CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 189I BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE FRAGILE DOES NOT Date Due -m NOVI R1CS2G 115:1=? fiHSHii- -jtt- RR M .RRrCD -0^55 utg^ig72r9-R ^Bttr — *^( m iiuw , rtr- ^ ^!i^ ^oi-^- A/or CmGBtAT, FRAGILE PAPER Please handle this book with care, as the paper is brittle. F /c57 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028823560 THE IROQUOIS. Built in 1890 and remodeljipd in 1901. Now under the management of WooUey & Gerrans, also managers of the Grand Union Hotel at- Saratoga Springs, New York, and the Marie Antoinette, at Broadway and 66th Street, New York City. A HISTORY OF BUFFALO DELINEATING THE EVOLUTION OF THE CITY By J. N. Larned WITH SKETCHES OF THE CITY OF ROCHESTER By The Hon. Charles E. Fitch AND THE CITY OF UTICA By The Hon. Ellis H. Roberts VOL. II PUBLISHED BY THE PROGRESS OF THE EMPIRE STATE COMPANY NEW YORK 1911 Ko I l.^kAUY CONTENTS OF VOLUME II INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION— Continued Chapter Paee IV. Metal Working and Machinery . . i V. Miscellaneous Industries . . i8 CULTURAL EVOLUTION I. Protestant Churches and Jewish Religious Societies . . . .31 II. The Roman Catholic Church . . 68 III. Institutions of General Benevolence . 82 IV. Institutions of Specialized Benevolence 108 V. Education ..... 130 VI. Literary Institutions and Organizations 157 VII. Scientific Institutions . . . 176 VIII. Local Literature — The Newspaper Press 188 IX. Art . . . . . .204 X. Social Organization . . . 222 Rochester, Past and Present . 228 Utica, its History and Progress . 257 Index ...... 293 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION CHAPTER IV METAL WORKING AND MACHINERY THE earliest of the Buffalo manufactures of machinery which grew to importance and has had a continuous existence to the present time appears to have been that of flour-mill machinery, founded in 1834 by Elisha Hayward and now represented by the works of the Noye Manufacturing Company. Mr. John T. Noye came into partnership with Mr. Hayward at an early stage of the business, bringing to it a practical knowledge of the milling business and an energy of character which pushed it rap- idly to an increasing success. It was the only manufacture of the kind west of Utica and north of Cincinnati and Bal- timore; and the development of the wheat-lands of the Northwest opened an always widening market for the ma- chinery it produced. The increase of business was constant until about 1882, when the sales of the establishment ex- ceeded $1,400,000, and it employed about 400 men. West- ern competition since that time, at Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Leavenworth, St. Louis, Moline, 111., Richmond, Ind., and other points, has narrowed its field. Within recent years a department of steam engines and another of automobile specialties have been introduced in the works. At succes- sive periods in the seventy-four years of its existence, the business has been carried on in the names of Elisha Hay- ward, Hayward & Noye, John T. Noye, The John T. Noye Manufacturing Company, and the present Noye Manufac- turing Company, of which Richard K. Noye, son of John T. Noye, is the president. Its plant was on the Hamburg Canal between Main and Washington streets till 1886, when it was removed to its present site on Lake View Avenue. 2 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION The manufacture of edged tools was introduced in Buf- falo as early as 1837, by L. and I. J. White, under whose name it has been carried on continuously to the present time. The business has grown to large dimensions, operating an extensive plant on Perry and Columbia streets, and selling its product in all parts of the world. For some years past incorporated, as the L. & I. J. White Company, of which John G. H. Marvin is president, M. White vice-president, and J. W. White general superintendent. Next in date of origin, among the manufactories that have had importance in the industrial history of the city and a continuous career, is that which bears now the name of the Buffalo Pitts Company. Its founders were John A. and Hiram Pitts, twin brothers, of Winthrop, Maine, who were the first American inventors of threshing machinery, and who patented, in 1837, the first successful threshing and separating machine combined. Prior to this they had made improvements on the old style of thresher, which turned out grain, chaff and straw together, to be separated by another operation. In combining the thresher and the fanning mill, producing the "endless apron" or "grain belt" separator, they opened a new era in that line of invention, and the principles covered by their original patents have been fol- lowed in all improvements since. In 1840 John A. Pitts came to Buffalo and established the manufacture of the new threshing machine here, at the corner of Fourth and Caro- lina streets, from which place the shops have never been changed, though enlarged till they contain many acres of floor space. On the death of Mr. Pitts, in 1859, the management of the business passed to James Brayley, who conducted it for many years. In 1877 the proprietors were incorporated, under the name of The Pitts Agricultural Works, James Brayley president, Thomas Sully secretary. This title was AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 3 changed to that of Buffalo Pitts Company in 1897, when Carleton Sprague became president of the company. Re- cently Mr. Sprague retired, and the present officers of the company are C. M. Greiner, president and treasurer; William G. Gomez, vice-president; John B. Olmsted, secretary. Under all administrations the business has expanded con- tinually, its products going to all parts of the world. Those products are not only the threshing machinery for all kinds of grain, flax, rice, beans, etc., but traction and portable engines, that burn wood, coal, straw or oil for fuel ; special steam traction engines for plowing, hauling and grading; road locomotives and road freight cars for hauling ore, timber, logs, etc., and special cars for carrying and spread- ing crushed stone. The development of the steam traction engine is due to this company. The plant of the company is operated by electric power from Niagara Falls, and is equipped with the latest and most complete system of electric and pneumatic machinery. It employs a large force of men, and the shops are run throughout the year. The company maintains important branches at Minneapolis, Fargo, Portland, Oregon, Spo- kane, Wichita, Houston, and other points east and west. The old Buffalo Steam Engine Works, founded in 1841, had a long and important career. Acquired by George W. Tiflft in 1857, the works were carried on by him and his family, in the firm of George W. Tifift, Sons & Co., for many years, turning out a very considerable part of the product of the city in steam engines, boilers and architectural cast-iron. In 1842 David Bell, a Scotch machinist and mechanical engineer, came to Buffalo and found employment at the Buffalo Steam Engine Works, then lately brought into operation. In 1845 he joined William McNish in starting 4 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION a small plant for the same business. The partnership was dissolved in 1850 and David Bell continued it alone. A few years later his works were burned, just after the expira- tion of insurance, and he began anew with little to capitalize his undertaking except the stuff of courageous energy in himself. He not only rebuilt his works, but enlarged their scale. In business management he could hardly be called successful ; but he kept his feet, and was always at the front of new ventures in his line. He built the "Merchant," the first iron propeller on the lakes. He began locomotive building in 1865. He constructed for the city its first fire- boat, in 1887. He was full of enterprise to the end of his life, and the David Bell Engineering Works, which sur- vived him, were merged, in 1907, in the Buffalo Foundry and Machine Company, of which some account will be given later on. Mr. William Pryor Letchworth came to Buffalo in 1848 from New York City, where he had been engaged for a time, in the interest of Peter Hayden, of Columbus, Ohio, establishing the sale and manufacture of saddlery hardware in that section. At Buffalo he formed a partner- ship with the brothers Samuel F. and Pascal P. Pratt, under the name of Pratt & Letchworth, opening a store at No. 165 Main Street, as importers and wholesale and retail dealers in and manufacturers of saddlery hardware. The firm was the first in our vicinity to engage in the manufacture of this branch of hardware, and its establish- ment was soon recognized as headquarters, in a measure, for general supplies to dealers in its department of trade, from both American and foreign makers, as well as from its own works. The limits of the original store were outgrown by the business in a few years, and it was removed to The Terrace, at No. 52, where its principal offices were located for two decades or more. Railroads as well as steamboats MALLEABLE IRON.— OPEN HEARTH STEEL 5 on the great rivers were now enlarging the sphere of trade from the Lakes with extraordinary rapidity, and the firm of Pratt & Letchworth won its full share of the consequent gain. In 1856 Mr. Letchworth's health had become somewhat impaired by his application to business, and he made an extended pleasure tour in Europe, leaving much of the detail of the business to a younger brother. It was not many years after his return that he bought the beautiful estate on the Genesee River, near Portage, which he named Glen Iris, and which, augmented to a thousand acres by later purchases, was presented by him to the State of New York in 1907. Under the name of Letchworth Park, and under the immediate care of the American Scenic and His- toric Preservation Society, this noble public park will preserve for all time the three falls of the upper Genesee and their beautiful surroundings. In i860 Pratt & Letchworth bought property at Black Rock and located their manufactory there, adding to it the manufacture of malleable iron, which they used in their business largely. Subsequently they added the production of open hearth steel. Scientific study applied to these cast- ings has produced a superior quality, and the products of the Pratt & Letchworth Works are now used for the driving wheels and frames of some of the finest and largest loco- motives on American and foreign railways. The products of the firm are to be met with in almost every quarter of the globe. In 1873 William Pryor Letchworth sold his entire inter- est in the business to his brother Josiah, who had been an active member of the firm for some years. The retirement of the former from business was not to give himself wholly to the attractions and cares of Glen Iris; for he accepted, in 1873, an appointment as one of the commissioners of the 6 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION State Board of Charities, becoming its president and its hardest working member for many years. It is by his labor in that important office, especially as it was directed to the better care of the insane, and to the separation of children from county poorhouses, that the name of William Pryor Letchworth, LL.D., has been made one of historic fame. His death, in his eighty-eighth year, occurred but recently, on the ist day of December, 19 lo. On the death of Samuel F. Pratt, in 1873, his interest in the Pratt & Letchworth business was bought by the junior partner, Josiah Letchworth. The interest of Pascal P. Pratt remained in the business until 1896, when it was sold, and the business was incorporated under the name of Pratt & Letchworth Company, Ogden Pearl Letchworth being chosen its president and personal manager. From this time the business became greatly enlarged in the making of steel castings on the open hearth principle for railroad work. The quality of the P. & L. castings is unsurpassed. The branch of the business which comprises the manu- facture of wood and iron hames, in connection with New England manufacturers, was organized separately, under the name of the U. S. Hame Company, with Ogden P. Letchworth in the presidency. New styles of these goods found a ready market, in South as well as North America, and much larger forces of workmen have been required for the manufacture of the goods. The Jones Iron Works, still in operation on The Terrace, were founded in 1848, and have been carried on by the family successors of the founder ever since. In the same year, the Shepard Iron Works, known later and still known as the King Iron Works, were opened, manufacturing engines, both stationary and marine. They are now under the management of H. G. Trout. VARIED MACHINERY WORKS 7 In the next year R. L. Howard withdrew from the firm of H. C. Atwater in the grocery and ship-chandlery busi- ness, to engage in the manufacture of the mowing machine invented by William F. Ketchum, whose patent interests he had bought and whose services in business he had secured. It was the first successful mowing machine, and a great and highly profitable manufacturing establishment was soon built up. When the original business declined, on the expiration of patents, other lines of manufacture, in general machinery and foundry work, — paper-cutting and book-binding machinery, passenger elevators, etc., — were introduced, and the Howard Iron Works continued to be an important factor in the industries of the town. In 1905 they passed under the control of the Otis Elevator Co., be- coming one of its plants. The Delaney Forge, still in operation on an enlarged scale, was founded in 1850 by Charles Delaney. The Eagle Iron Works, still in operation, were founded in 1853 by a company which included S. S. Jewett, F. H. Root and Robert Dunbar among the stockholders. After a few years the Works were purchased by Robert Dunbar and S. W. Howell, and became subsequently the property of Mr. Dunbar and his son. In 1901 the works were acquired by the firm of Wegner & Meyer for use in the manufacture of ice-making and refrigerating machinery. In 1856 the brothers Edward and Britain Holmes, who had been dealing previously in lumber and timber and carrying on a large planing mill and sash and door factory, established a manufactory of patented machinery for cooperage and other wood-working, which grew to large proportions, and has been carried uninterruptedly to the present day. 8 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION The very extensive manufacture of bolts and nuts now carried on by the Buffalo Bolt Company was begun in 1859 by George C. Bell. In 1869 the late Ralph H. Plumb bought an interest in the business, and it was conducted for a short time by the firm of Bell & Plumb. Mr. Bell then sold his remaining interest and Mr. Orrin C. Burdict came into partnership with Mr. Plumb. Later on the firm acquired a third member and became Plumb, Burdict & Barnard. The business remained under this proprietorship until 1897, when the Buffalo Bolt Company, in which Mr. J. J. Albright is largely interested, was formed. The com- pany's extensive plant, in which it is now employing about 750 hands, is located at Tonawanda. Its present output is more than 1,250,000 bolts and nuts per day, which rolls up a yearly product of 35,000 tons. In 1869 the daily manu- facture was but 14,000 bolts and nuts. Comparing the production of 1907 with that of 1869, it shows an increase of about 9,000 per cent., while the labor increase is only 1,000 per cent. We have a striking illustration of the eco- nomics of invention in this. Chillon M. Farrar, inventor of a reversible steam engine, much used in boring oil and artesian wells, formed a part- nership, in 1864, with John Trefts and Theodore C. Knight, and the firm established a modest plant that year, on Perry Street, for the manufacture of engines and boilers and for general machine work. Mr. Knight retired from the firm in 1869, and the business, grown large with the years, has continued ever since under the name of Farrar & Trefts. In conjunction with Rood & Brown, manufacturers of car wheels, the firm established also the general foundry busi- ness of the East Buffalo Iron Works, on the New York Cen- tral Belt Line, near Broadway. The United States Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry Company, CASTING.— FORGING.— BOILER WORKS 9 which now turns out daily about 120 tons of pipe for water, gas and steam, is conducting a business that was started in 1868 by George B. Hayes and F. O. DruUard, on so modest a scale that its output was but 25 tons per day. The original plant was on Exchange Street between Chicago and Louis- iana streets. It was removed to Box Avenue, on the New York Central Belt Line, in 1892. The original business which grew into that of the existing Buffalo Forge Company was founded in 1877 by William F. ^yendt, now president of the company; but within recent years it has absorbed the George L. Squier Manufacturing Company, which had a long previous history, and likewise the Buffalo Steam Pump Company, controlling and operat- ing the three plants. In, all, about 1,000 people are em- ployed. In its beginnings the Forge Company occupied only the fifth floor of a building at the corner of Washing- ton and Perry streets. From this it removed in 1880 to the corner of Mortimer Street and Broadway. The Lake Erie Boiler Works, established in 1880, and the Lake Erie Engineering Works, brought into operation in 1890, are successive creations of the same industrial or- ganizer, Mr. Robert Hammond, who conducts them both. The boiler-making plant is said to have been the first in the country to be equipped with a complete outfit of hydraulic tools, for heavy work. It turns out about $300,000 worth of large marine boilers per year. The Engineering Works, founded ten years later, were constructed and equipped in the same complete style, with large tools, all of special de- sign. These works employ 700 men, and their capacity is for an annual output of $600,000 in value. Both plants are at the corner of Perry and Chicago streets. An industry that has acquired large importance was planted in a small way, in 1881, by two men from New lO INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION England, Joseph Bond and John B. Pierce, who had been looking at different places, with a view to undertaking a little business in the manufacture of steam-heating boilers. They saw advantages in Buffalo which induced them to start a modest plant, and it had such success that, before many years, they found it best to put their business on a much broader base. For this purpose they bought about twenty acres of ground on Elmwood Avenue, at the crossing of the New York Central tracks, and there, under the name of the Pierce Steam Heating Company, established a large radiator foundry, with machine shops and boiler works. As thus named, the business was carried on prosperously until 1892, when it was sold to the American Radiator Com- pany, formed under the presidency of Mr. Joseph Bond. A few years later this company bought, also, the plant and business of the Standard Radiator Company, which Mr. Nelson Holland had established in Buffalo, on Larkin Street, some time before. The American Radiator Com- pany proved to be a very vigorously expansive corporation, branching widely in its business, with its general offices in Chicago; but Buffalo has continued to be the main seat of its producing works. In 1901 it erected a new plant here, on twenty acres of land at Black Rock, near Hertel Avenue, on Rano Street, and gave it the name of the "Bond Plant," in memory of Mr. Bond, who died that year. This estab- lishment includes one of the largest gray-iron foundries in the country, and its machinery is run by Niagara electric power. It employs about 1,000 men. The enlarged "Pierce Plant," on Elmwood Avenue, employs another 1,000, and the "Standard Plant" about 500, making a total of 2,500 men who are kept busy by this company "all the year round," it is said, "for the plants rarely ever shut down." The products of the company are solely "American Radi- NELSON HOLLAND, Wholesale dealer iij, lumber born Belcnertown, Mass., June 24, 1829; educated at Springville Academy, Erie County, New York; director in the Manufacturers' and Traders' Bank; member of Westminster Presbyterian Church; Republican in politics. BRIDGE WORKS 1 1 ators" and "Ideal Boilers" for steam and hot water heating; made in endless variety of pattern and capacity and sold in all countries for the warming of all kinds of buildings, from the cottages of America to the palaces of the king of Eng- land, the czar of Russia and the crown prince of Japan. Though the company has five other plants elsewhere in the United States and one in Canada, about a third of its total output is from Buffalo. The beginning of what furnished the foundation for a greatly important organization of bridge-building was made by Charles Kellogg, who established the Kellogg Bridge Works, in connection with the Union Iron Works. In 1881 these bridge works were acquired by George S. Field, Edmund Hayes and C. V..N. Kittridge, who gave them the name of the Central Bridge Works, and they were operated under that name for three years. In this period the most important work of the company was the construction for the Michigan Central Railroad of the Cantilever Bridge which spans the Niagara chasm below the Falls. In 1884, by an amalgamation of the Central Bridge Com- pany with Kellogg & Maurice, of Athens, Pa., with the Delaware Bridge Company, of New York, and with Mr. T. C. Clark, of Clark, Reeves & Co., of Phoenixville, the Union Bridge Company was formed, which conducted the business on a very extensive scale for the next eleven years. Its most notable engineering achievements were the bridging of the Hudson at Poughkeepsie ; of the Mississippi at Cairo and at Memphis, and of the Hawksbury River, in New South Wales, Australia. The last named structure is com- posed of seven spans, 430 feet each, for double track. Its remarkable feature is the depth of the foundations that were necessary, going 176 feet below tide; the deepest ever laid. In 1895 the Union Bridge Company was merged in other 12 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION companies and passed later into the American Bridge Com- pany, in which no Buffalo interest remains. The manufacture of bicycles, organized in 1890 by George N. Pierce, soon took rank with the most important establishments of its class in the country. No wheels had a higher reputation than those which bore the Pierce name, in the days when hundreds of different styles and makers were in the field. The business increased steadily until about 1897, when a great decline occurred, universally, and continued till about 1904. Then came the beginning of a revival which has restored the manufacture to a healthy state. The makers of bicycles in the United States now number but thirteen or fourteen, while more than five hun- dred are said to have been engaged in the business in 1896. The recent output of the Pierce Cycle Company was about 10,000 per year. The company as now constituted was or- ganized in 1906, when the George N. Pierce Company, making automobiles, sold out the bicycle part of their fac- tory, and the Pierce Cycle Company was formed, with Percy P. Pierce, son of George N., as its president. This company conducts the bicycle manufacture exclusively. In 1893 Mr. W. H. Crosby, becoming manager of works established by the Spaulding Machine Screw Company (then just organized), began to develop the manufacture of parts for bicycle construction stamped from sheet-steel. Up to that time bicycle frame connections or joints had been made exclusively from solid drop-f orgings, which had to be bored out and machined to a considerable extent. By the process of stamping from sheet-steel these parts were pro- duced more quickly and cheaply, of fully equal strength, and the more progressive of the bicycle manufacturers were soon turning out more wheels at lower prices than before, by reason of using the products of the Spaulding Company. SHEET STEEL STAMPING 1 3 From the management of that company, however, Mr. Crosby withdrew in 1896 to organize The Crosby Company, himself its president and manager, his brother, Mr. A. G. Crosby (who died four years later), vice-president, Mr. William H. Hill secretary and treasurer, and Mr. Edward Ehler superintendent. The new company's office and works were then located at 506-507 Genesee Street. Increasing business required a much enlarged plant in 1903, for which a factory building on Pratt Street (181-187) was bought. Four times since that date extensive additions to the original building have been erected, giving nine times the floor-space that was occupied by the company on Genesee Street in 1903. The plant, which employs 450 men, is operated by electric power from Niagara Falls. The sole business of The Crosby Company at the outset of its career was the manufacture of bicycle parts; but it soon began adding to its list of products a large variety of special parts required in constructive work for different trades. At first these included parts for wagons, carriages, harnesses, sewing machines, trolley wheels, telephone instru- ments, etc. Then came the rapid development of the auto- mobile manufacture, opening to the company a field in which its business has had an extraordinary growth. In a note from Mr. Crosby to the present writer, answering in- quiries addressed to him, he remarks : "Almost every line of manufacture is looking towards people like ourselves to develop from sheet-metal pieces that were heretofore made either of castings or forgings, and in many cases we displace pieces that are turned from a solid bar of steel. We are turning out parts now that weigh seventy pounds, and from this down to a fraction of an ounce. We have recently added an autogenous welding plant, by means of which two stamped pieces are welded together, making a piece that could not be stamped in one single unjoined article. This welding process is quite new." 14 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION This quite unique industry is being developed rapidly in other cities ; but the initial adventure in it was that made by Mr. Crosby, and The Crosby Company holds the leading place in it still. One of the works of the same character, turning out pressed steel products, known as the John R. Keim Mills, had its origin somewhat more than two decades ago, when it was founded by Mr. Keim for the production of steel balls and other cold-pressed and cold-drawn parts of machinery. Under its present name it was organized in 1907. Mr. John R. Lee is the president and treasurer of the company, Mr. N. A. Hawkins vice-president, Mr. William H. Smith sec- retary and general manager. The mills are on Kensington Avenue and the Erie Railroad. The automobile manufacture, carried on by the George N. Pierce Company, was developed in connection with the bicycle works described above, and had its beginnings in 1896, when demands for the cycle showed decline. It was established in association with the bicycle plant, on Hanover Street, and continued there until 1907, when distinct works, on a large scale, and of unsurpassed equipment, were founded on Elmwood Avenue, at the crossing of the New York Central Railroad Belt Line. In 1901 there were twenty-five vehicles turned out of the works and their value was $10,000; in 1907 the output of automobiles was 1,000, and the value was $4,000,000. The growth of business, it will be seen, has even more than kept pace with the swift progress of engineering science and art in this new line. The company is second to none in reputation among the makers of the gasolene engine type of pleasure automobiles. In 1899 E. R. Thomas, who had begun the construction of automobiles in Canada within the previous year, saw ad- vantages in Buffalo which induced him to remove the busi- AUTOMOBILE BUILDING 1 5 ness to this field, locating the manufacture on Ferry Street. Its development in the first years was moderate, rising to a product in 1904 which represented $375,000 of value, and employed about 150 men. In the next three years it ad- vanced by leaps, the business of the season of 1906-7 giving employment to 1,500 workmen, and the output being valued at nearly $5,000,000. Mr. Thomas has works now in De- troit, as well as at Buffalo, and the total floor-space of his factories is nearly 350,000 square feet. The Thomas auto- mobiles have a world-wide fame, since one of them won the New York to Paris race of 1908, across North America and through Siberia and Russia. The business now conducted by the Buffalo Structural Steel Company was established by Casper Teiper in 1894. The company was organized in 1899, with a capital stock of $30,000, increased to $100,000 in 1904. Mr. Teiper and William G. Houck have been the executive officers since the incorporation. The works, at 166 Dart Street, have a ca- pacity for producing about 8,000 tons of structural steel per year. They have supplied material for most of the larger buildings — hotels, apartment houses and business structures — of the city in recent years. The Buffalo Gasolene Motor Company, manufacturing marine engines, was organized in 1899 and established its plant on Niagara Street, at the corner of Auburn Avenue. Its present officers are Louis A. Fischer, president, A. F. Dohn, vice-president, A. Snyder, secretary and treasurer, W. E. Blair, general superintendent. A small $10,000 corporation, called the Buffalo Foundry Company, organized in 1900 by the late Charles F. Dunbar, its president and principal stockholder, was the germ of the present Buffalo Foundry and Machine Company, capital- ized at $500,000 ($300,000 issued), and remarkably l6 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION equipped for the manufacture of medium and large castings made with semi-steel, air-furnace and gray iron, and also for engineering work. The new company was organized in 1902, Mr. Dunbar still leading the enterprise, with Mr. M. Sullivan for his coadjutor and Mr. Andrew Langdon and others soon brought into the alliance. The old company had occupied a rented building on Mississippi Street; the new company erected a plant, on East Ferry Street and Win- chester Avenue, which is said officially to be "equipped for handling larger and heavier castings than any other jobbing plant in the United States or Canada, so far as our infor- mation obtains." With this equipment it has been able to cast gas-engine beds weighing 93 and 97 tons each for the Allis-Chalmers Company, of Milwaukee, as well as 40 ton beds for the gas engines of the Lackawanna Steel Company's plant. In the middle bay of its foundry it has crane ca- pacity for handling castings up to 200 tons in weight, if that weight is ever required. Until the spring of 1907 the company operated its foundry alone. Then the David Bell Engineering Works were merged with it, and its present name was assumed. The old David Bell Works were abandoned, and the machine shops and the foundry are together on East Ferry Street. The present officers of the company are H. D. Miles, presi- dent and treasurer, M. Sullivan, vice-president, F. C. Slee, secretary. The J. P. Devine Company, which controls valuable Ger- man patents for vacuum drying, established its business in Buffalo in 1903, but was not incorporated until 1905. Its manufacturing establishment and experiment station are on Maryland Street. The L. M. Ericsson Telephone Manufacturing Company, which began the establishing of a plant on the Military DROP FORGING 1 7 Road in 1905, has brought it to fine perfection of equipment, and will undoubtedly have importance in the future of the industries of the city. The General Railway Signal Company, which transferred its business to Rochester not long since, had established a drop-forging plant, in connection with its other works, on the New York Central Belt Line, at Elmwood Avenue. This was purchased in the spring of 1907 by The Consoli- dated Telephone Company, and the business continued under a new corporation, named the General Drop Forge Company, in which the former secretary of the General Railway Signal Company, Clarence H. Littell, was retained as general manager and treasurer. The plant was destroyed soon afterward by fire, butTebuilt, of fire-proof construction and much enlarged and improved, resuming operations in September of the same year. The business of the company is "the manufacture of special drop-forgings, up-setter, bull- dozer and general forging work." CHAPTER V MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES ACCORDING to Mr. H. Perry Smith's History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County," published in 1884, the first brewing of the German lager beer in this city was undertaken by a Swiss settler, Rudolph Baer, who came to Buffalo in 1826, "engaged in keeping the hotel at Cold Springs, and soon after built a brewery and gave the Buffalonians their first taste of beer made at home." When Mr. Smith wrote he could draw, no doubt, from per- sonal memories on the subject which are not now to be appealed to, and which death may have extinguished even a decade ago, when a historical sketch of the brewing industry of the city was compiled for the Buffalo Brewers' Associa- tion, in 1897. In that sketch it is said to have been ascer- tained "from the best information obtainable, that previous to 1840 there were in this city five breweries, with a capacity of from one to nine barrel kettles each;" and that "the pioneer in this important enterprise was Jacob Roos, whose plant was located in what was then called 'Sandy Town' — between Church and York streets and beyond the Erie Canal, near the Old Stone House." It is further stated that Mr. Roos, early in the forties, purchased the land lying between Hickory and Pratt streets, below Batavia (now Broadway) , where the Iroquois Brewing Company now has its large plant. The second brewery mentioned in this historical account was established by Messrs. Schanzlin & Hofifman, at the corner of Main and St. Paul streets. Two years later the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Schanzlin built a brew-house, a dwelling and a restaurant out where Main Street crosses Scajaquada Creek. The third brewery was connected with a restaurant on Oak Street, near Tupper, by Joseph Fried- 18 BREWING AND BREWERIES 19 man, and, passing subsequently into the hands of Beck and Baumgartner, gave its beginning to the extensive business now carried on by the Magnus Beck Brewing Company, on the corners of North Division and Spring. Another of the greater brewing establishments of the present day has grown from the next of the small plants founded in that period; for a daughter of its founder, Philip Born, married Gerhard Lang, and Mr. Lang, in due time, becoming a partner in the business, developed from it the Gerhard Lang Park Brewery, having its present location at the corner of Jeffer- son Street and Best. The fifth and latest of the pioneer breweries of 1840, described in the record here quoted, was started by Godfrey Heiser, on Seneca Street below Chicago, and ended business some forty or more years ago. In 1863 there were 35 breweries in operation in the city, and their product that year was 152 barrels. In 1896 the number of brewing establishments had dropped to 19, but the annual product had risen to 652,340 barrels. In 1907 three of the breweries that had been in operation twelve years before were no longer in existence, and one new one had been established; but the 17 of the later period were producing 964,000 barrels per year. In these facts we have a striking illustration of the tendency of business, in the last two decades, or thereabouts, to concentrate its organizations and enlarge their scale. Of the breweries now existing, five have passed a half century of age, namely: the Magnus Beck and the Gerhard Lang establishments, already mentioned; the Broadway Brewing and Malting Company's plant, founded in 1852; the Consumers' (known formerly as the Lion Brewery), founded by George Rochevot in 1857, and the Ziegele Brew- ing Company's (Phoenix Brewery), founded by A. Ziegele in the same year. Two date from about 1867, — one founded by Christian Weyand, now operated by a company 20 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION which bears his name, the other founded by John M. Luip- pold and now the property of the East Buflfalo Brewing Company. From the decade of the seventies none have sur- vived. But six that arose in the eighties are flourishing in the business still, to wit: Buffalo Cooperative, from 1880; the Clinton Star, from 1881 ; the International, which the late Jacob Scheu established in 1884; the German-Ameri- can, which represents the old time establishment of Joseph L. Haberstro; the Lake View, built in 1885 ; and the Simon Brewery, formerly carried on by the J. Schuesler Company. The brewery of the Germania Company, founded in 1893, and that of J. Schreiber, which began production in 1900, complete the list. Thus far, the twentieth century has made no addition to the brewing establishments of the city. For the brewing of ale and porter there is but one con- siderably extensive establishment in the city, the Moffatt Brewery, which has been in operation for more than half a century, at the corner of Mohawk and Morgan streets. Soap making was an industry of some importance in Buffalo at a quite early time, and is notably represented among the larger organizations of productive business at the present day; but most of the older manufactories have dis- appeared. One, founded by Gowans & Beard about 1848, and now conducted by Gowans & Son, has had a prosperous career of some sixty years. Another, of nearly equal age, had the smallest possible beginnings in 1853, when William Lautz, Sr., coming from Germany with a family of four sons and three daughters and with a very few dollars in his pocket, began at once to win the means of living by moulding tallow candles, in the mode of that day, and sending his boys out to peddle them through the town. This needed next to no capital. Soap- making, which went then with candle-making, required somewhat more; but thrifty Mr. Lautz had soon saved WORKS OF THE LARKIN COMPANY. The foundations of this enterprise in soap manufacture were laid by Mr. John D. Larkin, a ti^tive of Bufifalo, in 1875.-''^ The origfinal factory was in Chicago Street, near Fuhon Street, but was removed in two years to Seneca Street, which forms a part of the present plant, ^.j, Year by year since. 1877 new buildings have been added and old ones superseded or extended. The space occupied is fifty acres. A specialty is made of the system of delivering directly from ^'factory to family." SOAP-MAKING 21 enough for the buying of a kettle or two, and so started the creation of a soap factory which, for many years past, has occupied a good part of Lloyd Street, and employed a large force of men. The boys, who were assistants and salesmen of the establishment, marketed its products, of candles and soap, in hand-baskets at the outset, then with hand-wagons, then, presently, with a dog-team, soon succeeded by a small horse, — and so, progressively employing their vehicles of transportation, until all the railroads and ships and boats that went out of Buffalo were carrying their commodities far and wide. The father of the business died in 1886. The sons and grandsons who have continued it, under the firm name of Lautz Brothers & Co., have been valued citizens, and the younger of tjie sons, Frederick C. M. Lautz, who died not long ago, is honored greatly in memory as a lover and patron of music, who exemplified in his generous promotion of it the finer uses of wealth. A third establishment of quite long standing grew from somewhat similar small beginnings made by Jabesh Harris, who had learned the soap-making art in the neighboring small town of Hamburg, and came to Buffalo to practice it in 1869. Mr. Harris went through hard struggles before he gained a substantial footing in the business ; but he won it in the end, after being twice burned out, and left the large establishment of the Harris Soap Co. to be carried on by his sons. The latest foundation of the largest and most notable or- ganization of industry in this department, was laid in 1875, by Mr. John D. Larkin, a native of Buffalo, who had been engaged in the manufacture of soap at Chicago during some previous years. Having sold his Chicago interest he re- sumed the business in his native town. His original factory, on Chicago Street, near Fulton, was a small building of two 22 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION floors, twenty by forty feet in size. This was outgrown in two years, and a new building of much greater dimensions erected for the manufacture on Seneca Street, occupying a small fraction of the enormous acreage now covered by the Larkin works. Almost year by year, from 1877 to the latest of the calendar, building has been added to building, old ones have given place to new ones, small ones to large ones, common brick and wood to fire-proof construction, until the floor-space of the Larkin plant now measures more than fifty acres, in all. It had grown to a little more than one acre by 1885; to sixteen acres by 1901 ; to twenty-nine acres by 1904; to fifty acres by 1907. Building, to keep pace with its own needs, has become, therefore, a big part of the com- pany's work. Elbert G. Hubbard, William H. Coss and Daniel J. Coss were associated with Mr. Larkin in 1875-6. Darwin D. Martin entered the firm in 1878. In 1892 the Larkin Soap Mfg. Company was organized, with Mr. Larkin as presi- dent and Mr. Hubbard as secretary and treasurer. In the next year Mr. Hubbard sold his interest and was succeeded in the secretaryship by Mr. Martin. In the Larkin Co., as it is now named, Mr. Martin is still secretary, and official positions are held by Mr. Larkin's three sons. Until 1885 the products of the Larkin factory were mar- keted in the usual way, through wholesale and retail dealers, and an extensive demand for them had been created east and west. Then the company launched boldly into its experi- ment, of direct "factory to family" dealing, which it claims as "the Larkin idea." In describing the change it states that "a Chicago wholesale merchant was the first success- fully to bring together consumer and wholesaler, leaving the retail dealer out of their transactions ; but * * * the Larkin Co. was, in 1885, the first manufacturer to eliminate all dealers — wholesale and retail; all travelling salesmen SOAP-MAKING 23 and brokers, the entire middle organization termed the 'mid- dlemen' — and sell important staples on a large scale entirely to the users." The saving of what would go as profits to middlemen, in ordinary trade, is represented by the large premiums which the company offers to the direct buyers of its goods; and the procuring and distributing of these pre- miums constitute an immense part of the business it conducts. Great factories outside of itself are kept busy in supplying the huge orders it gives for single articles of furniture, and the like ; and a large pottery manufacture, of the first order, has been established in Buffalo, under its ownership and control. The Larkin products include perfumes and all toilet articles, as well as a great variety of soaps. The processes of their manufacture are interesting, and the perfect organ- ization and equipment of everything in the work of the 2,500 people employed is more interesting still. The great office building, finished and opened in 1907, with a capacity for 1,800 typewriters and clerks, and a present clerical force of more than a thousand, is unique, in its plan, in its massive construction, in its plentitude of light and air, in its pro- visions and arrangements for efficient work and for the comfort of the worker. Its model restaurant, its library, its rest-room, its trained nurse for sudden illnesses, are busi- ness-office accompaniments not often to be found. That the Larkin Works have become one of the sights of the city is not at all strange. The visitors are so numerous that guides are provided to conduct them through. The Buffalo Pottery, referred to above, as being estab- lished and conducted by the Larkin Company, gives em- ployment to 250 persons of both sexes, and is a most inter- esting industrial organization. Its products go widely be- yond the United States, being exported to twenty-seven countries of the outer world. Its works are on Seneca and Hayes streets. 24 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION A cement deposit, which runs from an outcrop on Scaja- quada Creek, just west of Main Street, northeasterly, through Williamsville to Akron, was discovered at an early day by the pioneers of settlement in this region. It is said to have been quarried and prepared for marketing at Williamsville as early as 1824, and Williamsville cement was used in the building of the original canal locks at Lock- port. Possibly, but not certainly, Mr. Warren Granger had started cement works on Buffalo Plains at an equally early date. It was not, however, until half a century later that the Buffalo end of the cement deposit was extensively opened and worked by the Buffalo Cement Company, organ- ized by Mr. Lewis J. Bennett, in 1877. The first works of the company were on the west side of Main Street, but presently transferred to the east side and developed oir a large scale. In 1888, when the production may be said to have ceased, its quarries covered about 200 acres and had yielded 80,000 barrels per acre. The output of the com- pany in the later years of its working was 1,800 barrels per day. Borings in the neighborhood had shown the existence of a rich deposit of gypsum underlying the same region, and Mr. Bennett purchased a large tract of land on the west side of Main Street, with a view to developing this. Unfor- tunately there was soon found to be an intrusion of water which seemed to make the intended working impossible, and it was given up. Mr. Bennett then gave a new direction to his spirit of enterprise, and began in 1889 the development on his land of that fine residential district, on the northern rim of Buffalo, which is now well populated and known as Central Park. Long before the earth-storage of petroleum was dis- covered, there was a considerable manufacture of oils, for illumination and lubrication, from other fats than the Contractur ; born Duanesburg, Schenectady County, .New York, July 7, 1833; was in California during- the trpuble- sbme times of the "Vigilants ;" was supervisor of Glen',' Wevi'' York, 1865; came to Buffalo, i86f), and in 1868 organ i^'M a- contracting business witli Andrew Spaulding and John Hand; organized the Hutfalo Cement Company; in 1877. Prominent in Masonic affairs : trustee Buffalo Public Library ; member Buft'alo Societ}- of Natural Sciences, His- torical Society, Chamber of Commerce, and Buff'aio Chap- ter Sons of the Revolution. OIL REFINING 25 blubber of the whale. As early as 1848, Mr. F. S. Pease had established such a manufacture in Buffalo, and his lu- bricating oils, which were his specialty, and which he exhibited conspicuously at national and international fairs, obtained a great reputation and were sold extensively at home and abroad. A considerable manufacture of "lard oil," for illuminating purposes, was also carried on by Mr. Richard BuUymore, in the middle period of last century. The manufacture of linseed oil, begun in Buffalo by Spencer Kellogg and Sidney McDougal in 1879, grew in their hands to a business of very large proportions and im- portance. It is now carried on by the Spencer Kellogg Co., whose establishment, on Ganson and Michigan streets, is one of the largest of its kind in the country, and its product is sold in all parts of the world. In recent years the firm of Hauenstein & Co. have entered on the same manufacture, at works on Vincennes Street, with promising success. Many Buffalonians joined the rush for the Pennsylvania Oil Fields, after the first successful borings for petroleum, in 1858, and large interests in the crude oil production were acquired in this city from the first; but no refining of the crude petroleum was undertaken here till about 1873 or 1874. The late Joseph D. Dudley, with whom the late Joseph P. Dudley was associated, then established the Em- pire Oil Works, on the Ohio Basin, and carried on the refining business for a few years. The Standard Oil Com- pany had carried its campaign of conquest well forward by that time, and Buffalo was not a point it would neglect. Its first footing here was got by the purchase of the Empire Works, about 1878. A second refinery had then been started, on Seneca Street, by Messrs. Holmes and Adams, who are said to have had some friendly arrangement with the Standard Company, and their works were operated until burned, about ten years ago. 26 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION The third enterprise in crude oil refining at Buffalo is the one which survives alone at the present day, represented by the Atlas Oil Works of the Standard Oil Company, on Buffalo River and Elk and Babcock streets. It was started in 1880 by the Kalbfleisch Sons, of the Buffalo Chemical Works, allied with some Cleveland interests, and the build- ing of a pipe line from Rock City to Buffalo was part of the undertaking. This was a project of rivalry which chal- lenged the Standard Oil Company to an exertion of all its combative power and skill. The attempt to build a pipe line in the rival interest was made impossible in some way, while the Standard laid one of its own ; and that successful company's purchase of the Atlas Works in 1892 was, no doubt, an inevitable result. At about this time several other attempts to enter the re- fining industry in Buffalo were being made. Adjoining the Atlas Works, a company formed by Buffalo and Titusville parties began operating what were called the Solar Oil Works, using a process for continuous distillation of crude petroleum which had been patented by Samuel Van Syckel. Mr. Van Syckel was a well known inventor in the oil in- dustries, who had been the first to conceive the idea of piping oil, and who, over a short distance near Titusville, had laid the first pipe-line. It goes without saying that the Solar Works had a struggle for life with its powerful rival and succumbed in the end. It passed, first, in 1883, to the Tidewater Pipe Line Co., which had maintained its inde- pendence thus far, but which surrendered soon afterwards to the Standard Company, carrying with it the Solar Works. Another attempt of the same period was that of Mr. C. B. Matthews, who established the works of the Buffalo Lu- bricating Oil Company, near the Atlas Works, on Elk and Babcock streets, in 1881. His long litigations and conten- tions with the Standard Oil Company, including the OIL REFINING 27 indictment and conviction of persons connected with the Vacuum Oil Company, of Rochester (one of the subsidiary organizations of the Standard), who were charged with having suborned a workman in the employ of the Buflfalo Lubricating Oil Company to prepare conditions in its appa- ratus that would bring about an explosion, form a notable chapter in the published history of petroleum oil. The struggles of the Lubricating Oil Company were prolonged until about 1887, when its works were transferred to a com- bination of independent refineries in Cleveland, Oil City and Corry. They were operated for a short time by this combination, and then given up. About 1888 Mr. Matthews organized the Buffalo Refining Company, the business of which he has conducted ever since. It does no refining in Buffalo, but holds stock in a Pennsylvania re- finery, from which it obtains its oil. Its business in this city is the compounding of cylinder and engine oils and the manufacture of greases, nearly all of which product goes up the lakes. It has little to do with shipments by rail. Still two other refineries were started in Buflfalo about 1 88 1, both of them located on the Tiflft Farm. One, the Niagara, of which Mr. Backus, of Cleveland, was president, was carried on till bought and cleared away by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, to make room for its terminal improvements on that ground. The other, the Phoenix, was embarrassed by freight conditions till it gave up. The surviving Atlas Refining Works, which became the property of the Standard Oil Company in 1892, have been greatly enlarged in the hands of that all-powerful trust. They occupy a tract of about 84 acres at the corner of Elk and Babcock streets, having a frontage of 1,782 feet on the former street, and running back to the Buflfalo River. Oil refining in all its departments is carried on, and with it a mechanical department, equipped with labor-saving ma- 28 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION chinery of the latest types, for the construction of tank cars and for other boiler-shop work. From 500 to 600 men are employed in the works as a whole. The present capacity of the refining plant is for the yearly treatment of 1,200,000 barrels of crude oil, and it is fully employed. Mr. Horace P. Chamberlain has been the general manager since 1890. The manufacture of fire-brick was established in Buffalo by the late Edward J. Hall, in 1866, as a branch of the busi- ness of A. Hall & Sons, at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Within a year or two it became an independent business, conducted by Mr. Hall during his life, and still continued, in the administration of his estate, with C. M. Helmer as its manager, and under the name of Hall & Sons. The location of the plant has always been, as now, at the corner of Tonawanda Street and West Avenue, in Black Rock. With a thorough practical knowledge of the manufacture and much executive ability, Mr. Hall organized a plant that is noted for the quality of its output. In the past fifteen years it has been largely rebuilt and extended. Modern machinery has been put in and the capacity of the works about doubled. In 1879 Mr. J. F. Schoellkopf, Jr. (his father, bearing the same well-known name, being then alive), returned home from seven years of chemical study in Germany, and began the manufacture of coal tar dyes. The undertaking was moderate in scale at the outset, but its importance was in the fact of its being the first of its kind in America started by specialists, trained in the art, and with the avowed pur- pose of producing as nearly as possible a full line of coal tar colors. Owing to unfavorable tariffs and patent laws the business was of slow growth and unremunerative at first; but as important foreign patents expired, and as the scientific managers, making new discoveries of their own. JACOB SCHOELILKOPF (JutfiOH). Chemical manufacturer ;' born Buffalo, New York, Feb-- I'uary 27, 1858; e'ducated iri'Buft'alo an'cf Gertnariy; presi- dent of Schoellkopif, Hartford & Hanna CompkAy-',- fr?ce- president Commonwealth Trust Company and Central Na- tional Bank ; director in Columbia National Bank, Security Safe Deposit Company, Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Company, Cliff Paper Company of Niagara Falls, and National Aniline & Chemical Company of New York City and Philadelphia ; trustee Buffalo General Hos- pital : member Buffalo Club, Buft'alo Historical Society, American Chemical Society, National Biographical Society, etc. ACIDS AND COAL-TAR DYES 29 took out valuable patents here and abroad, they were able to increase their line. In 1886 the founder of the manufacture was joined by his brother, C. P. Hugo Schoellkopf, who, in his turn, had completed a course of chemical studies in Germany. The business had now attained a steady growth. In 1887 a company was organized in the city of New York for han- dling its products, and a similar company was formed at Philadelphia in 1896. In 1899 these companies were con- solidated with the Buffalo plant, by incorporation under the name of Schoellkopf, Hartford & Hanna Company, and a branch in Boston was opened at the same time. A year later branch houses were established in Chicago, Cincin- nati, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and Kansas City, covering practically all of the territory in the United States that is tributary to the trade in aniline colors. In 1902 the company, being an extensive consumer of mineral acids, established a plant for the manufacture of those. This, again, was a pioneer undertaking, — the first in the United States to produce sulphuric acid by the con- tact process, and to operate continuous processes of making nitric acid and muriatic acid by patented methods. This new plant grew to such dimensions that it was separately organized in 1904, and is now conducted in the name of the Contact Process Company. It is now one of the largest and most complete plants of its kind in the country. The entire business that has grown from Mr. Schoell- kopf 's undertaking of 1879 was measured by sales of product in 1907 to the extent of nearly $4,000,000. In 1881 its sales amounted only to $75,000. Inasmuch as the pro- prietors are continually putting new products on the market, there appears to be no reason why it should not continue to grow in future as in the past. The present officers of Schoellkopf, Hartford & Hanna 30 INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION Company are J. F. Schoellkopf, president; W. W. Hanna, I. F. Stone, and Jesse W. Starr, vice-presidents; Charles Ware, secretary ; C. P. Hugo Schoellkopf, treasurer. In 1903 the house of Pratt & Lambert, which ranks with the largest manufacturers of varnish in the world, operating many plants in this country and in Europe, established works in Buffalo on Tonawanda Street, so extensive that they cover five acres of ground. The president of the com- pany, Mr. W. H. Andrews, is resident in Buffalo. CULTURAL EVOLUTION CHAPTER I THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROTESTANT CHURCHES AND JEWISH RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES UNDOUBTEDLY the village settlement on Bufifalo Creek had been visited by Protestant missionaries prior to 1812; but one came in that year who first organized the membership of a church. This was the Rev. Thaddeus Osgood, from Connecticut, who is said to have been making his fifth journey through the western settle- ments, and who wrote in his journal, of his visit to the Buf- falo hamlet, that he found here "more attention to religious instruction and to divine things in general" than he had wit- nessed "in any other new settlement." The society that he formed took originally the name of the First Congregational and Presbyterian Church; but in 181 5 it preferred and assumed the title of the First Presbyterian Society of Buf- falo. In the following year it obtained a settled pastor, the Rev. Miles P. Squier, at whose installation the services were held in a new barn, at the corner of Main and Genesee streets. Writing subsequently of that time, Mr. Squier said: "We of all names as Christians agreed to hold to- gether until we got able to separate. I did not say much about sects, but preached the great essentials of the gospel; and the people were united, and worked together for the advancement of the common cause. The Episcopalians were the first to hive out." The separate hiving of the Episcopalians (if Mr. Squier's 31 32 CULTURAL EVOLUTION expression may be used) was consequent on a visit in 1817 from Bishop Hobart, of New York. "I gave him my pul- pit the first Sabbath," wrote Mr. Squier. "We all heard him gladly. He, with his people, met on their own ap- pointment after that, and the result was our neighbor, St. Paul's Church." St. Paul's Church parish is said, how- ever, to have been organized in February, 18 17, by the Rev. Samuel Johnston, Episcopal missionary for the district west of the Genesee. Services were held at the Eagle Tavern and in the school house until the summer of 181 9, when a framed building, of Gothic form, was erected on a lot given to the Church by Mr. Ellicott, of the Holland Land Com- pany. St. Paul's Church has occupied the same ground, bounded by Main, Erie, Pearl and Church streets, ever since. This first St. Paul's Church was not, however, the first church edifice to be erected in Buffalo. A Methodist chapel had preceded it by half a year or more. The history of "Methodism in Buffalo," by Rev. Sanford Hunt, states that New Amsterdam appears first in the minutes of the Genesee Methodist Conference in 1812. It was included in a missionary circuit which extended from Batavia to the Niagara River, and from the Tonawanda to twenty miles south of Buffalo Creek. The Rev. Gideon Lanning, who was on the circuit in 18 13, reported two Methodists only in Buffalo; but in 18 18 the Rev. Glezen Fillmore, then preaching on what was called the Eden Circuit, organized a class of eight or nine in Buffalo village and four at Black Rock. He held Sunday services for a time in the school house, dividing time with the Episcopalians, to do which his preaching was at sunrise and early candle-light. Then he leased a lot on Franklin Street, a little below Niagara, and built a small church, with help obtained from Mr. Ellicott and from New York. This building was dedi- cated on the 24th of January, 1819. EARLIEST PROTESTANT CHURCHES 33 It seems probable that a society of Baptists had existence before this time; but the present writer has found no record of its date. A Holland-Purchase Baptist Association was organized as early as 1815, and the Buffalo Public Library is in possession of a file of the Minutes of its yearly meetings from 1 81 8 to 1839. It then became the Buffalo Baptist Association, and its Minutes under that name are continuous in the Library until 1906. In 1822 there was some gather- ing of Baptists in the village which called the Rev. Elon Galusha, of Whitesboro, to come to them as a missionary, and he organized a Baptist Church that year. These four societies, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Method- ist and Baptist, were the first religious organizations in Buffalo, and formed the parent stocks from which much branching in their several denominations occurred in later years. The First Presbyterian Society erected and dedi- cated its first building in 1823, on the triangle (given for the purpose by the Holland Land Company) between Main, Niagara, Pearl and Church streets, which it occupied until 1890, when it gave place to the Erie County Savings Bank, and the focal point in the city which St. Paul's and the "Old First" had marked as "The Churches," for almost a century, lost that familiar name, and became Shelton Square, in memory of the first rector of St. Paul's. The original First Presbyterian edifice, which cost $874, was used by its builders four years only, and then sold to the Methodists, whose still smaller chapel was outgrown. The second undertaking of the Presbyterians, in 1827, produced a large edifice, of old-fashioned stateliness, cost- ing $17,500, which held the most conspicuous site in the city for two generations and more. About three years after the completion of the church its broad-faced steeple received a clock and a bell. The building bought by the Methodists was moved in 1827 to a lot which Mr. Ellicott had given 34 CULTURAL EVOLUTION them, on the north side of Niagara Street, running from Franklin to Pearl, and used there for five years. In 1828 the first meetings of Protestant Germans for religious service were held in a room over a grocery store, on Main Street, near Genesee. The congregation thus gathered was organized subsequently into the First German Evangelical Lutheran Church, of St. John. In 1829 the Baptist society had become able to build for itself, and erected a framed church at the corner of Washington and Seneca streets, which sufficed it for the next seven years. Hitherto St. Paul's Church had been served by missionaries ; but in 1829 it received the rector. Rev. William Shelton, who ministered to it for fifty-one years. In the same year the first church organ heard in Buffalo was placed in St. Paul's. In the Third Decade of the Century. — The First Pres- byterian Church began mission work in the opening year of this decade, building a chapel for sailors and boatmen on Main Street near Dayton. This led to the formation in 1834 of a Bethel Church, which was maintained until 1848. The first Unitarian and the first Universalist societies were organized in 1 83 1 . The Universalists built during the next year, on the east side of Washington Street, a little north of Swan. The Unitarians met in the old court house until 1834, when they had erected the long-familiar church, at the corner of Franklin and Eagle streets, which under- went transformation into the existing Austin Building after many years of sacred use. In 1836 it received as its pastor the Rev. Dr. G. W. Hosmer, who was one of the most beloved of the city for thirty years. The little church bought by the Methodists from the Presbyterians in 1827 served them, on their Niagara Street ground, until 1832. They gave the use of it then to a Ger- man Protestant congregation, and sheltered themselves in PROTESTANT churches: THIRD DECADE 35 the basement of a new church, on the same ground, which they were building of stone. This German congregation had been gathered by a young evangelist from Switzerland, the Rev. Joseph Gombel, who came to Buffalo in 183 1 and joined the First Presbyterian Church. The Buffalo Presbytery appointed him to take up work among the German-speaking people, and he did so with such success that the United Evangelical St. Peter's Church was organized in 1832. In 1835 it received as a gift from its Methodist hosts the little building in which its meetings had been held for three years, and removed it to the corner of Genesee and Hickory streets, where it was continued in use for another fifteen years. From the First Presbyterian Church a first off-shoot ap- peared in 1832, when some of its former members were united in the organization of a Free Congregational Church, and built a meeting place on the north side of what was then known as the Court House Park, now Lafayette Park. This society, reorganized in 1839 under the name of the Park Presbyterian Church, had no vitality, and seems to have faded out of life; but the homely little building it had created was brought nobly into use in the next decade. A more successful and important movement of coloniza- tion from the First Presbyterian Church occurred in 1835. It was that which formed the new society known in its early years as the Pearl Street and later as the Central Presby- terian Church. Of its original membership of thirty-five, twenty-nine came from the Presbyterian Church and six from the Free Congregational. Temporarily its meetings were in a rude structure on Pearl Street ; but within its first year, or soon after, it had built, on the northwest corner of Pearl and Genesee streets, the costliest and most notable church edifice then adorning the city. The building, in its form, was an exact copy of the Parthenon ; the interior was 36 CULTURAL EVOLUTION an ellipse, and the result was acoustic perfection. It was lighted from a dome, through colored glass by day, and at night by a massive chandelier. The exterior was of cut stone. It was a famous edifice in its time, and soon made more famous by the preacher in its pulpit, the Rev. Dr. John C. Lord, who was installed as the pastor of the church on the I St of February, 1837. He was not eloquent; he was not an orator, in any sense of the term ; he was not deep in learning or strong in reasoning ; but he possessed the some- thing indefinable which gives to certain men a great per- sonal force. Another church organized in 1835, in connection with the Associate Reformed Church of America, fell to pieces a few years later, but was reorganized in the next decade and became the First United Presbyterian Church in Buffalo. In that year, too, there were beginnings of meetings which resulted in the forming of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. The next sacred edifice to rise in the city was one that stood lately in the thick of the traflSc of the lower streets, and still echoed from its original walls the voices of prayer and sacred song. It was built in 1836, on Washington Street near Swan, by the First Baptist Society, and occupied by that parental society for nearly fifty-eight years, when it became the citadel of the Salvation Army. The first parting of a church colony from St. Paul's oc- curred in 1836, when Trinity parish was organized and services held for a time in rented rooms on Washington Street; afterward in the Universalist Church on the same street. The new society deferred building for six years. In 1837 a German society was formed in connection with the Evangelical Association of North America and is still known. as the First Church of the Evangelical Association. Its meetings were in a small building on Sycamore Street PROTESTANT CHURCHES : THIRD DECADE 37 until 1839, when a plain church was erected on Mortimer Street, and occupied there for the following seven years. The same building was then removed to the corner of Syca- more and Spruce streets. Also, in 1837, an organization of colored Baptists was effected, conducting services on Michigan Street, between Broadway and William. With help from the Baptist Union, this society survived many vicissitudes. The year 1839 brought large accessions to the German Lutherans of the city, consequent on the enforced union of Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Prussia, depriving the former of the right to worship according to what they be- lieved to be the faith of the true Lutheran Church. Many Lutheran congregations came then to America, with their pastors, as the Independents and the Puritans of England had come two centuries before. One such body, number- ing about one thousand, led by the Rev. J. A. Grabau, arrived in Buffalo on the 5th of October, and held a Thanks- giving service in a hall at the southwest corner of Main and Eagle streets on the following day. Until the spring of the next year their meetings were in several places ; then they built at the corner of Goodell and Maple streets, and their society was incorporated under the name of "The Old Luth- eran Church." It is known likewise as the German Evan- gelical Church of the Holy Trinity. Another large con- gregation of Prussian Lutherans arrived from Silesia in the same year, with their pastor, Rev. C. E. F. Krause. This society, too, held meetings for a time in the hall at Main and Eagle streets, and did not build for itself until 1842. It bears the name of the First German Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Church. In the Fourth Decade. — Pastor Krause's First German Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Church society built a church for its own services of worship, at the corner of Milnor and 38 CULTURAL EVOLUTION William streets, in 1842; and pastor Grabau's Old Lutheran congregation was enlarged by further arrivals from Prussia in that year and the next. In those years (1842-3) the Trinity society of the Protes- tant Episcopalians built the plain but dignified church edifice, at the corner of Washington and Mohawk streets, which it occupied for forty- two years; and in 1844 there came to it the beloved rector, the Rev. Dr. Edward Inger- soll, who was parted from it only by his death, in 1883. The Universalist Church received its first regular pastor, the Rev. S. R. Smith, in 1843, and its second, the Rev. A. G. Laurie, in 1849. The oldest of the German Protestant churches, known afterward as the First German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John, finished and dedicated in 1843 a build- ing of which it had laid the corner-stone in 1835. In the same year it sent out an off-shoot of thirty families from its membership, who organized a new society, under the name of the German United Evangelical Church of St. Paul, and built for it, in the next year, on Washington Street, between Chippewa and Genesee. Two new church societies were organized in 1844, one by forty families which parted from the First Baptist Church, to build the two-steepled edifice still standing on Niagara Square; the other by migration from the First Methodist Church, to found Grace M. E. Church, on Michigan and Swan streets, which was dedicated in 1845. The year 1845 was one of many events in the religious communities of the city. On the 7th of June in that year it was announced in the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser that "there will be preaching by the Rev. Grosvenor W. Heacock in the Park Church to-morrow (Sunday)." This service assembled for the first time a congregation that was organized on the 13th of July following as the Park Church PROTESTANT CHURCHES: FOURTH DECADE 39 Society, and which changed its name on the 21st of October to that of the Lafayette Street Church Society. Thirty-one years later the same preacher, the Rev. Dr. Heacock, con- tinuous pastor of the church from its organization till his death, described, in a historical sermon, the homely edifice in which his pastorship was begun. It was, he said, "as to its interior, a small, old and gloomy church building," while the exterior was no more attractive; "and around it had gathered the wrecks of two or three previous church failures." The congregation which braved the discourage- ments of its past history, in 1845, was gathered by the desire to establish this young preacher in a pulpit of his native city. Son of one of staunchest of the pioneers of Buffalo, gifted with a personality so big and so strong in noble attributes, and yet so simple, so sweet, so transparently pure that its power and its charm were alike irresistible, Grosvenor Heacock, then approaching his twenty-fourth birthday, was the center already of a love and admiration that grew till all the city was embraced. To speak of Dr. Heacock as a great orator might convey the impression that some intention and effort of art was in his speech; and nothing could be farther from the truth. In everything he was, above all else, a spontaneous man. His nature expressed itself openly in everything that could give it expression, — ^word, action or look ; and that was the source of a wonderful eloquence of speech when his soul was stirred. Another important event of 1845 was the branching from Trinity of the society which organized the Protestant Epis- copal Church of St. John, and which, three years later, built the fine stone edifice, with a dignified tower, that graced the corner of Washington and Swan streets till it gave place to the Statler Hotel, in 1907. Zion's German Evangelical Reformed Church was a third creation of this year. It was organized by a number of families of the Reformed Church 40 CULTURAL EVOLUTION of Germany, under the direction of the Rev. J. Althaus, and its first church edifice, dedicated in 1846, was built at the corner of Cherry and Spring streets. Nine years later it built anew on Lemon Street, near Virginia. The original Unitarian church building was enlarged and remodeled, and a building was erected on Vine Street for the African M. E. Church, in 1845. A fourth Presbyterian society, which took the name of the North Presbyterian Church, was constituted in 1847, ^^^ erected on the west side of Main Street, between Huron and Chippewa, the building which it occupied for fifty-six years. A third St. John's Church — the second German church of that name — was formed in 1847, by a society of the Ger- man United Evangelical denomination. It held services for several years in a public school house and elsewhere, before building for itself. In the same year the German Methodist Episcopal Church was built, at the corner of Sycamore Street and Ash. It was then, too, that