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FOULHOUZEISM AND CeRKEAUISM 
 
 SCOURGED. 
 
 DISSECTION 
 
 A MAl^IFESTO. 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924015055951 
 
POULHOUZEISM AI^ID CEEI^rEAUISM 
 
 SOOXJEGED. 
 
 DISSECTION 
 
 A MAI^IFESTO. 
 
 " 8vo siM gladio hune jugulo." 
 
 NEW TOEK: 
 
 PRESS OF J. J. LITTLE & 00.,.' 
 
 10 TO 30 AsTOR Place. 
 
 1884. 
 
p,-fe,^ Aii^r-l, l&6^~m\. 
 
 
DISSECTION OF A MANIFESTO. 
 
 This Scourging of Falsehood and Imposture, is the sub- 
 stance of the " Dissection of a manifesto of Jacques Foul- 
 houze," published in New Orleans in 1858. 
 
 It was written by Bro.\ Albert Pike, with the exception 
 of some passages of a personal character, added by Bro.". 
 Charles Laffon de Ladebat, which, with others having only 
 a personal or local application, are here omitted ; but it has 
 been deemed best to permit the Dissection still to retain 
 the form of a response to propositions, instead of taking 
 that of a treatise or memoir. 
 
 It is intended now for the swash-bucklers and braggarts of 
 the so-called " Cemeau " Supreme Councils in New York, 
 whose weapons are drawn from the arsenals of Folger and 
 Foulhouze. 
 
 October, 1883. 
 
PREAMBLES AND RESOLUTIONS 
 
 Adopted at th^ Grand Communication of tlie soi-disant Su- 
 preme Council of the 33d Degree for the Sovereign and 
 Independent State of Louisiana, on the 24:th of July, 
 1858. 
 
 Consideration. 
 
 1. " That the Eite known at this day as ' The Ancient 
 " and Accepted Eite,' was worked hy different Masonic Bodies, 
 " established in Europe at the time of the Grand Mastership 
 " of the Count of Clermont, which dates from the 11th of 
 " December, 1743." 
 
 2. " That when that Prince was the Supreme Chief 
 " THEREOF, AUCi the degrees that we at this day work, 
 " formed a part thebeop ; as appears from the fact that, 
 " in 1758, the Council of Emperors of the East and West 
 " existed at Paris ; and that that Council, then composed of 
 " well-informed persons, gave Letters-Capitular for the High 
 " Degrees, and created Inspectors-General for the purpose 
 " of propagating Freemasonry in Europe, and even beyond 
 " the seas." 
 
 Mr. Foulhouze cannot say that his meaning was, in these 
 considerations, that all the Degrees of the Eite in question 
 were worked in the middle of the 18th Century, some by one 
 body, and some by another, of the different masonic bodies 
 then established in Europe ; which would' be a very differ- 
 ent thing from what he does say. For his language is too 
 precise to allow that charitable ''construction. Le Rite, he 
 says, ETAIT pradique par divers corps magonniques / " which 
 means clearly that the whole Eite, as a Eite, was practised 
 by each. And the word en, which in two places we translate 
 THEREOF, has no other antecedent noun to be referred to, 
 
 than "Eite." The phrase " Les Degres en faisaient 
 
 partie," settles that ; because Degrees cannot form an integral 
 
part of a " title," of a Masonic Body, of Europe, of an Epoch, 
 of a Grand Mastership, of a Count of Clermont, or of the 
 month of December; and these are the only precedent 
 nouns, except the word Bite. 
 
 A Rite is a regularly arranged scale or series of Degrees, 
 forming a Hierarchy, in which each lower Degree introduces 
 the neophyte to the one immediately above it. One Bite 
 may differ from another, either in having more or less De- 
 grees, leaving out or adding Degrees, or working the same 
 Degrees differently. 
 
 The EiTE known at this day as the " Ancient and Ac- 
 cepted Scottish Eite," consists of 33 Degrees. Of the origin 
 of many of these Degrees we know nothing whatever. 
 Undoubtedly most of them, as isolated Degrees, or parts of 
 other systems, were worked by different Masonic Bodies in 
 Europe, established near the middle of the 18th century. 
 But when a Masonic writer asserts that a particular " Rite " 
 was worked by a particular Body, at a particular time, he 
 must, in order to verify his assertion, and escape the impu- 
 tation of deliberately falsifying history, prove that it was 
 worked as a Bite, as a Whole, as a System, as a Unit. He 
 cannot save himself by saying or even showing that most 
 or even all of its Degrees were worked, some by one Body, 
 and some by another. 
 
 "We admit that if one were to take a Eite consisting of a 
 large number of Degrees, and add or take away one or two 
 Degrees, making no other change, and give it, with that 
 diminution or addition, a new name, it would not in good 
 faith be another or new Eite. But if the change made were 
 substantial, if the existing Degrees were re-arranged, and 
 several new ones added, and especially if higher ones were 
 created, and the scale so arranged became consolidated by 
 time, and grew up to be a Power in Masonry, regularly es- 
 tablished and administered, it would be simply absurd to 
 deny it the name of a Bite. 
 
 In 1758, and for many years and always after, the Eite of 
 Perfection, or of Heredom, consisted of 25 Degrees. It be- 
 gan with the three Symbolic Degrees ; with the 18tli reached 
 the Eose Croix ; and with the 25th, the Prince of the Eoyal 
 
Secret. In 1786, the Grand Orient of France, having till 
 then confined itself to the first three Degrees, added four 
 more, ending with the Rose Croix ; — which four Degrees 
 contained the substance of the first 18 of the Eite of Perfec- 
 tion — and it called the seven Degrees, the " French or 
 Modern Eite." At some time between 1783 and 1801, some 
 one or more persons took the Eite of Perfection, and ex- 
 panded the seven Degrees above the 18th to fifteen, leaving 
 the first eighteen untouched ; and more than doubling the 
 residue, ending with a Degree above the highest of that 
 Eite, created a superior governing Power, and called the 
 new Eite "The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Bite" After- 
 wards, two Brothers, named Bedarride, took some of these 
 33 Degrees, or, rather, the titles of part of them, expanded 
 them to 90 and called their new Eite the " Eite of Mis- 
 raim." 
 
 The Eite de la VieiUe Bru or of the Faithfvl Scotsmen, was 
 established at Toulouse, in France, in 1748, and consisted of 
 the three Symbolic Degrees and six others — 9. 
 
 The Philosophical Scottish Bite, instituted in 1776, at Paris, 
 by Brother Boileau, a physician, and worked until 1826, and 
 in Belgium ever since, consisted of twelve Degrees, in addi- 
 tion to the three Symbolic — 15. 
 
 The Eite of Strict Observance conferred six Degrees, be- 
 ginning with the three Symbolic— 6. 
 
 The Begime Beforme or Bedifie, of Dresden, had seven 
 Degrees, including the three Symbolic — 7. 
 
 The Scottish Philosophical Bite, of the Scottish Mother Lodge, 
 which is to be credited to the Body established at Marseilles, 
 prior to 1750, consisted of eighteen Degrees, the first three 
 being the Symbolic Degrees, and the eighteenth the " Knight 
 of the Sun "-18. 
 
 The Adonhiramite Masonry of the Baron de Tohoudy, con- 
 sisted of thirteen Degrees, ending with the " Noachite " or 
 "Prussian Knight "—13. 
 
 The Eite of Elect Coens, or of Martinez Paschalis, consisted 
 of nine Degrees : it, as well as the Adonhiramite, beginning 
 with the three Symbolic Degrees — 13. 
 
 The Alchemical Eite of Pernety, consisted of six Degrees, 
 
8 
 
 beginning with the "True Mason," and ending with the 
 " Knight of the Golden Fleece "—6. 
 
 The Eite of the FhiMethes, established in 1773, had the 
 three Symbolic, and nine other Degrees — 12. 
 
 The Primitive Scottish Eite, or Philadelphi, established 
 at Narbonne, in 1780, had ten degbees, of instruction; a 
 Degree there meaning a certain amount of instruction ; and 
 some of them including several Masonic Degrees — 10. 
 
 The Primitive Scottish Bite, established at Namur, in 1770, 
 consisted of thirty-three Degrees, many of -which were dif- 
 ferent from any in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Kite ; 
 but are found in the Philosophical Scottish Eite, the Eite of 
 Strict Observance, the Adonhiramite Masonry, the Eite of 
 Pernety, etc. — 33. 
 
 The Eite of Martinism, of the Marquis of St. Martin, a 
 disciple of Martinez Paschalis, was at first composed of ten 
 Degrees ; and afterward, as the Reformed Scotticism of St. 
 Ma7iin, of seven ; each beginning with the three symbolic — 
 10. 
 
 The Eite of The Grand Lodge of the Three Globes, at Berlin, 
 has ten Degrees ; Moreau, in his Precis sur la Franc-Ma,§oji- 
 nerie, page 17, says it has seventeen — 10. 
 
 The Rectified Rite, adopted in 1782, had five Degrees, in- 
 cluding the three Symbolic — 5. 
 
 The Swedish Rite, had twelve Degrees, beginning with the 
 three Symbolic — 12. 
 
 The Eite of Benedict Chastanier, had six Degrees — 6. 
 
 The Eite of Brother Henoch, had four Degrees — L 
 
 The Oriental Rite, or Eite of Memphis, has ninety-six 
 Degrees, being a mere modification of the Eite of Misraim — 
 96. 
 
 The Persian Philosophic Rite, had seven Degrees — 7. 
 
 The Clerks of the Relaxed Oljservance, had ten, the tenth 
 divided into five parts — 10. 
 
 The Architects of Africa, or African Brethren, had eleven — 
 11. 
 
 The Eite of Swedenborg, had eight, or, according to Clavel, 
 six — 8. 
 
 The Kite of Zinnendorf, in Prussia, had seven — 7. 
 
The Rose Croix Rectified of Schroeder, established in 1766, 
 at Marburg, in Hesse-Cassel, had seven Degrees — 7. 
 
 The Rite of Schroede)- of Hamburg, established after 1800, 
 had three Symbolic Degrees only — 3. 
 
 The system of Fessler, created about 1796, had nine De- 
 grees — 9. 
 
 The Uclecfic Bite, followed in Germany and Switzerland, 
 settled in 1783, has the three Symbolic Degrees only — 3. 
 
 The Eite of the Uled of Truth, created about 1779, had 
 fourteen Degrees, in three classes — 14. 
 
 Of almost every one of these Kites, the three Symbolic De- 
 grees, in one shape or other, form the basis and an integral 
 part of the system. There is no one of them that can say 
 that none of its Degrees form part of any other Bite. Many 
 of the Degrees are common to several Kites. 
 
 Thory, in his Acta Latomorum, mentions 18 different De- 
 grees of Apprentice, 19 of Fellow Craft, 64 of Master Mason, 
 36 of the Elus, 68 of the Ecossais, 12 of Eose Croix, 27 of 
 the Philosophic Degrees, and 6 of K-H ; these eight Degrees 
 alone furnishing 249 Eituals. In all, there have probably 
 been 6 or 8 hundred Degrees iu practice. Of course it 
 follows that two Eites might practise the same Degrees, in 
 name, and yet the worlc be very different, and they reaUy be 
 different and independent Eites. The Eite of Schroeder of 
 Hamburg, and the Eclectic Eite of Germany, each with only 
 the three symbolic Degrees, are yet each a wholly different 
 Eite from the other, and each from the English or York 
 Eite. 
 
 Thus the word " Eite " has acquired in Masonry a per- 
 fectly well-settled technical meaning. Like many single 
 words in the Law, it embodies a definition, and relieves us 
 of the necessity of constant reiteration of a long sentence. 
 When out of the mass of perhaps 200 different Degrees, with 
 their 600 variations, somebody has selected 25, arranged 
 them, made them to some extent harmonize, induced Bodies 
 of Masons to accept and work them, and under that system 
 to establish Masonic government, administration, ofl&ces and 
 dignities, — that is a" Rite." When another takes those same 
 25 Degrees, retains the first 18, adds to the last seven eight 
 
IC 
 
 others, selected out of the 800 Degrees and Tariations, or in- 
 vented for the occasion, arranges and harmonizes the 33 thus 
 obtained, provides a governing Body, a rank, office and 
 dignity, higher than before, induces Masons to accept this 
 new system or improved system, and so sets it going, and it 
 goes on and works, is administered and becomes a substan- 
 tive and existing organization and power in Masonry, — that 
 is a " Rite." The Masonic world calls it A EITE. 
 
 Now, when, the author of the Manifesto set out by saying 
 that the " Eite " now known as " the Ancient Accepted 
 Scottish Eite" was practised by several Masonic Bodies 
 established while the Count of Clermont was Grand Master, 
 he committed a very grave offence against the proprieties of 
 discussion. For, when a word has obtained a fixed, settled 
 and technical meaning, any writer who employs it must em- 
 ploy it in that sense, unless he explains that he uses it in 
 another and not its technical sense. If one were to say that 
 the Civil Code of Louisiana was the Code of Law for a par- 
 ticular country of Europe at a particular time, it would not 
 relieve him from the charge of falsifying History for him 
 afterwards to endeavor to justify the assertion by saying that 
 the Code of Louisiana was composed of principles not new 
 nor then for the first time invented, but found in all ages, 
 scattered through all Codes. The word " Code " has a 
 technical, settled, fixed meaning — that of a compilation or 
 body of Laws, adopted by a particular people as the rule of 
 their society: and a writer who uses it is held to have used 
 it in that sense, uliless he explains, at the time, that he uses 
 it in some other. If he chooses to use it as meaning a house 
 or a cow, he is free to do so, only advising the reader : but 
 he cannot juggle with it and use it without explanation, that 
 the reader may understand it in its technical sense, while he, 
 the writer, with a mental reservation, gives it another mean- 
 ing. That would be Jesuitism, and a fraud on the reader. 
 
 Just so it is with the word "Eite." It has a fixed mean- 
 ing ; as much so as the word " sect," or " creed." Every Ma- 
 son of any information knows what it means ; and when Mr. 
 Fovlhouse asserts that the identical Bite now known as the 
 Ancient and Accepted Scottish Eite was worked — pratique- 
 
11 
 
 by divers Masonic Bodies, in the middle ol the 18th century, 
 he miist prove that the identical Eite, as a Eite, as a substan- 
 tive system, with its same arrangement of Degrees, and sub- 
 stantially its same Eituals, was then worked. 
 
 Well, that he cannot prove. It is not true. Not only was 
 it not worked, but no Eite like it was worked, none any 
 nearer to it than that of Perfection, in 25 Degrees. There 
 was no Eite in existence until the end of the Century, called 
 by the present name. We have already named nearly all the 
 Eites practised since the beginning of the 18th Century. 
 Those that we have not named, were really not Masonry at 
 all, but other Societies wearing the Masonic mask. 
 
 But Mr. Foulhouze avers, that when the Count of Clermont 
 was Grand Master, all the Degrees which we now work 
 formed part of " the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Eite." 
 And this he proves by the fact that in 1758 there was a Coun- 
 cil of the Emperors of the East and West at Pg,ris, and that 
 it granted Letters-Capitular for the Sigh Degrees, and created 
 " Inspectors- General " to propagate the Eite. . The conclusion 
 is an evident and evidently absurd nan sequitur. That that 
 Council administered " the High Degrees," and even created 
 "Inspectors-General," goes a very little way, indeed does not 
 even set out, to prove that the Eite which it worked con- 
 tained all the 33 Degrees of our present scale. 
 
 Among the Degrees added to the 25 of the Eite of Perfec- 
 tion, to make up the 33 of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish 
 Eite, noiv practised, were the Chief of the Tabernacle, the 
 Prince of the Tabernacle, the Prince of Mercy, or Scottish 
 Trinitarian, the Knight of the Brazen Serpent, and the 
 Knight Commander of the Temple. Not one of these Degrees 
 is included in the scale of Degrees of any one of the Eites 
 which we have mentioned, or of any other Eite of which the 
 French writers give us any information, except that of Mis- 
 raim, which took them in the nineteenth Century from the An- 
 cient and Accepted Scottish Eite. We call for the proof, the 
 historical evidence that any of these five Degrees were worked 
 by any Masonic Body whatever, as part of any Eite what- 
 ever, in 1743, 1762, or at any time prior to 1801. It will not 
 be found in the works of Thory, Eebold, Besohuet, Vassal, 
 
12 
 
 Eagon, Clavel, Des Etangs, Chemin-Dupontes, Bobrik, Le- 
 Tesque, Moreau, Boubee, Kauffmami and Cherpin — in Herrms, 
 the Gloie, the Orient, VEncydopedie Magonnique, V Univers 
 Magonnique, les Annahs Magonniques, either of the Revues 
 Magonniques, or in the Polemics between the Supreme Coun- 
 cil and the Grand Orient of France. In all these writings — 
 and we have compiled from them and other sources extracts 
 concerning the History of Eree Masonry in France, sufficient 
 to make a work of at least three volumes, — there is no trace 
 of the existence of either of those Degrees, except that of 
 Knight Commander of the Temple, prior to the year 1801 ; 
 and not the slightest information as to the time and place of 
 their origin, if they were invented prior to that time. To say 
 that AT.T, the Degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish 
 Bite were worked in 1758, and afterwards reduced to 25, is 
 simply to malce history as you want it. There is nothing in 
 the world to sustain such an allegation. It is a sheer fabri- 
 cation. 
 
 Eebold, a very accurate and reliable writer, in le Franc- 
 Ilagon, for August, 1857, p. 148, entitles the Masonry intro- 
 duced into France by Dr. Eamsay, " the Primitive Scottish 
 Eite." It was composed, Kauffmann and Cherpin say {His- 
 toire philosophiqne de la Fi-anc-Maconnerie, p. 443), of three 
 Degrees — ^besides the 3 Blue Degrees, — Ecossais, Novice and 
 Knight of the Temple. Eagon {Orthodoode Ilngonnique, p. 
 113) says the same, and that in 1736 those Degrees were in- 
 creased to seven. 
 
 Eebold also says {Histoire Generale de la Franc-Magcm- 
 nerie, p. 136), that the Bit Ecossais of Eamsay, then compris- 
 ing 7 Degrees, " was adopted by the English Grand Lodge of 
 France," at Paris, in 1736. 
 
 In 1743, the Count of Clermont was elected Grand Master ; 
 and under his Grand Mastership the Grand Lodge of France 
 was completely organized. In that year the Masons of 
 Lyons invented the Fetit-Elu, which was afterwards known 
 as the Kadosh, and out of which were developed several 
 other Elu Degrees. About the same time Philosophism 
 composed several Degrees, and among others the Knight of 
 the Sun. The Jesuits, Clavel says (Histoire Pittoresque de la 
 
13 
 
 Franc-Magonnerie, p. 166), composed the Eose Croix, which 
 the Philosophers took possession of, and gave its symbols 
 an astronomical interpretation. Soon after, the Kabalah, 
 Magic, Evocations of Spirits, Divination, Alchemy, Her- 
 meticism, Theosophy, and every sort of empty humbug, 
 were worked up into Degrees and taught in the Lodges. 
 The ineffable stupidity of most of the Rituals was a perfect 
 antidote to the looseness of their doctrines. Taking the 
 rituals in the aggregate, the history of the human race does 
 not present such a scene of shameless imposition, impudence 
 and folly on the part of a few charlatans ; and of pitiable 
 stupidity on the part of the many who were gulled. 
 
 This multitude of Degrees, Clavel says, " whose rituals 
 cannot be read without disgust, got grouped together in 
 different ways, and were systematized ; and thence grew up 
 these series of initiations into successive Degrees, which are 
 termed Bites; distinguished one from another by having 
 different categories of Degree^, and each category governed 
 by a distinct Body." But the truth is, that the Degrees 
 were not " systematized," but merely aggregated. Not being 
 homogeneous, they did not crystallize, but merely became 
 conglomerates. 
 
 When the Count of Clermont was elected Grand Master, 
 France received from England its first Masonic Constitution 
 and Laws. They were little more than an adaptation of 
 Anderson, except the 20th and last article, which declared 
 that certain persons who had assumed the designation of 
 " Scottish Masters " and who demanded peculiar privileges 
 in the Lodges, for which no warrant could be produced, 
 should not be held in higher. estimation than the other ap- 
 prentices and workmen, whose clothing they should wear 
 {Free Mason's Quarterly Magazine — English — 1853, p. 600, 
 citinjg from Kloss). And an address published the next 
 year, 1744, in la Franc-Magonne, reciting the evils under 
 which Masonry labored, assigned as the 4th, that, " Igno- 
 rance is so common, that the majority of the Masters and 
 Wardens do not know that Masonry consists of seven De- 
 grees ; and the Loge Generale, in its blindness, resolved on the 
 11th of December, 1743, to regard the Masons of the 4th 
 
 a 
 
14 
 
 Degree, that is to say the Mattres Ecossais, only as common 
 Apprentices and Fellow^Craftsmen." 
 
 In 1744, the Count of Clermont left the Lodges to take care 
 of themselves ; and appointed first Baure, a banker, and 
 afterwards Lacorne, a dancing-master, his special Deputy, 
 thus putting the whole Order in his hands. — Besuchet {Precis 
 Hlstorique de la Franc-Ma^gonnerie, vol. I., p. 33). — Disorders 
 of every kind invaded Masonry : charters became merchan- 
 dise, new Degrees swarmed like flies. Restaurateurs bought 
 Masterships for life, and every body sold Degrees. The fol- 
 lowers of Charles Edward Stuart, the son of the Pretender, 
 opened Lodges without authority ; and he himself chartered 
 a Chapter of Eose Croix, at Arras, in 1747. The Charter is 
 given in full in h Globe, vol. 4, p. 84, and by Eagon {Ortliod. 
 Maqonn., p. 121) ; Clavel {Hist. Pitt, de la Franc-Magonnerie, 
 p. 167), says that this was the first Chapter or centre of ad- 
 ministration of the High Degrees in France ; and that the 
 second was established at Marseilles, in 1751, by a travelling 
 Scotchman. 
 
 In 1748, the Eite de la Vieille Brit, or des Ecossais fidJeks, 
 was established at Toulouse, with 9 Degrees, — ^the 3 Sym- 
 bolic, Secret Master, four Elu Degrees, and the ninth of 
 Scientific Masonry.— Eagon, Ortliod. Maq., p. 122 ; Kau£f- 
 mann and Cherpin., Hist. Phil., p. 447. 
 
 In 1750 or 1751, a Lodge styled Saint Jean d'Ecosse was 
 established at Marseilles, which afterwards assumed the 
 style of Scottish Mother Lodge of France. Its regime finally 
 consisted of 18 Degrees, of which the Scottish Mother Lodge 
 of France, at Paris, afterwards borrowed eight — ^Levesque, 
 Apergu General, &c., des principales sectes Magonn., p. 54 ; 
 Thory, 1 Acta Latomorum, p. 63 ; Eebold, Hist. Gen. p. 163 ; 
 Besuchet, Precis Hist., vol. L, p. 35 ; Eagon, Orthod. Mag. 
 p. 119. 
 
 In 1752, a power of the High Degrees was established 
 under the pompous title of " Sovereign Council, Sublime 
 Scottish Mother Lodge of the Grand French Globe." It was 
 afterwards called, or rather called itself, " Sovereign Council 
 Sublime Mother Lodge of the Excellents of the Grand French 
 Globe." The Council of Emperors of the East and West as- 
 
15 
 
 sumed that title also, on the 22d of January, 1780. — Eagon, 
 Orthod. MaQ., p. 123 & 135. — ^What Degrees the former admin- 
 istered we are not informed. We only know that in some 
 Commanderies the Scottish Knight of St. Andrew was 
 worked. 
 
 In 1754, the Chevalier de Bonneville established a Chapter 
 of the High Degrees at Paris, styled " the Chapter of Cler- 
 mont." In it the Templar system was revived ; and the 
 Baron de Hund received the High Degrees there, and thence 
 derived the principles and doctrines of his order of Strict 
 Observance. — Thory, 1 Acta Lat, p. 68 ; Levesque, Apergu, p. 
 54 Eagon, Orthod. Mag., p. 127, says the regime of the Chap- 
 ter of Clermont at first comprised only 8 Degrees, i. e., be- 
 sides the three Symbolic, Knight of the Eagle, or Master 
 Elect ; Illustrious Knight, or Templar ; and Illustrious Sub- 
 lime Knight ; but that they soon became more numerous. 
 
 The same year, 1754, Martinez Paschalis established his 
 Eite Elus Coens, with 9 Degrees. He did not carry it to 
 Paris until 1767. — Clavel, Hist. Pitt, p. 170. 3Iartinism, in 
 10 Degrees, grew out of it. 
 
 In 1756, the Grand Lodge of France declared its independ- 
 ence, and dropped the word " Anglaise " out of its title. It 
 revised its Constitution, and adopted new regulations, declar- 
 ing that it would recognize the three Degrees of Apprentice, Fel- 
 hiv-Craft and Master, onit. — Clavel, Hist. Pitt., p. 119 and 
 120. 
 
 In 1757, M. de St. Gelaire introduced at Paris the order of 
 Noachites. — Levesque, p. 56 ; Thory, 1 Acta Lat., p. 74 ; Yidal 
 Fezandie, Essai, &c., by F. V., p. 145. 
 
 This is absolutely all that we are told about the High De- 
 grees, so far as their administration is concerned, prior to 
 1758 ; the year in which Mr. Foulhouze finds the " Ancient 
 and Accepted Scottish Eite," in 33 Deg., precisely as it exists 
 at present, organized and working in the Council of Empe- 
 rors of the East and West, at Paris. 
 
 Levesque says {Apergu, &c., p. 56), that in 1758, certain 
 Masons, styling themselves " Sovereign Princes and Grand 
 Officers of the Grand and Sovereign Lodge of St. John of 
 Jerusalem," founded at Paris a Chapter of " Emperors of the 
 
16 
 
 East and "West," in which they conferred on such Masons as 
 were fond of many Degrees, as many as twenty-five. 
 
 Thory says (1 Acta Lat., p. 74) : " During this year— 1758 
 — was established at Paris a Chapter styled ' Chapter of the 
 Emperors of the East and West.' Its members entitled 
 themselves 'Sovereign Princes Masons, General Deputies 
 {Suhstituts Generaux) of the Eoyal Art, Grand "Wardens and 
 Officers of the Grand and Sovereign Lodge of St. John of 
 Jerusalem.' Their Degrees of instruction were composed of 
 twenty five grades." 
 
 "Vidal Fezandie says {Essai Hist, sur la tranche Magonn., p, 
 145), " Three years after " (i. e. after 1754), " profiting by the 
 disorders occasioned by a dangerous and lamentable anarchy, 
 the Rite of the Noachites was introduced into the Capital ; 
 and the next year the Chapter of the Emperors of the East 
 and "West, which gratified the mania for degi-ees by the per- 
 spective of its twenty-five degrees." 
 
 Kagon (Orthod. Magonn., p. 48) says, after stating the es- 
 tablishment of that Chapter in 1758, and giving the title as- 
 sumed by its members, as Thory gives them : " a crowd 
 pressed forward to obtain the twenty-five degrees, of which the 
 pretended instruction of the new regime was composed ;" and, p. 
 149, after speaking of the Templar system started at Lyon, 
 the Chapter at Arras, and the Chapter at Clermont, he adds : 
 "Then comes the Council of Emperors of the East and 
 "West, Sovereign Princes Masons, ivith its tiventyfive Degrees, 
 eagerly sought after by Master Masons." 
 
 And he adds, that the century will hardly have elapsed 
 'before eight moee Degeees loiR he added to these 25, extending 
 the nomenclature to 33. 
 
 Again (p. 129), after oitce more stating the establishment 
 of this Council in 1758, and giving the title of its members, 
 he says : " Their Degrees of instruction were composed of 
 .twenty-five grades, under the title of Heredom ; divided into 
 seven classes, the doctrine whereof has for its basis the 
 Templar system. The Council was divided into Colleges in 
 which these classes were conferred." 
 
 Clavel {Hist. Pitt, p. 167) says : " Four years later, in 1758, 
 there was formed from the debris of the Chapter of Cler- 
 
17 
 
 mont, a new Body, which styled itself ' Council of the 
 Emperors of the East and West.' Its degrees of instruction 
 consisted of twenty-five grades." Its system, he says, was the 
 Templar System. 
 
 Among the members were Lacorne, the dancing master, 
 and a tailor named Pirlet, who afterwards set up a new Body, 
 in 1762, styled " Council of 'Knights of the East," with a 
 Bite opposed to the Templar System of the Emperors of the 
 East and West, and in 15 Deg. only, ending with the Knight 
 of the East or of the Sword. Most of the rituals were made 
 by the Baron de Tchoudy. — Bagon, Orthod. Mag. p. 136. 
 Clavel, Bht. Pitt. p. 167. 
 
 And finally, for further SAddence that the CouncU of Em- 
 perors of the East and West originally worked only 25 
 Degrees, we refer to Besuchet, 1 Precis Hist. p. 37, and 
 Eebold, Hist. Gen. p. 163. Nt) assertion was ever made, by 
 the most unscrupulous partisan, more utterly devoid of any 
 semblance or even shadow of historical authority, and 
 more directly and positively contradicted by the best and 
 all the authority, than this, that the Council in question 
 originally administered more than twenty-five Degrees, and 
 that the number was reduced by the Constitutions of 1762. 
 
 In 1759, this Council established a Council of the Princes 
 of the Boyal Secret at Bordeaux. — Thory, 1 Acta Lat. p. 76. 
 Kagon, Orthod. Mag. p. 171. 
 
 In 1761, Lacorne, the dancing master. Special Deputy of 
 the Grand Master, and as such, real Head of the Order, en- 
 raged because the Grand Lodge refused to recognize him, 
 and its members to sit with him, established a new Grand 
 Lodge. Both Grand Lodges granted Charters, and the 
 Council of Emperors of the East and West constituted at 
 Paris and throughout France Lodges and Chapters. The 
 Old Lodge denounced the "Faction Lacorne ;" which never- 
 theless continued to thrive — Levesque, p. 57. Thory, 1 Acta 
 Lat. p. 78. L'Arche Sainte, p. 46. In the midst of all this, 
 on the 27th of August, 1761, Stephen Moein was commis- 
 sioned. 
 
 It is somewhat curious, while the Council of Emperors of 
 the East and West is mentioned by different writers, that . 
 3 a 
 
.18 
 
 we have nowhere in our reading met \\dth any document 
 purporting to emanate from a Council of that name. Mr. 
 Foulhouze says it created Inspectors-General ; but we have 
 nowhere seen any authentic evidence of that alleged fact. 
 
