, town polls, Scranton Brass Band, Scranton Lyceum, United States Military Hospital, and for lectures, exhibitions, concerts, singing schools, etc. It was erected in 1848 on Jefl'erson Avenue and removed to Lackawanna Avenue,- where it was finally taken down to make room for a block of brick stores and oflfices and for the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company. The new building on the site of the Odd Fellows' Hall was completed in 1867. It was three stories high and one hundred and sixteen by one hundred feet in size, and was divided by brick parti- tions into four compartments, one for oflices and the other three for stores of different kinds. Odd Fellows' Hall and Cemetery Association was incorporated November 18, 1873. It has property valued at $20,000, consisting of a lot on "Wyoming Avenue and three acres of the Forest Hill Cemetery. The German Odd Fellows' Association when organized, was composed of members of Residenz Lodge, Alliance Lodge, Arnim Encampment, and Rebekah Degree, these members forming themselves into a stock company, which was incorporated for the purpose of erecting a hall upon property then recently purchased from the estate of Krielrich & Schiel, on Lackawanna Avenue. The building was to be of the same height with the adjoining one, which already stood on the property, and to contain a suitable hall with anterooms over both buildings. The main hall was to be fifty by fifty feet, and the esti- mated cost was $26,000.00. The corner stone of this new building was laid July 8, 1876, the ceremonies being participated in by Alliance Lodge, No. 540; Residenz Lodge, No. 513; Arnim encampment. No. 124; Robert Burns Lodge, No. 859; Lackawanna Lodge, No. 291, and representatives from the lodges in Hyde Park, Dunmore, Wilkes-Barre, and Pittston, and from Rebekah Degree Lodge. The size of the building was twenty -five by eighty- eight feet. The first directors of this association, which was organized January 1 1877 were as follows: Henry Sockroth, president; Jacob Engel, vice president; John Center, secretary; Charles Fisher, treasurer; August Stutzbach, Theodore Hessinger, C. Reichers, William Ruhls, Louis Yost Carl Art, Jacob Frick, and Charles Henssner. Up to the 28th of May, 1877, there had been paid in by the several lodges and encampments the following sums: Residenz Lodge, $4,476 90; AlHance Lodge $2,697.45; Arnim Encampment, $1,420.21; Rebekah Degree, $49629; individual subscriptions amounted to $5,989.00; picnics had 538 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. brought ill $105.70; rents, $693.00, and from other sources there had been received $149.77. The total amount so far was $16,028.32. The building when completed was and still remains a substantial memorial to the enterprise of the German citizens of Scran ton. It was dedicated January 26, 1877, the ceremonies being conducted by the officers of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. The Knights of Pythias originated during the War of the Rebel- lion, among officers of the Union Army. Its leading motive is that of friendship^ and its name was suggested by the famous story of Damon and Pythias (Phintias), two Pythagorean philosophers who lived at Syracuse during the reign of Dionysius, the tyrant, and who were united to each other by ties of the firmest friendship. After the close of the war the ritual was rewritten and the rules of the order so modified as to admit the people to membership. The members aim to relieve suffering, care for the sick, help the unfortunate, bury the dead, and give sympathy and assistance to the widows and orphans of their members. In 1871 there were about three hundred active lodges in Pennsylvania. The first lodge in Scranton was Scranton Lodge, No. 263, instituted August 24, 1870, with forty-three mem- bers. Panooka Lodge, No. 308, was organized in Providence, August 11, 1871, with seven charter members, and meets every Friday evening in Osterhout Hall. Roaring Brook Lodge, No. 401, was instituted at Powell's Hall, Wyoming Avenue, July 2, 1873, with ten charter members, and meets every Friday evening at Masonic Hall. Hyde Park Lodge, No. 306, was instituted in 1872 or 1873, and meets every Friday evening at Masonic Hall. Electric City Lodge, No. 313, was installed Wednesday evening, October 2, 1890, a charter having been granted on the application of ten members. The original membership was thirty-five. The ' officers elected and installed were as follows: William E. Owens, chancellor commander; E, A. Niemeyer, vice chan- cellor; A. E. Thornton, prelate; T. A. Y. Hodgson, keeper of records and seal; George W. Evans, master of exchequer; J. B. Grimshaw, master of finance; John G.Hodgson, master-at-arms; Wilfred Fletcher, inner guard; Benjamin Andrews, outer guard; George Hodgson, past chancellor. Trustees, Simon Lauer, eighteen months; John L. L. Travis, twelve months; B. E. Smith, six months. The members are mainly business men of Scranton and Hyde Park. At the institution of the new lodge delegations were present from nearly all of the Lackawanna County lodges. Dr. William E. Lloyd, grand chancellor, was the instituting officer. The charter was granted to the following Knights: George W. Evans, E. A. Neimeyer, A. E. Thornton, T.'A. Y. SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 539 Hodgson, J. B. Grimshaw, Eichard Davis, P. Deitrick, William E. Owens, George Walters, and Benjamin Andrews. The Ancient Order of Foresters originated in England in 1745, under the name of Koyal Foresters, by which name it continued until 1834, when at a grand convention held at Rochdale, England, the name was changed to what it is now. Since that time it has spread into all parts of the civilized world. It was first instituted in the United States in 1866. It is open to all sects, creeds, and politics, the only requisites being good health and good moral character. The order in this country is governed by a subsidiary high court, which has full jurisdiction over its members. The legislature meets bienni- ally. It supports for its own indigent members, a Foresters' Asylum, situated at Besley Heath, Kent, twelve miles from London. It also supports life boats, one at Tynemouth and another at Hartlepool, England. The motto of the order is " Unity, Benevolence, and Con- cord." The following courts of this order have been established in Scranton: Pride of Lackawanna Court, No. 5,793; Keystone Leader, No. 5,424; Robin Hood Court, No. 5,855; Centennial Court, No. 6,181; Albion Court, No. 7,066, and Ethan Allen Court, No. 7,382. The Patriotic Order Sons of America was instituted December 10, 1847, and was for several years quite a prosperous organization. But at the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion nearly every man belonging to the order entered the army of the Union, and as a consequence it nearly passed out of existence. At the close of the war, however, new life was infused into it, and it grew rapidly again. In 1886 there were in Pennsylvania two hundred and fifteen camps with a membership of about fifteen thousand. Twenty applicants were required to procure a charter at a fee of $8.00, which entitles applicants to both the red and white degrees. The blue degree or conimandery is composed of a union of five camps. Camp No. 178 was organized in Hyde Park in 1872, has two hundred and fifty members, and meets every Thursday evening at Harug^ri Hall, Hyde Park. Camp No. 242 was formed in 1885, has forty members, and meets every Wednesday evening at Masonic Hall, at the corner of Penn Avenue and Linden Street. Camp No. 175 was instituted May 28, 1888, at Jermyn's Hall, with thirty-two charter members, now has one hundred and fifty members, and meets every Friday evening at Hulbert's Hall. Camp No. 177 has forty members, and meets every Wednesday evening at Osterhout Hall. Camp No. 333 was instituted at Masonic Hall, Hyde Park, June 18, 1888, with forty-four members, and now has a membership of eighty-one. It 540 SISTORt ot scranton. meets every Tuesday evening at Masonic Hall. Camp iN'o. 342 has now forty members, and meets every Friday evening at Oak Hall, Green Eidge. Camp No. 430 was instituted at Schimpff's Hall, April 30 1889. It has two hundred and sixty-five members, and meets every Monday evening at Fruehan's Hall. Lackawanna Commandery, No. 37, Blue Degree, was instituted November 29, 1888, with twenty-seven members. It meets every other Tuesday evening, at Masonic Hall. The first ofiicers of this command- ery were as follows: A, F. Stokes, commander; W. E. Geddes, lieu- tenant commander; H. S. Poust, scribe; G. W. Zink, purser; J. F. Baumeister, rector; H. C. Haak, inspector, and A. B. Mott, guard. There is an insurance feature connected with this order as there is with the Knights of Pythias, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, etc. For a certificate of $1,000.00 the assessments are as follows: From 16 to 25 years of age, fl.OO; from 25 to 30, $1.10; from 30 to 35, $1.20; from 35 to 40, $1.50; from 40 to 45, $1.80, and from 45 to 50, $2.10. This order has for its objects the inculcation of Ameri- can principles and reverence for American institutions; the cultivation of fraternal aflection among Americans; opposition to foreign inter- ference with State interests in the United States, and to any form of organized disregard of American laws and customs; the preservation of the Constitution of the United States and the advancement of the free public school system. The Knights of Labor originated in Philadelphia in 1869. On Thanksgiving Day, November 25th, that year, a number of garment cutters assembled at the home of Uriah S. Stephens in that city, to form a seci'et protective union for their trade. This was the germ from which the Knights of Labor sprang. Uriah S. Stephens was the founder of the order. He wrote its fundamental work, " Adelphon Kruptos." He also wrote the constitution, the declaration of princi- ples, and prepared the dift'erent ceremonies for the session, also the signs and grips and questions by which the members are enabled to recognize each other. He appointed a number of traveling organizers who went all over Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Maryland, in which States they formed hundreds of local assemblies in quick succession. On January 1, 1878, upon a call from District Assembly No. 1, delegates from fifteen districts assembled in Reading, Pennsylvania, and formed a general assembly, which is the legislative body for the entire order. "Old Man Stephens" as he was called, was made the first Grand Master Workman, and a national resistance fund was set aside from the SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 541 monthly dues of the local assemblies, which must be kept intact by the grand officers, unless otherwise provided by the executive board, to assist brothers in need against the oppression of employers. Every member of the- order conti'ibutes five cents per month to this fund, and not more than ten per cent can be taken from it at one time for any purpose whatever. The principles of the order are as follows: 1. To bring within the folds of the order every department of productive industry, making knowledge a standpoint of action, and industrial, moral worth, not wealth, the standard of individual greatness. 2. To secure to the toilers a proper share of the wealth which they create; more of the leisure that rightfully belongs to them; more society advantages; more of the benefits, privileges, and emoluments of the world; in short, all those rights and privileges necessary to make them capable of enjoying and appreciating, defending and per- petuating, the blessings of good government. 3. To arrive at the true condition of the producing masses in their educational, moral, and financial condition by demanding from the various governments the establishment of bureaus of labor statistics. 4. The establishment of cooperative institutions, productive and distributive. 5. The reserving of the public lands, the rightful heritage of the people, for the actual settler — not another acre for railroads and corporations. 6. The abrogation of all laws that do not bear equally upon cap- ital and labor; the removal of unjust and iniquitous delays . and discriminations of justice, and the adoption of measures providing for the health and safety of those who are engaged in mining, manufac- turing, and building pursuits. 7 The enactment of laws to compel chartered corporations to pay their employes weekly in full for labor performed the previous week, in lawful money of the country. 8. The^, enactment of laws giving mechanics and laborers a first lien on their work for their full wages. 9. The abolishment of the contract system on national. State, and municipal work. 10. The substitution of arbitration in strikes whenever employers are willing to meet on equitable grounds. 11. The prohibition of the employment of children m workshops, mines, and factories before attaining their fourteenth year. 542 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. 12. The abolition of the system of letting out by contract the labor of convicts in our prisons and reformatory institutions. 