the first Jewish congregation was formed, taking the name of Beth El. For some years its meetings were in the upper story of the Hoyt Building, at Main and Eagle streets. Then it bought a school house, on Pearl Street near Eagle, and con- verted it into a synagogue. Methodism added to its communities, in 1848, the society which built on Pearl Street, at the corner of Chippewa, and which was known for many years as the Pearl Street M. E. Church, but took ultimately the name Asbury Church. Its original membership was drawn from the parent Niagara Street Church. The first German Baptist Church, parent of five German churches of that denomination now maintained in the city, was established on Spruce Street near Sycamore, in 1849. In the Fifth Decade. — In March, 1850, the "old and gloomy church building" in which the Rev. Dr. Heacock PROTESTANT CHURCHES : FIFTH DECADE 41 began his pastorate of the Lafayette Street Presbyterian Church was fortunately burned, and, though rebuilt with the old walls preserved, at the small expense of about $9,000, and though its capacity was limited, yet the interior was made, as Dr. Heacock said with truth, "as cozy and pleasant an audience room as we can easily find." This had to suffice for a dozen years. In June of the same year the corner-stone of the beautiful new St. Paul's, which became a little later the cathedral church of the Protestant Episcopal diocese, was laid, and the building was consecrated in October of the following year. It is generally adjudged to be the masterpiece of Upjohn, the famous architect of New York, and as perfectly proportioned an example of Qothic architecture as can be found. It was built at a cost of something more than $130,000. The original St. Paul's Church building, now vacated — a framed structure of good appearance, but small — was sold to the German United Evangelical St. Peter's Church, and removed to the corner of Genesee and Hickory streets, where it took the place of the little building which the Methodists had bought from the First Presbyterian Church in 1827, and given to St. Peter's in 1835. Thus two of the pioneer church edifices in Buffalo ended their existence on the same ground, distant from the sites on which they were built as near neighbors. The church organized in 1835 in connection with the Associate Reformed Church of America had fallen to pieces in 1840, but had undergone a reorganization in 1848, and now, in 1850, it received a pastor, the Rev. Clark Kendall, under whose ministration it acquired strength. In 1857 it was affiliated with the United Presbyterian Church of North America. A Church of the Dutch Reform was organized in 1850, and held services in various places for many years 42 CULTURAL EVOLUTION before building for itself. In the same year a second Jew- ish congregation, naming itself Beth Zion, was organized, and held religious services in various places for a number of years, but did not build. With the Rev. George H. Ball as its pastor, then and for many years, the First Free Baptist Church was formed in 1850 or 1 85 1, buying and occupying the original church building of Dr. Lord's congregation, at the corner of Gen- esee and Pearl streets. The German Evangelical St. John's Church erected a building on Amherst Street, near East, which was dedicated in 1853. I'^ tJ^^t year the Evangelical St. Stephen's Church society was formed by twenty-one families from the St. Paul's Church of the German United Evangelical body. In the next year it received for its pastor the Rev. Dr. Fred- erick Schelle, under whom, during his ministry of nearly forty-five years, it grew to be one of the largest in the city. Its church edifice was built at the corner of Peckham and Adams streets in 1857. In 1853 the "Old Lutheran" Church of the Holy Trinity sent out a division of its family to found the German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Andreas (Andrew), and to build for it on Peckham Street. That, too, was the year in which another colony from the First Presbyterian Church went far northward to establish the Westminster Church. Some years previously the ven- erable Jesse Ketchum, of benevolent fame, had bought a lot and built a chapel on Delaware Avenue, above North Street, and the Westminster society was cradled in this. The chapel was enlarged in 1855, which did not suffice for the new church, and a larger edifice was erected on the same site in 1858-9. New buildings were erected in 1854 for the First Church of the Evangelical Association, on Sycamore and Spruce streets, and for Grace M. E. Church, on Michigan Street, PROTESTANT CHURCHES: FIFTH DECADE 43 between Swan and South Division. The latter, when dedi- cated, in June, 1855, was free from debt, largely through the liberality of the late Francis H. Root. The beginnings of the Protestant Episcopal parish of St. James are traced to a mission that was established in 1854, on Seneca Street, near Hamburg. A small wooden chapel was built for this mission in the next year, at the corner of Swan and Spring streets, and a permanent church was soon formed. In the same religious connection another new parish was organized in 1855, by the planting of the Church of the Ascension, which occupied a chapel on North Street, at the corner of Linwood Avenue. A new Presbyterian society, also, was organized that year, which built a chapel on the rear part of a Delaware Avenue lot, midway between Chip- pewa and Tupper streets, receiving the ground from Mr. George Palmer, preparatory, as appeared later, to a much greater gift. Known first as the Delaware Presbyterian Church, this took, a few years later, the name of Calvary Church. St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1856 by twelve members from Grace Church, and a framed building was erected on Elk Street for its services in the next year. At this time, too, the First German Baptist Church dismissed some of its members to form a second society, which built for itself on Hickory Street, north of Sycamore. It was in this year that St. Paul's (of the P. E. Church) received its chime of ten bells. From three Sunday School Missions opened in 1857 came three new churches in the city. One, conducted by Methodist teachers, in a brick building, called "Father Ketchum's Church," on the ground given later for the State Normal School, grew into the Jersey Street M. E. Church, which took the name of Plymouth in after years. The Protestant Episcopal St. Luke's Church had its origin in 44 CULTURAL EVOLUTION another, planted on Niagara Street, at the corner of Vir- ginia, and for which a framed chapel was built presently on Maryland Street. The third was instituted by the Ger- man Evangelical Association of North America, and its offspring was the Krettner Street Church of that body. In March, 1859, the First Baptist Church, on Washing- ton Street, parted with forty-nine of its members, who went out of it to organize the Cedar Street Baptist Church, build- ing their place of worship at the corner of Cedar and South Division streets, on ground given for the purpose by Mr. John Bush. The First Unitarian Church building was in- jured seriously that year by fire, but quickly restored. In the Sixth Decade. — The First Free Methodist Church was organized in i860. It bought a brick building on Pearl Street, near Eagle, used previously as a theatre, and adapted it to a better use. In the next year the parent of the Meth- odist churches of Buffalo, established for thirty years on Niagara Street, but struggling with debt and other diffi- culties for a long time past, was dissolved and its property sold. Two new church edifices were added to the city in 1862. One of them, a fine piece of architecture, in grey stone, was a munificent gift by George Palmer to the Delaware Pres- byterian Church, which underwent a reorganization at that time and assumed the name of Calvary Presbyterian Church. The other building of the year provided sittings at the La- fayette Street Presbyterian Church for the larger congrega- tion that had waited long to fill them. St. Philip's Protestant Episcopal Church (colored) was organized in 1863 and acquired a chapel on Elm Street, be- tween North and South Division streets, which a Presby- terian minister, the Rev. Dr. Prime, had built about ten years before. And now, in 1864, another church society on Niagara PROTESTANT CHURCHES : SIXTH DECADE 45 Street expired, after existing for a score of years. The Niagara Square Baptist Church, first-born of the parent Baptist Church, had promised well in its youth, but lan- guished for some reason in the later period, and could not be kept alive. Its building was sold to the Free Baptist Church, which had previously occupied the building vacated by the congregation of Dr. Lord. The place of the church which died this year was filled by the birth of another that has been full of life and vigor, under one continuous leader, to the present day. It had its origin in a mission Sunday School, opened by the Rev. Henry Ward. The mission acquired a chapel on Seneca Street in 1865, and became an organized church in 1869, with Mr. Ward for its pastor, as he has now been for more than forty years. Another event of 1864 was the reorganization of the Beth Zion congregation, upon its fusion with a score or so of Jewish people whose religious beliefs had become more liberal than those of the strictly orthodox. The aim of the new society of Temple Beth Zion, thus formed, was "to effect changes in the ritual and mode of worship, to conform with the development of modern conceptions and Jewish ideas." For a short time the reformed society held services in Kremlin Hall, but soon purchased from Mr. William G. Fargo the building that belonged formerly to the Niagara Street M. E. Church. A second organization of the strictly orthodox Jews under the name of Berith Sholem or Brith Sholem, was formed in 1865. In 1865 the Rev. Arthur Cleveland Coxe was chosen to be Coadjutor Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Western New York, and, within the same year, on the death of Bishop DeLancey, became Bishop of the diocese, and fixed his residence in BuflFalo. In this year the Rev. P. G. Cook, as secretary and mis- 46 CULTURAL EVOLUTION sionary of the Y. M. C. A., established a mission school on Wells Street, from which, after some years, came a Wells Street Church. It was in the Wells Street Sunday School that Miss Charlotte Mulligan organized her "Guard of Honor" Bible class, which took root among the permanent philanthropic and religious institutions of the city. What seems to have been the first recorded meetings of "Friends" were held at the house of Mrs. Martha Ferris, beginning in 1865. In 1869 they built a meeting-house on Allen Street. A new church edifice on Main Street, above Huron, erected by the Universalist society, was consecrated under the name of the Church of the Messiah, in 1866. Four years later it was burned, but rebuilt at once. The year 1867 was fruitful of new religious organizations. The fecund First Baptist Church spared eighty-seven of its members, to go northward and found a church on what was then Ninth Street — the Prospect Avenue of later days. Early in the following year the Ninth Street Baptist (now Prospect Avenue Church) was established in a comfortable chapel at the corner of Georgia Street. At the same time a number of members of the body of Christians known as Disciples of Christ were organizing, at the corner of Ellicott and Tupper streets, the society now constituting the Rich- mond Avenue Church of Christ; and a second German Methodist Episcopal Church, to be named the East Street or Zion Church, was being formed in connection with the First German M. E. Church. In this year, moreover, the Jersey Street M. E. Church arrived at its full organization and acquired a building of its own. Disaster came to the St. John's P. E. Church in 1868. Its stately building was damaged seriously by fire, consequent on the lodging of a rocket on its roof. Dissension and divi- sion in the society arose, on questions between reconstructing PROTESTANT CHURCHES : SEVENTH DECADE 47 the edifice or going elsewhere. One party, with the rector, withdrew, and essayed the establishing of a new parish, under the name of Christ Church. Ground on Delaware Avenue, above Tupper, was bought, where, after two or three years, a chapel was built ; but the intended church did not thrive. The St. John's organization was maintained, its building restored, and worship in it continued for a number of years. The United Evangelical body of German Protestants added to its churches, in 1868, the St. Matthew's, building for it on Swan Street, near the Seneca Street junction ; and the First German Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Church dedicated a new edifice that year, on Michigan Street, be- tween Genesee and Sycamore. A mission Sunday School, opened on Hamburg Street, near Elk, in 1869, by the First United Presbyterian Church, resulted in the planting some years later of the Second Church of that denomination. In 1869 the Dutch Reformed Church built on Eagle Street, near Cedar; and the First Free Methodist Church was housed in a new building on Virginia Street, at the corner of Tenth. In the Seventh Decade. — The Delaware Avenue M. E. society was organized in 1870, and held services in the Cal- vary Presbyterian Church while a chapel, at the corner of Delaware Avenue and Tupper Street, was being built. The chapel was dedicated and occupied in 1871, and the main edifice, which it joined, in 1876. St. Luke's Church, of the Protestant Episcopal com- munion, removed its building from Maryland Street to Niagara Street near Maryland in 1870, and enlarged and improved it on the new site. The Rev. Dr. Walter North, still pastor of St. Luke's, began his ministry with it in 1875. Another St. Luke's, of the German United Evangelical body, was organized not long afterward, and bought the 48 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Hope Chapel, on Richmond Avenue and Utica Street, which Westminster Church had built for Sunday School purposes two years before. In 1 871 the Prospect Avenue Baptist Church opened a mission from which sprang the Emmanuel Baptist Church, organized in 1877 and established on Normal Avenue and Rhode Island Street. A new building for the society now known as the Richmond Avenue Church of Christ was erected at the corner of Maryland and Cottage streets in 1871. 1872 and 1873 were years of exceptional activity among the churches. The parish of St. Mary's on the Hill was formed in 1872 ; the society, then organized, holding services and Sunday School in the neighboring Church Charity Foundation building until it dedicated its own building, on Easter Day, 1875. St. Mark's Church (P. E.) was cradled the same year in a Sunday School, founded at Lower Black Rock by the rector of Grace Church, and a chapel for the mission was built on Dearborn Street, near Amherst, 1876. From another mission of 1872, the Baptist Olivet Mission, opened in a small building on Delaware Avenue, where the Twentieth Century Club House stands now, came in due time the Delaware Avenue Baptist Church. Still another mission of the same year, conducted by the Y. M. C. A. of Grace M. E. Church, gave rise to the Sentinel M. E. Church, far out on the east side of the city. Moreover, new church buildings were erected by the Asbury M. E. and the First German M. E. Churches in that year. In 1873 no less than six new churches were planted, either by full organization, or in the seed of a preliminary mis- sion. Four of these were of German membership. A mission chapel on Detroit Street, built by the Young Men's Society of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John, gave life in the next year to a self-sustaining congregation. PROTESTANT CHURCHES : SEVENTH DECADE 49 for which a new building was erected on Broadway near Fox, and which bears the name of the German Evangelical Lutheran Christ Church. From a mission founded by the First Church of the Evangelical Association of North America came the St. Paul's Church of that association, on Grape Street. The German Evangelical St. Marcus Church was organized as a branch of the St. Paul's Church, of the same communion, and held services in a little French Protestant Church, at the corner of Ellicott and Tupper streets, until 1876, when it built for itself on Oak Street, south of Tupper. Salem's Church, of the German Evan- gelical Reformed body, was organized in 1873, and pro- vided with its place of worship, on Sherman Street, between Sycamore and Broadway. The Woodside M. E. Church, on the Abbott Road, dates from 1873, when the society was organized and a framed building erected, which now looks out on Cazenovia Park. St. Andrew's P. E. Church can be said to have been planted that year, by the opening of a Sunday School, conducted by workers from St. Paul's, which grew into "St. Paul's Free Chapel," built on Spruce Street, near Genesee, in 1875, and that, ultimately, became an organized parish and church. A Free Methodist mission was opened and a chapel built on Clinton Avenue, at Black Rock. New buildings were erected in 1875 for the Church of the Ascension (P. E.) and for the Second Church of the Evangelical Association. The building of the Jersey Street M. E. Church was reconstructed, after suffering damage from a fire, and the society changed its name to that of Ply- mouth Church. The Jewish Brith Sholem erected a syna- gogue on Elm Street, which it occupied for some years. Its present synagogue is on Pine Street, near William. A grave event of the year was the retirement of the Rev. Dr. Lord from the pulpit of the Central Presbyterian 50 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Church, on account of failing health. He had served in it for nearly forty years. In 1874 the First German Evangelical Lutheran Church, which had its origin, as related above, in 1828, erected a new church edifice and adopted the name of the Church of St. John. It had acquired a vigorous constitution and was active in good work, having founded the Lutheran Orphan Asylum, in 1864, and added a Home for Orphan Boys, at Sulphur Springs, in 1868. A younger St. John's Church, of the United Evangelical denomination at Black Rock, en- larged and improved its church building in this year. Its membership, originally German, was becoming Anglicized rapidly, and is now, says the present pastor, more English than German. The Protestant Episcopal Church of St. Thomas had its origin in 1874, i" ^ mission Sunday School, established by the rector of St. James Church. A building was erected for it, at 401 Elk Street, in 1879. The Wells Street Church was organized; the Riverside M. E. Church, at Black Rock, dedicated a new edifice ; and the Jewish Beth El congrega- tion (orthodox) built its present synagogue, on Elm Street, in 1874. Two new church societies were organized in 1875. One, which was known during its early years as the Glenwood M. E. Church, took form at a meeting in a private house, and its services were held in private dwellings for a time. The society was not incorporated until 1880, having pre- viously been maintained as a mission of the Delaware Ave- nue M. E. Church, with whose aid it had erected a building on Main Street, in 1879. The other new church was the Third of the German Baptist societies, formed mainly from the First German Baptist Church, but growing partly from a previous mission Sunday School. A new building of the East Presbyterian Church was completed and dedicated in 1875- PROTESTANT CHURCHES : SEVENTH DECADE 5 1 In 1876 the Rev. Charles H. Smith became the rector of St. James P. E. Church, where he ministers stiU. The year 1877 was saddened by the death of the Rev. Dr. Heacock. After that sorrowful event the Lafayette Street Church had a succession of good and able pastors; but it never ceased to be "Dr. Heacock's Church," in the thought of those who had known it in the earlier time, until the walls which had echoed his voice were abandoned to a vaudeville desecration, and the church transported to a splendid new home, where a new history was begun. Fillmore Avenue Baptist Church, growing from a Sun- day School opened on Seneca Street, near the Erie Railway crossing, had that planting in 1877, and received a gift of ground from Mr. A. S. Holmes. The very old St. Peter's Church, of the United Evangelical body (founded by the evangelist, Gumbell, in 1832) built newly and largely in 1877-8, up to which time it had used the original St. Paul's, removed from Main Street in 1850. Two important new churches were founded in 1879. One was the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity — the first Lutheran society in the city that conducted services in the English language, though the Lutherans are said to be more numerous in Buffalo than any other Protes- tant body. It was consolidated with a French Lutheran society, which had erected a building at the corner of EUi- cott and Tupper streets as long ago as 1830, and the new organization held its services there for some time. The other organization of the same year founded the free Church of All Saints (P. E.), at the corner of Main and Utica streets, where the Rev. M. C. Hyde ministered faithfully many years. The First Church of the Evangelical Association erected a fine Gothic edifice in 1879. In that year the Old Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity lost by death its venerable pas- 52 CULTURAL EVOLUTION tor Grabau, who came with its pioneer congregation from Prussia in 1839. In the Eighth Decade.— The Rev. Dr. S. S. Mitchell, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church for a quarter of a century thereafter,, was installed on the ist of November, 1880. The Buffalo Baptist Union, which seems to have given a great impetus to the missionary and organizing work of the Baptist churches, was formed in 1880, as the result of a meeting held at the house of Thomas Chester, and upon a plan prepared and reported by E. L. Hedstrom and Ray T. Spencer. Mr. Chester was the first president of the Union, succeeded by Mr. Hedstrom, and by P. J. Ferris in later years. The First Co.ngregational Church was organized in 1880, by members withdrawn from the Lafayette Street Presby- terian Church. Its services were held in McArthur's Hall until the following year, when the Niagara Square Baptist Church building was bought by the society and repaired and enlarged. The Rev. Frank S. Fitch became its pastor in 1883, and remains in the office at the present day. The German Evangelical Friedens Church was formed, by about twenty-five families, in the same year, building for itself at once, on Eagle Street, at the foot of Monroe. The First Unitarian society left its long cherished but inadequate home on Franklin and Eagle streets in this year, to dedicate and occupy a new edifice on Delaware Avenue, where it remained for twenty-seven years. In 1 88 1 the German Evangelical St. Lucas Church erected a new and larger building to replace the Hope Chapel, on Richmond Avenue, which it had occupied hith- erto. St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Church built anew, on Ellicott Street, between Tupper and Goodell; the Fillmore Avenue Baptist Church built on the ground PROTESTANT CHURCHES : EIGHTH DECADE 53 that had been given to it, on Fillmore Avenue, north of Seneca Street; and a nev^^ Jewish synagogue was erected, at Clinton and Walnut streets, by the newly organized society of Beth Jacob. Ninety-six members from the First Baptist Church were the organizers, in 1882, of the Dearborn Street Baptist Church, taking up work which a Sunday School mission had begun in that field some years before. A building for the new church was occupied in 1884. Out of a mission opened in 1882 by the Evangelical Asso- ciation of North America there arose the Rhode Island Street Church of that association, organized and incor- porated in 1885, when it entered a chapel of its own. Till that time it had met in a Presbyterian chapel on Fifteenth Street. In recent years it has been changed, by change of language, from a German to an English church. The First Free Baptist Church, having sold its Niagara Square building to the Congregationalists, built anew on Hudson Street in 1882. The Prospect Avenue Baptist society replaced its original building by a larger new one ; the German Evangelical St. Paul's Church built newly on Ellicott Street, between Tupper and Goodell; the Vine Street African M. E. Church remodeled its building; the Reformed Dutch Church sold its Eagle Street building to the Swedenborgians. The year 1883 seems to have been at the beginning of a remarkable activity in the organization of new churches, especially in the German fields. The Evangelical Re- formed Emanuel's Church was founded as a mission by "the Western New York Classis of the Reformed Church in the United States," and a chapel built for it at the corner of Humboldt Parkway and East Utica Street. The St. Trini- tatis German United Evangelical Church was organized and established on Gold Street, near Lovejoy, to meet the 54 CULTURAL EVOLUTION needs of the German population in that section. It erected a first building in 1883 and a second in 1887. The St. Ja- cobi (or St. James) Evangelical Church was formed by members withdrawn from St. Marcus Church of that de- nomination. It bought Providence Chapel, on Jefferson Street, near High; but built on the same site in 1885. A Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church, of the Trinity, was organized by the Rev. F. O. Hulthren, of Jamestown, at a meeting in the German St. John Lutheran Church, and established on Spring Street, near Broadway. The Dela- ware Avenue Baptist Church came now, fully organized, from the Olivet Mission, and built the chapel which it occupied for many years, before giving place to the Twen- tieth Century Club. In this year of religious energy, the Methodist Episcopal Union was organized, and Francis H. Root was its president from 1885 until his death. A High Street Baptist mission which had existed for some years formerly and had been dropped, was revived and its ultimate fruit was the Maple Street Baptist Church. A new building was erected for St. Mark's M. E. Church. Three Baptist Sunday Schools and missions were estab- lished in 1884, from each of which arose a church. One was opened on Glenwood Avenue, at the corner of Purdy Street, for which the Baptist Union bought a chapel that had been built by the Protestant Episcopalians, but given up for another site. For the second, the same Union pur- chased a large framed building which the Lutherans had given up, in the heart of the Polish district, and so planted, on Clark Street, near Peckham, what grew into the First Polish Baptist Church. From the third, called the Calvary Mission, sprang the Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church, the original chapel of which has been enlarged twice since the building of it in 1890. PROTESTANT churches: EIGHTH DECADE 55 A Methodist Sunday School, opened at East Buffalo in 1884, sowed the seed of, the Lovejoy M. E. Church, which dedicated a modest chapel the next year, and built an addi- tion to it in 1887. It was in 1884 that Trinity P. E. Church society was united with that of Christ Church (formed in 1868 by the secession from St. John's) , occupying temporarily the chapel built by the latter on Delaware Avenue, north of Tupper Street, while erecting there the new Trinity, which was dedicated on Easter Day in 1886. The last service in the old Trinity edifice was held on the 5th of July, 1885. A Sunday School opened by the First Congregational Church in 1884, on Chenango Street, near West Ferry, gave origin to the Pilgrim Congregational Church, organized in 1886. Four years later it built on Richmond Avenue and Breckenridge Street. In 1884 the St. James P. E. Church built newly on its old site ; a building for the Third German Baptist Church was dedicated, and that occupied by the Second German Baptist Church was enlarged. The Dela- ware Avenue M. E. Church edifice was remodelled. At this time Bishop Hurst of the M. E. Church became resi- dent in Buffalo, and an episcopal residence was purchased by Francis H. Root. The present pastor of the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity, the Rev. F. A. Kahler, began his ministry to it in 1884. A chapel built by the Buffalo Methodist Union and a Sunday School opened in 1885 were the beginnings of the now large and flourishing Richmond Avenue M. E. Church. The church was organized in the next year, with twenty- three members, and an addition to its chapel was built in 1887. The Northampton Street German M. E. Church was established in a small chapel in 1885, and a larger chapel erected five years later. The St. Thomas P. E. Mission be- came an organized church and parish in the same year. 56 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Zion's German Evangelical Reformed Church enlarged its edifice in 1885 to a seating capacity for 1,500 people. The commodious stone building now occupied by the Rich- mond Avenue Church of Christ was erected in that year. A chapel was built by the Woodside M. E. Church. The Church of the Ascension experienced a grievous loss in 1885, in the death of the Rev. John- M. Henderson, who had been its rector since 1861. Bethany Presbyterian Church, growing out of a mission opened not long before by Calvary Presbyterian Church, was organized in 1886. The Bethany German Evangelical Church and the German Evangelical Lutheran Christ Church were also founded in 1886; the former on Eaton Street, by the pastors of the German Evangelical Synod; the latter by its present pastor, the Rev. T. H. Becker, as the outgrowth of a mission Sunday School opened some time before, on Broadway, at the corner of Fox Street. The German Evangelical Lutheran St. Paul's Church was organ- ized in the same year, erecting church buildings, parsonage and school house in 1887. For a Fifth Street Baptist Mis- sion, started in 1886, the Trenton Avenue Chapel was built four years later, between Carolina and Virginia streets. A building which received the name of the Ripley Memo- rial M. E. Church was erected in 1887, on Dearborn Street, near Austin, by the Rev. Allen P. Ripley and his children, in memory of the late Mrs. Ripley, and presented to the trustees of the church society then organized. Four missions opened that year developed as many new churches. Two of these were of Baptist origin, one build- ing a chapel on Vernon Street, in which the Parkside Baptist Church was organized in 1890; the other opened in Alamo Hall, on the White's Corners and Abbott roads, but seated a few years later in its own chapel on Good Avenue and Triangle Street, and resulting ultimately in the organization PROTESTANT CHURCHES : EIGHTH DECADE 57 of the South Side Baptist Church. From the third mission of the year came the Hampshire Street or Normal Park M. E. Church, for which a building was dedicated in 1889. Plymouth M. E. Church and the Methodist Union co- operated in the support of this mission. The fourth was founded by the pastors of the city conference of the Evan- gelical Synod of North America, with such quick success that the Evangelical Bethlehem Church was organized in May of the same year, under the Rev. A. Goetz, its present pastor, and established in a chapel on Bowen Street, now Woltz Avenue. No less than six newly organized churches were added to the religious forces of the city in 1888. The Second United Presbyterian Church, cradled for almost a score of years previously in the Hamburg Street Mission, took an inde- pendent form and built for its services on Swan Street, op- posite Chicago Street, where it was seated until 1906. The Church of the Good Shepherd (Protestant Episcopal) was organized, occupying the Ingersoll Memorial Chapel on Jewett Avenue, built by the late Elam R. Jewett in memory of the Rev. Dr. Edward Ingersoll, long time rector of Trinity Church. A congregation branching from the First German Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Church, formed the Emmaus Church, building on Southampton Street, near Jef- ferson. The Seneca Street M. E. Church was organized, and built for its services at the corner of Seneca and Imson streets, with help from the Methodist Union. The Sumner Place M. E. Church, arising from a mission conducted by the Lovejoy Street Church, assumed its organized form and erected a plain framed chapel the same year; and the Met- calf Street M. E. Church was formed, acquiring for its use what had been a Union Chapel and Sunday School. St. Paul's Cathedral was half destroyed on the loth of May, 1888, by an explosion of natural gas and consequent 58 CULTURAL EVOLUTION fire. It was promptly restored. The Zion or East Street German M. E. Church edifice, also, suffered serious injury, from lightning, and was rebuilt. Organizations of the Epworth League, among the young people of the M. E. Church, were instituted in 1889. Cal- vary M. E. Church was organized, with a dozen original members, and a building erected for it on ground, at the corner of Kehr and Northampton streets, given for the pur- pose by the Leroy Land Company. The Church of the United Brethren in Christ was formed and established pros- perously, in a place of worship at the corner of Masten and Laurel streets. The Jerusalem Reformed Evangelical Church, organized in this year, is located on Miller Avenue, at Nos. 45-47. St. Luke's P. E. Church was removed to a more commodious new building, on Richmond Avenue, at the corner of Summer Street. In the Ninth Decade. — The venerable edifice of the First Presbyterian Church, built in 1827, was demolished in 1890, to clear the site which had been bought for the Erie County Savings Bank, and the new building for the First Church, on the Circle, at Wadsworth and Pennsylvania streets, was begun. The new Temple Beth Zion, of impressively fine Byzantine architecture, on Delaware Avenue, above Allen Street, was finished and dedicated in 1890. The Rev. Dr. Israel Aaron, its present pastor, had come to it three years before. In 1 89 1 the Laymen's Missionary League of the Protest- ant Episcopal Church was organized. A Sunday School opened by the First Congregational Church that year in a hall, above a saloon, on Amherst Street, at the corner of the Military Road, was followed by the building of a chapel on the Military Road, near Grote Street, and the organization of the Plymouth Congregational Church. In 1896 the chapel was enlarged. Kenmore M. E. Church was organ- PROTESTANT CHURCHES: NINTH DECADE 59 ized that year, and building for it was undertaken in the following year. Out of a Sunday School mission in Roche- vot's Hall, Jeflferson and Best streets, opened in 1891 by St. John's congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Concordia Church of that communion was formed in 1892. The P. E. parish of St. Andrew's was organized in 1 89 1, and its new church edifice erected in the following year. At the same time the P. E. Church of St. Mary's on the Hill began a handsome building of stone, which it finished in 1893. The present church edifice of Bethany German Evangelical Church was built in 1891 ; and a new chapel for the Richmond M. E. Church was erected in 1 89 1 -2, preparatory to the undertaking of the fine large main building now occupied by the church. Especially among the German Protestants, 1892 was a year of many new plantings. Twenty members from the First German Evangelical Lutheran Church established the Gethsemane Church of that communion, which built on Goodyear Avenue, near Genesee Street. Salem Church, of the German United Evangelical body, was founded by thir- teen men, who arranged for services in the Sunday School room of an M. E. Church until they had built for them- selves, the same year, at the corner of Garfield Street and Calumet Place. Calvary Evangelical Lutheran Church was established by the Mission Society of the Lutheran Church of Buffalo, to provide services in the English lan- guage for many Germans who had lost familiarity with their own tongue. It occupied for ten years a small framed building at the corner of Ellicott and Dodge streets. Four Y. M. A.'s, of different Lutheran Churches, joined in start- ing a mission Sunday School, with accompanying services, in a hall on Fillmore Avenue, at Utica Street, where it was conducted as the Fillmore Avenue Mission for six years. Then the Memorial Church of the Evangelical Association 6o CULTURAL EVOLUTION was organized, and a building erected on East Utica Street, at the corner of Wohler's Avenue. From a Baptist Mission Sunday School, opened in 1892 on Walden Avenue west of Bailey Avenue, there came a church, organized in 1897 and known first as the Walden Avenue Baptist. Its services had been held in a movable tabernacle ; but now it received from the Baptist Union the gift of a building, derived from a legacy of $5,000, left by the late Eric L. Hedstrom on his death in 1894, ^^^ ^t took the name of the Hedstrom Memorial Church. Another bequest to the Baptist Union, of $10,000, by the late James Reid, who died in 1887, was applied in this year, 1892, to the establishment of a church which had grown from the mission opened in 1884 in the Polish section of the city. The First Polish Baptist Church was seated accord- ingly in the Reid Memorial Chapel, on William Street, between Coit and Detroit, where services in both the Polish and the English languages are held. In 1892 and since that date, as stated by the pastor of the Richmond Avenue Church of Christ, that society "has mothered three missions," which became churches, namely, the Jefferson Street, the Forest Avenue and the Dearborn Street Churches of Christ. The Universalist Church of the Messiah dedicated its new edifice, on the southwest corner of North and Mariner streets, in 1892. The First Congregational Church built its present house of worship, on Elmwood Avenue at the corner of Bryant Street, in the same year. The German Evan- gelical Lutheran Christ Church built newly, at a cost of $35,000. The Sentinel M. E. Church assumed that name, on the dedication of a new church building. The Glen- wood Avenue Baptist Church was organized, and its build- ing enlarged. A Sunday School, opened in the spring of 1892 by Mr. PROTESTANT CHURCHES: NINTH DECADE 6l Halsey H. Taylor and a few others, at the corner of Walden and Bailey avenues, led to the organization, in the following July, of the Walden Avenue Presbyterian Church society, which bought a lot and built a chapel very quickly, at the corner of Walden Avenue and May Street. Its Sunday School is one of the largest in the city. Mission work among the Italians was opened in 1893 by an Italian Baptist minister, the Rev. Ariel Bellondi, who came to Buffalo that year. He found a few Protestants in the large Italian colony which had been growing in the Ken- sington section for half a dozen years, and his labors bore early fruit, in the formation of the First Italian Baptist Church, for which a plain framed building was erected on Edison Street, near East Delevan. The Baptist Young Peo- ple's Association, instituted in 1894, now lent special aid and support to the Italian mission work. The present Park Presbyterian Church was organized in 1893, with a membership of twenty-three (increased within fifteen years to 250) , assembled from the vicinity of Dela- ware Park, in neighboring halls, until 1897, when a building for the church was erected at the corner of Crescent Avenue and Elam Place. In 1909, as stated below, the society was united with that of the North Presbyterian Church in a new home. A mission from St. Andrew's P. E. Church, opened in a hall at the corner of Jefferson and Northampton streets in 1893, acquired a chapel on Roehrer Avenue and Riley Street and was organized as the Church and parish of St. Barnabas in the following year. At St. Mark's P. E. mission chapel the Church and parish of St. Mark's was formed, the chapel rebuilt and a rector installed, in 1893. In that year, too, the St. John's P. E. Church gave up its old towered edifice on Washington and Swan streets, where the Statler Hotel has been built, and erected a Guild House, at the intersection 62 CULTURAL EVOLUTION of Lafayette Avenue and Bidwell Parkway, in which its services have since been held. The Ebenezer German Baptist Church was established in 1893 ^s a branch from the Second German Baptist Church, and erected its building in 1900, on Fillmore Avenue, north of Clinton Street. In 1893 the Westminster Presbyterian Church began a period of freshened vitality, under the ministry of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Van Vranken Holmes. Fitch Memorial Congregational Church, named in memory of a deceased son of the Rev. and Mrs. Frank S. Fitch, was founded in 1894, ^"d established in a building on Clinton Street. The German Evangelical Lutheran Im- manuel Church, at East Buffalo, dates from the same year, when it began to hold meetings in the Lovejoy M. E. Chapel, but built independently in 1896-7. The parent church of the Buffalo Baptists gave up its an- cient place of worship on Washington- Street in 1894, mak- ing use of the Concert Hall in the Music Hall building until September, 1900, when its present fine edifice on North and North Pearl streets was dedicated. The Parkside Bap- tist Church, in 1894, entered into possession of a fine edifice of stone, built on ground given to the church by the owners of the Central Park district. In the same year the Second German Baptist Church sold its former property and built anew on Northampton and Wohler's streets. 1895 was a year of extraordinary creativeness in the church history of Buffalo, especially on its east side. The German Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Redeemer was organized as a mission by the St. John's Lutheran Y. M. A., and established on Genesee Street near Bailey Avenue. The Zion English Evangelical Lutheran Church was formed under the auspices of the Board of Home Mis- sions of the Evangelical Lutheran body, and seated at the PROTESTANT CHURCHES: NINTH DECADE 63 corner of West Ferry and Nineteenth streets. The English Evangelical Church of the Atonement was organized, under the auspices of the Holy Trinity Church of that communion, with 88 members— now increased to 949, with valuable church property, on Eagle Street, west of Jefiferson. The Evangelical Reformed Zoar society was formed by the united labor of several pastors of other German Reformed Churches, and established on Genesee and Rohr streets. The Evangelical Reformed Church of St. Paul, founded by the Rev. J. M. G. Darius, at South Buffalo, built on Duer- stein Avenue, opposite to Cazenovia Park, during 1895-6. The Bethel German Baptist Church, on Johnson Street, north of Sycamore, was formed by members from the First German Baptist Church. The Red Jacket Mission, opened on Seneca Street, at the corner of Juniata, by the East Pres- byterian Church and its pastor, the Rev. Henry Ward, grew soon into the organized South Presbyterian Church, with 325 present members and a good church edifice. In 1895 the Hutchinson Memorial Chapel of the Holy Innocents, built by E. H. Hutchinson in memory of his father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. John M. Hutchinson, was opened at the Church Home. A chapel for the Linwood Avenue M. E. Church was built in 1895-6. The Right Rev. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, Bishop of West- ern New York, dying July 20, 1896, was succeeded by the Right Rev. William D. Walker, formerly Missionary Bishop of North Dakota. A Baptist mission, opened in 1896 at the corner of Del- evan and Grider avenues, by the Parkside Baptist Church, gave origin to the Kensington Baptist Church, organized the next year, and seated in its own building in 1901. The brick edifice now occupied by the Evangelical Bethlehem Church was dedicated in 1896. The present building of the Evangelical Reformed Emanuel's Church was also built 64 CULTURAL EVOLUTION in this year ; and that of the German Evangelical St. Paul's was doubled in size. The new building of the First Presbyterian Church was formally dedicated on the i6th of May, 1897. The Caze- novia Baptist Church was organized in that year, and occu- pied rented homes until 1904, when it built on Cazenovia Street, near Seneca. In 1898 the Lafayette Reformed Church was founded by a colony from the West Avenue Presbyterian Church, under the auspices of the Church Extension Society of the Re- formed Church in America. This church, the only one of its denomination in the city, is of Dutch ancestry, holding the Presbyterian system. It had been previously established in Buffalo, for various periods, since 1838. Its members now number 169. The Lovejoy M. E. Church replaced its original structure with the present brick one, and the Sumner Place M. E. Church built anew, in 1898. The Old Lutheran Church of Holy Trinity celebrated its sixtieth anniversary in 1899. In the First Decade of the New Century. — The South Side Baptist Church was organized in 1900, after thirteen probationary years in the status of a mission. The German Evangelical Friedens Church enlarged its house of worship. English services were introduced in the Bethany German Evangelical Church. The religious organization which bears the name of the Church of the Divine Humanity (Swedenborgian) was formed in 1900; but a small body of its people had been meeting for worship during some years previously, in a hall on Rhode Island Street. Half a century earlier there had been a "New Church" (Swedenborgian) society of twelve persons organized in Buffalo; but its members were soon dispersed. The later society was planted with more vigor PROTESTANT CHURCHES: IN THE NEW CENTURY 65 of life, and was able, in its second year, to build a house of worship for itself, at the corner of West Utica and Atlantic streets. Its first pastor was the Rev. F. A. Gustafson, now of Denver; its present pastor is the Rev. Thomas French, Jr. To test the need of a Lutheran church in the Cazenovia district, services were opened in a private residence on Triangle Street, in 1902. The result was the organization, two years later, of the Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church, incorporated in 1905, and established in a building on Kingston and Seneca streets. The Faxon Avenue Presby- terian Church was founded in 1902 by the Rev. F. J. Jopp. The framed building in which the Calvary Evangelical Lutheran Church had worshipped for ten years now gave way to a brick structure, and the church received into its body the members of a Norwegian Lutheran Church, known as Zion's Church, which had existed for some years on Harlow Place, but which was now dissolved. In the same year the Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church society was organized and held meetings for a time in a hall, but built presently on Cazenovia Street and Glendale Place, where it dedicated a handsome church in 1908. In 1902-3 the old edifice of Westminster Presbyterian Church was so enlarged and rebuilt that only three walls of the original structure remained. A rich decorative treatment was given to the interior by the Tiflfany Glass and Decorating Company, of New York. Two new churches in the United Presbyterian connection were established in 1903: the South Park U. P. Church, on South Park Avenue at the corner of Altruria Street, and the Ontario U. P. Church, on that street and Gallatin Avenue. Both were organized under the auspices of the United Pres- byterian Men's Association. In that year, too, the Hunt Avenue Baptist Church was organized, recalling to life a former church which had had a short life under the name of the Pilgrim Baptist Church. 66 CULTURAL EVOLUTION The last meeting of the North Presbyterian Church, in its old downtown home, was on the 17th of April, 1904. For one year thereafter it held services in the Assembly Hall of the Twentieth Century Club, for another year in the hospitable Temple Beth Zion, — where temporarily houseless Christian congregations have been invited to shelter on a number of occasions, — and then in the chapel of its own new church, on Delaware Avenue, at the corner of Utica, until the main edifice was finished and dedicated, in January, 1907. Maple Street Baptist Church, and the Evangelical St. Andrew's Church, were organized in 1904; the latter on Genesee Street and Domedion Avenue. In 1905 the splendid new church edifice of the Holy Trinity English Evangelical Lutheran Church, on Main Street above North, was finished, at a total cost of $155,000, and dedicated on May 7th, the twenty-sixth anniversary of the church. The South Park M. E. Church dedicated the building it occupies. St. Paul's Church of the Evangelical Association remodelled and enlarged its edifice. The beau- tiful Parish House of Trinity P. E. Church was opened. The Sloan Presbyterian Church, on Broadway, at the City Line, was organized in 1906 by the Presbytery of Buffalo. In the same year a mission Sunday School previously opened by the Delaware Avenue M. E. Church, was made the basis of a new church organization, the Epworth M. E. Church at the corner of Grey and Cayuga streets. The Second United Presbyterian Church migrated from Swan Street to Woodlawn Avenue and Humboldt Parkway, where it built anew. The beautiful new building of the First Unitarian Church, on Elmwood Avenue, at the corner of Ferry Street, designed by Edward A. and W. W. Kent, was finished in 1907, at a cost of not quite $140,000. PROTESTANT CHURCHES: IN THE NEW CENTURY 67 The beautiful old building of the Central Presbyterian Church, on Pearl and Genesee streets, was injured seriously by fire in this year. It was restored for a few years of use, but in 1909 the building and ground were sold to Michael Shea, the vaudeville manager, the society united with that of the Park Presbyterian, and a fine building of stone erected at the corner of Main Street and Jewett Avenue. Saint Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church,— the first Italian M. E. Church in the Genesee Conference, was dedicated on the 28th of February, 1909. It was built of brick and white stone, at a cost of $15,000. The church stands at the corner of Front Avenue and Wilkeson streets. The Evangelical Reformed Emmanuel Church cele- brated its twenty-fifth anniversary in 1908, the Rev. James Storrer having been its pastor from the beginning. Speaking of the change which half a century had brought, Mr. Storrer remarked that the region of the church, on Humboldt Parkway, when he began service in it, was often called Siberia, because of its remoteness and inaccessibility. Salem German Evangelical Church remodelled and enlarged its building in 1907. At the present time new buildings are in contemplation by the Plymouth Congrega- tional, the Pilgrim Congregational, the Woodside M. E., and the Evangelical St. Stephen's churches, and by the Memorial Church of the Evangelical Association. CHAPTER II DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH THE Neutral Nation of Indians, which occupied both borders of the Niagara River when French explorers and missionaries obtained their first acquaintance with this region of America, were visited by the Franciscan Father Dallion, from the Huron Mission, in the fall of 1626. From that time the Neutrals and the neighboring Senecas, in Western New York, received occa- sional visitations from the Catholic missionaries who labored in fields at the north and east; but no permanent mission appears to have been established among the former before they suffered destruction as a tribe. After that occurrence, a large territory enveloping the site of the future city of Buffalo was uninhabited, practically, for not less than a hundred years ; and after the Senecas had been driven into it, from their previous main residence in the Genesee valley, by Sullivan's expedition, in 1779, there is nothing in Bishop Timon's account of "Missions in Western New York" to indicate the presence of a missionary in their village on Buffalo Creek. Apparently, therefore, the first performance of religious rites by a Catholic clergyman, within what is now the city of Buffalo, occurred in 1821 ; that being the year in which Bishop Timon has placed "the first recorded visit of a priest" to the white settlement on Buffalo Creek. The clerical visitor then was the Rt. Rev. Henry Conwell, Bishop of Philadelphia, who passed through the village on a journey westward, and baptized a child during his brief stay. The few Catholics of the place were next visited, in the same year, we are told, by the Reverend Mr. Kelly, of 68 EARLY CATHOLIC MISSIONS 69 Rochester, "who said mass in St. Pauls, the Episcopal church, only five Catholic families being in attendance. From this time occasional visits were made by clergymen stationed at Rochester.' In 1828 the Rev. Mr. Baden was in Buffalo for six weeks, "officiating sometimes in the court house, and at other times at the residence of Louis Le Couteulx, Esq." At the solici- tation of Father Baden, Mr. Le Couteulx, on the 5th of January, 1829, executed a deed of a piece of land, in trust for the Catholics of Buffalo, to Rt. Rev. John Dubois, Bishop of New York, and his successors, for a Catholic church and cemetery, and sent it to the Bishop as a New Year's gift. Bishop Dubois was then making a visitation of his large diocese, and arrived at Buffalo in the summer of 1829. "He found," says Bishop Timon, "seven or eight hundred Catholics, instead of the seventy or eighty- he had been led to expect. By means of an interpreter he heard the confessions of some two hundred Swiss; preached in the court house ; administered the sacraments of baptism and matrimony; proceeded to the above mentioned ground and dedicated it to the object for which it was given. This ceremony was the first of the kind ever performed in Western New York. After the consecration, the Catholics called upon the Bishop and urged him to send them a priest, which he promised to do. Accordingly, in the fall of that year, the Rev. Mr. Mertz arrived in Buffalo. "Father Nicholas Mertz, who had collected upwards of $3,000 in Europe with the intention of building a church elsewhere, erected, in 1831, with part of this money, on the consecrated lot, a small wooden church called 'The Lamb of God' [known afterwards as St. Louis Church], the name being suggested by the figure on a bronze tabernacle, which he brought with him from Europe and placed in the church. When Father Mertz first arrived in Buffalo he resided in a 70 CULTURAL EVOLUTION small log hut, on the west side of Pearl Street, between Court and Eagle streets, and held Divine service in an old frame house near by." Bishop Dubois made a second visit to Buffalo in 1831, and found, it is said by Bishop Timon, considerable discord in the church, between its German and Irish members; and listened to a complaint on the part of the former, that "the pastor would not allow them to manage the money affairs of the church." The complaint was dismissed. A few years later, the number of Catholics having in- creased beyond the capacity of the little church of "The Lamb of God," and the Irish people being "pained by the petty annoyances to which they were exposed" in that con- gregation, "resolved to withdraw from it and procure, if possible, a pastor of their own, from whom they might receive more frequent instruction in English." In 1837 the Rev. Charles Smith was sent from Albany as their pastor, and services were held for them at various places, until 1 841, when the original St. Patrick's Church was built at the corner of Ellicott and Batavia streets. Ultimately, in 1855, this church was transferred to the Sisters of Charity and became St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum. Meantime, fresh discontents had appeared in the St. Louis Church of the German congregation, some part of its mem- bership claiming a right to control the property and funds of the church. In 1838 these members obtained incorpora- tion, under a law of 1784, which put that control in lay hands. Father Mertz left the church and was succeeded by the Rev. Alexander Pax, who proceeded to erect a larger edifice for the congregation, which had far outgrown the small temple of "The Lamb of God." But soon after the completion of the new building the dispute over rights between laymen and clergy, in the holding and management of church property, was made acute by action on the part THE ST. LOUIS CHURCH TROUBLES 7 1 of Bishop Hughes, who succeeded Bishop Dubois, on the death of the latter, in 1842. Bishop Hughes called a diocesan synod, to frame statutes for a decisive regulation of this among other church matters. The resulting enactments required the title of all church property in the diocese to be vested in its bishop, and affirmed his control over the use of church funds. The only congregation to resist this declaration of the law of the church was that of St. Louis in Buffalo. In this case the title to church lands was not in question, since Mr. Le Couteulx had conveyed his gift of land to Bishop Dubois, for the church ; but the controversy was wholly concerning the control of the use. The Bishop now wrote to the recalcitrants: "Should you determine that your church shall not be governed by the general law of the diocese, then we shall claim the privilege of retiring from its walls in peace, and leave you also in peace, to govern it as you will." The pastor, Father Pax, failing to enforce the statutes, resigned and left the city. After a time the church asked for another pastor, and received this reply from Bishop Hughes: "You shall not govern your Bishop, but your Bishop shall govern you in all ecclesiastical matters. When you are willing to walk in the way of your holy faith, as your forefathers did, and be numbered among the Catholic flock of the diocese, precisely as all other trustees and congregations are, then I shall send you a priest, if I have one." At the same the Bishop sent two priests who established a new church. The trustees attempted an appeal to Rome, without success. A part of the St. Louis congregation, which withdrew from it and met for worship in the basement of St. Patrick's Church, became the nucleus of a new congregation, for which the Church of St. Mary, on Batavia Street (now Broadway), was built, temporarily in 1844, and rebuilt of stone in 1850, with a convent on Pine Street. 72 CULTURAL EVOLUTION In August, 1844, the St. Louis trustees became reconciled with the Bishop, announcing that having received an expla- nation of the prelate's pastoral, which they had not under- stood correctly before, they promised "that the administra- tion of temporal affairs of our church shall be conducted conformably to the same." This ended the controversy for a time. In that interval of better feeling the diocese of Buffalo was formed, by papal command, on the 23d of April, 1847. It embraced all that part of the State of New York which lies west of the eastern limits of Cayuga, Tomkins and Tioga counties, and the Very Reverend John Timon, then Visitor of the Congregation of Missions, was the Bishop named. He had been in laborious mission service at the West since 1825. Bishop Timon arrived in Buffalo on the 22d of October, and was received with warmth; but differences with the trustees of the St. Louis Church began in the first year of his rule. Again and again his authority was disputed and his commands disregarded, until finally, when the Bishop wished to place the church in charge of the Jesuit Fathers, and the trustees refused to admit them, their breach with him was complete. On the 14th of June, 1851, he solemnly declared "St. Louis Church to be under an interdict, and that, consequently, no child of the Church can, without grievous sin, assist there at such rites and prayers whilst this sad state of things continue." St. Louis Church remained under the interdict for nearly four years. Speaking on the subject in the State Senate, on the 30th of January, 1855, the Hon. James O. Putnam said : "There still floats over its tower the black flag, symbolical of the darkness which envelops the altar over which it waves, bearing the significant inscription, 'Where is our Shepherd?' " On appeals to Rome, Archbishop Bedini was sent to investigate the questions at issue, and his BISHOP TIMON AND ST. LOUIS CHURCH 73 decision was against the trustees. As they still refused sub- mission, they were formally excommunicated, on the zzd of June, 1854. At the next meeting of the State Legislature, they petitioned for a general law, to place all church property under the control of trustees ; and such an act, intro- duced and advocated by Senator Putnam, was passed. It invalidated future conveyances to priests and bishops in their official character, and all future conveyances of lands for purposes of religious worship unless made to a religious corporation organized under the laws of the State; and it declared that such property shall be deemed to be held in trust for the benefit of the congregation using the same. Soon after the passage of this act, terms of peace between the St. Louis trustees and the authorities of the Church were arranged, and no further discord in that important congre- gation has appeared. In 1862 the church property act of 1855 was repealed, and in the next year, by an amendment of the earlier law, the incorporation of Roman Catholic Churches was made the same as that provided formerly for the Protestant Episcopal Church and the Dutch Reformed. The long controversy had excited much feeling, both locally and generally, throughout state and nation, and must have been trying to the spirit of Bishop Timon, who had nothing of arrogance or a domineering temper in his kindly heart. None who knew him or who looked on his face without prejudice could believe that any hardness of per- sonal feeling had to do with his firm enforcement of the law and discipline of his church. There was never in Buffalo a more winning representative of Christianity than he. During the years over which the St. Louis Church troubles had extended the general growth of the Catholic Church in Buffalo was not checked. A congregation was formed at Lower Black Rock, in 1847, which met in a rented room until the following year, when a small framed 74 CULTURAL EVOLUTION building was erected for church services and for a school. In 1853 St. Xavier's Church was built for this congregation, and it has been greatly enlarged and improved in later years. St. Boniface Church had its beginning in 1849, in a framed structure, which gave place to a brick edifice in 1857. The parish of what is now the Church of the Im- maculate Conception was organized in 1849, and named St. Mary of the Lake. The original church was a framed building; the present church was built in 1856 (but recon- structed later) , and renamed The Church of the Immaculate Conception, in honor of the dogma which had been pro- claimed not long before. St. Peter's French congregation was formed in 1850, of French-speaking people who with- drew from St. Louis Church, and who bought from the Baptists a plain brick church building which the latter had erected, at the corner of Washington and Clinton streets, fourteen years before. This was occupied by the French Catholics until 1898 or 1899, when it was sold, to give place to the Lafayette Hotel, arrd a splendid new St. Peter's was built in 1900 at the corner of Main and Best streets. In the outskirts of the city, on Main Street, St. Joseph's parish was formed in 1850. Its original church was replaced by a larger and finer structure about 1886. In 1850 Bishop Timon went abroad, and after his return he issued a pastoral inviting contributions to the erection of a cathedral in the city. On the 6th of the following February the cornerstone of St. Joseph's Cathedral was laid. The Bishop had visited Mexico to solicit help in the building, and had obtained contributions in Spain and other parts of the world. The work of construction went forward steadily, and the cathedral was finished sufficiently for dedi- cation to use in July, 1855. It is a stately Gothic edifice, designed by Patrick C. Keely, having a length of 236 feet, with 126 feet length of transept and 90 feet width of nave. ST. JOSEPH'S CATHEDRAL 75 Wishing to give his cathedral the distinction of a sur- passingly fine chime of bells, Bishop Timon, in 1865, ordered an arrangement of forty-three bells from a famous bell-foundry at Paris. The bells were cast in 1866, exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867, and arrived in Buffalo in 1868. Including a duty of $2,200, their cost when they reached the cathedral was nearly $24,000. The tower in which they were hung, having no proper openness, proved very unsuitable for the purpose. The sound of the bells was mufHed, and the lack of an airy belfry caused rusting of the mechanism by which they were to be rung. A grievous disappointment resulted, and for more than thirty years, after about 1875, the famous chime never uttered a sound, except from two of its bells. In the spring of 1907 an electrical apparatus for the ringing was con- structed, and the chime is now heard occasionally, but only near at hand, being stifled in the enclosure of the tower. It is to be hoped that at some time, not distant, the bells may swing in a proper campanile, and radiate the charm of airy music which the good bishop expected them to do. There are probably few, if any, finer carillons in the world. In 1 85 1 another part of the St. Louis congregation with- drew, and held services for a time in the basement of St. Peter's French Church. The Bishop then conveyed to the Jesuit Fathers, who conducted these services, a piece of property that he had bought on Washington Street, subject to the condition that they build a church for the Germans, and a college. This was the origin of St. Michael's Church, first built in 1852, and rebuilt in 1867, ^^^ the origin of Canisius College. In the same year Bishop Timon took steps toward creating another institution of learning, by inviting three Oblate Missionaries of Mary Immaculate from Montreal to take charge of the Diocesan Seminary. They opened their work that year in temporary quarters, 76 CULTURAL EVOLUTION but in the next year the old County Poor House property on Prospect Hill was bought and the buildings fitted for their use. The Seminary lacked support, and was discontinued in 1855; but Holy Angels' parish was formed, under the charge of the Oblate Fathers, and a church for it was built in 1858, To relieve the St. Patrick's Church, now overcrowded, a new parish was created in the Hydraulic region, in 1853. A small framed church built for it received the name of St. Vincent de Paul; but exchanged names, in 1855, with the old St. Patrick's Church, when the latter became St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum. Another church, St. Bridget's, arose in the same year, 1853, on Fulton Street. It grew out of a Sunday School, conducted since 1850 by members of a society of St. Vincent de Paul. An interval of five years then passed before the adding of another to the Catholic churches of the city. This was St. Anne's, established by the Jesuit Fathers, on Emslie Street, near Broadway. The original small brick church of the parish is now represented by a large Gothic edifice which cost $120,000. After six years more there was need again of an added parish and church for families on and near Humboldt Parkway. A chapel named St. Vincent's was built for them at the corner of the Parkway and Jefferson Street, in 1864. At the time of this writing the parish of St. Anne's is preparing to cele- brate its golden jubilee, August 24-26, 1908. Bishop Timon was now greatly broken in health, and two or three years of extreme feebleness, but indomitable persistence in labor, preceded his death, which came on the 1 6th of April, 1867. He had preached in the cathedral only two days before. His successor, Bishop Stephen Vin- cent Ryan, who had been Visitor-General of the Vincentian Order, was consecrated in November of the following year. In the interval, a new church, that of St. John the Baptist, BISHOP TIMON SUCCEEDED BY BISHOP RYAN 77 had been dedicated by the administrator of the diocese, the Very Rev. William Gleason. This, built at the corner of Hertel Avenue and East Street, accommodated a part of the former congregation of the Church of St. Francis Xavier. The next to be built, in 1872, was .the Church of St. Mary of Sorrows, at the corner of Genesee and Rich streets, a plain brick structure, rebuilt in 1884, and super- seded in 1 90 1 by a stately edifice of stone. This was followed, the next year, by the erection of the first Polish church, named for St. Stanislaus; originally a framed building, at the corner of Peckham and Townsend streets, but superseded by one of stone in 1884. Then came, in 1874, the formation of St. Nicholas parish, in the Cold Spring district, east of Main Street, where a small building served for both church and school until 1893, when a new church, at the corner of Utica and Welker streets, was built. In 1875 two parishes were added to the Catholic organiza- tion in Buffalo, namely: St. Stephen's in South Buffalo, provided originally with a plain brick church on Elk Street, which gave way before many years to a fine edifice of stone ; and the parish of the Sacred Heart, for which a church was built on Seneca Street, occupying a site running through to Swan. There now came a pause in church-building until 1882, when the Church of the Assumption was built, at the corner of Amherst and Grant streets, to meet the needs of our increasing population of Poles. In the next year the parish of St. Agnes was formed, in the district beyond the stock yards, and services opened in a small framed structure on Benzinger Street. In 1884 a similar modest building, on Bailey Avenue, near Walden, called the Church of the Holy Name, was provided for a new parish in East Buffalo, which now assembles its congregation in a fine building of stone. In the same year, at another extremity of the city, yS CULTURAL EVOLUTION another congregation was provided with a temporary church, on Bouck Avenue (now Lafayette) near Grant, where the brown stone walls of the Church of the Annuncia- tion have risen in recent years. A third Polish church, that of St. Adelbert, at Rother Avenue, Stanislaus and Kosciusko streets, was built in 1886, but burned soon afterward and rebuilt. A change of pastors in this church produced a secession and the organization of an Independent Polish Church. For the new parish of St. Columba a church was begun on South Division Street, near Hickory, in 1888, and occupied in an unfinished state until 1892, when a larger structure on a better site, corner of Eagle and Hickory streets, was built. The original Bishop's House, adjacent to the cathedral, was vacated and the episcopal residence removed to its new building on Delaware Avenue, near Utica Street, in 1889. The neighboring chapel of the Blessed Sacrament was dedicated at about the same time. Recently this chapel has been enlarged and was dedicated anew by Bishop Colton on the 4th of April, 1908. In the next year a fourth Polish parish was formed, with services performed for it in a building on Beers Street. For an Italian population then beginning to grow very rapidly the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, on Court Street, was built and dedicated in 1891. But the Poles in Buffalo were multiplying still more rapidly, and made up a fifth and a sixth congregation within the next five years. One, formed in 1893, assembled for a time- in a small framed building, but soon built, at the corner of Sycamore and Mills streets, the Church of the Trans- figuration, which was dedicated in 1897. For the sixth congregation, the Corpus Christi Church, on Clark and Kent streets, was established by a community of Franciscan Fathers in 1896. The diocese was now to receive a new bishop, the death BISHOP RYAN SUCCEEDED BY BISHOP QUIGLEY 79 of Bishop Ryan occurring on the loth of April, 1896. Always a man of delicate health, the labors and cares of the episcopal office had taxed his strength severely, and troubles with the rebellious Polish members of his church had had their natural effect. In February, 1897, he was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. James E. Quigley, who had been identified with the city and the diocese during most of his boyhood and active life. The choice of a bishop on this occasion had been determined under a new rule, decreed by the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, in 1886. The decree in question created in each diocese certain "irremovable rectors," to whom were given the right of suffrage in the election of bishops. By their suffrages, approved by the head of the church, Dr. Quigley became bishop. In the first year of his episcopate the new congregation of St. Theresa's Church was formed, on the south side of Buffalo River, holding services in an old public school house until the completion of a fine edifice of brown stone, dedicated in 1899. Another parish formed by Bishop Quigley in his first year, from portions of St. Bridget's and St. Stephen's, was that of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, for which a large stone church building, at the corner of Sandusky and Alabama streets, was dedicated in 1900. Two parishes were organized in 1898, one at Black Rock, for which the Church of the Nativity was dedicated in 1903; the other in East Buffalo, called Visitation Parish, where a building for both church and school, at the corner of Lovejoy and Greene streets, was finished in 1899. In that year (1899) the parish of St. Mary Magdalene was formed, east of Humboldt Parkway, and the cornerstone laid of a building at the corner of Fillmore Avenue and Landon Street, which was finished the next year and which serves for church and school. The last creation of Bishop Quigley in this diocese was the Holy Family parish, formed in South Buffalo, in 1902. 