 The patent to Stephen Morin, appointing him "Grand- 
 Inspector " for the New World, purports to be granted by 
 the "Deputies-General of the Eoyal-Art, Grand Wardens 
 and Officers of the Grand and Sovereign Liodge of St. John 
 of Jerusalem, established at the Orient of Paris ; " — that is, 
 by the Council of Emperors of the East and West ; for, such 
 was the title of the members of that Council ; and by " the 
 Sov. Grand Master of the Grand Council " {of Emperors) " of 
 the Lodges of France, under the protection of the Sovereign 
 Grand Lodge " of France, — that of Lacoene, Eagon says, and 
 we know that that Council created and constituted Lodges 
 also, — " assembled by order of the Deputy-General, Presi- 
 dent of the G. Council " {of Emperors) " and in consequence 
 of a communication from Lacome " (one of the membees of 
 said Council) " Deputy of the Grand Master " (the Count of 
 Clermont), " and Knight and Prince Mason " and it purports 
 to be signed by the Deputy-General of the Order {of the Em- 
 perors), ChaiUon de Joinville, Grand Commander of the 
 White and Black Eagle and Sov. Sublime Prince of the Koyal 
 Secret, and Chief of the eminent Degree of the Eoyal Art ; 
 and by others. Grand Inspectors, Subl. Officers of the Grand 
 Council and of the Grand Lodge at Paris ; and sealed with 
 the seal of the Grand Master, that of the Grand Lodge, and 
 that of the Grand Council. 
 
 It emanated, therefore, from the CouncU of Emperors of 
 East and West. Two questions, however, will arise : 1st. 
 How could that Council be "under the protection of the 
 Grand Lodge of France," when we know that the latter 
 recognized and worked the three Blue Degrees only, and that 
 the Council of Emperors was acting in competition with and 
 encroaching upon the rights of the Grand Lodge ? 1 Acta 
 Latom. p. 78.— 2d. How could the name and seal of the Grand 
 Master and Grand Lodge of the S-oibolic Degrees be used in 
 a patent the object of which was to authorize Morin to prop- 
 agate the EiTE OF Perfection— a Eite not recognized by the 
 
 a 
 
19 
 
 Grand Lodge? — The patent of Morin mentions no other 
 Kite or Degrees than those of Perfection. 
 
 Our answer to these questions would be that Lacome, the 
 PKIVATE Deputy of a Grand Master who cared but very little, 
 if any, for Masonic affairs, took upon himself, and without any 
 authority whatever, to use the name and seal of the Count of 
 Clermont, and of a Grand Lodge that was in opposition to 
 the genuine Grand Lodge. A proof, however, that, in 1761, 
 the Council of Emperors was not united to the two Grand 
 Lodges, or either of them, is that it was merged, eleven 
 years after, in 1772, into the Grand Orient, by a Concordat. 
 1 Precis Hist. p. 41, — Meport of Le Blanc de Marconnay, p. 
 12 & seq. of the English translation. 
 
 Mr. Foulhouze knew all this : but his object was to cause 
 his followers to believe, contrary to History, that in 1761, 
 the Council of Emperors formed an integrant part of the 
 Grand Lodge of France, which, according to him, governed 
 both the Symbolic Degrees of English Masonry and the 
 Eite of Perfection, under one and the same Grand Master, 
 the Count of Clermont ; and that is the reason why, in quot- 
 ii^ from the patent of Morin, he changed " Royal- Art " into 
 " Order ; " that is the reason also why he " dropped " inten- 
 tionally a. whole sentence, the purport of which peoves that 
 the patent of Morin was positively delivered, not by the 
 Grand Lodge of France, officiailt, but by the Council of 
 Emperors of the East and West, under their title of " Dep- 
 uties General of the Boyal-Art, Grand Wardens and Offi- 
 cers of the Grand and Sovereign Lodge of St. John of Jeru- 
 salem." — Eagon, ibid. p. 129, 131 & seq. 
 
 On the subject of " Grand Inspectors " and " Lispectors 
 General " we shall have more to say when we come to exam- 
 ine the Constitutions or Regulations of 1762 ; and in the 
 mean time, having exploded the first and second " Considera- 
 tions," we pass on. 
 
 The 3d " Consideration " is, " that the Primitive Rite, es- 
 "tablished at Narbonne, in 1780, and subsequently in Bel- 
 " gium, consisted of 33 Degrees ; that it was introduced at 
 " Narbonne by the Superiors General of the Free and Accepted 
 "Masons of that Rite, the classes whereof betoken a knowl- 
 
20 
 
 " edge* of most of tlie Degrees analogous to them in other 
 "regimes; and the object whereof was, 'to occupy them- 
 " selves with every kLad of Masonic, physical and phUo- 
 " sophical knowledge, the products whereof could have an 
 " influence upon the material and moral well-being of man, 
 " — in a word, 'to labor to restore the intellectual man to, 
 " and reinstate him in, his rank and his primitive rights ; ' 
 " tvlierehy it is demonstrated that that Kite was no other than 
 " the one which we to-day practise, since such is our doctrine 
 "and our object." 
 
 Kagon, in his Orthodoode Magonnique, pp. 164, 165, 166, 
 167, gives us a pretty fuU account of the tico Primitive Eites, 
 which Mr. FoxiLHOUZE has mixed up into one. We trans- 
 late the whole text literally : 
 
 " Primitive Kite, ob Kite of the Phtt.adkt.phi of Naebokne." 
 
 1779. 
 
 " This Rite was invented and established at Narbonne on 
 the 19th of April, 1780, by certain pretended Superiors Gen- 
 eral, greater and lesser, of the Order of ' tJie Free and Accepted 
 Masons ' — such are the terms of the Patent of Constitutions 
 of the Rite. — It was attached to the Lodge des Fhiladdphes, 
 under the title of 'Eirst Lodge of St. John, working the 
 Primitive Rite, in the country of France,' and in which 
 Lodge it ranked Masonically from the 27th of December, 
 1779, the day of its application for annexatioiu The Lodge 
 des Philadelphes printed, in 1790, at the end of the list of its 
 members, a curious fragment, entitled, ' General notion as 
 to the character and object of the Primitive Rite' — a 
 pamphlet in 8vo, of 51 pp., — in which are found precise and 
 detailed information in regard to the System of this regime. 
 
 "It is formed by theee Ci^^sses of Masons, who re- 
 ceive ten degrees of instruction. The classes or degrees do not 
 designate such or such grades, but are the generic names of 
 collections which need only to be developed to the utmost 
 degrees of which they are capable, in order to evolve an 
 almost infinite number of Degrees. Thus the six first De- 
 grees indicate the knowledge of the grades analogous to 
 those which they comprise, that is to say : 
 
21 
 
 " 1st COass. 
 
 '2dCaass. 
 
 1. Apprentice, 
 
 2. PeUow-Craft. 
 
 3. Master. 
 
 4. Under the titles of 
 
 5. Under the title of 
 
 6. Under the titles of 
 
 In all the Rites. 
 
 Perfect Master, 
 Elect, 
 Architect. 
 Sublime Ecossais. 
 Knight of the Sword, 
 Knight of the East, 
 Prince of Jerusalem. 
 
 1st. Chapter of Eose Croix. It possesses those 
 branches of knowledge which in some regimes settle 
 the Masonic worship, and attract the veneration of a 
 great many respectable Brethren. 
 
 2d. Chapter of Rose Croix. It is the depositary of 
 historical documents, very curious in their kind, con- 
 nection and variety. 
 
 8d. Chapter of Rose Croix. It occupies itself with 
 all that Masonic, physical and philosophical knowledge, 
 " 3d Class, -l whose products can have an influence upon the mate- 
 rial and moral well-being of temporal man. 
 
 4th and last Chapter, called Chapter of the Broth- 
 EES Rose-Cboix of the Geam) Rosabt. It assidu- 
 ously studies the specialities. Ontology, — ^the science of 
 existence, Psychology, Pneumatology, in a word, all 
 the branches of those sciences which are termed occult 
 
 or secret their special object being to restore the 
 
 inteUectnal man to, and reinstate him in, his rank and 
 his primitive rights." 
 
 It appears that the 3ite Primitif established at Xarbonne, 
 in 1780, did net consist of 33 Degrees, nor resemble a E.ite 
 with 33 specified and distinct Degrees, much more than a 
 horse resembles a herring. 
 
 The Classes of that Hite did not .betoken or indicate — de- 
 signaiejU—SL knowledge of most of the Degrees of the other 
 regimes; but Eagon merely means, that as the Rite pre- 
 tended to teach every thing, an isnxrrE number of Degrees 
 might be developed out of it. 
 
 Kagon says, at p. 166 : 
 
 " The Primitive Eite was united to the Grand Orient, by 
 the Lodge des PhikuMphes, on a favorable report from the 
 Directory of Eites, iu 1806. At the present day, it is no 
 longer practised in France ; and it differs from that which, 
 we are told, is professed in Belgium." 
 
 — We again inquire whether it was fair to assert that the 
 
22 
 
 two Eites were the same Bite, in 33 Degrees, in the teeth 
 of what is said by that good Mason and accurate writer, 
 Eagon ? Who is it that falsifies History, Mr. Foulhouze ? — 
 
 " The Lodge la Bonne Amitie, at Namur, chartered on the 
 9th of February, 1770, in the Primitive Scottish Bite of Edin- 
 5ar^,— where no Eite bears that name, — and re-chartered by 
 the Grand Orient of France on the 24th of June, 1808, pro- 
 fesses this latter Eite, and has never ceased, it says, to cor- 
 respond directly with the Chief Metropolitan arid constituent 
 Body of the Order. We must not confpund this shapeless Rite, 
 which has thirty-three Degrees, icith the philosophically-conceived 
 Bite of Narionne." So again says Eagon. 
 
 " We shall add, that in 1818, circular letters announced 
 the organization of a Primitive Scottish Bite, which had been 
 introduced at Namur, in 1770, by the Metropolitan Grand 
 Lodge of Edinburg ; a Masonic authority often invoked by 
 charlatans, though never having had an existence, or at 
 least never a legal one. 
 
 " This Eite, of modern creation, is composed of thirty- 
 three Degrees, talcen mostly from the Scottish series styled that 
 of Heredom. Its chief author was the Bro.*. Marchot, an ad- 
 vocate at Nivelles. 
 
 " Its jurisdiction never seems to have extended beyond 
 the walls of Namur, where it was worked, as it seems, by the 
 Lodge 'la Bonne Amitie.'" The Lodge des "Vrais Amis 
 de rUnion," at Brussels, has an Areopagus of the 29th De- 
 gree of the Eite. 
 
 " Here is the nomenclature of this bastard regime, in 
 which, under the veil of Templarism, the Jesuitical Degrees pre- 
 dominate : 
 
 1. Apprentice, 11. Little Architect, 
 
 2. Fellowcraft, 12. Grand Architect, 
 
 3. Master, 13. Sublime Architect, 
 
 4. Perfect Master, 14. Master in Perf . Architecture, 
 
 5. Irish Master, 15. Royal Arch, 
 
 6. Elect of the Nine, 16. Prussian Knight (JVoacMte), 
 
 7. Elect of the Unknown, 17. Knight of the East, 
 
 8. Elect of the Fifteen, 18. Prince of Jerusalem, 
 
 9. Illustrious Master, 19. Master of Lodges, 
 10. Perfect Elect, 30. Knight of the West, 
 
 a 
 
23 
 
 21. Knight of Palestine, 28. Knight Kadosh, 
 
 22. Sov. Prince Rose Croix, 29. Grand Elect of the Trath. 
 
 23. Sublime Ecossais, 30. Novice of the Interior, 
 
 24. Kniglit of the Sun, 31. Knight of the Interior, 
 
 25. Grand Bcoss. of St. Andrew, 32. Praefect of the Interior, 
 
 26. Mason of the Secret, 33. Commander of the Interior." 
 
 27. Knight of the Black Eagle, 
 
 Thus far Eagon. Clavel, Hisioire de la Franc- Magonnerie, 
 pp. 64, 65, gives the same nomenclature ; and at p. 171, he 
 gives an account of the establishment and nature of the Bite 
 Primitif of Narbonne, agreeing with that given by Eagon. 
 The only additions and variances are, that Clavel says that 
 Eite was a modification of that of the Philalethes (or Search- 
 ers after the Truth) established at Paris, in 1773, in the 
 Lodge des Amis-Beunis ; the inventors whereof were 
 Savalette de Langes, the Vicomte de Tavannes, the Presi- 
 dent d'Hericourt, the Prince of Hesse, the-Bro.". de Saint- 
 James, and Court de Gebelin ; and in which were twelve 
 classes or Chambers of Instruction, six of lAUk and six of 
 High Masonry ; the 2d division containing the Eose Croix, 
 the Knights of the Temple, the Unknown Philosophers, the 
 Sublime Philosophers, the Initiates, and the Philalethes or 
 Masters of all Degrees. Clavel adds, that the authors of 
 this Primitive Eite were unknown, but they pretended that 
 their Eite came from Englakd, whence their use of the 
 English phrase "Free and Accepted Masons." Of its collec- 
 tions or families of dogmas, "whence could be evolved an 
 illimitable number of Degrees," he gives the same account 
 as Eagon, who indeed borrowed much of his language. 
 He says too, that it taught the Mystic Sciences, " whose 
 object was to restore the intellectual man to, and reinstate 
 him in, his rank and primitive rights." 
 
 The 4th " Consideration " is " that on the 27th of August, 
 "1761, the Deputies General of the Order delivered, in the 
 " name of the Count of Clermont, then Geaitd Master and 
 " Pbotectoe of all the Lodges, a patent of G.". M.'. Inspector 
 "to the Bro:". Stephen Morin, authorizing him to establish 
 "Lodges with the view of multiplying the Eoyal Order 
 " of Masons of all grades in America, and of there consti- 
 
24 
 
 " tuting Inspectors in all places where the grades were not 
 " established." 
 
 Besides the printed copies of this Patent, there is one in 
 the Archives of the Supreme CouncU at Charleston, in the 
 original Eegister of Jean Baptiste Marie Be la Hogue, copied 
 by him from the Eegister of Hyman Isaac Long. The Eegis- 
 ter of the Bro.-. De la Hogue is written throughout manu 
 propria, and authenticated by his signature and that of 
 Alexander Frangois Auguste de Grasse-TiUy, and the seal of 
 the Sublime Grand Council of Princes of the Eoyal Secret 
 at Charleston. This, the oldest copy within our knowledge 
 extant, agrees substantially with that in Eagon's Orthodoxie 
 Magorinique, p. 132. It commences thus : " At the Grand 
 " Orient of France, and by the good pleasure of his Most 
 " Serene Highness and the thrice Illustrious Brother Bour- 
 " bon. Count of Clermont, Prince of the Blood, Grand Master 
 " and Protector of all the Eegular Lodges ; " and it purports 
 to be gi'anted by : "We, the undersigned, Deputies General 
 " of the Eoyal- Art, Grand Wardens and Officers of the Grand 
 " and Sovereign Lodge of St. John of Jerusalem, established 
 " at the Opent of Paris ; and we. Perfect Grand Masters of 
 " the Grand Council of the Eegular Lodges under the pro- 
 " tection of the Grand and Sovereign Lodge ; " " assembled 
 " by order of the Deputy General, President of the Grand 
 " Council : " and upon a petition communicated by " the 
 " Eespectable Bro.'. Lacorne, Deputy of our Th.'. 111.". 
 "Grand Master, Knight and Prince-Mason." It grants to 
 the Bro.". Etienne Morin, Grand Elect, Perfect and Sublime 
 Ancient Master, Knight and " Sublime Prince of all the 
 Orders of the Sublime Masonry of Perfection, member of 
 the Eoyal Lodge de la Trinite, etc.," who was about to sail 
 for America, power to establish a Lodge of St. John any- 
 where in the four quarters of the Globe, to be called Perfect 
 Harmony, therein to receive candidates and extend the 
 Eoyal order of Free Masons, in all the Perfect and Sublime 
 degrees, taking care that the Statutes and Eegulations of tlie 
 Grand and Sovereign Lodge in particular be kept and ob- 
 served; with power to regulate and govern all the members 
 of such Lodge, and to appoint its Officers. And the Patent 
 
25 
 
 prayed all Masters of regular Lodges, of whatever rank, and 
 enjoined upon them, to recognize the Bro.". Morin, in his 
 character of "Grand Inspector, in all parts of the New- 
 World, appointed to enforce the observance of our laws, and 
 as Eesp.-. Master of the Lodge La Parfaite Harmmie," ^nd 
 it added : " and we do by these presents constitute our vlry 
 dear Bro.*. Etienne Morin our Grand Master Inspector, and do 
 authorize and empower him to establish in any part of the 
 world the Perfect and Sublime Masonry," etc., etc. It gave 
 him full power to admit to " the' Sublime Degrees of High 
 Perfection ; " " and to create Inspectors in all places where 
 the Sublime Degrees are not established." 
 
 The Patent purports to be " signed by the Deputy-General 
 " of the Order, Grand Commander of the White and Black 
 " Eagle, Sovereign Sublime Prince of the Eoyal-Secret ; and 
 " by us. Grand Inspectors, Sublime Officers of the Grand 
 " Council and Grand Lodge established in this Capital ; " 
 and to be sealed " with the great seal of our Illustrious 
 " Grand Master, His Most Serene Highness, and with that 
 " of our Grand Lodge and Sovereign Grand Council ; " at 
 Paris, August 27, 1761. 
 
 The signatures are : Chaillon de Joinville, Deputy-Gen- 
 era! of the Order, W.*. Master of the first Lodge in France, 
 called Saint Antoine, Chief of the Eminent Degree, Com- 
 mander and Sublime Prince of the Eoyal Secret, etc., etc., 
 etc., the Bro.". Prince DE EoHAiir, Master of the Grand Lodge 
 V Intelligence, Sovereign Prince of Masonry .... Lacokne, 
 Deputy of the Grand Master, Eespectable Master of the 
 Loge de la Trinite, Or.: Elect, Perfect Knight, Sublime Prince 
 
 Mason, etc., etc., Maximilien de Saint-Simeon, Senior 
 
 Warden, Grand Elect, Perfect Knight and Prince Mason, 
 etc., etc., .... Sav alette de Buckoly, Grand Keeper of the 
 Seals, Grand Elect, Perfect Knight and Prince Mason, etc., 
 
 etc., Taxtpin, Grand Ambassador of His Highness, 
 
 Grand Elect, Perfect Master, Knight, Prince Mason, etc., 
 
 Le Cokte de Choiseul, W.". Master of the Lodge des Enfants 
 de la Gloire, Gr.-. Elect, Perfect Master, Knight and Prince 
 
 Mason, etc., Boucher de Lenoncourt, W.". Master of 
 
 the Lodge de la Vertu, G.: Elqct, Perfect Master, Knight and 
 
 •• a 
 
26 
 
 Prince Mason, Ac, Beest db la CnAUSsiE, W/. Master 
 
 of the Lodge de V Exactitude, Grand Elect, Perfect Master, 
 
 Knight and Prince Mason By order of the Grand Lodge 
 
 also signed, Daubantin, Grand Elect, Perfect Master, Knight 
 and Prince Mason, W.-. Master of the Lodge Saint Alphonse, 
 Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge and Sublime Council 
 of the Princes Masons in France. 
 
 The Grand Lodge, as we have seen, worked the three 
 Symbolic Degrees only ; and the Grand Council, or Council 
 of Emperors, worked the' 25 of the Eite of Perfection or 
 Heredom, including the same three Symbolic Degrees. The 
 " Consideration " states the substance of the Patent with as 
 much inaccuracy as is usual with Mr. FovUiouze. It is not 
 correct to say that it was delivered by the Deputies-General 
 of the Order, " in the name of the Count of Clermont." It 
 is said in the caption, to be granted '"' by the good pleasure " 
 of His Most Serene Highness, &c. ; but the grant of power is 
 by the Wardens and Officers of the Grand and Sovereign 
 Lodge of St. John of Jerusalem, and the Perfect Grand Mas- 
 ter of the Grand Council of the regular Lodges under the 
 protection of the Grand and Sov.". Lodge. 
 
 Tlh.e purpose in so stating the purport of the Patent, slight 
 as the difference seems to be, was unfair and disingenuous. 
 By representing Morin's powers as delivered by the Deputies- 
 General, in the name of the Geand Masteb and Peotectoe op 
 ALL THE Lodges ; and putting the words " Geand MAiTEE et 
 Peotegteue de toutes les Loges " in small capitals, to indi- 
 cate the importance of the phrase, he meant to lead the 
 reader to the conclusion, that the Count of Clermont was the 
 Grand Master of all Lodges and Bodies of all Eites in France ; 
 and as such, gave Morin powers co-extensive with his own, 
 over all Degrees of all Eites whatever. The Count of Cler- 
 mont was Grand Master and Protector of all the Symbolic 
 Lodges that owed allegiance to the Grand Lodge of France : 
 that was all. 
 
 The " Deputies-General " were, de Joinville representing 
 the Council of Emperors, and Lacorne assuming to represent 
 the Grand Lodge. Mr. FouThouve. says that they delivered 
 the Patent, in the name of the Grand Master ; and so ignores 
 
 a 
 
27 
 
 the Grand Wardens, Officers and Perfect Grand Masters of 
 the Grand Council. 
 
 The 5th " Consideration " is : " that the Constitutions of 
 " 1762 are more than a year subsequent to the said Patent 
 " of Stephen Morin, and consequently could not affect the 
 " Powers which he held /rom the Grand Master of the Order, 
 " over all the Degrees ; that, besides, these Constitutions, so 
 "far as they reduced to twenty five the number of Degrees to he 
 " worked, have not been admitted and sanctioned by peactice 
 " OB othekwise, in any country ; and have, in fact, been con- 
 " sidered only as the expression of an idea of improvement in that 
 " respect on the part of their authors." 
 
 This shows that there was an unfair purpose in suppress- 
 ing the fact that the Patent to Morin did not run in the name 
 of the Grand Master alone, or, indeed, at all. The intention 
 was to represent it as giving power over all known degrees, 
 "because the Grand Master was Grand Master of all Lodges 
 in France." For that purpose, pains were taken to leave 
 out the important word " regular," in giving the title of the 
 Count of Clermont, as Grand Master and Protector " of all 
 " the Lodges ; " for in the patent the expression is, " Grand 
 Maitre et Frotecteur de toutes Jes loges regulieres ; " the last word 
 absolutely excluding all Lodges that ' did not acknowledge 
 the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of France. 
 
 Two Powers, only, granted the Patent. One of these ad- 
 ministered the Symbolic Degrees only ; the other, these and 
 twenty-two more, making twenty-five in all, and no more. 
 
 Levesque {Apergu, &g., p. 53) says: "1762— The Council 
 of Emperors of the East and West published a list of the 
 Degrees administered by it, they being 25 in number." 
 
 Kauffmann and Cherpin say {Hist. Phil. p. 452) : — " Some 
 time after its establishment, the Council of Emperors of the 
 East and West instituted a Chapter at Bordeaux, of Princes 
 of the Koyal Secret. In that Council the Degrees of the 
 Scottish Eite were examined and arranged, to the number of 
 25. Their Titles and Order were never afterwards changed. 
 The Council of Emperors sent commissioners to the Council 
 at Bordeaux to aid in classifying the* Degrees." 
 
 Thory (1 Acta Lat. p. 79) says : " 1762—21 September.— 
 
28 
 
 Commissioners from the Council of Emperors of the East 
 and West of Paris, and from the Council of the Princes of 
 Koyal Secret at Bordeaux, settled the Eegulations of the 
 Masonry of Perfection in 35 Articles, and determined as 
 follows the high Masonic Degrees of the doctrine of the 
 Council." 
 
 A copy of the Constitutions and Begulations of 1762 is 
 given in the Eecneil des Actes du SuprSme Conseil de France, 
 printed at Paris in 1832. 
 
 But a copy evidently more correct is contained in the 
 Begister of the Bro.'. De La Hogue, in the Archives of the 
 Sup.'. Council at Charleston, made out in 1798, and attested 
 by his signature and that of the Count DE Grasse, from 
 whom the Supreme Council of France obtained its copy : 
 and there is another copy in the same archives, in a Begister 
 made out by the Bro.*. Jean-Baptiste Aveilhe, "Deputy 
 Grand Inspector General and Prince Mason," at Port-au- 
 Prince, in Santo Domingo, on the 10th of December, 1797 ; 
 being a copy of a copy certified at Charleston in June, 1797, 
 by the Bro.-. Hyman Isaac Long. 
 
 The title of these Constitutions, in the Bro.'. De La 
 Hogue's Begister, is as follows : 
 
 " Constitutions and Eegulations drawn up by nine Com- 
 missioners appointed ad hoc, by the Sovereign Grand Sub- 
 lime Council of the Sublime Princes of the Eoyal Secret, 
 &c., &c. Orients of Paris and Berlin. Constitutions and 
 Regulations drawn up by nine Commissioners appointed by 
 the Grand Council of the Sovereign Princes of the Boyal 
 Secret, at the Grand Orients of Paris and Berlin, by virtue 
 of the resolution of the 5th day of the 3d week of the 7th 
 Month of the Hebrew Era 5762, and of the Christian Era 
 1762. To be ratified and observed by the Grand Councils 
 of the Sublime Knights and Princes of Masonry, as "well as 
 by the particular Councils and Grand Inspectors regularly 
 constituted in the two Hemispheres." 
 
 In Bro.'. Aveilhe's Begister it reads thus : " Eegulations 
 and Constitutions made by the nine Commissioners appointed 
 by the Sov.'. Grand Council of the Sublime Knights of the 
 Eoyal Secret and Princes of Masonry ; at the Grand Orient 
 
29 
 
 of Bordeaux, in consequence of the resolution of the 5th day 
 of the 3d week of the 7th Month of the Hebrew Era 5762, or 
 of the Christian Era 1762, to be observed and ratified by the 
 said Sovereign Grand Council of the Sublime Knights of the 
 Eoyal Secret, Princes of Masonry, and by all the Particular 
 Councils regularly constituted over the two Hemispheres ; 
 transmitted to our Bro. •. Stephen Morin, Grand Inspector of 
 all the Lodges in the New World, &c." 
 
 The 2d Article declares, that " The Eoyal Art, or the As- 
 sociation of Free and Accepted Masons, is regularly divided 
 into 25 Degrees .... distributed into 7 classes ; " which are 
 there given, beginning with " Apprentice," and ending with 
 " Sublime Prince of the Eoyal Secret," 25th Degree. 
 
 By Art. 3d, the governing Body of the Eite is shown to 
 be " The Sovereign Grand Council of the Sublime Princes 
 of the. Eoyal Secret ; and it is provided that it shall be com- 
 posed of the Presidents of all the particular Councils at Paris 
 and Bordeaux. 
 
 By Art. 6th, the Sov.*. Gr.*. Council was to elect 17 Officers 
 annually ; ten with different titles, and seven Inspectors, who 
 were to meet under the orders of the Sovereign Prince or his 
 Deputy General. 
 
 The Eegulations, in several of their provisions, define the 
 Powers of the Inspectors, whom they generally style " Grand 
 Inspectors," and of the Deputies whom they were authorized 
 to appoint. They were to represent the Sovereign Grand 
 Council in the Provinces and Foreign Countries, visit, in- 
 spect, and preside in subordinate Bodies ; and could within 
 their respective jurisdictions, in foreign countries, create and 
 constitute Lodges and Councils, prohibit, revoke, and ex- 
 clude, etc. ; and Articles 14, 15 and 16 show that there was 
 one Officer called a Grand " Inspector-General," who must 
 have remained at Paris, since all answers to letters, petitions 
 and memorials were to be signed by him or his Deputy, 
 before being signed by the Grand Secretary ; and all regula- 
 tions were to be signed by him or his Deputy, before being 
 sealed by the Grand Keeper of the Seals. The Inspectors 
 and their Deputies were, by Art. 27, required to conform to 
 " The Secret Constitutions of the Sovereign Grand Council ; " 
 
30 
 
 " in addition to -whicli Ancient and Secret Constitutions," it 
 is declared by the preamble, "of the August Order of 
 the Sublime Princes of Masonry," these Eegulations were 
 adopted. 
 
 The attestation to them is : " We, Sovereign of the Sov- 
 ereign Sublime Princes of the Eoyal Secret, of the Eoyal 
 and Military Order of the Most "Worshipful Fraternity of 
 Free and Accepted Masons, have determined and do re- 
 solve, that these present Statutes, Eegulations, and Consti- 
 tutions be observed. And we do order our Grand Inspectors 
 and their Deputies to cause them to be read and received, as 
 well in all particular Councils, Chapters, and Eoyal Lodges, 
 as in all other Bodies whatsoever. Done at the Grand 
 Orient of Bordeaux, under the Celestial Vault, the day and 
 year above mentioned." 
 
 The Bro.". De la Hogue's copy is certified by him and 
 the Bro.\ De Grasse to be a true copy of a copy deposited 
 by the Bro.'. Hyman Isaac Long in the Archives of the Grand 
 Council of Sov. ■. Princes of the Eoyal Secret at Charleston ; 
 and Bro.". Aveilhe's copy is a copy of one certified by Bro.". 
 Long to agree with a copy of the original transmitted to 
 Bro.". MoEiN, delivered by him to 'Bro.". Feancken, Deputy 
 Grand Inspector in the Island of Jamaica ; and with that 
 deposited in Charleston by the Bro.". Long. 
 
 The 33d Article formally declared the Degree of Prince of 
 the Eoyal Secret to be " The Sublime and last Degree of 
 Masonry," and provided that a Grand Council for conferring 
 it should be held but once a year, and then no more than 
 three of the oldest knights adepts allowed to receive it. 
 
 Of these Eegulations, Mr. FouUiouze is bold enough to 
 assert : 1st, that they reduced the number of Degrees to 25 ; 
 and second, that they never were accepted anywTiere, in that 
 respect, by practice or otherwise, as the Law of the Eite, 
 but merely embodied the theoretical notions of improve- 
 ment of their framers. 
 
 No writer speaks of their reducing the number of Degrees ; 
 but only of their classifying and arranging them. They do 
 noi purport to reduce the numbers of Degrees ; and aU the 
 writers speak of the Council of Emperors of the East and 
 
31 
 
 "West, as having from its origin worked only 26 Degrees. 
 The Bro.-. Stephen Mokin certainly accepted them as the 
 law of the Kite, for he furnished copies of them to his Dep- 
 uties, and neyer undertook to change the number, nomen- 
 clature or arrangement of the Degrees. 
 
 If, indeed, these Constitutions made any change, of which 
 we have no proof whatever, in the number of Degrees worked 
 by the Council of Emperors, we should at once be compelled 
 to conclude that they increased the number ; for it was formed 
 of the debris of the Chapter of Clermont, whose scale, as we 
 have seen, consisted of a far less number ; and, besides, the 
 tendency then was to increase and not to reduce the Degrees, 
 in making a new Eite or changing an old one. The Chapter 
 of Clermont was established in 1754; and it does, not seem 
 very probable that in eight years the scale would have 
 swelled to beyond 25 Degrees, and then been diminished to 
 that number. 
 
