'U 
 
CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
Cornell University Library 
 
 arV11074 
 
 Lhomond's viri Romae 
 
 3 1924 031 276 045 
 olin.anx 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tinis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031276045 
 
S'titefos' Smes flf Satin S^jjool loolis. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 
 
 51 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. 
 
 THE LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS prepared by Prof. E. A. Andkews, exolu- 
 BiTO of his Latin-English Lexicon, founded on the Liitin-Germau Lexicon of 
 Dr. Freund, constitute two distinct series, adapted to different and distinct pur- 
 poses. The basis of the Fii'st Series is Andrews' First Latin Book; of the 
 Second, Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. 
 
 riRST SERIES. 
 
 This Series is designed expressly for those who commence tlie study of Latin 
 at a very early age, and for such as intend to pursue it to a limited extent only, 
 or merely as subsidiary to the acquisition of a good English education. It con- 
 sists of the following works, viz. : — 
 
 1. Andrews' First Latin Book: or Progressive Les- 
 sons in Eeading and Writing Latin. This small volume contains most of the 
 leading principles and grammatical forms of the Latin language, and, by the 
 logical precision of its rules and definitions, is admirably fitted to serve as an 
 introduction to the study of general gi'ammar. The work is divided into les- 
 sons of convenient length, which are so arranged that the student will, in all 
 cases, be prepared to enter upon the study of each successive lesson, by pos- 
 sessing a thorough knowledge of those which preceded it. The lessons gen- 
 erally consist of three parts: — 1st. The statement of important principles in 
 the form of rules or definitions, or the exhibition of orthographical or etymo- 
 logical forms; 2d. Exorcises, designed to illustrate such principles or forms; 
 and 3d. Questions, intended to assist the student in preparing his lesson. In 
 addition to the grammatical lessons contained in this volume, a few pages 
 of Reading Lessons are annexed, and these are followed by a Dictionary com- 
 prising all the Latin words contained in the work. This book is adapted to 
 the use of all schools above the grade of primary schools, including also Acad- 
 emies and Female Seminaries. It is prepared in such a manner that it can be 
 used with little difficulty by any intelhgent parent or teacher, with no previous 
 knowledge of the language. 
 
 2. The Latin Reader, with a Dictionary and Notes, 
 containing explanations of difficult idioms, and numerous references to the 
 iessons contained in the Fu-st Latin Book. 
 
 3. The Viri RomSB, with a Dictionary and Notes, re- 
 ferring, like those of the Reader, to the First Latin Book. This series of three 
 small volumes, if faithfully studied according to the directions contained in them, 
 will not only render the student a very tolerable proficient in the principles of 
 the Latin language and in the knowledge of its roots, from which so many words 
 of his English language are derived, but will constitute the best preparation for 
 a thorough study of the English grammar. 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 Note. — ^The " Latin Reader " and the " Viri Romae," in this series, are the same as in 
 the first series. 
 
 This Series is designed more especially for those who are intending to become 
 thoroughly acquainted with the Latin language, and with the principal classical 
 authors of that language. It consists of the following works : — 
 
 1, Latin Lessons. This small volume is designed for the 
 younger classes of Latin students, who intend ultimately to take up the larger 
 Grammar, but to whom that work would, at first, appear too formidable. It 
 contains the prominent principles of Latin grammar, expressed in the same 
 language as in the larger Grammar, and likewise Reading and Writing Lessons, 
 Tt'ith a Dictionary uf the Latin words and phrases occurring in the Lesscais. 
 
 1 
 
NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 2. Latin Grammar. Revised, with Corrections and Ad- 
 ditions. A (irammar of tiie Latin Language, for the use of Schools and Col- 
 leges. By Professors E. A. Andrews and S. Stoddard. This work, which 
 for many years has been the text-boolc in the department of Latin Grammar, 
 claims the merit of having first introduced into the schools of this country the 
 subject of grammatical analysis, wliicli now occupies a conspicuous place in 
 so many grammars of the English language. More than twenty years have 
 elapsed since the first publication of this Grammar, and it is hardly necessary 
 to say that its merits — placing it in a practical view, prePminently above every 
 other Latin Grammar— have been so fully appreciated that it has been adopted 
 as a Text Book in nearly evei'y College and Seminary in the country. The 
 present edition has not only been thoroughly revised mul corrected (two years of 
 continuous labor having been devoted to its careful revision and to the purpose of 
 rendering it conformable in all respects to the advanced position lohich it aims to 
 occupy j) but it contains at least one third more matter than the previous editions. 
 To unite the acknowledged excellencies of the older English manuals, and of 
 the more recent German grammars, was the special aim of the authors of this 
 work ; a.nd to this end particular attention was directed : — 1st. To the prepara- 
 tion of more extended rules for the pronunciation of the language ; 2d. To a clear 
 exposition of its inflectional changes ; 3d. To a proper basis of its syntax ; and 
 4th. To greater precision in rules and definitions. 
 
 3. Questions on the Grammar. This little volume is 
 
 intended to aid the student in preparing his lessons, and the teacher in con- 
 ducting his recitations. 
 
 4. A Synopsis of Latin Grammar, comprising the 
 
 Latin Paradigms, an* the Principal Rules of Latin Etymology and Syntax. 
 The few pages composing this work contain those portions of the Grammar to 
 which the student has occasion to refer most frequently in the preparation of 
 his daily lessons. 
 
 5. Latin Reader. The Reader, by means of two separate 
 and distinct sets of notes, is equally adapted for use in connection either with 
 the First Latin Book or the Latin Grammar, 
 
 6. Viri Romse. This volume, like the Reader, is furnish- 
 ed with notes and references, both to the First Latin Book and to the Latin 
 Grammar. The principal difference in the two sets of notes found in each of 
 these volumes consists in the somewhat greater fulness of those which belong 
 to the smaller series. 
 
 7. Latin DxerciseS. This work contains exercises in 
 
 every department of the Latin Grammar, and is so arranged that it may be 
 studied in connection with the Grammto through every stage of the prepara- 
 tory course. It is designed to prepare the way for original composition in the 
 Latin language, both in prose and verse. 
 
 8. A Key to Latin Exercises. This Key, in which 
 
 all the exercises in the preceding volume are fully corrected, is intended foi 
 the use of teachers only. 
 
 9. Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, with a 
 
 Dictionary and Notes. . The text of this edition of Caesar has been formed by 
 reference to the best German editions. The Notes are principally gi-ammatical. 
 The Dictionary, which, like all the others in the series, was prepared with great 
 labor, contains the usual significations of the words, together with an explana- 
 tion of ^11 such phrases as might otherwise perplex -the student. 
 
 10. Sallust. Sallust's Jugurthine War and Conspiracy 
 
 of Cataline, with a Dictionary and Notes. The text of this work, which was 
 based upon that of Cortius, has been modified by reference to the best modem 
 editions, specially by those of Krita and Geriach; and its orthography is, in 
 2 
 
15EW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 general, conformed to that of Pettier and Planche. The Dictionaries of Csesaz 
 and 'Sahiist connected with this series are original works, and, in connection 
 with the Notes in each volume, furnish a very complete and satisfactory appar 
 ratus for the study of these two authors. 
 
 11. Ovid. Selections from the Metamorphoses and Heroides 
 
 of Ovid, with Notes, Grammatical References, and Exercises in Scanning. 
 These selections from Ovid are designed as an introduction to Latin poetry. 
 They are accompanied with numerous brief notes explanatory of difficult 
 phrases, of obscure historical or mythological allusions, and especially of gram- 
 matical difficulties. To these are added such Exercises in Scanning as serve 
 fullv to introduce the student to a knowledge of Latin prosody, and especially 
 of the structure and laws of hexameter and pentameter verse. 
 
 12. Virgil. The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil, with 
 
 Notes and a Metrical Key. The text of this edition is, iu general, that of Heyne as re- 
 vised by ^\'agI-er. Particular attention haa been given to the ortliography and punc- 
 tuation. The orthography has been made to conform to the standard of prevalef.t 
 usage, disrwrdiiig the ^orms is for es, in the terminations of some accusatives plural, 
 cnni for (/iiiim and the like, as they tend to embarrass the learner, while they give but 
 a very imperfect idea of the peculiarities of the author's orthography, as will be seen by 
 examination of the Orthographia Vergiliana^ at the end of this edition. The notes nru 
 very numerous, and in their preparation the editor has drawn freely from the best coui- 
 meiitaries on Yirgil, both German and English, including those of Heyne, Wagner, For- 
 biger, Ladewig. Martyn, Keightley, Bryee, Conington and others The notes contain 
 many references to the Grammar, which will be found useful. 
 
 In announcing the Revised Edition of Andrews and Stoddakd's Latin 
 Grammar, the Publishers believe it to be quite unnecessary to speak of the 
 merits of the work. The fact that in the space of about Twenty Years, Sixty- 
 Five Editions, numbering above Two Hundred l^hoiisaad Copies, 
 have been required for the purpose of meeting the steadily increasing demand 
 for the work, sufficiently evinces the estimation in which it has been held. 
 In preparing this Revised and Enlarged Edition, every portion of the original 
 work has been reconsidered in the light of the experience of twenty years 
 spent by the present editor in studies connected with this department of edu- 
 cation, and with the aid of numerous publications in the same department, 
 which, during this period, have issued from the European press. The results 
 of this labor are apparent on almost every page, in new modifications of the 
 old materials, and especially in such additional information in regard to its 
 various topics as the present advanced state of classical education in this 
 country seemed obviously to demand. The publishers commend this new 
 edition to the attention of Teachers throughout the country, and express the 
 hope th^-t in its present form it will be deemed worthy of a continuance of the 
 favor which it has so long received. 
 
 The following are extracts from a few of the many letters the Publishers 
 have received from teachers from all parts of the country in commendation 
 of this work: — 
 
 The revised edition of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar is without doubt the 
 best, published in America. J have no doubt that the time is near at hand when this 
 eeries of works will, by all lovers of the classics, be considered as the ' National Series.' 
 The pronunciation is now by the same class considered the American Standartl. I will 
 hail with joy the day when every college and school in our country shall have adopted 
 Prof Andrews' series as the foundation of true classic knowledge. As such I consider 
 it, and for that reason have I used it since I first knew its existence. — Martin Armstrong^ 
 Potomac Seminary^ Romney^ Va. 
 
 Allow me to say, after a careful examination, that, iu my judgment, it is the best 
 manual of Latin Grammar to be found in the English language. In revising it the 
 author has preserved the happy medium between saying too much and too little, so de- 
 sirable for a Latin text-book for this country. In philosophical arrangement, simplicity 
 of expression, and for brevity and fulness, it must entitle the author to the first ranis 
 in American classical scholarship. I shall use it in my classes, and recommend it to all 
 teachers of Latin in this country. — N. E. Cobletgh, Professor 0/ Ancient Languages ana 
 Literature^ in Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis. 
 
 3 
 
NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 I have reason to believe that the improvements, introduced intb the lasc edition of 
 Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar by my respected and lamented friend Dr. An- 
 drews, a little before his death, add very decidedly to the value of a work, which haa 
 done more to give the knowledge of that language to the youth of tlii.-; country than any, 
 perliaps than all others.— r/fto'/or-^ W. IVoolseij. Fresidi n' of Yale Co/l-ge, I\'fW Hnven. 
 
 iNo book, probably, has done more to improve classical training la American schools 
 than Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. Its use is almost universal ; and where it 
 has not itself been adopted as a manual, it has made grammar^ of similar excellence 
 neceHsary. The last edition, the sixty-fifth, was carefully revised by the lamented Dr. 
 Andrews, not long before his death, by whoni it was greatly enlarged by the incorpora- 
 tion of much valuable infonnation, derive'd mainly from the last edition of the Latin 
 Gr^immar of Professor Zumpt. Tt will therefore be found to be much improved as a re- 
 pository of the principles and facts of the Latiu' language. — Thomas A. Thadier^ Frofes- 
 soT nf Lfitin in Yale College^ New Haven. 
 
 It is unnecessary to commend a Latiu Grammar, which has been for twenty years in 
 common use in our Colleges, and has generally superseded all others. The Revised 
 Edition contains the results of the labors of Dr. Andi'cws, during all that time, on va-' 
 rious Latin Classics, and on his great Latin Lexicon; and cannot, therefore, but be 
 greatly improved. — Edward Robinson^ D. i)., LL. D., Frof. of Biblical Literature in 
 Union Tkeol. Seminary^ Neio York City. 
 
 I regard Andrews' and Stoddard's new Latin Grammar, as an exceedingly valuable 
 work. It evidently contains the results of the Author's careful and long continued in- 
 vestigation, and from itz fulness, clearness, and accuracy, will undoubtedly become the 
 Standard Latiu Grammar of this Continent. In Western New York, we have for a long 
 time been using the earlier editions, and they have rapidly won upon the public regard. 
 This new edition will give it a stronger claim upon our favor. It must rapidly super- 
 sede all others. I can unhesitatingly recommend the New Grammar as the best in use. — 
 Leiuis H. Clark, Principal of Sodus Acade-iny, Wayne Co., N. Y. 
 
 I have looked over the new edition of the Grammar with great interest. It is now 
 eighteen years since I introduced it into this college, and I have never felt inclined to 
 change it for any other. The revision, without changing its general character, has added 
 greatly to its fulness and completeness. It is now fully equal to Zumpt's in these re- 
 spects, and far superior to it in adaptation to the class room. There is no other school 
 grammar that can pretend to compare with it. I have introduced the new edition here, 
 and have no idea I shall ever wish to substitute another. The services of Prof. Andrews 
 in the cause of classical learning in the United States cannot be over estimated. — M. Stitr- 
 gjis. Professor in Hanover College^ Indiana 
 
 I am willing to say that I am decidedly in favor of Andrews' Latin Series. — Geo. Gale^ 
 Galesfille University, Wisconsin. 
 
 Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar I consider decidedly the best Latin Grammar 
 ever published. — Ransom Norton, North Livermore, Maine. 
 
 Such a work as Andrews and Stoddard's Revised Latin Grammar needs no recommend- 
 ation, it speaks for itself. — A. A. Keen, Profe.tsor of Greek and Latin, Tufts College^ 
 Medford. Ms. 
 
 I have examined the revised edition of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and 
 think it a complete success. I see it has all of Zumpt's merits and none of his defects, 
 and welcome its advent with great pleasure. — James M. Whiton, Hopkins Gramm.ar 
 School, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 I have examined Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and say, without hesita- 
 tion, that the principles of the Latin language can be more easily and systematically 
 acquired from it than any work I have ever seen. The arrangement and simplicity of its 
 terms are such as to make it easily comprehended by the beginner, while, at the same 
 time, its copiousness is sufficient for the most advanced student. The author has evi- 
 dently noted and profited by the defects in this respect of most of the Latin Grammars 
 now in u.se. — C. W Field, Mauch Chunk, Fa. 
 
 The superior merits of the original work are too well known and appreciated to need 
 any commendation from me. I have had some means of knowing how great pains and 
 labor Dr. Andrews has bestowed upon this final revision and improvement of the work, 
 and. therefore, was not unprepared' to find its acknowledged excellence materially in- 
 creased, and I do' not hesitate to say, that its value has been greatly enhanced, and that 
 it has been brought as near as practicable to the present state of philological science. — 
 John D. PhJlbrick, Superintendent of Public Schools, city of Boston. 
 
 I have looked the Grammar through with much care and a great degree of satisfaction, 
 and I unhesitatingly pronounce it superior to any Latin Grammar in method and man- 
 ner of discussion, and happily adapted to the wants of both teachers and pupils.— J. W. 
 Siinonds, Principal of New England Christian Fn^fitifti'. Andover, N- H. 
 
NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 We have lately introauced the Revised Edition, and regard it as a great ImprOTement 
 opon former editions. We shall use it exclusively in future. — E. Flint, Jr., Principal 
 of J-^e High School. 
 
 After a due examiuation. I am happy to state that the Author has admirably accom- 
 plished the objects which he aimed at in making this last revision. lie lias added much 
 that is in the highest degree valuable without materially changing the arrangement of 
 the original work. The work appears to me well adapted to the daily use of our Classi- 
 cal Schools, and I shall hereafter direct my classes to use it. — C. L. Cuskman, Principal 
 of Peahody High School^ South Danvers, Ms. 
 
 The Revised Grammar seems to me greatly improved and to he every thing a. scholar 
 could wish, — Z. B. Sturgis, Charlestown^ Indiana. 
 
 I have subjected the Revised Edition to the test of actual use in the recitation room, 
 and am persuaded that in its present form it decidedly surpasses every other Latin Gram- 
 mar in point of adaptation to the wants of students in our Academies, High Schools 
 and Colleges. — William S. Palmer^ Central High School, Cleaveland, Ohio. 
 
 I think Andrews' Series of Latin Works the most systematic and best arranged course X 
 have ever seen, — and beheve if our pupils would use them altogether, we should find 
 them much better scholars. I shall use them wholly in my school. — A. C. Stocking 
 Principal of Monmovih Aca/Jemy^ Maine. 
 
 The examination of the Revised Edition has afforded me very great pleasure, and leada 
 me to express the deep and sincere conviction that it is the most complete Grammar of 
 the Latiu language with which I am acquainted, and best adapted for ready consultation 
 upon any subject connected with the study of Latin Authors. The paper, the typography, 
 and the binding, — the whole style of publication — are such as to commend the good taste 
 and judgment of the Publishers. — J. R. Boyd, Principal of Maplewood Young Ladies 
 Institute^ Pittsfield, Mass. 
 
 I find the Revised Edition to be just what is needed for a Latin Grammar, — clear, com- 
 prehensive, yet concise, in the subject matter. I shall introduce it as a permanent text- 
 book.— .B. F. Dake^ Principal of Clyde High School, Wayne Co.y N, Y. 
 
 I have carefully examined your Revised Edition throughout, particularly the Correc- 
 tions and Additions. It now appears to me all that can be desired. It seems like part- 
 ing with a familiar friend to lay aside the old edition, with its many excellencies, and 
 adopt the new. but I shall cheerfully make the sacrifice for the greater benefit that will 
 accrue to those commencing the study of Latin firom time to time. — J. H. GraJiam, Prin^ 
 cipal of Northfield Institution^ Vermont, 
 
 I thought before that the old edition was entitled to the appellation of " Tiie Latin 
 Grammar," hut I perceive its value has been much increased by the numerous emenda- 
 tions and additions of Prof. Andrews. The Grammar is now fitted to be a complete 
 hand-book for the Latin scholar during his whole course. — B. W Johnson, Canton Acad 
 emyj Canton, N. Y. 
 
 I unhesitatingly pronounce the Revised Edition of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin 
 Grammaj the best Grammar of the Latin Language, and shall certainly use my influence 
 in its belialf.— i?. E. J. Clute, Edinboro\ Pa. 
 
 After a thorough examination, I have no hesitation in pronouncing it the best Latin 
 Gnunmar for the purposes of the recitation room that I have ever examined. In its 
 present form it ought certainly to displace a large majority of the Grammars in common 
 use. Its rules of Syntax are expressed with accuracy and precision, and are in fact, 
 what all rules ought to be, reliablfe guides to the learner. — Jam.es W. Andrews, Principal 
 of Hopewell Academy, Penn, 
 
 Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, in the arrangement and adaptation to the 
 learner, has excelled all others, and the revised edition is certainly a great improvement, 
 and I do believe is better adapted to the wants of the student than any other. The 
 whole seems to be critically revised and corrected. Prof. Andrews was truly the stu- 
 dent's benefa/*tor. — M. L. Severance, North Troy, Vermont. 
 
 It gives me great pleasure to bear my testimony to the superior merits of the Latin 
 Grammar edited by Professor Andrews and Mr. Stoddard. I express most cheerfully, 
 unhe.'^itatingly, and decidedly, my preference of this Grammar to that of Adam, which 
 has, for so long a time, kept almost undisputed sway in our schools. — Dr. C. Beck, Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 I know of no Grammar published in this country, which promises to answer so well 
 the purposes of elementary classical instruction, and shall be glad to see it introduced 
 inio our best schools. — Cliarles K. DUlaway, Boston. 
 
 Tour new Latin Grammar appears to me much better suited to the use of students 
 thajq any other grammar I am acquainted with. — Prof. Wm. M. Holland, Hartford, Ct 
 
 5 
 
NEW SERIES OF LATIX SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 I have adopted the Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard in the school under my 
 charge, helieving it better adapted, upon the whole, for elementary instruction than any 
 similar work which I have examined. It combines the improvements of the recent Ger- 
 man works on the subject with the best features of that old favorite of the schools, Dr. 
 Adam's Latin Grammar. — Henry Diisler. Professor of Latin in Columbia College. 
 
 A careful review of the Revised Edition of Andrews and Stoddafd's Latin Grammar, 
 shows that this favorite text-1-ook still continues to deserve the alTections and confidence 
 of Teachers and Pupils, incorporating as it does the results of Prof Andrews' own con- 
 stant study for many years with the investigations of English and German Philologists. 
 No other Grammar is now so well fitted to meet the wants of the country as the rapid 
 demand for it will show beyond doubt. — A, S. Hartwdl, University of St. Louis, 
 
 This Grammar of the Latin Language, now universally pronounced the very best, Ib 
 greatly improved by the corrections, revisions and additions of this revised edition. We 
 do not believe a text-book was ever written which introduced so great an improvement 
 in the method of teaching Latin, as this has done. We wish the revised edition the 
 greatest success, which we are sure it merits. — Rliode Island Schoolmaster. 
 
 1 have examined your revised edition with considerable care, and do not hesitate to 
 pronounce it a great improvement upon the old editions, and as near perfection as wo 
 are likely to have. I have no doubt it will come into general use. — A. Williams, Professor 
 of Latin, Jefferson College^ Canonsburg, Pa. 
 
 I have been much interested in the Kevised Edition. The improvement is very striking, 
 and I shall no longer think of giving it up and putting Zumpt in its place. I am much 
 pleased with the great improvement in the typography. You have given to our schools a 
 book fifty per cent better in every respect, and I trust you will have your reward in 
 largely increased sales, — William J. Rolfe, Master of Oliver High School, Lawrence, Ms. 
 
 I can with much pleasure say that your Grammar seems to me much better adapted 
 to the present condition and wants of our schools than any one with which I am ac- 
 quainted, and to supply that which has long been wanted — a good Latiu Grammar for 
 common use. — F. Gardner, Principal of Boston Latin School. 
 
 The Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard is deserving, in my opinion, of the ap- 
 probation which so many o-f our ablest teachers have bestowed upon it. It is believed 
 that, of all the grammars before the public, this has greatly the advantage, in regard 
 both to the excellence of its arrangement, and the accuracy and copiousness of its infor- 
 mation .^if. B. Hackett, Prof, of Biblical Literature hi Newton Tlieological Sem.inary. 
 
 Tlie universal favor with which this Grammar is received was not unexpected. It will 
 bear a thorough and discriminating examination. In the use of well-deflned and ex 
 pressive terms, especially in the syntax, we know of no Latin or Greek grammar which 
 is to be compared to this. — American Quarterly Register. 
 
 The^e works will furnish a series of elementary publications for the study of Latin 
 altogether in advance of any thing which has hitherto appeared, either in this country 
 or in England. — American Biblical Repository. 
 
 I cheerfully and decidedly bear testimony to the superior excellence of Andrews and 
 Stoddard's Latin Grammar to any manual of the kind with which I am acquainted. 
 Every part bears the impress of a careful compiler. The principles of syntax are happily 
 developed in the rules, whilst those relating to the moods and tenses supply an importaufc 
 deficiency in our former grammars. The rules of prosody are also clearly and fully ex- 
 hibited. — Rev. Lyman Coleman, Manchester, Vt. 
 
 This work bears evident marks of great care and skill, and ripe and accurate scholar- 
 6hip in the authors. We cordially commend it to the student and teacher. — Biblical 
 Repository. 
 
 Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar is what I expected it would be — an excellent 
 book. We cannot hesitate a moment in laying aside the books now in use, and intro- 
 ducing this. — Rev. J. Penney, D. D., New York. 
 
 Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar bears throughout evidence of original and 
 thorough investigation and sound criticism. It is, in my apprehension, so far as sim- 
 plicity is concerned, on the one hand, and philosophical views and sound scholarship on 
 the other, far preferable to other grammars ; a work at the same time' highly creditable to 
 its authors and to our country. — Professor A. Packard, Boivdoin College, Maine. 
 
 I do not hesitate to pronounce Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar superior to 
 any other with which I am acquainted. I have never seen, any where, a greater amount 
 of valuable matter compressed within limits equally narrow. — Hon. John Hall, Principal 
 of Ellington School, Conn. 
 
 We have no hesitation in pronouncing this Grammar decidedly superior to any now 
 Id use. — Boston Recorder. 
 
VALUABLE CLASSICAL WORK^ 
 
 ^obiitson's §{S£rans. 
 
 Robinson's Hebrew Lexicon. Sixth Edition, Revised 
 
 and Stereotyped. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, in- 
 cluding the Biblical Chaldee. Translated from the Latin of William Gesenius, 
 late Professor of Theolo^^y in the University of Halle-Wittemberg. By Edward 
 Robinson, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Biblical Literature in the Union The- 
 ological Seminary, New York. A new edition, with corrections and large ad- 
 ditions, partly furnished by the author in manuscript, and partly condensed 
 from his lai'g'er Thesaurus, as compiled by Roediger. These corrections and 
 additions were made by Dr. Gesenius, during an interval of several years, 
 while carrying his ThesauiTis tiirough the press, and were transcribed and fur- 
 nished by him expressly for this edition. They will be found to be very 
 numerous, every page having been materially corrected and enlarged, and a 
 large number of" articles having been re-written. It is -printed on a new type, 
 the face and cut of which is very beautiful, and has been highly commended 
 and approved. 
 
 Dr. Robinson had already been trained to the business of lexicographical labor, when 
 he began the translation of the present work. He is, in an uncommon degree, master 
 of his own native tongue. He has diligence, patience, perseverance — yea, the iron dili- 
 gence of Gesenius himself. For aught that I have yet been able to discover, all that can 
 reasonably be expected or desired, has been done by the translator; not only as to rea- 
 dei-ing the work into English, but as to the manner and the accuracy of printing. The 
 work will speak for itself, on the first opening. It does honor, in its appearance, to edi- 
 tor, printei-s, and publishers. I have only to add my hearty wish, that its beautiful 
 white pages may be consulted and turned over, until they become thoroughly worn with 
 the hands of the purchasers. — l^rof. Stuart^ in the Biblical Repository, 
 
 There is no lexicon in English that can be put on a level with Robinson's. I recommend 
 the present as the best Lexicon of the Hebrew and Biblical Chaldee which an English 
 scholar can have.— iiet?. Dr. Samuel Davidson, of London. 
 
 Gesenius' Leiricon is known wherever Hebrew is studied. On the merits of this work 
 criticism has long ago pronounced its verdict of approval. — London Jewish Chronicle. 
 
 This is a very beautiful and complete edition of the* best Hebrew Lexicon ever ypt 
 produced. Gesenius, as a Hebrew philologist, is unequalled. — London Clerical Journa* 
 
 This is decidedly the most complete edition of Gesenius' Manual Hebrew Lexicon.— 
 London Journal of Sacred Literature. 
 
 Jlffbinsons Jaraiong of tjje §aBpk, m §xtt\i 
 
 A Harmony of the Four Gospels, in Greek, accord- 
 ing to the text of Hahn. Newly arranged, with Explanatory Notes, by Edward 
 EoBixsON, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Biblical Literature in the Union The 
 ological Seminary, New York. Revised Edition. 
 
 This work of I .-. Robinson confines itself to the legitimate sphere of a Harmony of thp 
 Gospels ; and we do not hesitate to say that in this sphere it will be found to be all that 
 a Hai-mony leed or can be. The original text is printed with accuracy and elegance 
 It is a feast to the eyes to look upon a page of so much beauty. Its arrangement is dis- 
 tinguished for simplicity and convenience. No one will ever be able to comprehend the 
 relations of the Gospels to each other, or acquh-e an exact knowledge of their contents, 
 unless he studies them with the aid of a Harmony. The present work furnishes in thic' 
 respect just the facihty which is needed; and we trust that among its other effects, it 
 will serve to direct attention more strongly to the importance of this mode of study.— 
 Prof Hacketty of Newton Theological Seminary. 
 
 falmn's §irit^rattic. 
 
 Arithmetic, Oral and Written, practically applied by means 
 of Suggestive Questions. By Thomas H. Palmer, Author of tbe Prize 
 Essay on Education, entitled the " Teacher's Manual," " The Moral Instruc- 
 tor," etc. 
 
 7 
 
VALUABLE CLASSICAL WORKS. 
 
 |ioMnson's Parmong of i\t §BBph in ^nglis^. 
 
 A Harmony of the Four Gospels, in English, accord- 
 ing to the common version ; newly arranged, with Explanatory Notes. By 
 Edwakd Eobixson, Di D., LL. D. 
 
 The object of this work is to obtain a full and consecutive account of all the 
 facts of our Lord's life and ministry. In order to do this, the four gospel nar- 
 ratives have been so brought together, as to present as nearly as possible the 
 tiTie chronological order, and where the same transaction is described by more 
 than one writer, the different accounts are placed side by side, so as to fill out 
 and supply each other. Such an arrangement affords the only full and perfect 
 survey of all the testimony i-elating to any and every portion of our Lord's his- 
 tory. The evangelists are thus made their own best intei-preters ; and it is 
 shown how wonderfully they are supplementary to each other in minute as 
 well as in important particulars, and in this way is brought out fully and 
 clearly the fundamental characteristics of their testimony, unity in diversity. 
 To Bible classes. Sabbath schools, and all who love and seek the truth m' their 
 closets and in their families, this work will be found a useful assistant. 
 
 I have used " Robinson's English Harmony " in teaching a Bible Class, The result, in 
 my own mind, is a conviction of the great merits of this work, and its adaptation to im- 
 part the highest life and interest to Bible Class exercises, and generally to the diligent 
 study of the Gospel. It is much to be desired that every one accustomed to searching 
 the Scriptures should have this invaluable aid. — Rev. Dr, Skinner^ New York. 
 
 Robinson's Bible Dictionary. A Dictionary for the 
 
 use of Schools and Young Persons. By Edwaed Eobinson, D. D., LL. D. 
 Dlustrated with Engi-avings on wood, and Maps of Canaan, Judea, Asia Minor, 
 and the Peninsula of Mount Sinai. Idumea, etc. 
 
 The Elements of Astronomy ; or The World as it is 
 
 and as it Appears. By the author of " Theory of Teaching," " Edward's First 
 Lessons in Grammar," etc. Revised in manuscript by George P. Bond, Esq., 
 of the Cambridge Observatory, to whom the author is also indebted for super- 
 intending its passage through the press. 
 
 'taU'B Jamilg §iljh. 
 
 Scott's Family Bible. Boston Stereotype Edition. 
 6 vols, royal 8vo., containing all the Notes, Practical Observations, Marginal 
 References, and Critical Remarks, as in the most approved London edition, 
 with a line engraved likeness of the Author, Family Record, etc. 
 
 This Edition is the only one that has, or can have, the benefit of the tinal 
 Additions and Emendations of the Author. The extent of these may be 
 judged from the fact that upwards of Four Hundred Pages of leUer-press were 
 added: and as they consist chiefly of Critical Remarks, their importance to 
 the Biblical student is at once apparent. The Preface to the entire work con- 
 tEins an elaborate and compendious view of the evidences that the Holy Scrip- 
 taires were given by inspiration of God. Prefixed to each Book, both in the 
 Old and New Testament, is an Introduction, or statement of its purport and 
 intent. There are also copious Marginal References, with various Tables, a 
 Chronological Index, and a copious Topical Index. 
 
 1^" Orders solicited. 
 8 
 
LHOMOND'8 
 
 VIRI ROMiE; 
 
 ABAPIED TO 
 
 ANDREWS AND STODDARD'S LATIN GRAMMAR, , , 
 
 ANDREWS' FIRST LATIN BOOK. 
 
 E. A. ANDREWS, LL. D. 
 
 Fonrteentb Edition. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 
 61 Washington Street. 
 
 1864, 
 
 I- 
 
Entered J according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, 
 
 BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 STEREOTYPED AT THE 
 BOBION TYPE AND STEEEOTYPE FOUNDaT. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The first edition of the Viri Rom^, prepared by 
 the present ^ditor, was published as the second part 
 of a series of elementary Latin works adapted to the 
 Grammar of Andrews .and Stoddard. As then an- 
 nounced, it was the editor's design, by means of this 
 volume, " to render the transition from the Latin 
 Reader to the classic authors less abrupt and difRcnlt." 
 In pursuance of that design, the original text, as pre- 
 pared by Lhomond, was carefully revised, and to this 
 were added a few notes, consisting principally of refer- 
 ences to the Grammar, and likewise a new and copious 
 dictionary. 
 
 In this edition, the work, as originally published by 
 the present editor, with the exception of a few slight 
 corrections, remains unaltered; but, in addition to the 
 former notes and references, a new and more extensive 
 series of notes, with numerous references to Andrews' 
 First Latin Book, have now been inserted. In its 
 present form, the Viri Romae, like the editor's recent 
 edition of the Latin Reader, can be used with equal 
 convenience in connection with the Grammar or with 
 the First Latin Book. 
 
 E. A. A. 
 
 New Beitain, Conn., Sept, 1819. 
 
LIVES OF ILLUSTRIOUS ROMANS, 
 
 FROM ROMULUS TO AUGUSTUS. 
 
 BOOK I, 
 
 COMMENCEMENT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 1. Proca, rex Albanorum, duos filios, Numitorem et 
 Amuliuni, habuit. Nurnitori, qui natu major erat, regnum 
 reliquit : sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit, et, ut eum sobole 
 privaret, Rheam Silviam, ejus filiam, Vestce sacerdotem fecit; 
 quae tamen Romulum et Remum uno partu edidit. Quo 
 cognito, Amulius ipsam in vincula conjecit, parvulos alveo 
 impositos abjecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat 
 'iffusus; sed, relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. 
 fastcB turn in iis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama 
 »raditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, 
 Hbera eorum ori admovit, matremque se gessit. 
 
 2. Quum lupa saspius ad parvulos, veluti ad catulos, 
 reverteretur, Faustiilus, pastor regius, rem animadvertit : eos 
 tulit in casam, et Accaj Larentiae conjugi dedit educandos. 
 Qui adulti inter pastores primo ludicris certaminibus vires 
 auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare coeperunt, turn la- 
 irones a rapina pecorum arcere. Quare iis insidiati sunt 
 latrones, a quibus Remus captus est ; Romulus autem vi se 
 defendit. Tunc Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit 
 
 1* 
 
6 VIRl ROM^. 
 
 Romulo, quis esset ejus avus, qucE mater. Romulus statim, 
 armatis pastoribus, Albam properavit. 
 
 3. Interea Reraum latrones ad Amulium regem perdux- 
 erunt, eum accusahtes, quasi Numitoris greges infestare 
 solitus esset; Remus itaque a rege Numitori ad supplicium 
 traditus est : at Numitor, considerato adolescentis vultu, baud 
 procul erat, quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris 
 lineamentis erat matri simillimus, aetasque tempori expositionis 
 congruebat. Dum ea res animum Numitoris anxium teneret, 
 repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem liberavit, et, Amulio in- 
 terfecto, avum Numitorem in regnum restituit. 
 
 4. Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem 
 J,^' locis, ubi expositi educatique fuerant, condiderunt : 
 sed orta est inter eos contentio, uter nomen novae 
 urbi daret, eamque regeret; adhibuere auspicia. Remus 
 prior sex vultures, Romulus postea, sed duodecim, vidit. Sic 
 Romulus, augurio victor, Romam vocavit; et, ut earn priiis 
 legibus quam moenibus muniret, edixit ne quis vallum tran- 
 siliret. Q,uod Remus irridens transilivit ; eum iratus Rom- 
 ulus int%rfecit, his increpans verbis: "Sic deinceps malo 
 afEcietur, quicumque transiliet moenia mea." Ita solus po- 
 fitus est imperio Romulus. 
 
 ROMULUS, FIRST KING OF ROME. 
 
 5. Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat : 
 deerant incolae. Erat in proximo lucus : hunc asylum fecit. 
 E6 statim multitudo latronum pastorumque confugit. Quum 
 vero ipse et populus uxores non haberent, legatos ad vicinas 
 gentes misit, qui societatem connubiumque peterent. Nus- 
 quam benigne legatio audita est : ludibrium etiam additum : 
 "Cluidni feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim corn- 
 par foret connubium." Romulus, segritudinem animi dis- 
 simulans, ludos parat : indici deinde finitimis spectaculum 
 jubet. Multi conveiiere studio etiam videndae novae urbis, 
 maxime Sabini cum liberis et conjugibus. Ubi spectaculi 
 
BOOK I. 7 
 
 tempus venit, eoque deditae mentes cum oculis erant, turn, 
 dato signo, virgines raptje sunt : et haec fuit statitn causa 
 bellorum. 
 
 6. Sabini ob virgines raptas bellum adversus Romanes 
 sumpserunt, et, quum Romse appropinquarent, Tarpeiam 
 virginem nacti sunt, quae aquE causa sacrorum hauriendae 
 descenderat. Hujus pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus 
 Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit, si 
 exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset. Ilia petiit quod 
 Sabini in sinistris manibus gerebant, videlicet annulos et ar- 
 millas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem 
 perduxit, ulii Tatius earn scutis obrui praecepit : nam et 
 scuta in laevis habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena 
 vindicata est. 
 
 7. Romulus adversus Tatium processit, et in eo loco, ubi 
 nunc Romanum forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo im- 
 petu, vir inter Romanos insignis, nomine Hostilius, fortis- 
 sime dimicans cecidit; cujus intewtu consternati Romani 
 fugere^oeperunt. Jam Sabini clamitabant : " Vicimus per- 
 fidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciuntlonge aliud esse 
 virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris." Tunc Romulus, 
 arma ad ccelum tollens, Jovi jedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte 
 seu divinitus restitit. Proelium itaque redintegratur ; sed 
 raptae mulieres, crinibus passis, ausas sunt se inter tela 
 volantia inferre ; et hinc patres, inde viros deprecatae, pacem 
 conciliarunt. 
 
 8. Romulus cum Tatio fcedus percussit, et Sabinos in 
 urbem recepit. Centum ex senioribus elegit, quorum con- 
 silio omnia ageret ; qui ob senilem aetatem Senatus vocati 
 sunt. Tres Equitum centurias constituit ; plebem in triginta 
 curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, quum ad Caprae paludem 
 exercitum lustraret, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno 
 fragore tonitribusque, et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est : 
 eum ad deos abiisse vulgo creditum est ; cui rei fidem fecit 
 Proculus vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres et plebem 
 seditione, is in concionem processit, et jurejurando affirmavit 
 
8 VIRl ROMiC. 
 
 ' Romulum a se visum augustiore forma, quim fuisset, eun- 
 demque proecipere,' ut seditionibus abstinerent, et virtutem 
 colerent.' Ita Romulus pro deo cultus, et Cluirinus est 
 appellatus. 
 
 KUMA POMPILIUS, SECOND KING OF ROME. 
 
 9. Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir in- 
 A. U. 39. p]yj^ justitia et religione. Is Curibus, oppido 
 Sabinorum, accitus est. duum Romam venisset, 
 ut populum ferum religione moUiret, sacra plurima instituit. 
 Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum 
 virginibus dedit. Flaminem, Jovis sacerdotem, creavit, 
 eumque insigni veste et curuli sella ornavit. Duodecim 
 Salios, Martis sacerdotes, legit, qui ancilia, qusdam imperii 
 pignora e ccelo, ut putabant, delapsa, ferre per urbem, 
 canentes et rite saltantes, solebant. Annum in duodecim 
 menses ad cursum lunae descripsit; nefastos fastosqJe dies 
 fecit; portas Jano gemino sedificavit, ut esset index pacis et 
 belli: nam ape»tus in armis esse civitatem, clausus vero 
 pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat. 
 
 10. Leges quoque pluriraas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero 
 majorem instilutis suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit 
 sibi cum dea ./Egeria esse coUoquia nocturna, ejusque monitu 
 se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus erat, quem medium 
 fons perenni rigabat aqua : eo saepe Numa sine arbitris se 
 inferebat, velut ad congressum deae : ita omnium animos 
 religione imbuit, ut fides et jusjurandum, non minus quam 
 legum et pcenarum metus, cives continerent. Bellum quidem 
 nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati profuit, quam Romulus. 
 Morbo exstinctus, in Janiculo monte sepultus est. Ita duo 
 deinceps reges, ilie bello, hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. 
 Rornulus septem et triginta regnavit annos; Numa tres et 
 quadraginta. 
 
BOOK 1. 9 
 
 TULLUS HOSTILIUS, THIRD KING OF ROME. 
 
 1 1. Mortuo Numa, Tullus Hostilius rex creatus 
 
 est. Hie non solum proximo regi dissimilis, sed ^'J^'r^J. 
 etiam Romulo ferocior fuit. Eo regnante, bellum 
 inter Albanos et Romanes ^xortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et 
 FufFetio placuit, paucorum manibus fata utriusque populi 
 committi. Erant apud Romanes trigemini Horatii, trigemini 
 quoque apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum iis agunt reges, ut pro 
 sua quisque patria dimicent ferro. Fcedus ictum est ea lege, 
 ut unde victoria, ibi quoque imperium esset. Itaque trigemini 
 arma capiunt, et in medium inter duas acies procedunt. 
 Consederant utrinque duo exercitus. Datur signum, in- 
 festlsque armis terni juvenes, magnorum exercituum animos 
 gerentes, concurrunt. 
 
 12. Ut primo concursu increpuere arma, horror ingens 
 spectantes perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim 
 duo Romani alius super allum exspirantes ceciderunt : tres 
 Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romanorum conclamavit gau- 
 dio exercitus Albanus. Romanos jam spes tota deserebat. 
 Unum Horatiura tres Curiatii circumsteterant : is quamvis 
 integer, quia tribus impar erat, fugam simulavit, ut singulos 
 per intervalla secuturos separatim aggrederetur. Jam ali- 
 quantum spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, 
 quum rfespiciens videt unum Curiatium baud procul ab se 
 abesse. In eum magno impetu redit, et, dum Albanus exer- 
 citus inclamat Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri, jam Horatius 
 eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset 
 consequi, interfecit. 
 
 13. Jam singuli supereraut, sed nee spe nee viribus pares. 
 Alterius erat intactum ferro corpus, et geminata victoria 
 ferox animus. Alter fessum vulnere, fessum cursu trahebat 
 corpus. Nee illud prcelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male 
 sustinentem arma conficit, jacentemque spoliat. Romani 
 ova^tes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt, et domum der 
 
10 VIRI ROMffi. 
 
 ducunt. Princeps ibat Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prsB se 
 gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, quae desponsa fuerat uni ex 
 Curiatiis, visoque super humeros fratris paludamento sponsi, 
 quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere ccepit. Movit 
 feroci juveni animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio 
 publico: stricto itaque gladio transfigit puellam, simul earn 
 verbis increpans : " Abi hinc cum,inimaturo amore ad spon- 
 sum, oblita fratrum, oblita patriae. Sic eat quEecumque 
 Romana lugebit hostem." 
 
 14. Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique, quare 
 raptus est in jus Horatius, et apud judices condemnatus. 
 Jam accesserat lictor, injiciebatque laqueum. Turn Hora- 
 tius arl popiilum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex 
 proclarnabat filiani suam jure c<Esam fuisse; et juvenem am- 
 plexiis, s|)oliH<|iie Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum, ne 
 se orbiiiii liheris facerel. Noii tulil populus patris lacrymas, 
 juvtMifiii(]iiP ■il)solvii, rnagis adrniratioue virlutis, quam jure 
 c:iiis:h. Ut liiiiieii ca'des manil'esta expiaretur, p.iter, qui- 
 busdaiii .sHcritii lis peractis, Iraiisinisit per viam tigillum, et 
 filnirii, capitc arioperto, velut sub jugum misit : quod tigillum 
 siiriii-iii/n afjpeljaturii est. 
 
 1.5. Noil dill pax Albaua mansit: nam Fuffetius, dux 
 Albaiioruni, qiMini invidiosMin se apud elves videret, quod 
 belluiii lino |)aiicoruiii cerlaiiiiiie fiiiissel, ul rem corrigeret, 
 Veieiiies udversiis Romarios concitavit. Ipse a Tullo in 
 auxiliiini arcessitus, aciein in collem subduxit, ut fortunam 
 belli experiretur ac sequeretur. Qua re, Tullus, intellecta, 
 dixit clara voce suo illud jussu Fuffetium facere, vt hosfes a 
 tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito, hcstes territi victique 
 sunt. Postera die Fuffetius, quum ad gratulandum Tullo 
 venlsset, jussu illius quadrigis religatus est, et in diversa dis- 
 tractus. Delude Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam dir- 
 uit, et Albanos Romam transire jussit. 
 
 16. Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civ- 
 ium numerus ; mons Ccelius urbi additus ; et, quo frequen- 
 tiijs habitaretur, earn sedem Tullus regiae cepit, ibique deinde 
 
BOOK 1. II 
 
 habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia. elatus bellum Sabinis 
 indixit; pestilentia insecuta est: nulla tamen ab armis quics 
 dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militice 
 quam domi esse juvenum corpora; sed ipse quoque diuturno 
 morbo est implicitus : tunc fracti siinul cum corpore sunt 
 spiritus illi feroces, nullique rei deinceps nisi sacris operam 
 dedit. Memorant- Tullum fuhnine ictura cum domo con- 
 flagrasse. Tullus magna, gloria belli regnavit annos duos et 
 triginta. 
 
 ANGUS MARCIUS, FOURTH KING OF ROME. 
 
 17. Tullo mortuo, Ancum Marcium regem 
 populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos Ancus J;' J 
 Marcius erat, asquitate et' religione avo similis. 
 
 Tunc Latini, cum quibus, Tullo regnante, ictum foedus erat, 
 sustulerunt animos, et incursionem in agrum Romanum fece- 
 runt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, 
 qui res repeteret ; eumque morem posteri retinuerunt. Id 
 autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit, 
 a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato, ait : " Audi, Jupiter ; 
 audite, fines hujus populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi 
 Romani : verbis meis fides sit." Deinde peragit postulata. 
 Si non deduritur res, quas exposcit, hastam in fines hostium 
 emittit, bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea de re mittitur, 
 feciulis, ritusque belli mdacendi jus feciale appellatur. 
 
 18. Legato Romano r^ repetenti superbe responsum est 
 a Latinis ; quare bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, 
 exercitu conscripto, profectus, Latinos fudit, et, oppidis dele- 
 tis, cives Romam traduxit. Q,uum autem in tanta hominum 
 multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem in 
 media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audacijE Bedificavit : 
 muro lapideo urbera circumdedit, et Janiculum montem, 
 ponte sublicio in Tiberim facto, urbi conjunxit# Pluribus 
 aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis, immatura morte 
 prjereptus, non potuit prcestare, qualem promiserat regem 
 
12 VI RI ROMffi. 
 
 LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, FIFTH KIJSG OF ROME. 
 
 19. Anco regnante, Lucius Tarquinius, urbe 
 A. U. 133. Tarquiniis profectus, cum conjuge et fortunis om- 
 nibus Romam commigravit. Additur hcEC fabula: 
 scilicet, ei advenienti aquila pileum sustulit, et super carpen- 
 tum, ubi Tarquinius sedebat, cum magno clangore volitans, 
 rursus capiti apte reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil 
 conjux, auguriorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit : ita- 
 que virum complexa jussit eum alta sperare. Has spes cogita- 
 tionesque secum portantes, urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque 
 ibi comparato, Tarquinius pecunia et industria dignitatem 
 atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est ; a quo 
 tutor liberis relictus, regnum intercepit, et ita administravif, 
 quasi jure adeptus fuisset. 
 
 20. Tarquinius Priscus bellum cum Sabinis gessit, in 
 quo bello equitum centurias numero auxit; nomina mutate 
 non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii auctoritate. At- 
 tus, ea terapestate augur inclytus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi 
 aves addixissent; iratus rex, in experimentum artis, eum in- 
 terrogavit, ' fierine posset, quod ipse raente conceperat : ' 
 Attus, augurio acto, 'fieri posse respondit.' "Atqui hoc," 
 inquit rex, " agitabam, an cotem illam secare novacula pos- 
 sem." " Potes ergo," inquit augur, et secuisse dicitur. 
 Tarquinius Sabinos vlcit, et filium tredecim annorum, quod 
 in proelio hostem percussisset, prae^xta et bulla donavit, unde 
 hsec ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt. 
 
 21. Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, tegre ferentes se pa- 
 terno regno fraudatos esse, regi paraverunt insidias. Ex 
 pastoribns duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. 
 li, simulata rixa, in vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quum 
 eoriim clamor penitus in regiam pervenisset, vocati ad regem 
 pergunt. %Prim6 uterque simul vociferari coepit, et certatim 
 alter akeri obstrepere. Quum vero jussi essent invicem di- 
 cere, unus ex composito rem orditur ; dumque intentus in 
 
BOOK I. 18 
 
 eum se rex totus averteret, alter elatam securim in ejus caput 
 dejecit, et, relicto telo, ambo foras se proripiunt. 
 
 SERVIUS TULLIUS, SIXTH KIJNG OF ROME. 
 
 22. Servius Tullius matre nobili, sed captiva, 
 natus est. Q,uum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educa- 
 
 A. C 576 
 
 retur, ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile ac- 
 cidisse. Flammae species pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. 
 Hoc viso Tanaquil summam ei dignitatem portendi intellexit : 
 conjugi suasit, ut eum non secus ac liberos suos educaret. 
 Is postqUam adolevit, a Tarquinio gener assumptus est ; et 
 quum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, celata ejus morte, 
 populum ex superiori parte sedium allocuta, ait regem, gravi 
 quidem, sed non letali vulnere accepto, petere, ut interim, 
 dum convalescit, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Ser- 
 vius Tullius quasi precario regnare coepit, sed recte imperium 
 administravit. 
 
 23. Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere voluit. 
 Jam turn inclytum erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id com- 
 muniter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama ferebat. Itaque 
 Latinorum populis suasit, ut et ipsi Romae fanum Dianse 
 cum populo Romano tedificarent. Quo facto, bos mirae 
 magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum som- 
 nio datum, 'eum populum summam imperii habiturum, cujus 
 civis bovem ijlam immolasset.' Latinus bovem ad fanum 
 Dianas deduxii, et causara sacerdoti Romano exposuit. Sa- 
 cerdos callidus dixit ' eum debere priiis vivo flumine manus 
 abluere.' Dum Latinus ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bo- 
 vem immolavit. Ita imperium civibus, sibique gloriam vin- 
 dicavit. 
 
 24. Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alte- 
 ram habebat. Duo quoque Tarquinii Prisci filii longe dis- 
 pares moribus erant. Tullia ferox Tarquinio miti nupserat ; 
 Tullia vero mitis Tarquinio feroci ; sed mites, seu forte, seu 
 fraude, perierunt : feroces morum similitude conjunxit. Sta- 
 
 2 
 
'4 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 tim Tarquinius Superbus a Tullia incitatus, advocato senatu, 
 regnum paternum repetere ccepit : qua re audita, Servius, 
 dum ad curiam contendit, jussu Tarquinii gradibus dejectus, 
 et domum refugiens interfectus est. Tullia carpento vecta 
 in forum properavit, virum e curia evocavit, et prima regem 
 salutavit : a quo jussa ex turba decedere, quum domum redi- 
 ret, viso patris corpora, mulionem evitantem super ipsum 
 corpus carpentum agere praecepit. Unde vicus ille . Scele- 
 ratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quatuor et 
 quadraginta. 
 
 TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, SEVENTH AND LAST KING OF 
 ROME. 
 
 25. Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occu- 
 A c! .^32! pavit. Tamen bello streuuus hostes domuit. Ur- 
 bem Gabios in potestatem redeglt fraude Sexti filii. 
 Is quum indigne ferret earn urbem a patre expugnari non 
 posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris in se sgevitiam querens. 
 Benigne a Gabinis exceptus est, et paulatira eorum benevo- 
 lentiam fictis blanditiis alliciendo, dux belli electus est. Turn 
 e suis unum ad patrem mittit sciscitatum, ' quidnam se facere 
 vellet.' Pater nuntio filii nihil respondit, sed in hortum 
 transiit; ibique inambulans, sequente nuntio, altissima pa- 
 paverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius fessus exspectando 
 redit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris simul ac facto, 
 intellexit, quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit, 
 patrique urbem sine uUa dimicatione tradidit. 
 
 26. Postea Tarquinius Superbus Ardeam urbem oppug- 
 ravit. Ibi Tarquinius Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte 
 ccenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum aliis juvenibus re- 
 giis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio: quum unusquisque suam 
 laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque equis Ilomam petunt. 
 Regias nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt 
 inde Collatiam. Lucretiam, CoUatini uxorem, inter ancil- 
 las in lanificio inveniunt. Ea ergo ceteris praestare judica 
 
BOOK I. 15 
 
 tur. Paucis interjectis diebus, Sextus CoUatiam rediit, et 
 Lucretiae vim attulit. Ilia postero die, atlvocatis patre et 
 conjuge, rem exposuit, et se cultro, quem sub veste tex^rat, 
 occUit. Conclamant vir paterque, et in exitium iea[um 
 conjurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis 
 portoBj et exsilium indictum. 
 
16 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 LUCIUS JXINIUS BRUTUS, FIRST ROMAN CONSUL. 
 
 A. U. 246. 
 
 1. Junius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii natus, 
 quum eandem fortunam timeret, in quam frater 
 inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam fuerat ab 
 avunculo occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est. 
 Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apolli- 
 nem muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum 
 inclusum deo donum tulit. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, 
 juvenes Apollinem consuluerunt, ' quisnam ex ipsis Romfe 
 regnaturus esset.' Responsum est, ' eum RomEB summam 
 potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem oscul arete r.' 
 Tunc Brutus, perinde atque casu prolapsus, terram oscu- 
 latus est, quod ea communis sit mater omnium mortalium. 
 
 2. Expulsis regibus, duo consules creati sunt, Junius 
 Brutus et Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretiae maritus. At 
 libertas modo parta, per dolum et proditionem pEene amissa 
 est. Erant in juventute Romana adolescentes aliquot, so- 
 dales Tarquiniorum. Hi de accipiendis nocte in urbem 
 regibus colloquuntur, ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem 
 consilii assumunt. Sermonem eorum ex servis unus exce- 
 pit : rem ad consules detulit. Scriptce ad Tarquinium litte- 
 rae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula con- 
 jecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati 
 juvenes nobilissimi, sed prae ceteris liberi consulis omnium 
 in se oculos convertebant. Consules in ssdcm processere 
 suam, missique lictores nudatos virgis caedunt, securique fe- 
 riunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed et exactor eraJ 
 Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret. 
 
BOOK 11. 17 
 
 3 Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum recuperare 
 teutavit. Equitibus prceerat Aruns Tarquinii filius : rex 
 ipse cum legionibus sequebatur ; obviam hosti consules 
 eunt. Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu antecessit. 
 Aruns, ubi Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira : " lUe est vir," 
 inquit, "qui nos patria expulit; en ille nostris decoratus 
 insignibus magnifice incedit." Tum concitat calcaribus 
 equum, atque in ipsum consulem dirigit : Brutus avide se 
 certamini offert. Adeo infestis animis concurrerunt, ut 
 ambo hasta transfixi cBciderint; fugatus est tamen Tar- 
 quinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit : Bruti 
 collegcB funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum ma- 
 tronae ut parentem annum luxerunt. 
 
 HORATIUS COCLES. 
 
 4. Porsena, rex Etruscorum, ad restituendum 
 Tarquinios cum infesto exercitu Romam venit. ^- ^- ^'^• 
 Primo impetu Janiculum cepit. Non unquam 
 
 alias ante tantus terror Romanos invasit : ex agris in urbem 
 demigrant ; urbem ipsam sepiunt praesidiis. Alia urbis pars 
 muris, alia Tiberi objecto tuta videbatur. Pons sublicius iter 
 paene hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir fuisset, Horatius Codes, illo 
 cognomine, quod in alio proelio • oculum amiserat. Is pro 
 ponte stetit, et aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a 
 tergo interrumperetur : ipsa audacia obstupefeeit hostes ; 
 ponte rescisso, armatus in Tiberim desiluit, et incolumis ad 
 suos transnavit. Grata erga tanf am virtutem civitas fuit ; 
 ei tantum agri datum est, quantum una die circumarari po- 
 tuisset. Statua quoque in comitio posita. 
 
 CAIUS MUCIUS SCjEVOLA. 
 
 5. Quum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucins, vir Ro- 
 mansB constantise, seMjum adiit, et veniam transfugiendi 
 petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta potestate, in 
 
-S VIRI ROMjE. 
 
 ■* 
 
 castra Poj-senas venit. Ibi in confertissima turba prope re- 
 gium tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus 
 dabatur; et scriba cum rege pari fere oriiatu sedebat. Mu- 
 cius ilium pro rege deceptus occidit. Apprehensus et ad 
 regem pertractus, dextram accenso ad sacrificiura foculo in- 
 jecit ; hoc supplicii a rea exiguns, quod in csde peccasset. 
 Attonitus miraculo rex juvenem amoveri ab altaribus jus- 
 M. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait ' tre- 
 centos, sui similes, adversiis eum conjurp,sse.' Qui re ille 
 territus bellum, acceptis obsidibus, deposuit. 
 
 THE MAIDEN CECELIA. 
 
 6. Porsena Cloeliam, virginem nobilem, inter obsides ac- 
 cepit. Cluum ejus castra baud procul ripa Tiberis locata 
 essent, Cloelia, deceptis custodibus, noctu egressa, equum, 
 quem fors dederat, arripuit, et Tiberim trajecit. Quod ubi 
 regi nuntiatum est, primo ille incensus ira Romam legatos 
 misit ad Cloeliam obsidem reposcendam. Romani earn ex 
 fcEdere restituerunt. Tum rex, virginis virtutem admiratus, 
 cam laudavit, ac parte obsidum donare se dixit, permisitque 
 ut ipsa, quos vellet, legeret. Productis obsidibus, Cloelia 
 virgines puerosque elegit, quorum setatem injuriae obnoxiam 
 Bciebat, et cum iis in patriam rediit. Romani novam in fem- 
 ina virtutem novo genere honoris, atatua. equestri, dona- 
 vere. In summa Via Sacra fuit posita virgo insidens equo. 
 
 PUBLIUS VALERIUS PUBLICOLA. 
 
 7. Tarquinius CoUatinus se consulatu abdica- 
 A. U. 247. ^j(.^ quod invisum asset populo Tarquinii nomen. 
 Itaque consul creatus est Publius Valerius, quo 
 adjutore Brutus reges ejecerat. Hie tamen, quia in locum 
 Bruti mortui alterum consulem non subrogaverat, et domum 
 in alto atque munito loco habebat, in suspicionem regni af- 
 fectati venit. Q,uo cognito, apud populum questus est, quod 
 
BOOK II. 19 
 
 de se tale aliquid timuissent, et misit, qui domum suam 
 diruerent* Dempsit etiam secures fascibus, eosque in populi 
 concione submisit, quasi major populi quam consulis majestas 
 esset. Gratum id multitudini spectaculum fuit. Inde Va- 
 leric cognomen Publicols datum est. Q,uum quartiim consul 
 fuisset, mortuus est adeo pauper, ut funeri sumptus deesset. 
 CoUectis apopulo nummis est sepultus, et annuo matronarum 
 luctu honoratus. 
 
 • 
 AULUS POSTUMIUS, THE DICTATOR. 
 
 A. U. 255 
 
 8. Tarquinius ejectus ad Mamilium Tuscula- 
 rfum, generum suum, confugerat : quum ille, con- j^ q ^^i 
 citato Latio, Romanos graviter urgeret, nova 
 
 Romas dignitas creata est, quae dictatura appellata est, 
 major quam consulatus. Tunc creatus est magister equitum, 
 qui dictatori etiam obsequeretur. Aulus Postumius, dictator 
 factus, cum hostibus apud Regillum lacum conflixit, ubi, 
 quum victoria nutaret, magister equitum equis frenos detrahi 
 jussit, ut irrevocabili irapetu ferrentur : itaque et aciem La- 
 tinorum fuderunt, et castra ceperunt. Tarquinius Cumas se 
 contulisse dicitur, in eaque urbe senio et aegritudine esse 
 confectus. 
 
 MENI^NIUS AGRIPPA. 
 
 9. Menenius Agrippa concordiam inter patres 
 
 . .° ' ^ , , ., A. U. 260 
 
 plebemque restituit : nam quum plebs a patnbus ^ q, ^q^ 
 secessisset, quod trihutum et militiam non tolera- 
 ret, Agrippa, vir facundus, ad plebem missus est; qui, in- 
 tromissus in castra, nihil aliud, quam hoc narrasse fertur : 
 " Olim humani artus, quum ventrem otiosum cernerent, ab 
 eo discordarunt conspiraruntque, ' ne manus ad os cibum fer- 
 rent, nee os acciperet datum, nee denies conficerent.' At 
 dum ventrem domare valient, ipsi quoque defecerunt, totum- 
 que corpus ad extremam tabem venit : inde apparuit ventris 
 haiid segne ministerium esse, eumque acceptos cibos per 
 
20 VIRI ROMvE. 
 
 omnia membra disserere, et cum eo in gratiam rediferunt. 
 Sic senatus et populus quasi unum corpus discordia pere- 
 unt, Concordia valent." 
 
 10. Hac fabula Menenius flexit hominum mentes : plebs 
 m urbem regressa est. Creavit tam.en tribunes, qui liberta- 
 lem suam adversus nobilitatis superbiam defenderent. Paulo 
 jost mortuus est Menenius, vir omni vita pariter patribus ac 
 plebi carus ; post restitutam civium concordiam carior plebi 
 factus. Is taqjien in tanta paupertate decessit, ut eum pop- 
 ulus collatis quadrantibus sepeliret, locum sepulcro senatus 
 publice daret. Potest consolari pauperes Menenius, sed 
 multo magis docere locupletes, quam non sit necessaria 
 solidam laudem cupienti nimis anxia divitiarum comparatio. 
 
 CAT US MARCIUS CORIOLAINUS. 
 
 11. Caius Marcius gentis patriciie a gagjjs 
 A. C. 491. Coriolis, urbe Volscorum, Coriolanus digtus est. 
 Patre orbatus adhuc puer sub matris tutela adole- 
 vit. Sortitus erat a natura nobiles ad laudem impetus, sed, 
 quia doctrina non accessit, irs impotens, obstinatseque per- 
 vicaciae fuit. Q,uum prima stipendia facere coepisset adoles- 
 cens, e multis proeliis, quibus interfuit, nunquam rediit, nisi 
 donatus corona alioye militari prEemio. In omni vitae ratione 
 nihil aliud sibi proponebat, quam ut matri placeret : quum- 
 que ilia audiret filium laudari, aut corona donari videret, tum 
 demum felicem se putabat. Ea oblectanda et colenda satiari 
 non poterat. Ilia cupiente uxorem duxit : illius in aedibus 
 cum uxore habitavit. 
 
 12. Coriolanum, post insignem victoriam ejus opera 
 maxime partam, Postumius consul apud milites laudavif. 
 eum militaribus donis onerare voluit; agri centum juwera, 
 decern captivos, totidem ornatos equos, centum boves et ar- 
 genti pondus quantum sustinere potuisset, offerebat. Cori- 
 olanus vero nihil ex his omnibus accepit, praeter unius 
 hospitis captivi salutem et equum. Consul factus, gravj 
 
BOOK II. 21 
 
 annona advectum e Sicilia frumentum magno pretio dandum 
 populo curavit, ut plebs agros non seditiones coleret. Clua 
 de causa damnatus ad Volscos concessit, eosque adversus 
 Romanes concitavit. Iniperator a Volscis factus, ad quar- 
 tum ab urbe lapidem castra posuit, et agrum Romanum est 
 populatus. 
 
 13. Missi sunt Roma ad Coriolanum oratores de pace, 
 sed atrox responsum retulerunt ; iterum deinde missi ne in 
 castra quidem recepti sunt. Sacerdotes quoque suis infu- 
 lis velati ad eum iverunt supplices, nee magis animum ejus 
 flexerunt : stupebat. senatus, trepidabat populus, viri pariter 
 ac mulieres exitium imminens lamentabantur. Turn Vetu- 
 ria, Coriolani mater, et Volumnia uxor, duos parvos filios se- 
 cum trahens, castra hostium petierunt. Ubi matrem aspexit 
 Coriolanus : " O patria," inquit, " vicisti irara meam admotis 
 matris meae precibus, cui tuam in me injuriam condono." 
 Complexus inde suos castra movit, et exercitum ex agro 
 Romano abduxit. Coriolanus postea a Volscis, ut proditor, 
 occisus dicitur. 
 
 THE THREE HUNDRED AND SIX FABH. . 
 
 14. Vexabantur incursionibus Veientium Ro- 
 
 A. U. 275. 
 
 mani. Turn Fabia gens senatum adit. Consul ^' [. ^^ 
 Fabius pro gente loquitur : " Vos.alia bella curate : 
 Fjibios hastes Veientibus date : istud bellum privato sumptu 
 gerere nobis in animo est." Ei graticE ingentes actas sunt. 
 Consul e curia egressus, comitante Fabiorum agmine, domum 
 rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor : Fabios ad cojlum laudibus 
 ferunt ; Fabii postera die arma capiunt. Nunquam exercitus 
 neque minor numero, neque clarior fama et admiratione 
 hominum, per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, 
 omnes patricii, omnes unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen 
 perveniunt. Is opportunus visus est locus communiendo 
 prsesidio. Hostes non semel fusi pacem supplices petunt. 
 
 15. Veientes pacis impetratse brevi poenituit. Itaque, red- 
 
23 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 integrato bello, inierunt consilium insidiis ferocein hustem 
 captandi. Multo succes&u Fabiis audacia crescebat: quum 
 igitur palati passim agros popularentur, pecora a Veientibus 
 obviam acta sunt ; ad quas progressi Fabii, in insidias circa 
 ipsum iter locatas delapsi sunt, et oumes ad unum perierunt. 
 Dies, quo id factum est, inter nefastos relatus fuit : porta, 
 qua profecti fuerant, Scelerata est appellata. Unus omnino 
 superfuit ex ea gente, qui, propter cEtatem impuberem, domi 
 relictus fuerat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium 
 Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit. 
 
 LUCIUS QUINCTIUS CINCINWATUS. 
 