8o CULTURAL EVOLUTION Early in 1903, on the death of the Archbishop of Chicago, Bishop Quigley was called to that greater See. He had acquired reputation as a vigorous opponent of socialistic theories, and his selection for Chicago is attributed to that fact by the Rev. Dr. Donohue, the historian of the Diocese of Buffalo. In his "History of the Catholic Church in Western New York" (from which much of what is given here on the subject has been drawn), Dr. Donohue says: "Chicago is the hot-bed of Socialism in the United States, and it was but natural that when the Catholic head of that great archdiocese died the church authorities there should look upon the gifted bishop of Buffalo as an available suc- cessor to their deceased archbishop, and a fit incumbent of the great See of Chicago. Bishop Quigley's name was on the list of the electors, and he was considered by Rome as the most suitable candidate for the Archepiscopal See." When the selection of a successor at Buffalo was to be made, "the candidates decided upon by the majority of the electors," says Dr. Donohue, "were not acceptable to the bishops of the province, and, at the meeting of the latter, a new list was substituted, with the Rev. Charles H. Colton, of New York, as dignissimus. Father Colton was long and favorably known as Chancellor of the archdiocese and rector of St. Stephen's parish, and he was appointed by the Pope to succeed Dr. Quigley." Bishop Colton was consecrated on the 24th of August, 1903. St. Gerard's Church, in the northeastern quarter of the city, and St. John Kanty's in the Polish district, have been established since his episcopate began. At the time of this writing, in 1908, preparations are being made for the organization of a new parish in the Central Park district, north of Delaware Park. In the spring of 1908 the Rev. Dr. Julius Rodziewicz, an accomplished Polish divine from Europe, came to Buffalo, BISHOP COLTON 8 1 at the request of Bishop Colton, and addressed several meetings of the Polish seceders from the Roman Church, with results that were said to be promising of an end to the schism. CHAPTER III INSTITUTIONS OF GENERAL BENEVOLENCE PUBLIC relief of poverty and infirmity began with the founding of the County Poor House in 1829. It was a small stone building, pleasantly and healthily located on what is now Porter Avenue, near the site of the present Holy Angels' Church. A small insane department was added after a few years ; but the ground occupied was insufficient for much development of the institution, and a tract of 154 acres on Main Street, near the present City Line, was bought in 1847. Buildings erected there were first occupied in 1850, and additions, for hospital, insane depart- ment, etc., have been added from time to time. Recently, the County has sold one hundred acres of the ground to the University of Buffalo, and a second removal of the alms- house, to some distance from the city, is in contemplation. The long, hard experience of England in dealing with pauperism, and the keen thought given to its problems by English philanthropists and statesmen, evolved the system of the London Charity Organization, brought into operation in 1869. Eight years later Buffalo led all American cities in borrowing and adapting the system. Here, as well as elsewhere, there had been endeavors long before to organize charitable work by some general associa- tion of those engaged in the relieving of distressful want; but such attempts had never had success. They ran counter to the invincible disposition of people to nucleate undertakings of this character around their divided churches or around secular centers of some social kind. A "Buffalo Association for the Relief of the Poor," formed in 1850 and incorporated in 1852, was intended "to detect fraud and relieve the needy," and especially "to remedy and remove public and 82 THE CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY 83 professional begging;" but it must have shared the common fate of these "associated charities," for it left little record of effective work. The conception of Charity Organization which the London Society embodied was one that avoided intrusion into any existing field of benevolent activity, aiming, on the contrary, to stimulate all relief work, but enlighten it, from a common center of investigation and information, and gradually conform it to a systematic co-operative plan. As stated by the leader of the movement in Buffalo, it was the purpose of a Charity Organization Society to be "a center of intercommunication between the various charities and charitable agencies of a given city; an intermediary, acting in behalf of each and for the welfare of each, and, from its neutral character with regard to religion, politics and nationality, making possible such a degree of co-operation as would be impossible otherwise." This conception of Charity Organization was brought to our city by a young English clergyman. Rev. S. Humphreys Gurteen, who came to serve as Associate Rector of St. Paul's P. E. Church. Before leaving England Mr. Gurteen had taken part in the London mission work of the "University Slummers," as the Cambridge and Oxford workers in that field were known, and had personal knowledge of the results that were being accomplished by the new charity reform. He found here the same evils that London was dealing with, and became eagerly desirous of having them dealt with in the same practical way. After revisiting London, in the summer of 1877, and spending two months in a renewed investigation of the system and methods of the Charity Organization Society, he came back prepared to labor in Buffalo for an organization on similar lines. By a course of Sunday evening lectures on the subject, at St. Paul's; by dis- cussion of it in newspapers and a vigorous pamphlet, and by 84 CULTURAL EVOLUTION an untiring propagandism more privately pursued, he woke interest in the proposition and won supporters so quickly that the organization he desired was accomplished before the close of the year. It was the first of its kind in the United States. Even in the first year of its work the Society won the co- operation of the Poor Department and the Police, and "nearly all the charitable agencies in the city had signified, in one way or another, their willingness to co-operate." It was beginning already to break down "sectarian exclusive- ness, the prejudice of race and the ties of party" in humani- tarian work; and now, after more than thirty years of its wisely directed influence those obstacles to systematic co- operation have practically disappeared. One hundred and twenty churches of all denominations have divided the city between them, in definite districts, each agreeing "to provide for every dependent family in its district a responsible vol- unteer visitor and such money as it can afford, whenever asked to do so by the Society." When the Society was organized the population of Buffalo was about 140,000. The city was then giving public aid to 3,778 families, was expending $112,053 within the year for outdoor relief, and pauperism was having an always accelerated growth. In 1907, with a population not less than 400,000, the families in receipt of public aid numbered only 775, and the city expenditure in outdoor relief had dropped to $31,418. In 1881, four years after the begin- ning of its work, the Charity Organization Society had 2,327 families under its care, as the general guardian and reporter of their needs. In 1906 the number was but 1,714, including all that receive city aid. When submitting these facts in its annual report for 1907 the Society was justified in saying: "These figures prove that the Society is winning its fight against poverty in Buffalo. * * * Poverty is a curable disease, and it is being cured in this city." THE FITCH INSTITUTE AND CRECHE 85 Very promptly, after organizing its investigation of the needs and its plans for the relief of the existing dependent poverty, the Society turned attention to measures for dimin- ishing the causes, in thriftlessness, ignorance, broken spirit, evil habit, demoralizing conditions of life, from which so much of it sprang. In this direction it received early en- couragement from a splendid gift of real property made by Mr. Benjamin Fitch, formerly a merchant in Buffalo, but latterly resident in New York. By his gift, Mr. Fitch pro- vided immediately for the establishment, in 1880, of the Fitch Creche, or day nursery for the young children of working women, and for the erection of the Fitch Institute building, to accommodate various provident and benevolent undertakings that were in the Society's plan; and he endowed it, at the same time, with a permanent estate from which it drew a net income of $7,796 in 1907. The Fitch Creche became a model institution of its kind, for the most serviceable help to self-support that can be given to a large class of working women, and it has been studied and copied in all parts of the country. Speaking of it in 1894, ^t the New England Conference of Charities, Mr. Gurteen remarked: "This sketch of the early history of the Creche would be incomplete without especial reference being made to Miss Maria M. Love, who, from the very start, has been the life and soul of the movement, and to whose rare executive ability the Creche chiefly owes its present enviable reputation." It is still as true as when this was said, that Miss Love is the life and soul of the adminis- tration of the Creche. In 1 88 1 the Society established a provident woodyard, maintained for the next twelve years ; and in the next year a coal saving fund, to enable the buying of fuel in small quantities at a low price. In 1882 it began an investigation of the housing of the poor, and an agitation for more eflfec- 86 CULTURAL EVOLUTION tive supervision of crowded tenements, which has been pur- sued with increasing energy, until a thorough renovation of the lower class of tenements has been brought about in recent years. In 1883 it opened the Fitch Provident Dispensary, and in 1886 the Fitch Accident Hospital, both of which have been discontinued lately, because the need had been met otherwise sufficiently. In 1885 it opened Labor Bureaus, which, in 1907, provided 6,130 days' work for men and women out of regular employ. In 1890 it established a training school for nursemaids; in 1892 a Penny Savings Fund; in 1895 a Provident Loan Company (substituted for the pawnbroker's business) with procurement of a chattel- mortgage law for Buffalo that prohibits usurious rates. In 1895 it brought about the establishment of the first Munici- pal Bath House. In 1900 and the year following it led measures which systematized the "probation" system of judicial dealing with young delinquents, and which created a Juvenile Court. In 190 1-2-3 it secured the establishment of six Municipal Playgrounds. Between 1902 and 1905 it brought about a vigorous treatment of wife and family desertion, under legislation which makes it a felony and extraditable. In 1904 it organized a campaign against tuberculosis which has been pursued with earnestness since, by investigation, inspection and exhibitions, and by the opening of a Fitch Tuberculosis Dispensary. Finally, in these last years, it has instituted medical examinations of defective children in the schools, affording evidence of the need of medical school inspection systematically and officially performed; it has commissioned an agent of its own to enforce the child labor laws; and it has provided for legal aid to the poor. This is a record which speaks abundantly for itself. The first president of the Society was Mr. Pascal P. Pratt, who served it for two years. He was succeeded by Mr. THOMAS DARK. Contractor ; born, 'Bristol, England, December 21, 1814; began business life with his father, a contractor and builder; came to the United States in 1857 and obtained eDntracts for many important structures in Buffalo and elsewhere. Gave special attention to engineering and sanitary works. In 1873 planned and constructed the water works of Titus- ville, Pennsylvania : died June 24, 1909. YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION 87 Edwin T. Evans, who devoted time and means to its ad- ministration for nine years. Then Mr. T. Guilford Smith, a leader in the councils and labors of the Society from the beginning, was called to the presiding chair, and occupied it until 1907, when the honorary presidency was conferred upon him, and Mr. Ansley Wilcox accepted the adminis- trative labors of the seat. In its early years the society was served by volunteer sec- retaries, and Mr. Josiah G. Munro gave hard work in that office for a quite long term. The first regularly engaged secretary was Mr. Nathaniel S. Rosenau, from 1883 to 1893. Then came the enlistment of Mr. Frederic Almy, from volunteer and occasional into regular and entire service in social-betterment work, and his entrance upon a career in which he has won an eminent place. In 1908 Mr. Porter R. Lee (called since to a similar field in Philadelphia) was made joint secretary with Mr. Almy, and Mr. Roy Smith Wallace, as field secretary, was added to the administrative staff. The parent of all Young Men's Christian Associations was formed in London, England, by George Williams, after- wards Sir George Williams, in 1844. The first in America, modelled on that of London, was organized in Montreal, December 9, 1851 ; the second arose in Boston, just twenty days later than the Montreal association ; the third appeared in Buffalo, on the 26th of April, 1852. The prime mover in the Buffalo organization was George W. Perkins, and his first associates were Isaac C. Tryon, Jabez Loton, Cyrus K. Remington, P. J. Ferris and Jesse Clement. At its first public meeting, on the 9th of May, it enrolled forty-five members, and elected Norton A. Halbert as its president. To avoid confusion with the Young Men's Association then existing, it took the name of the Young Men's Christian 88 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Union, and was so known until 1870, when its title was con- formed to that borne by all other institutions of its kind. The first habitation of the Union was in rooms then lately vacated by the Young Men's Association, on South Division Street, between Washington and Main. It had 127 members when it opened its rooms. By the following spring the number had increased to 381, and larger apart- ments were sought. They were found in the "Odeon Hall Block," at the northwest corner of Mohawk and Main streets, and there the Union remained until 1855. Its mem- bership had then grown to 777, and it was encouraged to venture upon a still more convenient establishment of itself. It rented Kremlin Hall, on the fourth floor of the building which stands yet at the southeastern corner of Eagle and Pearl streets, and, with the hall, most of the rooms on the third floor, for library and offices. These rooms and the hall were well-furnished, pleasantly situated, and ofifered an exceedingly attractive place of resort to young men. When, in the autumn of 1856, the attractiveness of the place was enhanced by the presence in it of a personality so attractive as that of David Gray, who then became librarian, the Union could have no wish to offer more. Born in Edin- burgh, but brought to America and to the life of a western farm in early boyhood, Mr. Gray had come lately to Buffalo, and was drawn by friendly fortune into a service which in- troduced him to the best of the city and made his delightful endowments quickly known. After he came it was not long before the Y. M. C. U. Library had become a gathering place of kindred spirits, young and old, for stimulating and inspiring talk. Those summer afternoons and winter even- ings in the circle around David Gray have been memorable in a good many lives, and lasting associations of friendship growing out of them have had influences that are not yet spent. YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION 89 The library of the Union, at this time, contained about 1,200 volumes of very good literature, and it was well used. For lectures given in Kremlin Hall, such notable speakers as Henry Ward Beecher, Bishop Simpson, Professor Dwight, Dr. Bethune, Dr. Storrs, President Anderson, of Rochester, were engaged. Until 1857 the institution had strong sup- port and did excellent work. Then came the financial crisis of that year, and the succeeding period of industrial and commercial depression, followed by the years of the Civil War; and the support on which the Union depended for its undertakings fell away. In 1859 it was forced to withdraw from Kremlin Hall and its pleasant rooms underneath, and to accept narrow quarters in the Brisbane "Arcade" build- ing, which stood where the Mooney building stands now. In 1865 it became one of the upper-floor tenants of the build- ing which the Young Men's Association had then acquired, by purchase and reconstruction of the old St. James Hotel. Four years later it obtained somewhat roomier quarters over No. 302 Main Street. In 1871 it removed again, to 319 Main street, with some improvement of accommodations; and still again, in 1875, with further improvement, to the corner of North Division and Main streets, where it re- mained for three years. Its last change in rented quarters was made in 1878, when it took the abandoned Court House building, on Clinton and Ellicott streets, and had space in it for more of the kind of work it wished to do than it had ever possessed before. The Association (now so named) was coming into better days; but it had passed through a long period of serious decline in effective force. It had had almost a struggle for life; and, in the judgment of its historian, Mr. Frank E. Sickels, — ^whose interesting "Fifty Years of the Young Men's Christian Association of Buffalo" furnishes most of the material used in this sketch, — its difRculties had been 90 CULTURAL EVOLUTION due, in the main, to a mistaken direction in its work. It had held together a faithful band of Christian workers who had labored heroically always, but not specifically enough in their own distinct field. "What the times demanded," writes Mr. Sickels, "was a work for young men, especially those strangers who were flocking to the great cities." Mr. Sickels dates from about 1869 the wakening of the Association to a truer conception of its mission, and its gradual entrance upon a new and great career. In the next year it began to have thoughts of a gymnasium, which it could not realize, however, till eight years afterwards, when the old Court House supplied the needed room. In 1871 it amended its constitution, "to permit two classes of members, active and associate, the latter class including any young man of good moral character. The creation of this class ren- dered possible the growth of a large privilege-using mem- bership, and has had a great and very beneficent effect upon the life of the Association." At the same time, by another amendment, its constitution was made to read : "The object of this Association shall be the improvement of the spiritual, mental, social, and physical condition of young men." In the winter, 1873, when all industries were again cast down, the Association opened a "Holly Tree Soup and Coffee Room," on Pearl Street and maintained it till April, 1874. A little later that year it established the "Friendly Inn," at No. 3 Pearl Street, where "a good meal, a clean bed, a bath room, a free reading room, a place to write letters, a chance to get employment," and temperance drinks, were offered at low rates of charge. This was kept open till 1878. For some time past the desire of the Association for a building that should be its own property and planned for its work had been stiffening into a resolve. This was stimu- lated immensely in 1874 ^Y ^ remarkable entertainment, styled "The Authors' Carnival," which everybody took part YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION 9 1 in and which is a memorable event to this day. The Car- nival realized no less than $5,871 for the Y. M. C. A. build- ing fund. Patiently, steadily, from that time, the fund was built up, during ten following years, and in the tenth year it had finished a building which cost $96,545, and paid all but $2,100 of that cost. The building, on Mohawk, Pearl and Genesee streets, which replaced what had once been a market and later a police station, was dedicated on the 28th of January, 1884. Mr. Eric L. Hedstrom, from 1871 to 1879, and Mr. Robert B. Adam from 1880 to the end, were the chairmen of the building committee which achieved this grand success, and a dozen or more of the strong business men of the city were their associates in the task. "From this time," says Mr. Sickels, "the work [of the Association] has advanced steadily in all departments. In the physical department the advance has been most marked ; not only has the number using the privileges been many times multiplied, but the character and scope of the work have been constantly bettered and placed upon a more thor- oughly scientific basis." In 1890 provision for out-of-door athletic exercise was made by the renting and equipping of an Outing Park. Educational classes, started in 1880, have been multiplied and developed to such an extent that they were giving instruction on many subjects, by trained teachers, to 650 students, in 1907. Educational lectures of many kinds, university extension courses, debating clubs, clubs for study of social economics and other special topics, the Equality Club, for dining and listening to noted speakers from abroad, these, with many forms of religious work, are among the varied activities de- veloped in this later epoch of the history of the Association. Along with the work has gone much of entertainment, planned happily for keeping the social spirit of the institu- tion alive. A Junior Department or Division for boys, 92 CULTURAL EVOLUTION established in 1886, "is largely," says Mr. Sickels, a "repro- duction of the senior work." The fine building dedicated in 1884, which had seemed then to provide amply for the need of many years to come, had been outgrown before the century closed ; and the spring of 1900 found the heads of the institution boldly facing a necessity for raising not less than $175,000, with which to build anew and without stint of room or facilities for the great work in their hands. Again Mr. Robert B. Adam headed a building committee, with P. P. Pratt, J. J. Mc- Williams, William A. Rogers, S. M. Clement, W. H. Walker, R. R. Hefford, J. W. Robinson, F. E. Sickels, F. A. Board, William A. Joyce, S. N. McWilliams and A. H. Whitford for his colleagues, and the round sum specified was pledged by the end of the year. In the next year the fund grew to $250,000, and a spacious and admirable build- ing which cost over $300,000, on ground at the junction of Pearl, Genesee and Franklin streets, costing $100,000 more, was dedicated on the ist of October, 1903. This splendid development of the central organism of the Association is far, however, from representing its whole remarkable growth and the magnitude of its noble work in the city. From seed of its planting there have grown already seven subsidiary or affiliated associations, special- ized for a membership of Germans, railroad men and stu- dents of the University of Buffalo. The Union Terminal Railroad Department of the Y. M. C. A., formed in 1878, has attractive rooms in the Fitch Institute Building. The East Buffalo Railroad Department, organized ten years later, occupies a fine building erected at the expense of the New York Central and West Shore Railroad companies and the Wagner Palace Car Company. The Depew Railroad Department was established in 1895, in a house provided by the Depew Improvement Company. The latest of the rail- Y. M. C. A. DEPARTMENTS AND AUXILIARIES 93 road departments, that of the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg road, was established, in 1901, on the invitation of the com- pany, which contributed $2,500 to the cost of a building and gives $600 yearly to the maintenance fund. For the German Department of the Association, organ- ized in 1888, "a very complete building" at the corner of Genesee and Davis streets was erected in 1895 at a cost (including ground) of $54,000. The Student Department was formed in 1901. An excel- lent building for a West Side Department erected at the corner of West Ferry Street and Grant, was dedicated in 1909. As reported for the year ending May i, 1907, the Asso- ciation had a membership in its Central Department of 3,161 ; in its Boys' Department of 1,100; in its railroad, its German and its student departments of 2,521. Counting together its members and the contributors to its maintenance who are not members, it reckons a total constituency of about 10,000. Its property at the Central Department was reported to be $450,000 in value; in the German Department, $55,000; in the equipment of the railroad departments, $5,000; mak- ing a total of its real property $510,000. With this it had acquired an endowment fund of $116,365. The amount of its substantial possessions were, therefore, $626,565 ; against which its total liabilities were $138,563. Auxiliary to the Y. M. C. A., and projected by its ener- getic secretary, Mr. A. H. Whitford, a noble enterprise of true benevolence, inspiring a thoroughly practical under- taking of business, was carried out in 1910, by the erection of a large ten-story fire-proof Men's Hotel, contiguous to the central building of the Y. M. C. A., and conducted by the Association as lessee. The hotel provides 288 bed- rooms, accommodating 350 men, at prices ranging from $2 94 CULTURAL EVOLUTION to $3.50 per week, and from 35 to 75 cents a night. How admirable a benefit it offers, especially to young men of small means, is too plain to need any description. The building, like those of the "Mills Hotels" in New York City, which gave the suggestion of it, is in every way of the first class in construction and equipment, costing $225,000, for which funds were raised on mortgage bonds. Two citizens, Mr. John D. Larkin and Mr. William A. Rogers, were the main promoters of the undertaking. Most of the extraordinary achievement recorded in this sketch has come from energies aroused in the last thirty years. Many men have contributed to them ; but there was one, the model merchant and good citizen, Robert B. Adam, who did more than any other. His official service in the Association began in 1879, and ended when he died, June 30, 1904, at which time he had been its continuous president for seven years. The Guard of Honor, which has been mentioned hereto- fore as having grown into existence from a Bible class con- ducted by Miss Charlotte Mulligan at the Wells Street Chapel, was organized formally for religious and benevolent work on the i6th of January, 1868, at a meeting in the Buffalo Female Academy building, on Johnson Park. Its meetings were in that building, near the residence of Miss Mulligan (who was always, during her life, the guide and leader of the society) until 1884, when it bought the prop- erty at 620-622 Washington Street, where it built a com- fortable and well provided house for its own meetings and for the temporary lodging of homeless young men who need friendly help toward the getting of employment, or encour- agement in lifting themselves out of bad courses in life. Bed, bath and clean clothes at this place often do, in them- selves, a good missionary work; and other influences, sym- pathetic and religious, were brought to bear. These are JOHN D. LARKIN.: Manufacturer; born Buffalo, New York^ September 29, 1845 ' educated in the public schools. Took up the manu^ facture of soaps and toilet articles and in 1875 founded the Larkin Company which was incorporated in 1892, with Mr. Larkm as president. Director Commonwealth Trust Com- pany, Columbia National Bcink, anc! Central National Bank; member of Buffalo, Ellicott, and Manufacturers' Clubs of Buffalo, Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, and National Arts Club of New York ; Republican in politics. ^^wCz^ A). AMy^T^l^yt.-i'^ YOUNG women's CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 9S Still afforded at the Guard of Honor Home, where a Sunday School and Bible classes are also carried on. The Women's Christian Association, which recently has taken the name of the Young Women's Christian Associa- tion, was organized in 1870 for benevolent work among poor women, and this was directed mainly for many years to the maintenance of a Boarding Home. With the change of name, it has entered many and large fields of work, aiming at "the spiritual, intellectual, social and physical develop- ment of young women." The Association was first estab- lished in a room on Pearl Street; opened a Home later on Eagle and EUicott streets, and built, finally, under its old organization, a commodious habitation at No. 10 Niagara Square. Under the new regime, in 1904, it acquired the building then vacated by the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation, at the angle of Mohawk and Genesee streets, and its newer work is centered there, while the former Boarding Home is still maintained. Now, at the Mohawk Street center, says the general sec- retary. Miss Lillian E. Janes, "through its lunch room, gymnasium and sewing classes, its Bible classes, student branches, and the branch at the Larkin Works, it touches 1,200 women and girls daily. It has now a budget of $60,000, employs a staff of about twenty secretaries and teachers." Its work is organized in the following depart- ments: Educational, Religious, Physical, Student, Indus- trial, Cafeteria, Home, and Traveler's Aid. The present property of the Association is valued at $250,000. It has risen quickly to a place among the largest institutions in the city. Trinity Co-operative Relief Society, in connection with Trinity P. E. Church, was organized in March, 1880, for more efficiency in the benevolent undertakings of the 96 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Church. Its first officers were Mr. William H. Gratwick, president; Miss Maria M. Love, vice-president; Miss Emily Ganson, secretary; Miss Elizabeth C. Rochester, assistant secretary; Mr. Horatio H. Seymour, treasurer. Its head- quarters for four years were in Trinity Parish Building, on Mohawk Street ; then in rooms at the Fitch Institute, on Swan and Michigan streets. When the district plan of dividing charitable relief work among the Churches of the city, suggested by Miss Love in 1895, was adopted and car- ried out by the Charity Organization Society in the follow- ing year, the Trinity Co-operative Society accepted one of the largest and most needy of the districts assigned. It leased a house at 258 Elk Street, and opened there the Trinity House Settlement, with Mrs. Bradnack in resi- dence, and with equipments of a library, reading room and facilities for the organization of boys' and girls' clubs. In 1903 a splendid new development was given to the Trinity House Settlement, by the erection for its use of a beautiful and most perfectly adapted building, on Babcock Street, Nos. 280-282, given as a memorial of the late Mrs. Stephen V. R. Watson, and bearing the name of Watson House. In this it is provided with everything that can be useful in its work. It has rooms for library and for readers, for manual training, for kindergarten, for girls', boys' and men's clubs, for gymnasium, for diet kitchen, for domestic service classes, for public baths, etc. Eight teachers and workers were in residence in 1907. The Women's Educational and Industrial Union of Buffalo feels pride in being the first godchild of the kin- dred institution in Boston, of like name. It was organized on the 5th of February, 1884, at a meeting held in the Fitch Institute building, which Mrs. Abby Morton Diaz, presi- dent of the Boston Women's Educational and Industrial Union, addressed. The undertakings it contemplated were WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 97 planned and have been carried out, as nearly as practicable, on the lines of the parent institution. Every promise of its original program has been fulfilled effectively, with many additions to its scope. A Sargent gymnasium, a free reference library (named in memory of Miss Mary Ripley, a much beloved teacher in the public schools of the city), a "Handiwork Exchange," a free em- ployment bureau for women, a Girls' Union Circle, or Club, a Noon-Rest Lunch-Room, are among the fixed provisions of the Union for its clientage of women. It conducts train- ing classes for attendants and home nursing; classes by trained teachers in cooking, dressmaking, millinery and laundry-work, and other classes for children in housework, cooking and sewing. It provides lectures on hygiene, health and law, by prominent professional men and women. It organizes social, musical and literary entertainments. It arranges a "country week" in the summer for many work- ing girls. It finds homes for needy children and women. It has collected, in the twenty-four years of its existence, over $30,000 of wages, pensions, rents and other claims for women who were being defrauded. Its exertions have secured many important reforms of law in the interest of women; have brought about the appointment of police matrons, of women on the board of managers of the State Hospital for the Insane, of a woman on the city board of school examiners, and of women physicians in all State in- stitutions where women are housed. Its activities are end- less, and always directed with good judgment to good ends. Many capable, public-spirited and benevolent-minded women have devoted time, labor and thought without stint to the many-sided work of this admirable Union; but an unquestioned supremacy among them has always been con- ceded to Mrs. George W. Townsend, the prime mover in their organization and their continuous president for 98 CULTURAL EVOLUTION twenty-one years. Mrs. Townsend left Buffalo in Decem- ber, 1904, to make her home in Hawaii, but was not per- mitted to resign the presidency till the following May, when she was made honorary president, and the active presidency was conferred on the previous vice-president, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske. In the beginning of its work the Union was given the use of rooms in the Fitch Institute building by the Charity Organization Society. In 1886 it was able to purchase the old homestead of Judge Potter (later of George R. Bab- cock) on Niagara Square, and yet to hold a "Freedom from Debt Festival" in 1889. In 1891 it received a gift from Mrs. Esther A. Glenny, for building a Union Hall, and another gift of $5,000 from Mrs. Charlotte A. Watson for a Domestic Training Department. In 1893, having already outgrown its home, it felt able to rebuild more commo- diously for itself on the same excellent site, and did so, opening its new building by a public reception on the ist of November, 1894. At the end of another three years the Union was again free from debt. Nothing could afford better evidence of wise management and a strong, true spirit than these facts. On its twenty-first anniversary, in 1905, the Union began efforts to raise a permanent endowment fund of $100,000. A corps of the Salvation Army was first established in Buffalo in January, 1884, by the then Captain and Mrs. William Evans, now Colonel Evans of Boston. They held their first meeting on Lafayette Square on the first Sunday of that month, and opened indoor meetings in the old Court House building, at the corner of Clinton and EUicott streets. After about twelve months, the lease of this build- ing having expired and no other hall being available at the time, the corps was closed and the officers withdrawn from the city. THE SALVATION ARMY 99 It was not until five and a half years later that the work of the Army was reopened in Buffalo by Major (now Colonel) Richard E. Holz, who had been drawn to enlist- ment in its ranks during the previous period of its opera- tions here. In December, 1889, Major Holz revived the work in Buffalo, with headquarters on the upper floor of a building the site of which is now covered by the EUicott Square block. Other corps were soon established at Black Rock, Cold Spring, East Buffalo, and elsewhere. The Ger- man Corps was established about 1893 in a hall on Broad- way. In the following winter the first Men's Shelter and Industrial Home, with a woodyard, was opened on Com- mercial Street, and a Slum Post, so called, was established on Canal Street. In the fall of 1894 the old church build- ing of the First Baptist Church, on Washington Street, was secured for No. i Corps, and was occupied until the present permanent headquarters were established, at Nos. 11-13 East Mohawk Street, in property purchased in 1906. In 1896 Colonel Holz was transferred from the command at Buffalo, and his successors have been Colonel Sully, Brigadier Joseph Streeton, Colonel William Mclntyre, and Major George F. Casler. The work has grown and its fruits have increased steadily through all the years. For a number of years past the Divisional Headquarters of the Salvation Army have been in 350 EUicott Square. Nearly if not quite the most important of the under- takings of the Salvation Army is that which established, in 1903, the Industrial Home for men out of employment, now located in a -purchased building, at 97 Seneca Street. In 1908 the Home reported eighteen men employed regularly as "wagon men," who gather up waste material of every description, which people are glad to have riddance of, and which the managers of the Home contrive to turn to use. This gives constant work to a tailor, a shoemaker, a cabinet- lOO CULTURAL EVOLUTION maker and an upholsterer, and to numbers of the transient guests of the Home, who sort and bale the rags and paper that are brought in. The importance of this Industrial Home is widely appreciated by citizens and officials; and in all parts of the country there are grateful men who have been bridged by it over periods of misfortune or inspired by it to lift themselves out of the sloughs of an evil life. Another of the invaluable institutions of the Salvation Army is the Rescue Home, for fallen women, which is also a temporary home for women in need. This was estab- lished in 1899, at 325 Humboldt Parkway, from which place it was removed in 1903 to the large dwelling of the late David F. Day, No. 69 Cottage Street, which was bought by Colonel Mclntyre for the permanent seat of the Home, and nearly cleared of debt. Its first matron, Major Mary Wagner, who conducted the Home for a number of years, is credited with "splendid work." The later superin- tendents, Adjutant and Mrs. Hagg, are said to be the first married pair in the Salvation Army to have charge of an institution of this kind. The Rescue Home was consolidated with the Prison Gate Mission in March, 1902, and its officers conduct the work among discharged prisoners that was done by the Mission before. A law enacted in 1907 empowers police justices in Buffalo to commit women who are arrested for drunken- ness and vagrancy to the Home, giving them the chance of rescue which the penitentiary would most likely destroy. The Buffalo Deaconess Home of the Methodist Episco- pal Church is an outgrowth from work that was organized systematically by the Women's Home Missionary Society of the Buffalo District of that Church in 1888. The dea- conesses "are women set apart by the Church for any form of missionary labor." They are of three classes, for parish MISSIONS AND SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS lOI visiting, for nursing and for teaching, each receiving in- struction according to the work for which it is prepared. The Home for such instruction and for centering the work of the deaconesses was instituted in June, 1890. Six years later the property now occupied, at 292 Niagara Street, was bought. The corner-stone of a large additional building was laid in June, 1908. At the opening of the Home it had two deaconesses; there are now fourteen. Its present work includes the con- ducting of a free kindergarten, industrial instruction, and boys' clubs, together with "travelers' aid," for which two deaconesses are kept in attendance at the New York Central Railway Station. The new building will add a free dis- pensary, an infirmary and a gymnasium. The Christian Homestead Association, endowed by an anonymous gift of a considerable fund, was incorporated in 1891. It took up an important rescue mission work which Miss Joanna D. Cutter (afterwards Mrs. Walter N. Hinman) had instituted on Canal Street, and this was con- ducted under Mr. and Mrs. Hinman's charge very nearly until their deaths, which occurred within a single month, in 1896. The Association established, also, the Christian Homestead lodging house on Lloyd Street. Both the res- cue mission and the lodging house are still carried on, but the former has been removed to the neighborhood of the Steel Plant at West Seneca. The Volunteers of America, organized by General Bal- lington and Mrs. Maud B. Booth, who had previously been at the head of the Salvation Army in America, established the Buffalo branch of its work in May, 1891, with head- quarters and a Women's Home at 93 Broadway, and a Men's Home at 496 Michigan Street. A Children's Home has since been added, at North Evans, a few miles from I02 CULTURAL EVOLUTION the city. The work of the Volunteers, under Major and Mrs. F. C. Fegley, is kindred to that of the Salvation Army. By a few weeks of precedence, Westminster House was the first of the social settlements undertaken in Buffalo. It was opened on the 17th of September, 1894, ^^ pursuance of an assumption by Westminster Church of relief work in a definite district of the city, according to the district system which the Charity Organization Society proposed in that year of much distress. The Rev. Dr. S. V. V. Holmes, who became pastor of the Westminster Church in the previous year, had been seeking the opportunity for an opening of social settlement work, and his church and congregation gave ready support to the plan. They began with the lease of a small cottage on Monroe Street, and the work grew until property has been acquired extending through to Adams Street, including two lots on Adams and a separate building on Monroe for a men's club. Besides a comfort- able two-story dwelling for residents, the buildings occu- pied supply quarters for a gymnasium, a kindergarten, a diet kitchen, a penny provident bank, a public library de- pository, and several clubs, for boys, mothers, etc., as well as for classes in such arts as carpentry, chair caning, cooking and millinery. The House staff includes regularly a head- worker and assistants, a district nurse, a kindergartner, and several volunteer workers, among whom has geijierally been the assistant pastor of Westminster Church. A choral society, which gives a yearly recital, is one of the organiza- tions connected with the House. A summer camp at Fort Erie, for brief outings to people of the Westmirister House neighborhood, is maintained. The support of the House is borne chiefly by Westminster Club, the men's society of Westminster Church, which contributes annually between $3,000 and $4,000, and looks generally after its needs. MISSIONS AND SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS 103 During the trying winter of 1893-4 the Women's Circle of the First Presbyterian Church became impressed with a feeling of unsatisfactoriness in the relief-work done, for the reason that it left no permanent effect. It was determined that such work of the church should be concentrated on some limited section of the city, and conducted in a more systematic way. Upon consultation with the Charity Or- ganization Society, a district of extreme neediness was taken, accordingly, within which "the church holds itself pledged for relief work, except where individuals have some religious affiliation. These are then referred to the nearest pastor, priest and rabbi." For leadership in the work. Miss Mary Remington, who had been conducting a successful institution called Wel- come Hall, at New Haven, Conn., was engaged, and came to Buffalo in November, 1894. A house on Seneca Street, No. 307, was rented and fitted properly for occupancy at once. Miss Remington's residence was in the house, and it was named Welcome Hall. A diet kitchen was estab- lished, in co-operation with the District Nursing Associa- tion, and meetings, Sunday school and sewing schools begun. By the end of the year these quarters were outgrown, and a warehouse at the rear was rented and reconstructed for use. A few months later Miss Remington was authorized to rent two neighboring tenements, in order to expel from them a saloon and a dancing hall. A free kindergarten was then established in one. So the work at this location went on, until 1897, when the need of larger and better accommodations for it was answered by two generous friends, Mr. J. J. Albright and Mrs. Sidney Shepard, at whose expense the present beau- tiful Welcome Hall, and its accompanying cottage, were built. The new Hall was opened in January, 1898. Rooms for twelve residents are provided ; for women in the I04 CULTURAL EVOLUTION cottage and for men in the Hall. The latter is equipped amply with baths, class-rooms, club-rooms, a library room in which the Public Library maintains a branch, a gymnasium, a laundry, and a diet kitchen. The workers of the settle- ment, resident and non-resident, conduct many organiza- tions of clubs and classes, for all ages and both sexes, inter- esting great numbers of the populous neighborhood, in athletic games and exercises, in entertainments and social gatherings, and in the learning of such practical arts as sewing, cooking, basketry, typewriting, stenography and printing. On Sundays religious services and Sunday schools are held. Miss Remington resigned her connection with Welcome Hall in 1898. Neighborhood House, a social settlement on Goodell Street, is supported by a Neighborhood House Association, composed largely of men and women connected with the Unitarian Church. It began with a library, bank, girls' club, boys' club and a sewing school, in double parlors on Hickory Street, in November, 1894. ^^ the work was extended larger quarters were secured, first at 92 Locust Street, and finally, in May, 1902, at the old homestead on the corner of Goodell Street and Oak. The annual report of the Association for 1907 showed six workers in residence at the House and forty-one non-resident. "Our twenty-one boys' clubs," says the report, "with an average membership of seventeen, form the largest part of our family circle at the settlement. They come from various parts of the east side, but largely from our neighborhood. They consist of groups of boys, twelve to twenty-five years of age, from one street, shop, factory or school which has given them a com- mon interest. They are organized with a set of officers. Each club pays two dollars per month rental." Girls' and women's clubs, singing, sewing, dressmaking and cooking classes, a kitchen garden, a library, and a bank, with public MISSIONS AND SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS 105 entertainments, friendly visiting, helpful service to sick and needy, and medical inspections, make up the work of the House. In summer it conducts a camp on the lake shore, near Wanakah, fifteen miles from the city, where successive groups enjoy themselves for two or three days or a week. On leaving Welcome Hall, in 1898, Miss Mary L. Rem- ington ventured boldly, with almost no means, to undertake the establishing of a "Gospel Settlement" in the Canal Street quarter, which has always been of the worst possible repute. A few fellow workers were willing to join her; a few good friends would give what aid they could; and she had one strong supporter in Mrs. George H. Lewis, without whose sustaining hand, in the first years of her labor, it is doubtful if she could have won through. She and her associate volunteers began work in some rooms of the old Grand Trunk Railway station, on Erie Street, just below the Canal. The use of the rooms, with some furniture, was given; but the "settlement" that Miss Remington contemplated would require a different place. On the other side of Erie Street, opposite her rooms, stood an old abandoned hotel building, the Revere House of better days, which had become one of the worst of the crowded and filthy tenement houses of the city, swarming with a population of about a hundred Italian families. In ac- quainting herself with the neighborhood she visited it often, and longed for an opportunity to clean it up, and make it an object lesson of the decency of life that might be lived in such a place. At length she called on the agent of the building to talk of renting some part of it. The talk re- sulted in his offering to sell the whole building to her for $10,000, on easy terms. Two hundred dollars in bank was all the capital she had; but much thought and careful reck- oning determined her to make the attempt. She placed I06 CULTURAL EVOLUTION large confidence in the revenue that her tenants would yield ; and her reckonings were proved to be right. The bargain for the building was struck. A carpenter, a painter, a paper-hanger and a plumber were found who would do an honest work of renovation unprofitably, and wait for their pay. The old house was made decent, and in November Miss Remington, Miss Hyde, her constant com- panion and helper, Mr. J. D. Holmes and Mr. W. E. Wadge, who had taken a great interest in the work, took apartments in it; and three of the number have been resi- dents ever since. Most of the former tenants were allowed to remain, and a process of training them to cleanly and regulated habits of life began. They quickly appreciated the better conditions created for them, and were so prompt in the payment of rent that their landlady knew always exactly what income from her property to expect. After ten years of her experiment, Miss Remington had not only bought the house, but the leased ground on which it was built. She had put the building in a condition to more than satisfy the stringent requirements of the State tenement house law, and had paid for the whole work. In doing this she has had help from Mrs. Lewis and some others, but in the main the money put into the property has come from its own earnings, derived from tenants who have all the time been helped and uplifted in their lives. The object lesson afforded by the Revere Block as a tenement house reformed is a bit of social betterment promotion that cannot easily be surpassed. The regular work of the settlement, carried on as it is almost entirely by volunteers, is practically self-sustaining. It conducts classes in many kinds of instruction, including manual training on its simpler lines, and a few useful arts, like the repairing of shoes. By clubs, meetings and enter- tainments it keeps a large number of all ages interested, and MISSIONS AND SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS 107 its influence is wide. Sometimes the corps of helpers thins sadly, but a small band is always faithful, and the cour- ageous head of the mission never loses heart. Under the lead of Mrs. Herbert P. Bissell, an association of Catholic ladies established the Angel Guardian Mission, about 1898, as the pioneer of Catholic social settlement work. Hitherto the Mission has been conducted in a house on Seneca Street; but recently two commodious dwellings have been purchased on East Eagle Street, overlooking Bennett Park, one for a day nursery, in connection with the kindergarten, the other for a boarding house for wage- earning young women. Nursery, kindergarten and board- ing house will be maintained by the Angel Guardian Mis- sion Association, but conducted by three resident Sisters of St. Francis, from the convent on Pine Street. Mrs. Mark Packard is the president of the Association. Zion House, on JeflFerson Street, at No. 456, established about 1902 by the Sisterhood of Zion, an organization con- nected with Temple Beth Zion, is an institution of great importance to the Jewish population of the east side of Buffalo. It is a social settlement, and more than that, be- cause it touches its clientage more naturally and closely and enters more intimately into their lives. It has its classes for many kinds of teaching, its clubs, games and en- tertainments ; its Penny Provident Bank, its kindergarten, in connection with Public School No. 41, and its supply of books from the Public Library, with an attendant from the Library to receive calls for them once a week. At the same time it is the headquarters of the Federated Jewish Char- ities, and, altogether, it is a very busy and a very useful House. CHAPTER IV INSTITUTIONS OF SPECIALIZED BENEVOLENCE THE Buffalo Orphan Asylum, "for the care of orphan and destitute children," was founded by an associa- tion of charitable women from Protestant churches, organized in November, 1836, and incorporated in the fol- lowing year. In 1838 the ground which the asylum now occupies was given for the purpose by the generous Louis Le Couteulx, but thirteen years passed before the funds necessary for building on it were obtained. Meantime the institution was opened and maintained in rented houses, on Franklin, Seneca and Niagara streets successively. In 1845 the trustees acquired property at the corner of Main and Virginia streets, which they sold in 1848 to Bishop Timon, for the Sisters of Charity Hospital, estab- lished that year. The proceeds of this sale, augmented by a State appropriation of $20,000, and by private subscrip- tions, enabled the trustees to erect a building on the ground which Mr. Le Couteulx had given, at the corner of what is now Elmwood Avenue and Virginia Street. This was opened in 185 1. In 1878 a gift of $10,000 from Mrs. Stephen G. Austin was applied to the addition of an infant ward. Other additions and improvements have been made since, from gifts and funds of the asylum; but neither the building nor its site is now sufficient for the needs of the institution. Its proper capacity is for 150 children, and it has to receive more than that number at times. In 1906 the trustees purchased a tract of ten acres on Elm- w^ood Avenue, nearly opposite the Buffalo Historical So- ciety building, having a frontage of nearly 70 feet. A new building on this fine site is the present hope. 108 THE FIRST HOSPITAL 109 One of the earliest of the lasting public charities of the city was the Buffalo City Dispensary, organized in 1847 and incorporated in 1850. Emergencies like that of the cholera visitation in 1832 had called out some temporary provision of hospitals, prior to 1848; but it was not until that year that the city acquired permanently a public place for the care of the sick. An association for the purpose of establishing a public hospital had been organized in 1846, with Dr. Josiah Trowbridge as its president; but the undertaking did not succeed. It was left for the kindly-hearted and energetic head of the Cath- olic Church, Bishop Timon, to supply the urgent need. On his invitation, six Sisters of Charity came from Baltimore, in June, 1848, to conduct a hospital and an orphan asylum, both of which were brought into operation with little delay. For the hospital, Bishop Timon bought from the trustees of the Buffalo Orphan Asylum the property which the asylum was then occupying, at the corner of Virginia Street, on what is now known as Pearl Place, but which at that time was open to Main Street. It included a building which had been erected some twenty years before, for an academy, or high school, and which had been used for school purposes for some time. Joined with contiguous dwelling houses, a quite commodious structure was made up, in which the hospital work of the Sisters of Charity was begun. It was most timely — a blessing inestimable to the city in the following year, when cholera came again. Of 134 cholera patients then cared for, 82 were restored to health. From time to time the original building was enlarged and improved, and it housed the hospital until 1876, when the institution was removed to the large, ex- cellently appointed building that it occupies at 1833 Main Street. It now does a very extensive beneficent work. The connected Emergency Hospital, on Pine Street, founded in no CULTURAL EVOLUTION 1902, treats about 1,200 patients per year, having accommo- dations for 250. At the main hospital a training school for nurses is carried on. Of the six Sisters of Charity who came to Buffalo in 1848, on the invitation of Bishop Timon, three gave themselves to the work of the hospital and three to the care of the St. . Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum which the good Bishop lost no time in founding for them. The asylum was opened in a house at the corner of Broadway and Ellicott streets, and was called quickly, like the hospital, to meet a dread- ful emergency created by the cholera visitation in 1849. In 1855 the old St. Patrick's Church building, adjoining the house then occupied, was remodelled for the asylum, and was the home for the children for thirty years. Then, in 1885, the property at 13 13 Main Street was bought, at a cost of $30,000, and the institution removed thither in 1886. This sufficed until 1899, when two reasons, as the Sisters explained in a circular, urged them to build again; they were having to turn many little children from their doors, and they saw the need of an enlargement of their technical school — about which school something is told in another place. Accordingly, with the approval of Bishop Quigley, they undertook the erection of a large fireproof building, at the corner of Riley and Ellicott streets, in the rear of 13 13 Main Street. The asylum now occupies this safe and commodious edifice, giving its former home to the technical school. Two hundred and fifty children reside in the former till they have reached their sixteenth year, when they are transferred to the latter, to be trained for some employment by which their living may be earned. In connection with the asylum, a summer home, called Villa St. Vincent, is maintained at Youngstown, on the Niagara. BISHOP TIMON'S BENEVOLENT CREATIONS III In the year following the establishment of St. Vincent's orphanage for girls, Bishop Timon made provision for the care of fatherless boys, by founding St. Joseph's Male Orphan Asylum. This was opened in Buffalo, in 1849, transferred to Lancaster in 1850, returned to Buffalo in 1854, and permanently seated at Limestone Hill, in West Seneca, in 1872. It shelters and educates more than two hundred boys. The German Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, at 564 Dodge Street, was originally, from 1851 to 1874, connected with St. Mary's Church, as an undertaking by the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, who conducted the parochial schools of that parish. In 1874 it was adopted for the diocese by Bishop Ryan, and incorporated, under a board of trustees. The old cemetery site, near the Parade, between Best and Northampton streets, was bought for it, and a building erected there, to which several additions have been made since. The asylum is still under the charge of the Sisters of St. Francis. Buffalo owes many and large debts to Bishop Timon for organizations of beneficent work that have wrought a con- stant increase of good to the community since his day; but none greater than for the Catholic Protectory, or St. John's Protectory, founded in 1854 and incorporated in 1864, under the care of the Society for the Protection of Destitute Catholic Children. The location of the Protectory is just outside of the present city limits, at Limestone Hill, in the town of West Seneca, and it receives inmates to some extent from even distant places, but it exists for Buffalo and belongs to BuflFalo, nevertheless. The first home of the Protectory was in a humble framed building; but it has built and rebuilt and enlarged and im- proved, until it has become, in the language of the business 112 CULTURAL EVOLUTION world, an enormous "plant," covering many acres of ground with its dormitories, workshops, school buildings, entertain- ment hall, farm, playgrounds, and every essential of an establishment for converting neglected or perverted boys into well-instructed and self-respecting men. By law, our city courts may commit children of Catholic parentage, between seven and fourteen years of age, to the Protectory, for truancy, viciousness or vagrancy, as well as for homeless destitution. They attend school regularly, and are taught useful trades, and are made familiar with the better ways of life. The first superintendent of the Protectory was Father Early; the second was Father Hines, who was succeeded in 1882 by the Rev. Nelson H. Baker, still in charge. A second general hospital association, formed in 1854, with a board of fifty trustees, failed, like that of 1846, to raise what was thought to be a necessary endowment fund. In the next year, however, a third attempt, more venture- some in spirit, perhaps, secured incorporation of The Buf- falo General Hospital, procured subscriptions from citizens to the amount of $20,000, obtained an appropriation of $10,000 from the State, and proceeded to erect a building on a noble site, at the corner of High and Goodrich streets, which was dedicated with distinguished ceremonies on the 24th of June, 1858. This is now the west wing of the hos- pital. The original trustees were George S. Hazard, Charles E. Clark, Andrew J. Rich, Bronson C. Rumsey, Roswell L. Burrows, William T. Wardwell, Peter Curtis, George Howard and Joel Wheeler. The first president was Mr. Clark. "The assets of the infant hospital (writes Mrs. Elizabeth M. Howe, in 'A Brief History of the Ladies' Hospital Association') were apparently a 'superior location — over- looking the city, lake and river' — a good building, by the THE BUFFALO GENERAL HOSPITAL 1 1 3 Standards of the day, and an empty treasury. Of the three, the last was to prove of the most permanent value. * * * It was in 1869 that the asset of poverty rendered its first conspicuous service. In September of that year the Ladies' Hospital Association was organized to provide for the pressing wants of worthy indigent and sick women, for whom there was no provision in the city, and whose needs the hospital was unable financially to meet. The trustees offered 'to place the female wards of the hospital under the immediate supervision of the ladies of the city, represented for the time being by a committee chosen from the board of managers of the Home for the Friendless, who should assume the expense of furnishing those wards and the main- tenance of the persons admitted to them.' This very serious responsibility was accepted, and an effort made to organize the Protestant Churches of the city in support of the work." The desired organization was effected, each church being represented in the association by three delegated members. In 1872 the Ladies' Association was invited by the trus- tees of the hospital to merge itself into the hospital board by electing three of its number for an assistant executive committee, to act with the executive committee of the board. Under that arrangement the Ladies' Hospital Association became, for the next twenty years, in the words of one of the reports of the trustees, "the mainstay and support of the institution." It raised most of the funds for its main- tenance, for the extension of its buildings, for the improve- ment of its equipment, and had practical charge of its in- ternal economy. "In 1892," to quote again from Mrs. Howe, "Dr. Renwick R. Ross was installed as warden, and the third era in the history of the hospital began. * * * It has been that period of great gifts, of scientific equip- ment, of skilled administration, which has made the Buf- falo General Hospital to-day one of the large private hos- 114 CULTURAL EVOLUTION pitals of the country. In these years a new relation has been established between this association and the hospital, in the election, in 1901, of two of its members, Mrs. Hamlin and Mrs. Folwell, to the board of trustees. But in this later development of the hospital the Ladies' Association, as such, has had no proportionate share. * * * As the work of the hospital, in one direction and another, has reached the point where volunteer service was no longer adequate to the task, it has perforce been transferred to other hands." There are now eight ladies in the board of trustees, and the Ladies' Association is fully merged in that governing board. In 1887 the training school for nurses was instituted. Then a diet kitchen was established, and an ambulance brought into use. In 1880 a large addition to the hospital building was undertaken. In 1884 a ward for children and a maternity ward were opened. These were all due to the exertions of the Ladies' Association. In 1885 Mrs. Sarah A. Gates built a cottage for gynecological work, and a few years later she erected a Nurses' Home on the hospital grounds. Mrs. Gates and her daughters have done more for the hospital than any other single family; though gifts and bequests to it in late years have been many and large. Its endowment fund was reported in 1907 to be $446,000. It extended its main building largely in 1896-8, and added not long since the Harrington Hospital for Children. The president of the board of trustees is Mr. Charles W. Pardee, who gives much time and care to the business of the institution. By the agency of Bishop Timon an institution that is, at once, conventual, reformative and charitably protective, was founded in 1855 by nuns from France, belonging to the order of Sisters of Our Lady of Refuge. It is known as the Asylum of Our Lady of Refuge, or as the House of the THE P. E. CHURCH CHARITY FOUNDATION II5 Good Shepherd, and its seat is a large property on Best Street. Its special work is described as being to "preserve and restore to society poor lost women, and to protect and educate destitute and wayward Roman Catholic female children." The convent was the first one of the order to be founded in the United States. In 1855 Bishop Timon brought about the establishment of the St. Mary's Lying-in Hospital, which became finally consolidated with an infants' asylum in the present St. Mary's Infant Asylum and Maternity Hospital, on Edward Street. A series of meetings by members of the Protestant Epis- copal Church was held in 1858, "to take measures for the foundation of a charitable institution for the relief of the indigent, infirm and aged, and other needy and destitute persons." The result of these conferences was the incor- poration of The Charity Foundation of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Buffalo. It was organized in Sep- tember, 1858, with the Hon. George W. Clinton for its first president, and in the following November it opened a Home for adults, in a brick dwelling, leased, on Washing- ton Street, opposite the old Trinity Church. It provided accommodations for about twenty inmates, and received nine before the close of the month. Within a few years a second house was rented on Mohawk Street. In 1862 the Charity Foundation received a gift from Judge Smith of two acres of ground, at the corner of Rogers and Utica streets, and, by act of the Legis- lature in 1864 it was given the old Black Rock Cemetery (now "The Circle"), on North Street. By purchase of the Edwin Thomas residence and grounds, at the corner of Seventh and Rhode Islands, in 1866, the Foundation ac- quired a Home which included, from that time, an asylum Il6 CULTURAL EVOLUTION for orphans, as well as a habitation for adults. The orphanage was enlarged in 1869, and established in a new building in 1895. In that year, also, the Hutchinson Memorial Chapel of the Holy Innocents was built by Edward H. Hutchinson, in memory of his father and mother. In 1903 the Foundation received a bequest of $50,000 from Mrs. Helen A. Campbell, for a memorial building in honor of her father, the late Thomas Thornton. The Thornton Memorial Building, finished in 1905, re- placed the old Home for the aged and infirm. In 1907 a quite remarkable entertainment named "Cosmovilla" was held in Convention Hall for the benefit of the Church Home, with such success as to go far toward freeing it of debt. In 1860-61 the Providence Retreat, for the care and treat- ment of the insane, and of the unfortunate victims of alco- holism and drug habits, was founded by the Sisters of Charity, under the lead of Sister M. Rosalind. Its build- ing, on Main Street, Kensington Avenue and Humboldt Parkway, where it has ample grounds, was opened in July, 1 86 1. Its present accommodations are for 200 patients. In 1905 the cornerstone of a new building was laid. This will be an entirely fireproof structure, equipped with all modern appliances, electro and hydro-therapeutical, for the treatment of mental and nervous diseases, and is expected to cost nearly $500,000. St. Francis' Asylum for the Aged and Infirm was founded in 1862 by Sisters of the Franciscan Order, from Philadelphia. It was opened in a small framed dwelling on Pine Street, No. 337. Two years later a large building and a chapel were erected for the institution, and two wings were added to the former in 1870. In recent years two branches of the asylum have been established outside of the PROTECTION TO ANIMALS II7 city; one at Gardenville, at a cost of $150,000, on a farm bequeathed by Mrs. Regina Goetz; the second at Williams- ville, on a farm of 120 acres, given by Mrs. John Blocher. In all, the asylum shelters about 600 inmates. The Evangelical Lutheran St. John's Orphan Home was founded in 1864 by the oldest of the German Church con- gregations in the city, — the First Evangelical Lutheran St. John's. The Home for Boys, at Sulphur Springs, w^as established in 1868. It was burned in 1876, and rebuilt next year. A large new building was added in 1898. The Erie County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, organized in 1867, was the second of its kind in the United States, that of Henry Bergh, founded in the previous year, having been the first. An ardent leader in its organization and its first president was Mrs. Lord, wife of the Rev. Dr. John C. Lord. In its first years the society had no local habitation; but for some years past its work has been centralized at an office, now located in the Bowen Building, at the corner of Pearl and Huron streets. "When the work was first started," writes a lady long con- nected with it, "it was looked upon by the majority of people with indifference and even with contempt. It was thought to be very much out of place for a woman to attempt to stop any cruelty seen in the public streets; but when poor canal horses, while being led through the streets, dropped in utter exhaustion in their tracks, and when the moans of suffering cattle on their way to the slaughter houses were heard constantly, and countless cruelties were inflicted on dumb creatures, large and small, true woman- hood asserted itself." The branch of the work known as that of the Humane Education Committee was instituted by Miss Lucy S. Lord, in order to teach young and old, but especially the young. Il8 CULTURAL EVOLUTION the duty of protection and kindness they owe to the dumb creatures who serve them in so many ways. Miss Lord visited every school in the city, talking with teachers and pupils, with the result that many auxiliary societies of children have been formed. This mission work, begun by Miss Lord, has been carried on since by the late Mrs. Lily Lord Tifift and by Miss Margaret F. Rochester, Mrs. Pascal P. Beals and Miss Matilda Karnes. Miss Rochester intro- duced a prize essay competition on the subject in the schools, which has wakened a lively interest among the children. Latterly the society has employed three agents, one especially for the stockyards, and two for the city work. Under the Police Department it has charge of the City Dog Pound. At the stockyards it has looked after the treatment of many thousands. It now has a large membership. Its presidents since Mrs. Lord have been Mrs. Horatio Sey- mour, Rev. John W. Brown, Colonel E. A. Rockwood, Walter Devereaux, Rev. O. P. Gifford and DeWitt Clinton. Consequent upon an appeal made by Mr. (now the Rev.) Edward Bristol, a meeting was held in May, 1867, at the residence of Mr. Francis H. Root, which resulted in an undertaking "to afford, by the establishment of a temporary Home, protection, employment or assistance to worthy females who are destitute or friendless, and to provide a permanent Home for aged women who are homeless." A society was organized, with a board of forty-one women as managers, chosen from Protestant churches. The first Home for the Friendless opened by the society was in a house on Seventh and Maryland streets, furnished by dona- tions. It received 26 temporary inmates the first year and 132 in the second. The house was enlarged in 1872, and twelve women were made residents for life. In 1884-6 the large premises now occupied by the Home for the Friendless, at 1500 Main Street, were bought and THE INGLESIDE HOME II9 built upon, using existing buildings in part. It had 34 per- manent residents when it came to this place. Eighteen rooms were added to its accommodations in 1892 by a new building, the gift of the late William I. Mills. In the same year the Home received a legacy of $15,000 from Francis H. Root. In a statement published in 1895 the managers say, speaking of a small balance which they had in bank when they opened the Home on Seventh Street in 1868: "From that day on, the Home has never been in debt, and has always had a balance with its bankers, which, never but once, has fallen below the amount of its original deposit." In 1869 the Rev. P. G. Cook ("Chaplain Cook," as he was always known after his services with the Twenty-first Regiment in the Civil War) , doing Christian mission work in the "infected district" of that time, around Canal Street, in connection with the Y. M. C. A., became impressed very deeply with a sense of the need of some distinct agency for lending a helping hand to fallen women who could be per- suaded to reform their lives. He consulted an association of good women who had organized themselves for charitable work, and convinced them very quickly that they could not do anything more useful than in that field. They began by opening a weekly prayer meeting in a room on Evans Street, where the Y. M. C. A. was holding similar meetings for men. Girls and women of the neighborhood came in, and a few meetings sufficed to show that there must be a temporary home provided for those who desired to escape from the life they were in. A society for the purpose was incorporated on the 27th of September, 1869, by the following ladies: Ellen Wilkes, Mary R. Stearns, Susan Guild, Persis M. Otis, Ann M. Haines, Sarah A. Robson, Sarah J. Wilson, Annie F. Walbridge, Maria Webster, Annie McPherson, Charlotte E. Lewis, Elizabeth G. Clark. Mr. Joseph Guild, husband of one of these I20 CULTURAL EVOLUTION ladies, bought a house on Vermont Street, and gave the free use of it for a year. At the end of the year a larger house was needed, and secured on Virginia Street. Another year brought needs of a still larger home, and it came as a generous gift from Mr. George W. Tifft, who conveyed to the society a commodious building on Seneca Street, which had been used for a water-cure establishment, and was admirably fitted to all the purposes of the Ingfeside Home for a number of years. Time, however, made unfavorable changes in the neighborhood, and in 1884 a fortunate opportunity occurred for securing what was known as the Alberger Homestead, at Cold Spring, No. 70 of what is now Harvard Place. There, in a roomy and convenient house, with ample and pleasant grounds, stocked with fruit, the Home has been established ever since. Several addi- tions to the house have been made, the latest, in 1904, ex- tending two large wings. Its capacity is for 70 inmates. The Buflfalo State Hospital, for the care and treatment of the insane,, was established in pursuance of an Act of the Legislature passed April 23, 1870. The City bought 203 acres of land on Forest Avenue, adjoining Delaware Park, and gave it to the State for a site. The cornerstone of the building was laid with Masonic rites on the i8th of Septem- ber, 1872, the Hon. James O. Putnam delivering a notable address. The central structure, for administrative offices, and the long stretching east wing, containing eleven wards, were finished and opened in November, 1880. Between 1 89 1 and 1895 the corresponding west wing was added. In 1897 ^ separate building on Elmwood Avenue for the acute and infirmary was finished and brought into use. The number of patients has risen steadily, and on the ist of March, 1908, was 1,871, being 43 more than the calculated capacity of the institution. A training school for nurses THE HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL 121 was opened in 1884, ^^^ ^^s the second to be established in this country in an institution for the insane. The first superintendent of the hospital was Dr. Judson B. Andrews, who died in August, 1894, and was succeeded by Dr. Arthur W. Hurd. The Homeopathic Hospital, incorporated in 1872 by the Buffalo Homeopathic Hospital Association, opened its doors to its first patients (two in number) in June of that year, in a building at the corner of Washington and North Division streets, equipped with three beds. It remained in that location two years, at the end of which time the property it now occupies, at the corner of Cottage and Maryland streets, was bought by the trustees, and the con- siderably large house included in the purchase was properly fitted up. It served fairly for ten years ; then a wing was added, containing four wards, four private rooms, and a surgery. Subsequently, at successive times, a nurses' cottage of two stories, a children's and maternity cottage of two stories, and a building of twelve rooms for the hospital servants, were added. These are now entirely outgrown, and a scientifically perfected new building is being erected on a lot at the corner of Linwood and West Delevan avenues. A large fund for the building has been sub- scribed, and it is likely to be finished and in use by the time this writing goes into print. The need of it is being severely felt. Mr. Jerome Fargo was the first president of the board of trustees. The first president of the board of associate man- agers was Mrs. Warner, wife of the physician who was called "the father of Homeopathy in Buffalo." Mrs. J. F. Ernst, Mrs. J. T. Cook, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk and Mrs. C. J. North have held that executive post since. The Buffalo Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to 122 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Children, and to bring to justice those guilty of it, was or- ganized in 1874, ^"d incorporated in 1879 as the Queen City Society. It aims also to rescue children from depraved and vicious surroundings, and to place them in good homes. Likewise, it gives temporary aid to children in need of it. The Buffalo Eye and Ear Infirmary, incorporated in 1876, was conducted for some years in various temporary locations on Washington Street, but acquired a permanent establishment in its own building, at 673 Michigan Street, near Genesee, in 1893. The Church Home of the German Evangelical Churches of Buffalo and vicinity, for old, feeble and homeless people, and for orphan children, was incorporated in 1877. Pastor Schelle, of St. Stephen's United Evangelical Church, appears to have been the leader in the undertaking. It was placed outside of the city limits, on twenty-five acres of land, where it has ample buildings, with orchards and gardens and many pleasant surroundings. In a preceding account of the Charity Organization Society, mention has been made of the Fitch Creche, or day nursery for the infant children of working mothers during the hours of their absence from home, which was founded by that society in 1880. Although the Children's Aid Society did not assume an organized and incorporated form until 1882, the beginning of interest and action which created it appears to date from a Thanksgiving Dinner to news-boys and boot-blacks, given in 1872 by the Y. M. A. of Grace M. E. Church. The final organization of this interest is ascribed to a published letter by William Pryor Letchworth, in which he urged the need of some provision of a home for many of the boys who win their own living from employments of the streets. The THE children's AID SOCIETY 1 23 Aid Society was formed soon afterwards with this im- mediate object, and opened what has always been known as the News-Boys' and Boot-Blacks' Home, in a building at No. 29 Franklin Street, which was bought for the purpose and properly fitted up. The original Home was maintained until 1908, when the Society had been enabled, by a generous bequest from Mrs. Helen Thornton Campbell, to erect and furnish a large and beautiful fireproof building, in a fine situation on Delaware Avenue, north of Chippewa Street. Here it offers hospi- tality to about one hundred boys, having 75 single rooms and three dormitories, with steam heat and electric light throughout, and with the perfection of all equipments for comfort and health. Dining hall, club room, gymnasium, library, play ground, and the apparatus for many indoor games, seem to afford every attraction that can operate to keep the young lodgers from harmful places of resort. They pay for their bed and board according to the amount they earn. All under fifteen years of age are required to attend school. The city has no wiser or more beneficent institution. The building vacated by the Children's Aid Society, at 29 Franklin Street, was taken by the county and became the County Lodging House, where some thousands of homeless, but respectable, men have found temporary shelter and food since its doors were opened to them. Fitch Provident Dispensary, for medical relief to the poor, was opened by the Charity Organization Society in 1883, and discontinued in 1901, when other similar agencies were appearing to satisfy the need. In 1885 the District Nursing Association, to provide free nursing for indigent people in sickness, and to conduct a diet kitchen and a flower mission, was organized mainly by the efforts of the late Miss Elizabeth C. Marshall. 