13. To secure for both sexes equal pay for equal work. 14. The reduction of the hours of labor to eight per day. 15. To prevail upon governments to establish a purely national, circulating medium,, issued directly to the people without the inter- vention of any system of banking corporations, which money shall be a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private. The first session of the general assembly was held in Philadelphia June 6, 1878, for the purpose of considering the propriety of making public the name of the order and of defending it from the fierce assaults and defamation of the press, corporate capital, and the clergy, The proposal to make the name public was voted down. The next general assembly was held January 14, 1879, in St. Louis, at which time there were ten thousand members in good standing. At this time it was recommended that the organization should attempt to accomplish its purposes by participating in politics. The third general assembly was held in Chicago September 2, 1879, when thirteen thousand mem- bers reported. At this time it was recommended by resolution that the local assemblies use their political power in all legislative elections, each assembly to unite with that party through which it could gain the most. At the fourth regular session of the General Assembly, at Pitts- burgh, in September 1880, Grand Master Workman, T. V. Powderly, at the time mayor of Scranton, congratulated the assembled delegates on the growth of the order, the membership then being forty thousand, eight hundred and fifty-five. A motion to admit women to the order was adopted, but a motion to admit lawyers and physicians, who, together with bankers and saloon keepers, were excluded by the constitution of the order, was rejected. At the fifth regular session held September, 1881, at Detroit, it was decided to make the name and objects of the organization public. By May 1, 1882, the mem- bership of the order had grown to one hundred and forty thousand. There were then forty-four district assemblies, and one thousand eight hundred and thirty local assemblies in good working order. The first assembly in the Lackawanna Valley was organized May 15, 1875, by Fred Turner and James L. Wright, who visited Scranton for the purpose of planting the order in the upper coal fields. This assembly was Scranton Assembly, No. 88, and had at first but eight members, all stationary engineers. Even with the members extreme secrecy was observed, the name of the society into which they had SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 543 been initiated being withheld from them for weeks after their initia- tion. About a year afterward, however, Messrs. Turner and Wright returned to the coal regions, and informed the members of Assembly E"o. 88 that they were at liberty to take in men of other trades and callings, and that it was a part of their mission to make Assembly No. 88 the foundation of a powerful association. The master workman of No. 88 at that time was John F. Williams. Assembly No. 216 was soon afterward formed of miners at Providence, on July 3, 1876, by George W. George, a member of No. 88. Soon after the formation of No. 216, a number of carpenters who had joined No. 88, on August 29, 1876, organized Assembly No. 217, of Scranton, with Duncan Wright as master workman. Assembly No. 222 was organized October 14, 1876, with T. V. Powderly as master workman ; Joshua R. Thomas, worthy foreman, and John Fitz- gibbons, recording secretary. Not long afterward Assembly No. 227 was organized at Scranton. When Assembly No. 231 was organized, the question was raised as to the establishment of a district assembly. Attention was brought to this question at a meeting of the representatives from Scranton assemblies, January 1, 1877, and on January 19th, following, the first meeting was held for the purpose of organizing the district. At this meeting each assembly was represented by three members. George W. George was elected a delegate to go to Reading for the purpose of attending the next meeting of District Assembly No. 4, and as the result of his visit, a call was issued for the delegates to reassemble on February 24, 1877, on which evening District Assembly, No. 5, which was afterward changed to No. 16, was organized. James Albert Clarke, then editing the Scranton Free Patrol, was made district master workman, and Edward Black, of Wilkes-Barre, was elected recording secretary; T. V. Powderly, corresponding secretary, and Joshua R. Thomas, treasurer. The work of organization proceeded with great rapidity. On July 1, 1877, District Assembly, No. 5, had one hundred and seven assemblies within its jurisdiction. The number of District Assembly, No. 5, was changed to No. 16 after the organization of the General Assembly of Knights of Labor of North America, January 1, 1878. The assemblies in Scranton at the present time number ten, as follows: Stationary Engineers' Assembly, No. 88, which meets the first and third Fridays in each month at Cooperative Hall, Hyde Park- Protection Assembly, No. 222, which meets every Monday evening at Noake's Hall, Spruce and Franklin streets; Vulcan Assem- 544 HISTORY OF SORANTON. bly, No. 3,824, which meets every Thursday evening at Noake's Hall; Painters and Decorators' Union, which meets every first and third Thursday evening at Hulbert's Hall, No. 117 Wyoming Avenue; Stone Cutters' Union, which meets every alternate Friday evening at the same place; Bricklayers and Masons' International Union, which meets every alternate Friday evening at the same place, and Machinists' Assembly, No. 6,233, which meets every alternate Monday evening at the same place; The order of the Sons of St. George is composed of those who are English born or who are the sons of Englishmen. It was established in Scranton under a charter granted to the following persons: Thomas 0. Jones, S. S. Bice, Eichmond Tyack, Joseph Davenport, William Maylin, George Allen, George Cooper, Edward C. Fletcher, Albert Roskelly, William Jarvis, H. S. Wyatt, and Thomas Watkins. Lodge No. 1, Sons of St. George, was instituted in December, 1870, with Thomas 0. Jones, president, and S. S. Bice, secretary. On January 9, 1872, this society held a meeting in Hyde Park for the purpose of forming a Grand Lodge for the State, which was effected by the election of officers as follows: Joseph T. Kirkbride, of Car- bondale, worthy grand patriarch; Joel Brinton, of Pittston, worthy grand working patriarch; Dr. E. C. Fletcher, of Hyde Park, worthy grand secretary; S. S. Bice, Hyde Park, assistant secretary; J. M. Gardner, of Gibsonburg, worthy grand treasurer; T. Truscott, of Gibsonburg, grand sentinel; John Merritt, of Gibsonburg, grand mar- shal; T. Smiles, of Pittston, grand messenger, and S. Dennis, of Plymouth, John Hallowell, of Carbondale, and Richard Jones, of Mahoney City, trustees. The Sovereigns of Industry were first organized in Pennsylvania in December, 1874, the first council being organized at that time. The organization made rapid progress, and in June, 1875, there were four councils of the order in operation here, representing about .two hundred and fifty families. One was a German council, one was organ- ized in Hyde Park and one in Providence. One object of this order was to combine the workingmen together for the purpose of purchas- ing provisions, etc., of wholesale dealers, and thus save to themselves the profits of the retailer. They aimed to buy exclusively for cash and thus get also the effect of a second saving, as merchants who sell on credit must charge enough so that their good paying customers pay the debts of those who do not pay at all. The Welsh Philosophical Society was the result of a movement SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 545 to establish an organization iu Hyde Park, which should enable the workingmen among the Welsh people of the place, to meet at least once a week for the purpose of investigating and debating questions relating more particularly to mines, mining, geology, natural philos- ophy, and kindred subjects, and which was set on foot early in the year 1857. Before the close of the year an association was formed which took the name above given. It met weekly on South Main Avenue, in a room over the store of Mr. Thomas Eynon. Among the persons largely instrumental in establishing the society were Messrs. Thomas Eynon, David B. Owens, Enoch ^Harris, Thomas D. Davis^ Daniel Davis, Reese T. Evans, Benjamin Hughes, and Thomas Phillips. The proceedings of the society were conducted entirely in the Welsh language. Practical questions pertaining to the formation and mining of coal, the nature of gases generated in the mines, the laws of ventilation, and the nature and extent of atmospheric disturbances were discussed and explained. Many other questions of public interest in the realms of politics, history — ancient and modern, poetry, and music were introduced from time to time, and the ijature of the subjects investigated fully justified the title, "philosophical society." Between the years 1857 and 1875 an efi:brt was made to establish a library, but beyond the gathering together of about a hundred books of a philosophical nature, no successful movement was made until 1875. Previous to this time it had been the custom of the society to hold annually an Eisteddvod — an assembly where competitors meet in the litei'ary and musical arena to strive for prizes awarded by competent judges for the best speeches, recitations, poems, essays, and singing, especially choral singing. The revenue derived from this source enabled the society to defray its ordinary current expenses. The members felt the great need of a library, and for the purpose of providing for this need, arrangements were made to hold an Eisteddvod in 1875 on an extensive scale. This festival was a great success. General Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, presided at some of the meetings. Samuel Sloan and Moses Taylor, of the Delaware, Lacka- wanna & Western Railroad Company, came from Few York specially to attend one of its sessions. Among the judges of the choral singing was Carl Zerrahn, of Boston, and over $1,500 was awarded in prizes and the net gain was about |1,500. The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company donated $1,000 to help the project of establishing the library. The result was, that a library containing over fifteen hundred volumes was secured, which subsequently was 35 546 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. formally opened in pleasant quarters, and the society established on a firmer foundation, after being duly incorporated. Two other festi- vals, of a character similar to the one held in 1875, were successfully carried on in 1880 and 1885, with results which enabled the society to pay the expenses of the library almost to the present time. The library contains a larger number of valuable, practical works than any other in the city of Scranton. It is intended largely for the use of persons desiring to study history, natural philosophy, and the literature of the mechanic arts. The Welsh people are not much given to light reading, hence the library is not overburdened with works of fiction. The society during its thirty-four years of existence has always aimed at securing practical results. There is hardly a phase of the subjects of mines, mining, and ventilation that has not received its attention. Through its instrumentality many miners have been able to acquire an extensive knowledge of these subjects that they could not possibly have acquired from any other source. The result has been that a large number of the members of this society ai-e now filling positions of profit and responsibility in the management of mines. Some have become mine inspectors, others have become gen- eral superintendents of mines, and many others mine foremen. The society has been the best possible preparatory school for its members, preparing them for higher and better positions. Among those who have assisted largely in developing the practical features of the society are Benjamin Hughes, general inside superintendent of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Eailroad Company's coal mines, Thomas D. Davis, Esq., assistant inside superintendent, and the Hon. John T. Williams, formerly a member of the Pennsylvania House of Repre- sentatives. The trustees of this society at the present time are as follows: H. M. Edwards, Benjamin Hughes, Thomas D. Davies, Daniel J. Evans, and Edward John, and the librarian is Chamer W. Evans. The Vesper Literary Association was organized April 12, 1881, in the library room of the Penu Avenue Baptist Church. Those present at the meeting were Fred Bennett, John Van Nort, Julian De Craw, George Gray, Arion Kellar, J. A. Spencer, and William Stewart. It was decided to extend invitations to any young men over seventeen years of age and of good moral character, to join the society, which was formally organized April 19, 1881. At this meet- ing, in addition to those present at the first meeting, there were the following: Prank Hallstead, James T. Cowan, F. JST. Manchester, N. T. Pentacost, and J. W. Maddox. These were the charter members of the association. Officers were elected, and it was decided to hold SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 547 meetings every Tuesday evening. In a few weeks tlie membership of the society increased to forty. The trustees of the Penn Avenue Church gave the use of a room in the new church building, to be known as the "Vesper Parlor," which the society nicely fitted for its own use. This gave quite an impetus to the members to develop themselves in debate, parliamentary practice, and social intercourse. Entertainments were given, and during the excursion season a pleasant excursion was offered to the public to Wilkes-Barre by rail, and down the Susquehanna River by steamboat. The great work of the associ- ation is the individual improvement of its members, and many of them have been induced to secure a liberal and classical education, who would not have done so but for the influence of the society. Of members of this society now at college two are at Wesleyan Uni- versity, three at Buckwell University, one at the University of Michigan, one at Yale, one at Amherst, one at the University of Penn- sylvania, one at Crozier Theological Seminary, and one at Lafayette College. The society at the present time is in a flourishing condition, and meets every Monday night, at its rooms in the Penn Avenue Baptist Church. The officers at this time are as follows: President, H. T. Koehler; vice president, Robert McKenna, Jr.; secretary, Harry S. Smith; treasurer, George Tripp, and besides these there are twenty- seven active members. The Scranton Branch of the Irish Land League was organized August 11, 1880. A meeting was held for the purpose on that day at which T. V. Powderly presided and the following organization was efi'ected: T. V. Powderly, president; James Mitchell, vice president; W. F. Loftus, secretary; and Daniel Campbell, treasurer. Addresses were delivered by Dr. Dillon Eagan of New York; Rev. Father Roche of Hyde Park, and John J. Tomlinson of the Scranton Times, on the aims and objects of the League. A public meeting was held the next Sunday, August 15th, in Father Matthew's Hall, at which a lecture was delivered on the "Irish Land Agitation" by Dr. Eagan. Mr. Powderly presided at the meeting. The order of the Sons of Columbia, was incorporated in Decem- ber 1890. The purpose of the order is the relief of its members in case of sickness or disability. The corporation is to be managed the first year by the following gentlemen: Michael Grimes, James T. White, John J. Fahey, W. H. Burge, J. C. Vaugy, and M. P. Flynn as a board of directors. Besides these there are numerous other societies, the names of most of which are here given: Typographical Union, No. 12; Aucieut 548 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Order of Iliberuiaiis, No. 3; Iron Hall Benevolent Society; Sous of Temperance, No. 140; Knights of Honor, Protection Lodge, No'. 