 16. yEqui consulem Minucium atque exercitum 
 A. U. 296. 
 A C. 456 ^J"^ circumsessos tenebant : id ubi Romse nuntia- 
 
 tutn est, tantus paver, tanta trepidatio fuit, quanta 
 si urbem ipsam, non castra, hostes obsiderent : quum autem 
 in altero consule parura esse praesidii videretur, dictatorem 
 dici placuit, qui rem afflictam restitueret. Q.uinctius Cin- 
 cinnatus omnium consensu dictator est dictus. Ille, spes 
 unica imperii Romani, trans Tiberim quatuor jugerum cole- 
 bat agrum. Ad quem missi legati nudum eum arantem of- 
 fenderunt. Salute data invicem redditaque, Quinctius togam 
 propere e tugurio proferre uxorem R^filmm jussit, ut senatus 
 mandata togatus audiret. ^^ 
 
 17. Postquam absterso pulvere ac sudore, toga indutus 
 processit Quinctius, dictatorem eum legati gratulantes con- 
 sal utant; quantus terror in exercitu sit, expommt. Q,uinc- 
 tius igitur Romam venit, et antecedentibus lictoribus do- 
 mum deductus est. Postero die profectus, csesis hostibus, 
 exercitum Romanum liberavit. Urbem triumphans ingres- 
 sus est. Ducti ante currum hostium duaes, militaria signa 
 prselata: secutus est exercitus prseda oimsfus; epulae in- 
 structse ante omnium domos. Quinctius sexto decimo die 
 dictatura, quam in sex menses acceperat, se abdicavit, et ad 
 boves rediit triumphalis agricola. 
 
BOOK II. 2;? 
 
 LUCIUS VIRGINIUS, THE CENTURION, 
 
 /'~ 
 
 18. Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita, pro 
 
 " — A U 300 
 
 duobus consulibus decemviri creati sunt, qui al- a! C 452! 
 
 latas e GrEBcia leges populo proponerent. Unus 
 
 ex iis, Appius Claudius, virginem plebeiam adamavit, quam 
 
 quum Appius non posset pretio ac spe pellicere, clienti Suo 
 
 negotium dedit, ut earn in servitutem deposceret : facile vic- 
 
 turus, quum ipse esset et accusator et judex. Lucius Vir- 
 
 ginius, puellae pater, tunc aberat militiee causa. Cliens igitur 
 
 virgin! venienti in forum injeoit manum, affirmans suam esse 
 
 servam : earn sequi se jubet; ni faciat, minatur se cunctan- 
 
 tem vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem 
 
 nutricis fit concursus. Quum ille puellam non posset abdu- 
 
 cere, eam vocat in jus, ipso Appio judice. 
 
 19. Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is 
 prima luce Romam advenit, quum jam civitas in foro ex- 
 spectatione erecta staret. Virginius statim in forum, lacry- 
 mabundus et civium opem implorans, filiam suam deducit. 
 Appius obstinatum gerens animum in tribunal ascendit, et 
 Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Turn pater, ubi nihil us- 
 quam auxilii vidit: "duaeso," inquit, " Appi, ignosce pa- 
 trio dolori; sine me filiam ultimo alloqui." Data venia 
 pater filiam in secretum abducit. Ab lanio cultrum arripit, 
 et pectus puellae transfigit. Turn ferro sibi viam facit, et 
 respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit. Concitatus exercitus 
 montem Aventinum occupavit ; decem tribunes militum cie- 
 avit ; decemviros magistratu se abdicare coegit, eosque omnes 
 aut morte aut exsilio multavit : ipse Appius Claudius in car- 
 cere necatus est. _ 
 
 MARCUS FURIUS CAMILLUS. 
 
 20. Quum Marcus Furius Camillus urbem Fa- a. V. 361. 
 lerios obsideret, ludimagister plurimos et nobilis- A- C. 391. 
 
24 VlRl ROM,E. 
 
 simos inde pueros, velut ambulandi gratia eductos, in castra 
 Romanorum perduxit : quibus Camillo traditis, non erat du- 
 bium, quill Falisci, deposito bello, sese Romanis dedituri 
 essent; sed Camillus perlidiam proditoris detestatus : "Non 
 ad similem tui," inquit, "venisti; sunt belli sicut et pacis 
 jura : arma habemus, non adversus earn iEtatem, cui etiam 
 captis urbibus parcitur, sed adversus armatos, qui castra 
 Roftiana oppugnavertint." Denudari deinde ludimagistrum 
 jussit ; cum, manibus post tergum alligatis, in urbem redu- 
 cendum pueris tradidit, virgasque eis dedit, quibus euntem 
 verberarent. Statim Falisci, beneficio magis quam armis 
 victi, portas Romanis aperuerunt. 
 
 21. Camillus post multa in patriam merita, judicio pop- 
 uli damnatus, exsulatum abiit. Urbe egrediens a diis pre- 
 catus esse dicitur, ut, si innoxio sibi ea injuria fieret, de- 
 siderium sui facerent ingratas patriae quamprimum : neque 
 multo postea res evenit. Nam Galli Senones Clusium, Etru- 
 rife oppidum, obsederunt. Clusini novo bello exterriti ab 
 Romanis auxilium petierunt. Missi sunt Roma tres legati, 
 qui Gallos monerent, ut ab oppugnatione desisterent. Ex 
 his legatis unus contra jus gentium in aciem processit, et 
 ducem Senonura interfecit. Qua re commoti Galli, petitis 
 in deditionem legatis, nee impetratis, ad urbem venerunt, et 
 exercitum Romanum apud Alliam fluvium ceciderunt die 
 decimo sexto calendas Augusti : qui dies, inter nefastos re- 
 latus, AUiensis dictus est. 
 
 22. Galli victores paulo ante solis occasum 
 A r ?P7 ^'^ urbem Romam perveniunt. Postquam hostes 
 adesse nuntiatum est, juventus Romana, duce 
 Manlio, in arcem conscendit; seniores vero domos ingressi 
 adventum Gallorum obstinaio ad mortem animo exspectabant. 
 Qui inter eos curules magistratus gesserant, ornati honorum 
 insignibus, in vestibulis aedium eburneis sellis insedere, ut, 
 quum venisset hostis, in sua dignitate morerentur. Interim 
 Galli, domos patentes ingressi, vident viros ornatu et vultus 
 majestate diis simillimos : quum Galli ad eos, veluti simula- 
 
BOOK II. 25 
 
 era, couversi starent, unus whjs senibus-dicitur Gallo, bar- 
 bam suam permulcenti, scipionem eburneum in caput in- 
 cussisse. Iratus Gallus eum occidit : ab eo initium ctedis 
 ortum est. Deinde ceteri omnes in sedibus suis trucidati 
 sunt. 
 
 23. Galli deinde impetum facere in arcem statuunt. 
 Primo militem, qui tentaret viam, prEemiserunt. Turn, 
 nocte sublustri, sublevantes invicem et trahentes alii alios, 
 in summum saxum evaserunt tanto silentio, ut non solum 
 custodes fallerent, sed ne canes quidem, sollicitum animal, 
 excitarent. Anseres non fefellere, quibus in summa inopia. 
 Romani abstinuerant, quia aves erant Junoni sacrje ; quce 
 res Romanis saluti fuit. Namque clangore anserum alarum- 
 que crepitu excitus Manlius, vir bello egregius, ceteros ad 
 arma vocans, Gallos ascendentes dejecit : unde mos iste in- 
 cessit, ut solemni pompa canis in furca. suffixus feratur ; 
 anser vero, velut triumphans, in lectica et veste stragula 
 gestetur, 
 
 24. Tunc consensu omnium placuit ab exsillo Camillum 
 acciri ; missi igitur ad eum. legati, ipseque dictator absens 
 dictus est. Interim fames utrumque exercitum urgebat : at, 
 ne Galli putarent Romanos ea necessitate ad deditionem 
 cogi, multis locis de Capitolio panis jactatus est in hostium 
 stationes. Ea re adducti sunt Galli, ut baud magna mer- 
 cede obsidionem relinquerent. Pactum est pretium mille 
 pondo auri. Nondum omni auro appenso, Camillus dictator 
 intervenit, collectis Romani exercitus reliquiis : auferri au- 
 rum de medio jubet, denuntiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium 
 expediant. Instruil deinde aciem, et Gallos internecione 
 occidit. Ne nuntius quidem cladis relictus est. Dictator, 
 recuperata ex hostibus patria, triumphans urbem ingressus 
 est, et a militibus parens patriae conditorque alter urbis 
 appellatus est. 
 
 3 
 
BOOK III. 
 
 CAIUS LICINIUS STOLO. 
 
 1. Fabius Ambustus ex duabus filiabus majorem 
 A C 374. ^^^'^ Sulpicio patricio, minorem Licinio Stoloni 
 
 plebejo, conjugem dedit. Aulus Sulpicius tribunus 
 militum erat potestate consular!. Cluum in ejus domo sororea 
 Fabise inter se tempus sermonibus tererent, forte incidit, ut 
 Sulpicius de fore domum se reciperet, et ejus lictor forem, ut 
 mos est, virga percuteret; minor Fabia moris ejus insueta id 
 expavit : risui sorori fuit miranti sororem id ignorare. Con- 
 fusam earn quum pater vidisset, sciscitanti confessa est earn 
 esse causam doloris, quod viro plebeio»juncta esset. Con- 
 solatur filiain Ambustus, polliceturque eosdem honores donai 
 propediem visuram, quos apud sororem videat. Inde consilia 
 inire coepit cum genero, qui, ubi tribunatum plebis aggressus 
 est, legem tulit, ut alter consul ex plebe crearetur. Lex, 
 resistentibus patribus, lata tamen est, et primus Licinius 
 Stolo consul e plebe factus. 
 
 TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS. 
 
 2. Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tardita- 
 A. U. o93. jgj^ ^ patre rus relegatus fuerat. Quum audisset 
 
 A. C. 359. 1 o ^ 
 
 patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribune plebis, 
 cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate 
 laudabile. Cultro succinctus, mane in urbem, atque a porti 
 confestim ad Pomponium pergit : introductus cultrum stringit, 
 et super lectum Pomponii stans, se eum transfixurum rnina- 
 
BOOK III. 27 
 
 tur, nisi ab inceptS. accusatione desistat. Pavidus tribunus, 
 quippe qui cernerejt ferrum ante oculos micare, accusationem 
 dimisit. Ea res adolescent! honori fait, quad animum ejus 
 acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem 
 anno tribunus militura factus est. 
 
 3. Quum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anie- 
 nem fluvium castra posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe 
 profectus est, et in citeriore ripa fluvii constitit. Pons in 
 medio erat : tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine in 
 vacuum pontem processit, et quam maxima voce potuit : 
 " Quem nunc," inquit, " Roma fortissimum habet, is pro- 
 cedat ad pugnam, ut eventus ostendat, utra gens belle sit 
 melior." Diu inter primores juvenum Romanorum silentium 
 fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione ad imperatorem pergit ; 
 " Injussu tuo," inquit, " imperator, extra ordinem nunquam 
 pugnaverim, non, si certam victoriam videam ; si tu permit- 
 tis, volo isti belluse ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse-, 
 quae Gallorum agmen e rupe Tarpeia deturbavit." Cui 
 imperator: " Macte virtute," inquit, " Tite Manli, esto: 
 perge, et nomen Romanum invictum praesta." 
 
 4. Armant deinde juvenem sequales: scutum capit, 
 Hispano cingitur gladio ad propiorem pugnam habili. Ex- 
 spectabat eum Gallus stolide Isetus, et linguam ab irrisu exse- 
 rens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus ensem cum 
 ingenti sonitu in arroa Manlii dejecit. Manlius vero insinu- 
 avit sese inter corpus et arma Galli, atque uno et altero ictu 
 ventrem transfodit; jacenti torquem detraxit, quem cruore 
 respersum coUo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor eum ad- 
 miratione Gallos. Romani alacres obviam ^militi suo pro- 
 grediuntur, et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem per- 
 ducunt. Manlius inde Torquati nomen accepit. 
 
 5. Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut 
 disciplinam militarem restitueret, edixit, ' ne quis extra ordi- 
 nem in hostes pugnaret.' Forte filius ejus accessit prope 
 stationem liOstium : is, qui Latino equitatui prseerat, ubi 
 
28 VIRI KOMM. 
 
 consulis filium agnovit, " Visne," inquit, " congredi mecum, 
 ut singularis prcElii eventu cernatur, quantum eques Latinus 
 Romano prffiajpt?" Movit ferocem animum juvenis sen 
 ira, seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Oblitus itaque impe- 
 rii paterni in certamen ruit, et Latinum ex equo excussum 
 transfixit, spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Ex- 
 templo filium aversatus consul milites classico advocat; qui 
 postquam frequentes convenere : " Qaq^idofluidem," inquit, 
 "tu, fili, contra imperiura consulis pugnasti, oportet ut dis- 
 ciplinam prena tua restituas. Triste exemplura, sed in pos- 
 terum salubre juventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad palum." 
 Metu omnes obstupuere ; sed, postquam, cervice caesa, fusus 
 est cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam 
 redeunti seniores tantOra obviam exierunt : juventus et tunc 
 eum, et oinni deinde vita, exsecrata est. 
 
 PUBLIUS DECIUS MUS. 
 
 6. P. Decius sub Valerio consule tribunus 
 
 A. U. 415!. ,,./-> , T, 
 
 A C 340 militum tua. tluum exercitus Romanus ni 
 
 angustiis clausus esset, Decius conspexit editum 
 
 collem imminentem hostium castris. Accepto prsesidio, 
 
 verticem occupavit, hostes terruit, et spatium consuli dedit 
 
 ad subducendum agmen in asquiorem locum. Ipse intem- 
 
 pesta nocte per madias hostium custodias somno oppressas 
 
 incoiumis evasit. Quare ab exercitu donatus est cotona 
 
 obsidionali, quEE dabatur ei, qui obsidione cives libgi^sset. 
 
 Consul fuit bello Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Tunc quum 
 
 utrique consuli somnio obvenisset ' eum populum victorem fore, 
 
 cujus dux in prcelio cecidisset,' convenit inter eos, ut is, cujus 
 
 cornu in acie laboraret, diis se Manibus devoveret : inclinante 
 
 sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus devovit. Arniatus 
 
 in equum insiluit, ac se in medios hostes immisit. Corruil 
 
 obrutus telis, et victoriam suis reliquit. ',- 
 
BOOK III. 29 
 
 MARCUS VALERIUS CORVIJSrUS. 
 
 7. Bello Gallico, quum Romani in stationibus 
 
 _, „ . , ... A. U. 40S. 
 
 quieti tempus tejjej^t, trallus quiaam, magnitudine a C 346 
 
 atque armis insignis, ante alios progressus est ; 
 quatiensque scutum hasta, quum silentium fecisset, unum e 
 Romanis* per interpretem provocavit, qui secum ferro de- 
 cerneret. Marcus erat Valerius tribunus militum adoles- 
 c^ns, qui piiiis sciscitatus consulis voluntatem, in medium 
 armatus processit : tunc res visu mirabilis accidisse fertur ; 
 nam quum jam manum consereret Valerius, repente in galea 
 ejus corvus insedit in liostem versus. Ales non solum captam 
 semel sedem tenuit, sed quotiescumque certamen initum est, 
 levans se alis, os oculosque Galli rostro et unguibus appetiit. 
 Hostem territum talis prodigii visu, oculisque simul ac mente 
 turbatum, Valerius obtqin^t. Corvus e conspectu elatus 
 onM^m pMjt. Inde Valerius Corvinus dictus est. 
 
 ST Valerius Corvinus, annos tres et viginti natus, consul 
 creatus, Samnites bis proelio fudit. Non ali^s dux militi 
 carior fuit, quia nullus militi familiarior. Omnia inter infi- 
 mos militum munia baud gravate obibat. In ludo etiam 
 militari, quum velofiitatis viriujrique certamina inter se 
 sequales ineunt, Valerius ifse cum eis certabat, nee quem- 
 quam aspernabatur parem, qui se ofFerret. Semper comis 
 et eodem vultu, seu vinceret, sen vinceretur. Quum postea 
 in exercitu orta esset gravis seditio, parsque militum a cete- 
 ris defecisset, et ducem sibi fecisset, adversiis eos Valerius 
 dictator missus est ■ qui ubi in conspectum venit, benigne 
 milites allocutus, extemplo omnium iras permulsit, seditio- 
 nemque compressit : adeo hominum animos conciliant comi- 
 tas affabilitasque sermonis ! 
 
 LUCIUS PAPIRIUS CURSOR. 
 
 9. Lucius Papirius, quum dictatorem se adversis A. U. 430. 
 ominibus contra Samnites profectum esse sensisset, *. C 322. 
 3* 
 
30 VIRI EOM^. 
 
 ad auspicia repetenda Romam regressus est, ac priut> 
 Quinto Fabio, magistro equitum, edixit, ut sese loco tene- 
 ret, neu, absente se, manum cum hoste consereret. Fa- 
 bius, post dictatoris profectionem, opportunitate ductus, acie 
 cum Samnitibus conflixit. Neque melius res geri potuisset, 
 si adfuisset dictator. J^on miles ducj^ non dux militi defuit. 
 Viginti millia hostium eo die caesa traduntur. Haud multo 
 post dictator advenit, plenus minarum irseque. Statim, ad- 
 vocata. concione, spoliari magistrum equitum, vi'rgasque ac 
 secures expediri jussit. Turn Fabius militum fidem im- 
 plorare ccepit. Clamor in tota concione est ortus; alibi 
 preces, alibi min» audiebantur. Itaque res in posterum diem 
 est dilata. 
 
 10. Magister equitum noctu dim ex castris Romam 
 profugit : quem dictator ipse secutus est. Vocato senatu 
 iterata contentio est; prehendi Fabium Papirius jussit. 
 Tum Fabii pater ad populum provocavit. Populus Roma- 
 nus, ad preces et obtestationem versus, oravit dictatorem, ut 
 veniam adolescentice Fabii daret. Ipse adolescens ejusque 
 pater procuinbere ad genua dictatoris coeperunt, iramque 
 deprecari. Tot precibus cessit Papirius. Is fuit vir non 
 animi solum \igore, sed etiam corporis viribus excellens. 
 PrEEcipua pedum pernicitas inerat, quee cognomen etiam de- 
 dit. Idem comis et jocorum studiosus. Quadam die inam- 
 bulans ante tabernaculum, praetorem Prasnestinum, qui per 
 timorem segniiis suos in proelium duxerat, vocari jussit, et 
 postquam eum graviter increpuit : " Lictor, expedi," inquit, 
 " secures ; " et quum proBtorem vidisset metu mortis attoni- 
 tum : " Agedum, lictor,'' inquit, " exscinde radicem banc 
 mcommodam ambulantibus." Deinde praetorem, multa dic- 
 ta, dimisit. 
 
 SPURIUS POSTIIMIUS. 
 
 ^„ 11. Spurius Postumius consul, quum bellum 
 
 A. c' 319. adversiis Samnites gereret, a Pontic Thelesino, 
 
 duce hostium, in insidias inductus est : is namque 
 
BOOK III. 31 
 
 simulates transfugas misit, qui Romanes monerent Luce- 
 riam, Apuliee urbem, a Samnitibus obsideri. Non erat du- 
 bium, quin Romani Lucerinis, bonis ac fidelibus sociis, 
 opera ferrent. Luceriam duiB vicB ducebant, altera longior 
 et tutior, altera brevier et periculosior. Festinutio brevio- 
 rem elegit. Itaque quum in insidias venissent, qui locus 
 FarculcB Caudinm vocabatur, et fraus hostilis apparuisset, 
 retro viam, qua veiierant, repetunt ; at earn hostium praesidio 
 clausam iuveniunt: sistunt igitur gradum, et omni spe eva- 
 dendi adempta, intuentes alii alios diii immobiles silent ; de- 
 inde erumpunt in qu^gjas adversus duces, quorum temeri- 
 tate in eum locum eraJ^t adducti. Ita noctem turn cibi tum 
 <^uietis immejiores traduxerunt. 
 
 12. Nee Samnites ipsi quid sibi faciendum in re tam 
 .feeta sciebant. Pontius accitum patrem Herennium rogavit, 
 
 quid fjifi placeret.' Is, ubi audivit inter duos siiltus clau- 
 sura esse exercitum Romanum, dixit, ' aut omjies esse ecci- 
 dendos, ut vires frangerentur, aut omnes dimitteudos esse 
 incolurnes, ut beaeficio obligarentur.' Neutra senteiitia ac- 
 cepta fuit : iiiterea Romani necessitate victi legiitos mit- 
 tunt, qui pacem petant. Pax concessa est ea lege, ut omues 
 sub jugum traducerentur. Itaque paludamenta consulibus 
 detracta, ipsique primi sub jugum missi, delude singulee le- 
 gienes : circumstabant armati hostes exprobrantes illudentes- 
 que. Romanis e saltu egressis lux ipsa merte tristior fuit : 
 pudor fugere celloquia et ccstus hominum cogebat. Sero 
 Romam ingressi sunt, et se in suis quisque aedibus abdide- 
 runt. 
 
 13. Deliberante senatn de pace Caudina, Postumius sen- 
 tentiam dicere jussus : "Turpi sponsione," inquit, "qua 
 me obstrinxi, non tenetur populus Romanus, quando ejus 
 injussu facta est ; nee quidquam ex ea prajter corpus meuni 
 debetur Samnitibus. lis dedite me nudum vinctumqiie : in 
 me unum sasviant; exsolvam religione populum.'.' Senatus, 
 banc animi magnitudinem admiratus, Postumium lauda- 
 vit, ejusque sententlam secutus est. Traditus est igitur 
 
r« 
 
 32 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 Postumius fecialibus, qui eum ad Samnites ducerent. Ves- 
 tis ei detracta, manus post tergum vinctae sunt ; quumque 
 a iipau tpr verecundia majestatis Postumium laxe vinciret ■ 
 "Q,uin tu," inquit ipse Postumius, " adducis lorum, ut 
 justa fiat deditio?" Turn ubi in coetum Samnitium venit, 
 facta deditione, Postumius fecialis femur genu, quanta potuit 
 vi, peicussit, et clara voce ait, ' se Samnitem civem esse, 
 ilium legatum: fecialem a se contra jus gentium violatum; 
 eo justius bellum adversus Samnites fore.' Accepta non fuit 
 a Samnitibus ista deditio, Postumiusque in castra Romana 
 inviolatus rediit. 
 
 PUBLIUS VALERIUS L^VINUS. 
 14. Tarentinis, quod Romanorum legatis int 
 
 A. U. 472. . . . ^ , . ° . 
 
 A C 280 juriam fecissent, bellum indictum est. Quibus 
 auxilio venit Pyrrhus, rex Epirotarum, qui genus 
 ab Achille ducebat. Contra Pyrrhum missus est consul Laevi- 
 nus, qui, quum exploratores regis cepisset, jussit eos per cas- 
 tra Romana circumduci, tumque incolumes dimitti, ut ea, 
 quae vidissent, Pyrrho renuntiarent. Mox commissa pugna, 
 quum jam hostes pedem referrent, rex elephantos in Roma- 
 norum agmen agi jussit ; tuncque mutata est proelii fortuna. 
 Romanos vastorum corporum moles, terribilisque sugeiasjan- 
 tiura armatorum speciesTturbavit. Equi etiam, ad cohspec- 
 tum et odqj^nj belluarum exterriti, sessores aut excutiebant, 
 aut secum m fugam abripiebant. Nox proelio finem fecit. 
 
 15. Pyrrhus captivos Romanos summo honore habuit ; 
 occisos sepelivit, quos quum adverso vulnere et truci vultu 
 etiam mortuos jacere cerneret, manus ad coelum tulisse di- 
 citur cum hac voce : " Ego talibus viris brevi orbem terra- 
 rum subegissem." Deinde ad urbem Romam magnis itiner- 
 ibus contendit : omnia igne et ferro vastavit ; ad vicesimum 
 ab urbe lapidem castra posuit. Pyrrho obviam venit Laevi- 
 nus cum novo exercitu ; quo viso, rex ait, ' sibi eandem ad- 
 versus Romanos esse fortunam, quam Herculi adversus 
 
BOOK III. 33 
 
 Hydram,' cui tot capita renascebantur, quot preecisa fuerant: 
 deinde in Campaniam se recepit; missos a senatu de redi- 
 mendis captivis legates Honorifice excepit ; captivos sine pre- 
 tio reddidit, ut Romani, cognita jam ejus vivtute, cognosce- 
 rent etiam liberalitatera. 
 
 16. Erat Pyrrho, utpote magno et forti viro, mitis ac pla- 
 cabilis animus ; solet enim magni animi comes esse demen- 
 tia. Ejus humanitatem experti sunt Tarentini : ii scilicet, 
 quum sfiCfl intellexissent se pro socio aominum accepisse, 
 sortem suam liberis vocibus querebantur, et de Pyrrho multa 
 temere effutiebant, maxime ubi vino incaluerant. Itaque 
 arcessiti ad regem sunt nonnulli, qui de eo in convivio pro- 
 terve locuti fuerant ; sed periculum simplex confessio culpse 
 discussit. Nam quum rex percontatus fuisset, an ea, quas 
 ad aures suas pervenerant, dixissent : " Et h;Ec dixiiiiiis,'' 
 inquiunt, "rex; et nisi vinum defecisset, longe phira el gra- 
 viora dicturi fuimus." Pyrrhus, qui malehat vini, quam 
 hominum eam culpam videri, subridens eos diinisit. 
 
 17. Pyrrhus igitur, quum putaret sibi gloriosum fore, 
 pacem et fcedus cum Romanis post viotoriam facere, Romam 
 misit legatum Cineam, qui pacem requis conditionibus pro- 
 poneret. Erat is regi familiaris, magnaque apud eum gra- 
 tia valebat. Dicere solebat Pyrrhus se plures urbes CinesB 
 eloquentia, quam armorum vi expugnasse. Cineas tamen 
 regiam cupiditatem non adulabatur : nam quum in sermone 
 Pyrrhus ei sua consilia apewret, dixissetque ' se veile Italiam 
 ditioni sue subjicere,' resp%^ Cineas : " Superatis Roma- 
 nis, quid agere degbinas, O rex ? " " Italiae vicina est Sici- 
 lia," inquit Pyrrhul^' nee difficile erit eam armis occu- 
 pare." Tunc Cineas ; " Occupata Sicilia, quid postea 
 acturus es?" Rex, qui nondum Cinea3 mentem perspicie- 
 bat : " In Africam," inquit, " trajicere mihi animus est." 
 Pergit Cineas: "Quid deinde, O rex?" "Tum denique, 
 mi Cinea," ait Pyrrhus, " nos quieti dabimus, dulcique 
 otio fruemur." " Quin tu," respondit Cineas, " isto otio 
 janj nunc frueris "> " 
 
34 V]RI ROMiE. 
 
 18. Roinam itaque venit Cineas, et domos principum 
 cum ingentibus donis circumibat. Nusquam vero receptus 
 est. Non a viris solum, sed et a mulieribus, spreta ejus 
 munera. Introductus deinde in curiam, quum regis virtu- 
 tem, propensumque in Romanes animum verbis extolleret, 
 et de conditionum jequitate d jgaergf et, sententia senatus ad 
 pacem et fedus faciendum incTmabat; tam Appius Clau- 
 dius senex et csecus in curiam lectica deferri se jussit, ibi- 
 que gravissima oratione pacem dissuasit : itaque responsum 
 Pyrrho a senatu est, ' eum, donee Italia excessisset, pacem 
 cum Romanis habere non posse.' Senatus quoque vetuit 
 captivos omnes, quos Pyrrhus reddiderat, ad veterem statum 
 redire priusquam bina hostium spolia retulissent. Quare 
 legatus ad regem reversus est : a quo quum Pyrrhus quaere- 
 ret, ' qua] em Romam comperisset,' respondit; ' urbem sibi 
 templum, senatum vero consessum regum esse visum.' 
 
 CAIUS FABRICIUS LUSCIJNUS. 
 
 19. Caius Fabricius unus fuit ex legatis, qui ad Pyrrhum 
 de captivis redimendis venerant. Cujus postquam audivit 
 Pyrrhus magnum esse apud Romanes nomen, ut viri boni et 
 bello egregii, sed admodum pauperis, eum pree ceteris be- 
 nigne habuit, eique munera atque aurum obtulit. Omnia 
 Fabricius repudiavit. Postero die, quum ilium Pyrrhus vel- 
 let exterrere conspectu subito elephantis, imperavit suis, ut 
 bellua post aulaeum admoveretur Fabricio secum colIoquentL 
 Quod ubi factum est, signo dato, remotoque aulso, repente 
 bellua stridorem horrendum emisit, et prob(^ndem super 
 Fabricii caput suspendit. At ille placidus subrisit, Pyr- 
 rhoque dixit: " Non me hodie magis tua commovet bellua, 
 quam heri tuum aurum pellexit." 
 
 20. Fabricii virtutem admiratus Pyrrhus, ilium secreto 
 invitavit, ut patriam desereret, secumque vellet vivere, quarta, 
 etiam regni sui parte oblata; cui Fabricius respondit: "Si 
 me virum bonum Judicas, cur me vis corrumperef Sin vero 
 
BOOK III. 35 
 
 malum, cur me ambis 1 " Anno interjecto, omni spe pacis 
 inter Pyrrhum et Romanes conciliandEe ablata, Fabricius, 
 consul factus, contra eum missus est. Q,uumque vicina 
 castra ipse et rex haberent, medicus regis nocte ad Fabri- 
 cium venit, eique pollicitus est, si prsemium sibi proposuis- 
 set, se Pyrrhum veneno necaturum. Hunc Fabricius vinc- 
 tum reduci jussit ad dominum, et Pyrrho dici, quae contra 
 caput ejus medicus spopondisset. Tunc rex admiratus eum 
 dixisse fertur : " lUe est Fabricius, qui difficilius ab hones- 
 tate, quam sol a suo cursu, posset averti." 
 
 21. Quum Fabricius apud Pyrrhum legatus esset, Cine- 
 am audiyit narrantem esse quendam Athenis, qui se sapien- 
 tem profiteretur, eundemque dicere omnia, quse faceremus, 
 ad voluptatem esse referenda. Tunc Fabricium exclamasse 
 ferunt: "Utinam id hostibus nostris persMdgatur, quo fa- 
 ciliiis vinci possint, quum se voluptatibus ded^int 1 " Nihil 
 magis ab ejus vita alienum, quam voluptas et luxus. Tota 
 ejus supellex argentea salino uno constabat, et patella ad 
 usum sacrorum, quse tamen ipsa cornfeo pediculo sustineba- 
 tur. Coenabat ad focum radices et herbas, quas in agro re- 
 purgando vu\serat, quum legati a Samnitibus ad eum vene- 
 runt, magnamque ei pecuniam obtulerunt ; quibus resp£>ndit : 
 " duamdiu cupiditatibus imperare potero, nihil mihi ista pe- 
 cunia opus erit : hanc ad illos reportate, qui ea indigent." 
 
 22. Caius Fabricius cum Ru^no, viro nobjli, simultatem 
 gerebat ob morum dissimilitudinem, quum ille pecunice con- 
 temptor esset, hie vero avjjjis et furax existimaretur. Quia 
 tamen Rufinus egregie fortis ac bonus imperator erat, mag- 
 numque et grave bellum imminere videbatur, Fabricius auc- 
 tor fuit, ut Rufinus consul crearetur : quumque is deinde 
 Fabricio gratias ageret, quod se homo inimicus consulem fe- 
 cisset : " Nihil est," inquit Fabricius, " quod mihi gratias 
 agas, si malui compilari, quam venire." Eundem postea 
 Fabricius, censor factus, senatu movit, quod argenti facti 
 decern pondo haberet. Fabricius omnem-vitam in gloriosa 
 paupertate exegit, adeoque inops decessit, ut, unde dps filia- 
 
3fi VlRl llOMiE. 
 
 rum expediretur, noii reliquerit. Senatus patris sibi partes 
 desumpsit, et, datis ex communi aerario dotibus, eas collo- 
 cavit. 
 
 MANIUS CURIUS DENTATUS. 
 
 23. Manius Curius, contra Samnites prol'ectus, eos in- 
 gentibus prosliis vicit. Romam regressus in concione ait: 
 " Tantura agri cepi, ut solitudo futura fuerit, nisi tantum 
 hominuni cepissem : tantum porro liominum cepi, ut fame 
 perituri fuerint, nisi tantum agri cepissem." Ex tarn opu- 
 lenta victoria adeo ditari noluit, ut, quum a malevolis inter- 
 versce pecuniae argueretur, gutto ligneo, quo uti ad sacrifi- 
 cia consueverat, in medium prolato, juraverit, se nihil am- 
 plius de preeda hostili in domum suam intulisse. Legatis 
 Samnitium aurum offerentibus, quum ipse rapas in foco tor- 
 ra^et, " Malo," inquit, " haec in fictilibus meis easp, et au- 
 rum habentibus imperare." Agri captivi septena jugera 
 populo viritim divisit : quumque ei senatus jugera quinqua- 
 ginta assignaret, plus aocipere noluit, quam singulis fuerat 
 datum, dixitque ' malum esse civem, cui non idem, quod 
 aliis, satis esse posset.' 
 
 24.'Postea Curius, consul creatus, adversus Pyrrhum 
 missus est : quumque ea de causa del^tijm haberet, et ju- 
 niores tasdio belli nomina non darept, conjecjis in sortem 
 omnibus tribubus, primum nomen urna extmcjum ojtari 
 jussit. Quum adolescens non resjjoijderet, bona ejus hastcB 
 su^igoit. Tunc ille ad tribunos plebis cu^ufrit, de injuria 
 sibi f^a graviter qngrgns, eorumque opem implgrans. At 
 Curius et bona ejus et ipsum quoque vendniit, d^^ijque ' non 
 esse reipubliccB opus eo cive, qui p4u;j8re nescijjet : ' neque 
 tribuui plebis adolescenti auxilio fu^^ijjit ; posteaque res in 
 consnetudinem ajiyt, ut, delectu rite acto, qui militiam de- 
 treotaret, in servitutem venderetur. / Hoc terrore ceteri 
 adacti nomina promptiiis dederunt. 
 
 25. His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit, deque 
 eo rage triumphavit. Insignem triumphum fecerunt quatuor 
 
BOOK m. 37 
 
 elephanti cum turribus suis, turn primum Roma; visi. Vic- 
 tus rex in Epirum reversus est ; sed relicto in urbe Taren- 
 tina proesidio, fidem sui reditus fecerat. Itaque quum bel- 
 lum renovaturus putaretur, Maniuin Curium iterura consu- 
 lem fieri placuit; sed inopinata mors regis Romanes metu 
 liberavit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem jam 
 ingressus, a jurtine quodam Argivo lancea leviter villnera- 
 tus est : mater adolescentis, anus paupercula, cum aliis mu- 
 lieribus e tecto domus prcelium spectabat ; qua!, quum vidis- 
 set Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri, 
 {tericulo filii sui commota, protinus tegulam corripuit, at 
 utraque manu lit^atj^m in caput regis dejecit. 
 
BOOK IV. 
 
 FIRST PUNIC WAR. 
 
 APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAUDEX. 
 
 1. Appro Claudio consule, ccBptum est primum 
 A. U. 488. adversus Pcenos bellum. Quum Messanam, Sici- 
 
 A C. 264. . 
 
 lisE urbem, Carthaginienses et Hiero, rex Syra- 
 cusanus, obsiderent, Appius Claudius ad Messanam liberan- 
 dam missus est. Consul primo ad explorandos hostes nave 
 piscatoria trajecit fretum inter Italiam et Siciliam inter- 
 jectum. Ad quem venerunt nuntii ab Hannone, Poenorum 
 duce, hortantes ad pacem conservandam. Quum vero con- 
 sul nullas conditiones admitteret, nisi Poeni ab oppugnatione 
 vtlesisterent, iratus Hanno exclamavit, ' se non esse passurum 
 Romanes vel manus in mari Siculo abluere.' Non tamen 
 potuit prohibere, quin Claudius in Siciliam legionem tradu- 
 ceret, et Pcenos Messana expelleret. Deinde Hiero apud 
 Syracusas vicfas est. Qui, eo periculo territus, Romano- 
 rum amicitiam petiit, et in eorum societate postea constantei 
 permansit. 
 
 CAIUS DUILIUS. 
 
 2. Caius Duilius Poenos navali prcelio primus 
 A. U. 9-. (Jevicit. Is, quum videret naves Romanas a Pu- 
 
 A. C 260. . . , . ^ 
 
 nicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas, quas cor- 
 vos vocavp.re, instituit. Ea machina Romanis magno usui 
 
BOOK ly. .; 39 
 
 fuit : nam, injectis illis corvis, hostilem navem apprehende- 
 bant, deinde superjecto ponte in earn insiliebant, et gladio, 
 velut in pugna terrestri, dimicabant ; unde Romanis, qui ro- 
 bore prtEstabant, facilis victoria fuit. Inter pugnandum tri- 
 ginta hostium naves captse sunt, tredecim mersiE. Duilius 
 victor Romam reversus est, et primus navalem triumphum 
 egit. Nulla victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra, 
 jam etiam mari plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum 
 est, ut per omnem vitam prselucente funali et praecinente 
 tibicine a ccena. publice rediret. 
 
 3. Hannibal dux classis Punicje e navi, quE jam capieba- 
 tur, in scapham saltu se demisit, et Romanorum manus efTu- 
 git. Veritas autem ne in patria classis amissse poenas daret, 
 civium offensam astutia avertit : nam ex ilia infelici pugna, 
 priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret, quendam ex 
 amicis Carthaginem misit; qui curiam ingressus : "Vos,'' 
 inquit, " coiisulit Hannibal, quum dux Romanorum, magnis 
 copiis maritimis instructus, advenerit, an cum so confligere 
 debeat?" Acclamavit universus senatus: " Non est dubi- 
 um, quin confligendum sit." Tum ille, " Fecit,'' inquit, 
 " et victus est." Ita non potuerunt factum damnare, quod 
 ipsi fieri debuisse judicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis 
 supplicium effugit: nam eo poenEB genere dux, re male gesta, 
 apud Poenos afficiebatur. 
 
 AULUS -ATELIUS CALATINUS 
 
 A. U. 494 
 A. C. 258. 
 
 4. Atilius Calatinus, consul, paucis navibus 
 magnam Poenorum classem superavit : sed postea, 
 quum temere exercitum in vaJlem iniquam duxis- 
 set, ab hostibus circumventus est. Romanes eximia virtus 
 Calpurnii, tribuni militum, servavit. Is enim ad consulem 
 accessit, eique: " Censeo," inquit, "jubeas milites quadrin- 
 gentos ire ad banc rupem, inter medios hostes editam atque 
 asperam, eamque occupare. Futurum enim profecto est, ut 
 bostes properent ad occursandum nostris militibus, atque ita 
 
40 VIUI ROiM.li • 
 
 circa earn rupera atrox pugiia fiat : at tu interea tempus 
 habebis exercitus ex loco infesto educendi. Alia nisi ha3c 
 salutis via nulla est." Respondit consul • " Fidum quidem 
 et providum hoc consilium videtur ; sed quisnam erit, qui 
 ducat quadringentos illos milites ad eum locum?" "Si 
 alium," inquit Calpurnius, "neroinem reperis, me ad hoc 
 consilium perficiendum uti potes. Ego hanc tibi et reipub- 
 licae animam do." 
 
 5. Consul tvibuno gratias egit, et quadringentos milites 
 dedit. Q,uos Calpurnius admonens quera in locum deduce- 
 ret, et quo consilio : " Moriamur," inquit, " commilitones, 
 et morte nostra eripiamus ex obsidione circumventas le- 
 giones." Omnes nulla spe evadendi, sed amore laudis ac- 
 censi, proficiscuntur. Mirati sunt primo hostes earn militum 
 manum ad se venire. Delude ubi cognitum est eos ad illam 
 rupem obtinendam iter intendere, adversus illos arma verte- 
 runt. Romani repugnant : fit prcelium diu anceps. Tan- 
 dem superat multitudo : quadringenti omnes, perfossi gladiis 
 aut missilibus operti, cadunt. Consul interim, dum ea pug- 
 na fit, se in loca edita et tuta subducit. 
 
 6. Virtuti par fuit Calpurnii fortuna : nam ita evenit ut, 
 quum multis locis saucius factus esset, nullum tamen in ca- 
 pite vulnus acciperet. Inter mortuos multis confossus vul- 
 neribus, sed adhuc spirans inventus est : convaluit, saepeque 
 postea operam reipublicae strenuam navavit. Ei merces 
 egregii facinoris data est, corona grj^minea : qua nulla nobi- 
 lior corona fuit in prsemium virtutis bellicae apud populum 
 terrarum principem, et quiE ab universe exercitu servato de- 
 cern! solebat. 
 
 MARCUS ATILIUg REGULUS. 
 
 7. Marcus Regulus Poenos magna clade afFecit. 
 
 A. U. 502. Tunc ad eum Hanno Cartha^iniensis venit quasi 
 A. C. 260. , , ■= ,^ 
 
 de pace acturus, sed revera ut tempus traheret, 
 
 donee novae copite ex Africa advenirent. Is iibi ad consu- 
 
BOOK IV. 41 
 
 lem accessit, exortus est clamor, auditaque vox : ' Idem huic 
 faciendum esse, quod paucis ante annis Cornelio Romano a 
 Poenis factum fuerat.' Cornelius porro per fraudem veluti 
 in colloquium evocatus a Poenis comprehensus fuerat, et in 
 vincula conjectus. Jam Hanno timers incipiebat, sed peric- 
 ulum callido dicto avertit. " Hoc vos," inquit, " si feceri- 
 tis, nihilo eritis Afris meliores." Consul tacere jussit eos, 
 qui par pari referri volebant, et conveniens gravitati Roraanat; 
 responsum dedit : " Isto te metu, Hanno, fides Roraana 
 liberat." De pace non convenit, quia nee Poenus serio 
 agebat, et consul victoriam quam pacem malebat. , , 
 
 8. Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum du- 
 cum trajecit. Clypeam urbem et trecenta castella expugna- 
 vit : neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum monstris 
 dimicavit. Nam quum apud flumen Bagradam castra habe- 
 ret, anguis mirfe magnitudinis exercitum Romanum vexa- 
 bat : multos milites ingenti ore corripuit; plures caudae 
 verbere elisit ; nonnullos ipso pestilentis halitus afflatu ex- 
 animavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari poterat; quippe 
 qui durissima, squamarurn lorica omnia tela facile repelleret. 
 Confugiendum fuit ad machinas, et, advectis balistis, tan- 
 quam arx qufedam munita, dejiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem 
 saxorum pondere oppressus jacuit; sed cruore suo flumen 
 et vicinam regionem infecit, Romanosque castra movere 
 coegit. Corium belluae centum et viginti pedes longum, 
 Romam misit Regulus. 
 
 9. Regulo, ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proxi- 
 mum prorogatum est. Quod ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit 
 senatui ' villicum suum in agello, quem septem jugerum ha- 
 bebat, mortuum esse, et servum, occasionem nactum, aufu- 
 gisse, ablato instrumento rustico, ideoque petere se, ut sibi 
 successor in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset 
 unde uxor et liberi alerentur.' Senatus acceptis litteris, res, 
 quas Regulus amiserat, publica pecunia redirai jussit : agel- 
 lum colendum locavit, et alimenta conjugi ac liberis pras- 
 buit. Regulus deinde crebris proeliis Carthaginiensium opes 
 
 4* 
 
42 VIRI ROMjE. 
 
 contudit, eosque pacem petere coegit, quam quum Reg- 
 ains nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus dare, illi a Lace- ^ 
 daemoniis auxilium petierunt. '^"^ 
 
 10. Lacedasmonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissiraum, 
 Carthaginiensibus miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultimS 
 pernicie : duo tantum millia hominum ex omni Romano ex- 
 ercitu remanserunt: Regulus ipse captus, et in carcerera 
 conjectus est. Deinde Romam de permutandis captivis dato 
 jurejurando missus est, ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse 
 Carthaginem : qui quum Romam venisset, inductus in sena- 
 tum mandata exposuit, et primum, ne sententiam diceret, 
 recusavit, causatus ' se, quoniam in hostium potestatem ve- 
 nisset, jam non esse senatorem.' Jussus tamen sententiam 
 aperire, negavit ' esse utile captives Pcenos reddi, quia adoles- 
 centes assent et boni duces, ipse vero jam confectus senec- 
 tute : ' cujus quum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt. 
 
 11. Regulus deinde quum retineretur a propinquis et 
 amicis, tamen Carthaginem rediit : neque vero tunc ignora- 
 bat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad exquisita supplicia 
 proficisci, sed jusjurandum conservandum putavit. Rever- 
 sum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt : palpebris 
 enim resectis aliquandiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt ; de- 
 inde, quum sol esset ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri 
 ccelum coegerunt ; postremo in arcam ligneam incluserunt, 
 in qua undique clavi praeacuti eminebant. Ita dum fessum 
 corpus, quocunque inclinaret, stimulis ferreis confoditur, 
 vigiliis et dolore continue exstinctus est. Hie fuit Atilii 
 RSguli exitus, ipsa quoque vita, Kcet per maximam gloriam 
 diu acta, clarior et illustrior. 
 
 APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER. 
 
 12. Appius Cfaudius vir stultae temeritatis, 
 
 A C 249 •^°"^'^1 ad versus Poenos profectus est. Priorum 
 
 ducum consilia paJam reprehendebat. ' seque, quo 
 
 dis hisstem vidis^et, helium perfecturum esse' jactitabalf^ 
 
BOOK IV. 43 
 
 Antequam navale proelium committerei, auspicia habuit': 
 quumque pullarius ei nuntiasset ' pullos noh exirer e cavea 
 neque vescif irridetiy jussii ' eos in aquam raergif ut saltern 
 biberent, quoniam esse nollen'' Q,uo facto militum animos 
 vana religio incessif : commissojleinde proelio magna clades 
 a Romanis accepta est; quorum octo millia coesasunt. viginti 
 millia capt^ Cluare Claudius a populo condemnatu/est : ea 
 res calamitati furretiam Claudioe, consulis sorori ; nam quum 
 ilia a ludis publicis rediens a turba premeretui^dixit': " Uti- 
 nam frater raeus vivere<^ classemqye iterum duceretf" signifi- 
 cant optarese, ut nimis magnst ^Vium frequentia minueretu/. 
 Ob islam vocem impiam Claudia quoque damnata est. 
 
 (JAIUS LUTATIUS CATULUS. 
 
 13. Caius Lutatius consul fin em prirao bello „ .„ 
 
 „ . . ...^ T^. . o,- ■.• , *^'~— ^ /V,,/ A. U. 510. 
 
 Punico imposuif iii m oioiliam advenientrnun- a. C. 242. 
 
 tiatum esff maximam classem PcBnorum ex Africa 
 
 venir^ erant autem quadringentse naves onustE^^coijimpatu, 
 
 quem ad exercitum portabant; cui in Sicilia prceeraf Hamilcar 
 
 Carthaginiensis. Dux classis, Hanno, nobilis Poenus, dui 
 
 animus eraf'naves onere levari easque deinde acqeptis ab 
 
 Hamiloare deleptis viris complere^ At Lutatius optimum 
 
 ratuy praevertere Hannonis adventum, et cum classe gravi 
 
 suisgue oneribus impedit^ confliger^ adversiis cum ad 
 
 yEgates insulas cursum intendif; nee longa fuit: victorise 
 
 mora; nam omnes Carthaginiensium naves brevi aut capta/ 
 
 lut depressEE suflt. Ingens fuit prseda: Poeni victf^pacem 
 
 sostularunit^ quae eis hac conditione concessa est, ut omnibus 
 
 •nsulis, quae sunt inter Italiam et Africam, decedereni^ et 
 
 certum populo Romano vectigal pcv viginti annds penderent 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 SECOND PUNIC WAR. 
 
 QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS CUNCTATOR. 
 
 1. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos 
 
 A. U. 534. , '. , J ,■ -^ 
 
 A. C. 218. natuS a patre aris admotusf, odium m K-omanos 
 
 perenne juraviff Quae res rnaxime videtur con- 
 
 citassesecundum bellum Punicum. Nam Hamilcare mortud, 
 
 Hannibal causam belli queerensf Saguntum, urbem Romanis 
 
 foederatam^ evertir Quapropter Roma missi'^sunt Carthagi- 
 
 nem legati, qui populi Romani querimonias deferrentr, et 
 
 Hannibalem, mali auctorem, sibi dedi'postularenr Tergiver- 
 
 santibuS Poenis, Cluintiis Fabius legationis princeps, sinu ex 
 
 toga fact(/: "Hie ego,'' inquit^ " porto bellum pacemque; 
 
 utrum placet, sumita" Poenis " bellum " sucolamantibusfFa- 
 
 bius, excussS^^toga^ ' bellum dare se ' dixi^ Poeni ' accipere 
 
 se ' responderunf, ' et, quo acciperenf animo, eodem se 
 
 gesture/' 
 
 2. Hannibal, superatis PyreniEi et Alpium jugis, in Ita- 
 
 liam venit; Publium Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, 
 
 Sempronium apud TreVnam, Flaminium apud Trasimenum, 
 
 profligavif. Adversiis hostem toties victorem missus Quin- 
 
 tus Fabius dictator, Hannibalis impetum mora fregir : nam- 
 
 que pristinis edoctu^cladibus belli rationem mutavil Xs^ 
 
 loca alta exeijcitum ducebaf, neque ullo loco fortunan se com. 
 
^: 
 
 BOOK V. 45 
 
 rr.iitebaf; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogere^ tenebatur 
 miles. Dux neque occasion! rei bene gerendae''deeraf, siqua I 
 ab hoste daretui'^ neque ullam ipse hosti dabatf Frumenta- ; 
 turn exeuntf Hannibali opportunus aderal^ agmen caipensf: 
 palantes excipiensf: Ita e levibus proeliis superior discessil^i 
 militemque ccepit minus jam aut virtutis sues, aut fortuuae; 
 posnitere?^ ^ I 
 
 His artibus Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno inclu- 
 serat ; sed ille callidus sine ullo exercitus detrimento se ex- 
 pedivit. Nempe arida sarmenta boum cornibus alligavit, 
 eaque principio noctis incendit : metus flammas relucentis 
 ex capite boves, velut stimulatos furore, agebat. Hi ergo ; 
 accensis cornibus per montes, per silvas hue illuc discurre- 
 bant. Romani, qui ad speculandum concurrerant, miraculo 
 attoniti constiterunt : ipse Fabius insidias esse ratus, mili- 
 tem extra vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angus-: 
 ^iis evasit. Dein Hannibal, utFabioapud sues crearet in- 
 vidiam, agrum ejus, omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit ; 
 at Fabius omnem a se suspicionem propulsavit : nam eun- 
 dem agrum vendidit, ejusque pretio captivos Romanes re- 
 demit. 
 
 4. Hand grata taraen erat Romanis Fabii cunctatio; 
 eumque pro cauto timidum, pro considerato segnem, voci- 
 tabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister equitum, 
 dictatorem criminando : ilium in ducendo bello tempus ter- 
 ere, qud diutius in magistratu esset,, solusque et Romas et 
 in exercitu imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa. 
 plebs dictatori magistrum equitum imperio sequavit. Quami 
 injuriam Eequo animo tulit Fabius, exercitumque suum cum 
 Minucio divisit. Cluum postea Minucius temere prcsliumj 
 commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cujus 
 subito adventu compressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palainj 
 confessus a se Minucium, a Fabio se victum esse. Eum 
 quoque ex acie redeuntem dixisse ferunt : " Nubes ista, 
 qusB sedere in jugis montium solebatj tandem cum procella 
 
4(> vipa romjE. 
 
 imbrem dedit.'' Minucius periculo liberatus Fabium, cui 
 salutem debebat, patrem appellavit, eique deinceps parere 
 non abnuit. 
 
 5. Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est 
 In earn rem tredecim fere juvenes nobiles Tarentini conspi- 
 raverant. Hi nocte, per speciem venandi, urbe egressi, ad 
 Hannibalem, qui baud procul castra habebat, venerunt. Eos 
 laudavit Hannibal, monuitque, ut redeuntes pascentia Car- 
 thaginiensium pecora ad urbem agerent, et prEedam, velufi 
 ex hoste factam, praefecto et custodibus portarum donarent. 
 Id iterum saepiusque ab iis factum, eoque consuetudinis ad- 
 ducta res est, ut, quocunque noctis tempore dedissent sig- 
 num, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc Hannibal eos nocte me- 
 dia cum decern raillibus hominum delectis secutus est. Ubi 
 portEE appropinquaraut, nota juvenum vox vigilem excitavit. 
 Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil incautus, 
 dum belluae magnitudinem miratur, veiiabulo occisus est. In- 
 gressi Poeni ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Han- 
 nibal cum suo agmine ingreditur. Romani passim trucidan- 
 tur. Livius Salinator Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui 
 caedi superfuerant, in arcem confugit. Jr'' 
 
 6. Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum, 
 urbem obeidione cinxit. Romanos plurimum adjuvit res 
 levis momenti. Praefectus praesidii Tarentini deperibat 
 amore mulierculs, cujus frater in exercitu Fabii erat. 
 Miles, jubente Fabio, pro perfuga Tarentum transiit, ac per 
 sororem praefecto conciliatus, eum ad tradendam urbem 
 perpulit. Fabius vigilia prima accessit ad eam partem muri, 
 quam praefectus custodiebat. Eo adjuvante, Romani muros 
 inscenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum ex- 
 ercitu intravit. Hannibal, audita Tarenti oppugnatione, ad 
 opem ferendam festinavit : quumque ei esset nuntiatum ur- 
 bem captara esse: " Et Romani,'' inquit, "suum Hannibalem 
 habent : eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus." 
 Q,uum postea Livius Salinator cqrara Fabio glorjarefur, quod 
 
JiOOK V. 47 
 
 arcem Tarentinam retiuuisset, diceretque ' eum sua opera 
 Tarentum recepisse;' "Certe," respondit Fabiiis, " Taren- 
 tum nunquam recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses." 
 
 7. Quintus Fabius jam senex iilio suo consul! legatus 
 fuit; quumque in ejus castra veniret, filius obviam patri 
 progressus est; duodecim lictores pro more anteibant. 
 Equo vehebatur senex, nee appropinquante consule descen- 
 dit. Jam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia paternas majes- 
 tatis taciti ptseterierant. Quod quum consul animadvertis- 
 set, proximum lictorem jussit inclamare Fabio patri, ut ex 
 equo descenderet. Pater turn desiliens : " Non ego, fill," 
 inquit, " tuum imperium contempsi, sed experiri volui, an 
 scires consulem agere." Ad summam senectutem vixit Fa- 
 bius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior quam 
 proraptior habitus est, sed insita ejus ingenio pruderitia bello, 
 quod turn gerebatur, aptissima erat. Neniini dubium est, 
 quin rem Romanam cunctando restituerit. 
 
 L. ^MILIUS PAULUS AND C. TERENTIUS VARRO. 
 
 8. Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus 
 
 eum Roma profecti sunt duo consules, ^milius a c Sie' 
 Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo solers Fabii 
 cunctatio magis placebat. Varro autem ferox et temerarius 
 acriora sequebatur consilia. Ambo apud vicum, qui Cannai 
 appellabatur, castra posuerunt. Ibi insitam Varroni temer- 
 itatem fortuna aliquo levium proeliorum successu aluerat : 
 itaque invito collega aciem instruxit, et signum pugnse dedit. 
 Victus csesusque est Romanus exercitus. Nusquam gravi- 
 ori vulnere afflicta est respublica. JEmilius Paulus telis 
 obrutus cecidit : quern quum media in pugna oppletuni cru- 
 ore conspexisset quidam tribunus militum : "Cape," inquit, 
 " hunc equum, et fuge, ^Emili." " Q,uin tu potius," re- 
 spondit Paulus, " abi, nuntia patribus, ut urbem muniant, ac, 
 priusquam hostis victor adveniat, praesidiis firment : tu me 
 
48 VIRl ROM^. 
 
 patere in hao militum meorum strage exspirare." Alter con- 
 sul cum paucis equitibus fugit. '^ 
 
 9. Hannibali victori quum ceteri gratularentur, suade- 
 rentque, ut quietem ipse sumeret, et fessis militibus daret, 
 unus ex ejus prtefectis Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, 
 Hannibalem hortabatur, ut statim Romam pergeret, die quinto 
 victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Quumque Hannibali illud 
 consilium non probaretur, Maharbal adjecit : " Vincere scis, 
 Hannibal, sed victoria uti nescis." Mora hujus diei satis 
 creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Postero die, ubi pri- 
 niiim illuxit, ad spolia legenda Poeni insistunt. Jacebant 
 tot Romanorum millia, ut missi fuerint Carthaginem tres 
 modii annulorum, qui ex digitis equitum et senatorum de- 
 tracti fuerant. Dein Hannibal in Campaniam divertit, cujus 
 deliciis et ipse et exercitus ardor elanguit. 
 
 10. Nunquam tantum pavoris Romse fuit, quantum ubi 
 acceptae cladis nuntius advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis 
 mentio facta est; imo Varroni, calamitatis auctori, obviam 
 itum est, et gratiae ab omnibus ordiriibus actce, quod de 
 republica non desperasset : qui si Carthaginiensium dux fuis- 
 set, temeritatis pcenas omni supplicio dedisset. Dum Hanni- 
 bal Capuse segniter et otiosd ageret, Romani interim respi- 
 rare coeperunt. Arma non erant : detracta sunt templis et 
 porticibus vetera hostium spolia. Egebat Eerarium : opes 
 suas senatus libens in medium protulit, patrumque exem- 
 plum imitati sunt equites. Deerant milites : nomina dede- 
 runt quidam adhuc prstextati, id est, juniores annis septem- 
 decim, qui satis virium ad ferenda arma habere videbantur : 
 empti sunt publico, et armati servi. Id magis placuit, quam 
 captives, licet minore pretio, redimere. 
 
 11. Quum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Ro- 
 manis fecisset, decern ex ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt 
 nee pignus aliud fidei ab iis postulavit Hannibal, quam ut ju- 
 rarent, ' se, si non impetrassent, in castra redituros.' Eos se- 
 natus non censuit redimendos, quum id parva pecunia fieri 
 
BOOi'C V. i9 
 
 potuisset, ut militibus Romanis insitura esset aut vincere 
 aut mori. Unus ex iis legatis e castris egressus, velut a!i- 
 quid oblitus paulo post reversus ^fuerat in castra, deinde 
 comites ante noctem assecutus fuerat. Is ergo re non im- 
 petrata domum abiit. Reditu enim in. castra se liberatum 
 esse jurejurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, jussit 
 senatus ilium comprehendi, et vinctum duci ad Hannibaiem. 
 Ea res Hannibalis audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus 
 populusque Romanus, rebus afflictis, tarn excelso esset animo. 
 
 MARCUS CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS. 
 
 12. Claudius Marcellus prsetor Hannibaiem 
 
 . . . , . ^ . , A. U. 53G. 
 
 vmci posse primus docuit. (duum enim ad ^ (-. 2,5 
 Nolam Hannibal accessisset, non sine spe urbis 
 per proditionem recipiendse, Marcellus, instructa ante urbis 
 portam acie, cum eo conjflixit, et Pcenos fudit. Pulsus Han- 
 nibal exercitum ad Casilinum, parvam Campaniae urbem, 
 duxit. Parvum erat in ea prEEsidium, et tamen penuria fru- 
 menti efficiebat, ut nimium hominum esse videretur. HaJi- 
 nibal primo cives verbis benignis ad portas aperiendas coepit 
 allicere ; deinde quum in fide Romana perstarent, moliri 
 portas et claustra refringere parat. Turn ex urbe, ingenti 
 cum tumultu, erumpunt cohortes dus iiitus instructse, stra- 
 gemque Poenorum faciunt. Pudor Hannibaiem ab incepto' 
 avertit. Itaque relicto ciica Casilinum prsesidio, ne omissa 
 res videretur, ipse in hiberna Capuam concessit, partemque 
 majorem hiemis exer«itum in tectis habuit. 
 
 13. Mitescente jam hieme, Hannibal Casilinum rediit, 
 ubi obsidio continuata oppidanos ad ultimum inopiae addux- 
 erat. Marcellum, cupientem obsessis ferre auxilium, Vul- 
 turnus amnis inflatus aquis tenebat : at Gracchus, qui cum 
 equitatu Romano Casilino assidebat, farre ex agris undique 
 convecto complura dolia implevit, deinde nuntium ad ma- 
 gistratum Casilinum misit, ut exciperet dolia, qua3 amnis 
 deferret. Insequenti nocte dolia medio missa amne deflux 
 
 5 
 
50 vini nc.'.i,'^:. 
 
 ermit. ^qualiter inter onmes iVumeutum divisum : id pos- 
 tero quoque die ac tertio factum est. Pve detecta, Hannibal, 
 catena per medium flumen injecta, intercepit dolia. Tum 
 nuces a Romanis sparsES, quis aqua defluente Casilinum de- 
 ferebantur, et cratibus excipiebantur. Eo commeatu socio- 
 rum necessitas aliquandiu sublevata est. 
 
 14. Postremo ad id ventum est inopise, ut Casilinates 
 lora manderent detractasque scutis pelles, quas fervida mol- 
 liebant aqua, nee muribus aliove animali abstinuerunt. Q.ui- 
 dam ex his avarus murem captum maluit ducentis denariis 
 vendere, quam eo ipse vesci, leniendae famis gratia. Utrique 
 venditori nempe et emptori, sors merita obtigit : nam avaro 
 fame consumpto non licuit sua pecunia frui ; emptor vero, 
 cibo coraparato vixit. Tandem omne herbarum radicum- 
 que genus infimis aggeribus muri eruerunt; et, quum hqstes 
 locum exarassent, Casilinates raporum semen injecerunt. 
 Miratus Hannibal exclamavit : " Eone usque dum ea nas- 
 cantur, ad Casilinum sessurus sura?" Et qui nullam antea 
 pactionem auribus admiserat, tum demum eequas deditionis 
 conditiones non repudiavit. 
 
 15. Postea quum Sicilia a Romanis ad Pcenos defecis- 
 set, Marcellus consul creatus Syracusas, urbera SicilicS no- 
 bilissimam, oppugnavit. Diuturna fuit obsidio ; nee earn 
 nisi gostJi£s_iuiaae cepit Marcellus. Rem confecisset cele- 
 rius, nisi unus homo ea tempestate Syracusis fuisset. Is 
 erat Archimedes, mirabilis inventor machinarum, quibus om- 
 nia Romanorum opera brevi disturbabat. Captis Syracusis, 
 Marcellus eximia hominis prudentia delectatus, ut capiti 
 iilius parceretur, edixit. Archimedes, dum in pulvere quas- 
 dam forraas describeret attentius, patriam suam captam esse 
 non senserat. Miles, prged andj causa, in domum ejus irru- 
 pit, et minantis voce, quisnam esset, eum interrogavit. Ar- 
 chimedes, propter cupiditatem illud investigandi, quod re- 
 quirebat, non respondit. Q,uapropter a milite obtruncatus 
 est. Ejus mortem segre tulit Marcellus, sepulturseque cu- 
 ram habuit. 
 
BOOK V. 51 
 
 16. Marcellus, recepta Sicilia, quum ad urbem venisset, 
 postulavit, ut sibi triumphanti Romam inire iiceret. Id non 
 impetravit; sed tantum ut ovans ingrederetur. Pridie in- 
 jussu senatus in monte Albano triumphavit ; inde ovans 
 multam pras se prasdiitn in urbem intulit. Cum siinulacro 
 captarum Syracusarum perlata sunt multa urbis ornamenta, 
 no biliaqu e signa, quibus abundabant Syracusee ; quae oninia 
 ad sedem Honoris atque Virtutis contulit ; nihil in suis asdi- 
 bus, nihil in hortis posuit. Insequenti anno iterum adver- 
 sus Hannibalem missus est. Tumulus erat inter Punica et 
 Romana castra, quem occupare Marcellus cupiebat; at prius 
 locum ipse explorare voluit. E6 cum paucis equitibus pro- 
 ficiscitur; sed in insidias delapsus est, et lancea transfixus 
 occubuit. Hannibal inventum Marcelli corpus magnifice se- 
 peliri jussit. 
 
 CAIUS CLAaCIUS NERO AWTTMARCUS LIVIUS SALINATOK. 
 
 17. Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis, ex Hispania 
 
 A. U. 5*5. 
 
 profectus cum ingentibus copiis in Italiam trajicere p^ ^^ ^07 
 parabat. Actum erat de imperio Romano, si jun- 
 gere se Hannibali potuisset. Itaque Roma profecti sunt duo 
 consules, Claudius Nero et Livius Salinator; hie in Galliam 
 Cisalpinam, ut Hasdrubali ab Alpibus descendenti occurreret ; 
 ille vero in Apuliam, ut Hannibali se opponeret. Fuerant 
 Livio cum Nerone veteres inimicitiae ; tamen ubi ei coliega 
 datus est, injurias, quam gravissimam acceperat, oblitus est, 
 et araicitiam cum eo junxit, ne propter privatam discordiam 
 respublica male administraretur. Ea gratiae reconciliatione 
 IcBtus senatus digredientes in provincias consules prosecutus 
 est. li porro id in mente habebant, ut uterque in sua pro- 
 vincia hostem contineret, neque conjungi aut conferre in 
 unum vires pateretur. 
 
 18. Inter hsec Hasdrubal Italiam ingressus, quatuor equi- 
 tes cum litteris ad Hannibalem misit : qui capti ad Neronem 
 sunt perducti. Consul, cognito Hasdrubalis consilio, auden- 
 
52 Villi ROM.Ii. 
 
 dum aliquid iinprovisum ratus, cum delectis copiis profectus 
 est nocte, et, i nscio H annibale, pene totam Italiam eraensus 
 sex dierum spatio ad castra Livii pervenit fS^mboqiJ^'colla- 
 tis sigiiis Hasdrubalem apud Senam vicerunt. Cffisa sunt 
 eo prcelio quinquaginta sex hostiura millia. Ipse Hasdruba), 
 ne tantae cladi supercsset, concitato equo se in cohortem 
 Romanam immisit, ibique pugnans ceci^jj^ Nero ea nocte, 
 quae pugnam secuta est, pari celeritate, qua venerat, in cas- 
 tra sua rediit, antequam Hannibal eum discessisse sentiret. 
 Caput Hasdrubalis, quod servatum cum cura attulerat, projici 
 ante hostium stationes jussit. Hannibal, viso fratris occisi 
 capite, dixisse fertur : " Agnosco fortunam Carthaginis." 
 
 PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICAJMUS. 
 
 19. Publius Cornelius Scipio, nondum annos 
 A. U. 54G. pueritise egressus, patrem singylari virtute serVU- 
 vit: nam quum is, in pugna apud Ticinum contra 
 Hannibalem commissa, graviter vulneratus esset, etin hos- 
 tium manus jamjam venturus esset, filius, interjecto corpore, 
 Poenis irruentibus se opposuit, et patrem periculo liberavit. 
 ClucB pietas Scipioni postea, sedilitatem petenti, favorera 
 populi oonciliavit ; quum obsisterent tribuni plebis negantes 
 rationem ejus esse hab^ndam, quod nondum ad petendum 
 legitima Eetas esset : " Si me," inquit Scipio, " omnes Q,uirifes 
 ffidilem facere vcjliint, satis annorum habeo." Tanto inde 
 favore ad sufFragia itum est, ut tribuni incepto destiterint. 
 