124 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Fitch Accident Hospital was opened, in the Fitch Insti- tute, by the Charity Organization Society, in 1886, but dis- continued in 1901, when the present Emergency Hospital was built. A movement which gave rise to the Fresh Air Mission in Buffalo was started in the Sunday School of the Universalist Church of the Messiah, in 1888. It was taken up by the Christian Endeavor Society, which collected funds and took part in the work involved. The Charity Organization Society interested itself promptly in the undertaking, and its agencies found the children that needed most to have a summer week or two of country air. At first, the hospi- tality of farm houses and village homes, not far from Buffalo, was appealed to for the entertainment of such chil- dren, either as boarders or as guests, for short terms, and many were received in that way by good people in the sur- rounding towns. Then property was obtained at Angola, on the shore of the lake, and beginnings made in the estab- lishment of quarters for a summer colony of these boys and girls, to be taken to it in relays. This Angola summer resort was intended to be named Ga-ose-ha Beach ; but somebody dubbed it more fittingly Cradle Beach, and so it is known. The development of the Fresh Air Mission from small beginnings to an important organization of exceptionally benevolent work is said to have been due primarily "to the arduous pioneer service of Alice O. Moore and Paul Ransom." Too many to be named, however, have been earnest workers in it since, and it has had generous monetary support from many, though always less than it needs. A hospital for cholera infantum was established tempo- rarily at Angola in 1893, ^^^ permanently at Athol Springs, on the lake shore, the next year, when the Athol Springs Hotel was bought and excellently fitted for that use. The Society for Christian Endeavor was a large contributor to FRESH AIR MISSION, ETC. 125 the fund which this new undertaking required. The Hospital is a separate organization, distinctly incorporated, but none the less identified with the Fresh Air Mission. It has been, from the first, under the medical direction of Drs. DeWitt H. Sherman and Irving M. Snow. Many beds in the hospital have been endowed. An interesting agency connected with the raising of money for the support of the Fresh Air Mission has been that of the "Cradle Banks," originated and managed by Mr. William H. Wright, Jr. These little receptacles of small change, scattered everywhere through the city, in hotels, banks and stores, every summer, allow nobody to forget the little folk who need a taste of fresh air. In the first seven years of their silent begging they collected no less than $13,614. Kindred in object to the Children's Aid Society Home for Boys is the Working Boys' Home, founded in 1888 by the late Bishop Ryan, under the direction of the Rev. Daniel Walsh. Until 1897 ^^ was established in a purchased private residence. Then the present Home on Niagara Square, large and well-provided in every particular, was opened in October. The director is assisted in the conduct of the house by several Sisters of St. Joseph, and an auxil- iary Ladies' Aid Society affords help to the institution in various ways. The inmates of the Home receive religious and moral as well as industrial instruction. A well-equipped Children's Hospital, promoted and maintained principally by Mrs. Gibson T. Williams, Mr. and Mrs. George H. Lewis, Miss Martha T. Williams, Mrs. C. W. Pardee, Mr. William A. Rogers and Mr. Frank Goodyear, was opened at 219 Bryant Street, in 1892. A new and much-enlarged building was erected on the same site in October, 1908, its cost being borne by Mrs. Pardee. 126 CULTURAL EVOLUTION The institution of the German Deaconess' Home and Hospital resulted from a meeting held in February, 1895, at the St. Paul's German United Evangelical Church. The Deaconess' Association was then organized, with the object of gathering and training young women and widows for works of Christian charity, and of founding and main- taining institutions for such work. A hospital was opened in a rented building, No. 27 Goodrich Street, and the first patient admitted on the 14th of November, 1895. Within the following twelve months a permanent building had been planned, located and completely erected on Kingsley Street, near Humboldt Parkway. It was dedicated and occupied on the 2ist of November, 1896. This building provided centrally for the home of the deaconesses and working women of the institution, with a hospital in its east wing and a home in the west wing for aged and friendless men and women. Miss Ida Tobschall, formerly a teacher in the public schools of the city, was the sister superior in charge of the institution from its opening until her resigna- tion in 1908. In 1896 several Lutheran Churches of the city and county united in establishing the Lutheran Church Home, for the aged and infirm of their congregations who need its shelter and support. The Home was first located at 390 Walden Avenue; but in 1906 a large, three-story fireproof brick building for it was erected at 217 East Delevan Avenue, at a cost of about $50,000, on a site covering three and a half acres of ground. The building is planned on the most approved sanitary lines. Mr. William F. Wendt is the president of its board, the other officers of which are the Rev. F. A. Kahler, Rev. T. H. Becker, Dr. Franklin C. Gram and F. W. H. Becker. In 1896 the German Hospital, projected at a public meeting held in June of the previous year, at Schwable's BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS 127 Hall, was opened temporarily in a building at 621 Genesee Street. In 1901 it entered an excellent and well-equipped hospital building of its own, at 742 Jefferson Street, erected on ground given by the heirs of Gerhard Lang. A Free Dispensary is connected with the hospital. The Prison Gate Mission was organized in 1896 by Mrs. Jonathan L. Slater, "to help discharged women prisoners, to look after their spiritual and temporal welfare, and to aid prison reform in the State of New York." From the Home first established for it the work was taken, in 1900, to the Salvation Army Rescue Home, on Humboldt Parkway. Since that time the prison visiting and caring for released homeless women has been performed by Salvation Army workers, supported by the Prison Gate Mission funds. The service of a woman probation officer, for adult women, has been added of late to the work of the Mission, and women are sentenced to its Home by the courts. This probation work is growing. The present location of the Home is at 69 Cottage Street. The King's Daughters' Home, for temporary hospitality to friendless young women, especially those convalescent from hospitals, was opened at 134 Mariner Street in 1898. A University of Buffalo Dispensary was opened in 1899. In connection with the Church of the Immaculate Con- ception, and at the instance of Bishop Quigley, St. James Mission, for poor children, was established in 1902. A second Creche, or day nursery for infants whose mothers are called from home by their work, was opened in 1903, at 79 Goodell Street, by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. Under the name of the Day Nursery of the Infant Jesus, a third Creche was founded in 1904 by Bishop Colton, in 128 CULTURAL EVOLUTION connection with St. Felix Home for Working Girls, and is conducted by the Felician Sisters, on Fillmore Avenue, near Broadway. A fourth is in contemplation by the Angel Guardian Mission Association, to be connected with the institution for which it is preparing to build on Eagle Street, overlooking Bennett Park. In a building adapted from a private residence on Tiflft Street, the Sisters of Mercy opened a hospital in Sep- tember, 1904. The work of their order in Buffalo was begun in i860, when several of the Sisters came from Pitts- burg, on the invitation of Bishop Timon, and took charge of the parochial school in St. Bridget's parish. Other schools were placed under their care in after years, and their sphere of labor had been educational until this hospital service was taken in hand. A Mercy Hospital Aid Society, having a large membership, gives financial and sympathetic support to the hospital, and it promises to become an im- portant addition to the humane institutions of the city. A new building, of brick, is already in contemplation. At once, on the opening of the hospital, a school of nurses was formed. The City established a new Municipal Hospital in 1904, for the care of smallpox patients, replacing an old Quaran- tine Hospital which had become unfit for use. The St. Felix Home, for working girls, on Fillmore Avenue near Broadway, and the St. Charles Home, for the same purpose, have both been established by Bishop Colton since he came to the administration of the Catholic diocese, in 1903. In December, 1906, the Union Rescue Mission was estab- lished by Major B. A. Arnold and Mrs. Arnold. Its work includes the maintenance of a "Christian Home for HOSPITALS, ETC. 129 Women," at 387 Washington Street, and a "Relief Home and Industrial Department for Men," at 53-55 Broadway. The Fitch Tuberculosis Dispensary, in the Fitch Institute, was opened by the Charity Organization Society in 1907. At present the Poles of the city are preparing to establish a hospital on ground already bought for the purpose, at the corner of Fillmore Avenue and Stanislaus Street, to be under the care of Polish Sisters. The building contem- plated is expected to cost not less than $100,000. An Act of Congress passed in 1902 provided for the erection of a Marine Hospital at Buffalo ; but contracts for the building were not let until the spring of 1908, and it was not expected to be finished until the end of March, 19 10. The selected site is on Main Street, near Robie Avenue. The building is to be of three stories, partly constructed of light-colored granite and partly of light-colored limestone or sandstone, and is planned for the latest improvements in every equipment. There has been long discussion of the need in the city of special hospitals for contagious diseases and for the treat- ment of tuberculosis, as well as the need of some better public hospital of the general character than is supplied in connection with the County Almshouse. Action has been delayed by the troublesome question of sites, and by dis- agreements between city and county ; but at present the city, alone, seems likely to make provision for a large general institution that will satisfy all the public hospital require- ments at one place. Of the many private hospitals, special and general, that have been and are being opened in the city, it is hardly necessary to speak. CHAPTER V EDUCATION AN interesting account of the first school house in Buf- falo, written by Mr. Crisfield Johnson, the historian of Erie County, was published in the Buffalo Com- mercial Advertiser, in 1875, and reprinted in the first vol- ume of the Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society. With less detail the story appears also in Mr. Johnson's History. As early as 1801 the few inhabitants of the village secured from Mr. Ellicott, of the Holland Company, the assign- ment of a lot for a school house; but it was not till 1807 that the building of the house was taken in hand. On the 29th of March, that year, a meeting of the inhabitants was held "at Joseph Landon's Inn," "for the purpos to arect a School Hous in Sd Village by a Subscription of the Inhab- itance," says a minute of the meeting in a little book which the Buffalo Historical Society has the good fortune to pos- sess among its archives, and which it preserves with great care. The undertaking was voted, and subscriptions, dated the next day, are entered in the book. They number six- teen, pledging sums that range from eighty-seven and a half cents to $22, which largest contribution was made by Sam- uel Pratt. The total is $127.87. Building accounts kept in the same little book show that work on the school house was begun at once ; but, according to the same accounts, it cannot have been shingled till a year and a half later, and the building accounts were not closed till May, 1809. It had four years and a half of use, and then, with the rest of the village, it was burned by the British invaders of 1813. It did not go out of history, how- ever, for another twenty-five years, the indemnity paid for 130 PRIMITIVE SCHOOLS 131 it by the United States having become the subject of litiga- tions which reached their decision in 1838, and which de- voured much more than the sum in dispute. All that can be known of the educational work which fol- lowed the building of this first school house is recounted in a paper prepared for the Buffalo Historical Society in 1863 by the late Oliver G. Steele. Mr. Steele had been, not quite the first superintendent of schools in Buffalo, after the village became a city, but the first who organized a public school system, in the proper sense of the term, and no one else of the last generation had so much personal knowledge of the early school history of the town. From an older in- habitant, Benjamin Hodge, he obtained the following de- scription of a school antedating that for which the house was built. It was kept by a Scotchman "born in Ireland," named Sturgeon, about 1807, in a house far out Main Street which had but one window, and that without glass. "Plenty of light, however, was admitted through the open- ings between the logs. A small pine table and three benches made of slabs constituted the whole furniture. Mr. Sturgeon at first taught only reading, but afterwards, at the urgent request of parents, added spelling. Some twenty scholars attended," and Mr. Hodge, who gives this description of the school, was one of them. The first teacher of the school for which a better house was built was a Presbyterian minister, Samuel Whiting, and the next was Amos Callender, "whose name occurs," says Mr. Steele, "in nearly every movement connected with morals, education, religion and good order." "About 18 10 or 181 1, some of the inhabitants thought something more was wanted for their children, and Gamaliel St. John in- duced a Mr. Asaph Hall to open what was called a gram- mar school, in the court house. This was continued for some little time, but could not be sustained." After the 132 CULTURAL EVOLUTION war, and the partial resurrection of the village from its ashes, a school was started, and kept in such rooms as could be obtained. Deacon Callender again taught, and also a Mr. Pease. "A school was usually kept on the Lancasterian plan, with some success. At one time a vote was obtained for the district to raise $4,000 for a house and lot, but it was afterwards rescinded. About 1830 a tax was levied, with the proceeds of which the trustees bought the lot on Church Street, now [1863] occupied by school No. 8 [since re- moved]. Several efforts were made to build a house upon it ; but nothing was accomplished until the new system was established." "I have heard," continues Mr. Steele, "of quite a number of private school teachers, who taught at sundry times and with varied success. Among the names I have heard mentioned, as being quite successful, was that of Mr. Wyatt Camp, a brother of Major John G. Camp, who is mentioned with much regard by his pupils." Until 1 82 1 the village was one school district; then it was divided into two, Court Street being, apparently, the divid- ing line. Of early school teaching in the upper district, which was No. 2, Mr. Steele speaks as follows : "A school was established in hired rooms, in various places. I cannot learn who were the first trustees, or the name of the first teacher. In 1822 a school was kept in a house on the west side of Main Street, between Mohawk and Genesee streets. Our fellow citizen, Mr. Fillmore, commenced his career as a public man as teacher of this school. He was, at the same time, a student with the law firm of Rice & Clary. I will here take occasion to state that Mr. Fillmore afterwards taught the school at Cold Spring for one winter, 1822-3. During that time he was also a deputy postmaster, and came in after school in the afternoon to make up the mails. When the stage left for Albany in the morning his practice was to ride out on the box, with the driver, to open his school at Cold Spring at the usual hour." EARLY PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM 1 33 In 1830 a third school district was organized and a school established on the far eastern side of the town, in the neigh- borhood known as "the Hydraulics." Between that year and 1838 four others were created, with schools located re- spectively on Perry, Goodell, South Division and Louisiana streets. In that period, as we are told by Mr. Steele, a number of ambitious institutions sprang up and enjoyed a brief career. A high-school association, formed in 1827, went so far as to erect a fine building on what is now Pearl Place, and to maintain a school for some years; but it did not win an enduring support. It was succeeded by a mili- tary school, which flourished for a time, and disappeared. In the end, the school house became part of the old Hospital of the Sisters of Charity. In 1833 the University of Buf- falo was projected, but not realized even in its medical school until some years later. Then came the financial catastrophe of 1837, by the effects of which, says Mr. Steele, the private schools of the city "were so paralyzed as to be of little service; and thoughtful men began to cast around for some general and effective system, which would bring the means of education within the reach of all." "Few people took any interest in the dis- trict schools, and few children except those of the poorer classes attended them." "It soon became the custom of the trustees to find some person who would take the school for the smallest rate of tuition, during the time required by law, to enable them to draw public money; giving them the public money and taking their own risk of collection from the pupils. This easy and slipshod way of doing business produced such results as might be expected. In some popu- lous districts the teacher could do very well, and would sustain a very fair school. In others it would be kept a few months to fulfill the requirements of the law, and then closed for the remainder of the year. The whole system was with- 134 CULTURAL EVOLUTION out supervision or accountability, except such as was barely sufficient to comply with the state law. Such was the con- dition of the common schools in 1837." Serious attention was now given to the matter, and meas- ures for acquiring a better educational system were taken in hand. Legislation to authorize the appointment of a city superintendent of common schools was obtained, and Mr. Roswell W. Haskins, who accepted the office, strove vainly for several months to give it some effect ; but the ex- isting law endowed him with no adequate powers, and he resigned. Mr. Steele was then prevailed upon to assume the task of superintendency with the promise from leading citizens of their earnest co-operation in endeavors to secure a more efficient law. General interest in the movement was aroused by a series of public meetings at the old Court House, in the summer of 1838. A committee of four from each of the five wards of the city was appointed at one of these meetings to inquire into the condition of the schools, and to report some plan for their improvement. O. G. Steele, N. K. Hall, Noah H. Gardner, Horatio Shumway, S. N. Callender, Lucius Storrs, were among the active mem- bers of the committee, and Albert H. Tracy presided at all the public meetings. In September the committee submitted a thoroughly full report, setting forth the wretched state of the schools, ex- posing the dreadful fact that more than half of the children of the city were receiving no education, and urging recom- mendations, the grand feature of which was the creation of a system of entirely free schools, the whole cost of which, over and above the moneys obtained from the State school fund, should be defrayed by a general tax. After long and sharp discussion of the report, at two meetings, this, the vital part of it, was adopted by the general meeting. Amended in some other particulars, the plan sent to the FREE-SCHOOL DISTINCTION OF BUFFALO 1 35 Common Council, embodying the wishi of the assembled citi- zens, provided for a division of the district schools into de- partments, and for a central high school "where all the higher branches necessary for a complete English education shall be taught." The recommended high school was not established until some years later; otherwise the ground work of the public school system of Buffalo, as built up since, was laid substantially by laws and ordinances enacted in 1838-9. Our city has claims to no mean distinction, in the fact of its being the first in the State to establish schools wholly free, supported by a general tax. The older free schools of the city of New York were made so by private generosity, and not by a public act. It is easy to believe that Mr. Steele was quite within the truth when he wrote, in his account of the important change, that "the office of superintendent of schools, during the or- ganization of the system and the building of the first set of school houses, was one of the most difficult and responsible of the offices under the city government." Undoubtedly he went through a hard experience, especially in having to be the active and visible agent of public measures which laid suddenly new taxes upon the people, and taxes that were not light. The building of five new school houses in the first year of the educational reformation was a heavy bur- den in itself, upon a town which had suffered so great a collapse as that of 1837, only two years before. We need not wonder, as he did not, that "his name was left off the slate for reappointment" in the spring of 1840, when his term expired. The undesired ofiice was then thrust upon Mr. Dennis Bowen, against his wish, and he resigned it in a few months. From Mr. Bowen it passed to Mr. Silas Kingsley, Mr. S. Caldwell, and Mr. E. S. Hawley, in yearly succession, and returned, in 1845, to Mr. Steele, who put his shoulder to the 136 CULTURAL EVOLUTION wheel for one more year. In that year he secured the organization of what was then styled the "third department" of the public schools, out of which the Central High School was developed in 1852. This third department was con- ducted at first in part of the school house erected on South Division Street, in District No. 7. A little later it was transferred to the upper floor of School No. 10, on Dela- ware Street, where it remained till the opening of the Cen- tral High School. The principal of the third department, at School No. 10, was Ephraim F. Cook, whose pupils (of whom the present writer was one) regarded him with much affection and little fear. There was little of strictness in the discipline of his school, and not much of system in his teaching, but he did interest his classes in many matters of knowledge, outside as well as inside of text-books, and give a self-educational impulse to their minds. In 1852 the Central High School was established, in a purchased building, on the site (Court Street and Niagara Square) which it occupies at the time of this writing, but from which it will soon be removed. Plans have been adopted for a noble building, to be erected on spacious and beautiful grounds, fronting on West Chippewa Street, at its junction with Georgia Street, this fine site being a gift to the city by Mr. and Mrs: Edward H. Hutchinson. By purchasing a large part of the property that lay between the grounds given and Johnson Park, at the north, the city has perfected the site. In 1854, on the annexation of Black Rock to Buffalo and the enactment of a new city charter, the office of Superin- tendent, hitherto filled annually by the Common Council, was made elective, as it has remained ever since. The term was lengthened at the same time to two years. The popular election of the head of its school department, and the re- tention in the Common Council of a legislative control of EDWARD HOWARD HUTCHINSON, Merchant and capitalist : born Buffalo, New York, March 7, 1852; educated in public and private schools of Buffalo; director Marine National Bank; member of the Buffalo Chamber of Commerce; Buffalo Historical Society; chairman of the Finance Committee St. Paul's Protestant Kpiscopal Church : president of the board of trustees of Buffalo City Cemetery, and many other civic and social bodies. Was elected in 1888 Alderman from the Tenth Ward as a Democrat, being the only Democrat ever elected in that ward ; was fire commissioner and chairman of the board in 1891-93; member of the Manufacturers' Club, Buffalo. Donated site for Hutchinson High School at Whitney Place and Chippewa Street, valued at $200,000. RECENT EDUCATIONAL ADVANCES 17,7 the schools, are features peculiar to the school system of Buffalo. Its excellence is open to doubt. At times in the past it has exposed the schools to mischievous political in- fluences, and may do so again ; though such influences have been mostly suppressed in recent years, by a measure of great importance adopted in 1892. This created a Board of School Examiners, by whom all candidates for employ- ment as teachers in the public schools are subjected to exami- nation and their fitness determined. Appointments by the Superintendent must be made from lists of the eligible can- didates reported to him by the board. It is the further duty of the members of the board to visit and inspect the schools with regularity and report upon the conditions found. The introduction of physical exercises under a regular instructor was another mark of progress in 1892. In the next year the city assumed the expense of providing free text books for all pupils in the schools. A supervisor of primary grades was added that year to the Superintendent's staff. In 1895 manual training was introduced. Instruc- tion in sewing followed, in 1896. A teachers' training school was established that year; a supervisor of grammar grades was appointed, and a beginning was made in the creation of a Teachers' Retirement Fund. In 1897 ^ sec- ond high school, the Masten Park, was opened; a Truant School was established ; free public lectures at the schools, with stereopticon illustration were instituted; school ma- terial used by pupils was made free. In 1898 ten kinder- garten schools, opened and maintained since 1891 by a Free Kindergarten Association, were brought into the public school system. Vacation schools were opened and main- tained by the voluntary service of teachers, and were so carried on for that and the following year. In 1899 an important experiment of alliance and co-operation between the public library and the schools was initiated, by the turn- 138 CULTURAL EVOLUTION ing of ten school libraries into the public library, the latter replacing them with changeable collections of books from its larger store. From year to year since, this arrangement has been extended to other schools, and forty were thus con- nected with the Public Library in 1910, circulating 400,000 volumes. In 1900 the city took upon itself the support of the vacation schools. In 1902 nearly $40,000 were added to the Teachers' Retirement Fund by the proceeds of a great bazaar. In 1903 a third high school, the Lafayette, was opened, an evening manual training school established, and a business course added to the high school course of study. In 1904 a fourth high school, the Technical, was opened, and a special department of domestic science in- stituted in two grammar schools, centrally placed. The erection of a suitable permanent building for the Technical High School has been a determined resolve for some time, but agreement as to the site of the building was not reached until the latter part of 19 10. It is to be excellently placed on Bennett Park, between Clinton and William streets. The last two years of the late decade were marked by many notable advances and improvements in the work of the public schools, including regular courses of daily lec- tures at the rooms of the Society of Natural Sciences, to which classes from the schools are taken in turn, the lec- turer. Dr. Carlos E. Cummings, being engaged by the So- ciety; the appointment of five medical inspectors and a trained nurse for systematic attention to the physical s,tate of the pupils ; the instituting of special instruction for de- fective children, in separated classes ; the extension of man- ual training to all schools and classes; and, finally, the opening in September, 1910, of a Vocational School, in the old No. 5 building, on Seneca Street, to be the first, proba- bly, of more, in which seventh and eighth grade boys will be given a two years' practical course preparatory to en- trance on some industrial vocation. THE SCHOOL ASSOCIATION 1 39 An important wakening of general interest in the public schools, which appeared in the closing years of the late century, brought about the formation of a School Associa- tion, constituted by the election of delegates to it from a large number of widely different organizations in the city — literary, scientific, social, commercial and political. Mr. Henry A. Richmond was made president of the association, and its main work during a number of years after 1896 was performed by a visiting committee, which had for its chair- man for a time, until Columbia University called him. Pro- fessor Frank M. McMurry, then principal of the Franklin School. The more active members of the committee, in a quite prolonged service, were Mrs. Lucien Howe, Mrs. John S. Noyes, Mrs. Herman Mynter, Mrs. Charles Ken- nedy, Mrs. Arthur Millinowski, Miss Maria M. Love, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs. Frank H. Severance, Mr. Henry A. Richmond, Dr. P. W. Van Peyma, Mr. Isadore Michael, Dr. T. M. Crowe, Dr. Dewitt H. Sherman, and Mr. J. N. Lamed. The first and most important work of the committee was a very thorough examination of the public school buildings, and an elaborate report to the public of defective and often dangerous conditions found in them. By pursuing this ex- amination from year to year, and urging and re-urging specific facts upon the attention of the authorities and the public, the School Association was able to bring about ex- tensive changes for the better in matters connected with safety from fire, ventilation and heating, light, overcrowd- ing, and many other particulars. The results obtained were not only a bettering of the old buildings in use, but an im- provement of the construction of new ones. Not working intrusively, but in cordial co-operation with the School De- partment and the Bureau of Buildings, the association per- formed a very highly useful work. 140 CULTURAL EVOLUTION The present Superintendent of Education, Henry P. Em- erson, has held the office, by repeated election (latterly for a term of four years), since 1893. His administration has greatly improved the schools. The quality and character of the teaching force has been raised and a different spirit put into its work. A Women Teachers' Association, formed in 1889, is an organization for self-improvement which shows no relaxation of vigor after more than twenty years. It has owned its own building, named the Chapter House, containing lecture hall and parlors, since 1895. The men teachers have been organized in a Principals' Associa- tion, for meetings to discuss school topics, for many years. The department throughout shows manifest life. According to the annual report of the Superintendent, made in December, 19 10, the total registration of pupils in the public schools was 62,65 1 ; the average attendance 46,463. The report of the previous year had shown a total registration of 62,217, of whom 49,070 were born in Buf- falo, but only 29,704 are entered as of "American nation- ality," the remainder being of German, Polish, Irish, Italian, Scandinavian and Canadian extraction. The teachers employed in 1910 numbered 1,580, of whom 1,484 were women and 96 were men; 54 of the latter being prin- cipals of schools. In the high schools the registration of 1910 was 4,458, of which 2,262 was of boys. The average daily attendance was 3,702. The pupils of American parentage in the high schools in 1909 numbered 2,971. Full statistics of the attendance in schools outside of the public school system are not attainable, there being no ob- ligatory report. The Superintendent of Education collects them annually as far as he can do so, and has reported for 1910, 23,846 pupils in 74 private and parochial schools. Adding this number to that of the pupils registered in the STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 14I public schools makes a total of 86,497 children under educa- tion to some extent in the city. By a school census in 1906, the children between 5 and 18 years of age in the city num- bered 84,530. The evening schools of 1909-10 registered 8,947 pupils; the vacation schools 3,600. The State Normal School in Buffalo was opened in 1871, occupying a building erected at the cost of the city and county, on a fine square of high ground, substantially but not wholly given for the purpose by Jesse Ketchum, a ven- erable friend of the schools. The Normal School was or- ganized and conducted until 1886 by Principal H. B. Buck- ham, with an excellent staff. During part of this period the faculty included one, in the person of Professor William Bull Wright, who impressed himself upon the school and upon all who knew him in a remarkable way, leaving one of those memories which seem to give distinction and char- acter to some few favored years in the past of a town. It was only for a few years that we had this wise young scholar, poet, philosopher among us, for Death called him early; but he planted an influence that has stayed. Principal Buckham was succeeded by Dr. James M. Cas- sety, who came from the Cortland Normal School, and who, in turn, has been succeeded recently by Mr. Daniel Upton, previously principal of the Technical High School of the city. By the ambitions that were embodied long ago in its charter, by the dignity of its name and by the courage of the great hopes which it still inspires, the University of Buffalo has claims to the leading place in a survey of the educational institutions that have risen in the city outside of the system of its free public schools. The pity is that it cannot take that place in a commanding way. It has stood 142 CULTURAL EVOLUTION in our history for more than sixty years as the project of a university, and is realized now in but four departments, of professional education: Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Law. There were plans for the founding of a University of Buffalo in the excitedly generous minds of the bold specu- lators of 1835-36. Those schemes vanished in the bubble- bursting of 1837, but came to thought again in 1846, with a special stimulation from the very able physicians of that day in Buffalo, who desired the establishment of a medical school. Such notable men of the profession as Frank H. Hamilton, Austin Flint, James P. White and Charles A. Lee were undoubtedly prime movers in the incorporation of the University of Buffalo, which laid a broad foundation for the school they were prepared to undertake. The story of its origin was told in a recent address to the Alumni of the University by its then vice-chancellor, Mr. Charles P. Norton. "Some professional and business men," said Mr. Norton, "met in a dingy little office on Main Street, to discuss whether it would be practicable to establish a college, a university or a medical school in Buffalo. Although then as now there were plenty to point out the folly and useless- ness of such a great undertaking, to the credit of the medical profession be it said that the physicians present, after hot debate, persuaded the meeting to attempt, not only a med- ical school, but a university with academic, theological and medical departments. Accordingly, on May 11, 1846, a university charter was granted by the Legislature, authoriz- ing a capital of $100,000, and requiring the organization of some kind of a college within three years; providing that $20,000 of stock should be subscribed for and ten per cent, paid down. It was decided to start the movement with a medical school, and, in the summer of 1846, $20,000 was THE BUFFALO UNIVERSITY 1 43 subscribed to the stock and ten per cent, paid in by the medical faculty, aided by patriotic citizens. The physi- cians did not stop there. During the next eighteen months they secured subscriptions from one hundred and thirty citizens, varying in amount from $20 to $500, though aver- aging $100. This subscription aggregated $12,000. With it they bought one hundred feet of land on Main Street by 200 feet on Virginia Street, and erected there the medical college building, dedicated November 7, 1849, which stood during so many years for all there was of the University of Buffalo." The lists of the incorporators and of the original council of the University show how well the undertaking was sup- ported by the best men of the city. The council was com- posed as follows: Millard Fillmore, chancellor; Joseph G. Masten, Thomas M. Foote, Isaac Sherman, Gaius B. Rich, Ira A. Blossom, William A. Bird, George W. Clin- ton, George R. Babcock, Theodotus Burwell, James O. Putnam, Herman A. Tucker, John D. Shepard, Elbridge G. Spaulding, Orson Phelps, Orsamus H. Marshall. Mil- lard Fillmore held the position of chancellor for twenty- eight years. His successors in the office haVe been, Orsa- mus H. Marshall, 1874-84; E. Carleton Sprague, 1885-95; James O. Putnam, 1895-1902; Wilson S. Bissell, 1902-03; Charles P. Norton, vice-chancellor and chancellor, 1903- The Department of Medicine was organized in the year of the incorporation of the University, with a faculty com- posed of Doctors James Hadley, Charles B. Coventry, James Webster, Charles A. Lee, Frank H. Hamilton, James P. White, Austin Flint, Corydon L. Ford. The five gentlemen first named held chairs in the Geneva Medical College, which held sessions in the early part of the winter, and the session at Buffalo came later. Lectures were given during the first three years in the old First Baptist Church, 144 CULTURAL EVOLUTION at the corner of Washington and Seneca streets. Mean- time a substantial building for the college was erected, of brown stone, at the corner of Main and Virginia streets. This was occupied in 1849, and from that year till 1893, when the Medical Department entered into possession of its present fine building, on High Street, erected at a cost of $130,000. In the faculty of the earlier years. Dr. White served thirty-five years. Dr. Thomas F. Rochester thirty-four, Dr, George Hadley (who filled his father's chair) thirty-two and Dr. Edward M. Moore thirty. The faculty of later times has included many of eminence in the local profes- sion, among them Doctors William H. Mason, Charles Gary, Julius F. Miner, Matthew D. Mann, Roswell Park, Charles G. Stockton, John Parmenter. Since 1898, an important pathological laboratory, devoted specially to the study of cancer, has been connected with the Medical Department of the University, receiving State aid. In 1901 Mrs. W. H. Gratwick, and a few other friends of the work, erected a beautiful building for the laboratory on High Street, and it has been named the Gratwick Research Laboratory. Its director is Dr. Ros- well Park. For forty years after the incorporation of the University of Bufifalo it was represented by the Department of Medi- cine alone. Then, in 1886, the Department of Pharmacy was added, and has been conducted with success. Five years later, in 1891, the Buffalo Law School, which had been organized in 1887 and affiliated for a time with the University of Niagara, became a Department of Law in the University of Bufifalo. This school has a record of remarkably good work. In the last two years every grad- uate it has sent to the State examining board has passed and received his diploma. THE BUFFALO UNIVERSITY 1 45 The latest permanent addition to the University was made, by the organization of the Department of Dentistry, in 1892. Its classes have been very large; so large as to require at the end of four years a building for itself, which was erected on Goodrich Street, contiguous to the main University building, at a cost of $36,000 ; and this building needed the addition of a fourth story in 1902. Much of the success of the school is attributed to its leading organizer and first dean. Dr. William C. Barrett, who died in 1903. A School of Pedagogy, established as a fifth department of the University in 1895, was discontinued in 1898 for lack of adequate support. It had been founded by a number of liberal friends of education with the hope that it might develop into a department of arts, and they bore the con- siderable cost of it bravely for the three years. With Pro- fessor Frank M. McMurry (later of the Teachers' College, Columbia) at its head, and Professor Herbert G. Lord (also of Columbia, later) in its faculty, its work was of the highest order, and would have won a firm footing for it in time; but it needed a permanent endowment to give it the needed time, and that was not secured. The dissolution of this school was one of the serious losses of the city. Within the last few years a most resolute endeavor to put the University on a broader foundation of endowment, and to uplift it into broader and more inspiring fields of work, has been led by Chancellor Norton, with great promise of success. A fine site of one hundred acres on the northern border of the city, now occupied by the Almshouse, has been secured by purchase from the county, and this gives a hope- ful footing of practicality to the undertaking. Hundreds of the rising generation of leading spirits in the city are enlisted in it, heart and soul, and they do not mean to fail. By an act of the State Legislature of 1910 the city of Buf- falo is authorized to appropriate $75,000 annually to the 146 CULTURAL EVOLUTION support of enlarged undertakings for higher education by the University, and the act has been officially approved by the Mayor and Common Council. In 1840 the Rev. J. A. A. Grabau and the German Lu- theran Synod of Buffalo established the German Martin Luther Theological Seminary, for the education and train- ing of German Lutheran pastors. The seminary was opened in a private house on Goodell Street, but trans- ferred in 1854 to a building erected for it on Maple Street, Nos. 153-4, which it occupies at the present day. It is supported by the forty congregations of the Lutheran Synod of Buffalo. St. Joseph's College and Cathedral Parochial School (Catholic) was established under the direction of the clergy of the Bishop's residence in 1848, being opened in two brick houses on Niagara Street, near Main. Christian Brothers took charge of the college in 1861. From 1872 to 1892 it occupied a building erected for it on Delaware Avenue. For the next five years it was provided for tem- porarily at the corner of Prospect Avenue and Jersey Street, and took possession of its present fine building, on Main Street near Bryant, in 1897. In 1 85 1 a part of the former congregation of St. Louis Church, withdrawing from that body, met for a time in the basement of St. Peter's Church (French), at the corner of Washington and Clinton Streets, where services were con- ducted by Jesuit Fathers. Bishop Timon then conveyed to the Jesuits, for a nominal sum, a piece of property that he had acquired on Washington Street, above Chippewa, subject to the condition that they build a church for the Germans and establish a college. This was the origin of St. Michael's Church and of Canisius College. The col- lege, however, was not founded until 1870. When founded CANISIUS COLLEGE.— BUFFALO SEMINARY 1 47 it was to realize the purpose of Bishop Timon, and its buildings, when erected, were on part of the ground which the Bishop intended for that use. The college is conducted by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. It receives both day scholars from the city and boarder-students from elsewhere. In 1906 its charter was so amended as to authorize the organization of an academic department. It now affords, therefore, both a high school and a collegiate education. Since its incorporation in 1883 by the Regents of the University it has power to confer degrees and academical honors. The college has a library of about 26,000 volumes. Its president and prefect of studies at this time is the Rev. Augustine A. Miller, S. J. The professors in its faculty are nine in number, with seven additional instructors in special branches. The roll of its students in 1910 numbered about 400 in all. Recently, by general subscription, a large fund for new buildings has been raised. The buildings planned are four in number, namely: The college proper, a college of science, a chapel and a gymnasium. They are to be placed on grounds ten acres in extent, at the corner of Main and Jefferson streets. Five acres of the ground will be used as an athletic field. The old college building will be continued in use as the seat of a preparatory school. On the suggestion of the Rev. Dr. M. L. R. P. Thomson, a few gentlemen met at the residence of Stephen G. Austin, in the spring of 1851, to consider the need of an academic school for girls. The result of their conference was the calling of a more public meeting, at the hotel then known as the Phelps House, at which the project was undertaken, stock subscriptions for it opened, and a board of trustees chosen. The first president of the board was Samuel F. Pratt, who was succeeded by Horatio Shumway. Mr. Shumway was the friend and legal adviser of Jabez 148 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Goodell, and his influence was helpful, no doubt, in deter- mining Mr. Goodell to make a generous gift of land and money to the contemplated institution, amounting in value to $15,500. The Johnson Cottage (former residence of Dr. Ebenezer Johnson) was acquired, and a school building, to be known as Goodell Hall, was erected on the Cottage ground, but facing Johnson Park. This was dedicated on the 6th of July, 1852. Meantime, the school had been opened in the Cottage, under the name of the Buffalo Female Academy, with the Rev. Dr. Charles E. West, of Brooklyn, as its prin- cipal, and it had an assured success from the beginning. Dr. West was succeeded in 1859 by the Rev. Dr. Albert T. Chester, and the latter by Mrs. Charles F. Hartt in 1887. In 1889 the name of the school was changed to that of the Buffalo Seminary. Mrs. Hartt resigned in 1899, and her place was taken by Miss Jessie E. Beers, until 1903, when Miss L. Gertrude Angell, who had been associate principal for the past two years, became the head of the school. By this time the northward movement of population in the city had made the site of Goodell Hall an inconvenient one for the pupils of the Seminary, and it was moved to temporary quarters in the building of the Twentieth Cen- tury Club, pending arrangements for a new building of its own. The Graduates' Association of its alumnae, a strong and much devoted organization, took the enterprise in hand. An excellent site on Bidwell Parkway was pur- chased, and a fine building made ready for opening in Sep- tember, 1909. At one time and another there have been many com- mercial schools and colleges in Buffalo, but one only among those now existing dates far back in time. Bryant & Strat- ton's Business College was established in 1854, being one of the first in a chain of affiliated schools which reached forty- BISHOP TIMON'S CREATIONS 1 49 eight cities in the end. Mr. J. C. Bryant was at the head of the institution in Buffalo until his death, not many years ago, since which time it has been conducted by his son. In 1895 the college took possession of a capacious building, erected for its own use, on West Genesee Street, near Niagara Square. Miss Nardin and three companions of the community of the Sacred Heart of Mary came to Buffalo in 1857, and opened, in a rented building on Seneca Street, the school which has been known familiarly as Miss Nardin's Academy. Property adjoining St. Joseph's Cathedral, on Franklin Street, was bought and built upon for the academy in 1863, and that was its residence until 1890, when it entered its present commodious home, on Cleveland Avenue. Le Couteulx St. Mary's Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes owes its existence to a "Benevo- lent Society for the Deaf and Dumb," which Bishop Timon, — the originator of so many of the works of benevo- lence conducted in Buffalo, — organized in 1853. Louis Le Couteulx, generous supporter of the good bishop's kindly undertakings, gave an acre of land on Edward Street to the society, and three small framed dwelling houses were, bought and removed thereto. It was not, however, until 1859 that the St. Mary's Society was prepared to give special instruction to mutes. Three Sisters of St. Joseph, who had mastered the sign language, came then from St. Louis to be teachers ; but funds for the support of the school were insufficient, and it had to be suspended for a time. Sister Mary Anne went, however, in 1861, to Philadelphia, and prepared herself at an institution in that city to take up the work of deaf-mute teaching, which she has conducted and directed in the Le Couteulx St. Mary's Institution ever since. 150 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Before the return of Sister Mary Anne from Phila- delphia, Bishop Timon had brought about the erection of a four-story brick building on Edward Street, and the school and home were reopened there in 1862. In its first year it had but eleven pupils; but at the end of four years it needed enlargement of its building, and an east wing was added. In 1 899 it was removed to the fine building it now occupies, at 2253 Main Street, erected on twenty-three and a half acres of ground, which had been secured for it, with wise forecast, fifteen years before. Here it has accommoda- tion for 200 pupils, with a present attendance of 174. "The system of instruction in use is the 'combined' or American system, which includes all known methods. By it all grades of intellect can be reached. Speech and speech-reading are taught. The course of studies extends from the kinder- garten through the grammar course, the same as in the public and parochial schools. Pupils of the advanced grades take Regents' examinations." The industrial train- ing includes printing, tailoring, carpenter work, shoemak- ing, chair-caning, cooking and dressmaking. All the clothes and shoes worn by the students are made in the institution. The institution is maintained mainly by a per capita ap- propriation from the State and from counties sending pupils, being free to all deaf children of the State, of any race or creed. It is one of the largest and best of its kind in the country. Sister M. Dositheus is the assistant prin- cipal ; the Hon. George A. Lewis is president and Bishop Colton vice-president of the board of trustees. The Holy Angels' Academy was founded in 1861 by a few Grey Nuns, who had been teaching previously in a parochial school. It was opened in a rented dwelling on Niagara Street, and acquired a prosperous footing very soon. Becoming a chartered institution in 1869, its building DR. BRIGGS' CLASSICAL SCHOOL 151 on Porter Avenue was erected in 1872-3, but partially burned in 1879 ^^^ rebuilt the same year. Wings added to the building in 1887 and 1899 denoted the steady growth of the Academy, and a remarkable evolution was wrought in the next few years. By act of the Legislature of the State, in April, 1908, the institution was reincorporated, under the title of D'Youville College and Academy of the Holy Angels, and was invested with authority to confer degrees and diplomas, except in medicine and law. A fine build- ing for the new college was erected on ground contiguous to that of the Academy, fronting on Prospect Avenue and Prospect Park, at a cost of $125,000, and it was opened for instruction in September, 1908. In a privately and choicely printed thin volume, entitled "Memoranda of the Buffalo Classical School," it is related that "in September, 1863, some three or four prominent citizens of Buffalo, having sons whom they wished to send to college, began to cast about for a school in the city at which a suitable preparation for entering upon an advanced course of study could be obtained. At that date Buffalo was lamentably deficient in schools of that character. Parents who desired to give their sons a liberal education were com- pelled to exile them at an age when they reasonably thought they needed the fostering care of home, rather than the regime of the average boarding school. "After careful deliberation, these gentlemen, Pascal P. Pratt, Bronson C. Rumsey, E. P. Beals, and James M. Ganson, decided that a private school, supported and con- trolled by themselves, offered the best means for attaining the end sought. In pursuance of their purpose they opened a house once fronting on Emily Street. This house for several years stood near the center of Mr. Bronson C. Rumsey's extensive grounds, and was in sight from Dela- ware Avenue." 152 CULTURAL EVOLUTION For principal of the school thus planned and provided for its promoters made a wise and fortunate choice. They engaged Horace Briggs (made Doctor Horace Briggs a little later by the reception, from Williams College, of the honorary degree of Ph. D.) who had been in charge of the Latin and Greek classes of the Buffalo Central High School for the past two years. Doctor Briggs, or Professor Briggs, as he came to be known more familiarly, began then an edu- cational work which proved singularly important to Buffalo, because of the number and quality of the liberally educated young men who came under his influence and passed through his hands in the shaping years of their youth. In the first term of the school it had but five pupils ; in the first year but thirteen. From year to year the number grew, but seems never to have gone far beyond forty; and the entire roll of its students for the twenty-two years of its existence counts only two hundred and thirty-one ; but it is a surprising list of the familiar names of men who have had lead and prominence since in the public and private life, in the business and the professional activity, of the town. At the end of the school year in 1885 Professor Briggs, still in full possession of everything that had made the school a success, felt nevertheless, as he has said, that he "had reached an age when he did not delight to bear heavy bur- dens," and that "it was time for him to step out of the ranks and leave the battle to younger men." The school survived his retirement from it only two years. At the time of this writing, in 1910, Dr. Briggs is still with us, in his 93d year, as erect, as firm of step, and as alert of mind as the youngest of his pupils. The memorial of the school, mentioned above, was printed in 1902 by those who had been "boys" in it, and in whose memory it is cherished fondly. From a small school for girls, opened by Sisters of St. GEORGE HOWARD. : Born- Charlotte, Chittenden County, Vermont, June 26, 1810, Came from Westfield, where he was in the employ of Aaron Rumsey, one of the pioneer tanners of this sec- tion. In 1837 formed a partnership with Aaron Rumsey, which continued about four years. In 1844 Mr. Howard formed a co-partnership in the tanning business with Mr. Myron P. Bush, which lasted about thirty-five years, and in which they amassed large wealth. Mr. Howard died August 30, 1886, at Buiifalo. ST. VINCENT'S TECHNICAL.— ST. MARGARET'S 1 53 Francis, in 1874, the Buffalo Academy of the Sacred Heart has been developed. The large building that it occupies at 749 Washington Street was erected in 1897. In 1886 the Sisters of Charity, who conduct St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum, began the experiment of a training school in connection with it, in order to prepare young girls for self-support. The experiment had entire success, and resulted in what has been conducted for many years under the name of St. Vincent's Technical School. When the Orphan Asylum, in 1901, was removed to the large new fireproof building which it now occupies, on the corner of Riley and EUicott streets, its previous home, in the adjacent building at 13 13 Main Street, was appropriated to the Technical School. It is announced to be a self-supporting institution, for which charity is never solicited. "The cur- riculum of the school embraces domestic science, plain and fancy sewing, dress-making, millinery, and a commercial course." "Independently of the above named branches, which belong exclusively to the school, care is taken to secure special training for pupils showing marked talents and dispositions for other avocations." Applicants must be over fourteen and under seventeen years of age. The majority of the pupils have been transferred from the chil- dren's department of the Orphan Asylum after finishing their grammar course; but other girls wishing to learn trades are received. St. Margaret's School was founded in 1884 by an asso- ciation composed of members of the Protestant Episcopal Church who desired to provide for the education of their daughters and for other young girls. The prime movers in the foundation were Dr. M. D. Mann, General Rufus L. Howard, Dr. H. E. Hopkins, William Meadows, James R. Smith, A. J. Barnard, Edward S. Dann, Thomas Loomis. 154 CULTURAL EVOLUTION, Dr. Mann has been the president of the association since it was formed, except during an interval of four years, in which General Howard presided. The first principal of the school, for five years, was Miss Isabella White, who was succeeded for about ten years by Miss E. Currie Tuck. The present principal is Mrs. Helen Holmes Van Winkle. The school was opened in the old Kip homestead, 640 Main Street, but removed in the first year to its present location, at the corner of Franklin and North streets. Its pupils have averaged between 100 and 150 in number since its first year. The school is under the regents, and its cer- tificate admits to Wellesley, Vassar and Smith colleges, and to the Woman's College of Baltimore. The Elmwood School, a primary and grammar grade school for boys and girls, grew from a kindergarten, estab- lished in 1889, on West Utica Street, by Miss Emma Gib- bons and Miss Jessica E. Beers. At the end of two years these ladies were preparing to close the school, for purposes of study elsewhere ; but a few ladies who were interested in the beginning it had made persuaded Miss Beers to remain in the work, undertaking to enlarge its scope and make its footing secure. These energetic ladies, — Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs. Austin R. Preston, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Mrs. Charles A. Sweet and Mrs. Alexander M. Curtis, — carried out their undertaking so effectively that, within a little more than a year the school was planted in a new building of its own, at 213 Bryant Street, erected and equipped, to a high degree of perfection, at a cost of about $30,000. In 1895 t^*^ Elmwood School was incorporated, with Mr. Edward R. Rice in the presidency of its board of trustees, as he has continued to be since. His recent associates in the board are Miss Jessica E. Beers (principal of the school), Mrs. Carlton R. Jewett, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Adelbert Moot, William B. Hoyt, Henry Ware Sprague, Stephen M. ELMWOOD AND FRANKLIN SCHOOLS 1 55 Clement, John B. Olmsted. The school has twelve instruc- tors; occupies two buildings; can accommodate about 200 pupils ; has among its equipments a shop for work in wood and metal, a studio, with models, for art work, a large gym- nasium, and an attractive school garden. In 1899 an educational union between the Elmwood School and the Buffalo Seminary was arranged, combining the work of the upper grades in the latter with the primary work of the former. A class of mothers who met to study methods of teaching children became the founders of an important school. Their first undertaking was a kindergarten, and in 1894 they brought about the institution of the Franklin School, under the direction of Dr. Frank McMurry, now a professor in the Teachers' College connected with Columbia University. President Eliot, of Harvard, and President Butler, of Columbia, were advisers in the planning of the institution. In December, 1894, the school was chartered by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, the incorpo- rators being Charles G. Stockton, M. A. Crockett, Seward A. Simons, Robert L. Fryer, Frank F- Williams, William A. Rogers, Charlotte S. Glenny, Mary L. Rochester, Eliza- beth C. Mann, and Harriet E. Green. A lot on Park Street, between Allen and North, was bought, and a build- ing erected which needed to be doubled in size in 1898, when it represented an investment of about $40,000. Dr. McMurry, the first principal of the school, remained with it but a few years, during which its work was modelled on fine lines. He was called to the Teachers' College in 1898, and Professor Herbert G. Lord, who succeeded him after a short interval, was drawn away to Columbia Univer- sity in 1900. The Franklin School was then united in man- agement with the Nichols School, which had been con- ducted for a number of years by Mr. William Nichols, at 156 CULTURAL EVOLUTION 83 Ashland Avenue. Since the making of that arrangement the Franklin School takes boys from the kindergarten through their studies to the age of twelve, when they pass to the Nichols School; but girls are carried to the end of the course, which prepares them for college. Within the past year the Nichols School, still bearing the name of its deceased founder, has been placed on a noble footing by a number of wealthy patrons, whose liberality has endowed it with one of the most perfect of school build- ings, equipped with remarkable completeness, and situated admirably, in ample grounds, on the northern edge of Dela- ware Park, at the corner of Amherst and Colvin streets. The successor to Mr. Nichols as head-master is Mr. Joseph Dana Allen, lately at the head of one of the largest private schools of Philadelphia. "To give Jewish children of both sexes a knowledge of the Jewish religion, language and history," the Buffalo Hebrew School was founded in 1904 by the Jewish residents of the east side of the city. Four teachers give instruction in it to about 300 children in daily attendance. The officers of its board of trustees are Mr. H. Harriton, president; Mr. M. Aronson, vice-president; Mr. A. S. Cohen, treasurer; Mr. M. Diamond, secretary. CHAPTER VI LITERARY INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS AS early as 1816 a little village collection of books, about 700 in number, was formed and styled "The Buffalo Library" by a small company of stock- holders, who maintained it till 1832. Near the close of 1830 another library and literary society was organized under the name of the Buffalo Lyceum, which showed much activity for a time, but had no long life. The undertaking which accomplished the real planting of a durable bibli- othecal institution was started on the 20th of February, 1836, by a published notice, requesting "the young men of Buffalo, friendly to the founding of a Young Men's Asso- ciation, for mutual improvement in literature and science," to meet at the Court House on Monday, the 22d day of February, at 7 p. m. At the meeting, duly held, with the Hon. Hiram Pratt in the chair, a constitution, based on that of the Albany Young Men's Association, was adopted, and the meeting adjourned for one week. At its second session the Asso- ciation was organized completely by the election of the following-named officers: Seth C. Hawley, president; Dr. Charles Winne, Samuel N. Callender and George Brown, vice-presidents; Frederick P. Stevens and A. G. C. Coch- rane, corresponding and recording secretaries ; John R. Lee, treasurer; Oliver G. Steele, Henry K. Smith, William H. Lacy, George W. Allen, Charles H. Raymond, Henry R. Williams, George E. Hayes, Halsey R. Wing, Rushmore Poole, and Hunting S. Chamberlain, managers. This was early in the last year of that mad period of 157 158 CULTURAL EVOLUTION speculation and paper wealth which preceded the great collapse of 1837. Everybody was feeling rich, and it was easy to give the new institution a splendid launching on its long career. A subscription amounting to $6,700 was raised ; a large purchase of books was made ; the surviving collections of the old Buffalo Library and the Lyceum were turned in, and before the year ended the Y. M. A. Library had about 2,700 volumes on its shelves. Its greater pride, however, was in the 44 weekly, 10 monthly and 6 quarterly publications on file in its reading room, making it the com- pletes! of any west of New York. That the Association was not broken down by the stress of hard times, which came on it soon, is proof of sturdy pluck in the young men who held it up. It carried a burden of debt for many years, and lived pinchingly, but it lived. Its first rooms were on the upper floors of a building three doors below Seneca Street, on Main. When open they were under the eye of a portrait painter, Mr. B. W. Jenks, who occupied adjoining rooms. Some time passed before the attendance of a regular librarian was secured. The first to hold that office was Mr. Charles H. Raymond, to whom Mr. Charles D. Norton, in a historical address, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Association, awarded high praise for the labor he performed and the patience and reso- lution "with which he persisted in his unrewarded toil." Dr. Raymond was succeeded by Mr. Phineas Sargent in 1839- In 1 841 the Association removed its rooms to South Divi- sion Street, near Main, where a small lecture room was fitted up. In these quarters it was greatly cramped, and in 1848 an ambitious effort was made to raise funds for a building of its own. The project failed; but four years later com- modious quarters were secured by lease in the American Block, on the west side of Main Street, half way between THE YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION 1 59 Eagle and Court, the lease including the fairly large and excellent American Hall, on the third floor, with the library placed underneath. Here the Association won a footing which made its future secure. The Hall became a source of considerable income. Annual courses of lectures by famous speakers were undertaken, with pleasure to the public and profit to the library. The annual election of officers became a contest which excited the town and added constantly to the membership list. The Y. M. A. was now distinctly at the front of the intellectual life of the town. Mr. Sargent had resigned the post of librarian in 1850, because of failing health, and Lewis Jenkins, who took his place, withdrew in 1852. Then the office was taken by William Ives, whose connection with the library lasted through fifty-three years. Though still in firm health, but feeling the weight of nearly ninety years, Mr. Ives retired from service in January, 1905. In 1856 a munificent proposal by Mr. George Palmer encouraged a new project of building. Mr. Palmer prof- fered a gift of land valued at $12,000, with $10,000 in money, on the condition that $90,000 more be raised from other sources. The condition could not be fulfilled. In 1 86 1, near the eve of the outbreak of our dreadful Civil War, the Association celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary, with notable public exercises, distinguished by one of the finest of the poems of the late David Gray. The years of the ensuing war were years of prosperity and progress in the history of the Association. It was in that period that it acquired its first actual endowment, by the subscription of a building fund which amounted to the sum of $81,655. This came at the end of an effort, pro- longed through two years, to unite the Y. M. A., the Gros- venor Library, the Fine Arts Academy, the Buffalo His- torical Society and the Society of Natural Sciences in the l6o CULTURAL EVOLUTION erection of a building for their common use. The outcome, in the spring of 1864, under the presidency of S. V. R. Wat- son, was excellent, though not in accordance with the original plan. A fine property, embracing the St. James Hotel and St. James Hall, on Main, Eagle and Washington streets, was purchased for the Association from the Messrs. Albert and George Brisbane, under conditions which pro- vided quarters in the hotel building, when reconstructed, for all of the institutions named above, and temporarily for some others, as well. The Grosvenor Library, however, was removed in a short time to another place. The Association was now in happy circumstances. Its library was well placed, with room for considerable growth, and its property yielded a revenue which extinguished the debt on it within thirteen years. By an issue of bonds in 1869, under the presidency of Henry A. Richmond, a spe- cial fund for large purchases of books was raised, whereby the total of volumes on the shelves was raised from about 16,000 in 1870 to 25,000 in 1872. A change in the working organization of the library was made in the spring of 1877, by the creation of the office of superintendent and the appointment of J. N. Larned to the place. During the next two years the books were classified and rearranged throughout, on what is known as the Dewey system of relative location and decimal notation, which holds the volumes of each class together, whatever the growth in numbers may be. The system is now in quite general use, but its first complete practical application was here. With an increasing income, the library grew rapidly dur- ing the next half dozen years, and the collections of all the societies in the building, artistic, literary, scientific and his- torical, were rising to a value which made their exposure to the chances of fire a subject of anxious thought. Once THE YOUNG MEN'S LIBRARY l6l more there were building projects mooted, and action taken by nine public-spirited gentlemen, in the fall of 1882, focussed them to a decision the next year. To save the fine site of the Old Court House (bounded by Washington, Broadway, Ellicott and Clinton streets) from being sold for commercial uses, these gentlemen bought it, under agree- ment to transfer it at any time within twelve months to one or more of several societies and institutions named which might determine to buy and build on the ground. The citizens associated in this action were Sherman S. Rogers, James M. Smith, Sherman S. Jewett, Francis H. Root, Charles Berrick, O. P. Ramsdell, Dexter P. Rumsey, Pascal P. Pratt, George Howard. At once there was wakened a feeling that the opportunity secured for a united establishment of our most representative institutions of liberal culture, in so central and admirable a situation, must not be lost. Again the project contemplated a side by side planting of the Young Men's Library and the Grosvenor Library, with the Fine Arts Academy, the Society of Natural Sciences and the Historical Society grouped around them. There was failure to bring the two libraries together; but in its