1727; Hyde Park Lodge, No. 1849; Boilers and Blacksmiths' Union, No. 8649; Moulders and Laborers' Benevolent Association; Legion of Honor, Scranton Council, No. 559; American Protestant Association, Eagle Lodge, No. 107; Morning Star, No. 79; Scranton, No. 89; Star of Hope, No, 109; Improved Order of Red Men, Bald Eagle Tribe, No. 102; Mingo Tribe, No. 104; Nay Aug Tribe, No. 140; Navajo Tribe, No. 105; Pa-uoo-ka Tribe, No. 141; Tannaluka Tribe, No. 72; Pocono Tribe, No. 320; Orinoco Council, No. 24; Department of Pennsylvania, Tammany Council, No. 8; Department of Pennsylvania, Hiawatha Council, No. 26; Department of Pennsylvania; ludpendent Order of Red Men, Cheuvska Tribe, No. 194; Good Templars, Scran- ton Lodge, No. 158; St. Joseph Society; Royal Arcanum, Scranton, No. 923; Lackawanna, No. 1133; Ancient Britons, EJower of Lacka- wanna, and various other different kinds. The Lackawanna Bible Society was organized November 25, 1856, in Adams Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, the first officers being Rev. George Peck, D. D., president; Charles Fuller, secretary; Edward C. Fuller, treasurer; Henry Hickok was the first colporteur, and during the summer vacation of 1857 he canvassed Scranton, and its vicinity. The first anniversary of the society was held in Providence, December 17, 1857, the Rev. Dr. Peck, president in the chair. The treasurer reported receipts from sales of Bibles and Testaments at the depository and donations from the churches, |308.38. The two colporteui-s that had been employed during the year had visited two thousand four hundred and ninety-five families and had disti'ibuted one hundred and ninety-seven Bibles and Testaments. This activity of the Bible Society's colporteurs had induced tlie Roman Catholic priest to distribute among his people a considerable number of the Douay Bible. The officers elected at this time were as follows: Rev. M. J. Hickok, D. D., president; Rev. G. M. Peck, first vice president; J. R. West, second vice president; Charles Fuller, secretary; Edward C. Fuller, treasurer; Samuel Sherrer, A. B. Silkman, J. H. Phinuey, Rev. T. R. Townseud, and Rev. J. B. Lutz, executive committee. Rev. S. S. Kennedy, ^gent of the society for 1859, canvassed eight townships in the northern part of the county that year, and visited 1,212 families, of whom 141 were destitute of the Bible. He gave away 358 copies of the Bible and Testament. During the war but little was done by the society, and the next annual meeting of which any report could be found was that for 1865, the ninth. It was held SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 549 in the First Presbyterian Church, January 23, 1865, with Rev. Af. J. Hickok, president, in the cliair. The receipts from sales at the depos- itory had been $1,362.41; donations from churches, |463.61; sales by S. S. Kennedy, $247.57; and the total receipts were |2,073.59. The officers elected at that meeting were Rev. S. Whaley, president; Rev. John A. Wood, first vice president; Rev. A. L. Clark, second vice president; Charles Fuller, secretary; Edward C. Fuller, treasurer and depository; and Rev. Isaac Bevan, Rev. Louis Wallon, C. F. Mattes, J. W. Brock, and Thomas Phillips, executive committee. The tenth annual meeting was held in Providence, February 13, 1866. Rev. Mr. Whaley, president, in the chair. Rev. S. S. Kennedy had received, during the year, $417.44, of which George Coray had donated $100.00. The treasurer had received $463.02, and the books in the depository were worth $377.12. The officers elected at this meeting were: Rev. Isaac Bevan, president; Rev. A. A. Marple and Rev. K W. Everett, vice presidents; Charles Fuller, secretary; Edward G. Fuller, treasurer, and J. W. Brock, G. W, Miller, A. E. Albright, W. G, Ward, and Rev. T. R. Townseud, executive committee. The eleventh annual meeting was held in the Hyde Park Presby- terian Church, February 19, 1867. Edward C. Fuller had received from sales, $403.83; Rev. S. S. Kennedy, $415.49. Rev. S. Shatter, colporteur, had visited 1,134 families and had sold and given away 115 Bibles and Testaments. The officers elected at this meeting were as follows: Rev. IST. W. Everett, president; Rev. A. L. Clark and Rev. Paul Quattlander, vice presidents; Charles Fuller, secretary-, and Thomas Moore, David Kemmerer, L. S. Watres, George Coray, and Alfred Hand, executive committee. The twelfth annual meeting was held in the Carbondale Presby- terian Church. The treasurer had received during the year from sales and donations, $996.79, and the books in the depository were worth $885.94. The depository had been removed from the office of Charles Fuller to the store of George Blake & Company. The colpor- teur, Rev. S. Shaffer, had visited 1,626 families and had sold 271 Bibles and Testaments. Rev. S. S. Kennedy had received $315.58. Thomas Gillespie of Carbondale, had recently bequeathed to the American Bible Society, $5,000 for the dissemination of the Scriptures in Luzerne, Susquehanna, and Wayne counties. The officers elected at this time were Rev. S. Whaley, president; Rev. Oliver Crane and B. D. Sturdevant, vice presidents; James Blake, treasurer and deposi- tory; W. H. Richmond, J. B. Lent, George Coray, Dr. H. Ladd, and Ed. Judson, executive committee. 550 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. From this time on until 1876 no annual meeting was held, when the twentieth meeting was held in the Adams Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, February 18th. The meeting was called to order by Charles Fuller, who nominated Rev. L. C. Floyd as chairman. Eev. 8. S. Kennedy was appointed secretary. Charles Fuller read the minutes of the meeting that had been held in the Carbondale Presbyterian Church eight years before. The work in the city had been (juietly carried on during the interim by the secretary, Charles Fuller, notwitstanding that no meetings had been held. The entire field of the society had been can- vassed, but few of the people took much interest in the work. There had been visited 4,437 families; 861 Bibles and Testaments had been distributed; 1711.60 had been collected; $2,311.59 received from sales, and there were books with M. Norton worth |816.16. A new board of officers was elected as follows: Charles Fuller, president; William Connell and Samuel E. Eayoor, vice presidents; II. M. Boies, secretary; J. C. Piatt, treasurer; W. H. Richmond, Thomas Moore, H. B. Rock- well, E. F. Nettleton, and Thomas Phillips, executive committeee. The annual meeting for 1877 was held February 18. Rev. S S. Kennedy said that the legacy of Thomas Gillespie had paid for most of the Bibles that had been distributed in Luzerne, Susquehanna, and Wayne counties during the preceding ten years, and that the fund was then exhausted. Rev. Dr. Logan then delivered an address to the society, in the course of which he said that Martin Luther's greatest work was when he gave to the people the Bible. The first English version was that of William Tyndall, which was completed in 1535. The next was the G-eneva Bible, produced by a number of Englishmen at Geneva. Then came the Bishop's version in 1568; the Douay Bible in 1610, under the direction of the Roman Catholic Church; and finally came King James' version, pjublished in 1611. Ofiicers were then elected as follows: Charles Fuller, president; William Connell and Samuel Reynor, vice presidents; H. M. Boies, sec- retary; J. C. Piatt, treasurer; and W. H. Richmond, Thomas Moore, H. B. Rockwell, F. E. Nettleton, and Thomas Phillips, executive committee. The same ofiicers were elected on February 16, 1878. At this time Rev. J. H. Torrence, secretary of the Pennsylvania Bible Society, deUvered an address, in which he said that the first Bible that fell from the printing press was in 1452, and at that time a small fortune was required to purchase it. Now one could be bought for five or ten cents, fifty millions were produced annually, and it was translated into two hundred and fifty languages and dialects. SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 551 In 1879 Rev. S. S. Kennedy received $12.3.63; J. C. Piatt, treasurer, 1307.00, and M. Norton had books and cash to the amount of $675.48. The officers elected in December, 1890, were as follows: Alfred Hand, president; II. M. Boies, secretary; W. H, Richmond, treasurer, and Rev. S. S. Kennedy, agent. At a public meeting of the citizens, held at the Presbyterian Church, June 7, 1872, immediately after the death of Joseph II. Scranton, a committee was appointed to report a constitution for an historical society. The resolution was as follows: "That in view of the fact that the pioneers of the valley are rapidly passing away, and many most important historical facts are lia- ble to be lost, and because we deem it an appropriate memorial to our noble dead, we will take steps to organize an historical society to be called the Historical Society of Scranton, and to this end, that five gentlemen be appointed to report a constitution and organization to a subsequent meeting of the citizens, which they are hereby author- ized to call." Afterward the committee was increased to six and was composed of the following gentlemen: Rev. Dr. S. C. Logan, PI. M, Boies, George L. .Dickson, Alfred Hand, J. C. Piatt, and J. J. Albright. These gentlemen held a meeting on Thursday evening, May 15, 1873, and made a report to a public meeting held in the Young Men's Christian Association rooms, on Tuesday, May 20th. Those present at this meeting were as follows: Rev. Dr. Logan, Thomas Dickson, H. S. Pierce, Alfred Hand, J. J. AlbrigVit, George L. Dickson, Mr. Kirkpatrick, H. B. Rockwell, E. R. Mills, E. C. Fuller, James Ruthven, Mr. Culver, Mr. Snyder, H. M. Boies, Dwight Baker, and J. A. Price. H. S. Pierce was chosen president; and James Ruthven, secretary. Dr. Logan stated the object of the meeting and the report of the committee was read. Afterward the committee was enlarged by the addition of the following gentlemen: Judge Merrifield, Hyde Park; Dr. Ilollister and Esquire Leach, Providence; Dr, B. H. Throop, Colonel Ira Tripp, Hon. Lewis Pughe, Joseph Slocum, and Charles Fuller of Scranton; James Dickson and John M. Poor of Carbon- dale; Theodore Strong of Pittston, Edward Jones of Blakely; John B. Smith of Dunmore, and John Hoser. The next meeting was held at the parlors of the Young Men's Christian Association June 9, 1873, at which George L. Dickson pre- sided. The constitution was read, which gave to the organization the name "The Lackawanna Scientific and Historical Society," and de- clared its objects to be to collect and preserve the history of the 552 ttiSTORY OF SCRANTON. Lackawanna Valley, and to encourage scientific research. The nsual oflicers were provided for and membership was based on the payment of 15.00 per annum and a vote of the majority of the board of managers. A life membership was based on the payment of $50.00 at one time and a like vote. The board of managers were allowed to adopt such rules for their guidance as they may see fit. An organi- zation was effected by the election of the following officers: President, J. C. Piatt; vice president, Theodore Strong, of Pittston; secretary and treasurer, E. C. Fuller; directors. Dr. B. H. Throop, Joseph A. Scran- ton, A. A. Chase, Dr. H. Hollister, Dr. J. W. Gibbs, Thomas Dickson, Hon. George Sanderson, all of Scranton; Hon. John M. Poor, Hon. J. B. Van Burgan, and Hon. Thomas Voyle, of Carbondale; Rev. N. G. Parke, Charles Law, and Joseph Godfrey, of Pittston. The president, vice president, and secretary were appointed a committee to prepare by-laws and procure a building. This society published a very interesting report for the year 1887, but since then has done but little. This distinction of having established the first public library in the city of Scranton belongs to the thirteenth ward, better known as Green Eidge. About ten years ago the residents of that beautiful suburb of the city organized a book club, with about fifty members, eaeh member paying annually a small sum, which was invested in books and magazines. The capacious hall of Mr. E. C. Dimmick's residence was used as a library. The growth of the club kept pace with that section of the city, and it was necessary to secure more commodious quarters. At this time a public library was suggested, and the suggestion met with general approval. As a result, the beautiful and substantial stone and brick building was erected on the corner of Wyoming Avenue and Green Ridge Street, upon a lot donated by the Sanderson estate. The book club transferred their library and magazines, and more were added by the Green Ridge Library Association, A charter was granted the association on the 27th day of June, 1889, with the following officers and managers, or directors: George Sanderson, president; F. B. Reynolds, secretary; J. Benjamin Dimmick, treasurer; directors, George Sanderson, E. B. Sturges, E. C. Dimmick, L. P. Hall, Oliver Chambers, M. D., George Mitchell, and H. B. Reynolds. J. Benjamin Dimmick resignd the treasurership, and C. H. Pond, superintendent of the Drop Forge Works, was elected in his place; upon the death of Oliver Chambers, M. D., the board elected T. F. Wells, Esq., to fill the vacancy. The Perseverance Club was organized in Scranton, September Societies and associations. 553 13, 1890, with the following officers: W. L. Connell, president; Frank T. Sturges, vice president; Ed: C. Deans, secretary; John M. Kenimerer, treasurer, and other directors, Phillip J. Vetter, E. T. Davis, I. Bit- tender, and J. Alexander, Jr. It began business on the 22d of the same month, and was incorporated November 8, 1890. It is not an insurance company, nor a beneticiary association, but simply a tontinu investment company. Each member pays $2.25 a month, of wliich $2.00 goes into tlie "banquet fund," when there is $1,000.00 in this fund, the member holding the lowest numbered certiiicate receives the $1,000.00, giving at the same time a banquet to the members of his class, each class being limited to fifty members. The mone^' accumulates by growth and lapse in membership. During September, 1890, 531 certificates were issued; in October, 243; in JSTovember, 241; in December, 170; in January, 1891, 138; in February, 128; in March, 76; total number of certificates to April 1, 1891, 1,527. The number of lapses in October, 1890, was 21; in November, 30; in December, 70; in January 1891, 97; in February, 120; in March, 143; total number of lapses, 483. The amount of dues collected up to April 1, 1891, was $10,056.00, and there had been issued for matured certificates, ten orders, for $10,000.00 in the aggregate. The Forest Hill Cemetery Association was chartered by the legis- lature in 1870. Upon the organization of the association, George Sanderson, Elisha Phinney, J. A. Robertson, J. Gardner Sanderson, and C. du Pont Breck, were elected trustees, and J. Gardner Sander- son, superintendent. These gentlemen selected a piece of ground containing fifty acres lying partly in Green Kidge and partly in Dunmore, through the entire length of which runs Meadow Brook, a pretty stream bordered by every variety of natural scenery. It was a piece of land presenting every advantage for a rural cemetery, hill and vale, valley and gentle slope, forest and meadow lands, and every desirable' inequality of surface. The cemetery is approached by four different roads: two from Scranton, one from Providence and one from 'Dunmore. Immediately to the left of the entrance was "Little Lake," the outlet to which was soon afterward bridged over. After driving a short distance up Brook Side Avenue, the visitor turns to the right into Hill Side Avenue and ascends Prospect Hill, on the summit of which is laid out a circle one hundred and twenty-five feet in diameter. This spot is set apart for a public monument. This is the highest point in the cemetery, and commands a view of Green . Ridge, Providence, Hyde Park, and a portion of Scranton. A portion of tbe cemetery on the northwest was set apart for the dead soldiers 554 HISTORY OP SGRANTON. and donated to the Grand Army of the Republic. The following are the officers of the association: George Sanderson, president; J. A. Robertson, superintendent, and Charles du Pont Breck, treasurer. Petersburg Catholic Cemetery was started at the same time that St. Mary's Catholic Church was organized. It consists of one half a block of ground, and is neatly laid out into plats, and ornamented with trees and good drive ways. It was used by St. Mary's Church until 1883, when St. Mary's Cemetery was established. It is located between Pig and Cherry streets, and Stafford Meadow Brook runs through one corner of it. It has been used since 1885, along with Petersburg Cemetery. When purchased it was a rough piece of woodland, but it is being gradually improved as fast as is uecessary, $4,000.00 having been already spent in improvements, in addition to the $3,000.00 spent in its purchase. It consists of four acres of ground, has a house upon it for the sexton, who at the present time is Bernard Oberweis. The other cemeteries in Scranton, and in its vicinity, are the Washburn Street Cemetery, Hyde Park Catholic Cemetery, Dunmore Protestant Cemetery, Dunmore Catholic Cemetery, Pittston Avenue Cemetery, McDonald's Cemetery, St. Mary's German Catholic Cem- etery, Petersburg Protestant Cemetery, Griffin Cemetery, and Van Storch Cemetery, CHAPTER XXI. BENCH AND BAR. Connecticut Jurisdiction— Town Meetings — Code of 17":!