 20. Post cladem Cannensem, Romani exercitijs reli- 
 quiae Canusium perfugerant : quumque ibi tribuni militum 
 quatuor essent, tamen omnium consensu ad Publiuni Scipi- 
 onem, admodum adolescentem, summa imperii delata est. 
 Tunc Scipioni nuntiatum est nobiles quosdam juvenes de 
 Italia deserenda conspirare. Statim in hospitium Metelli, 
 qui conspirationis erat princeps, se conlulit Scipio ; quurn- 
 que concilium ibi juvenum, de quibus allatum erat, invenis- 
 set, stricto super capita consultantium gladio : " Jurate," in- 
 
BOOK V. 53 
 
 quit, " vos neque rempublicam populi Romani deserturos, 
 neque aJium civem Romanura deserere passuros; qui non 
 juraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat." Haud 
 secus pavidi, quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, jufant 
 omnes, custodiendosque semetipsos Scipioni tradunt. 
 
 21. Quum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissfnt, 
 duoque ibi sumini imperatores cecidissent, placuit exercitum 
 augeri, eoque proconsulem mitti ; nee tamen quem milte- 
 rent satis constabat. Ea de re indicia sunt comitia. Primo 
 populus exspectabat, ut, qui se tanto dignos imperio crede- 
 rent, nomina profiterentur ; sed nemo audebat illud impe- 
 riura suscipere. Moesta itaque civitas erat, et prope consilii 
 inops. Subito Ccirnelius Scipio quatuor et viginti ferme 
 annos natus, professus est se pelere, et in superiore, unde 
 conspici posset, loco constitit : in quem omnium ora con- 
 versa sunt. Deinde ad unum omnes Scipionem in His- 
 pania proconsulem esse jusserunt. At postquam aniraorura 
 impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit facti poenitere. 
 iEtati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Q,uod ubi animadvertit 
 Scipio, advocata concione, ita magno elatoque animo dis- 
 seruit de bello quod gerendum erat, ut. homines cura libera- 
 verit, speque certa impleverit. 
 
 22. Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem 
 Novam, qua die venit, expugnavit. Ed congestae erant om- 
 nes pene Africae et Hispanije opes, quibus potitus est. Inter 
 captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae formEB adulta virgo. 
 Postquam comperit earn illustri loco inter Celtiberos natani, 
 principique ejus gentis adolescenti desponsam fuisse, arces- 
 sitis parentibus et sponso earn reddidit. Parentes virgjnis, 
 qui ad eam redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attule- 
 rant, Scipionem orabant, ut id a se donum reciperet. 
 Soipio aurum poni ante pedes jussit, vocatoque ad se Virgi- 
 nia sponso: "Super dotem," inquit, "quam acceptunis a 
 socero es, haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent;'' aurum- 
 que toilers ao sibi habere jussit Ille domum reversus, ad 
 
 5* 
 
54 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 referendam Scipioni gratiam, Celtiberos Romania concilU 
 avit. 
 
 23. Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania ex- 
 pulit. Castris hostium potitus, omnem proedam militibus 
 concessit: captivos Hispanos sine pretio domum dimisit; 
 Afros vero vendi jussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus, regii 
 generis, forma insigni, quem percunctatus est Scipio, ' quis et 
 cujas-esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuissetV Respondit 
 puer : " Numida sum ; Massivam populares vocant : orbus 
 a patre relictus apud avum maternum, NumidiiE regem, edu- 
 catus sum : cum avunculo Masinissa, qui nuper subsidio 
 Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam trajeci ; prohibitus 
 propter sstatem a Masinissa, nunquam ante proelium inii. 
 Eo die quo pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, 
 clam armis equoque sumpto in aciem exii : ibi prolapse 
 equo, captus sum a Romanis." . Scipio eum interrogavit, 
 ' velletne ad avunculum reverti V 'Id vero cupere se ' dixit 
 puer, effusis gaudio lacrymis. Turn Scipio eum annulo 
 aureo et equo ornato donavit, datisque, qui tuto deducerent, 
 equitibus dimisit. 
 
 24. Quum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos 
 clementer gessisset, circumfusa multitude eum regem ingenti 
 consensu appellavit; at Scipio, silentio per praeconem facto, 
 dixit : " Nomen imperatoris, quo me mei milites appellarunt, 
 mihi maximum est : regium nomen alibi magnum, Romae 
 intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum judicatis, quod regale 
 est, vobis licet existimare regalem in me esse animum ; sed 
 oro vos, ut a regis appellatione abstineatis." Sensere etiam 
 barbari magnitudinem animi, qua Scipio id aspernabatur, 
 quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt. 
 
 25. Scipio, recepti Hispanii, quum jam bellum in ipsam 
 Africam transferre meditaretur, conciliandos priiis regum et 
 gentium animos existimavit. Syphacem, Maurorum regem, 
 primim tentare statuit. Eum, regem totius Africse opu- 
 Icntissimum, raagno usui sibi fore sperabat. Itaque legatum 
 
BOOK V. 5ft 
 
 cum donis ad eum misit. Syphax amicitiam Ilomanoruni 
 se accipere annuit, sed fidem nee dare nee acqipere, nisi 
 cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio igitur in Af- 
 ricam trajecit. Forte incidit, ut eo ipso tempore Hasdrubal 
 ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter 
 petiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. Cojna- 
 tum simul apud regem est, et eodem lecto Scipio atque Has- 
 drubal accuLuerunt. Tanta autem inerat coroitas Scipioni, 
 ut non Syphacern modo sed etiam hostem infensisSimum, 
 Hasdrubalem, sibi conciiiaverit. Scipio, foedere icto cum 
 Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit. 
 
 26. Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione jungere 
 jamdudum cupiebat. duare ad eum tres Numidarum prin- 
 cipes misit, ad tempus locumque coUoquio statuendum. 
 Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione voJuit, remisso tertio, 
 qui Masinissam in locum constitutum adduceret. Scipio 
 et Masinissa cum paucis in colloquium venerunt. Ceperat 
 jam ante Masinissam ex fama rerum gestarum admiratio 
 viri, sed major praesentis veneratio cepit : erat enirn in vultu 
 multa majestas ; accedebat promissa cjesaries habitusque 
 corporis non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac militaris, et 
 florens juventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida 
 gratias de filio fratris remisso agit, affirmat ' se ex eo tem- 
 pore eam quEBsivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non 
 omiserit; cupere se iili et pop,u]o Romano operam navare.' 
 Laetus eum Scipio audivit, atque in societatem recepit. 
 
 27. Scipio deinde Romam rediit, et ante annos consul 
 factus est. Ei Sicilia provincia decreta est, permissumque 
 est, ut m Africam inde trajiceret. Qui, qnum vellet ex for- 
 tissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum 
 complere, nee posset illos statim armis et equis instruere, id 
 prudenti consilio perfecit. Trecentos juvenes ex omni Si- 
 cilia nobilissimos et ditissimos legit, velut eos ad oppugnan- 
 dam Carthaginem securn,ducturas, eosque jussit quam celer- 
 rirae arma et equos expedire. Edicto imperatoris paruerunt 
 juvenea, aed longintjuum et grave bellum refbrmidab'ant 
 
56 VIRI ROMiE. 
 
 Tunc Scipio remisit illis istam expeditionem, si arma et 
 equos militibus Romanis vellent tradere. Laeti conditionem 
 acceperunt juvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa 
 suos instruxit ornavitque equites. 
 
 28. Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo 
 profectus est. Tantus erat militum ardor, ut non ad bellum 
 duci viderentur, sed ad certa victorise prsemia. Celcriter 
 iiaves e conspectu Siciliae ablatEe sunt, conspectaque brevi 
 AfricjB litora. Expositis copiis, Scipio in proximis tumulis 
 castra metatus est. Ibi speculatores hostium, in castris dep- 
 rehensos et ad' se perductos, nee supplicio affecit, nee de 
 consiliis ac viribus Pcsnorum percontatus est ; sed circa cra- 
 nes Romani exercitus manipulog curavit deducendos : dein 
 interrogavit, an ea satis considerassent, quae jussi erant 
 speculari; turn, prandio dato, eos incolumes dimisit. Qua 
 sui fiducia priiis animos hostium, quain arma contudit. 
 
 29. Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se con- 
 junxit cum parva equitum turma. Syphax vero a Romanis 
 ad Posnos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Pcenorum dux, Syphaxque 
 se Scipioni opposuerunt : at Scipio utriusque castra una 
 nocte perrupit et incendit. Sypliax ipse captus est, et vivus 
 ad Scipionem pertractus. Quem quum in castra Romana 
 adduci nuntiatum essetf omnis, velut ad spectaculum trium- 
 phi, multitudo effusa est : prajcedebat is vinctus ; sequeba- 
 tur nobilium Numidarum turba. Movebat omnes fortuna 
 viri, cujus arnicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque 
 captives Romam misit Scipio: Masinissam, qui egregie rem 
 Romanam adjuverat, aurea corona donavit. ^ 
 
 30. Hec clades Carthaginiensibus tantum terroris intu- 
 lit, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam rerocave- 
 rint : qui, frendens gemensque, ac vix lacrymis temperans, 
 mandatis paruit. Respexit sjepe Italic litora, semet accu- 
 sans quod non exercitum victorem statim a pugna Cannensi 
 Romam duxisset. Jam Zamani venerat Hannibal (quce urbs 
 quinque dierum iter a Carthagine abest), inde nuntlum ad 
 Scipionem misit, ut colloquendi «pcum potestatem faceret 
 
BOOK V. 57 
 
 Colloquium haud abnuit Scipio. Dies locusque constituitur. 
 Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissirai sueb setatis duces. Ste- 
 terunt aliquandiu mutua. admiratione defixi. Cluum vero 
 de conditioiiibus pacis inter illos non convenisset, ad sues 
 «e receperunt, renuntiantes armis rem esse dirimendam 
 PrcBlium commissum est, victusque Hannibal cum quatuor 
 tantijm equitibus fugit. 
 
 31. Cartiiaginienses, metu perculsi, ad petendam pacem 
 oratores mittunt triginta seniorum principes : qui, ubi in cas- 
 tra Romana venerunt, more adulantium procubuere. Con- 
 veniens oratio tam humili adulation! fuit. Veniam civitati 
 petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpee in Hannib- 
 alem transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, 
 quum nullas conditiones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, 
 ut, quae a Scipione pacta essent, ea patrum ac populi auctori- 
 tate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra marique parta, Scipio, 
 exercitu in naves imposito, Romam reversus est. Ad quem 
 advenientem concursus ingens factus est. Effusa non ex iir- 
 bibus modo, sed etiam ex agris, turba vlas obsidebat. Scipio 
 inter gratulantium plausus, triumpho omnium clarissimo, 
 urbem est invectus, primusque nomine victs a se gentis est 
 nobilitatus, Africanusque appellatus. 
 
 32. Hannibal a Scipione victus, suisque invisus, ad An- 
 tiochum, Syriae regem, confugit, euraque hostem Romanis 
 fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad Antiochum, in qifibus 
 erat Scipio Africanus, qui, cum Hannibale coUocutus, ab eo 
 qusesivit, 'quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet?' 
 Respondit Hannibal, ' Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, 
 maximum sibi videri, quod parva manu innumerabiles exer- 
 oitus fudisset.' Interroganti deinde, ' quem secundum pone- 
 ret,' ' Pyrrhum,' inquit, ' quod primus castra metari docuit, 
 nernoque illo elegantiiis loca cepit, et prjesidia disposuit.' 
 Sciscitanti demum, 'quem tertium duceret,' 'semetipsum' 
 dixit. Turn ridens Scipio : " Quidnam," inquit, " igitur tu 
 diceres, si me vicisses?" "Me vero," respondit Hannibal, 
 " et ante Alexandrum* et ante Pyrrhum et ante alios omnes 
 
58 Viai KOM/E. 
 
 posuisscin." Ita improviso assentationis geneie, Scipionein 
 e grege imperatorum, velut intEstimabilem, secernebat. 
 
 33. Decreto adversus Antiochum hello, quum Syria pro- 
 irincia obveuisset Lucio Scipioni, quia parum in eo putaba- 
 tur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus belli hujus- gerencM 
 curam mandari volebat college ejus Caio Laslio. Surrexit 
 tunc Scipio Africanus, frater major Lucii Scipionis, et illam 
 familicB ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo sum- 
 mam esse virtutem, summum consilium, seque ei legatum 
 fore promisit ; quod quum ab eo esset dictum, nihil est de 
 Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum : itaque frater natu 
 major, minori legatus, in Asiam profectus est, et tamdiu eum 
 consilio operaque adjuvit, donee ei triumphum et cognomen 
 Asiatic! peperisset. 
 
 34. Eodem bello filius Scipionis African! captus fuit, et 
 ad Antioclium deductus. Benigne et comiter adolescentem 
 rex habuit, quamvis ab ejus patre tunc finihus imperii pelle- 
 retur. duum delude pacem Antiochus a Romanis peteret, 
 legatus ejus Publium Scipionem adiit ; ' eiquc filium sine 
 pretio redditurum regem ' dixit, ' s! per eum pacem impetras- 
 set.' Cui Scipio respondit : " Abi, nuntia regi me pro tanto 
 munere gratias agere ; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum 
 referre, quam ut ei suadeam hello absistere, nullamque pacis 
 con^itionem recusare." Pax non convenit; Antiochus ta- 
 men Scipioni filium remisit, tantique viri majestatem vene- 
 rari, quam dolorem ulcisci maluit. 
 
 35. Victo Antiocho, quum prsedas Asiaticse ratio a duo- 
 bus Scipionibus reposceretur, Africanus prolatum a fratre 
 discerpsit librum, quo acceptae et expensse summae contine- 
 bantur, indignatus scilicet ea de re dubitari, quE sub ipso 
 legato administiata fuisset, et ad eum modum verba fecit : 
 "Non est quod quaeratis, Patres conscript!, an parvam pe- 
 cuniam in aerarium retulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro 
 repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in duhium vocari. 
 Quum Africam totam potestati vestrae suhjecerim, nihil ex 
 ea praeter cognomen retuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non 
 
BOOK V. .'"*>J 
 
 fratrem meum AsiaticcB gazfe avarura redtiiderunt ; sed 
 uterque nostrum magis invidia quam peeunia est cnustus." 
 Tarn constantem defensionera Scipionis universus senatua 
 comprobavit. 
 
 36. Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem 
 dixerunt, quasi preeda ex Atitiocho capta .'Erarium fraudas- 
 set : ubi causae dicendse dies venit, Scipio magna hominum 
 frequeritia in forum est deductus. Jussus causam dicere, 
 sine ulla criminis mentione, magnificam orationem de rebus 
 a se gestis habuit. " Hac die," inqait, " Carthaginem vici :, 
 eamus in Capitolium, et diis suppliceraus." E foro statira 
 in Capitolium ascendit. Simul se universa concio ab accu- 
 satoribus avertit, et secuta Scipionem est, nee quisquam 
 proBter prfficonem, qui reum citabat, cum tribunis mansit.* 
 Celebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo trium- 
 phans de Syphace rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est in- 
 gressus. Inde, ne amplius tribunitiis injuriis vexaretur, in 
 Literninam villam concessit, ubi reliquam egit setatem sine 
 urbis desiderio. 
 
 37. Quum Scipio Africanus Literni degeret, complu- 
 res prasdonum duces ad eum videndum forte confluxeruiit. 
 Scipio, eos ad vim faciendam venire ratus, presidium servo- 
 rum in tecto collocavit, aliaque parabat, quse ad eos repelien- 
 dos opus erant. Quod ubi prsedones animadverterunt, abjectis 
 armis, januce appropinquant, nuntiantque ' se non vitffi ejus 
 hostes sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum tanti 
 viri expetentes ; proinde ne gravaretur se spectandum pra;- 
 bere.' Id postquam audivit Scipio, fores reserari eosque in- 
 troduci jussit. Illi postes janus tjinquara religiosissimara 
 aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dexteram apprehenderunt, 
 ac diu deosculati sunt : deinde positis-ante vestibulum donis, 
 Iffiti quod Scipionem videre contigisset, domum reverterunt. 
 Paulo post mortuus est Scipio, moriensque ab uxore petiit 
 ne corpus suum Romam referretur. 
 
30 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 CONQUEST OF MACEDONIA. 
 
 A. U. 552. 
 A. C. 130. 
 
 LUCtUS CORNELIUS SCIl'IO ASIATICUS. 
 
 1. Lucius Scipio, frater Africani, infirmo erat 
 corpore; tamen consul, legato fratre, contra An- 
 tiochum missus est. Q,uum in Asiam advenisset, 
 ad duo ferme millia ab hoste castra posuit. Antiochus coepit 
 aciem instruere, nee Scipio detrectavit certamen. Quum 
 autem duee acies in conspectu assent, coorta nebula caliginem 
 dedit, quaj nihil admodum Romanis, ea dem plurimiim regiis 
 nocuit ; nam humor gladios aut piia Romanorum non hebe- 
 tabat; arcus vero, quibus Antiochi milites utebantur, fundas- 
 que et jaculorum amenta emollierat. Itaque fusus est regis 
 exercitus fugatusque. Ipse Antiochus, cum paucis fugiens, 
 in Lydiam concessit. Turn Asise urbes victori se dedide- 
 runt. Lucius Scipio, Romam reversus, ingenti gloria tri- 
 umphavit, et Asiatici cognomen accepit. 
 
 2. Postea Lucius Scipio simul cum fratre accusatus est 
 accepts ab Antiocho pecuniae, et quamyis contenderet om- 
 nem proedam in a>,rarium fuisse illatam, damnatus tamen est, 
 et in carcerem duci creptus. Tunc Tiberius Gracchus, li- 
 cet Scipionis inimicus, dixit sibi quidem esse cum Scipione 
 simultatem, nee se quidquam gratite quaerendae causa facere ; 
 sed non passurum Lucium Scipionem in carcere atque in 
 vinculis esse, jussitque eum dimitti. Gratis ingentes a s&- 
 
BOOK VI. 61 
 
 natu actse sunt Tiberio Graccho, quod rempublicam privatis 
 simultatibus potiorem habuisset. Missi deinde qusestores in 
 domum Scipionis nullum pecuniajTegiae vestigium repere- 
 runt. Lucio Scipioni collata est ab amicis propinquisque ea 
 pecunia, qua multatus fuerat; earn vero Scipio noluit ac- 
 cipere. 
 
 'n I Tl ■■■■■' 
 
 PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SClPlO JNASICA. 
 
 3. Publius Scipio Nasica, patrui Scipionis African! filius, 
 quum adolescens aedilitatem peteret, manamque cujusdain 
 civis Romani rustico opera duratam, more candidatorum 
 apprehendisset, jocans interrogavit eum ; ' num manibus 
 solitus esset ambulare?' quod dictum a circumstantibus ex- 
 ceptum ad populum manavit, causamque repulsEE Scipioni 
 attulit. Namque omnes rusticse tribus, paupertatem sibi ab 
 eo exprobratam judicantes, iram suam adversus contumelio- 
 sum ejus dicterium exercnerunt. Quae repulsa nobilis ado- 
 lescentis in-genium ab insolentia revocavit, eumque magnum 
 et utilem civem fe'cit. 
 
 4. Quum Hannibal Italiam devastaret, responsura oraculo 
 editum esse ferunt : ' hostem Italia pelli vincique posse, si 
 mater Idaea a Pessinmite Romam advecta foret, et hospitio 
 apud civem optimum reciperetur.' Legati ea de re ad Atta- 
 lum, Pergami regem, missi sunt. Is legatos comiter accep- 
 tos Pessinuntem deduxit. Quaerendus deinde fuit vir, qui 
 eam rite hospitio exciperet. Publium Scipionem Nasicara 
 senatus judicavit virum esse in tota civitate optimum. Idem 
 consul imperatoris nomen a militibus, et triumphum 'a se- 
 natu oblatum recusavit, dixitque ' satis glorias sibi in omnem 
 vitam eo die quassitum esse, quo vir optiinus a senatu judi- 
 catus fuerat : hoc titulo, etsi nee consulatus nee triumphus 
 addatur, satis honoratam Publii Scipionis Nasicse imaginem 
 fo^eT""^ 
 
 5. Scipio Nasica, censor factus, gravem se ao severum 
 praebuit. Quum equitum censum ageret, equitem quendam 
 vidit obeso et pingui corpore, equum vero ejus strigosuin et 
 
 6 
 
62 VlRl ROMjE. 
 
 macilentum ; " Q,uidnam causae est," inquit censor, " cur 
 sis tu, quam equus, pinguior?" " duoniam," respondit 
 eques, " ego me ipse euro, equum vero servus." Minus ve- 
 recundum visum est responsum ; itaque graviter objurgatus 
 eques, et multa daranatus. Idem Scipio Nasica cum Ennio 
 poeta vivebat conjunctissirae. Quum ad eum venisset, 
 eique ab ostio quaerenti ancilla dixisset, ' Ennium domi non 
 esse,' Piasica sensit illam domini jussii dixisse, et ilium in- 
 tus esse. Paucis post diebus quum ad Nasicam venisset 
 Ennius, et eum a janua quaereret, exclamavit ipse Nasi- 
 ca, ' se domi non esse.' Turn Ennius ; " GLuid ! ego non 
 cognosco," inquit, " vocem tuam?" Hie Nasica: "Homo 
 es impudens : ego, quum te qusererem, ancillae tuee credidi 
 te domi non esse ; lu non mihi credis ipsi." 
 
 JMARCUS PORCIUS CATO. 
 
 6. Marcus Porcius Cato, ortus municipio Tusculo, ado- 
 lescentulus priusquam honoribus operara daret, rure in prse- 
 diis paternis versatus est, deinde Piomam demigravit, et in 
 foro esse ccspit. Primum stipendiura meruit annorum de- 
 cern septeraque, GLuinto Fabio consule, cui postea semper 
 adhsesit. Inde castra secutus est Cpiudii Neronis, ejusque 
 opera magni testimata est in prcsiio apud Senam, quo cecidit 
 Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis. Ab adolescentia frugalitatem 
 temperantiamque coluit. Pellibus htedinis pro stragula veste 
 utebatur; eodem cibo, quo milites, vescebatur; aquam in 
 belli«is expeditionibus potabat ; si nimio sestu torqueretur, 
 acetum ; si vires deficerent. paululum vilis vini. 
 
 7. dueestor Scipioni Africano obtigit, et cum eo parum 
 amice vixit : nam parsimoniEe amans baud probabat sump- 
 tus, quos Scipio faciebat. duare, eo relicto, Romam rediit, 
 ibique Scipionis vitam palam et aperte reprehendit, quasi mili- 
 tarem disciplinam corrumperet. Dictitabat ' ilium cum pal- 
 lio et crepidis solitum ambulare in gymnasio, palcestrae ope- 
 rara dare, militum licenti^ indulsere.' duod crimen non 
 
BOOK VI. 63 
 
 verbo, sed facto, diluit Scipio. Nam quum ea de re legati 
 Roma Syracusas missi essent, Scipio exercitum omnem eo 
 convenire et classem expedite jussit, tanquam dimicandum 
 eo die terra marique cura Carthaginiensibus esset; postridie, 
 legatis inspectantibus, pugnee simulacrum exhibuit. Turn 
 eis armamentaria, horrea, omnemque belli apparatum osten- 
 dit. Reversi Romam legati omnia apud exercitum Scipio- 
 nis proeclare se habere renuntiarunt. 
 
 8. Eadem asperitate Cato matronarum luxum insectatus 
 est. Scilicet in medio ardore belli Punici, Oppius, tribunus 
 plebis, legem tulerat, qua vetabantur mulieres Roraanse plus 
 semuncia auri habere, vestimento varii coloris uti, et juncto 
 vehiculo in urbe vehi. Confecto autem bello, et florente re- 
 publica, matrons pristina ornamenta siBi reddi postulabant; 
 omnes vias urbis obsidebant, virosque ad forum descenden- 
 tes orabant, ut legem Oppiam abrogarent. Quibus acerrime 
 restitit Cato, sed frustra; nam lex fuit abrogata. 
 
 9. Cato creatus consul in Hispaniam adversus Celtibe- 
 ros profectus est. Q,uos acri prcslio vicit, et ad deditionem 
 compulit : eo in bello Cato cum ultimis militum parsimonia, 
 vigiliis, et labore certavit, nee in quenquam graviiis severius- 
 que imperium exercuit, quam in semetipsum. Quum His- 
 paiios ad defectionem pronos videret, cavendum judicavit, 
 ne deinceps rebellare possent. Id autem effecturus sibi vi- 
 debatur, si eorum muros diraeret. Sed veritus ne, si id 
 universis civitatibus imperaret communi edicto, non obtem- 
 perarent, scripsit ad singalas separatira ut muros diruerent, 
 epistolasque omnibus simul eodemque die reddendas cura- 
 vit. Q,uum unaquosque sibi soli imperari putaret, universe 
 parusrunt. Cato, Romam reversus, de Hispania triumphavit. 
 
 10. Postea Cato censor factus severe ei prsefuit potestati. 
 Nam, et in complures nobiles animadvertit, et imprimis Lu- 
 cium Flamininum virum consularem senatu movit. Cui inter 
 alia facinora illud objecit. Q.uum esset in Gallia Flamminus, 
 mulierem, cujus amore deperibat, ad ccenam vocavit, eique 
 forte inter coenandum dixit ' multos capitis damnatos in virj- 
 
64 VIRl ROM^. 
 
 culis esse, quos securi percusaurus esset.' Turn ilia negavit 
 ' se unquam vidisse quenquam securi ferientem, et pervelle id 
 videre.' Statim Flamininus unum ex his, qui in carcere de- 
 tinebantur, adduci jussit, et ipse securi percussit. Tam per- 
 ditam libidinem eo magis notandam putavit Cato, quod cum 
 probro private conjungeret imperii dedecus. Quid enim 
 crudelius quam inter pocula et dapes ad spectaculum 
 mulieris humanam victimam mactare, et mensam cruore 
 respergere ? 
 
 11. Q,uum in senatu de tertio Punico bello ageretur, 
 Cato jam senex ' delendam Carthaginem ' censuit, negavitque, 
 ' ea stante, salvam esse posse rempublicam.' Quum autem 
 id, contradicente Scipione Nasica, non facile patribus per- 
 suaderet, deinceps quoties de re aliqua sententiam dixit in 
 senatu, addidit semper: "Hoc censeo, et Carthaginem esse 
 delendam.'' Tandem in curiam intulit ficum praecocera et 
 excussa toga effudit ; cujus quum pulchritudinem patres ad- 
 mirarentur, interrogavit eos Cato quando ex arbore lectam 
 putarent? lUis ficum recentem videri affirmantibus : " At- 
 qui," inquit, " tertio abhinc die scitote decerptam esse Car- 
 thagine ; tam prope ab hoste absumus." Movit ea res pa- 
 trum animos, et helium Carthaginiensibus indictum est. 
 
 12. Fuit Cato ut senator egregius, ita bonus pater: quum 
 ei natus esset filius, nullis negotiis nisi publicis impedieba- 
 tur, quominus adesset matri infantem abluenti et fasciis in- 
 volventi. Ilia enim proprio lacte filium alebat. Ubi aliquid 
 iritelligere potuit puer, eum pater ipse in litteris instituit, li- 
 cet idoneum et eru'ditum domi servum haberet. Nolebat 
 enim servum filio maledicere, vel aurem vellicare, si tardior 
 in discendo esset ; neque etiam filium tanti beneficii, hoc 
 est doctrinae, debitorem esse servo. Ipse itaque ejus ludi- 
 magister, ipse legum doctor, ipse lanista fuit. Conscripsit 
 manu sua grandibus litteris historias, ut etiam in paterna. 
 dome ante oculos proposita haberet veterum instituta et ex- 
 empla. 
 
 13. Quum postea Catonis filius in exercitu Pompilii ' 
 
BOOK VI. 65 
 
 militaret, et Pompilio v^sum esset unam diraittere legioneiii, 
 Catonis quoque filium dimisit, sed quum is amore pugnandi 
 in exercitu remansisset, Cato pater ad Pompilium scripsit, 
 ut, si filiutn pateretur in exercitu remanere, secundo eum 
 obligaret militioe Sacramento, quia, priore amisso, cum hos- 
 tibus jure pugnare non poterat. Exstat quoque Catonis pa- 
 tris ad filium epistola, in qua scribit ' se audivisse eum mis- 
 sum factum esse a Pompilio imperatore,' monetque eum, ut 
 caveat, ne proeliura ineat. Negat enim ' jus esse, qui miles 
 Qon sit, eum pugnare cum hoste.' 
 
 14. Agricultura plurimum delectabatur Cato, malebat- 
 que agrorum et pecorum fructu, quam fenore ditescere. 
 Q.uum ab eo quaereretur, ' quid maxime in re familiari expe- 
 diret?' Respondit, 'bene pascere.' 'Quid secundum?' 
 ' Satis bene pascere.' ' Quid tertium 1 ' ' Male pascere.' 
 ' Quid quartum 1 ' ' Arare.' Et quum ille, qui quassierat, 
 dixisset, 'quid feneraril' Turn Cato, "Quid," inquit, 
 " hominem occidere?" Scripsit ipse, 'villas suas ne tec- 
 torio quidem fuisse perlitas,' atque postea addidit : " Neque 
 mihi Eedificatio, neque vas, neque vestimentum ullum est 
 pretiosurn ; si quid est, quo uti possim, utor ; si non est, 
 facile careo. Suo quemque uti et frui per me licet : mihi 
 vitio quidam vertunt, quod multis egeo ; at ego illis vitio 
 tribuo, quod nequeunt egere." 
 
 15. Injuriarum patientissimus fuit Cato. Quum ei cau- 
 sam agenti, protervus quidam, pingui saliva quantum poterat 
 attracta, in frontem mediam inspuisset, tulit hoc leniter, " Et 
 ego,'' inquit, " O homo ! afSrmabo falli eos, qui te negant os 
 habere." Ab alio homine improbo contumeliis proscissus : 
 " Iniqua," inquit, " tecum mihi est pigna : tu enim probra fa- 
 cile audis, et dicis libenter ; mihi •. ero et dicere ingratum, 
 et audire inaolitum." Dicere solel.'it ' acerbos inimicos me- 
 lius de quibusdam mereri, quam ecs amicos, qui dulces vide- 
 
 LSntur; illos enim soepe verum dicere, hos nunquam.' 
 
 ^ 16. Gat© aWdokscentja. usque ad extremam setatem ini- 
 
 '^jnicitias, reipublicBe cau^, suscipere, non destitit : ipse a 
 
66 VI RI ROM^. 
 
 multis accusatus, non modo nullum existimationis detrimen- 
 tum fecit, sed, quoad vixit, virtuturn laude crevit. Quartum 
 et octogesimum annum agens, ab inimicis capital! crimine 
 accusatus, suam ipse causam peroravit, nee quisquam, aut 
 memoriam ejus tardiorem, aut lateris firmitatem imminu- 
 tam, aut os hsesitatione impeditum, animadvertit. Non il- 
 ium enervavit, nee afflixit senectus; ea. astate aderat amicis; 
 veniebat in senatum frequens. Grsecas etiam litteras senex 
 didicit. Cluando obreperet senectus, vix intellexit. Sen- 
 sim sine sensu afitas ingravescebat ; nee subito fracta est, 
 sed diuturnitate quasi exstincta. Annos quinque et octoginta 
 natus exeessit e vita. 
 
 TITUS QUINCTIUS FLAMININUS. 
 
 17. Titus Cluinctius Flamininus, consul missus 
 
 A. U. 554. . 
 
 A C 198 ®®* adversiis Philippum Macedonum regem, qui 
 Hannibalem pecunia et copiis juverat, Athenien- 
 sesque, populi Romani socios, armis lacessiverat. Contrax- 
 erant autem bellum cum Philippe Athenienses haudquaquam 
 digna causa. Duo juvenes Acarnanes, non initiati, templum 
 Cereris cum cetera turba ingressi sunt. Facile eos sermo 
 prodidit. Perducti ad antistites templi, etsi manifestum erat 
 eos per errorem ingressos, tanquam ob infandum scelus inter- 
 fecti sunt : Acarnanes, suorum nece commoti, ad vindicandos 
 illos auxilium a Philippe petierunt, qui terram Atticam igne 
 ferroque vastavit, urbes complures cepit, Athenas ipsas op- 
 pugn avit. 
 
 18. duinctius, exercitu conscrlpto, maturius quam soliti 
 erant priores consules profectus, in GriEciam magnis itineri- 
 bus contendit. Tunc caduceator a rege venit, locum ac 
 tempus coUoquendi postulans. Flamininus, vic.toriiE quam 
 pacis avidior, tamen ad constitutum tempus venit in collo- 
 quium, postulavitque ut Philippus omni Grsecia decederet. 
 Accensus indignatione rex exclamavit : " Quid victo impe- 
 raies gravius, Tite Quincti ? " Et quum quidam ex circum- 
 
BOOK VI. (J7 
 
 stantibus oculis sEger adjecisset, aut bello vincendum, aut 
 melioribus pareiidum esse, " Apparet id quidem," inquit Phi- 
 lippus, " etiam caico," jocans in ejus valetudiiiem oculorum. 
 Erat quippe Philippus dicacior natura, quaai regem decet, 
 et lie inter seiia quidem satis risu temperans. Dein, re in- 
 fecta, se ex coUoquio proripuit. Eum Flamininus bis proelio 
 fudit, castrisque exuit. 
 
 19. Quinctius Flamininus Grajciffi veterem statum reddi- 
 dit, ut legibus suis viveret, et antiqua libertate frueretiir. 
 Aderat ludorum Isthmiorum tempus, ad quod spectaculum 
 Graecia universa convenerat. Turn prasco in mediam arenain 
 processit, tubaque silentio facto, hcBC verba pronuntiavit : 
 " Senatus, populusque Romanus et Titus duinctius Flamini- 
 nus imperator, Philippe rege et Macedonibus devictis, omnes 
 Graecise civitates liberas esse jubet." Audita voce prteconis, 
 majus gaudium fuit, quara quantum homines possent capere : 
 vix satis credebat se quisque audivisse : alii alios intuebantur 
 mirabundi : revocatus prseco, quum unusquisque non audire 
 tantum, sed videre etiam libertatis suae nuntium averet, 
 iterum pronuntiavit eadera. Turn tantus clamor ortus est, 
 ut certo constat aves, quaj supervolabant, attoiiitas paventes- 
 que decidisse. 
 
 20. duinctio Flaminino triumphus a senatu decretus est. 
 Postea quum Prusias, Bithyniaj rex, legatos Romam misisset, 
 casu aocidit, ut legati apud Flamininum cojnarent, atque ibi 
 de Hannibale mentione facta, ex his unus diceret eiim in 
 Prusiae regno esse. Id postero die Flamininus senatui detu- 
 lit. Patres, qui, vivo Hannibale, nunquam metu vacui erant, 
 legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, in his Flamininum, qui Han- 
 nibalem sibi dedi poscerent. A primo colloquio Flaminini, 
 ad domum Hannibalis custodiendam, milites a rege missi sunt 
 Hannibal septem exitus e domo fecerat, ut semper aliqiiod 
 iter fugiE prajparatum haberet. Postquam nuntiatum est ei 
 milites regios in vestlbulo esse, conatus est postico occulto 
 fiigere : ubi vero id quoque obseptum sensit, ef omnia clausa 
 esse, hausto, quod sub annuli gemma habebat, veneno. ab- 
 sumptus e!>t. 
 
A. U. 581. 
 
 68 VIRI ROMiE. 
 
 LUCIUS iEMILIUS PAULUS MACEDONICUS. 
 
 21. jEmilius Paulus ejus, qui ad Cannas ceci- 
 A. C 168 '^'*' fi'ius erat. Consul sortitus est Macedonian! 
 provinciam, in qua Perseus, Philippi filius, pa- 
 terni in Romanes odii heres bellum renovaverat. Quum 
 adversus Perscum profecturus esset, et domum suam ad 
 vesperum rediret, filiolam suam Tertiam, quae tunc erat 
 admodum parva, osculans, animadvertit tristiculam ; " Quid 
 est,'' inquit, " mea Tertia, quid tristis es?" "Mi pater,'' 
 inquit ilia, " Persa periit : " (erat autem mortuus catellus eo 
 nomine.) Turn ille arctius puellam complexus; " Accipio 
 omen," inquit, " mea filia." Ita ex fortuito dicto quasi spem 
 certam clarissimi triumphi animo praesumpsit. Ingressus de- 
 lude Macedoniam, recta ad hostem perrexit. 
 
 22. Quum duas acies in conspectu essent, Sulpicius Gallus, 
 tribunus militum, Romanum exercitum magno metu libera- 
 vit. Is enim, quum lunae defectionem nocte sequenti futuram 
 praesciret, ad concionem vocatis militibus, dixit : " Nocte 
 proxima, ne quis id pro portento accipiat, ab hora secunda. 
 usque ad quartam luna defectura est. Id, quia naturali 
 ordine et stalls fit temporibus, et sciri ante et praedici potest. 
 Itaque, quemadmodum nemo mlratur lunam nunc pleno orbe, 
 nunc senescentem exiguo cornu fulgere, sic mirum non est 
 earn obscurari, quando umbra terras condltur." Quapropter 
 Romanes non movit ilia defectio; Macedones vero eadem, 
 ut triste prodlgium, terruit. , 
 
 23. -TEmillus Paulus cum Perseo acerrime dimicavit tertio 
 Nonas Septembris; Macedonum exercitus caesus fugatusque 
 est: rex ipse cum paucis fugit. Fugientes persecutus est 
 iEmilius usque ad initium noctis. Turn se in castra victor 
 recepit. .Reversum gravis cura angebat, quod filium in cas- 
 tris non invenisset. Is erat Publius Scipio, postea Africa- 
 nus deleta Carthagine appellatus, qui decimum septimum 
 tunc annum agens, dum acrius sequitur hoates,- in partem 
 
BOOK VI. 69 
 
 aliatn turbi abreptus fuerat. Media tandem nocte in castra 
 rediit. Tunc, recepto sospite filio, pater tantae victoria; 
 gaudium sensit. Victus Perseus in templum confugerat, 
 ibique in angulo obscuro delitescebat : deprcliensus et cum 
 filio natu maximo ad consulem perductus est. 
 
 24. Perseus puUa veste amictus castra ingressus est. 
 Non alias ad ullum spectaculum tanta multitudo occurrit. 
 Rex captivus progredi prie turba non poterat, donee consul 
 lictores misit, qui, submovendo circumfusos, iter ad praito- 
 rium facerent. jEmilius Paulus, ubi audivit Perseum adesse, 
 consurrexit, progressusque paulum introeunti regi manum 
 porrexit : ad genua procumbentem erexit ; introductum in 
 tabernaculum sue lateri assidere jussit. Deinde eum inter- 
 rogavit, ' qua inductus injuria bellum contra populura Roina- 
 num tarn infesto animo suscepisset ? ' Rex, nuilo dato 
 responso, terram intuens, diii flevit. Tum consul : " Bo- 
 num," inquit, " animum habe ; populi Romani dementia 
 non modo spem tibi, sed prope certam fiduciam salutis 
 praebet." 
 
 25. Postquam Perseum consolatus est iEmilius Paulus, 
 sermonem ad circumstantes Romanos convertit : " Videtis," 
 inquit, " exemplum insigne mutationis rerum humanarum : 
 vobis haec prsecipue dice, juvenes ; ideo neminem decet in 
 quenquam superbe agere, nee presenti credere fortunEB." 
 Eo die Perseus a consule ad coenam invitatus est, et alius 
 omnis ei honor habitus est, qui haberi in tali fortuna pote- 
 rat. Deinde quum ad consulem multarum gentium legati 
 gratulandi causa venissent, .^milius Paulus ludos magno ap- 
 paratu fecit, lautumque convivium paravit : qua in re curam 
 et diligentiam adhibebat, dicere solitus et convivium in- 
 struere et ludos parare viri ejusdem esse, qui sciret bello 
 vincere. S 
 
 26. Confecto bello, ./Emilius Paulus regia nave ad urbem 
 est subvectus. Completoe erant omnes Tiberis ripae, obvi- 
 km elFusa multitudine. Fuit ejus triumphus omnium longe 
 magnificentissimus. Populus, exstructis per forum tabulatis 
 
70 VIRI ROMjE. 
 
 in modum theatrorum, spectavit in candidis togis. Aperta 
 templa omnia et sertis coronata thure fumabant. In tres 
 dies djstributa est pompa spectaculi. Primus dies vix suf- 
 fecit transvehendis signis tabulisque ; sequenti die translata 
 sunt arma, gale<e, scuta, loricEE, pharetrae, argentum, aurum- 
 que. Tertio die, primo statim mane ducere agmen ccspere 
 tibicines non festos solemnium pomparum modos, sed belli- 
 cum sonantes, quasi in aciem procedendum foret. Deinde 
 agebantur pingues cornibus auratis et vittis redimiti boves 
 centum et viginti. 
 
 27. Sequebantur Persei liberi, comitante educatorum et 
 magistrorum turba, qui manus ad spectatores cum lacrymis 
 miserabiliter tendebant, et pueros docebant implorandam 
 suppliciter victoris populi misericordiam. Pone filios ince- 
 debat cum uxore Perseus stupenti et attonito similis. Inde 
 quadringenta3 coronas aureas portabantur, ab omnibus fere 
 Graecice civitatibus dono missas. Postremo ipse in curru 
 Paulus auro purpuraque fulgens eminebat, qui magnam quum 
 dignitate alia corporis, tum senecta ipsa, majestatem pr^ se 
 ferebat. Post currum inter alios illustres viros filii duo 
 JSmilii; deinde equites turmatim, et cohortes peditum suis 
 quaeque ordinibus. Paulo a senatu et a plebe concessum est 
 ut in ludis Circensibus veste triumphali uteretur, eique cog- 
 nomen Macedonici inditum. 
 
 28. Tantae huic laetiticB gravis dolor admixtus est. Nam 
 jEmilius Paulus, duobus filiis in adoptionem datis, duos tan- 
 tiim nominis heredes domi retinuerat. Ex his minor, ferme 
 duodecim annos natus, quinque diebus ante triumphum pa- 
 tris, major autem triduo post triumphum decessit. Erat 
 porro .^^ilmilius liberorum amantissimus ; eos erudiendos 
 curaverat non solum Romana veteri disciplina, sed etiam 
 GriEcis litteris. Optimos adhibuerat magistros, eorumque 
 exercitiis omnibus ipse interfuerat, quum eum respublica 
 alio non vocaret. Eum taraen casum fortiter tulit, et in 
 oratione, quam de rebus a se gestis apud populum habuit : 
 " Optavi," inquit, " ut siquid adversi immineret ad expiandam 
 
BOOK VI. 71 
 
 nimiam felicitatem, id in domum meara potius quani in lem- 
 publicam recideret. Nemo jam ex tot liberis superest, qui 
 7-Emilii Pauli nomen ferat; sed banc privatam calamitatem 
 vestra felicitas et secunda ibrtuna publica consolatur." 
 
 29. ^milius Paulus omni Macedonum gaza, qusi fuit 
 maxima, potitus erat : tantam in serarium populi Roraani pe- 
 cuniam invexerat, ut unius imperatoris proEda finem attule- 
 rit tributorum ; at hie non modo nihil ex thesauris regiis 
 concupivit, sed ne ipse quidem spectare eos dignatus est. 
 Per alios homines cuncta administravit, nee quidquam in 
 domum suam intulit, prsBter memoriam nominis sempiter- 
 nam : mortuus est adeo pauper, ut dos ejus uxori, nisi ven- 
 dito, quem unum reliquerat, fundo, non potuerit exsolvi. 
 Exsequia; ejus non tarn auro et ebore, qu£lm omnium benevo- 
 lentia et studio fuerunt insignes. Maeedoniae principes, qui 
 tunc Romre erant legationis nomine, humeros suos funebri 
 lecto sponte subjecerunt. Quem enim in bello ob vu-tutem 
 timuerant, eundem in pace ob justitiam diligebant. 
 
 CAIUS POPILIUS L^NAS. 
 
 30. jEmilio Paulo eonsule, Romam venerunt 
 
 . • r> 1 ^ • • , ^ A. U. 580. 
 
 legati a rtolemaeo rege jiiigypti, qui, pulse iratre ^ (j ^^^ 
 majore, Alexandriam tenebat. Nam Antiochus, 
 rex SyrisB, per speciem reducendi in regnum majoris Ptol- 
 emffii, iEgyptum invadere eonabatur. Jam navali prcelio 
 vicerat minorem Ptolemteum et Alexandriam obsidebat : nee 
 procul abesse videbatur, quin regno opulentissimo potiretur. 
 Legati sordidati, barba et capillo promisso, cum ramis olese 
 ingressi curiam prociibuerunt. Oratio fuit etiam miserabilior 
 quam habitus. Orabant senatum, ut opem regno JEgypti 
 ferret. Moti Patres legatorum precibus, extemplo lega- 
 tionem miserunt, eujus princeps Caius Popilius Lkuus, ad 
 bellum inter fratres componendum. Jussus est Popilius 
 adire prius Antlochum, deinde Ptolemajum, eisque denun- 
 
72 VIR] ROMiE. 
 
 tiare ut bello absisterent : qui secus fecisset, eum pro hoste a 
 senatu habitum iri. 
 
 31. Prope Alexandriam Antiocho occurrerunt legati, 
 quos advenientes Antiochus amice salutavit, et Popilio 
 dextrara porrexit; at Popilius suam regi noluit porrigere, 
 sed tabellas, in quibus erat senatusconsultum, ei tradidit, 
 atqne statim legere jussit. Quibus perlectis, Antiochus 
 dixit ' se, adhibitis amicis, consideraturum, quid faciendum 
 sibi esset.' Indignatus Popilius, quod rex aliquam moram 
 interponeret, virga quam manu gerebat, regem circumscrip- 
 sit ; ac, " Prius," ait, " quam hoc circulo excedas, da respon- 
 sum, quod senatui referam." Obstupefactus Antiochus, quum 
 parumper haesitasset, " Facial," inquit, " quod censet sena- 
 tus.'' Tum.demum Popilius dextram regi, tanquam socio 
 et amico, porrexit. Eadem die, quum Antiochus excessisset 
 ^gypto, legati concordiam inter fratres auctoritate sua fir- 
 maverunt. Clara ea legatio fuit, quod .^Cgyptus Antiocho 
 adempta, redditumque regnum patrium stirpi Ptolemnei fuerat. 
 
 PUBLIUS SCIPIO jEMILIANUS AFRICAJMUS. 
 
 32. Publius Scipio .iEmilianus, Pauli Macedonici filius, 
 adoptione Scipionis African! nepos, a tenera EBtate Graecis 
 litteris a Polybio, preestantis ingenii viro, eruditus est. Ex 
 ejus doctrina tantos fructus tulit, ut non modo aequales suos, 
 sed etiam majores natu, omni virtutum genere superaret. 
 TemperantiEB et continentise laudem ante omnia comparare 
 studuit, quod quidem tunc difficile erat. Mirum enim est, 
 quo impetu ad libidines et epulas juvenes Romani eo tempore 
 ferrentur. At Scipio, contrarium vitfe institutum secutus, 
 publicam modestife et continentioe famam est adeptus. Po- 
 lybium semper domi militiseque secum habuit: semper inter 
 arma ac studia versatus ; aut corpus periculis aut animum 
 disciplinis exercuit. 
 
 33. Scipio iEmilianus prinium in Hispania, Lucullo duce 
 
BOOK VI. 73 
 
 imhtavit ; eoque in bello egregia fuit ejus opera. Nam rex 
 quidam barbarus, mirffi proceritatis, splendidis armis ornatus, 
 sa;pe Romanos provocabat, siquis singular! certamine secum 
 vellet congredi. duumque nemo contra eum exire auderet, 
 suam Romanis ignaviam cum irrisu et ludibrio exprobrabat. 
 Non tulit indignitatem rei Scipio, progressusque ad hostem, 
 conserta pugna eum prostravit, pari Romanorum Icetitia et 
 hostium terrore, quod ingentis corporis virum ipse exiguse 
 staturEB dejecisset. Scipio multo raajus etiam adiit pericu- 
 lum in expugnatione urbis, quam tunc obsidebant Romani : 
 nam ipse primus murum conscendit, viamque aliis railitibus 
 aperuit. Ob haec priEclare gesta, Lucullus dux juvenem, 
 pro concione laudatum, murali corona donavit. 
 7 
 
BOOK VII. 
 
 THIRD PUNIC WAR. 
 
 PUBLIUS SCIPIO /EMILIAINUS AFRICAJSTUS. 
 
 1. Tertio bello Punico, quum clarum esset 
 A C 132 Scipionis nomen, juvenis adhuc factus est consul, 
 eique Africa provincia extra sortem data est, ut 
 quam urbem avus ejus conousserat, earn nepos everteret. 
 Tunc enim Romani, suadente Catone, deliberatum habebant 
 Carthaginem diruere. Carthaginiensibus igitur imperatum 
 est, ut, si salvi esse vellent, ex urbe migrareni, scdemque alio 
 in loco a mari remoto constituerent. Quod ;ibi Carthagine 
 auditum est, ortus statim est ululatus ingens, clamorque 
 ' bellum esse gerendum, satiusque esse extrema omnia pati, 
 quam patriam relinquere.' Quum vero neque naves neque 
 arma haberent, in usum novse classis tecta dornosque resoide- 
 runt; aurum et argentum pro aere ferroque conflatum est; 
 viri, foeminae, pueri, senes simul operi iristabant : non die, 
 non noctu, labor intermissus. Ancillas primo totonderunt, 
 ut ex earura crinibus funes facererit ; mox etiam matrons 
 ipsae capillos suos ad eundem usum contulerunt. 
 
 2. Scipio exercitum ad Carthaginem admovit, eamqiie 
 oppugnare cojpit : quje urbs, quanquam summa vi defende- 
 retur, tandem expugnata est. Rebus desperatis, quadraginta 
 millia hominum se victori tradiderunt. Dux ipse Hasdrubal, 
 insci;! uxore, ad genua Scipionis cum ramis olen; supplex 
 
BOOK Vll. "'> 
 
 procubuit. Q.uum vero ejus uxor se a viro relictam vidissel, 
 diris omnibus eum devovit ; turn duobus liberis dextra laEva- 
 que comprehensis, a culmine domus se in medium flagrantis 
 urbis incendium immisit. Deleta Carthagine, Scipio victor 
 Romain reversus est. Splendidum egit triuinphum, Afri- 
 - canusque est appellatus. Ita cognomen Africani Carthago 
 capta Scipiorii rnajori, eadem eversa Scipioni minori peperit. 
 
 3. Postea Scipio iterum consul creatus, contra Numan- 
 tinos in Hispaniam profectus est. Ibi multiplex clades, pri- 
 orum ducum inscitia, a Romanis accepta fuerat. Scipio, 
 ubi primijm adyenit, corruptum licentia exercitum ad pris- 
 tinam disciplinam revocavit. Omnia deliciarum instrumenta 
 e castris ejecit. Qui miles extra ordinem fuisset depre- 
 hensus, eum virgis caedebat : jumenta omnia vendi jussit, ne 
 oneribus portandis usui essent : militem quemque triginta 
 dierum frumentum ac septenos vallos ferre coegit. Cuidain 
 propter onus aegre incedenti dixit: "Quum te gladio yallare 
 scieris, tunc vallum ferre desinito." Ita redacto in discipli- 
 nam exercitu, urbem Numantiam obsedit. Numantini, fame 
 adacti, se ipsi trucidaverunt. Captam urbem Scipio delevit, 
 et de ea triumphavit. 
 
 4. Scipio censor fuit cum Mummio viro nobili, sed seg- 
 niore. Tribu movit quendam, qui ordines ducens proelio 
 non interfuerat. Quumque ille qusereret cur notaretur, qui 
 custodias causa in castris remansisset, Scipio respondit : 
 " Non amo nimium diligentes." Equum ademit adolescen- 
 ti, qui in obsidione Carthaginis, vocatis ad ccenam amicis, 
 diripiendam sub figura urbis Carthaginis placentam in men- 
 sa ppsuerat ; quaerentique causam : " Quia," inquit Scipio, 
 " me prior Carthaginem diripuisti." Contra Mummius, Scip- 
 ionis collega, neque ipse notabat quenquam, et notatos a 
 collega, quos poterat, ignominiae eximebat. Unde Scipio, 
 quum ei cupienti censuram ex majestate reipublicae gerere 
 impedimento asset Mummii segnities, in senatu ait : " Uti- 
 nam mihi collegam dedissetis, aut non dedissetis 1 " 
 
 5. In Scipione jEmiliano etiam multa privates vitae dicta 
 
76 Vmi ROMjE. 
 
 factaque celebrantur. Caio LbbIIo familiariter usus est 
 Ferunt cum eo Sciplonem StEpe rusticatum fuisse, eosque in- 
 credibiliter repuerascere solitos esse, quum rus ex urbe, tan- 
 qiiam e vinculis, evolavissent. Vix audeo dicere de tantis 
 viiis; sad ita narratur conchas eos ad litus maris legere 
 consuevisse, et ad omnem animi remissionem Judumque " 
 descendere. Mortuq ^milio Paulo, Scipio, cum fratre 
 heres relictus, animum vere fraternum in eum ostendit; nam 
 universam ei hereditatem tradidit, quod ilium videret re 
 familiari miniis quam se instructum. Pariter, defuncta 
 matre, omnia bona materna sororibus concessit, quanquam 
 nulla pars hereditatis ad eas lege pertineret. 
 
 6. Quum in concione interrogaretur, quid sentiret de 
 raorte Tiberii Gracchi, qui populi favorem pravis largitioni- 
 bus captaverat, palam respondit, ' eum jure caesum videri.' 
 Ciuo responso exacerbata concio acclamavit; tum Scipio 
 clamorem ortum a vili plebecula animadvertens : " Tace- 
 ant," inquit, " quibus Italia noverca est, non mater." Quum 
 magis etiam obstreperet populus, ille vultu constanti: " Hos- 
 tium," inquit, " armatorum toties clamore non territus, qui 
 possum vestro moveri ? " Tum constantia et auctoritate 
 viri perculsa plebs conticuit. Deinde, quasi vim sibi mox 
 inferendam animo prassagiret, 'malam sibi rependi gratiam 
 laborum prorepublica susceptoruni ab ingratis civibus' ques- 
 tus est. Maxima patrum frequentia domum deductus est. 
 
 7. Postridie quam domum se validus receperat, Scipio 
 repente in lectulo exanimis est inventus. De tanti viri 
 morte nulla habita est quEestio, ejusque corpus velato capite 
 est elatum, ne livor in ore appareret. Metellus, licet Scipi- 
 onis inimicus, banc necem adeo graviter tulit, ut, ea audita, 
 in forum advolaverit, ibique moesto vultu claraaverit : " Con- 
 currite, cives ; mcenia urbis nostrsE eversa sunt ; Scipioni 
 intra sues Penates quiescent! nefaria vis illata est." Idem 
 Metellus filios sues jussit funebri ejus lecto humeros subji- 
 cere, eisque dixit: "Nunquam a vobis id officium majori 
 viro prjBstari poterit." Scipionis patrimonium tam exiguum 
 
BOOK Vll. 77 
 
 fuit, ut triginta duas libras argenti, duas et selibras auri tan- 
 tum reliquerit. 
 
 8. Q,uum duo consules, quorum alter inops erat, alter 
 autem avarus, in senatu contenderent, uter in Hispaniam ad 
 bellum gerendurn mitteretur, ac magna inter patres asset 
 diss'ensio, rogatus sententiam Scipio jEmilianus: "Neu- 
 trum," inquit, " mihi mitli placet; quia alter nihil habet, 
 alteri nihil est satis." Scilicet ad rem bene gerendam ju- 
 dicabat pariter abesse debere inopiam et avaritiam. Alio- 
 quin maxime verendum est ne publicum munus quiestui 
 habeatur, et prteda communis in privatum imperatoris lu- 
 crum convertatur. Longe ab hac culpa alienus fuit Scipio; 
 nam post duos consulatus et totidem triuniphos officio lega- 
 tionis fungens, septem tantijin servos secum duxit. E 
 Carthaginis et Numantise spoliis comparare plures certe 
 potuerat; sed nihilo locupletior, Carthagine eversa, fuit, 
 quara ante. Itaque quum per populi Romani socios et ex- 
 teras nationes iter faceret, non mancipia ejus, sed victoriEe 
 numerabantur, nee quantum auri et argenti, sed quantum 
 dignitatis atque glorias secum ferret, jestimabatur. 
 
 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS. 
 
 9. Tiberius Gracchus et Caius Gracchus Scipionis Afri- 
 can! ex filia nepotes erant. Horum adolescentia bonis arti- 
 bus et magna omnium spe floruit. Ad egregiam quippe 
 indolem accedebat optima educatio. Exstant Corneliffi ma- 
 tris epistolEB, quibus apparet eos non solum in gremio matris 
 educates fuisse, sed etiam ab ea sermonis elegantiam hausisse. 
 Maximum matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutes 
 merito putabat sapientissima ilia mulier; quum Campana 
 matrona, apud illam hospifa, ornamenta sua, quje erant ilia, 
 setate pretiosissima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia traxit 
 eam sermone, quousque a schola redirent liberi ; quos re- 
 versos hpspitae exhibens : " En hoec," inquit, " mea orna- 
 menta." Nihil quidem istis adolescentibus neque a natura. 
 
78 " VIRl ROMiE./ 
 
 neque a doctrina defuit ; sed ambo rempublicam, quam tu- 
 eri potuissent, impie perturbare maluerunt. 
 
 10. Tiberius Gracchus, quum esset tribunus plebis, a 
 tenatu descivit: populi favcrem profusis largitionibus sibi 
 conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat ; dabat civitatem omnibus 
 Italicis; provincias novis coloniis replebat : quibus rebus 
 viam sibi ad regrium parare videbatur. Quare convocati 
 patres deliberabant quidnam faciendum esset. Tiberius in 
 Capitolium venit, manum ad caput referens ; quo signo sa- 
 luteiii suam populo commendabat : hoc nobilitas ita accepit, 
 quasi diadema posceret. Tum Scipio Nasica, quum esset 
 consobrinus Tiberii Gracchi, patriara cognatiorii prastuJit, 
 sublataque dextera proclamavit : " dui rempublicam salvam 
 esse vohint, me sequantur ; " dein Gracchum fugientem per- 
 secutus in eum irruit, suaque manu eum interfecit. Morlui 
 Tiberii corpus in flumen projectum est. 
 
 11. Caium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem Tiberium, 
 invasit ; seu vindicandse fraternae necis, seu cornparandae 
 regicB potentiae causa, vix tribunatum adeptns est, quum 
 pessima coepit inire consilia : maximas largitiones fecit: 
 aerarium effudit : legem de frumen'to plebi dividendo tulit. 
 
 jPerniciosis Gracchi consiliis, quanta poterant contentione, 
 
 ■ obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir con- 
 sul aris. Is, quum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, 
 
 ■ lege tamen lata, ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum 
 venit: Gracchus animadvertit in concione Pisonem stantem; 
 eum sic compellavit, audiente populo Romano. " Qui tibi 
 constas, Piso, quum ea lege frumentum petas, quam dissua- 
 
 "sisti?" Cui Piso : " Nolim quidem, Gracche," inquit, " mea 
 bona tibi viritim dividere liceat : sed si facies, partem petam.'' 
 Quo responso aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, 
 quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimonium publicum dissipari. 
 
 12. Decretum a senatu latum est, ut videret consul Opim- 
 ius, ne quid detriment! respublica caperet ; quod decretum, 
 nisi in maximo discrimine, ferri non solebat. Caius Grac- 
 chus, armata familid, Aventinum occUpaverat. Q.uamobrem 
 
BOOK VII. 79 
 
 consul, vooato ad arma populo, Caium aggressus est, qui 
 pulsus, dum a templo Dianee desiliit, talum intorsit, et, quum 
 jam a satellitibus Opimii comprehenderetur, jugulum servo 
 prEBbuit, qui dominum et mox semetipsum super domini cor- 
 pus interemit. Consul promiserat se pro capite Gracchi au- 
 rum repensurum esse; quare Septimuleius quidam lancea 
 praefixum Caii caput attulit, eique sequale auri pondus per- 
 solutum est. Aiunt etiam ilium prliis cervice perforata, 
 cerebroque exempto, plumbum infudisse, quo gravius ef- 
 ficeretur. 
 
 13. Occiso Tiberio Graccho, quum senatus consulibus 
 mandasset, ut in eos, qui cum Tiberio consenserant, ani- 
 madverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii amicus, pro se depre- 
 catum venit ; hancque, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam afferebat, 
 ' quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi 
 faciendum j)utaret.' Tum consul : "Quid?" ait, " si te in 
 Capitolium faces ferre vellet, obsecuturusne voluntati illius 
 fuisses propter istam, quam jactas, familiaritatem ? " " Nun- 
 quam," inquit Blosius, "id quidem voluisset; sed, si voluis- 
 set, paruissem." Nefaria est ista vox; nulla enim est ex- 
 cusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris. 
 
 LUCIUS MUMMIUS ACHAICUS. 
 
 14. Quum Corinthii adversijs Romanes rebellassent, eo- 
 rumque legatis injuriara fecissent, Lucius Mummius consul, 
 conscripto exercitu, Corinthum profectus est. Corinthii, 
 veluti nihil negotii bello Romano suscepissent, omnia neglex- 
 erant. Praedam, non proelium cogitantes, veliicula duxerant 
 ad spolia Romanorum reportanda. Conjuges liberosque ad 
 spectaculum certaminis in montibus posuerunt. Quam ve- 
 cordiam celerrima poena consecuta est; nam proelio ante 
 oculos suorum commisso, caesi lugubre his spectaculum et 
 gravem luctus memoriam reliquerunt. Conjuges et libefi 
 eorum, de spectatoribus captivi facti, praeda victorum fuere. 
 tirbs ipsa Corinthus direpta primum, deinde twba praeoinente 
 
80 VIRI ROMjE. 
 
 diruta est : populus omnis sub corona venditus ; dux eorum 
 victus domum refugit eamque incendit; conjugem interfecit, 
 et in ignem prsecipitavit ; ipse veneno interiit. 
 
 15. Erat Corinthi magna vis signorum tabularumque 
 pretiosarum, quibus Mummius urbem et totain replevit 
 Italiam, nihil vero in domum suam intulit: sed harum 
 rerum adeo rudis et ignarus erat Mummius, ut, quum eaj 
 tabulas Romam portandas locaret, edixerit conducentibus, 
 ' si eas perdidissent, novas esse reddituros." Una eximii 
 pictoris tabella ludentibus alea militibus alvei vicem prsestitit. 
 Quae tabella deinde, quum prsedavenderetur, ab Attalo rege 
 sex millibus nummorum empta est. Mummius pretium ad- 
 miratus, ex alieno judicio pulchritudinem tabellae suspicatus 
 est, atque venditionem rescidit, et tabellam jussit Romara 
 deferri. 
 
 QUINTUS CjECILIUS METELLUS MACEDOJMICUS. 
 
 16. duintus Metellus, a domita Macedonia dictus Mace- 
 donicus, missus est adversiis Pseudophilippum, hominem 
 humili loco natum, qui se Persei regis filium mentiebatur, 
 eaque fraude Macedoniam occupaverat. Fabulam autem 
 hujusmodi finxerat : prsedicabat ' se ex Perseo rege ortum, et 
 ab eo fidei cujusdam viri Cretensis commissum, ut in belli 
 casus, quod tunc ille cum Romanis gerebat, aliquod veluti 
 semen stirpis regiae reservaretur ; datum ei insuper libellura 
 signo Persei impressum, quem puero traderet, quum ad pu- 
 berem setatem venisset. Mortuo Perseo, se Adrumeti edu- 
 catum usque ad duodecimum setatis annum, ignarum fuisse 
 generis sui, eumque existimavisse patrem, a quo educaretiir. 
 Ab eo tandem morti proximo detectam fuisse originem suara, 
 sibique libellum traditum.' Erat pra:terea juveni forma, quse 
 Persei filium non dedeceret. Hunc Metellus bis prcelio fu- 
 dit, et die triumphi ante currum egit. 
 
 17. Postea Q.uintus Metellus bellum in Hispania contra 
 Celtiberos gessit; et quum urbem, quse erat caput gentis. 
 
BOOK V!I. 81 
 
 obsideret, jaraque admota machina, partem muri, quae sola 
 convelli poterat, brevi disjecturus videretur, humaiiitatem 
 certcE victoriiE praetulit. Vir quidam in obsess a civitate nob- 
 ilis, nomine Rethogenes ad Metellum transierat, relictis in 
 oppido filiis. Irati cives Rethogenis filios machinffl ictibus 
 objecerunt. Nihil motus periculo filiorum pater hortabatur 
 Metellum, ut ne oppugnatione desisteret; at Metellus obsid- 
 ionem maluit solvere, quani pueros in conspectu patfis cru- 
 deli nece interfici : atque hujus mansuetudinis fructum tulit; 
 namque multcB alise urbes admiratione hujus facti se sponte 
 ei dediderunt. 
 
 18. Metellus, quum urbem Contrebiam viribus expug- 
 nare non posset, ad fallendum hostem convertit animum, et 
 viam reperit, qua propositi! m ad exitum perduceret. Itinera 
 magno impetu ingrediebatur, deinde alias atque alias re- 
 giones petebat ; modo hos occupabat montes, modo ad illos 
 transgrediebatur. Quum interim et suis et hostibus ignota 
 esset causa, cur sic sua mutaret consilia, a quodam amico 
 interrogatus, 'quid ita incertum belli genus sequereturV 
 " Absiste," inquit Metellus, " ista quserere ; namque tuni- 
 cam meam exurerem, si earn consilium meum scire existi- 
 marem." Postquam vero et exercitum suum ignorantia et ■ 
 hostes errore implicavit, quum alio cursuin direxisset, subito 
 ad Contrebiam reflexit, eamque inopinantem et attonitam 
 oppressit. 
 
 19. Raram Metelli Macedonici felicitatem multi scrip- 
 tores concelebrant : ea quidem ipsi omnia contigerunt, qus 
 beatara vitara videntur efficere. Fortuna eum nasci voluit 
 in urbe terrarum principe : parentes nobilissimos dedit; ad- 
 jecit animi eximias dotes et corporis vires, quae tolerandis 
 laboribus sufficere possent; multa decora in ejus domum 
 congessit : nam quum ipse consul, censor etiam, augurque 
 fuisset, et triumphasset, tres filios consules vidit, e quibus 
 uimm etiam et censorem et triumphantem, quartum autem 
 prsetorem; tres quoqu^ filias bene nuptas. Hunc autem 
 vitiS cursum consentaneus finis excepit ; nani Metellurn ultir 
 
fc:' VIRI ROMjE. 
 
 mse senectutis spatio defunctum, et leni mortis genere inter 
 oscula complexusque natorum exstinctum, filii et generi hu- 
 meris suis per urbem sustulerunt, et rogo imposuerunt. 
 