 The simple truth is, that this assertion about the reduc- 
 tion of the number of Degrees is but another instance of the 
 making of facts. 
 
 Bagon says (OrtJmd. Ma^. p. 297) — " The object of the Coun-' 
 cil " (in commissioning Moein) " was to propagate beyond 
 seas its Masonry, styled that of Heredom or Perfection, in 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES STEPHEN MoEIN, in his joumeys to 
 
 Saint Domingo, and over the vast continent of America, com- 
 municated the 25 Degrees of the Rite of Perfection ; and in his 
 capacity of G.: Master Inspector he created Inspectors, as he 
 had a right to do." 
 
 Bro.*. Chemin Dupontfes says {Cours Pratique de Franc- 
 Magonnerie, p. 213), " In 1786 .... Scottish Masonry, which then 
 had but 25 Degrees, affected to call the French Eite, with its 
 7 Degrees, the Modern Eite, and to plume itself more than 
 ever on the title 'Ancient and Accepted Eite.' Scottish Ma- 
 sonry seems to have had, at first, only 18 Degrees. By 
 
 the union of several constituent Bodies, and reciprocal con- 
 cessions in regard to a startling number of Degrees, its re- 
 gime was extended to 25, and afterward to 33 Degrees 
 
 The Scottish Masonry in 25 Degrees, whether of the Eite of 
 Heredom or Herodom or of that of Kilwinning or of 
 
32 
 
 tliat of Heredom of Kilwinning .... certainly existed in 1761, 
 and its Statutes were settled at Bordeaux in 1762." 
 
 Vidal Eezandie says {Essai Historique sur la Franche Ma- 
 gonnerie, p. 167), " Scottish Masonry, or the Ancient and Ac- 
 cepted Scottish Eite, was introduced into France in 1721, by 
 persons armed with powers from the Grand Lodge of Edin- 
 burg. It governed itself by the new Eegulations settled in 
 the Memorable Superior Council, held at Bordeaux in 1762." 
 He is mistaken both as to the date of its entrance into 
 France, the pretended powers from the Grand Lodge of 
 Edinburg being forged; and as to its being called the 
 Ancient and Accepted Scottish Eite ; a name that is not 
 met with anywhere until 1801. 
 
 Before the Grand Orient of France existed, said the Count 
 Mttbaiee, in his pamphlet, entitled " De V Independance des 
 Bites Ifagonniques," published at Paris, in 1827, and at page 
 3 : " There was in France a Council of Emperors of the East 
 and West, Sovereign Princes Masons, whose Degrees of In- 
 struction were composed of 25 grades, who constituted at 
 Paris and in France Lodges, Chapters, and OouncUs, which 
 even conferred powers for propagating the Masonry of Per- 
 fection beyond sea, and granted Letters Capitular for the 
 High Degrees; and there had been held at Bordeaux, in 
 1762, that memorable Council of Princes of the Eoyal Secret, 
 at which were drawn up and settled, in 35 Articles, the Gen- 
 eral Eegulations of High Masonry; and where were fixed 
 and classified the 25 Degrees that then composed the Ancient 
 and Accepted Scottish Eite ; Eegulations that became the 
 General Law of the Councils and Consistories established 
 both in France and beyond seas ; Eegulations still existing, 
 which form the primitive Charter of the Organization of the 
 Ancient Eite, and the yet living rule which governs it ; saving 
 such modifications and changes as have been effected by the 
 Grand Constitutions of 1786." 
 
 And, " whoever " framed the Grand Constitutions of 1786, 
 it is undeniable that they were "adopted" by Scottish 
 Masons as the law of Scottish Masonry ; and their very first 
 Article is in these words : " All the Articles of the Constitu- 
 tions, Statutes and Eegulations made in the year 1762, by 
 
33 
 
 the nine Delegates from tlie Grand Councils of Princes of 
 Masons of the Royal Secret, which are not contrary to these 
 present Ordinances, are ' preserved ' in full force, and shall 
 be observed ; but such as conflict herewith are ' abrogated,' 
 and to be regarded as expressly repealed" 
 
 After the Bro.-. Moein came to America, he did not pretend 
 to propagate any other Masonry than that of Perfection, in 
 25 Degrees. Up to the year 1801 . we find no trace, in 
 America, including the West Indies, of any higher Degree 
 than the 25th, or " Sublime Prince of the Eoyal Secret." 
 We have several Eituals of that Degree " as the 25th," made 
 out about that time. It is true that the rank of Deputy 
 Grand Inspector-General had gradually grown to be regarded 
 and given as a Degree ; but Grand Consistories or Councils 
 of Sublime Princes of the Eoyal Secret were the highest and 
 governing Bodies of the Eite. 
 
 In 1769, Bro. •. Moein was in Kingston, Jamaica. In two old 
 Eituals of the 24th Degree (Kadosh) in our possession, is 
 this paragraph, by way of note : " The Grand Inspector, 
 Etienne Mokin, founder of the Lodge of Perfection, in a Con- 
 . sistory of Princes of the Eoyal Secret, held at Kingston, in 
 Jamaica, in January of the Masonic year 5769, informed the 
 Princes Masons that latterly there had been some excitement 
 at Paris, and investigations had been made there, to learn 
 whether what the Masons styled ' Kadosh ' were not in 
 reality the Knights Templar ; and that it had in consequence 
 been determined in the Grand Chapter of Communication of 
 Berlin and Paris, that the Degree should for the future be 
 styled 'Knights of the White and Black Eagle,' and that 
 the jewel should be a ' Black Eagle.' " It is so styled in the 
 Eegulations of 1762 ; and this note shows that Bro.-. MoBOr 
 accepted the determinations of the Body from which he re- 
 ceived his powers, as his law. 
 
 The Register of Bro.'. Aveilhe was made out in 1797, and 
 that of Bro.-. De la Hogub in 1798 and 1799, and in neither 
 is there any hint of any higher power in Masonry than a 
 Sublime Grand Council of Sublime Princes of the Eoyal 
 Secret. 
 
 The Eegister of the Bro.*. De la Hogue contains as its 
 3 a 
 
34 
 
 first entry the filiation of the powers of the Bro/. Morin, as 
 Inspector-General., It states that he gave the Degree of 
 Grand Deputy Inspector-General, to Bro.-. Fbancken, at 
 Jamaica; he to Bro.-. MosES M. Hayes, at Boston; he to 
 Bro.-. Spitzee, at Charleston; all the Deputies Grand In- 
 spectors, in Sublime Council at Philadelphia, to Bro.-. Moses 
 Cohen ; he to Bro.-. HYMAiif Isaac Long ; and he at Charles- 
 ton, to the Bros.-. De la Hogue, De Grasse, Magnan, Saint 
 Paul, Eobin, Petit and Marie, to whom on the 12th of No- 
 vember, 1796, he gave a Charter of Constitution establishing 
 " a Sublime Grand Council of Princes of the Hoycd Secret" at 
 Charleston, South Carolina. There was already such a 
 Council existing at Kingston, Jamaica, which afterwards 
 claimed and exercised the power of control and censure over 
 that at Charleston, and by which the establishment of the 
 latter was recognized and approved. 
 
 There is in Bro.-. Ateilhe's Eegister, a copy of the Patent 
 granted by Bro.-. Moses Cohen to Bro.-. Htman Isaac Long, 
 on the 12th of January, 1794. 
 
 And in the Eegister of Bro.-. Moses Holbeook, in the 
 Archives of the Supreme Council at Charleston, is the copy 
 of a Patent given by Baeend M. Spitzee, Prince of Masons 
 and Deputy Grand Inspector-General, reciting his own crea- 
 tion as such, at Philadelphia, on the 25th of June, 1781, by a 
 Convention of Inspectors, and certifying that John Mitchell, 
 of Charleston, had been raised to the Degree of Kadosh, 
 " and further to tJie highest Degrees in Masonry ; " and creating 
 him Deputy Inspector-General. This bears date the 2d of 
 April, 1795. Then follows a Patent granted to Peedeeick 
 Dalcho, on the 24th of May, 1801, by " John Mitchell," 
 K-H., P.-.E.-.S.-., certifying him to be K-H. and Prince of 
 the Eoyal Secret ; and creating him Deputy Inspector-Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 In the Eegister of Bro.'. De la Hogue is also a copy of 
 the Patents granted on the 12th of November, 1796, by 
 Hyman Isaac Long, to the Bros.-. De la Hogue, De Geasse, 
 Magnan, Saint Paul, Eobin, Petit and Maede, creating each 
 " Patriarch Noachite and Sovereign Knight of the Sun and 
 of K-H., Deputy Grand Inspector-General, &c., &c." 
 
35 
 
 Tliere is also in tlie same Eegister, a copy of the Charter 
 of Constitution granted on the 12th November, 1796, by the 
 Bro.*. Long to the same Brethren, "to establish a Lodge of 
 K-H. at Charleston on the Continent of South America." In 
 it, the Bro.". Long thus' describes himself: "We, Hyman 
 Isaac Long, Grand Elect, Perfect and Sublime Mason, 
 Knight of the East, Prince of Jerusalem, Ac, &c., &c., Patri- 
 arch Noachite, Sovereign Knight of the Sun and K-H. and 
 Deputy Grand Inspector-General over all the Lodges, Chap- 
 ters, Councils and Grand Councils of the Superior Deg. •- of 
 Free Masonry, Ancient and Modern, spread over the surface 
 of the two Hemispheres." To this is annexed a certificate, 
 showing that under the Patent, a " Grand Sublime Council 
 of Princes of the Boyal Secret " was established and installed 
 at Charleston, South Carolina, on the 13th of January, 1797 : 
 and that it was recognized, approved and confirmed by the 
 Grand Council of Princes of the Boyal Secret, at Kingston, 
 Jamaica, on the 10th of August, 1798. 
 
 On the 26th of May, 1797, "The Grand and Th.-. Puissant 
 Council of the Yaliant Princes and Sublime Masons of the 
 Boyal Secret," at Charleston, granted to Bro.". Jean Baptiste 
 AvEtLHE a Patent as Knight of the Sun and K-H., Deputy 
 Grand Inspector-General. 
 
 During the same period, Louis Claude Henei de Mont- 
 KAIN was conferring, at Charleston, as a detached Degree, the 
 Degree of Grand Commander of the Temple Mason. We 
 have a copy of his Eegister, made by us from the original in 
 the archives of the Sup.'. Council at Charleston, containing 
 the Eitual of the Degree and sundry certificates of its recep- 
 tion by different 'Masons ; among others, one to Alexandeb 
 Fkan^jgis Auguste de Gkasse, Master of the Lodge La Can- 
 deur, at Charleston, dated 21st December, 1798. There are 
 other certificates of the same kind, as late as 3d August, 
 1799. 
 
 It thus appears in the most perfectly conclusive manner, 
 that up to the year 1800, at least, the Bite of Perfection, end- 
 ing with the 25th Degree, and having as its highest govern- 
 ing Bodies, Grand Councils of Princes of the Eoyal Secret, 
 was the only Scottish Masonry worked in America. We find 
 
36 
 
 as yet no 33d Degree, and no Sovereign (rrand Inspectors- 
 General. 
 
 The Inspectors, it is true, had assumed importance, and 
 probably usurped powers. Originally, they were subordinate 
 Proyincial Officers of the Sovereign Grand Council. In the 
 Provinces of France, they could not constitute subordinate 
 Bodies ; but only receive applications and report upon them. 
 But in foreign countries they had the power of creating and 
 constituting. They were required to report, it is true ; but 
 that was naturally very irregularly done : and they, as nat- 
 urally, regarded themselves as superior even to the highest 
 Bodies which they creaied. 
 
 In the Recueil des Actes of the Supreme Council of France, 
 following the Constitutions of 1762, as if a part of, or 
 sequence to, them, are certain Institutes, Statutes and Regula- 
 tions of uncertain dates, certified by " Adinlgton, CJianceUoj:" 
 "Who he was, we have not succeeded in discovering ; but as 
 these Institutes, &c., emanate from the Orient of 17° 58' N. 
 Lat., they came from Kingston, Jamaica, of which that is the 
 latitude. They are particularly noticeable for the 1st Article, 
 which declares the Grand Inspectors-General of the Order, 
 and Presidents of the Sublime Councils of Princes of 
 High Masonry, to be by imprescriptible title the Chiefs of 
 High Masonry ; and Art. 4, which declares them to be Life 
 Members of the Grand Consistory. The copy of the Statutes 
 is certified .to have been made out on the 9th of April, 1801, 
 by order of the Grand Sovereign Consistory of Princes 
 Metropolitan of Heredom, to be transmitted to the Deputy 
 of the Grand Consistory established at the central point of 
 18° 47' N. Lat., which is the latitude of Jeremie, in the Island 
 of Santo Domingo. Whatever the two Grand Consistories 
 were, these Statutes at least show that, at that time. Bodies 
 of Princes of the Royal Secret were the highest known in 
 Scottish Masonry ; and that the Grand Inspectors-General 
 were not more than Princes of the Eoyal Secret and Mem- 
 bers of the Consistories. 
 
 And thus the fact that " General Inspectors " were created 
 by the Council of Emperors of the East and West, does not 
 prove that the 33d Degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Eite 
 were then worked as a Bite, a 
 
37 
 
 It is true, as we hare said, that prior to 1801 these officials 
 had assumed perhaps a higher rank, and certainly a greater 
 degree of independence than they were entitled to ; and 
 looked upon and treated to some extent the rank of Deputy 
 Grand Inspector-General as a Degree; and it was no doubt 
 in consequence of this gradual assumption df power and 
 prerogative, that they finally embodied themselves into Su- 
 preme Councils, and increased the number of Degrees to 
 thirty-two, besides the presiding Degree, in order to set on 
 foot a new Rite, and enable them by prescription and the 
 assent of the fraternity of the Scottish Masons to consoli- 
 date and legalize their power. Such has, in all times, been 
 the origin of most Masonic Powers. They are not formed 
 by constituencies, as they should be, but they form them- 
 selves ; and gain the consent and ratification of subordinate 
 Bodies and individual Masons afterwards. The Gra'nd 
 Lodge Lacorne, the Grand Orient, the Council of Emperors 
 of the East and West, that of Knights of the East, the Chap- 
 ter of Clermont, the Scottish Directories, the Power of 
 Misraim, all the governing Bodies of the Templar Kites, and 
 many other Bodies, were so formed. 
 
 It is utterly untrue that the Constitutions of 1762 reduced 
 the number of degrees worked by the Council of Emperors ; 
 and equally untrue that this determination of the number of 
 degrees was never admitted and sanctioned in practice any- 
 where. They did not reduce the number ; and they did be- 
 come the law, the fundamental law, of the Bite of Perfection, 
 and so continued, whoever made and enacted them, for 
 nearly forty years, everywhere. 
 
 And when, in 1803, the Bro.-. Geemain Hacquet carried 
 back the Eite of Heredom from Santo Domingo to Paris, and 
 established it in the Lodge des Sept Ecossais, it was a Eite in 
 twenty-five degrees, which the Grand Orient bought of him, 
 and made him, by way of payment, President of the Grand 
 Consistory of Eites.— Eagon, Orthod. Mag. p. 307. 
 
 As to the 6th "Consideration," it is true that the "Vera 
 Instituta seceeta et fundamenta oedinis, &o., atqtje con- 
 STITUTIONES MAGN^: " of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish 
 Eite, bearing date May 1st, 1786, do, in the Preamble of In- 
 
38 
 
 troduction, declare their object to be to restore Masonry " to 
 the unity of its original regimen and of the pristine compo- 
 sition of its organs, as well as of its original discipline." 
 The preamble says, for we prefer to quote its own language : 
 "Wherefore, these reasons, and others of no less weight, 
 impel us to coUect together and unite into one Body and Art 
 of Masonry, all the Rites of the Scottish regimen, the doc- 
 trines whereof are generally acknowledged to be in the main 
 the same as those Ancient Institutions which tend to a com- 
 mon centre ; and which, while only the main branches of 
 one and the same tree, differ so miich/roin one anotlier in their 
 formulas, noiv widely diffused; and yet may be so easily 
 reconciled. These Kites are those known under the several 
 names of ' The Ancient ; ' that of ' Heredom or Hairdom ; ' 
 that of the ' Orient of Kilwinning ; ' that of * St. Andrew ; ' 
 that of the ' Emperors of the East and West ; ' that of the 
 ' Princes of the Eoyal Secret,' or of ' Perfection ; ' the ' Phil- 
 osophical Eite ; ' and that most recent Rite of all, known as 
 the ' Primseval ' or ' Primitive.' Wherefore, adopting as the 
 basis of our conservative reformation, the title of the first 
 of these Rites, and the number of Degrees of the hierarchy 
 of the last, we do declare them all to be now and hencefor- 
 ward united and aggregated into one single Order, which, 
 professing the dogma and the pure and undefiled doctrines 
 of the Ancient Art of Masonry, embraces all the systems of 
 the Scottish Eite, united together under the title of the 
 Ancient Accepted Scottish Eite." 
 
 And it further declared that all the Degrees of all the 
 Eites so united, from the 1st to the 18th inclusive, would be 
 arranged among the Degrees of the Eite of Perfection, each 
 in its proper place and order, and as analogy and similitude 
 required, and would compose the 18 first Degrees : that the 
 19th and 23d of the Primitive Eite should be the 20th of the 
 Order; the 20th and 23d of Perfection, or the 16th and 24th 
 of the Primitive Eite, should be the 21st and 28th of the 
 Order ; the Princes of the Eoyal Secret the 32d ; and the 
 Sovereign Grand Inspectors-General the 33d ; that the 31st 
 Degree should be that of Sovereign Judges Commanders, 
 and the Sovereign Commanders Sov.-. Kts.'- Kadosh be the 
 
39 
 
 30th ; and that the Chiefs of the Tabernacle, the Princes of 
 the Tabernacle, the Knights of the Brazen Serpent, the 
 Princes of Mercy (or, rather, of Courtesy), the Sovereign 
 Commanders of the Temple, and the Sovereign Ecossais of 
 St. Andrew should respectively compose irhe 23d, 24th, 25th, 
 26th, 27th and 29th Degrees. 
 
 Of so much the 6th " Consideration " gives the substance 
 correctly enough. But there is something else in this pre- 
 amble to be noted, in order completely to appreciate the 
 logic. 
 
 The preamble having previously declared that the Ancient 
 Masons had been dispersed over all the earth ; and that this 
 dispersion had " produced systems varying from each other, 
 ■which still exist and are styled Rites, the aggregate whereof 
 composes the Order;" it proceeds, after the specification 
 and arrangement of Degrees above quoted, to add this : 
 
 " All the Sublime Degrees of the said several aggregated 
 Scottish Eites will, according to analogy or identity, be dis- 
 tributed among the corresponding classes of the Degrees of 
 the Order, according to the regimen of the Ancient Accepted 
 Scottish Eite. But never, nor under any pretext whatever, 
 can any one of those Sublime Degrees be assimilated to the 
 33d and most Sublime Degree of Sovereign Grand Inspector- 
 General, Protector and Conservator of the Order, and last 
 Degree of the same Ancient Accepted Scottish Eite : in no 
 case "can any other person enjoy these rights, prerogatives, 
 privileges and powers wherewith we do invest those In- 
 spectors." 
 
 Thus the framers of these Constitutions, declaring their 
 intention to be to collect together and unite in one Body all 
 the existing Eites of Scotticism, select certain Degrees from 
 different quarters to form 31 of the Degrees of the New and 
 Aggregated Eite — for they do not specify what shall consti- 
 tute the 19th and 22d. The 18 Degrees of the Eite of Per- 
 fection are taken for the first 18, and the 18 first Degrees of 
 all the other Eites are to be arranged among them. Then 
 above the 18th, two Degrees of the Primitive Eite are taken 
 to form one ; and two of the Eite of Perfection and Primitive 
 Eite, to form two more. Then some other Degrees that had 
 
 a 
 
40 
 
 been before heard of, are taken— the Kadosh, from the Tem- 
 plar Masonry and other Eites, to make the 30th; the Sov.". 
 Commander of thg Temple, which de Montmain was giving 
 as a detached degree almost at the close of the century, to 
 make the 27th ; and the Scottish Knight of St. Andrew, to 
 make the 29th. The Princes of the Eoyal Secret make the 
 32d ; and then come five Degrees, not said to be taken from 
 any Eite, and which are not found in the nomenclature of 
 any existing Eite, to make the 23d, 24:th, 25th, 26th and 33d. 
 As the first 18 of aE the Eites were to be grouped round the 
 18 of the Eite of Perfection, so round the next 14, up to and 
 including the 32d, were to be grouped aU the other Degrees, 
 of all the other Eites. But it was formally declared that the 
 33d was not like any Degree in any existing Eite, but supe- 
 rior to all. 
 
 Now, an ordinary man would at once say that here was a 
 new Eite made, by the aggregation into 32 classes of equiv- 
 alents, of all existing Degrees ; each of the 32 representing 
 all others of equal rank, or analogous to itself ; most of the 
 32 being old Degrees, but four, at least, certainly not belong- 
 ing to any of the named Eites, nor found in the nomenclature 
 of any Eite whatever ; and therefore probably framed at the 
 time, to serve as representative Degrees, the heads of classes 
 of anomalous Degrees from different Eites ; and that to com- 
 plete and perfect the new Eite or Aggregation of all Eites 
 and Degrees, a new Degree was invented and a supreme 
 rank, with which no known Degree was to assimilate as an 
 equivalent. 
 
 But 3Ir. Foulhouze does not look at the thing in that light 
 at all. Having set out with the proposition that this iden- 
 tical, aggregated, composite, newly-constructed Ancient and 
 Accepted Eite had been practised long before, by divers 
 Masonic Bodies — aU the Degrees that now compose it, then 
 also composing it — he marches boldly forward to tell us that 
 he has now proven, not, to be sure, exactly the proposition 
 he set out with, but another, which he treats as if it were of 
 course perfectly the same. 
 
 For, he tells us by his 7th "Consideration" : "Consider- 
 "ing that this avowal on the part of the authors of the 
 
41 
 
 " above-mentioned Institutes, is a proof that all these Eites 
 " and Degrees were known and practised before 1786 ; that 
 "consequently the Count of Clermont was Grand Master 
 " thereof; and that the right of working and conferring them 
 " formed a part of the powers given in, his name to Stephen 
 " Morin." 
 
 A man who can seriously propound such an argument as 
 that, is very much to be pitied. 
 
 Because these Constitutions, which — he says — were not 
 made in 1786, and are " a forgery of private signature," pro- 
 fess and pretend to collect together all the different Bites of 
 Scottish Masonry, distinct as they are from one another, and 
 worked and administered by different Bodies ; selecting part 
 of their Degrees, some from one Rite and some from another, 
 as the new Scale to be conferred, and grouping the others 
 with them, that is, practically annulling them, and putting 
 an entirely new Degree at the head of all ; — this proves that 
 all these Rites and Degrees were known and practised be- 
 fore 1786 ; that proves that the Count of Clermont was the 
 Grand Master of all of them ; and that proves that the right 
 of working aM of them formed part of the powers given in his 
 name to Stephen Morin ! 
 
 Now, as to this most curious argument, there are several 
 things to be said. 
 
 1st. Suppose the pretence or profession or avowal of 
 whomsoever made these Constitutions, does prove that all 
 these Eites and Degrees were known and practised prior to 
 1786, — what then ? Does that prove that one could not make 
 a new Bite by selecting a certain number of such Degrees, 
 some here, some there, and arranging and combining them ? 
 Must one invent new Degrees, in order to make a new Bite ? 
 Must one invent new principles of law, to make a new Code ; 
 or new principles of Theosophy to make a new creed ? Does 
 it prove that that New Eite, or if you choose to call it so, 
 combination of Degrees, was ever before worked, as a whole 
 and as a unit, by any Masonic Body ? 
 
 2d. If by his patent, Morin did take and become invested 
 
42 
 
 with the power to work and confer all and any of the Degrees, 
 and in all and any of the named Eites ; and if all the De- 
 grees of the New Kite are to be found among those Degrees 
 which he was so authorized to work and confer : then each 
 Inspector who succeeded him by filiation of powers, includ- 
 ing De Grasse and De la Hogue, and John Mitchell and 
 Doctor Dalcho and Doctor Auld, all and each became in- 
 vested with the same right and power of working and 
 conferring all of those Degrees, or as many of them as they 
 pleased. None of them were confined to the Eite of Perfec- 
 tion with its 25 Degrees. Then whatever power any man 
 ever had, to select certain Degrees out of a huge mass, each 
 of them had, and so to form a system with a limited number 
 of Degrees ; and whenever that was done, the first superior 
 Body of the new system had the right and power to make or 
 adopt its fundamental law ; or else there never was a legiti- 
 mate Eite, nor any valid Constitutions in any Eite. 
 
 3d. If this new hypothesis as to Morin's powers be true, 
 then all the nonsense that has been emitted about " SHper- 
 foetation of Degrees " by the founders of .the Supreme Coun- 
 cil at Charleston, or by De Grasse, is to be abandoned. The 
 great argument of the advocates of the Grand Orient always 
 was, that Morin was authorized only to confer the 25 Degrees 
 of the Eite de Perfection ; that they were all that he took 
 with him from Prance ; that he never possessed, nor did his 
 deputies or their deputies ever possess, legitimately, any 
 higher Degree than that of Prince of the Eoyal Secret ; that 
 either at Charleston or by De Grasse, neio Degrees, that 
 really amounted to nothing, were, in part, picked up else- 
 where, and in part invented, and added to the twenty-five, 
 substantially adding nothing.to the Eite, but leaving it essen- 
 tially what it was before, when it had but 25 Degrees. 
 
 They said that the framers of what they called the new 
 Eite merely supposed the existence of Degrees, whose Eituals 
 were to be found neither in Europe nor America, and made 
 out of a single Degree of other Eites — the Kadosh — their 
 30th, 31st, 32d and 33d. 
 
43 
 
 This new discovery changes all that. It turns out that 
 Morin was legally authorized to confer and work, God knows 
 how many Degrees ; and that those who by delegation' pos- 
 sessed precisely the same powers as he, selected 33 out of 
 the whole lot, and concluding to work them and no more, 
 made those who attained the highest Degree the governing 
 Body. 
 
 When a man announces a new discovery, it ought to be 
 worth something. It is a rather serious objection to a the- 
 ory, that besides being wholly unfounded, it is also perfectly 
 unimportant and worthless. 
 
 Now that is precisely the case with this theory. If it were 
 true, then it would simply prove that De Grasse, or Mitchell 
 and Dalcho, or somebody else, fully possessed of the power 
 of working and conferring a huge and undigested mass of 
 conflicting and incoherent Degrees, many of them immoral 
 and more of them stupidly and wretchedly absurd, trivial, 
 childish and barren, had sense enough to go to work and 
 select out of that mass, without inventing any neiv Degrees, 
 thirty-three of the best, arranging and classifying them, 
 forming thereby what Mr. Foulhouze claims to be a great 
 philosophic system of Masonry ; which a vast number of 
 Masons have been induced to accept and adopt as a Bite, 
 and to work thereby, and to live by and obey its principles 
 and laws. If they did that, they made a new Rite, or else 
 there is no such thing as making a new Rite. 
 
 4:th. Mr. Foulhouze is too poor a logician to be able to state 
 with clearness his own conceptions. What he seems to have 
 been struggling to express in the shape of an argument is 
 this : That the founders of the Ancient and Accepted Eite, 
 having invented no new Degrees, but merely selected a cer- 
 tain number from among the old ones, had no proprietary 
 interest, at least no exclusive proprietary interest, in any of 
 the Degrees so selected ; and therefore had, equally, no pro- 
 prietary interest in the Eite formed by their arrangement 
 and combination ; since, all the parts being old, the whole was 
 also in reality old : that this being so, the organized Bodies 
 of the Eite can make no reclamation against any one who, 
 
44 
 
 having received the Degrees, sees fit to confer them and 
 establish independent organizations thereof withia their 
 jurisdictions ; because one, before he can impeach the title 
 of another, must first prove his own title sufficient. Ergo, 
 Mr. Foulhouze had the right to set up a Supreme Council ! 
 
 We express that argument, we think, clearly, and with its 
 full force. Now let us examine it. It looks plausible. Mr. 
 Foulhouze's arguments seldom, get heyond that. Let us see 
 whether it will hold water. 
 
 If it were true that all the Degrees of this new Rite were 
 old Degrees, and a Master Mason had gone to the different 
 Bodies or individuals previously in possession of them, and 
 procured one here and the other there, until he had received 
 them all by initiation or communication, it would certainly 
 be true that he would owe no allegiance to the governing 
 Bodies of the new Kite, nor be bound by any law that they 
 had enacted for it. 
 
 If one, not a Mason at all, were to find in some remote or 
 newly discovered country, a Society, older than Masonry, 
 working the three Symbolic Degrees, which those who 
 established Masonry had borrowed from it ; and he were 
 there to receive those Degrees, undoubtedly he would owe 
 no allegiance to any Masonic Power, so called, but only to the 
 Association or Power from which he received the Degrees-; 
 and he would be bound solely by its laws, and not by any 
 enacted by the younger associations of Masonry. 
 
 Does Mr. Bienvenu, the judge we have chosen, see why ? 
 Simply because he would not have received the Degrees 
 from a Masonic Body or Power, but have obtained them 
 elsewhere. And if Mr. Foulhouze had obtained his Degrees 
 from different Powers, of older creation than the ruling Bodies 
 of the Ancient and Accepted Rite, then he would, on the 
 same principle, owe no allegiance to those ruling Bodies, but 
 only to those from which he received the Degrees ; and the 
 laws enacted by the former would not bind him, but only 
 those enacted by the latter. 
 
 Mr. Foulhouze, however, seems to think that to release 
 himself from allegiance to the Powers of the Rite in which 
 
46 
 
 he received the Degrees, and from his obligation to obey the 
 law of that Kite, it only needs for him to show that that law, 
 accepted as it was by the first Bodies of the Eite, and unre- 
 pealed as it still remains, was not framed and enacted by the 
 individual, himself without authority to enact, whose name 
 it bears and by whom it purports to have been approved. 
 Something else stands in his way besides that law — Ms formal 
 oath, and also the implied obligation imposed on him by the 
 very fact that he is a Mason. 
 