remaining features the scheme was carried through. An energetic and resourceful presi- dent of the Young Men's Association, Edward B. Smith, led the undertaking to success, raised a building fund of $1 17,000 by public subscription, in sums which ranged from $5,000 to $1. A building committee of five, composed of Edward B. Smith, Jewett M. Richmond, John G. Milburn, George B. Hayes and J. N. Larned, was given large powers for the supervision and direction of the contemplated work. A tentative outline of floor plans, with a full description of the wants to be satisfied and the conditions to be met, were sent to a number of architects, who were invited to submit competitive designs. From eleven designs submitted that 1 62 CULTURAL EVOLUTION of C. L. W. Eidlitz, of New York, was preferred, and the construction of the building was placed under his charge, with August Esenwein, of Buffalo, as resident superinten- dent of the work. Ground was broken on the 8th of October, 1884. On the 13th of September, 1886, the removal of the library from its old to its new home was begun ; but the formal opening of the completed building, with the Art, the Science and the History collections in place, did not occur till the 7th of February, 1887. Before that time, the Young Men's Association had beeii authorized, by act of the Legislature, to assume the more appropriate name of The Buffalo Library. The vacated building, at the Main and Eagle streets corner, which remained the property of the Library, was now remodelled once more, and restored to its original use as a hotel, named the Richmond House, in compliment to Mr. Jewett M. Richmond, who had succeeded Mr. Smith in the presidency of the Library. A dreadful tragedy re- sulted from the change; for the Richmond House and the adjoining St. James Hall were burned in the night of the 1 8th of March, 1887, and fifteen lives were lost. For the support of the Library it now became necessary to make a costly improvement of the ground, involving a heavy debt. One of the finest of fireproof hotel buildings was erected and favorably leased, receiving the name of The Iroquois. During the next decade the income of the Library was slender and the demands on it large. It did what it could to supply the need of a free public library, opening its reading and reference rooms to all comers and distributing a large number of free tickets in the public schools ; but the privilege otherwise of borrowing books for home use could be extended only to its members, life or annual, the latter of whom paid three dollars per year. THE BUFFALO PUBLIC LIBRARY 1 63 The major part of the income derivable from the hotel property of the Library depended on the continuous ex- emption of that property from taxation, as belonging to an educational institution. By legislation enacted in 1896 this exemption was withdrawn, and the Library came sud- denly face to face with a situation in which the means for any usefulness of existence were suddenly taken away. In this desperate emergency proposals for making it a free public library, as a municipal institution, won instantly a surprising weight and earnestness of support. The project, widened to include the Grosvenor Library, grew in favor as the discussion went on. Conferences between committees representing the libraries and the city government resulted in agreements which the Legislature, by an act that became law on the 13th of February, 1897, empowered the city and the two libraries to enter into. These agreements, em- bodied in a formal contract on the 24th of February, were in effect as follows : The Buffalo Library conveyed to the city of Buffalo its books and pamphlets in trust for a period of 99 years, to- gether with the net annual income from the Library prop- erty. The city accepted the trust, and bound itself to main- tain the Library, by annual appropriation of a sum not less than four-fifths of three one-hundredths of one per centum of the total assessed valuation of taxable property in the city (appropriating, also, not less than one-fifth of three one- hundredths of one per centum of such assessed valuation to the maintenance of the Grosvenor Library each year). The Library to be known as The Buffalo Public Library, and to be free to the residents of the city for all of its uses ; to be open every day, during stipulated hours ; to be under the control and management of a board of ten directors, five of them representing the city and five the life members of The Buffalo Library, as previously constituted; these 164 CULTURAL EVOLUTION latter having been incorporated with the power of perpetual succession, and having the control and management of the library real estate. On the 9th of March this corporation of life members of The Buffalo Library was organized by the election of Nathaniel W. Norton president; George L. Williams vice- president; Joseph P. Dudley, James Frazer Gluck and Charles R. Wilson managers. These, with the Mayor of Buffalo, the Corporation Counsel, the Superintendent of Education, and two citizens, John D. Bogardus and Mathias Rohr, appointed by the Mayor, formed the first board of directors of The Buffalo Public Library, with Mr. Norton to preside. This momentous change in the circumstances of the Library — in its relations to the public and in its educational power — was striven for by no one more ardently than by the writer of this narrative of the event, who had been the superintendent of the library for twenty years. From the day it became a certainty he labored strenuously on prepara- tions for the reorganization of library work which the ser- vice of the whole reading public of the city would involve. He hoped to have a hand in that service for some brief time, and then retire; but a few weeks of experience convinced him that he could not work in harmony with the presiding officer of the new board of directors, and in April he re- signed. Mr. Henry L. Elmendorf was appointed his suc- cessor in the following June. During the summer extensive changes in the interior of the building were made and it was not opened to the general public until the beginning of September. In thirteen years since that opening, the educational service of the Library to the city has gone far beyond every expectation. It has far more than realized the highest hopes that were entertained when its resources were enlarged and it was THE GERMAN YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION 1 65 made free. That its collection of books in 19 10 numbered no less than 284,176 volumes, and that its circulation had expanded from 768,000 in the first full year of its free open- ing to 1,368,425, are the least significant of descrip- tive facts. The influence of its methods and agencies, in introducing good literature to its great reading public, — giving prominence to it, — luring attention to it, — advertis- ing it, — is what gives real and immense importance to its enormous daily output of books. Its big "open shelf room," where readers browse as in a private library, among care- fully selected books, and pick for themselves ; its children's room, where boys and girls do the same; its class-room libraries in the public schools; its traveling libraries, in parochial and private schook, in Sunday schools, in social settlement houses, in clubs, in factories, in hospitals, in police stations and firemen's quarters ; — these are what give its mighty influence to the Public Library, as a stimulating center of intellectual life. On the death of Mr. Elmendorf, in July, 1906, his assistant, Walter L. Brown, became the head of the Library, and was succeeded in the assistant's office by Mrs. Elmen- dorf, who had been, before her marriage, the librarian of the Milwaukee Public Library, and recognized as one of the ablest of the people engaged in library work. The unnamed writer of the "History of the Germans of Buffalo," published in 1898, who gives an extended account of the German Young Men's Association, ascribes its origin to the Buffalo Apprentices' Society, which existed for a number of years after 1833. Several young Germans were among the members of the Apprentices' Society, some of whom on leaving it, when they had reached a certain age- limit prescribed in its constitution, became instrumental in organizing, on May 10, 1841, the German-English Litera- ture Society with F. A. Georger as president, John Hauen- 1 66 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Stein vice-president, Carl Neidhardt secretary, and the brothers Jacob and George Beyer, George F. PfeifiEer, Wil- helm Rudolf and Adam Schlagder among its members. The purpose of the society was: mutual education in the different branches of German and English literature, science and art, the general spreading of useful knowledge, and the providing of a good library. Meetings were held every Monday night in a very plain room in the rear of Dr. Del- lenbaugh's drug store, on Main near Court Street. This meeting room was, in accord with the modest means of the society's members at the time, furnished very plainly. Here the society met until 1843. Although the founders of the society intended to foster the English language as well as the German, they discov- ered, after the first month of its existence, that they were not able to succeed in this matter. They did not drop the English entirely, but they had to neglect it. To indi- cate this action also externally, they changed the name of the society to the German Young Men's Association of the City of Buffalo. This took place on the nth of Septem- ber, 1 841. A series of annual balls, continued for a number of years, provided a fund by which a library was gradually built up. It numbered 750 volumes in 1846 and a catalogue was printed that year. For a time after leaving Dr. Dellen- baugh's drug store the association had its meetings, lectures and dances in the Eagle Tavern. In the winter of 1843-4 it established rooms in the Kremlin Block, where it re- mained until 1854. The immigration of political exiles from Germany in 1848 brought some important additions to the membership of the association, among them August Thieme, who had been a member of the Frankfurter Parliament; Carl Adam, the future musical director; Dr. H. Baethig, Dr. K. Weiss, THE GERMAN YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION 1 67 Carl Gruener, artist, and Julius Rieffenstahl. Thieme went to Cleveland in 1852; the others made Buffalo their permanent home. The first published report of the executive committee of the association was issued in January, 1851. It showed a membership of 120, and a library of 1,090 volumes, 890 of which were in the German language. In that year the association gave a reception to the German patriot Kinkel, who had escaped from a fortress prison with the help of Carl Schurz, and in the next year it took a leading part in the reception to Kossuth. The period of hard times and general depression which began in 1857 lowered the membership and the spirit of the association, as of most other institutions, for a number of years. It had established fine quarters in the Hauenstein Block, corner of Main and Mohawk streets, just before this occurred; but its membership had dropped by 1861 down to 54. Then recovery began. In the course of the decade after 1870 it brought some quite notable lecturers to the city, including Dr. Gerhard Rohlfs, the African traveler, and the poet, Friedrich von Bodenstedt. In 1882 the association rose to a great achievement in response to a great need. To properly accommodate the Twenty-third Saengerfest of the German Saengerbund of North America, appointed to be held in Buffalo in 1883, a suitable hall was desired, and it was determined that the German Young Men's Association should undertake the work. Its charter was accordingly amended, empowering it to hold property to the amount of $500,000, and a board of real estate commissioners was created, consisting of J. P. Schoellkopf, Philip Becker, Albert Ziegler, John Greiner, and F. C. M. Lautz, all men of great business experience and solid wealth. A large piece of ground on Main, Franklin and Edward streets was purchased from the 1 68 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Walden estate. General help was given to the enterprising Germans in raising funds for this excellent project, and it was carried out with success. This first Music Hall in Buffalo had a too short life. It was burned on the evening of the 25th of March, 1885, and the library of the German Young Men's Association, which had rooms in the building, was almost totally destroyed. It had then grown to 7,451 volumes, of which only 384 were saved. Two days after this catastrophe it was resolved that the hall should be rebuilt, and $20,000 were subscribed on the spot. The corner-stone of the new Music Hall was laid in May, 1886, and the finished building was opened with a grand concert, ball and banquet in November of the next year. It had cost $246,600, and the association was now heavily burdened with debt; but a unique and extraordi- narily successful "Prize Fair," organized the next year, cleared off more than $43,000 of this debt. In 1 89 1 the fiftieth anniversary of the association was celebrated, on which occasion F. A. Georger and Dr. John Hauenstein, who had been president and vice-president in its first year, 1841, held the same places of honor again. The adoption of the Buffalo Library by the city, in 1897, and its conversion into an entirely free institution, rendered the maintenance of such collections of books as that of the German Young Men's Association no longer an important need. Ten years of experience convinced the members of the association that their library would gain in usefulness if transferred to the free public institution. Accordingly they made a generous offer of it to the latter, and the offer was accepted in the spirit in which it had been made. A bronze tablet commemorating the gift has lately been placed on the walls of the library vestibule. The release of the German Y. M. A. from one of the functions for which it was organized does not, however, involve its dissolution. THE BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 169 It continues in existence for other purposes, which bear on German interests in the city. The circumstances of the origin of the Buffalo Historical Society were related to the present secretary of the society, Mr. Frank H. Severance, by the late Lewis F. Allen, and recorded by Mr. Severance in some notes which are printed in the fifth volume of the B. H. S. Publications, as follows: "I was coming up Court Street one day," said Mr. Allen, "when I met Orsamus H. Marshall. I knew him well, — knew that he was one of the few men in Buffalo who gave any thought to the preservation of the records or relics of our history. * * * He spoke of something that he wanted to get, or that had been destroyed, I don't remember now just what. 'Marshall,' I said, 'we ought to do some- thing about these things. Somebody should take care of them.' It was a raw, windy day, early in spring, along in March, 1862. He said, 'Come up in my office and we'll talk it over.' The result of that talk was that we got a few others interested and published a call for another meeting to be held at Mr. Marshall's office. The rest of it," said Mr. Allen, "is a matter of record. We named a committee to draw up a constitution and by-laws, which were sub- mitted to a meeting of citizens held in the rooms of the old Medical Association on South Division Street. Millard Fillmore was made chairman of that meeting, and a little later, at our first election, he was chosen the first president of the society." That meeting at which Mr. Fillmore pre- sided was held April 15, 1862. Mr. Allen was chairman of the earlier meeting, in Mr. Marshall's office, and was the first vice-president of the society. The history of the early years of the society is sketched very interestingly in a paper written by Oliver G. Steele, in 1873, and printed in the first volume of its Publications. Its maintenance for five years was secured at the beginning 170 CULTURAL EVOLUTION by a pledge from fifty gentlemen of $20 each per year; and this was done on the suggestion of Mr. Fillmore, who was one of the most earnest of its founders. It was especially to the interest in it felt by him, by Mr. Marshall, by Mr. Lewis F. Allen and Orlando Allen, by William Clement Bryant, E. P. Dorr, Elias S. Hawley, William P. Letch- worth, William Dorsheimer, James Sheldon, James M. Smith, George S. Hazard, William H. H. Newman, Wil- liam Hodge, Emmor Haines, William D. Fobes, Alonzo Richmond, James Tillinghast, William K. Allen, Julius H. Dawes, Dr. Joseph C. Greene, and some others, that the society was kept in life through its first quarter century or so, until later energies, working in more favoring times and circumstances, built under it the broad and stable founda- tions on which it rests to-day. But how much of our early local history was saved from oblivion in those years, by the exertions of the founders of the Historical Society to have it recorded while those lived who could record it, can only be known to one who has had occasion, as the present writer has had, to appeal to the contents of the society's shelves and drawers. The collections of the society in its first three years were deposited and its meetings were held in the office of William Dorsheimer, on Court Street. From 1865 till 1875 it had rooms, with kindred organizations, in the Young Men's Association Building, southeast corner of Main and Eagle streets. Then it obtained safer quarters in the Western Savings Bank Building, on Main and Court streets, where it remained until it went again into co-tenancy with the Young Men's Association, in the new Library Building which was opened in 1887. There, on the third floor, it had large rooms and safety, but stair-climbing, which grew irk- some as stairs in public places went more and more out of use. A remarkable opportunity for obtaining relief from THE BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 171 this irksomeness, and from other handicaps, came in con- nection with the preparations that were begun in 1899 for the Pan- American Exposition to be held at Buffalo in 1901, and the Historical Society was fortunate in a president and other officers who could recognize the opportunity with promptitude and improve it with vigor and ability. Mr. Andrew Langdon had been president since 1894, and had been devoting himself, with the support of the board of directors, to efforts towards the placing of the society in a home of its own, with a better provision of sup- port. Through State Senator Henry W. Hill, one of the directors of the society, legislation had been procured in 1897-8 which authorized the construction of a Historical Society Building on park lands in the city, and which au- thorized the City to appropriate $25,000 toward the con- struction of such building, as well as $5,000 annually for its maintenance, at the same time making the Mayor and five other city officials ex officio members of the society's governing board. Thus it was given the character of a semi-municipal institution. Now, in the arrangements making for the Pan-American Exposition, the State of New York planned a building for temporary use, on the Exposition grounds, and the happy idea was conceived of an alliance with the State, to make its building a permanent structure, to plant it on the park land which adjoined the Exposition grounds, and to secure the reversion of it to the Historical Society. This happy idea was realized, in a beautiful building of the classic order, constructed of white Vermont marble, overlooking a very beautiful park lake, built at a cost of $175,000, to which the State contributed $100,000 (about the sum that Would, probably, have been wasted on a structure of staff, to be torn down), the Historical Society $45,000, the city of Buffalo $30,000. The building is enriched by two sculp- 172 CULTURAL EVOLUTION tured bronze doors at its main entrance, which are the gift to it of President Langdon. The building had been planned by its architect, Mr. George Cary, of Buffalo, to fit the final uses for which it was intended, and does so, in most respects, most admirably. But its large spaces are already quite filled by the society's collections, and some addition will soon be a need. It has become one of the places of most interest in the city, and draws thousands of visitors to its historical museum and to the lectures and addresses which are given freely to the public on most Sunday afternoons of the year, and occasion- ally at other times. The instituting and arranging of these has been one of the greatly valuable services of Mr. Frank H. Severance, who has been secretary of the society for the past fourteen years, and actively in charge of its works since 1903. His greater service is in the high character he has given to its annual Publications. Mr. Langdon was continuously chosen president of the society for sixteen years, and on asking to be released from office in 19 10 was made honorary president. The other present members of the board of directors (not including the members ex officio) are Dr. A. H. Briggs, Willis O. Chapin, Robert W. Day, Charles W. Goodyear, R. R. Hef- ford, Henry W. Hill, Henry R. Howland, Hugh Kennedy, Andrew Langdon, J. N. Larned, O. P. Letchworth, L. L. Lewis, Jr., John J. McWilliams, G. Barrett Rich, Henry A. Richmond, Frank H. Severance, Dr. Lee H. Smith, George A. Stringer, James Sweeney, Charles R. Wilson. The library of the Historical Society contains at the pres- ent time 17,600 volumes. In the Lord Library (bequeathed to the city by the Rev. Dr. John C. Lord) , of which it is the custodian, there are about 12,000 volumes. The Buffalo Catholic Institute is the outgrowth of a literary society that was formed in 1866 by Catholic young CATHOLIC INSTITUTE.— GROSVENOR LIBRARY 173 men of St. Michael's Church, and its name for a few years was the German Catholic Young Men's Association. Par- ish and racial limitations were soon outgrown, and the broader organization and title were adopted in 1870. In 1872 the Institute was incorporated, with Charles V. Fornes for president, Joseph Krumholz vice-president, Peter Paul and J. L. Jacobs secretaries, and Joseph A. Gittere treasurer. A library and reading room had then been established in the American Block since 1869. In 1874 it bought the building on the northeast corner of Main and Chippewa streets, occupying the upper floors and deriving income from the stores below. The Institute was well accommo- dated in this place for nearly a quarter of a century; but improved its situation in 1897-8 by buying property at the corner of Main and Virginia streets and building hand- somely there. With a library of 13,425 volumes, organized on the most approved principles and conducted by well- trained librarians, in commodious rooms, and with an excel- lent lecture hall, the circumstances of the Institute seem to be most satisfactory in all respects. The officers of the Institute were recently John F. Cochrane, president; Ralph H. Rieman, secretary; Marie X. Sevasco, librarian. A North Buffalo Catholic Institute, organized as a social club in 1885, now occupies its own building, and maintains a library, with reading rooms. The Grosvenor Library, opened in 1870, was founded upon a bequest to the city, made in 1857 by Seth Grosvenor, formerly of Buffalo, but resident at the time of his death in New York. The total sum bequeathed was $40,000, of which $10,000 should be applicable to the purchase of ground and the erection of a building; the remainder "to be invested forever and its income to be used in the purchase of books, to be always kept open for the use of the public ; the books not to be lent out nor rented, and only used for 174 CULTURAL EVOLUTION reading in the building." It was stipulated in the testator's will that the city should make provision annually for the current expenses of the library, and that obligation was assumed in the acceptance of the gift. The original trustees of Mr. Grosvenor's bequest, Messrs. O. H. Marshall, George R. Babcock and Joseph G. Masten, wisely judged it to be expedient to allow some considerable accumulation of the fund at their disposal before attempting a collection of books for reference use by the public, and when they organized and opened the Grosvenor Library, in 1870, it was with a fair showing of well-chosen books on its shelves. They were book-loving men, of studious tastes, qualified excellently for their trust, and assisted very com- petently by Alexander Sheldon, the first librarian in charge. For more than twenty years the library was well placed on the upper floor of the then Buffalo Savings Bank Build- ing, at the corner of Washington Street and Broadway. In 1 891 its building fund had grown sufficiently to enable the trustees to purchase ground on Franklin and Edward streets and build the attractive home which the library now enjoys. As related already in the preceding historical sketch of the Buffalo Public Library, the Grosvenor Library was included in the public library undertaking of 1897, the city then assuming its maintenance in a more definite way. One-fifth of three one-hundredths of one per centum of the total taxable assessed valuation of property in Buffalo was then pledged as an annual appropriation to the library; which has had, as the consequence, a much more satisfactory growth in the past dozen years. It now (1910) contains 82,000 volumes. The first librarian of the Grosvenor Library, Mr. Shel- don, was succeeded in 1874 for a few months by W. W. Valentine, and the latter, in the same year, by James W. Ward. Mr. Ward, who was in service till his death, in LESSER LIBRARIES 175 1896, was followed by the present librarian, Edward P. Van Duzee, who had been the assistant librarian for a number of years. The present trustees are Edward H. Butler, J. H. Lascelles and William Gaertner, M. D. Of other libraries in the city, the largest and most im- portant is the Law Library for the Eighth Judicial District, which the State maintains, and which reports a collection of 25,000 volumes. The Buffalo Medical Library reports 8,000 ; the Young Men's Christian Association reports over ro,ooo volumes in its library ; the Lutheran Y. M. A. over 6,000 ; the Czytelnia Polska, in the Dom Polski, over 8,000 ; the Adam Mickiewicz Library, on Fillmore Avenue, 3,000; the Erie Railway Library Association 4,000 ; the Harugari Library 18,500. CHAPTER VII SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS FROM an early day Buffalo had men among its citizens who interested themselves deeply in matters of science, and pursued studies in some branches of it to such extent as they could, with the limited opportunities of the time. Roswell W. Haskins, Dr. Lucien W. Caryl, Dr. W. K. Scott, Judge George W. Clinton, Dr. George E. Hayes, David F. Day, were distinctly representatives of the scientific order of mind, who exercised an individual influ- ence in wakening and widening attention to the knowledge of the natural world, long before the organizing of such influences was begun. A few young lads who had tasted of that knowledge, who found it delightful, and who were drawn together by the common discovery, were the first to attempt an associated pursuit of the study. They met in the spring of 1858 and formed a Buffalo Society of Natural Science, which had existence till near the end of the following year, undergo- ing two changes of its original name. Its eight or ten members maintained a room for meetings, at which scien- tific questions were discussed. But something of vitality was lacking in the society, and it went to decay, — at the top, but not at the root; for a new growth sprang in part from the latter within the next two years, and the new growth was a Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences which is vigorous in life to-day, and large in rank and place among the insti- tutions of the city that are durably fixed. The history of this society is admirably sketched by its present superintendent, Mr. Henry R. Howland, in the eighth volume of its Bulletins, and the facts to be given here are drawn from that sketch. The prime mover in the 176 SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 1 77 new organization was a young banker of the period, Cole- man T. Robinson, who offered in his sadly shortened life a very beautiful example of the grace that can be lent to a vocation of business by avocations of studious taste. The society was planned at a meeting in the studio of Charles Caryl Coleman, the artist, on the evening of October 5, 1861, and its organization perfected at a more public meeting, in lower St. James Hall, Thursday evening, December 5th. The older and younger lovers of natural science were now acting together. Mr. Haskins was chairman of the com- mittee which reported the adopted constitution. Judge Clinton presided at the meeting and was elected to the presi- dency of the society. Rev. A. T. Chester and Dr. Charles Winne were made vice-presidents. Samuel Slade and Theodore Rowland became the secretaries, corresponding and recording. Dr. Leon F. Harvey was chosen treasurer and Richard K. Noye librarian. The nine curators elected were Dr. George E. Hayes, Professor William S. Van Duzee, Dr. Charles C. F. Gay, Hiram E. Tallmadge, Charles D. Marshall, Coleman T. Robinson, Charles S. Farnham, David F. Day, Charles F. Wadsworth. For twenty years Judge Clinton was kept in the presi- dency of the society by annual re-election. So long as he could be with it there was no possible thought of any other in his place. He was its more than father, — its presiding genius, — the impersonated spirit which has animated and actuated its life. The love he had for Nature, as simple in pure sentiment as it was scientifically profound, exercised an infection which nothing in his company could resist. In its gently subtle way it gave vital inspirations to the society that never lost their effect. The first rooms of the society were on Erie Street, near Pearl, and the first lectures it secured were given by Pro- fessor Benjamin Silliman, in February, 1862. In the fol- 178 CULTURAL EVOLUTION lowing spring it removed to apartments in West Seneca Street, which the liberality of Coleman Robinson furnished with cases for collections contributed by Augustus R. Grote, and others, as well as by himself. The museum grew so fast that larger quarters were soon demanded, and a transfer to Main Street, opposite St. Paul's Church, was made. In January the society was incorporated under the law of the State. And now came the movement of enterprise in which the Young Men's Association of Buffalo had the help of several younger institutions of kindred character (as related else- where) in acquiring the St. James Hotel property and re- constructing the hotel building for their common use. The Society of Natural Sciences was one of the tenants thus provided for, and opened attractive rooms in the remodelled St. James on the loth of January, 1865. Thenceforward, till the present day, it has been housed with the Young Men's Association — the Buffalo Library of later years. Soon after this entrance of the society into a more per- manent home it experienced a great loss in the death of Coleman T. Robinson, whose residence and business had been removed to New York, but whose interest in the insti- tution he had helped to create had undergone no change. By his will Mr. Robinson left his library, his valuable col- lections, and his fine microscope to the society, together with $10,000 for the beginning of a permanent endowment fund. The summer of 1866, when Charles Linden was ap- pointed Custodian of the now quite extensive museum of the society, is marked by that event very distinctly as an epoch of importance in its history. Mr. Rowland is within the truth when he says : "Charles Linden was an extraordinary man. Born at Breslau, Germany, about 1831, educated first at the gymnasium there and then taught by his own efforts in the book of Nature, both as a student and later as SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 1 79 a teacher of science, he was an enthusiast who had the rare gift of inspiring others." Three years after his connection with the Society of Natural Sciences was formed he was called to the Central High School as teacher of science, and continued as such until his death in 1888. "For seven yearSv however, he was the Custodian of the society's collections, and labored faithfully for their growth and welfare. * * * Each year as summer came the spirit of the ex- plorer seized him and he wandered, now to Florida, to Hayti, to Europe, to Brazil, to Labrador, to many strange and out-of-the-way places, whence he returned always richly laden with additions to the museum collections. No man was ever more beloved by his pupils and his friends." Bronze tablets to his memory on the walls of the Central High School and on those of the Museum bear double testi- mony to the impression he had made in both; but his im- portance to the city in the twenty-two years of his life in it is witnessed better by the hundreds of people who, as stu- dents in his classes or as members of the Field Club whose country rambles he led, were wakened by him in their youth to an interest in the lore of Nature which has flavored all their lives. When the school duties of Mr. Linden compelled him to resign the directorship of the Museum of Natural Science, in 1873, ^^ was succeeded by Mr. Augustus R. Grote. Mr. Grote, an early member of the society and an enthusiastic naturalist, of more than local reputation, added greatly to the value, the extent and the educational usefulness of the collections under his charge, during the seven years of his service. His collection of North American Noctuidae, which the society relinquished to him, was purchased for the British Museum and now reposes there. The publica- tions of the society, now in their eighth volume, were begun in the first year of the directorship of Mr. Grote. On re- l8o CULTURAL EVOLUTION signing from the Buffalo Society in 1880 he became resident in Germany, until his death, in 1903, continuing work which gave him rank among the foremost entomologists of the time. In 1882 Judge Clinton, invited by the State to edit an official publication of the Clinton Papers, removed his resi- dence to Albany, taking a rare personality from the city, and more of an inspiring influence from the Society of Nat- ural Sciences than can be described. As Mr. Rowland has said, "its indebtedness to Judge Clinton cannot be measured by words. * * * The great Clinton Herbarium which, with the enormous labor of years, he built up for this society, and which includes more than 24,000 exhibits, is a testimony to the unselfish satisfaction which he ever took in his devotion to its interests." Three years after leaving Buffalo the beloved old gentleman died suddenly while strolling through a rural cemetery, and was found lying peacefully on the green herbage of the place, with flowers which he had gathered in his hand. In the words of George William Curtis before the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, of which Judge Clinton was Vice Chancellor, "Nature seemed to have reclaimed the old man, whose heart the love of her had kept as warm and unwasted as a child's. Like Enoch, in that tranquil, beneficent, blameless life, he walked with God, and God took him." Judge Clinton was succeeded in the presidency of the society by Dr. George E. Hayes, who died within less than three months, leaving a will which provided for an ultimate division of his estate, after the death of his wife, equally between his daughter and the Society of Natural Sciences. The bequest to the latter was for the endowment of a free school of natural science, "or for the purpose of advancing the interests of natural science in the city of Buffalo." In SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES l8l the end this munificent legacy from Dr. Hayes will place it in the power of the society to put some notable crown on its educational work, which it has developed already to fine results. Since going with the Buffalo Library into the splendid new building of the latter, in 1887, and especially within the last few years, the Society of Natural Sciences has had more space, not only for better arrangements and a more in- structive exhibition of its collections, but for popular lec- tures, given freely and abundantly to old and young. Evening lectures weekly, through a long winter season, very often by men of high distinction in science, from all parts of the country, and very commonly with lantern illustra- tions, are enjoyed by large audiences every year. Added to these, by arrangement with the City Department of Edu- cation, a permanent lecturer, Dr. Cummings, gives regular daily talks to classes from the public schools, on the subjects of their lessons in physiology, anatomy, hygiene and natural history, with illustrative exhibits, experiments and pictures. Thus the educational work of the society has been developed and systematized already to a notable degree. In the years that have elapsed since Mr. Grote resigned the directorship of the Museum, it has been successively under the care of Dr. Julius Pohlman, Dr. W. C. Barrett, Mr. Frederick K. Mixer and Miss Elizabeth J. Letson, and many superb additions have been made to its collections. As inventoried and appraised in 1907 by Mr. Charles H. Ward, of Rochester, the Museum then contained, in its thirteen sections, 63,052 specimens, valued at $61,678. Among the presidents of the society in these later years have been many who were pillars of strength to it from the beginning. It is an honor-roll of useful citizens: Dr. Lucien Howe, David F. Day, Dr. Leon F Harvey, Pro- fessor D. S. Kellicott, Henry P. Emerson, William H. 1 82 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Glenny, Dr. Roswell Park, Dr. Lee H. Smith, and the Hon. T. Guilford Smith, the latter of whom has been called upon, from time to time, to put the effective impress of his quiet energies on some important period in the administra- tion of many of our greater institutions. By gift from the late Dexter P. Rumsey and the heirs of Bronson C. Rumsey, the Society of Natural Sciences, in 1903, received a beautifully situated plot of land, contigu- ous to the southern boundary of Delaware Park, having a frontage of 150 feet on Elmwood Avenue and a depth of 280 feet. On this ground, which is valued at $30,000, it is hoped that the society may soon be able to build a worthy home for itself, and become the near neighbor of the Al- bright Art Gallery and the Buffalo Historical Society in a noble group. Prior to 1821, when Erie County was "set ofif" from Niagara County, there had been a Niagara County Medical Society existing for some years. When the separation occurred an Erie County Medical Society was formed, with a charter membership of twenty-four, of which number Buffalo contributed thirteen, namely: Cyrenius Chapiii, Ebenezer Johnson, John E. Marshall, Benjamin C. Cong- don, Lucius H. Allen, Josiah Trowbridge, Thomas B. Clark, Sylvester Clark, Jonathan Hurlburt, William Lucas, Charles McLowth, Elisha Smith, Sylvanus S. Stuart. Dr. Ebenezer Johnson retired from practice that year. In the following decade the rising village received a number of important accessions to its medical practitioners. Dr. Moses Bristol came in 1822; Drs. Henry R. Stagg, Bryant Burwell and Judah Bliss in 1824; Dr. Alden S. Sprague in 1825; Dr. Lucien W. Caryl in 1830. Drs. James P. White and Gorham F. Pratt came as students in 1830, and Dr. Orson S. St. John, a native of Buffalo, entered practice ERIE COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY 183 that year. All these became members of the County Society. The records of the Erie County Medical Society are the main source of information concerning the advent in Buf- falo of the men who acquired prominence and eminence in the medical profession. Those records have been sum- marized chronologically in the work on "Our County and Its People" which was edited by Judge Truman C. White and published in 1898. As shown by them, Drs. Josiah Barnes, Joseph R. Jones and James E. Hawley came to the young city in 1832; Dr. Charles Winne in 1833. Dr. James P. White took his degree at Jefferson Medical Col- lege and joined the society that year, entering on a distin- guished career. Dr. Charles H. Raymond obtained mem- bership in 1835. The year 1836 was made important in the local annals of medicine by the coming of Dr. Austin Flint, who acquired very soon a leading influence in the profession, and whose celebrity, as a writer and a prac- titioner, drew him eventually to the larger field offered at New York. Dr. Flint was the founder of the Buffalo Medical Journal, in 1845, and he was foremost in the efforts which established the Medical College of the Uni- versity of Buffalo in the following year. Dr. Horatio N. Loomis, who had come to the city some time previously, became a member of the society in 1837, and it was joined also by Dr. Samuel M. Abbott that year. In 1842 the society received into its membership Dr. Timothy T. Lockwood, afterwards Mayor of the city, and Dr. Sylvester F. Mixer, who held a notable rank in his profession throughout the next forty years. In the next year it was joined by Dr. William K. Scott, already a veteran physician, from Troy, holding a diploma of the date of 1809, and by Drs. Silas Hubbard, Horace M. Conger and Charles H. Wilcox, the latter of whom died nineteen years 184 CULTURAL EVOLUTION later in the service of his country, as surgeon of the first regiment that went from Buffalo into the field of the Civil War. The accessions of 1844 included Dr. William Treat, who came to his death in the same patriotic service, in 1861 ; Drs. George N. Burwell, John Hauenstein and John B. Samo, whose names were among the most familiar and re- spected in the city for the next half century or more. In 1845 our city gave an opening to another career in medical science which paralleled that of Dr. Austin Flint. Dr. Frank H. Hamilton came to it from Geneva to be pro- fessor of surgery in the Buffalo Medical College, and to achieve here a more than national reputation as one of the great surgeons of his time. He was called from Buffalo in i860 to round out his career in New York. Drs. Walter Cary, Phineas H. Strong and James M. Newman were enrolled in the County Society in 1847. In the next year an investigation, made for the Society, showed 38 "regular" and 21 "irregular" physicians engaged in practice in the city. Names of note added to the member- ship list of the Society in 1849 were those of Cornelius C. Wyckoff, Charles W. Harvey, Lewis P. Dayton (after- wards Mayor), and John D. Hill. It received Drs. San- ford Eastman and Charles C. Jewett in 185 1 ; Dr. John C. Dalton, — the subsequently famous teacher of physiology, who taught in the Buffalo Medical College for several years, — in 1852; Dr. John Boardman in 1853. ^^^ ^°^' able accessions of 1854 were more numerous, including Dr. Thomas F. Rochester, who held a place of great eminence in the city, as a physician and as a citizen, for thirty-three years; Dr. Sanford B. Hunt, who succeeded Dr. Flint in the editorship of the Buffalo Medical Journal, and who became editor of the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser a few years later; Dr. C. C. F. Gay, one of the most skillful and successful surgeons of the day, and Dr. Edward Storck, whose uncommon energies were exercised in many fields. ERIE COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY 1 85 Surgery, as practiced and as taught in Buffalo, was strengthened greatly in 1855 by the acquisition of Dr. Julius F. Miner. Dr. Austin Flint, Jr., came in 1857, taking the professorship of physiology at the Medical College, and the editorship of the Medical Journal in the next year. Dr. William H. Mason succeeded to the same professorship in i860, in which year Dr. John Cronyn, from Canada, became resident in the city, and Dr. Leon F. Harvey was received to membership in the County Society. Drs. Thomas Lothrop (afterwards Superintendent of Schools) and Elias S. Bissell joined it in 1861 ; S. W. Wetmore, in 1863 ; Joseph C. Greene and U. C. Lynde, in 1864; F. W. Bartlett, in 1865; F. W. Abbott and William C. Phelps, in 1866; Conrad Diehl (afterwards Mayor), Milton G. Potter and Byron H. Daggett, in 1867; Henry R. Hopkins, in 1868; M. B. Folwell and A. H. Briggs, in 1870; P. W. Van Peyma, in 1872; Joseph Fowler, in 1873; Bernard Bartow, Edward N. Brush, W. H. Slacer, L. A. Long, in 1874; Lucien Howe, John A. Pettit, Philip Sonneck, E. B. Potter, in 1875; Herman Mynter, S. S. Greene, Samuel G. Dorr, in 1876; C. O. Chester, H. M. Wernecke, Mary J. Moody (the first woman admitted), in 1877; Charles Cary, in 1878 ; A. E. Davidson, in 1879; Charles G. Stockton, in 1880; Judson B. Andrews (in charge of the State Hospital for the Insane), Benjamin H. Grove, Frederick Peterson, W. C. Barrett, J. B. Coakley, in 1881 ; Matthew D. Mann, W. W. Potter, Carlton C. Frederick, Clayton M. Daniels, Irving M. Snow, Walter D. Greene, Floyd S. Crego, in 1882; James W. Putnam, Frank H. Potter, Alvin A. Hubbell, John H. Pryor, Herman E. Hayd, Eli H. Long, George E. Fell, Willis G. Gregory, in 1883; Roswell Park (now a surgeon of more than national fame) , F. A. Witthaus, Wil- liam Meisberger, B. G. Long, Carlton R. Jewett, William H. Thornton, Stephen Y. Howell, Herbert Mickle, in 1 86 CULTURAL EVOLUTION 1884; John Parmenter, F- W. Hinkel, C. F. Howard, in 1885; DeLancey Rochester, J. W. Grosvenor, William C. Callanan, Thomas Crowe, Arthur W. Hurd, Elmer Starr, in 1886; Harry A. Wood, Julius Pohlman, in 1887; Ernest Wende (subsequently the notable organizer of the Health Department of the city), H. G. Matzinger, W. S. Renner, Charles E. Congdon, William H. Heath, in 1888; Electa B. Whipple, in 1889; A. L. Benedict, M, A. Crockett, Sydney A. Dunham, in 1 890. To follow the records of the Erie County Medical Society further would bring us into the younger generation of medical men whose reputations and standing are consid- erably undetermined, and from among whom it would be more hazardous than from earlier lists to attempt a selection of prominent names. In 1 83 1 and 1836 attempts were made to form a Buflfalo Medical Society, distinct from the County organization, but they had no lasting success. In 1 845, however, the Buflfalo Medical Association came into existence and lived through nearly half a century. It gave way in 1892 to the Buflfalo Academy of Medicine, in which several other more special- ized associations — obstetrical, pathological and clinical — were united, becoming a group of sections under one admin- istration. The Academy has had a prosperous history since. In 1859 the Homeopathic system of medicine had ac- quired fifteen practitioners in Buflfalo and the villages of the county, and they organized the Erie County Homeo- pathic Medical Society. They had won their footing against bitter opposition, in a struggle which had then been in progress for fifteen years or more. The pioneer of the struggle had been Dr. N. H. Warner, who settled in Buffalo as a practitioner of the older school of medicine, having charge of the Marine Hospital, about 1836. Becoming a convert to the medical doctrines of Hahnemann, Dr. HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY 1 87 Warner committed himself definitely to a practice in ac- cordance with them in 1844. For doing so he was expelled from the County Medical Society and suffered professional ostracism thenceforth. But he gained a supporting cli- entage and began, in a few years, to have comrades in the battle for Homeopathy. Dr. George W. Lewis came into the ranks in 1849, and was followed in the course of the next ten years by Drs. P. W. Gray, Dio Lewis, G. H. Blanchard, Simon Z. Haven, A. H. Beers, A. S. Hinckley, L. M. Ken- yon, A. R. Wright. These were among the organizers of the County Homeopathic Medical Society, of which Dr. Haven was the first president. Prominent accessions in sub- sequent years to the corps of Homeopathic practitioners in- cluded Drs. Nehemiah Osborne, Rollin R. Gregg, Augustus C. Hoxsie, J. W. Wallace, H. N. Martin, G. C. Hibbard, Lyman Bedford, Alexander T. Bull, Hubbard Foster, Henry Baethig, George F. Foote, S. N. Brayton, Joseph T. Cook, George T. Moseley, F. Park Lewis, D. B. Stumpf, Truman J. Martin, B. J. Maycock, A. M. Curtiss, John Miller, H. C. Frost, E. P. Hussey, D. G. Wilcox, W. H. Marcy, G. R. Stearns, George P. Critchlow, Clarence L. Hyde, C. W. Seaman, C. M. Kendrick, Jessie Shepard, Rose Wilder. CHAPTER VIII LOCAL LITERATURE— THE NEWSPAPER PRESS THOSE who aspire to a literary career are drawn, in all countries, by many attractions of opportunity and widened experience, to the largest centers of activity and concentrated life. London in Great Britain, Paris in France, New York in America, are more engrossingly the seats of productive work in literature and in all of the higher forms of art than of any which has to do with the production of more material things. Edinburgh could hold its ground for a time against London, as a provincial literary capital, and Boston could even lead New York in the output of letters during many years ; but both gave way in the end to the pull of the bigger social mass. Hence, naturally, other cities have made but a modest showing in the history of American literature. Buffalo can claim, however, a yield in letters that will compare more than favorably with that of other communi- ties of its class. It is safe to say that none could supply material for a finer collection of local verse than is con- tained in a volume representative of "The Poets and Poetry of Buffalo," compiled and edited by James N. Johnston and published in 1904. The poems, selected from no less than one hundred and thirteen writers, fill four hundred and sixty-two octavo pages of print. An unborrowed true poetic quality is deniable to very few of them, if to any. In a surprisingly large number the unmistakable voice of in- spired thought, feeling and imagination speaks thrillingly to the reader's spirit and melodiously to his ear. Perhaps that pure strain of inspiration is felt most distinctly in the 188 LOCAL AUTHORSHIP 1 89 verse of David Gray, Robert Cameron Rogers, Dr. William Bull Wright, Annie R. Annan (Mrs. William H, Glenny), Amanda T. Jones, James N. Johnston; but it is hazardous to draw lines of distinction between the singers in a group which includes Arthur Cleveland Coxe, Anson G. Chester, Irving Browne, Frederic Almy, Dr. Frederick Peterson, Carleton Sprague, Philip Becker Goetz, Charlotte Becker, Rev. Patrick Cronyn, Katherine E. Conway, Bessie Chandler (Mrs. Leroy Parker), Mary Ripley, Mary E. Mixer, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Olmsted, William Mcintosh, Henry R. Rowland, Frank H. Severance, John Harrison Mills, Jabez Loton, Mrs. H. E. G. Arey, Julia Ditto Young. In prose writing, even if books only are considered, the local product has been too abundant for more than a partial cataloguing of authors' names. More or less important contributions to History and Biography have been made, first and last, by Judge Samuel Wilkeson, O. H. Marshall, William Ketchum, Rev. Dr. John C. Lord, W. L. G. Smith, Jesse Clement, Crisfield Johnson, General A. W. Bishop, John Harrison Mills, Orton S. Clark, George H. Stowits, Daniel G. Kelly, C. W. Boyce, Frank Wilkeson, General James C. Strong, E. G. Spaulding, William Dor- sheimer, Charles C. Deuther, Bishop John Timon, E. Carle- ton Sprague, Henry Tanner, Rev. Thomas Donohoe, Rev. Sanford Hunt, Rev. Professor Guggenberger, F. H. Severance, George S. Potter, Rev. William B. Wright, F. J. Shepard, Samuel M. Welch, Jr., L. G. Sellstedt, Judge Truman C. White, Robert Pennel, D. S. Alexander, J. N. Larned. Books of Travel have been written by Horace Briggs, Bishop Coxe, F. S. Dellenbaugh, Henry P. Emerson, Mrs. E. A. Forbes, Josiah Letchworth, Charles Linden, James N. Matthews, O. G. Steele, Charles Wood. 190 CULTURAL EVOLUTION In Medical and Surgical Science works receiving more than pamphlet publication have been written by Drs. A. L. Benedict, F. E. Campbell, Austin Flint, F. E. Fronczak, C. C. F. Gay, F. H. Hamilton, Lucien Howe, F. Park Lewis, M. D. Mann, Herman Mynter, Roswell Park, R. V. Pierce, James P. White. On other subjects of Science the local writers have included Lewis F. Allen, Albert H. Chester, E. E. Fish, R. W. Haskins, D. S. Kellicott, Charles Linden, A. R. Grote. On subjects in the domain of Politics, Sociology, Law and Education the published books include writings by Al- bert Brisbane, James O. Putnam, Grover Cleveland, Wil- liam P. Letchworth, Irving Browne, Mrs. H. E. G. Arey, Rev. S. H. Gurteen, Charles Ferguson, E. C. Mason, E. C. Townsend, Charles P. Norton, W. H. Hotchkiss, W. C. Cornwell, Leroy Parker, James F. Gluck, Robert Schweckerath, Frederick A. Wood, H. E. Montgomery. Religious literature has had many contributors from our city, among them Bishops Timon, Ryan and Coxe, Rever- ends Henry A. Adams, C. C. Albertson, G. H. Ball, Gott- fried Berner, J. L. Corning, J. P. Egbert, W. F. Faber, R. S. Green, C. E. Locke, John C. Lord, S. S. Mitchell, J. A. Regester, Montgomery Schuyler, Thomas R. Slicer, S. R. Smith, Henry Smith, J. Hyatt Smith, M. L. R. P. Thompson, J. B. Wentworth, William B. Wright, George Zurcher. Other religious writings have come from the pens of James H. Fisher, E. C. Randall, Mrs. C. H. Wood- ruff, Mary Martha Sherwood. In fiction, the books catalogued at the Buffalo Public Library as being of local authorship are by George Berner, Allen G. Bigelow, J. E. Brady, Bessie Chandler (Mrs. Leroy Parker), Jane G. Cooke, H. L. Everett, Mrs. Gilder- sleeve-Longstreet, David Gray, Jr., George A. Hibbard, W. T. Hornaday, Elbert Hubbard, James H. W. Howard, THE NEWSPAPER PRESS 19^ Carrie F. Judd, William F. Kip, H. T. Koerner, J. H. Lan- gille, Mrs. E. B. Perkins (Susan Chestnutwood), Mrs. Charles Rohlfs (Anna Katherine Green), Robert Cameron Rogers, W. L. G. Smith (who tried in 1852 to stem the efifect of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by a different picture of slavery), G. A. Stringer, Dorothy Tanner (Mrs. Montgomery), D. E. Wade, Ida Worden Wheeler, O. Witherspoon, George A. Woodward, Julia Ditto Young. "Art in Buffalo" is the subject of a recently published history by the veteran artist, Lars G. Sellstedt, and an im- portant contribution to the literature of Art was made some years ago in Willis O. Chapin's illustrated work on the Masters and Masterpieces of Engraving. A book on Landscape Gardening by E. A. Long, and one on Floricul- ture by W. Scott, seem to complete the tale of local litera- ture in the department of Art. Neither interest nor importance could be given to an account of everything in journalism that has been under- taken in Buffalo since types and press were first brought to it. The wrecked ventures have been numerous; the sur- vivals for any considerable period have been few. The latter only will be recounted, as a rule, though exceptional interest may occasionally be found in the circumstances of a wreck. Among the newspapers now published in Buffalo the Commercial Advertiser and the Courier represent long lines of descent, that of the former going back to the first two printing presses that were operated at this extremity of the State of New York. The earliest of those presses to arrive was brought from Canandaigua, in 181 1, by the brothers. Smith H. and Hezekiah A. Salisbury, who began at once the publication of a small weekly paper, the Buffalo Gazette, the first number of which was issued on the 3d of October in that year. Nearly full files of the Gazette, preserved in 192 CULTURAL EVOLUTION the Buffalo Public Library and the Buffalo Historical Society, are among the most precious records of early local history that we possess, notwithstanding the meagreness of its reporting of the village news. The printing equipment of the Salisburys was saved from the destructive invaders of December, 1813, by its timely removal to Harris Hill, where the publication of the Gazette went on for some time. Smith H. Salisbury was the editor of the Buffalo Gazette until January, 1818, when he transferred his interest in the paper to William A. Carpenter ; but Carpenter sold it in the following April to H. A. Salisbury, who renamed his paper the Buffalo Patriot in 1820. On the first of January, 1835, the publication of a daily newspaper, in association with the Patriot, was begun at the office of the latter, its editor being Guy H. Salisbury, son of Smith H. This was the Daily Commercial Advertiser, which thus traces its parentage to the primitive press of the city. Four years later the Com- mercial Advertiser added to this relationship with our most ancient journalism another tie, by happenings as follows : A second weekly newspaper had been founded at Buffalo in 18 15 by David M. Day. Its original title, the Niagara Journal, was changed to the Buffalo Journal in 1820, when Erie County was separated from Niagara County, and under that name it was published by Mr. Day, in association dur- ing part of the time with Roswell W. Haskins and Oran Follett, until 1834. Then it was sold to a Colonel Roberts, who attempted to publish with it an ambitious Daily Ad- vertiser, which lived no longer than six weeks. In the next year the Journal was suspended, and Mr. Day, who had started a new weekly, the Buffalo Whig, bought back its title and added it to that of his Whig. Soon afterwards he took Mitchenor Cadwallader and Dr. Henry R. Stagg into partnership, and the new firm started a daily Buffalo Journal, in February, 1836. From this connection Mr. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS 193 Day retired in 1837, and the establishment, with its news- papers, was bought by Elam R. Jewett, in the fall of 1838. Meantime, changes had occurred in the ownership of the Patriot and the Daily Commercial Advertiser. In Janu- ary, 1836, Bradford A. Manchester had bought one-half of the establishment, and, six months later, H. A. Salisbury retired from business. Dr. Thomas M. Foote, who had been connected editorially with the daily for a short time, and Guy H. Salisbury, then became associated with Mr. Manchester in the publication. In the summer of 1838 they were joined by Almon M. Clapp, who had been publishing a weekly paper at East Aurora for three years past, and who now merged it in the Patriot, becoming one of the editors and proprietors of the Commercial Advertiser and the Patriot. Soon after this Mr. Manchester withdrew from the business, and, in May, 1839, Messrs. Salisbury and Clapp sold their interests to Dr. Foote and Elam R. Jewett, the latter of whom, as noted above, had become the pro- prietor of the Daily Journal. That newspaper was now merged in the Commercial Advertiser, which acquired, under the proprietorship of E. R. Jewett & Co., the substan- tial footing it has since maintained. If lineage is traced back through weekly progenitors, the pedigree of the Commercial Advertiser is unrivalled; but the Courier finds somewhat earlier parentage in a daily publication. Its primary ancestor was a weekly paper, the Buffalo Republican, started in 1828 by William P. M. Wood, from whom it passed through several hands in the next half dozen years, until it became the property of Charles Faxon, who bought, furthermore, from James Faxon, a daily newspaper, the Star, which the latter had undertaken in the summer of 1831. The Star, daily, and the Republican, weekly, were published by Charles Faxon until late in 1838, when, after going through a disastrous 194 CULTURAL EVOLUTION fire, he sold them to Quartus Graves. Graves, in turn, sold the establishment in 1842 to Henry Burwell, who changed the title of the daily paper to the Mercantile Courier and Democratic Economist. The next purchaser, Joseph Stringham, cut the title down to Mercantile Courier, and carried on both publication and editorship of the paper for several years. Meantime, Bradford A. Manchester and James O. Brayman had started another daily newspaper, the National Pilot J and this, on the ist of July, 1846, was united with the Mercantile Courier, which then became the Buffalo Courier of the present day. In the editorial conduct of the several publications which came to this union, a number of notable citizens had taken part at various times. Horatio Gates, Israel T. Hatch, Henry K. Smith, Stephen Albro, R. W. Haskins, were of the list. Through all changes its stand, politically, was on the Democratic side. Compared with the Commercial and the Courier, the Buffalo Morning Express is young; compared with the re- maining "dailies" of the present time in the city it is old. It was planted on entirely new foundations in 1846, by Almon M. Clapp and Rufus Wheeler, and its first editor was James McKay. William E. Robinson, T. N. Parmalee and Seth C. Hawley were successive editors until about 1852, when Mr. Clapp, previously engaged with Mr. Wheeler in the business management, took the editorial direction of the paper on himself. About this time, or not long afterward, James N. Matthews became a partner in the job printing business connected with the newspaper publication, and raised it to importance very soon by his rare capabilities. Printing, to Mr. Matthews, was an art, and he led the de- velopment of it as such in Buffalo, from the day that the management of a printing establishment came into his hands. Until i860 the Express and the allied printing JAMES N. MATTHEWS. Printer and publisher ; born Bungay, County of Suffolk, England, November 21, 1828; came to the United States in ,1846; married Harriet Wells of Westfield, N. Y., July 24, 1851 ; was employed in various printing offices in Bufifalo, 1846-60; was editor and one of the publishers of the Com- mercial Advertiser, 1860-77; a delegate-at-large to the Re- publican national conventions of 1872 and 1876; published the Buffalo Express from January 7, 1878, until his death ; died December 20, 1888. ^■k. ^ THE NEWSPAPER PRESS 195 establishment remained under this organization. Then a rupture of harmonious relations occurred. Mr. Wheeler parted company with Mr. Clapp, and formed a partnership soon afterwards with Joseph Candee and James D. Warren, in the firm of Rufus Wheeler & Co., which bought the Commercial Advertiser and its printing outfit. One previous change in the proprietorship of the Com- mercial had occurred since it passed into the hands of Mr. Jewett and Dr. Foote, in 1839. In 1850 they had associated C. F. S. Thomas and S. H. Lathrop with themselves in the printing department of the business, and in 1855 had sold their whole interest, the newspaper included, to those gen- tlemen; but the property had returned a few years later to Mr. Jewett. Dr. Foote, meantime, had been enjoying some years of diplomatic experience, as Charge d'Ajfaires at Bogota and Vienna. He died in February, 1858. His successors for a period in the editorship of the Commercial Advertiser were E. Peshine Smith, Professor Ivory Cham- berlain, afterwards editorial writer on the New York Herald, Dr. Sanford B. Hunt and Anson G. Chester. Mr. Candee retired from the firm of Rufus Wheeler & Co. in 1862, and Mr. Matthews, dissolving his partnership with Mr. Clapp, then entered it, the firm name becoming Wheeler, Matthews & Warren, until the retirement of Mr. Wheeler (followed soon by his death) in the spring of 1865. The firm was then Matthews & Warren, and Mr. Matthews assumed the chief editorship of the paper, Mr. William E. Foster beginning not long after, as associate editor, his long editorial connection with the Commercial Advertiser. After twelve years of association, Messrs. Matthews & Warren dissolved partnership in 1877, the latter buying the interest of the former, who, thereupon, purchased the ■Express. The Commercial Advertiser establishment has remained the property of Mr. Warren and his family to 196 CULTURAL EVOLUTION the present time. At his death, in 1886, the management passed to his eldest son, Orsamus G., who died in May, 1892. The business is now conducted by William C. Warren. Mr. Foster has been the editor of the paper since Mr. Mat- thews withdrew, and Mr. Frank M. HoUister has been associated with him for many years. In the years between the separation of Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Matthews from Mr. Clapp and the purchase of the Express by Mr. Matthews in 1877, that newspaper and printing establishment had undergone several changes. Mr. Clapp took his son, H. H. Clapp, into partnership with himself in the newspaper department of the business. After the withdrawal of Mr. Matthews from the printing depart- ment, in 1862, or early in 1863, several persons were joined in interest with the latter business for short periods during the next few years. In the newspaper the editorial associates of Mr. Clapp, from the time he assumed the pen, were, successively, Anson G. Chester, George W. Haskins, David Wentworth and J. N. Lamed. For a short time in 1860-61, after his resignation from the Commercial Adver- tiser and before he entered the medical service of the army. Dr. Sanford B. Hunt had an editorial connection with the Express. In 1866 the Express property and business were con- veyed to an incorporated Express Printing Company, in which A. M. Clapp, H. H. Clapp, J. N. Larned, Colonel George H. Selkirk and Thomas A. Kennett held equal shares. Two years later Mr. A. M. Clapp received the ap- pointment of Congressional Printer, which required his withdrawal from private interests in the business of print- ing, and the shares of himself and his son were sold to the remaining members of the company. In the next year Mr. Kennett's shares were bought by Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain), and the readers of the Express enjoyed some of the THE NEWSPAPER PRESS 1 97 best of Mr. Clemens' humorous sketches at first hands, while the editorial staff of the paper had the pleasure of his rare companionship and assistance, for about a year. He then sold his interest to Colonel Selkirk; and, in 1872, a majority of the shares of the Express Printing Company were bought by the proprietors of the Commercial Advertiser. After some further changes in the ownership, the whole property was bought in 1877, as stated above, by James N. Matthews, who proceeded to build upon it the notably prosperous structure of business, which he left, on his death in Decem- ber, 1888, to his son, George E. Matthews. In the business and the editorial management Mr. Mat- thews had equal success. The printing establishment, which he created, is one of the most notable in America, especially in the finer departments of the art. In color printing it has few rivals; in map-drawing and printing, almost none. The latter branch of its large and varied busi- ness has been developed from an establishment of relief line engraving which was founded originally by Elam R. Jewett, the former proprietor of the Commercial Adver- tiser. From Mr. Jewett this passed to Henry Chandler & Co., and thence to William P. Northrup & Co., from whom it came into union with the printing establishment of Mr. Matthews. On the death of J. N. Matthews his son took into partner- ship two members of his father's previous staff, James W. Greene and Charles E. Austin, organizing the firm of George E. Matthews & Co., which conducted the business until April, 1901. Then the J. N. Matthews Company was formed, under which designation the whole business is included, but with two organizations, namely that of The Buffalo Express and that of the Matthews-Northrup Works. The officers of the company are George E. Mat- thews president, William P. Northrup vice-president. 198 CULTURAL EVOLUTION George E. Burrows treasurer, Edward A. Kendrick secre- tary. In the editorial organization of the Express James W. Greene is editor-in-chief, M. M. Wilner assistant gen- eral editor, Brayton Nichols editor of the Illustrated Ex- press (Sunday). It should be said, by the way, that the Illustrated Express, established in 1883, has a wide circula- tion in the United States and Canada. On the business side of the newspaper organization William M. Ramsdell is publisher ; James A. Pierce is general superintendent of the Matthews-Northrup Works. Returning now to the annals of the Courier, which were left at the point of time, in 1846, when it absorbed the Na- tional Pilot, we find that Mr. Stringham soon sold his interest to Messrs. Manchester & Brayman, and that Guy H. Salisbury was associated with Mr. Brayman in the con- duct of the paper editorially. But in 1849 the whole estab- lishment was bought by W. A. Seaver, who became both publisher and editor for the next few years. In 1857 James H. Sanford acquired an interest, and in the next year the important connection of Joseph Warren with the Courier, which had begun in 1854, when he was engaged as local editor or reporter, became fixed by his joining Gilbert K. Harroun in a purchase of the interest which Mr. Seaver had retained. The firm then formed, of Sanford, Warren & Harroun, was changed in a few years to Joseph Warren & Co., Messrs. Sanford and Harroun dropping out and being succeeded by Milo Stevens, William C. Horan and David Gray. David Gray entered the Courier staff in i860, as Mr. Warren had done six years before, in the capacity of a local reporter. He brought to the service of journalism in Buffalo the finest literary gifts that have ever adorned its work. Mr. Warren had brought talents as much needed, but of a different kind. He was an excellent writer, but THE NEWSPAPER PRESS 199 more marked by his capacity for dealing with men in public affairs. He not only made himself and the Courier politi- cal powers, and succeeded naturally to the late Dean Rich- mond in the leadership of the Democratic party in Western New York, but he exercised a singularly quiet force in promoting local movements of public enterprise, such as gave us our Park System, our City and County Hall, our State Hospital, and much besides. The combination of Mr. Warren's force with Mr. Gray's charm was an exceed- ingly happy one for the Courier. About i860 or 1 86 1 an evening paper, the Republic, which had had a precarious existence since 1847, was merged in the Courier, as an afternoon edition of the latter, having the name of the Everting Courier and Republic. The Republic had been started by an association of printers, and never acquired a stable footing. Guy H. Salisbury, who had become a man of substantial means in the real estate business, was induced to take it in hand for the helping of friends, and was reduced near to poverty in his last years by the drain on his moderate estate. Its editor for a num- ber of years was Cyrenius C. Bristol, who succeeded Ben- jamin C. Welch. Henry W. Faxon, famed as a humorist in his day, and especially as the author of "The Silver Lake Snake Hoax," was the city editor of the Republic in its later years. In 1858, and until he went to the Express in the spring of 1859, the present writer was associated with Mr. Bristol in the general editorship of the paper. Thomas Kean became connected with the Republic a little later, and went with it when it passed under the control of the pro- prietors of the Courier. In 1869 the business of Joseph Warren & Co. was united with that of the printing house of Howard & Johnson, and the whole incorporated in the Courier Company, Mr. War- ren being its president, James M. Johnson vice-president, 200 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Ethan H. Howard treasurer, Milo Stevens secretary. The printing establishment thus organized became one of great magnitude and importance, and holds its rank to the present day, especially in the line of large pictorial poster printing for theatres, menageries and the like. In September, 1 876, Mr. Warren died, and William G. Fargo, who had become a considerable stockholder in the Courier Company, and was already its vice-president, succeeded to the presidency. Mr. Gray, who had been managing editor of the newspaper, became editor-in-chief. His health was broken by the labors of the next few years, and he was forced to resign in the fall of 1882. He was succeeded by Joseph O'Connor, who had been his associate during the previous two years. In 1 885 Mr. Edwin Fleming, who had been the representa- tive and correspondent of the Courier in Washington since 1877, w^s called to the editorial chair and filled it ably for the next twelve years. In 1880 Mr. Charles W. M'Cune, who had been secre- tary and treasurer of the Courier Company since 1874, was elected president and held the office till his death, in March, 1885. George Bleistein, previously secretary, then became president, and is so at the present time. On the 6th of May, 1897, the Courier, detached from the printing establishment of the Courier Company and from its whole former staff, was sold to William J. Conners and consolidated with the Buffalo Record, which Mr. Conners had been publishing since the previous year. The business of the Courier Com- pany in recent years has included no newspaper publication. The first successful Sunday paper in Buffalo was the Sunday Morning News, founded by Edward H. Butler in 1873. The success of Mr. Butler in his first venture en- couraged him, in 1880, to undertake a daily publication, the Evening News, a one cent paper from the beginning, which has been even more of a success. Under the control of Mr. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS 201 Butler as proprietor and editor-in-chief, with William Mc- intosh as managing editor and J. A. Butler as business manager, the News has had a remarkably prosperous career. A somewhat similar course of success in journalism has been run in connection with the founding of the Buffalo Sunday Times, in 1879, by Norman E. Mack. He, too, was soon encouraged to attempt a daily publication, and did so in 1883, issuing the Daily Times as a morning paper until 1887, when it was changed to an afternoon paper, at the penny price, with improved success. The present rivals of the Times as a Democratic organ are the two journals, morning and evening, now controlled by William J. Conners. The purchase of the Courier by Mr. Conners has been related above. He had previously, in 1895, acquired the Enquirer, an evening paper started in 1 89 1, and had established it, with an excellent equipment, under the able editorship of Joseph O'Connor; but Mr. O'Connor had not remained long in the chair. In 1896 Mr. Conners had launched a morning issue, first as a morn- ing edition of the Enquirer, but soon independently, under the name of the Buffalo Record. On obtaining the Courier he consolidated it with the Record, the title becoming Courier-Record. This hyphenated title was abandoned, however, on the ist of January, 1898, and the old name of the Buffalo Courier was restored. Mr. Fleming, the for- mer editor of the Courier, returned to it as editorial writer in January, 1906. As early as 1837 a weekly newspaper in the German lan- guage, Der Weltbuerger, was undertaken by a German book- seller in the city, George Zahm, and got root sufficiently to live sixteen years independently, and then enter into union with a younger journal which is still prosperous in life. The next German paper was a product of the political cam- 202 CULTURAL EVOLUTION paign of 1840. It was a Whig organ, named the Volks- freund, published weekly, and it outlived the excitements of the Harrison canvass a very short time. In 1845 the Tele- graph was established as a weekly by H. B. Miller, who formed a partnership presently with Philip H. Bender. In that year, too, Dr. F. C. Brunck and Jacob Domedian bought the Weltbuerger from the estate of George Zahm. Three years later, in the presidential campaign of 1848, a German advocate of the Free Soil movement, called the Freie Demokrat, came out. This became the property of Frederick Held in 1850, and he converted it into a daily newspaper, renaming it the Buffalo Demokrat. In 1853 the Demokrat and the Weltbuerger were consolidated, under the proprietorship of the firm of Brunck, Held & Co., with Dr. Brunck in the editorial chair. The paper ac- quired a large influence as a Democratic organ, and Mr. Brunck was an important personality in the city till his death. The Buffalo Telegraph was issued daily after 1853. Some time later Mr. Bender became the sole proprietor and maintained the paper for a number of years, selling it ulti- mately to Frederick Geib. Its publication was ended in 1875. In the meantime another German daily, the Freie Presse, had come into existence, supporting the Republican party, as the Telegraph had done. It was a development from the weekly Allgemeine Zeitung, founded by Frederick Reinecke in 1856. The change of name was made in i860, when Mr. Reinecke attempted a daily publication, which failed of support. On the death of the founder of the paper, in 1866, its publication was continued by his son, Ottomar Reinecke, who established the daily Freie Presse in 1872, with entire success. The proprietors for many years past have been Reinecke & Zesch. The Volksfreund, the youngest in primary origin of the THE NEWSPAPER PRESS 203 existing German dailies, was established in 1868, under Catholic auspices, and Mathias Rohr was its editor for many years. Polish readers support one daily newspaper in their own language, the Polak Amery Kanski, of which Stanislaus Slisz is the editor, and three weeklies — the Kuryer Buffa- loski, the Gazetta Buffaloska, and a Catholic religious paper named Warta. One weekly paper is published in the Italian language, bearing the title // Corriere Italiano. Aside from weekly editions of some of the daily news- papers, the oldest of existing weekly publications is the Catholic Union and Times, founded under the first of its names in 1872, and consolidated with the Catholic Times, of Rochester, in 1881. The company which issues it was organized by Bishop Ryan. The Rev. Patrick Cronyn, LL. D., was the editor from 1873 until his death, in 1907. A younger weekly which has obtained a good footing and is now in its twelfth volume is Truth, founded by the late Mark S. Hubbell, who died in 1908. CHAPTER IX ART IN 1842 there came to Buffalo a young Swede, Lars Gustaf Sellstedt, whose life has been identified so closely with Art in this city, down to the present day, that its annals are better recorded in his retentive memory than in any other repository. He was twenty-three years old when he came. Two forces were in his nature, one im- pelling him to the service of Art, the other to the adven- turous life of the sea. Thus far the latter had prevailed, and he had roved the world as a sailor since early youth. Coming from the ocean to try seafaring on the Great Lakes, he sojourned for a time at the "Sailors' Home," which a Bethel Society of ladies from different churches had estab- lished on Main Street, near The Dock. There he came under fortunate influences which encouraged him to a cul- tivation of gifts and tastes that he had always been exer- cising, in crude modes of picture-making and carving, and which gave him his chief pleasures in life. After a few years of indefatigable self-teaching, mostly from books, working with brush and pencil through the winter seasons, when lake navigation closed, he launched himself boldly at last into the career which he pursues at this writing. The sources of what will be told here touching the earlier appearances of Art in Buffalo are Mr. Sellstedt's delightful autobiography, entitled "From Forecastle to Academy," published in 1904, and a manuscript record of his recollec- tions concerning matters of art,* kindly loaned to the writer of this sketch. Naturally the work of the artist woke interest and found support in portrait painting first, and in * Since expanded by Mr. Sellstedt and published in an interesting volume entitled "Art in Buffalo." 204 JOHN THOMSON STEWART, Born Ayr, Scotland, April ii, 1845. At the age of si^t came with his parents to America and settled in Caledonia,' in the Province of Ontario. Came to Buffalo in 1876, and formed a pai:tnership with his brother James and Mr. Kent , under the firm name of Kent & Stewart. Later the Stewart Brothers became associated with Nelson Holland, under the firm name of Holland & Stewart. In 1884 the Stewart Brothers purchased the Holland interest ; retired from busi- ■ ness in 1898. /ohn Thomson Stewart died March 7, 1901. y EARLY ARTISTS AND ART 205 that almost only for a considerable time. It is the testimony of Mr. Sellstedt that Art as exhibited in portraiture had become very creditably represented in the city when he knew it first, partly in paintings brought by incoming people from the east, but also in work executed here. "The new Buflfalonian," he says, "brought from his eastern home, besides his kitchen utensils and penates, his parlor adornments as well. Thus it was that occasionally really excellent works of art were to be seen in their homes. Even in the parlor of the 'Sailors' Home' hung a fine por- trait by Gilbert Stuart, of the landlord, an old sea captain from Massachusetts, who had been, in his youth, a pupil of that great master of portrait painting." He adds that, be- fore their destruction by fire, in the old City Building, there were many fine portraits of the early makers of Buffalo who had been mayors. Many of them were painted by A. G. D. Tuthill, an Englishman, who had studied under Benjamin West. Others were by a painter named Jackson, whose portraits, says Mr. Sellstedt, were recognizable by their harshness of outline and minute attention to dress and detail. Some were by Mr. Carnot Carpenter. One or two, painted by William John Wilgus, were superior to all the rest. None of the painters mentioned were to be classed "with the common limners who perambulated the country at the time." Of Wilgus, who was painting in Buffalo when Mr. Sell- stedt came, and who helped him in his studies, he speaks with great admiration and love. The two young men were of about the same age, but Wilgus had studied for three years in the art school of President Morse, of the National Academy of New York. The portraits he painted in Buffalo during the few years of his stay in the city, before failing health drove him to a southern climate, were greatly superior, in Mr. Sellstedt's judgment, to any others painted 2o6 CULTURAL EVOLUTION here at the time. Some of his best work was in the por- traiture of Cattaraugus Indians, painted at the Reservation, and most of this, purchased by Caleb Lyons, of Lyonsdale, was burned subsequently by a fire which destroyed that gentleman's house. Mr. Wilgus died in his thirty-fourth year, in 1853. James M. Dickinson, "a very clever miniature painter," and the Rev. Benjamin Van Duzee, are other artists of the time whom Mr. Sellstedt recalls. In 1847 Thomas Le Clear appeared in Buffalo, and began here the career which ended at New York in the top-most rank of the portrait painters of the day. In 1850 William H. Beard arrived, to make Buffalo his home for many years, and to win before leaving our city his fame as a painter of animals studied with a humorist's eye. Another painter of the period with these was Augustus Rockwell, whose work was as popular as his personal popularity was great. Others were Mat- thew Wilson, an English gentleman, connected by marriage with a prominent family in the city, and coming fresh from the studio of the famous French painter, Couture; Joseph Meeker, a painter of landscapes ; a "young and gifted artist in genreP named Libby, and a promising pupil of Wilgus, named A. B. Nimbs. The first art school in Buffalo was opened in these years by an old actor, who performed at the same time on the stage. His stage name was Andrews, but Mr. Sellstedt attributes to him the real name of Isaacs, and an East Indian birth. His school drew a large attendance and seems to have been a success. At least one who has risen to eminence in Art — Charles C. Coleman — received his first teaching, as a boy, in Andrews' school. Occasionally pictures of note were brought to the city for show; but until i86r no attempt had been made to organize an exhibition of collected works of art. It was undertaken THE ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS 207 then, in connection with the commemoration of the twenty- fifth anniversary of the founding of the Young Men's Asso- ciation, and with great success. Two hundred and sixty- five paintings and eight pieces of statuary were brought together, at American Hall, and the attendance attracted brought $835 of gross receipts. The net proceeds were expended in the purchase of a landscape from the easel of George L. Brown. From this success came the stimulus of a movement which resulted in the organization of the Buffalo Academy of Fine Arts, accomplished at a meeting of gentlemen, in the office of Mr. Henry W. Rogers, on the nth of November, 1862. Those present were: Henry W. Rogers, John S. Ganson, O. H. Marshall, Rev. Dr. Grosvenor W. Heacock, George S. Hazard, John Allen, Jr., Thomas LeClear, L. G. Sell- stedt, S. F. Mixer, James M. Smith, Silas H. Fish, H. Ewers Tallmadge, Anson G. Chester, and Josiah Humph- rey. Mr. Rogers was elected president; Messrs. Hazard and Smith, vice-presidents; Mr. Humphrey, correspond- ing secretary; Mr. Tallmadge, recording secretary; Mr. Allen, treasurer. Mr. Humphrey was from Rochester, and represented the owners of a collection of pictures on exhibi- tion there. He made proposals for bringing the collection to Buffalo, and the new society effected arrangements with him which called for the raising of a picture fund of $6,000 at once. The fund (and more) was raised promptly, in contributions of $500 each from thirteen gentlemen, as fol- lows: Henry W. Rogers, George S. Hazard, Sherman S. Jewett, David S. Bennett, Bronson C. Rumsey, L. C. Woodruff, S. V. R. Watson, Charles Ensign, C. J. Wells, John Allen, Jr., Pascal P. Pratt, F. H. Root, James Brayley. Rooms were secured in the Arcade Building, which stood where the Mooney Building stands now ; pictures additional to the Humphrey collection were obtained by Mr. LeClear 2o8 CULTURAL EVOLUTION from New York, and the Academy opened its inaugural exhibition on the 23d of December, 1862. In accom- plishing this, Buffalo had become the third city in the coun- try to establish a permanent public art gallery, only Boston and Philadelphia having done so at that time. It was a per- manent achievement, for the institution then founded has stood stoutly through many trials, and, after almost half a century, is one of the proudest boasts and splendid facts of the city. The arrangement with Mr. Humphrey proved rather un- fortunate, involving the Academy in some purchases of pic- tures which it would not have chosen for the expenditure of its fund; but its permanent collection started with eleven canvases, having good value in the greater part. The first gift to it came from Bierstadt, whose "Laramie Peak" it had bought. He gave it a choice bit of the beauty of Capri. The next donor was Mr. Sellstedt, who presented his por- trait of General Bennett Riley. In later years it received many gifts. For a short time Mr. LeClear was in charge of the Gallery; but he removed to New York, and Mr. Sellstedt was appointed superintendent, entering, in May, 1863, on a service of devotion to it which ran, heedless of discour- agements and unsparing of labor and time, through many years, till the Academy had grown strong. Other artists who made a name in the city within the next decade or two were now coming in. John Harrison Mills, disabled from further service with the Twenty-first Regi- ment by a severe wound, received in the second Battle of Bull Run, returned to devote himself to the palette and brush. Frederick Noyes entered the Art field in Buffalo at about the same time. A little later, by three or four years, came Albert N. Samuels, John C. Rother, and Miss Ellen K. Baker. Then, about 1870 or '71, Ammi M. Farnham THE ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS 209 and Francis C. Penfold, — who are still seen at intervals among us with good work to exhibit, — and Amos M. Sang- ster, who died but a little time ago. In 1864 the Academy entered, with other institutions, into the arrangement with the Young Men's Association which secured the St. James Hotel building for their common use. Its rooms there, on the fourth and fifth floors, were opened on the 1 6th of February, 1865. Mr. Willis O. Chapin, who wrote a historical sketch of the Fine Arts Academy in 1899, states the truth when he says that these rooms, "although spacious and attractive, were up formidable stairs, with great danger from fire." They were occupied, however, for sixteen years. It was not until 1881 that the slowly ac- cumulating art treasures of the Academy were housed more safely in the Austin Building, at the corner of Eagle and Franklin streets, opposite the City and County Hall. Nine years previous to that time, in 1872, the Academy had passed the turning point in its affairs. It had been struggling, almost against hope, with debt and financial dis- couragement for several years, and a vigorous canvass for subscriptions to a permanent endowment fund was promis- ing slender results, when, suddenly, Mr. Sherman S. Jewett raised the sum he had pledged from One Thousand Dollars to Ten Thousand. This put new mettle into the movement at once. During that year and the next the endowment fund was pushed up to something beyond $23,000, and the foundation of the Academy was so far solidified that some kind of a perpetuation of its existence was ensured. Mr. Jewett's gift was set apart as a special fund, for the pur- chase of works of art to bear his name. By co-operation again with the Young Men's Association (changed in name to The Buffalo Library), and with other institutions, in the enterprise which created the noble build- ing now occupied by The Buffalo Public Library, the 2IO CULTURAL EVOLUTION Academy of Fine Arts was provided in 1887 with a safe and capacious Gallery in that edifice, and with accompanying rooms. In 1889 Mr. Sellstedt resigned the office of super- intendent, in which he had served with unlimited devotion for twenty-six years. In the fall of 1887 an Art School was opened and con- ducted in immediate connection with the Academy until 1 89 1, when it was united with the Students' Art Club, form- ing a distinct institution which took the name of the Art Students' League. The League has been a factor of increas- ing importance in the local cultivation of art. A print department of the Academy was founded in 189 1 by gifts from Dr. Frederick H. James, of his unequalled collection of Francis Seymour Haden's etchings, and from Willis O. Chapin of his large and fine collection of engrav- ings. In 1892 the Buffalo Society of Artists, lately founded, received the use of one of the Academy rooms for its library, meetings, lectures and exhibitions, and this active society has been in association with the Academy ever since. A bequest from Mr. Thomas C. Reilly, in 1883, added $4,000 to the Academy's funds. Another, from Mrs. Caro- line C. Fillmore, in 1885, gave it $5,000 more. A larger bequest, of $20,000, from Francis W. Tracy, came to it in 1892. In the same year $2,000 was left to it on the death of the Rev. Frederick Frothingham, and $5,000 by Jonathan Scoville when he died. Two years later, by the will of John Browning, it received $413; and $5,000 was be- queathed to it in 1898 by Dr. Frederick H. James. Then, in 1900, came the great gift which has housed the Buflfalo Academy of Fine Arts more nobly than almost any other institution of its character in the land. On the 15th of January in that year Mr. John J. Albright, by a modest letter to the secretary of the Academy, announced his will- ingness to assume the cost of the erection of an appropriate THE ALBRIGHT ART GALLERY 211 building for its use, attaching one condition and one sug- gestion to the proposal. As the building, in his judgment, should be of white marble, and should be preserved from defacement by a smoky atmosphere in the future, he thought it proper to ask that a site for it be given by the city at a point which he designated in Delaware Park. Then he sug- gested that an effort should be made to enlarge considerably the endowment of the institution in its permanent funds. The response to this munificent offer was what it should have been. The site asked for was granted promptly by the Park Commissioners, and a vigorous canvass for subscrip- tions to the endowment had gratifying results. Local archi- tects, Messrs. Green & Wicks, were commissioned to prepare designs for the building, and yery beautifully they justified the important trust. A more perfect example of classic art than the building which came from their hands after four years of construction is not found on this side of the sea. The Albright Art Gallery, as it is named, is a white marble structure, two hundred and fifty feet long, north and south, and one hundred and fifty feet deep, east and west. Cen- trally, its design is based on the Erectheum, at Athens. The porches of its two wings are still awaiting the finish they are to receive from statuary by St. Gaudens, the model- ling of which was the last work of the great sculptor before he died. On one of the most perfect days that the month of May ever gave us (it was the last of her thirty-one) in 1905, the beautiful building was dedicated, with ceremonies that were fitted to the occasion as exquisitely as was the day. They were conducted in open air, between the building and the Park Lake which it overlooks, in the sight and hearing of a great company of people. Beethoven's chorus, "The Heavens are Telling," sung by a choir of male voices from five singing societies, the Guido, the Teutonia, the Lieder- 212 CULTURAL EVOLUTION kranz, the Saengerbund and the Orpheus, conducted by Pro- fessor Parker, of Yale; an address by President Eliot, of Harvard ; an ode by Arthur Detmers, set to music by Pro- fessor Parker ; a poem read by Richard Watson Gilder, of New York ; a hymn written by Philip B. Goetz, made up a program that was flawless in every part. In his letter of 1900, which proffered the building, Mr. Albright intimated his willingness to expend upon it some $300,000 or $350,000. There seems to be little doubt that he will have expended, when the statuary still to come is in place, not less than double the largest of those sums. Besides this splendid property the Academy is now in possession of permanent funds to an amount that exceeds $235,000. Of these, $95,000 are specifically for the pur- chase of pictures, namely: $50,000, by bequest from Miss Elizabeth H. Gates; $20,000, by bequest from Albert H. Tracy; $10,000, by gift from Sherman S. Jewett; $10,000, from Mrs. Sarah A. Gates ; $5,000, from Mrs. Charlotte A. Watson. Since the organization of the Academy its presidents have been the following: Henry W. Rogers, 1862-64; George S. Hazard, 1864; Sherman S. Jewett, 1865; Eben P. Dorr, 1866-67; C. F. S. Thomas, 1868; Henry W. Rogers, 1869- 70; William P. Letchworth, 1871-74; Sherman S. Rogers, 1875; Lars G. Sellstedt, 1876-77; John Allen, Jr., 1878; Josiah Jewett, 1879-80; Dr. Thomas F. Rochester 1881-87; Sherman S. Rogers, 1888-89; Ralph H. Plumb, 1889-93; Dr. Frederick H. James, 1894; John J. Albright, 1895-97; T. Guilford Smith, 1898-1902; Edmund Hayes, 1903-04; Ralph H. Plumb, 1905 (dying early in this term) ; Stephen M. Clement, 1905; Carleton Sprague, 1906-7; Willis O. Chapin, 1908- A Society for Beautifying Buffalo was organized in 1901, under the presidency of Dr. Matthew D. Mann. The main THE SINGERS OF A CENTURY AGO 213 objects of its endeavors have been the securing of more public and private care for trees ; the promoting of the home cultivation of flowers; the suppression of the smoke nuisance, and of unsightly billboards and signs; the re- moval of overhead v^rires; the institution of public play- grounds for children ; the stimulating of interest in the crea- tion of w^orthy monuments, and the organizing of influences in favor of true art, wherever public undertakings, in build- ing especially, come into touch with art. Kindred in aim to this is The Society for Beautifying Schools, organized at about the same time. An original manuscript document preserved in the library of the Buffalo Historical Society oflfers the fittest possible and most interesting opening to a sketch of the history of Music in Buffalo. It is dated on the 29th of March, 1820, and its beginning reads as follows: "We, the subscribers, desirous of improving the style of singing in this village, and feeling that, in order to carry into effect the said object, it is necessary to have some rules by which we will be gov- erned," — therefore the subscribers join in forming a society, to be called the Musica Sacra Society, and adopt by-laws or regulations, the ultimate object of which is to give effect to the following : "It shall be the duty of all the officers of the society to inform themselves in the most modern style of performing music, and to consult the most eminent writers on the sub- ject (of whom we may consider Messrs. Hastings and War- riner, editors of the 'Musica Sacra,' at present entitled to our particular notice and respect), and shall endeavor by all means in their power to introduce into the society the style which they, together with the committee, shall ap- prove." About sixty signatures are appended to this document, the names of women being a little the more numerous, and 214 CULTURAL EVOLUTION most of them being names that have prominence in many connections, in the records of the village life of Buffalo. How long the Musica Sacra Society existed, and with what improvement of the style of singing in the village its officers studied Hastings and Warriner and other eminent writers on "the most modern style of performing music," it is not likely that we shall ever be informed. Apparently the singers of the village in 1820 had no teaching available to them, except such as they could obtain from books ; for James D. Sheppard, who came to Buffalo in 1827, is said to have been the first professional musician that the town received ; and Mr. Sheppard does not seem to have come as a teacher. He started a music store, opening it first in a corner room of the old Court House, but remov- ing it the next year to Main Street, adjoining the Eagle Tavern. Later it went to the corner of Main and Niagara streets, where it remained until 1857; then, for a single year, to Swan Street, near Main, and finally, in 1858, to 269 Main Street, where Mr. Sheppard was succeeded in the proprie- torship by Messrs. Cottier & Denton. From some time between 1830 and 1840 until one of the later decades of the century, Mr. C. F. S. Thomas was a resident of Buffalo who interested himself in everything that had to do with the cultivation or enjoyment of music. In 1866 he was persuaded to prepare for the Historical Society a paper which he entitled "Discursive Notes on the History of Music in Buffalo," and it is probable that no one else could have recorded so much on the subject. From the manuscript of his Notes, to be found in the archives of the Historical Society, some facts of considerable interest can be drawn. They tell us that Mrs. Walden, in Buffalo, possessed the only piano-forte west of Canandaigua in 1812; that the first organ in the city was placed in St. Paul's Church in 1829, EARLY SINGING SOCIETIES 215 and the second one in the Unitarian Church, in 1834. They name the members of the early church choirs, and these are mostly familiar names of the pioneer citizens who were active in everything that went on in the town. The first musical society of which the writer had found any record was the Buffalo Harmonic, formed in 1828, with ninety members; but how long it existed is not told. In 1829 a military band was made up, of raw material, in- structed and led by a Mr. Willoughby, who was also the musical leader of a Philharmonic Society, organized in 1830, which had, says Mr. Thomas, "a very lively birth and a very quiet death." "From 1830 to 1838," he writes, "we do not hear of any movement in the way of an organized musical society. Music was very generally cultivated, and home concerts as well as professional concerts were well attended. * * * Both sacred and secular concerts were frequently got up." The year 1838 brought the organization of a Buffalo Handel and Haydn Society, with Noah P. Sprague for its president, Mr. Thomas for its secretary, George W. Hough- ton for leader. The meetings of the society were in the large room over James D. Sheppard's music store; and it is astonishing to be told that nearly one hundred singers and an orchestra of nearly fifty took part in a brilliant opening performance. Mr. Thomas proceeds to say "that this society had a brilliant existence for about two years; gave some really excellent concerts; numbered many very fine female and male voices; but died out in 1840, in conse- quence, it was said, of many of its best members having taken to the 'Log Cabin and Hard Cider persuasion,' and having entered so enthusiastically into that memorable cam- paign as to have entirely lost voice for any other musical occupation." Thus the "Harrison Glee Club" seems to have wrecked the Handel and Haydn Society, and did not. 2l6 CULTURAL EVOLUTION itself, survive the songful political campaign of 1840 very long. No other musical organization was known to Mr. Thomas until 1847, when one appeared which assumed the rather high-sounding name of the Buffalo Academy of Music. It had a brief life ; and, says Mr. Thomas, "musi- cal matters, as far as regards associations, were now at a standstill." That a concert was given by Jenny Lind in the old North Presbyterian Church on the evening of the 30th of July, 1 85 1, is a fact not mentioned by Mr. Thomas. Ex- cepting an annual gathering of the musical folk of the town at his own house, which went on from 1842 until 1857, ^e has nothing to record until about 1862, when "a number of gentlemen associated themselves informally together, ap- pointed J. R. Blodgett their leader, and had social practice in vocal music. After a while they adopted the name of the Continental Singing Society. This association con- tinued until about December, 1863, when a new musical association was formed under the name of the Saint Cecilia Society, and the Continentals joined with the ladies and gentlemen constituting that society. They have tastefully fitted up a hall, in the Arcade building, for their exclusive use; give dress rehearsals about once a month, to which only the members and their families are admitted, and cer- tainly the Saint Cecilians give more promise of vitality than any of their musical predecessors." Mr. Thomas was the vice-president of this society. Captain D. P. Dobbins its president, Mr. J. R. Blodgett its leader and Mr. Robert Denton pianist. The Continental Singing Society was not absorbed in the St. Cecilia, but maintained its organization of male singers for a number of years, giving concerts at intervals, not only at home, but quite widely outside; on occasions at Roch- ester, Cleveland and Detroit. It celebrated its tenth anni- THE GERMAN SINGING SOCIETIES 217 versary on the 30th of June, 1870, and gave what may have been its final concert in November of that year. Either then or soon afterward it came to the end of what seems to have been a highly creditable career. Long before this time, however, a more persisting and stably organized cultivation of music had^ been instituted among the Germans of the city. Many had been coming from the land of song in the two or three decades before the Civil War, and they were soon in such numbers as to be able to shape life for themselves in their new home, by the institutions and customs of their fatherland, and to take on the naturalized feeling of a German-American com- munity. That singing societies should arise among them as soon as they realized this feeling was a matter of course. According to the writer of an anonymous "History of the Germans of Buffalo," published by Messrs. Reinecke & Zesch in 1898, the first of such societies to appear was or- ganized in 1844, but was not maintained very long. Four years later a society had birth which now, after sixty years, is in vigorous life. This, the Buffalo Liedertafel, had its origin at a meeting of singers in the rooms of the German Young Men's Association, in the spring of 1848. Its first headquarters were at Weimer's Hall, on one of the corners of Batayia (Broadway) and Michigan streets. It gave its first public concert in Greiner's Hall, Genesee and Jeffer- son streets. Professor Carl Adam became its director in 1852. In 1853 a second singing society, named the Lieder- kraenzchen, was formed by a number of the musical mem- bers of the German- American Workingmen's Union; but part of this society withdrew from it and organized the Buffalo Saengerbund, under C. W. Braun, in 1855. The Saengerbund gave its first concert in Gillig's Hall in the fall of that year. Subsequently Mr. Frederick Federlein 2l8 CULTURAL EVOLUTION became director, and remained as such until 1886. In 1859 the eleventh of the Saehgerfests of the German Saenger- bund of North America was held at Cleveland, and both the Liedertafel and the Saengerbund took part in it. At the prize singing the Liedertafel won the first prize, a silver cup. The next Saengerfest, in July, i860, was held at Buffalo, and the New York Central Railroad Company was so accommodating as to allow its station on Exchange Street to be used for the principal concert, all trains being turned out of it for that occasion. The city had no other building that would answer the need. The, Saengerbund gave its first public performance of an opera m 1862, and this was followed by home productions of German opera at intervals for a number of years. At the same time, in this decade of the Civil War and after, Buffalo was enjoying quite as much of opera, and of music in general, from foreign sources, as it has had in recent years ; and it was better equipped for the enjoyment, in its St. James Hall and the little so-called Opera House of the old Brisbane Arcade, than it is with its big barn of a Con- vention Hall to-day. Between 1864 and 1867 it had a num- ber of brief seasons of Italian opera with Brignoli in the tenor parts ; and Brignoli was to that generation what Ca- ruso is to this. In 1865 it had five continuous nights of Italian opera performed by Max Strakosch's company; three of German opera by Grover's troupe ; four of English opera by Campbell and Castle's combination; with three nights of operatic concert by Parepa and Carl Rosa, and with recitals by Gottschalk and Camilla Urso besides. In what recent year have we had richer indulgence in music than this? The later years of that decade brought more of Brignoli, with Adelaide Phillips; more of Parepa and Carl Rosa; many prolonged seasons of the Caroline Richings English LATER MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 219 opera; Grau's Opera Bouflfe Company; the Mendelssohn Quintette; Carlotta Patti; Clara Louise Kellogg; Ole Bull; the first visit of Theodore Thomas and his orchestra; and the intervals were well filled with local song. By a secession of some of the younger members of the Saengerbund, in 1868, a new German singing society, the Orpheus, was formed. Professor Carl Adam, who re- signed the directorship of the Liedertafel that year, came to the Orpheus as its director in 1870, and remained at its head until 1887. At the same time Mr. Joseph Mischka was called to the directorship of the Liedertafel, and held it, with a short interruption, until 1894, when he was ap- pointed director of music in the public schools of the city. Mr. Mischka is the possessor of a most interesting and val- uable scrap-book of concert and operatic programmes and newspaper clippings on matters of local music, which Pro- fessor Blodgett began about 1863 and which Mr. Mischka continued into the early years of the next decade. For that period this scrap-book is a useful supplement to Mr. Thomas's historical paper, and is the source of facts given above. From this source we derive an impression that the St. Cecilia Society gave much oflfence by the exclusiveness with which its "dress rehearsals" were protected, as one writer of the time expressed it, "from the troublesome raids of a curious public." It was maintained for about four years, ending in 1867, and a clipping preserved in the scrap-book, from some newspaper not named, pronounced its obituary in these bitter words: "Its exclusiveness was a bar against the admission of talent; its mutual admiration tendencies afforded no encouragement to art, and its excessive kid- glovism had no vitality to impart to anything. And so the St. Cecilia Society died." In 1869 a Beethoven Musical Society was formed, which 220 CULTURAL EVOLUTION gave orchestral concerts, with Professor William Gross- curth for its conductor that year, and under the lead of Signor Nuno in the following year. It was assisted in its concerts by the Continental Singing Society, the Lieder- tafel and the Saengerbund. In 1870, as mentioned before, the Continental Singing Society appears to have been dis- solved; but some part of its elements were reassembled in the Buffalo Choral Union, organized in 187 1, at a meeting, as I find stated in a slightly later circular, of several gen- tlemen who had been members "of the then late Continental Singing Society." Its president was Francis H. Root, and it had a large active membership, giving frequent entertain- ments, until 1877, beyond which it is not traced. In German musical circles there was vigorous life through all these years, and it went on without break. For the second time, the great Saengerfest of the North Ameri- can Saengerbund was held in Buffalo in 1882, and not only the Liedertafel, the Saengerbund and the Orpheus, but seven other German singing societies were found then in the city to take part. They were the Harmonie, the Hel- vetia, the Arion, the Harugari Maennerchor, the Germania Maennerchor, the Teutonia Maennerchor, and the East Buffalo Maennerchor. In 1884 the Buffalo Philharmonic Society was formed "to establish and sustain a quartette of stringed instru- ments." For two years under the direction of Mr. Gustav Dannreuther, and for a third year under Signor J. Nuno, this fine quartette gave thirty concerts each season. Professor Carl Adam's long connection with the Orpheus was ended by his resignation in 1887, and he was succeeded by Mr. John Lund, who had come lately to a prominent place among the leading musicians of the city. In the next year Mr. Lund was called to organize and conduct an orchestra of the first order, with guarantees of support by RECENT CHORAL ORGANIZATIONS 221 an association of subscribers which took form under the lead of Mr. Fred. C. M. Lautz. For seven seasons this Buffalo Orchestra (known in the later years as the Buffalo Sym- phony Orchestra) was upheld mainly by the persisting energy and liberality of Mr. Lautz, representing the finest achievement in music that Buffalo has been able to boast. During the same period and lasting somewhat longer, a large and excellent Vocal Society was well sustained. This had no equal successor until 1904, when the Guido Chorus was organized by Mr. Seth Clark, the organist and director of music at Trinity Church. The fourteen men of the choir of that church formed the nucleus of the Chorus, which has been expanded since to a large active and sub- scribing membership. It grew naturally out of rehearsals that were held during the winter of 1903-4 at the residence of Dr. Matthew D. Mann, "purely," says Mr. Clark, "for the pleasure of practicing male voice music once a week." The first public concert of the Guido Chorus was given on the 1 2th of January, 1905, with an active membership then of fifty-six. In each year since it has given three concerts, rehearsing from September to May, and the public delight in them has increased with every succeeding year. A second choral organization which gives great promise was formed in 1906. Of this, the Philharmonic Chorus, the original moving spirits are understood to have been Messrs. Hobart Weed, Frank Hamlin and Edmund Hayes. Associated with them in the supporting organization are S. M. Clement, Dudley M. Irwin, Edward Michael, Dr. Roswell Park, Dr. J. J. Mooney, J. G. Dudley, Carlton M. Smith, Truman G. Avery, Robert K. Root. The director of the Chorus is Mr. Andrew T. Webster. Two Polish singing societies, the Kolo Spiewackie, com- posed of about 150 men, and the Kalina, in which about 50 girls are enrolled, meet weekly in the Dom Polski, on Broadway. CHAPTER X SOCIAL ORGANIZATION CLUB organization and the club-house as a social insti- tution have acquired their whole present importance in the life of this city within the term of the genera- tion that is not yet very far down the slope to old age. Prior to late years in the decade of the sixties there was nothing to represent them more nearly than the engine and hose companies and houses of the old volunteer fire depart- ment,— which had a very markedly club-like social char- acter, — and certain attractive places of public entertain- ment, such as "Bloomer's" small hotel, on West Eagle Street, between Main and Pearl. Each had its circle of habitues, as faithful as club members in their nightly assembly. More or less of club organization in small ways had been going in the city from much earlier times, like that, for example, of "The Nameless," which took form in 1858, with the genial Guy H. Salisbury for its patriarch, and a further membership of men and women, then young, which in- cluded, first and last, William Pryor Letchworth, David Gray, James N. Johnston, Lyman K. Bass, William C. Bryant, Colonel George H. Selkirk, Dr. C. C. F. Gay, Charles D. Marshall, John Harrison Mills, John U. Way- land, Mrs. C. H. Gildersleeve, Miss Amanda T. Jones, Miss Mary A. Ripley, and the present writer. The Name- less Club maintained its own meeting place, where it held debates and enjoyed social evenings, throughout about a dozen years. If others of like kind in that period had as durable an existence this historian has no knowledge of them. The first purely social institution to be established in its 222 BEGINNING OF SOCIAL CLUBS 223 own distinct dwelling and to have a planting for large growth was the Buffalo Club, organized at a meeting held for the purpose in the rooms of the Law Library, on the 4th of January, 1867. Its first president was Millard Fillmore, ex-President of the United States. For nearly three years it leased the former residence of Mr. Julius Movius, at the corner of Delaware Avenue and Gary Street; then bought the home of Mr. James S. Ganson, at the corner of Dela- ware and Chippewa Street, where the club was in residence until 1887, when it purchased the larger mansion, built by the late S. V. R. Watson, on Delaware Avenue, at the comer of Trinity Street. This, by repeated extensions and im- provements, in 1889, 1894, 1899 and 1909, has been fitted to the increasing needs of the Clyb, down to the present time. The next club organization of social importance was the Falconwood, formed in 1869 for the establishment of a family club-house, for summer resorting, on Grand Island, in the Niagara River; and this was followed, in 1873, by another of kindred character, the Oakfield, whose club- house was built at a point farther down the Niagara, on the same island shore. The City Club, incorporated in 1877, ^"^ maintained for a few years in quarters at 354 Washington Street, mainly for luncheon use, was the next to appear. Then, in 1882, a Press Club was undertaken, but did not acquire a lasting life. In the same year a club organization, the Idlewood, for summer suburban residence on the south shore of the Lake was incorporated, and its planting has endured. A year later the Canoe Club began the prosperous career which has established its fleet, its club-house and its cottage colony on the Canadian shore of the Lake. The year 1885 gave birth to the lively Saturn Club, which caught, somewhere, the secret of perpetual youth. It was cradled in house No. 25 Johnson Park, and went thence into 224 CULTURAL EVOLUTION three successive residences on Main Street and Delaware Avenue, until 1890, when it bought and built its present home, at the corner of Edward Street and Delaware. An extensive remodelling of its club-house was executed in 1904. The Country Club, incorporated in 1889, occupied for ten years house and grounds on the northern edge of Delaware Park, where the Pan-American Exposition was located soon afterward. The Club, then, in 1900, bought 70 acres of land more remote, to the northward, on the east side of Main Street, where it built and began large improvements. A further purchase of 140 acres was made in 1903, and the club-house was then enlarged. The first club-house for women was projected in 1894 and opened in 1896, by an organization, incorporated in the former year, which took Time by the forelock a little boldly, in order to assume the name of the Twentieth Century Club. It bought ground on which the Delaware Avenue Baptist Church had built a chapel, and placed its attractive club- house on the front, retaining the chapel for use as a con- nected hall. In 1905 this hall was rebuilt, and the third floor of the club-house was remodelled throughout. The University Club was organized in 1894, ^"^^ opened house in the dwelling at 884 Main Street on the ist of March, 1895. ^^ October, 1897, it removed to a more com- modious residence at 295 Delaware Avenue, and seven years later had become able to erect the spacious club-house it now occupies, at the corner of Allen Street, on Delaware, which it dedicated October 29, 1904. The incorporation of the Ellicott Club, with agreeable provisions for luncheon and dining as its primary object, came in 1895. Froi" the beginning the club has occupied one of the upper floors of the Ellicott Square Building, but has now in contemplation a home of its own making. The Park Club, instituted in 1903, and seated in what had WOMEN'S CLUBS 225 been the Women's Building of the Pan-American Exposi- tion, previously a part of the original premises of the Coun- try Club, is the latest of the club associations of a general- ized class. Club organizations of a more specialized or limited order have become too numerous in the city to be reported of in detail; It must suffice to mention a few, such as the Acacia (Masonic) , the Elks, the Otowega (of the Central Park dis- trict), the Lawyers' Club, the Transportation Club, the Automobile Club, the Canadian Club, — and to leave un- named the many associations for study and discussion, for professional improvement, for athletic sport and other amusements, which have multiplied astonishingly, here as elsewhere, in recent years. Out of the first of these neg- lected categories there is need, however, to take for mention one, at least, which arose in 1891. That is the Liberal Club, whose purpose was announced to be "the careful con- sideration at monthly dinners of subjects having to do with religion, morals, education and public affairs," and which had for its noble motto — "In thought, free; in temper, reverent; in method, scientific." A second club of like pur- pose, the Independent, was formed soon after, and a third, the Equality Club, a little later, in connection with the Cen- tral Y. M. C. A. Along all lines of cultural development, the women of the city have contributed, from the beginning, even more than their share of action no less than of inspiration; but movements of organization among women distinctively in these fields is comparatively a recent fact. If there could be an exact enumeration of all now existing associations in Buffalo for every purpose outside of business and politics, it is quite probable that those which unite women alone would outnumber the associations of men. And this would be true with certainty in the large division which has to do 226 CULTURAL EVOLUTION with social service and with educational work. To a con- siderable extent, such coteries on the gentler side of the community have been co-operatively linked together, in a "Buflfalo City Federation of Women's Clubs," organized some years ago by Mrs. John Miller Horton, its first presi- dent. By the influence concentrated in this federation, the women's clubs gave early evidence of their power for such good work, as the establishing of a penny luncheon for underfed children in the public schools; securing medical inspection of pupils in the schools, and a probation officer at the police court for the care of young girls ; raising the fund for a girl's scholarship in the University of Buffalo that is to be, etc. In 1910 the clubs affiliated in this federa- tion numbered fifty, representing a great variety of objects in their organization, — inclusive, for example, of the Polit- ical Equality Club, the Consumers' League, the Collegiate Alumnae, the Crippled Children's Guild, the District Nurs- ing Association, the Mothers' Club, the Scribblers, and other literary and study clubs, which form the most numer- ous order. Probably the largest single association of women in the city is that which constitutes the Buffalo Chapter, National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, over which Mrs. John Miller Horton has presided as regent since 1901. This chapter, having six hundred and fifty-five members, is the largest in the State of New York, and sec- ond largest in the nation, that of Chicago, alone, going be- yond it in numbers. It is active in work on both patriotic and educational lines : providing, on one hand, semi-weekly winter lectures to our foreign population on the history of this country, in halls and public schools, for audiences of Poles, Italians and Germans, each addressed in the language of its nationality; identifying, on the other hand, by careful research, the graves of soldiers of the Revolution in this PATRIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS 227 vicinity, and marking them, with due ceremony and with durable markers in bronze. Closely allied in its objects with the Chapter of the D. A. R. is the Niagara Frontier Chapter of the Daughters of 181 2, organized in 1904. The order of associations to which these belong, patriotic and genealogical in their significance, includes many others, in both sexes. It embraces six posts, two relief corps and two circles of the Grand Army of the Republic ; a camp of the Sons of Veterans; associations of the Veterans of the Twenty-first and the Hundredth Regiments of the War of the Rebellion ; a Buffalo Chapter of the Sons of the Ameri- can Revolution; the Buffalo Association of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution ; the Buffalo Association of the Society of Colonial Wars ; the Buffalo Association, Society of Mayflower Descendants; a "colony" of the National So- ciety of New England Women; an organization of the Daughters of New England; the Buffalo Society of Ver- monters ; the Ohio Society of Buffalo ; the Old German So- ciety ; the Niagara Frontier Landmarks Association, etc. The extent to which women and men — but women more than men — are being gathered, in this generation, into clubs and classes for investigation and study in all regions of knowledge, and for discussion of all the questions of the day, is one of the most significant and promising signs of widened culture that our age affords. If it could be exhibited rightly it might furnish, perhaps, as illuminating a chapter of local history as one could prepare; but the task of prepa- ration would be so difficult that I cannot undertake it. ROCHESTER PAST AND PRESENT ROCHESTER, beautiful for situation, on either bank of the Genesee river, near to its confluence with Lake Ontario, 372 miles from New York and 69 from Buffalo, prosperous, enterprising, enlightened, with its churches, its institutions of learning, its manufactories, its mercantile palaces, its asylums and hospitals, fair in the art with which man has embellished nature, with foliage and flowers and fruit, with broad avenues and spacious and tasteful dwellings, is of the best type of American urban development. Its citizens esteem it the finest residential town in the country and, as such, it has wide recognition. Yet, on the traveler's thought Where'er he roams, O'er lands where art has wrought. Lands with all memories fraught, Thine image comes unsought, City of homes. The span of its existence is comparatively brief. It post- dates the Revolution. It was a wilderness when the inde- pendence of the republic was declared. Hardly a century has passed since it was trailed by the Iroquois and the howl of the wolf was the refrain of the forest. It was not until 1789 that the whir of the mill of "Indian Allan" — that strange compound of pioneer and outlaw — of lust and ad- venture — heralded its civilization and Jeremiah Olmstead gathered a harvest from the field adjacent to the recent site of the State Industrial School. The genesis of Rochester was in New England. Its early settlers were mainly of Puritan stock. They were the men or the sons of the men 228 ARTHUR GOULD YATES. 'Railroad official; born East Waverly, New York, 1843. In 186^ established a coal business in Rochester. In 1876 organized the coal mining company of Bell, Lewis & Yates, which was purchased by the Buffalo, Rochester & Pitts- burg Railroad in 1896. In 1890 became president of the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg Railroad ; residence, Roches- ter, New York. ORIGINS AND LOCATION 229 who had received the baptism of fire on the battlefields of the Revolution and who, in the schools and town meetings of Massachusetts and Connecticut, had learned those lessons of civil and religious liberty, which, in the newer region, they formulated into law and vindicated in their lives — men of prescience, pluck and perseverance. Western New York, of which Rochester is the commercial center, was peopled by the western migration that set in from New England at the close of the eighteenth century and, through successive impulses, subdued the acres and moulded the character of the commonwealths of the Union west of the Hudson and north of the Ohio, The ground upon which Rochester stands is included in that imperial domain — some 6,000,000 acres — west of Seneca Lake, the pre-emption right of Massachusetts there- in having been acquired by Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, in 1788, who also extinguished amicably a portion of the "native rights." Almost a third of the territory was transferred in 1790 to Charles Williamson, in trust for Sir William Pulteney, and nearly all of the remainder — over 4,000,000 acres — became the property of Robert Morris, the patriot financier of American freedom. He disposed in 1793 of all lands west of the Genesee to a company of Dutch gentlemen, the tract thereafter being known as the "Holland Purchase" and the Indian titles therein, with cer- tain reservations, being surrendered by the Senecas, in the treaty at Geneseo (Big Tree), in September, 1797. Thus a vast area was opened to settlement. The proprietors invited it on liberal terms and the attractions of the region and the rewards that awaited the Puritan genius for conquest of the soil were not unknown ; for the soldiers of Sullivan's army, as they had threaded the woods and scourged the savage, had taken note of lake and river and loam and alluvial deposits and by the firesides of New Eng- 230 ROCHESTER land had told of the valleys and tablelands waiting but the dexterity and the diligence of the husbandman to bloom as a garden. Many of the soldiers returned to verify their own descriptions. Nor were these exaggerated, as orchards of apple and of peach, great stretches of wheat, the busy mills of the Genesee and supremacy in the grain markets of the country soon testified. In rapidity of occupation and consistent thrift. Western New York is unrivalled in the annals of previous American communities, and this was due both to its natural advantages and the intelligence with which they were utilized. Rochester itself was somewhat slow in starting. Until 1812 it was not even a hamlet. The first log house on the west side was constructed by Col. Josiah Fish, in 1797, and the first blockhouse by Charles Hanford, in 1807, on Mill Street, while, in 1808, Enos Stone built a saw mill on the east bank of the Genesee and, in 18 10, erected a frame house on South St. Paul Street. No one seemed to know where to begin. Many there were with faith that somewhere in the section, so favored by nature, a sightly mart would arise. The streams sang of it and the opulent acres proclaimed it; but its precise location was intangible and illusory. It was to be at Williamsburg, at Mount Morris, at Lima, at Car- thage, at Charlotte, at Tryonstown, at Hanford's Landing, at Braddock's Bay — ^where not in the groping? But one man divined the spot, and became the founder of the city which bears his name and now numbers over 200,000 in- habitants — a city of the first class, third in rank of the municipalities of the Empire State. This was Nathaniel Rochester who, born and bred in Virginia, passed his early manhood in North Carolina, where he held various civic and military trusts. Removing to Hagerstown, Md., in 1798, he was there bank president, assemblyman, postmaster, judge, sheriff and presidential elector — a man of substance, ADOPTION OF THE NAME 23 1 sagacity and sterling integrity. In 18 10, chiefly inspired by his aversion to human bondage and his desire to place his family in a healthier moral environment, he located in Dansville, where he erected a paper mill and engaged in various business activities. He had, however, previously visited the Genesee country several times as a prospector, with the view of transferring his energies thither and aid- ing in its splendid evolution, which he clearly foresaw ; and in 1802, in conjunction with William Fitzhugh and Charles Carroll, he bought from Williamson the land known as the 1 00- acre tract on the west side of the Genesee, on which clustered the village, under the successive names of Falls Town, Rochesterville and Rochester, and the principal in- stitutions of the city now stand. The site of the city beautiful was happily chosen, seven miles from the mouth of the river, which, rising in north- western Pennsylvania, flows for 200 miles through Allegany, Livingston and Monroe counties — a region especially pic- turesque in gorge and cliff and far-reaching plateau — de- scending at Portageville nearly 500 feet, navigable before the denudation of the forest for thirty miles above the great falls — and at Mount Morris emerging into the broad and fecund valley which, for many years, produced the purest wheat, with the most opulent yield on the continent, that ground into flour at Rochester, with its limitless water power above the cataract, second only to Niagara in volume and vying with it in majesty, soon informed the place with commercial significance. Rochester has had room in which to grow. Its area, with the accretions of territory, as its needs have demanded, is 20.57 square miles, 5.7 miles in an east and west and 4.1 miles in a north and south line. In expansion from hamlet to village and city, its chief distinction has been that it was throughout rus in urbe, retaining the tone, conditions and, 232 ROCHESTER in large measure, the semblance of a village, with its center still called the "four corners," while compassing the refine- ments, the luxuries and the vim of a city. The trend thus indicated is originally due to the influence of the founder, and the few cultured Southerners who accompanied him hither, upon the New England mass — the composite of Cavalier grace and Puritan vigor — and later to the influx of Celt and Teuton and Jew, the latter of an exceptionally intelligent and industrious order. With their love for the comely both in nature and art, the Southern projectors strove to reproduce the features of the homes they had left, and the New England settlers caught their spirit and sympathized with their aims. So, when the forests were felled that the fields might be sowed and foundations laid, shade trees were set out and gardens cultivated and greenswards shaven, Harvey Ely and John G. Bond being credited with the planting of sugar maples on South Washington Street between the canal and Spring Street, in 1816. Houses with many windows and wide verandas and generous fireplaces were built, each occupant holding title in fee-simple — homesteads, indeed — blocks of houses flush with the sidewalk being conspicuous by their absence. It is estimated that half of the householders in Rochester to-day own their homes. Later, came the edu- cation of the greenhouse and the florist, the laying out of avenues and intersecting streets, the erection of stately man- sions and the graceful designs in frame dwellings ; and when the scepter of wheat had passed to Minneapolis by virtue of its control of the harvests of the mighty west and favor- ing freight rates to the east, the first appropriate appella- tion of "Flour City" was resolved into that of "Flower City," as designating the supremacy of Rochester in queenly charm. In 1816, Colonel Rochester and his associates began to CONDITIONS IN 1813 233 sell lots. Prices were reasonable, long term payments were conceded freely and settlement began quickly. Francis Brown and others opened land to purchasers at the north of the loo-acre tract and called it Frankfort; and Enos Stone, who possessed 300 acres on the east side, offered them for sale in small parcels. The mingling of the three immi- grations thus induced was to form the strong current of the future city life, but the fuller flow, through the earlier dec- ades, was to be that which had its spring in the mind of Nathaniel Rochester. At the close of the year 18 12, the river had been spanned by a rude bridge, where now the substantial structure, lined by imposing business establish- ments, stands, and over which thousands daily pass through Main Street. Hamlet Scrantom's log house was on the site of the Powers Block. Abelard Reynolds, who survived until 1878, a nonogenarian, had built a saddler's shop upon a portion of the ground upon which he afterward erected the Arcade, and there were also adjoining blacksmith and tailor shops. Two years later there were five streets, several farm houses on land now within the city limits on East Avenue, two saw mills, two flour mills, three or four stores, as many shops, a lawyer's and a doctor's office, and the post- oflSce in a desk in the shop of Abelard Reynolds, who was appointed postmaster in 18 13. In 1813, there was a population of 1,500. There were two taverns, a fire company had been organized, two news- papers, the Gazette and the Telegraph, were published and there were four churches — the First Presbyterian, St. Luke's (Protestant Episcopal), the First Baptist and St. Patrick's (Roman Catholic). The music of the stage horn was heard in the streets as the coaches wheeled their way from Albany to Buffalo. The village had been incor- porated three years, Francis Brown having served continu- ously as president until succeeded by Matthew Brown, Jr., 234 ROCHESTER this year, the latter remaining in office until 1823 and being again elected in 1825 and 1826, There were five flouring mills distinguished for the quality of the staple they manu- factured. In 1 8 19, contracts were let for digging the Erie Canal between Rochester and Palmyra. In 1823, 10,000 barrels of flour were sent to Albany and New York, and, on October 27, 1825, the jubilant flotilla, bearing Governor DeWitt Clinton, the canal commissioners and prominent citizens of the State, received an ovation in the village, which the great inland waterway was to signally benefit, as it halted for a few hours in its progress to the Atlantic. With the busy mills of the Genesee and the transport to the ocean, urban entity for Rochester was assured. In 1827, the first directory was issued. It contains many in- teresting items. The population is 8,000. Numerous streets have been opened, and the boundaries are Goodman Street at the east, York at the west, Glasgow at the south and Norton at the north. Monroe County having been erected in 1821, Rochester is its capital, the court house being built in 1822. Seven flouring mills are in operation and there are cotton and woolen industries, breweries, dis- tilleries, tanneries and over 100 stores. There are 25 phy- sicians, 28 lawyers, 1,000 mechanics and 500 laborers. There are ten churches and a number of charitable organiza- tions. The Bank of Rochester has a capital of $250,000 and the press is represented by one monthly, one semi- weekly and one daily publication — the Advertiser, dating from 1826, since consolidated with the Union and now the oldest newspaper west of Albany in the United States. Among those who are giving tone and direction to social, business and public life are the Rev. Joseph Penney, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church and subsequently presi- dent of Hamilton College, and the Rev. Francis H. Cuming, rector of St. Luke's. Among practicing lawyers are Daniel CONDITIONS IN 1 826 235 D. Barnard, who is to represent two districts in Congress and the nation as Minister to Prussia; William B. Roch- ester, who has been in Congress, is to be circuit judge and to come within a few votes of being elected Governor ; Vin- cent Mathews, who had been a brilliant pleader at the bar and a senator and congressman in "the southern tier," is closing his professional career, while Frederick Whittlesey, Addison Gardiner and Samuel L. Selden are beginning theirs. Henry R. Selden is a law student. William Adams, Frederick F. Backus, John B. Elwood and Levi Ward are physicians. Thurlow Weed, Luther H. Tucker, Edwin Scrantom, Levi W. Sibley and Robert Martin are printers. William Atkinson, Matthew Brown, Jr., Harvey Ely, Charles J. Hill, E. P. Beach, Solomon Cleveland and Thomas H. Rochester are merchant millers. Thomas Kempshall, Erasmus D. Smith, Samuel G. Andrews, Na- thaniel T. Rochester, Levi A. Ward, Jacob Gould, William Pitkin, Everard Peck, Silas O. Smith, Elihu F. Marshall and Darius Perrin are merchants. Levi Ward, Jonathan Child, Josiah Bissell, Jr., Elisha Ely, Aristarchus Cham- pion, Harvey Montgomery, Abram M. Schermerhorn and Ira West are classed as capitalists, and Joseph Medberry, Warham Whitney, Ebenezer Watts, William Ailing, Abner Wakelee, Jacob Anderson, Benjamin M. Baker, Aaron Erickson and Nelson Sage are laying the foundations of their fortunes. In 1828, Abelard Reynolds builds the Arcade on Buffalo Street, an ambitious and even a venture- some undertaking for its day, improving and extending it to Exchange Place in 1842. In 1833, Colonel Rochester, the founder dies, amid the lamentations of the community, closing serenely a life which had been eminently useful and had had honorable recognition in the councils of three commonwealths. Rochester is incorporated as a city, April 28, 1834, being 236 ROCHESTER the ninth city chartered in the State. Its area is 4,000 acres, reaching northward, at this time, to include the lower falls and the Ontario steamboat landing. Streets are pushing out in all directions. The population is nearly 13,000 and the assessed valuation of property, real and personal, is $2,533,211. There are 1,300 houses, 14 churches and two banks. There are five wards and the Mayor and other officials are elected by the Common Council, the chief ex- ecutive not being chosen by the popular suffrage until 1841. Jonathan Child, a citizen of substance, of commanding presence and dignified bearing, is the first mayor. The elegant mansion of the Corinthian order, which he built is still standing on South Washington Street and is the most notable specimen of the type which prevailed with men of means at the period of its construction. That of Chan- cellor Whittlesey on Troup Street is another; and it may be said, in passing, that the third ward, comprising a goodly portion of the loo-acre tract and still retaining its olden boundaries, was, for many years, the abode of the more prominent, not to say aristocratic, citizens and was the vici- nage of gracious hospitalities, engaging courtesies and neighborly offices. Its social supremacy has departed, but its traditions remain. In 1834, there are ten hotels. There are three semi-monthly, four weekly and two daily news- papers, the Democrat being established this year. Com- munication with the outside world is through two lines of stages, along the Genesee turnpike, the packets on the Erie Canal, a steamer making daily trips from Charlotte to other lake ports and one plying between the Rapids and Geneseo — discontinued in 1836 — ^and the Tonawanda Railroad, with steam as the motive power, to South Byron, extended to Batavia in 1836 and to Attica in 1842. A few of the notable events in local history may be men- tioned in this connection, leaving to a succeeding part of THOMAS B. CRARY. Manufacturer; railroad contractor; born Hancock, Dela- ware County, New York, September 26, 1866; son of Horace H. and Polty (Burrj Crary; educated Hancock High School ; married Binghamton, New York, September 27, 1893, Louise Brintnall; president Crary Construction Company ; director First National Bank, Binghamton ; Bing- hamton Trust Company; president 1900 Washer Company; treasurer Alder-Batavia Natural Gas Company; Akron Nat- ural Gas Company : trustee Syracuse University ; Mason, 32d degree ; address, Binghamton, N. Y RAILWAYS AND CANALS 237 this article a more detailed description of leading institu- tions and industries. Among these are the visit of LaFay- ette in 1825, the lasting notoriety achieved by Sam Patch in his fatal leap at the upper falls and the terrible cholera scourge of 1832. In 1836, the city acquired 54 acres in the southeastern section, planning a cemetery thereon and hap- pily naming it Mount Hope. With additional purchases, it now embraces about 200,000 acres, and with the charm of its pristine features of wooded knoll and intervale and dotted vista, enhanced by an exquisitely intelligent and re- fined service of the landscape gardener, it is one of the most inviting resting places of the dead in the land. Other cemeteries are the Holy Sepulchre, St. Boniface's, St. Pat- rick's, Brighton, Rapids and Riverside. In 1838 the Genesee Valley Canal, tributary to the Erie, was constructed and the first foundry was started. In 1840, the first carload of freight was sent over the Auburn and Rochester Railroad. In 1842, a new aqueduct over the Erie was completed at a cost of $600,000. In 1844, ^^^ first telegraph office was opened in Rochester by the New York, Albany and Buffalo Company, and the census showed a population of 23,533. I" 1846, the Western House of Refuge was established and coal was first consumed by the manufactories. In 1849, Corinthian Hall, erected by Wil- liam A. Reynolds, in the rear of the Arcade, was dedicated. It was, for many years, the principal auditorium of the city, many notable gatherings and addresses by eminent men and concerts and dramatic representations taking place within its walls. Therein Jenny Lind sang in 185 1. It voiced the "golden age of the lyceum," and therein, in 1858, William H. Seward delivered his "irrepressible conflict" speech, one of the most renowned, as well as one of the most persuasive, of American political utterances. In 1850, the city was divided into ten wards. In 1851, a new court 238 ROCHESTER house was built at a cost of $7o,cx)o, and coal for domestic use was introduced. In i860, steam fire engines were sub- stituted for hand machines. In 1861, Abraham Lincoln spoke at the New York Central station on his way to his inauguration as President ; and later, at the call of the nation to arms to quell the rebellion against it, the best and bravest of the sons of Rochester responded. In 1870, the Powers building, at the southwest corner of West Main and State streets, an immense structure for stores, offices, etc., of stone, glass and iron, seven stories high and surmounted by a tower, begun in 1868, was finished. In 1874, the city building on Front Street was built and the City Hall, a handsome edifice of blue limestone, was occupied. In 1876, the Hemlock Lake water system was installed. In 1879, the Elwood Memorial building, a commodious stone block, was erected, on the southeast cor- ner of Main and State streets, and the first "hello" of the telephone was heard. In 1881, "Maud S." trotted a mile in 2:10)^ at the Rochester Driving Park, the fastest time until that date recorded on a trotting course. In 1882, ground was broken for the elevated tracks of the New York Central Railroad. In 1883, the Germans of Roch- ester celebrated the bicentennial of German colonization in the United States. In the same year, the Warner Observa- tory and the Powers Hotel were built. In 1884, the Rey- nolds Library, subsequently housed in the superb Reynolds mansion on Spring Street and endowed by Mortimer F. Reynolds, was founded ; and the semi-centennial of the city was observed by commemorative addresses and much of "pomp and parade." In 1887, the Wilder block, the Ger- man-American insurance building and the EUwanger and Barry block were begun, and the Lyceum Theatre, a rarely elegant edifice of its kind, was opened. In 1892, the Sol- diers' Monument in Washington Square was dedicated, RECENT DEVELOPMENT 239 President Harrison participating in the ceremonies. In 1896, the present court house of New Hampshire granite, Romanesque in design, with a frontage on West Main Street of 140 feet, a depth of 160 feet, a height of four stories and admirably adapted for the service of the county, was com- pleted. In 1907, the State Arsenal on Washington Square was converted into Convention Hall, a vast auditorium capable of accommodating thousands. In this year also, the Rochester Trust and Safe Deposit Company completed and occupied its chaste, yet costly, marble structure, thus consummating the architectural distinction of the "four corners," as with the Powers, the Elwood and the Wilder buildings it at once sentinels and adorns the historic spot; and 1908 witnessed the construction of two new and im- mense hotels — the Seneca on the east and the Rochester on the west side — both demanded by the constantly increasing throng of guests within the city gates. To the public service Rochester has contributed its full share of able officials. It has had two lieutenant-governors, two secretaries of state, two state treasurers, an attorney- general, a superintendent of insurance, a superintendent of banks, a superintendent of public works, and four regents of the University of the State of New York. It has had 14 state senators, two circuit judges and one vice-chancellor, under the constitution of 1821, and one chief judge and four associate judges of the Court of Appeals, and ten Supreme Court Judges under the constitutions of 1846 and 1895. The following have been the mayors of the city: 1834, Jonathan Child; 1835-36, Jacob Gould; 1837, Abram M. Schermerhorn and Thomas Kempshall; 1838, Elisha John- son; 1839, Thomas H. Rochester; 1840, Samuel G. An- drews; 1 841, Elijah F. Smith; 1842, Charles J. Hill; 1843, Isaac Hills; 1844, John Allen; 1845-46, William Pitkin; 1847, John B. Elwood; 1848, Joseph Field; 1849, Levi A. 240 ROCHESTER Ward; 1850, Samuel Richardson; 1851, Nicholas E. Paine; 1852, Hamlin Stilwell; 1853, John Williams; 1854, Maltby Strong; 1855, Charles A. Hayden; 1856, Samuel G. An- drews; 1857, Rufus Keeler; 1858, Charles H. Clark; 1859, Samuel W. D. Moore; i860, Hamlet D. Scran torn; 1861, John C. Nash; 1862, Michael Filon; 1863, Nehemiah C. Bradstreet; 1864, James Brackett; 1865, Daniel D. T. Moore; 1866, Samuel W. D. Moore; 1867-68, Henry L. Fish; 1869, Edward M. Smith; 1870, John Lutes; 1871, Charles W. Briggs; 1872-73, A. Carter Wilder; 1874-75, George G. Clarkson; 1876-89, Cornelius R. Parsons; 1890-91, William Carroll; 1892-93, Richard Curran; 1894, George W. Aldridge; 1895, Merton E. Lewis (acting) ; 1896-99, George E. Warner; 1900-01, George A. Carnahan; 1902-03, Adolph J. Rodenbeck; 1904-07, James G. Cutler; 1908-09, Hiram H. Edgerton. There are 130 churches in Rochester, the various denomi- nations being represented numerically as follows: Baptist, 18; Christian, 2; Christian Science, 2; Congregational, i; Evangelical, 3 ; Evangelical Association, 2 ; Holland Chris- tian Reformed, i; Jewish, 11; Lutheran, 13; Methodist Episcopal, 10; Methodist Episcopal African, i ; Methodist Free, i ; Methodist Puritan, i ; Presbyterian, 16; Protestant Episcopal, 12; Reformed Church in America, 3 ; Reformed Church in United States, i; Roman Catholic, 20; Second Adventist, i ; Unitarian, i ; Universalist, i ; other religious societies, 9. The oldest religious society is the First Pres- byterian, its organization being effected August 22, 181 5; its earlier services were held in a wooden building on State (then Carroll) Street. A stone edifice was completed in 1824, on the site of the City Hall, and retained for nearly fifty years, when the present house of worship on Plymouth Avenue was consecrated. St. Luke's (Protestant Episco- pal) is the next in foundation, July 14, 1817. It has kept CHURCHES AND EDUCATION 241 the same location, on South Fitzhugh Street, from the be- ginning, its sanctuary haying been built in 1825; its in- terior, however, having been remodeled and refitted in 1867. The First Baptist is the third in sequence, having been started, in 18 18, in a school room directly south of St. Luke's. Its present fine edifice is on North Fitzhugh Street. St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, now of cathedral emi- nence, dates from 181 8 and its first structure was on the present site at the corner of Piatt and Frank streets. The oldest Jewish society (Berith Kodesh) dates from 1848 and its synagogue, at the corner of Grove and Gibbs streets, from 1846. Other churches have been organized as the needs of the community and the zeal of their promoters hare prompted, until the number stated has been attained. Among those of superior architectural significance are the Roman Cath- olic cathedral, the First, Second (Brick), Third and Cen- tral Presbyterian, St. Paul's, Protestant Episcopal, the First Methodist and Asbury and the synagogue, Berith Kodesh. Rochester is the see city of the Roman Catholic diocese of the same name, erected in 1868, with Bernard J. McQuaid as bishop, who is yet at its head, distinguished as one of the foremost scholars and administrators of his communion. Education in Rochester had its genesis in 18 13 in the dame school of Huldah M. Strong in a little room over Jehiel Barnard's tailor shop, at the corner of State and Main streets and, in the latter part of the same year, a school district was constituted and a building, one story in height, was put up on South Fitzhugh Street. Of this school Aaron Skinner was teacher. Its date was coincident with the creation of the public school system of the State, but it is difficult, at this distance, to determine whether or not the school was connected with the system, which, at that time, had meager funds for distribution. The land was donated 242 ROCHESTER by Rochester, Fitzhugh and Carroll and the cost of the building, principally, if not wholly, borne by the citizens. Other schools, both public and private, followed from time to time, and Rochester bore its part in fostering popular instruction, with which the cities were identified more closely than the rural districts, they maintaining the free school in its full meaning previous to 1848, while the State did not ordain it until 1867. The public schools, incor- porate in the State