 QUINTUS C^CILIUS METELLUS JNUMIDICUS. 
 
 20. Quintus Metellus consul cum Jugurtlia, Numidarum 
 rege, bellum gessit : is, a Micipsa adoptatus, duos ejus filios 
 fratres suos interfecerat, ut solus NumidiiE imperio potiretur. 
 Micipsa in amicitia et socii^tate populi Romani semper per- 
 manserat. Postquam igituv Romte cognitum est nefarium 
 Jugurtliae scelus, placuit illud ulcisci. Metellus cum ex- 
 ercitu in Africam navigavit, et cum hoste manus conseruit. 
 Qua in parte Jugurtha affuit, ibi aliquandiu certatum est, 
 neque hie ullum boni ducis aut militis officium prcetermisit. 
 Ceteri vero ejus milites primo congressu pulsi fugatique sunt; 
 Jugurtha in oppidum munitum perfugit. Paucis post diebus 
 Metellus eum insecutus, iterum prcelio fudit: Numidiam 
 vastavit, urbes amplas et munitissimas cepit ; qua; victoria ei 
 nomen Numidici fecit. 
 
 21. Postea Quintus Metellus censor factus est, ejusque 
 egregia fuit censura, et oiiinis vita plena gravitatis. Quum 
 ab inimicis accusatus, causam de pecuniis repetuhdis dice- 
 ret, et ipsius tabula; circumferrentur judicibus inspiciendoe, 
 nemo ex illis fuit, qui non removeret oculos, et se totum 
 averteret, ne quisquam dubitare videretur, verumne an fal- 
 sum esset, quod ille retulerat in tabulas. Quum Saturninus, 
 tribunus plebis, legem senatus majestati adversam et reipub- 
 licae perniciosam tulisset, Metellus in earn legem jurare nol- 
 uit, eaque de causa in exsilium actus est. Honestum Rhodi . 
 secessum invenit, ibique litteris operam dedit. Ita vir for- 
 tissimus de civitate maluit decedere, quam de sententia, 
 eique salus patriee dulcior, quam conspectus fuit. 
 
 22. Melelli filius precibus et lacrymis a populo impetravit 
 ut pater ab exsilio revocaretur. Is forte ludos spectabat, 
 quum ei redditas sunt littercE, quib|js scriptum erat, inaximo 
 
BOOK Vn. 83 
 
 senatus et populi consensu, reditum illi ^in patriam datum 
 esse. Nihil eo nuntio moveri visas est : non priiis e thea- 
 tre abiit, quam spectaculuni edeietur; non lastitiam suarn 
 proxime sedentibus ulla ex parte ostendit, sed summum gau- 
 dium intra se continuit, parique vultu in exsilium abiit, et 
 fuit restitutus ; adeo moderatum inter secundas et adversas 
 res gessit an i mum ! Tantus vero ad eum advenientem con- 
 cursus est factus, ut dies totus consumptus sit in gratula- 
 tionibus ilium ad portam urbis excipientium ; inde in Capi- 
 tolium ascendentem, et lares repetentem universapropemodum 
 civitas deduxit. 
 
 MARCUS iEMILIUS SCAURtS. 
 
 23. Marcus JEmilius Scaurus nobili familia ortus est, 
 sed paupere. Nam pater ejus, quamvis patricius, ob rei 
 familiaris inopiam" carbonarium negotium exercuisse dici- 
 tur. Filius ipse dubitavit primo utrum honores peteret, an 
 argentariam faceret; sed quum eloquentia valeret, ex ea 
 gloriam et opes peperit. Consul factus, severum se pro 
 tuenda militari disciplina praebuit : cujus disciplinas exem- 
 plum admiratione dignum referebat ipse in iis libris, quos de 
 vita sua scripserat ; quum in eo loco, ubi posuerat castra, 
 arbor esset maturis fructibus onusta, post'ridie abennte exer- 
 citu, arbor intactis fructibus relicta est. Idem Publio Decio 
 praetori, quod se transeunte sederet, et assurgere jussus non 
 paruisset, vestem scidit, sellam fregit, et, nequis ad eum in 
 jus iret, edixit. 
 
 24. Marcus Scaurus, ut in tuenda militari disciplina, sic 
 in punienda filii sui ignavia, fuit severus. Cluum enim in 
 quodam proslio Romani equites pulsi, deserto iraperatore, 
 Romam pavidi repeterent, in quibus erat ipse Scauri filius, 
 misit pater, qui ei dicerent ' se libentius occursurum esse fiiii 
 in acie interfecti ossibus, quam visurum reducem reum tam 
 turpisfugae; adeoque conspectum irati patris degeneri filio 
 esse vitandum, si quid verecundiae in animo superesset.' 
 
84 vim ROMJi. 
 
 Non tulit juvenis ignomiuice dolorem, et mcerore confectus 
 interiit. 
 
 25. Marcus Scaurus, quum esset summa senectiite et 
 adversa valetudine, pristinum animi vigorem retinuit. Va- 
 rius quidam, patria Hispanus, vetus Scauri iiiimicus, senem 
 opprimere conatus est. Accusabat eum acceptiE ab hostibus 
 pecunicE ad prodendam rempublicam. Scaurus, nobilissimis 
 juvenibus innixus, descendit in forum, dataque respondendi 
 facultate, paucis verbis ita causam egit : "Varius Hispanus 
 ait, Marcum Scaurum, senatus principein, ab hoste corriiptum 
 esse, et populi Romarii imperium prodidisse ; Marcus vero 
 Scaurus, princeps senatus, negat se esse huic culpfB affineni ; 
 testis nemo est; utri vos potius credendura putatisl" Qua 
 
 _ dicti gravitate periculum intentatum propulsavit : nam statira 
 populus accusatorem ab ilia actione depulit. 
 
 PUBUUS RUTILIUS RUFUS. 
 
 26. Pubiius Rutilius Rufus vitEB innocentia. enituit : quura 
 nemo esset in civitate illo integrior, omni honore dignus est 
 habitus et consul factus. Quum eum amicus quidam rem 
 injustam aliquando rogaret, et Rutilius constanter negaret, 
 indignatus amicus dixit: "Quid igitur mihi opus est tua 
 amicitia, si quod rogo non facis?" " Imo," respondit Ru- 
 tilius, " quid mihi tua, si propter te aliquid inhoneste facere 
 me oporteat 1 " Sciebat quippe vir sanctus tam contra offi- 
 cium esse amico tribuere quod aequum non sit, quam non 
 tribuere id, quod recte possimus , atque si forte amici a nobis 
 postulent, quae honesta non sunt, religionem eV fidem esse 
 amicitiae anteponendam. 
 
 27. Rutilius tamen in invidiam equitum Romanorum 
 veait, quod ab eorum injuriis Asiam, cui tunc praeerat, de- 
 fendisset : quare ab iis repetundarum accusatus est. Rutil- 
 ius, innocentia fretus, senatoris insignia non deposuit ; judi- 
 cibus non supplicavit; ne ornatius quidem causam suam 
 dici voluit, quam simplex veritatis ratio ferebat; itaque 
 
BOOK VII. S5 
 
 aamnatus est, et Mitylenas exsulatum abiit. lUi Asiam pe- 
 tenti omiies hujus provincise civitates legates miserunt. 
 Hospitio eum, opibus, omni auxilio juverunt. Q,uum Ru- 
 tilium quidani consolaretur, et diceret instare arma civilia, 
 brevique futurum, ut omnes exsules reverterentur : " Quid 
 tibi," inquit Rutiliua, " mali feci, ut mihi pejorem reditum 
 optares, quam exitum ? Malopatria meo exsilio erubescat, 
 quam reditu moereat." 
 
 MARCUS LIVIUS DRUSUS. 
 
 28. Marcus Livius Drusus, patre consulari genitus, re- 
 lictum sibi patriraonium "profusis largitionibus dissipavit, 
 adeo iit ipse profiteretur, nemini se ad largiendum quidquam 
 reliquisse praeter coelum et coenum. Unde, quum pecunia 
 egeret, multa contra dignitatem fecit. Tribunus plebis 
 primo senatus causam suscepit; sed audax et vehemens, ut 
 propositum assequeretur, leges perniciosas tulit : quibus quum 
 Philippus consul obsisteret, ei Drusus in comitio ita colluni 
 obtorsit, ut plurimus sanguis efflueret e naribus; additaque 
 contumelia, ' non cruorera, sed muriam de turdis esse' dixit. 
 Philippus enim deliciarum amans, turdorumque imprimis 
 edax habebatur. Alium etiam virum consularera, iisdem 
 legibus pariter adversantem, ait Drusus se de saxo Tarpeio 
 praecipitaturum. 
 
 29. Nee observantior erga senatum fuit Drusus : nam 
 quum senatus ad eum misisset, ut in curiam veniret : 
 " Quare," inquit Drusus, " non ipse senatus ad me venit in 
 Hostiliam propinquam rostris?" Paruitque tribuno sena- 
 tus: quibus rebus factum est, ut Drusus nee senatui, nee 
 plcbi placeret. Unde quum e foro magna hominum fre- 
 quentia stipatus re.diret, in atrio domus suae cultello percus- 
 sus est; cultellus, lateri ejus affixus, relictus est, auctor vero 
 necis in turba latuit : Drusus intra paucas horas decessit. 
 duem ne morti quidem proximum ea deseruit superbia, quae 
 eum in exitium impulerat ; quum enim extremum jam red- 
 
 8 
 
b'8 VlRl ROMiE. 
 
 deret spiritum, circumstantiiim reultitudinem intuens • " Eo 
 quando," inquit, " amici, similem mei civem habebit res- 
 publica?" 
 
 35. Hunc vitcE finem habuit juvenis clarissimus quidem, 
 sed quern sua semper inquietum ac turbulentutn fecerat ara- 
 bitio : ipse queri solitus est ' sibi uni, ne puero quidem, ferias 
 unquam contigisse ; ' nam, adhuc praetextatus, per ambitionem 
 ccepit reos judicibus commendare. Laudantur tamen Drusi 
 quiEdam facta dictaque ; quum Philippo consul! insidias par- 
 arentur, ejusque vita in maximo esset periculo, Drusus, re 
 cognita, Philippum, licet inimicum, monuit ut sibi caveret. 
 Exstat etiam Drusi vox egregia : quum enim domum aedifica- 
 ret, promitteretque architectus, '"si quinque talenta sibi da- 
 rentur, ita se earn Eedificaturum, ul nemo in earn despicero 
 posset : ' " Imo," inquit Drusus, " decern dabo, si earn ita 
 componas, ut quidquid agam non a vicinis tantum, sed ab 
 omnibus etiam civibus possit perspici." 
 
 CAIUS MARIUS. 
 
 31. Caius Marius, humili loco n'atus, militia; tirocinium in 
 Hispania, duce Scipione, posuit : erat imprimis Scipioni caius 
 ob singularem virtutem, et impigram ad pericula et labores 
 alacritatem. Scipio, quum inspicere voluisset quemadmodum 
 ab unoquoque equi curarentur, Marii equum validum et bene 
 curatum invenit ; quam diligentiam imperator plurimum lau- 
 davit. duadam die quum forte post coenam Scipio cum 
 amicis colloqueretur, dixissetque aliquis, ' siquid Scipioni 
 accidisset, ecquem alium similem imperatorem habitura esset 
 respublica?' Scipio, percusso leniter Marii humero, " For- 
 tassis istum," inquit. Q.uo dicto excitatus Marius dignos 
 rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit. 
 
 32. Marius legatus M^tello in Numidia, criminando eum, 
 adeplus est consulatum, et in ejus locum suffectus. Bellum 
 Jugurthinum a Metello prospere coeptum confecit. Jugurtha 
 ad Gsetulos profugerat, eorumque regem Bocchum adversus 
 
BOOK vn. 87 
 
 Romanos concitaverat. Marius GeEtulos et Bocchum ag- 
 gressus fudit. Cnstellum in excelsa rupe positum, ubi regii 
 thesauri erant, non sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocrhus, 
 bello defessus, legates ad Marium misit, pacem orantes. Sulla 
 qucestor a Mario ad regem remissus, qui Boccho persuasiL, ut 
 Jugurtham Rornanis traderet. Jugurtha igitur vinctus ad 
 Marium deductus est, quem Marius triumphans ante currura 
 egit, et in carcerem coenosum inclusit, quo quum Jugurtha, 
 veste detracta, ingrederetur, os diduxit ridentis in modum, 
 et stupens similisque desipienti exclamavit: " Proh ! quam 
 frigidum est vestrum balneum." 
 
 33. Marius, post expeditionem Numidicam, iterum consul 
 creatus est, eique bellurn contra Cimbros et Teutones de- 
 crefum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis Germaniae finibus 
 profugi, novas sedes quaerebant. Gallia exclusi, in Italiam 
 transgress! sunt ; nee primum impetum barbarorum tres duces 
 Romani sustiiuierant ; sed Marius primo Teutones sub ipsis 
 Alpium radicibus assecutus proelio oppressit : vallem fluvi- 
 umque medium hostes tenebant, unde militibus Romanis 
 nulla aquse copia : aucta necessitate virtus causa victorire 
 fuit ; namque Marius sitim metuentibus ait digj^m proten- 
 dens : " Viri estis : en illic aquam habebitis." Itaque tam 
 acriter pugnatum est, tantaque csedes hsstium fuit, ut Ro- 
 mani victores de cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent, 
 quam sanguinis barbarorum. 
 
 34. Deletis Teutonibus, Caius Marius in Cimbros con- 
 vertitur : hi ex alia parte Italiam ingressi, Athesim flumen 
 non ponte nee navibus, sed ingesta obrutum silva transilu- 
 erant; quibus occurrit Marius. Turn Cimbri legates ad 
 consulem miserunt, agros sibi suisque fratribus postulantes. 
 Ignorabant scilicet Teutonum cladem. Quum Marius ab 
 iis quaesivisset ' quos illi fratres dicerent,' Teutones nom 
 inaverunt. Ridens Marius: " Omittite," inquit, "fratres; 
 tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram, aiternijmque tenebunt." 
 Legati sensere se ludibrio haberi, ultionemque Mario minati 
 sunt statim atque Teutones advenissent. " Atqui adsunt," 
 
So viRi romj:. 
 
 inquit Marius, " decetque vos hinc non discedere, nisi saluta- 
 tis vestris fratribus." Turn vinctos a ddug i jussit Teutonum 
 duces, qui in proelio capti fuerant. 
 
 35. His rebus auditis, Cimbri castris egressi ad pugnam 
 prodierunt. Marius aciem ita instituit, ut pulvis in oculos 
 et ora hostium ferretur. Incredibili strage prostrata est ilia 
 Cirnbrorum multitude. Caesa tradjifttur centum octoginta 
 hominum raillia. Nee minor cum uxoribus pugna, quam 
 cum viris fuit: illae eniin objectis uudique plaustris altce de- 
 super, quasi e turribus, pugnabant lanceis contisque. Victae 
 tamen Icgationem ad Marium miserunt libertatem orantes, 
 quara quum non irapetrassent, suffocatis elisisque infantibus, 
 aut mutuis concidere vulneribus, aut vinculo e crinibus suis 
 facto, ab arboribus jugisque plaustrorum subrectis pepende- 
 runt. Ferunt unani conspectam fuisse, quee pedibus suis 
 duos filios, seipsam vero ex arbore, suspenderat. 
 
A. 0. G64 
 A. C. 88 
 
 BOOK VIII. 
 
 FIRST CIVIL WAR, 
 
 CAIUS MARJUS. 
 
 1. Tunc Romae primum civile bellum ortum 
 est. Q,uum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem 
 regem Ponti missus fuisset, ei Marius illud impe- 
 
 rium eripuit, fecitque ut loco Sullae imperator crearetur ; t]ua 
 re commotus Sulla cum exercitu Romam venit, earn armis 
 occupavit, Mariumque expulit. Marius in palude aliquandiu 
 delituit; sed ibi pauIo post deprehensus; et, ut erat, nudo 
 corpore ccenoque oblitus, injeoto in collum loro, raptus est, 
 et in custodiam conjectus. Missus etiam est ad eum occi- 
 dendum servus publicus, natione Cimber, quern Marius vultus 
 majestate deterruit. Q.uum enim hominem ad se gladio stric- 
 to venientem vidisset : " Tune," inquit, " Marium- audebis 
 occidere?" lUe attonitus ac tremens, abjecto ferro, fugit. 
 Marius postea, ab iis etiam, qui prius eum occidere voluerant, 
 e carcere missus est. 
 
 2. Marius, accepta navicula, in Africam trajecit, et in 
 agrum Carthaginiensem pervenit. Ibi quum in locis soli- 
 tnriis sederet, venit ad eum lictor Sextiiii prsetoris, qui banc 
 provinciam administrabat. Marius ab eo, quem nunquam 
 Iseserat, aliquod humanitatis officium exspectabat; at lictor 
 ' decedere eum provincia ' jussit, ' nisi vellet in se animad 
 
90 VIRI ROM^. ' 
 
 verti.' Torvis oculis eum intuens Marius nullum dabat 
 
 responsum. Interrogavit igitur eum lictor, ' ecquid pratori 
 
 vellet renuntiari?' Cui Marius: " Abi," inquit, " nuntia te 
 
 vidisse Caium Marium in Carlhaginis magnEe minis seden- 
 
 tem." Duplici exemplo irisigni eum admonebat de incon- 
 
 stantia rerum humanarunij'quum et urbis maximas excidium 
 
 et viri clarissimi casum ob oculos poneret. 
 
 3. Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, in 
 
 . .,' „5 Italiam rediit Marius efferatus magis calamitate 
 A. C. 8G. , , • T. • 
 
 quam domitus- .Cuiij exercitu Romam mgressus, 
 
 earn caedibus et rapinis Vagt^iytlvOmnes adversEe factionis 
 
 nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus affecit: quinque dies, 
 
 totidemque noctes ista scelerum omnium duravit licentia 
 
 Hoc tempore admiranda sane fuit populi Romani abstinen 
 
 tia : quum enim Marius objecisset domus occisorum diripi 
 
 endas, nemo fuit qui ullam ex his rem attingeret; quae 
 
 populi misericordia erat tacita qucedam Marii crudelitatis 
 
 vituperatio. Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, 
 
 in morbum incidit, et ingenti omnium^ltetitia vitam finivit. 
 
 Cujus viri si expendantur cum virtutibus vitia, baud facile 
 
 dictu erit, utriim in bello hostibus, an in olio civibus fuerif 
 
 infestior : quam enim rempublicam contra hostes virtute 
 
 servaverat, earn togatus ambitione evertit. 
 
 4. Erat Mario ingenuarum artium et liberalium studiorum 
 
 contemptor animus. Q-uum jedem Honoris de manubiis hos- 
 
 tium vov-isset, spreta peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate, ar- 
 
 tificumque Graecorum peritia, earn vulgari lapide per artificem 
 
 Romanum curavit asdificandam. Graricas etiam litteras as- 
 
 pernabatur, ' quod,' inquiebat, ' suis doctoribus parum ad 
 
 virtutem prodessent;' at idem fortis, validus, et adversiis 
 
 dolorem confirmatus. Quum ei varices in crure secarentur, 
 
 vetuit se alligari. Acrem tamen fuisse doloris morsum ipse 
 
 ostendit; nam medico alterum crus postulanti noluitpraebere, 
 
 quod majorem esse remedii, quam morbi, dolorem judicaret 
 
BOOK VIII. 91 
 
 LUCiaS CORNELIUS SULLA. 
 
 5. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, patricio genere natus, bello 
 Jugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Vitam aiitea Judo, vino, 
 libidineque inquinatam duxerat ; quapropter Marius moleste 
 tujit, quod sibi, gravissimum bellum gerenti, tain delicatus 
 quaestor sorte obtigisset. Ejusdem tamen, p'ostquam in 
 African] venit, virtus enituit. Bello Cimbrico legatus con- 
 sulis bonam operant navavit. Consul ipse deinde factus, 
 pulso in exsilium Mario, adversiis Mithridatera profectus 
 est ; ac primijm illius regis prsefectos duobos prceliis profliga- 
 vit : dein transgressus in Asiam, Mithridatem ipsum fudit, et 
 oppressisset, nisi adversiis Marium festinans, qualerpcunque 
 pacem maluisset componere. Mithridatem tamen pecunia 
 multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, dece- 
 dere coegit, eumque paternis finibus contentum esse jussit. 
 
 6. Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu 
 Romam properavit. Eos, qui Mario favebant, omnes Su- 
 peravit: nihil ilia, victoria fuit crudelius. Sulla, dictator 
 creatus, novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis 
 proposuit, qua nomina eorum, qui Decidendi essent, con- 
 tinebantur : quuraque omnium esset orta indignatio, postridie 
 plura etiam adjecit nomina. Ingens cassorum fuit multitudo. 
 Saevitise causam avaritia etiam praebuit, multoque plures 
 propter divitias, quam propter odium victoris, necati sunt. 
 Civis quidam innoxius, cui fundus in agro Albano erat, legens 
 proscriptorum nomina, se quoque ascriptum vidit : " Vae," 
 inquit, " misero mihi ; me fundus Albanus persequitur." 
 Neque longe progressjis, a quodam agnitus et percussus est. 
 
 " Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus, Sulla Feli- 
 cam se edicto appellavit : quumque ejus uxor geminos eodem 
 partu tunc edidisset, puerum Faustum puellamque Faustain 
 nominari voluit. Tum repente, contra omnium exspecta- 
 tionem, dictaturam deposuit, dimissisque lictoribus, diii in 
 foro dearnbnlavit. Stupebat populus, eum privatum vjdens, 
 
92 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 cujus modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas : quodque non 
 minus mirandum fuit, sua ei private non solum salus sed 
 etiam dignitas constltit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. 
 Unus tuntum fuit adolescens, qui auderet queri, et receden- 
 tem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere Cujus in- 
 jurias Sulla patienti animo tulit: sed, domum ingrediens, 
 dixit: " Hicadolescens efficiet, nequis posthac tale itnperium 
 deponat." 
 
 8. Sulla deinde, in villam profectus, rusticari et venando 
 vitam ducere ccEpit. Ibi, morbo pediculari correptus, inter- 
 iit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus voluptatum, sed glorias cu- 
 pidior; litteris GrEecis atque Latinis eruditus, et virorum 
 litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mail cujusdam 
 poetiE aliquo praemio dignam duxerit : nam^quum ille epi- 
 gramma ipsi obtulisset, jussit Sulla ' praBmium ei statim dari, 
 ea tamen lege, nequid postea scriberet.' Ante victoriam 
 laudandus, in iis vero, quae secuta sunt, nunquam satis vitu- 
 perandus : urbem enim et Italiam civium sanguine inundavit 
 Non solum in vivos saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit; 
 nam Caii Marii, cujus, etsi postea inimicus, aliquando tamen 
 quaestor fuerat, erutos cinefes in flumen projecit. Qua cru- 
 delitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit. 
 
 LUCIUS LICINIUS LUCULLUS. 
 
 9. Lucius Lucullus ingenio, doctrina, et virtute claruit. 
 In Asiam quaestor profectus, huic provinciae per multos an- 
 nos cum laude prfefuit. Postea consul factus ad Mithridat- 
 icum bellum a senatu missus, opinionem omnium, quae de 
 virtute ejus erat, vicit : nam ab eo laus imperatoria non ad- 
 modum exspectabatur, qui adolescentlam .in pacis artibus 
 consumpserat ; sed incredibilis qutedam ingenii magnitude 
 non desideravit tardam et indocilera usus disciplinam. To- 
 tum iter consumpsit partim in percontando a peritis, partim 
 in rebus gestis legendis. Habebat porro admirabilem quan- 
 dam reruin memoriam; unde factum est ut in Asiam doo 
 
BOOK VIII. 93 
 
 tas imperator venerit, quum esset Roma profectus rei mili 
 taris rudis. ■ 
 
 10. Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit : 
 Mithridatem seepe multis locis fudit : Tigranem regera max- 
 imum in Armenia vicit, ultimamque bello manum magis 
 noluit imponere, qu^m non potuit ; sed alioqui per omnia 
 laudabilis, et bello pene invictus pecuniae cupidini nimium 
 deditus fuit, quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut deinde per luxu- 
 riam efFunderet : itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphas- 
 set, abjecta omnium rerum cura, ccepit delicate ac molliter 
 vivere, otioque et luxu diffluere ; magnifice et immenso 
 sumptu villas Eedificavit, atque ad earum usum mare ipsum 
 vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari injecit, in 
 aliis vero, suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit; unde 
 eum baud infacete Pompeius vocabat Xerxem togatum. 
 Xerxes enim Persarum rex, quum pontem in Hellesponto 
 fecisset, et ille tempestate ac fluctibus esset disjectus, jussit 
 mari trecentos flagellorum ictus iufligi, et compedes dari. 
 
 11. Habebat Lucullus villara prospectu et ambulatione 
 pulcherrimam, quo quum venisset Pompeius, id unum repre- 
 hendit, quod ea habitatio esset quidem oestate peramcena, sed 
 hieme minus commoda videretur ; cui Lucullus : " Putasne," 
 inquit, "me miniis sagg^e quam hirundines, quoe, adveni- 
 ente bieme, sedem commutant?" Vill&rum magnificentise 
 respondebat epularum sumptus : quum aliquando modica ei, 
 utpote soli, ccena esset posita, coquum graviter objurgavit, 
 eique excusanti acdicenti'se non debuisse lautum parare 
 convivium, quod nemo esset ad ccsnam invitatus : ' "Quid 
 ais," inquit iratus Lucullus, " an nesciebas Lucullum hodie 
 ccenaturum esse apud Lucullum?" 
 
 QUIJMTUS SERTORIUS. 
 
 12. Quintus Sertorius, ignobili loco natus, prima stipen- 
 dia bello Cimbrico fecit, in quo honos ei virtutis causa hab- 
 itus est. In orima adversiis Cimbros pugna licet yulnera- 
 
04 VIRl ROM^. 
 
 tus, et equo ainisso, Rhodanum flumen rapidissimum naiido 
 trajecit, lorica et scuto retentis. Egregia etiam fuit ejus 
 opera bello sociali : dum enim nullum periculum refugit, 
 alter ei oculus effossus est ; idque ille non dehonestameiitum 
 ori, sed ornamentum merito arbitrabatur : dicebat enim ' cet- 
 era bellicaj fortitudinis insignia, ut armillas, coronasve, nee 
 semper nee ubique gestari ; se vero, quotieseunque in pub- 
 licum prodiret, sues virtutis pignus, vuluus scilicet ob rem- 
 publicam acceptum, in ipsa fronte ostentare, nee quenquam 
 sibi occurrere, qui non esset laudum suarum admirator.' 
 
 13. Postquam Sulla, e bello Mithridatico in Italiam re- 
 versus, coepit dominari, Sertorius, qui partium Marianarum 
 fuerat, in Hispaniam se contulit. Ibi virtutis admirations 
 et imperandi moderatione Hispanorum simul ac Romanorum, 
 qui in iis locis consederant, animcs sibi conciliavit, magno- 
 que exercitu eoUecto, quos adversiis eum Sulla miserat, 
 duces profligavit. Missus deinde a Sulla Metellus a Ser- 
 torio fusus quoque ac fugatus est. Pompeium etiam, qui in 
 Hispaniam venerat, ut Metello opem ferret, levibus prteliis 
 lacessivit Sertorius. Is enim, non minus cauius quam acer 
 imperator, universce diraicationis discrimen vitabat, quod im- 
 parem se universe Romanorum exereitui sentiret; interim 
 vero hostem crebris damnis fatigabat. 
 
 14. Q,uum aliquando Serlorii milites pugnam inconsulte 
 flagitarent, nee jam eorum impetus posset cohiberi, Serto- 
 rius duos in eorum conspectu equos constituit, prajvalidum 
 alterum, alterum vero admodum exilem et imbeeillum ; de- 
 inde equi infirmi caudam a robusto juvene totam simul 
 abrumpi jussit; validi autem equi singulos pilos ab im- 
 becillo sene paulatim velli. Irritus adoleseentis labor risum 
 omnibus movit; senex autem, quamvis tremula manu, id per- 
 fecit, quod imperatum sibi fuerat. Quumque milites non 
 satis intelligerent, quorsum ea res spectaret, Sertorius ad eos 
 conversus : " Equi caudae," inquit, " similis est hostium ex- 
 ereitus : qui partes aggreditur, facile potest opprimere ; eon- 
 trk nihil profieiet, qui universum conabitur prosternere " 
 
BOOK. VIH. 95 
 
 15. Erat Sertorio cerva Candida eximiae pulchritudinis, 
 qucB ipsi magno usui fuit, ut obsequentiores haberet milites. 
 Hanc Sertorius assuefecerat se vocantem audire et euntein 
 sequi. Dianas donuni esse omnibus persuasit, seque ab ea 
 moneri, quae agenda aut vitanda essent. Si quid durius vellet 
 imperare, se a cerva monitum praedicabat, statimque libentes 
 parebant. Cerva in quadam hostium incursione amissa est, 
 ac periisse credita; quod sgerrime tulit Sertorius. Multis 
 post diebus a quodam liomine inventa est. Sertorius eum, 
 qui id sibi nuntiibat, tacere jussit, cervamque repente in 
 locum, ubi jus reddere solebat, immitti. Ipse, vultu hilari in 
 publicum progressus, dixit sibi in quiete visam esse cervam, 
 quae perierat, ad se reverti. Tunc emissa ex composito 
 cerva, ubi Sertorium conspexit, laeto saltirad tribunal fertur, 
 ac dexteram sedentis ore lambit; unde clamor factus, orta- 
 que omnium admiratio est. 
 
 16. Victus postea a Pompeio Sertorius pristinos mores 
 mutavit, et ad iracundiam deflexit. Multos ob suspicionem 
 proditionis crudeliter interfecit; unde odio esse coepit exer- 
 citui. Romani moleste ferebant, quod Hispanis magis qu^m 
 sibi confideret, hosque haberet corporis custodes. In hac 
 animorum aegritudine non deserebant Sertorium, quem ne- 
 cessarium sibi ducem judicabant, sed eum amare desierant. 
 Deinde in Hispanos quoque sfEviit Sertorius, quod ii tributa 
 non tolerarent; ipse etiam Sertorius, curis jam et laboribus 
 fessus, ad obeunda ducis munia segnior, ad luxum et libidi- 
 nes declinavit. Q.uare, alienatis omnium animis, jussa im- 
 peratoris contemnebantur ; tandem facta adversus eum con- 
 juratione, Sertorius in convivio a suis est interfectus. 
 
 CN^EUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 
 
 17. Cnasus Pompeius, stirpis senatorise adolescens, in 
 belle civili se et patrem consilio se'rvavit. Pompeii pater 
 suo exercitui ob avaritiam erat invisus ; itaque facta est in 
 
90 VIRl ROJLf;. 
 
 eum conspiratio. I'erentius quidam, Cnasi Pompeii colitu- 
 bernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum 
 patris incenderent. Q.usb res juveni Poinpeio ccenanti nun- 
 tiata est. Ipse, nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et 
 cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde 
 cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam 
 patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius turn, districto ense, 
 ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula per 
 cussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media conjecit 
 agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrymis placa- 
 vit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. 
 
 18. Pompeius, eodem belle civili partes Sullae secutus, 
 ita egit, ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti 
 natus, ut Bullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias 
 collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud 
 rnilitem amor, magna apud omnes adrairatio fuit ; nullus ei 
 labor tcedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique 
 temperans, somni parous, inter milites corpus exercebat. 
 Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta 
 certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, 
 sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut 
 sibi adjunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egre- 
 giamque sub signis juventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, 
 Porapeiumque salutavit imperatorem : deinceps ei venienti 
 solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire ; quem honorem 
 nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. 
 
 19. Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut earn a 
 Carbone, Sullee inimico, occupatam reoiperet. Carbo com- 
 prehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, 
 postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci 
 jussit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, 
 Siculae cujusdam civitatis principem. Quum enim in earn 
 civitatera animadvertere decrevisset, quae sibi adversata fue- 
 rat, exclamavit Sthenius, ' eum inique facturum, si ob culpam 
 unius omnes plecteret.' Interroganti Pompeio ' quisnam ille 
 
BOOK vm. U7 
 
 unus esset?' "Ego," inquit Sthenius, "qui meos cives ad 
 id induxi." Tani libera voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus 
 et Sthenio ipsi pepercit. 
 
 20. Tvansgressus inde in Africam Pompeius, larbam, 
 Numidiae regem, qui Marii partibus fa^ebat, bello persecu- 
 tus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Afri- 
 cam subegit, adolescens quatuor et vigiiiti annorum. Turn 
 ei litterEe a SjiUa^ redditse sunt, quibus jubebatur exercitum 
 dimittere, et curnMina tantiam legione successorem exspec- 
 tate. Id segre tulit Pompeius : paruit tamen, et Romam 
 reversus est. Revertenti inoredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. 
 Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine ap- 
 pellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; 
 neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque 
 est dicere 'plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem : ' 
 quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero cres- 
 cere. Ea voce audita, Sulla, juvenis constantiam admiratus, 
 exclamavit : "Triumphet, triumphet.'' 
 
 21. Metello, jam seni et bellum in Hispania segniiis ge- 
 renti, collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium 
 vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit 
 periculum : quum enim in eum vir, vasta corporis magnitu- 
 dine, impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, 
 sed, multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, 
 et, a suis fugientibus desertus, in hostium potestate erat. At 
 prsBter spem evasit : illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phale- 
 risque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero prsdara 
 inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus 
 effugit. Altero proelio, quum Metellus Pompeio laboranti 
 auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse 
 fertur : " Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum 
 verberlbus castigatum Roni^i dimisissem." Metellum anum 
 appellabat, quia is, jam senex, ad moUem et effeminatam 
 vitam deflexerat. Tandem, Sertorio interfecto, Pompeiusy 
 Hispaniam recepit. 
 
 22 I Quum piratjB maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam 
 9 
 
98 VlRl ROM a:. 
 
 etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum 
 imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri 
 potentias obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis 
 Quintus Catulus; qui quum in concione dixisset, 'esse qui- 
 dem prseclarum virum Cnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni 
 omnia tribuenda,' adjecissetque : " Siquid ei accident, ec- 
 quem in ejus locum substituetis ? " Acclamavit universa 
 concio : " Te ipsum, Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico 
 civium testimonio victus Catulus e concione discessit. 
 Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium 
 praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem ilia, peste liberavit ; prae- 
 dones multis locis victos fudit; eosdera, in deditionem ac- 
 ceptos, in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil 
 hac victoria celerius ; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas 
 toto mari expulit. 
 
 23. Confecto bello piratico, Cnaeus Pompeius contra 
 Mithridatem profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate 
 contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque 
 opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates in- 
 terdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero baud tutum erat 
 congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. duadam tamen nocte 
 Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit 
 Romanis adjumento : nam quum eam Romani a tergo habe- 
 rent, umbrae corporum longiijs projectae ad primos usque 
 hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in 
 umbras, tanquam in propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. 
 Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversijs eum 
 Alius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, 
 vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates, a filio obsessus, vene- 
 num sumpsit, quod quum tardiias subiret, quia adversus 
 venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a 
 milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 
 
 24. Pompeius deinde Tigranem, Armenice regem, qui 
 Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit , 
 quern tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis 
 recreavit, et in regnum restituit ; aeque pulchrum esse judi 
 
BOOK vm. 99 
 
 cans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus AsiiB com- 
 positis in Italian! rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique 
 timuerant, armatus, sed diitiisso exercitu, et tertiuni triuin- 
 phum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisqiie 
 ornamentis hie triumphus ; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam 
 quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devicta; causam prse- 
 buerunt : Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, 
 primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumpha- 
 vit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si, quem glorise, eundem 
 vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus 
 jam senex. 
 
BOOK IX, 
 
 SECOND CIVIL WAR. 
 
 CT^.EUS POMPiilUS. 
 
 1. PosTEA orta est inter Pompeium et Caesareni 
 
 A. U 703. . ,. , , , . . ... 
 
 A C 49 gravis dissensio, iiuod nic supenorem, ille vero 
 parem, ferre non posset: et inde bellum civile 
 exar.sit. Ca;sar cum infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pom- 
 peius, relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petiit, et 
 cum eo consules senatusque omnis: quern insecutus CiEsar 
 apud Piiarsaliam acie fudit. Victus Pompeius ad Ptolems- 
 um, AlexandricB regem, cui tutor a senatu datus fuerat, pro- 
 fugit ; sed ille Pompeium iiiterfici jussit. Latus Pompeii sub 
 oculis uxoris et liberorum mucroiie confossum est, caput ab- 
 scissum, trunous in Nilum conjectus. Dein caput, velamine 
 involutum, ad Caesarem delatum est, qui, eo viso, lacrj'mas 
 fudit, et illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus cremandum 
 curavit. 
 
 2. Is fuit viri prfestantissimi post tres consulatus et toti- 
 dem triumphus vitas exitus. Erant in Pompeio multse ac 
 magnae virtutes, ac pr;r;cipue adrairanda frugalitas. Quum 
 ei Eegrotanti praecepisset medicus, ut turdum ederet, nega- 
 rent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse 
 reperiri, nisi apud LucUllum, qui turdos domi saginaret, 
 -vetuit Pompeius, turdum inde peti, medicoque dixit : " Ergo 
 
BOOK IX. 101 
 
 nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis esset, non viveret Pompeius ! " 
 Aliam avem, quEE parabilis esset, sibi jussit apponi. 
 
 3. Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. E 
 Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, quum Rhodum 
 venisset, nobilissimum philosophum Posidonium cupiit au- 
 dire : sed quum is diceretur tunc graviter segrotare, quod 
 maximis podagreB doloribus cruciabatur, voluit saitem Pom- 
 peius eum visere. Mos erat, ut, consule asdes aliquas in- 
 grejlsuro, lictor fores virga percuteret, admonens consulem 
 adesse : at Pompeius vetuit fores Posidonii percuti, honoris 
 causa. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, ' moleste se ferre' dixit, 
 ' quod pum non posset awdira.' At llle : " Tu vero," inquit, 
 " potes, nee committam, ut dolor corporis efficiat, ut frustra. 
 tantus vir ad me venerit." Itaque cubans graviter et copiose 
 disseruit de hoc fpso : ' nihil esse bonum, nisi quod honestum 
 esset, et nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset.' 
 Quum vero dolor interdum acriter eum pungeret, saepe 
 dixit : " Nihil agis, dolor ; quamvis sis raolestus, nunquara 
 te esse malum confitebor." 
 
 CAIUS JULIUS C^SAR. 
 
 4. Caius Julius Caesar, nobilissima genitus familiS,, an- 
 num agens sextum et decimum, patrem amisit ; paulo post 
 Corneliam duxit uxorem, cujus quum pater esset SuUse ini- 
 micus, voluit Sulla CaBsarem compellere, ut earn dimitteret; 
 neque id potuit efficere. Ob eam causam Caesar bonis spo- 
 liatus, quum etiam ad mortem quaereretur, mutata veste, 
 noctu elapsus est ex urbe, et quanquam tunc quartanae mor- 
 bo laboraret, prope per singulas noctes latebras, commutare 
 cogebatur; sic quoque comprehensus a SuIIee liberto, vix, 
 data pecunia, evasit. Postremo per proximos suos veniara 
 impetravit, diu repugnante Sulla, qui quum deprecantibus 
 ornatissimis viris denega^set, atque illi pertinaciter con- 
 tenderent, expugnatus tandem dixit, ' eum, quem salvum 
 tantopere cuperent, aliquando optimatum partibus, quas 
 
1,'02 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 simul defendissent, exitio futurum, multosque in eo puero 
 inesse Marios.' Vt 
 
 5. Cffisar, mortuo Sulla et composita seditione civili, 
 Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium Apollonio, tunc 
 clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret; sed in itinere a 
 piratis captus est, mansitque apud eos quadraginta dies. Ita 
 porro per illiid ornne spatium se gessit, ut piratis terrori pari- 
 ter ac venerationi esset ; atque ne iis suspicionem ullam daret, 
 qui oculis tantummodo eum custodiebant, nunquam aut nocte 
 aut die excalceatus est. Interim comites servosque dimiserat 
 ad expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur. Viginti talenta 
 piratae postulaverant ; ille vero quiriquaginta daturum se spo- 
 pondit. Quibus numeratis, expositus est in litore. Caesar 
 liberatus confestim Miletum, quae urbs proxiine aberat, 
 properavit; ibique contracta classe, stantes adhuc in eodem 
 loco praedones noctu adortus, aliquot naves, mersis aliis, cepit, 
 piratasque ad deditionem redactos eo affecit supplicio, quod 
 illis saepe per jocum minatus fuerat, dum ab iis detineretur; 
 crucibus illos suffigi jussit. 
 
 6. Julius Caesar, quaestor factus, in Hispaniam profectus 
 est; quumque Alpes traiisiret, ettad conspectum pauperis 
 cujusdam vici comites ejus per jocum inter se disputarent, 
 an illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar, ' malle 
 se ibi primum esse, quain Romae secundum.' Ita animus, 
 dominationis avidus, a prima aetate regnum concupiscebat, 
 semperque in ore habebat hos Euripidis, Graeci poetas, ver-. 
 sus : Nam si violandum est jus, regnandi gratia violanduin 
 est: aliis rebus pieiatem colas. Quum vero Gades, quod 
 est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, visa Alexandri Magni 
 imagine, ingemuit, et lacrymas fudit : causam quaerentibus 
 amiois : " Nonne," inquit, " idonea dolendi causa est, quod 
 nihil dum memorabile gesserim, earn aetatem adeptus, qua 
 Alexander jam terrarura orbem subegerat?" 
 
 7. Julius Caesar in captanda plebis gratia, et ambiendis 
 honoribus, patrimonium effudit : aere alieno oppressus, ipse 
 dicebat sibi opus esse inillies sestertiura, ut haberet nihil. 
 
BOOK IX. 103 
 
 His artibus consulatum adeptus est : collegaque ei datus 
 Marcus Bibulus, cui Caesaris consilia baud placebant. luito 
 magistraiu, Csesar legem Agrariain tiilit, hoc est de divideiido 
 egenis civibus agro publico: cui legi quuin senatus repug- 
 naret, Csesar rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus coUega in 
 fjrum venit, ut legi ferendae obsisteret, sed tanta commota 
 est seditio, ut in caput consulis cophinus stercore plenus 
 efFanderetur, fascesque frangerentur. Tandem Bibulus, a 
 satellitibus Caesaris foro expulsus, domi se contiii.ere per 
 reliqujjm anni tempus coactus est, curiaque abstinere. In- 
 terea unus Caesar omnia ad arbitrium in republica adminis- 
 travit; unde quidam homines faceti, quae eo anno gesta 
 sunt, non ut nios erat, consulibus Caesare et Bibulo acta 
 esse dicebant, sed Julio et Caesare, unum consiriem nomine 
 et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. 
 
 8. Julius Caesar, functus consulatu, Galliam provinciam 
 sorte obtinuit. Gessit autem novem annis, quibus in imperio 
 fuit, h<Ec fere. Galliam in provinciEB-Romanas formam rede- 
 git; Germauos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romano- 
 rum ponte fabricate aggressus, maximis affecit cladibus. 
 Britannos antea ignotos vicit, iisque pecunias et obsides im- 
 peravit; quo in bello multa Caesaris facta egregia narrantur. 
 Inclinante in fugam exercitu, rapuit e manu militis fugientis 
 scutum, et, in primam aciem volitans, pugnam restituit. In 
 alio proslio aquiliferum, terga vertentem, faucibus compre- 
 hendit, in contrariam partem retraxit, dexteramque ad hostem. 
 protendens: "Quorsum tu," inquit, "aljis? Illic sunt cum 
 quibus dimicamus." Quo facto militibiite animos addidit. 
 
 9. Caesar, quum adhuc in Gallia detineretur, ne imper- 
 fecto bello discederet, postulayit ut sibi Uggj^, quamvis 
 absenti, secundum consulatum petere; quod ei a seiiatu 
 est negatum. Ea re comnrotus in Italiam rediit, armis in 
 juriam acceptam vindicaturus, plurimisque urbibus occ^ipatis, 
 Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius consulesque confuge- 
 rant. Tunc summae audaciae facinus Caesar edidit: a Brun- 
 disio p,yrra!.chium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme 
 
104 VIRI VLOUJE. 
 
 transmisit, cessantibusque copiis, quas subsequi jusserat, 
 quum ad eas arcessendas fruslra misisset, morse impatiens, 
 castris noctu ey^jlur. clam solus naviculam ccmaceadit 
 obvoluto capite, lie agnosceretur. Mare, adverso vento 
 vehementer flante, intumescebat ; in altum tamen protiniis 
 dirigi navigium j^ibej; quumque gubernator pene obrutus 
 fluctibus adverscB tempestati cederet; "Quid times?" ait: 
 " CsBsarem vehis." 
 
 10. Deinde Caesar Thessaliam petiit, ubi Pompeium 
 Pharsalico prrelio fudit, fugientem persecutus est, eumque 
 in itinere cognovit occisum fuisse. Turn bellum Ptolemseo, 
 Pompeii interfectori, intulit, a quo sibi quoque insidias parari 
 videbat; quo victo, CoBsar in Pontum transiit, Pharnacem- 
 que, Mithridatis filium, rebellantem aggressus, intra quintum 
 ab adventu diem, quatuor vero quibusin conspectum venerat 
 horis, uno proelio profligavit. Q,uam viotorise celeritatem 
 inter triumphandum notavit, inscripto inter pompae ornamenta 
 trium verborum titulo, Veni, vidi, vici. Sua deinceps Caesa- 
 rem ubiquB^ comitata est fortuna. Scipionem et Jubam, 
 Numidiae regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa 
 refoventes, devicit. Pompeii liberos in Hispania superavit. 
 Clementer usus est victoria, et omnibus, qui contra se arma 
 tulerant, pepercit. Regressus in urbem, quinquies trium- 
 phavit. 
 y^ 11. Bellis civilibus coniectis, Cjesar, dictator in perpet- 
 uum cr^us, agere insolentiiis coepit : senatum ad se veni- 
 entem sedens excepit, et quendam, ut assurgeret, monentem, 
 irato vultu respexit : quum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus 
 expeditionibus comes, et tunc in consulatu collega ei in 
 sella aurea sedenti pro rostris diadema, insigne r^jam, im- 
 poneret, non visus est eo facto ofTensus. Quare conjuratum 
 est in eum a sexaginta et amplius viris, Cassio et Bruto du- 
 cibus conspirationis. Quum igitur Caesar Idibus Martiis in 
 senatum venisset, assidentem specie officii circumsteterunt, 
 illicoque unus e conjuratis, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propiijs 
 accessit, renuentique togam ab utroque humero apprehendit 
 
BOOK IX. 105 
 
 Deinde clamantem : " Ista quidern vis est," Cassius viijne- 
 rat pauIo infra jugulum. Ceesar Cassii braohium arreptum 
 graphic trajecit, conatusque prosilire aliud vuluus accepit. 
 Q,uum Marcum Brutum, quem loco filii habebat, in se irru- 
 entem vidisset, dixit : " Tu quoque, fili mi ! " Dein ubi 
 animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput 
 obvolvit, atque ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. 
 
 12. Erat Caesar excels?, statura, nigris vegetisque oculis, 
 capite calvo : quam calvitii deforinitatem ffigre ferebat, quod 
 sceoe obtrectantium jocis esset obnoxia. Itaque ex omnibus 
 honoribus sibi a senatu populoque decretis non aliud recepit 
 aut usurpavit libentiiis, quam jus laurese perpetuo gestandaB. 
 Eum vini parcissimum fuisse ne inimici quidem negarunt : 
 unde Cato dicere solebat unum ex omnibus Ca3sarem ad 
 evertendam rempublicam sobrium accessisse. Armorum et 
 equitandi peritissimus erat ; laboris ultra Mem patiens : in 
 agmine normunquam equo, saspius pedibus anteibat, capite 
 detecto, sive sol, sive imber esset. Longissimas vias iticre- 
 dibili celeritate confecit, ita ut perscepe nuntios de se prs- 
 veniret, neque eum morabantur flumina, quae vel nando vel 
 innixus inflatis utribus trajiciebat. 
 
 X 
 
 MARCUS CATO UTICENSIS. 
 
 13. Marcus Cato, adhuc puer, invictum animi robur os- 
 tendit. Quum in domo Drusi avunculi sui educaretur, 
 Latini de civitate impetranda Rpmam venerunt. Popedius, 
 Latinorum princeps, qui Drusi hospes erat, Catonem puerum 
 rogavit, ut Latinos apud avunculum adjuvaret. Cato vultu 
 constanti negavit id se facturum. Iterum deinde ac soepius 
 interpellatus in proposito perstitit. Tunc Popedius puerum, 
 jn excelsam tedium partem levatum, tenuit et abjecturum 
 inde se minatus est, nisi precibus obtemperaret ; neque hoc 
 metu a seutentia eum potuit dimovere. Tunc Popedius ex- 
 clamasse fertur : " G.ratulemur nobis, Latini, hunc esse tani 
 
106 VIRI ROMjE. 
 
 parvum ; si enim senator esset, ne sperare quidem jus civi- 
 tatis nobis liceret." 
 
 14. CatO) quum salutandi gratia ad SuUam a paedagogo 
 duceretur, et in atrio cruenta proscriptorura capita vidisset, 
 Sullas crudelitatem exsecratus est; seque eodem esse animo 
 significavit, quo puer alius nomine Cassius, qui tunc publi- 
 cam scholam cum Fausto, Sullse filio, frequentabat. (iuum 
 enim Faustus proscriptionem paternam in schola laudaret, 
 diceretque 'se, quum per setatem posset, eandem rem esse 
 facturum,' ei sodalis gravem colaphum impegit. 
 
 15. Insignis fuit et ad imitandum praeponenda Catonis er- 
 ga fratrem benevolentia. Quum enim interrogaretur, ' quera 
 omnium maxime diligeret,' respondit, ' fratrem.' Iterum in- 
 terrogatus, ' quem secundum maxime diligeret,' iterum, ' fra- 
 trem,' respondit. Quasrenti tertio idem responsum dedit, 
 donee ille a percunctando desisteret. Crevit cum estate ille 
 Catonis in fratrem amor : ab ejus latere non discedebat ; ei 
 in omnibus rebus morem gerebat. Annos natus viginti nun- 
 quam sine fratre ccenaverat, nunquam in forum prodierat, 
 nunquam iter susceperat. Diversum tamen erat utriusque 
 ingenium : in utroque probi mores erant, sed Catonis in- 
 doles severior. )\ 
 
 16. Cato, quum frater, qui erat tribunus militum, ad 
 bell urn prgfectugfesjiet, ne eum desereret, voluntaria stipendia 
 •{ecj^ Accidit postea, ut Catonis frater in Asiam proficisci 
 cogeretur, et iter faciens in morbum incideret : quod ubi au- 
 divit Cato, licet tunc gravis tempestas saeviret, neque parata 
 essgt magna navis, solvit e portu ThessalonicoB exigua na- 
 vicula cum duobus tantiim amicis tribusque servis, et pene 
 haustus fluctibus tandem prjeter spem incolumis evasit. At 
 fratrem, modo defunctum lyj^, reperit. Tunc qiiestibus et 
 lacrymis totum se tradidit: mortui corpus qjjajn magnificen- 
 tissimo potuit funere extulit, et marmoreum tumujum exstrui 
 curavit suis inipensis. Vela deinde facturus, quum suad^ 
 )'ent amici, ut fratris reliquias in alio navigio poneret, aniniam 
 se prins quam illas relicturum respondit, atque ita solvit 
 
KOOK IX. 107 
 
 17. Cato quaestor m inaulam Cyprum missus est atl colli-, 
 gcndam Ptolemaei regis pecuniam, a quo populus Romanus 
 heres institutus fuerat. Integerriraa fide earn rem adminis- 
 travit. Summa longe major, quam quisquam sperare pot- 
 uisset, redacta est. Fere septem millia talentorum navibus 
 imposuit Cato : atque ut naufragii pericula vitaret, singulis 
 vasis, quibus inclusa erat pecunia, corticem suberis longo 
 funiculo alligavit, ut, si forte mersum navigium esset, locum 
 amissEE pecuniae cortex supernatans indicaret. Catoni adve- 
 nienti senatus et tota ferme civitas obvi^m effusa est, nee 
 erat res triumpho absimilis. -Aotai sunt Catoni a senatu 
 gratice, prasturaque illi et jus spectandi ludos praetextato 
 extra ordinem data. Quem honorem Cato noluit accipere, 
 iniquum esse affirmans, ' sibi decerni quod nulli alii tribue- 
 retur.' 
 
 18. Quum«CEesar consul legem reipublicae perniciosara 
 tulisset, Cato solus, ceteris exterritis, huic legi obstitit. 
 Iratus Caesar Catonem extrahi curia, et in vincula rapi, jus- 
 sit : at ille nihil de libertate linguje remisit, sed in ipsa ad 
 carcerem via de lege disputabat, civesque commonebat, ut 
 talia molientibus adversarentur. Catonem sequebantur 
 moesti patres, quorum unus objurgatus a Caesare, quod non- 
 dum misso senatu discederet ; . " Malo," inquit, " esse cum 
 Catone in carcere, quEim tecum in curia." Exspectabat 
 Caesar, dum ad humiles preces Cato sese demitteret : quod 
 ubi frustra a se sperari intellexit, pudore victus unum e tri- 
 bunis misit, qui Catonem dimitteret. 
 
 19. Cato Pompeii partes bello civili secutus est, eoque 
 victo, exercitus reliquias in Africam cum ingenti itinerum 
 difficultate perduxit. Quum vero ei summum a militibus 
 deferretur imperium, Scipioni, quod vir esset consularis, pa- 
 rere maluit. Scipione etiam devicto, Uticam, Africae urbem, 
 petivit, ubi filium hortatus est, ut clementiam Caesaris expe- 
 riretur ; ipse vero ccenatus deambulavit, et cubitum iturus 
 arctius diutiusque in complexu filii hsesit, deinde ingressus 
 cubiculum ferro sibi ipse mortern conscivit, Ctpsar, audit^ 
 
lOS VIRI ROM^. 
 
 Catonis morte, dixit ilium gloriae suEe invidisse, quod sibi 
 laudem servati Catonis eripuisset. Catonis liberos, eisque 
 patrimonium incolume, servavit. 
 
 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. " - 
 
 20. Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod 
 est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex ejus avis unus ver- 
 rucam in extremo naso sitara habuit ciceris grano similem, 
 inde cognomen Ciceronis genti'inditum. Quum id Marco 
 Tullio a nonnuUis probro verteretur ; " Dabo operam,'' in- 
 quit, " ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splen- 
 dorem vincat.'' Quum eas artes disceret, quibus aetas pue- 
 rilis ad humanitatem solet informari, ingenium ejus ita eluxit, 
 ut eum cequales e schola redeuntes medium, tanquam regem, 
 circumstantes deducerent domum : imo eornfti parentes pu- 
 eri fama commoti, in ludum litterarium ventitabant, ut eum 
 viserent. Ea res tamen quibusdam rustici et inculti ingenii 
 stomachum movebat, qui ceteros pueros graviter objurga- 
 bant, quod talem condiscipulo suo honorem tribuerent. 
 
 21. Tullius Cicero adolescens eloquentiam et libertatera 
 suam adversijs Sullanos osteiidit. Chrysogonum quendam, 
 Sullse libertum, acriter iiisectatus est, quod, dictatoris po- 
 tentia frelus, in bona civium invadebat. Ex qy^ veritus 
 invidiam Cicero Athenas petivit, ubi Antiochum philoso- 
 phum studiose audivit. Inde eloquentiae gratia Rhodum se 
 contulit, ubi Molone, rhetore turn diser^issi mo, majr istro 
 usus est. Qui, quum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, fle- 
 visse dicitur, quod prsevideret per hunc Graecos a Romanis 
 ingenii et eloquentise laude superatum iri. Romam rever- 
 sus, quasstor in Sicilia fuit. Nullius vero queestura nut gra- 
 tior, aut clarior fuit : quum in magna annonre difficultate 
 ingentem frumenti vim inde Romam mitteret, Siculos initio 
 offendit; postea vero ubi diligentiam, justitiam et comitatem 
 ejus expert! fuerunt, majores quaestqri suo hqnores, quam 
 uUi unquam prjEtori, detuleruijt. 
 
BOOK IX. icy 
 
 22. Cicero, consul factus, Sergii Catilinae conjurcitioneni 
 singular! virtute, constantia, curaque compressit. Is nempe 
 indignatus quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus es- 
 set, et furore amens, cum pluribus viris nobilibus Ciceronem 
 interficere, senatum trucidare, urbem incendere, aerarium 
 diripere constituerat. Quae tarn atrox conjuratia a Cicerone 
 detecta est. Catilina metu consulis Roma ad exercitum, 
 quem paraverat, profugit ; socii ejus comprehensi in carcere 
 necati sunt. Senator quidam filium supplicio mortis ipse 
 affecit. Juvenis scilicet ingenio, litleris ei, forraS. inter 
 aequales conspicuus, pravo consilio amicitiam CatilinEB se- 
 cutus fuerat, et in castra ejus properabat : quem pater ex 
 medio itinere retractum occidit, his eum verbis increpans : 
 " Non ego te Catilinse aduersus patriam, sed patriae adver- 
 sus Catilinam, genui." 
 
 23. Non ideo Catilina ab incepto destitit, sed infestis 
 signis Romam petens, cum exercitu caesus est. Adeo acri- 
 ter dimicatum est, ut nemo hostium prcelio superfuerit : 
 quem quisque in pugnando ceperat, eum, amissa anirn^, te- 
 gebat locum. Ipse Catilina longe a suis inter eorum, quos 
 occiderat, cadavera cecidit, morte pulcherrima, si pro patrid 
 ink sic occubuisset. Senatus populusque Romanus Cicero- 
 nem patriee patrem appellavit : ea res tamen Ciceroni postea 
 invidiam creavit, adeo ut abeuntem magistratu verba facere 
 ad populum vetuerit quidam tribunus plebis, quod cives, 
 indicta causa, damnavisset, sed solitum duntaxat juramen- 
 tum praestare ei permiserit. Tum Cicero magna voce : 
 " Juro," inquit, " r6mpublicam atque urbem Romam med 
 unius opera salvam esse : " qua voce delectatus populus Ro- 
 manus, et ipse juravit verum esse Ciceronis juramentum. 
 
 24. Paucis post annis Cicero reus factus est a Clodio, 
 tribuno plebis, eadem de causa, quod nempe cives Romanos 
 necavisset. Tunc moestus senatus, tanquam in publico luc- 
 tu, vestem mutavit. Cicero, quum posset armis salutem 
 suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere, quim sua causd caederri 
 fierii Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prospcuti sunt, 
 
 10 
 
110 VlRl KOMAi. 
 
 Dein Clodius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio igni et 
 aqua interdiceretur : illius domum et villas incendit ; sed 
 vis ilia diuturna non fuit: mox enim maximo omnium ordi- 
 num studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est. Obviam ei 
 redeunti ab universis itum est. Domus ejus publica pecu- 
 nia restituta est. Postea Cicero, Pompeii partes secutus, a 
 CcBsare victore veniam accepit. Quo interfecto, Octavium 
 heredem Caesaris fovit atque ornavit, ut eum Antonio rem- 
 ■publicam vexanti opponeret ; sed ab illo deinde desertus est 
 et proditus. 
 
 25. Antonius, inita cum Octavio societate, Ciceronem 
 jamdiu sibi inimicum, proscripsit. Clua re audita, Cicero 
 transversis itineribus fugit in villam, quae a marl proximo 
 aberat, indeque navem conscendit, in Macedoniam transitu- 
 rus. Quum vero jam aliquoties in altum provectum venti 
 adversi retulissent, et ipse jactationem navis pati non posset, 
 regressus ad villam : " Moriar," inquit, " in patria siepe ser- 
 vata." Mox adventantibus percussoribus, quum servi parati 
 essent ad dimicandum fortiter, ipse lecticam, qua vehebatur, 
 deponi jussit, eosque quietos pati, quod sors iniqua cogeret. 
 Prominenti ex Jectica et immotam cervicem praebenti caput 
 praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissa: caput relatum est 
 ad Antonium, ejiisque jussu inter duas manus in rostris posi- 
 tum. Fulvia, Antonii uxor, qua; se a Cicerone laesam arbi- 
 trabatur, caput manibus sumpsit, in genua iraposuit, extrac- 
 tamque linguam acu confixit. 
 
 2(5. Cicero dicax erat, et facetiarum amans, adeo ut ab 
 inimicis solitus sit appellari Scurra consalaris. Quum Len- 
 tulum, generum suum, exiguae staturae hominem, vidisset 
 longo gladio accinctum : " Q,uis," inquit, "generum meura 
 ad gladiuni alligavit ?" Matrona quiedajn juniorem se, quan 
 erat, simuians, dictitabat se triginta lantiim annos habere 
 Cui Cicero ; " Verum est," inquit, " nam hoc viginti anno; 
 audio." CiEsar, altero consiile mortuo die Decembris ulti- 
 ma, Caninium consulem hora septima in reliquam diei par- 
 tem renuntiaverat : qqem quum pleyique irent salutatum de 
 
BOOK IX. Ill 
 
 more : " Festiflgjinus," inquit Cicero, " priusquatn abeat ma- 
 gistratu." De eodem Caniiiio scripsil Cicero: " Fuit iiii- 
 rifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto suo coiisulatu soiiiimin 
 non viderit.'' 
 
 MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. 
 
 27. Marcus Brutus ex illji gente, quas Roma Tarquinios 
 ejecerat oriundus, Athenis philbsophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam, 
 didicit. Sua eum virtus valde commendavit : ejus pater, 
 qui SullaB partibus adMrsabsitur, jussu Pompeii interfectus 
 fuerat ; unde Brutus cum eo graves gesserat simuliaies: 
 bello tamen civili Pompeii causam, quod justior videreliir, 
 secutus est, et dolorem suum reipublicie utilitati [)osth;ibiiit. 
 Victo Pompeio, Brutus a CcEsare servatus est, et pru'ior 
 etiam factus. Postea quum Caesar, superbia elatus, seuiiiiim 
 contemnere, et regnum affectare coepisset, pojiuhis jam priK- 
 senti statu baud la3tus vindicem libertatis requirebat. Siib- 
 scripsere quidam primi Bruti statuae : Utinarii vivtrea ! 
 Item ipsius Ccesaris statuae : " Brutus, quia reges ejecit, 
 primus consul factus est ; hie, quia consules ejecit, postre- 
 mo rex factus est." Inscriptum quoque est Marci Bruti 
 prsetoris tribunali : Dormis, Brute ! 
 
 28. Marcus Brutus, cognita populi Romani voluntate, 
 adversiis Cassarera conspiravit. Pridie quim Caesar est oc- 
 cisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, consilii conscia, cultellum tonso- 
 rium, quasi unguium resecandorum causa, poposcit, eoque 
 velut forte e manibus elapso se ipsa vulneravit. Clamore 
 ancillarum vocatus in cubiculum uxoris, Brutus objurgarc 
 earn coepit, quod tonsoris oiBcium praeripere voluisset ; at 
 Porcia ei secreto dixit: "Non casu, sed de industria, mi 
 Brute, hoc mihi vulnus feci : experiri enim volui, an satis 
 raihi aninii esset ad mortem oppetendam, si tibi propositum 
 ex sententia parum cessisset." Quibus verbis auditis, Bru- 
 tus ad coelum manus et ocu.los sustulisse dicitur, et exclama- 
 visse : " Utinam dignus tali conjuge maritus videri possim ' " 
 
H2 Vmi ROM^. 
 
 29. Interfecto Caesare, Antonius vestem ejus sanguino- 
 lentam ostentans, populum veluti furore quodam adversus 
 conjuratos inflammavit. Brutus itaque in Macedonian! con- 
 cessit, ibique apud urbein Phiiippos adversiis Antonium et 
 Octavium dimicavit. Victus acie, quum in tumulum se 
 nocte recepisset, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni comitum 
 latus transfodiendum prcebuit. Antonius, viso Bruti cadav- 
 ere, ei siium injecit purpureum paludamentum, ut in eo 
 sepeliretur. Quod quum postea surreptum audivisset, re- 
 quiri furem et ad supplicium duci jussit. Cremati corporis 
 reliquias ad Serviliam, Bruti matrem, deportandas curavit. 
 Non eadem fuit Octavii erga Brutum moderatio : is enini 
 avulsum Bruti caput Romam ferri jussit, ut Caii Caesaris 
 statuae subjiceretur. 
 
 OCTAVIUS C^SAR AUGUSTUS. 
 
 30. Octavius Julice, Caii Caesaris sororis, nepos patrem 
 quadrimus amisit. A majore avunculo adoptatus, eum in 
 Hispaniam profectum secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam 
 missus est, ut liberalibus studiis vacaret. Audita avunculi 
 morte, Romam rediit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit, collQctogue 
 veteranorum exercitu, opera Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab An- 
 tonio Mutinae obsidebatur. Quum autem urbis aditu pro- 
 hiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus certiorein faceret, 
 primo litteras laminis plumbeis inscriptas misit, quas per 
 urinatorem sub aqua fluminis deferebantur ; ad id postea 
 columbis usus est : iis nempe diii "inclusis et fame affectis 
 litteras ad coUum alligabat, easque a proximo moenibus loco 
 emittebat. Columbae lucis cibique avidae, summa ledificia 
 petentes, a Bruto excipiebantur', maxime quum ille, deposito 
 quibusdam in locis cibo, columbas illuc devolare instituisset. 
 