 Masonry has its own peculiar laws, which are of its 
 essence, and without which it would not be Masonry. When 
 a man goes to an organized Masonic Body, and receives the 
 Degrees which it confers, he becomes either a member or 
 subject of it. He accepts, as imperatively and forever bind- 
 ing on him, if they remain unrepealed and unchanged, the 
 laws, written and unwritten, which have been adopted by 
 that Body, or which result as corollaries from the nature and 
 essence of its organization. If it be one of several Bodies 
 having a common centre of union and administration, or a 
 superior Power of government and administration, he, by 
 the mere fact of so receiving the Degrees, owes fealty and 
 allegiance, which he cannot throw off without perjury, to such 
 common centre or superior Power. One law to which he 
 submits, inflexible as Fate, one pledge which he gives hwa- 
 riahly, in every branch of Masonry, is that he will not confer 
 the Degree so received, will not reveal the secrets thereof, 
 except when legally authorized so to do ; that is to say, ex- 
 cept in accordance with and by virtue of the law of the Body 
 from which he receives them, or of its acknowledged supe- 
 rior. And his oath of allegiance, or tacit obligation of alle- 
 giance as strong and binding as a formal oath, by the very 
 nature of Masonry, includes and involves in itself this 
 pledge, that he will not set up a rival power against that 
 under which he received the Degrees, or against another in 
 amity with it, of the same Eite ; nor in any way defy, disre- 
 gard or attempt to weaken it, by schism or dissension. No 
 man ever took a Masonic Degree, in any organized Body, 
 without assuming those solemn obligations. No man ever 
 violated them without committing what Masonry regards 
 
46 
 
 and defines as perjury, and what is perjury as much as if the 
 law of the land declared it so and punished it. 
 
 Those obligations cannot be evaded, or the party released 
 from them, upon the pretence that other Bodies and organi- 
 zations, and older Bodies and organizations, could have been 
 found by him elsewhere, from which he could have obtained 
 the same Degrees. That has nothing to do with the matter. 
 If it could release from allegiance, or dispense from obliga- 
 tion. Masonry would be at once overturned from top to 
 bottom. 
 
 A Master Mason goes to a Eoyal Arch Chapter, and there 
 applies for and obtains the four Degrees which it confers. 
 Can he, after he has so obtained them, and taken the obUga- 
 tions, turn upon the Chapter and say : " I discover that when 
 your Chapter system was established some fifty years since, 
 you merely selected four old Degrees, and made a new Eite 
 of them. The Mark Master — then called Master Mark 
 Mason — was conferred many years ago by Lodges under the 
 jurisdiction of the Grand Council of Princes of Jerusalem of 
 South Carolina. I could have obtained that Degree there, 
 without coming to you, if those Bodies were still in exist- 
 ence, or had continued to exist. Tou have no exclusive 
 right to that Degree ; and I am not bound by the laws you 
 made for it. I will confer it, therefore, when, where and on 
 whom I please, and create Mark Master Lodges within your 
 jurisdiction ? " 
 
 The simple answer would be : " Tou did 7wt get the Degree 
 elsewhere. You came to us and obtained it, as part of our 
 Kite. Eemember your oath ! If you do as you say you wUl, 
 you are perjured." 
 
 A Eoyal Arch Mason goes to a Council of Eoyal and 
 Select Masters, holding a Charter from a Grand Council 
 which is to it the Supreme Power ; and there receives those 
 Degrees. Can he say : " I could have obtained these De- 
 gi'ees from the Supreme Council of the 33d Degree of 
 Charleston. They were originally detached Degrees, given 
 by the Deputy Inspectors-General. You have no exclusive 
 proprietorship. I will confer them in your jurisdiction, and 
 set up Councils and a Grand Council there of my own ? " 
 
47 
 
 A Profane goes to a Blue Lodge, and receives the three 
 Symbolic Degrees. Can he turn upon the Lodge which 
 g^v^ him the Degrees, and upon the Grand Lodge of the 
 State, and say : " I have discovered that these Degrees are 
 not original with you. They are older than Masonry, as it 
 is now organized. The old Egyptian Hierophants invented 
 them. They were the Degrees of the old Mysteries. You 
 have no exclusive title to them. You did not invent them. 
 I owe you no allegiance, and am not bound by the law you 
 have enacted. I will make Masons as I please, organize 
 Lodges, and set up a Grand Lodge here in your jurisdic- 
 tion ? " And would he strengthen then his position by add- 
 ing : " Nor is your Law authentic. The first governing 
 Body of your Rite framed it, indeed, but it concealed the 
 fact of its authorship, and to give it a higher sanction, pre- 
 tended that Solomon wrote it down and enacted it as the 
 law. True, you adopted it, but it was a forgery ; and there- 
 fore I am not bound by it ? " 
 
 The first known Body of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish 
 Erite, after the one at Berlin, in 1786, which made the Grand 
 Constitutions, was the Supreme Council at Charleston, or 
 one at Geneva, of whose history we have scarce any infor- 
 mation. Whichever was first, it adopted the Constitutions 
 with the date 1786 as the Law of the Eite. That law so 
 adopted, prescribed the number of Supreme Councils, and 
 limited the powers of those who should attain the 33d De- 
 gree. To each country in Europe but one Supreme Council 
 was allowed ; to North America two. So far from disregard- 
 ing this provision was the Grand Orient of France, that it 
 contended for near forty years, that the Supreme Council for 
 France had by the Concordat of 1804 merged in itself, and 
 could not, without its consent, withdraw from that compact ; 
 that, therefore, the Supreme Council in its own bosom was 
 the only true Supreme Council of France ; and that the 
 other, the Supreme Council of France by that name, was 
 illegal and irregular. True, it attempted to fortify its posi- 
 tion by claiming mother titles also to the Degrees of the 
 Rite ; but these claims, if valid, could extend only to part of 
 those Degrees. It has always insisted on the principle 
 
 a 
 
48 
 
 that there could be but one legitimate Masonic Centre in 
 France. 
 
 The Members of the Grand Orient obtained^ the Degrees, 
 mediately or immediately, from the Supreme Council of 
 France, created by de Grasse, who received his Degrees at 
 Charleston. Mr. FoulJiouze obtained his Degrees from the 
 Grand Orient. Could he turn upon the goTerning Bodies of 
 the Eite and say : " Your Degrees are old Degrees, all of 
 them. Tou hare invented no new ones. I could have gone 
 to this power and that, and obtained part of the Degrees 
 from one, and part from another, until I had got them aU. 
 Tou have no exclusive tith to any of them. Therefore, I owe 
 ' no allegiance to any of you. I am not bound by the law you 
 have adopted. I will confer the Degrees and create inferior 
 Bodies and a Supreme Council within the jurisdiction of one 
 of you ; and in so doing I will offend no law of Masonry ? " 
 The simple answer would be : " You did not get the Degrees 
 elsewhere." And if he added that the Grand Orient of France 
 now repudiated the Grand Constitutions, the equally prompt 
 and decisive answer would be, that admitting her power to 
 do so,\ that had no force or effect beyond the limits of 
 France ; and that no other Supreme Body of the Eite had 
 assented to that repudiation. 
 
 And then steps in that great fundamental unwritten and 
 international law of Masonry, which the necessity for peace 
 and the permanent interests of the fraternity have made a 
 law inflexible, general, and omnipotent : that within the 
 jurisdiction of one organized Body of any Eite, when that 
 jurisdiction is defined by agreement with other Powers, or 
 by claim long asserted and acquiesced in, no other Masonic 
 Power of the same Eite, and still less no individual, can in- 
 terfere with the prerogatives of such Body, or do any act 
 that it belongs to itself to do, against its consent. It is the 
 doctrine oi possession, claim, and prescription. 
 
 This doctrine, the doctrine of peace, the doctrine of pre- 
 scription on which all title is founded, would even forbid 
 those who have received the same Degrees in another asso- 
 ciation, from violating the Sovereignty of a Masonic Power 
 by conferring the Degrees it administers, and creating 
 
49 
 
 Bodies to work such Degrees, -within the limits of its juris- 
 diction. A Royal and Select Master who has obtained those 
 Degrees from the Supreme Council at Charleston, cannot go 
 into a State where there is a Grand Council, and there con- 
 fer the Degi'ees and create Councils. True, he owes that 
 Grand Council no allegiance ; but his action would be 
 against the General Masonic Law. True, he received them 
 as detached Degrees, and not as a Eite or part of a Eite, 
 with an organic law of its own ; but the great fact remains, 
 that they do form a Kite, and do possess an organic law, in 
 the State where he attempts to confer them ; and that they 
 are there under the government of a regularly organized 
 body, with whose prerogatives, therefore, the General Ma- 
 sonic law forbids Mm to intermeddle. 
 
 If JTr. Foulhouze had received his Degrees, some from the 
 Scottish Directories, some fi-om the Chapter of Ai-ras, some 
 from the Mother-Lodge of the Philosophic Eite, some from 
 the Strict Observance, some fi'om the Primitive Eite at 
 Namur, and none from any Body of the Ancient and Accepted 
 Eite, still the general Masonic law would peremptorily for- 
 bid his invading the jurisdiction of a Sup.\ Council and set- 
 ting up there another standard of the Eite : of course, he 
 could do it, if he chose. He could not be enjoined and 
 prevented. But it would be the duty of every legitimate 
 Masonic Power in the world to place the seal of its condem- 
 nation on this unmasonic and anti-masonic action, by at once 
 expelling him fi-om every branch of Masonry to which he had 
 belonged, and prohibiting all Masonic communications with 
 him or his followers. 
 
 And, as he has not obtained the Degrees elsewhere, but 
 from a Body of the Eite, he must respect the Law of the 
 Rite ; and when he violates it, he is guilty of perjury in ad- 
 dition. The Supreme Council at Charleston had, since 1804, 
 at least, persistently claimed Louisiana as within its juris- 
 diction. It had over and again exercised that jurisdiction. 
 No Masonic Power contested it, except the first Grand Con- 
 sistory of Louisiana, which had ceased to exist, and the 
 Supreme Council created in 1839. Of that Supreme Council 
 Mr. Foulhouze was a subject. It was Supreme over the Eite 
 4 a 
 
50 
 
 in Louisiana, or it was nothing. If it was nothing, there 
 was no Power in conflict with that at Charleston. Being 
 supreme, its action bound all its subordinates and subjects. 
 It conceded the justice of the claim of the Supreme Council 
 at Charleston, submitted to its authority, and, by a formal 
 Treaty, surrendered its powers. After that, the claim of the 
 Sup.-. CouncU at Charleston was undisputed by any Power 
 competent to dispute it. The only Power that Jiad done so 
 had yielded. Mr. FovUmuze, being within the jurisdiction of 
 the Supreme Council at Charleston, was, by the general 
 Masonic Law, its Masonic subject, bound by its laws and 
 owing it allegiance : and if he even owed it no allegiance, if 
 he remained an independent Sov.". G.". Inspector-General, 
 he was equally powerless to confer the Degrees and create 
 Bodies within its jurisdiction which now no Masonic Power 
 disputed with it. But in truth, an Inspector-General is 
 within the general law as to jurisdiction and amenability, as 
 much as an Apprentice Mason is. He is under the jurisdic- 
 tion of that Supreme Council, within the limits of whose 
 jurisdiction he resides. When Mr. Foulhouze resigned his 
 membership in the Supreme Council at New Orleans, he 
 became its subject. When it ceased to exist, he was the 
 subject either of the Supreme Council at Charleston, or of 
 the Grand Orient. In the former case, he is a rebel ; in the 
 latter, an invader of the territory of a friendly Power ; in 
 either case, a disturber of the Masonic peace, doing injury 
 to the Institution, and worse injury to those whom he de- 
 ludes by sophistry and inexcusable outrages upon historical 
 truth. 
 
 5th. Mr. Foulhouze has here shifted his ground, or rather 
 has endeavored to hedge, against what he had averred as his- 
 torical truth in the first and second " Considerations ; " 
 to wit, that one identical Ancient and Accepted Kite, as a 
 Eite, and with all its present 33 Degrees, was worked as a 
 whole and a unit, in the time of the Grand Mastership of 
 the Count of Clermont, by divers Masonic Bodies. We hold 
 him to that averment. He cannot escape from it. Now he 
 claims only to have proven that all these Bites and Degrees 
 
 a 
 
61 
 
 ■were known and practised prior to 1786. That is a very dif- 
 ferent thing. What it would amount to, if it were true, we 
 have already seen. 
 
 But the truth is, that even this is not true. All these 
 Degrees did not exist in France prior to 1786, nor until 
 1804. The 33d did not. There was neVer any such Degree 
 known there, until 1804, as that of Sovereign Grand In- 
 spector-General, superior to Prince of the Eoyal Secret. And 
 it is perfectly well known to all Masons who have at all ex- 
 amined the subject, that no such Degrees as Chief of the 
 Tabernacle, Prince of the Tabernacle, Knight of the Brazen 
 Serpent, and Prince of Mercy, are to be found in the nomen- 
 clature of any of the old Degrees, existing prior to 1804. 
 Le TuiCkur of de VAulnaye says — as lately as 1840 : " These 
 four Degrees, the 23d, 24th, 25th, and 26th, are not found in 
 France. Accordingly the Scottish Masons regard them as the 
 Holy Ark." Has Mr. Foulhouze any Ritual of either of those 
 Degrees, of any antiquity, that contains anything like a cer- 
 emonial of reception ? Has he any ceremonial of reception 
 in either, that has not been made up out of Vassal ? How 
 many Eituals, of how many of the Degrees above the 18th 
 did he find in the Archives of the Grand Orient, in 1845 ; 
 which of those Degrees, other than the 30th and 33d were 
 conferred on him, and what was the amount of instruction he 
 received in the 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th ? We have 
 some information to give on these points, by and by. 
 
 6th. So far from the " aveu " of the authors of the Grand 
 Constitutions proving that all these Eites and Degrees were 
 known and practised before 1786, they not only do not prove 
 that with regard to four of the Degrees, the Chief of the 
 Tabernacle, Prince of the Tabernacle, Knight of the Brazen 
 Serpent, and Prince of Mercy, but they prove absolutely and 
 positively the contrary as to the 33d Degree, by declaring it 
 in the clearest terms, not to be, nor to be like, any Degree 
 of any of the Eites named. As to the other four, it is well 
 known that there never were any Eituals of either of them, 
 the cahiers merely giving the decorations of the room, the 
 clothing, jewels, words, signs, tokens, etc. Of ceremonial 
 
52 
 
 they give nothing. Vassal, it is true, undertakes to do it, 
 but the ceremonial ■which he gives for each is his own inven- 
 tion. ' Other writers admit that there never was in France a 
 genuine Ritual of either of those Degrees. And the 33d, if 
 the Preamble is to be relied on at all, was originally a rank 
 and authority belonging to Frederic only, as Head of the 
 Eite, and devolved by him on certain persons as his suc- 
 cessors. And even if that is all a fable, yet it none the less 
 proves that the Degree was a new invention. 
 
 7th. The "ave.u " of the authors in question cannot be said 
 to prove that any Rites or Degrees in particular were known 
 and practised prior to 1786. It is but the statement of one, 
 two, or more persons as to that, and only a portion of the 
 evidence on the point. It might be true, or it might be 
 false. We know from other sources that some of the Rites 
 named were practised, and perhaps in one sense, all. These 
 authors were not particularly accurate in the nomenclature 
 of the Rites which they proposed to combine into one. 
 They name eight Rites, but there never was any such Rite as 
 that of St. Andrew ; nor as that of the Emperors of the East 
 and West, by that name, nor as contradistinguished from that 
 of Perfection; nor as that of Kilwinning as contradistin- 
 guished from that of " Heredom, Herodom or Hairdom, ordi- 
 narily called the Rite of Heredom of Kilwinning." 
 
 Nor were they more accurate in regard to the Degrees of 
 the different Rites. They provide that the first 18 of each 
 Rite shall be arranged with the first 18 of the Rite of Per- 
 fection ; but the Ancient Rite had but the three Symbolic 
 Degrees ; the Philosophical Scottish Rite of Paris had but 15 ; 
 the Philosophical Scottish Rite of the Scottish Mother Lodge, 
 originated at Marseilles, had but 18 in all, the 18th being 
 the Kt.'. of the Sun; and of the 33 Degrees of the Primitive 
 Rite of Namur, the 18th was only the Prince of Jerusalem. 
 To make their arrangement correct, they should have as- 
 signed to the first 18 Degrees the first 22 of the Primitive 
 Rite, and only the first 6 of one Philosophical Rite, and the 
 first 8 of the other ; the 6th of one and the 8th of the other 
 being the Rose Croix. 
 
53 
 
 Besides this, they omitted to mention some of the most 
 important Eites ; as for example, the Eclectic, in Germany, 
 and the Reformed, of Dresden, practised by the four Scottish 
 Directories in France. 
 
 8th. If, as Mr. Foulhouze and his adherents are never 
 weary of repeating, the Constitutions of 1786 are a bold 
 forgery, "unfaux en ecriture privee," and to be assigned to a 
 date much later than 1786, how do they prove that " all thes^ 
 Eites and Degrees were known and practised be/ore 1786 ? " 
 
 9th. Suppose that fact proven, by them or otherwise, how 
 does it follow that the Count of Clermont " en etait le Grand 
 Maitre — was the Grand Master thereof" — of all those Eites 
 and Degrees ? This is another "fact," the proprietorship of 
 which belongs wholly to Mr. Foulhouze, by the right of first 
 discovery. The Count of Clermont was elected Grand Mas- 
 ter of the Grand Lodge of Erance, when it was the English 
 Grand Lodge, holding and working under a Charter from 
 the Grand Lodge of England. It was exclusively a Symbolic 
 Grand Lodge. Under that Charter and by that name it 
 worked from 1743 to 1756. Then it declared itself inde- 
 pendent, as the " Grand Lodge of France." When it first 
 received its Charter from England, it adopted Eegulations 
 which denounced and disowned all the "Scottish Degrees. 
 It did not change these regulations when it became inde- 
 pendent. When the Grand Lodge of Lacorne was united 
 with it, it seems for a time to have admitted the superiority 
 of the Scottish Degrees, and administered or worJced them ; 
 and in 1766, on the 2d of October, it refused to establish 
 Chambers of those Degrees within itself. — Thory, 1 Acta 
 Lat. p. 88. — The simple truth is, that it was always a Sym- 
 bolic Grand Lodge ; and the Count of Clermont was Grand 
 Master of the regular Lodges, and Symbolic Masons of 
 France, only. He may also have been at the head of the 
 Council of Emperors of the East and West, or the Grand 
 Council ; but that was certainly only a nominal dignity ; and 
 at any rate it was not a part of his prerogative as Grand 
 Master. 
 
 And the truth also is that the different Powers that 
 
54 
 
 granted Letters of Constitution for Bodies to work in the 
 Scottish Degrees, were perfectly independent of the Grand 
 Lodge. In 1766, it undertook to suppress them ; but did 
 not succeed. — Thory, 1 Acta Led. p. 87. — lou cannot open a 
 Masonic work that treats of the Masonry of those times, 
 without finding ample evidence of their entire independence. 
 The Council of Emperors, the Chapter of Clermont, the 
 Chapter of Arras, the Council at Bordeaux, the Philosophic 
 Mother Lodges, the Scottish Directories, all were rived 
 Powers of the Grand Lodge. 
 
 10th. A curious idea has long obtained about jurisdiction 
 over Degrees. Every little while we find it said : the Grand 
 Lodge of France, or the Grand Orient, has jurisdiction over ' 
 such and such a Rite, or such and such Degrees, by transfer 
 from the governing Body of the same. The idea is perfect 
 nonsense. An individual has such Degrees as he has in- 
 vented, or lawfully received, assuming the obligations of the 
 same. A Body, composed of such individuals, can work such 
 Degrees. No other Body can. If the Grand Chapter of 
 Eoyal Arch Masons of Louisiana were to transfer its Powers 
 to the Grand Lodge, it would amount to nothing. The 
 members of the Grand Lodge, not having regularly received 
 the Chapter Degrees, the Body could not work them, could 
 have nothing to do with them. The Count of Clermont 
 could only be Grand Master as to such Degrees as he had 
 regularly received. He was an absolute stranger to all that 
 he had not received. The Grand Lodge was composed of 
 representatives of the Blue Lodges. Some of them had the 
 high Degrees, and more had not. Of course the Body, as a 
 Body, had no jurisdiction over them, or concern with them. 
 We do not know that the Count of Clermont had ever re- 
 ceived any of the Scottish Degrees. There is not the least 
 reason to suppose that, if he had, he had ever gone beyond 
 those of the Bite of Perfection. Probably not one man in. 
 France had received all, or even half of the Degrees which 
 every Body was then manufacturing : and of course no one 
 Body could have jurisdiction over all, nor any one Grand 
 Master be at the head of all. 
 
 a 
 
55 
 
 lltli. But tlie 7th. "Consideration" goes still further, and 
 claims that, consequently, again, Morin's Patent gave him the 
 right to work and confer every Degree of all the Eites. His 
 Patent, or a thousand Patents, could give him the right to 
 work and confer no other Degrees than he had himself reg- 
 ularly received or should invent ; and as he never pretended 
 to go outside of the 25 Degrees of Perfection, the presump- 
 tion is that he was in possession of no other ; and, on the 
 other hand, if he were in possession of five hundred, his 
 Patent from the Grand Lodge and Grand Council of France 
 could give him no power to work or confer any other De- 
 grees than belonged to their own systems. These are ideas 
 so perfectly simple and fundamental, and so undeniably true, 
 that one would be surprised to find them controverted, if 
 that were done by any other person than a logician, who can 
 crowd as many errors into a paragraph of six lines as there 
 are words in it. 
 
 It would be difficult to decide whether the 7th " Consid- 
 eration," which we havc'now dissected, offends most against 
 historical truth, the very elementary principles of logic, or 
 against common sense. 
 
 The 8th " Consideration " refers to the statement, in a note 
 to Oliver's Landmarks — ^Am. Ed. vol. 2, p. 38, note 43, and 
 London Ed., vol. 2, p. 52, note 45— that, " in 1768, Moses M. 
 Hayes proceeded to Ehode Island, where he established a 
 Council of the 33d and conferred the Degrees on several 
 persons, etc." ; as a " fact " demonstrating the correctness 
 and force of the 7th "Consideration." 
 
 The Bro.-. Oliver further says that among the persons on 
 whom he conferred the Degrees, was Moses Seixas, who was 
 afterwards Master of the Grand Lodge of Khode Island, and 
 to whom he gave authority to confer all the higher Degrees ; 
 which he held until his death in 1801, and then the Brethren 
 jAiced themselves under the Grand Consistory of New York He 
 gives no authority for this statement ; and into his " Histor- 
 ical Landmarks," he puts everything that he has ever met 
 with, whether reliable or not ; as when in note 3 at page 258 
 of the same volume, he follows Clavel in making Col. 
 Mitchell and Dr. Dalcho to have been Jews ; and fixes 1797 
 
56 
 
 as the date when they created the 33d Degree. The state- 
 ment of Dr. Oliver is simply a ludicrous mistake. 
 
 We have already shown that neither the Brother Spitzer, 
 Cohen or Long, or any Deputy Inspector after them, deriv- 
 ing title from Morin, ever claimed prior to 1801, to be any 
 thing else or more than a " Deputy Grand Inspector-Gen- 
 eral," Prince of the Eoyal Secret, and of the 25th Degree. 
 They invariably styled themselves " Deputy Grand Inspect- 
 or-General," or "Dsputy Inspector," or "Grand Deputy 
 Inspector," with the addition of " Prince Mason, etc." The 
 figures " 33 " never appear until 1801. 
 
 The filiation of Powers from Morin states that he com- 
 municated the Degree of Deputy Inspector to the Bro.*. 
 Francken, at Jamaica ; he to the Bro.*. Moses Michael 
 Hayes, at Boston; and he to the Bro.\ Barend M. Spitzer. 
 If it were true that the Bro.". Hayes claimed to be a 33d, and 
 created a Supreme Council of the 33d, it is very curious that 
 the Bro.-. Spitzer did not take the same title, and that among 
 the number of Deputy Grand Inspectors appointed after- 
 wards, no one ever assumed the title of 33d, nor created a 
 Supreme Council of that Degree. 
 
 At the Convention of Deputy Inspectors at Philadelphia, 
 in 1781, the following were present : Solomon Bush, for 
 Pennsylvania ; Isaac da Costa, for the West Indies and 
 North America ; Simon Nathan, for North Carolina ; Samuel 
 Myers, for the Leeward Islands ; Barend M. Spitzer, for 
 Georgia ; and Thomas Bandal, for New Jersey ; and not one 
 of them claimed any higher rank than that of Prince of the 
 Eoyal Secret and Deputy Inspector-General ; and as such 
 only, Solomon Bush addressed the following letter to Fred- 
 eric the Great, on the 2d November, 1785, which may be 
 seen in the Philadelphia Mirror & Keystone of July 5th, 
 1854, p. 212 : 
 
 Most Sublime Am> Powerful Soyeeeign! 
 
 Illustrious Chief of the Grand Council of Masoris ! ! 
 
 In the dignified and exalted rank which you have done us 
 the honor to maintain, in your generous Presidency over the 
 
 a 
 
67 
 
 two hemispTieres ai the Great East of Berlin, allo^ me to ap- 
 proacli your Eoyal Presence on a subject of the first moment 
 to ourselves — and on a subject which I would fain hope will 
 not sound unpleasant in the ears of our Great Thrice Pu- 
 isant and Grand Commander whom I take the liberty to 
 address. 
 
 But with what language or sentiment shall I presume to 
 introduce myself to so Splendid and Illustrious a Sovereign, 
 whom we have reason to consider as the best, the bravest, 
 and brightest of mankind? In what manner or in what 
 language shall I address myself to the glorious,and renowned 
 Frederic the Third, Sovereign of all Sovereigns, and mighty 
 Priace of Princes, whose massive fame has resounded 
 through the universe, as far as winds have blown or waters 
 roUed? The power of words can scarcely convey the dis- 
 tinguished feelings we entertain in your favor, and my hum- 
 ble pen, as conscious of its own inabilities, on such a topic, 
 flows in a gentle and trembling style. 
 
 Possessing, however, every respectful and grateful idea 
 which reverence can dictate and brotherly love inspire — 
 pleased above every consideration with . your Sovereign 
 guidance of the Grand Council of the spacious Hemisphere 
 of Knights and Princes — ^I feel myself called upon, as well 
 from duty as inclination — as well from a desire to advance 
 and propagate the interests of the Boyal Secrets, as from a 
 conformity to the regulations and establishments of the 
 Grand Council — and a compliance with the particular de- 
 sires and partialities of the Sublime Grand Chapter over 
 which I preside, to acquaint our worthy and much beloved 
 Brethren in Council convened, at the Great East in Berlin, 
 that under the smiles of Heaven and the direction of the 
 Almighty Architect of all things, I, Solomon Bush, Grand 
 Elect, Perfect and Sublime Knight of the East and Prince 
 of Jerusalem, Sovereign Knight of the Sun, and of the Black 
 and White Eagle, Prince of the Roycd Secret and Deputy In- 
 spector- General, and Grand Master over all Lodges, Chapters, 
 and Grand Councils of the Superior Degrees in North 
 America, within the State of Pennsylvania, by Letters Pat- 
 ent from the Sovereign Grand Council of Princes under 
 
58 
 
 their hands and seals regularly established by the Sublime 
 Grand Council of Princes — to whom we look with unspeaka,- 
 ble reverence and adoration — pursuant to the Powers in me 
 vested, have made, created, constituted and established a 
 Sublime Lodge at the Great East of Philadelphia, in Penn- 
 sylvania, and North America aforesaid, and on the 20th day 
 of September, 1785, in the presence of a great and numerous 
 assembly of the Fraternity, publicly consecrated the same 
 and set it apart for the purposes of Sublime Masonry forever. 
 
 Considering our infant situation, in a young and rising 
 empire, distant and remote as we are from the Great East of 
 Berlin, we feel ourselves peculiarly anxious uniformly to 
 comply with and pay a strict adherence' to those salutary 
 rules and wise regulations, which have been framed and con- 
 certed for our better government, and not undeservedly have 
 rose Masonry, Sublime Masonry, to a commanding eminence 
 which may be envied but' cannot be overreached. 
 
 For this purpose we most humbly solicit your Masonic 
 intercourse and correspondence, to direct us in such a man- 
 ner that we may not abuse the old Landmarhs — or deviate 
 from that regard which is so justly due to the will of our 
 Sovereigns, and the measures thpy lay down for our regu- 
 lations. As these intercourses are essentially necessary to 
 promote the grand ends of every Masonic Union, so we ven- 
 ture to hope, without presumption, that the great light of 
 Berlin will condescend to shine upon us, and dispel the 
 mists of darkness which, from distance of situation and local 
 circumstances, may otherwise surround us. 
 
 Agreeably to the Rules of the Grand Councils, I now enclose 
 you a list of the members of our Lodge in the prescribed 
 form. We wish the Grand Council every success and pros- 
 perity in their illustrious pursuits for the honor and stability 
 of the Royal Secrets — and wishing you, most respected 
 Sovereign, that serene happiness and felicity which should 
 adorn the remainder of your venerable days and gild the 
 future prospects of our welfare, I remain, with the most sin- 
 cere respect, love, and esteem, your very humble and most 
 affectionate Brother, 
 
 SOLOMON BUSH. 
 
59. 
 
 The proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Perfection of 
 Pennsylvania, at pages 196, 204, 212, 221, et 228 of the 
 " Mirror and Keystone " for 1854, afford, on the point we are 
 now discussing, some interesting information. The forego- 
 ing letter of the Bro.-. Bush to King Frederic proves cer- 
 tainly that the latter was considered, to say the least, to be 
 the Head of the Eite of Perfection in 1785. Frederic II. is 
 sometimes called the third, on account of King Frederic- 
 William I. being called by some authors Frederic 11. 
 
 On the Tableau of the Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfection 
 at Charleston, for 1802, " Moses Michael Hayes, of Boston, 
 Eose t."., K-H., P. E. S." is borne as an Honorary Member ; 
 but he is not described as a 33d. 
 
 If the Body established in Ehode Island, and which con- 
 tinued until 1801, was a Council of the 33d Degree, how 
 could the Members then have " placed themselves under the 
 Grand Consistory of Neiv York," which, if there was any 
 such Body in 1801, was only of the 32d Degree ? 
 
 The truth is that the note in Oliver's book was taken by 
 him from some apocryphal writer, and inserted without in- 
 quiry or examination. All the writers agree that the earliest 
 organized Body of Scottish Masonry in the United States, 
 was a Grand Lodge of Perfection established at Albany by 
 the Bro.". Francken, in 1767. And there never was, at any 
 time, in Ehode Island, a Supreme Council of the 33d De- 
 gree, nor did the Bro.% Hayes ever claim to possess any such 
 Degree. 
 