— Westmoreland County— Penn- sylvania Jurisdiction — Compromise Act of 1799— Luzerne County — Mayor's Courts of Carbondale and Scranton— Lackawanna County — Judge Bentley's Court — Lists of Judges and Lawyers— United States Courts. THE town meeting, legally warned, was the first court as well as the first government of the Susquehanna Company's Wyoming Colony. Until the adoption of the code of 1773 (tlie fifth year of permanent settlement), it exercised jurisdiction fully in all matters as well of private right as of public interest. Its records contain decrees of banishment for the grave crime of disloyalty to the infant colony; attachments allowed for the collection of debts; assault and battery tried and punished; and land disputes determined by the adoption of the report of a special committee. The freemen all took part. There was neither judge, jury, nor advocate, unless all may be considered to have been at once judges, jurors, and advocates. It was as perfect an example of pure Democracy as history afi"ords. At a meeting of the company held at Hartford, July 2, 1773, a code of laws was adopted providing for the choice by the inhabitants of "three able and judicious men" called directors, in each township, and " one person of trust to be their officer, who shall be vested with the same power and authority as a constable by the laws of this colony i.s, for preserving the peace and apprehending oftenders of a criminal and civil nature." Isaac Tripp, Esq., Timothy Keyes, and Gideon Baldwin were chosen directors for the town of "New Providence." Section 4 of the code provides: "The directors in each town shall, on the first Monday of each month, and oftener if need be, with such of their peace ofiicers, meet together as well to consult for the good regulation thereof as to hear and decide any difterences that may arise, and to inflict proper fine and other punishment on ofiend- ers, according to the general laws and rules of this colony, so far as the peculiar station and circumstances of such town and plantation will admit of; and as the reformation of offenders is the principal 555 556 IliSTORY 01? SCRANTON. object ill view, alwaj's preferring serious admonition and advice to them, and their making public satisfaction by public acknowledgment of their fault, and doing such public service to the plantation as the directors shall judge meet, to lines in money, or corporal punishment, which, however, in extreme cases, such directors shall inflict as said laws direct." Section 5 provides for a quarterly meeting of the directors of all the towns, and section eight reads: "All persons within such settlement accused of the high-handed crimes of adultery, burglary, and the like, shall be assigned before such quarterly meeting, and if con- victed, shall be sentenced to banishment from such settlement, and the confiscation of all their.;personal effects therein to the use of the town where such oficence is committed. And should there still be the more heinous crime of murder committed, which God forbid, the oft'ender shall be instantly arrested and delivered to the hands of the nearest civil authority in Connecticut. And should anj' person or persons be accused of counterfeiting the bills or coins of anj^ province of this continent, and be thereof convicted before such quar- terly meeting, the colony whose bills are thus counterfeited shall have liberty to take' such ofiender and punish him, and he shall be instantly banished from the settlement, and his personal effects confiscated as aforesaid; and all persons convicted of any heinous crime in any province on this continent, and shall fly from justice, the inhabitants shall, as well directors and peace officers as others, aid and assist their pursuers in apprehending them, that they may be duly punished in the government where they have offended." In May, 1775, , the colony, which had already been erected into a town as Westmoreland, of Litchfield County, was made a separate probate district and Joseph Sluman appointed probate judge. In October, 1776, the town became the Connecticut County of Westmore- land, and in May, 1777, the assembly appointed John Jenkins, one of the earliest settlers, county judge. The Connecticut jurisdiction continued until the decree of Trenton, December 30, 1782. Under Pennsylvania this section was part of Northampton County until 1772, then until 1786 part of Northumberland. In the latter year Luzerne County was organized.^ During part of this time, Penn- sylvania had justices of. the peace in commission for this section, but it was a Connecticut colony and the Pennsylvania justices were for the most part non-residents and appointed only to assist in driving out lAct -25 Seiitember, 17.SG, 2 Smith's Laws, p. 386. BENCH AND BAR. 557 the Yankees. A fuller account of the Connecticut controversy is given in the earlier chapters of this work. After the decree of Trenton, Thomas Cooper, Esq., General John Steele, and William Wilson, Esq., were appointed commissioners under the "Compromise Act of 1799" to carry out the provisions of that enactment. By an understanding between the commissioners Mr. Cooper undertook the judicial duties of the commission while General Steele and Mr. Wilson undertook those relating to surveys and ap- praisements. Their first meeting was held in Wilkes-Barre in June, 1801. The commission seems to have completed its work about 1805.' After gathering up the various records of Connecticut titles, and arranging other matters of general preparation they proceeded to the several townships. In each case the grant of the township and settlement according to the rules of the Susquehanna Company were to the satisfaction of the commission under its liberal construction and policy, and all evidences of title under Connecticut being surrendered to the commission, a certificate was issued entitling the holders to a patent for the land from Pennsylvania.^ As will be seen by reference first proven, then the individual titles. Title having been shown to other chapters of this work a large number of certificates were issued for lots in Providence. The history of the courts of Luzerne County has already been so fully written that it is unnecessary to give it here, the following list of law judges, up to the time of the erection of Lackawanna County, is inserted: Name. Birth. Dale of Commission. Jacob Rush Philadelphia, 1716 Augast 17, 1791 January 5, lS2n. Thomas Cooper London, October 22. 1759 March 1, 1806 May 11, ISIO. Seth Chapman Wrightstown, Pa., July 23, 1771 July 11, 1811. Joseph B. Gibson Shearmans' VaUey, Pa., Nov. 8, 1780 October 16, 1812 May 3, ISfiH. Thomas Burnside Newton Stewart, Ireland. July 28, 1783..June 28, 1816 March 25,1851. David Scott Blandford, Mass., April 3, 1782 July 7, 1818 December 29, 1839. William Jessup Southampton, L. I., June 21, 1797 April 7, 18;« !fP"^'°'"" "' J^" John N. Conyngham Philadelphia, December 17, 1798 .Ipril, 1841 February 23, 1871- lA large collection of documents, relating to tlie Connecticut claim and titles, made by Judge Cooper, was deposited by Chief Justice Gibson some time prior to 1849 with the historical branch of the American Philosophical Society, but careful inquiry at their rooms, in Philadelphia, in 1891, failed to discover them or give any due except a suggestion that possibly they might have gone in some manner without record on the books, to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The doors of the latter Society were found closed for the summer ^ Copies of these certificates may be seen in Governor Hoyt's Brief of Title, page 112, and Miner's History of Wyoming, page 440. 558 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Name. Birth. Date of CommUsion, Death. ■Henry M.Hoyt Kingston, Pa., June 8, 1830 July 5, 1867 Living. ■Edmund L Dana Wilkes-Barre, Pa., January 29, 1817 December 2, 1867 April 23, 1889. Garrick M. Harding Exeter, Pa., July 12, 1817 July 12, 1870 Living. ■JohnHandley , January 7, 1835 January 4, 1875 Living. 'Daniel L. Rhone Cambra, Pa., January 19, 1838 January 4, 1875 Living. ■Wmiam H. Stanton New York, July, 1813 January 7, 1878 Living. ■Alfred Hand Honesdale, March 26, 1835 March 4, 1879 Living. The Mayor's Court for the City of Carbondale was provided for in the first city charter, the act of March 15, 1851. Its jurisdiction extended originally over the city of Carbondale, and the tov^nships of Carbondale, Fell, Greenfield, and Scott. By act of April 11, 1853, Scott Township was excluded. The court was presided over by William Jessup, John N. Conyngham, Dwight IST. Lathrop, and Alfred Darte, successively. The mayor and aldermen usually sat with the recorder, and on some few occasions held the court alone. The constitution of 1873 abolished the court. Its records were for a time in the office of the prothonotary of Luzerne County, but after the erection of Lackavpauna County, were placed in the prothonotary's office of that county, where they still remain. "The Mayor's Court for the City of Scranton" was provided for in the old city charter.^ Its original territorial jurisdiction was over the township of Providence and the boroughs of Scranton, Hyde Park, and Providence, then incorporated as the city of Scranton. By act of April 5, 1870, this jurisdiction was extended over the borough of Dunmore and the townships of Covington, Jeftersou, Madison, Hoaring Brook, and Spring Brook. The thirtieth section of the first mentioned act provides " That the president judge of the Eleventh Judicial District of this com- monwealth, or that district of which the county of Luzerne shall constitute a part, shall be recorder of said city." Under this provision Judge Conyngham opened the court the first day of October, 1866. He, with Edward L. Dana, additional law judge, served until the decision of the supreme court in the case of The Commouwealth ex. rel. The Attorney General vs. John N. Conyngham, reported in the sixty-fifth volume of Pennsylvania State Reports, page 76, in which case it was decided that the office of recorder of the city of Scranton was within the meaning of the judiciary elective clause of the amended constitution of 1850, and that the recorder ought to be ^ Additional Law Judges. ^ Judge of the Separate Orplians' Court. 3 Act of April 23, 1866, Pamphlet Laws, p. 1034. BENCH AND BAR. g^g elected by the people of the district over which he was to preside The case was argued March 14, 1870, judgment entered July 7th and opinion filed October 20th. Walsingham G. Ward, John Handley and r. Carroll Brewster appeared for the relator and Alfred Hand and Edward If. Wiliard for the respondent. The paper book of counsel for relator bears this testimony to Judge Conyngham personally: ' We close by saying that we entertain no hostility to the gentleman who now holds the commission of recorder for the mayor's court and forever would regret the loss our people would sustain if anythino- should happen to deprive us of the ability and learning of one so loved and respected by the people of Pennsylvania. We look upon him as an able, honest, upright jurist, and respect him as such, but we move in this matter for no other purpose and possessed of no other views than to have these much vexed questions settled by a judicial decision of the highest tribunal known to our commonwealth." The vacancy created by Judge Conyngham's retirement was filled by Governor Geary's appointment of Lewis Jones. Judge Jones sat only at the September term of court, 1870. His charge to the grand jury, September 19, 1870, has been spoken of as an elaborate and able efl:brt. At the election held in October, 1870, Walsingham G. Ward received two thousand, two hundred and eighty-nine votes, as against one thousand, eight hundred and forty-six votes for Edward Merri- field, and was duly commissioned as recorder for ten years. He held his first court December 19, 1870. His administration of the judicial oflice was an able and eminently satisfactory one, and when, with the adoption of the constitution of 1873, all mayor's courts were abolished throughout the State, the people generally regretted his retirement. A number of his more important opinions are to be found reported in the old series of the Law Times. The following is a list of the" attorneys of the Mayor's Court of Scranton. Name. Date of Admission. Remarks. , ^ . -. r^ J. x. -, ior,n i The Court directed his admission as the •Lewis Jones October ], 1866 ) ,, ^ , ^ x ^ -^ C oldest member of Luzerne Co. Bar. »Charles H. Silkman October 1, 1866.. iPeter Byrne October 1, 1866.. Samuel Sherrerd October 1, 1866.. IE. S. M. Hill October 1, 1866.. Philo C. Gritman October 1. 1866 J The first twenty-four names were those of Luzerne County attorneys, and so were most, if not all, who are not mentioned as of some other county. Deceased. 560 HISTORY OP SCRANTON. JS'aiiii'. Date of ^khiiixsion. Daniel Rankin October 1, 1866 W„ G. Ward October 1, 1866 JMartin Canovan October 1, 1866...... William H. Jessup October 1, 186(i Edward N. AVillard October 1, 1866 Alfred Hand October 1, 1866 D. C. Harrington October 1, 1866 Frederick L. Hitchcock... .October 1, lS(i6 W. Gibson Jones October 1, 1866 Aretus H. Wintnn October 1, 1866 John Handley October 1, 1866 iJsaac J. Post October 1, 1866 Frances E. Loomis October 1, 1866 A. A. Chase October 1, 1866 Ira H. Burns October 1, 1866 James Mahon October 1, 1866 G. B. Nicholson October 1, 1866 iDavid E. Randall October 1, 1866 A. M. Bailey October 2, 1866. lOorydon H. Wells October 3, 1866. 'Charles Pike October 4, 1866. Thomas J. Chase Octocer 6, 1666. Daniel Hannah December 3,- 1866, Charles du Pont Breck December 3, 1866. Andrew T. McCUntock December 17, 1866. 