 31. Octavius bellum Mutinense duobus prceliis confecit, 
 in quorum altero nan ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus 
 est munere : nam aquilifero graviter vulnerato, aquilam 
 liumeris subiit, et in castra reportavit. Postea reconciliata 
 
BOOK IX. 113 
 
 cum Antonio gratia, junctisque cum ipso copiis, ut Caii 
 CfEsaris necem ulcisceretur, ad urbem hokiliter accessit, 
 inde quadringentos milites ad senatuin rnisit, qui sibi con- 
 sulatum nomine exercitus deposcerent. Cunctante senatu, 
 centurio legationis princeps, rejecto sagulo, ostendens gladii 
 capulum, non dubitavit in curia dicere : " Hie faciet, si vos 
 non feceritis." Cui respondisse Ciceronem ferunt : " Si 
 hoc modo petieritis CjBsari consulatum, aufeijetis." Quod 
 dictum ei deinde exitio fuit : invisus enim esse'coepit Caesari, 
 quod libertatis esset araantior. ^, 
 
 32. Octavius Caesar, nondum viginti annos natus,- consu- 
 latum invasit, novamque proscriptionis tabulam proposuit : 
 quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit : ne tenerje 
 quidem setati j^epejiBit. Puerum quendam, nomine Atilium, 
 Octavius coegit togam virilem sumere, ut tanquam vir pro- 
 scriberetur. Atilius, protinus ut e Capitolio desceiidit, dedu- 
 centibus ex more amicis, in tabulam relatus est. Desertum 
 deinde a comitibus ne mater quidem prae metu recepit. 
 Puer itaqiie fugit, et in silvis aliquandiu delituit. Q.uum 
 vero inopiani ferre non posset, e litebris exivit, seqiie prae- 
 tereuntibus indicavit, a quibus interfectiis est. Alius puer 
 etiam impubes, dum in ludum litteiarium iret, cum psda- 
 gogo, qui pro eo corpus objecerat, necatus est. ^ 
 
 33. Octavius, inita cum Antonio societate, Marcum Bru-' 
 turn Caesaris interfectorem, bello persecutus est. . Q,uod 
 bellum, quanquam aeger atque invalidus, duplici proeiio 
 transegit, quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit ; al- 
 tero victor se gessit acerbius. In nobilissimum quemque 
 captivum saeviit, adjecta etiam supplicio verborum contume- 
 lia. Uni suppliciter precanti sepulturam respondit, ' jam 
 illam in volucrum atque ferarum potestate futuTam.' Arabo 
 erant captivi pater et filius ; quum autem Octavius nollet, 
 nisi uni, vitam concedere, eos sortiri jussit, ulri parceretur. 
 Pater, qui se pro fiiio ad mortem subeundam obtulerat, 
 occisus est ; nee servatus filius, qui prse dolore voluntariS, 
 
 10* 
 
114 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 occubuit nece : neque ab hoc tristi spectaculo oculos avertit 
 Octavius, sed utrumque spectavit morieiitem. 
 
 34. Octavius ab Antonio iterum abalienatus est, quod 
 is, repudiata Octavia sorore, Cleopatram ^Egypti reginam 
 duxisset uxorem : qus nmlier cum Antonio luxu et deliciis 
 certabat. Gloriata est aliquando se centies sestertium una 
 coena absumptuiam. Antonio id fieri posse neganti magnif- 
 icam apposuit coenam, sed non tanti sumptus, quanti pro- 
 miserat. Irrisa igitur ab Antonio jussit sibi afTerri vas aceto 
 plenum : exspectabat Antonius quidnam esset actura. Ilia 
 gammas pretiosissimas auribus appensas habebat; protinua 
 unam detraxit, et aceto dilutam absorbuit. Alteram quoque 
 simili modo parabat absumere, nisi prohibita fuisset, 
 
 BATTLE OF ACTIUM. 
 
 35. Octavius cum Antonio apud Actium, qui 
 A. U. 721. . . . 
 
 a' C 31 ' ^ocus in Epiro est, navali proelio dimicavit ; vic- 
 
 tum et fugientem Antonium persecutus, ^gyp- 
 tum petiit, obsessaque Alexandria, quo Antonius cum Cle- 
 opatra confugerat, brevi potitus est. Antonius, desperatis 
 rebus, quum in solio regali sedisset regio diademate cinctus, 
 necem sibi conscivit. Cleopatra vero, quam Octavius mag- 
 nopere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque servari, 
 aspidem sibi in cophino inter ficus afferendam curavit, eam- 
 que ipsa brachio applicuit : quod ubi cognovit Octavius, 
 medicos vulneri remedia adhibere jussit. Admovit etiara 
 Psyllos, qui venenum exsugerent, sed frustra. CleopatrEB 
 mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. 
 
 36. Tandem Octavius, hostibus victis, solusque imperio 
 poiitus, clementem se exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo 
 
BOOK IX. 115 
 
 plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis. Multis ignovit, a qui- 
 bus scepe graviter laesus fuerat, quo in numero fuit Metellus, 
 unus ex Antonii priefectis. Q,uum is inter captivos senex 
 squalidus sordidatusque processisset, agnovit cum filius ejus, 
 qui Octavii partes secutus fuerat, statimque exsiliens, patrem 
 complexus, sic Octavium allocutus est : " Pater meus hostis 
 tibi fuit; ego miles: non magis ille pcenam, quam ego prse- 
 mium meriti sumus. Aut igitur me propter ilium occidi 
 jube, aut ilium propter me vivere. Delibera, quseso, utrum 
 sit moribus tuis convenientius.'' Ootavius postquam pauliim 
 addubitavisset, misericordia motus, honiinem sibi infensissi- 
 mum propter filii merita servavit. 
 
 37. Octavius in Italiam rediit, Romamque triumphans 
 mgressus est. Turn bellis toto orbe compositis, Jani gemini 
 portas sua manu clausit, quae tantumraodo bis antea clausae 
 fuerant, primo sub Numa, rege, iterum post primum Puni- 
 cum bellum. Tunc omries praeteritorum malorum oblivio 
 cepit, populusque Roraanus praesentis otii laetitia perfruitus 
 est. Octavio maximi honores a senatu delati sunt. Ipse 
 Augustus cognominafus est, et in ejus honorem mensis Sex- 
 tilis eodem nomine est appellatus, quod illo mense bellis 
 civilibus finis esset impositus. Equites Romani natalem 
 ejus biduo semper celebrarunt : senatus populusque Romanus 
 universus cognomen Patris Patriae maximo consensu ei trib- 
 uerunt. Augustus prae gaudio lacrymans respondit his 
 verbis : " Compos factus sum votorum meorum ; neque aliud 
 mihi optandum est, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad 
 ultimum vitae finem videre possim." 
 
 38. Dictaturam, quam populus magna vi offerebat, Au- 
 gustus, genu nixus dejectaque ab humeris toga, deprecatus 
 est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit, eamque sibi 
 tribui edicto vetuit, imo de restituenda republic^ non semel 
 cogitavit ; sed reputans et se privatum non sine periculo 
 fore, et rempublicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri, sum- 
 mam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit, nequem novi status 
 poeniterett Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus 
 
lie Vmi ROMiG. 
 
 fuerat, et sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliqiiando 
 unum e nepotibus invenit; quumque puer territus volumen 
 Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus li- 
 brum cepit, eoque statim reddito : " Hie vir," inquit, " fill 
 mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans." 
 
 39. Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat, summaque comi- 
 tate adeuntes excipiebat : unde quum quidam, libellum sup- 
 plicem porrigens, prae raetu et reverentia nunc manum 
 proferret, nunc retraheret; "Putasne," inquit jocans Au- 
 gustus, " assem te elephanto dareV Eum aliquando con- 
 venit veteranus miles, qui vocatus in jus periclitabatur, roga- 
 vitque, ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e comitatu 
 suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commeudaret. Turn 
 veteranus exclamavit : " At non ego, te periclitante bello 
 Actiaco, vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi ; " simul' 
 qi»e detexit cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus, atque ipse venit 
 in advocationem. 
 
 40. Quum post Actiacam victoriam Augustus Romam 
 ingrederetur, occurrit ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam 
 corvum tenens, quem instituerat hsec dicere: Ave, Casar 
 victor, imperator. Augustus, avem ofRciosam miratus, earn 
 viginti millibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem 
 nihil ex ilia liberalitate pervenerat, affirmavit Augusto ilium 
 habere et alium corvum, quem afferri postulavit. Allatus 
 corvus verba, quag didicerat, expressit : Ave, Antoni victor, 
 imperator. Nihil ea re exasperatus Augustus jussit tan- 
 tummodo corvorum doctorem dividere acceptara mercedem 
 cum contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco, emi eum 
 jussit. 
 
 41. Exemplo incitatus sutor quidam corvum instituit ad 
 parem salutationem ; sed, quum parum proficeret, saepe ad 
 avem non respondentem dicebat : Operd et impensa perlit. 
 Tandem corvus coepit proferre dictatam salutationem : qua 
 audita dum transiret, Augustus respondit : " Satis domi 
 talium salutatorum habeo." Turn corvus ilia etiam verba 
 adjecit, quibus dominum querentem audire solebat: Opera 
 
BOOK IX. 117 
 
 et impensa periit : ad quod Augustus risit, atque avem emi 
 jussit, quanti nullam adhuc emerat. 
 
 42. Solebat quidam Grseculus desceiidenti e palatio Au- 
 gusto honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id quum 
 frustri saepe fecisset, et tamen rursum cuiidem facturum 
 Augustus videret, sua manu in charta breve exaravit Grce- 
 cum epigramma, et Graeculo venienti ad se obviam misit. 
 Ille legendo laudare coepit, mirarique tam voce quam vultu 
 gestuque. Dein quum accessit ad seliam, qua Augustus 
 vehebatur, derniss§, in pauperem crumenam manu, paucos 
 denarios protulit, quos principi daret ; dixitque ' se plus 
 daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset.' Secuto omnium risu, 
 Grseculum Augustus vocavit, eique satis grandem pecunise 
 summam numerari jussit. 
 
 43. Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus 
 igitui;^ a quodam coena satis parca et paene quotidiana, hoc 
 tantum insusurravit : " Non putabam me tibi esse tam famil- 
 iarem." Q.uum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam coena- 
 ret, fregit unus ex servis vas crystallinum : rapi ilium proti- 
 nus Pollio jussit, et, ne vulgari moffe^periret, abjici muroenis, 
 quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e manibus puer, et 
 ad pedes Caesaris confugit, non recusans mori, sed rogans 
 ne piscium esca fieret. Motus novitate crudelitatis Augus- 
 tus«6ervi infelicis patrocinium suscepit: quum autem veniam 
 a viro crudeli non impetraret, crystallina vasa ad se afferri 
 jussit; omnia manu sua fregit; servum manumisit, pisci- 
 namque compleri prsecepit. 
 
 44. Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas 
 agebat, rumpente somnum ejus crebro noctuaj cantu ; qua 
 molestia quum liberari se vehementer cupere significasset, 
 miles quidam aucupii peritus noctuam prehendendam cura- 
 vit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis prtemii ; cui 
 Augustus mille numraos dari jussit : at ille, miniis dignum 
 prsemium existimans, dicere ausus est : " Malo ut vivat," et 
 avem dimisit. Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat, 
 nee ad ulciscendum potestas. Hanc tamen injuriam aequt 
 
118 VIRI ROM^. 
 
 animo tulit Augustus, hominemque impunitum abire pas- 
 sus est. 
 
 45. Augustus amicitias non facile adinisit, et admissas 
 constanter retinuit: imprimis familiarem iiabuit Marcenatem, 
 equitem Romanum, qui ea, qua apud principem valebat, gra- 
 tia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus quibus posset, 
 noceret nemiiii. Mira erat ejus ars et libertas in flectendo 
 Augusti animo, quum eum ira incitatum videret. Jus ali- 
 quando dicebat Augustus, et multos morte damnaturus vide- 
 batur. Aderat tunc Maecenas, qui circumstantium turbara 
 perrumpere, et ad tribunal propiiis accedere, conatus est ; 
 quum id frustra tentasset, in tabella scripsit hoec verba: 
 " Surge tandem, carnifex : " eamque tabellam ad- Augustum 
 projecit, qua lecta, Augustus statim surrexit, et nemo est 
 morte multatus. 
 
 46. Habitavit Augustus in sedibus modicis nequejaxitate 
 neqiie cuitu conspicuis, ac per annos',amplius(quadraginta in 
 eodem cubiculo hieme et iBstate mansit. Supellex quoque 
 ejus vix privatae elegantiseerat.' Idem tamen Romam,'quam 
 pro majestate imperii non satis ornatam invenerat,' adeo ex- 
 coluit,, ut jure sit gloriatusj ' ranrmoream se relinquere, ijuam 
 lateritiam accepisset.' Raro veste alia usus est, quam con- 
 fecta ab uxore, sorore, filia, neptibusque. Alt'iuscula erant 
 ejus calceamenta, ut procerior, quani erat, videretur. #Cibi 
 minimi erat atque vulgaris. / Secundarium panem et piscicu- 
 los minutos et ficus virides maxime appetebat. 
 
 47. Augustus non ampliijs quam septem horas dormiebat, 
 ac ne eas quidem continuas, sed ita ut in iilo temporis spatio 
 ter aut quater expergisceretur. Si interruptum somnum re- 
 cuperare non posset, lectores arcessebat, donee resumeret. 
 Quum audisset senatorem quendam, licet aere alieno oppres- 
 sum, arete et graviter dormire solitum, culcitam ejus magno 
 pretio emit : mirantibus dixit : " Habenda est ad somnum 
 culcita, in qua homo, qui tantum debebat, dormire potuit." 
 
 48 Exercitationes campestres equorum et armorum sta- 
 tim post bella civilia omisit, et ad jylam primo folliculumquc ■ 
 
BOOK IX. 119 
 
 transiit :* mox animi laxaiidi causa, rnodo piscabatur hamo, 
 modo talis nucibusque ludebat cum pueris minutis, quos 
 facie et garrulitate amabiles undique conquirebat. Alei 
 multijin delectabatjir ; idque ei vitio datum est. Tandem 
 afflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi remisso ad 
 otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo 
 vitee die, petito speculo, capillum sibi comi jussit, et amicos 
 circi^mstantes percontatus est, num vitEB mimum satis com- 
 mode egisset; adjecit et solitam clausulam : " Edite strepi- 
 tum, vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Noise 
 sextum et septuagesimum annum agens. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 f\g figuratively. 
 
 freq^ frequentative, 
 
 /r«i genitive. 
 
 xm'p impersonal. 
 
 inc inceptive. 
 
 inO. indeclinable. 
 
 int interjection. 
 
 irr irregular. 
 
 m masculine. 
 
 7) neuter. 
 
 a, , A ... active. 
 ahl. . . . ablative. 
 ace .... accusative. 
 
 adj adjective. 
 
 adv adverb. - 
 
 comp. , . . comparative. 
 
 coiij conjunction. 
 
 def. defective. 
 
 dep deponent. 
 
 dim diminutive. 
 
 /. feminine. 
 
 $ This character, with its accompanying letters and figures, refers to the aectioni 
 and subordinate divisions of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. 
 Roman letters, with Arabic numerals, refer to the books of the preceding history. 
 
 num numeral. 
 
 obs obsolete. 
 
 part participle. 
 
 pass passive. 
 
 pi pluruJ. 
 
 prep preposition, 
 
 pret preteritive. 
 
 pro pronoun. 
 
 sc supply. 
 
 sup superlative 
 
 ^., an abbreviation o£ the prcBnomen 
 Aiilus. 
 
 Jlj Mj Ms, prep, with the all. § 195, 
 R. 2. From. Before the agent 
 of a passive verhj by, § 248. 
 Denoting relative position, on — 
 After; at. In composition, see 
 § 196,1., 1, &§197, 1. 
 
 AhaliiSno, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ah ^ 
 alieno),io estrange, alienate, sell ; 
 to set at variance; to separate. 
 
 AbdlcQ, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ah &/• 
 dico, dre), to turn out of doors, 
 disinherit; to lay down, resign, 
 abdicate ; to reject. Abdicare 
 se consulatu, etc., to resign the 
 consulship, &c. § 251, R. 2. 
 
 Ahdo, Stc, Idi, Hum, a. [ah ^ do), 
 to hide, conceal, secrete. 
 
 Ahduco, Ire, xi, ctum, a. (ah ^^ 
 4uco)j to take away, remove, 
 
 lead away or off, draw off, with 
 draw; to lead, carry. 
 
 Mbeo, ire, ii, irr. n. (ah fy eo), 
 § 182, to go away, depart, go off, 
 go. Mhire in, to grow into, be- 
 come. Magistratu ahire, to go 
 out of office, § 242. 
 
 AhessG. See Absum. 
 
 Abhinc, adv. {ah &f hinc, § 193, 13), 
 hence ; ago, since. 
 
 Abiens, gen. abenntis, part. (aheo). 
 
 Abii. See Abeo. 
 
 Abjectus, u, nm, part. ^ adj., cast 
 off, thrown away or aside ; ab- 
 ject, debased, mean; depressed, 
 dispirited : frdm 
 
 Abjlcio, ere, jeci, jecium, a. {ah Sf 
 jacio), § 163, E. 3, (6) & § 189, 5 : 
 to cast or throw away; to cast 
 or throw, to throw down, pros- 
 trate ; to lay by, throw aside 
 
ABLATUS— ACCfiPTUS. 
 
 121 
 
 Mldtus, u., uni, part, {aufero). 
 
 Ahluo, ire, ui, u/um, a. (u6 ^ luo), 
 to wash oft", wash, make clean, 
 purify , to expiate. 
 
 Mbnuo, (J/-C, 'Utf a. (ab ^ nuo), to 
 express dissent by a nod or 
 shalse of the head ; to refuse, 
 deny, decline, reject. 
 
 Abrlpio, ire, ripui, reptum, a,, (ab 
 4' rapio), to take away, carry oft'. 
 
 Mr6go, are, ani, alum, a. (ab ^ 
 rogd^ to annul, abolish, abro- 
 gate, repeal. 
 
 Abi'umpo, ire, rupi, ruptum, a. (ab 
 S^ rumpo), to break off, break, 
 burst; asunder, sever; to, pull or 
 tear off. 
 
 Ms. See A. 
 
 Abscindo, ire,.sctdi,,sciasntn, a. (ab 
 ^'scindo), to tear off, cut off, cut. 
 
 Ahsens, enlis, adj. (iibs^S^ ens, § 154, 
 E. 1), absent abroad, remote. 
 
 Absimilis, e, adj. (ab fy similis), 
 lUnlike, dissimilar. 
 
 Absisto, ire, sliti, n. (ab S^ sisto) , 
 to stand off or aloof from ; to 
 depart or retire from, leave, quit, 
 desist from, cease. 
 
 Absolvo, ire, solvi,:.sol'utU'm, a. (ab 
 ^ solvo), to loose, unloose, set at 
 liberty, discharge.irelease, liber- 
 ate ; to despatch, dismiss; to 
 finish, complete. 
 
 Absorheo, ire,m S,~ sorpsi, a. (ah ^ 
 sorbeo, to swallow), to absorb, 
 swallow. 
 
 Abstergeo , ere,teTsi, tersum, a. (abs 
 4^ tergeo, to wipe), to wipe off, 
 wipe, clean, cleanse. 
 
 Abstlneo, Ire, tinui, tentum, a,, (abs 
 i^teneo),^ 242, to abstain fi-om, 
 keep or refrain from, keep aloof 
 from. 
 
 Abstinentia, ai, f. (abstinens, tem- 
 perate) , abstinence, moderation ; 
 freedomTrom avarice ; upright- 
 11 
 
 ness, disinterestedness, temper- 
 ance, sobriety. 
 
 Ahsiraho, ire, traxi,,tr{^t'um, a. (aji3 
 &/■ tralio), to draw or tear away, 
 take away by force, lead away. 
 
 Ahstuli. See Aufero. 
 
 Ahsum, esse,fui, irr.n. (ab &^svm), 
 to be absent; to be distant or re- 
 moved ; to be wanting. Prox- 
 imo abesse, to be at a very short 
 distance, to be very near. 
 
 AbsUmo, ire, psi, plum, u. (ab ^ 
 svmo), to consume, destroy; to 
 spend. 
 
 Abundo, .are, am, n. (ab i^ undo, 
 to rise in waves), to abound, 
 overflow. 
 
 Ac, cotij., the same as atque, § 198, 
 1, E. (6.) and. After alius, alitor, 
 juxta, similiter, par, similis, se- 
 cus, &c , than or as. 
 
 Acarnan, dnis, m., an Acarnanian : 
 from 
 
 Acarnania, (B,f, a. part of Epirus, 
 ■note Carnia. 
 
 Acca, ce, f, Acca, a woman's 
 name. Acca Larentia, the wife 
 of Faustulus, and nurse of Rom- 
 ulus and Renms : I. 2. 
 
 Acfcdo, ire, essi, essvm, n. (ad fy 
 cedo), to draw near, approach, 
 arrive at, come to, come ; to con- 
 sent or agree to ; to be added to. 
 Accedere , ad rempublicarn everten- 
 dam, to go about to destroy, un- 
 dertake the destruction of—. 
 
 Accelivo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 4^ n. ((id 
 fycelero, to hasten), to hasten, 
 accelerate, make haste. 
 
 Aecendo, ire, dt,sum, a. (ad ^ can- 
 do, obs.), to set on fire, light up, 
 kindle, burn. Fig., to excite, 
 inflame, stir up. 
 
 Accensus, a, vm,part. (aecendo). 
 
 Accipi. See Accipio. 
 
 Acceptus, a, um,.part. .(accipio). 
 
122 
 
 ACCKSSI— AOTIUM. 
 
 Mccssi. See Accedo. 
 
 Acclilo, Ire, cldi, n. (ad S/- cado) , to 
 fall down at or before ; to fall ; 
 to arrive, come ; to happen, oc- 
 cur, befall. Si quid alicui acci- 
 dat, if any calamity befall one, 
 if one should die, § 324, U. 
 
 Accingn^ Hre, xi, ctum, u. {ad ^ 
 cingo), to gird, begird, gird on. 
 Fig., to prepare, equip, furnish. 
 
 ^ccio, ire, vol, Uum, a. (ad fy do), 
 to send for, call, call in, sum- 
 mon, invite, fetch. 
 
 Acclpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (ad S^ 
 capio, § 189, 5), to receive, take, 
 accept ; to receive, treat, enter- 
 tain ; to bear ; to hear, learn ; 
 to admit, approve, accept of, 
 adopt ; to interpret, under- 
 Btand. 
 
 AccUiLS, II., vm, part, (aceio). 
 
 ^ccldmo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ad ^ 
 clatno), to cry out against; to 
 applaud ; to cry out, shout. 
 
 ^cc'wmbo, Sre., cuhui, cubXtum, n. (ad 
 fy cumho), to recline or sit down 
 at table ; to recline near one at 
 meat. 
 
 Accurro, ere, curri fy cucurri, cur- 
 sum, n. (ad S^ curro), to run to; 
 to run. 
 
 Accusatio, onis, f. (accuse), an ac- 
 cusation, impeachment, 
 
 Accusdior, oris, m., an accuser; a 
 plaintiff: from 
 
 Accuso, are, dvi, atum, a, (ad fy 
 causa), § 217, to accuse, arraign, 
 impeach ; to blame, chide, com- 
 plain of, censure. 
 
 Acer, arris, acre, adj., acrior, acer- 
 rlmus; sharp, sour. Fig., ve- 
 hement, fiery, impetuous, fierce ; 
 severe; acute ; brave, bold, cou- 
 rageous; energetic, vigorous. 
 Acre bellum or prodiuw., a severe 
 or bard-fought battle. 
 
 Acerb?,, adv. (accrbus), sharply, se- 
 verely, bitterly, harshly. 
 
 Acerbltas, dtis, /., sharpness, sour- 
 ness. Fig., sorrow, grief; rigor, 
 austerity, severity ; from 
 
 Acerbus, a, um, adj., unripe, sour; 
 bitter. 
 
 Acerrlmi, adv. (sup. of acriter), 
 very vehemently, vigorously, or 
 stoutly. 
 
 Acervus, i, m., a heap, hoard, or 
 pile; an accumulation. 9 
 
 Acetum, i, n. (aceo, obs., to be sour), 
 vinegar. Fig., raillery, wit, sa- 
 tire, gall, indignation. 
 
 Achalcus, i, m., Achalcus, an agno- 
 men, given to L. Mummius, from 
 his conquest of Achaia. 
 
 Achilles, is, m., Achilles, a Grecian 
 hero, the son of Feleus and 
 Thetis: III. 14. 
 
 Acies, €i,f., a sharp edge or point; 
 the pupil of the eye; the eye; a 
 line of soldiers; a battalion; 
 an army ; an army in battle 
 array ; a battle, fight. Prima 
 acies, the first rank or line, the 
 van. 
 
 Acquiesce, Ire, Ivi, n. (ad 4' quies- 
 ce), to repose, rest. Fig., to ac- 
 quiesce in, be pleased or delight- 
 ed with. 
 
 Acrior. See Acer. 
 
 Acriter, adv., acrius, acerrlmi, 
 § 194, (accr), vehemently, sharp- 
 ly, severely, keenly,eagerly ; val- 
 iantly, courageously, earnestly 
 vigorously, stoutly ; very much, 
 very. 
 
 Actiacus, u, vm, adj. (Actium), of 
 or bi6longing-to Actium. 
 
 Actio, dnis,f. (ago), an act, action, 
 operation; action at law, ar- 
 raignment. 
 
 Actium, i, n., a town and promon 
 tory of Epirua : IX. 35. 
 
ACTOR— ADJUMENTUM. 
 
 123 
 
 •Sctor, Oris, in. (ngo), an agent, 
 doer, performer, actor. 
 
 ActuSj a, um, 'part. (ago). 
 
 Acuo, ire, ?/i, utum, a., to sharpen, 
 point. Fig., to stimulate, rouse, 
 excite, provoke, instigate : from 
 
 ^cus, its, f. § 89, R 5, a needle ; 
 a bodkin. 
 
 Aciiti, adv., sharply, acutely, keen- 
 ly. Fig., ingeniously, wittily : 
 frow, 
 
 JlciUus, u,, um, adj. S^part. (acuo), 
 sharp-edged, pointed. Fig., in- 
 genious, acute, quick. 
 
 Ad, prap. with the ace, to, unto J 
 at; near, before, towards; for; 
 according to, in regard to; with 
 numerals, at the distance of, 
 about. When ad denotes a pur- 
 pose, the noun following it may 
 often be translated by the infinitive 
 or gerund, as, ad terrorem, to ter- 
 rify, or for terrifying. 
 
 Adactus, a, um, part, {adigo). 
 
 Jlddmo, are, dri, alum, a. (ad fy 
 amo, to love), to love greatly or 
 desperately, be enamored of, 
 fall in love with. 
 
 Addlco, ire, xi, ctum, a. (ad Sf dice, 
 ere), to give up, surrender, ad- 
 judge; to devote; to condemn; 
 to consent to, approve, ratify. 
 
 Mdltus, a, um, part. . from 
 
 Jidda, Ire, didi, dltum, a. (ad ^ do), 
 to add; to give, impart, bestow. 
 
 AdditbXto, arc, dvi, dtum, n. (ad 4' 
 dublto, to doubt) , to doubt, doubt 
 a little, be somewhat in doubt. 
 
 Adduco, ire, xi, ctum, a. (ad ^ du- 
 co), to conduct, bring, lead; to 
 induce, cause, persuade ; to draw, 
 draw tight, tighten; to reduce. 
 
 Adductus, a, um, part, (adduco), 
 
 Adimi. See Adiino. 
 
 Ademptus, a, um, part, (adimo). 
 
 Aded, adv. (ad fy ed), so, so far, to 
 
 such a degree, insomuch, too, 
 indeed ; therefore, for this reason. 
 
 Aden, ire, ii, itum, n. (ad i^ eo), to 
 go to ; to approach ; to address, 
 accost; to undertake, undergo, 
 incur. 
 
 Adeptus, a, um, part, (adipiscor). 
 
 Adesse. See Adsum. 
 
 Ad/ucreo, 6re, si, sum, n. (ad S^ 
 hareo), to adhere, stick to, re- 
 main attached. 
 
 Adhlbeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. (ad S^ 
 habeo), to adopt, use, employ; 
 to take, admit, receive; to ap- 
 ply ; to bring, bring on ; to offer, 
 pay ; to treat, use, have re- 
 course to. 
 
 Adhihitus, a, um, part, (adhibeo), 
 called for, summoned. 
 
 Adhuc, adv. (ad Sf hue), hitherto, 
 thus far, as yet, still, even yet, 
 besides. 
 
 Adigo, ire, igi, actum, a. (ad ^ 
 ago), § 163, N. 3, to drive, thrust, 
 impel ; to force, compel. 
 
 Ada. See Adeo. 
 
 Adimo, ire, cmi, emptum, a. (ad ^ 
 emo), to take away, remove, de- 
 prive of. 
 
 Adipiscor, i, adeptus sum, dep. (ad 
 ^ apiscor, to get), to acquire, get, 
 obtain, gain, procure; to reach, 
 overtake ; to undertake, assume ; 
 to reach, arrive at, attain. 
 
 Aditus, lis, m. (adeo), a going to, 
 approach, way, passage, en- 
 trance. 
 
 Adjaceo, ire, n. {ad S^ jaccd), to lie 
 contiguous, border upon, lie 
 near. 
 
 Adjicio, ire, jici, jectum, u.. (ad ^ 
 jacio, to cast), to cast towards, 
 apply to; to place near; to add 
 
 Adjumentum, i, n. (adjuvo), aid 
 help, assistance. Alicui magno 
 adjum-ento esse_ to assist one 
 
124 
 
 ADJUNGO— ADRUMETUM. 
 
 greatly, to be of gteat assistance 
 to one. 
 
 Sdjimgo, Ire, xi, ctum, a. (ad 8f 
 jungo), to add, join, annex, unite, 
 associate. 
 
 Adjvior, oris, m., an aider, abettor, 
 lielper, assistant: from 
 
 *3djuvOy are, juvi, jutiim, a. {ad <^ 
 juvo), to lielp, succor, aid, assist. 
 
 Administro, are, dvf., dtum, a. (ad 
 4" mi.nistro, to serve), to minister, 
 attend, serve; to administer, 
 manage, conduct, direct, govern, 
 regulate. 
 
 MmirabXlis, e, adj., (admiror), ad- 
 mirable, wonderful. 
 
 Admirandus, a, um, adj. ^ part. 
 (arfmiror), admirable, wonderful. 
 
 Admiraiio, 6nis, f. (admiror), ad- 
 miration ; wonder, amazement. 
 
 Admirdtor, oris, m., an admirer : 
 from 
 
 Admiror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (ad 
 fy miror), to wonder greatly, be 
 astonished or surprised; to ad- 
 mire, esteem. 
 
 Admisceo, ere, miscui, mistum S^ 
 mixtum, a. (ad fy inisceo, to mix), 
 to mix, mingle, blend with. 
 
 Admistvs, or Admixtus, a, um, pa/rt. 
 (admisceo). 
 
 Admilto, ire, mlsi, missum, a. (ad 
 S/- mitto), to send to; to receive, 
 admit, accept, allow. Fig., to 
 commit a crime. Ad,mittere au- 
 ribits, to listen to, hear. Amici- 
 tiam admittere, to form friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Admddum, adv. (adS/- modus), very, 
 exceedingly, much, greatly; tru- 
 ly. Jfihil admodum, nothing, at 
 all. 
 
 AdmSneo, efe, m, Itum, a. (ad <!/• 
 moneo), to remind, put in mind, 
 admonish, warn, advise, give no- 
 tice. 
 
 AdmCtus, a, um, part. .- frirm 
 
 Admdveo, ere, Ttidvi, motum, u. (ad 
 4^ nioveo), to bring near or to, 
 le.ad to, iipply, bring in contact 
 with. Uhera ori admovere, to 
 suckle, give suck to : — to em- 
 ploy, make use of; to admit, in- 
 troduce. 
 
 Addlcu, ere, olui, vltum, n. S^ a. (ad 
 fy oleo, to smell), to smell or 
 emit a scent; to burn, consume 
 by fire. 
 
 Adolescens, entis, adj. fy subs. to. 4' 
 /. (adolcsco), young; a young 
 man or woman, a youth. 
 
 Adolesceniia, w, f. (adolescens), 
 youth, the period intervening 
 between the ]4th and 28th 
 years, or, as some say, between 
 the 15th and 30th years. 
 
 Adolescentilus, i, m. dim. (ado- 
 lescens), a young man ; a youth ; 
 a stripling. 
 
 Adolesco, ere, ollvi, vltum, inc. (ad 
 4' olesco, to grow), to grow, 
 grow up, increase. Fig., to ad- 
 vance, increase, mature, ripen. 
 
 Ado-pirio, Ire, erui, ertum, a. (ad 
 4» operio), to cover, cover over. 
 
 Adopertus, a, um, part, (adoperio). 
 
 Adoptio, onis, f, an adopting, 
 adoption. Dure jilium in adop- 
 tionem., to give a son (to one) to 
 be adopted (by him) : from 
 
 Adopto, are, dvi, atum, u. (ad &f 
 opto), to choose, assume, take; 
 to adopt. 
 
 Adirior, iri, ortvs sum, dep. § 177, 
 (ad 4* orior), to attack, assail, 
 invade, assault ; to attempt, 
 strive, try, undertake ; to begin 
 to accost. 
 
 Adoro, are, avi, dtum, a. (ad Sf oro) 
 to adore, worship, venerate. 
 
 .idortus, a, um, part, (adorior), 
 
 Adrumltum, i, n., Adrumetum, a 
 
ADSUM— JEGERIA. 
 
 125 
 
 maritime town of Afaica proper ; 
 VII. 16. 
 
 Adsum, esse, adfui or affui, irr. n. 
 (ad ^ sum), to be present; to be 
 at hand, be near, approach; to 
 arrive, come ; to defend, aid, 
 assist. 
 
 Mulatto, Snis, f., flattery, adula- 
 tion, fawning ; reverence : from 
 
 AduloT, ari, atus sum, dep., to 
 soothe, fawn upon, flatter, ca- 
 jole, coax ; to worship, rev- 
 erence. 
 
 Adulius, a, um, part. ^ adj. {ado- 
 lesco), having grown up ; grown 
 up, adult, mature. 
 
 Mncctus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Jldviho, ire, vexi, vectum, u,. (ad ^ 
 veho,) to conduct, carry, convey ; 
 to import, bring. 
 
 Jidvinio, ire, vBni, ventum, n. (ad 
 4^ venio), to come to, come, ar- 
 rive. 
 
 Advento, are, dvi, n.freq. (advenio), 
 to come frequently, come on, 
 come, approach, draw near, ar- 
 rive at. 
 
 Adventus, As, m. (advenio), a com- 
 ing; an arrival, approach. 
 
 Adversarius, i, m., an adversary, 
 foe, enemy : from 
 
 Adversor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
 (adverto), to oppose, resist, 
 thwart. 
 
 Adversus, a, um, part. &/• adj. (ad- 
 verto), opposite, in front; ad- 
 verse, hostile, contrary, oppos- 
 ing, opposed, averse, unfavora- 
 ble, unpropitious. Vulnus ad- 
 nersum, a wound in front. Ad- 
 versa xaletudo, ill health, sick- 
 ness. Adversa fortuna, misfor- 
 tune. 
 
 Adversus, adv. ^ prep, icith the ace. 
 (adverto), against, in front of, 
 opposite to; towards 
 11 * 
 
 Adverto, ire, verti, versum, a. (ad 
 4' verto), to turn to or towards. 
 Fig., to advert to, attend to, 
 heed, observe, perceive, under- 
 stand. 
 
 Advocutio, Bnis, f. (advdco), the 
 office of an advocate ; pleading 
 for another ; a plea, defence ; 
 counsel, advice, consultation. 
 Venire in advocationem, to ap- 
 pear or present one's self as the 
 advocate or counsel of another. 
 
 Advocdtus, a, um, part, (advdco), 
 summoned, called together. 
 
 Advocdtus, i, m., an advocate, pa- 
 tron, counsellor, adviser, friend : 
 from 
 
 Advdco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ad Sf 
 voco), to call ; to summon. 
 
 AdvSlo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (ad 4' 
 voh, dre), to fly to or towards. 
 Fig., to run to, run, hasten. 
 
 .Mdes fy .S!dis, is, f, a temple. 
 In the pi., a house, temples. 
 
 .Mdificatio, Bnis, f. (adifico), the 
 act of building ; a building, edi- 
 fice. 
 
 .Wldificium, i, n., an edifice, struc- 
 ture, building : from 
 
 .^diflco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (cedes 
 fy facio), to build, construct, 
 frame, erect. 
 
 .SEdilis, is, m. (ades), a Romaii 
 magistrate who superintended 
 the repairs of the temples, and 
 other public buildings; an edilc. 
 
 JEdilltas, dtis,f. (cedilis), the of- 
 fice of edile, edileship. 
 
 ASgdtes, um, f. pi., the /Egates, 
 islands in the Mediterranean, 
 near Sicily: IV. 13. 
 
 .^ger, (Bgra, tBgrum, adj., weak, 
 infirm, faint, sick, diseased. 
 Fig., sorrowful, unhappy, trou- 
 bled, desponding, downcast. 
 
 ^geria, <b, f, Egeria, a nymph 
 
126 
 
 J;GERRIME— APFABILITAS. 
 
 of the grove of Aricia, near 
 Rome : I. 10. 
 
 JEgerrlm^, adv : from 
 
 ^grdf adv., cegrius, (Bgerrimi, 
 ((Bger), unwillingly, hardly, 
 scarcely, with difficulty. JEgre 
 ferre, to be displeased, offended, 
 or indignant; to bear ill, grieve 
 for. Ferre CEgerrimCj to grieve 
 very much for. 
 
 ■.^gritudo, IniSjf. ((Bger), sickness, 
 malady, disease, infirmity, ill- 
 ness; sorrow, grief, affliction, 
 solicitude, care, trouble. 
 
 ^grotOf are, dvi, dtum, n. (cegrs- 
 tus, sick), to be sick, ill, infirm, 
 diseased. 
 
 •3igyptius, a, um, adj., Egyptian : 
 from 
 
 Mgyptus, i, f, Egypt, a large 
 country in the north-eastern 
 part of Africa : VI. 30. 
 
 jEmilidnus, i, m., .Xmilianus, an 
 agnovien of P. Cornelius Scipio 
 Africanus the younger. 
 
 JEmUius, i, m., .Smilius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the .Emilia n 
 gens. 
 
 Squalls, e, adj. {mquus), equal, 
 like, similar, even, levpl ; coeval, 
 of the same age. ^qualis, is, 
 m., an equal in age, contempo- 
 rary. 
 
 JEguallter, adv. (ceqnaKs), equally. 
 
 Xqtii, adv. {(Bquus), equally, sim- 
 ilarly, alike. 
 
 .^qui, drvm, m. pi., an ancient 
 people of Italy : II. 16. 
 
 .Mqiiitas, dtis,f. (crquvs), equality. 
 Fig., equity, impartiality, justice, 
 moderation, equanimity, reason- 
 ableness. 
 
 ^quo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to level ; 
 to equal, equalize, make equal : 
 from 
 
 .Melius, a, um, adj., ior, isslmns; 
 
 Iefel,sm^th, plain, even. Fig., 
 like, similar ; just, fair equitable, 
 impartial, upright, righ moder- 
 ate, calm, composed; convenient, 
 advantageous, favorable. JE([iio 
 animo, with equanimity, patient- 
 ly, calmly. 
 
 .Mrarium, i, n. § 100, 8, the treas- 
 ury, exchequer ; public money : 
 from 
 
 .Ms, aris, n., copper, brass ; money, 
 coin. .Ms alienum, money owed 
 to another, a debt. 
 
 M^stas, dlis,f. ((Bstus), summer. 
 
 JEstimabllis, e, adj. (mstimo), esti- 
 mable. 
 
 .MstirrLotio, Bnis,f., an estimating, 
 valuing ; an estimate, valuation, 
 price, value : from 
 
 .Mstimo, are, dm, Stum,, a., to esti- 
 mate, value, regard; to think, 
 judge, consider. .Mstimaremag- 
 ni, to value highly, § 214, & 
 R. 1, (o.) 
 
 JEstlvus, ti, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to summer : from 
 
 JEstus, us, m., burning or scorch- 
 ing heat, heat; hot weather; the 
 tide. Fig., force, violence, ar- 
 dor, fury. 
 
 .Mias, dtis,f. {mvum, an age), age 
 time of life, life ; an age, gener- 
 ation. Prima artas, childhood 
 youth. 
 
 JEterniim, adv., ever, constantly, 
 continually, eternally, forever, 
 always : from 
 
 .Mtcrnlis, a, um, adj. (amim), eter- 
 nal, everlasting, perpetual, con- 
 tinual ; durable, lasting. 
 
 Mfer, £fra, Mfrum, adj., African 
 £fri, Brum, m. pi., the Africans- 
 
 £ffabllis, e, adj. (affdri, to address) 
 affable, accessible, easy of access, 
 courteous. 
 
 AffahilUas, dtis, f. (affatilis), affa- 
 
AFFECTO— AGMEN. 
 
 137 
 
 bility, courtesy, complaisance, 
 kindness. 
 
 Affecto, are, dvi, Mum, a. freq. (af- 
 ficio), to affect, seek after, aim. at ; 
 to covet, desire. 
 
 Affectus, a, u-m, part, {officio) . 
 
 •Sffero, afferre, attuli, alldtum. irr. 
 a. (ad^fero), to bring, bring to, 
 carry ; to report, announce ; to 
 produce, cause ; to offer, allege. 
 Mlatum est, it was reported, a 
 report was made, information 
 was given. Mfferre causam, to 
 occasion. 
 
 Afflcio, ire, eci, ectum, a. (ad 4' 
 fado), to move, affect, influence, 
 touch. IPitli a noun in the abl,, 
 it is rendered by the verb cor- 
 responding to the noun, as, a£i- 
 cere honor e, to honor, — laude, 
 to praise, — poend, malo, or sup' 
 plicio, to punish, subject to pun- 
 ishment, — clade, to slaughter. 
 Aliquos magna clade afficere, to 
 make a great slaughter of — . 
 Supplicio mortis, etc. aliquem affi- 
 cere, to punish with — . 
 
 Affilgo, Sre, xi, xum, a. (ad ^jigo, to 
 fix), to fix or fasten to, attach to, 
 affix. Fig., to impress, imprint. 
 
 Afflnis, e, adj. (ad ^ finis), con- 
 tiguous, adjoining; partakmg in, 
 concerned in. CulpcB affinis, 
 connected with — , guilty of — . 
 
 Affirmo, are, dvi, atum, a. (ad &/■ 
 firmo), to confirm, ratifjr ; to af- 
 firm, assert, declare positively, 
 say confidently. ^ 
 
 Affixus, a, um, part, (affigo). \ 
 
 Afflatus, is, m. (afflo, to breathe 
 upon), a breathing upon, breath, 
 blast, breeze, gale. 
 
 Afflictus, a, um. part., distressed, 
 harassed, afflicted'; impaired, in- 
 jured. Res afflicta, adversity, 
 misfortune : from 
 
 Affllgo, Ire, xiyCtum, a. (ad S^fiigo 
 to dash), to dash against, throw 
 to the ground, overthrow. Fig., 
 to harass, distress, vex, trouble, 
 afllict; to injure, hurt. 
 
 Affluo, Ire, xi, n. (ad 4f flua, to 
 flow), to flow to or towards, run 
 or flock to, assemble ; to abound. 
 
 Affui. See Adsura. 
 
 Afri. See Afer. 
 
 Africa, ffi, /., Africa, one of the 
 four quarters of the world; III. 
 17 ; also the Roman province in 
 the nortliern part of Africa. 
 
 Africdnus, a um, adj. (Africa), Af- 
 rican. Africdims, i, m., the ag- 
 nomen of the two Scipios who 
 conquered the Carthaginians. 
 
 Age, &f Agile, imperative of ago ; 
 used adverbially; come, come on, 
 well : agidum, or age dum, come 
 now, come. 
 
 Ag.ldum.' See Age. 
 
 AgelXus, i, m. dim., a little field, 
 small piece of ground : from 
 
 Ager, agri, m., a field, farm ; land ; 
 a territory, tract. 
 
 Agger, iris, m. (agglro,, to heap 
 dp), a heap, pile ; a mound, hul. 
 wark, bank, rampart. 
 
 , Aggridior, &di, essus sum, dep. (ad 
 ^ gradior, to go), to go Ao, ap- 
 proach, accost; to attack,. assail; 
 to undertake, attempt, ga<a,bouty 
 commence, enter upon. I 
 
 Aggressus, a, um, part, (aggredior). 
 
 AgUo, are, dvi, dtum, u.freq. (ago), 
 to drive, conduct ; to toss, agitate, 
 disturb ; to follow, pursue, cixase ; 
 to debate, discuss ; to pass, spend ; 
 to be, live, dwell ; to make, ex- 
 ercise, be employed or engaged 
 in ; to meditate, think of, weigh, 
 ponder over, revolve, consider. 
 
 Agmen, inis, n. (ago), an army on 
 the march ; a marching, march ; 
 
128 
 
 AGNITUS— ALIENO. 
 
 an army, troop, tnuIUtude, body, 
 band. 
 
 Ignitus, (t, um, part, : from 
 
 •Sgnosco, ire, nmi, nttum, u,. {ad Sf 
 710SCO, to know), to acknowl- 
 edge, recognize, own ; to know, 
 comprehend, see, admit, con- 
 fess. 
 
 •^go, agSre, egi, actum, «.., to con- 
 duct, drive, lead; to pursue; to 
 guide, direct, move;- to do, per- 
 form, effect, accomplish, act, 
 enact, execute; to be, live; to 
 abide, remain; to be employed, 
 engaged ; to pass, spend, con- 
 sume ; to procure, contrive, 
 manage ; to treat, discuss ; to 
 act tlie part of. Jlgere trlum- 
 vimm, to celebrate a triumph. 
 Imp., actum est, it is all over : 
 actvm est de aliquo, he is utterly 
 ruined : agilur, a discussion is 
 had, a question is discussed. 
 ^gere causam, to plead, manage, 
 o)' defend a cause. Agere annum 
 decimum, to be in Cone's) tenth 
 year. Agere or agere se, to con- 
 duct one's self, behave. 
 
 dgrarius, i/, um, adj. (agar), of or 
 belonging to land. Lex agraria, 
 the agrarian law, a law con- 
 cerning the division of the pub- 
 lic lands among the people. 
 
 Agrestis, e, adj. (ager), belonijing 
 to the fields, rustic, rural. Fig., 
 rude, unpolished, wild, unciv- 
 ilized. 
 
 Agricdla, ce, m. (ager ^ colo), a 
 husbandman, farmer, agricul- 
 turist. 
 
 Agricultnra, a, f. {ager S/- colo), 
 agriculture, tillage, husbandry. 
 
 Agrippa, m, m , Agrippa, a Roman 
 cognomen, in the Menenian gens. 
 Mcnenius Agrippa, a consul, 
 A. U. 251 : by his eloquence, he 
 
 reconciled the plebeians and pa- 
 tricians, A. U. aei : II. 9, 10. 
 
 Aio, ais, ait, def. § 183, 4, to say, 
 speak; to affirm, assert. 
 
 Ala, <B,f., a wing; the wing of an 
 army. 
 
 Aldcer, cris, ere, adj., lively, 
 sprightly, cheerful, ready, ac- 
 tive, nimble, prompt, in high 
 spirits. 
 
 AlacrUas, dtis, f. {alacer), ardor, 
 eagerness, spirit, liveliness, alac- 
 rity, cheerfulness. 
 
 Alba. (B,f., Alba, an ancient city of 
 Italy, not far from Rome : I. 2. 
 
 Albdnus, a, um, adj. {Alba), Alban. 
 Albanus mons, a mountain near 
 Alba, the Alban mount: V. 16. 
 Albdni, orym, m. pi., the Albans, 
 inhabitants of Alba. 
 
 Alea, <B, f., a game of chance ; a 
 die; gaming. Alea ludere, to 
 play at dice. Fig., chance, 
 luck, risk, hazard, fortune 
 
 Ales, Uis, m. fy f. {ala), a. large 
 bird ; a bird, fowl. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m., Alexander, sur- 
 named the Great, son of Philip, 
 king of Macedon : V. 32. 
 
 Alexandria, CB,f. {Alexander), Alex- 
 andria, a maritime city of Egypt, 
 at the mouth of the Nile, found- 
 ed by Alexander the Great 
 VI. 30. 
 
 Alids, adv, {alius), in another way, 
 at another time, otherwise, else. 
 JYonMias, at no other ti me, never 
 
 Alibi, ^Kv. {alius ^ ibi), elsewhere, 
 in another place. Alibi — alibi, 
 in one place — in another. 
 
 Alienigina, <2, m. Sf f. (alienus fy 
 genus), a stranger, foreigner, 
 alien. 
 
 Alilno, are, dpi, dtum, a- , to alien- 
 ate, transfer, separate, estrange : 
 from 
 
ALIENUS— ALTUM. 
 
 129 
 
 .Slienus, a, um, adj. (^alius), belong- 
 ing to another or others, anoth- 
 er's, foreign, opposed to, incon- 
 sistent J free from, exempt. J2ll- 
 ejitis ab idiquo, at variance with, 
 inimical to — . 
 
 Mimentnm, i, n, (alo), § 102, i, (a.) 
 nourishment, nutriment, susti- 
 nence, food. 
 
 ^Ud, adv. {fdius)jto another place, 
 thing, or person, elsewhere. 
 
 Alioquin^ ^ AUoqui, adv. {alius ^ 
 quill), otherwise, in other re- 
 spects, else, if not. 
 
 Miquandiu, a0i>. (cdiquis S^ diu), 
 for some time. 
 
 Aliquando, adv. (alius «^ quando), 
 at some time, once, sometimes; 
 formerly ; at length. 
 
 Miquantulum, adv. {aliquantu- 
 lus, a. little), a little ; a very 
 little. 
 
 Aliquantus, a, um, adj. (alius 8/- 
 qiiantus), some, somewhat. Mi- 
 quanto, abl., somewhat, some, a 
 little. 
 
 AlXquis, qua, quod S^ quid, gen. 
 alicujus, indef. pro. § 138, (alius 
 4c quis), some, somebody, some 
 one, something; any. 
 
 Aliquot, ind. adj. pi. (alius &/■ quot 
 how many), some, several, some 
 certain, a few, not many. 
 
 Aliquotics, adv. (aliquot), several 
 times, certain times, on different 
 occasions. 
 
 Atlter, adv., in a different magner, 
 otherwise, in another wa3^^1se : 
 from 
 
 Alius, a, ud, adj., gen. alius, § 107, 
 another, other; any other, di- 
 verse, different, else ; alius — 
 alius, one — another, § 207, R. 
 32. JVonai'i?«i, no other. Alius 
 quam, other than, any oUier 
 than, any except. JVeque atiud 
 
 — quam ut, nothing else — 
 than — . *■ 
 
 Abldtus, a, um, part, (nfflro). 
 Allia, a, f., AUia, now Rio di 
 
 Mosso, a branch of the Tiber: 
 
 11.21. 
 Allicio, ire, lexi, lectum, a. (ud 4' 
 
 obs. litcio, to allure), to attract, 
 
 invite, allure, entice, decoy. 
 Ailicnsis, c, adj. (Allia), Allian, of 
 
 or belonging to the River Al.'ia. 
 
 Dies Sinensis, the day of the 
 
 battle of Allia. 
 Alligo, are, dvi, dtv.m, a. (ad ^ 
 
 ligo, to bind), to bind, tie, fasten, 
 
 join, unite. Fig-, to shackle, 
 
 impede, hinder. 
 Allocutus, a, um, part. : froyji 
 Alldquor, i, cutus sum, dep, (ad 4" 
 
 loqunr, to speak), to speak to, 
 
 address, accost. 
 Alo, alHre, alui, alitum or altum, 
 
 a., to nourish, cherish, feed, sup- 
 port, keep, maintain, strengtixen, 
 
 increase. 
 Alpes, ium,f. pi., the Alps, a range 
 
 of high mountains, separating 
 
 Italy from Gaul and Germany 
 
 V. 11. 
 Altare, is, n., an altar. 
 Altk, adv., altihs, allissime, (alius), 
 
 on high, high, highly, deeply. 
 Alter, era, erum,adj.,gen. alterius, 
 
 § 1^7, one of two, the other; 
 
 one or the other, the second, 
 
 § 120, 1. Alter — alter, the one 
 
 — the other. 
 
 AUercor, ari, dtus sum, dep. (alter), 
 
 to altercate,, dispute, contend, 
 
 debate, wrangle. i 
 Altitudo, Inis, f. (altus), height," 
 
 depth, loftiness. 
 AUiusc&lus, a, um„ adj. (altiar), 
 
 somewhat high, rather high, 
 Altum, i, n., the sea, the deep 
 
 from 
 
130 
 
 ALTUS— AMPUTO. 
 
 Alius, a, um, adj.,altioT, altissXmvs ; 
 liigh, tall, lofty, deep. Fig., 
 lofty, elevated, exalted. 
 
 Alvnvs, {, m., the channel or bed 
 of a river; a trench, trough; 
 the hull, body, or hold of a ship; 
 a boat, skiff, bark ; a gaming- 
 board. 
 
 Amahilis, e, adj. {atrio), worthy of 
 being loved, lovely, desirable, 
 amiable. 
 
 Amans, tls, part. ^ adj., ior, issl- 
 mus, (amo), loving, fond of, at- 
 tached to. 
 
 Ambio, Ire, ii, Itvm, a. (amh, § 1 96, 
 (6.) & 1, (^ eo), to go round, 
 surround, encompass, invest; to 
 solicit votes, canvass ; to seek 
 or sue for one's favor; to en- 
 deavor to gain, sue, or seek after. 
 
 Ambltio, onis, f. (ambio), a going 
 round ; a soliciting or canvassing 
 for office; an eager desire of 
 honor, power, &.C., ambition. 
 
 Ambo, ce, o, adj. pi. ^^18, E. 1, both. 
 
 AmbvJatio, onis, f., a walkmg; a 
 walk, place to walk in, piazza : 
 from 
 
 Ambulo, are, dvi, dtum, n., to walk, 
 walk along, go afoot, go a walk- 
 ing, take a walk. 
 
 Ambustus, i, m. (ambustus, burnt), 
 Ambustus, a Roman cognomen 
 in the Fabian gens. Q. fabivs 
 Amimstus, a consul, A. U. 343 : 
 HI. 1. 
 
 Aniens, entis, adj. (a ^ wens) , out of 
 one's mind or wits, beside one's 
 self, foolish, silly, distracted. 
 
 Amentum, i, n., a strap or thong, 
 used in throwing javelins and 
 other missile weapons. 
 
 Amick, adv. (amicus), in a friendly 
 manner, amicably, cordially, 
 kindly. Parum amice vivcre, 
 to live on no very friendly terms. 
 
 AmXcio, Ire, , turn, u,., to cover, 
 
 clothe, dress. 
 
 Amicltia,a,f. (amicus), friendship, 
 amity ; an alliance. 
 
 Amictus, a, wm, -part, (amicio). 
 
 Amicus, a, um, adj. (amo), friendly, 
 kind, cordial, benevolent. Avii' 
 cus, i, m., a friend; an ally. 
 
 Amissus, a, nm, part., lost. Amis- 
 so Sacramento, — annulled, no 
 longer valid : from- 
 
 Amitto, ere, Isi, issum, a. (a ^ 
 niiito), to send away, dismiss, 
 let go ; to lose, throw away. 
 
 Amnis, is,m. ^'/•i* river, stream. 
 
 Amo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to love, be 
 fond of, delight in. 
 
 Amce.nus, a, uin, adj. (amo), pleas- 
 ant, delightful, charming, 
 sweet. 
 
 Amor, oris, m. (amo), love, desire, 
 affection, passion. 
 
 Amovco, ere, dvi, otum, u. (a. ^ 
 moveo), to remove, take away, 
 withdraw. 
 
 Ampli, adv., ampliiis, amplissXmh, 
 (umplus), amply, largely, pro- 
 fusely, richly. 
 
 Amplector, i, lus sum, dep. (am ^ 
 plecto), lo embrace, encircle, sur- 
 round, clasp. Fig., to love, 
 cherish. 
 
 Amphxus, a, um,part. (amplector). 
 
 Amplitudo, inis, f. (amplus), am- 
 plitude, greatness, largeness. 
 Fig.,' dignity, grandeur, cxcel- 
 l^^e, distinction. 
 
 Ampniis, adv. (comp. of ampU,) 
 more, further, longer. 
 
 Amplus, a, um., adj., ior, issXmus ; 
 large, spacious, ample, great, 
 extensive. Fig., splendid, mag- 
 nificent, glorious ; amplior, great- 
 er, larger. JVihil amplius, noth- 
 ing more. 
 
 Ampito, are, dvi, dtum, a. (am Sr 
 
AMULIUS— ANTECEDO. 
 
 131 
 
 puto), to cut or lop off, prune, 
 amputate. 
 
 Amulius, i, m., Amulius, son of 
 Proca, king of Alba, and brother 
 of Numitor : I. 1 & 3. 
 .w3n, ade. S/- conj., in indirect ques- 
 tions, whethei; in direct ques- 
 tions it is not translated. 
 
 Anceps, ancipltts, adj. § 111, {ain 
 &/• caput, § 112, 2), having two 
 heads, double, twofold ; doubt- 
 ful, uncertain, dubious, irreso- 
 lute. 
 
 Jlnclle, is, n., a small oval shield 
 carried by the priests of Mars. 
 
 Ancilla-, <e,f , a maid-servant, a fe- 
 male slave. 
 
 Ancus, i, m., Ancus. See Marcius. 
 
 Ango, ire, xi, a., to stiSe, choke, 
 strangle. Fig-, to tease, vex, 
 trouble, torment, harass, disturb. 
 
 Angvis, is, m. ^f.,^ snake, serpent. 
 
 Angulus, i, m., an angle, corner, 
 nook. 
 
 Angustia, ce, S^ Angustice, drum, 
 f. (angustus, narrow', narrow- 
 ness; in the pi., a narrow place, 
 defile. 
 
 Antma, <B,f., air, breath ; the liv- 
 ing principle, life; the soul, 
 spirit. 
 
 Animadverto, Sre, ti, sum, a. (^ani- 
 mus (^ adverto), to take heed, 
 attend to, observe, notice, per- 
 ceive. Animadvertere in ali- 
 quem, to punish, inflict punish- 
 ment upon — . Animadverdtur, 
 pass, imp., punishment i™ in- 
 flicted. 
 
 Animal, cUis, n. {anima), a living 
 creature, an animal. 
 
 Animus, i, m., wind, breath ; the 
 mind, soul, intellect ; pJ., cour- 
 age, spirit ; anger ; purpose, de- 
 sign. Kobis in animo est, we 
 design, intend, it is our purpose ; 
 
 — inclination, disposition, affec- 
 tion, feeling, regard. Bonum 
 animum habere, to be of good 
 cheer. 
 
 Anio, enis, m.,the Anio, a river of 
 the Sabine territory, emptying 
 into the Tiber, about three miles 
 from Rome : III. 3. 
 
 Anndlis, e, adj. {annus), of a year, 
 lasting a year. 
 
 Anniversarius, a, um, adj. (annus 
 ^ verto), anniversary, returning 
 yearly, yearly, annual. 
 
 Annona, cb, f. (annus), the year's 
 increase ; provisions. Annond 
 gravi, provisions being scarce 
 or dear. 
 
 Annvlus, i, m. (annus), a ring for 
 the finger, finger-ring. 
 
 Annuo, Ire, ui, n. l<f a. (ad fy nuo, 
 to nod), to give consent by a 
 nod, to approve, allow, permit, 
 grant ; to promise,consent, agree. 
 
 Annus, i, rti., a year; the year. 
 Ante unnos, before the prescribed 
 time, i. e., before the age at which 
 one might legally he a candidate 
 for o^ce; see Consul. 
 
 Annuus, a, um, adj. (annus), last- 
 ing a year, recurring every year, 
 yearly, annual. 
 
 Anser, Iris, m., a goose, gander. 
 
 Ante, prep, with the ace, before, 
 previous to; opposite to. With 
 persons, in a comparison, more 
 than, superior to. 
 
 Antd, adv., before, formerly, previ- 
 ously. Longe ante, multo ante, 
 long before. 
 
 Antea, adv. (ante fy is), before, 
 . aforetime, previously, formerly, 
 heretofore. 
 
 AntecSdo, ere, ccssi, cessum, n. ^ a. 
 (ante ^ cedo), to go before, pre- 
 cede. Fig., to surpass, outdo 
 exceed, excel 
 
132 
 
 ANTEEO-APPELLO. 
 
 .inteeo, 'ire, ii, irr. a. (ante fy eo), to 
 go before, precede, take the lead. 
 -F(^., to surpass, outstrip, excel. 
 
 t^ntfi-ponOf Sre, posui, posltum^ a. 
 (ante ^ potto), to set before, to 
 prefer. 
 
 £n.tSqiiam, adv. (ante i^ quam), 
 § 263, 3, before, before that. 
 
 ATititldtum, i, n., an antidote, pre- 
 servative against poison. 
 
 Anti6rhus, i, m., Antiochus, the 
 name of many kings of Syria. 
 Antiochus Magnus, Antiochus 
 the Great, was conquered by 
 Scipio Asiaticus : V. 32. Anti- 
 ochus Epiphanes, Antiochus the 
 Illustrious, son of Antiochus the 
 Great, at the order of the Roman 
 senate, relinquished the war with 
 Ptolemy, and departed from 
 Egypt : VI. 30, 31. Antiochus, 
 a Platonic philosopher, born at 
 Ascalon, in Palestine : IX. 21. 
 
 Antlquus, a, um, adj. (ante), old, 
 ancient. 
 
 Antistes, His, m. ^f., a president; 
 tt chief priest, high priest; a 
 priest. 
 
 Antonius, i, m., Antonius or An- 
 tony, a Roman name. M. Anto- 
 nius, Marcus Antonius, or Maik 
 Antony, u. Roman, who, with 
 Augustus and Lepidus, consti- 
 tuted tlie' second triumvirate, and 
 by whose order Cicero v/as put 
 to death: IX. 10. 
 
 Anus, us,f., an old womaj. 
 
 Anxius, a, um, adj. (ango), anx- 
 ious, disquieted, vexed, troubled, 
 uneasy, solicitous. 
 
 Apennlnus, i, m., the Apennines, 
 a range of moujitains extending 
 from the Alps to the southern 
 extremity of Italy. 
 
 Aper, apri,m., a wild boar, a boar. 
 
 Splrio, Ire, erui, ertum, a. (ad ^^ 
 
 pario), to open, set open, un 
 cover, unveil ; to display, dis- 
 cover, show, disclose. 
 
 Aperti, adv., openly, clearly, dis- 
 tinctly, manifestly, plainly, pub- 
 licly : /rom 
 
 Apertus, a, um, part. Sf adj. (ape- 
 
 . rio), open, standing open. Fig., 
 
 clear, manifest, evident, open. 
 
 Aperui. See Aperio. 
 
 Apollo, Xnis, m., Apollo, the god of 
 archery, augury, medicine, mu- 
 sic, and poetry ; son of Jupiter 
 and Latona : II. 1. 
 
 Apollonia, m, f., ApoUonia, the 
 name of a town in Macedonia : 
 IX. 30. 
 
 Apollonius, i, m., ApoUonius or 
 ApoUonius Molo, a rhetorician 
 of Rhodes, born at Alabanda, a 
 town of Caria, in Asia Minor : 
 IX. 5. 
 
 Apparatus, As, m. (apparo, to pre- 
 pare), a preparing, preparation; 
 provision, equipment, equipage, 
 furniture, apparatus.; splendor, 
 magnificence. 
 
 Appdreo, ere, ui, n. (ad S^pareo), 
 to appear; to be certain, evident, 
 clear, or manifest. Imp., it ap- 
 pears, is evident, &o. 
 
 Apparitor, oris, m. (appareo), a 
 beadle, sergeant, marshal ; an 
 attendant on a superior officer 
 or magistrate. 
 
 Appellatio, onis, f., nammg, calling 
 b;Lname or title ; a name, ap- 
 pnlation ; an appealing, appeal : 
 from 
 
 Appello, are, avi, atvm, a. (ad Sf 
 pello, are, obs., to speak), to call, 
 name, term, entitle ; to address, 
 accost ; to accuse ; to appeal. 
 
 Appello, Ire, piili, pulsum, a. (ad 4' 
 pello, Pre), to drive to or towards . 
 to steer, direct. 
 
APPENDO— ARCTK. 
 
 133 
 
 •^ppendo. Sre^ di^ sum^ «. (ad ^ pen. 
 do), to suspend to; to weigh. 
 
 ^piiensjis, a, um, part, (appendo). 
 
 •dppeio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. (ad ^ pe- 
 to), to try to get or obtain, seek, 
 strive for, aim at, desire eagerly, 
 covet *, to approach ; to attack. 
 
 Appius, i, m., Appius, a Roman 
 prffinoinen. 
 
 Applavdo, Ire, si, sum, a. S^ n. (ad 
 4' plaudo, to clap), to applaud, 
 clap. 
 
 AppUco, are, dvi, dtum, or ui, itum, 
 a. (ad 4' plico, to intertwine), to 
 apply, bring near or in contact 
 with, attach, unite ; to direct, 
 steer. 
 
 A'ppono, ire, osui, ostium., a. (ad 4" 
 poiio), to place near, apply to, 
 attach, unite ; to reckon or 
 consider . to serve up or set 
 before. 
 
 Apporlo, are, dvi, atvm, a. (ad ^ 
 porta), to bring or carry to, con- 
 duct, convey; to bring news, 
 announce. 
 
 Apprehendo, Ire, di, sum, a. (ad 4* 
 prehendo), to catch or lay hold 
 of, take, seize. Fig', to learn, 
 perceive, understand. 
 
 Apprehensus, u, um, part, (appre- 
 kendo). 
 
 Apprlmo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 
 (ad ^ premo), to press, bring 
 near to. 
 
 Apprdbo, are, dvi, alum, a. (ad ^ 
 probo), to approve, commend, 
 applaud ; to prove, demonstrate.^ 
 
 Appropinquo, are, dvi, alum, n. (ad 
 ^ propinqiio, to approach), to 
 draw nigh, approach. 
 
 Aprllis, is, m. (apcrio), the month 
 of April. 
 
 Apth, adv., closely; fitly, aptly, 
 suitably, properly, conveniently : 
 from 
 
 13 
 
 Aplus, a, um,, adj., aptior. aplissl- 
 ■mus ; adapted, suitable, fit. 
 
 Apud, prep, with the ace, at, close 
 by, near; with, among, in, be- 
 fore, by ; at or in the house of. 
 Apud Pyrrhum iegatus, at the 
 court of . 
 
 Apulia, ie,f., Apulia, a country of 
 Lower Italy, bordering upon the 
 Adriatic Sea: III. 11. 
 
 Aqua, <B,f., water. 
 
 AquUa, a:,f; an eagle ; the banner 
 of the Roman legion. 
 
 Aquilifer, iri, m. (aquila Sf fero), 
 a standard-bearer ; the chief 
 standard-bearer of the Roman 
 legion. 
 
 Ara, ffi, /., an altar. 
 
 Arbiter, tri, m., an arbitrator, um- 
 pire, judge; a witness. 
 
 Arbilrium, i, n. (arbiter), the sen- 
 tence of an arbitrator, award, 
 determination, decision, judg- 
 ment, will, pleasure. 
 
 Arb.tror, ari, dtus sum, (arbiter), 
 to observe, watch ; to think, 
 judge, consider. 
 
 Arbor 4' Arbos, Sris, /., a tree ; a 
 mast. 
 
 Area, a, /., a chest, coffer, desk. 
 
 Arceo, ere, ui, a., to keep or ward 
 off, remove, drive away, restrain, 
 hinder, prevent. 
 
 Arcesso, ire, ivi, Uum, a,., to call, 
 send for, invite, summon; to 
 summon to a court of justice, 
 accuse. 
 
 Archimides, is, m., Archimedes, 
 a famous mathematician of Syr- 
 acuse : V. 15. 
 
 Architectus, i, m., a builder, archi- 
 tect. Fig., an author, inventor, 
 contriver. 
 