 In the 9th " Consideration," Mr. Foulhouxe refers to the 
 fact that in the treaty of Union of 1834, between the Su- 
 preme Councils of France and Brazil, and the United Su- 
 preme Council of Hicks at New York, the first of these 
 Bodies, that of France, claims to have been installed and 
 recognized on the 21st of September, 1762 ; as proving that 
 " our 33 Degrees " were known and practised before that 
 date; and that the Bro.-. Hayes founded his Council of the 
 33d in Ehode Island by virtue of power emanating from the 
 authority that administered them — that is to say from the 
 Count de Clermont. 
 
 It is a little surprising that men who profess such a hor- 
 
60 
 
 ror of forgery in Masonic documents, and are so hypercritical 
 in regard to the Constitutions of 1786, should so unblush- 
 ingly repeat a statement which all the world knows to be 
 false, and merely one of those " pious frauds " that have been 
 used so often in Masonry as well as elsewhere. 
 
 What would be thought of a historian, who, in his zeal to 
 establish a controverted point, should go to unreliable 
 sources, and pick up and repeat, without believing them to 
 be true, the most absurd assertions of interested parties, to 
 sustain the theory of which he was the advocate ? The 
 business of the historian is to apply his critical acumen to 
 all that purports to be historical, and by careful scrutiny 
 and weighing of evidence and even of probabilities, to sift 
 the mass, and determine what is true and what is false. 
 Even in an argument, one is not at liberty, by the rule of any 
 known code of ethics, to quote and rely upon authorities 
 which he has no reason to believe true. 
 
 This pretension of the Supreme Council of France was put 
 forward splely to rebut the claims of the Grand Orient to 
 the ownership of the Ancient and Accepted Eite ; and Mr. 
 Foulhouze would be one of the first to resist a claim, which, 
 if true, would demonstrate tliat the Body which made him 
 a 33d, never could have had any title to the Degree or 
 Eite. 
 
 The time of the establishment of the Supreme Council of 
 France is as perfectly well known as any other fact in his- 
 tory. It was established by the Bro.\ Count de Geasse- 
 TiLLY ; who had been made Sov.". Grand Inspector-General 
 at Charleston, and was appointed by the Supreme Council at 
 that place Sov. •. Commander for the "Windward and Leeward 
 French Islands of America, and its Eepresentative there, on 
 the 21st of February, 1802, by a Patent, an authentic copy 
 whereof is in the Archives at Charleston ; and by which also 
 he was made Deputy Inspector of that Supreme Council/or 
 tJw. two Hemispheres. Prior to June, 1802, he went to Santo 
 Domingo, and there established a Supreme Council, which 
 on the 21st of February, 1803, consisted of himself^ as Sov- 
 ereign, the Bro.-. De La Hogtje as Lieutenant, and the Bros.-. 
 Louis Hebo, Jean Louis Michel Dalet, Armand Caignet, 
 
61 
 
 Ajstoine Bideaud, and Pierre Gervais Nicolas Toutain. 
 We have the irrefutable evidence of this in the Register of 
 Bro.". BiDEATJD, in our possession. From Santo Domingo 
 he went to France, and there established a Supreme Coun- 
 cil on the 22d of September, 1804, by which a Scottish Grand 
 Lodge was established on the 22d of October, 1804. — Thory, 
 1 Acta Lat. p. 220, 222. — Clavel, Eagon, and Besuchet con- 
 fuse the dates of the establishment of the two Bodies. See 
 Discourse of Bro.". De Haupt before the Mother-Lodge St. 
 Alexandre d'Ucosse, on the 24th of January, 1805. 
 
 The pretence of the Supreme Council of France to an 
 older existence first appeared in its proceedings in 1838. 
 Annexed to its proceedings of 24th June of that year is a 
 tableau, which contains, among other things, a list of Sov.". 
 Gr.". Insp.". Gen.*, and one of Grand Commanders of the Su- 
 preme Council of France, "from its primitive foundation in 
 1786," it says, to 1838 ; to which this note is, added : The 
 asterisk* designates the Brethren who founded the Supreme 
 Council of France in 1786, and those who were aqtive mem- 
 bers of it, untn it became dormant or was extinguished dur- 
 ing the Ee volution." These names are Louis Philippe 
 
 Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Orleans, Prince of the Blood — 
 
 better known as Philippe Egalite— who died in 1793 The 
 
 Marquis de Bercy Taillepied de Bondy Stanislas, 
 
 Count de Clermont-Tonnerre d'Amboise, Marquis de 
 
 Crussol Deodat-Gay-Sylvain-Tancrede, Marquis de Do- 
 
 lomieu J. J. Duval d'Epremenil Count d'Esterno, 
 
 Ambassador of France to the Court of Berlin Benigne 
 
 Joseph du Trousset d'Hericourt Chaillon de Joinville 
 
 Armand Marc, Count de Montmorin Savalette de Langes, 
 
 and Charles Alexis Count de Genlis, Marquis de Sillery ; all 
 of whom are ranked in the tableau as Sovereign Grand In- 
 spectors-General. 
 
 Nothing whatever is said in support of this pretence. It 
 was put there, without explanation or evidence, to gain 
 authority or credence by time. 
 
 It is easy to prove the whole claim to an origin earlier 
 than 1804, to be a mere impudent and baseless pretence ; 
 and we proceed to do so. 
 
62 
 
 1st. In 1834 tlie Supreme Council claims to have existed 
 since the 21st of September, 1762 ; and in 1838 it explicitly 
 reduces its claim, and pretends to have been founded in 
 1786. As both cannot be true, we are warranted in denying 
 both. 
 
 2d. If the Tableau of 1838 states the truth, Taiilepied de 
 Bondy was a Sov.-. Insp.*. Gen.-, and member of the Supreme 
 Council of the 33d Degree in 1786. Now, in 1812, the Sov.-. 
 Chapter Ecossais, of the Ancient and Accepted Eite du Pere 
 de Famille, at Angers, published a discourse by one of its 
 members, and a decree founded upon it, in which it denied 
 the legal existence of any Supreme Council in France, 
 averred that there never were but 25 Degrees in the Ancient 
 and Accepted Kite ; and said that the 33d Degree was not 
 known in that Eite ; referring to the Eegulations of 1762 as 
 the only law of the Eite, and absolutely denying the authen- 
 ticity of the Constitutions of 1786. The Charter of this Sov. •. 
 Chapter ^yas granted by the Grand Orient in November, 
 1805 ; and it claimed that the Grand Orient had the power 
 over the Eite, not by the Concordat of 1804, but by the 
 merger in itself of the old Grand Lodge and the Chapter of 
 Clermont. TAiLLEPrED de Bondy signed these proceedings. It 
 is unnecessary to say that he could not have been a 33d and 
 member of tJie Supreme Council in 1786, and then make such 
 assertions as these. — See the Discourse cited, in 1 Hermes, 
 p. 296 ; and statement of the discourse and decree, 1 Precis 
 Hist, by Besuchet, p. 367. 
 
 3d. In 1775 and 1776, Savdktte de Langes, who is also said 
 to have been an original member in 1786 of a Supreme 
 Council of the 33d, was Junior Warden of the Chamber of 
 the Provinces of the Grand Orient ; and he was also one of 
 the Committee who concluded the Treaty of 1776 with the 
 three Scottish Directories, at Lyon, Bordeaux and Stras- 
 bourg. — Thory, 2 Acta Lat., p. 207. Now the tale told the 
 Bro.-. Dr. Beugnot, only a year or two since, by the Count 
 de Saint-Laurent, a member of the Supreme Council of 
 France, was, that some time after the Constitutions of 1786 
 
63 
 
 were made, the Count d'Esterno — wlvose name is signed to 
 them — then Ambassador of France to the Court of Berlin, 
 took a copy of them to France, and there the Grand Lodge 
 of France organized itself as the first Supreme Council, with 
 the Duke of Orleans as its first Grand Commander. Sava- 
 lette de Langes was a member of the Grand Orient, and not 
 of the Grand Lodge ; and so the stories do not agree. 
 
 4th. If this historical figment had not been apocryphal, 
 and a mere myth, it would have been used by the Supreme 
 Council of France in its controversies with the Grand Orient 
 as to the title to the High Degrees. Now in all those con- 
 troversies, from 1805 to 1838, it was never mentioned. "We 
 have a volume of some 300 pages, consisting of polemical 
 pamphlets by the advocates of the Grand Orient, in which 
 every fact is used which industry could discover ; and every 
 argument which ingenuity could supply ; and nowhere in 
 these, and as little in three volumes of proceedings of the 
 Supreme Council also in our possession, is there one word, 
 except the single tableau which we have mentioned, hinting 
 even at such a claim. 
 
 5th. The claim to an existence prior to 1804 was formally 
 and expressly contradicted by the most distinguished advo- 
 cates of the Supreme Council, at the very time when, if it 
 had been true, it was the most important to prefer it. 
 
 In 1827, when the controversy between the Grand Orient 
 and the Supreme Council of France was at its height, the 
 Count Muraire, then Lt. Gr.-. Commander, and afterwards 
 Sovereign of the Supreme Council, published a pamphlet, 
 entitled, " De V Independance des Bites Magonniques, ou Befwta- 
 tion des Pretentions du G.: 0.: de. France sur U Rite Ecossais 
 Anden et Accepte." At p. 24 of this pamphlet, he said : " The 
 new organization of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, 
 in accordance with the Constitutions of 1786, tvas unknoion 
 in Frartce prior to 1804 : but long before then there had been 
 established at Charleston, in the United States of America, 
 a Sup.-. Council of the 33d Degree, which, on the 21st of 
 February, 1802, gave the Count de Grasse-Tilly the power of 
 
64 
 
 initiating Masons to that Degree, of inspecting Free Ma- 
 sonry, Ancient and Modern, and of constituting Lodges, 
 Chapters, Councils and Consistories of the Ancient Eite over 
 the two Hemispheres. The Count de Grasse, so authorized, 
 established a Supreme CouncU of the 33d Degree in the 
 Island of San Domingo ; but soon after, in consequence of 
 the troubles which came upon that Island, he and several 
 illustrious members of his Council took refuge in France, 
 and there united with other Scottish Masons . . . and there, 
 by authority of the Gr.". Insp.". Gen.*, of the Sup.-- Council 
 of the 3Bd Degree, which was established on the 22d Sep- 
 tember, 1804, at Paris," etc., etc. 
 
 In 1813 the persons claiming to compose the Supreme 
 Council for America, in France, addressed a remonstrance to 
 the Supreme Council of France, in which, among other 
 things, they claimed that they, coming from San Domingo, 
 created the Supreme Council, and were the founders in 
 France of the Scottish Eite. The Committee of the Supreme 
 Council of France answered, that many of the remonstrants 
 had never been in San Domingo at all, and had yet to prove 
 that they had received their Degrees from the Supreme 
 Council for America, at a time when it yet met in the coun- 
 try for which it was established ; and, as to the creation of 
 the Supreme Council of France, the Committee said : " That 
 creation is due to the Illustrious Bro.: de Grasse- TiUy alone: 
 the Supreme Council has never separated from him, and in- 
 dependently of his character as Sov.\ Gr.*. Commander for 
 the French Islands, it has always placed his name at the 
 head of those of its Honorary Members." BecueU des Ades 
 du Sup.: Cons.: de France, p. 151. 
 
 And, as late as 1841, the 111.*. Bro.*. Escodeca, 33d, pub- 
 lished a pamphlet, entitled, " Defense du Bite Ecossais Ancien- 
 Accepte, ou Refutation de la Circulaire du O.: 0.: de France, 
 en date, du 19 Odohre, 1840," in which he particularly denied 
 the allegation of the Grand Orient, that Scottish Masonry as 
 practised by the Supreme Council, was carried by Stephen 
 Morin from France to America, and only brought back agaia 
 by the Bro.*. de Grasse ; and in which also he insisted on 
 the validity of the titles of de Grasse, and of the regularity 
 
65 
 
 of the Supreme Council at Charleston: and in the whole 
 argument he does not even hint at the existence of a Su- 
 preme Council prior to 1804 Indeed, such a position would 
 have been wholly inconsistent with and destructive of his 
 positions. 
 
 6th. All the writers concur in fixing the first appearance 
 of the Ancient and Accepted Bite in France, and the first 
 creation of a Supreme Council there, in 1804. So say 
 Clavel,— 1 Hist. Pit. p. 207, 241 ;—Besuchet— Precis Hist. ;— 
 Thory, — 1 Acta Lat. p. 220 ; — Chemin Dupont^s, — TEncyckh 
 pedie Mag. vol 1, p. 236 ; — L6vesque, — Apergu, p. 87 ; — Bou- 
 bee,— p. 110 to 115 ;— Eagon— OriAod. Mag. p. 289;— Vidal 
 Fezandie, — Essai Hist. p. 169. — So said Bro.'. Langlois de 
 Chalange before the Supreme Council for America, in 1817 ; 
 and so. the Supreme Council of America then' declared. So 
 said the Count de Grasse himself, in 1818, before his Su- 
 preme Council ; and so the Baron de Marguerittes, on the 
 trial of the Bro.*. Count de Grasse. And Bro.'. Vassal has 
 particularly demonstrated that the Ancient and Accepted 
 Bite in 33 Degrees had no existence anywhere prior to 
 1802, in his Essay upon the institution of the Scottish Eite, 
 quoted by Bro.*. Besuchet in his Precis Hist. vol. 1, pp. 274 
 to 276. 
 
 This pretence of the Supreme Council is therefore un- 
 founded and an impudent fraud upon History ; and there- 
 fore the falsehood embodied in the Treaty of 1834 does not 
 prove that " our thirty-three ^Degrees " were known and 
 practised prior to 1762, nor that the Count of Clermont ad- 
 ministered them ; nor that from him power descended to 
 Moses M. Hayes to open a Council of 33ds in Ehode Island 
 — a Council that never existed except in imagination. 
 
 The 10th Consideration is : " That the Grand Orient of 
 "France, in its quality of heir or successor of all the ancient 
 " Scottish Bodies and Powers above named, resisted the pre- 
 " tensions of the speculators who went from America to Paris 
 " with what they pretended was a new Eite ; victoriously 
 " demonstrated^ that they carried to France no Eite or Degree 
 "which had not been know^ and practised there before 
 
66 
 
 " 1761, and of whicli it was not the sole and only owner ; and 
 " was able, by the laudable energy of the. lofty Imperialist In- 
 " tellects that then administered it, to assert and establish its 
 " rights to the Scottish Eite." 
 
 Mr. Foulhouze is more and more unfortunate the further 
 he goes. The Grand Orient, it is true, claimed to be the 
 heir and successor of the different Bodies that had, previous 
 to 1804, administered the different Eites of Scottish Masonry 
 in France ; but that was a claim which she was never able 
 to establish. The discussion of that question would re- 
 quire more space than the limits of this response afford ; 
 since it was debated at great length between the two Bodies, 
 the Grand Orient and Supreme Council, for many years. 
 We can only pause here to say, as we have before said about 
 the Grand Lodge, that the Grand Orient coidd not become 
 entitled to administer any Degrees of any Eite, which her 
 members had not legally received. 
 
 On the 27th December, 1773, the " National Grand Lodge " 
 - — the title at that time worn by the Grand Orient — declared 
 that it would thenceforward work in Symbolic Masonry 
 alone ; and forbade the Lodges to go beyond the third De- 
 gree in their labors. Thory — 1 Acta Lat. p. 108, — speaking 
 of the Grand Orient, says, under this date : " Suppression 
 of the New National Grand Lodge .... Appointment of a 
 Committee to revise the High Degrees. Messrs. Bacon de 
 la Chevallerie, the Count de Stroganoff, and the Baron de 
 Toussainct are appointed the Committee. The Lodges are 
 requested to suspend all labour in the High Degrees, as the 
 Grand Orient itself did." " It enjoined on the Lodges not 
 to occupy themselves with the High Degrees, and to work 
 only in the first three Symbolic Degrees, as," it added, " it 
 was itself doing."^Thory, Fond, du G.: 0.: p. 44 
 
 In 1781 or 1782, it created within itself a Chamber of the 
 High Degrees, which laboured at a revision of them ; and in 
 1786 reported four, Elu, Ecossais, Kt. of the East and Eose 
 Croix. These were adopted by the Grand Orient, to be 
 worked in addition to the three Symbolic Degrees ; and it 
 thereupon decreed that no others should be worked in the 
 Lodges or Chapters under its jurisdiction. — Thory, 1 Acta 
 
67 
 
 Lat p. 170.— Levesque, Apergu, p. 74— B^suchet, Precis Hist, 
 vol. 1, p. 79.— The seTen Degrees thus arranged have since 
 been practised by the Grand Orient, and are known all over 
 the world as the French or Modern Eite. Those who 
 allege that the addition of seven Degrees, four of them en- 
 tirely new, to the Kite of Perfection, and of another still, as 
 the presiding and governing Degree, or Degree of Adminis- 
 tration, did not make a new and distinct Eite, will perhaps 
 be kind enough to tell us how the Grand Orient managed to 
 make one, by picking out four old, well known and long 
 worked Degrees, over which other Bodies in France had at 
 the time an acknowledged jurisdiction independent of her, and 
 adding them to the four Symbolic Degrees. 
 
 Vidal Fezandie says — Essai, etc., by V. F., p. 152 :— " It is 
 enough for us to repeat, that the Grand Lodge, which was 
 replaced by the Grand Orient, never hnew any other than the 
 three first Symbolic Degrees, and that its only jurisdiction 
 was over Blue or Adonhiramite Masonry. So that it was not 
 possible that the higher Degrees, and consequently the 
 Bodies that practised them, could be under its control." 
 
 And the Bro.*. Bfegue-Clavel, in the " Revue Hist, etc., de 
 la Fr. Mag. p. 17, in answer to a circular of the Grand 
 Orient of 30th November, 1829, claiming that, "the G.-. O.-., 
 and before it the Grand Lodge, to which it succeeded, had 
 practised Scottish Masonry from the time of its introduction 
 into France," said : — " It is a great mistake to assert that 
 the Grand Orient and Grand Lodge of France ever practised 
 ■ Scottish Masonry. The Grand Lodge never recognized any 
 other Degrees than the three Symbolic ones ; as its contin- 
 ual quarrels with the Chapter of the High Degrees prove. 
 The Grand Orient at first confined itself to the same De- 
 grees, and did not adopt any others until 1786 ; and what it 
 did then adopt, was not what is properly called Scottish 
 Masonry, which is composed of 33 Degrees, and is a reform 
 that originated at Charleston, in South Carolina, about the 
 commencement of the present century." 
 
 The Circular of the Grand Orient itself, of 31st July, 1819 
 — reviewed by Bro.*. Chemin Dupontfes, in VEn^yc. Mag., vol. 
 1, p. 318, etc.— admitted that in 1773, the Grand Orient sus- 
 
68 
 
 pended the working of the High Degrees, and that " the hand 
 of time effaced the remembrance of them in France." Conse- 
 quently the G.-. O.*. had eenounced them for more than 
 thirty years, when the Bro. •. de Grasse established the Sup. 
 Council of France. Certainly, in 1786, it expressly rejected 
 all above the 18th. " It was thus," said the Circular, " that 
 the hand of time eiTaced in France the memory of those De- 
 grees which had gone forth from its bosom, and even that of 
 some that were exclusively French ; and that they were 
 brought back thither as strangers, AOT) none claimed title to 
 THEM." — 2 Hermes, p. 107, etc. 
 
 That is the admission of the Geand Oelent itself. After 
 that, what superlative nonsense it is to talk about the Grand 
 Orient having still retained or obtained a title to those De- 
 grees, by transfers, by purchase or descent, from other 
 Bodies, some of them mere remnants composed of vaga- 
 bonds : as if Masonic Degrees, the right to administer them, 
 the right to govern men and Masons, to demand their alle- 
 giance, to make one Body the obligee of their oaths taken 
 to another, could be bought and sold in the market, like a 
 cow or horse. One loses all patience in listening to such 
 arrant stupidities. The right to administer Masonic Degrees 
 is not obtained nor obtainable in that way. The whole idea 
 is a humbug, to which no other Masonic Body than the 
 Grand Orient of France has ever given countenance ; and 
 which it never succeeded in making a respectable humbug. 
 
 So matters stood until 1804. A good many of the Lodges 
 under the Grand Orient refused to have anything to do with 
 the four additional Degrees. The Scottish Directories, 
 which by the Treaty of 1776 with the Grand Orient, had the 
 exclusive working and administration of the Eeformed Eite, 
 still continued to work. The Mother Lodge of the Philo- 
 sophic Scottish Eite, the Chapter at Arras, and several other 
 Bodies were also independent. The Count de Grasse ap- 
 peared, introduced his Eite into Paris, created a Supreme 
 Council, and that created a Scottish Grand Lodge. The 
 Grand Orient, seeing the Eite at once become popular, took 
 the alarm ; and Eoettiers de Montaleau, Eepresentative of 
 the Grand Master, and the real Chief and most influential 
 
69 
 
 person of the Grand Orient, set on foot negotiations to effect 
 a union of the two Bodies. 
 
 The evidence is ample that this union was sought, not by 
 the Supreme Council or any of its members, but by the Bro.-. 
 de Montaleau, Grand "Venerable of the Grand Orient. We 
 simply refer to these authorities : Besuchet, a staunch ad- 
 herent of the Grand Orient, says in his Precis Hist, vol. 1, 
 under the date of 1803, that Eoettiers de Montaleau, the 
 Grand Yenerable, always solicitous for the peace of the 
 Order, interposed between these Brethren and the Grand Orient ; " 
 Thory,— 1 Acfa Lot., p. 221,— says that the Grand Orient was 
 disquieted, many of its Lodges wishing to join the new or- 
 ganization, and that the Bros.-- de Montaleau and Pyron 
 conferred together, to concert measures for uniting the two 
 Bodies; Levesque, — Apergu, p. 78,— says, that it was stated 
 in the assembly, when the Concordat was made, that the 
 Bro.". de Montaleau, after having conferred with the 
 Bro.-. Pyron, had himself advocated the Act of Union of the 
 two Eites ; Boubee, — Master of a Lodge under the Grand 
 Orient, and a vigorous opponent of the High Degrees — says 
 — Etudes sur la Magon., p. 113, — that some members of the 
 G.-. O.-. thought that Scottish Masonry was becoming too 
 firmly established, and that a Union with it would be an act 
 of prudence ; that the subject was introduced into the 
 Grand O.-. and the Union forcibly advocated and strongly 
 opposed ; until, after a long discussion, those opposed to it 
 had to yield to the current ; and Vassal, a member of the 
 Grand Orient, and for years the most prominent person in 
 it, apologizes {Essay on the Institution of the Scottish Bite, quoted 
 by Besuchet, in his Precis Hist., vol. 1, pp. 291 to 303) for the 
 anxiety of the Grand Orient, to effect a Union, on the ground 
 that the Philosophical Degrees had not for many years been con- 
 ferred in France ; the works of the G. -. O. '. had been sus- 
 pended ; and the disordered condition of its Archives made 
 it impracticable for it to establish its title to rule the Scot- 
 tish Eite, or to prove that the Eite of de GraSse, with its 33 
 Degrees, was in substance the same as that of Perfection in 
 25. So, he says, many officers thought it for the interest of 
 the Order to make concessions in order to effect a fusion. 
 
70 
 
 But let us see what the Grand Orient itself said, at the time, about 
 its " resisting the pretensions of the speculators from Amer- 
 ica," and " victoriously demonstrating " its " heirship and right 
 of succession " to aU the Ancient Scottish Powers and Bodies. 
 
 The Etat du Grand Orient, part 4, of 1804, p. 304, gives a 
 long and apologetic account of the causes that led it to make 
 the Concordat with the Supreme Council. When it made 
 the Treaty with the Scottish Directories, in 1776, it had been 
 pretty sharply censured and irreverentially attacked ; and it 
 anticipated severer censure for yielding to the Supreme 
 Council ; i. e., not for giving up its own claims to the Scot- 
 tish Degrees, but for tolerating them. 
 
 "The Columns of the Grand Orient," it said, "were 
 threatened with a great loss of Members, for so much the 
 more reason, because the Brethren who had the control of 
 the new Eite, and were enlisting proselytes, had secured the 
 concurrence and support of certain Brethren " — lofty Impe- 
 rialist Intellects, perhaps — " whose official rank and virtues 
 invested them with great personal consideration." 
 
 So, it said, the Grand Orient first published a list of its 
 Grand Officers ; that is, it filled out its lists of Honorary 
 Officers and Officiers d'Honneur, with all the great names of 
 the new Empire, in hopes to overpower the Supreme Coun- 
 cil with the array. What happened ? " It learned," says 
 the Etat, " from the mouths of some among them, that they 
 had also been elected to functions quite as important in 
 another Grand Orient, of a certain Scottish Eite." 
 
 " These worthy Brethren," it says, " as prudent and wise 
 as illustrious, felt the. necessity of nipping in the bud a germ 
 of division in the Masonic Order in France. They commu- 
 nicated their views to the Deputies of the Grand Orient, by 
 whom they were readily adopted. Immediately the Grand 
 Orient appointed a Committee, which met with an equal 
 number of Deputies of the Ancient and Accepted Eite." 
 
 "After a severe storm," it said, " the wise mariner repairs 
 his rigging, puts himself as far as possible in a condition to 
 sail tranquilly, and neglects none of the means that prudence 
 points out, for avoiding the breakers and giving satisfaction 
 to the owners." 
 
71 
 
 One of the most potent motives that determined it to this 
 course, it said, '.' was the positive hopes held out to it, and 
 "guaranteed by the Eesp.-. Bro.-. Marshal Kellermann, that 
 " from the present operation would infallibly result a gen- 
 " eral union with the Grand Orient of France, of all the 
 "Lodges that in the Empire style themselves 'Grand 
 " Lodge,' ' Mother-Lodge,' or simply 'Scottish Lodge ; ' ' and 
 " which ' — mark, Mr. Bienvenu ! — ' ar'e now neither united in 
 " correspondence with the Grand Orient nor with the Orient 
 " of the Ancient and Accepted Rite.' " 
 
 The result was the Concordat or Act of Union, signed and 
 sworn to on the 5th of December, 1804 ; the Scottish Grand 
 Lodge repairing for that purpose to the Hall of the Grand 
 Orient. 
 
 This Concordat may be found in the Eecueil des Actes du 
 Supreme Conseil, as also may the minutes of the meeting at 
 which it was so ratified ; and at which the Bro.". de 
 Grasse-Tilly and the Bro.-. Eoettiers de Montaleau recip- 
 rocally took the oath to keep it, between each other's 
 hands. 
 
 This Concordat defines the composition and names and 
 enumerates the Officers of the Grand Orient, and their and 
 its own powers and attributes. It recognizes the Supreme 
 Council as an existing Body, and assumes its continuance as 
 a distinct Body, as being a matter of course, with varied and 
 important powers, and all .its inherent undefined functions 
 besides. Whoever wishes to understand'the Concordat must 
 study it attentively in all its parts. Every Lodge and Chap- 
 .ter in France was to have a representative, and those repre- 
 sentatives constituted the Masonic Diet called the Grand 
 Orient ; but there were also, 7 first Grand Dignitaries for 
 life, and 148 other Officers, en eoxrcice, who, after serving 
 nine years, became Honorary Officers. 
 
 The government was composed of a Symbolic General 
 Grand Lodge, and a General Grand Chapter [of the four 
 Degrees of the Bite Moderne], each composed of 81 members, 
 serving for different periods, of from 3 to 9 years. 
 
 There was also a Grand Council of 27 Officers, with appel- 
 late powers. 
 
72 
 
 There was also a Grand Lodge of general administration, 
 composed of 21 members. 
 
 The General Grand Chapter issued Letters Capitular, and 
 Briefs for the four High Degrees. An appeal lay from its 
 decisions to the Gratid Council of 27, or to the SvMime 
 Council of the 33d Degree. 
 
 The particular provisions as to the 32d and 33d Degrees 
 were these : 
 
 "The Grand Orient of France possesses, in the General 
 Grand Chapter, the Grand Council of the 32d Degree, and 
 the Sublime Council of the 33d Degree. 
 
 "The prerogatives of the 33d Degree, iesides those thai 
 appertain to its functions " — i. e., besides those inherent in it, 
 and which it has as a Supreme Council — "are to occupy 
 itself with the highest mystic knowledge, and regulate the 
 works thereof." 
 
 " It decides aU questions involving the point of honor — sur tout 
 ce qui tient au point d'honneur; — it can remove from office a 
 Grand Officer of the Grand Orient of France, upon bomplaint 
 and accusation, which it alone din entertain, from that one of 
 the Bodies" — the Symbolic Gr.-. Lodge, the Gen.". Gr.*. 
 Chapter, and the Gr.'. Lodge of Administration — " to which 
 the officer accused belongs, in the Masonic form." 
 
 " The Supreme Council of the 33c? can alone correct or revoke its 
 ovm decisions." 
 
 The first 14 Degrees only could be conferred in subordinate 
 Chapters : the 15th to the 18th inclusive, only in the General 
 Grand Chapter : the 33cZ Degree belongs exdusiydy to the Sub- 
 lime Grand Council of that Degree, which alone can confer it." 
 
 In prescribing the order in which the members should sit, 
 a particular place was assigned those members of the Sublime 
 CouncU of the 33d Degree, who might not be Dignitaries, — 
 next to the 7 Grand Dignitaries, the Representatives of the 
 Grand Master, and the Grand Administrators. 
 
 The Bros.-. Eoettiers de Montaleau and De Grasse-TiUy, 
 Particular Eepresentatives of the Grand Master, were made 
 such for life, in consideration of their services to the Order. 
 
 The Bros.-. Marshal Kellermann, De Grasse-TiUy and 
 Pyron, all members of the Scottish Grand Lodge, were made 
 
73 
 
 honorary members of all the Lodges and Chapters of France ; 
 as well as the Bros.-, de Montaleau, Challan and Bacon de la 
 Chevallerie, "as first co-operators in the present organi- 
 zation." 
 
 And the Bros.-. Lacep^de, Hacquet, Godefroi de Latonr 
 d'AuTergne, de Trogoflf, Thory and Baillache, of the Scottish 
 Gr.-. Lodge, were made free affiliates of all the Lodges and 
 Chapters of France. 
 
 On the 29th of December, 1804, forty members of the Grand 
 Orient received from the Supreme Council, some the 18th 
 Degree, some the 32d, and some the 33d, and signed the 
 requisite oaths of allegiance, in the Book of Gold of the Bro.-. 
 de Grasse ; thus : 
 
 " We the undersigned do declare, that we have gratefully 
 accepted and received the Eminent Degree of Grand Inspector 
 General of the 33d and last Degree from the Th.-. Puissant 
 and Th.-. 111.-. Bro.-. Alexandre Fran§ois Auguste de Grasse- 
 Tilly, Grand Commander ad vitam for France, President of 
 the Supreme Council of the 33d Degree, the Grand Council 
 being in session. 
 