'George Sanderson December 17, 1866. J. D. Richards December 17, 1866. Francis D. Collins December 17, 1866.. Simeon B. Chase February 11, 1867.... Charles H. Welles February 11, 1867.... George B. Kulp February 11. 1867. 'Lyman Hakes February 11, 1857. M. Reegen , May 27, 1867. David S. Koon May 27, 1S67. Stanley Woodward May 28, 1867. Conrad fS. Stark December 16. 1867. 'Joseph H. Campbell December 16, 1867. Henry W. Palmer December 16, 18(J7. J. D. Reagan December 16, 1867. Frederick Fuller December 17, 1867. Edward Merrifield December 17, 18(i7. E. L. Merriman December 18, 18()7. Wilham S. McLean December 18, 1867. Clarence P. Kidder December 18, 1867. ]\Iilo J. Wilson February 13, 1868. J. M. C. Ranck May 2.'), 1868 , ^tieorge D. Baker May 2."), 1868. Remarks. The first twenty-four names were those of Luzerne County attorneys, and so were most, if not all, who are not mentioned as of some other county. [As member of Supreme Court of Illi- ( nois on a certificate of reciprocity. ..On examination. ..Of Susquehanna County Bar. ..On examination. .Of Montour County Bar. ' Deceased. BENCH AND BAR. ggj Nam,\ Bate of Admission. Remarks. Harry Hakes May 25, 1868. George R. Bedford May 25, 1868. Hubbard B. Payne May 25, 1868. Gustav Halm May 25. 1868. Garrick M. Harding May 26, 1868. Lemuel M. Bunnell May 26, 1868 (,f Susquehanna County Bar. >K P. Darling September 21, 1868. William H. Stanton September 21, 1868...0n examination Frederick W. Gunster September 21, 1868...0n examination Charles G. Van Fleet September 21, J868...0n examination. Cornelius Smith February S, 1869 Of Northumberland County Bar Wesley H. Gearhart April 17, 1869. Clark E. Royce May 24, 1869. 'Cyrus W. Hartley May 24, 1869 On examination. Meredith L. Jones May 24, 1869 On examination. Jacob B. Snyder May 25, 1869 On examination. Hugh M. Hannah September 20, 1869....0n examination. Isaac P. Hand September 20, 1869.. ..On examination. Edward B. Sturges September 20, 1869....0f Wayne County Bar. L. D. Vickery December 20, 1869.. ..On examination. Daniel W. Connolly May 23, 1890. Charles E. Lathrop May 23, 1890. A. Chamberlain February 13, 1871 Of Susquehanna County Bar. Charles E. Rice February 13, 1871. W. S. Wilmarth May 22, 1871 On examination. Daniel W. Cox May 23, 1871 Of Vinton County Bar. Paul R. Weitzel May 23, 1871.. Of Lycoming County Bar. George K. Powell May 59, 1871 On examination. H. M. Edwards September 18, 1871. ..On examination. William D. Lusk September 20, 1871. ..Of Susquehanna County Bar. A. S. Hottenstein September 20, 1871. ..On examination. Andrew Hunlock December 18, 1871. George S. Horn December 18, 1871. ...On examination. D. W. Ranck February 12, 1872 Of Dauphin County Bar. Alexander Farnham February 23, 1872. D. L. O'Neill September 18, 1872. Joan T. Ruth December 18, 1872. D. Clinton Robinson December 18, 1872. Samuel B. Price February 21, 1873 On examination. George Sanderson, Jr February 24, 1873 Of Philadelphia County Bar. C. A. Reimensnyder May 26, 1873 Of Northumberland County Bar. Daniel L. Rhone May 27, 1873. J. A. Clark May 28, 1873 On examination. Frank V. Barnes May 21, 1673 On examination. Robert W. Arohbald September 16, 1873. ..On examination. Peter A. Mahon February 9, 1874 On examination. S. S. Winchester February 12, 1874. I Deceased. 36 562 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. Name. Bate of Admission. Hemarks. iWinthrop "W. Ketcham February 16, 1874. John F. Connolly May 20, 1874. C. Williams May 23, 1874. ^Eugene W. Simrell May 25, 1874 On examination. Philip Joseph 0'Hanlon....May 29, 1874. 0. B. Brockway October 6, 1874 Of Columbia County Bar. A. 0. Warren December 21, 1874 ....Of Susquehanna County Bar. John Lynch December 21, 1874. J. Vaughn Darling; February 13, 1875. Charles E. Pitcher February 17, 1875 On examination. Henry A. Knapp February 17, 1875 On examination. J. J. Scanlon May 31, 1875. Wm. C. Albro August 24, 1876 Of Supreme Court, New York. Frank C. Sturges September 20, 1875 ...On examination. Herbert H. Coston September 20, 1875.. On examination. Thomas F. Wells September 20, 1875 ...On examination. M. M. Thorpe September 21, 1875 ...Of Mayor's Court of Carbondale. From 1874 to 1878 the county court at Wilkes-Barre was our only court of record. The long agitation of the new county question, covering a period of over forty years, culminated in an election held August 13, 1878, under the 'Sew County Act of April 17, 1878. The result was, for the new county nine thousand, six hundred and fifteen votes; against the new county, one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-six votes. On the 21st day of August the governor issued his proclamation declaring the new county of Lackawanna established with all the rights, and privileges of other counties of the commonwealth. The governor assuming from the wording of Article V., Section 5, of the constitution, that the erection of a new county with a population exceeding forty thousand created a new judicial district, appointed and commisioued Hon. Benjamin S. Bentley, of Williamsport, president judge. Judge Bentley proceeded to organize a court. This was done on the second day of September, in the building on the southwest corner of Wyoming Avenue and Linden Street. County and court officers were sworn in, and the business of the court fully started. September 17th, the commissioners having selected and designated Washington Hall as the place for holding the courts, their action was approved and adopted by the court, and the new rooms were used from that date on. The continuance docket shows four hundred and eight cases, three of them entered October 14th, the day of issuing of the peretnptory mandamus by the supreme court, hereinafter referred to. Meantime application had been made by Aaron Augustus Chase to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, for a writ of mandamus BENCH AND BAR. 563 directed to the Luzerne County judges, directing them to open the courts of the new county which had been erected out of the territory, over which their jurisdiction had extended. The case was argued in Supreme Court October 7, 1878, by H. W. Palmer and Stanley Woodward in behalf of the relator, and by Alfred Hand, Cornelius Smith, and E. Merrifield, for the Bar of Lackawanna County, and the application sustained. The ground taken by the court was that the constitutional pro- vision referred to was simply directory, that the population must be authoritatively determined and the county made a separate district by the legislative power to give effect to the constitution. October 14, 1878, the writ of peremptory mandamus was ordered to be issued. The case is reported as The Commonwealth ex-relatione Chase vs. Harding, et al, ill the eighty-seventh volume of Pennsylvania State Reports, page 343. October 24, 1878, at 2 o'clock p. m. Judges Harding, Handley, and Stanton, of the Eleventh Judicial District, proceeded to the court room (Washington Hall) in Scranton, took their seats upon the bench and caused to be read the writ of mandamus from the supreme court of Pennsylvania commanding them to open the courts of Lackawanna County forthwith, which writ had been served on them the day before. The principal business of the session was appointing court officers, fixing terms, and the admission of attorneys; The amount of business transacted in the courts and the growth of the county show that the creation of the county came none too soon. The changes on the bench are indicated by the following list of the Judges of the Lackawanna County Courts: LAW JUDGES. Gar'rick Mallery Harding, born Exeter July 12, 1839. He succeeded Judge Conyngham as president judge of the Eleventh District, July 12 1870, and occupying that position at the time of the erection of Lackawanna County was president judge of the courts of the new county until the passage of the act, making Lackawanna a separate judicial district. Under that act he was required to elect whether he would reside in the old county or in the new. (See act 13th March, 1879 P. L. 6). He elected to remain in the old county and the additional law judges were assigned to the new. John Handley, born January 7, 1835. Elected additional law ]„do-e of the Eleventh District in 1874. Commissioned for ten years from January 4, 1875. When in 1879 Lackawanna County became a 564 HISTORY OP SCEANTON. separate judicial district, designated as the forty-fifth, Judge Handley was assigned., to the new district and by virtue of his being senior, became president judge and served as such to the expiration of his commission in January 1885. William H. Stanton, born in E"ew York in July, 1843. Elected additional law judge of Eleventh Judicial District in 1877. Com- missioned for ten years from January 7, 1878. Resigned Eebruary 25, 1879. Alfred Hand, born at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, March 26, 1835. Appointed additional law judge March 4, 1879, and was assigned to the new district. Same year elected and commissioned for ten years in Lackawanna County, which had been made a separate judicial district as already stated. Commissioned president judge on retirement of Judge Handley, January 5, 1885. Resigned July 31, 1888, to accept appointment made that day as Justice of the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania to fill the vacancy caused by Justice Trunkey's death. Robert Wodrow Archbald, born at Carbondale, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 10, 1848. Elected in 1884, and commissioned additional law judge for ten years, beginning January 5, 1885. Commissioned presi- dent judge August 2,. 1888, upon the elevation of Judge Hand to the Supreme Court. Henry Alonzo Knapp, born in Broone County, E"ew York, July 24, 1>^51; appointed additional law judge of Lackawanna County, July 1, 1887, the legislature having that year provided for a second additional law judge. Served to January 2, 1888. John F. Connolly, born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, April 27, 1853. Elected and commissioned additional law judge in 1887 for ten years beginning January 2, 1888. Frederick William Gunster, born in Lockville, Prussia, Septem- ber 15, 1845. Elected additional law judge of Lackawanna County in 1888 and commissioned for ten years, beginning January 7, 1889. ASSOCIATE JUDGES. William J. Lewis and Patrick M. Moffitt, were elected in 1878 for a term of five years, ending January 1884. The county having in the meantime become a separate judicial district, no successors were elected. BENCH AND BAft. 565 BAE OP LACKAWANNA CODNTY.i Name. A. A. Chase W. G. Ward Cornelius Smith J. H. ■Campbell John F. Connolly.... Corydon H. Wells... Lemuel Amerman... D. W. Rank A. H. Winton A. S. Hottenstein.... J. Neven HilP Paul E. Weitzel D. W. Connolly R. W. Archbald M. J. Wilson H. H. Coston r. E. Loomis Henry A. Knapp... F. A. Whitlock Harold Leach I. H. Burns F. D. Collins S. B. Price George H. Squires . J. E. Burr George F. Bentley.. J. D. Regan Date OF Admission. ...October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 . .October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 . October 24, 1878 ...October 27, 1878 ...October 23, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 Name. John B. CoUings George Sanderson F. S. Porter Daniel Hannah J. M. C. Ranck F. L. Hitchcock Fred. Fuller L. M. Bunnell W. H. Gearhart E. N. Willard E. C. Diinmick J. B. Snyder 0. L. Hawley A. H. Oswald E. Merrifield^ C. R. Pitcher Thomas F. Wells George S. Horn Charles du Pont Breck... C. B. Gardner Philo C. Gritman W. F. Lathrop George B. Kulp-' Alfred Darte, Jr C. L. Lamb 2 George R. Bedford* W. W. Lathrqpe Date OF Admission. ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ..October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1S7S ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24, 1878 .. October 24, 1878 ' Many of the prominent members of the Lackawanna Bar were members of the Luzerne Bar, and their history can be found in Kulp's "Families of the AVyoming Valley," which also contains much valuable history relating to Lackawanna County. 2 Non-resident. 666 HISTORY OF SCllANtON. BAR OP LACKAWANNA GOVf^TY — Continued. Name. Date OP Admission. Name. Date OP Admissiox. James Mahon ...October 24, 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 Charles Pike* October 24 1878 Lyman H. Bennett'' ...October 24, ...October 24, ...October 24, H. N. Patrick ...October 24, 1878 George K. Powell ^ D. L. Bennett 2 T. K. Martin* ..October 24, 1878 October 24 1878 J D Coons= ...October 24, S. J Strauss * Optnbpr 94 1S78 B M. Espey ^ ...October 24, Alexander Farnham * Alfred Hand' ...October 24, 1878 ...October 24 1878 G. Mortimer Lewis* ...October 24, ...October 24, .. October 24 Thomas H. Atherton'' F. W. Gunster ...October 26 1878 E Robinson* George Sanderson ,.... E. W. Simrell H Welles ...October 26, 1878 .. October 26, 1878 Ortnhpr 9fi 1 878 D L. O'Neill* ...October 24 Gustav Hahn * ...October 24, iHon. Alfred Hand was born at Honesdale, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, March 26, 1835. His parents came from Greene County, New York, and were among the early settlers of the place. At the age of eighteen he entered Yale College, and com- pleting a full course with success and honor graduated in 1857. Immediately afterward he entered the law office of Hons. William and W. H. Jessup and was admitted to the bar at Montrose November 21, 1859. In connection with the Jessups he opened a law office in Scranton in 1860, and in 1866 he opened a partnership with I. J. Post, which lasted until Mr. Hand was called to the bench, in March, 1879. When Lacka- wanna County was founded into a separate judicial district he was transferred to that district and was elected judge thereof for a term of ten years from January, 1880. August 1, 1888, he was appointed by Governor Beaver to the vacancy in the supreme court caused by the death of Justice Trunkey, which position he held until January 1, 1889, when the vacancy was filled by a justice elected in November, 1888. Upon the expiration of his term of service he resumed the active practice of his profession. He has always been actively interested in public charities and also in matters of public policy. He has been president, and was for many years director, of Lackawanna Hospital. He is president of the Pennsylvania Oral School for Deaf Mutes, and a trustee of Lafayette College. He has been president of the Young Meu's Christian Association and assisted largely in the erection of the association's magnificent new building. He was active in the organization of the First and Third National banks of Scranton, the Scranton Savings Bank, the Dickson Manufacturing Company, and the Scranton Street Railway Company, and several coal and iron companies, and he has recently been chosen president of the board of trustees of the Albright Memorial Library. In religious faith he is a Presbyterian; has filled positions of high honor and responsibility in the councils of 'that denomination, and is now a member of the committee to revise the Presbyterian Confession of Faith. * Non-resident. .