 Arctd, adv., arctiii:>, arctisslmh, 
 (arctus, close), straitly, closely, 
 strictly, tightly. Arcts et grav- 
 
134 
 
 ARCUS— ARX. 
 
 iter dormire, — soundly and pro- 
 foundly. 
 
 Arcus, iiSi m. § 89, R. 5, a bow ; 
 an arch, vault. 
 
 Ardca, ffi,/., Ardea, a city of Lati- 
 um, the capital of the Kutuli- 
 ans : I. 26. 
 
 Ardens, cads, part. S^ adj., ior, issi- 
 mus, {ardeo), on fire, hot, burn- 
 ing. Fig., eager, ardent, impa- 
 tient. 
 
 Ardcnter, adv. (ardens), hotly, ar- 
 dently, keenly J .earnestly, ea- 
 gerly. 
 
 Ardeo, ere, si, sum, n., to burn, be 
 on fire ; to be eager, impatient. 
 
 Ardor, oris, m. (ardeo), heat, burn- 
 ing heat ; eagerness, impatience, 
 fervor, ardor, heat, fury. 
 
 Arena, m,f. (area, to be dry), sand, 
 gravel; the sea-shore, coast; 
 that part of the amphitheatre 
 where the gladiators fought, 
 v.'hich was covered with sand 
 to prevent their slipping, the 
 arena. 
 
 Argentaria, <b, f. (argentarius, re- 
 lating to silver), a banking-house, 
 bank. Argentariam facere, to 
 exercise the profession of a 
 banker. 
 
 Argenteus, a, um, adj., of silver ; 
 bright as silver- from. 
 
 Argerdum, i, n., silver; silver- 
 money. 
 
 Arglvus, a, um, adj., Argive, be- 
 longing to Argos. Arglvi, drum, 
 m. ])l., inhabitants of Argos ; 
 Grecians : from 
 
 Argos, It., found only in the norti. 
 and acc.in the sing. Argi, arum, 
 m.pl., Argos, a city of Pelopon- 
 nesus : 111. 25. 
 
 Arguo, ere, ui, utum, u., to show, 
 demonstrate, prove ; to accuse, 
 impeach, blame, reprove. 
 
 Arldvs, a, nm, adj. (area, to be 
 dry), dry, parched, thirsty, arid ; 
 meagre, poor. 
 
 Arma, 6rum,n,. pL, warlike arms, 
 offensive and defensive, weap- 
 ons, arms, armor. Esse in ar' 
 mis, to be in arms, — at war. 
 Fig., war ; armed troops. 
 
 Armamentarium, i, n. [urmamenta, 
 implements), an arsenal, armo- 
 ry, magazine. 
 
 Armatus, a, um, part, (armo), 
 armed. Armdti, Brum, m. pL, 
 armed men. 
 
 Armenia, ce, /., Armenia, a coun- 
 try of Asia, between the moun- 
 tains Taurus and Caucasus : 
 VIII. 10. 
 
 Armilla, ffi, /. (armus, the shoul- 
 der), a bracelet or ring worniDn 
 the left arm by soldiers who 
 had distinguished themselves in 
 battle. 
 
 Armo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (arma), to 
 arm, equip ; to excite to arms. 
 
 Aro, are, dvi, dtum, a. t^ n., to 
 plough; to till, cultivate. 
 
 Aiplnum, i, n., now Arpino, a 
 town of Latium, where Plau- 
 tus, Cicero, and Marius were 
 born : IX. 20. 
 
 Arrlpio, Ure, ripui, reptum, a. (ad 
 £/■ rapio), to take by force, seize. 
 
 Ars, artis,f., an art, faculty, qual- 
 ity; talent; contrivance, skill, 
 ability ; art, stratagem, cunning; 
 a trade, profession, employment, 
 ^ pursuit ; a method, way, or mean. 
 
 Artlfex, ids, m. &^ f. (ars fy facto), 
 an artificer, artist. 
 
 Arlus, lis, m. § 89, R. 5, a joint ; 
 j:;^, joints; the limbs. 
 
 Aruns, untis, m., Aruns, son of 
 Tarquin, the last king of Rome : 
 II. 3. 
 
 Arz, arcis, /., a lofty place ; the 
 
AS— ATQUI. 
 
 135 
 
 top of a hill ; a castle, fortress, 
 citadel ; the citadel of Rome, on 
 the Capitollne Mount. 
 
 j3s, (is.<is^ m., a pound weight, or 
 any thing that may be divided 
 into twelve parts ; an as, a. Ro- 
 man coin of the value of nearly 
 one and a half cents, a penny. 
 
 Ascendo, &rc, di, sum, u. {ad ^ 
 scando, to climb), to ascend, 
 mount, climb. 
 
 AscTiho, Ire, psi, ptum, a. {ad ^ 
 scribo), to add to a writing; to 
 enrol, register , to attribute, im- 
 pute, ascribe. 
 
 £sia, a, /., Asia, one of the three 
 great divisions of the earth, as 
 known to the ancients : I. S3. 
 Jn a more limited sense, Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 AsinlXeus, a, um, adj., Asiatic. 
 Subs., Msiatlcus, i, m., Asiaticus, 
 an agnomen of h. Scipio. 
 
 Asper, %ra, Srum, adj., rough, rug- 
 ged, uneven, harsh. 
 
 Asperltas, atis, f. {asper), tough- 
 ness, ruggedness, unevenness, 
 harshness, roughness of man- 
 ners, asperity, severity. 
 
 Aspernor, art, dius sum, dcp. {ad &/■ 
 sperno), to reject, avoid, spurn, 
 refuse; to slight, despise, dis- 
 dain, scorn. 
 
 Aspicio, ere, ezi, ectuin, a. S^ n. {ad 
 Sf specie, obs.), to look at, be- 
 hold, see. 
 
 Aspis, idis, f., an asp, a small 
 venomous serpent. 
 
 Assecutus, a, um, part, {assequor). 
 
 Assentatio, onis, f. {assentor, to 
 flatter), assenting; flattery, adu- 
 lation, compliment. 
 
 AssCquor, i^i, cutus sum, dep. {ad 
 &/• sequor), to overtake, reach; 
 to gain, obtain, procure. 
 
 Assldeo, €re, ssdi, sessum, n. {ad 
 
 fy sedeo), to sit near or by, en- 
 camp near, sit; to attend to, 
 devote one's self to. 
 
 Assigao, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ad ^ 
 signg), to assign, appoint, allot, 
 distribute, bestow ; to impute, 
 attribute, ascribe. 
 
 Assimulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ad 4^ 
 simulo), to feign, pretend, dis- 
 semble, counterfeit. 
 
 Assuefdcio, ire, flci, factum, a. 
 {iissuesco, to be accustomed, 4' 
 facio), to accustom, habituate, 
 inure. 
 
 Assurno, Sre, psi, ptum, a. {ad ^ 
 sumo), to take, assume, adopt; 
 to claim, arrogate. 
 
 Assumptus, a, um, part, {assumo). 
 
 Assurgo, Sre, svrrcxi, surrecUtm, 
 n. {ad Sf surgo), to rise, rise up ; 
 to ascend, grow, increase. 
 
 Asto, are, astui, n. {ad ^ sto), to 
 stand by or near, stand ; to be 
 present. 
 
 Astutia, <E, f. {astutus, shrewd), 
 craftiness, knavery, cunning. 
 
 Asylum, i, n., an asylum, sanc- 
 tuary, place of rei'uge. 
 
 At, conj. § 138, 9, but, yet. 
 
 AthencB, drum, f. pi., A tliens, the 
 ca])ital of Attica, and most cele- 
 brated city of Greece : III. 21. 
 
 Athenienses, ium, m. pi. {Athena), 
 the Athenians. 
 
 Athlsis, is, m. § 79, 1, the Adige, 
 a river of Italy, rising in the 
 Alps, and emptying into the 
 Gulf of Venice : VII. 34. 
 
 Atilius,- i, m., Atilius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Atiliau 
 gens. M. Atil'ms, a youth put 
 to death by Ootavius Cesar : 
 IX. 32. 
 
 Atque, eon/. §198, 1, R. (6) and; but. 
 
 Alqui, conj., but, but yet, and yet 
 however 
 
136 
 
 ATRIUM— AULA. 
 
 Atrium, i, n., a conrt-yard, court, 
 hall, an oblong" square surround- 
 ed with galleries. 
 
 Jitrox^ OC'S, iLfij.^ savage, atrocious, 
 barbarous, cruel, fierce, harsh ; 
 terrible, horrible. 
 
 Junius, i, m., Attalus, a king of 
 Pergamos : VI. 4. 
 
 j3ttendo, ere, di, turn, a. {ad ^ 
 tendo), to stretch, extend ; to 
 attend or give heed to, mind. 
 
 Atteni^j adz., atteniius, attentisslm^, 
 (attentns, attentive), attentively, 
 diligently, carefully. 
 
 JlUlcus, a, um, adj., Attic, Athe- 
 nian. 
 
 Attmgo, £re, tigi, tactum, a. (a.d ^ 
 tango, to touch), to touch, come 
 in contact with ; to reach, ar- 
 rive at, attain; to touch or treat 
 lightly upon. 
 
 Aitonitvs, a, um, part. ^ adj., 
 amazed, thunderstruck; alarmed, 
 aghast : from 
 
 Jlttdno, are, ui. Hum, a. (ad S^ tono, 
 to thunder), to astonish, amaze, 
 alarm, 
 
 Attriicius, a, um, "part. .- from 
 
 Altrdho, Sre, xi, ctum, a. (ad &^ 
 traho), to draw towards, draw, 
 attract ; to draw together, collect. 
 
 iLluli. See Affero. 
 
 Sttus, i, m., Attus Navius, an au- 
 gur in the days of Tarquinius 
 Vriscus : I. 20. ' 
 
 factor, oris, m. i^ f. (augeo), an 
 author, contriver, maker, cause ; 
 an adviser, instigator. Auctor 
 esse, to be an adviser, to advise. 
 
 Auctorltas, dtis, f. (auctor), au- 
 thority, dominion, power ; influ- 
 ence, weight, interest, reputa- 
 tion, force. 
 
 Auctus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (avgeo), 
 enlarged, increased, augmented ; 
 improved. 
 
 Aucupium, i, n. (auceps, a bird- 
 catcher), bird-catching, fowling. 
 
 Audacia, as, f. (audax), boldness, 
 courage, intrepidity; audacity, 
 impudence, presumption. 
 
 AudacUer, adv., boldly, confident- 
 ly, courageously ; from 
 
 Audax, acts, adj., bold, resolute, 
 courageous, daring, audacious : 
 from 
 
 Audeo, Sre, ausus sum, n. pass. 
 § 142, R. 2, to dare, attempt, 
 presume, endeavor, undertake. 
 
 Audio, ire, ivi, itum, a., to hear, 
 hearken, give ear, listen to; to 
 regard, obey. 
 
 Avditus, a, vm, part, (audio). 
 
 AufCro, ferre, alistuli, abldtvm, irr. 
 a. (ab &/■ ferd), to take away, 
 carry off', remove, bear away ; 
 to gain, obtain, receive. 
 
 Aufitgio, Sre,fvgi, n. (ah ^fvgio), 
 to flee or run away. 
 
 Augeo, ere, auxi, auclvm, a. &/■ n., 
 to increase, augment, enlarge; 
 to heighten, exalt; to advance, 
 promote ; to grow, increase. 
 
 Augur, Uris, m., an augur, srolh- 
 sayer, diviner, one who professes 
 to foretell events by the flying, 
 singing, &c., of birds. 
 
 Avguriuvi, i, n. (augvr), an au- 
 gury, divination by the flight, 
 singing, &c., of birds; a pre- 
 diction. 
 
 Augustus, u, um,adj.,ior,issimus ; 
 august, venerable, great, ma- 
 jestic. 
 
 Augustus, i, m., August, the sixth 
 month among the Romans -.from 
 
 Augustus, i, m., Augustus, or the 
 August, a title of honor first 
 conferred by the*senate upon 
 Octavius Cesar, and adopted by 
 succeeding emperors. 
 
 Aula, a,f., a hall, court- vard 
 
AULiEUM— BELUCUM. 
 
 137 
 
 Aidawm, i, n., tapestry, hangings, 
 arras. 
 
 Aulus, i, m., Aulus, a Roman priB- 
 71 0771 en. 
 
 Aurdtus, a, um, adj. (aurum), gilt 
 or gilded. 
 
 Aureus, a, um, adj. (aurum), of 
 gold, golden ; precious. 
 
 Auris, is,f., an ear. 
 
 Aurum, i, n., gold ; money. 
 
 Ausim, it, def. verb. § 183, R. 1 , I 
 dare. 
 
 Auspicium, i,n. (auspex, a diviner), 
 a consulting of the auspices, 
 divination by observing the ac- 
 tions of birds ; auspicia, pi., the 
 auspices, omens 
 
 Ausus, a, tim, part, (audeo). 
 
 Aut, conj., or; aut — fflM<, either — or. 
 
 Avtem, conj., but, yet, neverthe- 
 less, however, § 279, 3, (c.) 
 
 Avxi. See Augeo. 
 
 Auxilior, art, dtus sum, dep., to 
 assist, help, aid, succor : from 
 
 Auxilium, i, n. (augeo), assistance, 
 aid, help, succor. Alicui auxilio 
 venire, to come to one's assist- 
 ance, § 227. 
 
 Avaritia, ee, /., avarice, covetous- 
 ness : from 
 
 Avai~us, u, um, adj. (aveo), ava- 
 ricious, covetous. 
 
 Ave, avSto, n. def. § 183, 8, hail ! 
 
 AveUo, ire, li or avulsi, avulsum, 
 u,. (ab Sf vello), to pull or tear 
 away; to pluck off, separate, 
 sever. 
 
 Aventinus, i, tti., Mount Aventine, 
 one of the seven hills of Rome : 
 II. 19. 
 
 Aveo, ere, n., to desire earnestly, 
 long for, covet, wish. 
 
 Aversor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq, 
 (averto), to turn aside, turn from 
 in disgust, refuse, decline, shun, 
 abhor, avoid. 
 
 Aversus, u, um, part, fyadj., turned 
 away, opposite. Fig., averse, 
 contrary, hostile : froTn 
 
 Averto, ire, ti, sum, a. (ab^vcrto), 
 to turn away, avert, withdraw, 
 remove, divert, alienate ; to em- 
 bezzle. 
 
 Avidk, adv., eagerly, earnestly : 
 from 
 
 Avldus, ti, um, adj., ior, issimus, 
 (aveo), eager, earnest, desirous, 
 greedy, ardent in the pursuit of 
 
 Avis, is,f., a bird, fowl. 
 
 Avoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (a ^ voco), 
 to call oif or away, call aside, 
 divert, withdraw. • 
 
 Avulsus, a, um,part. (avcllo). 
 
 Avunculus, i, m. dim., a maternal 
 uncle, mother's brother. Avun- 
 culus major, 4" avunculus, h 
 grandmother's brother, great un- 
 cle. 
 
 Amis, i, m., a grandfather ; an an- 
 cestor. 
 
 B. 
 
 BacHlus, i, 771., a staff, stick, cane? 
 
 Bagrdda, ie,f., Bagrada, a river of 
 Numidia, in Africa: IV. 8. 
 
 Ballista, <B,f., a ballista, a warlike 
 engine, for hurling stones or 
 darts. 
 
 Balneum, i, n., a bath. 
 
 Barha, (e,f., a beard. 
 
 Barbaras, a, um, adj., barbarian, 
 barbaric, not Greek nor Roman^ 
 foreign; wild, savage, barba- 
 rous, rude, uncivilized. Barbd- 
 ri, drum, m. pi., barbarians. 
 
 Bedtus, a, um, adj. (beo, to bless), 
 happy, blessed. 
 
 Bdlicosus, a, um, adj. (bellum), 
 warlike, valorous. 
 
 BelUcum, i, n. (bellum), the signal 
 for battle. BeUieum canere or 
 
138 
 
 BELLICUS— BRUTUS. 
 
 sonare, to give the signal for 
 battle, sound the charge, player 
 perform martial music. 
 
 Bclllcvs, a, um, adj. (helium), of 
 or relating to war; warlike, 
 martial. 
 
 Bcllo, are, dvi, atum, n. (helium), 
 to war, wage or carry on war. 
 
 Bellva, <£,/., a beast, brute. 
 
 Bellum, i, n, a war; war; a bat- 
 tle, engagement. 
 
 Bene, adv., melius, opUmh ; success- 
 fully ; favorably, well. 
 
 Benefdcio, Sre, eci, actum, n. (bene 
 4^ facio), to do good, benefit, 
 confer a favor. 
 
 Benejicium, i, n. (henefacio), a 
 kindness, benefit, favor. 
 
 Benevolentia, a, f. (henevdlus, be- 
 nevolent), benevolence, good- 
 will, kindness, favor, sincere 
 regard. 
 
 Benigni, adv. (benignus), kindly, 
 courteously, liberally, freely. 
 
 Benignltas, alls, f., kindness, lib- 
 erality, bounty, benignity, cour- 
 tesy : from 
 
 Benignus, a, um, adj., kind, lib- 
 eral, obliging, generous ; plen- 
 tiful, abundant, copious ; fertile, 
 fruitful ; courteous, gracious, 
 flattering. 
 
 Bibo, ire, hibi, bibltum, a., to drink, 
 quaff; to imbibe, drink in. 
 
 Bibulus, i, m. (bihulus, satiated 
 with drink), Bibulus, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Calpurnian 
 gens. M. Calpurnius Bibv.lus, 
 consul with Julius Cesar, A. U. 
 0)93 : IX. 7. 
 
 Biduum, i, n. (bis ^ difs), the 
 space of two days. 
 
 Bini, m, a, adj. pi. § 119, III., two 
 by two, two, double ; two each. 
 
 Bis, num. adv. § 119, twice. 
 
 Bithyiiiaj ffi, f.y Bithynia, a coun- 
 
 try of Asia Minor, bordering 
 upon the Euxine : VI. 20. 
 
 Blandilia, a, f. (hlandus, courte- 
 ous), a complimenting, caress- 
 ing, flattering ; compliments, 
 flattery. 
 
 Blosius, i, m., Bloaius, a friend of 
 Tiberius Gracchus : VII. 13. 
 
 Bacchus, i, m., a king of the Getu- 
 lians : VII. 32. 
 
 Bonvm, i, n., a good thing, benefit, 
 advantage. Bona, Brum, pi., 
 goods, property, effects : from 
 
 Bonus, a, um, adj., melior, optimus; 
 § 125, 5, good, excellent; brave, 
 gallant; valuable, precious; use- 
 ful ; virtuous, worthy ; friendly ; 
 true, steadfast. 
 
 Bos, bonis, m. S^f. § 83, R. 1, and 
 § 84, Exc. 1, an ox or cow. 
 
 Brachium, i, n., the arm. 
 
 Brevis, e, adj., ior, issXmus ; short, 
 brief. Brevi, ahl., shortly, in a 
 short time. 
 
 BrevXtas, atis, f. (brevis),sh ortness, 
 brevity. 
 
 BretHter, adv. (brevis), shortly, 
 briefly, in brief, in a word. 
 
 Britannus, a, um, adj. (Britannia, 
 Britain), British. Britanni, drum, 
 m.pl., Britons, the British. 
 
 Bruma, <2, f, the winter solstice, 
 midwinter, winter. 
 
 Brundisium, i, n., now Brindisi, a 
 town in the southern part of It- 
 aly, on the Adriatic : IX. 9. 
 
 Brutus, i, m., Brutus, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Junian gens. 
 L. Junius Brutus, the first Ro- 
 man consul : II. 1 — 3. M. Ju- 
 nius Brutus, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, and one of the conspirators 
 against Cesar : IX. 27. D. Ju- 
 nius Brutus, one of the consplr 
 ators against Cesar: IX. 30 
 from 
 
BRUTUS— CALVITIUM. 
 
 139 
 
 Brutus, a,um, adj., brutish, stupid, 
 dull. 
 
 BvbHtuSj ff, W7«, adj. (hos), of or 
 belonging to an ox or cow. 
 
 Bulla, (E, f., n bubble ; an orna- 
 ment of the shape of a heart, 
 suspended from the neek of 
 children until they were seven- 
 teen years old. 
 
 C, an abbreviation of the prano- 
 men Caius. 
 
 Cadaver, Iris, n., a corpse, carcass, 
 dead body : from 
 
 Cado, Ire, cecldi, casum, n., to fall ; 
 to fall in battle, be slain, perish ; 
 to fall out, happen, occur, chance. 
 
 Caduceator, Oris, m. (caduemsj a 
 herald's staff), a herald, ambas- 
 sador, envoy ; one sent to treat 
 of peace. 
 
 Caeilius, i, m., Caecilius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Csecilian 
 gcjis, 
 
 Ceecus, a, um, adj., blind. 
 
 Caeiis, i, m. {eacus, a,um), Ceecus, 
 a Roman cognomen in the Clau- 
 dian gens. Appius Claudius Cm- 
 cus, a Roman consul, A. U. 446 
 and 456: III. 18. 
 
 Cades, is,f., a cutting, wounding; 
 murder, slaughter, massacre, 
 carnage : from 
 
 Ctedo, ire, cecldi, oesuvi, a., to cut, 
 cut down; to strike, beat ; to kill, 
 slay, slaughter, destroy. Cade- 
 re virgis, to scourge. 
 
 Cmsttr, a Roman cognomen in the 
 Julian gens. 
 
 Cssar, arts, m., C. Julius Cmsar, 
 a member of the first triumvirate 
 at Rome, who, after the conquest 
 of Gaul, overthrew the common- 
 wealth, and became the first Ro- 
 
 man emperor: IX. 4. Augustus 
 Octiivius C'aisar, the nephew of 
 Julius Cesar, and second empe- 
 ror of Rome : IX. ;J0. 
 
 Ctssaries, li,f. (caulo), hair. 
 
 CiEsus, a, um, part, {cado), cut; 
 cut off, slaughtered, destroyed, 
 slain. 
 
 Cuius, i, ro., Caius, a Roman pra- 
 nomen. 
 
 Calamltas, dtis, f, calamity, mis- 
 hap, misfortune, disaster, loss, 
 injury, damage. 
 
 Calatlnus, i, m. {Calatlnus, belong- 
 ing to Calatia, a town in Cam- 
 pania), Calatinus, a Roman cog- 
 nomen in the Atilian gens. A 
 AtlUus Calatinus, a Roman con 
 sul, A. U. 494: IV. 4— 6. . 
 
 Calcar, oris, n. (calx, the heel), a 
 spur. 
 
 Calceamentum, i, n. {calceo, to 
 shoe), a sandal, shoe. 
 
 CalendtB,drum,f.pL(ca!o, to call), 
 § 326, the calends, the first day 
 of the month. 
 
 Calesco, Ire, n. inc. (caleo, to be 
 warm), to grow hot or warm. 
 
 Calidk, adv. {caVldus, warm), 
 warmly; actively. 
 
 Callgo,lnis,f , darkness, obscuri 
 ty; cloudiness, mistiness; a 
 mist, a fog. Dare caliginem, 
 to cause darkness. 
 
 Callidi, adv., skilfully, cunningly, 
 expertly, craftily, shrewdly 
 from 
 
 Callidus, a, um, adj. (callum, cal- 
 lus), skilful, tried, experienced; 
 shrewd, crafty, cunning. 
 
 Calpurnius, i, m., Calpurnius, a 
 Roman name, belonging to the 
 Calpurnian gens. M. Caljiur- 
 nius, a tribune, A. U. 494 : IV. 
 4—6. 
 
 Calvitium, i, 7i.,»baldnes3 : fi-om 
 
140 
 
 CALVUS— CAFTO. 
 
 Calvics, a, um, ndj., bald. 
 
 Cami/lus, i, ?re., Camillus, a Roman 
 
 cognomen, in the Furian gens. 
 
 M. Furius Camillus, a Roman 
 
 dictator, A. U. 359 : II. 20—24. 
 
 Campania, ffi,/., Campania, a fer- 
 tile country of Italy, the capital 
 of which was Capua: III. 15. 
 
 Campdnus,a,um,adj. (Campania), 
 Campanian . 
 
 Campester, tris, ire, adj. (campus, 
 a field), of or belonging to a 
 plain or field, level, flat, cham- 
 pain. Exercitationcs campcs'- 
 tres, exercises in the Campus 
 Martins, a public place at Rome. 
 
 Candiddtus, a, um, adj., clothed in 
 white. Candiddtus, i, m., a can- 
 didate, competitor, candidate for 
 office. Candidates were so called 
 from their being clothed in a white 
 toga : from 
 
 Candidus, a, um, adj. {candeo, to 
 glow), white, bright, shiny, clfear, 
 lucid ; candid, open, frank, sin- 
 cere. 
 
 Caninius, i, m., a Roman name. 
 C. Caninius, a Roman consul. 
 He was consul for part of a sin- 
 gle day only : IX. 26. 
 
 Canis, is, m. i^f-, a dog. 
 
 Canna, arum,f. pi., Cannce, a vil- 
 lage of Apulia, near the River 
 Aufidus, where Hannibal de- 
 feated the Romans : V. 8. 
 
 Cannensis, c, adj. {Canna), of or 
 belonging to Cannte. 
 
 Cano, Sre, ceclni, cantum, n. 8^ a., 
 to sing, play upon a musical in- 
 strument. Canere reccptui, to 
 give the signal for retreat, sound 
 a retreat. 
 
 Canlus, {is, m. (cano), the act of 
 singing; melody, song. JVoc- 
 tua cantus, the screeching of an 
 owl. » 
 
 Canusium, i, n., now Canosa, d 
 town of Apulia, near the Aufi- 
 dus : V. 20. 
 Capesso, Ire, ivi, Hum, a. intens. 
 § 187, II. 5, (capio), to take, 
 seize, undertake, enter upon, 
 take the management of. 
 
 Capillus, i, m., a hair ; the hair of 
 the head, the hair. 
 
 Capio, Sre, cepi, captum, a., to take, 
 receive, adopt; to choose, se- 
 lect, make choice of; to hold, 
 contain ; to seize, take posses- 
 sion of, occupy, catch; to ac- 
 quire, obtain ; to capture, take 
 captive; to charm, captivate, al- 
 lure, attract; to take in, cheat. 
 Capere consilium, to form a de- 
 sign or resolution ; — to receive, 
 sustain, suffer. 
 
 Capitdlis, e, adj. (caput), relating 
 to the head or life; capital, 
 deadly. 
 
 Capitollnus, i, m., Capitollnus, a 
 Roman cognomen in the Man- 
 lian gens. M. Manlius Capita- 
 linus, a Roman who saved the 
 capitol from the Gauls : II. 23 • 
 froTn 
 
 Capilolium, i,n. (caput), the Capi- 
 tol, one of the seven hills of 
 Rome ; the capitol or citadel, 
 hvilt upon the Capitoline Hill. 
 
 Cappadbces, um, m. pi., the Cap- 
 padocians, the inhabitants of 
 Cappadocia, a country of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Capra, ffi, /., Capra, a lake near 
 Rome : I. 8. 
 
 Captlrms, a, um, adj. (capio), cap- 
 tive, captured, enslaved, taken 
 in war, or from the enemy 
 
 Captivus, i, m., a captive. 
 
 C'apto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq 
 (capio), to catch at, strive to ob- 
 tain, seek for, strive after,, seek 
 
CAPTUS— CATILINA. 
 
 141 
 
 for solicitously, solicit ; to take, 
 seize. 
 
 Captus,a, um,j)art. (capio). 
 
 Capua, ffi,/., Capua, the principal 
 city of Campania : V. 10. 
 
 Capjilus, i, m. (capio), a hilt or 
 handle. 
 
 Caput, Ids, n., a head; a man, a 
 person; life; source, origin; the 
 capitol, chief city. 
 
 Carbo, onis, m. (carbo, a coal), 
 Carbo, a Roman cognoTnen in 
 the Papirian gens. Cn. Papiri- 
 us Carbo, a Roman who was 
 three times consul, between A.U. 
 632 and 667, and a general in 
 the party of Marius ; put to 
 death in his third consulship, 
 by order of Pompey: VIII. 19 
 
 Carhonarius, a, um, adj. (carbo, a 
 coal), pertaining to coals. JVe- 
 gotium carbonarium, the coal 
 trade, the trade of a collier. 
 
 Career, Iris, m., a prison, jail. 
 
 Careo, ere, ui, n., to be without, be 
 in want of, be destitute of, be 
 free from, go without. 
 
 Carltas, atis, f. (cams), dearth, 
 scarcity of provision^, dearness. 
 
 Carmen, inis, n. (carta), a song, a 
 poem. 
 
 CarnXfex, ^cis, m. (caro, flesh, Sf 
 facio), a hangman, executioner, 
 torturer. 
 
 Carpentum, i, n., a chariot, wagon, 
 coach. 
 
 Carjm, ire, psi, ptum, a., to gather, 
 pull, pluck, cull, crop; to har- 
 ass, molest ; to cut off piece- 
 meal. 
 
 Carlhnginiensis, e, ailj., Cartha- 
 ginian, belonging to Carthage. 
 Carthaginienses, iiim, m. pi., the 
 Carthaginians : from 
 
 Carthago, tnia, /., Carthage, a 
 maritime city of Africa, once 
 
 the rival of Rome : IV. 3. Car- 
 thago JYova, New Carthage, a 
 city of Spain, now Carthagena: 
 V. 22. 
 
 Cams, CI, am, adj., tor, issimus; 
 dear, precious, costly; beloved, 
 dear. 
 
 Casa, (B,f., a cottage, cabin, or hut, 
 of turf, straw, &c., a soldier's 
 hut. 
 
 Casilinates, um, to. pi., the inhab- 
 itants of Casilinum: V. 14: 
 from 
 
 Casilinum, i, n., vow Castelluccio, 
 a town of Campania : V. 12. 
 
 Cusillnus, u, um, adj., of o?' be- 
 longing to Casilinum. 
 
 Cassias, i, m., Cassius, a. Roman 
 name belonging to the Cassian 
 gens. C. Cassias, a distin- 
 guished Roman, one of the con- 
 spirators against Cesar: IX. II. 
 ^Iso, a boy, the school-fellow 
 of Faustus the son of Sylla: 
 IX. 14. 
 
 Castellum, i, it. dim. (castram, a 
 castle), a castle, fortress, fort, 
 fortified place. 
 
 Castlgo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to chas- 
 tise, punish, correct; to chide, 
 reprove. 
 
 Castra, Brum, n. pL, a camp, en- 
 campment. Castra alicujus se- 
 qui, to attend the camp of, to 
 serve under — . 
 
 Casus, As, m. (cado), a fall or fall- 
 ing ; downfall. ^ig., misfor- 
 tune, adversity, calamity; an 
 event, accident, cliauce. 
 
 Catellus, i, 7ft., a little dog, puppy. 
 
 Catena, (B.f., a chain. 
 
 CatfO-vn, as', J., a troop, battalion, 
 band i>r company of soldiers; a 
 multitude, crowd. 
 
 Catiliiia, <&, m., Catiline, a cog- 
 nomen in the Sergian gens. L. 
 
142 
 
 CATO— CELER. 
 
 Sergius Catilina, a Roinnn no- 
 bleman, who, witli others, con- 
 spired against the republic. His 
 conspiracy was brought to light 
 by Cicero, and Catiline was de- 
 feated by Antony, and perished, 
 with most of his army : JX. 22. 
 
 Cato^ onis, m., Cato, a cognomen 
 in the Porcian gens. M. Porclus 
 Cato, surnamed Censormus, the 
 Censor, was contemporary with 
 the elder Scipio Africanus, and 
 was greatly distinguished for 
 the severity of his manners : 
 VI. 6—16. M. Porcius Cato 
 Uticensis, the grandson of Cato 
 the Censor. He joined the 
 party of Pompey, and, after 
 their defeat, put an end to his 
 own life at Utica, whence he 
 has obtained the agnomen of 
 Uticensis ; IX. 13. 
 
 Catitlus, i, m., a little dog, whelp, 
 puppy. 
 
 Catfilus, i, m. (catus, shrewd), 
 Catulus, a Roman cognomen in 
 the Lutatian gens. C. Lutatius 
 Catulus, a Roman consul, who 
 put an end to the first Punic 
 war, A. U. 510: IV. 13. q. Lu- 
 tatius Catulus, a consul, A. U. 
 ()74 : VIII. 22. 
 
 Cauda, a, /., the tail of a beast, 
 bird, or fish. 
 
 Cavdex, Ids, m. {caudex, a boat), 
 Caudex, a Roman cognomen in 
 the Claudian gens. Aj)-pius 
 Claudius Caudex, a Roman con- 
 
 .sul, A. U. 488: IV. 1, 
 
 Caudinus, n, um, adj. (Caudium), 
 of nr pertaining to Caudium, a 
 city of the Herpini in Italy, 
 Caudine. 
 
 Causa-, m, /., a cause, reason ; a 
 pretext, excuse; an occasion, 
 motive ; a cause or suit at law ; 
 
 a matter, business, affair ; a 
 cause, party. Causd, loith the 
 gen., on account of, for the pur- 
 pose or sake of. (iud de causd, 
 for which reason, wherefore. 
 
 Causor, dri, dius sum, dep. (anisa), 
 to pretend, or plead in the way 
 of excuse, allege as a reason. 
 
 Cautus, a, um, adj. (caveo), cavXior, 
 cautisstmus; cautious, careful, 
 wary, provident, circumspect, 
 prudent. 
 
 Cavea, <B,f. (cavus, hollow), a hol- 
 low, cavity ; a cave, den for 
 wild beasts ; a cage or coop for 
 birds. 
 
 Caveo, ere, i, cautum, a. &f n., to 
 beware of, take heed of, be 
 
 ■ aware, guard against, avoid, 
 shun; to keep or ward off; to 
 provide, take care. Imp., ca- 
 vendum est, measures must be 
 taken. Cavere sibi, to provide 
 for one's safety. 
 
 Cecidi. See Cado. 
 
 Cecldi. Sec Caedo. 
 
 Ceclni. See Cano. 
 
 Cedo, Ire, cessi, cessum, n. fy a., 
 to give, place, give way, yield, 
 withdraw, retire, depart; to 
 cede, give up, concede, grant; 
 to submit, yield to; to happen, 
 turn out. 
 
 Celehrdius, u, um, part. Sf adj., 
 ior,issXmus, (ceZciro), celebrated, 
 solemnized; frequented; distin- 
 guished. 
 
 CelebrXtas, dtis, f. (cellher, cele- 
 brated), a great resort, crowd; 
 glory, renown, fame, celebrity 
 
 CelBliro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (celebcr), 
 to frequent, resort to; to cele- 
 brate, solemnize ; to praise, ex- 
 tol. 
 
 Ceter, Iris, e, adj., ior, errlmvs; 
 swifl, speedy, active, fleet, quick 
 
CELERITAS— CHARTA. 
 
 143 
 
 Cderttas, dtis,f. (ceJcr), swiftness, 
 quickness, speed, celerity, activ- 
 ity. 
 
 Celerlter, adv. (celer), cderius, ce- 
 Urrlmii ; quickly, speedily, im- 
 mediately. 
 
 Celo, arc, am, atum, u., to hide, 
 conceal, keep secret, cover. 
 
 Celsus, o, um, adj., lofty, high, 
 upright, stately. 
 
 CeUibtri, drum, m. pi. (^Ccltiheria), 
 the Celtiberians, inhabitants of 
 Celtiberia, a part of Spain on the 
 Iberus : V. 22. 
 
 Censeo, Cre, ui, sum, a., to think, 
 judge, suppose, imagine, appre- 
 hend, be of opinion; toexpressan 
 opinion, as in the senate, &c. ; to 
 ordain, decree, resolve; to as- 
 sess, appraise, tax. 
 
 Censor, Sris, m. (censeo), a censor, 
 a Roman magistrate appointed 
 every fifth year to take the cen- 
 sus, and to inspect the public 
 morals. He degraded those cit- 
 izens guilty of scandalous of- 
 fences, a senator, by removing 
 him from the senate, a knight, by 
 depriving him of his horse, &c. 
 
 Censura, (B,f. (censor), the censor- 
 ship, office of censor. 
 Census, iis, m., a census ; a valua- 
 tion of every man's estate; a 
 general registration. Agere cen- 
 sum, to take a census. 
 Centeslmus, n, um, adj. (centum), 
 
 the hundredth. 
 CeK«ies,arf»., a hundred times -.from 
 Centum, num. adj. pi. ind., a hun- 
 dred. 
 Centuria, (B,f. (centum), a century 
 or hundred ; a company of one 
 hundred soldiers ; a division of 
 the Roman people ; a centu- 
 ry- 
 Centurio, Snis, m. (centum), a cen- 
 
 turion, a captain of.a century or 
 hundred. 
 Cepi. See Capio. 
 Cerebrum, i, n., the brain. 
 Ceres, CerSris, /., Ceres, the 
 daughter of Saturn and Ops, and 
 goddess of corn. 
 
 Cerno, Ire, crevi, crctum, «., to sift, 
 separate by a sieve ; to consider, 
 di'liberate, distinguish, judge, 
 determine, decide, decree ; to 
 contend; to see, behold ; to see, 
 discern, perceive, understand. 
 
 Certdmen, Inis, n. (certo), a con- 
 test, strife, contention, debate; 
 a game, exercise ; a battle, en- 
 gagement, combat. 
 
 Certatim, adv. (certo), earnestly, 
 eagerly, emulously. 
 
 Certh, or Certo, adv. (certus), cer- 
 tainly, assuredly, undoubtedly. 
 
 Certo, are, avi, dtum, n., to con- 
 tend, strive, vie, struggle, fight. 
 Certatur, imp., the contest is 
 maintained, they contend. 
 
 Certus, u, um, adj., determined, 
 resolved ; tried, faithful, safe, 
 trustworthy ; certain, fixed, sure ; 
 well-known, manifest, evident; 
 fixed upon, appointed, estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Ceria, ce,f., a hind, deer. 
 
 Cervix, ids, f., the hinder part of 
 the neck; the neck. 
 
 Cessi. See Cedo. 
 
 Cesso, are, dm, dtum, n. freq. (ce- 
 do), to cease, give over, leave 
 ofi", pause, delay. 
 
 Cetira, Srum, adj., not used in 
 nom. muse, other, the other, the 
 rest, residue, or remainder. 
 
 Celirum, adv. (cetira), as for the 
 rest, in otlier respects, other- 
 wise ; but, furthermore, more- 
 over. 
 
 Charta, (E,/., paper. 
 
144 
 
 CHRYSOGONUS— CIRCUMSIDEO. 
 
 C'hrysogdnvs, i, m., Chrysogonus, 
 a freedinan of Sylla's : IX. ai. 
 
 alius, iy m., food, nourislunent, 
 aliment, victuals, meat. 
 
 Cicatrix, lcis,f., a oicalrice, scar. 
 
 Cicer, Iris, n., a small pulse, 
 vetches, chick-pease. 
 
 CicSro, onis, iii. [ciccr), Cicero, a 
 Romau cognomen in the Tullian 
 gens. M. Tutlius Cicero, the 
 most Illustrious of the Roman 
 orators, born at Arpinum, in 
 the year B. C. 103: IX. 20. 
 
 Cimher, bri, m., a Cinibrian ; the 
 Chnliria-ns were the ancient in- 
 hnbitants vf the Cimhrian Cher- 
 soncsvs, now Jutland, in Den- 
 mtirlc: VI J. 33. 
 
 Ciittttrlnis, a, urn, adj. {Cirttber), 
 (/imbrian. 
 
 Cineus, a:, vi. § 44, Cineas, a 
 minister and ambassador of 
 Pyrrhus; III. 17. 
 
 Cincinndtus, i, m. (cincinnntiis, 
 having curled vr crisped liair), 
 Cincinnatus, a Roman cotrnornen 
 in tile Quintian gens. L. Quin- 
 tius Cinriiiniitiis, an illustrious 
 Roman dictator, A. U.«i!-6: II. 
 l(i, 17. 
 
 Ciitgo, ere, xi, cturn,, u., to gird, tie 
 about, surround, encompass, em- 
 brace. Cingere obsidione, to 
 blockade, besiege. Diademate 
 cingere, to crovifn. Cingi gladio, 
 to gird on one's sword. 
 
 Cinis, iris, m. S/'f., ashes, embers, 
 cinders. 
 
 Cinxi. See Cingo. 
 
 Circa, adv. i^ prep, with the ace, 
 about, around. 
 
 Circrnsis, e, adj. (circus, a circus,) 
 relating to the circus. Circen- 
 ses ludi, the Circensian games, 
 games celebrated in the Roman 
 circus. 
 
 Circidua, i, m., dim. (circus), a cir 
 cle; any thinij circular j a com- 
 pany or circle of men. 
 
 CiTcum, prep, with the ace, around, 
 about, near. 
 
 Circumdro, are, dvi, dtiim, «.. {cir- 
 cum 4' «™), to plough around. 
 
 Cir cum do, dare, dldi, datum, a. 
 (circum 4" do), to put or set 
 round, to surround, encompass, 
 environ, invest. 
 
 Circumduco, Ire, xi, ctum, a. (cir- 
 cum Sf duco), to lead or draw 
 round. Fig., to cheat, deceive ; 
 to cancel, annul. 
 
 Circumeo, ire, ii, Uum, a. (circum 
 4' eo), to go round, surround, 
 try, solicit, canvass. 
 
 Circumffro, ferre, tui, latum, a. 
 {r.ircvm S^ f''-^'')i 'o carry 
 round. 
 
 Circnmfiivdo, fre, fidi.ftsum, a. 
 (circum&f fiivdo), to pnur round, 
 sprinkle about, circunifuse ; to 
 surround, encompass. 
 
 Circuiiifiisus, u, urn, pa it. (rircum- 
 fiindo), poured round, surround- 
 ing. Circumfasi. sc. homines, 
 the surrounding multitude. 
 
 Circvmiens, etintis, part, (^circum- 
 eo.) 
 
 Circumjicio, ire, jeci, jectum, a. 
 (circum ^jacio, lo cast), to cast 
 around. 
 
 Circumpono, ire, osui, osltum, a. 
 (circum ^ pono), to place or set 
 round. 
 
 Cirrumscrlho, ?re, psi, ptum, a. 
 (circum Sf scribo), to draw a 
 circle around ; to circumscribe, 
 limit, bound, confine. 
 
 Circumsessus, a. um, part. ; from 
 
 Cirrumsldco, ere, cdi, essum, a. ^ 
 n. (circum ^ sedeo), to sit or 
 stand round; to besiege, invest; 
 lay siege to ; to surround. 
 
ClKCUMSTAiNS— CLAUSTRUM. 
 
 145 
 
 Circumstans, tie, part,, standing 
 round. Subs., a bystander : 
 from 
 
 Circumsto, are, stiti, u,. (circum S^ 
 sto), to stand round', to beaet, 
 surround. 
 
 Circumvelio, ire, exi, ectum, a. 
 (clrcuvi &^ velio), to carry round. 
 
 Circurnvcnio, ire, veni, ventura, a. 
 {circum S/- venio), to come round, 
 surround, encompass, blockade, 
 beset ; to circumvent, deceive. 
 
 CisaJplims, a, vm, adj. (cis, on this 
 side, 4" Mpes), Cisalpine, on 
 this side the Alps. 
 
 Citerior, adj. of the comp. degree, 
 sup. ciilmus, § 126, 1, {cis, on 
 this side), nearer, hither. 
 
 Cito, are, dvi, atum, a. freq. {cieo, 
 to excite), to excite, stir up, 
 rouse ; to incite, impel, stimu- 
 late ; to summon, cite ; to call 
 ofi', read aloud, name. 
 
 Citra, prep, with the ace. {cis), on 
 this side. 
 
 Civicus, u, urn, adj. {cims), civil, 
 civic. Civica corona, a civic 
 crowrn, a garland of oak given 
 to him who had saved the life of 
 a citizen in battle. 
 
 Civllis, e, adj., of or belonging to 
 the citizens, civil : from 
 
 Civis, is, m. S/- f, a citizen, free 
 inhabitant of a town or city. 
 
 CivXtas, dtis, f. {civis), the body 
 of citizens, the citizens ;. a city, 
 state, nation, government ; the 
 freedom of a city, citizenship. 
 
 Clades, is,f., loss, injury, disaster; 
 overthrow, defeat, discomfiture ; 
 slaughter, destruction. Aicipere 
 cladem, to suffer a defeat. 
 
 Clam, adv. ^prep. withthe all. and 
 ace, privately, privily, secretly ; 
 without the knowledge of. 
 
 Clamlto, are, dvi, atum, a. 1^ n. 
 13 
 
 freq., to cry aloud, vociferate, 
 shout : from 
 
 Clamo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 4' n., to 
 cry, cry aloud, exclaim. 
 
 Clamor, oris, m. {clamo), a loud 
 voice, cry, shout, clamor, 
 noise. 
 
 Clandesilnus, a, um, adj. {clam), 
 secret, hidden, unknown, pri- 
 vate, clandestine. 
 
 Clangor, oris, m. {clango, to 
 sound), the sound of a trumpet; 
 a cry, scream, yell, .^nserum 
 clangor, the cackling of geese. 
 
 Clar6, adv. {clams), clearly, splen- 
 didly, brightly, distinctly. 
 
 Clareo, ere, ui, n. {clarus}, to be 
 clear or bright ; to shine ; to ba 
 illustrious or famous. 
 
 Claritas, dtis, /., clearness, bright- 
 ness, splendor : from 
 
 Clarus, a, um, adj.,ior,isslmus ; 
 clear, bright, splendid ; loud, 
 distinct. Fig., manifest, open, 
 evident; famous, illustrious, 
 distinguished, celebrated, re- 
 nowned. 
 
 Classlcum, i, n., the sound of a 
 trumpet ; a trumpet. 
 
 Classis, is, f, a class, company, 
 order of citizens ; a fleet, arma- 
 ment. 
 
 Claudia, m, f., Claudia, a Roman 
 name, belonging to females of 
 theClaudian^cTis. Claudia, the 
 sister of Appius Claudius Pul- 
 cher: IV. 12. 
 
 Claudius, i,m., Claudius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Claudian 
 gens. Sppius Claudius, a de- 
 cemvir: II. 18. 
 
 Claudo, Ere, si, sum, a., to shujt, 
 close, confine, shut in, enclose ; 
 to surround, encompass. 
 
 Ciaustrum, i, u. {claudo), a bar, 
 boll, barrier. 
 
146 
 
 CLAUSULA— COGNATIO. 
 
 Clausliila, ce^f. (c/«wrfc/), a finishing 
 clause ; a close, conclusion. 
 
 Clavsus, lif um, p irt. {cltrudo). 
 
 CluTu. (B,f., a club, cudgel. 
 
 ClaviSy isy f. {caudo), a key; a 
 bar, bolt. 
 
 C/avus^ i, w., a nail. 
 
 ClcmenSj tls^ /////'., calm, gentle ; 
 niild, cumpasaionate, merciful, 
 clement. 
 
 Clementer, a.dv. (dcmens)^ gently, 
 mildly, quietly, placidly, with 
 clemency. 
 
 Clemenliaj m, f. (clemens)^ mild- 
 ness, gentleness, clemency; 
 calmness, stillness. 
 
 Cleopatra, iB, /., Cleopatra, queen 
 of Egypt: IX. 34. 
 
 Cliens, exit's, vi., a client, depend- 
 ant, one under the protection of 
 a psitrnn. The yfehcians^ at 
 Rome, were iiccvstoined to select 
 sovie ]}(itrician. as their patron^ 
 on whotii they depended for pro- 
 tection, 
 
 Chdliis^ z, 7/7., Clodius, a Roman 
 name belongino- to the Clodian 
 i'T//.v. See Piilcher. 
 
 ClfpJln^ (B,f.^ Clcelia, a noble Ro- 
 man maiden : U. 6. 
 
 Cluslnl, drum, vi.pl., the Clusini- 
 ans, inhabitants of Clusium ; 
 frcm 
 
 Clusivm, /", K., Clusium, a town of 
 Etruria: H. ^1. 
 
 Clypea, cb, /., Clypea, a city of 
 Africa: IV. S. 
 
 Clypetts, /, m.; a shield, buckler, 
 target. 
 
 Cii., an abbreviation of the prtsno- 
 men Cujeus. 
 
 Cn(Bvs, i, m.j CniEus, a Roman 
 prccnomen. 
 
 Coactas, a, um. part. (cogo). 
 
 CocEquo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con 4" 
 <£quo)j to level, make equal or 
 even. 
 
 Codes i itis, m. (codes y a person 
 blind of one eye), Codes, a Ro- 
 man cogvowrti. Horntlus Co- 
 des^ a Rnnian who prevented 
 the army of Porsenna from cross- 
 ing a bridge over the Tiber: 
 IL4. 
 
 Codex, tcis, ?«., the body, trunk, 
 stump or stock of a tree. 
 
 Cotgi. See Cogo. 
 
 Coillvs, i, m., Ccelius, one of the 
 seven hills of Rome ; I. 16. 
 
 CcBfuniji, «., the sky, heaven, the 
 heavens ; the air. 
 
 Cosna, <B, /., supper, the principal 
 meal of the Romans. 
 
 CostiOy dre, dvi, dtvm, n. ^ «. 
 {caena), to sup, sup upon. Imp.^ 
 ca'?nitymest, asupper was given, 
 they slipped. Inter canandvirij 
 during supper. 
 
 Casncsus, «. vni, adj.., muddy, bog- 
 gy, swampy, marshy, filthy; 
 from 
 
 Ca-nvm, i, n , -dirt, mire, mud, fillh. 
 
 CfEpi, dcf.Teib. § 183,2, I began 
 Imp., it began. Mil it m rcep't 
 ptFnitere, it began to repent the 
 soldiers, i. c, the soldiers began 
 to repent, § 20\\ R. 3, (6.) 
 
 Cuptvs, «, vm,part. (easpi). 
 
 Cncrceo, ere, wi, Xtvm, a. {con Sf 
 arced), to surround, embrace ; to 
 keep in, confine, restrain, clieck ; 
 to repress, curb, control. 
 
 Catvs, vi>; m. {coeo, to assemble), 
 an assembly, meeting; a multi- 
 tude, crowd. 
 
 Cotrifatio, onis^f. a thinkino-, con- 
 sidering; thought, care, consid- 
 eiation, deliberation ; from 
 
 Coglto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con ^ 
 agito), to think, ponder, con- 
 sider, meditate, think of. 
 
 Cognatio, onis, f. (con Sf nascor), 
 relation by blood ; kindred, rela 
 tionsbip. 
 
COGNITUS— COMIS. 
 
 147 
 
 CognUus, a, um,part. (cognosco). 
 
 Cognomen, inis, it. {con ^ nomeii), 
 a surname, family name ; a name 
 subjoined to the nonun, and de- 
 aoting the /(?«!/,(«, or family. It 
 is nJinetimcs used for the agno- 
 men, llie appellation, lille. 
 
 Cognomlno, are, dvt, alum, a. 
 (cogrurftien), to surname, entitle, 
 name. 
 
 Cognosco, Sre, novi, nlturn, a. (^con 
 4^ nosco, to know), to know ; to 
 learn, hear, find, ascertain, dis- 
 cover, understand, be informed; 
 to examine, investigate, explore ; 
 to try a cause ; to recognize ; to 
 acknowledge, confess; to per- 
 ceive", see. » 
 
 Cogo, Ire, colgi, r.oactum, a. (ron 
 4' "■S")' ^° collect, assemble, 
 gather, drive or bring together; 
 to drive, impel; to constrain, 
 compel, render necessary, force, 
 urge ; to induce ; to confine, re- 
 strain. 
 
 Cokibeo, ere, ui, itvm, a. {con fy ha- 
 ieo), to hold or conti in ; to check, 
 slop, arrest; to confine, enclose ; 
 to repress, restrain. 
 
 Cohors, tis, /., a pen or coop ; a 
 cohort, band of soldiers consist- 
 ing of the tenth part of a legion, 
 and consequently containing, at 
 different periods, from 300 to 600 
 men. 
 
 Cohortor, ari, atus sum, dcp. (con 
 1^ hortor, to e.xhort), to exhort, 
 encourage. 
 
 ColS/phus, i, m., o. blow or buffet 
 with the fist. 
 
 ColliUia, (B,f., CoUatia, a town of 
 Latium, in which CoUatinus re- 
 sided : I. 2G. 
 
 Collatmus, i, m. (CoUatia), CoUa- 
 tinus, a surname of L. Tarquin- 
 lus, husband of Lucretia, and 
 
 one of the first two consuls : 
 I. 26, and II. 2. 
 
 Colldtvs, II, uin, part, (confero). 
 
 Collaufio, arc, act, lUum, a. {con li^ 
 laudo), to extol, commend. 
 
 Collectus, n., urn, ■jmrt. (coUigo). 
 
 Cotlega, cB, in., a colleague, copart- 
 ner- in office. 
 
 Colllgo, &re, Itgi, Iccturn, it. {con 4-' 
 lego), to gather together, collect, 
 assemble ; to get, procure, ob- . 
 tain. 
 
 Collis, is, m., a hill, hillock, rising 
 ground. 
 
 CoUdco, are, dvi, dtum, «. {con ^. 
 loco), to place, settle, dispose, 
 arrange, set, set in order, sta- 
 tion, post; to give in tniirriage. 
 
 Colloi-ul'iis, li, win, part, (collotjnor) 
 
 Colloi/iihiin, i. It., conversaluiu, 
 converse, disconr.se ; a cunli.'r- 
 ence, an interview -. front 
 
 ColldtjiHir, i, cvttis siivi, ilrji {con S^ 
 lo(/uor), to speak together, con- 
 verse, confer. 
 
 Collum, i. It., the neck. 
 
 Colo, Ire, colui, cultitm, a,., In exer- 
 cise, practise, pursue ; to culti- 
 vate, attend to, tend, till ; to 
 cherish, take care of; to respect, 
 honor, regard, venerate, worship. 
 
 Colonia, is,f., a colony, plantation, 
 settlement; a company of emi- 
 grants, colonists, emigrants : 
 from 
 
 ColSnus, i, m. {coIo), a husband- 
 man, farmer, cultivator ; a colo- 
 nist, settler, emigrant. 
 
 Color, or Colas, oris, m., a color, 
 complexion, tint, hue. 
 
 Cohimba, (B,f., a dove, pigeon. 
 
 Comes, Xtis, m. ^ f., a companion, 
 associate, attendant, assistant, 
 comrade. 
 
 Comis, e, adj., kind, courteous 
 good-humored, obliging. 
 
148 
 
 COMITAS— COMMUTATIO. 
 
 Comitas, atis,f. (covds), courtesy, 
 affability, complaisance, good- 
 breeding, mildness, kindness, 
 civility. 
 
 Comitatus, {is, m. (comitor), a train, 
 retinue, suite, company. 
 
 ComUcr, adv. (comjs), courteously, 
 kindly, affably, gently, civilly, 
 politely. 
 
 Comitia, drum, -n. pi. (comes), a 
 public meeting for the purpose 
 of voting; a public election, the 
 comitia, an assembly of the peo- 
 ple. 
 
 Comitium^i, n. (comes), the comi- 
 tium, a place in the Roman 
 forum where the Comitia were 
 held. 
 
 Comitor, ari, dtus sum, dep, 
 (comes), to accompany, attend, 
 wait upon, follow. 
 
 Commedtus, us,m..(commeo, to come 
 and go), a passage, right of pas- 
 sage ; a furlough ; provisions, 
 supplies. 
 
 Commemdro, are, avi, dtum, u,. (con 
 ^ vievioro), to mention, make 
 mention of, recount, relate. 
 
 Commendo, are, avi, dtvm, u. (con 
 fy mtindo), to commit to one's 
 charge, to consign to one's care ; 
 to commend, recommend, pro- 
 cure favor for. Plvrimiim com- 
 mcndare, to praise very highly. 
 
 Covimlgro, dre, avi, dtum, n. (con 
 If migro, to remove), to remove, 
 migrate, change one's place of 
 abode. 
 
 Commillto, Snis, m. (con &/• milito), 
 a fellow-soldier, comrade. 
 
 Comminuo, Ire, ui, alum, a. (con 
 4' minuo), to lessen, dimmish; 
 to crush or break to pieces. 
 Fig., to weaken, impair. 
 
 Committo, Sre, isi, issum, a. (con 
 ^ viitto), to join or bring to- 
 
 gether; to do, act, cause, per- 
 form, commit; to begin, com- 
 mence ; to consign, intrust, com- 
 mit; to join, begin ; to engage, 
 fight. With vt, to pursue such 
 a course that — ; to cause that. 
 
 CoTnmddc, adv. (commodvs), fitly 
 aptly, conveniently, to the pur 
 pose. Satis commode, wcl 
 enough. 
 
 Commodltas, dtis, f. (commodvs), 
 aptness, just proportion, sym- 
 metry ; indulgence, kindness ; 
 advantage, benefit. 
 
 Commddo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (com' 
 modus), to adjust, adapt, accom- 
 modate ; to give, afford, lend, 
 furnish. 
 
 Commddum, i, n., advantage, profit, 
 utility, convenience : from 
 
 CoTnmddus, a, um, adj. (con fy mO' 
 dus), convenient, apt, fit, suit- 
 able, agreeable. 
 
 Commdneo, ere, vi, itum, a. (con ^ 
 moneo), to call to mind, remind, 
 advise, warn, suggest. 
 
 Commoror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (con _ 
 4^ moror), to stop, pause, stay, 
 remain, tarry. 
 
 Commotus, u, um, part. ; from 
 
 Commdvco, ere, dvi, dtum, u. (con 
 4' moveo), to move together, 
 move, stir, remove. Fig., to 
 move, touch, affect, disquiet, 
 trouble, alarm, stir up, excite, 
 provoke, enrage. 
 
 CommUnio, ire, ivi, it^tvi, a. (con fy 
 munio), to fortify, secure. 
 
 Communis, e, adj., common to two 
 or more, the same, general, uni- 
 versal, public. 
 
 Commurilter, adv. (communis), in 
 common with others, commonly, 
 conjointly, promiscuously. 
 
 Commutatio, Bnis, /., a changing, 
 change, alteration : from 
 
COMMUTO— CONCEDO. 
 
 149 
 
 Commiitn, are, dvi, atum, «.. (cnn'S^ 
 muto), to change, alter; to ex- 
 change, tralpc. A'ihil e.-t rnin- 
 mutatum, no change was made. 
 
 Cumii, Sre, psi, ptam, a., to comh, 
 dress, or adorn the hair. 
 
 Coiiipor, dris, adj. (non S^ par), 
 equal, even, like, suitable, agree- 
 able. 
 
 ComparaliOj oiiisy f., a preparing 
 or providing for, provision, prep- 
 aration, acquisition : from 
 
 Compdro, are, dvi, alum, u. (con Sf 
 para), to procure, obtain, get, 
 furnish, prepare, provide ; to 
 collect. 
 
 Compello, dre, dvi, dlum, a. (con fy 
 pello, obs.}, to accost, address, 
 call by name. 
 
 Compdlo, Sre, p-Ufi, puJsum, a. (con 
 4' pello), to drive or bring to- 
 gether, assemble, collect ; to 
 compel, constrain, force. 
 
 Compirio, Ire, plri, pertum, a. (con 
 &/• pario), to discover, find out, 
 ascertain, learn. 
 
 Compes, fdis,f., § 94, (con &/■ pes), 
 a fetter, chain for the feet. Dare 
 alicui compedes, to fetter, put 
 fetters upon — . 
 
 Compllo, dre, dvi, dlum, a. (con Sf 
 pilo, to pillage), to rob, spoil, 
 plunder, pillage. 
 
 Camp'ector, i, plexus sum, dep. (con 
 4' pLecto), to encircle, compass, 
 surround, comprehend, contain ; 
 to embrace. 
 
 Compleo, ere, €vl, glum., a, (con ^ 
 pleo, obs., to fill), to fill, fill up; 
 to complete, perfect, finish, per- 
 form. 
 
 Comphxus, fis, m. (complector), a 
 compassing, encircling; an em- 
 bracing, embrace. 
 
 Complexus, u,, um, part, (com- 
 pleclor). 
 
 IS* 
 
 Comploratlo, dnis, f. (cornpldro, to 
 bewail), a lamenting, weeping; 
 lamentation. 
 
 Complordtus, iis, iii. (complOro), a 
 lamenting, weeping. 
 
 Complitres, a or ia, inlj. pL, § 110 
 (con fy plus), many, a great 
 many, very many. 
 
 CompOno, Sre, osui, osXlum, w. (con 
 ^' pono), to put <ir place to- 
 gether ; to put in order, arrange, 
 dispose, order; to compose, si-t- 
 lle, bring about, adjust ; to con- 
 struct, build. Componere hel- 
 ium, to terminate, put an end 
 to — ; — to make, bring about, 
 conclude. 
 
 Compos, 6tis, adj. (con fy potts), 
 master of, having in one's pow- 
 er. Fieri compos volt, to obtain 
 one's wish. 
 
 CoTiiposUus, a, um, part. ^ a(^j. 
 (compoiio), put or placed to- 
 gether, united; arrringcd, cnm- 
 posed. Ex compastv, accord. ng 
 to agreement or concert: — 
 quieted, stilled, put down, al- 
 layed, appeased, concluded. 
 
 Comprelicndo, Ire, di, sum, a. (con 
 8^ prehendo), to take or seize 
 hold of, lay hold of, catch, ap- 
 prehend, seize. 
 
 Compressus, u, um, part. : from 
 
 Comprlmo, Sre, essi, essum, u,. (ron 
 fy premo), to press together ; to 
 keep close, hold fast ; to restrain, 
 curb, repress, check ; to sup- 
 press, quell. 
 
 Comprdbo, arc, dvi, dtum, a. (con 
 4- probo), to approve, prove, con- 
 firm ; to allow. 
 
 Compuli. See Compello. 
 
 Compulsus, a, um, part, (compello). 
 
 Condtvs, a, um, part, (conor). 
 
 Concedo, Ire, cessi, cessum, n. ^ a. 
 (con ^ cedo), to retire, yield. 
 
150 
 
 CONCfiLEBaO— CONDUCO. 
 
 depart, withdraw ; to go, repair ; 
 to grant, give, allow, permit, 
 concede ; to pardon. 
 
 Concdcbj-Of are, dvi, dlum, a. (con 
 ^ celebro), to frequent, resort to ; 
 to celebrate together, solemnize; 
 to praise, celebrate. 
 
 Concipi. See Conoipio. 
 
 Concessi. See Concedo. 
 
 Conccssus, a, um, part, (concedo). 
 
 Concha, ce,f., a shell-fish; a shell, 
 sea-shell. 
 
 Concldo, Ire, di, n. (cnn 4^ cado), 
 to fall down, fall to tlie ground ; 
 to fall, die, perish. 
 
 Concilia, are, dvi, alum, u., to con- 
 ciliate, make friendly, gain over, 
 reconcile ; to bring about, make, 
 cause, effect, procure. Concili- 
 are alicvi, to acquire one's 
 friendship : from 
 
 Concilium, i, ?i., an assembly, meet- 
 ing, company, council. 
 
 Concio, onis, f. (concieo, to call 
 together), a meeting or assem- 
 bly of people, public assembly ; 
 an oration, harangue, public 
 speech. 
 
 Concipio, Ire, ipi, eptum, a. (con 
 ^ cnpio), to conceive, form, re- 
 ceive ; to imagine, comprehend, 
 understand. 
 
 Concito, are, avi, dtum, a. (con fy 
 cilo), to stir up, rouse to action, 
 put in motion, excite, stimulate, 
 incite. Concitare equuin calcar- 
 ibus, or Concitare equum, to 
 spur, spur on — . 
 
 Concldmo, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. 
 (con S/- clamo, to cry), to cry out 
 together ; to cry aloud ; to shout, 
 exclaim. 
 
 Concordia, <e, f. (concors, concord- 
 ant), concord, agreement, union, 
 harmony, unanimity. 
 
 Conctpio, Sf Concupiico, ire, im., 
 
 Itvm, a. (con 4" cupio), to desire 
 greatly, long for, covet. 
 
 Concurro, Ire, curri, cvrsum, n. 
 (con (^ cvrro), to run together, 
 meet, rush or flock together, 
 assemble ; to fight, engage in 
 fight. 
 
 Concursus, {is, m. (cOncurro), a 
 running or meeting together; 
 a concourse ; a conflict, charge, 
 engagement, onset, shock. Fit 
 concursus, a concourse is made, 
 a crowd collects. 
 
 Concutio, Ire, ussi, ussum, a. (con 
 if qvatio), to shake, move vio- 
 lently, agitate, cause to tremble. 
 Fig., to trouble, disquiet, alarm. 
 
 Condemno, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con 
 4' damno), § 217, to condemn. 
 
 Condtdi. See Condo. 
 
 Condiscipulus, i, m. (can 4" dis- 
 cipdlus, a scholar), a school- 
 fellow, companion in learning. 
 
 Conditio, onis, f. (condo), a mak- 
 ing, constructing; a laying up, 
 preserving ; a state, condition, 
 situation ; a condition, stipula- 
 tion, terms. 
 
 Condttor, oris, m., a maker, build- 
 er, founder, inventor, author : 
 from 
 
 Condo, ire, dldi, dltmn, u (con fy 
 do), to lay or treasure up, hoard, 
 hide, conceal ; to finish, end ; 
 to make, build, establish, found. 
 
 Condono, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con ^ 
 dono), to give freely, grant, pre- 
 sent, bestow ; to remit, excuse 
 pardon, forgive. 
 
 CondOcens, tis,part., hiring. Con- 
 ducentes, sc. homines, contract- 
 ors : from 
 
 Cond'Uco, ire, zi, ctum, a. (Con fy 
 duco), to bring or lead together, 
 cdnduct, asseitible ; to hire, bar- 
 gain for. 
 
■ CONFECI— CONGRESSIO. 
 
 151 
 
 Caitfeci. See Confieio. 
 
 CoAf ictus, ffl, um, part, (confieio). 
 
 Confiro, fcrre, tUli, colldtum, irr. 
 a. (con fy fero), to bring, carry, 
 put or lay together ; to collect ; 
 to contribute, pay ; to bring. 
 Conferre se, to betake one's self, 
 go. Conferre signa, to join 
 standards, to unite armies : also, 
 to join battle, fight. 
 
 Confertus, a, um, adj. , tor, issimus, 
 (confercio, to stuff), close to- 
 gether, crowded, full ; thick, 
 close, dense. 
 
 Cortfessio, 5nis, f. (confiteor), a 
 confession, acknowledgment. 
 
 Confessus, a, um, part, (con- 
 fiteor). 
 
 Confestim, adv., forthwith, imme- 
 diately. 
 
 Confieio, ire, Sci, ectiim, a. (con S^ 
 faeio), to make together ; to 
 make, cause, effect, execute, 
 prepare, perform, do; to end, 
 finish ; to kill, slay, destroy, 
 overpower ; to waste, wear out, 
 consume ; to chew, masticate. 
 