 " We do solemnly swear, wpon our words of Jionor, and upon 
 all our engagements and oaths, pronounced in the presence of 
 the Grand Architect of the Universe, and to the Orand Council 
 of Sov.\ Or.: Inspectors Gfeneral of the d'id, Degree, to obey 
 THE SAID Supreme Council, to cause its decrees to be re- 
 spected, and to conduct ourselves in the duties of our charge 
 as Sov.-. Grand Inspectors General of the 33d Degree, in 
 such manner as to make cherished and respected the Koyal 
 and Military Order of Free Masonry, and to conform in aU 
 respects to the Letters of Credence that have been granted 
 us. 
 
 "In faith whereof we have, of our own free will and 
 accord, signed the present oath."— See CBncycl. Mag. vol. 1, 
 p. 338. De V Ind'ependance des Rites Magonniques, par le Comte 
 Muraire,p. 31. Extract from the Booh of Gold of the Supreme 
 Council, printed in 1817, pp. 5, 6, 7. 
 
 Who took this oath? Eoettiees de Montaleau, the head 
 of the Grand Orient, who had kept its archives through the 
 Bevolution, and to whom a grateful Order offered the Grand 
 
74 
 
 MastersMp, which he refused, but accepted the power, with 
 the more modest title of Grand Yenerable. Who else? 
 Bacon de la Chevalleeie, Challan, Bubaed, the Count de 
 Valence. Vassal signed a like oath for the 32d Degree, as 
 did Legerde-Bresse, Bressaud, and Petricony, Gahriac, Du- 
 souchet and Bernadon ; and thirty-two others, whose names 
 were legible many years after, besides many whose names 
 were not so, signed a like oath for the 18th Degree. 
 
 All this was done twenty-four days after the Concordat was 
 executed. Did or did not the Supreme Council remain in 
 existence, as the head of the Ancient and Accepted Rite ? 
 Did or did not the Grand Orient recognize it as such head ? 
 
 Remark, also, that while the Concordat makes the Supreme 
 Council an appellate Tribunal, higher than the General 
 Grand Chapter, andiio which an appeal lies from that Body ; 
 while it secures to it alone the power to confer the 33d 
 Degree, and the exclusive title to it ; while it gives its Chap- 
 ters no power over any Degree above the 14th ; and even its 
 General Grand Chapter no power over any above the 18th ; 
 while it gives no power to any Body or Officer to revise or 
 correct the decisions of the Supreme Council, but declares 
 that it alone can do so ; while it secures to the Grand Coun- 
 cil of the 32d the control over the Degrees from the 18th to 
 the 32d ; while it continues all the inJierent powers of the 
 Supreme Council ; it adds no member to it, makes no change 
 in it, leaves it permanent and its members to hold for life, 
 and in no way provides how it or the Grand Council of the 
 32d shall be composed, or vacancies in either filled, or what 
 or who its Officers shall be, or how elected and appointed. 
 
 Nobody ever denied that this Concordat was made, or that 
 this oath was taken or signed. Who violated the Concor- 
 dat? 
 
 On the 21st of July, 1805, the Grand Orient enacted a 
 Decretal, by which they professed to carry out the Concor- 
 dat. By it they created a " Grand Directory of Eites," to 
 govern all the united Eites, and be composed of as many 
 Sections as there were Eites ; each Section to be composed 
 of not less than three, nor more than five members. This 
 Directory was to take cognizance of everything concerning 
 
 a 
 
75 
 
 the dogma of each Eite, and to it the correspondence of all 
 subordinaite Bodies was to be addressed, when relating to 
 dogma. 
 
 Boubee {Etudes sur la F. Mag., p. 114), tells us concisely 
 in what the difference consisted, that ended in annulling 
 the Concordat. The Grand Orient claimed " that the Union 
 of all the Degrees in one simple sphere of Masonic light, of 
 which IT was the centre, gave it, the Grand Orient, alone, 
 the right to rule the Scottish Eite, concurrently with the 
 French Eite ; and consequently the sole right to confer 
 Degrees and grant Charters of Constitution. In other words, 
 its claim was that it could annul the Supreme Council, and 
 merge it in itself, by depriving it of all its powers and func- 
 tions, and transferring them to a Directory of Eites. The 
 Supreme Council contended that, by the very terms of the 
 Concordat, the Grand Orient had nothing to do with the 
 Degrees beyond the 18th ; those alone having ceased to be 
 the property of the Supreme Council; and that the two 
 Bodies, though meeting in unison in the same place, were 
 separately to administer, each its own Degrees. 
 
 As the Grand Orient insisted on regarding the whole 
 Scottish Eite as merged in itself, the members of that Eite 
 met, to the number of 81, in General Assembly, at the Hotel 
 of Marshal Kellermann, on the 6th of September, 1805, and 
 decreed that if, by the 15th of that month, the Treaty were 
 not restored to its integrity and completely executed, it 
 would be regarded as null and void. This was notified to 
 the Grand Orient, and Conferences ensued ; but no good 
 result followed. On the 16th, at the last Conference, the 
 Grand Orient insisted that the Supreme Council should not 
 have jurisdiction to decide questions touching the point of 
 honor, nor the power to remove an Officer of the Grand 
 Orient on charges preferred and proven ; nor should it or 
 the Council of the 32d any longer sit in the General Grand 
 Chapter. Notice Hist, sur V Origine du Or.'. 0.'. de France, 
 etc., 1835, p. 16. 
 
 Consequently, on the 24th of September, the Supreme 
 Council, treating the Concordat as annulled, organized a 
 Grand Consistory of Princes of the 32d Degree, and on the 
 
76 
 
 1st of October it made a decree concemiiig the exercise of its 
 dogmatic power. 
 
 Thory {Hist, de la Fond, du G.'. 0.: de France, Ajpp. No. 5, 
 p. 149), sums up the result in a few words, thus : " The Con- 
 stitution of 1804 was not carried into effect, in consequence 
 of difficulties that then arose ; so that now the Supreme 
 Council forms a Body distinct and separate from the Grand 
 Orient of'France." 
 
 And in his Acta Laiomorum, vol. 1, p. 225, he states what 
 was in fact the reason why the Concordat was annulled or 
 abandoned. " The Concordat of 1804," he says, " is not ex- 
 ecuted by the Grand Orient, which refuses to put in operation 
 tlie new general Constitution of the Orde.r." The Grand 
 Orient really took no step at all to execute the Concordat. 
 Koettiers de Montaleau continued to govern, with the same 
 title of Grand Venerable, and used it in the published state- 
 ment of April, 1805. 
 
 It was agreed at last, Thory says, on the 16th of Septem- 
 ber, 1805, that the Supreme Council should have an exist- 
 ence independent of and separate from the Grand Orient, 
 which should take no cognizance of the Ancient and Accepted 
 Kite, and grant no Charters to Lodges desiring to adopt that 
 Regime, for anything beyond the 18th Degree ; the confer- 
 ring of the Degrees above that, and the Constitution of 
 Chapters of the higher Degrees, being exclusively reserved 
 to the Supreme Council, or to the Masonic authorities of 
 the Ancient and Accepted Rite, whom it might concern. 1 
 Acta Lat, p. 227 ; Kauffmann & Cherpin, Hist. Phil., p. 474, 
 state the same fact. 
 
 The Regulations of the Grand Orient, published in 1806, 
 show that this agreement was assented to by it ; for they 
 show in the clearest and most formal manner, that it then 
 exercised the powers of administration over no other Bodies 
 than those working the Degrees from Apprentice to Rose- 
 Croix. 
 
 Rebold, Hist. Gen., p. 168, also states this agreement ; and 
 Ragon, the bitter enemy of the Scottish Rite, says, Orthod. 
 Mag., p. 312, "On the 6th of September, the Grand Orient 
 declares the Concordat broken ; and on the 16th of the same 
 
77 
 
 month, the Commissioners of the Grant Orient, and those of 
 the Grand Scottish Lodge signed a convention, declaring the 
 Act of Union annulled in fact and law." 
 
 Olavel, Hist. Pitt., p. 245, gives a detailed account of the 
 causes that led to the rupture of the Concordat ; and par- 
 ticularly as to the difficulties between the Bro.-. Pyron and 
 the Grand Orient ; in the course of which that Body disre- 
 garded the provision giving the Supreme Council power to 
 remove an Officer ; and which ended in striking Bro.-. Pyron 
 from the roll of Officers. " These difficulties," Clavel says, 
 " cancelled in fact, if not in law, the Concordat " : and he 
 admits that the Grand Orient wholly failed to execute it, its 
 organization undergoing m/ne of the changes required by the 
 Treaty. And he states that the majority of the Grand 
 Orient, foreseeing that the pretensions of the Scottish 
 Masons would be an eternal source of discord, were willing 
 to let them retire, if they could so arrange with them that 
 the Masonic peace should not be disturbed. " To this end," 
 he says, " Conferences were had ; and on the 16th of Sep- 
 tember it was by common consent decreed, that the Supreme 
 Council of the 33d Degree should thereafter have an inde- 
 pendent existence, with the power of granting Charters and 
 Diplomas for the Degrees above the 18th ; and that the 
 Scottish Bodies, working the Degrees below the 19th, should 
 remain under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient. The 
 Philosophical Scottish Eite, the Kite of Heredom, and in 
 general all the Masonic Bodies that had by virtue of the 
 Concordat been united to the Grand Orient, equally resumed 
 their independence. Only, in order that the Masonic Unity, 
 broken by the new order of things, might as far as possible 
 be re-established, the Prince Cambacerfes officially informed 
 the authorities which thus separated from the Grand Orient, 
 that he was disposed to accept the functions of Grand Mas- 
 ter over each of them. Most of them agreed to this arrange- 
 ment, and the Prince thus became the Chief of almost all 
 the systems practised in France." 
 
 The Count de Grasse resigned, in his favor, his office of 
 Grand Commander of the Ancient and Accepted Eite, on the 
 10th of July, 1806, and established, by the side of the Su- 
 
78 
 
 preme Council for France, the skeleton of a Council for the 
 French Possessions in America, in expectation of at some 
 time transporting his Council to those Possessions. 
 
 Prince Cambaceres thus became, in a few years, not only 
 Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Orient, and thus its 
 real head, — ^because Joseph Napoleon, the Grand Master, 
 ■was never initiated a Mason at all, it is alleged; and if he 
 was, neither he, nor Murat, the other Deputy, ever showed 
 himself in the Grand Orient, — not only Sov.*. Commander of 
 the Supreme Council of France, but also Honorary Grand 
 Master of the Kite of Herodom of Kilwinning, sitting at 
 Rouen, — 1806 ; — and of the Mother-Lodge of the Philosophic 
 Eite— 1807 ;— Grand Master of the Primitive Eite— 1808 ; 
 Grand Master of the Eite of Beneficent Kts.\ of the Holy 
 City, — Eectijied Regime, — a title offered him by the Directory 
 of Auvergne ; Grand Master of the Eegime of the Directory 
 of Septimanie at Montpellier — 1809 ; — and finally, Honorary 
 Grand Master of all the Masonic Bodies that were of any 
 importance and composed of persons of rank. — Besuchet, 1 
 Free. Hist, p. Ill, 112 ; Eebold, p. 168. 
 
 Marshal Kellermann was elected President of the Consis- 
 tory of the 32d. 
 
 It will be seen by the number of Independent Bodies 
 which elected the Bro.\ Prince Cambaceres their Chief, that 
 the Grand Orient never pretended to possess all power over 
 the Scottish Eite, as " heir and successor of all the Ancient 
 Scottish Bodies and Powers." 
 
 Let any one read over the Concordat of 1804, article by 
 article, the oath of allegiance taken by the members of the 
 Grand Orient who received the Degrees from the Bro.". de 
 Grasse in the presence of the Supreme Council, and the 
 terms of the agreement made when the Concordat was an- 
 nulled, and which were faithfully observed by both parties, 
 until the fall of the Empire in 1814 ; and then tell us where 
 in aU this he finds the proof that the Grand Orient " resisted 
 the pretentions " of the founders of the Supreme Council ; 
 when it formally recognized that Body as the head of the 
 Eite, made a Treaty with it, and accepted the Degrees from 
 it, and after the Concordat was broken, agreed to share them 
 
79 
 
 with it, itself content with the 18 lower Degrees, and leaving 
 its rival the 15 higher ones -.— where in all this he finds the 
 proof that it " victoriously demonstrated " that De Grasse 
 brought back to France no new Degree,— none not known 
 and practised since before 1761 ;— none, of which it was not 
 sole and only master : — wliere in all this he finds the proof 
 that the Grand Orient, " by the praiseworthy energy of the 
 lofty Imperialist Intellects that then administered it, knew 
 how to reclaim its riqUs over the Scottish Eegime " ? 
 
 "When he has done this, let him tell us what lofty Imperi- 
 alist Intellects then administered the Grand Orient ; what 
 were their names, and where is the evidence, book and page, 
 to show that they ever went near that Body, and especially 
 that they aided to administer it ; and more especially, that 
 they ever took any part in the controversy with the Supreme 
 Council. 
 
 And then, whether, after the rupture of the Concordat, 
 there were not found among the active members of the Su- 
 preme Council for France, a few " lofty Imperialist Intel- 
 lects," such as, for example. Prince CambaceeJis, Arch- 
 Chancellor of the Empire, Due de Pakma, Grand Eagle, 
 Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, etc. ; Timbrune, 
 Comte DE Yalence, General of Division, member of the 
 Conservative Senate, Officer of the Legion of Honour, Grand 
 Cross of the Order of Saint Henry of Saxony ; Kellekmann, 
 Marshal Due de Valmt, member of the Grand Council, Grand 
 Eagle of the Legion of Honour, Commander of the 
 Iron Crown, etc. ; the Comte de Laoepede, Grand Chancel- 
 lor and Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, Minister of 
 State, and member of the Institute of France ; Massena, 
 Marshal the Due de KrvoLi, Prince d'EssLiNG, Grand Eagle 
 and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, etc. ; Clement 
 DE Eis, Comte de Mauni, Preteur of the Senate, Commander 
 of the Legion of Honour ; Pieeee Eiel, Comte de Beuenon- 
 ville. Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, -afterwards 
 Marshal of France ; Godefeoi de la Toue d'Auveegne, Col- 
 onel of the Eegiment of that name; Marshal Peeignon, 
 Comte of the Empire, Grand Eagle and Grand Officer of the 
 Legion of Honour, Grand Dignitary of the Order of the two 
 
80 
 
 Sicilies and Governor of Naples ; Bebnakd d'Axes d'Akduze, 
 ancient Comte de Vienne and Grand Vicar of Arras ; and 
 MuEAiEE, Comte of tlie Empire, Counsellor of State, First 
 President of tlie Court of Cassation, Grand Officer of the 
 Legion of Honour ? 
 
 And if in January, 1811, there were not added, Le Peule- 
 tiee d'Aulnay, Comte of the Empire ; Lefebtke, Marshal 
 the Duke de Dantzick ; Chasset, Comte of the Empire ; de 
 Segue, Comte of the Empire, Grand Eagle and Grand Officer 
 of the Legion of Honour; Eampon, Comte of the Empire, 
 General of Division, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour ; 
 Feeteau de Pent, Baron of the Empire, Advocate-General 
 of the Imperial Court at Paris, and Eoutee, General of 
 Brigade, one of the Treasurers of the Legion of Honour ? 
 
 In 1817, also, the Due de Saint- Aignan and Oudinot, Mar- , 
 shal Due DE Beggio, were members of the Supreme Council. . 
 
 Peace reigned in French Masonry from 1805 until the 
 downfall of the Great Emperor. The compact made in 1805 
 was observed both by the Grand Orient and Supreme Coun- 
 cil. Indeed, Prince Cambaceres enfwced the performance of 
 it. In the Constitutions of the Supreme Council, published 
 in January, 1811, and which may be found entire in the Hist, 
 de la Fond, du G.: 0.: of Thory, p. 154, and Becueil des 
 Aotes du Sup.: Cons.:, p. 105, it was expressly admitted, that 
 up to the 18th Degree, the power resided in the Grand 
 Orient, and the Constitution itself provides for the govern- 
 ment of the Degrees above the 18th, only; and we have 
 already seen that the Grand Orient formally and explicitly 
 ratified and carried out this arrangement. We shall find 
 the same arrangement made in Italy ; and the Grand Orient 
 of France in formal alliance there with a Supreme Council 
 established by the Bro.'. de Geasse. 
 
 We have seen that the highest " Imperialist Intellects " 
 supported the Banner of the Supreme Council ; and who 
 those intellects were. The Imperial government particularly 
 favored Scottish Masonry— Clavel, Sist. Pitt., p. 253.— Its 
 autocratic form of administration was more to Napoleon's 
 taste than the simple Democracy of the Blue Lodges, or the 
 emasculated Democracy of the Grand Orient. 
 
81 
 
 But with the fall of Napoleon everything was changed. 
 The Grand Orient, on the 24th June, 1814, at the feast of St. 
 John, knelt to the rising Sun ; and the orators in their 
 addresses enlarged " on the joy which the whole Masonic 
 Community felt, at seeing at length their legitimate king, 
 .surroundedby his august family."— (y.-, 0.: St. Jean d'Ete, 
 1814, pp. 3 and 8. 
 
 "With indecent haste, it declared the Grand Mastership, 
 held by Joseph Bonaparte /or life, to be vacant. In Paris, 
 the Lodges under the Gr.-. Orient, ha^&rmzeA. enthusiastically 
 with the English, Russians, Wurtembergers, Saxons, Prus- 
 sians, Austrians, &c., and initiated many of them ; and at 
 Marseilles, the first public procession of Free Masons that 
 ever appeared in France, carried about the bust of Louis 
 XVIII., and inaugurated it in their temple ; and now, when 
 the great men who had protected the Scottish Eite and the 
 dignity and rights of the Supreme Council, were dead or in 
 exile, the Grand Orient decreed, that by virtue of the Con- 
 cordats, made in 1773, with the Chapter of Clermont, in 1787 
 with the General Grand Chapter, and in 1804, with the 
 Scottish Grand Lodge, it re-tooh or rather continued, hut in a 
 more special manner, the exercise of the powers that apper- 
 tained to it over all the Eites. The Supreme Council 
 resisted this usurpation, and an angry polemic and constant 
 quarrel was kept up, ilntil on the 6th day of November, 
 1841, on the report and recommendation of the Bro.". 
 Desanlis, the Grand Orient formally recognized all the 
 Bodies of every Degree, froiji the 1st to the 32d, created by 
 the Supreme Council, as legal Bodies, and authorized 
 Masons under its own jurisdiction to visit them, and to open 
 their temples to all Brethren under the jurisdiction of the 
 Supreme Council. The war was never again revived. 
 
 /Such was the course of the Grand Orient, and such the 
 result. Such was the mode in which, not the " lofty Imperi- 
 alist Intellects" of the Grand Orient, but the "meneurs" of 
 that Body, when it became the sycophant of Louis XVII., 
 and not before, " revendicated its rights over the Scottish 
 Eite ; " when the Supreme Council was almost annihilated 
 by the death or exile of the lofty Imperialist Intellects that 
 
82 
 
 had composed it — when that constellation whose bright 
 particular luminaries we have named, was reduced to a few 
 dismayed and obscured Stars. Then the Grand Orient could 
 kneel and crouch at the feet, first of Louis XVTTT. and then 
 of Charles X., and beg each for a Prince of the Blood as 
 Grand Master, and be contemptuously repelled. Then it 
 could bravely declare the Grand Mastership vacant, while 
 Joseph Napoleon still lived and did not resign. Tlien it 
 could ignore Cambacerfes and Murat, and fawn upon 
 Macdonald, who alwaj^ found an excuse for never attending 
 its meetings. 
 
 The claim of the Grand Orient to control the Degrees 
 above the 18th, was not urged under the Empire, or by any 
 " Lofty Imperialist InteUeets ; " but only after the Eestora- 
 tion, while Paris was occupied by English, Eussian, Aus- 
 trian, Prussian and Cossack, and the Grand Orient sang 
 hymns of joy over the destruction of the Empire and the 
 re-establishment of legitimacy; and when all meetings of 
 Masons were prohibited by the King of Bavaria, by Victor 
 Emanuel, King of Sardinia, by Cardinal Gonsalvi at Eome, 
 by the Provisional Eegency at Milan, and by Ferdinand of 
 Spain, while he re-established the Inquisition ; and while 
 Louis the Eighteenth looked coldly at it, and barely tolerated 
 it in France. 
 
 The claim was not urged by any "Lofty Imperialist Intel- 
 lects;" but by the smaS men, the "menenrs" of the Grand 
 Orient, who controlled everything, under the shelter of the 
 great names whose owners deemed Masonry too unimpor- 
 tant for their attention ; by men like Godefroi de Beaumont, 
 who having a little while before lauded Napoleon, now 
 lavished fulsome eulogies on the Bourbons, " that august 
 family which, during so many centuries, governed France 
 with as much grandeur as generosity." — Kmiffmann and 
 Cherpiii, Hist. Phil, p. 345 ;— at that Feast of the Order of 
 the Grand Orient, on the 24th of June, 1814, which Kauff- 
 mann and Cherpin truly term, " a sad monument of that 
 deplorable epoch ; " while they ask pardon of their readers 
 for quoting the adulation of which we ask pardon for quoting 
 but a Hne. It was urged by men like the other Orators who 
 
83 
 
 distinguished tliemselTes by similar adulation on tlie same 
 occasion. It was a fitting time for a fitting act ; when its 
 subordinates ceasing their labors in despair, and a Lodge at 
 Lyon burning its furniture and altar, could not shame it out 
 of its fawning servility, that it should undertake to plunder 
 of its rights that illustrious Body which the Empire had 
 protected. 
 
 And the claim, when urged, was at once resisted, both by 
 the Supreme Council, and by the Mother-Lodge of the Phil- 
 osophic Rite ; and ended, as we have said, in the recognition 
 of the right of the Supreme Council to administer the Scot- 
 tish Eite, in aU its Degrees, at least concurrently with the 
 Grand Orient, in 1841. 
 
 It only occurs to us to say further, as to this 10th Con- 
 sideration, that the Grand Orient never "victoriously 
 demonstrated," nor even contended, that the Count de Grasse 
 did not bring to France any Eite or Degree not known and 
 practised there before 1761. "What the Grand Orient did 
 claim, will be best ascertained by inquiring of itself. 
 
 In its Circular of 31st July, 1819, prepared for the very 
 purpose of setting out and substantiating its claim to the 
 possession and control of the Ancient and Accepted Eite ; 
 and sent to all its subordinates,— and which may be found 
 in Hermes, vol. 2, pp. 107 to 120,— it did insist that " in 1804, 
 " some Masons who had returned from America, or fled from 
 " our colonies, brought back to Paris the Degrees which the 
 " same Orient had sent thither in 5761, by the intervention 
 " of Bro. •. Stephen Morin ; " and that those Degrees had not 
 left France; but "the Grand Council established in the 
 "bosom of the National Grand Lodge, after it, the General 
 " Grand Chapter of France, and after 1787, the Metropolitan 
 " Sovereign Chapter of the Grand Orient of France always 
 ' "possessed them." 
 
 Then, after stating the reduction of the number of ivorking 
 Degrees, by the Grand Orient, it said : " It was thus that the 
 " hand of time effaced in France the memory of those Degrees 
 "which had gone forth from its bosom, and even that of some 
 " that were exclusively French ; and that they were brought 
 " back thither as strangers, and none claimed title to them." 
 
84 
 
 " It is true that the passage of these Degrees from ours to 
 " a foreign language, a different classification, new names, 
 "and some additions, dexterously metamorphosed these 
 " Degrees, the aggregate whereof, thus combined, received 
 " the supposed title of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish 
 "Eite." 
 
 The principal polemic in favor of the Grand Orient was 
 that of Vassal, entitled : " An Essay upon the Institution of the 
 Scottish Rite," extracts from which are quoted by Bro/. 
 Besuchet, in. his Precis Hist., vol. 1, pp. 274 to 276; 291 to 304. 
 He contends that the Grand Lodge of France possessed 
 the Scottish Eite before it was known in the New World ; 
 and that the Scottish Eite brought into France by the Bro.". 
 de Grasse, arbitrarily and abusively remodelled, is the same 
 as that which the Grand Lodge had possessed for forty 
 years. He sums up as follows : 
 
 ..." 2d. That the Ancient and Accepted Eite is the same 
 " as that which the Grand Lodge of France possessed. ' 3d. ' 
 " That the important Degrees of the Ancient and Accepted 
 " Eite, are the same that were carried to the United States 
 " by Stephen Moria. 4th. That most of the inteecalated 
 " Degeees aee fobeign to Scottish Masonet, having been 
 "boeeowed feom othee Eites." — He had already said: "that 
 " which furnished the greater member of Degrees was the Tem- 
 "plar liite, the 33(i itself being hut a Templar Degree" 
 
 That is what the Grand Orient claimed ; not that de Grasse 
 carried back to France no Degree that Morin had not taken 
 from there ; but that he carried back what was virtually the 
 same Eite ; because the old Degrees were merely transposed, 
 and eight others added ; and that this " superfoetation of 
 Degrees," most of them not Scottish Masonry, but Templar 
 Degrees, did not make it a new or distinct Eite. This was 
 merely preposterous ; and far from " victoriously demon- 
 stratiQg" the identity of the Eite of Perfection and the 
 Ancient and Accepted Eite, the Grand Orient signally failed. 
 To state its proposition is to confute it. 
 
 Vassal explicitly says that the most of the intercalated 
 Degrees are foreign to Scottish Masonry : and thus at once 
 overturns what these Considerations have toiled and labored 
 
85 
 
 to establish, with the much wear and tear of historical con- 
 science— that aU the Degrees of out present Eite always 
 were a part of Scottish Masonry ; and that the Eite, just 
 as it is, was worked by divers Bodies in France, prior to 
 1761. 
 
 The 11th and 12th " Considerations " are : " Considering, 
 " that notwithstanding the revolt of some intriguers who 
 "separated from its authority in 1806, the Grand Orient 
 " none the less remained Master of the Eite in France, and 
 " established several Supreme Councils, among others that of 
 " Naples, of which the unfortunate Joachim Mueat was the 
 " Grand Commander {Ada Lat, vol. 1, p. 254), and proved 
 " that, both as Scottish Mason and King, he adhered to the 
 " principles of the Grand Orient, whereof he had been the 
 " first Grand Warden of Honor in 1807, that is to say, at the 
 " very period of this absurd revolt. 
 
 " Considering, that in so doing, the Hero-King sanctioned 
 " the principle that each State has its Masonic rights as well 
 " as its political rights, and that every Sovereign and Inde- 
 " pendent State, whatever its form of government, should 
 " imitate his example, even in presence of the most afflicting 
 " desertions." 
 
 Compassion almost compels us to withhold the exposure 
 which the truth of History requires of us in regard to this 
 flourish of trumpets. We have shown that there was no 
 revolt at all.' The Concordat was not kept by the Grand 
 Orient. It formally violated it ; and the Supreme Council, 
 maintained in full life with its original organization, by that 
 Concordat, peacefully separated from the Grand Orient, and 
 resumed its independent action. It never was a subject of 
 the Grand Orient, but its Peer, and therefore could not 
 revolt. 
 
 2d. Nor did the Grand Orient remain " Master of the Eite 
 in France." It was content to remain Master of only the 
 first 18 Degrees of it. It conceded the mastery over the 
 residue, to the Supreme Council, by the Concordat ; and it 
 conceded it again, by the agreement of September, 1805, 
 when the Concordat was rescinded. 
 
 a 
 
86 
 
 3d. Mr. Foulhouze cannot even be persuaded to. give a date 
 correctly. The Concordat was finally rescinded, and tlie new 
 arrangement made, on the 16th of September, 1805 ; not in 
 1806, and still less in 1807. In 1806 and 1807 the two Bodies 
 were entirely at peace. 
 
 4th. " Some intriguers " did not " separate from the Grand 
 Orient." Eighty-one members of the Scottish Grand Lodge 
 determined that the Concordat should'be either carried out 
 or rescinded ; and among them were such men as Keller-, 
 mann, the Count de Valence, Muraire and Latour d'Auvergne, 
 whom it is childish folly to term " intriguers." 
 
 5th. Though Murat was named first Grand Warden of 
 Honour of the Grand Orient, in 1807, as he has been named 
 Grand Conservator-General in 1804, he never was in the 
 Grand Orient in his life. — Glavd, p. 243. 
 
 6th. The single fact that Prince Cambacer^s, Deputy 
 Grand Master, and real head of the Grand Orient, accepted 
 and retained the office of Grand Commander of the Supreme 
 Council, proves what a reckless disregard of historical truth, 
 as well as of good sense, is exhibited in talking about 
 " intriguers " and a " revolt." 
 
 7th. Nor did the Grand Orient establish " several Supreme 
 Councils," at any time, nor any at all, we think, prior to 1815, 
 if ever. How could it establish Supreme Councils, when it 
 administered no Degrees above the 18th ? 
 
 In 1805, the Bro.-. de Grasse-Tilly, then Grand Command- 
 er of the Supreme Council of France, conferred power on a 
 Bro.". Vidal and other Scottish Masons to institute a Supreme 
 Council at Milan. That Body was established in the same 
 year and put itself at the head of Italian Masonry. Prince 
 Eugene, a "Lofty Imperialist Intellect," became, soon 
 after, its Grand Commander.— Clavel, Hist. Pitt., p. 251. 
 
 Not only was this Supreme Council thus established, on the 
 5th of March, 1805, but on the 20th of June the Grand Orient 
 of Italy was established, under the Eegime of the Ancient 
 
87 
 
 and Accepted Eite, at Milan, hy tlie same Supreme Council of 
 the 33d Degree for Italy. And moreover, there being at 
 Naples a Grand Orient called that of the Military Division 
 of the Kingdom of Italy, of which Gen. Lecchi was Grand 
 Master, and M. Balathier, Deputy Gr.-. Master, it united 
 itself with the Grand Orient of Milan on the 22d of June, 
 and Prince Eugfene accepted the dignity of Grand Master of 
 the Italian Lodges, and that of Sovereign Grand Commander 
 of the Supreme Council of the 33d Degree. (Thory, 1 Acta 
 Lat, p. 228-9.) And on the 12th July, 1808, the Grand Orient 
 of France affiliated with and entered into correspondence with 
 this identical Grand Orient of Italy, thus created by its rival. 
 —Id., p. 237. 
 