-LLdlLTJXrilJjilS.'lillg iLTlgrc-'vlit^ Cg li'l. C^^-^L<^^C /<^ ^:2^^.L.^=^^^.^ "'JtyECWniwmaiBn.lff BENCH AND BAR. 567 BAR OF LACKAWANNA GOVHTY — Continued. Name. Date OF Admission. Name. Date OP Admission. J. H. Torrey ...October 26 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 F. 8. Sturges ^ December 2S, l.S7,s E. B. Sturges November 7, November 7, November 7, November 7, November 7, November 7, November 7, December 27, A. Ricketts^ December 2S, 1878 Hon. H. B. Payne" A. D. Dean December 28, 1H7S C. E. Lathrop December 2S, 1S7.S A L Pritz^ . .. . H. M. Hannah December 28, 1878 S P McDevitt 0. S. Stark^ ...January 6, 1S79 H M. Edwards Andrew J. Smith Thomas J. Chase John Lynch^ ...January 6, 1879 ...January 20, 1879 L A Watres ^ .February 1, 1879 ^ Louis Arthur Watres was born at Mt. Vernon, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, April 21, 1851. His father was Louis S. Watres, a descendant of the renowned James Otis, of Massachusetts, and one of the early settlers of the Lackawanna Valley. His mother was a gifted poetess, and under the nom de plume of "Stella of Lackawanna," wrote many popular poems, many of which have been gathered since her decease and put in book form. Mr. Watres was obliged at a very early age to leave school and seek employment. After having been engaged in sundry callings he became bank clerk, then teller, and afterwards cashier of the Scranton Savings Bank and Trust Company. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1878, since which time he has been in the active practice of his profession. In 1877 after the reorganization of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, Mr. Watres was elected lieutenant of Company C, Thirteenth Regiment. In July, 1880, he wa« elected captain of Company A, Thirteenth Regiment, Third Brigade, which position he held until January, 1887, when he was appointed by Governor James A. Beaver as general inspector of rifle practice of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, with rank °^ '"^irtolitics he has always been a Republican. In 1882 he was elected to the senate of Pennsylvania from a strongly Democratic district, and was reelected m ISSO. In 1890 he was elected lieutenant governor by a majority of 22,365 while the Democratic governor was elected by 17,000 majority. He is .. offi^u, president of the senate of Pennsvlvania and president of the board of pardons. In August, 1891, he was selected as chairman of the Republican State committee. , -o i • Bv act of the general assembly he was made a commissioner from Pennsylvania to the "world's Columbian Exposition, and subsequently elected vice president of the ^°""''ln religion Mr. Watres entertains strong but liberal views, and is a member of the Presbyterian Church. In 1874 he married Effie Hawley, and has three sons, Harold, Laurence, and Reyburn. - Non-resident. 568 HlSTOllY OF SORANTON. BAR OF LACKAWANNA GOVHTY - Continued. Name. G. S. Ferrisi Arthur C. Logan John P. Albro Alfred Dart W. Gaylord Thomas Herman Osthaus John J. Lenahan^ E. A. Lynch 1 J. V. Darling 1 D. M. Jones ^ E. V. Jackson! F. 0. Hosier 1 Isaac J. Hand' Q. A. Gates' E. E. Orvis' Wm. H. Jessup A. 0. Smith... A. H. Dickson 1 Frank J. Fitzsimmons '■. John F. Scragg Wm. H. Stanton L. W. DeWitt» Hervey E. Smith D. S. Kooni L. D. Shoemaker' Thomas R. Hughes Samuel R. Peale Byron 0. Camp ' Date OF Admission. February 1, 1879 February 3, 1879 February 3, x879 February 3, 1879 February 3, 1879 February 15, 1879 February 17, 1879 February 18, 1879 February 18, 1879 February 18, 1879 February 20, 1879 February 20, 1879 February 20, 1879 February 26, 1879 February 28, 1879 March 25, 1879 April 28, 1879 April 30, 1879 May 1, 1879 May 5, 1879 May 5, 1879 May 15, 1879 May 19, 1879 May 24, 1879 May 29, 1879 June 5, 1879 June 11, 1897 July 28, 1879 Wharton Dickinson July 28, 1879 Name. P. H. Campbell' George W. Shonk ' Isaac C. Price' J. G. Miller^ L. T. Thompson J. C. Sturgeon Wm. H. McCarty' Stanley AVoodward ' A. T. McClintock' D. L. Patrick' John McGahren' A. F. Derr' James W. Maloney James E. Carmalt Elhanan Smith William A. Wilcox C. Wadhams E. H. ShurtleflF. P. W Stokes J. Alton Davis H. V. D. Roney 0. iB. Partridge E. C. Newcomb B. F. Ackerly S. M. Reynolds Edward F. Chamberlain Henry E. Hess H. M. Seeley S. W. Edgar Date OF Admission. July 28, 1879 .August 1, 1879 .August 4, J 879 .August 6, 1879 .August 6, 1879 .August 21, 1879 September 9, 1879 September 9, 1879 October 14, 1879 October 14, 1879 .October 14, 1879 November 24, 1879 January 8, 1880 January 13, 1880 January 15, 1880 January 16, 1880 January 17, 1880 January 28, 1880 April 10, 1880 April 10, 1880 April 10, 1880 April 12, 1880 April 12, 1880 April 13, 1880 April 15, 1880 April 15, 1880 April 17, 1880 June 7, 1880 June 7, 1880 ' Non-resident. BENCH AND BAft. 569 BAR OF LACKAWANNA GOVNTY — Continued. Na^ie. Date OF Admission. Name. James E. Frear J. W. Carpenter Warren Woodward Steuben Jenkins ^ A. L. Baker John R. Jones B. F. Dorrance Charles W. Ward John Eunk Emanuel Cohen Edward Miles C. H. Soper William J. Hughes'... S. L. TiflFanyi Henry Wilson ' Thomas J. Duggan P. P. Smith A. Baumann Henry W. Mulholland George K. Coryellei. M. E. Walker E. H. House M. G. Munley John Richards ' Everett Warren H. M. McClure R. L. Burnett' Charlton Burnett Thomas P. Hoban June 7, 1880 June 11, 1880 June 12, 1880 ..October 4, 1880 ..October 5, 1880 ..October 8, 1880 ...October 11, 1880 ..October 18, 1889 ..October 19, 1880 ...October 22, 1880 ..January 10, 1881 ...January 15, 1881 ...January 17, 1881 April 28, 1881 June 10, 1881 June 10, 1881 June 17, 1881 ...October 10, 1881 ...January 16, 1882 ...January 18, 1882 January 19, 1882 January 30, 1882 ...April 17, 1882 June 12, 1882 .October 7, 1882 .October 9, 1882 .October 10, 1882 .October 10, 1882 .October 14, 1882 T. F. Penman Michael E. McDonald.... E. H. Holgate T. H. Nichols William B. Gritman George P. Little' Martin R. Kays C. 0. Dersh' B. F. Killam W. W. Watson John P. Kelly C. Comeygs David Blair Taylor' M. F. Sando M. D. Roche W. L. Brennan Samuel F. Swartz' J. B. Dimmick N. I. Potter' James J. O'Neill John P. O'Neill J. W. Alworth C. S. Woodruff. J. Elliot Ross A. W. Bertholf Joseph O'Brien Howard H. Campbell. C. C. Donovan F. M. Nichols Date OP Admission. ..October 25, 1882 ..October 25, 1882 ..October 31, 1882 ..January 9, 1883 ..January 15, 1883 ..January 16, 1883 ..January 31, 1883 March 26, 1883 April 21, 1883 April 21, 1883 April 23, 1883 ...October 1, 1883 ...October 10, 1883 October 13, 1883 October 13, 1883 October 14, 1883 November 8, 1883 ...January 9, 1884 ...January 21, 1884 April 7, 1884 ...October 22, 1884 ...October 22, 1884 November 3, 1884 December 10, 1884 .March 30, 1885 ... April 6, 1885 ....April 8, 1885 June 5, 1885 ....June 15, 1885 ' Non-resident. 570 HISTORY OF SCRANTON. BAR OF LACKAWANNA COVI^TY — Concluded. Wendell Maclay R. A. Zimmerman K. H. Patterson E. 0. Harding Rodney A. Mercor^ Frederick Connell Horace E. Hand R. D.Evans H. M. Streeter H. W. B. Hewen M. W. Lowry J. G. McAskie James W. Oakford William H. Jessup, Jr. H. 0. Reynolds W. S. Hulslander Herbert L. Taylor H. C. Butler A. H. McClintocki S. P. Wolvertoni T. F. McCourt Alton A. Vosburg George B. Davidson H. B. Reynolds G. L. Halseyi A. J. Colborn, Jr M. I. Corbett J. M. Harris Henry Harding^ James W. Piatt' Martin M. L. Ville October 19, November 23, November 23, November 28, ...January 4, ...January 4, ...January 4, ...January 8, .... April 7, ... April 7, ...April 12, ...April 12, ...April 13, ...April 17, May 5, ....June 16, November 26, November 29, .December 7, .December 7, January 3, January 5, January 10, January 19, .February 1, April 4, June 6, June 13, ..October 17, .January 23, May 2, 1885 1885 1885 1885 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 18S7 1887 1888 1888 James J. McCarty William N. Strong Charles H. Von Storch., John T. Martin George D. Taylor George E. Cohen George M. Watson W. S. Diehl Walter Briggs E. D. Fellows W. W. Baylor H. O. Watrous William Leverett R. M. Stockeri A. T. Searlei W. D. Luski J. F. Reynolds R. J. Beamish , C. E. Bradbury , W. J. Hand R. D. Stuart S. B. Chase Frank T. Okell L. P. Wedeman Franklin Lusk Charles W. Dawson Henry Streeter John F. Murphy T. C. Von Storch J. H. Sutcliff David J.Davis May 3, 1888 May 28, 1888 June 27, 1888 .. October 12, 1888 ...October 13, 1888 ...October 24, 1888 ...January 12, 1889 ...February 2, 1889 June 8, 1889 June 8, 1889 July 1, 1889 ...October 14, 1889 ...Octobea 21, 1889 November 27, 1889 ...January 17, 1890 ...January 20, 1890 ...January 20, 1890 ...January 20, 1890 ...January 27, 1890 April 26, 1890 ..April 28, 1890 .October 9, 1890 November 17, 1890 December 8, 1890 June 8, 1891 June 30, 1891 . .August 24, 1891 ....March 30, 1891 ...August 24, 1891 May 4, 1891 June 1, 1891 ' Non-resident. Bench and bab. 571 UNITED STATES COURT. Act of congress approved August 5, 18S6, provided for terms of the United States circuit and district courts of the western district of Pennsylvania to be held in Scranton, commencing on the first Mondays of March and September in each and every year beginning with September, 1886. Accordingly on the sixth day of September, 1886, Mr. Justice Joseph P. Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, and Hon. Marcus W. Acheson, district judge for the western dis- trict of Pennsylvania, proceeded to the Lackawanna County court room. Hon. William McKennan, the circuit judge was not present. Hon. George W. Miller, United States marshal, announced that in pur- suance of the act of congress he had made arrangements for holding the courts in the room where they were then assembled. There were present besides the judges named and the marshal, H. D. Gamble, clerk of the circuit court; S. C. McCandless, clerk of the district court; William A. Stone, United States attorney, and a large number of attorneys and other citizens. The court appointed T. Frank Penman, deputy clerk; Jacob B. Snyder, crier; Albert S. Newton, William Frantz, E. J. Williams, P. G. Walsh, and Jacob Ritter, bailiffs. Addresses were then made by his Honor Mr. Justice Bradley, Hon. F. W. Gunster, president of the Lackawanna County Bar Association, Hon. W. A. Stone, United States Attorney, and Hon. H. W. Palmer. On motion of Hon. W. H. Jessup the seventy-two attorneys of the Lack- awanna County bar present were admitted to practice as attorneys in the United States circuit and district courts of the western district of Pennsylvania. The list is as follows: Byron F. Ackerly. John P. Albro. Arthur L. Baker. A. W. Bertholf. Charles du Pont Breck. L. M. Bunnell. James E. Burr. John B. Ceilings. J. W. Carpenter. A. A. Chase. C. Comegys. J. F. Connolly. H. H. Coston. E. C. Dimmick. T. J. Duggan. C. C. Donovan. J, Alton Davis. ,<. W. Edgar. F. J. Fitzsimmons. Frederick Fuller. C. B. Gardner. P. C. Gritman. W. H. Gearhart. E. H. House. T. P. Hohan. T. R. Hughes. H. W. B. Hewen. John M. Garman. W. S. Hulslander. C. L. Hawley. John R. Jones. Henry A. Knapp. John P. Kelly. Martin R. Kays. B. F. Killam. Arthur C. Logan. W. F. Lathrop. F. E. Loomis. C. E. Lathrop. E. IMerrifleld. F. C. Hosier. Edward Miles. M. E. McDonald. E. C. Newcomb. Herman Osthaus. J. J. O'Neill. S. B. Price. 0. B. Pitcher. H. N. Patrick. T. F. Penman. 0. B. Partridge. J. E. Ross. M. D. Roche. S. ^I. Reynolds. 572 filStORY OF SCfeANtOU. George Sanderson. H. M. Streeter. E. H. Shurtleff. M. F. Sando. John F. Scragg. 0. H. Soper. P. W. Stokes. A. J. Smith. G. H. Squires. J. H. Torrey. W. G. Thomas. 0. S. Woodruff. W. A. Wilcox. T. F. Wells. L. A. Watres. Everett Warren. Corydon H. Wells. R. A. Zimmerman. No cases were tried at that term, but the terms have been held with reasonable regularity since. Upon the resignation of Judge McKennan, in 1891, as circuit Judge, Judge Acheson was appointed to succeed him. This created a vacancy in the district judgeship, and Hon. James A. lieed, of Pittsburgh, was appointed to the office, and held his first court at Scranton, March 2, 1891. INDEX. Abbott, Philip, 84, 85, 243. Abolition of Credit, 295. Act of Pennsylvania Assembly quieting dis- turbances, 58. Adirondacks, The, 30. Adjouquay, 35. Advance of wages, voluntarily, 236. Advantages of Scranton's location, 16. Albany Convention, The, 41. ' Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 342. Albright Donation, The, 152. Albright Memorial Library, 289. Albro, Dr. M. Z., 516, Algonquins, 30. Allen, Ethan, boasts that he will make a new State, 60. Allen, William Edward, M. D., 512. Allen, Horatio, 332, 335. All Souls' TJniversalist Church, 477. Allsworth, William, first settler in Dunmore, 101. Amerman, Hon. Lemuel, 241. Ancient Order of Foresters, 539. Andastes Indians, The, 20, 30. Andros, Sir Edmund, 31. Anshe Chesed Congregation, 479. Anthracite coal, amount mined in 1820, etc., 198, 199. Failures to burn, 195, 328. The Field, 201. First use of in Wyoming Valley, 195. Losing its hold on markets, 199. Lands purchased by railroad companies, 199. "Anthracite, No. 14," 353. Apple trees in New Providence, 20. Aquanuscioni, The, 30. Arbitration of differences suggested, 220, 022, Archbald, Judge E. W., 564. Armstrong and Boyd, Colonels, attack Con- necticut settlers, 55, 56. Armstrong, Edward, becomes partner with Mr. Henry, 245. Arrest of Mayor's posse, 234. Arthur Charles A., M. D., 529. Asbury, Bishop Francis, 435. Assemblies of Knights of Labor in Scran- ton, 543. Assembly, No. 216, Knights of Labor, 543. Assembly, No. 231, Knights of Labor, 543. Asserughney, 34, 35. Assessed value of property in Scranton, 103. Attacks on miners, 221, 222. Atherton, Cornelius, 91. Attorneys of Mayor's Court, 559. Attorneys in United States Court, 575. Avalanche, The, 366. Avondale mine disaster, 239. Avondale relief fund, 240, 241. Bagley's Ford, 322. Bagley, James, 87. Baily's history. Rev. E. L., quoted, 74. Baldwin, Gideon, 74, 75. Baltimore Coal Company, 341. Baner America, 365. Banking, 305. Barber Asphalt Company, 269, Barrett, John E., 369. Bedford and Ulster Law, The, 61 . Bench and bar, 555. Benai Abraham and Jacob congregation, 480. " Bell Schoolhouse," The, 378. Bellvue Bethany Welsh Calvinistic Metho- dist Church, 446. Betzinberger, Lieutenant Charles D., killed, 161. Biddle Nicholas, 247. 573 574 INDEX. Bishop, Rev. William, 70, 81, 84, 86, 421. Bituminous coal, supplanting Anthracite, 200. Blakely Township, 66. Blast furnaces, Mr. Henry's, 244. Board of appeal and revision, 139. Board of Credit, 287. Board of Health, 141. Board of Trade Committee, 293. Board of Trade Publications, 294. Board of Trade oppose free coinage of sil- ver, 800. Borough of Scran ton, 84. Bouton, B. A., M. D., 510. Boyd, George B., M. D, 511. Brewster, F. D., M. D., 528, Brinton. Brinton, Major General R. M., arrives in Scranton, 233. Brice, J. W., chief of police, 148. Bridge across the Lackawanna River, 117. Brook, Lord, 39. Brown, William H., 355. Brule, Stephen, 30. Budd, Susquehanna, 78. Building Associations, 316. Burgesses of Hyde Park, 107, 109. Burgesses of Providence, 104, 105. Burgesses of Scranton, 123. Burnett, John, M. D., 521. Business firms in Scranton in 1852, 285. Business firms in Scranton in 1860, 301. Business firms in Scranton in 1890, 301. Butler, Lord, ships Anthracite, 198. Butler, Colonel Zebulon, arrested, 53. Elected Justice of the Peace, 59. Commands at Wyoming Massacre, 68. Calhoun, John C, 157. Cambrian Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 318. Camp No. 178, Patriotic Sons of America, 359. Campbell's Ledge, 34. Cann, Rev. Thomas M., 418. Capoose, or Capouse, never lived at Scran- ton, 35. Capoose Meadows, 18 and 19. Capouse Works, The, 255. Capouse Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, No. 170, 534. Cappows Meadows, The 64. Capwell, David A., M. D., 518. " Carantouans, The Town of the," 30. Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 51. Carter, Pulaski, 255. Catholic History, 459. Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad, 348. Cayugas, The, 31. Cemeteries in and near Scranton, 554. Centers of Settlement, 84. Central Railroad of New Jersey, 350, 356. Centerville, 94. Changes among early settlers, 80. Charles II., Charter to John Winthrop, 39. Charters granted by England, 38. Chenango, 35. Chesneau's Memoirs, 31. Clieves, Hon. Langdon, on credit, 297. Chittenden's, C. F., danger, 234. Christian Church, 99. Christian Independent Church, 472. Church history, 421. Church of Christ, Scientist, 474. Church News, 368. Church of God, The, 472. Church of the Good Shepherd, 469. City Building, The, 150. " City's Danger and Defense, The," 373. Citizens' Fire Association organized, 146. Citizens and Miners' Savings Bank and Trust Company, 311. City Engineers, 142. " City of Lanterns," 126. City solicitors, 142. Claims, rival, of European nations, 37. Climate of Scranton, 18. Coal breaker, The, 209. Coal combination, 200, 201. Coal measures, 186 to 190. Coal mines in First District., 202 to 206. Coal, origin and formation of, 22. Cobb, Asa, 387, 388. Cobb's mountains, 887. Code of laws adopted, 555. Coeur de Lion Commandery No. 17, Knights Templar, 532. Colony of Connecticut, 39. Comegys, Henry C, M. D., 523. Commercial statistics, '294. Commission on consumption of culm, 218, 214. Committee of Pennsylvania landholders, 52. Commissioners under compromise act of 1790, 557. Common council of Scranton, 131. Companies Eand H, 8th regiment, 158. Company A, 15th regiment, 159. Company G, 77th regiment, 160. Competition of Lehigh coal with Lacka- wanna coal, 328. INDEX. 575 Compromise law, The, 62, 63. Conestogas, The, 30, 31. Confederate government established, 157. Confirming law, The, 61. Congress directs hostilities to cease, 47. Connecticut's claim to Wyoming, 37. Connecticut protest against a court, 48. Connecticut withdraws claim, 85. Connell, A. C, M. D., 518. Oonnell, William & Company, offer park to the city of Scranton, 149. Conoys, The, 33. Constitution, first of Pennsylvania, provided for council of Censors, 55. Consumption of culm, 210. Coolidge, John W., M. D., 529. Corbett, James, chief of police, 148. Coshutunk settlement, 76. Council of Censors censure the Pennsyl- vania authorities, 55. County jail. The, 155. Court, first, 555. Courthouse, The, 154. (irane iron works, The, 247. Cricket, The, 371. Crippen, Sergeant Benjamin H., killed, 161. Crisis of strike of 1871, 226. Culm, burning of, 212, 299. Curtin, Governor A.. G., calls for troops, 158. Cushing, Caleb, sent home by South Caro- lina, 157. Cyclone of 1834, 98. Daily Morning Herald, The, 363. Daily Observer, The, 366. Daily Register, The, 363. Daily Times, The, 365. Dartmouth College, origin, 387. Davis, Augustus, M. D., 510. Davis, John F., succeeds in making iron in Scranton, 248. Davis, Joseph, M. D., 506. Dean, G. Edgar, M. D., 522. Deed of conveyance, showing early phrase- ology, 68. Deep Hollow, 84. Deep Hollow Creek, 94. Degree of Rebecca, 536. Delawares ,The, 30, 32. Reproved for treachery, 33. Delaware & Cobb's Gap Railroad, 349. Delaware & Hudson Canal, 329. Delaware Indian arrow heads, 35. Delaware River, The, 32. Delaware Company, The, 41. Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, 97, 197, 325, 329, 330, 331, 341, 343. Officers of, 343. DeLacey, Captain, chief of police, 149. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company, 19, 93, 343. Shops, 352. Officers, 353. Diahoga, 35. Diamond Mines, The, 20. Dickinson's President, advice, .56. Dickson & Company, 256. Dickson Manufacturing Company, 257. Dickson, James P., biography, 259. Dickson, George L., biography, 257. Dickson, Thomas, asks miners to resume work, 225. Dime Deposit and Savings Bank, 315. Distances from Scranton to principal east- ern cities, 16. Dolan, William K., M. D., 517. Dolphs, The, 84. Dow, Lorenzo, 437. Drinker, Henry, 93. Drinker, Henry W., 93, 244, 344. Drinker, Road, The, 93. Dudley, Prof. William R., 25. Dunn, Rev. Father, protects McCune, 231 . Dunmore, 84. Dunmore Iron and Steel Company, 278. Dutch colonies in New York, 37. Eaemahks of the early settlers, 77. Early settlers, The, 67, 82, 83. Eddy, Mrs. Mary Baker G., 475, 476. Educational History, 377. ' Eighth Regiment, 158. Eistoddvod, The, 545. Electric City Lodge, No. 313, Knights of Pythias, 538. Electricity on street railways, 359. End of great strike, 235, 236. English cololnies in the United States, 37. Enumeration in 1796, 85. Era, a new, 88. Eries, The, 30 Erie & Wyoming Valley Railroad Company, 354. Officers, 354. Everhart, I. F., M. D., 516. Everhart, James IM., Biography, 276. Evangelical Lutheran of the Holy Trinity, 473. Examiner, The, 365. 576 INDEX. Ezra S. Griffin Camp, No. 8, Sons of Vet- erans, 181. Ezras. Griffin Post, No. 139, Grand Army of the Republic, 180. Farber, a., chief of police, 148. Fauna of the Lackawanna Valley, 26, 27. Fell, Jesse G., 88. Burns anthracite in common grate, 195, 196. Fellows, Benjamin, 27. Fellows, Joseph, 81, 82, 85. Fellows, Joseph, Sr., builds bridge, 85. Fifteenth regiment, 159. Fifty-second regiment,- 159. Finch, I. A., & Company, 260. Fire engines provided for, 116. Fire department provided for, 116. Fire department organized, 142. Fireman's board organized, 144. First Baptist Church of Hyde Park, 424. First church in Providence, 81. First election in Scranton City, 125. First frame house, 90. First German Baptist Church, 433. First German Methodist Episcopal Church, 441. First grist mill, 85, 24;',. First German Presbyterian Church, 455. First Methodist Episcopal Church, Scranton, 438. First Methodist Episcopal Church, Hyde Park, 442. First National Bank, 306. First newspaper, 98. First Presbyterian Church of Scranton, 447. First town meeting in Providence, 94. First trip hammer in Lackawanna Valley, 243. First schoolhouse in Scranton, 387. First schoolhouse in Lackawanna Valley, 378. First sawmill, 85. First settlers in Providence, 70. First Welsh Baptist Church, 426. Fish, J. B., chief of police, 148. Fisher, C. H., M. D., 520. Fisher, George, first chief engineer, 144. Fisher, J. H., secretary board of trade, Five Nations, The, 30. Flora of the Lackawanna Valley, 24. Franklin, John, courage and patriotism, 54. 56. Visits Connecticut, 57. Arrested, 61. Elected justice of the peace of Lu- zerne County, 59. Free Coinage of Silver opposed by Board of Trade, 300. Freiglit rates advanced, 216, 217. French Colonies in Canada, 37. French driven out of Canada, 36. French and Indian war, 34. Frey, Clarence, M. D., 519. Forest Hill Cemetery Association, 553. Forge, The Slocum, 244. Fort Stanwix, treaty of 45, 64. Fort Sumpter bombarded, 158. Frothingham, William, M. D., 513. Galland's underwear manufactory, 266. Gamewell ordinance. The, 147. Gardner, A. P., M. D., 527. Gardner, H. D., M. D., 520. Gardner, Stephen, 378. Gates, Lowell M., M. D., 517. General Assembly of Connecticut asserts claim to lands, 46. General Assembly Knights of Labor of North America, 543. German Evangelical Church, 474. German Building Association, 316. German Odd Fellows Association, 537. German Vigilance Committee, 224. Gibbs, John Wilson, M. D., 513. Gibbs, John Wilson, Jr.. M. D., 513. Gibbs, Louis H., M. D., 517. Gibbs, W. W., M. D., 514. Giflford, John, 87. Glacial Drift, 22. Glacial Phenomena, 23. Gordon, Governor, extract from, 32. Good roads, value of, 320. Gore, Obadiah, first uses Anthracite coal in Wyoming Valley, 195. Gowen, F. B., suggests arbitration, 222. Suggestion rejected, 223. Grand Army of the Republic, 180. Grand Encampment of Odd Fellows, 536. Grant, Sanford, 246. Grants, overlapping of, 45. Gravity roads, 96, 336. Changed to locomotive roads, 341. Green Ridge, 358. Green Ridge Iron Foundry, 267. Green Ridge Iron Works, 263. Green Ridge Lumber Company, 274. Green Ridge Methodist Episcopal Church, 444. Green Ridge Presbyterian Church, 456. INDEX. 577 Green Eidge Public Library, 5.i2. Greene Railroad, The, 350. Griffin farm, Uncle Jo., 75. Griffin, Lieut. Ezra S., mortally wounded, 161. Griffin, Stephen, 86. Griscom's report on Delaware & Hudson Canal survey, 329, 330. Grover, Lieutenant Lee D., killed, 161. Growth of Scranton, Phenominal, 16. Guernsey Brothers, piano factory, 271. Gulick, F. B., M. D., 518. Gunster, Judge F. W., 564. Gunster, P. F., M. D., 518. Habits of early settlers, 86. Half share men, 60. Hampton Street Methodist Episcopal Church , 146. Hancock, General, ordered to furnish troops, 230. Hand, David B., M. D., 515. Hand, Judge Alfred, 564. Biography, 567. Handley, Judge John, 564. Hanford, Nehemiah, M. D., 508. Hanna, Judge S. J., 475, 476. Hannon, Dr. R. C, 474. Hanover Township, 66. Hard times in 1857, 119. Harding, Judge G. M., 563. Harmony Building and Loan Association, 317. Harrison Village, 100. Hartranft, Governor, calls on the President for troops, 230. Hart's Meadows, 65. Harvey's silk mill, 265. Hawker, J. E., 400. Heath, "William, M. D., 511. Heermans, E. A., M. D., 517. Heilner, H. F., M. D., 528. Henry, William, 344. Herald oj the Union, 362. Hickok, Rev. Milo J., 448. High schools, 400. Hillside Farm. 486. Hines, Samuel, biography, 315. Hiram Lodge, No. 261, Free and Accepted Masons, 532. „ ^^■ .. History of Lackawanna Valley, Hollisters, Historical Society of Scranton, ool. Hitchcock, Elisha, 90. Hollenbach, George M, ships anthracite coal, 197. 37 Hollister, Horace, M. D., 20, 27, 29, ,508. HoUister's Decades, 102. Holmes, Enoch, 81, 84. Homeopathic Medical Soiiety, 529. Hone, Philip, President Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, 330. Horton, Azariah, 40. Hospital, temporary, 117. Hotchkiss, Henry, 34S. Hoyt, Governor, sums up the facts of the contest, 62. Huron-Iroquois, The, 30. Hurons, The, 31. Hyde Park, 20. Hyde Park Bank, 313. Hyde Park board of trade, 300. Hyde Park borough, 20, 98, 107, 112. Hyde Park becomes part of Scranton, 111. Hyde Park bounty bonds, 109, 172. Hyde Park Courier, 367. Hyde Park, first election, 107. Hyde Park Lodge, No. 306, Knights Pythias, 538. Hyde Park schools, 388. Hyde Park Viaiior, 366. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 534. Index, The, 369. Indian burying ground, 29. Indian history, 27. Indian literature, 29. Indian method of owning land, 38. Industrial Adtvcate, The, 366. Iron from anthracite at Pottsville, 246. Iron from anthracite at Scranton, 248. Iron industry, first in Lackawanna Valley, 2(). Iroquois Indians, The, 20, 31. Irish Land League, Scranton branch, 547. J,\cKSON Rifles, 158. Jackson Street Baptist Church, 431. Jay, Benjamin, first justice of the peace in Scranton, 101. Jenkins, John, 378. Jenkin's reply to the committee of Penn- sylvania landholders, 52. Jenkins, Hon. Steuben, 29, 386. Jervis, John B., 332. Jesuit missionaries, 20. Johnson, Philip, lot surveyed for, 64. Johnson, Samuel, lot surveyed for, 64. Jones's Creek, rafts on, 327. Juniata River, The, 34. 578 INDEX. Kealey, James, vifits Scranton, 2-24. Keyes and Hocksey, killed, 74. Keeley, J. E., chief fire engineer, 144. Keyes, Timothy, 70, 73, 74. Appointed constable for Providence, 76. Kiersted, B. O, chief Are engineer, 144. "Kittles Holes," 23. Knapp, Judge H. A., 564. Knapp, Zephaniah, 92. Carries mail, 499. Knauss, Frank T., 272. Knights of Labor, 540. Knights of Labor assemblies in Scranton, 543. Knights of Pythias, 538. Kressler's hotel, 246. Lackawanna Bible society, 548. Lackawanna & Bloomsburg railroad, 351. Lackawanna Building & Loan Association, 318. Lackawanna Carriage Works, 267. Lackawanna Chapter, No. 185. High E. A. M., 532. Lackawanna coal basin, 22. Lackawanna County Bar, 565. Lackawanna County Medical Society, 524. Lackawanna Herald, The, 362. Lackawanna hospital, 491. Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, 244. Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, 269. Lackawanna Lodge, No. 291, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 535. Lackawanna Lumber Company, 275. Lackawanna Eiver, The, 18, 66. Lackawanna Scientific and Historical Society, 551. Lackawanna & Susquehanna Eailroad, 342. Lackawanna Mountains, The, 21. Lackawanna Trust and Safe Deposit Com- pany, 314. Lackawanna Turnpike Company, 324. Lackawanna & Western Eailroad, 348. Ladd, Horace, M. D., 514. Landholders Overreach themselves, 54. Land titles invalidated, 50. Lange, F. W., M. D., 529. Latitude of Scranton Courthouse, 18. Laurel hill, battle, 161. Lawrence, E. A., 393. Law judges, 563. Law judges of Luzerne County, 557. Leavitt, Jonathan, M. D., 510. Leet, N. Y., M. D., 515. Leggett's Gap Creek, 19. Leggett's Gap Eailroad, 96, 322, .348. Leggett, James, 19, 81. Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, 351. Legislative investigation into Delaware & Hudson Canal Company's affairs, 338. Legislation with reference to assuming Dela- ware & Hudson Canal Company's charter, 339. Lenni-Lenapi, The, 30. Lewis, Judge W. J., 564. Licks, Saline, 26. Lindabury, Albert A., M. D., 529. Lippincot, J. A., 394. Location of Scranton, 18. Lockup provided for, 118. Logan, H. V., M. D., 516. Logan, S. C, D. D., 373. Longitude of Scranton Courthouse, 18. ■ Lord, E. F., chief engineer, 340. Lutz's Ford, 322. Luzerne County created, 58, 59, 556. Lyman, Mr., proprietor of Pottsville furnace, 247. McAdam roads, 320. McKinney, C. W., 231, shot in knee, 232. McKune, Mayor, addresses strikers, 230. Attacked by mob, 231. Telegraphs for troops, 233. Manchester Unity, 634. Manness, W. N., 246. Manor of Stoke, The, 50. Manor of Sunbury, 50. Manufacturing industries, 243. Marr, Charles, M. D., 513. Marsh, A. F., M. D., 514. Mason & Snowden, 270. Masonic Hall, 533. Masonic societies, 531. Masonry Introduced into the colonies, 531. Massacre of Connecticut settlersj 43. Massacre of Wyoming, 67. Mass meeting in interest of protection from fire, 145. Mattes, C. F., succeeds W. W. Scranton, 254, 348. Mattes, Philip H., 246. Mauch Chunk Mines leased, 197. Maynard, Judge J. W., 382, 383. Mayor's court for Carbondale, 558. Mayor's court for Scranton, 558. Mayor's posse in riot of 1877, 232. Tried for murder, 233, 235. Meadow Brook Building and Loan Associa- tion, 318, INDEX. 