 Confldo, ire, isus sum, n. pass., 
 § 142, 2, (con ^fido, to Uasl), 
 to trust, feel confident, depend 
 upon. 
 
 COnflgo, ire, xi, xum, a. (con S/- 
 figo, to fix), to fix or fasten to- 
 gether; to pierce, transfix. 
 
 Confirmdtus, a, um, part, fy adj., 
 strengthened ; strong, firm, res- 
 olute : from 
 
 Confirmo, are, aei, atum, a. (con S^ 
 firmo) , to make strong, strength- 
 en, establish, reestablish ; to 
 encourage, inspire with courage, 
 animate ; to ratify, confirm. 
 
 Conflteor, eri, eSsus sum, dep. (con 
 iffttteor, to confess), to confess, 
 acknowledge, own. 
 
 ConjUgro, dre, ivi, atum, a. (c&n 
 
 fyflagro), to burn ; to be on fire, 
 be consumed. 
 
 Confilgo, ire, xi, clum, a. (con fy 
 fiigo, to beat), to conflict, con- 
 tend, fight, engage. 
 
 Conflo, dre, avi, dliim, a. (con 4' 
 fio), to blow together, bring to- 
 gether; to make up, compound; 
 to raise, make, create, excite ; 
 to cause, occasion ; to melt, 
 fuse, forge. 
 
 Confluo, ire, xi, n. (con Sf fluo, 
 to flow), to flow or run to- . 
 gether, flock or crowd together, 
 meet. 
 
 Confddio, ire, fodi, fossum, a. (con 
 ^ fodio, to dig), to dig. Fig., 
 to wound, pierce, stab, thrust 
 through. 
 
 Confiigio, ire, fngi, fugUum, n. 
 (con ^ fugio), to flee to for 
 succor, flee, have recourse to. 
 
 Confundo, ire, fudi, fusum, a. 
 (con fy fundo), to pour out to- 
 gether, mingle, mix or blend to- 
 gether; to discompose, trouble, 
 perplex. 
 
 Conglro, ire, essi, estum., a. (con 
 S/- gero), to carry or bring to- 
 gether, heap or pile up, amass, 
 hoard, accumulate, collect ; to 
 give, bestow, heap. 
 
 Congeslus, a, um, part, (congero), 
 
 Ctmgestus, iis, m. (congero), a 
 heaping or gathering together, 
 a heap. 
 
 Congridior, i, gressus sum, dep. 
 (con 4* gradior, to go), to move 
 or go together ; to meet, accost, 
 address, speak to, converse with ; 
 to join battle, fight, engage. 
 
 Congrigo, are, avi, atum, a. (con 
 S/- grex), to gather or collect 
 together, assemble. 
 
 Congressio, Snis,f. (congredior), a 
 coming togetJiBr. meetmf . 
 
152 
 
 CONGRESSUS— CONSCRIPTUS. 
 
 Con^ressits, ii, um, part, {congre- 
 dior). 
 
 Congressjis, ns^ m. (congrcdloT), 
 a coining together, meeting, in- 
 terview ; a conflict, encounter, 
 contest, battle. 
 
 Congruo, Ire, ui, n. {con &f gruo, 
 obs.), to come together, meet ; 
 to happen, occur; to agree, 
 suit, match, fitj correspond, an- 
 swer. 
 
 Conjlclo, SrCj jSci, jcctum, a. (con 
 4^ jo-cio), to throw togciher, 
 throw, cast, hurl, discharge. 
 Fig., to throw, cast, thrust, put. 
 
 Conjugium, i, «., a joining to- 
 gether, conjunction ; marriage, 
 matrimony, wedlock : from 
 
 Conjfigo, are, avi, dtmn, n. (con 4' 
 jugo, to join), to join together, 
 connect. 
 
 Conjunct^, adv., iiis, issim^, (ran- 
 junclvs, connected), conjointly, 
 jointly, intimately, on intimate 
 terms. 
 
 Conjiinctio, Snis, f. (conjvngo), a 
 joining or \initing together ; 
 union, agreement, connection. 
 
 Covjnngo, ire, xi, ctum, a. (con fy 
 jvngo), to join or unite together, 
 connect, join to, associate, unite, 
 couple. 
 
 Conjuratio, onis, f. (conjuro), a 
 confederacy, combination ; a 
 plot, conspiracy. 
 
 Conjurdlus, ti, vm, part., con- 
 spired. Conjurati,orum,m.pl,, 
 conspirators : from 
 
 Conjuro, are, avi, dtvm, n. (con ^ 
 jvro), to swear together, ccm- 
 bine, league together ; to con- 
 spire, enter into a conspiracy. 
 Conjnratum est, a conspiracy 
 was formed. 
 
 C'onjvx, ngis, m. ^ f. (conjungo), 
 a husband, wife, consort, spouse. 
 
 Connuhium, i, n. (con ty nuho, to 
 marry), a lawful marriage, wed- 
 lock, marriage, intermarriage. 
 
 Conor, dri, dtus sum, dcp., to 
 strive, endeavor, attempt, try, 
 undertake. 
 
 Conquiesco, ire, ivi, etvm, n. (ran 
 ^ quicsco), to rest, be at rest, 
 take rest, repose. 
 
 Conqvlro, ire, quislvi, quisltum, a. 
 (con 4* qutBro), to seek after, 
 search for diligently, try to pro- 
 cure, rake up, collect. 
 
 Consaluto, are, avi, dtum, a. (con 
 ^ saluto), to salute together, sa- 
 lute. 
 
 Conscendo, ire, di, sum, n. ^ a. 
 (con 4^ scando, to climb), to 
 climb or go up to, mount, get 
 up, ascend ; to embark, go on 
 board. 
 
 Conscisco, ire, Ivi, itum, a. (con ^ 
 scisco, to inquire), to vote to- 
 gether; to determine, resolve, 
 decree; to execute, put in exe- 
 cution. Consciscere sibi mo; tern 
 or necem, to lay violent hands 
 on one's self, kill one's self 
 
 Conscius, u, vm, adj. (conscio, to 
 know), conscious, privy to, ac- 
 * cessary ; guilty. 
 
 Conscrlbo, ire, psi, ptvm, u. (con 
 4' scribo), to write together, 
 write. 
 
 Conscriptus, a, vm, part, (con- 
 scribo), written ; enlisted, en- 
 rolled. Patres conscripti, the 
 conscript fathers, the senators ; 
 the first Roman senators icere 
 called Patres, and those subse- 
 quently added to their number 
 were denominated Conscripti; 
 but, in process of time, it l/ecame 
 customary to address the whole 
 body of senators by the term 
 Patres Conscripti. 
 
CONSECRO— CONSPICOR. 
 
 153 
 
 Consticro, dre, dvl, &tum, a. {eon 4' 
 sficrOj to consecrate), to conse- 
 crate, dedicate, make sacred, 
 devote to the gods ; to devote, 
 appropriate. 
 
 Consecntus, a, um, part, (conse- 
 quur). . 
 
 Consector, art, dtus sum, dep. {con 
 4" sector, to follow), to go after, 
 foUovif after, pursue ; to seek, 
 obtain ; to imitate. 
 
 ConsSdi. See Consido. 
 
 Consensus, {is, m. (consentio), con- 
 sent, agreement, unanimity. 
 
 Consentaneus, a, um, adj., agreea- 
 ble, suitable, consonant, meet, 
 convenient, fit, consentaneous, 
 consistent, reasonable. 
 
 Consentio, ire, scnsi, sensum, n. 
 {con ^ seiUio), to consent, agree, 
 accord, be of the same opinion ; 
 to conspire. 
 
 Cons&quor, i, cuius sum, dep. {con 
 fy sequor), to follow, go after; to 
 imitate ; to come up with, reach, 
 overtake; to gain, obtain, ac- 
 quire. 
 
 Coaslro, ire, serui, sertum, a. {con 
 S^ sero, to connect), to join or 
 knit together ; to construct. Con- 
 serere pu^nam, Ttianum,, etc., to 
 join battle, fight hand to hand, 
 engage in close combat. 
 
 Conservo, dre, dvi, dtuvi, u.. {con 
 fy servo), to preserve, keep, de- 
 fend, protect, save, maintain ; to 
 observe, regard, keep. 
 
 Cansessits, us, in., an assembly sit- 
 ting together, an assembly : from 
 
 Consideo, ire, sedi, sessum, n. 
 {con 4" sedeo), to sit together, 
 sit. 
 
 Consideratio, onis, f. {considero), 
 consideration, regard, circum- 
 spection. 
 
 Considerdtus, u, um, part. ^ adj., 
 
 weighed, considered; wary, at- 
 tentive, considerate, cautious : 
 fi-om 
 
 Considirn, dre, avi, dtum, a., to 
 consider, meditate, think of, 
 weigh ; to inspect, examine, ob- 
 serve, notice. 
 
 Consido, tre, sedi, sessum, n. {con 
 S^ sido, to sit), to sit down togeth- 
 er, sit down; to settle; to light; 
 to fall, sink ; to pitch, encamp. 
 
 Consilium, i, n., counsel, advice ; 
 deliberation, consideration, con- 
 sultation ; a design, intention, 
 aim, plan, measure, scheme, in- 
 tent, purpose, end ; determina- 
 tion, resolve ; prudence, discre- 
 tion, sagacity, reason; artifice, 
 stratagem ; a council, assembly. 
 
 Consisto, Ire, stXti, n. {con S^ sisto), 
 to stand firmly, stand fast, make 
 a stand, stand, stand still, stop, 
 take a stand; to remain. 
 
 Consohrinus, i, m. {con S^ sohrlnus, 
 the son of a mother's sister), the 
 son of a mother's sister ; a cousin- 
 german, first cousin. 
 
 Consolor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {con 
 4' si>lor, to console), to console, 
 comfort, solace ; to alleviate, re- 
 lieve, make amends for. 
 
 Conspectus, us, m. {conspicio), the 
 act of seeing; a sight, view; the 
 sight. In conspectum venire, to 
 come in sight. .3d conspectum, 
 at sight of, on seeing. 
 
 Conspectus, a, um, part. ^ adj. 
 {conspicio), beheld ; conspicuous, 
 remarkable. 
 
 Conspexi ; from 
 
 Conspicio, Ire, exi, ectum, a. {eon 
 &/■ specio, to see), to see, behold, 
 look at, observe, discern, per- 
 ceive. 
 
 Consplcor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (con 
 4' specio), to see, behold, descry 
 
154 
 
 CONSPICUUS— CONSURGO. 
 
 Conspicuus, a, am, adj. (conspicio), 
 conspicuous, clear, visible. Fig., 
 ilUistiious, dislinguislied, re- 
 markable. 
 
 Consjnrtitlo, onis^f., an agreement, 
 league, combination, association, 
 confederacy ; union, unanimity, 
 harmony, concord ; a plot, con- 
 spiracy : from 
 
 CoitspiTo, are, avl, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 splro), to blow together ; to agree, 
 unite or conspire together. 
 
 Constans, anlis, adj. {consto), stand- 
 ing together; firm, steady, re- 
 solved, determined ; constant, 
 even, uniform, consistent; un- 
 moved. 
 
 Cunstiinter, adv. (constans), firmly, 
 steadily ; uniformly, evenly, reg- 
 ularly, constantly. 
 
 Constantia, (E, f. {consiaas), firm- 
 ness, steadiness, uniformity of 
 conduct, constancy. 
 
 Consterno, 6rc, stravi, s'-ralum, a. 
 {con 8^ stcrnn., to throw down), 
 to alarm, terrify, affright, dis- 
 may. 
 
 ConstUi. See Consisto. 
 
 Constituo, SrCj ui, ixtuvi, a-, {con 8f 
 statuo), to set up, place, erect; 
 to found, build ; to dispose, ar- 
 range ; to establish, appoint; to 
 place, put, station ; to intend, 
 determine, lesolve. 
 
 Consto., are, stUl, n. {con ^ sto), to 
 stand together, stand ; to consist 
 of; to be cimsistent, correspond. 
 Imp., constat, it is evident, mani- 
 fest, clear, or certain ; it is 
 agreed. Satts or ccrtn constat, 
 it is well or fully agreed. Con- 
 stare sibi, to be consistent with 
 one's self. 
 
 Consnesco, ^re, Svi, Stum, n. ^ a. 
 {con iSr sucsco, to accustom), to 
 be accustomed or used to a thing ; 
 
 to acquire a habit by pracliue, 
 be in the habit of. 
 
 Consuetudo, Inis, f. {consiiesco), 
 custom, usage, use, habit. In 
 consuctudlneni ablre, to pass into 
 a custom, become customary. 
 Eogue consiietndinis adducta res 
 est, the affair was brought to 
 such a degree of commonness, 
 became so customary. 
 
 Consul, ulis, m. {co-nsulo), a consul, 
 one of the two supreme magis- 
 trates annually elected at Rome. 
 The age at which one might first 
 become a candidate for the consul- 
 ship was forty-lion. 
 
 Consuldris, e, adj. {consul), of or 
 belonging to a consul, consular. 
 Vir consularis, one who has been 
 consul, a man of consular dig- 
 nity. 
 
 Consuldtvs, its, m. {consul), the 
 office of consul, the consulship 
 or consulate. 
 
 Consulo, ere, ui, turn, n. &^ a., to 
 consult, deliberate, take counsel, 
 reflect, consider ; to ask the ad- 
 vice of any one, consult, ask, 
 interrogate. 
 
 Consults, adv. {consultus, experi- 
 enced), wisely, prudently, ad- 
 visedly. 
 
 Consulto, are, dvi, atum, n. Sf a. 
 {consulo), to consult, deliberate; 
 to consult for, provide. 
 
 Consumo, ire, psi, ptum, a. {ron ^ 
 sumo), to take together; to eat, 
 devour, consume, destroy; to 
 waste, spend, employ. 
 
 Consumptio, onis, f. (consumo), a. 
 spending, wasting, consumption. 
 
 Consumptus, a, vm. part, (consumo), 
 consumed, spent, wasted, taken 
 up. 
 
 Consurgo, Ire, rexi, rectum, n. (con 
 ^ snrgn), to rise, rise together 
 
tJONTACTUS— CONTUMACIA. 
 
 !^,j 
 
 Conlactvs, (Is, m, (contingo), the 
 actof loucliing; a touch, contact. 
 
 Contego, Ire, xi, ctum, u. {can, S^ 
 tego), to cover all round ; to hide, 
 conct-al. 
 
 Contcmno^ fire, psi^.ptum, a. {con ^ 
 teviiio, to contemn), to make no 
 account of, contemn, despise, 
 slight; to hold in contempt. 
 
 Coiitem/isi. See Contemno. 
 
 Con'emptor, Oris, m. {contemno), a 
 despiser, contemner ; as an adj., 
 disdainful, contemptuous. 
 
 ContemptuSy its, m. {contemno), con- 
 tempt, scorn, disdain, derision. 
 
 Contendo, Sre, di, turn, a. S^ n. {con 
 Sf tendo), to stretch, strain ; to 
 exert, employ ; to strive, at- 
 tempt, endeavor ; to go to, direct 
 one's course; to go, hasten; to 
 conlend, assert, insist, maintain ; 
 to urge, solicit, entreat, beg. 
 
 Conte7it.io, onis, f. {contendo), a 
 straining ; an effort, exertion, 
 endeavor ; a contention, contest, 
 dispute, controversy. 
 
 Contentus, a, um, part. S^ adj. {con- 
 tinci), content, satisHed, well- 
 pleased. 
 
 Contextns, {is, m. {contexo, to 
 weave), a weaving or platting 
 together. 
 
 Conttcesro, £re, tlcui, {con S^ taceo), 
 to be silent, keep silence, hold 
 one's peace, be still. 
 
 Contigit. Sec Contingo. 
 
 Contlnens,t's,part.^adj.{cnntineo), 
 contiguous, adj. fining, adjacent. 
 
 Contlnerttia, gb, /., a checking, re- 
 straining ; moderation, conti- 
 nence, temperance ; chastity : 
 from 
 
 Contlneo, ere, ui, tentum, (i. {con ^ 
 teneo), to hold, keep, include, 
 contain, comprehend ; to re- 
 strain, check. Continerc se cos- 
 iris, to reraam, slay — . 
 
 Contingo, frc, ttgi, tactuvi, a. {con 
 4^ tango, to touch), to toucli ; to 
 concern, affect ; to arrive at, 
 reach ; to iiappen to. Impci'soa' 
 ally, to happen. 
 
 Coniiniio, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con- 
 ttnuus), to continue, prolong. 
 
 Contlnn), fw/c, immediately, forth- 
 with, instantly : from 
 
 Contitiiius, a, am, adj. {contlneo), 
 continual, without intermission, 
 uninterrupted. 
 
 Contra, prep, with the ace. ^ adv., 
 against, contrary to, in opposi- 
 tion to ; on the contrary, on the 
 other hand. Contra dignitatem, 
 in derogation of — . 
 
 Contractus, a, um, part, {con- 
 tralto). 
 
 Contradlco, Ire, xi, ctum, a {contra 
 Sf dico), to speak against, con- 
 tradict, gainsay, oppose, thwart. 
 
 Contralto, ire, xi, ctum, u. {con Sf 
 tralio), to draw together, bring 
 together, collect, unite together ; 
 to fall into, enter into, engage 
 in. 
 
 Contrarius, u, um, adj. {contra), 
 opposite, contrary, at variance 
 With, repugnant. 
 
 Contrebia, a, /., Contrebia, a city 
 of Spain: VII. 18. 
 
 Contubernalis, is, m. fy f. {con S/- 
 tabemu, a hut), a soldier belong- 
 ing to the same tent with oncj 
 one occupying the same quar- 
 ters ; a comrade ; a. familiar 
 friend, companion. 
 
 Contuhcmlum, i, ii, {con ^ tahernii), 
 a dwelling together in the same 
 tent ; a tent. 
 
 Contitdi. See Contundo. 
 
 ConlXdi. See Confero. 
 
 Contumacia, tB,f. {contumax, obsti- 
 nate), contumacy, stubbornness, 
 ob.stinacy, fro wardness, perverse- 
 ness, disobedience. 
 
15b 
 
 CONTUMELIA— CORIOLl. 
 
 Contmnelia, ce, f. (con 4' tumeo, to 
 swell), an affront, outrage, in- 
 sult, contumely. Verhorum con- 
 tuviella, contumelious or abusive 
 language. 
 
 Co7itumcUosi/Sj o, um-, adj. (conLu- 
 meiia), abusive, insolent, contu- 
 melious, injurious, insulting, 
 reproachful. 
 
 Contundo, ere, udi, usum, a. {con 
 S^ tundo), to bruise, crush, break, 
 lessen, weaken, check, subdue, 
 cripple, tame. 
 
 Contus, i, m., a long pole or staff; 
 a pike or spear. 
 
 Convalesco, ire, ui, n. {con Sf vales- 
 co, to wax strong), to acquire 
 strength, to grow strong; to re- 
 cover one's health, be convales- 
 cent, get well. 
 
 Conniho, <f)?, xi, ctum, u. {con fy 
 veho), to carry o?' bring together ; 
 to convey. 
 
 ConveUo, ire, velti, vulsum, a. {con 
 4' vello), to rend, tear, pull or 
 pluck up, remove, displace, up- 
 set, overthrow, overturn. 
 
 Conveniens, tis, adj., meet, fit', suit- 
 able, agreeable, convenient, be- 
 coming: from 
 
 Conv&nio, Ire, eni, entum, n. ^ a. 
 {con 4^ venio), to come together, 
 meet, flock, assemble, collect. 
 Convenit, imp., it is fit, proper, 
 suitable, becoming; it is agreed 
 upon, settled, an agreement is 
 made. Convenire aliquem, to 
 meet with, go up to, speak to, 
 accobt — . 
 
 Conxersus, u, um, part. .- from 
 
 Converto, Sre, ti, sum, a. {con ^ 
 verto), to turn about, whirl about, 
 turn ; to turn back. Fig., to 
 transform, change, alter ; to ap- 
 ply, turn, direct. 
 
 Coneicior, Uri, dtuf snm, dep. {con- 
 
 vicium, a loud noise), to rail at 
 taunt, reproach, revile. 
 
 Convictus, iis, m. {convlvo, to live 
 together), a living together, inti- 
 macy, familiarity. 
 
 Convlva, m, m. 4'/. {convlvo), one 
 invited to a feast, a guest. 
 
 Convivium, i, n. {con 4" vivo), a 
 feast, banquet, entertainment. 
 
 Convdco, are, avi, dtvm, a. {con ^ 
 voco), to call together, assemble, 
 summon, convoke. 
 
 Coorior, iri, ortus sum, dep. § 177, 
 {con 4^ orior), to arise, rise, 
 spring. 
 
 Cophinus, i, m., a twig basket, 
 pannier. 
 
 Copia, ffi, /., {con 4' ops), plenty, 
 abundance, supply, number ; ef- 
 fects, goods, substance ; pi., 
 troops or forces ; — power, op- 
 portunity, permission. 
 
 Copiosh, adv. {copiosus, copious), 
 abundantly, copiously, plenti- 
 fully. 
 
 Copula, a;,f., a tie, band, fetter. 
 
 Coquus, i, m. {coquo, to cook), a 
 cook. • 
 
 Cor, cordis, <i., the heart. 
 
 Coram, adv. ^ prep, with the abl., 
 before, in presence of, in person, 
 face to face. 
 
 Corinlhius, a, um, adj., of Corinth. 
 Corinthian. Corinthii, drum, m, 
 pi., the inhabitants of Corinth, 
 the Corinthians ; from 
 
 Corinthus, i, f, Corinth, the prin- 
 cipal city of Achaia, in Greece : 
 VH. 14. 
 
 Corioldnus, i, m., Coriolanus, a 
 surname of C. Marcius, given to 
 him for his bravery at the taking 
 ofCorioli,A.U.a60: 11.11—13. 
 
 Coribli, drum, m. pi., Corioli, a 
 town of Latium , on the 'borders 
 of the Votei: II. 11 
 
CORIUM— CRIMINOR. 
 
 157 
 
 Corium, i, «., tiie skin or hide of a 
 beast; leather. 
 
 Cornelia, <e, /., Cornelia, a name 
 belonging to females of the Cor- 
 nelian gens. The daughter of 
 Scipio Africanus, the elder, and 
 mother of the Gracchi : VII. 9. 
 Mso, the wife of C. Julius Ce- 
 sar, and daughter of L. Corne- 
 lius Cinna : IX. 4. 
 
 Comclius,i, m., Cornelius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Cornelian 
 gens. 
 
 Corneus,a, um,adj., of or like horn, 
 horny, made of horn : from 
 
 Comu, ind. in the sing., § 87, a 
 horn ; the wing of an army ; the 
 horns of the moon. 
 
 Corona, a, /., a crown, garland. 
 Sub corona vendere, to sell as a 
 slave. Captives taken in war, 
 when exposed to sale, are said to 
 /lave worn a wreat/i upon their 
 
 Corono, are, dvi, atum, a. {corona), 
 to crown; to adorn, hang^ with 
 garlands. 
 
 Corpus, oris, n., a body ; a sub- 
 stance ; the body, person. 
 
 Correptus, u, vm, part, {corripio). 
 
 Corrlgo, Ire, exi, ectum, u,. (con ^ 
 rego), to set right, amend, cor- 
 rect, reform, remedy. 
 
 Corrlpio, ire, ui, eptum, a. (con ^ 
 rapio), to snatch, seize, seize 
 ha.stily ; to attack. 
 
 Corrumpo, Ire, upi, upturn, a. (con 
 fy rumpo) , to tear apart ; to waste , 
 impair, spoil, hurt, injure, de- 
 stroy, corrupt; to seduce, bribe. 
 
 Corruo, ire, ui, n. &/• a. (con ^ ruo), 
 to fall together, fall down, fall. 
 
 Corruptus, a, um, part. '(corrumpo). 
 
 Cortex, Ids, m. ^f., the bark of a 
 tree, the rind. 
 
 Corvlnus, i. m., Corvinus, a Roman 
 14 
 
 cognomen in the Valerian gvns. 
 M. Valerius Corcinus, a Roman 
 oonsul,A.U.407:lII.7,8:/;-om 
 
 Corvus, i, m., a raven ; a grapple 
 iron, grapnel. 
 
 Cos, eotis,f., a rock; a'whetstone, 
 hone. 
 
 Cras, adv., to-morrow. 
 
 Crates, is,f., a hurdle, crate, wick 
 er vessel. 
 
 Creber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, 
 repeated, numerous, thick, close. 
 
 CredibUiter, adv. (credibilis, credi- 
 ble), credibly, probably. 
 
 Credo, ire, dldi, dltum, n. 4' a., to 
 trust, have confidence in, con- 
 fide in, believe. Sates credere, 
 to believe confidently, feel sure 
 of any thing: — to think, sup- 
 pose, consider. Credendum est, 
 credit must or should be given. 
 
 Cremera, a;, /., Cremera, a small 
 river of Etruria: II. 14. 
 
 Cremo, are, avi, atum, a., to burn, 
 set on fire. 
 
 Creo, are, avi, atum, «., to make, 
 create ; to cause, occasion; bring 
 on; to elect, appoint, create. 
 Micui invidiam crrare, to bring 
 odium upon — . 
 
 Crepida, «,/., a slipper, sandal. 
 
 Crepitus, us, m. (crepo, to sound), 
 a noise, rattling, clashing, ring- 
 ing, tinkling. Muruin crepitus, 
 a flapping — . 
 
 Cresco, Sre, crevi, cretum, n., to 
 grow ; to appear, become visible ; 
 to increase. 
 
 Creta, ce,f., Crete, a large island in 
 the Mediterranean Sea, no!o Can- 
 dia. 
 
 Crctcnsis, e, adj. (Creta), Cretan. 
 
 Crevi. Sec Cresco. 
 
 Crimen, inis, n., a reproach, charge, 
 accusation ; oflence, crime. 
 
 Crimlnor, dri, dtus sum, dtp. (cri- 
 
158 
 
 CRINIS— CUPIDUS. 
 
 men), to accuse, charge with a 
 crime, criminate; to allege as a 
 reproach. 
 
 Crinls, is, m., the hair of the Iiead. 
 
 CrucidluSj -its, m., torment, torture, 
 pain, anguish: from 
 
 CrvciOy dre^ dvl, dtum, a. (cruT), 
 to torment, rack, torture, pain, 
 aiflict, vex, grieve, distress. 
 
 CrudClis, e, adj., ior^isslmus, (cru- 
 dus, bloody), cruel, fierce, sav- 
 age, barbarous : from 
 
 Crudel.Uus, dtis, /., cruelty, inhu- 
 manity. 
 
 Crudetiter, adv. (crudelis), in a cru- 
 el manner, cruelly. 
 
 Cruento, are, dvi,dtum,a., to make 
 bloody, or sprinkle with blood; 
 to stain : from 
 
 Cruentvs, a, um, adj. (cruor), 
 bloody. 
 
 Crumlna, a:, f, a leathern bag, 
 purse. 
 
 Cruor, 6ri.i, m., blood, gore. 
 
 Crvs, cruris, n., the leg from the 
 knee to tlie ankle. 
 
 Crux, crucis, f., a cross. Cruci 
 svjigere, to crucify. 
 
 Crystalhnus, a, um, adj., of crystal, 
 crystalline. 
 
 Cuhiculum, i, n. (cato), abed-cham- 
 ber, a room. 
 
 Cuhitus, i, m. (cuho), the arm below 
 the elbow ; in measure, a cubit. 
 
 Cubitus, a, um, part. ; from. 
 
 Cuho, dre, ui, Uum, n., to lie, lie 
 down, be in bed, recline, repose. 
 Cuhitum ire, to go to bed. 
 
 Cucurri. See Curro. 
 
 Cujas, dtis, adj., of what country, 
 whence ; belonging to whom. 
 
 Cujiis. Sec Qui. 
 
 Cujusdnm. See Quidam. 
 
 CulcXta, <e,f., the tick of abed ; a 
 mattress ; a cushion, pillow. 
 
 Culmen, inis, n. (^colUmen, the top), 
 
 the thatched roof of a house, 
 the top. 
 
 Culpa, ee, f, a fault, blame, guilt; 
 an oftisnce, crime. 
 
 Culpa, are, dvi, dtum, a. (culpa), to 
 blame, find fault with, censure, 
 reprove. 
 
 Cultellus, i, m., a little knife, knife : 
 from 
 
 Culler, tri, m. (colo), a knife, the 
 colter of a plough. 
 
 Cultvs, us, m. (colo), cultivation, 
 care, culture, improvement, edu- 
 cation ; a manner of living ; 
 dress, elegance. 
 
 Cultus,a,um, part, (colo), honored, 
 worshipped ; adorned, decked. 
 Cuttus munditiis, studiously nice. 
 
 Cum, prep, tcith the abl., wilh, 
 along with, together with; 
 against, to, towards. 
 
 Ciim., or Quum, coraj., when, when 
 ever. 
 
 Cumce, arum,f. pi, CumiE, a mari 
 time city of Campania: II. 8. 
 
 Cunctatio, onis, f. (cunctor), a de- 
 laying, lingering; delay, doubt, 
 hesitation. 
 
 Cunctdtor, oris, m., a. lingerer, de- 
 layer ; the agnomen of Q. Fa- 
 bius Maximus : from 
 
 Cunctor, dri, atus sum, dep., to 
 delay ; to hesitate ; to scruple : 
 from 
 
 Cunctus, a, um, adj., all together, 
 all. 
 
 Cuplde, adv. (cupidus), eagerly, 
 gladly. 
 
 Cupidltas, dtis,f. (cu'pidus),a. wish, 
 desire ; an inordinate desire, 
 passion ; eagerness ; avarice, am- 
 bition. 
 
 Cupido, Inis, m. &/■ f. (cupio), a 
 wish, desire, passion. 
 
 Cupidus, a, um, adj., desirous, 
 fond, eager. 
 
CUPIO— DEBILIS. 
 
 159 
 
 Cvfiio, ire, %vi fy ii, Uum, a. (ca- 
 pio), to oovpt, desire, be willing, 
 wish, long for. 
 
 Cur, ailc. {quare,, wherefore), why, 
 wherefore, for what reason, to 
 what purpose. 
 
 Cura,<B,f. (quccro), care, careful- 
 ness, attention, tliouglit, regard, 
 solicitude, anxiety ; charge, con- 
 duct, direction. 
 
 Curatio, onis, f. (euro), a taking 
 care, a charge ; tiie administra- 
 tion or management of any thing. 
 
 Cures, ium, f. pi.. Cures, a town 
 of the Sabines: 1. 9. 
 
 Curia, <b, /., the senate-house ; u 
 curia or ward. 
 
 Curlntlvs, i, m., Curiatius. Curi- 
 alii, Brum, pL, the Curialii, three 
 Alban brothers: I. 11 — 14. 
 
 Curius, i, m., Curius, a Roman 
 name. 
 
 Ciiro, are, dvi, atum, a. (cvra), to 
 take care of, look to, order, at- 
 tend to, provide, cause, take 
 care, order. 
 
 Curro, ere, cucurri, cursuiti, a. I to 
 run, hasten. 
 
 Currus, iis, to. {mrro^ a chariot, 
 car, wagon. 
 
 Cursor, oris, m. (curro), Cursor, a 
 Roman cognomen in the Papiri- 
 an gens. L. Papinus Cursor, a 
 dictator in the Sabine war, A. U. 
 430 : III. 9, 10. 
 
 Cursus, us, m. (curro), running, a 
 running; a course, motion. 
 
 Curulis, e, adj. (czfrru^), belonging 
 to a chariot. Sella curulis, the 
 curule chair, chair of state, Cu- 
 rulis magislratus, the curule 
 magistrates, those who were 
 permitted to use the curule 
 chair, namely, the consuls, pre- 
 tors, censors, and curule ediles ; 
 curule magistracies. 
 
 Custodia, a, f. (custos), a watch, 
 guard; care; a keeping, guard- 
 ing, charge, protection; a pris- 
 on. 
 
 Custodlo, ire, %vi, itum, a., to keep, 
 guard, preserve, watch, defend : 
 from 
 
 Custos, edis, m. 4^ /., a keeper, pro- 
 tector, defender, guard, sentinel. 
 Corporis custos, a body-guard. 
 
 Cutis, is, /., the skin. 
 
 Cyprus, i.f., Cyprus, an island in 
 the Mediterranean : IX. 17. 
 
 D. 
 
 D., an abbreviation of the prano- 
 men Declmus. » 
 
 Diibayn. See Do. 
 
 Darn.no, are, dvi, atum, a., to con- 
 demn, sentence. Damnare mul- 
 «(J,to fine, 5217,11.3,(0.) CupiLis 
 or morte damnare, to condemn 
 to death : from 
 
 Damnum, i, n., loss, hurt, harm, 
 damage. 
 
 Daps, dapis,f., food, meat ; a feast, 
 banquet. 
 
 Datus, a, um, part. (do). 
 
 De, prep, with the abl., of, from ; 
 about, concerning, respecting ; 
 lohen denoting a change of con- 
 dition, in place of, instead of, 
 from being ; — because of, on ac- 
 count of, owing to. 
 
 Dca, <B,f., a goddess. 
 
 Deambalo, are, dm, dtum, n. (de S^ 
 ambulo), to walk up and down, 
 walk abroad, take a walk. 
 
 Debeo, ere, vi, itum, u. (de 4* haheo), 
 to owe, be in debt; to be indebt- 
 ed to. With the injinitiee, it de- 
 notes duty; it is proper, it is 
 indispensable, one ought. Pass., 
 to be owed, be due. 
 
 Debllis, e, adj. (de ^ hdbllis), in 
 
160 
 
 DEBITOR— DEFECI. 
 
 firm, feeble, maimed, impotent, 
 disabled; weak, faint. 
 
 DehUor, oris, m. (debeo), a debtor. 
 Debliur esse aUcvjiis, to be in- 
 debted for any tiling. 
 
 Dcc6do, SvG, csslj essam, n. (de ^ 
 ccdu), § 24a, to depart, withdraw, 
 . retire ; retire from. Decedare or 
 decedere vita, to die. 
 
 Decern, ind. num. adj., ten. 
 
 December, bris, m. {decern,'), the 
 month December ; the tenth 
 month of the Roman year. 
 
 Decemvirdtis, e, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to the decemviri : from 
 
 Decemviri, drum, m,. (decern S^vir), 
 ten men appointed to execute 
 jointly any public commission, 
 the decemvirs. 
 
 Deceyius, a, um, part, (decipio). 
 
 Decerno, £re, crivi, crituvi, a. {de 
 Sf cerno), to think, judge, con- 
 clude; to deliberate, determine, 
 resolve; to settle, decide ; to de- 
 cree, adjud£;e, grant; to fight, 
 contend, engage. Decemere jjro- 
 vinciam or bdlum, to decree, to 
 commit, consign — . 
 
 Deceryo, tre, ])si, ptum, a. {de ^ 
 carpo), to pull or pluck off; to 
 pull away ; to gather. 
 
 Decessi. See Decedo. 
 
 Decet, uit, imp., it becomes, is 
 proper, behoves, is right, fit, 
 suitable. 
 
 Decide, Ire, liK, n. {de 4^ cado), to 
 fall from, fall down. 
 
 Declmus, i, m., Decimus, a Roman 
 prtenomen : from 
 
 Declmus, a, um, adj. {decern), the 
 tenth. 
 
 Decipio, Sre, ipi, eptum, a. {de &/■ 
 capio), to deceive, beguile. 
 
 Dccius, i, m-., Decius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Decian 
 gens. P. Decius Mus, a consul 
 
 who devoted himself for his 
 country, in the Latin war : III. 
 fi. P. Decius, a Roman pretor : 
 VII. 23. 
 
 Dcclaro, are, dvi, dtum, it. {de S^ 
 clam, to make clear), to declare, 
 show clearly, evince, manifest; 
 declare, proclaim. 
 
 Decllno, are, dvi, dtum, a. {de ^ 
 clino, to bend), to bend down- 
 wards ; to turn aside. 
 
 Decoro, arc, dvi, alum, a. (dfcus), 
 to adorn, beautify, embellish, 
 decorate. 
 
 Dccretum, i, n. {decerno), a decree, 
 act, ordinance, statute. Deere- 
 tum feire, to pass or make a 
 decree, enact. 
 
 Decretus, a^ um, part, {decerno), 
 decreed, resolved upon. 
 
 Decus, oris, n. {decco), an orna- 
 ment; grace, credit, honor. 
 
 Decutio, ire, vssi, ussuin, a. {dc ^ 
 quatio), to shake down, strike or 
 shake off, beat down. 
 
 Dedlcet, uit, imp. {de S/- decet), it 
 misbecomes, or does not become. 
 
 Dedicus, dris, u. {de 8/- decus), dis- 
 grace, dishonor, shame, infamy. 
 
 Dedi. See Do. 
 
 Deditio, onis, f. {dedo), a yielding 
 up, surrender, surrendry. 
 
 DedUus, II., um, part, i^ adj., de- 
 voted, addicted, given up: from 
 
 Dedo, ire, dldi, dltum, a. {de &/■ do), 
 to give, give up, deliver ; to sur- 
 render, submit; to apply, devote. 
 
 Deduco, ire, xi, ctum, a. (de ^ du' 
 Co), to bring down ; to convey, 
 conduct, bring, lead ; to remove ; 
 to accompany, escort. 
 
 Deesse, See Desum. 
 
 Defatigatio, onis, f. (defailgo, to 
 weary), a wearying, tiring; wea- 
 riness, fatigue. 
 
 Defect. See Deficio 
 
DEFECTIO— DELEO. 
 
 161 
 
 Defectio,enis,f. (deficio), a failinor, 
 defect, failure, want. Fig; de- 
 fection, revolt. Defectio luncE, 
 an eclipse — . 
 
 Defectus, us, m. (deficio), a defect, 
 want, deficiency ; a rebellion, 
 revolt. 
 
 Defendo, Ire, di, sum, it. (rfe ^fen- 
 do, oOs.), to repel; to defend, 
 keep, protect, guard, preserve; 
 to assert, maintain. 
 
 Defensio, onis, f. (defendo), a de- 
 fending, defence. 
 
 Defiro, fa-re, tali, latum, irr., a. 
 (de Sf fero), to carry down or 
 along; to carry, bring, convey; 
 to offer, proffer, exhibit, give, 
 confer, bestov? ; to tell, narrate, 
 report; to bring or lay before 
 one. Honorem alicui defcrre, to 
 bestow or confer upon — . 
 
 Defessus, a, um, adj. (de ^fcssjis), 
 weary, tired, fatigued. 
 
 Deficio, ire, fSci, fectum, n. Sf a. 
 (de fyfacio), to fail, be wanting ; 
 to lose strength, become feeble ; 
 to perish ; to rebel, revolt, go 
 over ; to be eclipsed. 
 
 Deflgo, ire, fixi, fixum, a. (de fy 
 figo, to fix), to fix in the ground, 
 plant ; to plant, fix , to aston- 
 ish, overpower, stupefy, strike 
 motionless. 
 
 Deflecto, ire, flexi, flexum, a. (d,e S^ 
 Jlecto), to bend downwards, bend, 
 bow ; to turn aside ; to fiirn, 
 change. Deflectere ad iracun- 
 diatn, to become passionate or 
 irascible. 
 
 Defluo, ire, fiaxi, n. (de S^fiuo, to 
 flow), to flow down, float down ; 
 to escape, vanish, pass away, 
 perish. 
 
 Deformltas, dlis, f. (deformis, de- 
 formed), deformity, ugliness, un- 
 seemliness, defect. 
 
 14 * 
 
 Defiii. See Desum. 
 
 Defunr.tus, a, um, part., having 
 gone through with or finislied. 
 Defunctus vitd, or defmutus, 
 dead : from 
 
 Defungor, i, functus sum, dep. (de 
 S^fungor), to discharge, execute, 
 perform, get rid of, be freed from. 
 
 Deginer, iris, adj. (de^genus), un- 
 like one's ancestors, degenerate. 
 
 Dego, ire, i, a. ^ n. (de ^ ago), to 
 lead, pass, or spend; to live, 
 exist. 
 
 Dehonestamentum, i, n. (dehonesto, 
 to disgrace), a blemish, deformi- 
 ty ; a reproach, disgrace, dispar- 
 agement. 
 
 Dein, or Deinde, adv. (de ^^ in or 
 inde), then, afler that, aflerwards, 
 next. 
 
 Deinceps, adv. (dein S^ capio), suc- 
 cessively, one after another ; 
 afler that, afterwards, next, in 
 the next place ; continually, 
 hereafter. 
 
 Dejlcw,ire,jeci,jectum,a. (de^ja- 
 do), to throw, cast, or hurl down ; 
 to throw off; to bring down, 
 strike ; to overthrow, kill, slay. 
 
 Delahor, i, lapsus sum, dep. (de Sf 
 labor, to glide down), to fall or 
 slide down, fall. 
 
 Delapsus, a, um, part, (delahor). 
 
 Deldtus, a, um, part, (defero). 
 
 DelectabUis, e, adj., delectable, de- 
 lightful, pleasant: from 
 
 Delecto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de ^ 
 laeto, to allure), to allure, invite ; 
 to delight, please. 
 
 Delectus, a, um, part, (deligo), 
 chosen, selected. 
 
 Delectus, As, m.(deligo),3. choosing, 
 selecting, choice ; a levy of sol- 
 diers. Delectum habere, agere, 
 etc., to make a levy. 
 
 Ddeo, ire, fvi, Hum, a., to blot out 
 
162 
 
 DELIBERO— 0EPORTO. 
 
 efface, expunge, erase ; to over- 
 tlivow, destroy. 
 
 Delihcro, die, dvi, dtum, u. (de S^ 
 liberu), to consult, deliberate, ad- 
 vise, take advice, debate, weigh, 
 consider, ponder. 
 
 Delicdtus,a,um, adj. (delkice), deli- 
 cate, neat, elegant, effeminate. 
 
 Delicate, adv. (delicdtus), delicate- 
 ly, softly, lu.xuriously, neatly, 
 elegantly. 
 
 DcllclcB, dTum,f. pL {delicio, to en- 
 tice), delights, pleasures, pas- 
 times, sports, luxury, indul- 
 gence. 
 
 Deligo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de ^ li- 
 go, to bind), to bind, tie, make 
 fast. 
 
 Dcligo, ire, Icgi, lectuvi, a. (de 8^ 
 letro), to choose, pick out, select. 
 
 DetUesco, Sre, lUui, n. inc. (de ^ 
 lalesco, to lie hid), to lie h,id, be 
 concealed, skulk, lurk. 
 
 Delphi, Srum, m. 'pl., Delphi, a 
 town of Phocis, in Greece, situ- 
 ated on Mount Parnassus, where 
 was the celebrated oracle of 
 Apollo : II. 1. 
 
 Deiubrum, ?', «., a shrine, temple. 
 
 Demigratio, Snis,f., an emigration, 
 removing from one place to 
 another : from 
 
 Demigro, are, dvi, dtum, n. (de f/- 
 migro,' to migrate), to remove, 
 change one's place of residence, 
 migrate, emigrate ; to go away, 
 depart. 
 
 Demissti, adv. (demissus, low), low, 
 meanly, abjectly, humbly. 
 
 Demitto, £re, mlsi, jnissum, a. (de 
 Sf mitlo), to send down, cast, 
 thrust, or let down, lower. Fig., 
 to fix, fasten. Demittere sc ad 
 aliquod, to condescend, lower 
 one's self, descend — . 
 
 Demo, Ire, dempsi, demptum, a. (de 
 
 fy emn), to taJce away, take off 
 subtract, withdraw, remove. 
 
 Deniiini, adv., at length, at last, 
 finally, truly, indeed, in truth. 
 
 Denarius, i, m. (deni, ten), a Ro- 
 man denier, a silver coin worth 
 ten asses, § 327, R. 2 & R. 3, (a.) 
 
 Deiilgo, are, dvi, alum, a. (de &/• 
 nego), to deny, not sulfijr ; to re- 
 fuse to give; to re use. 
 
 Dtnlque, adv., to conclude, in fine, 
 at last, finally ; at length. 
 
 Dens, tis, m., a tooth. 
 
 Dentdtus, i, m. (dentntus, having 
 teeth); Dentatus, a Roman cog- 
 nomen in tlie Curian gens. Ma- 
 nius Owrius Dentatus, a Roman 
 consul, A. U. 462 : III. 23. 
 
 Deniido, dre, dvi, dtvm, a. (de ^ 
 nudo), to make bare or naked, 
 despoil, strip. 
 
 Denuvtio, dre, dvi, dtum, u.. (de ^ 
 nuntio), to denounce ; to inti- 
 mate, declare, forewarn, foretell, 
 proclaim; to command, enjoin, 
 order. 
 
 Deosc-OXor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (de 
 ^ osculor), to kiss. 
 
 Depello, ire, pvli, pulsum, u. (de ^ 
 pello), to drive, put, or thrust 
 down ; to drive away, expel, re- 
 move ; to deter. 
 
 DepCreo, Ire, ii, irr. n. (de ^ pereo), 
 to perish, be lost, go to ruin, be 
 undone. Deperire amore, to love 
 greatly, be desperately in love 
 with. 
 
 Depono, ire, osui, osUum, a. (de if 
 pono), to lay, put, or set down, 
 lay aside, leave off; to lay, put, 
 place ; to lay by, resign, throw 
 aside ; to cast away, abandon, 
 give up. 
 
 Deporto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (de ^ 
 porto), to carry down ; to carry 
 or convey away 
 
DEPOSCO— DESUMO. 
 
 163 
 
 Deposco, irty poposci, g,. (de &fpos- 
 Co), to require, demand, request 
 earnestly. Veposccre in servi- 
 tutem, to demand fof slavery, 
 i. c, to claim as a slave. 
 
 Dcpositus, ujum, part, {depono), 
 
 Deplcor, art, dtns sum, dep. (de S^ 
 prccor), to pray for earnestly, 
 supplicate, beseech, beg ; to 
 deprecate, avert by prayers, beg 
 to be freed from) to avert, re- 
 
 • move. 
 
 Deprchendo, ire, di, sum, a. {de ^ 
 prehendo) , to seize, catch, arrest, 
 take unawares, overtake ; to de- 
 tect, surprise; to find, discover, 
 perceive. 
 
 Depressus, a, um, part. : from, 
 
 Deprtmo, ire, pressi, prcssum, a. 
 {de S/- premo), to press or weigh 
 down, depress, sink. 
 
 Depuli. See Depello. 
 
 Depulsus, a, um, part, {depello). 
 
 Deripin, ire, ripui-, reptum, a. {de 
 4^ rapio), to take or pull down, 
 take away. 
 
 Descendo, ire, di, sum, n. {de ^ 
 scando, to olirab), to go or come 
 down, descend ; to penetrate, 
 sink into, pierce. Descendere or 
 ex equo descendere, to dismount, 
 alight — . 
 
 Descisco, ire, sclvi, scltum, n. {de 
 4' scisco, to inquire), to virith- 
 draw, stand aloof, revolt, alter, 
 change. A senalu descisnere, to 
 desert the senate, to abandon the 
 party of the senate, 
 
 Describo, ire, psi, ptum, a. {de &/• 
 scribo), to write over, copy ; to 
 express, describe ; to divide, dis- 
 tribute ; to draw, delineate. 
 
 Desiro, ire, lu, sertum, a, {de i/- 
 sero, to connect), to abandon, 
 leave, forsake, desert. 
 
 Deslderium, i, n., a longing for, de- 
 
 sire, love, affection. Desiderium 
 allcujus, grief for the want, loss, 
 or absence, of any person ur 
 thing; regret for one's absence : 
 from 
 
 Desidiro, are, dvi, atum, a., to de- 
 sire, wish ; to need. 
 
 Desidia, m, /., {deses, idle), idle- 
 ness, sloth, inactivity. 
 
 DcsUio, Ire, ni or ii, n. {de ^ salio), 
 to jump or leap down, alight, 
 vault. 
 
 Deblno, ire, sivi or sii, sttum, n. Sf 
 u,. {de &^ sino), to cease, leave 
 off, give over ; to end, terminate. 
 
 Destpio, ire, ui, n. {de,^ sapio) , to 
 dote, be foolish, act foolishly, be 
 out of one's wits, be delirious. 
 
 Desisto, ire, sliti, stUum, n. {de S^ 
 sisto), to cease, give over, desist 
 from, leave off. 
 
 Desperatus, a, um, part. Sf adj>., 
 despaired of; desperate, past 
 hope : from 
 
 DespSro, are, dvi, dtum, ». (de &^ 
 spero), to despair of, be without 
 hope, despond. 
 
 Desplcio, ire, ezi, ectum,,. a. {defy 
 specio, to see), to look down 
 upon ; to despise. Despicere in 
 domum, to oyerlook. — . 
 
 Despondeo, ire, spopomdl, sponsum,^ 
 a. {de fy spondeo), to promise, 
 promise in marriage, betroth. 
 
 Desponsus, a, um,part. {despondeo). 
 
 Destlno, are, dvi, dtum, a. {destlna, 
 a tie), to tie; to destine, doom; 
 to determine, resolve, design, 
 purpose, aim. 
 
 DestUi. See Desisto. 
 
 Desum, deesse, defui, irr. n. {de Sf 
 sum), to fail, be wanting, be 
 wanting in duty. Deesse occa- 
 sioni, to lose, let slip, fail to im- 
 prove — . 
 
 Desilmo, ire, sumpsi, sumptum, a 
 
164 
 
 DESUPER— DIDICI. 
 
 (de 4' suvw), to take or pick out, 
 clioose ; to assume, take upon 
 one's self. 
 
 Dcsiipcr, adv. (de !,>■ super), from 
 above; al)Ove ; over. 
 
 Detertus, «, utri, pari. : from 
 
 Detdgo, Ire, cx', ectiim, a. (;de.fy 
 lego), to lay open, uncover, ex- 
 pose, detect, disclose ; to find 
 out, discover. 
 
 DetcrreOj €re, ui, Xtum, a. (de Sf 
 terreo), to deter, frighlen, dis- 
 courage. 
 
 Deteslor, dri, dius sum, dep. (de ^ 
 testor, to testify), to call to vi^it- 
 ness ; to imprecate, execrate ; 
 to detest. 
 
 Detineo, €rc, ui, tentum, a. (de ^ 
 teneo), to detain, keep, hold, hin- 
 der. In carcere detiiiere, to con- 
 fine in prison. 
 
 Detracius, a, um, part. . from 
 
 Detrdko, Ire, traxi, tractum, a. (de 
 &/■ tralio), to draw or take down, 
 take away, pull or take off. 
 
 Delrecto, dre, avi, atum, a. (de 4' 
 Iraclo, to handle), to decline, 
 refuse, diminish, disparage. 
 
 Delrimentum, i, n. (dttlro, to wear), 
 a rubbing off; detriment, disad- 
 vantage, damage, loss, harm. 
 
 Detali. See Defero. 
 
 Deturho, are, dui, dtum, a. (de Sf 
 
 ■ turbo), to tumble, beat, or throw 
 
 down; to demolish, overthrow. 
 
 Devasto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de S^ 
 vasto), to lay waste, spoil, pil- 
 lage, ravage. 
 
 Devmco, ire, lei, ictum, a. (de S/- 
 vinco), to conquer, vanquish, sub- 
 due. 
 
 Dev'tus, a, um, adj. (de <^ via), out 
 of the way, retired, sequestered ; 
 -JifEcult of access, inaccessible. 
 
 DevSlo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (de ^ 
 volo), to fly down, fiv away. 
 
 Devdveo, ere, vSri, vOtum, a. (de 
 &/■ voveo), to vow; to devoti- to 
 destruction ; to devote, doom, 
 promise. 
 
 Deus, i, m., a god, deity. 
 
 Dexler, Ira Sf Ira, Irum Sf trum, 
 adj., dexterior, dextimus; right, 
 on the right hand. 
 
 Dextira, &/■ Dextra, ffi, /., (deitcr), 
 the right hand ; the right side. 
 
 Diademu, dtis, n., a diadem, crown. 
 
 Didrui, ce, /., Diana, daughter of 
 Jupiter and Latona, and goddess 
 of hunting: I. 23. 
 
 Dicux, dels, adj. cior, cissXmus, 
 (dico), witty, sharp, quick, acute, 
 keen, satirical. 
 
 Dico, Irr, dixi, dictum, a., to speak, 
 say, utter ; to relate ; to men- 
 tion ; to call ; to appoint. Dicere 
 sententiam, to declare one's opin 
 ion. Dicere causam, to plead — 
 Diem dicere. See Dies. 
 
 Dictator, oris, m. (dicto), a. chief 
 magistrate elected on extraordi- 
 nary occasions, and vested with 
 absolute power, dictator. 
 
 Dictatara, (c, f. (dictator), the 
 office of dictator, dictatorship. 
 
 Dicterium, i, n., a sharp saying, 
 jest, scoff, witticism. 
 
 DictUo, dre, dvi, dtum., n.frcq. (di- 
 co, § 187, II. ]), to speak, say, 
 or tell often, give out, say com- 
 monly ; to pretend. 
 
 Dicto, dre, dvi, dtum, a.freq. (dico, 
 § 187, II. 1), to dictate what 
 another may write ; to com- 
 mand, order, direct, prescribe, 
 dictate. 
 
 Dictum, i, n. (dico), a word, say- 
 ing, remark, expression ; re- 
 sponse, prediction, prophecy 
 a command, injunction. 
 
 Dictus, a, um, part. (dico). 
 
 Didici. See Disco 
 
DIDUCO— DIRIPIO. 
 
 \6r, 
 
 Didflco, ire, xi, ctum, a. {dis ^ 
 duro), to draw aside, separate, 
 divide ; to stretch wide, open 
 wide. 
 
 Dies, ei, m. fy /., in pi. only m., 
 a day. Diem dicere, to appoint 
 or fix a day for trial, summon to 
 trial. Die, ahl., by day, in the 
 daytime. 
 
 Diffiro, ferre, distiili, dildtum, irr. 
 a. (dis 4' fero), to carry hither 
 and thither ; to scatter, disperse ; 
 to spread abroad, proclaim ; to 
 defer, put off, postpone. 
 
 DifficVis, e, adj. {dis ^ facilis), 
 liard, difficult. 
 
 ' DifficHlter, or Difficile, adv., ius, 
 illlme, (difficUis), difficultly, 
 with difficulty. 
 
 Difficvltas, atis, f. (difficilis), difB- 
 culty, trouble; scarcity. Cum 
 ingenti itinerum difficultate, with 
 great difficulty in performing 
 the journey ; by a toilsome 
 march. 
 
 Diffido, ire, Jhsus sum, n. pass, 
 {dis S/- Jido, to trust), to distrust, 
 mistrust, despair. 
 
 Diffiuo, ire, xi, n. {dis S/- fiuo), to 
 flow on all sides ; to run over, 
 overflow. Otio et luxu diffluere, 
 to give one's self up to — . 
 
 Digitus, i, m., a finger. 
 
 Dignitas, at is, f. {digrms), merit, 
 desert ; dignity, greatness, au- 
 thority, rank, honor, nobility, 
 eminence, worth : an office. 
 Dignitas corporis, personal dig- 
 nity, dignity of deportment. 
 
 Dignor, dri, dlus sum, dep., to 
 think or esteem worthy ; to 
 deign : frorn 
 
 Dignus, u, um, adj., worthy, de- 
 serving, befitting ; convenient, 
 fit, suitable, proper. 
 
 Digridior, i, essus siim, dep. (dis 
 
 fy gradior, to go), to step aside, 
 turn aside, di.^art. 
 
 Dildtus, a, um,part. {differo). 
 
 DilXgens, tis, adj. {diiigo), fond 
 of; diligent, careful. 
 
 Diligentiii, <e, f. {diligens), dili- 
 gence, carefulness, attention, 
 industry. i 
 
 Diiigo, ire, exi, ectum, a. {dis fy 
 lego), to love, esteem highly. 
 
 Diluo, ire, ui, utum, u,. {dis Sf lud), 
 to wash, cleanse, purify; to re- 
 fute ; to dilute, dissolve. 
 
 Dimicatio, onis, /., a fight, skir- 
 mish, struggle, battle, contest : 
 from 
 
 Dinilco, are, dvi or ui, dtum, n. 
 {dis 1^ mico), to fight, skirmish, 
 encounter, contend. Imp., dimi- 
 candum est, one must fight, a 
 battle must be fought. Dimi- 
 catum est, imp., they fought, 
 the battle was fought. 
 
 Dimidium, i, n. {dimidius, half), 
 the half. 
 
 Dimiito, ire, isi, issum, a. {dis 8^ 
 mitto), to send different ways, 
 send away, despatch ; to dismiss, 
 discharge, let go; to give over, 
 drop, abandon ; to repudiate, 
 divorce. 
 
 Dim6vep, ere, ovi, otum, a. {dis .^ 
 moveo), to move asunder ; to 
 divide; to remove ; to move, turn 
 away, divert, dissuade from. 
 
 Dim, drum, f. pi., curses, impre- 
 cations. 
 
 Direplus, a, nm, part, {diripio). 
 
 Dirigo, ire, exi, cclum, a. (dis 4' 
 rego), to direct, guide, steer, 
 place straight j to range, draw 
 up. 
 
 Dirimo, ire, imi, emptum, a,., to 
 part, divide, separate; to put an 
 end to, terminate; to frustrate. 
 
 Diripio, ire, ipui, eptum, a. {dis fy 
 
166 
 
 DIRUO— DISSUADED. 
 
 rapio), to tear asunder ; to plun- 
 der, pillage, rob.» 
 
 DiruOy Sre, ruL rutum, u. [dis ^ 
 ruo). to pull down, overthrow, 
 destroy, demolish. 
 
 Dirun^ a, wm, adj.j cruel, savage, 
 fierce ; direful. 
 
 Dlrulus, a, vni, part, {dlruo), 
 
 Dis, m. &/• f., Dite, ?i. adj., ditior, 
 di.issivtus ; rich, wealthy, opu- 
 lent. 
 
 Discedo, tre, cessi, ccssum, n. (dis 
 ^ cedo)y to part, divide ; to de- 
 part, go away, leave. Discedere 
 superior, to come oft' victorious. 
 
 Discerno, tre, crcvi, cretum, a. (^dis 
 fy cerno), to separate, divide; to 
 distinguish, discern. 
 
 Discerpo, ere, psi, plum, u,. (dis fy 
 carpo), to pluck or tear in pieces ; 
 to scatter, disperse. 
 
 DiscessL See Discedo. 
 
 Disciplina, ts,f., instruction, disci- 
 pline : from 
 
 Disco, ire, didlci, a. &i- n., to learn ; 
 to acquire learning, study ; to 
 understand, make one's self ac- 
 quainted with, 
 
 Discordir., a, f. (discors, discord- 
 ant), discord, dissension, dis- 
 agreement, variance, debate, 
 strife. 
 
 Discordo, are, dvi, dtvm, n. (dis- 
 cors), to be at variance, disagree, 
 differ. M nUi/uo discordare, to 
 fall out with, disagree with, 
 quarrel with — . 
 
 Discrlmen, Inis, n. (dlscerno), a 
 distinction, difference; danger, 
 risk, hazard. 
 
 Dlscurro, ire, cvrri S^ cucvrri, 
 eursnm, n. {dis ^ curro), to run 
 different ways; to run to and 
 fro, run about. 
 
 Discitio, ire, nssi, ussum, a. (dis 
 if guatio), to shake, drive, shake 
 
 off", disperse, dispel, dissipate, 
 remove. 
 
 Discrta, adv., clearly, expressly; 
 eloquently : from 
 
 Di:ifrtns, a, iim, adj., ior, isslmus ; 
 eloquent, copious, clear. 
 
 Disjlcio, ere, jUci, jecturti, a. {dis 
 ^ jucio), to disperse, rout; to 
 destroy, shatter, dash to pieces. 
 
 Dispar, dris, adj. (dis i^ par), 
 unequal, dissimilar, different. 
 
 Dispono, ire, osui, ositum, u. (dis 
 4^ pono), to distribute ; to place, 
 put, set ill order, arrange. 
 
 Dispute, are, dvi, dtum, a. (dis ^ 
 puto), to discourse, treat of, de- 
 bate, dispute, argue, discuss. 
 
 Dissensvs, us, m., Sf Disseiisio, 
 onis, /., a dissension, disagree- 
 ment, diff*erence, variance : from 
 
 Dissentio, Ire, si, sum, n. (dis <^ 
 sentio), to differ in sentiment, 
 dissent, disagree; to be unlike, 
 different. 
 
 Dissiro, ire, rui, scrtum, n. (dis 
 ^ sero, to lay in order), to 
 speak, talk ; to- discourse, de- 
 bate, dispute ; to treat of, dis- 
 cuss. 
 
 Dissiro, ire, sizi, situm, u,. (dis ^ 
 sero, to sow), to scatter, dissem- 
 inate, disperse. 
 
 Dissimllis, e, adj. (dis Sf similis), 
 unlike, dissimilar, different. 
 
 Dissirnilitiido, Inis, f. (dissiiriilis), 
 unlikeness, dissimilitude, dis- 
 similarity. 
 
 Dissimvlo, are, dvi, dtvm, u. (dis 
 1^ simulo), to dissemble, dis- 
 guise, conceal, keep secret. 
 
 Disslpo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to 
 disperse, scatter; to squander, 
 waste. 
 
 Dissuddeo, ere, si, sum, u. (dis ^ 
 svadco), to dissuade, advise 
 against or to the contrary 
 
D1STRAUO— DOMICILIUM. 
 
 107 
 
 Distraho, I'r ■, xi, ctum, a. {dis Sf 
 traho), to draw or pull asunder, 
 divide ; to perplex, distract. In 
 divcTsa distruliere, to tear in 
 pieces. 
 
 DlslrlbiM, ere, ui, alum, a. (^dis ^ 
 tribuo), to divide, distribute. 
 
 Districtus, U; urn, y^ayf., drawn, un- 
 sheathed : from 
 
 Dislriiigo, ire, nxi, ctum, u. {dis 4" 
 stringo), to bind fast; to draw, 
 unsheath. 
 
 Dislurho, are, dvi, atum, a. {dis If 
 turbo), to throw down, over- 
 throw, demolish. 
 
 Ditcsco, Ire, n. inc. {dis, rich), to 
 grow or become rich. 
 
 Ditto, Onis,f., rule, power, domin- 
 ion, authority. 
 
 DitissXmus, tj, um, adj. (sup. of 
 dis), rieliest. 
 
 Dito, arc, dvi, atum, a., {dis), to 
 enrich. 
 
 Diu, adv., in the daytime, by day ; 
 long, ibr a long time ; comp. 
 diulius, longer, very long. 
 
 Diuturjtitas, dtis,f., length of time, 
 long continuance, long duration : 
 from 
 
 Diutumus, a, um, adj. {diu), of 
 long continuance, long, con- 
 tinued. Morbus diviumvs, a 
 protracted or lingering disease. 
 
 Diversus, a, um, adj., turned from 
 one another, separated, opposite, 
 contrary ; other, different, un- 
 like ; from 
 
 Diverto, ire, ti, sum, n. Sf u., to 
 turn aside ; to digress. 
 
 Divlilo, ire, isi, isiim, a. {dis Sf 
 vido, obs.), to separate, divide ; 
 to distribute, portion out, allot, 
 share. 
 
 Divimitio, ovis, f. {divino, to di- 
 vine), the foreseeing or predict- 
 ing of future events, divination. 
 
 Divmltus, adv. {divinus, divine) 
 from God, from heaven; by di- 
 vine Providence, providentially ; 
 divinely, excellently. 
 
 Divlsi. See Divido. 
 
 Di'vlsus, ft, um, part, {divido). 
 
 Divitiee, drum,f pi. {dives), riches, 
 wealth . 
 
 Dizi. See Dico. 
 
 Do, Mre, dedi, datum, a., to give, 
 bestow, grant; to offer, present, 
 furnish. Dare veniam, to par- 
 don. To yield, give up, resign. 
 Honoribus operam dare, to seek 
 for offices or preferment. Tutor 
 dari, to be appointed — . Dare 
 negotium. alicui, to commit an 
 affair — , to give in charge — , 
 direct — . 
 
 Doceo, ere, ui, ctum, a., to show, 
 inform, say, tell, declare; to 
 teach, instruct. 
 
 Docllis, e, adj. {doceo), apt to learn 
 or be taught, docile. 
 
 Doctor, eris, m. {doceo), a teacher, 
 instructor, master. 
 
 Doctrlna, a, f. {doceo), the art of 
 teaching; instruction, education, 
 learning. 
 
 Doctvs, a., um, part. &/■ adj. {doceo), 
 taught ; skilled, learned, well 
 versed, experienced. 
 
 Doleo, Ire, ui, n. fy a., to grieve, 
 sorrow, be sorry, be afflicted. 
 
 D:ilium.,i, n., a cask, barrel, tub. 
 
 Dolor, oris, m. {doleo), pain, grief, 
 distress, mortification, sorrow, 
 affliction, anguish; offence, in- 
 jury ; indignation, resentment, 
 anger. 
 
 DolSsh, adv. {dolSsus, cunning), 
 craftily, cunningly, deceitfully, 
 treacherously. 
 
 Dolus, I, m., a cunning device, 
 artifice, deceit, treachery, fraud 
 
 Domicilium, i, n. {domus), a house, 
 
1G8 
 
 DOMINATIO— DURUS. 
 
 habitation, place of abode, resi- 
 dence. 
 
 PomiruiHo, oni^^ f. {dominor)^ do- 
 minion, authority', power; tyr- 
 anny. 
 
 Domliwr, dri, dtus sum, dcp., to 
 rule, reign, domineer : from 
 
 DoinlniiSy i, in. [domus), a master J 
 a commander ; a loid, 
 
 Domo, arc, ul, Hum, u., to subdue, 
 conquer, overcome, vanquish. 
 
 Domus, ns &/■ i, /., a house, home. 
 Doml, at home. With milittcE, in 
 peace, § 221, R. 3. Domurn, 
 after a verb expressing or imply- 
 ing motion, home, § 2'y7, R. 4. — 
 Fig., a family. 
 
 Donee, conj. § 263, 4, (1.) until, 
 while, whilst, as long as. 
 
 Drmo, are, avi, aium, a., to give, 
 bestow freely, present, honor, 
 reward ; to give up. With the 
 'accvsaave of the person and the 
 ablative of the thing, to present 
 with, to make a present of any 
 thing to any one. 
 
 Donum, i, n. (do), a gift, present. 
 
 Dormio, ire, ivi 4" H, Uum, n., to 
 sleep, slumber. 
 
 Dos, dotis, /., a gift ; a marriage 
 portion, dowry ; endowment, 
 quality. 
 
 Dotalis, e, adj. (dos), of or belong- 
 ing to a dowry, dotal. 
 
 Drusus, i, m., Drusus, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Livian gens. 
 Drusus, an eloquent Roman no- 
 ble, uncle of M. Cato IX. 13. 
 M. Livius Drusus Sahnator, a 
 Roman consul, A. U. 533 and 
 545 : V. 17. M. Livius Drvsus, 
 a tribune, A. U. 661 : VII. 28. 
 