 On the 11th of June, 1809, a Supreme Council of the 33d 
 Degree was established at Naples. " His Majesty Prince 
 Joachim, Grand Duke of Berg, having been proclaimed King 
 of Naples on the 1st of August, 1808, consents to the estab- 
 lishment of a Grand Orient for his Kingdom, and conde- 
 scends to accept the title of Sov. •- Grand Commander of the 
 Sup.-. Council of the 33d Degree at Naples." — Id., p. 254; 
 which is the authority referred to by Mr. Fovlkouze, and does 
 not prove what he says. 
 
 For Thory does not tell us that the Grand Orient of France 
 established this Supreme Council at Naples. He does not 
 say by what Power it was done. Was it then by the Grand 
 Orient ? Let us hear Clatel. " In 1809, the Supreme Coun- 
 cil of Italy, at Milan, installed a Supreme Council at Naples, 
 where there was already a Grand Orient with Joseph 
 Napoleon for Grand Ma-sier."— Hist. Pitt., p. 251. 
 
 So that it was not the Grand Orient of France, but the 
 Supreme Council of France, which derived its Powers from 
 Charleston, that established the Supreme Council at Naples. 
 And between this Supreme Council so established, and the 
 Grand Orient of Naples, a Concordat was made on the 3d 
 of May, 1811 {Thory, 1 Acta Lat., p. 250), by which the 
 Grand Orient agreed to confine itself to governing and con- 
 stituting Lodges and Chapters up to the 18th Degree, leav- 
 ing the Higher Degrees to be administered exclusively by 
 the Supreme Council. Murat accepted the Supreme Com- 
 
88 
 
 mand of loth Bodies, just as Cambacerfes liad done in 
 France. 
 
 In the Manifesto of the Count de Grasse, dated 18th of 
 August, 1818, creating a new Supreme Council, he styled 
 himseU " Creator of the Supreme Councils in the Kingdoms 
 of France, Italy, Naples, Spain, the Low Countries, etc., 
 etc., etc." Thory simply tells us that a Supreme Council 
 was established at Naples, without informing us by whom : 
 but even in Thory there is something more. For example, 
 at p. 250, that on the 3d of May, 1811, a Concordat was 
 effected between the Supreme Council of the 33d Degree at 
 Naples and the Grand Orient of that Kingdom, relative to 
 the attributions of each ; by which it was arranged that the 
 Grand Orient should govern and constitute Lodges and 
 Chapters to the 18th Degree inclusive, and the Supreme 
 Council administer the Ancient Eite for the Superior De- 
 grees. This might have led one to suspect that the Supreme 
 Council was created by some other power than the Grand 
 Orient of France. The Grand Orient of Naples was in- 
 stalled on the 24:th of June, 1809, with King Joachim Murat 
 as Grand Master. Thory, 1 Acta Lat, p. 243-4 : — and in 
 October, 1812, he accepted the office of Sov.". Grand Com- 
 mander of the Supreme Council. — Id., p. 254. 
 
 We do not particularly see how the " Hero-King," in ac- 
 cepting this office, sanctioned the principle suggested by 
 Mr. Foulhouze. The Supreme Council at Naples was created 
 in strict conformity to the Constitutions of 1786, which pro- 
 vided that each Kingdom in Europe should have one. For 
 his action to have been a precedent for that of Mr. FouLJiouze, 
 he must have established a Supreme Council for his realm 
 of Naples, by a simple act of his own royal authority, with- 
 out allowing any Supreme Council of any other country to 
 interfere. 
 
 Did the " Hero-King," in accepting the office of Sovereign 
 Grand Commander of a Supreme Council created by that at 
 Milan, which was created by de Grasse under his powers 
 from Charleston (who said, in 1818, " I received in the other 
 world the Masonic Degrees, powers, rights, and dignities 
 which I possess "), — did the Hero-King, by that act, " adhere 
 
 a 
 
89 
 
 to the principles of tlie Grand Orient, botli as Scottish 
 Mason and King ? " And did he " sanction the principle " 
 that " every Sovereign and Independent State ought to imi- 
 tate his example ? " Or did he thereby acknowledge the 
 supremacy of Charleston, and so add another to the 
 "painful defections" of which the 12th "Consideration" 
 speaks ? 
 
 As to otter Supreme Councils, the Bro.\ de Grasse-TUly 
 established one at Madrid, in Spain, on the 4th of July, 
 1811 (Thory, 1 Acta Lat, p. 250) ; where the first Lodge of 
 the Rite had been inaugurated in 1809, by the same author- 
 ity ; and the Grand Consistory in 1810. — Clavel, Hist. Pitt., 
 p. 251. 
 
 In Belgium, Gen. Eouyer, a member of the Old Supreme 
 Council of France, established a Supreme Council on the 
 15tli of January, 1817 ; and on the 1st of April in the same 
 year, the Count de Grasse, Sov.-. Gr.-. Commander of the 
 Sup. •. Council for America, just then revived, established a 
 second. The two were united on the 16th of December of 
 the same year. — Clavel, Hist. Pitt, p. 252. 
 
 The Supreme Council of Ireland was established by that 
 at Charleston : — Clavel, Hist. Pitt., p. 253 ; — and yet Le 
 Globe, vol. 4, p. 224, said in 1842 : " Le Grand Orient qui 
 entretient avec le Supreme Conseil d'lrlande Ja correspond- 
 ance la plus active, et les relations Us plus intimes, vient de 
 recevoir de cette puissance Ma^onnique des communica- 
 tions interessantes, etc. : — the Grand Orient, which maintains 
 the most active correspondence, and the most intimate relations, 
 with the Supreme Council of Ireland, has just received from 
 that Masonic Power interesting communications, etc." 
 
 Meanwhile, we hope that the Grand Orient of France will 
 not consider itself entirely ruined and lost beyond all re- 
 demption, because in 1808 it affiliated with the Grand Orient 
 of Italy, created by the Supreme Council of Italy, which 
 itself was created by the Bro.-. de Grasse-Tilly ; and because 
 it has always maintained amicable relations with the Su- 
 preme Council of Ireland : and that no one will treat the 
 memory of the "Hero-King" as the Kamschatkans do their 
 idols when storms are prolonged, because he recognized the 
 
90 
 
 power of the Supreme Council at Charleston to administer 
 the Scottish Eite, and creaite other Supreme Councils ; and 
 consented to be the head of one created by its agent. — 1 Acta 
 Lat, p. 237. 
 
 To the 13th Consideration, which undertakes to prove the 
 Constitutions of 1786 a forgery, we have only to say : " If 
 they are, what then?" Except as a mere matter of curios- 
 ity, the question is not worth examination. If we Tcneiv them 
 to be genuine, we should not regard them as binding on us 
 because Frederic sanctioned them. He had no power to 
 make laws for all the Scottish Masons in the world. Masonic 
 laws are not binding on us because such and such a person 
 made them ; but, if at all, because when we became a Mason, 
 or received a Degree, we accepted them as the law of the Eite 
 or Degree, and swore to observe them. We shall not just 
 now delve into antiquity to see how many patents and doc- 
 uments are forged, or how many legends are fables. 
 
 The true question is this : The Supreme Council at 
 Charleston had always claimed, and part of the time, for 
 fifty and more years, exercised, jurisdiction over Louisiana. 
 "So foreign Masonic Power contested that jurisdiction with 
 her. The only Body in Louisiana that contested it, deliber- 
 ately determined that the claim of Charleston was valid, and 
 formally surrendered up its Powers and merged in the Su- 
 preme Council at Charleston. After that a regular Consis- 
 tory of the 32d occupied Louisiana, under that Supreme 
 Council. James Foulliouze, an Inspector-General made by 
 the Grand Orient of France, a power in amity and alliance 
 with the Supreme Council at Charleston, with one or two 
 other isolated 33ds, determined to make more 33ds and erect 
 a new Supreme Council in this occupied jurisdiction. The 
 Constitutions out of the question, this is contrary to Masonic 
 law, because contrary to Masonic peace. The whole Scoto- 
 Masonic Fraternity of Louisiana have not selected Mm to 
 represent them. By what commission does he pretend to 
 make a Supreme Council for the State, — he and a handful of 
 discontented in New Orleans, who had either resigned their 
 membership in, or been stricken from the rolls of the ex- 
 Supreme Council ? If he can do it, every other Inspector in 
 
 a 
 
91 
 
 Louisiana can do the same, and there may be forty Supreme 
 Councils instead of one — one in every Parish. 
 
 As to the Constitutions of 1786, we do not know nor care 
 when or by whom they were framed. They are not on any 
 of the Registers at Charleston ; where, if they had been made 
 there, they would have been. We imagine they were made 
 at Geneva or in France. [We are now satisfied, in 1872, that 
 they were made at Berlin, at the time of their date, and ap- 
 proved by Frederic] . Wherever made, the Supreme Coun- 
 cils of America and France accepted them, and we have 
 sworn to observe them. We do not imagine that they can- 
 not be changed and modified in many respects, and we do 
 not deny, but on the contrary claim, that in some respects, 
 as in regard to the number of Supreme Councils in the 
 United States, and to the number of members in each, they 
 may be changed. North America may at some time have 
 forty Eepublics or Kingdoms in it. Those changes, how- 
 ever, must be made by the lawful governing Bodies. The 
 only other power of change is the revolutionary one ; and 
 that remedy is only justifiable when oppression and denial 
 of a clear right or of a measure demanded by the vital inter- 
 ests of the fraternity require its application. The Scottish 
 Masons of Louisiana might, under certain circumstances, we 
 admit, establish a Supreme Council ; but they will only be 
 justifiable in doing so in an extreme case, and when, in their 
 own demand for it, they approach unanimity. It is the right 
 of revolution, better understood than defined. No such case 
 exists at present. 
 
 With the notions that Mr. Foulhouze entertains, the Con- 
 stitutions of 1786 being a forgery, and, therefore, mere 
 nuUities— things that never were,— what business has he with 
 the title of " Sovereign Grand Inspector-General of the 33d 
 and last Degree," which they alone create ? What business 
 has he with a Supreme Council of the 33d Degree ? If they 
 did not warrant the establishment at Charleston of the first 
 Supreme Council, and if, because they were a forgei^y, thai 
 was null, what gives Ms Council vitality ? , , . , 
 
 What is his Eite ? Those Constitutions create the Ancient 
 and Accepted Scottish Rite. They alone do it. He first 
 
92 
 
 called his rickety bantling by that name ; then the " Eite of 
 Perfection," and now it has got back to " The Ancient Scot- 
 tish Kite." If he loill have a Eite in 33 Degrees, why does 
 he not fall back on the Primeval Eite, produce its Constitu- 
 tions, and call and proclaim himself, "Commander of the 
 Interior " ? With his notions about the possession of De- 
 grees, he is quite as much entitled to wear one title of 
 Masonic nobility as another. Why insist on coming among 
 the Scottish Masons of the United States, who recognize 
 these Constitutions as their law ? Why take our titles and 
 jewels, usurp our authority, wear the very titles and jewels 
 created and prescribed by these Constitutions, and keep 
 crying out that they are forged ? One claiming to be pos- 
 sessed of a particular title of nobility would present himself 
 in a fine attitude, if he were to assert that the original patent 
 which conferred on his ancestor the title, was forged ; and 
 stiU adhere to the title. If the Constitutions of 1786 are not 
 binding on you, why do you adopt all their provisions which 
 suit your convenience ? If no legal and sufiicient authority, 
 as you assert, ever created a rank higher than Prince of the 
 Eoyal Secret, why do you claim such rank ? We, and all 
 the other Supreme Councils in the world, are consistent. 
 We do not care who made the Constitutions. Whoever 
 made them, — ^Frederic or Pyron, de Grasse, or some Scriv- 
 ener or Monk at Geneva, — he was merely the draughtsman. 
 Those who have gone before us accepted them, and made them 
 the law of the Eite. We, in our turn, have accepted them ; 
 and so accepting them, we feel entitled to wear the insignia 
 which they prescribe, to exercise the powers for life, and to 
 claim the title which they create. You, repudiating the 
 Constitutions and clinging to the powers and title, are 
 more inconsistent and irrational than an old man in his 
 dotage. 
 
 Somebody, in the " Delta Magonnique," has imagined that 
 he could triumphantly settle this question, by asking, " if a 
 man were, under a forged patent, to sell us the right of 
 making a machine ; and if without paying the price, we 
 should inake the machine, could he compel us to pay, or 
 prevent us from using it ; though we should prove, first, that 
 
93 
 
 hia patent was forged, and second, that the machine was 
 invented before he was born ? " 
 
 That is something like an argument, at any rate. It is 
 not fair nor profound, but it is ingenious. It deserves an 
 answer ; and it shall have one. 
 
 The comparison of the Constitutions of 1786 to a patent 
 under the patent-laws, will not hold, for the most conclusive 
 of all reasons. It assumes the whole question. A forged 
 patent is like a counterfeit note. It is a mere nullity. No 
 act of any Body can give it vitality. It is mere blank paper. 
 Now the position which this lawyer was attempting to an- 
 swer, was that the (3oristitutions, even if forged, became the 
 law by the acceptance and adoption thereof by the first Body 
 of the Bite. In order to compare them to a patent under 
 the patent-laws, he had, first of all, to assume that they 
 were absolutely void, and could not become the law. That 
 was assuming the whole question. 
 
 A patent is the act of the government, or nothing. No 
 second party can give it force. If you forge the signatures 
 and seal to a patent, you forge that whereon its whole valid- 
 ity depends. But the validity and effect of these Constitu- 
 tions did not depend on their emanating from Frederic. On 
 the contrary, he had no power to make any such laws. 
 Their force and effect as law, depended on their adoption as 
 such by the first Body of the Bite. The analogy there- 
 fore does not hold. 
 
 It does not hold in another respect. A machine, when 
 made, is the product of labor and skill applied to the rav/ 
 material. The patent does not make it, create it, or enable 
 you to make it. It, on the contrary, aimplj restrains jou 
 from making it, unless you first pay the patentee a certa^ 
 sum. It is in the nature of an injunction. If it is forged, 
 the result is simply that there never was any prohibition. 
 You do not hold your right to the machine, under the patent, 
 at all, even when it is valid. A Sovereign G.*. Inspector- 
 General does hold his title as such and rank as such, under 
 these Constitutions, or not at all. If they are not the law 
 of the Eite— not, if they are forged ; for though forged, they 
 may have otherwise become the law — if they are not the 
 
94 
 
 fundamental law of the Eite — if any provision in them is 
 null, all is null, and the title and rank faU with it. They are 
 not like a forged patent-right, which restrains, but like a 
 patent of nobility, which creates and enables. Destroy the 
 creator, you annihilate the creature. Not so with a forged 
 patent-right, and the machine made in violation of its prohi- 
 bition. The patent, forged or valid, did not make the ma- 
 chine, nor confer the right to make it. 
 
 It needs no grant or right to make a machine. If it did, 
 and the patent were forged, then, as that, being forged, could 
 give no right, the maker had no right from any source to 
 make it. The right is a natural right, not lying in grant. 
 But a right to confer a Masonic Degree does lie in grant, 
 unless you have yourself invented it. That right is given, if 
 at all, by the law governing, and enacted by, the Body from 
 which you received the Degree. If you prove this law to 
 be null for forgery, there is nothing to give you a right to 
 confer the Degree. Tour obligation of secresy becomes 
 absolute. No law defines now how you are to confer the 
 Degree and promulgate the Eite. 
 
 Under whatever law you receive a Degree, that law binds 
 you forever, until the law-making power releases you by 
 changing the law. For you to tell that power that the law 
 was a forgery, which it was not bound to adopt or consent 
 to be governed by, would be a legitimate argument to urge 
 why it should repeal or repudiate it, but gives you no right 
 to refuse obedience. The first Supreme Council had a right 
 to adopt a law purporting to have been made by Frederic, 
 even if they knew that he never saw it. The forgery was 
 immaterial, when they approved and adopted the law. And 
 even if they themselves did the act, thinking the name 
 of Frederic would - add authority to what they were them- 
 selves enacting, still, they had themselves made the Eite, 
 and the law of the Eite, and that law, whatever their notion 
 about it wa&, derived its force from them ; for if Frederic 
 never made any law at all, they had the right to enact the 
 provisions to which his name is affixed ; and whether 
 they accepted them as his, or enacted them themselves, 
 with or without his name, in either case they were 
 
 a 
 
95 
 
 their act, and from them alone received vitality and valid- 
 ity. 
 
 Mr. FovUwuze has made no machine which a forged patent 
 prohibited him from making until he should have paid the 
 patentee a certain sum. Is a Degree, the 33d, for example, 
 like a machine, the product of human labor and skill applied " 
 to -wood and iron? Not more than laiu, the law of a Rite, is 
 like a patent right. What is involved in the word " Degree " 
 in Masonry? What does the 83d Degree give? It gives 
 certain knowledge, the knowledge of certain secrets, of cer- 
 tain words and signs, by which one may obtain assistance 
 and enforce obedience. It gives power, substantial power ; 
 and it gives title and rank. That is a Degree. Now the 
 question is whether a man can take and hold that, and refuse 
 to obey the law which from the beginning has defined the 
 conditions on which alone that k];iowledg6 could be im- 
 parted, has imposed the limitations on the exercise of that 
 power, and defined its extent and the mode of its exercise ; 
 and has declared for what offences that rank and that title 
 shall be forfeited. 
 
 If one refuses to be governed by the law, he has obtained 
 the knowledge under false pretences, has no right to exercise 
 the power, has no right to claim the rank or wear the title. 
 A Masonic Degree and the law of the Degree are insepara- 
 ble ; and after fifty years it is too late to inquire into the 
 origin of the law. It is folly to talk about machines and 
 patent-rights. There is no analogy in the comparison. 
 And even at the beginning, suppose one made a 33d by the 
 Supreme Council at Charleston, had gone to it and said : 
 " This law that you have adopted and promulgated as the 
 organic law, was never enacted by Frederic : I am ready to 
 prove it," and they had answered, " we know that : but it is 
 a good law, and if necessary we should re-enact it. It was 
 accepted by us as the law, when we fixed the number of 
 members of our Council at nine, in accordance with its pro- 
 visions. Under them we hold for life and fill our own 
 vacancies. By them, and them alone, you have your prerog- 
 atives, your rank, title, powers. Without them you are 
 nothing, and your rank and title are thin air. They are our 
 
 a 
 
96 
 
 Charter. What matter whence they came ? If we tell you 
 that we framed them, and appended the name of Frederic, 
 what then ? Does that lessen their force ? Will you say 
 that you would not have accepted them as the law, if you 
 had not supposed Frederic to be the author ? You did not 
 seek to know. Tou swore to obey our laws, without know- 
 ing what they were. Tou swore to obey those we shall 
 hereafter enact. How will you avoid obedience to these ? 
 Frederic could not enact them. He had no power. It is we 
 alone who give them validity and the effect of law. Our 
 adoption of them is their enactment." What answer would 
 he make ? Suppose he were to say, " I will use the machine, 
 because your patent-right was forged ? " 
 
 The 14th " Consideration " holds " that the Grand Orient 
 " of France cannot recognize as its equal, and still less as its 
 " author, the Supreme Council of France, without contra- 
 " dieting its glorious past, without abjuring its own origin, 
 " without casting to the winds its own rights, without failing 
 " in its duty to those Masonic Bodies that have confided in 
 " its honor and uniformly supported its cause." 
 
 And the 15th expresses the decided opinion, that in case 
 those who now govern the Grand Orient should consent to 
 commit an act that would make the heroes of the first French 
 Empire shudder in their tombs ; they, says Mr. Foulhouze, 
 " who fought victoriously for the principle that we sustain ; 
 they and King Murat who so nobly maintained them ; " why, 
 in that case, Messrs. FoulJiouze and Company would have 
 nothing left them to do, but " to be scandalized and groan." 
 
 While Mr. FmUhouze is preparing to disturb in their 
 graves, and set to shuddering there, the heroes of the first 
 French Empire, will he be kind enough to leave alone and 
 quiet the Hero-King Murat, on the ground that as to him he 
 made a small mistake, and that probably, having in his life- 
 time fully recognized the Supreme Council of France, he 
 would not shudder at all, even if he xvere waked up ? Per- 
 haps, too, he will pass by Kellermann, and Cambacerfes, and 
 de Valence, and Massena, Lefebvre, de Segur, Perignon, 
 Beurnonville, Kampon, La Tour d'Auvergne, Oudinot — ^in 
 fact, there is no knowing whom it would be safe to wake. 
 
97 
 
 If the recognition by the Grand Orient of France of the 
 Supreme Council of France as its equal, could produce such 
 a commotion, the harm was done long ago. It recognized 
 itas such in the Concordat of 1804. It recognized it as such 
 a dozen times between 1821 and 1841, by treating with it as 
 an equal, and attempting to effect a union with it : and 
 finally, when on the 6th of November, 1841, it adopted this 
 single Resolution : " The Bodies under the jurisdiction of 
 the Grand Orient of France may receive as -visitors the 
 Brethren of the Bodies under the Supreme Council. Masons 
 under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of France may 
 equally visit the Bodies under the Supreme Council." — Le 
 Globe, vol. 3, p. 427 :— and when on the 24th and 27th of 
 December, 1841— ie Globe, vol. 4, pp. 37 to 44, 134 to 141,— 
 the two Bodies mutually received each other : when, " a few 
 days after the Scottish Acacia had covered with the pride" of 
 its branches the members of the Grand Orient," who came 
 into the Temple of the Supreme Council to visit it, headed 
 by the Bro.-. Desanlis, President of the Chamber of the Su- 
 preme Council of Eites, — a few days after that, we say, the 
 Grand Orient received with the honors due an equal, and 
 with a perfectly fraternal welcome, the Supreme Council of 
 France, in the persons of its most distinguished members, 
 the Due Decazes, the Comte de Fernig, Viennet, Philippe 
 Dupin, Baron Petit, Baron Saint Clair, General Comte Du- 
 taillis, Jules Barbier, de Montlouis and others ; when the 
 French and Scottish double battery resounded, and the ban- 
 ners of the two Bodies flew side by side, and not one in 
 advance of the other. "The Heroes of the first French 
 Empire " remained perfectly quiet in their graves, notwith- 
 standing. r\ • L t 
 Whatever were the original rights of the Grand Orient ot 
 France to the administration of the Ancient and Accepted 
 Eite, Time, the Great Arbiter, has settled the question be- 
 tween it and the Supreme Council. Each has exercised the 
 power for half a century; and the interests of those the 
 Masonic people, who work under each, require that ea^ be 
 held lawfuUy possessed of the power, by prescription. They 
 are, as to the Scottish Eite, Peers, each Sovereign, ihe 
 
98 
 
 Masonic World holds them so, and they must hold each 
 other so, even if all the dead of Prance shoidd " shudder in 
 their graves." 
 
 The 16th " Consideration " is : 
 
 " That it is a matter of public notoriety that the Supreme 
 Council at Charleston has, until of late, affected to hold no 
 correspondence with the Supreme Council of the Grand 
 Orient, and has invariably sustained the claims of the Su- 
 preme Council of France, which, it says, is its creature 
 (Albert Pike's lecture of February, 1858, before the Grand 
 Lodge of Louisiana, p. 59, et seq.) ; that that Supreme Coun- 
 cil at Charleston cannot, consequently, now seek to obtain that 
 correspondence without becoming guilty of^ an odious 
 duplicity ; that through its avowed champion in Louisiana, 
 Mr. Albert Pike, it has again lately bitterly criticised the 
 opposition of the Grand Orient to the Supreme Council of 
 Prance and accused said Grand Orient to be as ridiculous as 
 impertinent in its pretensions (Ibid.), and that at the very 
 moment that diatribe against the Grand Orient was circu- 
 lated in all the parts of the American Union, the trustees of 
 the Supreme Council at Charleston, in Louigiana, were, 
 through their agent at Paris, professing a great devotion to 
 the Grand Orient, and preparing themselves, according to 
 circumstances, either to damn the Grand Orient and our 
 Supreme Council, or to extol the former and take advantage 
 against us of his correspondence with it." 
 
 It is not " a matter of public notoriety, that the Supreme 
 Council at Charleston has until of late affected to hold no 
 correspondence with the Supreme Council of the Grand 
 Orient, and invariably sustained the pretensions of the Su- 
 preme Council of France, which it claims to be its crea- 
 ture." 
 
 In 1834, the Supreme Council of France entered into a 
 Treaty of Alliance with the irregular Hicks " United Su- 
 preme Council for the Western Hemisphere," at New York, 
 the creation of Joseph Cemeau and the myrionomous Comte 
 de Saint Laurent ; and maintained a regular correspondence 
 with it, or rather recognized the Comte de Saint Laurent as 
 its Eepresentative for many years. It thus placed itself ia 
 
99 
 
 hostility with the Supreme Council at Charleston, by be- 
 commg the Ally of a Power denounced by Charleston as 
 spurious and irregular. We haye three volumes of the 
 proceedings of the Sup.-. Council of France from 1817 to 
 IMS and we find no mention, on the tableaus or at the ban- 
 quets, ol any allied Supreme Council in the United States 
 
 i°Lr^i. ^^''^^^''*^*'^^ ^°™ ^''^' ™*^^' ^^*^^ *^e Treaty of 
 1834, the Comte de Saint Laurent appears as Representative 
 from the Hicks-St. Laurent United Council at New York 
 La Revue Hist, etc., de la Fr. Mag., in 1832, p. 149, says that, 
 on the proposition of St. Laurent, that Council broke the 
 affiUation which united it to the Grand Orient, and made a 
 Concordat with the Supreme Council of France, appointing 
 Gen. Lafayette its Eepresentative. On the Tableau of 
 March, 1842, Saint Laurent still stood as its accredited 
 Eepresentative ; so he did in January, 1851 ; and he may, 
 for aught that we know, stand so yet.* 
 
 On the other hand, at the Feast of the Order of the Grand 
 Orient, in June, 1839, the health of " the Supreme Councils 
 of Grand Inspectors-General, 33d and last Degree, of New 
 York "—the Gour gas Council, created by that at Charleston 
 — " of Charleston, and of Dublin " was drunk ; as of Bodies 
 "avec hsquds h Grand Orient de France est en relation "~Le 
 Ghbe, voL 1, p. 268; and the Bro.-. de Tournay responded 
 for them.— Jd, 269. The same thing took place at the 
 Feast of the Order of the Grand Orient, in June, 1840— i^e 
 Globe, voL 2, p. 289; and at that of June, 1841— i:e 
 Ghhe, vol. 3, p. 449. And while, on the 24th of December, 
 1841, at the Feast of the Order of the Supreme Council, the 
 health of the United Supreme ■ Council was drunk, and re- 
 sponded to by the Comte de Saint Laurent— Ze Ghbe, vol. 4, 
 p. 13— three days afterwards, at the Fete de I'Ordre of the 
 Grand Orient, the health of the foreign Bodies en relations 
 d'amitie with the G.-. Orient being drunk, the Bro.-. de Tour- 
 nay, garant d'amitie for them near the Grand Orient, re- 
 sponded for the Supreme Councils of Charleston and New 
 
 * He was a member of the Supreme Council of France, until he died, not 
 long before 1860. 
 
 a 
 
100 
 
 York, and expressed their sentiments of amity and frater- 
 nity for the Grand Orient :— Ze Globe, toL 4, p. 42 ; and 
 he again. " received the testimonials of amity " of those 
 Councils at the Fete de V Ordre of the Grand Orient, in June, 
 IMl—Id., p. 233. 
 
 As early as the 28th of January, 1827, the Supreme Coun- 
 cil at Charleston addressed a letter to the Supreme Council 
 in the bosom of the Grand Orient of France. If Mr. FoiH- 
 houze is curious to see it, he may find it in voL 1, at page 
 338, of the Precis Historique of the Bro.*. Besncket. In it the 
 Supreme Council at Charleston expressed its regret at the 
 vexatious circumstances, beyond its control, that had for so 
 long a time deprived it of a regular correspondence with the 
 Grand Orient; and sought a renewal and continuance of 
 that correspondence. 
 
 We are not aware that the Supreme Council at Charleston 
 ever undertook to sustain, by argument or otherwise, the 
 claims of either the Grant Orient or the Supreme Council of 
 France. We do not think it ever intervened in that polemic. 
 What is evi4ent, is that since 1829, at least, its relations 
 have been with the Grand Orient, and that it has never 
 maintained any with the Supreme Council of France, since 
 its revival in 1821. It was itself inactive for a long time, 
 maintaining its organization, to be sure, and administering 
 the Eite at home, but very indolently, and not keeping up 
 its correspondence with foreign Bodies ; and it never took 
 the trouble to examine into the questions discussed between 
 the Grand Orient and Supreme Council ; and when it did take 
 sides, it did so simply by allying itself with the Grand Orient. 
 
 The Supreme Council at Charleston, we presume, adopts 
 the doctrine that whatever may originally have been the 
 merits of the question between the Grand Orient and Su- 
 preme Council' of France, it has been settled by time. Each 
 has been engaged, the one for fifty-four and the other for 
 forty-three years, in conferring the High Degrees and cre- 
 ating Inspectors-General. It is impossible, after such a 
 lapse of time, to deny the legality of the acts of either. 
 That legality rests on the same foundation as all other pre- 
 scriptions ; and each must be regarded as a legal governing 
 
 a 
 
101 
 
 Body of the Ancient and Accepted Eite. They haye been 
 compelled so to acknowledge eacli other : and the Supreme 
 Council at Charleston will consider itself not at all pre- 
 cluded by its alliance with the Grand Orient, from contract- 
 ing a like alliance with the Supreme Council of France. 
 That, at any rate, is our view of Masonic law ; and in it we 
 hope our Supreme Council will concur. 
 
 Mr. Foulhouze tells us that " the Eite " is this, and the 
 E'ite is that. He tells others, that they have no idea of its 
 principles, but are " wandering amidst a mass of Charles- 
 tonian liturgies and recently manufactured Eituals ; " as if 
 he alone had the genuine Eituals, and were the great High 
 Priest of the Eite : — lie, made a 33d in 1845 by that Grand 
 Orient of France which, in 1841, had, by the official report of 
 its Librarian, only 113 Cahiers of different Degrees, in all the 
 five Eites which it pretended to administer ; " forming to- 
 gether nhie incomplete collections, and those only imperfect 
 copies of originals that had disappeared; and for which there 
 existed no archetype to which one could recur in case of 
 mistake or difficulty ; " " there being Eites admitted and 
 recognized by the Grand Orient, for the Cahiers whereof 
 one would search in vain : " and it appearing in the discus- 
 sion that ensued, that there ivere no Eituals at ail of the Eite 
 of Kilwinning and the Beatified Begime, in the Archiyes ; and 
 that a part of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Eite was want- 
 ing :—Le Globe, vol. 3, pp. 102 to 105 ;— he— made by that 
 Grand Orient, in 1845, which in 1840 could supply the 
 Council of Kadosh of la CUmente Amitie at Paris, with twdve 
 Cahiers only, and delivered no more to any of its subordi- 
 nates ; eight of which related exclusively to the Degree of 
 Kadosh, three exclusively to the Grand Knight of the Sun, 
 numbered in them as the 29th Degree, and one was the part 
 of Grand Introducer to the Degree of Kadosh ; in which 
 were found also some words relating to the admission to the 
 Prince of Libanus, 22d Degree ; and could furnish not owe 
 word as to the 19th, 20th, 21st, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th 
 and 28th Degrees.— ie Globe, vol. 3, p. 88. 
 