579 Tileadow Brook Silk Company, 266. ]\[ercautile appraisers, 142. Mercantile interests, 284. Mechanics' and Miners' Cooperative and Loan Association, 312. Medical history, 505. Militia commandery, 532. Memorial to Congress, by board of trade, 288. Memorial Hall Association, 182. Merchants' and Mechanics' Bank, 310. Meredith Road, 94, 345. Merrifield, Judge William, 84, 86, 92. Methodism in Providence, 435. Mlcksch, Christian, cannot use anthracite coal, 195. Midland Railroad, 351. Military history, 156. Miller, Rev. John, quoted, 86, 88. Mine inspectors' districts, 202. Mine legislation, 240, 241, 242. Mine props, 241. Miners' National Union, branch organized in Scranton, 227. Mining commenced at Carbondale, 328. Mining interests, 186. Mirror & Lackawanna, The, 362. Moffitt, E. S., succeeds C. F. Mattes, 255. Moffltt, Judge P. M., 564. Mohawks, The, 31. Mohegans, The, 30, 32. Molly Maguires, 374. Monopoly of Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, 336, 337. Moosic mountains, 21. Moosic Powder Company, 262. Morgan, Tallie, 370. Morning, Republican, The, 363. Morris canal, The, 351. Morris, Robert, 51. Moses Taylor Hospital, Mount Ararat, 23. Minsis, Munseys, or Wolves, 32. Mud Run disaster, 241. Municipal history, 104. Murphy, John, 75. Murray, Sir Charles Augustus, 347. IMusgrave, William, vice president Dela- ware & Hudson Canal Company, 339. Nail mill erected, 250. N;iy Aug Cross Town Railway Company, 360. Nay Aug Falls, 19. ]S'ay Aug fire engine, 146 Nan tic( ikes. The, .33. Their principal road, 35. Neptune Engine Company, No. 1, 142. New county agitation, 562. New Englanders arm themselves, 77. New England in America, 38. Newman, Jonathan, leases coal lands to Dr. Smith, 192. News Dealer, The, 367, New State scheme, 59. Newport Township, (id. New Providence, 67. Drawing of lots, in Scranton, 67. New York City, market for anthracite, 329. New York & Erie Railroad Company, 341, 348. Nicholson, John, 51. Nicholson, Lieutenant Lyman B., killed, 161. Nivison, Mrs. Mary C, M. D., 521 . North Branch Canal, 93. North End board of trade, 300. Northern anthracite coal field, 20. O'Beien, J. Emmet, M. D., 522. Odd Fellows Hall association, 536. Odd Fellows Hall and Cemetery association, 537. O'Hara, Right Rev. William, 460. Old Forge, The, 26, 88, 90, 243. Old White Tavern, The, 99, 106. Olyphant, 340. Olyphant, George T., 340. One Hundred and Forty-Third Regiment, 160, 161. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regiment, 162. Ontario, Carbondale & Scranton Railroad, 356. Oral school for deaf mutes, 495. Osborne, General, calls out troops, 228. Oswego & Syracuse Railroad, 350. Owen, Elder, 437. Paine, William A., M. D., 521. Palisaded towns, 30. Penooka Lodge, No. 308, Knights of Pythias, 538. Park Coal Association, 382. Parke, Rev. N. G., 448, 457. Parsonage Lot, The, 421. Patriotic Order Sons of America, 539. Patterson's, Alexander, Tyranny, 53, 56. Sustained by the Pennsylvania Assem- bly, 54. 580 INDEX. Paxton boys, The, 31. Peck, Rev. George D. D., 372. Pendergast, Rev. P., 459. Penn Avenue Baptist Church, 428. Pennaraite war, second, comes to an end, 57. Pennsylvania attenapts to drive out the Con- necticut settlers, 47. Pennsylvania Coal Company, 237, 341. Head House burned, 229. Pennsylvania petitions congress for the con- stitution of a court, 48. Penn, Thomas, 34. Penn, William, 30, 51. People, The, 370. People's Shield, The, 366. People's Street Railway Company, 356, 357. Perseverance Club, The, 552. Petersburg Catholic Cemetery, 554. Petition to Pennsylvania Assembly, 52. Phelps, John J., 348. Philadelphia fails to burn Anthracite, 195. Philadelphia and great bend turnpike, 98. Phillips, George W., 403. Pickering, Timothy, elected justice of the peace of Luzerne County, 59. His flight, 61. Picket, Thomas, 67, 73, 78. Pier, William H., M. D., 507. " Pioneer, No. 1," 853. Pittston Turnpike, 66. Piatt, J. C. 101, 246, 248. Plunket Invasion, The, 58. Plymouth Congregational Church, 471. Plymouth Council, The, 38, 39. Pocono mountains, 19, 21. Police department, 148. PoHsh Catholic Church, 463. Pontiac Conspiracy, The, 31, 43. Porter, Governor, quoted on credit, 296. Postmasters in Hyde Park, 499, 501. Postmasters in Providence, 499. Postmasters in Scranton, 500. Postmasters in Slocum Hollow, 499. Post offices at Hyde Park, 92. Post offices in Luzerne County, 498. Post offices in Providence, 92, 498, 501. Post offices in Scranton, 499, 501. Pottsville Furnace, The, 246. Powder blast, first used in mining Anthra- cite coal, 198. Powderly, T. V., grand master workman of Knights of Labor, 542. Presentation of volumes to Grand Army of the Republic posts, 184. Press, The, 302. Price, J. A., 373. Professional men in Scranton in 1852, 285. Property of fire department, 147. Proprietary Government of Pennsylvania, 32. Proprietors' School Fund, 113, 378. Providence attempts to secede, 105. Providence Baptist Church, 434. Providence Borough Schools, 390. Providence Christian Church, 472. Providence Presbyterian Church, 458. Providence Register, The, 367. Providence School Fund. 70. Providence Stove Foundry, 260. Providence Street Railroad, 19. Providence Township organized, 60. Size of lots in, 67. Providence A'illage incorporated, 98, 104. Public Schools consolidated, 396. Statistics of, 407. Question of ownership of Connecticut Claims referred to the courts, 47. Railroad from Carbondale to Canal, 332. Rawson, E. D., 393. Real Estate Bulletin, Tlie, 368. Razorville, 91. Real Estate Register, The, 368. Reformed Episcopal Church, 467. Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, 342. Republican Book Bindery, 364. Republican, The Daily and Weekly, 363. Ridge Turnpike Company, 325. Riley, Lieutenant Charles H, killed, 161. Riot in 1877, 230, 232. Ripple, Hon. Ezra H., biography, 138. Rival claimants to soil, 51. Rivalry between engine companies, 143. Road, First, in Lackawanna Valley, 321. Road from Lackawanna Valley to Canada, 321. Road from Pittston to Stroudsburg, 321. Road from Providence to Pittston, 321. Road, First, in Providence, 321. Road supervisors, First, in Lackawanna Val- ley, 321. Roads, Value of good, 320. Roaring Brook Lodge, No. 401, Knights oi Pythias, 538. Roberts, Henry, M. D., 508. Robinson's, M., Brewery, 273. Robinson's, E., Brewery, 273. Robinson, Sila.s M., 94, 506. Rogers Memorial Chapel, 440. INDEX. 581 Rogers, William E., M. D., 509. Rolling Mill erected. 249. Roney, J., 394, 402. Robs, S. C, M. D., 529. Sabbath Observance meetings, 484. Saline beds, 20. Salvation Army, 48o. Sanderson, Hon. George, 101. Biography, 305. Sanderson, George, & Company, 305. Sauquoit Silk Manufacturing Company, 264. Say and Seal, Lord, 39. School Fund Coal Association, 382. School of the Lackawanna, 417. Schiller Building and Loan Association, 317. Scot, John, leases coal lands to Dr. Smith, 193. Scranton Assembly, No. 88, Knights of Labor, 542. Scranton Board of Trade, 286. Scranton borough schools, 391. Scranton borough incorporated, 101, 113. Scranton Brass Company, 276. Scranton Brewing Company, 273. Scranton City Bank, 313. Scrantonia changed to Scranton, 100. Scranton City Guard, 174, 373. Scranton City incorporated, 102, 123. Scranton City Journal, 365. Scranton Dispensary, 527. Scranton divided into two wards, 119. Scranton Encampment, No 81, 535. Scranton Fire Brick Manufacturing Com- pany, 277. Scranton Forging Company, 276. Scranton Gas & Water Company, 118, 280. Scrantons, Grant & Company, incorporated, 246. Scranton Illuminating, Heat, and Power Company, 282. Scranton Jar & Stopper Company, 271. Scranton, Joseph A., 363. Scranton Glass Company, 267. Scranton, George W., Biography, TOO; 246, 347, 350. Scranton Herald, The, 366. Scranton Lace Manufacturing Company, 279. Scranton Lodge, No. 263, Knights of Pythias, .i38. Scranton Lumber Company, 273. Scranton Masonic Benefit Association, 532. Scranton Medical Club, 526. Scranton ^ledical Society, 523. Scranton as a manufacturing city, 96. Scranton National Bank, 307. Scranton and North Carolina Lumber Com- pany, 274. Scranton and Newton Turnpike Company, 32, 56. Scranton and Olyphant Boulevard, 324. Scranton Oral School for Deaf Mutes, 496. Scranton Passenger Railway Company, 301 Scrantons & Piatt, 250. Scranton poor district, 486, 491. Scranton's population, 102, 103. Scranton Savings Bank, 308. Scranton, Selden T., 246, 348. Scranton Steel Mill, 268. Scranton Stove Works, 261. Scranton Suburban Railway, 359. Scranton Truth, The, 368. Scranton Trust Company and Savings Bank, 309. Scranton Wochenblatt, 364. Scranton Wood Working Company, 272, Scranton, W. W., asks miners to resume work, 225, 226, 230. Searle, Ebenezer, 67. Seaver, David, M. D., 506. Secession, the right of, 156, 157. Second or Memorial Presbyterian Church, 451. Select council of Scranton, 126. Senecas, The, 31. Seventeen Townships, The, 60. Seymour's line, 94. "Shanty Hill," 36L Shawanese Indians, The, 25. Sherrerd, John B., M. D., 509. Shickshinny Mountains, 21. Sidewalks provided for, 117. Simpson M. E. Church, 444. Simpson, W. T., chief of police, 149. Slack water navigation, 97. Slavery, the " Divine Institution," 156. Slocum, Benjamin, postmaster, 498. Slocum Bros.' Forge, 26. Slocum, Ebenezer, 89. Slocum, Frances, captured, 71, 74. Slocum Hollow, 89, 97. Slocum, Joseph, 91. Smallpox in Scranton, 118. Smith, Abijah, first to use powder in mining Anthracite, 198. Smith, Captain John, 30. Smith, George B., 355. Smith, John B., 355. Smith, John and Abijah, first to send coal to Columbia, 196, 198. 582 INDEX. Smith, Martin, leases coal land to Dr. Smith, 194. Smith, Dr. William Hooker, 26, 88, 89, 192, 193, 195, 506. Societies and associations, 531. Soldiers captured and incarcerated in south- ern prisons, 166, 168, 170. Soldiers in cemeteries near Scranton, 162, 165. Sons of America, 367. Sons of Columbia, 547. Sons of St. George, 544. Sons of Veterans, 181. South Carolina secedes, 157. South side Board of Trade, 301. Soutter, Eobert, vice president of Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, 339. Sovereigns of industry, 544. Spanish colonies in Florida, 37. Spanish Hill, The, 30. Speculation in wild lands, 51, 93. Spirit of the Valley, 362. " Spitfire, No. 2," 353. Sprague Electric and Motor Company, 359. Sprague, Joseph, M. D., 505. "Sprague, Granny," 505. Sprague, Roswell, 348. Squire, Ralph A., M. D., 511. • St. David's Episcopal Church, 467. St. John the Baptist Church, 462. St. Luke's Episcopal Church, 464. St. Mary's Academy, 419. St. Mary's Catholic Church, German, 461. St. Mary's Catholic Church, 462. St. Mark's Mission, 471. St. Mary's Parochial School, 418. St. Patrick's Church, 461. St. Paul's Catholic Church, 463. St. Vincent de Paul Church, 459. Stafford, John, 19. Stafford, Meadow Brook, 19. Stafford's Saw Mill, 85. Stanton, Judge William H., 564. Stark, Jonathan, leases coal lands to Dr. Smith, 194. Statistical table of anthracite coal mined since 1820, 207-209. Steel rails made in Scranton, 255. Steel rail mill established, 253. Steele, G. P., succeeds to the claims of Dr. Smith, 194. Stevens, C. A., M. D., 527. Stevens Tin, Mining, Milling, and Manufac- turing Company, 280. stone. Elder William E., 458. jtone Memorial Fund, 458. "Stourbridge Lion, The," 332-336. Strikes, general, 214, 215. Strike, Great, of 1877, 228-230. Strikers submit, 235. Sturdevant, S. B., M. D., 512. Suffering rights, 65. Sunday Breeze, The, 367. Sunday Free Press, The, 365. Sunday Neios, The, 367. Sunday Visittir, The, 366. Superintendent of city schools, 402. Supreme court decision on Proprietors' school Fund Case, 384. Susquehanna Company, 41-70. Susquehanna & Delaware Canal and Rail road Company, 93, 344, 345. Susquehanna Indians, The, 30. Susquehanna Purchase, The, 41. Sutton, James, 88, 89. Swedish colonies in Delaware, 37. Syracuse, Burlington & New York Railroad, 350. T Rails made in Scranton, 250, 251. Tamarack Swamp, The, 20, 24. Tasker Tube Works, 279. Tax Collectors appointed in the townships, 76. 'Taylor, John, 75. Taylor, Reuben, 83, 84, 86. Teedyuscung's attitude and death, 36. Telford roads, 329. Third National Bank, 311. Thirteenth Regiment, 177, 178. "Thirty Years of Labor," 374. Throop, B. H., M. D., 507. Tiines, Daily and Weekly, 365. Title of the Penns, 44. Torry, Hon. John, 335. Townships laid out, 44. Traders' National Bank, 315. Traditions regarding precious metals, 25. Transportation interests, 93, 320. Transportation Committee's report, 298. Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 45, 64. Trenton Court, The, 48. Trenton Decree, The, 49, 55, 81, 85, 557. Tribune, The Scranton, 371. Tripp's Flats, 20. Tripp, Isaac, 70-74. Tripp, Job, 72. Tripp, John, 72, 87. Tripp, Stephen, 86. Tuscaroras, The, 30. Twin Elk Hills, 24. INDEX. 583 UxALAcnGos, or turkeys, 32. XJnamis, or turtles, 32. Unioa Coal Company, 341. Union ex-Prisoners of War Association, 182. Union Lodge, No. 291, Free and Accepted Masons, 532. Unionville, 89. United People, The, 30. United States Court, 575. United States Courthouse, 503. Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley Railroad, 350. Utilization of culm, 373. Van der Poblb Electric Company, 360. Vaughn, John, Jr., postmaster, 499. Vesper Literary Society, 546. Von Storch, H. C. L., burns anthracite, 197. Its result, 197. Wade, B. R., chief of police, 149. Wages of miners, 219. Wagon roads, 93. Wallenpaupack, The, 327. Walter, E. L., architect, 150. Ware, H. B., M. D., 528. . AVarren Railroad, The, 350. Washington Coal Company, 237. Washington Engine Company, No. 2, 142. Washburn, Joseph, leases coal lands to Dr. Smith, 193. Washburn Street Presbyterian Church, 454. Watkins, Prof. J. E., 336. Watres. Hon. L. A., 497. Biography, 568. Watson, F. W., chief fire engineer, 144. " Wayomick," 33. Wehlau, Ludwig, M. D., 519. Welsh Baptist Church, Providence, 431. Welsh Congregational Church, 471. Welsh Philosophical Society, 544. Welsh Presbyterian Church, 453. Weston, Edward W., biography, 306. Western Mill Company, 262. Westmoreland County formed, 47, 556. Westmoreland Township formed, 47. West Side Building and Loan Association, 318. Whaling, Hank, farm, 357. Wheeler, Silas M., M. D., 509. Wheelock, Eleazer, M. D., 387. White Haven Yagers, 158. Whitty, Rev. Moses, 459, 460. Wholesale dealers in Scranton in 1890, 303. Whitman Electric Manufacturing Company, 283. Wild Yankees, 60. William N. Monies Post, No. 319, Grand Army of the Republic, 181. Willie Jones Post, No. 199, Grand Army of the Republic, 180. Wilson Lumber Company, 276. Windham County memorial, 40. Winthrop, John, 39. Winton & Dolph's mines, 23. Wood's Business College, 419. Workingmen's banner, 366. Workingmen's Benevolent Association, 215. Workingmen's Building and Loan Associa- tion, 317. Workingmen's political party organized, 218. World's Columbian Commission, address to, 485. Wright, Benjamin, 329. Wright, Colonel H. B., quoted, 196. ■Wright, Joseph, ships Anthracite coal, 197. WurtB, John, 330, 339, 340. Wurts, Maurice, 327, 339. Wurts, William, 197, 325. Wyoming Light Dragoons, 158. Wyoming Mountains, 21. Wyoming Valley, 20, 40. W yoming Yagers, 158. Young Lutheran, The, 371. Young Men's Christian Association, 480. ZiNziNDOKF, Count, 23. Never at Scranton, 35. ERRATA. On page 247, line 8, for "July 4, 1840," read January 18, 1840. On page 323, line 39, "November, 1882," should be November, 1822. On page 363, lige 31, " May, 1889," should be May, 1869.