system, upon the township plan and proceeding under the mayor and alderman as commis- sioners, grew with the growth of the municipality until, in 1841, the first city board of education was organized, with Levi A. Ward as president and I. F. Mack as superin- tendent and, a year later, there were fifteen districts, with 2,300 children in attendance, at an annual cost of main- tenance of $13,000. Leading citizens memorialized the Legislature, so early as 1830, to provide a central school of secondary education in each town of the State, but the free high school was not realized in Rochester until 1857, when the institution that subsequently became known as the Free Academy was established. The board of education was for a long period, composed of commissioners elected by wards, but such government proved cumbersome and lacking in wise and efficient supervision and the board was reconsti- tuted in 1900, to consist of five members elective by the people at large, with terms of four years each. A marked improvement has since taken place both in business admin- istration and methods of instruction and the public schools now rank deservedly among the first in the land. There are two high, one normal training and 34 graded schools, their buildings being commodious, convenient and attract- ive — ornaments to the localities in which they are placed. George M. Forbes is president of the board, and Clarence F. Carroll, superintendent. The cost of maintenance for THE GREAT UNIVERSITIES 243 the school year, 1907-08, was $904,415.20, of which $78,- 362.46 came from the State, and $816,052.74 from local taxation and other sources. The local tax levy for 1908-09 is $797,848. The number of children registered in the public schools is 29,693, and in parochial schools 11,032. There are 26 parochial (three of academic grade) and 32 select schools, the latter including Hebrew, commercial, correspondence and music schools, and that splendid eleemosynary institution, the Athenaeum and Mechanic In- stitute, in which free instruction in drawing, music, domestic science and housekeeping has been given to thousands of pupils, the site of which embraces that of the homestead of Col. Rochester and the usefulness of which is due, largely, to the benefactions of Rochester citizens, and especially to those of George Eastman and the late Henry Lomb. Rochester is the seat of one of the leading institutions of higher education in the State — the University of Rochester. It is a college under Baptist auspices, but undenominational in conduct. Its first class was graduated in 185 1. It is situated on a campus of 24 acres, fronting University Avenue, in one of the most eligible sections of the city. Its buildings are Anderson Hall, completed in 1861, Sibley Hall, erected in 1874, by Hiram Sibley, the Reynolds Memorial Laboratory, built in 1866 by Mortimer F. Rey- nolds, the Eastman Laboratories, presented by George East- man in 1906, and the Alumni Gymnasium. There are no college dormitories, but the members of the Greek letter fraternities lodge in their respective chapter houses. The faculty throughout has been of excellent calibre, chairs being held by Dewey, Kendrick, Raymond, Robinson, Quinby, Ward, Morey and others of national reputation, while the presidents, of whom there have been three, have all been highly distinguished. They include Martin B. Anderson — 1853-88 — who, with his broad knowledge, his 244 ROCHESTER analytical and illuminating quality as a teacher and the force of his character, ranks among the few great American educators of the 19th century; David Jayne Hill — 1889-96 — brilliant as an author, orator and diplomatist, ambassador of the United States to Germany, and Rush Rhees, incum- bent since 1900, scholarly and magnetic in speech, alert in administration and rapidly appreciating in the esteem of educational circles. Until 1900, the university curriculum was exclusively for males, but, in that year, in view of the public demand and of a contribution of $50,000, through a committee of Rochester women, with Susan B. Anthony at its head, females were admitted on "the same terms and conditions" as males. The degrees of bachelor of arts, of philosophy and of science are conferred in course. The number of students registered in 1907-08 was men 244, women 129 — total, 373. The graduating class numbered 32 men and 21 women — total, 53. The whole property of the University is $1,533,154.48, of which $572,759.48 is invested in land, buildings, etc., and $770,486.84 in securities. The expenditures of the year were $81,497.51. In even an allu- sion to the work of the University, a sterling influence it has exerted cannot be ignored. A large proportion of its alumni has not only come from, but has returned to, the city, and, informing both its professional and business life, has exalted and purified its intellectual and moral tone, thus rendering its society exceptionally refined and cultivated. The Rochester Theological Seminary is among the promi- nent institutions of the Baptist denomination. It was founded in 1850, is located at the comer of East Avenue and Alexander Street, and is richly endowed, principally by John D. Rockefeller and John B. Trevor; after each a hall is named. It has invested in land, buildings and library, $402,048.40, and in permanent securities, $1,637,157.03. Augustus H. Strong, D. D., has been president since 1872, LIBRARIES AND THE PRESS 245 and there is a faculty of 13 members. It graduates classes of about 25 annually. St. Bernard's, a leading seminary for the training of priests of the Roman Catholic Church, was established by Bishop McQuaid in 1893. J. J. Hartley, *D. D., is prorector, and there are 12 members of the faculty and 163 seminarians. Rochester is well provided with libraries. The Reynolds contains about 70,000 volumes, being especially full and valuable in its reference department. The library of the Appellate Division of the Fourth Department has about 31,000 volumes, and the law library in the Powers building, for the sole use of tenants, has a considerable collection. The library of the University has 48,000 volumes, that of Rochester Theological Seminary 35,000, and that of St. Bernard's 12,000. The Mechanics' Institute has a small, but well-selected, library, and in the public school libraries there are 82,617 books, to which 12,115 were added during the past year. The press of Rochester has, from the first, been a power in Western New York, and has enlisted in its service many able business men and accomplished writers. The pioneer printer was Augustine G. Dauby, who started the Gazette in 1 8 16; and, in 181 8, Everard Peck entered the field with the Telegraph. A number of local newspapers have been eminently successful financially. The list of those who have made enviable reputation in various editorial capaci- ties is a long one and includes, aniong others, Thurlow Weed, who, after a residence of six years in Rochester, went to Albany, in 1830, there to found the Journal and become the most skilful politician of his day; Henry O'Reilly, well known for his "Sketches of Rochester" — a storehouse of in- formation; Edwin Scrantom, hardly less known for his fertile reminiscences of local events; George Dawson, as- sociated for many years with the Albany Journal; Isaac 246 ROCHESTER Butts, brave, terse and uncompromising with his pen; Luther Tucker and Daniel D. T. Moore, authoritative in agricultural journalism ; Leonard W. Jerome, who, after a bright career as editor of the American, accumulated a princely fortune in the metropolis; Robert Carter and Joseph O'Connor, who divide the honors for scholarly culture and lucidity of style; Frederick Douglass, the Chrysostom of his race ; Rossiter Johnson, poet and encyclo- poedist; Isaac H. Bromley, Isaac M. Gregory and George T. Lanigan, famous as wits; William Purcell, supreme as a controversialist; Samuel H. Lowe, graceful and politic in expression ; William F. Peck, of wide knowledge, diligent in research, accurate in statement, and the author of the best local histories extant; George H. Ellwanger, with his crisp and sparkling monographs on flowers and fruits and the epi- curean table; Charles Mulford Robinson, who has written intelligently and attractively on civic art, and has been con- sulted in the beautifying of many American cities ; Robert Bridges, of melodious measures, now associate editor of Scribner's Magazine; Edward S. Martin, editor of Harper's Weekly, a gentle and philosophic essayist; Samuel G. Blythe, a linguistic acrobat, in vogue as a magazine con- tributor; Louis M. Antisdale, the present editor of the Herald, and William H. Samson, managing editor of the Post-Express, both filling their places admirably and effec- tively, the latter a recognized authority on Indian annals and relics. There are now seven daily (one German), two semi-weekly, 13 monthly (one Spanish), and one quarterly, issues of the Rochester press. Authors of standard works are Lewis H. Morgan, whose "League of the Iroquois," "Ancient Society" and kindred studies rank him among the first of modern ethnologists, and James Breck Perkins, — for a time a member of Congress, whose "France Under Riche- lieu and Mazarin," "France Under the Regency," and SCIENCE AND CHARITIES 247 "France Under Louis XIV" place him among leading American historians. The Rochester Academy of Science was organized in 1 88 1, and the Rochester Historical Society in 1888. Their objects are revealed in their names. There are a number of literary and professional clubs, the most of which also par- take of a social character. Among them are the Club, usually styled the Pundit, the Fortnightly, the Humdrum, the Kent, the Library, the Ethical, the Wednesday Morning, the Browning, the Shakespeare, the Modern History, El Circulo Espagnol and the College Women's. The Roches- ter, Genesee Valley, Eureka, Whist, Friars and Monroe are the principal purely social clubs, and the various patriotic and race associations have here located chapters and lodges. The charity of Rochester is proverbial. Nowhere does wealth lay its offerings upon the altar of beneficence more freely, or the passion of giving permeate all classes more fully. All infirmities are ministered to and all misfortunes are alleviated. Eleemosynary institutions are numerous and all are amply equipped and well managed. The State has a hospital for the insane and the county its almshouse. The Western New York Institute for Deaf Mutes was in- corporated in 1876, and, while it is partially maintained by tuition fees, it is authorized to receive a number of pupils at State charge, by appointment of the State Commissioner of Education. It has a fine structure on North St. Paul Street, valued at $i25,cxxd. Z. F. Westervelt has been prin- cipal since its foundation. The Female Charitable Society is the oldest philanthropy, dating from 1822. It is without buildings and accomplishes its mission through district visitors. The Home of the Friendless and the Industrial School are both highly useful and have been the recipients of many donations. There are five orphan asylums — the Rochester, in support of which Protestant sects generally are 248 ROCHESTER united; the Jewish, St. Joseph's, St. Mary's (for boys), and St. Patrick's (girls), — the latter three under Roman Catholic supervision. The local hospitals are among the best appointed and best equipped in the State, served gratuitously by the ablest physicians and surgeons, and de- riving large revenues from the bounty and devises of citizens and from annual fairs, which are liberally patronized, and are events in the city life. They are the City, the Homeo- pathic, the Hahnemann and St. Mary's, the last named under the direction of the Sisters of Charity. Among other charitable institutions are the Church Home (Protes- tant Episcopal), the Baptist Home, the German Home for the Aged and the Door of Hope ; and, among societies, the American Ladies' Benevolent, a branch of the National Red Cross, Bavarian Benevolent, Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Mecklenburger Benevo- lent, Baden Sick Benevolent, Prevention of Cruelty to Chil- dren, Swabian Benevolent, Woman's Educational and In- dustrial Union, and various others, under the control of the Roman Catholic and Jewish communions, respectively, both of which are zealous in good works. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1875, and the Young Women's in 1883. Each has a large and active member- ship. The cleanliness, safety and health of Rochester are con- served by its splendid water system, which has no superior in the purity of its supply or in the fidelity and economy of its management. It is owned and operated entirely by the municipality. It has two divisions — public and domestic use and fire protection. The works, first utilized in 1876, were completed under the supervision of an eminent engi- neer, J. Nelson Tubbs, but have since, from time to time, been enlarged and improved. The sources of supply, through gravity, are from Hemlock and Canadice, two beau- WATER SUPPLY AND PARKS 249 tiful lakes of signal purity, in Livingston County, about 29 miles south of Mt. Hope reservoir, the main distributing reservoir within the city limits. There is an intermediate reservoir at Rush, 10 miles beyond Mt. Hope. The first conduit laid consists of 9.627 miles of 36-inch and 2.92 miles of 24 wrought, inch riveted pipe and 15.70 miles of 24-inch cast-iron pipe. A newer conduit includes 2.252 miles of brick facing six feet in diameter and 25.94 miles of 38-inch riveted steel with i .47 miles of 3.6-inch cast-iron pipe. The capacity of the Mt. Hope reservoir is 24,278,101 gallons, with a water surface of 5>^ acres ; that of Rush, 74,525,902 gallons, with an area of 14 acres. Still another, the Cobb's Hill (unfinished) will have a capacity of about 140,000,000. The elevation of Hemlock Lake above the heart of the city is nearly 400 feet. There are about 320 miles of distrib- uting pipe of this division in the city. The Holly, or fire protection, division, obtains its supply from Genesee River, and has about 326 miles of distributing pipes and 3,550 hydrants. It is a great safeguard against conflagrations, of which Rochester has had very few in recent years. The daily average consumption of the whole system is 16,410,000 gallons. The cost of the works up to January i, 1908, was $7,816,204.83; the revenues for 1907 were $588,303.98; the operating expenses, $198,343.93; the amount applied to the liquidation of funded indebtedness, $280,749.69, and to bet- terments, $85,476.68. In a city which is in itself a park from center to circum- ference, wherein the elms spread their branches and the fathers set breathing places in the thoroughfares, there would seem to be less necessity for public parks than in places less favored ; and yet the one has but fed the desire for the other, which was attained, in 1888, in the projection of one of the most elaborate park systems in the country. Much credit is due to the late George W. Elliott who, in the press 250 ROCHESTER and in the Common Council, urged the movement, but the late Dr. Edward M. Moore, who, from his varied knowl- edge and consistent public spirit was long held to be the "first citizen" of Rochester, and, from its inception until his death in 1902 was president of the park commission, is gen- erally regarded as the father of the system. It has, from the first, enlisted in its behalf as commissioners men of zeal and devotion to their work. Alexander B. Lamberton is now president of the board, and Calvin C. Laney is, and has been, for many years, superintendent and engineer. A few words must suffice for an altogether insufficient description of this magnificent undertaking. There are three principal parks — the Genesee Valley, the Highland, and the Seneca. The first, at the south end of the city, contains 535.08 acres, through which the river flows, with gently sloping banks, and level lands beyond, on either side. Ancient trees are preserved, and lawns and winding paths and pleasure grounds have been skilfully fashioned. The second, in the near neighborhood of the first, includes 54.69 acres, and is exceptionally beautiful in flowers, both native and exotic. The third, below the lower falls, where the river sweeps through a deep chasm, is remarkable for the grandeur of its scenery and the extent of its outlook. Its domain is 211.06 acres. The cost of these park lands was $318,368.48. There are numerous small parks and squares scat- tered throughout the city, their entire acreage being 1,472.07. George Eastman has recently given to the city a lot of 1,500 feet frontage adjoining the Cobb's Hill reser- voir, which will add considerably to the park demesne. The Chamber of Commerce, organized in 1888, is of vital consequence, in its general supervision of local interests, in collecting statistics, supplying information, encouraging existing and stimulating new enterprises and in advancing the common weal. It is solicitous for the honor as well as RAILWAY TERMINALS 25 1 the thrift of the city. It mingles in its associates the best business blood and promotes their harmonious and even fra- ternal relations. It has been loyally served by its officials, its successive secretaries having been peculiarly devoted to their trust. S. R. Clarke is now acting in that capacity. The Chamber is handsomely housed in its own building, at the corner of Main and South St. Paul streets. In all directions, railways stretch their iron fingers with friendly clasp to distant communities. There is a larger and richer territory within the State tributary to Rochester than to any other city therein not upon the seaboard. The New York Central and Hudson River Company links it with the west at Buffalo and Niagara Falls and at the east with Syracuse and the metropolis by two lines — those via Lyons and Auburn, respectively. The Rome and Water- town and the West Shore are both leased to the New York Central, with eastern and western connections. Branches of the Lehigh Valley, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western and the Erie bring those great systems in touch with the city. The Pennsylvania, with its two divisions, runs, the one to Olean and the other — originally the Northern Central — to Philadelphia and Washington. The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg, formerly the State Line, unites the three places, as its title indicates. With the development of the trolley system, Rochester is in close contact with scores of villages in Western New York, there being six or eight lines, and more a-building, while the Rochester Electric Railway, with a capital of $6,000,000, incorporated in 1890, is one of the best-equipped and best-managed street railway com- panies in the world, with 165.32 miles, including double tracks and sidings, radiating from the "four corners" as a common center, and employing 412 motor cars, according to the report of 1907. The capital of the banks of discount in Rochester is not 2^2 ROCHESTER apparently commensurate with its population and wealth, but this is accounted for by the existence of several large trust companies which make good what would otherwise be a pronounced deficiency. The capital of the Traders National is $500,000, with $600,000 surplus and profits ; the Merchants, $100,000, surplus $150,000; the Central, $200,- 000, surplus and undivided profits, $250,000; the Alliance, $275,000, surplus $275,000; the Lincoln National, $1,000,- 000, surplus $1,000,000; and the National Bank of Com- merce, $500,000, surplus and undivided profits $225,000. The Trust and Safe Deposit Co. has a capital of $200,000, with over $1,000,000 surplus and $21,500,000 of resources; the Security, $500,000 of capital and surplus, with deposits of $10,600,000; the Union, $250,000, with $125,000 of sur- plus and undivided profits and $3,900,000 of deposits ; the Fidelity, $200,000, with $200,000 of surplus and undivided profits and the Genesee Valley, $300,000, with surplus of $258,823.26. There are four savings banks — the Rochester, with $23,210,390.99 deposits and $11,641,661.71 loans; the Monroe County, $18,684,455.40 deposits and $11,454,045 loans; the Mechanics, $3,671,445.89 deposits, and $2,427,250 loans ; and the East Side, $7,689,946.03 deposits, and $5,064,- 522 loans. The Rochester German, a strong insurance com- pany, has a capital of $500,000, a reserve for reinsurance of $1,035,909.65, a reserve for unpaid losses and other liabili- ties of $107,929.49, and a net surplus of $574,823.76. Rochester claims the primacy in the production of photo- graphic supplies, thermometers, canned goods, optical in- struments, enameled tanks, office-filing devices, buttons, wood and paper-box machinery, and in the output of seeds and nursery stock. A few words are due to the inventors of Rochester, and especially to him, who, less than 30 years ago, was a bank clerk and an amateur photographer. His experiments have brought him fame and fortune and from IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES 253 America to "far Cathay" ; girdling the globe, the mystical message of the Eastman Kodak is the credential of civiliza- tion. Until 1880, the photographers used what was known as the wet plate, but this was then superseded by a process in which the sensitive silver salts were suspended in a gela- tine emulsion and spread upon glass; that is, the dry plate. Mr. Eastman was not only successful in his experiments, but made the plate commercially practical and enlisted, in his manufacture thereof, capitalists who had faith in the worth of his discoveries. Following this, have been the bromide papers, the Kodak camera, the transparent and daylight films, the developing machine doing away with the dark room, and constant improvements in cameras, lenses, shut- ters, papers and chemicals, all of which have contributed to the evolution of the marvelous photography of the day. The Kodak Park works comprise about 43 acres on the Lake Avenue Boulevard. There are 45 buildings, mostly fire- proof, with a floor space of 22 acres, a chimney 366 feet high — the tallest in the United States — a power house with 300 horse-power boilers, five electric generators of 3,000 horse-power and 7,000 incandescent lights. The employees number about 1,400 men and 600 women. The Kodak has also enormous manufacturing properties in St. Louis, Jamestown, N. Y., and Toronto, and in Harrow and Ash- stead, England. Another notable device is the United States mail chute, invented by James G. Cutler, an eminent architect, and first applied in the Elwood building, through which letters are dropped from the floors above of a building to the ground floor, where a Government mail box receives them for dis- tribution. It is found to be very convenient, and is utilized, largely, by the tenants of the "skyscrapers," now a striking feature of American cities. It is extensively and remuner- atively manufactured by the Cutler Brothers. The Sar- 254 ROCHESTER gent and Greenleaf Co. is the manufacturer of various in- ventions of James Sargent — the burglar-proof lock of 1865, the Sargent time-lock of 1873, and many styles of lock since perfected. Their use is more than continental. Mr. Sar- gent is also the inventor of the glass-enameled steel tank and vacuum pump of the Pfaudler Company and of the auto- matic semaphor of the Gordon Railway Signal Company. The Bausch and Lomb Optical Company is the leading world manufacturer of optical instruments, many of which are of their own origination. The "Rochester lamp," al- though not of Rochester manufacture, is of Rochester crea- tion, introduced by Rochester capital, and carries the name wherever kerosene casts its light. A longer catalogue of home inventions might be given, but the foregoing are in- stanced as illustrations rather than as a complete inventory of them. Because of space limitations, a full conspectus of Rochester manufacturers cannot be presented, but allusion must be made to a few of the more prominent ones. Rochester stands third in the United States as a manufac- turer of clothing. There were, at the last record, 39 whole- sale dealers therein, with an annual output of goods to the amount of $18,000,000. The Jews, to whose excellent quality as citizens reference has been made already, control, if they do not wholly monopolize, this branch of trade. Another industry is that of boots and shoes, of which there are 54 factories, with an annual production of $12,000,000. Although the scepter of wheat, like the course of empire, has passed westward, there are still 15 mills producing an- nually about 1,000,000 barrels of flour. There are 10 breweries, in the popularity of whose product, Rochester rivals St. Louis and Milwaukee, with a yearly sale of 600,- 000 barrels. Among eastern cities, Rochester, as befitting its floral title and the fertility of the Genesee Valley, bears M: B. SHANTZ. Manufacturer, Rochester; born Berlin, Ontario, August 24, 1852; educated in the BerHn public schools and Hamil- ton Business College ; engaged for many years in the but- ton manufacture in Rochester, where he has been an in- fluential citizen, but has not sought political office. 0^(^C2^€^^ POPULATION AND WEALTH 255 the palm for its commerce in trees and flowers, George EU- wanger being the pioneer in the cultivation of the one, and James Vick long having precedence in that of the other. There are now 39 nurserymen, 45 florists and 12 seedsmen. The Sibley, Lindsay and Curr Company, formed in 1868, conducts one of the biggest department stores in the country, with a colossal building and the frontage of a block on East Main Street ; other stores of like character are those of the McCurdy and Norwell and the Duflfy-Mclnnerney Com- pany. The entire capital invested in the manufactures and wholesale trade is over $71,000,000; there are. 1,019 estab- lishments thereof; the factory and workshop employees number 33,000, and the annual value of manufactured goods is $83,000,000. Rochester ranks as the 24th city of the Union in popula- tion — 218,000 in 1 910, — and became a first-class city, by statute, January i, 1908. Property, real and personal, is assessed at $149,764,385. The tax levy for 1908, less income estimates, is $2,826,000. The municipal debt is $9,982,- 889.04. There are 22 wards and 1,1 16 streets, with a length of 384 miles, and 84 alleys, with a length of 16 miles. The city is well-paved, asphalt predominating, and its system of sewers, with the trunk lines debouching into the Genesee, is excellent. The fire department is efficient, with 14 engine, three hose, six truck, and one Protective sack and bucket and two supply companies, one watch tower and 281 signal boxes of the fire alarm telegraph. The United States Gov- ernment building, on South Fitzhugh Street, contains the post-office, the internal revenue and the customs offices and the rooms of the Federal District Court. Post-oflSce revenues for the year ending March 31, 1908, were $839,- 572.32 ; of the custom house, $446,947.10; and of the internal revenue, $2,205,925.68 for the year ending July i, 1908. The story of Rochester has been told as fully as prescribed 256 ROCHESTER limits would permit. It is not, as was premised, a story of mediaeval emprise, of siege and slaughter, of crumbling turrets or hoary traditions, although the place had its share in repelling the invasion of 18 12 and of glory for its sons in the conflict of 186 1. It is the story of the orderly com- position of an American city, of the highest type, along lines of honest endeavor and cleanly living, through the century succeeding the assertion of American freedom. It is a story in which every citizen may take just pride, as he emulates the work of the fathers and reflects upon the progress made, and the estate secured. In the making of the city, all professions and vocations have been represented with ability and even with renown. Whittlesey, Gardiner, Church, the Seldens, E. Darwin Smith, Danforth and Ma- comber have administered justice in the State tribunals, and Martindale, Pomeroy, Peshine Smith, Cogswell, Bacon, Van Voorhis, Bissell, Sutherland and Raines have made cogent and eloquent pleas at the bar. Whitbeck, Dean, Ely, Gilkeson, Hurd, Sumner, Biegler and Stoddard have practiced and expounded the healing art, and Moore has displayed consummate skill as a surgeon; and White- house, Lee, Penney, Shaw, Patton, Riggs, Foote, Doty, Rob- bins, Luckey, George and Cushing have broken the bread of life. Here Myron Holley was the champion of human rights. Here Susan B. Anthony led in the crusade for the emancipation of her sex, and Hiram Sibley became a master- ful organizer and a financial king. Here industry has accumulated wealth, and artisans and educators have joined in furthering the common credit and welfare. 1909 Charles Elliott Fitch. UTICA ITS HISTORY AND PROGRESS UTICA, with 62,924 inhabitants in 1905 and 74,418 by the census of 19 10, lies on a slope rising from the south bank of the Mohawk, very near the geo- graphic center of the State, and from 450 to 640 feet above the level of the sea ; it was part of the vast manor taken up by Governor Cosby, but the tract was sold for non-payment of quit-rents to General Philip Schuyler, General John Bradstreet, John Morin Scott and Rutger Bleecker. Dis- sension between the heirs of Bradstreet led to a long conflict in the courts over the title. A ford in the river was a point from which the trails of the red Americans marked courses where highways, canals and railroads hare been built. The low water, which gave a crossing, proved a barrier when navigation began, and here was a main landing, although some boats went up to the sources of the stream. Here, in 1758, Fort Schuyler was placed — one of a chain of posts for defence in the French war. Near this fort as early as 1785 there were three rude cabins which were homes of white men who had before been living lower down the valley. These founders of the town were John Cunningham, George Damuth and Jacob Chrisman. Two of these and most of the settlers who first followed them were descendants of immigrants from the Palatinate; the third of the founders was of Scotch origin. In 1788, by a line running north and south across the State, over the ford, a town was created and called Whites- town, after Hugh White, a settler from New England, who chose to locate near the mouth of the Sauquoit. His family is identified with the city to-day. Immigrants were at-- 257 258 CITY OF UTICA tracted along that stream where, after a while, factories found water-power. Fort Schuyler only slowly drew the trade of the neighborhood, and the increase of population was gradual. But energetic men and women came to the ford; and to trade with the Indians and husbandry were added blacksmithing and other mechanical occupations. John Post set up a primitive store in 1790. The Legisla- ture, in 1792, granted 2,000 pounds sterling ($10,000) for a bridge over the Mohawk, where crossed the main route from Albany and the east to the "Genesee County." The central avenue of the city keeps the line and the name. The peltries gathered by the red men and the growing returns from the land led enterprising youths to gather and exchange them for the merchandise needed by the settlers. Under such an impulse in 1789, Peter Smith, born on the Hudson, passed up the valley to become a merchant here, enlisting John Jacob Astor as partner — to win fortune in business, to be honored by his neighbors, and to be remem- bered also as the father of Gerrit Smith. In 1797, another merchant, Bryan Johnson, a native of England, began here the varied traffic of a new country, earning success by thrift and energy. He impressed himself on the hamlet, gathered a fortune in lands, and left a worthy name to descendants who remain on the ancestral soil. Veterans of the war of the Revolution were among those who, in early days, chose homes here. A pioneer was Ben- jamin Walker, who had been aid to General Steuben, and his secretary; he came in 1797 as a land agent and was efficient in drawing immigrants. His broader work for the common welfare was recognized by his election in 1800 as representative in Congress. Natives of England and Scot- land added to the young hamlet included persons who in industry, trade and the professions gave to it tone and strength. Such was Dr. Alexander Coventry, who, edu- COLONIAL HISTORY 259 cated in Edinburgh, in 1796, brought the art of healing, and on a high plane long practiced his profession, winning the esteem and affection of his neighbors. The city counts members of his family among its present residents. The hamlet did not shut itself in, but welcomed strangers, and threw out lines to bring settlers and promote trafKc. In 1794, Moses Bagg, who had served the local needs as blacksmith, opened his house as a tavern to entertain trav- ellers. His fame as host for years drew guests and has marked the original site, while the name is kept alive by those who worthily wear it. In 1794 also, Jason Parker traveled as postrider between Canajoharie and Whitestown. He soon secured a contract for carrying the mails and the next year stages for passengers as well were run twice a week over the route. He had rare gifts for transportation and knew how to meet its problems as expanding business re- quired. He established new routes wherever passengers and freight could be reached and his lines were models for quick and prompt service. Surveyors, schools, preachers, lawyers, carpenters, other mechanics were here before April 3, 1798, when a village was legally created and by lot named Utica, in Oneida County, which was erected out of Herkimer on March 15, 1798. The scanty population wanted home rule. As early as July 10, 1793, a newspaper, the Gazette, was printed in New Hartford for Jedediah Sanger, Samuel Wells and Elijah Risley. In July, 1798, it was removed by William McLean to Fort Schuyler, and after many mergers and a history sometimes brilliant, its successor, under a new name, now ministers to the popular needs. On his tour in 1798, President Dwight, of Yale College, found here "a pretty village containing fifty houses occupied by sanguine people, with non-resident owners asking high prices for the vacant lands." The Holland Land Company, which held 26o CITY OF UTICA tide to tracts north of the Mohawk and to a million acres in the Genesee County, in this year built a brick hotel, nota- ble for its size, for the convenience of immigrants, and the structure stands at Whitesboro and Hotel streets, a monu- ment of the liberal plans of its projectors. The secondary rank of Utica in 1794 is shown by the division of religious services between the village and Whitesboro, giving one-third to the former and twice as many to the latter hamlet, while Rev. Bethuel Dodd, the pastor, a Presbyterian, received his pay from the two places in this ratio. The Episcopalians, under a missionary from Trinity Church, New York, organized here in 1798 under the same style, but this initial zeal lasted only a little while, and a new start in 1803 began the life which still continues. The State gave aid in 1797 to improve a turnpike to the west, laid out by commissioners three years earlier, to the amount of $13,900 ; the money was drawn from a fund raised by lotteries. In 1800, the road was put in charge of the Seneca Turnpike Company with a capital of $110,000 and maintained by tolls. The Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company, in the same year, undertook to care for the main road eastward, north of the river. Men of Utica had a large share in the control of both of these enterprises. To get the benefit of these and other facilities for trade, Kane and Van Rensselaer, who had general stores in New York, Albany, Schenectady and Canajoharie, set up another here in 1800, claiming to have larger resources and to offer better terms than local competitors. The traffic of all of them was chiefly barter, for currency was scarce. Tanneries and breweries began work at an early day, and the forests fur- nished lumber which was used for building and wrought into simple furniture and wagons. Before the village was a decade old, several immigrants from Wales settled in Utica and many more on the hills to THE EARLY CHURCHES 26 1 the northward. After 1800, doubtless on their report, a strong stream set in from the principality, and for quite a period composed the chief additions to the population, then in main part from New England. The First Baptist Church was organized in 1801 by the Welsh settlers, while the only provision for services in English was by the branch of the Whitesboro church. An offshoot from this Welsh church has grown into the large and prosperous Tabernacle, while the original stock kept up the use of the old tongue. The second religious organization for Utica itself was also formed by the Welsh settlers in 1802, as the Independent or Congregational Church, under Rev. Daniel Morris, the first pastor, located in the village; they erected the first church edifice in the place, finishing it in 1804. It stood on the corner of Whitesboro and Washington streets. An- other building put up by the society on the same site is now occupied as a Jewish synagogue, while the former owners worship in a new church elsewhere with greater numbers. These churches, with others, added as years ran on, are signs and also became causes of the concentration of Welsh immigration in Utica and its vicinity. The movement has been constant, though varying in volume. It has con- tributed in the first and more in succeeding generations suc- cessful workers to every occupation, a full share of leaders in the pulpit, at the bar and on the bench, in medicine, not a few of the most prominent merchants, managers of large enterprises, and citizens of high repute in politics and finance. Thus, the city has always been a favorite home for the issue of Welsh publications, while the Utica Eistedd- ford has for half a century been famous at home and abroad. Rev. John Taylor of Massachusetts visited our village in 1802. He found above ninety houses, and in them "a mass of discordant materials ; people of ten or twelve different and of almost all religions and sects, but the greater part of 262 CITY OF UTICA no religion." Yet three hundred persons gathered to hear him preach on Sunday, doubtless to their edification. Prob- ably the village was of the average frontier character ; it is evident the charity of the missionary did not overflow. Post- routes, sixty miles to the northward, were established under the authority of the Postoffice Department by Thomas Walker in the first decade of the new century. He was publisher of the Columbian Gazette and sought in this way to promote its circulation. Mr. Walker, in a long life, showed like foresight and energy in other directions and earned esteem as a citizen and financier. A striking feature in the local industry and energy, when the population of the village ranged from 1,000 to 5,000, was the number of books published from the presses of the pattern of the day. These works, by their variety and char- acter, testify to the intelligence and taste of the community as well as to the enterprise which ventured so much. They include a Hymn Book and Catechism in Welsh, and Web- ster's Lessons in Reading and Spelling, brought out in 1808. These were followed by the Armenian Anatomized, in 1816 ; Essay on Musical Harmony, in 1817; Morse's Geography, in 1819. In course came out Sermons; a Church History; Voyage in the Pacific and the South Seas; a Hawaiian Grammar; Watts' Divine Songs; Doddridge in Verse; Bible Questions; Musica Sacra; Spiritual Songs; Livy; Webster's Spelling Book, printed by thousands; Murray's Grammar and English Reader ; Young Ladies' Astronomy ; History of the Solar System; Escala, an American Tale; Patriot's Manual ; Daboll's Arithmetic ; several volumes of history and biography; illustrated toy books and primers; the New Testament in the Douay version. A new edition of the Edinburg Encyclopaedia was begun in this period. Besides these books and the newspapers, several magazines were started, all before 1825. The marvel is to be meas- TYPES OF POPULATION 263 ured not only by the scant population at hand, but even by that accessible by the meagre means of transport at the end of these years and just striving into being at their beginning. The leaders in this business were William Williams and his partner, Asahel Seward. Both, and especially the for- mer, in other ways also rendered the town valuable service. In the first court held in the new county, Nathan Wil- liams was admitted to practice in it. Of Welsh descent, he was a native of Massachusetts. As District Attorney from 1 80 1 to 1813, as Member of Assembly for three terms, as Representative in Congress from 1805 to 1807, and as Judge of the Circuit Court for ten years after 1823, his record is honorable. The bar of the city has in him as man and citi- zen an inspiring example. Ireland had little representation among the first settlers, but in 1802 came John C. Devereux and later three brothers, to take an active part in traffic, in banking, in public affairs, in charities, and to leave an ever-widening array of descend- ants. In the era of the construction of the Erie canals, immigrants flocked in large numbers from that island not only for the rough work of digging the channel, but for every form of activity in the life of a busy people. As late as 1 8 19, when Catholic services were first celebrated, not more than thirty residents attended, while Protestant Irish were much fewer; yet a Catholic Church was consecrated in 1 82 1, and in 1822 a Hibernian association was formed. Later, immigrants from the Green Isle were more numer- ous, and they added to the production, the intelligence and the wealth of the place. In due time, they formed religious and benevolent societies, and in their own way kept fresh the memories of their old home. Every position in busi- ness and the State became subject to their competition, and nowhere are the higher qualities of their race more worthily illustrated. 264 CITY OF UTICA Boats on the Mohawk, with stages and freight wagons, had supplied the means of transportation for the growing trade and travel. A vast impulse was given when boats ran on the new canal as far as Rome, in 18 19, and still greater when, in 1825, the waters of Lake Erie were joined with those of the Hudson. Utica gained in large measure by the canal, and its citizens built boats and managed them, and their lines of packets and for through freight prospered. The village soon took its place as the leading center, dis- tancing the neighbors to which it had held second rank so that local orators began to style it the metropolis of the Mohawk valley. With no lack of zeal and energy for manufactures, Utica felt then as always its poverty in water-power. Its capi- talists reached out to the streams nearby, where nature gave the needed force, and promoted factories for cotton and woolen, and at points where fitting silica was found, as in Marcy and Vernon, set up glass works. In 18 10, Wal- cott & Co., on their own resources, began to spin cotton yarn near the site later made famous as New York Mills. The Sauquoit and the Oriskany became musical with new in- dustries. Among them was the Capron Manufacturing Company, for cotton, still existent in a hamlet of that name. One-third of the capital was furnished from Utica, and the management has most of the time been in the hands of its citizens. Corporate banking in Utica began in 1809, when the Manhattan Company, of New York, set up a branch here under the management of Montgomery Hunt, which con- tinued in operation until 181 8. In the meantime, local capitalists, some of whom had been interested in that com- pany, organized in 18 12 the Bank of Utica, with James S. Kip as president, with the same Montgomery Hunt as cashier, and with $600,000 capital. The institution has BEGINNINGS OF BANKING 265 lived and expanded and as the First National Bank of Utica continues a controlling factor in the monetary affairs of Central New York. Alexander B. Johnson, who had served as a State Direc- tor of this bank, knowing it was difficult to secure a like charter and learning from the device of Aaron Burr in the case of the Manhattan Company, planned to embody bank- ing privileges in the act of incorporation of the Utica In- surance Company. The capital was placed at $500,000; Mr. Johnson was made manager. In 1816, deposits were received and notes, including some for fractions of a dollar, were issued. The company also put out policies of insur- ance. The Legislature, in 1818, passed a general law which compelled the promoters to abandon their banking project. Mr. Johnson, in 18 19, transferred his services to the Ontario Branch Bank, then four years old, and was chosen its presi- dent; he controlled its affairs until its charter expired in 1855. Its successor went into the hands of a receiver within two years, but no blame fell on him for the mismanagement. John C. and Nicholas Devereux began at an early day to help their neighbors care for their savings, and kept up the practice for many years until, in 1839, they turned that task over to the Utica Savings Bank, which they aided to or- ganize. Two generations have added to its strength and usefulness. Proba,bly owing to the scarcity of currency ag- gravated by the war, the village trustees, in 1815, issued "corporation bills" to the amount of $5,000, in six denomi- nations from three to seventy-five cents, and they passed readily into circulation. A second charter for the village dates from April 9, 1805, which conferred broader powers on the trustees — to assize bread, for example — and authorized them to raise $1,000 a year for buildings, fire departments and streets. Of the last there were five — Main and Broad, leading to the east; 266 CITY OF UTICA Whitesboro to the west ; with Genesee, then extending to the present line of Bleecker Street. The Female Charitable Society of Whitesboro in 1806 was the pioneer of the benevolent institutions in which the people have always delighted. Private schools were opened in the first decade of the century and in 18 14 a char- ter was obtained for the Utica Academy, which the next year began to take pupils. The first Sunday school was started in 1815 for colored children; then in 18 16, five young ladies gathered in white pupils from the poorer families. Their school was apart from any church and had its own work and mission. It soon enlisted the support of leading citizens and was for ten years a strong force, until the various denominations claimed the field and divided the labor. The town bore its full share in the war of 181 2. Its location gave special interest to the attacks on the northern frontier, while its people were included in the levy en masse for the defence of the towns on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. They responded promptly and loyally to the extent of their capacity. Forces recruited elsewhere passed on and not a few had winter quarters here. As soon as the season of 18 13 opened, the movements were more frequent while British prisoners were brought from the north. Prominent men of Utica saw active service in the militia, and among the young men who entered the navy, two won distinction later as Admiral Breese and Commodore Inman. As elsewhere, the war called out here an enlargement of production and an expansion of traffic. When, on April 7, 1817, Utica was separated from Whitestown and made a town by itself under its third char- ter, the Directory claimed a population of 2,861, with 420 dwellings. There were several stores, three church edifices, three banks, tanneries and breweries, with shops of me- GROWTH OF INDUSTRIES 267 chanics. The town had also a lodge and chapter of Free Masons, four watchmen and a free school. The industry was diversified and the mercantile interests were on a liberal scale, while the bar, remarkable for learning and eloquence, found here its home. Some of the streets had cobble pave- ments, and new roads were opened as need required. The earliest records preserved do not contain the names of the first officers of the village, but Francis A. Bloodgood was its Treasurer in 1800 and until Talcott Camp succeeded him in 1802. Jeremiah Van Rensselaer was President in 1805, and Ezra S. Cozier served in that position for ten years from 1821, a longer period than any other incumbent. The village doffed its rural garb and put on urban raiment when, on February 13, 1832, it received its charter as a city. With Buffalo, whose charter is dated the same year, it stands among the five earliest cities of the State. A population of 8,323 by the census of 1830, extended south from the Mo- hawk and two or three blocks beyond the canal and reached over four or five blocks on either side of Genesee Street, with rural residences more remote from the center. The industries were many rather than large. The in- dustrial and mechanical concerns were 550 in number and they looked to the surrounding country for much of their support. The stores dealing in dry goods were 44; in gro- ceries and general merchandise, 63; in hardware, 10; in millinery and dressmaking, 19; in watches and jewelry, 6; in books, 5. Breweries, tanneries and one distillery turned out their products. There were 9 cabinet shops and 4 chair factories, 20 blacksmith and 16 carpenter shops, 3 furnaces, 9 bakeries. Among the articles made were steam engines (of which ten were used in the city), coaches, wagons, plows, lasts, musical instruments, ropes, pottery, bricks. Nine printeries kept 19 presses busy. Boats were built, of which some were to run between Ogdensburg and New 268 CITY OF UTICA York. Thirty-two physicians, 21 clergymen and 43 attor- neys looked after the people. The denominations had 15 churches, of which the Presbyterians, Methodists and Bap- tists owned each 2; the Welsh 3; the Episcopalians, Re- formed, Catholics, Congregationalists, Universalists and Friends, each i. Eight weekly newspapers, two monthlies, and one bi-monthly were printed. The weeklies claimed a circulation of 17,852 copies; the monthlies, of 1,700; and the bi-monthly, of 3,000. The schools included the academy, a gymnasium, a lyceum, 3 ladies' seminaries, a public school and 23 select institutions. Literary societies were maintained; a public library boasted a thousand volumes. The Mechanics' As- sociation and the Young Men's Association kept open read- ing rooms. English names were most numerous in the Directory, but those from other parts of the United King- dom are there too. German patronymics increase with the volumes. One can recognize French and Italian types, with individuals from other European lands and also the cosmopolite Jew. The permanent provision for amusement was limited to a museum, the city garden, with fireworks now and then, and the sulphur springs, now remaining only in the chronicles or in lively memories. Travelling com- panies on their route presented the drama and occasionally, noted actors graced the local stage, but only later were man- agers inclined to abide long. The banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,300,000, found, from 1830 to the expiration of the charter in 1836, a competitor in a local branch of the United States Bank. Although the County Court met in Rome and Whitesboro only, the United States Court for this northern district held terms alternately in Albany and Utica, the Supreme Court in New York and Utica, and a Court of Chancery sat here, but the two county jails were elsewhere. For the new city. ORIGINS OF WATER SUPPLY 269 every week 92 mails arrived and 41 packets. Four stages started daily westward, some for Buffalo, and three east- ward, while there were departures also for the north, the south, and the southwest. Eleven packets plied in three daily lines to Schenectady, and one each to Buffalo, Oswego and Syracuse. The first Mayor of Utica was Joseph Kirkland, nephew of the Apostle to the Oneidas. He had won distinction at the bar, had served in the State Legislature and in the Na- tional Congress, was a general in the militia, zealous in en- terprise, education and charity, and prominent and success- ful in business. Four wards, two north and two south of the canal, were represented by three aldermen each. A vol- unteer fire department consisted of seven companies under a chief and wardens. One supervisor, four justices and three constables were elected for the city. Other officers were appointed by the Common Council. The city tax was limited to $8,000 a year, while the assessors placed the valu- ation of real estate at $2,672,595. The lack of water for domestic use was felt at an early day. Only two small streams entered the city, Ballou's Creek on the east, and Nail Creek on the west. The bed of the Mohawk is here so level that when in 1828, a dam was built just below the ford, to provide power for a flour mill, land owners up stream brought suit for damages for the setting back of the river, so that the promoters aban- doned the project. The water supply, apart from what wells and later three public pumps provided, was gathered by the Utica Aqueduct Company, organized in 1802, from springs which gave the name to a street now near the heart of the city. This company, with a capital of $5,000, served the people from its pipes until 1824, when it left them to their own resources. The Utica Water Works took up the task in 1834, to give way to a new corporation of the same 270 CITY OF UTICA name, with a capital of $75,000, which let waters from the southern hills into its mains, November 8, 1849, and has grown with the population. By the addition in 1906 of a supply from the Adirondacks, and with a capital of $2,000,000, it has resources to meet for a long period all the needs of manufactures as well as of domestic and municipal uses. Richard U. Sherman is the president. The first summer of the infant city was marked by a severe epidemic of the cholera. Business was interrupted from July 12th to August 7th, and many persons fled into the country. The cases of the disease numbered 201, and seventy persons died, including several leading citizens. The efforts to care for the sick and especially the poor, were creditable and generous, and crowned the scourge with a halo of charity. In September and October, 1834, three daily newspapers were started in the young city, the Whig, the Post and the Observer, but their lives were short. The era of railroad building began early in central New York. Following naturally the running of cars between Albany and Schenectady, a line from the latter city to Utica was constructed and opened for travel August 2, 1836. Another step was taken for the local benefit by a railroad to Syracuse, on which cars for the public were run July 10, 1839. Passengers and freight were transferred from one line to the other at a common station in Utica. Among the societies formed to promote the common wel- fare many were short lived or took on successive forms. The Utica Mechanics' Association, organized in 1831 and incorporated in 1833, has ceased to have even a nominal existence. For more than half a century it enlisted citi- zens of all vocations and did a great deal of good. It erected a commodious hall for public gatherings and when that proved inadequate for the growing town, the Associa- POLITICAL CONFLICTS 27 1 tion responded with an opera house of modern style and dimensions. The fairs held year after year led to display and competition in the products of mechanics and artistic industry. While the lecture system was in vogue, the most famous writers and speakers of this country, with now and then a foreigner of distinction, appeared in the local course. State conventions of both political parties were attracted to the city by the spacious auditorium. Considerable notoriety attached to Utica in 1835, by the treatment of the first anti-slavery convention ever held in the State. A public meeting protested against the assem- bling of that body ; another denounced the Common Council for granting a license to the convention to meet in the court house; a third divided over resolutions, declaring in favor of free speech and the right of the people to assemble, and its adjournment was disorderly. The convention was held on October 21st as announced, but its opponents took con- trol of the court house, so that the delegates were forced to organize in the Second Presbyterian Church on Bleecker Street. The Democratic county convention six days before, formally resolved "that the citizens of Utica owe it to them- selves, to the State and to the Union, that the contemplated convention of incendiary individuals be not permitted to assemble within its corporate borders." The gathering at the court house appointed a committee to "warn the dele- gates to abandon their pernicious movements." This com- mittee of twenty-five prominent persons was followed to the church by a large crowd. The chronicle of the times re- cords : "After considerable violence and force, an entrance was effected amid the greatest noise and confusion. The resolutions of the court house meeting were read to the con- vention, and the latter was broken up amid a scene of up- roar, threats of violence and imprecations upon the dele- gates, who were all driven from the house and subsequently 272 CITY OF UTICA from the city. Hundreds became abolitionists merely from sympathy." Some of the members of that committee and their followers became, before a generation ended, active in hostility to the aggressions of the slave power. The State, in 1837, bought for a Lunatic Asylum the present site then in Whitestown, and citizens of Utica sub- scribed $6,300 to make up the sum of $16,000 paid for the land. For the main building, the Legislature appropriated $275,000. For improving the grounds, for furniture and other necessaries, $42,000 was added. The institution was opened January 16, 1843. Patients in the first year were 276, and the managers called on the State to provide for enlargement. Legislative action for this purpose was taken with successive appropriations, amounting to $104,000 within a few years. The institution, with further expan- sion under eminent superintendents and wise managers, has been accepted abroad as well as throughout this country as a model in its noble field. Under the laws then in force, special charters were re- quired for the establishment of new banks. Such privilege was granted May 13, 1836, for the Oneida Bank, with a capital of $400,000. Commissioners to distribute the shares were perplexed by applications for seven times that amount from over 2,000 subscribers. Shares were assigned to 673 applicants, of whom no one received more than 25. The division, it was charged, was made to Democrats only, and to favorites among them. At a public meeting the commis- sioners were denounced, and indictments were found in the courts against some of them. The aflfair was drawn into local politics and caused no little social bitterness. A severe blow befell the bank in November of its first year by the robbery from its vaults of $108,000 in currency, be- sides $8,500 in checks and drafts. One of the robbers was caught and confessed, but only about a third of the spoils MODERN DEVELOPMENT 273 was ever recovered. The bank survived its loss, and has proved strong and profitable under the control of some of the most eminent citizens. Perhaps this local strife helped to change the policy of the State, and to bring in the general banking law which dispensed with special charters. Under the new statute the Bank of Central New York was organized September 17, 1838, for savings as well as for commercial business. The capital was $110,200; it passed into the hands of a receiver in 1859. Another addition to financial institutions was made in 1848 in the Utica City Bank with $125,000 capital, which developed into a vigorous and popular aid to deposi- tors and dealers. Not every project for the benefit of the city has fulfilled its promises. Much was hoped from the Chenango Canal in lowering the price of coal and in other ways. But its traffic proved to be much less than was expected, and with other lateral canals, it was after some years abandoned by the State as unprofitable. The Odd Fellows organized Oneida Lodge in 1842 and as the years ran on have expanded. Other benevolent and social associations have come in under their various names, and citizens of Utica have often been chosen executive offi- cers in the several general bodies. Associated with Jason Parker in the running of stages were Theodore S. Faxton, John Butterfield, Silas D. Childs and others. They had learned the secret of transportation ; they foresaw the expansion of activity; they were full of energy and enterprise. On the success of the experimental line of telegraph between Baltimore and Washington, they formed the New York, Albany and Buffalo Telegraph Company, and put up the first wires for commercial pur- poses. The line was opened for messages between Albany and Utica, January 31, 1846, and between New York and BuflFalo, September 9th, succeeding. 274 C^TY OF UTICA In Utica the first Associated Press in this country had its origin, to get the full benefit of the new wires. Arrange- ment was made to telegraph the news at the start from Al- bany, then from New York. Before the line was extended to Syracuse, the messages were here set in type and slips distributed by mail. Afterwards, for three months, that city rendered the service until the wires took it up for points further west. The disturbances of 1848 in Europe, both in the shadows which they cast before, as well as in their direct effects, turned a strong tide of migration, especially from Germany, to America, and not a little of the advantage was reaped by Utica. Natives of several of the German States had chosen homes here in previous years; they had formed in 1840 a Catholic Church, and a Lutheran congregation also con- ducted services in their own tongue. A Hebrew synagogue, in 1848, testified to the presence of settlers using the Ger- man language from eastern Europe. At this period, the accessions from the German States were many and included industrious, thrifty, scholarly people who have engrafted on the community the solid Teutonic virtues. Capital was increasing in the quiet city faster than the chances for its use. The panic of 1837 struck not a few investments made by Uticans in western lands after a prac- tice then quite common. The returns from the factories on the adjacent streams were steady and encouraging. Steam elsewhere was competing not unfavorably with water-power for manufacturing purposes. Why could not Utica make steam its servant since nature had not provided water-power here? That question was forcibly urged at a public meeting in 1846, and after investigation by trusted committees who made elaborate reports dealing with the manufactures of both cottons and woolens, the decision was reached that both these branches of industry might be con- ROBERT MIDDLETON. Woolen manufacturer and capitalist; born Aberdeen, Scotland, May 25, 1825 ; educated in Aberdeen. Came to America and engaged in the woolen manufacture. Agent of Globe Woolen Company, Utica, New York, 1857-1902; president of same company 1882-1902 ; director Second Na- tional Bank of Utica, Savings Bank of Utica, Mohawk Valley Mills, Utica Mechanics' Association, and Utica & Willowvale Bleachery ; member Fort Schuyler Club and Home Market Club, National Association of Woolen Manu- facturers, xA-mericaii Protective Tariff League, New York State Agricultural Society ; died February 24, 1902. TEXTILES AND GAS-LIGHTING 275 ducted within the corporate borders with good prospect of fair profits. The interest of citizens was aroused, and prompt action taken on a scale large for the time and the place. The Steam Woolen Mills Company was organized with a capital of $100,000, and the next year, the Globe Mills followed with like capital. Two brothers, with experience in New England mills, were invited to help in the practical work. Samuel Churchill was designated as agent for the former, and William C. Churchill for the latter. The pres- ent large and profitable Globe Mills Company is the de- velopment of both. Oneida County had earned a wide reputation for its cotton fabrics, and the Utica Steam Cotton Mills enjoyed that advantage, when the company formed in 1847 started its machinery in 1850. It has furnished labor to thousands in the course of its life, trade to merchants, markets to the neighboring farmers and impetus to all branches of industry and production. Five furnaces, several large machine shops and other works for iron, were carried on at the middle of the century as private enterprises. Gas was supplied in 1850 by the Gas Light Company, organized two years before with $80,000 capital. It has spread out as need demanded, and by various mergers now furnishes, with a capital of $2,000,000, illumination and power by both gas and electricity, using force from the stream above Trenton Falls. It has alliances covering $7,000,000 capital. The vice-president and active manager is William E. Lewis, while A. N. Brady is president and M. J. Brayton secretary. The citizens of Utica have always been noted for both their public and private charities. The Utica Orphan Asylum, which had long struggled with scanty facilities, was able, in 1848, to provide a commodious home for its 276 CITY OF UTICA wards, and two generations have shown the excellence and efficiency of its labors there. The years have added noble institutions in the same and kindred fields which adorn and bless the community, so that now the asylums for orphans are five in number, while ten homes and hospitals minister to the sick and aged. Of these, newly built on the most liberal scale and equipped with all the devices of modern science, are the House of the Good Shepherd and St. Luke's Hospital. While active life was reaching out in so many ways, the thoughts of citizens turned also to care for the dead. Rail- roads were crowding unpleasantly near to the grounds gen- erally used for burials. The city was nominally in charge, and the sexton was named by the council. Taste and senti- ment called for a change and met with fitting response in the formation of the Utica Cemetery Association, in 1849. On heights overlooking the town, grounds were formally dedicated June 14, 1850, and near the entrance, the Oneida stone, belonging to the tribe of that name, was placed by a delegation of Oneida and Onondaga Indians. Catholics have recently purchased broad grounds adjoining, besides an older cemetery, for they and the Jews prefer graves in earth consecrated for themselves, but the dead of other de- nominations rest in the Forest Hill Cemetery and adjacent heights of a similar title under private control. Transient advantage was gained by a rage which pre- vailed before and after 1850 for the construction of plank roads. As the country about was new and the inhabitants scattered, the highways were left without much care, although there were commissioners and a road tax which might be paid in labor. In spring and autumn travel was difficult and in some cases almost impossible. To remedy the evil, the Legislature passed a general law authorizing companies to lay planks in the country roads and to collect CONDITIONS IN 1850 277 tolls for returns for construction and repairs. Little im- provement was made in the roadbeds and the planks were laid on the surface. For a brief while, wheels rolled smoothly and the tolls were paid without clamor. The eight or ten companies with termini in Utica and their other ends at the north, south, east and west, learned too soon that their projects served for a summer day, but the foundation was neglected, the planks were too thin to last, and the tolls not enough to cover expenses. The roads fell back to the old conditions, as the floods came and gullied them. The plank policy was a poor makeshift for the methods inaugu- rated under the $50,000,000 appropriation in 1906, but fore- shadowed a broad system for highways for use and comfort. A new charter in 1849, gave to the 17,556 inhabitants shown by the census of 1850, six wards with a supervisor and two aldermen for each, and added to the elective offi- cers. By a special act the same year, the common schools were placed under the control of a non-partisan board of six commissioners, one-third retiring each twelve months, and chosen at the charter election. Modern methods have been brought in step by step; school buildings have been multiplied to keep pace with the pupils; the old academy has been merged into the free school system in a new and elegant edifice, while the public library, in part the gift of private munificence, is an ornament to the chief avenue, and with its 50,000 volumes, is a worthy proof and instrument of local culture. The military spirit expressed itself by the Utica Citizens Corps, which, from 1837, enlisted some of the best men of the city. Other companies came rapidly into the field after 1850, so that within five years there were no less than five rivals for recruits and popular favor. In the meantime the militia regiment took on better form, and the brigade head- quarters were in Utica. When, therefore, President Lin- 278 CITY OF UTICA coin called for volunteers for the war for the Union, men who had learned the manual and the use of arms were ready for the emergency. The response was prompt and gen- erous. Enlistments began at once in April, 1861, and from the uniformed companies went out many who earned dis- tinction as officers, as well as the full quota of privates. The local patriotism did not weary during the war, but was lavish during all the conflict, in gifts for hospitals as well as for the comfort of troops in camp, while the home-coming of the veterans was joyfully celebrated. The final roster included Daniel Butterfield, as major-general; James Mc- Quade, Rufus Daggett and William R. Pease and James G. Grindlay, as brigadier-generals for honorable service; Francis X. Myers, William H. Christian, William H. Rey- nolds, George T. Hollingworth and Charles H. Ballou, as colonels, with a noble array of others of less rank, but with unblemished record and solid merit. The high wave of prosperity which followed over the republic when peace was declared did not refuse its bless- ings to Utica. New enterprises were many and on various lines. Manufactures offered novel articles; merchants branched out ; buildings were erected fitting the larger town, and the advance was marked in all directions. The diversity of origin of the citizens became more apparent as the century drew to its close. A Swiss Benevolent Associa- tion was formed in 1867 by settlers from the region of the Alps. French names multiplied in the Directory and in active pursuits, and people from other European nations came in increasing force. A new charter was granted in 1870 and another in 1880. Under the latter, with a population of 33,918, the wards became twelve, with a supervisor and alderman for each, the aldermen serving two years, one-half of the board retir- ing each year. A commission was set over the police and CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS 279 fire departments in 1874, and other matters were entrusted to like boards. The industries under individual control were extended and many were incorporated under the gen- eral statute. Clubs were formed on a broader scale than had prevailed. The Fort Schuyler Club, with Horatio Seymour as its first president, the Masonic Club, the Odd Fellows' Union, the Maennerchor, the Turn Verein and the New Century, own their own spacious and well-furnished buildings. Organizations, with the county, central New York, or the entire State as their field, have their chief quarters here. Of such is the County Medical Society, started in July, 1806, which has celebrated its hundredth anniversary, and also the Oneida Historical Society, incorporated in 1876, which for more than a generation has gathered the chronicles worth preserving of men and events, has marked historic sites, has helped to erect monuments to Generals Steuben and Herkimer, joined in celebrations of centennials of several towns, made memorable that of the battle of Oris- kany, and adorned the bloody field with a towering obelisk. The Munson Williams Memorial Building, valued at over $100,000, provided by the wise generosity of the family whose name it bears, safeguards the treasures of the society and insures its permanence. Different in type is the Com- mercial Travelers' Association, which, in its own solid building, transacts an extensive accident insurance business. The Masonic Home was opened in October, 1892. It has 225 acres on the eastern border of the town and has a group of commodious edifices with a broad landscape ; the property cost $1,000,000. The inmates number 425, of whom 196 are men, 114 women, 50 boys and 65 girls. Thje business men of the town several times formed boards or chambers to promote the common interests, but these passed away as the transient zeal flickered out. Since 28o CITY OF UTICA 1896, the Chamber of Commerce has been practical, vigor- ous and efficient, studying plans for local improvements, for the introduction of new industries, and for the correction of abuses. Its annual banquets have introduced guests of State and national distinction. The rich dairy districts, finding their center here, called into being the Dairy Board of Trade, which has for many seasons held its weekly markets. The yearly sales run over a million dollars, latterly about two-thirds in cheese of small size sought for the domestic trade. The value of butter sold annually in this market, experts reckon at $250,000. The local Young Men's Christian Association, organized February 10, 1858, was able, by its energy and persistence, to lay, in 1888, the corner-stone of an edifice fitted for its work, with rooms for classes, a gymnasium, an ample audi- torium, and to add dormitories. When that building was destroyed by fire the Association bought other property well fitted for its uses. With real estate worth over $150,000, it is an instrument of usefulness, of safety and of elevation. Its members are about nine hundred. The Women's Christian Association works in like fields and owns a com- modious home prominently located. When the twentieth century began, there was an inflow of settlers from sources not prolific before. The construction of the West Shore Railroad called for hosts of laborers as well as mechanics. Immigrants from Italy had before come only as individuals, or single families. Now they flocked by hundreds to seek homes here, and in half a dec- ade they exceed 12,000, or a sixth of the population. While unskilled laborers compose the majority of them, many are mechanics and artisans, some are builders and contractors, some work in the factories; they have their own grocers, merchants, bankers and brokers, and sustain two GROWTH IN AREA 28 1 weekly newspapers. Three societies minister to their social, literary and benevolent objects; they have several clubs, while services in their own tongue are conducted in a Catholic church, and a Protestant meeting house. The persecution in Russia drove hither hundreds of Jews, and many Hungarians also came. A systematic immigra- tion of Polish people took place about the same time. Many of them went to work in the factories and found favor with the managers. Some engaged in rough labor and other occupations. They soon learn the English language and American habits. The Poles, in 1906, laid the corner- stone of a Catholic church, of large dimensions, built of stone, which cost $125,000. By repeated annexations on the south and west, the area of the city became, in-1905, 9.06 square miles, or 5,802 acres. The eastern boundary has always been the line of Herkimer County. Bends in the river have been straightened, to avoid recurring floods, redeem the flats