 Chemin Dupontes of the Lodge Ms-Monthyonr-Cours pra- 
 tique de la Franc-Magonnerie, p. 289,— says, speaking of the 
 
102 
 
 Grand Orient : " Subsequently charging itself with the Ad- 
 ministration of the whole of Ecossism, it preserved all the 
 Degrees ; hut it made notable changes in the Cahiers, particu- 
 larly in the Higher Degrees, the 30th among others, which 
 has been surnamed Philosophical, to distinguish it from other 
 forms of the Degree that are contrary, some to the spirit of 
 our age, and some to Masonry itself. That is what we 
 call Scottish Masonry Frenchified" (I' JEcossisme francise), 
 " in contradiction to that which we term in this course gentt- 
 ine Scottish Masonry, as being the Primitive Rite, itself the 
 chUd of a medley of old Degrees that may be counted by 
 hundreds. The Grand Orient was right in modifying the 
 old Scottish Masonry ; but those to' whom it entrusted that 
 work, did it with too little care ; for, as to most of the High 
 Degrees, they cut away largely with the scissors, without 
 putting anything in the place of what they cut out." 
 
 What does Des Etangs say of the Eituals ? He says {La 
 Mag.', rendue a ses vrais principes ; Avis ij), that the Bituals 
 are an incoherent medley of all sorts of practices and cere- 
 monies, taken from the old religions of India, of Egypt, from 
 the Jewish and Christian books ; which might, perhaps, in 
 other times, have sufficed to preserve some truths; but 
 which are far from meeting the wants of the age in which we 
 live." 
 
 Vassal, Mr. Poulhouze says, is the " standard book on Scot- 
 tish Freemasonry." "We were aware it was Ms " standard," 
 because his analysis of the instruction of the Degrees is but 
 a re-hash of Vassal. 
 
 Vassal, then (Cours CompM de Magonnerie), says that the 
 reasons given in the 5th Degree, for its institution, are " mis- 
 erable and immoral " (p. 267) ; that those who made the 
 Degree knew very little ; that the questions and answers are 
 mostly insignificant, and that he did not succeed in finding 
 in them anything instructive. — Id. 269. The 6th is merely 
 political, and he would have passed it by in silence, if he 
 had not promised to examine every one separately. — Id. 278. 
 He declares that the authors of the 7th Degree have com- 
 mitted a grave error, in saying that Solomon employed the 
 five Orders of Architecture, and says, " It is by the commis- 
 
 a 
 
103 
 
 sion of anachronisms like this that educated men have been 
 deterred and discouraged, who have desired to engage in 
 explaining more or less profoundly the system of initiation ; 
 and our antagonists have availed themselves of them to turn 
 us into ridicule, because they have found in our Cdhiers 
 more ignorance than information. It must be admitted that 
 the historical portion of most of the Degrees is unintelligi- 
 ble ; almost all are mutilated, erroneous, incomplete." — Id. 
 289. 
 
 The 8th Degree, he says, was unnecessary and useless, un- 
 less it was created in Iceland, by the Priests of the Goddess 
 Bertha. — Id. 297-8. The Cahiers swarm, he says, with ana- 
 chronisms and improbability, as is evident by examining the 
 8th. " The incoherence and disorder which reign in the 
 classification of the different Degrees of Scottish Masonry, 
 are above all remarkable in the 8th." — Id. 302. The history 
 of the 8th is fabulous.— 7d 303. 
 
 The 9th he doubts, may have been insidiously intercalated 
 to make men abhor initiation — 306 : it is based, he says, on 
 cunning, dissimulation and revenge ; is a Degree of a sect or 
 party, does not belong to the primitive initiation, never 
 ought to have been in Scottish Masonry, and the Chapters 
 ought to be forbidden to confer it— 313, 321. The history 
 of the 10th Degree, he says, is essentially false — 323. The 
 11th contains but a single point of morals and no instruction, 
 and so is almost a nullity — 326. The very title of the De- 
 gree discloses the ignorance of its authors ; it ought to dis- 
 appear from the Scottish Eite— 329-330. The history of 
 the 12th is insignificant and improbable — 336. Of the 13th, 
 he says, " the further we advance in the capitular Degrees, 
 the more our embarrassment increases, on account of the 
 confusion and improbability which reign in each Degree. A 
 parabolic language and paucity of Symbols make these De- 
 grees almost unintelligible."— 340. There is, viewed in rela- 
 tion to morals and religion, nothing instructive or useful in 
 it— 346. 
 
 The 16th, he says, is not worth preserving ; there is in it 
 neither utility nor instruction— 386. The 19th is character- 
 ized only by allegories, inexhaustible sources of explanations 
 
104 
 
 more or less rational, more or less positive, and at the same 
 time more or less erroneous — i20. Out of the 20th, the 
 most fertile imagination and perspicacious penetration could 
 not extract the least instructive notion, nor the least useful 
 consequence. It is really not a Degree ; for there is nothing 
 in it of what makes a Degree ; its instruction is long, and is 
 composed of an incoherent medley of allegories. — Id. 431, 5, 
 6. The 23d and 24th represent Sabeism only— 474 The 
 25th" is an extravagant compound of events, facts and 
 science, at once political, religious and scientific ; its initia- 
 tion insignificant. — 477, 480. The 27th ought not to be in 
 the scale as a Degree. It- has neither symbols nor allegories 
 connected with initiation ; and is still less a philosophical 
 Degree. It seems to have been stuck in simply to fill a gap 
 and retain the name of a celebrated Order — 507. Its instruc- 
 tion is wholly Christian. It expresses the sincere piety of 
 the Templars. That is all there is of the Degree — 515. The 
 doctrine of the 29th, he says, is so contrary to all religions 
 in vogue, that to develop it in all its purity would wound 
 tender consciences ; and it ought to be conferred only on 
 educated and enlightened men, who would appreciate it : in 
 fact, it is only communicated, and never conferred. — Id. 
 528, 9. 
 
 Such are the opinions of Vassal. 
 
 Chemin Dupont^s sa,js,-—Memoire sur VEcossisme, p. 322 : — 
 " From the 4th Degree to the 30th, only four or five Degrees 
 are conferred, all the others being so summarily communicated 
 as to be virtually annihilated. Again, in conferring these 
 four or five Degrees thus preserved, the Bituals are far from 
 being exactly followed. We have even heard in solemn 
 meetings of the High Degrees, the naif avowal, that they did 
 not dare to use the cahiers with initiates possessed of com- 
 mon sense." 
 
 And at p. 323 : " The manuals, the rituals, the cahiers of 
 the different regimes, present very great differences, and we 
 are certain in advance of praising, criticising or omitting 
 things that are in one ritual, and not in another." At p. 
 338 : " One would Tiave a very incorrect idea of Scottish Masonry, 
 if he were to content himsdf with studying it in the cahiers of the 
 
105 
 
 Graind Orient. "We shall therefore be compelled constantly 
 to contrast its cahiers with those of such Masonic Bodies as 
 have preserved the genuine Eituals." 
 
 Of the Degrees from the 19th to the 27th, he says, " In 
 fact, the Grand Orient has substituted in the place of the 
 Ancient Eituals certain philosophical maxims. It has not, 
 it is true, melted several Degrees together, as it has done in 
 the preceding classes. It has given a formulary of recep- 
 tion for each Degree ; but it has cut up these Degrees more 
 than even the others ; it has taken from them all principle 
 of life, action and interest." — 366. 
 
 Of the 24th Degree he says,— p. 373,— "This Degree, 
 which is nevertheless not to be despised, is limited, in the 
 Cahiers of the Grand Orient, to the hackneyed obligation of 
 discretion." 
 
 Of the 25th,— p. 375 :— " In the Cahiers of the Grand 
 Orient, they content themselves with making the Candidate 
 promise to employ all his energies to destroy superstition 
 and make morality triumph ; and to prove that he really 
 means to keep his promises, he is required on the spot to 
 compose a moral essay." 
 
 Of the 26th,— ^. 377 :— " There is nothing of all this in the 
 Cahiers of the Grand Orient. The knowledge and opinions 
 of the Candidate are judged of by a moral essay of his compo- 
 sition. He is congratulated on being permitted to concur in- 
 soliciting entrance into the Temple of Wisdom ; and the 
 Pass-Word is given him, which is .... , and the single sign, 
 which is to. . . .." 
 
 Of the 27th, — p. 380: — "According to these historical 
 data, which seem to have escaped the notice of those who 
 got up the Cahiers of the Grand Orient, the Commander of 
 the Temple could be one of the most important of the De- 
 grees styled philosophical. They have made it a nullity, 
 reduced to the ordinary obligation." 
 
 Of the 29th,— Knight of the Sun,— p. 385: — "The 
 Cahiers of the Grand Orient have made the Degree almost 
 null. The aspirant requests to be allowed to emerge from 
 the darkness, to see the True Light, and to know the Holy 
 
 Truth." 
 
 a 
 
106 
 
 Mr. Fovlhouze tells us that a few years ago some one in- 
 trusted him with a copy of " a French Eitual " to be revised 
 and corrected ; and that he found its Cahiers not worth 
 correcting, they disagreeing almost in toto with Vassal's 
 book. 
 
 Does Mr. Fovlhouze imagine that no one knows enough to 
 teU. those whom he is deluding, that the old Rituals differ 
 from Vassal, simply because Vassal, like Des Etangs, the 
 Grand Orient and every Body else who chose, made the Eit- 
 uals to suit himseli Nobody goes to Vassal to get a a/rrect 
 Kitual ; if they go to him at all, they go to get Vassal. His 
 book contains VassaTs Rite, and not the Scottish Rite. He 
 went on the principle of Chemin Dupontes, who said that 
 each Scotch Rite Degree was a frame, which each could fill 
 up as he thought proper. We have no objection to Mr. 
 Fovlhoupe filling up the frames in any way he likes : many 
 others have done it before him, and many will do it after 
 him. Few have done it or will do it as badly as he. 
 
 But we do object to his pretending that he is working by 
 the old Rituals and the old Scottish Rite ; especially when 
 he undertakes to tell us that we have only " recently-manu- 
 factured Rituals." We rather suspect that we have many 
 more Rituals and many older Rituals than he has. 
 
 And we object also to his undertaking to pass his own 
 principles or rather notions, upon any portion of the frater- 
 nity, as the genuine Scottish Rite. Good or bad, they are 
 his own. He has made up a Compendium of what he says 
 each Degree teaches : but scarcely any of them teach 
 what he says. If he has made them to do so, he has made a 
 Foulhouze-and- Vassal Rite ; but it is not the Ancient and 
 Accepted Scottish Rite, and as little the Rite of Perfection. 
 
 It is true that the object of the Scottish Rite is to effect 
 the physical, moral and intellectual improvement of its ini- 
 tiates. A very few, only, of its Degrees, as originally 
 framed, conduct to that end in any marked degree. It is an 
 agglomeration, not a systematic succession of Degrees. It 
 teaches industry and the excellence of labor, the moral vir- 
 tues, and the great cardinal truths on which all Religions 
 are founded. Its intellectual teachings are to be found in 
 
107 
 
 its words and symbols, and not in its formal instruction. 
 They are conveyed by obscure Mnts, the most important of 
 which Mr. Foulhouze has not the learning to comprehend. 
 And not comprehending them ; not understanding that the 
 highest purpose of Masonry is to iaform the uiteUect ; and 
 thinking that it needs must have some mission, he sets it to 
 reforming and emancipating the world. On the same prin- 
 ciple you might make it an Abolition Society. That, too, 
 aims at " the enfranchisement of man, and conquering his 
 rights." 
 
 It is not and never was the object of Masonry to endeavor 
 to effect the political, religious and sodal emancipation of 
 the Peoples ; but it is not a new thing or an original idea, 
 this attempt to pervert it to that. Under that Programme 
 and Manifesto, it becomes, or at least may at pleasure be 
 made, an Association for the Propagation of Eed Republi- 
 canism and Agrarianism in politics, Materialism, Pantheism 
 or Atheism in religion, and Fourierism, with its doctrine 
 "Property— it is theft," in Socialism. Prance has pretty 
 well taught us what "Emancipation, Eeligious, Political and 
 Social," means ; and also the Empibe teaches us what it 
 ends in. 
 
 Mr. Foulkouze may well say that his Eite has nothing in 
 common with any other Masonic Eite, except its principles 
 of Philanthropy. God be devoutly thanked for that ! If he 
 chooses to call it " Masonry " and the " Scottish Eite," let 
 him do so, and preach and administer it as much as he will. 
 Fortunately, mischievous as it must be, it can do but little 
 harm in this country, where it will be confined to a very 
 limited class of persons, and can be safely left to sputter and 
 cackle at its leisure. 
 
 The 24th and 25th Considerations are: "That by that 
 " same Treaty— of 1834— it is decreed that no Masonic 
 " Power of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Eite, nor any 
 " subordinate associations thereupon depending, can, under 
 " any pretence whatsoever, be merged into a power or asso- 
 " elation of another Eite ; that it cannot legally become, 
 " under any title whatsoever, a section or a dependency of 
 "that power or association; that such a measure would 
 
108 
 
 " entail upon the power committing the act, the loss of its 
 " independence, of its authority, and even of its existence." 
 — Ihid. 
 
 " That the self-styled Supreme Council at Charleston has, 
 " consequently, placed itself without the pale of the Ancient 
 " and Accepted Scottish Eite, when, from its origin, and in 
 " violation of that fundamental principle, it has given up the 
 " first three Degrees thereof to the York Eite, and has 
 " merged them into the Grand Lodges of the latter, and that 
 " in consequence of that violation, none of the ' individuals ' 
 "whom that Council or its Consistory in Louisiana are 
 " pleased to admit, can be lawfully initiated, even according 
 "to the Statutes, Ordinances, Treaties, Alliances, which 
 " they invoke." 
 
 These " Considerations," so far as they charge that the 
 Supreme Council at Charleston, by not regarding an article, 
 or a principle embodied in an article, of the Treaty of 1834, 
 to which she was no party, has put herself out of the pale of 
 the Scottish Eite, are too absurd to be replied to. 
 
 And so far as they claim that the Supreme Council cannot 
 make regular Scottish Masons, because it has yielded up the 
 first three Degrees to the Grand Lodges, — as this humbug 
 has been figuring largely for some time, we might as well 
 explode it at once. To do that we need only to say : 
 
 1st. That a person who has received the three symbolic 
 Degrees in a regular Lodge of either the English, French, 
 or Scottish Eite, is a regular Master Mason, and every reg- 
 ular Body of Masons in the world is bound to consider, 
 recognize, and receive him as such. 
 
 2d. That a Master Mason who has regularly received the 
 third Degree in one Eite, does not need to receive it in 
 another, in order to be admitted to visit in Lodges of that 
 order. 
 
 3d. That any Master Mason in good standing is competent 
 to receive the Degrees above the 3d, of the Scottish Eite : 
 and nothing more ever was required. If he was of the York 
 
109 
 
 Eite, lie could be affiliated to the 3d Degree, and then re- 
 ceive the others. 
 
 _ 4th. That as the Supreme Council at Charleston had the 
 right to authorize its subordinates to give the Degrees, com- 
 mencing with the 4th, to Master Masons of the English Kite, 
 it was equally competent for her to say that, for the sake of 
 Peace, she would leave to the symbolic Lodges of the English 
 Eite, the conferring of these first three Degrees; or in 
 other words, would receive Master Masons, ready-made, 
 from them, instead of making them herself through her sub- 
 ordinates. 
 
 5th. That so the Supreme Council of France had a perfect 
 right to resign to the Grand Orient the conferring of the 
 Degrees up to and including the 18th, and did not annihilate 
 herself by doing so. 
 
 6th. That the first Grand Consistory of Louisiana, and 
 the Supreme Council of New Orleans, when in and before 
 1839, and for a long time after, they left the conferring of the 
 first three Degrees to symbolic Lodges, did no more than 
 theyhad a perfect right to do. 
 
 The truth is, that nobody ever could have raised a doubt 
 on the subject, except some one who never looks beyond 
 words into the essence of things, and who thinks one set of 
 words as good as another, if they sound as well. 
 
 The 26th "Consideration" is : 
 
 " That there is, besides these reasons which are suggested 
 " by the Oharlestonians themselves and which condemn their 
 " pretensions, a positive and incontrovertible fact, to wit : 
 " the Scottish Eite, in thirty-three Degrees, such as we pro- 
 " fess it, has no other possible foundation than the old Con- 
 " stitutions of the various Bodies, which possessed them in 
 " the whole or in part before 1761, and especially the Prime- 
 " val Eite of the same name." 
 
 To this "Consideration" we simply answer that the 
 foundation of the Scottish Eite, as a separate and distinct 
 
110 
 
 Eite, is the Constitutions of 1786, whenever and wherever 
 they were made : that they and they alone created the rank, 
 office, power, and dignity of Sovereign Grand Inspector- 
 General : they arranged the Degrees of the Eite ; and they 
 were accepted and received by all who received the Eite, as 
 its fundamental law ; and that for a man to repudiate these 
 Constitutions as forged, and still claim to be a 33d and to 
 have a Supreme Council and administer the Ancient and 
 Accepted Eite, is equivalent in logical accuracy and ethical 
 consistency to denouncing a transaction as a theft, and re- 
 taining the stolen goods ; to alleging a patent of nobility to 
 be forged, and still claiming and wearing the title which it 
 pretended to create. 
 
 The 27th "Consideration" is: 
 
 " That according to the principle — which alone is just — 
 " that every Mason, whether he be a Catholic or a Protest- 
 " ant, a Christian or a Heathen, has the right to form, 
 " together with his Brethren, a Supreme Council in hia 
 " country ; that every Sovereign and Independent State has, 
 " for the same reason, a right to a Supreme Council ; that 
 " no Supreme Council of another State can interfere with its 
 " Jurisdiction, and still less establish, within the limits of 
 " its territory, Bodies opposing it for the interest of a foreign 
 " power." 
 
 Such, in fact, is at present the great argument : that every 
 sovereign and independent State has the right to have a Su- 
 preme Council of its own. To that we answer : 
 
 1st. That if that he so, it will be time enough for Louisiana 
 to have one, when the Body of Scottish Masons in the State, 
 by convention or general consent, concur in creating one : 
 and that whatever the right of Louisiana, that is one thing, 
 and the right of Mr. Fovlhauze to create a Supreme Council 
 and proclaim himself or it Autocrat of the Scottish Eite in 
 Louisiana, is another : that Louisiana has not selected him 
 to enforce her right to a Supreme Council ; does not think 
 it essential to her dignity, that he should be perched up on 
 a pasteboard pinnacle of mimic power, that a few infatuated 
 adherents may duck and cringe to him ; and that when the 
 
Ill 
 
 Scottish Masons of Louisiana as a Body, want him to assert 
 their rights, they will let him know. 
 
 2d. It does not follow that every perfectly Sovereign and 
 Independent State is entitled to a Supreme Council, if we 
 abandon the Constitutions of 1786. Masonry has nothing to 
 do with political divisions of countries. And as little does 
 it follow that every realm under one government should have 
 but^ one. England and Ireland have separate Councils. 
 Without these Constitutions, there is simply no rule on the 
 subject. Tou cannot argue from political organization to 
 Masonic organization, by analogy, because there is no such 
 analogy. If there were, Canada could not have an inde- 
 pendent Grand Lodge, nor Ireland an independent Supreme 
 Council. 
 
 3d. Each State of the Union is sovereign only in some re- 
 spects, and not at all independent It is neither independent 
 of its Sister-States, nor of the United States. In our rela- 
 tions with foreign powers, we are all but one nation, — in 
 peace as well as in war, but one. The Grand Orient of 
 France, the Supreme Council of England, would have a per- 
 fect right to refuse to recognize a swarm of petty Supreme 
 Councils hatched out like flies in summer, in thirty, forty, 
 or fifty States. It might with as much propriety be next 
 claimed that every Parish ought to have one. Even to 
 create one in each State would sadly diminish the dignity 
 and splendor of the Body. It would have been better, per- 
 haps, to have had but one for the whole United States, like 
 a National Grand Lodge, in which Delegates from every 
 State should have met to consult and legislate. The more 
 you multiply them, the more unimportant you make them ; 
 and no benefit results to any Body, except that you flatter 
 the vanity of a few small men who could not otherwise attain 
 any other than a subordinate rank in Masonry. 
 
 ALBEET PIKE, 33d.-. 
 
 Grand Commander. 
 Isi November, 1883. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Patent of Alexandre Fran9ois Auguste Comte de Grasse-Tilly, 
 from the original in the Archives of the Supreme Council at 
 Charleston. 
 
 Universi t err arum orb is ArcUtectonis Gloria db ingeniis. 
 
 Deus meumque Jus. 
 
 Ordo ah Chao. 
 
 From the East of the Grand and Supreme Council of the most 
 Puissant Sovereigns, Grand Inspectors-General, under the celes- 
 tial canopy of the Zenith which answers to 32" 4' Eoiith Lat. 
 
 To the most Illustrious, most "Valiant and Sublime Princes of 
 the Royal Secret, Knights of K.-H., Illustrious Princes and 
 Knights, Grand Ineffable and Sublime Free, Accepted and Per- 
 fect Masons, of all Degrees, Ancient and Modern, over the sur- 
 face of the two Hemispheres : 
 
 To all to whom these Letters of Credence shall come : 
 Health, Stability, and Power. 
 
 Know ye, that we the undersigned. Sovereign Grand Inspectors- 
 <xeneral, duly and lawfully established and congregated in Su- 
 preme Council of the 33d Degree, have carefully and duly 
 ■examined our Illustrious Brother, Count Alexandre Fran9ois 
 Auguste de Grasse-Tilly, in the several Degrees which he has 
 lawfully received ; and at his special request we do hereby cer- 
 tify, acknowledge and proclaim our Illustrious Brother Alexandre 
 Prancjois Auguste de Grasse-Tilly, of Versailles, in Prance, an- 
 cient Captain of Cavalry, and an Engineer in the service of the 
 United States of America, to be an Expert Master and Past Mas- 
 ter of the Symbolic Lodge, and also a Secret Master, Perfect 
 Master, Intimate Secretary, Provost and Judge, Intendant of the 
 Building, Master Elected of nine, Illustrious Elected of fifteen, 
 Sublime Knight Electe^, Grand Master Architect, Eoyal Arch, 
 and Grand Elect, Perfect and Sublime Mason. We do also certify 
 him to be a Knight of the East or Sword, Prince of Jerusalem, 
 Knight of the East and West, Knight of the Eagle and Sovereign 
 
114 
 
 Prince of Kose Croix de Heredom, Grand Pontiff, Master advitaniy 
 Patriarch Noachite, Chevalidr Prussian, Prince of Libanus, Grand 
 Master Eeossais, Knight of St. Andrew, and Chief of the Taber- 
 nacle, Prince of the Tabernacle, Prince of Mercy, Knight of the 
 Brazen Serpent, Commander of the Temple, Sovereign Knight of 
 Sun, Prince Adept, K-H. -Knight of the White and Black Eagle, 
 Prince of the Eoyal Secret, and Sovereign Grand Inspector-Gen- 
 eral, and Member of the Supreme Council of the 33d Degree. 
 
 And we do also certify that the said Illustrious Brother is Grand 
 Commander for life in the French West India Islands. 
 
 And we hereby authorize and empower our said Illustrious 
 Brother Count Alexandre Pran9ois Auguste de Grasse-Tilly to 
 establish, congregate, superintend, and inspect all Lodges, Chap- 
 ters, Councils, Colleges, and Consistories of the Eoyal and Mili- 
 tary Order of Ancient and Modern Free Masonry, over the sur- 
 face of the two Hemispheres, agreeably to the Grand Constitutions. 
 
 We, therefore, command all and every of our aforesaid 
 Knights, Princes and Sublime Masons to receive and acknowl- 
 edge our Illustrious Brother, Count Alexandre Fran9ois Auguste 
 de Grasse-Tilly, in his several qualities, to the highest Degree in 
 Masonry ; and we shall reciprocate the attentions shown to him, 
 to those Brethren who may present themselves to our Supreme 
 Council, furnished with lawful certificates or letters of credence. 
 
 To which letters of credence, we, the undersigned Sovereign 
 Grand Inspectors-GeneraX members of the Supreme Council of 
 the 33d Degree in Charleston, Soutli Carolina, hereunto sub- 
 scribed our names, and afSxed thereto the Grand Seal of the said 
 Illustrious Order, in the Grand Council Chamber, near the B. •. 
 B. •. under the C. •. C. '., this nineteenth day of the 12th month 
 called Aclar, of the Eestoration 5562, Anno Lucis 5802, and of 
 the Christian Era the 21st day of February, 1802. 
 
 JOHN MITCHELL, K-H., P. R. S., 
 Sovereign Grand Inspector-General, 33d, and Grand Commander.. 
 FRED. DALCHO, K-H., P. R. S., 
 Sovereign Grand Inspector-General, 33d, and Lieutenant-Grand Commander. 
 
 ISAAC AULD, K-H., P. E. S., 
 Sovereign Grand Inspector-General of the 33d. 
 J. B. BOWEN, K-H., P. R. S., 
 Sovereign Grand Inspector-General, 33d, and Grand Master of Ceremonies. 
 
 Jn Be M. DELAHOGUE, 
 Sov. Grand Insp. -General, 33d, and Lieut. G. C. of the French West Indies. 
 
 I. D. LIEBEN, K-H., P. R. S., 
 Grand Insp.-Gen., 33d, and Grand Treasurer of the Empire, p. t. 
 AB. ALEXANDER, 
 Sov. Grand Insp.-Gen. of the 33d and Gr. Secretary of the Holy Empire. 
 
115 
 
 I certify the above and foregoing copy to be conformable to the 
 original. 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, March 15, 1803. 
 
 AUGUSTS DE GRASSE, 
 
 Seal 
 
 of 
 
 Gr. Council 
 
 of 
 
 . Pr. of R.-. S.-. 
 
 ( Seal 
 
 ] of 
 
 ( Supreme Council. 
 
 Seal 
 
 of 
 
 Gr. Council 
 
 of 
 
 Pr. of Jerusalem. 
 
 The following is a translation from the French original, in the 
 Archives at Charleston, annexed to the above Patent : 
 
 UxiVEESi Tekkaeum Oebis Aechitectonis Gloeia ab 
 
 Ingeniis. 
 
 Beus meumgue Jus. 
 Ordo ab C'Jiao. 
 
 At the East of the Grand and Sublime Council of the M. •. HI. •. 
 Sov. •. Gr. ■. Insp. •. G. ■., under the C. •. 0. ■. of the Z. •. answering 
 to the 32d Degree, 45 min. North Lat. 
 
 To our most 111.-., most V. •. and S. ■. P.-- of the E. • S.-., 
 Knights K-H.-., 111.-. P.-. and Knights, G.-. Ineffable and 
 Subl. •. Masons of all Degrees, Ancient and Modern, over the 
 surface of the two Hemispheres. 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting ! 
 Health, Stability, Power! 
 
 Know te, that our Th. • 111.-. Bro. -. Auguste de Grasse, 
 Grand Inspect or- General and Sov.-. Gr. -. Commander of the 
 French Islands, is, by these presents, appointed the Eepresenta- 
 tive of the Supreme Council of the 33d Degree of the French 
 Islands and Representative of all Lodges, Chapters, Councils, 
 Colleges, and Consistories of the Royal and Military Order of An- 
 cient and Modern Free-Masonry, from the Knights of the East 
 and "West, 17th Degree, to the highest Degree of Masonry, near 
 ali Chapters, Councils, Colleges and Consistories of the same 
 Sublime Degrees in the French Islands. 
 
 Therefore, we pray all our Illustrious Brethren to receive and 
 acknowledge our aforesaid 111.-. Bro.-. as our Deputy, and to ren- 
 der unto him all honors due him in said high capacity, and we 
 
 a 
 
116 
 
 promise to reciprocate the same attentions shown him, to those 
 Brethren who may present themselves in our Sublime Councils, 
 furnished with Certificates or Letters of Credence, 
 
 To which Letters of Credence we have subscribed our names 
 and affixed the Great Seal of our Sublime Order, in our Grand 
 Council Chamber, near the B. ■. B. •., under the C. •. C.-. the 5th 
 day of the 5th month called — 5562, Anno Lucis 5802, and of the 
 Vulgar Era, the 3d day of August, 1802. 
 
 JOHN MITCHELL, K-H., S. P. R. S., 
 Sov. • Gr.-. Insp. ■- Gen. . of the 33d Degree and Grand Commander of 
 the U. S. A. 
 
 FREDERICK DALCHO, K-H., S. P. R. S., 
 Sov.'. Gr.". Insp.". G::n.". of the 33d Degree and Lieut.". Gr.". Com- 
 mander of the U. S. A. 
 L. S. Seal of the Order. , L. S. 
 
 ABRAHAM ALEXANDER, 
 111.". Sec.". Gen.". H. E. 
 
 We, Alexandre Frau9ois Auguste de Grasse, Sov. ". Gr. •. Insp. *. 
 Gen."., 33d Degree, Sov.-. Gr. •. Commander ad vitam, for the 
 French Leeward and Windward Islands of America, 
 
 Certify that the above and elsewhere mentioned Letter of Cre- 
 dence is conformable to that deposited in my Archives. 
 
 Given at the Grand Orient of the CAPE, this 16th day of the 
 7th month of the year 5563. 
 
 [Signed] AUGUSTS DE GRASSE, K-H., P. of the R. S , 
 A. CAIGNBT. 
 By order, 
 
 [Signed] DALET. 
 
 Examined and certified by us, we certify these 'presents to be 
 conformable to the Patents transcribed upon our register, fol. 74 
 and 75. 
 
 At St. Yago de Cuba, the 10th day of the 11th Masonic month, 
 
 5805, and we affixed the Grand Seal of the Princes Masons, 
 
 January 10th, 1806. 
 
 ( Grand Seal of ) ANT. BIDEAUD, 
 
 (the Princes Masons, j S. G. I. G. 
 
Cornell University Library 
 HS 766.P63 
 
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