and afford more space for station, freight houses and shops for the railroads. Thus, the boundary is carried to the new channel, 2,800 feet to the north at Genesee Street, and the barge canal is to run in the Mohawk there. The plot of the city is not regular in form. If a circle is placed over it, flattened at the north and south diameter, that line will be three miles, while the east and west diameter will be four and a half miles, and at the south and west angles will project still farther. The wards are now fifteen, with a supervisor and an alderman for each. Of public buildings, that for the Federal courts and post- ofEce, built by the United States, is appraised by the as- sessors at $450,000. The armory, valued at $83,000, and the lunatic asylum and grounds at $1,075,100, belong to the State. Oneida County owns the jail, $55,000, and the site of the new court house, $75,000, on which a noble edifice 282 CITY OF UTICA completed in 1907, cost $1,000,000. The real property of the municipality is estimated by the assessors at $5,419,141, and includes the city hall and the police station, assessed at $158,000; the public library, $200,000; the academy, $177,- 000; 24 school houses, ranging from $5,000 to $35,000 each, with $62,000 for the advanced school ; ten fire-engine houses at from $3,000 to $15,200 each. The value of five rather small municipal parks is placed at $102,000; that of Chan- cellor Square, the first laid out, is $70,000. Five parks on the outskirts are extensive and three of them during the season offer popular amusements. The city hospital is as- sessed at $70,000, the dispensary at $4,200, and the public bath at $3,000. Private school buildings exempt from taxation, include St. Vincent Industrial School, $20,000; Assumption Acad- emy, $10,000; St. Joseph, $15,000; St. Mary, $3,000; two German Lutheran, $6,000, and a Hebrew free school, $1,600. The Episcopalians possess seven church edifices with an aggregate valuation of $348,500; the Presbyterians, six, $180,800; the Baptists five, $193,500; the Methodists six, $114,700; the Catholics eight (of which one is German, one Italian, one Polish), $589,800; the Welsh four, $59,500; the Lutherans eight (of which four use the German tongue), $120,000; the Moravians two, $13,500; the Jews three, $12,- 000; the Reformed Dutch one, $40,000; Universalists one, $35,000; Congregationals one, $50,000; the colored people one, $1,200. The Christian Scientists have a society which meets in a hired hall. Three daily newspapers, the Herald-Dispatch, the Observer and the Press serve the community with due dili- gence. In addition there is one semi-weekly, and a Ger- man paper appears tri-weekly. The weeklies are eight, of which one is Italian, one Welsh, and one Polish. A Welsh THE PRESS AND THE BANKS 283 monthly and another in English, for Welsh people, called the Cambrian, are printed. The journals of Utica have always stood in the foremost rank, and the city owes them much for their advocacy of every worthy cause. January i, 1908, Utica passed under the provisions of the White Act of 1906 under the uniform charter for second- class cities. The wards and their offices were not changed. The powers of the mayor were much enlarged, and single heads were designated for the police and fire departments, and for public works, and a comptroller supervises the finances, while there are some new boards and bureaus. The public schools, 24 in number, include a training school and evening schools. They are under the care of a bi- partisan commission and a superintendent. The enrollment of the pupils in 1910 was 11,341, and the average daily attendance 8,614. The average attendance in the academy was 781. The expenditures in 1810 amounted to $312,644. The area of the city now covers 5,955 acres, and the streets are 124 miles in length. Of these 61.75 miles have sheet asphalt pavement, 5.10 have medina block, 2.14 wooden, while fractions of a mile have cobble, granite or brick pave- ment. The streets unpaved extend 53.24 miles, while the miles of pavement in use are 70.75. There are sewers in use for 90.75 miles. The street railways extend 25.7 miles. For public lighting, 930 electric avenues are used, and there are 51,082 feet of subways. The local financial institutions have developed in a re- markable degree in recent years, and their resources are not- ably large in their ratio to the population. The First Na- tional, under Charles B. Rogers president, and Henry R. Williams vice-president and cashier, has $1,000,000 capital, $1,406,084 surplus, and $7,086,661 resources; the Oneida National, with George L. Bradford president, and G. A. Niles cashier, reports $600,000 capital, $761,764 surplus, 284 CITY OF UTICA and $3,461,734 resources. The Utica City National, under Charles S. Symonds president, and M. C. Brown cashier, counts $1,000,000 capital, $234,977 surplus, and $3,636,267 resources. T. R. Proctor president, and Frank R. Winant cashier, state for the Second National $300,000 capital, $342,838 surplus, and $2,092,348 resources. The Utica Trust and Deposit Co. has James S. Sherman as president, and J. Francis Day vicerp resident and secretary, with $400,000 capital, $515,734 surplus and $7,180,929 resources. Of the Citizens Trust Company, William I. Faber is presi- dent, and F. H. Doolittle secretary; the capital is $300,000, surplus $263,556, and resources $4,108,375. The Savings Bank of Utica reports assets of $16,382,620, of which the surplus is $1,187,269. The open accounts number 34,425, and average $440. Charles A. Miller is president, and Rufus P. Birdseye secretary and treasurer. The Homestead Aid Association of Utica has been in business for 27 years, has now 5,290 members, and assets of $2,598,318. Its president is Watson T. Dunmore, and sec- retary, Sherwood S. Curran. While the business of the Commercial Travelers' Association extends into many states, the head office is in Utica. The membership is 66,288. Henry D. Pixley has been president since the organization in 1883, and George S. Dana its secretary. The Associa- tion has a surplus of $618,456. Of the Cornhill Building and Loan Association, J. Lewis Jones is president, Owen T. Luker secretary, and Charles W. Bushinger treasurer. The members are 680, and the assets $300,340. The assessment of Utica for 1910-1911 amounts to $43,- 024,010, and the ratio of taxation is 2.24. The city tax pro- duced $958,450. The aggregate municipal receipts for 1910 were $2,695,415, while the disbursements were $2,- 709,625. The bonded debt is stated at $1,945,618. The THOMAS R. muCTOR. _ Bank president: born ProctorvUle, VQEinont, May 25,, 1844; educated in English High School, .Boston; served, during the Civil War in United States Navy, and received thanks of the Secretary of the Navy ; president of the Sec- ond National Bank of Utica ; trustee or director Utica Sav- ings Bank ; Utica Trust Company ; and vice-president of the Utica Daily Press Company. Is a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion; G. A. R. ; Sons of the Revolu- tion ; New England Society ; Mayflower Society ; Society Colonial Wars : Society Founders and Patriots ; Naval Order of the L'nitecJ States ; Naval League, etc. //t^,n^.L.a^ /\./Wi:/i^,^- WOOLENS AND COTTONS 285 bureau of buildings reports plans approved last year for 392 new structures and for alterations in 255 buildings, involv- ing an outlay of $2,632,108. During recent years, Thomas R. Proctor has lifted the park system to a notable height, by giving to the city open spaces in various woods. One hears his own name, another is called after Roscoe Conkling. The latter looks down from Steel's Hill on the valley northward as the acropolis crowns classic Athens. Now Utica has 13 parks contain- ing 546.2 acres, of which 15 acres are constructed in park- way. In the largest two parks are 10.14 iniles of well-made drives. The largest manufacturing coiporation is that consoli- dated under the title of the Utica Steam & Mohawk Valley Cotton Mills. Its capital is $2,000,000, and it has, includ- ing large additions in 1906 of buildings and machinery, about 6,000 horse-power driving 2,500 wide looms with 160,000 spindles. The full working force includes about 2,000 persons. The management is under George De Forest president, John A. McGregor secretary, and Henry T. Mansfield superintendent. The record of the company is that of continued success. The Skenandoa Cotton Company makes fine hosiery yarns. Its capital is $1,000,000; it uses about 2,400 horse- power and employs 500 persons. A new mill increases the horse-power to 2,800, and the employees to 600. The total product of cotton goods in the city in 1905 was $5,001,177. The officers are N. E. Deverant president, W. S. Doolittle secretary. The woolen manufacture is concentrated in the Globe Woolen Company with a capital of $300,000 and a large sur- plus. It operates 161 broad and 1 1 narrow looms with 1,000 horse-power, and employs about 800 persons. Its fabrics rank high in the market for style and quality. The present 286 CITY OF UTICA officers are: J. F. Maynard president, F. T. Proctor vice- president, A. B. Maynard secretary. Knitting mills number 22, turning out underwear, hos- iery and caps. Their capital ranges from $500,000 down- ward. Their production and sales show continual growth, and amounted last year to $20,000,000 while the operatives numbered 5,000. Including the near-by towns this is by far the leading center of the knitting industry. This emi- nence has been won by the ability and diligence of the heads of the mills. They include John B. Wild, N. E. Devereux, Quentin McAdam, George A. Frisbie, William T. Baker, W. H. Stanchfield, W. J. Frisbie, John E. McLoughlin, Aras J. Williams, George H. Spitzh, C. A. Byington, Wil- liam E. Lewis, A. V. Lynch, George W. Oakley, and others. An addition made in 1910 was the Fine Yarn Company, with $225,000 capital and 210 employees working night and day, producing high-grade yarns. W. B. Foster is presi- dent, F. L. Wood secretary, and W. I. Taber treasurer. Among the corporations a few typical may be cited. The Savage Arms Company produces fire arms of wide repute. It has a capital of $1,000,000, its officers are B. Adriance president, W. J. Green vice-president, F. C. Chadwick superintendent, and T. D. Moore manager. The furnaces and heaters designed and made here are sold from ocean to ocean to the annual value of nearly $2,000,000. The Hart and Crouse Company, with $1 10,000 capital, under H. G. Hart president, with whom Merwin K. Hart is associated, and the International Heater Company, of which Frank E. Wheeler is president, are in the forefront as producers in this line. Iron pipe made by the Utica Pipe Company is used in large works in many parts of the country. The cor- poration has $400,000 capital, and is managed by Charles G. Wagner president, and J. K. Gunn superintendent. Beds and bedding employ much capital and many operatives. GENERAL MANUFACTURES 287 and from the factories of Foster Brothers and the Foster- Allison Company, by the impetus of W. S. Foster presi- dent, and O. S. Foster treasurer, reach markets over the continent. The Munson Brothers Company is the successor of an establishment founded in the early days, and has made famous its devices for the transformation of power. The Drop Forge Company, with a large force of skilled workers, has won favor and success with its pliers, nippers and other tools by the management of W. Pierrepont White and H. F. Kellerman superintendent. Carriages and automobile bodies are manufactured by the Willoughby Company, which has a capital of $100,000, with E. A. Willoughby president, and Charles B. Mason secretary. The special- ties of the Divine Brothers — capital, $roo,ooo, president, Bradford H. Divine, secretary, O. J. McKeown, are devices for polishing metals; water motors and tires made of pressed cloth and leather. An infant, but successful, in- dustry, is the Cutlery Company, of which Jacob Agne is president and Alphonse Heinrich secretary. It employs 125 men, soon to be increased to 200. For more than two generations, the town has been noted for men's clothing manufactured here. Prominent houses are H. H. Cooper & Company, and H. D. Pixley, Son & Company, of which the senior members are active and potent, and Brandegee, Kincard & Company, under the skillful direction of Frederick W. Kincard; also the Roberts-Wicks Company, of which A. J. Williams is presi- dent. In the production of shoes, the Hurd & Fitz- gerald Company, of which D. C. Hurd is president, and the Bowne-Gans Company, at the head of which is F. J. Bowne, are leaders in wide markets. Sash, blinds and doors, and fine wood work for interiors are turned out by Charles C. Kellogg's Sons Company, under the supervision of Spencer Kellogg and Frederick S. Kellogg; also by Philip Thomas' Sons, of which Herbert N. Thomas is the director, and by 288 CITY OF UTICA Nellis, Amos and Swift, by Charles Downer & Company, and by G. P. Gibson & Company. Benjamin T. Gilbert, president and manager, has brought into prominence the Xargil Manufacturing Company, producing mufflers, tanks and sheet work generally for automobiles. Bonbons and chocolates, within the past few years, have engaged con- siderable capital and numerous workers. A button factory has just been brought hither from another city. Shirts and shirt waists are made on extensive scales. Agricultural im- plements, especially the products of the Standard Harrow Company, of which Edward L. Wells is president; boilers, machinery, harness, trunks, fishing tackle, paper boxes, with the local stamp, hold a high rank among dealers and con- sumers. The business in tobacco and cigars is large, and furnishes occupation for many. Musical instruments and electrical apparatus are made, work is considerable in natural and ar- tificial stone, while bricks are produced by the myriads. Local florists maintain an enviable fame. Breweries, one of the earliest industries, have continued and expanded to large proportions. The National Census Bureau, by its bulletin of November, 1906, classes Utica fifth among the cities of the State in the number of its financial manufactur- ing establishments, which are 333, and seventh in rank in their annual product, valued at $22,830,317. The wage earners are 27,469, with earnings of $10,678,632 for the year. Of the wage earners, 13,131 are males and 14,338 females. Utica does not hide itself as a hermit. The villages ad- jacent partake of its activities, and are almost like its wards. Their manufactories are strengthened by the alliance, while the traffic of the region hardly knows municipal lines. Residents of the villages ply their vocations in the city and seek their amusements here. When all were smaller, local jealousy was possible; as population and business chose a center, the fact was recognized, and the suburbs made more CONDITIONS IN 1 9 10 289 and more of the town whose multiplying advantages are so near their own doors while they enjoy rural privileges and bear only rural burdens. As all quarters of the globe have sent rich increments into the population, so Utica has been a generous giver as well as a grateful receiver. Its children have gone forth into the world's fields as missionaries and teachers. The rolls of the army and navy bear the names of its sons, some in high grades. As preachers and theologians, as professors and scientists, at the bar and on the bench, as journalists and authors, as financiers and promoters of great enterprises, in the metropolis and in other States, Uticans have given proof that their home training and discipline are not provincial, and that they hold rank at the forefront wherever the tasks of civilization are carried on. The increase of 32 per cent, in population between 1900 and 1910, while the country, as a whole, grew only 21 per cent., prompts sanguine citizens to predict that Utica will soon take rank as the fourth, or even the third city in the State. In the new century, zealous efforts are making for material and civic development. Plans for spacious harbors on the barge canal have been devised. The New York Central and other railroads are improving their facili- ties for freight and passengers. Congress has made the initial appropriation for an enlarged post-office. A modern hotel of eight stories, with all conveniences and luxuries, will be open to guests within the year, with T. W. Johnson as host. The town is already large enough to command the neces- sities and elegancies of life, of education and culture that de- velop the worthiest humanity for those who choose to abide here. Its citizens strive to make it a beautiful and attract- ive home for residents of good will. Seated at the center of the commonwealth, in its amphitheatre of hills, its scenery is pastoral and varied, not grotesque nor grand. All 290 CITY OF UTICA the great railroads proffer their facilities for transportation, while the Erie Canal helps to cheapen freight, and the benefits of the barge canal are to come. An admirable trolley system makes transit easy to all parts of the city and to the suburbs. A few millionaires reside here without arrogance or display; fair competence is the rule and extreme poverty the rare exception. With many modern and handsome homes, there are no palaces and no hovels. Its bench and bar have always eminent members, often those of high distinction. Labor is in constant demand at rates equal to those prevailing an5nvhere else. The standard of taste and style is not inferior to that of other cultivated com- munities. Literature, music, art, and the drama, have their supporters. Athletic amusements are pursued with vigor. The denominations maintain a goodly number of churches with unflagging zeal, sustained by pulpits honorably filled. The schools, public and private, enlist the attention of the parents and have the best methods and practice. The streets are well paved, lighted liberally and kept clean beyond the common habit. Towering elms frame noble arches over the highways for long distances, while goodly maples are not lacking. Always the local charities have been notable, and in recent years, the munificence of citizens has added to their number, to their facilities and to their usefulness. Residential attractions and industrial opportunities are here not rivals, but are boon companions. The natural con- ditions favor health, while civic forethought assures quiet and thrift. Diversity of industry is notable in a high degree, and conduces to profit and rapid progress. The chronicles of Utica are testimonies to the worth and efficiency of the generations which have gone before, are guarantees of further development, and pledges that the Central City will always be a source of pride to the Empire State. By the courtesy of E. Dana Durand, Director of the STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES 291 Census, the following summary of preliminary totals of the census of manufactures in Utica in 1909 compared with totals for 1904, are furnished in advance of official publi- cation : C E N S u s Per cent, of 1909 1904 1904 to 1909 Number of establishments. 317 333 *5 Capital $27,796,000 16,646,000 $21,184,000 12,774,000 31 30 Cost of materials used Salaries and wages 7,513.000 5,561,000 35 Miscellaneous expenses. . . 3,173,000 2,519,000 26 Value of products 31,199,000 22,880,000 36 Value added by manufac- ture (products, less cost of materials^ 14,553,000 10,107,000 44 Employees : Number of salaried of- ficials and clerks 1,205 937 29 Average number of wage earners employ- ed during the year . . . 13,153 10,882 21 'Decrease. I9II. Ellis H. Roberts. INDEX Roman numerals (I. and 11.) preceding the Arabic numbering of pages, indicate the Volume referred to. (Buffalo, Rochester, and Utica are indexed separately.) BUFFALO Aaxon, Eev. Dr. Israel, II., 58. Abbott, Dr. F. W., U., 185. Abbott, Dr. Samuel M., II., 183. Acacia Club, II., 225. Acids Manufacture, Mineral, II., 28-30. Adam, Carl, II., 166, 217, 220. Adam, James N., I., 175, 198, 220. Adam, Robert B., I., 132, 133; II., 91, 92, 94. Adam, Meldrum & Anderson Co., I., 220. Adam Mickiewioz Library, II., 175. Adams, Bev. Henry A., II., 190. Albertson, Rev. C. C, II., 190. Albright Art Gallery, I., 182, 183. Albright, John J., I., 154, 238, 277, 278, 279, 280; II., 8, 103, 210-212. Albro, Stephen, II., 194. Aldermen, Board of, I., 187-197. Alexander, D. S., II., 189. AUgemelne Zeitung, II., 202. Allen, C. H., I., 250. Allen, George W., II., 157. Allen, John, Jr., I., 119, 211; H., 207, 212. Allen, Joseph Dana, II., 156. Allen, Lewis F., I., 44, 168; II., 169, 190. Allen, Dr. Lucius H., II., 182. Allen, Orlando, I., 169; II., 170. Allen, William K., U., 170. Almy, Frederick, I., 89; II., 87, 189. Althaus, Rev. J., II., 40. Altman, Abraham, I., 254. American Radiator Co., 11., 10, 11. American Ship-building Co., I., 120. Andrews, Dr. Judson B., II., 121, 185. Andrews, W. H., IL, 30. Angel Guardian Mission, II., 107, 128. Angell, Miss L. Gertrude, II., 148. Annan, Annie R., II., 189. Annan, J. V. W., L, 211. Annin, Joseph I., 19, 20. Anthracite Association, I., 234, 235. Apprentices Society, II., 165. Arcade, Brisbane's, II., 89. Arey, Mrs. H. E. G., II., 189, 190. Arion Singing Society, II., 220. Arnold, Major B. A., and Mrs., II., 128. Aronson, M., II., 156. Art in Buffalo, II., 204-222. Art Students' League, II., 210. Asphalt Pavement, I., 143, 144. Atlas CMl Works, II., 36. Attica, I., 57. Atwater, H. C, II., 7. Aurora. See East Aurora. Austin, Charles E., IL, 197. Austin, Stephen G., IL, 147. Austin, Mrs. Stephen G., IL, 108. Authors' Carnival, IL, 90, 91. Automobile Club, IL, 225. Automobile Manufacture, IL, 12, 14, 15, 300, 301. Avery, Truman G., IL, 221. Ayer, Captain James, I., 79. Babcock, George R., I., 202, 262; IL, 143, 174. Baden, Father, IL, 69. Baethig, Dr. Henry, IL, 166, 187. Baird, Frank B., L, 87, 275, 276. Baker, Ellen K., IL, 208. Baker Rev. Nelson H., IL, 112. Ball, Rev. George H., IL, 42, 190. Ball, S. — his pamphlet, I., 36. Bank of America, L, 250. Bank of Attica, I., 251. Bank of Buffalo, (1st and 2d), I., 250; (3d), 254, 255. Bank of Commerce (the 1st), I., 250. Banks, I., 64-65, 248-260. Banner Mill and Milling Co., I., 269. Bar, The, I., 199-208. Barge Canal enlargement, I., 123. Barge System on the Lakes, The, I., 118, 222. Barker, George P., I., 202. Barker, P. A., I., 250. Barnard, A. J., IL, 153. Barnes, Dr. Josiah, IL, 183. Barnes & Bancroft, I., 220. 293 294 INDEX Barnes, Hengerer & Co., I., 230. Barrett, Dr. William C, II., 145, 181, 185. Baa-tlett, Dr. F. W., II., 185. Barton, Benjamin, I., 19. Barton, James L., I., 41, 50, 99, 119. Bartow, Dr. Bernard, II., 185. Bass, Lyman K., I., 207; II., 232. Batavia, I., 13, 14, 30, 55. Batavia Street, I., 140, 170. Beals, E. P., II., 151. Beals, George, I., 274. Beals, Mayhew & Co., I., 272. Beals, Mrs. Pascal P., II., 118. Beard, Captain James, I., 115. Beard, William H., I., 115; H., 206. Beautifying Buffalo, Society for, II., 212 213 "Beaver," The, I., 112, 113. Becker, Charlotte, II., 189. Becker, Edward G., I., 259. Becker, Rev. F. W. H., II., 126. Becker, Philip, I., 220; II., 167. Becker, Rev. T. H., II., 56, 126. Beckwith, Charles, I., 200. Bedford, Dr. Lyman, II., 187. Bedini, Archbishop, II., 72. Beers, Dr. A. H., H., 187. Beers, Miss Jessie E., II., 148, 154. Beethoven Musical Society, II., 219, 320. Bell, David, I., 130, 389, 290. See also David Bell. Bell, George C, II., 8. Bell, Lewis & Yates, I., 239, 240. Bell Telephone Co., I., 149, 150. Bellondi, Kev. Ariel, n., 61. Belt Line Railway, I., 149. Bench and Bar, I., 199-208. Bender, Philip, H., 202. Benedict, Dr. A. L., I., 88; II., 186, 190. Bennett, Edward, I., 258. Bennett, Lewis J., II., 24. Bennett, Philander, I., 199. Bentley, J. R., I., 311. Bennett, David S., L, 311, 217; II., 207. Bennett Place, I., 181. Berens, Colonel William F., I., 81. Bemer, George, II., 190. Bemer, Gottfried, n., 190. Berrick, Charles, II., 161. Betts, C. Walter, I., 227. Beyer Family, The, I., 43. Beyer, George, II., 166. Beyer, Jacob, 11., 166. Bidwell, General Daniel D., I., 69, 70. Bidwell Parkway, I., 183. Bidwell & Bauta, I., 120. Bigelow, Allen G., n., 190. Bird, Colonel William A., I., 35, 259; II., 143. Bird Island Pier, I., 110. Birge, George K., I., 87, 88. Bishop, General A. W., II., 189. Bishop, Charles P., I., 172, 220. Bissell, Arthur D., I., 160, 355. Bissell, Dr. Elias W., U., 185. Bissell, Herbert P., I., 87. Bissell, Mrs. Herbert P., II., 107. Bissell, John, I., 311. Bissell, Wilson S., I., 193, 207; II., 143. Bitter, Karl, I., 88. Black Rock, I., 20, 21, 23-25, 27-29, 32, 33, 35-37, 50, 56, 97-106, 114, 115, 119, 145, 156, 190, 266, 267, 269, 272. Blackmar, Abel T., I., 254. Blackwell (City) Canal, I., 107. Blair, W. E., II., 15. Blanchard, Dr. G. H., II., 187. Blatchford, Capt. Daniel, I., 81. Bleistein, George, I., 87; II., 200. Bliss, Dr. Judah, 11., 183. Block, Joseph, I., 256. Bloeher, Mrs. John, II., 117. Blodgett, J. R., II., 216. Bloomer's Hotel, II., 222. Blossom, Ira A., II., 143. Board, P. A., II., 92. Board, Robert C, I., 154. Board of Health, I., 43, 44, 60. Board of Trade, I., 59, 73, 313, 213. Boardman, Dr. John, II., 184. Bogardus, John D., 11., 164. Bond, Joseph, II., 10. Bork, Joseph, I., 93. Borusky, Lieut. Charles, I., 79. Botanic Garden, I., 181. Bouquet, Colonel Henry, I., 113. Bowen, Dennis, I., 177, 304; II., 135. Boyce, C. W., II., 189. Bradnack, Mrs., II., 96. Braun, C. W., II., 317. Braunlein, Louis, I., 200. Brayley, James, II., 2, 207. Brayton, Dr. S. N., II., 187. Brayman, James O., 11., 194, 198. Breakwater, The Great, I., 108-111. Breweries, II., 18-20. "Bridget," I., 44. Briggs, Dr. A. H., II., 173, 185. Briggs, Dr. Horace, II., 152, 189. Brinker, Captain John M., I., 86, 241. Brisbane, Albert and George, 11., 160, 190. Bristol, Cyrenius C, II., 199. Bristol, Rev. Edward, II., 118. Bristol, Dr. Moses, II., 182. Broadway, I., 140. BUFFALO 295 Broadway Brewing and Malting Co., II., 19. Brothers, John L., I., 183. Brown, Lieut. Cyrus, I., 74. Brown, George, II., 157. Brown, General Jacob, I., 30. Brown, Colonel James M., I., 72. Brown, Rev. John W., II., 118. Brown, Walter L., II., 165. Browne, Irving, II., 189, 190. Browning, John, II., 210. Brunck, Dr. F. C, I., 67; II., 202. Brush, Dr. Edward N., II., 185. Bryant, Captain George H., I., 119. Bryant, J. C, II., 149. Bryant, Warren, I., 258. Bryant, William C, I., 193; IT., 170, 222. Bryant & Stratton's Business College, II., 148. Buchanan, William I., I., 88. Buckham, H. B., n., 141. Budd, Captain Thomas A., I., 82. Buell, Jonathan S., I, 211. Buffalo; The Site, I., 3, 4; Indian prede- cessors of the white man, 4-9; first white settler, 7; early land titles, 9, 10; the Holland Purchase, 10; first white family, 10; first mention in literature, 11, 12; orlgfin of the name Buffalo, 13; Joseph Ellicott's city plan, 14, 15; the village as seen by Timothy Dwight in 1804, 15, 16; pio- neer settlers, 16-19; the first post- master and customs collector, 17; the first sitting of court, 19; rivalry of Black Bock, 21, 22, 32, 33, 97-106; the village in 1871, 22; the first newspaper, 22; during the War of 1812-14, 23-31; burning of the village. 27-30; the first lake steamer, 32, 33; the village in 1818, 33, 34; the first church, 34; slaves in Buffalo, 35; first daily mail, 35; second church build- ing, 35; opening of the Erie Canal, — the village in 1825, 36-38; early German citizens, 43; chartered as a city, 43; first visitation of cholera, 43, 44; the first water works, 45; the speculative craze of 1837, 47-51; Buffalo in 1835, 47, 48; the first rail- way, 51; Buffalo in 1840, 52; during the Patriot War, 52-54; social gayety in the '30's and '40's, 55; railway connection with Albany, 57, 58; Board of Trade organized, 59; rail- way connections with New York and Chicago, 62; President Lincoln in Buffalo, 66, 67; Buffalo during the Civil War, 67-84; Fenian affair, 84; Buffalo in 1880, 85; the Pan-Ameri- can Exposition, 86-90; Buffalo in 1900 and 1910, 91; the Polish colony, 91-94; the making of the harbor, 97-111; annals of the lake shipping, 112-121; enlargements of the Erie Canal, 121-123; Buffalo as a railway center, 124-136; streets of the village tinie, 137-144; electric power from Niagara Palls, 152-155; development of water supply, 156-159; fire-fight- ing organization, 160-165; gas and electric lighting, 165-167; develop- ment of sewerage and sanitation, 168-175; the park system, 176-184; the village government, 185-187; the first city charter, 187-189; later charter-tinkering, 189-197 ; courts, bench and bar, 199-208; the grain trade, 209-220; the lumber trade, 221-232; the coal trade, 233-244; the cattle trade, 245-247; banks and banking, 248-260; tanning and leather trade, 261-265; manufacture of flour, 266-271; production of iron and steel, 272-286; metal-working and machinery, II., 1-17; brewing, 18-20; soap manufacture, 20-23; oil refining, 25-28; coal-tar dyes and mineral acids manufacture, 28-30; Protestant churches, 31-67; Roman Catholic churches, 68-81; benevolent institutions, 82-129; educational in- stitutions, 130-156; libraries and other literary institutions, 157-175; scientific institutions, 176-187; local literature, and the newspaper press, 188-203; art in Buffalo, 205-222; music, 213-222; clubs, and other social organizations, 222-227. Buffalo Academy of Fine Arts, II., 207- 212. Buffalo Academy of Medicine, II., 186. Buffalo and Attica Railroad, I., 57, 58, 62, 124, 125. Buffalo and Brantford Railroad, I., 63. Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad, I., 127, 240. Buffalo and Lake Erie (electric) Trac- tion Co., I., 136. Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, I., 63, 124, 126. Buffe,lo and lockport (electric) Rail- way, I., 135. Buffalo and New York City Railroad, L, 58, 62, 125. Buffalo and Niagara Palls Electric Railway, I., 135. 296 INDEX Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, I., 125. Buffalo and Eoehester Bailroad, I., 124, 125. Buffalo and Southwestern Railroad, I., 127, 240. Buffalo and State Line Railroad, I., 62, 124, 125. Buffalo and Susquehanna Iron Co., I., 242, 278, 279-286. Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad, I., 129-131, 242, 277, 386. Buffalo and Washington Railway, I., 124, 126, 239. Buffalo and Williams villa (electric) Railway, I., 136. Buffalo Apprentices' Society, II., 165. Buffalo, Bellevue and Lancaster (elec- tric) Railway, I., 135. Buffalo Bolt Co., II., 8. Buffalo Brake Beam Co., I., 284. Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Rail- road, I., 324, 126. Buffalo Brewers' Association, II., 18. Buffalo Catholic Institute, II., 172, 173. Buffalo Cement Co., II., 24. Buffalo Cereal Co., I., 271. Buffalo Chemical Works, II., 26. Buffalo City Dispensary, II., 109. Buffalo Classical School, II., 151, 152. Buffalo Club, n., 223. Buffalo Commercial Bank, I., 252. Buffalo Co-operative Brewery, II., 20. Buffalo Creek (River), I., 7, 9, 10, 13, 21, 22, 33, 57, 96, 100-106, 236. Buffalo Creek Railroad, I., 126, 236. Buffalo Creek Reservation, I., 8, 12, 34, 42, 56, 57. Buffalo Dock Co., I., 285. Buffalo Dry Dock Co., I., 120. Buffalo East Side Street Railroad Co., I., 146-148. Buffalo E^e and Ear Infirmary, II., 122. Buffalo Female Academy, II., 147-148. Buffalo Forge Co., II., 9. Buffalo Foundry and Machine Co., II., 4, 15. BuiEalo gas companies, I., 165-167. Buffalo Gasolene Motor Co., II., 15. Buffalo Gazette, The, I., 22, 24, 30, 32, 35; IL, 191, 192. Buffalo General Electric Co., I., 166, 167. Buffalo General Hospital, II., 112-114. Buffalo Hardwood Lumber Co., I., 227. Buffalo Harmonic Society, II., 215. Buffalo Historical Society, I., 5, 15, 20, 31, 33-35, 43, 44, 47, 55, 97, 107, 112, 114, 132, 137, 169, 182, 202, 262, 272; II., 131, 159, 161, 169-72, 213, 214. Buffalo Hydraulic Association, I., 262. Buffalo Iron and Nail Works, I., 273. Buffalo Journal, II., 192. Buffalo Law School, II., 144. Buffalo Library, II., 157, 162, 163. Buffalo Public Library, II., 163-165. Buffalo Light Artillery, I., 80. Buffalo Loan, Trust and Safe Deposit Co., I., 257. Buffalo, Lockport and Rochester (elec- tric) Railway, I., 136. Buffalo Lubricating Oil Co., II., 26. Buffalo Lyceum, II., 157. Buffalo Medical College, II., 142-144. Buffalo Medical Journal, IL, 183. Buffalo Medical Library, II., 175. Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia Railroad, I., 125, 137, 239. Buffalo Orphan Asylum, II., 108, 109. Buffalo Patriot, II., 192, 193. Buffalo Pitts Co., IL, 2, 3. Buffalo, Pittsburg and Western Rail- road, I., 127. Buff alo Pottery, II., 33. B-.iffaJo Railway Co., I., 148, 149. Buffalo Record, II., 300. Buffalo Refining Co., IL, 27. Buffalo Republican, IL, 193. Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Rail- way, I., 137, 340, 344. Buffalo Savings Bank, I., 258. Buffalo Seminary, IL, 148, 155. Buffalo Society of Artists, II., 210. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, IL, 138, 159, 161, 176-182. Buffalo Southern (electric) Railway, L, 136. Buffalo Star, IL, 193. Buffalo State Hospital for the Insane, IL, 120. Buffalo Steam Engine Works, II., 3. Buffalo Steam Pump Co., IL, 9. Buffalo Street Railroad Co., I., 145-148. Buffalo Structural Steel Co., II., 15. Buffalo, Tonawanda and Niagara Falls (electric) Railway, I., 135. Buffalo Traction Co., I., 148. Buffalo Union Furnace Co., I., 375. Buffalo West Side Street Railroad Co., I., 148. Buffalo Whig, IL, 192. Bugbee, Oliver, I., 267. Bull, Dr. Alexander T., IL, 187. Bull, Jabez B., I., 363, 364. Bull, Mrs. Louis A., n., 154. Bull, Captain (War of 1812), I., 24. BuUymore, Lieut. William, I., 71. BUFFALO 297 Burdict, Orrin C, II., 8. Burrows, George E., II., 198. Burrows, Koswell L., I., 199; II., 113. Burwell, Dr. Bryant, II., 182. Burwell, Dr. George N., II., 184. Burwell, Henry, II., 194. Burwell, Theodotus, n., 143. Bush, John, I., 263, 264; II., 44. Bush, Myron P., I., 264. Bush & Chamberlain, I., 261, 263. Bush& Howard, I., 264. Busti Avenue, I., 15, 140. Butler, Edward H., I., 133, 134; II., 175, 200. Butler, J. A., II., 201. Callanan, Dr. William C, II., 186. Caldwell, S., II., 135. Oallender, Amos, I., 18; II., 131. Callender, Samuel N., II., 134, 157. Camp, John G., I., 186; II., 132. Camp, Wyatt, II., 132. Campbell, F. E., II., 190. Campbell, Mrs. Helen Thornton, 11., 116, 123. Canada, I., 4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 24-31, 34, 37, 52-54, 63, 84. Canada Southern Bailway, I., 124, 126. Canadian Club, II., 225. Canadian Niagara Power Co., I., 153. Canal. See Erie Canal. Canal Street, I., 140. Candee, Joseph, II., 194. Canisius College, n., 75, 146. Canoe Club, II., 223. Oarleton, Newcomb, I., 88. Carolina Street, I., 170. "Caroline," Burning of the, I., 53, 54. Carpenter, Carnot, II., 205. Carpenter, William A., II., 192. Carrere, John M., I., 88. Carson, H. D., I., 279. Gary, Dr. Charles, II., 185. Gary, George, I., 88; II., 172. Gary, Dr. Walter, II., 184. Caryl, Dr. Lucien W., 176, 182. Case, Nehemiah, I., 264. Casler, Major George F., 11., 99. Caesity, Dr. James M., II., 141. Cataract City Milling Co., I., 269. Cataract Power Co., I., 153. Catholic Church. See Churches. Catholic Institute, II., 172. Catholic Protectory, II., 111. Catholic Union and Times, II., 203. Cattaraugus Reservation, I., 42. Cattle Trade, I., 245-247. Cayuga Street, I., 140. Cazenove Avenue, I., 15, 140. Cazenovia Park, I., 181, 183. Central Bridge Works, II., 11. Central Fair (of 1864), I., 83. Central Milling Co., I., 268. Central National Bank, I., 257. Central Park, II., 24. Central Wharf , I., 209, 210. Cement Works, II., 24. Chamber of Commerce, I., 213-215. Chamberlain, Horace P., II., 28. Chamberlain, Hunting S., II., 157. Chamberlain, Ivory, II., 195. Chandler, Bessie, 11., 189, 190. Chandler, Henry & Co., II., 197. Ohapin, Dr. Cyrenius, I., 13, 14, 25, 26, 29; II., 182. Chapin, Colonel Edward P., I., 76, 77, 79. Chapin, Willis O., II., 172, 191, 209, 210, 212. Chapin Parkway, I., 182, 183. Charity Foundation of the P. E. Church, n., 115, 116. Charity Organization Society, I., 92; II., 82-87, 124. Charlevoix, Father, I., 5. Charters, City, I., 187-97. Chester, Albert H., II., 190. Chester, Eev. Dr. Albert T., II., 148, 177. Chester, Rev. Anson G., 11., 189, 195, 196, 207. Chester, Dr. C. O., II., 185. Chester, Thomas, I., 267; II., 52. Chestnutwood, Susan, II., 191. Chicago, I., 39, 40, 45, 62, 116. Children's Aid Society, II., 122, 123. Children's Hospital, II., 125. Chimney-sweeps, I., 162. Chippewa, I., 53, 54. Chippewa Street, I., 140, 141. Cholera, I., 43, 44, 60. Choral Union, n., 220. Christian Endeavor Society, II., 124. Christian Home for Women, n., 128. Christian Homestead Association, II., 101. Church Home, II., 115, 116. Church Home, German Evangelical, II., 122. Church Street, I., 14, 137, 140. "Churches," The, I., 48; II., 23. Churches, Protestant: Baptist — Baptist Association, Buffalo, II., 33. Baptist Union, II., 42. Baptist Young People's Associa- tion, II., 61. Bethel German, II., 63. 298 INDEX Cazenovia, II., 64. Cedar Street, II., 44. Colored, II., 37. Dearborn Street, II., 53. Dearborn Avenue, II., 48, 54. Ebenezer German, II., 62. Emmanuel, II., 48. Fillmore Avenue, II., 51, 52, 53. First Baptist (Washington Street), II., 33-36, 38, 44, 46, 53, 62. First Free, II., 42, 45, 53. First German, II., 40, 43, 50, 63. First Italian, II., 61. First Polish. (Eeid Memorial Chapel), II., 54, 60. Glenwood Avenue, II., 60. Hunt Avenue, II., 65. Kensington, II., 63. Lafayette Avenue, II., 54. Maple St., II., 54, 66. Niagara Square, II., 38, 44, 45, 52. Olivet Mission, II., 48. Parkside, II., 56, 62, 63. Prospect Avenue, II., 46, 48, 53. Second German, II., 43, 55, 62. South Side, II., 56, 57, 64. Third German, II., 50, 55. Trenton Avenue Chapel, II., 56. Walden Avenue (Hedstrom Me- morial), II., 60. Washington Street. See First Baptist. Congregational — First, II., 42, 55, 58, 60. Fitch Memorial, II., 62. Pilgrim, II., 55, 67. Plymouth, II., 58, 67. Disciples of Christ— Dearborn St., II., 60. Forest Avenue, II., 60. Jefferson St., II., 60. Eichmond Avenue, II., 46, 48, 56, 60. German Evangelical — Bethany n., 56, 59, 64. Priedens, II., 52, 64. Holy Trinity, II., 37, 38, 42, 51, 52, 64. Old Lutheran, II., 37, 38, 42, 51, 52. German Evangelical Association — Bethlehem, II., 57, 63. First, II., 36, 42, 49, 51. Krettner St., II., 44, 49. Memorial, II., 59, 67. Ehode Island St., II., 53. St. Andrew's, II., 66. St. Paul's, II., 49, 56, 63, 66. German Evangelical Reformed — Emanuel's, II., 53, 63, 67. Jerusalem, II., 58. St. Paul's, II., 63. Salem, II., 49, 67. Zion's, II., 39, 56. Zoar, II., 63. German Evangelical Lutheran — Calvary, II., 59, 65. Christ, II., 48, 49, 60. Concordia, II., 59. Emmaus, II., 57. Gethsemane, II., 59. Grace, II., 65. Immanuel, II., 62. Redeemer, of The, II., 62. St. Andreas, II., 42. St. John's, II., 34, 38, 42, 48, 50, 54, 59, 62. Trinity, II., 37, 38, 47, 57. Zion (English), II., 62. German United Evangelical — Salem, II., 59. St. Jacobi (St. James), II., 54. St. Luke's, II., 47, 52. St. John's, II., 40, 50. St. Mark's, II., 49, 54. St. Matthew's, II., 47. St. Paul, II., 38, 42, 49, 52. St. Peter's, II., 35, 41, 51. St. Stephen's, IL, 42, 67, 122. St. Trinitatis, II., 53. English Evangelical Lutheran — Atonement, The, II., 63. Holy Trinity, II., 51, 55, 63, 66. Methodist Episcopal — African, (Vine St.), II., 36, 39, 53. Asbury, 11., 40, 48. Calvary, II., 58. Delaware Avenue, II., 47, 50, 55-56. East Street, or Zion, II., 46, 58. Epworth, II., 66. Epworth League, II., 58. First German, II., 40, 48. Second, IL, 46. First Italian (St. Paul's), II., 66. First Methodist (Niagara Street), IL, 32-35, 38, 40, 44. Glenwood, IL, 50. Grace, IL, 38, 42, 43, 48, 122. Jersey Street (later Plymouth), IL, 43, 46, 49. Kenmore, IL, 58. Linwood Avenue, IL, 63. Lovejoy, IL, 55, 57, 64. Metoalf St., IL, 57. Methodist Episcopal Union, IL, 54, 57. Niagara St. (see First Methodist). Normal Park (Hampshire St.), IL, 57. BUFFALO 299 Northampton St. German, II., 55. Pearl St., II., 40. Plymouth, II., 43, 46, 49, 57. EJchmond Avenue, II., 55, 59. Eipley Memorial, II., 56. Riverside, II., 50. St. Mark's, II., 43, 54. Seneca St., II., 57. Sentinel, II., 48, 60. South Park, II., 66. Sumner Place, II., 57, 64. Woodside, II., 49, 56, 67. Zion, II., 46. Methodist, Free — First, II., 44, 47. Mission, II., 49. Presbyterian — Bethany, II., 56. Calvary, II., 43, 44, 56. Central, II., 35, 49, 50, 67. Delaware (later Calvary), II., 43, 44. East, II., 45, 50, 63. Faxon Avenue, II., 65. First, II., 31, 33-35, 42, 52, 58, 64. First United, II., 36, 41, 47. Lafayette Street, II., 38-41, 44, 51, 52. North, II., 40, 61, 66. Ontario (United), II., 65. Park (the First), II., 35, 38. Park (the Second), II., 61, 66. Second United, II., 47, 57, 66. Sloan, II., 66. South, II., 63. South Park (United), II., 65. Walden Avenue, II., 61. West Avenue, II., 64. Westminster, II., 42, 48, 62, 65. Protestant Episcopal All Saints, II., 51. Ascension, The, II., 43, 49, 56. Christ, II., 47, 55. Good Shepherd, II., 57. Hutchinson Memorial, Chapel of the Holy Innocents, II., 63, 116. Ingersoll Memorial Chapel, II., 57. Laymen's Missionary League, II., 58. St. Andrew's, H., 49, 59, 61. St. Barnabas', II., 61. St. James', II., 43, 50, 51, 55. St. John's, II., 39, 46, 47, 61, 62. St. Luke's, II., 43, 44, 47, 48. St. Mark's, II., 48, 61. St. Mary's on the Hill, II., 48, 59. St. Paul's, II., 31, 32, 34, 36, 41, 43, 49, 51, 58. St. Philip's, II., 44. St. Thomas, II., 50, 55. Trinity, II., 36, 38, 39, 55, 66. Unitarian — First, II., 34, 40, 44, 52, 66. Universalist — First (of the Messiah), II., 34, 38, 46, 124. Various Protestant — Bethel, II., 34. Church of the Divine Humanity (Swedenborgian), II., 53, 64, 65. Dutch Eeform, H., 41, 47, 53. French Lutheran, II., 51. Friends, II., 46. Lafayette Reformed, II., 64. Norwegian Lutheran (Zion's), II., 65. Swedish Evangelical Lutheran, 11., 54. United Brethren in Christ, II., 58. Wells St., II., 46, 50. Churches, Roman Catholic — Annunciation, of the, II., 78. Assumption, of the, II., 77. Blessed Sacrament, Chapel of the, II., 78. Corpus Christi, II., 78. Holy Angels, The, H., 76. Holy Family, of the, II., 79. Holy Name, of the, II., 77. Immaculate Conception, The, II., 74. Lamb of God, Church of the, II., 69. Nativity, of the, II., 79. Our Lady of Perpetual Help, II., 79. Sacred Heart, of the, II., 77. St. Adelbert, II., 78. St. Agnes, II., 77. St. Anne's, IL, 75. St. Anthony of Padua, II., 78. St. Boniface's, II., 74. St. Bridget's, II., 76, 79. St. Columba, II., 78. St. Gerard's, II., 80. St. John the Baptist, II., 76, 77. St. John Kanty, II., 80. St. Joseph's, n., 74. St. Joseph's Cathedral, II., 74, 75. St. Louis, II., 69, 70-73, 74, 75. St. Mary's, II., 71. St. Mary Magdalene, II., 79. St. Mary's of the Lake, II., 74. St. Mary of Sorrows, 11., 77. St. Michael's, II., 75. St. Nicholas, II., 77. St. Patrick's, II., 70, 71, 76. St. Peter's (French), II., 74, 75. 300 INDEX St. Stanislaus, I., 92; II., 77. St. Stephen's, II., 77-79. St. Theresa's, II., 79. St. Vincent de Paul, II., 76. St. Xavier's, II., 73, 74, 77. Transfiguration, of the, II., 78. Visitation Parish, II., 79. Churchyard, Joseph, I., 147. Circle, The, I., 179, 184. Citizens' Bank, I., 256. City Bank, I., 250. City Club, II., 223. City Government, I., 189-97. "City of Buffalo," the steamer, I., 115, 119. Civil Service Reform, I., 192-194. Clapp, Almon, M., I., 67; II., 193, 194- 196. Clapp, H. H., II., 196. Clarendon Square, I., 48. Clark, Charles E., II., 112. Clark, Elizabeth G., II., 119. Clark, Captain Orton S., I., 78; II., 189. Clark, Seth, U., 221. Clark, Dr. Sylvester, II., 182. Clark, Dr. Thomas B., II., 182. Clarke, Cyrus, I., 211. Clarke, E. A., I., 283. Clary, Joseph, I., 42, 141, 199. Clavyson, Wilson & Co., I., 220. Clemens, Samuel L., II., 196. Clement, Jesse, II., 87, 189. Clement, Stephen M., Sr., I., 253. Clement, Stephen M., Jr., I., 154, 277, 279; IL, 92, 155, 212, 221. Cleveland, Grover, I., 198, 207; II., 190. Clinton, De Witt, II., 118. Clinton, Governor De Witt, I., 37. Clinton, Judge George W., I., 67, 186, 197, 200, 205; II., 115, 143, 176, 177, 180. Clinton, S^rencer, I., 133, 134, 258. Clinton Street, I., 140. Clinton Star Brewery, II., 20. Clubs, II., 22-26. Coakley, Dr. J. B., II., 185. Coal-tar Dyes, II., 28, 29. Coal Trade, I., 233-241. Cobb, Carlos, I., 211. Cochrane, A. G. C, II., 157. Cochrane, John F., II., 173. Codd, Robert, I., 251. Coffin, William A., I., 88. Cohen, A. S., II., 156. Coit, Charles T., I., 145. Coit, George, I., 22. Coit, G. C. & Son, I., 211. Coit Docks, I., 285. Cold Spring, The, I., 24. Coleman, Charles C, II., 177, 206. Colonial Wars, Society of, II., 227. Collegiate Alumnae, II., 226. Collegiate Alumnae Creche, II., 127. Colpoys, George J., I., 269. Colton, Rt. Rev. Charles H., II., 80, 81, 127, 128, 150. Columbia National Bank, I., 256. Commerce, Lake and Canal. See Lake Shipping, and Erie Canal. Commercial Bank, I., 250. Commercial Advertiser, The, I., 45, 60, 64, 65; II., 38, 191, 193-196. Common; Council, I., 187-197. Commonwealth Trust Co., I., 258. Oongdon, Benjamin C, II., 182. Congdon, Dr. Charles E., II., 186. Conger, Dr. Horace M., II., 183. Conners, William J., II., 200, 201. Constructive Evolution, I., 97. Consumers' Brewery, II., 19. Consumers' League, II., 226. Contact Process Co., II., 29. Continental Singing Society, II., 216. Converse, Frank A., I., 88. Conway, Katherine E., II., 189. Conwell, Rt. Rev. Henry, II., 68. Cook, Eli, I., 67, 197, 203. Cook, Ephraim F., II., 136. Cook, Mrs. Jane G., II., 121, 190. Cook, Dr. Joseph T., II., 187. Cook, Rev. P. G., II., 45, 119. Cooke, Walter P., I., 88, 160. Corning, Rev. J. Leonard, II., 190. Cornplanter, I., 8. Corns & Co., I., 273. Cornwell, W. C, II., 190. Corriere Italiano, II., 203. Oosmovilla, 11., 116. Coss, Daniel J., II., 22. Coss, William H., II., 22. Cothran, George W., I., 199. Cottier, Lieut.-Col. Robert, I., 77, 79. Cottier & Denton, II., 214. Country Club, II., 224. County Court, I., 199. County Lodging House, II., 123. Courier, The Buffalo, I., 68; II., 191, 193, 194, 198-200. Court of Common Pleas, I., 199. Court Street, I., 15, 140, 141. Coventry, Dr. Charles B., II., 143. Cowell, John F., I., 181. Cowing, H. 0., I., 211. Coxe, Rt. Rev. Arthur Cleveland, II., 45, 63, 189, 190. Cradle Banks, II., 125. Crandall, F. A., I., 193. Crandall, William S., I., 214 BUFFALO 301 Crate, James, I., 336. Creg-o, Dr. Floyd S., II., 185. Crippled Children's Guild, II., 336. Critchlow, Dr. George P., II., 187. Crocker, Leonard, I., 345. Crockett, Dr. M. A., II., 155, 186. Crony n. Dr. John, I., 177; II., 185. Cronyn, Rev. Patrick, II., 189, 303. Crosby Co., The, II., 13-14. Crow Street, I., 140, 141. Crowe, Dr. T. M., II., 139, 186. Cummings, Dr. Carlos E., II., 138, 181. Curtis, Mrs. Alexander M., II., 154. Curtis, Peter, II., 113. Curtis & Deming, I., 365. Curtiss, Dr. A. M., II., 187. Cutter, Joanna B., II., 101. Cutter, William B., I., 160. Cutter & Nims, I., 211. Czytelnia Polski, II., 175. Daggett, Dr. Byron H., 11., 185. Dakin, Captain George, I., 334 Dalton, Dr. John C, II., 184. Dandy, Colonel George B., I., 72, 73. Dandy, Major James H., I., 74. Daniels, Judge Charles, I., 67, 199, 206. Daniels, Dr. Clayton M., II., 185. Daniels, John, I., 91. Dann, Edward S., II., 153. Dannreuther, Gustav, II., 330. Dart, Joseph, I., 58, 316. Darius, Eev. J. M. G., II., 63. Daughters of the Amer. Bevolution, II., 326, 237. Daugliters of New England, II., 227. David Bell Engineering Works, II., 4, 16. Davidson, Dr. A. E., II., 185. Daw, Henry & Son, I., 211. Dawes, Julius H., II., 170. Day, David F., II., 176, 177, 181. Day, David M., I., 32; 11., 192. Day, David T., I., 88. Day, Robert W., II., 172. Day Hydraulic Canal, I., 268, 269. Day Nursery of the Infant Jesus, II., 127. Dayton, Lewis P., I., 177; 11., 184. Deaconess' Home, M. E. Church, II., 100, 101. Delaney, Charles, I., 273; II., 7. Delaney Forge, I., 273; II., 7. Delaware Avenue, I., 15, 45, 140, 142. Delaware and Hudson Co., 234-236. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, I., 127, 234, 235, 237, 243, 244, 286. Delaware Park, I., 87, 177, 180, 182, 183. Dellenbaugh, Dr., II., 166. Dellenbaugh, F. S., II., 189. Dellenbaugh Family, The, I., 43. Demokrat und Weltbuerger, II., 202. Denton, Robert, II., 216. Depew, I., 154. Depew and Lake Erie Water Co., I., 159, 160. Deshler, John G., I., 211. Detmers, Arthur, II., 212. Detroit, I., 40. Deuther, Charles C, II., 189. Devereaux, Walter, II., 118. Devine Co., J. P., II., 16. Diamond, M., II., 156. Dibble, O. H., I., 350. Dickey, John, I., 345. Dickinson, James M., II., 206. Dickinson, Captain Raselas, I., 71. Diehl, Mayor Conrad, I., 87-89; II., 185. District Nursing Association, II., 123, 226. Dock, The, I., 209-213. Dock Street, I., 140. Dobbins, Captain D. P., I., 211; II., 226. Dold Packing Co., Jacob, I., 246, 247. Dohn, A. F., II., 15. Dom Polski, The, I., 94. Donaldson, Robert S., I., 259. Donohne, Rev. Dr. Thomas, II., 80, 189. Dorr, Captain E. P., I., 211; II., 170, 213. Dorr, Dr. Samuel G., II., 185. Dorsheimer, William, I., 176, 177, 306; II., 170, 189. Drullard, F. O., II., 9. Dry Goods Trade, I., 320. Dubois, Rt. Eev. John, II., 69, 70. Dudley, J. G., II., 221. Dudley, Joseph D., II., 25. Dudley, Joseph P., II., 25, 164. Dunbar, Charles F., II., 15, 16. Dunbar, Robert, II., 7. Dunham, Dr. Sydney A., II., 186. Durfee, Amos, I., 53. Dwight, Timothy, I., 15. D'Youville College, II., 151, 152. Eagle Iron Works, II., 7. E^le Street, I., 14, 140, 141. Eiames, M. R., I., 211. Earl, James N., I., 251. Early, Father, II., 112. East Aurora, I., 34, 42. East Buffalo Maennerchor, II., 220. East Buffalo Iron Works, 11., 8. East Buffalo Brewing Co., II., 20, Eastman, Dr. Sanford, II., 184. 302 INDEX Eaton, Captain John B., I., 180. Eaton, L., I., 350. Ebenezer Society, Tlie, I., 57. Ediicatiomal Institutions, II., 130-156. Efner, Eli, I., 187. Egbert, Kev. John P., II., 190. Ehler, E. H., II., 13. Eidlitz, Cyrus L. W., II., 162. Einsfeld, John P., I., 193. Electric Power, I., 153-155. Electric Railways, I., 135, 136, 148, 149. Elevators, Grain, I., 58, 316-218. Eleventh Independent Battery, I., 75. Elias & Brother, G., I., 237. Eliot, President C. W., II., 313. Elks, The, II., 225. Ellicott, Joseph, I., 12-15, 34, 35, 137- 139; II., 130. Ellicott Clubs, II., 224. Ellicott Street, I., 169. Elliott, Lieut. (War of 1813), I., 35. Ellis, Major William, I., 71. Ellison, Ismar S., I., 43. Blmendorf, Henry L., II., 164, 165. Elmendorf, Mrs. Henry L., II., 165. Elmwood Avenue Extension, I., 96. Elmwood School, II., 154, 155. Ely, W. Caryl, I., 87, 160. Emerson, Henry P., II., 140, 181, 189. Emery, Edward K., I., 199, 200. Empire Lumber Co., I., 237. Empire Oil Works, II., 35. Emslie, Peter, I., 132. Emslie Street Sewer, I., 171. Enos, Laurens, I., 211. Enquirer, The, II., 201. Ensign, Charles, I., 18, 211; II., 207. Equality Club, II., 91, 225. Ericsson (L. M.) Telephone Mfg. Co., II., 16. Erie, L, 39, 98, 99, 113. Erie Basin, I., 107, 109. Erie Canal, I., 33, 35, 36, 39-43, 57, 58, 60, 100-106, 131-133, 21S, 219, 333-235. Erie County, I., 16, 35, 42. Erie County Bank, I., 230. Erie County Homeopathic Medical So- ciety, II., 186, 187. Erie County Medical Society, II., 182- 186. Erie Mill, L, 266. Erie Railway, I., 58, 62, 135, 334, 336- 338, 243. Erie Railway Library Ass'n., II., 175. Erie Street, I., 14, 137, 140. Eries, The, I., 5, 7. Ernst, Mrs. J. P., II., 121. Eseuwein, August C, I., 88; II., 163. Esser, John, I., 369. Evans, Edwin T., I., 177, 311, 372. Evans, Dr. Ellicott, I., 16. Evans, J. C, I., 211. Evans, Colonel and Mrs. William, II., 98. Everett, H. L., II., 190. Exchange Bank, 1., 251. Exchange Street, I., 140-143. Express, The Buffalo. See Morning Express. Extein, Hiram, I., 193. Paber, W. F., II., 190. Falconwood Club, II., 333. Fargo, Mrs. Jerome, II., 121. Fargo, William G., I., 198; II., 200. Farmer's Brother, I., 8, 25, 27. Farmers' and Drovers' Bank, I., 251. Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, I., 252. Farnham, Ammi M., II., 208. Farnham, Charles S., II., 177. Farnum, Lieut. Charles S., I., 74. Farrar, Chillon M., 11., 8. Parrar & Trefts, II., 8. Fassett, Theodore S., I., 336. Faxon, Charles, II., 193. Faxon, Henry W., II., 199. Faxon, James, II., 193. Federal Telegraph and Telephone Co., L, 150, 151. Federlein, Frederick, II., 217, 218. Fegley, Major and Mrs. F. C, II., 103. Feldman Family, The, I., 43. Felician Sisters, II., 138. Fell, Dr. George E., II., 185. Fenian Invasion of Canada, I., 84. Ferguson, Charles, II., 190. Ferris, Mrs. Martha, II., 46. Ferris, Peter J., I., 133; II., 51, 87. Fidelity Trust Co., I., 257. Field, General George S., II., 11. Fields, Samuel J., I., 88, Fiftieth Regt. Engineers, I., 75. Fifty-seven, Panic of, I., 63-66. Fillmore, Mrs. Caroline, II., 210. Fillmore, Rev. Glezen, I., 34; II., 32. Fillmore, Millard, I., 33, 42, 43, 59, 66- 68, 197; 203, 258; II., 132, 143, 169, 170, 223. Fillmore Avenue, I., 178, 183. Fillmore, Hall & Haven, I., 42. Financial Crisis. See Panics. Pine Arts Academy, II., 159, 161, 207- 212. Fire Wardens, Village, I., 160-163. Fire Fighting, I., 160-165, 189, 195, 196. Fish, E. E., II., 190. Fish, S. H., I., 211; II., 207. Fischer, Louis A., II., 15. Fisher, James H., II., 190. BUFFALO 303 Fiske, Mrs. Henry C, II., 98. Fitch, Benjamin, II., 85. Fitch, Rev. Frank S., II., 42, 63. Fitch Creche, II., 85, 122. Fitch Institute, II., 85. Fitch Provident Dispensary, II., 123. Fitch Tuberculosis Dispensary, II., 86, 129. Flach, Richard, I, 176, 177. Fleming, Edwin, I., 87; II., 200, 201. Flint, Dr. Austin, II., 142, 143, 183-185, 190. Flint & Kent, I., 220. Flour Manufacture, I., 266-271. Fobes, William D., II., 170. FoUett, Oran, II., 192. Folwell, Dr. M. B., II., 185. Foote, Dr. George F., II., 187. Foote, Dr. Thomas M., II., 143, 193, 195. Forbes, Mrs. E. A., II., 189. Ford, Dr. Corydon L., II., 143. Forman, George V., I., 257. Fornes, Charles V., II., 173. Fort Erie, I., 9, 14, 20, 25, 30, 31. Fort Niagara, I., 8, 23, 27, 28. Fort Porter, I., 180. Port Stanwix, Treaty of, I, 8, 9, 13. Forty-fourth Regt. N. Y. Vols., I., 75, 76. Forty-ninth Regt. N. Y. Vols., The, I., 69-71. Forward, Oliver, I., 18, 19, 38, 101, 106, 185. Foster, Dr. Hubbard, 11., 187. Foster, William E. II., 195. Fowler, Dr. Joseph, II., 185. Franklin School, 11., 155, 156. Franklin Street, I., 140. Frederick, Dr. Carlton C, II., 185. Frederick, William H., I., 214. Free Soil Convention of, 1848, I., 59. Freie Presse, II., 202. French, Lieut. James H., I., 74. French, Thomas B., I., 164. French, Rev. Thomas L., n., 65. Fresh Air Mission, II., 124, 125. Friedman, Joseph, II., 18. Pronczak, Dr. Francis E., I., 93, 175; II., 190. Front, The, I., 177, 179, 180, 183. Front Avenue, I., 183. Frontier Mill, I., 267, 269. Frontier Police District, I., 191. Frontier Telephone Co., I., 150. Frost, Dr. H. C, II., 187. Frothingham, Rev. Frederick, II., 210. Fryer, Robert L., I., 254, 271; II., 155. Graertner, Dr. William, II., 175. Galusha, Rev. Elon, II., 33. Ganson, Emily, II., 96. Ganson, James M., I., 253; II., 151. Ganson, John, I., 205, 206. Ganson, John S., II., 207. Gardner, Noah H., I., 261-263; II., 134. Gas Lighting, I., 59. Gaskill, Charles B., I., 269. Gaskin, Edward, I., 120. Gates, Elizabeth H., II., 212. Gates, Horatio, II., 194. Gates, Mrs. Sarah A., IL, 114, 212. Gates Circle, I., 183. Gay, Dr. Charles C. P., II., 177, 184, 190, 222. Gazetta Buflaloska, n., 203. General Drop Forge Co., II., 17. Genesee, The, I., 4, 9. Genesee Street, I., 140, 141, 145. Geneseo, I., 10. Geib, Frederick, II., 202. George N. Pierce Co., II., 12, 14. Georger, F. A., II., 165, 168. Georgia Street, I., 170. German Deaconess' Home, II., 126. German Hospital, II., 126, 127. German Martin Luther Theological Seminary, II., 146. German Roman Catholic Orphan Asy- lum, IL, 111. German Young Men's Association, IL, 165-169. German-American Bank, I., 255. German- American Brewery, II., 20. Germans in Buffalo, I., 43. Germania Brewing Co., IL, 20. Germania Maennerchor, IL, 220. Gerrans, H. M., I., 87, 134. Gibbons, Miss Emma, IL, 154. Gibson, Johnson & Ehle, I., 272. Gifford, Rev. O. P., IL, 118. Gilbert Family, The, I., 7, 13. Gilder, Richard Watson, IL, 212. Gildersleeve-Longstreet, Mrs., IL, 190, 222. Gittere, Joseph A., IL, 173. Gleason, Very Rev. William, IL, 77. Glen Iris, II., 5. Glenny, Charlotte S., II.,. 155. Glenny, Mrs. Esther A., II., 98. Glenny, William H., IL, 182. Glenny, Mrs. William H., IL, 189. Globe Mill, I., 266, 267. Gluek, James Prazer, II., 164, 190. Goetz, Rev. A., IL, 51. Goetz, Philip Becker, IL, 189, 212. Goetz, Mrs. Regina, IL, 117. Goetz Family, I., 43. Gombel, Rev. Joseph, IL, 35. 304 INDEX Gomez, William G., II., 3. Good Shepherd, House of the, II., 114, 115. Goodell, Jabez, II., 147, 148. Goodell Hall, II., 148. Goodell Street, I., 170. Goodrich, G. H., I., 250. Goodyear, Charles W., I., 87, 130, 160, 230-332, 279; II., 172. Goodyear, Frank H., I., 129-131, 329- 232, 277, 278; II., 125. Gorham, Nathaniel, I., 9. Gowans & Beard, and Gowans & Son, II., 20. Grabau, Eev. J. A., II., 37, 51, 52, 146. Grade Crossings Commission, I., 132- 134. Graduates' Association, II., 148. Graham, Fred. ¥., I., 283. Grain Trade — Grain Elevators, I., 58, 209-230. Gram, Eev. Franklin C, II., 136. Grand Army of the Republic, II., 227. Grand Island, I., 26. Grand Trunk Railway, I., 136. Granger, Erastus, I., 17, 19, 22, 199. Granger, Lieut.-Ool. Warren, I., 73. Granger & Co., I., 220. Gratwick, W. H., I., 154; II., 382. Gratwick, Mrs. W. H., II., 144. Gratwick Research Laboratory, II., 144. Gratwick & Co., I., 228, 229. Graves, John C, I., 182. Graves, Quartus, II., 194. Graves, Manbert, George & Co., I., 226. Gray, David, I., 5-7, 181; II., 88, 159, 189, 198-200, 233. Gray, David, Jr., II., 190. Gray, Dr. P. W., 11., 187. Gray, William M., I., 211. "Great Western," The, I., 45, 115. Green, Anna Katherlne, II., 191. Green, Benjamin F., I., 199. Green, Edward B., I., 88. Green, Harriet E., II., 155. Green, Manly C, I., 199. Green, R. S., II., 190. Green & Wicks, II., 210. Greene, General Francis V., I., 154. Greene, James W., II., 197, 198. Greene, Dr. Joseph C, II., 170, 185. Greene, Dr. S. S., II., 185. Greene, Dr. Walter D., I., 175; II., 185. Gregg, Dr. Rollin R., II., 187. Gregory, Dr. Willis G., II., 185. Greiner, C. M., II., 3. Greiner, John, I., 177; II., 167. Greiner Family, I., 43. Grey Nuns, II., 150. GrifBn, A. L., I., 211. GriffiTi, John B., I., 211. "Griffon," The, I., 112. Grosscurth, William, II., 220. Grosvenor, Abel M., I., 23. Grosvenor, Dr. J. W., II., 186. Grosvenor, Seth, II., 173. Grosvenor Library, I., 202; II., 159, 160, 161, 163, 173, 174. Grote, Augustus R., II., 178, 179, 181, 190. Grove, Dr. Benjamin H., II., 185. Gruener, Carl, II., 167. Guard of Honor, II., 46, 94. Guggenberger, Rev. Professor, II., 189. Guido Chorus, II., 211, 221. Guild, Joseph, II., 119, 120. Guild, Mrs. Susan, II., 119. Gurteen, Rev. S. Humphreys, II., 190. Gustafson, Rev. F. A., II., 65. Guthrie, Edward B., I., 134. Guthrie, S. S., I., 211. Haas, Lieut. Herman, I., 71. Haberstro, Joseph L., II., 20. Haberstro Family, The, I., 43. Haddock, Dr. Charles C, I., 60. Haddock, Lieut, and Adjt. Herbert H., L, 74. Haddock, John, I., 160. Haddock, L. K., I., 113. Hadley, Dr. George, II., 144. Hadley, Dr. James, II., 143. Hagg, Adjutant and Mrs., II., 100. Haight, Albert, I., 199 200. Haines, Mrs. Anne M., II., 119. Haines, Emmor, II., 170. Haines Lumber Co., I., 236. Halbert, Norton A., II., 87. Hall, Asaph, II., 131. Hall, Edward J., I., 149; 11., 28. Hall, Nathan K., L, 35, 42, 43, 199, 203; II., 134. Hall, General (War of 1812), I., 28. Hall & Sons, II., 28. Hamburg Canal, The, I., 60. Hamilton, Dr. Frank H., n., 142, 143, 184, 190. Hamlin, Prank, II., 221. Hamlin, Harry, I., 87, 88. Hamlin & Mendsen, I., 220. Hammond, Clark H., I., 200. Hammond, Robert, II., 9. Hammond, William W., I., 199. Handel & Haydn Society, II., 315. Hanna, W. W., II., 30. Hanna & Co., M. A., I., 275. Harbor, Buffalo, I., 21, 32, 33, 95-111. Harbour Street, I., 140. BUFFALO 305 Harmonic Singing Society, II., 220. Harrington Hospital for Children, II., 114. Harris, Jabesh, II., 21. Harris Hill, I., 30. Harrison, J. C, I., 211, 23,9. Harrison, Jonas, I., 185, 186. Harrison Glee Club, II., 215. Harriton, H., II., 156. Hartt, Mrs. Charles F., II., 148. Hurugari Library, II., 175. Harugari Maennerchor, II., 220. Harvey, Dr. Charles W., II., 184. Harvey, Dr. Leon P., II., 177, 181, 185. Haskl-ns, George W., II., 196. Haskins, Eoswell W., I., 44, 168; II., 134, 176, 177, 190, 192, 194. Hatch, Edward W., I., 199, 200. Hatch, Israel T., I., 250; II., 194. Hauenstein, A. G., I., 226. Hauenstein, Dr. John, II., 165, 168, 184. Hiauenstein Family, The, I., 43. Hauenstein & Co., II., 25. Haven, Simon Z., II., 187. Haven, Solomon G., I., 43, 197, 203. Hawkins, N. A., II., 14. Hawley, Elias S., n., 135, 170. Hawley, Dr. James E., II., 183. Hawley, Jesse, I., 37. Hawley, M. S., I., 211. Hawley, Seth C, II., 157, 194. Hayd, Dr. Herman E., II., 185. Hayes, Edmund, I., 154, 160, 271, 280, 283; II., 10, 212, 221. Hayes, George B., I., 276; II., 9, 161. Hayes, Dr. George E., II., 157, 176, 177, 180. Hayward, Elisha, II., 1. Hayward, Capt. Elisha L., I., 69. Hazard, George S., I., 211; II., 112, 170, 207, 212. Heacoek, Eeuben B., I., 22. Heacock, Oapt. Reuben B., I., 71, 160. Heacoek, Eev. Dr. Grosvenor W., II., 38-41, 51, 207. Health, Board of, I., 43, 44, 60, 168, 172- 175, 195. Heath, Dr. William H., II., 186. Hebrew School, II., 156. Hedstrom, Eric L., I., 233, 235-237, 241, II., 52, 60, 91. Hefford, E. E., H., 92, 172. Heiser, Godfrey, 11., 19. Held, Frederick, II., 202. Hellriegel, Henry, I., 255. Helmer, C. M., II., 28. Helvetia Singing Society, II., 220. Henderson, Eev. John M., II., 56. Hengerer, William, I., 87. Hengerer, William & Co., I., 220. Hens-Kelly Co., I., 220. Heywood, Russell H., I., 211-213. Hibbard, George A., II., 190. Hibbard, Dr. G. C, II., 187. Hickmott, Capt. Charles H., I., 71. Higgins, iiieut.-Col. John, I., 78. Higginson, J. P., I., 283. Hill, Henry W., IL, 171, 172. Hill, Dr. John D., II., 184. Hill, William H., II., 13. Hinckley, Dr. A. S., II., 187. Hines, Father, II., 112. Hinkel, Dr. F. W., II., 186. Hinman, Mr. and Mrs. Walter N., II., 101. Hinson, Charles W., I., 200. Hobart, Bishop, II., 32. H. O. Company, I., 271. Hodge, Benjamin, II., 131. Hodge, William, II., 170. Hodson, Devoe P., I., 200. Holland, Nelson, II., 10. Holland Company, The, I., 10, 12, 35. HoUister, Frank M., II., 196. Hollister, J. & R., I., 211. Hollister & Laverack, I., 220. Hollister Bank, The, I., 64. Holmes, A. S., n., 51. Holmes, Britain, II., 7. Holmes, Edwttrd, II., 7. Holmes, J. D., II., 106. Holmes, Eev. Samuel Van Vranken, II., 62, 102. Holmes & Adams, II., 25. Holt, Lieut.-Col. Erastus D., I., 71. Holy Angels' Academy, II., 150, 151. Holz, Cblonel Eichard E., II., 99. Home for the Friendless, II., 118, 119. Homeopathic Hospital, II., 121. Homeopathic Medical Society, II., 186, 187. Hopkins, Dr. Henry E., II., 153, 185. Hopkins, Nelson K., I., 164. Hopkins, General Timothy S., I., 23. Horan, William C, II., 198. Horgan, George V., I., 214. Homaday, W. T., II., 190. Hornby, Alexander, I., 271. Horton, Mrs. John Miller, II., 226. Hosmer, Eev. Gfiorge W., I., 47, 48, 137- 139 169* II. 34. Hospitals,' IL, 109, 112-116, 120-122, 124, 125. Hotehkiss, William H., I., 87. Hotchkiss, W. H., IL, 190. Houck, William G., 11., 15. Houghton. George W., I., 200; IL, 215. Howard, Dr. C. F., IL, 186. 3o6 INDEX Howard, Ethan H., II., 200. Howard George, I., 264; II., 112, 161. Howard, James H. W., II., 190. Howard, J. G., I., 88. Howard, R. L., II., 7, 153. Howard Iron Works, II., 7. Howe, Mrs. Elizabeth M., H., 112, 113, 139. Howe, Dr. Lucien, II., 181, 185, 190. Howell, Stephen W., I., 266; H., 7. Howell, Stephen Y., II., 185. Howland, Henry E., I., 112, 113; II., 173, 176, 178-180, 189, Howland, Theodore, II., 177. Hoxsie, Dr. Augustus C, II., 187. Hoyt, Iiieut. Azor H., I., 74. Hoyt, James G., I., 199. Hoyt, William B., II., 154. Hoyt & Spratt, I., 208. Hubbard, Elbert, II., 22, 190. Hubbard, Dr. Silas, II., 183. Hubbell, Dr. Alvin A., II., 185. Hubbell, Mark S., II., 203. Hughes, John, I., 87. Hughes, Rt. Rev. John, 11., 71, 72. Humboldt Park and Parkway, I., 182, 183. Humphrey, James M., I., 200. Hunt, Rev. Sanford, II., 33, 189. Hunt, Dr. Sanford B., II., 184, 195, 196. Hunter Lodges, I., 54. Huntley, Charles R., I., 87, 88, 166. Hurd, Dr. Arthur W., 11., 121, 186. Hurd Brothers, I., 226, 227. Hurlburt, Dr. Jonathan, II., 182. "Huron," The, I, 112. Huron Street, I., 140. Hurst, Bishop, II., 55. Hussey, Dr. E. P., II., 187. Hutchinson, E. H., II., 63, 116, 136. Hutchinson, John M., I., 164, 264; n., 63. Hutchinson Memorial Chapel, II., 116. Hyde, Miss Alice, II., 106. Hyde, Dr. Clarence L., II., 187. Hyde, Rev. M. C, II., 51. "Hydraulics," The, I., 60, 171. Idlewood Club, II., 233. Independent Club, II., 225. Indians of the Buffalo Region, I., 4- 12, 25, 27, 34, 42, 55-57. Ingersoll, Rev. Dr. Edward, II., 38, 57. Ingleside Home, II., 130. Industrial Bureau, I., 214. Industrial Exposition, I., 214. Industrial Home, II., 99. International Brewery, II., 20. International Bridge, I., 126. International Railway Co., I., 135, 136, 148, 149. Iron and Steel Production, I., 272-286i Iroquois, The, I., 4-7, 9. Iroquois Hotel, II., 163, 163. Irwin, Dudley M., II., 331. Italian Colony, I., 85, 94. Ives, William, II., 159. Jacobs, J. L., II., 173. James, Dr. Frederick H., II., 210, 312. Janes, Lillian E., II., 95. Jenks, B. W., II., 158. Jenkins, Lewis, II., 159. Jewett, Dr. Carlton R., II., 185. Jewett, Mrs. Carlton R., II., 154. Jewett, Dr. Chas. C, II., 184. Jewett, Elam R., II., 57, 193, 195, 197. Jewett, Josiah, II., 213. Jewett, Sherman S., I., 176, 177, 25S, 276; II., 7, 161, 207, 209, 212. Jewish Synagogues and Temples: Beth El, II., 40, 50. Beth Jacob, II., 53. Beth Zion, II., 42, 45. Berith Sholem, II., 45, 49. Temple Beth Zion, II., 45, 58, 107. Jobbing Trade, I., 220. John R. Keim Mills, II., 14. Johnson, Crisfield, I., 44; II., 130, 189. Johnson, Lieut.-Col. George W., I., 70. Johnson, Dr. Ebenezer, I., 18, 43, 44, 168, 187, 197; IL, 148, 183. Johnson, James M., II., 199. Johnson Cottage, The, I., 19; II., 148. Johnson Park, I., 19, 170, 176, 184. Johnston, James N., II., 188, 189, 322. Johnston, Rev. Samuel, II., 32. Johnston, Wilbur H., I., 150. Johnston, Captain William, I., 12. Jones, Amanda T., II., 189, 232. Jones, Captain David, I., 79. Jones, J. T., I., 269, 87, 88. Jones, Dr. Joseph R., II., 183. Jones Iron Works, II., 6. Jopp, Rev. P. J., II., 65. Joslyn, D. M., I., 245. Joy & Webster, I., 48. Joyce, William A., II., ,92. Jubilee Springs and Water Works, I., 45, 156. Judd, Carrie P., IL, 191. Justin's Forge, I., 273. Juvenile Court, I., 197; 11., 86. Kah-Kwahs, The, I., 5-7. Kahler, Rev. Dr. P. A., XL., 55, 126. Kalbfleisch Sons, IL, 26. Kalina Singing Society, IL, 221. Karnes, Matilda, IL, 118. Kavanagh, Lieut. James, I., 74. BUFFALO 307 Kean, Thomas, II., 199. Keating, Bobert, I., 277. Keely, Patrick C, II., 74. Keim (John R.) Mills, II., 14. Kellicott, D. S., II., 181, 190. Kelly, Baniel G., II., 189. Kellogg-, Lieut. Samuel S., I., 74. Kellogg, Spencer, II., 35. Kellogg Bridge Works, II., 11. Kendall, Kev. Clark, II., 41. Kendall, Frederick, I., 133. Kendrick, Dr. C. M., II., 187. Kenefick, Daniel J., I., 200. Kennedy, Mrs. Charles, II., 139. Kennedy, Hugh, I., 278, 284; II., 172, Kennett, Thomas A., II., 196. Kent, Edward A. and W. W., II., 66. Kenyon, Dr. L' M., II., 187. Ketehum, Jesse, II., 42, 141. Ketchum, William F., II., 7. Ketchum's History of Buffalo, I., 5, 113, 201; II., 189. Kibbe, Gaius, I., 185. Kibbe, Isaac, I., 249. King Iron Works, II., 6. Kingsley, Silas, II., 135. Kingman & Durphy, I., 266. King's Daughters' Home, II., 127. Kinney, G. N., I., 250. Kip, William F., I., 193; II., 191. Kirkover, H. D., I., 134. Kittridge, C. V. N., II., 11. Klinck Packing Co., Christian, I., 346. Knight, Theodore C, 11., 8. Koerner, H. T., II., 191. Kolo Spiewackie, II., 231. Kremlin Hall, II., 88. Krumholz, Joseph, II., 173. Kuryer Buffaloska, II., 203. Labor Bureaus, C. O. S., II., 86. Labor Disturbances. See Strikes. Lacy, William H., II., 157. Lackawanna Railroad. See Delaware. Lackawanna Steel Company, I., 154, 379-383. Ladies' Christian Commission, I., 83. Ladies' General Aid Society, I., 82. Lafayette Street, I., 140. Laidlaw Lumber Co., R., I., 327. Lake Erie Boiler Works, II., 9. Lake Erie Engineering Works, II., 9. Lake Erie Village, I., 11, 13. Lake Shipping and Trade, I., 32, 33, 36, 40, 45, 47, 48, 58, 97-100, 113-121, 218- 230, 223, 224. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, I., 125, 126. Lake View Brewery, IL, 20. Lambert, Jr., Lieut. David, T., 71. Lancaster, I., 154. Land Speculation, I., 46-51, 85, 86. Landon's Tavern, I., 19. Lang, Gerhard, II., 19. Langdon, Andrew, I., 134; 166, 182, 237; II., 16, 171, 172. Langdon & Co., J., I., 234-236. Langille, J. H., II., 191. Laning, A. T., I., 207. Lanning, Rev. Gideon, II., 32. Lapham, Marshall, I., 283. Larkin, John D., II., 21-23, 94. Larkin Company, II., 21-23. Larned, J. N., L, 193; IL, 139, 160, 164, 172, 189, 196. La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, I., 112. Lascelles, J. H., II., 175. Lathrop, S. H., II., 195. Laub & Zeller, I., 265. Laurie, Rev. A. G., IL, 38. Lautz, F. C. M., I., 87; II., 21, 167, 221. Lautz Bros. & Co., II., 20-21. Law Library, II., 175. lawyers' Club, II., 235. Lazelle, Colonel Henry M., I., 81. Leake, Isaac Q., I., 349. Le Clear, Thomas, EC., 206, 207, 208. Le Couteulx de Caumont, Louis Stephen, L, 16, 17; IL, 69, 71, 108. Le Couteulx St. Mary's Institution, II., 149, 150. Lee, Dr. Charles A., IL, 142. Lee, John R., IL, 14, 157. Lee, Porter R., IL, 87. Lee & Co.'s Bank, Oliver, I., 251. Lehigh Valley Railway, I., 128, 129, 334, 236, 337, 343, 385. Letchworth, Josiah, II., 5, 6, 189. Letchworth, Ogden P., U., 6, 173. Letchworth, William Pryor, IL, 4-6, 123, 123, 170, 190, 212, 222. Letchworth Park, IL, 5. Letson, Elizabeth J., 11., 181. Lewis, Charlotte E., IL, 119. Lewis, Dr. Dio, IL, 187. Lewis, F. Park, II., 187, 190. Lewis, George A., I., 300; IL, 150. Lewis, George H., I., 340; II., 125. Lewis, Mrs. George H., IL, 105, 106, 125. Lewis, Dr. George W., 11., 187. Lewis, Loran L., Sr., I., 199, 202, 204, 254. Lewis, Loran L., Jr., n., 172. Lewiston, I., 55, 100. Liberal Club, U., 335. Liederkraenzchen Singing Society, IL, 317. Liederkranz Singfing Society, II., 211. 3o8 INDEX Iiiedertafel Singing Society, 11., 217- 320. Lincoln, President, in Buffalo, I., 66, 67. Lincoln Parkway, I., 180, 183. Linden, Charles, II., 178, 189, 190. Linnahan, Lieut. Timothy J., I., 79. Lion Brewery, II., 19. Literature, looal, II., 188-191. Littell, Clarence H., II., 17. Locke, C. E., II., 190. Lock, Franklin D., I., 204. Loekwood, Stephen, I., 199. Lockwood, Dr. Timothy T., II., 183. Long, Dr. B. 6., IL, 185. Long, E. A., II., 191. Long, Dr. Eli H., II., 185. Long, Dr. L. A., II., 185. Loomis, Dr. Horatio N., II., 183. liOomls, Thomas, II., 153. Lord, Herbert G., II., 145, 155. Lord, Rev. Dr. John C, I., 202; II., 36, 49, 50, 172, 189, 190. Lord, Mrs. John C, II., 117. Lord, Lucy S., II., 117, 118. Lothrop, Dr. Thomas, II., 185. Lot-on, jabez, IL, 87. Love, General George M., I., 77, 78. Love, Miss Maria M., IL, 85, 96, 139. Love, Thomas C, I., 199 201. Lovejoy, Mrs., I., 29. Lucas, Dr. William, II., 182. Luippold, John M., IL, 20. Lumber trade, I., 221-232. Lund, John, IL, 220, 221. Lutheran Church Home, IL, 126. Lutheran Orphan Asylum, IL, 50. Lutheran Y. M. C. A., IL, 175. Lynde, Dr. U. C, IL, 185. McCullough, C. H., Jr., I., 283. MeCune, Charles W., IL, 200. McDougall, Elliott C, I., 255. MoDougall, Sidney, IL, 25. McGraw, Frank S., I., 160. Mcintosh, William, IL, 189, 201. Mclntyre, Colonel William, IL, 99. Mack, Norman E., II., 201. McKay, James, II., 194. Mackenzie, William Lyon, I., 52-54. McKinley, President, William, As- sassination of, I., 90. McLean & Co., Hugh, I., 226. McLeod, Alexander, I., 53, 54. McLowth, Dr. Charles, IL, 182. McMahon, Colonel James P., I., 80. McMahon, Colonel John E., I., 79. McMillan, William, I., 178, 182. McMurry, Prank M., IL, 139, 145, 155. McNish, William, IL, 3. McPherson, Annie, II., 119. McVean, Lieut. J. P., I., 71. McWilliams, John J., I., 134, 235; IL, 93 172 McWilliaims, S. N., IL, 92. Magnus Beck Brewing Co., IL, 19. Manchester, Bradford A., IL, 193, 194, 198. Main Street, I., 14, 15, 51, 137, 139, 141, 142, 145. Mann, Elizabeth C, IL, 155. Mann, Charles J., I., 211. Mann, George E., I., 133. Mann, Dr. Matthew D., IL, 144, 153, 154, 185, 190, 212, 221. Manufacturers' Club L, 214, 215. Manufacturers' and Traders' Bank, I., 253. Marcus, Louis W., I., 200. Marcy, Dr. W. H., IL, 187. Marine Hospital, IL, 129. Marine Mall, I., 266. Marine National Bank, I., 252, 253. Market Bank, I., 256. Marsh, P. S., I., 211. Marshall, Charles D., IL, 177, 222. Marshall, Miss Elizabeth C, IL, 123. Marshall, Dr. John E., L, 32, 44, 168; IL, 182. Marfan, Orsamus H., I., 5, 13, 202; IL, 143, 169, 174, 189, 207. Martin, Darwin D., IL, 22. Martin, Henry, I., 254. Martin, Dr. H. N., IL, 187. Martin, Dr. Truman J., IL, 187. Marvin, John 6. H., IL, 2. Mason, E. C, IL, 190. Mason, Dr. William H., IL, 144, 185. Massachusetts Avenue, I., 183. Massachusetts Land Claims, I., 9, 10. Masten, Joseph G., I., 197, 200; IL, 143, 174. Mathews, Oeorge B., I., 267. Matthews, C. B., II., 26. Matthews, George E., IL, 197, 198. Matthews, James N., II., 189, 194. Matthews-Northrup Works, IL, 197, 198. Matzinger, Dr. H. G., IL, 186. Maycock, Dr. B. J., II., 187. Mayflower Descendants, Society of, II., 227. Meadows, William, IL, 153. Mechanics Bank, I., 250. Meeker, Joseph, II., 206. Meisberger, Dr. William, IL, 185. Men's Hotel, IL, 93, 94. Mercantile Courier, IL, 194-198. Merchants' Bank, I., 251. BUFFALO 309 Merchants* Exchange, I., 213. Merchants' E'xchange Bank, I., 250. Mercy Hospital Aid Society, II., 128. Mertz, Rev. Nicholas, II., 69, 70. Metcalfe, James H., I., 245. Michael, Edward, II., 221. Michael, Isadore, II., 139. Michigan Central Railway, I., 126. Michigan Street, I., 142, 170. Mickle, Dr. Herbert, II., 185. Milburn, John G., I., 87, 193, 204, 279; II., 161. Mile Strip, The State, I., 9, 12, 20, 139. Miles H. D., II., 16. Military Post at Buffalo, The Early, I., 56. Miller, Rev. Augustine A., S. J., II., 147. Miller, Edwin G. S., I., 87, 255. Miller, Major Frederick, I., 24. Miller, H. B., II., 202. Miller, Dr. John, II., 187. Miller, William F., I., 207. Miller & Greiner, I., 220. Millinowski, Mrs. Arthur, II., 139. Mills, John Harrison, I., 69; II., 189, 208 222 Mills,' William I., II., 119. Milson, George, I., 217. Minnesota Docks, I., 285. Miner, Dr. Julius F., II., 144, 185. Mischka, Joseph, II., 219. Mississippi Street, I., 140. Mitchell, Rev. Dr. 3. S., II., 52, 190. Mixer, Frederick K., II., 181. Mixer, Mrs. MJary E., II., 189. Mixer, S. F., II., 207. Mixer, Dr. Sylvester P., II., 183. Mixer & Co., I., 225, 226. Moffatt Brewery, II., 20. Mohawk Street, I., 140, 143. Montgomery, H. E., II., 190. Montgomery Brothers, I., 227. Moody, Dr. Miary J., II., 185. Mooney, Dr. J. J., 11., 221. Mooney, James, I., 177. Moore, Alice O., II., 124. Moore, Dr. Edward M., II., 144. Moore, Thomas M., I., 88. Moot, Adelbert, I., 204, II., 154. Moot, Mrs. Adelbert, II., 154. Mtorgan Street, I., 140. Morgan, William J., I., 133. Morning Express, The, I., 83, 217, 245; II., 194-197. Morris, Robert, I., 10. Morse, David B., I., 259. Moseley, Dr. George T., II., 187. Moss, Capt. Charles H., I., 71. Mathers' Club, II., 236. Mulligan, Charlotte, II., 46, 94, 95. Mtinieipal Bath House, The First, II., 86. Municipal Court, I., 191, 192, 200. Municipal Hospital, II., 128. Municipal Playgprounds, II., 86. Munro, Josiah G., II., 87. Murphy, J. H., I., 88. Music Hall, II., 168, 169. Music in Buffalo, II., 213-222. Musica Sacra Society, II., 313, 314. Myer, Colonel Albert J., I., 18. Myers, Lieut.-C