 Duhlto, are, avi, dtum, n.. to doubt, 
 be in doubt, be uncertain ; to 
 hesitate. Imp., duhitalur, doubts 
 are entertained. 
 
 Dubius, a, um, adj. {duo), doubt- 
 ful, uncertain. Dubium, i, n., 
 doubt. In dubium vocare, to 
 question. JVow, est dubium, there 
 is no doubt. JYcmini dubium est, 
 no one doubts. 
 DucciUi, (B, a, adj. pi. (duo ^ cen- 
 tum), two hundred. 
 Duco, ere, xi, i'tum,u., to draw; to 
 lead, conduct ; to take, bring ; to 
 induce. Ducere uxorem, to mar- 
 ry, spoken of the husband only ; 
 to derive; to esteem, consider, 
 think, hold, regard ; to com- 
 mand, lead. Ducere vitam, to 
 pass one's life, spend one's time. 
 Triumphum ducere, to celebrate 
 a triumph. 
 
 Ductus, a, um, part. (duco). 
 
 Dudum, adv. (diu 4' dum), but 
 lately, n. while ago, not long 
 since. . 
 
 Duilius, i, m., Duilius, a Roman 
 name. C. Duilius, a Roman 
 consul, who obtained the first 
 naval victory over the Cartha- 
 ginians, A. U. 492: IV. 2, 3. 
 
 Dulcis, e, adj., sweet, pleasant, de- 
 licious, dear. 
 
 Dum, conj. ^ adv., while, whilst, 
 whilst that; so long as, as long 
 as; until. 
 
 Duntaxat, adv., only, alone. 
 
 Duo, CB, 0, num. adj., § 118, 1, two. 
 
 Duod£cim, ind. num. adj. (duo 4* 
 decern), twelve. 
 
 Duoder.imus, a, um, num. adj. (du 
 odecim), the twelfth. 
 
 Duplex, ids, adj. (duo ^ plico, to 
 knit), double, twofold. 
 
 Dupllco, arc, avi, dtum, a. (duplex), 
 to double. 
 
 Duro, are, avi, dtum., «.., to harden, 
 make hard, indurate ; to last, 
 continue : from 
 
 DuTus, a, um, adj., ior, isslmus; 
 
DUX— EFFERO. 
 
 169 
 
 hard, solid, firm; rigorous, se- 
 vere ; toilsome, laborious, ardu- 
 ous, difficult. 
 
 Dux, ducts, TO. ^f-, a leader, guide, 
 conductor ; a leader in war, a 
 general, commander. 
 
 Duxi. See Duco. 
 
 Dyrrachium, i, n., Dyrrachium, 
 now Durazzo, a uiaritioie city of 
 Macedonia : IX. 9. 
 
 E. 
 
 E, or Ex, the former before conso- 
 nants only, the latter lefore both 
 vowels and consonants, § 195, R. 
 2, prep, with the all., out of, 
 from; of; according to, in ac- 
 cordance with, on account of, in 
 consequence of. £.r fdia nepos, 
 — by a daughter. For its changes 
 in composition, see § i S. C, 6 : fur 
 its signification in composition, 
 see § 197, 9. 
 
 Ehrius, a, uin, adj., drunk, intoxi- 
 cated, inebriated. 
 
 Ebur, dris, 7i., ivory. 
 
 Eburneus, a, vm, adj., (eliur), of 
 or like ivory, adorned with 
 ivory. 
 
 Ecqiumdo, adv., when, at what 
 time, whether at any time. 
 
 Ecquis, qucs, quid, inltrrog. adj. 
 pro., § 137, R. (3.). whether any, 
 if any, who or what. 
 
 Ecquismim, qiiiBna.m, quodnam, or 
 quilnom, adj. {ecquis S^ nam), 
 who, what, whether any man, 
 woman, or thing. 
 
 Edax, acis, adj. (erfo), eating much, 
 voracious, gluttonous. 
 
 Edlco, ere, xi, ctum, u. &/■ n. {e S^ 
 dico), to declare, publisli, make 
 known, order, proclaim, com- 
 mand, reveal, relate. 
 
 Edidi. See Edu. 
 15 
 
 Edictum, i, ?■. (cdico), an edict, 
 proclamation, order. 
 
 Editiis, a, um, part. 4' adj. {edo), 
 high, lofty. 
 
 Edixi. See Edico. 
 
 Edo, ed&re or esse, edi, csum, a.f 
 to eat, § 181. 
 
 Edo, ere, idi, %tum, a. (e fy do), to 
 put forth, bring forth, utter ; to 
 speak, say ; to declare, sliow, 
 tell, relate ; to make known, 
 publish, proclaim; to produce, 
 bring forth, give birth to. Edere 
 responsum, to make a reply, 
 give a response: — to e.xhibit; 
 to do, achieve, perform, finish, 
 end. 
 
 Eddceo, tre, cui, ctum, d. (e Sf doceo), 
 to teach, instruct ; to tell, show, 
 make known, infornl. 
 
 Edoctus, a, um, pari, (edoceo) 
 
 Editcatio, onis, f. {educo), a breed- 
 ing up, nurturing; education, 
 instruction, learning. 
 
 Educator, oris, m., lie who brings 
 up ; a foster-father, nurturer : 
 from 
 
 Edaeo, are, diii, dtum, a., to foster, 
 maintain, bring up, nurture, ed- 
 ucate. 
 
 Educo, ere, xi, ctum, a.'(e ^ duco), 
 to draw or lead forth or out, 
 draw. 
 
 Effecius, a, um, part, {efficio). 
 
 Effeminatus, a, um, part. S^ adj., 
 womanish, delicate, effeminate 
 from 
 
 Effeinlno, are, dvl, dtum, a. (ex fy 
 femina), to make feminine ; to 
 enervate, render soft or effemi- 
 nate. 
 
 Effiro, are, dvi, atvm, a. (efflrus, 
 savage), to make fierce or cruel; 
 to render wild or savage ; to ex- 
 asperate, enrage, madden. 
 
 Effiro, ferre, extitli, eldtum, irr. a 
 
170 
 
 EFFICIO— ELECTUS. 
 
 (ex Sffero), to bring forth, carry 
 forth or out; to produce, yield ; 
 to publisli; to say, speak; to 
 raise, exalt, advance, projnote ; 
 to carry out to burn or for inter- 
 ment; to bury, inter, burn. 
 
 EfflciOj ere, feci, fectuvtj a. (ex Sf 
 fuein), to bring to pass, do, effect, 
 acconiplish, complete, finish ; to 
 make, perform, execute ; to ren- 
 der; to cause, occasion. 
 
 Effio, are, dvi, cituvi, u. (ex Sfjld), 
 to breathe out. 
 
 Effi-uo, Ere, xi, xum, ii. (ex ^fluo, 
 to flow), to flow or run out, flow 
 forth. 
 
 Effoiiio, Zre,fodi, fossum, a. (ex ^ 
 fodto, to dig), to dig out, dig up; 
 to dig out, tear out. 
 
 EJfrtngo, Ere, fregi, fractum, a 
 (ex if frango), to break, break 
 open, break in pieces. 
 
 Effudl See Efl"undo. 
 
 Effugio, Ere,fugi, fugttvm, ii. ^ a. 
 (ex ^ fugio), to fly away, fly, 
 escape, flee ; to avoid, shun, 
 evade, escape from. 
 
 Effundo, Ire, fudi,fiisttm, a. (ex ^ 
 fundo), to pour forth or out, 
 empty, spill, shed ; to spread, 
 scatter, djsperse. Effundcre se, 
 or effundi, to rush forth, to rush 
 forth in crowds ; — to throw out. 
 Effundi super ripas, to be poured 
 forth beyond, to overflow the 
 banks : — to lavish, squander, 
 
 • waste; to throw down, let fall, 
 drop. 
 
 Effvtio, Ire, a. fy n. (ex S/- futio, 
 obs.), to prate, speak foolishly, 
 blab out, babble. 
 
 Egenus, tj, nm, adj., destitute, in 
 want, needy, indigent: from 
 
 Egeo, ere, ui, n., § 2.50, 2, (2,) 
 & § SaO, 3, to need, be in want ; 
 to be in want of, be without, 
 
 sta.nd in need of, require, be des- 
 titute of, lack. 
 
 Egestas, alls, f. (egeo), want, pov- 
 erty, indigence, beggary. 
 
 Egi. See Ago. 
 
 Ego, mci, pron., § 132, & § 133, 
 m. S^f, I. PL nos, we : rcflex- 
 ively, myself, ourselves. 
 
 Egomet, intensive pron., m. 4'' f-j 
 § 133, R. 2,1 myself. 
 
 EgrEdlor, i, gressys svm, dep. (e 
 (^ gradior, to go), to go out, de- 
 part, depart from; to pass be- 
 yond, pass. 
 
 Egrcgi^, adv., remarkably, excel- 
 lently, egregiously, eminently : 
 from 
 
 Egregius, a, um, adj., (e Sf grcx), 
 excellent, remarkable, eminent, 
 surpassing, egregious, noble, 
 rare, extraordinary, distinguish- 
 ed, choice. 
 
 Egressus, us, m. (egredior), a go- 
 ing out. 
 
 Egressus, a, um, part, (egredior). 
 
 Ejlcio, ere, jsci, jectum, it. (e ^ja- 
 cio), to cast or throw oul, eject, 
 expel ; to banish, drive out. 
 
 Ejus. See Is. 
 
 Ejvsdem. See Idem. 
 
 Eldhor, i, lapsus svm-, dep. (e ^ 
 labor, to glide down), to slide or 
 slip away, glide away, escape, 
 fall out. 
 
 Elangucseo, Ire, gui, n. inc. (c ^ 
 lunguesco, to languish), to lan- 
 guisli, grow faint, feeble, or re- 
 miss; to slacken, become ener- 
 vated. 
 
 Elapsvs, a, um, part, (elohor), 
 
 Elatus, a, um, part. S,- adj. (effero), 
 raised up, raised; lofty, elevated, 
 high ; elated, puffed up ; car 
 ried out to be buried, buried. 
 
 Electus, us, m. (eligo), a choice. 
 
 Electus, a, um, part, (eligo). 
 
ELEGANTER— EQUES. 
 
 171 
 
 Eleganter, adv., iits, isslm^, (elS- 
 gans, elegant), elegantly, choice- 
 ly, niuely; gracefully; with good 
 judirinent, wisely. 
 
 Eiegiintii, ffi, /. (cUgrms), ele- 
 gance, neatness, grace, polish, 
 politeness. 
 
 Elegi. Six Eligo. 
 
 Elephantiis, i, m., 4' ElSphas, antls, 
 TO., an eJephant. 
 
 EKcio, ire, ui, itum, a. (e fy lacio, 
 to allure), to draw or bring out, 
 elicit. 
 
 ELldo, ire, tsi, isum, a. (c ^ lado), 
 to break or dash in pieces, crush ; 
 to strangle, throttle. 
 
 Eltgo, ere, legi, lectum, a. (c i^'- 
 lego), to choose, select, pick out, 
 elect. 
 
 Ellsus, ti, um,i)art. (elido). 
 
 Eloquentia, a,' f. (eloquens, elo- 
 quent), eloquence. 
 
 Elueeo, ere, luxi, n. (e ^ luceo, to 
 shine), to shine forth, be bright ; 
 to be apparent or manifest, be 
 conspicuous, appear. 
 
 EmensiLS, o,, um, part. . from 
 
 Eijiltior, iri, mensus svvi, dep. (e 4' 
 metior, to measure), to measure 
 out, measure ; to go through, 
 pass over, traverse. 
 
 Emineo, ire, ui, -ri. (e ^ mineo, to 
 hang over), to rise or grow up, 
 be raised a'bove, stand out or 
 over, stand out, project; to ap- 
 pear, be conspicuous. 
 
 Emitto, ire, mist, missum, a. (e ^ 
 mitto), to send forth or out, let 
 go, let out; to sling, hurl, throw, 
 discharge; to utter. 
 
 Emo, ire, emi, emptum, a., to buy, 
 purchase. 
 
 Emoltio, Ire, ivt, itum, a. (e 4^ moZ- 
 lio), to soften, make soft, mollify. 
 
 Emptor, oris, m. (emo), a buyer, 
 purchaser. 
 
 Emptus, a, um, part. {emo). 
 En,iat.,\a\ see! behold! 
 Encrvo, are, del, dtum,u. (e 4" ncr- 
 vus, a sinew), to take out the 
 nerves; to enervate, w( aken, 
 enfeeble, debilitate. 
 
 Eiiim, conj., §279, 3, (c.) fjr, indeed ; 
 but; now. j3( cnim, but, indeed. 
 
 EiiUeo, ere, vi, n,. (e 4" niteo, to 
 shine), to be renowned or dis- 
 tinguished, shine forth. 
 
 Ennius, i, m., Ennius, a very an- 
 cient Latin poet, born at Rudiee, 
 in Calabria: VI. 5. 
 
 Ensis, is, m. a sword. 
 
 Eo, ire, ivi S/- ii, ilum, n. irr., to 
 go, walk, travel, march ; to pass 
 away, perish. Itum est, they 
 went. 
 
 En. See Is. 
 
 EA, adv. (is), thither, to that place, 
 tliere, in that place ; so far, to 
 such a pitch or degree, to that 
 degree ; to this, thereto. Eo 
 usque, so long. 
 
 Epkesius, a, um, adj. (Ephisus), 
 relating to Ephesus, the capital 
 of Ionia, a country of Asia Mi- 
 nor; Ephesian : 1.23. 
 
 Epigrammii, dtis, n., an inscrip- 
 tion, title ; a short poem, sonnet, 
 epigram. 
 
 Epirotce, drum, m. pi., the Epirots, 
 inhabitants of Epirus : from 
 
 Epirus, i,f., Epirus, a country of 
 Greece, on the Ionian Sea : III. 
 25. 
 
 EpistSla, <e, f., a letter, epistle. 
 
 E/mlce, drum, f. pi., food, viands ; 
 a feast, entertainment, banquet ; 
 feasts, banquets. 
 
 Epulnr, art, dtus sum, drp. (ep{i' 
 lum, a feast), to feast, banquet. 
 
 Erjues, itis, rtt. if f. (cqmis), a 
 horseman, a horse-soldier, troop- 
 er, dragoon ; a knight 
 
172 
 
 EQUESTER— EXACERBO 
 
 Equester, tris, tre, adj. (equus), on 
 horseback ; belonging to horse- 
 men, equestrian; belonging to tlie 
 eqv.-tes^ or kniglits, equestrian. 
 
 EquUdus, IIS, III; the cavalry, 
 horse : frum 
 
 EquUo, are, dvi, alum, n. (eques), 
 to ride on horseback. 
 
 Equus, i, VI., a horse, steed. Ire, 
 sc. equis, or in cquis, to go ur 
 ride on horseback. 
 
 Erwm. See Sum. 
 
 Ereclus, «, U7ti,j)art. {erigo), raised. 
 Ezpectalione erectus, on tiptoe 
 with expectation. 
 
 Erexi. See Erigo. 
 
 Erga, prep, with, the ace, towards, 
 for. 
 
 Ergo, conj., therefore, consequent- 
 ly, then. 
 
 Erlgo, Src,.rexi, rectv,rn,a. (c Sf re- 
 go), to raise up ; to set up, erect ; 
 to encourage, animate, cheer up, 
 restore ; to rouse, excite. 
 
 Erlpio, ere, pvi, rcptum, a. (e &/■ ra- 
 piu), § 224, R. 2, to tear out ; to 
 free, rescue, liberate ; to take 
 away by force, take away. 
 
 Error, oris, m. (erro, to go astray), 
 a going out of the way ; an er- 
 ror, mistake. 
 
 Erubesco, ire, but, n. inc. (c Sf ru- 
 besco, to redden), to grow red, 
 blush; to be ashamed. 
 
 Eritdio, Ire, ivi ^ ii, itum, a. (c <^ 
 rudis), lo teach, instruct, inform, 
 educate, polish, refine. 
 
 Errtdltiis, a, um, pint. Sf adj. 
 (erudid), instructed, educated; 
 learned, accomplished, experi- 
 enced. 
 
 Ervmpo, Ire, rupi,.ruptum, a. S/- n. 
 (e 1^ rumpo), to break forth, rush 
 forth, break loose ; to sally forth. 
 
 Eruo, e.re, rvi,'rutnm, a,, (e ^ ruo), 
 to pluck, root, or dig up or out. 
 
 Esca, iB,f., meat, food. 
 
 Esse. See Sum. 
 
 Esse. See Edo. 
 
 Et, conj., and ; also, too. Et — et, 
 both — and. 
 
 Etiam, conj-, also, likewise; be- 
 sides, even ; yet, as yet. 
 
 Etnuiii, ai,f., Etruria, a country 
 of Italy, now Tu.scariy ; II. 2i. 
 
 Etrusci, drum, ?«. pi. {Etruriii), 
 the inhabitants of Etruria, the 
 Etrurians : II. 4. 
 
 Etsi, conj. (et Sf si), though, al- 
 though, albeit. 
 
 Eum. See Is. 
 
 Eunlis, gen. of tens, part- nf eo. 
 
 Euripides, is, m., Euripides, a 
 Grecian tragic poet contempo- 
 rary with Sophocles; IX. 6. 
 
 Europa, cB,f,, Europe: Vlll. 24. 
 
 Evddo, ^re, vdsi, xp,siim, ■«. Sf a. (e 
 &f vado, to go), to go out ; to get 
 clear, escape ; to ascend, niouu', 
 climb. 
 
 Ev&nio, Ire, vcni, ventum, n. (e ^ 
 renin), to come out; to issue, 
 end, turn out, prove ; to happen, 
 occur, chance. EvSnit, imp., it 
 happens, occurs. 
 
 Ecentvs, us, :m. (evenio), an issue, 
 result ; the event ; the issue, 
 end. Eventuvario, v/ithvanoua 
 success. 
 
 Everto, ere, ti, sv.m, a. (e 4' verto), 
 to turn out, drive out, thrust out. 
 Fig., to overturn, overthrow, 
 subvert, destroy. 
 
 Evito, are, dvi, dtum, a. (e ^ vito), 
 to avoid, shun, escape. 
 
 Evdcn, arc, dvi, dtum, a. (e ^ voco), 
 to call out, invite. 
 
 EvSlo, are, avi, dtum, n. (e 4^ J""'"), 
 to fly out; to sally forth, rush 
 forth, escape. 
 
 Ex. See E. 
 
 Exacerbo, are, dvi, dtum, a, {ex .^ 
 
EXACTOR— EXERCEO. 
 
 173 
 
 acerho, to imbitter), to irritate, 
 exasperate, provoke. 
 
 Exactor, Sris, m. (exigo), an ex- 
 peller; an exactor, collector of 
 taxes ; a demander, enforcer. 
 
 Exanlmis, e, adj. (ex fy aiilma), 
 lifeless, dead. 
 
 Exantmo, arc, avi, dtum, a. (exanl- 
 mis), to deprive of life, kill, slay ; 
 to terrify. 
 
 Exardesco, ire, arsi, n. inc. (ex S/' 
 ardesco, to grow hot), to grow 
 hot, become inflamed, blaze, be 
 on fire ; to be kindled, break out. 
 
 Exdro, are, dvi, alum, a. (ex ^ aro), 
 to plough or dig up J to cultivate. 
 Fig., to write with a style on 
 waxen tablets, to write. 
 
 Exasplro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex 4' 
 aspero), to make sharp or rough ; 
 to sharpen; to exasperate, irri- 
 tate, provoke. 
 
 Excalcco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex ^ 
 calceo), to pull oif one's shoes. 
 Excalceari, to take off one's 
 shoes, or to have them taken oflT. 
 
 Excldo, ire, essi, essum, n. (ex i^'. 
 cedo), to depart, go forth or out, 
 retire, withdraw. Excedere vitd, 
 to die. 
 
 Excellens, lis, part. S^adj. (excello), 
 high, lofty, excelling, excellent, 
 glorious. 
 
 Excdtenter, adv. (excellens), excel- 
 lently, transcendently. 
 
 Excello, ere, ui, «., to be high. Fig., 
 to excel, surpass; to exceed. 
 
 Excelsus, a, um, adj. (excello), high, 
 
 . lofty, elevated. 
 
 Excepi. See Excipio. 
 
 Exceptus, a, um,part. (excipio). 
 
 Excessi. See Excedo. 
 
 Excidium, i, n. (excldo, to cut 
 doffln), destruction, ruin; a sub- 
 version, overthrow. 
 
 Exdo, xre, %ti fy ii, Uum, a. (ex fy 
 15'* 
 
 cio), to call out; to cause, raise, 
 excite, rouse. 
 
 Excipio, ire, epi, eptum, ii. (ex S^ 
 capio), to take or draw out; to 
 except; to receive; toentertain; 
 to hear, overhear ; to catch, 
 seize, capture, take ; to follow. 
 
 ExcUo, arc, dvi, dtum, u.freq. (cx- 
 cio), to move out; to excir.e, in- 
 cite, spur on, stimulate ; to rouse, 
 stir up. 
 
 Excitus, u, um, part, (excio). 
 
 Excldmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex &/• 
 clamo), to cry or call; to cry 
 out, exclaim. 
 
 Excludo, ire, si, sum, u. (ex ^ clau- 
 do), to shut out, exclude, send 
 away, drive out. 
 
 Excdlo, ire, ui, cultum, a. (ex fy 
 coio), to cultivate; to adorn, pol- 
 ish, refine ; to adorn, improve, 
 deck. 
 
 Excusaiio, onis, /., an excusing, 
 excuse : from 
 
 Excuso, are, dvi, alum, a. (ex &/■ 
 causa), to excuse. Excusare, or 
 se excusare, to excuse one's self, 
 beg pardon. 
 
 Excussus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Excutio, ire, cussi, cussum, a. (ex 
 Hf quatio), to shake off or out; 
 to throw ofi'. 
 
 Exegi. See Exigo. 
 
 Exemplum, i, n. (eximo), an 
 example, instance; a manner, 
 way. 
 
 Exemplus, a, um., part, (eximo). 
 
 Exeo, Ire, ii, Uum, n. (ex Sf co), to 
 go forth or out, go away. 
 
 Exerceo, ere, cui, dtum, a. (ex i^ 
 arceo), to exercise ; to employ, 
 occupy ; to practise, perform. 
 Exercere iram, to give vent to — , 
 to manifest — : — to do, practise, 
 exercise ; to be employed upon, 
 follow. 
 
174 
 
 EXERGITATIO— EXPIO. 
 
 Exercitatloy dnis^f. (exercito^ to ex- 
 ercise), exercise, practice. 
 
 Exercitium, i, n. {exerceo), exer- 
 cise, practice. 
 
 Exr.rcUus, us, m. (exerceo), exer- 
 cise ; an army. 
 
 Exhllteo, ere, ui. Hum, a. (ex 4' 
 habco), to give up to, deliver, 
 display, exhibit, present ; to 
 show, prove, manifest, 
 
 Exhorreo, ere, a. (ex fy horreo, to 
 shudder), to dread, be terrified at. 
 
 Exiens, euntis, part. (exeo). 
 
 Extgo, ere, cgi, actum, a. (ex ^ 
 ago), to drive out, drive away; 
 to pass, spend ; to live ; to finish, 
 perforin ; to demand, exact, re- 
 quire. 
 
 Exiguus, li, urn, adj., small, little, 
 scanty, slender. 
 
 ExlUs, e, adj., thin, meagre, poor ; 
 weak, fueble. 
 
 Exlmlus, u; urn,, adj., excellent, 
 choice, remarkable ; extraordi- 
 nary, uncommon : from 
 
 ExXmo, ire, emi, emplum, ii. {ex 4-' 
 emo), § 224, R. 2, to take out, 
 except; to take away; to free, 
 deliver, release. 
 
 Existimatio, onis, /., an opinion, 
 judgment, belief ; reputation, 
 credit, character : from 
 
 Existtmo, are, avi, dlym, a. (ex i^ 
 (Bstimo), to judge, thipk, sup- 
 pose ; to decide, consider. 
 
 Exitium, i, n. (exeo), issue, end ; de- 
 struction, ruin, overthrow, death. 
 Esse cxitio, to ruin, destroy. 
 
 ExUus, us,, m. (exeo), a goinw out, 
 departure; an outlet, passage; 
 the issue, result, event, end, 
 close, fulfilment, accomplish- 
 ment ; 4eath 
 
 Exordium, i, n. (exoj^diory to be- 
 gm), the beginning, commence- 
 ment, rise. 
 
 Exorigr, Wi, ortus.sum, dep., § 177, 
 (ex ^ oriur), to, come forth, ap- 
 pear, rise, arise, spring up. 
 
 Exortv-S, a, urn, part, (txorior). 
 
 Expdvco, ire, pavi, n. S^ a. (ex Sf 
 paveo), to be greatly afraid, fear 
 greatly, be scared or affrighted 
 at. 
 
 Expidio, Ire, ivi &/• ii, Hum, a. Sf n. 
 (ex &/■ pes), to free, liberate, dis- 
 engage, loose, extricate ; to pre- 
 pare, make ready, provide, pro- 
 cure, get, pay ; to be profitable, 
 advantageous, useful. 
 
 Expeditio, onis,f. (expedio), a mili- 
 tary expedition, enterprise, cam- 
 paign. 
 
 Expello, ire, piili, pulsum, a. (ex 
 4' pello), to drive out, banish, 
 expel. 
 
 Expcndo, ire, rii, sum, u.. (ex If 
 pendo), to weigh ; to lay out, ex- 
 pend, disburse. 
 
 Expensus, a, um, pai't. (expendo). 
 
 Expergiscor, i, perrectus sum, dep. 
 (expergo, to awaken), to awake, 
 wake up, rouse up. 
 
 Experimenium, i, n., an experi- 
 ment, trial, proof: from 
 
 Experiur, iri, experlus sum, dep., 
 to try, prove, experience, find, 
 meet, with; to find out, learn, 
 know; to make trial of, put to 
 
 ■ the test. 
 
 Expers, lis, adj. (ex &/■ pars), hav- 
 ing no part in, destitute, without, 
 void, destitute of. 
 
 Experlus, u, um, part, (experior). 
 
 Expito, ere, Ivi, Itum, a. ^ n. (ex 
 8f petit), to desire much or great- ■ 
 ly, long for, covet ; to demand, 
 request. 
 
 Expio, are, dvi, dtttm, u. (ex fy; pio, 
 to worship), to cleanse, purge ; 
 to atone for,, expiate ; to jnPy for. 
 pouoterbalance. 
 
EXPLORATOR— EXSTO. 
 
 175 
 
 Erplordtor, Oris, m., an explorer, 
 investigator ; a scout, spy : from 
 
 ExplSro, are, dvi, dtum, a. Q:x i^ 
 ploi'o), to search diligently, ex- 
 plore, examine, investigate, seek 
 out ; to spy out, reconnoitre. 
 
 ExpOao, Ire., posui, posUum, ii. (ex 
 if pmw), to expose ; to set up, 
 display ; to relate, declare, ex- 
 plain, show, describe, tell; to 
 set forth. Milites exponere, sc. 
 ex navibus, to disembark, land — . 
 So exponere, to land. 
 
 Exposco, ire, poposci, a. (ex 4" 
 posco), to ask or require earnest- 
 ly, demand ; to request, beg, 
 entreat. 
 
 Expositio, Bnis, f. (expono), an ex- 
 posing; an exposition, explica- 
 tion; declar.ition. 
 
 Expasltus, «, uni, part, (expono). 
 
 Exprlnto, Src, prrssi, pressum, u. 
 (ex 4' prcrKo), to press strongly, 
 squeeze, compress ; to press, 
 strain, or squeezi; out ; to repre- 
 sent, express; to pronounce, ut- 
 ter, articulate. 
 
 ExprSbro, are, avi, dtum, a. Sf n. 
 (ex 4* probrum), to upbraid, re- 
 proach, reprove ; to throw in 
 one's teeth. Er.probrare alicui 
 aJiquod, to reproach one with, or 
 on account of — . 
 
 Expvgpatio, Bnis, /., a taking by 
 assault, carrying by ' storm, 
 storming : from 
 
 Expu^iio, are, dxi, dtum, «.. (ex &/■ 
 pugno), to vanquish, subdue, 
 overcome, take by storm. 
 
 ExpuU. See Expello! 
 
 Expulsus, a, um, part, (expello). 
 
 Exqulro, Ire, quislvi, quisUum, u. 
 (ex ^ quard), to search out, in- 
 quire into, examine, ask, explore. 
 
 Exquisltus, a, um, part. 4' ^^tlj. 
 (exqviro), sought after ; rare, 
 
 choice, exquisite. ExqiiisUuvi 
 suppiickum, exquisite or excru- 
 ciating — . 
 
 Exsclndo, Sre, tdi, a. (ex ^ scindo), 
 to cut off, extirpate, destroy. 
 
 ExsicTor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (i:x S/- 
 sucro), to curse, execrate, detest, 
 imprecate. 
 
 Ex^equite, drum, f. pi., a funeral 
 procession, funeral ; funeral ob- 
 sequies or solemnities : from 
 
 Exsiquor, i, cutus sum, dep. (ex !/■ 
 scquo-r), to follow ; to copy, imi- 
 tate ; to pursue, prosecute ; to 
 execute, accomplish, perform. 
 
 Exslro, ire, serui, sertum, a. (ex Sf 
 sero), to thrust or put forth or 
 out, draw out. 
 
 ExslUo, ?7'c, ui or ii, n. (ex 4* sa- 
 lio), to leap out of or from ; 
 spring or bound forth. 
 
 Exsllinm^ j, n. (ex 4* solum, the 
 ground), exile, banisliuient. 
 
 Exso'zo, Src, i, solutiim, ii. (ex ^ 
 solvo), to loose, unloose, unbind ; 
 to free, release, deliver; to pay, 
 discharjje. 
 
 Exspectatio, 6n.is,f., an expecting, 
 expectation : from 
 
 Exspecto, are, dni, dtum,, a. &/• n. 
 (ex fy specto), to look for, expect, 
 wait for, wait, delay; to long 
 for, hope for, desire; to watch 
 to see ur know. 
 
 Exsplro, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ex Sf 
 spw'o), to breathe but ; to breathe 
 out one's life, expire, die. 
 
 Exstinclus, a, um, part., cut off, 
 having died ; put out, extin- 
 guished : from 
 
 Exs'inguo, Ire, r.xi, nctum, u,. (ex 
 Sf slinguo, to extinguish), to put 
 out, extinguish, qqench ; to cut 
 off, kill, destrciy, remove 
 
 ExSto, dre, stiti, n. (ex 4" sto), to 
 staiid out, appear, or be above ; 
 
176 
 
 EXSTRUO— FACILIS. 
 
 to appear; to remain, be extant, 
 exist, be. 
 
 Exslrito, SrCj xi, ctum, a. (ca: 4^ 
 struo, to set in order), to build 
 up, raise, rear, pile up, erect. 
 
 Exsugo^ Sre, ?/i(, uctitiii, a, (ex ^ 
 siigo, to suck), to suck out, drink 
 or dry up. 
 
 Exsul, fdis, m. 4' /• (™ 4' solum, 
 the ground), an exile, one ban- 
 ished from iiis country. 
 
 ExsTih, are, dvi, dtum, n. (exsul), 
 to live in exile, be an exile. 
 
 Exsulto, are, dvi, dtytn, n. freq. 
 (exsilio), to leap, frisk, bound; 
 to rejoice greatly, exult. 
 
 £i<en/p/o,arf»., immediately, quick- 
 ly, soon. 
 
 Exter, or Extlrus, a, um, adj., ex- 
 terior, extrlmus, or extimus, (ei) , 
 of another country, foreign. 
 
 Exterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ex ^ 
 terreo), to frighten greatly, terri- 
 fy, affright. 
 
 Extlmesco, '€re, inui, n. ^ a. inc. 
 (ex &/■ timesco, to fear), to fear 
 greatly, fear. 
 
 Extollo, Ire, u. (ex fy tollo), to lift 
 or hold up, raise up. Extollere 
 .verbis, to praise, extol. 
 
 Extra, adv. S^ prep, with the ace. 
 (exter), without, outside of, on 
 the outside, out of. 
 
 Extrdho, ire, traxi, tractum, a. (ex 
 fy traho), to draw or drag forth 
 or out, extract. 
 
 Extraordinarius, a, um, adj. (extra 
 !^ ordinarius, ordinary), extraor- 
 dinary. 
 
 Extremum, i, n., the end, extremi- 
 ty; extreme distress or difficul- 
 ty : from 
 
 Extrlmus, a, um, adj. (sup. of ex- 
 ter), extreme, last, final, farthest, 
 most remote. In extreme naso, 
 on the end of—, § 205, R. 17. 
 
 ExtuH. See Effero. 
 
 Exao, Ire, ui, Htum, a., to strip ofT, 
 
 put off, lay aside. Fig., to atrip, 
 
 deprive of, take away, remove. 
 Exuro, ere, ussi, ustum, u. (ex 4" 
 
 uro, to burn), to burn, set on 
 
 fire. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabia, ce,f., Fabia, a Roman name 
 belonging to females of the Fa- 
 bian gens. 
 
 Fubius, a, um, adj., Fabian. 
 
 Fahius, i,m., Fabius, a Roman name 
 belonging to the Fabian gens. 
 Cmso Fabius, a Roman consul, A. 
 U. C. 275, II. 14. See Maximus. 
 
 Fabii, Drum, m. pi., the Fabii. 
 
 Fabricius, i, m., Fabricius, a Ro- 
 man nahle belonging to the Fa- 
 brician gens. 
 
 Fabrico, are, dvi, dtum, a., or Fab- 
 rlcor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (faber, 
 an artificer), to make, frame, 
 forge, fabricate, construct, build. 
 
 Fabula, ce, f. (fari), a report or 
 saying, hearsay, rumor; a tale, 
 story, fable. 
 
 Faces. See Fax. 
 
 Facllh, adv. (facetus), facetiously, 
 pleasantly, humorously, jocose- 
 ly, wittily. 
 
 Facetim, drum, f. pi., facetiousness, 
 pleasantry, wit, humor: from 
 
 Facetus, u, um, adj. (facio), {ace- 
 tious, merry, pleasant, witty, 
 jocose, huiiiorous. 
 
 Facia, <B,f., a band, bandage. 
 
 Fades, ei, f. (facio), the face, 
 countenance, visage ; form, ap- 
 pearance ; look, view, sight. 
 
 FaclU, adv., tits, ilUmh ; easily, 
 readily, without diificulty, will- 
 ingly, freely, contentedly : from 
 
 FacUis,e,adj. (facio), easy, ready, 
 without labor; prompt. 
 
FACINUS— FASTUS. 
 
 177 
 
 Faitnus, Sris, n., an action, deed, 
 or exploit, either good or bad ; 
 wickednesSjVillany, guilt, crime : 
 from 
 
 Facto, Ire, feci, factum, a , to make, 
 do, act, render; to choose, cre- 
 ate, elect, appoint ; to cause, ex- 
 cite; to perform, commit; to 
 feign, pretend ; to esteem, value; 
 to bring about, cause, effect. 
 Facere fidem alicui or atmijus 
 rei, to cause a thing to be be- 
 lieved. Facere Jtijuriam, to in- 
 jure, insult. Facere potestatem, 
 to give an opportunity. Fiiccre 
 vim, to offer or commit violence. 
 Facere suinplum, to make or in- 
 cur expense. Facere mlssujn, to 
 disuiiss, discharge. Facere dtt- 
 rimentum, to suffer or sustain a 
 loss. Facere tjalnus, to wound, 
 inflict a wound. Certiorem fa- 
 cere, to inform, acquaint, apprize. 
 
 Factio, onis, f. (facto), a faction, 
 party, side. 
 
 Factum, i, n. (factus), a deed, ac- 
 tion, act, enterprise, exploit. 
 
 Factus, a, um, part, (fio), made, 
 done. Argentuvt factum, silver 
 plate. 
 
 Facultas, dtis,f. (facilis, § 101, 2), 
 power, ability, faculty, occasion, 
 opportunity. 
 
 Facundus, a, um, adj. (fari), elo- 
 quent. 
 
 Falerii, drum, m. pi., Falerii, a 
 town ofEtruria: 11.20. 
 
 Falernvs, a, um., adj., Falernian. 
 Falernus ager, a territory of 
 Campania, noted for the excel- 
 lence of its wine : V. 3. 
 
 Faliscl, Brum, m. pi., the Falisci, 
 inhabitants of Falerii : 11.20. 
 
 Fallo, Sre, fefelli, falsum, a. S/- n., 
 to deceive ; to escape the notice 
 of elude- to mistake. 
 
 Falsns, a, um, part. S^ adj. (fallo), 
 deceived; deceitful, false, faitli- 
 less ; pretended, leigned, false, 
 untrue. 
 
 Famu, (e,f., fame, report, rumor; 
 reputation, renown, character; 
 infamy. , 
 
 Fames, is,f,, hunger, fasting, fam- 
 ine. 
 
 Famllia, t&, f. (famulus, a slave), 
 the slaves belonging to one 
 master; a troop, a band ; a fami- 
 ly, part of a gens. 
 
 Familiaris, c, adj. (familia), tor, 
 isslmus J relating to slaves ; be- 
 longing to a family, intimale, 
 friendly, familiar. Res fiimiiui- 
 ris, family estate, private for- 
 tune, or property. Alicui fa, i il- 
 iiiris, intimate \vil!i — . Fitmti- 
 idris, is, ni:, an intimate I'riend 
 or acquaintance. 
 
 FamiliufUus, atis, f. (fimUinris), 
 familiarity, acquaintance, inti- 
 macy, familiar friendship. 
 
 FamiliarUer, adr. (fumiliaris), fa- 
 miliarly, on friendly terms, inti- 
 mately. Familiaritcr uti, to be 
 on terms of intimacy with. 
 
 Faniim, i, n., a piece of ground con- 
 secrated ; a temple. 
 
 Far, farris, n., corn or grain of 
 any kind. 
 
 Fari. See For. 
 
 Fas, n. ind. (for), divine law, right, 
 privilege, authority ; that which 
 is just, equitable, or proper. 
 
 Fascice, arum, f. pi., a fillet, band, 
 bandage. 
 
 Fascis, is, m., a fagot ; pi., the 
 Fasces, xt, bundle of rods, con- 
 taining an axe, carried by the 
 
 v'' lictors before certain Roman 
 , magistrates. 
 
 Fasius, a, um, adj., lucky, pros- 
 perous, lawful Dies fastus, a 
 
178 
 
 FATIGO— FESThVO. 
 
 day in which it was lawful to 
 administer justice. 
 
 Fatlgo, arc, dvi, dtum, a., to tiro, 
 weary, fatigue, plague, torment j 
 to importune, trouble, liarass. 
 
 Fatuin, /, II. (for), fate, destiny. 
 
 Favco, ere, favl, fautuin, ?i., to fa- 
 vor, be favorably inclined to; to 
 assist, countenance. 
 
 Favor, oris, m. (/a?jco), favor, good- 
 will, kindness. 
 
 Fausla, a, f. {fauslus, lucky), 
 Fausta, a daughter of L. Corne- 
 lius Sylla : Vlll. 7. 
 
 Faustulys, i, m., Faustulus, a shep- 
 herd of King Amulius : I. 2. 
 
 Fauslus, i, in. (Juustus, lucky), 
 Faustus, a son of L. Cornelius 
 Sylla: V[U. 7. 
 
 Faux, CIS, /., 4^ Fauces, ium, ■pi., 
 the gullet, throat; any narrow 
 passage ; a way, passage, en- 
 trance ; a narrow defile. 
 
 Fax, fads, /., a torch, flambeau, 
 taper, firebrand. 
 
 Fchns, is,f., a fever; an ague. 
 
 Feci. See Facio. 
 
 Facialis, is, m., a herald, fecialis. 
 
 FeciMis, c, adj., fecial. Jus fe- 
 dale, the law of arms or heraldry. 
 
 Fefelli. See Fallo. 
 
 FciicUas, alls, f., felicity, happi- 
 ness, good fortune : from 
 
 Felix, ids, adj., fruitful, fertile ; 
 rich, wealthy, happy, fortunate, 
 felicitous. Felix, ids, m., the 
 Happy, a surname. 
 
 Feminii,, ce, /., the female in all 
 animals; a woman, fiemale. 
 
 Femur, 6ris,-n., the thigh. 
 
 Feniro, are, dvi, dtum, a., to lend 
 money on interest or usury; to 
 compensate : from 
 
 Fo'ijis, 6ris, m., usury ; the interSst 
 of money. 
 
 Fera, <?,/., a wild beast. 
 
 Fere, adv. (fero), almost, nearly 
 about, in substance. Fere nut 
 las, hardly any body, scarce any 
 one. 
 
 FericB, drmn,f. }d., holidays, vaca- 
 tions ; festive days. 
 
 Ferio, Ire, a. ifcra), to strike, beat, 
 hit, cut, thrust ; to kill, slay. 
 
 Ferme, adv., almost, nearly, about. 
 
 Fero,ferre, tuli, latum, irr. u. ^ n., 
 to carry, bear, bring ; to lead ; 
 to propose, report. Ferre legem., 
 to propose or enact a law. To 
 suffer, bear, endure, sustain ; to 
 receive, obtain, get; to say, tell, 
 relate; to demand, require, per- 
 mit. Ferunt, they say, it is said. 
 Ferre laudibus, to extol; — to 
 raise ; to gain, get, obtain, de- 
 rive, receive. Pass., fertur, is 
 said. Prie se ferre, to carry be- 
 fore one, exhibit, display. Ftrri, 
 to proceed, rush, spring, move 
 rapidly, go, advance. 
 
 Ferox, dels, adj. {fero), dor, rissl- 
 mus ; rapid ; courageous, brave, 
 warlike; insolent, impudent; fe- 
 rocious, savage, fierce, bold, vio- 
 lent. 
 
 Ferreus, a, um, adj., of iron, iron: 
 from 
 
 Ferrum,i,n., iron; a-sword; any 
 iron instrument. 
 
 Ferus, a, um, adj., wild, not tame ; 
 fierce, barbarous, uncivilized. 
 
 Fervldus, a, vm,, adj. (fervor, heat), 
 hot, burning; furious, vehement, 
 earnest. 
 
 Fessus, a, um, adj. (faUscor, to 
 gTow tired), wearied, tired, fa- 
 tigued, exhausted, enfeebled. 
 
 Festinatio, onis, f., haste, speed : 
 frcnn 
 
 Festlno, are, avi, dtum, n. Sf a. 
 (fesllnus, quick), to hasten, 
 make haste. 
 
FESTUS— FLAAIIiNIiNUS 
 
 179 
 
 Festiis, u,. um, adj., festive, joyful, 
 gay, merry. 
 
 Fictllis, e, adj. (Jingo), made of 
 eartli, earthen. Fictile, is, n,, 
 a, kitchen utensil, an earthen 
 vessel. 
 
 Fictus, a, um,part. (Jingo), feigned, 
 false, pretended. 
 
 F:i:us, i or us,f., a fig-tree, a fig. 
 
 Fidelis, e, adj., faithful, sincere, 
 trusty, sure : from 
 
 Fides, ii,f. {Jido, to trust), confi- 
 dence put in a person, credit; 
 faithfulness, fidelity ; promise, 
 engagement, word ; faith, belief, 
 confidence ; honor, veracity ; 
 help, aid, assistance, protection. 
 Fidem dare et accipere, to give 
 and receive promises of fidelity. 
 Ultra Jidem, beyond belief, in- 
 credibly. 
 
 Fidiiciu, a, f. (Jido), trust, confi- 
 dence, reliance. Sui Jiducia, 
 confideijee in one's self, bold- 
 ness, assurance, self-confidence. 
 
 Fldus, a, urn, adj. (Jido), faithful, 
 trusty, sure, certain, safe, secure. 
 
 Figura, (E, /. (Jingo), a figure, 
 form, shape, image, ^keness. 
 
 Fitia,(B,f. (Jilius), § 43, a daughter. 
 
 Fllidia, <B, f. dim. (Jilia), a little 
 daughter. 
 
 Filius, i, m., § 52, a son. 
 
 Fingo, Ire, Jinxi, Jictum, a., to 
 form, frame, make; to imagine, 
 conceive ; to devise, feign, pre- 
 tend, contrive. 
 
 Finio, ire, ivi. Hum, a., to confine 
 in limits, to limit; to finish, ter- 
 minate, end. Vitam Jinire, to 
 die : from 
 
 Finis, is, m. fyf., a limit, bounda- 
 ry ; the end ; pi., limits, borders ; 
 a country, territory. Facere,irn- 
 ponere, or afferre Jinem, to end, 
 terminate, put an end to. UUi- 
 
 mus vitiB finis, the extreme limit, 
 the very end — . 
 
 Flnitlmus, a, um, adj. (finis), 
 neighboring, bordering upon, 
 adjoining ; m. pi., neighbors, 
 neighboring people. 
 
 Finxi. See Fingo. 
 
 Fio, fieri, fa,ctus sum, irr. pass, of 
 facio, § 180, to be made or done, 
 effected, become, be brought 
 about, .happen, occur, take place, 
 come to pass, be, be committed. 
 
 FirmUas, atis, f. (firmo), firm- 
 ness, durability ; strength, vigor, 
 power. 
 
 Firmiludo, Inis, f (firmus), firm- 
 ness, constancy, strength. 
 
 Firmo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to make 
 firm ; to make strong, strength- 
 en, secure, fortify, establish, 
 confirm : from 
 
 Firmus, a,um, adj., firm,. steady, 
 constant ; strong, efficient. 
 
 Fizus, u, um, part. (figo). 
 
 Ftagello, are, dvi, dtumy a., to 
 whip, scourge : from 
 
 FlageUnm,i,n., (fiagrum, a whip), 
 a whip, scourge. 
 
 Flagitium, i, n., a disgraceful or 
 shameful thing or action ; 
 shame, disgrace, infamy, re- 
 proach : from 
 
 FUiglto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to ask 
 importunately, demand earnest- 
 ly ; to dun, demand ; to ask. 
 
 Flagro, arc, dvi, dtum, n. (Jlo), to 
 
 . hum, to be inflamed. 
 
 Flamen, Inis, m., a flamen, a priest 
 appointed to some particular god. 
 
 Flaminlnus, i, m., Flamininus, a 
 Roman cognomen in the Quin- 
 tian gens. T. Quintivs Flamini- 
 nus, a consul, A. U. C. 500 
 VI. 10. T. quintius Flamini- 
 nus, a consul, A. U. C. 554 
 VI. 17. 
 
150 
 
 FLAMIiNlUS— FORUM. 
 
 Flaminins, i, m., Flaijiinius, a Ro- 
 man name. C. Fluminiiis, a 
 consul defeated by Hannibal at 
 the Lake Trasiiiienug, A. U. 535 : 
 V. 2. 
 
 Flamrna, a, /., a flame, blaze ; ar- 
 dor, vehemence. 
 
 FlehlUs, e, adj. (Jlco), lamentable; 
 weeping, doleful, full of woe. 
 
 FlcctOy ere, xi, xum, «.., to bend, 
 turn; to change, alter; to move, 
 touch, persuade, prevail upon, 
 appease. 
 
 Fleo, ere, evi, etum, n.^a., to weep, 
 lament, bewail. 
 
 Flo, are, avi, atum, n. ^ a., to blow. 
 
 Florens, tis, part. ^ adj., flourish- 
 ing, blooming, in the prirhe : from 
 
 Floreo, ere, ui, n. (flos, a flower), 
 to bloom, blossom. Fiir., to 
 flourish, be in prosperous cir- 
 cumstances ; 10 be distinguished 
 or conspicuous. 
 
 Flucliis, ns, m. (flrio, to flow), a 
 flowing; a wave. 
 
 Flumen, Inis, n. {jliio), a flowing or 
 running of water ; a stieam, 
 river, 
 
 Fluv'ms, !, m. (fluo), a river. 
 
 Foculus, i, m., dim., a little hearth, 
 a small, portable altar, small fire : 
 from 
 
 Focus, i, m., a hearth, a fireside ; 
 a fire. 
 
 Fcederdtus, a, um,, jmrt., confed- 
 erate, allied : from 
 
 Fadero, are, dvi, atum, a., to 
 make an alliance ; to league, 
 confeder ite : from 
 
 Ffediis, erls, «., an alliance, con- 
 fcdiTicy, IfaiTue, tre;ity ; a con- 
 trict, agreeinent, coinpict. 
 
 Fu.'luni, i, v., the leaf of a tree, 
 lierb, or flower. 
 
 Folliculus, i, m., dim. {foUis, a 
 leathern ball), a ball for playing 
 
 with, made of inflated leather, 
 leathern ball. 
 
 Fons, tis, m., a fountain, spring, 
 well, fount. 
 
 For, fori, faivs sum, dcp., to say, 
 speak. § 183, 6. 
 
 Forns, adv., out of doors, forth, 
 out. 
 
 Forem, fores, foret, drf, § 154, 
 R; 3, 1 might be, would be, &c. 
 Irif., fore, the same as futvrus 
 esse. With a suhject accusative, 
 would be. 
 
 Foris, is,f., a door, gate. 
 
 Forma, <E, /., form, figure, shape ; 
 beauty ; a diagram. 
 
 Formidolosus, a, um, adj. {for- 
 mido, fear), timorous, afraid ; 
 terrible, formidable. 
 
 Fors, tis,f., chance, fortune. ML, 
 forle, by chance, accidentally. 
 
 Forsltnrt, adv. (fors, sit, ^ an), 
 perhaps, perchance, peradven 
 ture. 
 
 Fortasse, ^ Fortassis, adv. {fors), 
 perhaps. ^ 
 
 Forte. See Fors. 
 
 FartiSy «, adj., ior, isstmus, (fero), 
 brave, gSllant, valiant, courage- 
 ous, firm, intrepid. 
 
 FortUer, adv., fortiiis, fortissime, 
 {forti.!^), bravely, courageously, 
 valiantly, resolutely, with firm 
 ness. 
 
 Fortitadn, Inis, f. (fortis), forti- 
 tude, bravery, courage. 
 
 Forlu'itus, a, um, adj. (fors), hap- 
 pening, accidental, casual, for- 
 tuitous. 
 
 Fortuna, ce, f. (fors), fortune, 
 chance, luck; good fortune; the 
 result, event ; property, posses- 
 sions, efl^^cts ; bad fortune, mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 Forum, i, n., a forum, market- 
 place ; the Forum, a place in 
 
FOSSA— FULGUR. 
 
 181 
 
 Rome, where assemblies of the 
 people were held, justice was ad- 
 ministered, and other public busi- 
 ness transacted. In foro esse, 
 to be a lawyer or advocate. 
 
 Fossa, iB,f, (fodio), a ditch. 
 
 Fovea, a, /., a deep hole made in 
 llie ground, in which to catch 
 wild beasts; a pit, pitfall. 
 
 Fovea, ere,fovi,fotU7n, a.', to nour- 
 
 • ish, cherish ; to warm ; to fo- 
 ment; to foster, make much of, 
 encourage, support, patronize. 
 
 Fragor, oris, m. (Jrango), a break- 
 ing ; a crash, noise. 
 
 Fractus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Frango, ere, fregi, fractum, a., to 
 break ; to subdue, overpower, 
 overcome, conquer, break down, 
 destroy ; to weaken, impair, 
 abate, restrain, check. 
 
 Frater, tris, m., a. brother ; pi., 
 brothers, brethren, alliesi 
 
 Fraternus, a, um, adj. . {frater), 
 of a brother, brotherly, fraternal. 
 
 Fraudo, are, avi, atum, a., § 251, 
 to defraud, cheat, deceive ; to 
 deprive fraudulently : from 
 
 Fraus, dis,f., fraud, deceit, treach- 
 ery, dishonesty, imposition, 
 cheat; loss, damage, injury. 
 
 Fregi. See Frango. 
 
 Frendeo, ere, , esum or essum, 
 
 n., to crush, bruise, grind, break. 
 Frendere, oi frendere dentibus, to. 
 gnash the teeth, be in a rage. 
 
 Frenum, i, n., ace. pi. frena S/- 
 frenos, a bit, bridle, curb, rein. 
 
 Frequens, entis, adj., often, fre- 
 quent; in great numbers, nu- 
 merous ; it is also translated by 
 an adverb, often, frequently. 
 
 Frequenter, adv. (frequens), iiis, 
 issimk; frequently, often; nu- 
 merously, in great numbers, 
 thickly, densely. 
 
 16 
 
 Frequentia, w, f. (frequens), fre- 
 quency ; a crowd, concourse, 
 multitude. 
 
 Frcquento, are, dvi, dtum, a. (fre- 
 quens), to frequent, go often 
 to. Frequentare scliolam, to at- 
 tend — . 
 
 Fretum, i, n., a strait. 
 
 Fretus, a, um, adj., § 244, trusting 
 to, relying upon. 
 
 Frigidus, a, um, adj. (frigus, 
 cold), cold, cool. 
 
 Frons, tis, f, the forehead; the 
 fore-part, front ; the brow, face. 
 
 Fructus, As, m. (fruor), use, en- 
 joyment; fruit; profit, advan- 
 tage, benefit, produce, income. 
 
 FrugalUas, atis, f. (frugdlis, fru- 
 gal), temperance, moderation, 
 frugality. 
 
 Frumentarius, a, um, adj. (fru- 
 mentum), of or belonging to 
 corn. 
 
 Frumentor, Sri, atus sum, dep., to 
 collect corn, forage : from 
 
 Frumentum, i, n., corn, or grain 
 of all kinds : from 
 
 Fruor, i, fruUus Sf fructus sum, 
 dep., § 245, I., to enjoy. 
 
 Frustra, adv. (fraus), deceitfully; 
 to no purpose, in vain. 
 
 Fudi. See Fundo. 
 
 Fuffetius, i, m., Fuffetius, a gen- 
 eral of the Albans : I. 11 — 14. 
 
 Fuga, ce, f, a flight, fleeing ; 
 flight. 
 
 Fugio, ire, fugi, fugUum, n. fy a., 
 to flee or fly; to run; to seek 
 to avoid, shun; to escape. 
 
 Fugo, are, dvi, atum, «.., to put to 
 flight, rout. 
 
 Fui, SfC. See Sum. 
 
 Fulgeo, ere, falsi, n., to flash ; tq 
 shine, be bright, glitter. 
 
 F-ulgur, ^ris, n. (fulgeo), a flasl} 
 of lightning; lightning. 
 
182 
 
 FULMEN— GARRULUS. 
 
 Fvlmerif Inis^ 71., lightning ; a flash 
 of lightning ; a thunderbolt. 
 
 Fulmcntum, i, n., a prop, stay, 
 support. 
 
 Fulvia, ce, /., Fulvia, the wife of 
 Mark Antony. IX. 25. 
 
 Fmno, are, dvi, dtum, n. (fitrnus, 
 smoke), to emit smoke, smoke, 
 fume. 
 
 Fuiiale, is, n. {funis), a cord, rope, 
 thong ; a torch, chandelier. 
 
 Functus, a, um, part, {fungor). 
 
 Funda, <e,f., a bag; a sling. 
 
 Fundumentum, i, n. (fundo, to 
 found), a foundation, ground- 
 work, basis. 
 
 Fundo, Ire, fudi, fusum, a., to 
 pour, pour out, shed ; to lay 
 prostrate, oyerthrow, discomfit, 
 rout, disperse. 
 
 Fundus, i, m., the bottom of aiiy 
 thing ■, a farm, possession, estate. 
 
 Funchrls, e, adj. (funus), of or 
 pertaininiT to a i'uneral ; nmurn- 
 ful, calamitous. 
 
 Funf.stus, u, um, adj, (funvs), 
 causing death, destruction, or 
 calafnity ; fatal, destructive. 
 
 Funtror, i, functus sum, de.jj , 
 § '245, I., to do, e.\ecute, per- 
 form, discharge, finish. 
 
 Funiculus, I, m., dim., a little rope 
 or cord, a string : from 
 
 Funis, is, m., a rope, cord, cable. 
 
 Funus, Uris, n., a corpse, dead 
 body ; funeral rites ; a funeral. 
 
 Fur.furis, m. S/-f., a thief 
 
 Furax, dcis, adj. {furor, to steal), 
 thievish, addicted to stealing. 
 
 F'urcii, IF, f {fero), a two-pronged 
 fork ; an instrument of punish- 
 ment resembling a fork, a cross; 
 a gallows. 
 
 Furciila, ffi, /., dim. {furca), a little 
 fork. Furcula Caudina, the 
 Caudine Forks, ^ narrow pass 
 
 between two mountains near 
 the town of Caudium, in Italy : 
 III. 11. 
 
 Furius, i, m., Furius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Furiau 
 gens. 
 
 Furor, oris, m. {furo, to be mad), 
 fury, madness, rage. 
 
 Fusus, a, um, part, {fundo). 
 
 Futurus, a, um, pari, {sum), about 
 to be, that shall or will be, to 
 come, future. Futurum est, 
 imp., it will come to pass. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gahii, Brum, m. pi., Gabii, a city 
 of Lalium: I. 25. 
 
 Gabinus, a, um, adj. {Gahii), of 
 Gabii, Gabian. Gablni, Brum, 
 m. pi., the Gabians: I. 25. 
 
 Gades, ium, f. pi., Gades, vow 
 Cadiz, a city of Spain : IX. 6. 
 
 Ga:tidus, a, um. adj., of or belong- 
 ing to Getulla, a large country 
 of Africa, south of Numidia. 
 GiFtfill, Brum, m. pL, the Getu- 
 lians: VII. 32. 
 
 Galea, m,f., a helmet, head-piece. 
 
 Gallia, m, f, Gaul, now France : 
 VI. 10. Gallia Cisalpina, that 
 part of Italy lying between the 
 Alps and Rubicon: V. 17. 
 
 Galllcus, a, um, adj. {Gallia), of 
 Gaul, pertaining to Gaul, Gallic. 
 
 Gallus, a, um, adj., of Gaul, Gallic. 
 
 Gallus, i, m., a Gaul, an inhabit- 
 ant of Gallia. Galli, pi., the 
 Gauls. 
 
 Gallus, i, m., Gallus, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Sulpician gens. 
 Sulpiciiis Gallus, a consul, A. U. 
 mfi: VI. 21. 
 
 GarruVltas, dtis,f., a prating, prat- 
 tling ; loquacity, garrulity -.from 
 
 Garrfdus, a, um, adj. {garrio, to 
 
GAUDIUM— GRAMEN. 
 
 183 
 
 prate), garrulous, talkative, lo- 
 quacious. 
 
 Gaudium, i, «. {gavtieOf to rejoice), 
 joy, gladness, pleasure, deliglit. 
 
 Gaza^ ffi,/.,the treasure of a prince ; 
 wealth, riciies, treasure. 
 
 Geminatus^ «., urn, part., doubled, 
 double, repeated : from 
 
 Gemlno, arc, dvi, dttnn, a., to 
 double, redouble, repeat ; from 
 
 GemXiius,a,vm, adj.,lvi\n, double, 
 two. Gemini, Srum,m. pi., twins. 
 
 Gemma, iB, f., a gem, precious 
 stone, jewel, pearl, &c. ; the 
 stone of a ring. 
 
 Gemo, Ure, ui, Hum, a. S^ n., to 
 groan, moan, sigh ; to lament. 
 
 Gener, iri, m , a son-in-law, daugh- 
 ter's husband. 
 
 Genltus, a, um, part, {gigno), born. 
 
 Gens, tis,f., a clan among the Ro- 
 mans; a nation, tribe. 
 
 Genu, n., intl. in sing., a knee. 
 
 Genui. See Gigno. 
 
 Genus, Sris, n., a race, family, line- 
 age ; a species, kind, sort. 
 
 Germania, tB, f, Germany, a large 
 country of Europe. 
 
 Germdnus,i,m. (Germania), a Ger- 
 man. Germdni, Brum, m. pi., 
 the drermans. 
 
 Gero, ere, gessi, geslum, a., to pro- 
 duce, bear; to carry, have; -to 
 manifest. Gercre se, to act as ; 
 carry or conduct one's self as ; 
 behave as; also, conduct one's 
 self, act. Gerere helium, to wage 
 or carry on war; — to conduct, 
 administer, hold, manage. Oc- 
 casio rei bene gtrendce, — of en- 
 gaging successfully : — to do, 
 efl'ect, accomplish, achieve, per- 
 form ; to manifest, show, exhibit. 
 
 Gessi. See Gero. 
 
 Gesto,dre,dm, dtum,u.freq. (gero), 
 to carry, bear ; to have ; to wear. 
 
 Gestus, As, TO. (gero), a carrying, 
 bearing ; a gesture. 
 
 Gestvs, d, uni, part, (giro,) admin- 
 istered, conducted, done. Re 
 male or bine gcstii, the war hav- 
 ing been conducted unsuccess- 
 fully or successfully, in case of 
 failure orsuccess. Resgcsta;,fx- 
 ploits, actions, warlike achieve- 
 ments, things done. 
 
 Gigno, Sre, genui, genltum, a., to 
 beget, produce, bring forth. 
 
 Gladius, i, m., a sword. 
 
 Gloria, <e,f., glory, renown, fame. 
 Gloria belli, military renown. 
 
 Glorlor, dri^dius suni,dep. (gloria), 
 to prai.se ; to glory, boast, brag, 
 vaunt, pride one's self. « 
 
 Gloriosy£, a, um, atlj. (gloria), 
 gloriousj renowned, illustrious, 
 honorable. 
 
 Gracckus, i, m., Gracchus, a Ro- 
 man cognomen in the Senipro- 
 nian gens. Titus Saniprunius 
 Gracchus, a U-otuan consul, .\. U. 
 C. 537&5;iy: V. 13. Tilirrius 
 Sempronins Gracchus, a lionian 
 consul, A. U.C. 575 &5d!): V[. 
 2, father of Tiberius and Caius 
 Gracchus. C. Grucchus a.nc\ Tibe- 
 rius Gracchus, sons of Tiberius 
 Sempronius Gracchus, and Corne- 
 lia, daughter of Scipio Jifricanus, 
 were put to death fur espousirrg 
 the cause of the people in u fac- 
 tious manner, and passing laws 
 odious to the nobility : VII. 9. 
 
 Gr(Ecia,iB,f., Greece,^ large coun- 
 try in the south-eastern part of 
 Europe: 11. 18. 
 
 GrtBcHlus, a, um, adj., Grecian. 
 Gr(Bculus, i, m., an insignificant 
 or paltry Grecian : from 
 
 Gracus, a, um, adj., Grecian. Gra^- 
 ci, orurn, m. pi., the Grecians. 
 
 Gramen, inis, n., a plant, herb. 
 
184 
 
 GRAMINEUS— H ABEO. 
 
 Gramineus, ci, um, adj. (gramen), 
 of grass, grassy. Corona grami- 
 Tiea, the same as a Corona ob- 
 sidionalis. 
 
 Grandis, e, fidj., large, very large, 
 great, grand, lofty. 
 
 Granum, J, n., a grain of corn, 
 grain, kernel, seed. 
 
 Graphium, i, n., an iron pen or 
 style, with which the Romans 
 wrote on tablets covered with 
 wax. 
 
 Grassor, ari, atus sum, dep. {gra- 
 dior, to go), to go, proceed ; to 
 aspire to. 
 
 Gratia, ce,f. (grains), pleasantness, 
 grace, favor, good-will, kindness ; 
 thanks, gratitude. Mgeregratias, 
 to give thanks, thank. Ingentcs 
 gratia, many or hearty thanks. 
 Redire in gratiam, to be or be- 
 come reconciled. Gratid, abl., 
 ■ for the sake of, for the purpose of. 
 EloquentitB gratid, in order to 
 acquire eloquence, in order to 
 become eloquent. Rejerre gra- 
 tiam, to manifest gratitude, rec- 
 ompense, make requital. Malam 
 gratiam rependere, to make a 
 poor return. 
 
 Gratulatio, onis, /., congratulation : 
 from 
 
 Gratvlor, ari, dtus sum, dep., § 223, 
 R. 2, to congratulate, wish one 
 joy : from 
 
 Grains, a, um, adj., pleasing, ac- 
 ceptable, agreeable ; grateful. 
 
 Gravdt^, or Gravdtim, adv. (gra- 
 vdtus, laden), unwillingly, hard- 
 ly, with reluctance, grudgingly. 
 Hand gravate, willingly, cheer- 
 fully. 
 
 Gravis, e, adj., ior, issimus ; heavy, 
 weighty. Fig-, important, of 
 weight or importance ; grievous, 
 rigorous, severe, sore, oppres- 
 
 sive, burdensome; violent, great, 
 powerful, vehement ; loaded, 
 laden ; of authority, eminence , 
 eminent, great. 
 
 GravUas, dlis, f. {gravis), heavi- 
 ness, weightincss. Fig., impor- 
 tance, dignity ; firmness. 
 
 GravUer, adv. (gravis), heavily ; 
 greatly, very much, grievously, 
 severely, vehemently ; attentive- 
 ly; with dignity, with strength, 
 forcibly. Graviterferre, to grieve 
 for, take to heart, be affected by. 
 Graviter (Bgrotare, to be very 
 sick. 
 
 Gravo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {gravis), 
 to burden, load, weigh down. 
 Fig., to oppress, distress, burden ; 
 pass. , to be weighed down ; to 
 grudge, refuse, be reluctant, 
 doubt, hesitate. 
 
 Gremium, i, n., the lap, bosom 
 
 Grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, 
 drove ; a company, assembly, 
 band. 
 
 Guherndtor, oris, m. {guberno, to 
 guide), a pilot, steersman. 
 
 Guttus, i, m. {gutta, a drop), an oil- 
 cruet; a narrow-necked bottle. 
 
 Gymnasium, i, n., a place of exer- 
 cise ; a gymnasium, school. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. ^ n., to 
 have, hold, entertain, enjoy, 
 possess ; to make ; to obtain, 
 get, occupy ; to keep, detain ; 
 to bear, tolerate, endure, support ; 
 to treat ; to pass, spend ; to ac- 
 count, judge, esteem, think, 
 reckon, consider ; to use, wear ; 
 to deliver, pronounce, utter, 
 speak ; to occupy, inhabit ; lo 
 give, bestow upon. /* is often 
 translated by a verb correspond 
 
HABILIS— HERCULES. 
 
 185 
 
 ing to the noun, adjective, or par- 
 ticiple, following it ; as, habere 
 curam, to attend to, take care of: 
 habere familiarevi, to be inti- 
 mate with. Auspicia habere, to 
 consult the auspices. Habere 
 castra, to hold a camp, be en- 
 camped. Habere in mente, to 
 have in mind, purpose. Habere 
 potiorem, to prefer. Se habere, 
 to be. Praclare se habere, to be 
 in fine order. Ddiberatum ha- 
 bere, to deliberate, resolve, § 274, 
 R. 4. Habere annas triginta, to 
 be thirty years old. 
 
 Habilis, e, adj. (habeo), fit or prop- 
 er to have, wear, handle, &c. ; 
 apt, fit, proper, suitable. 
 
 Habitatin, Bnis, /., an inhabiting; 
 a place of abode, dwelling: 
 from 
 
 HabUo, are, dvi, dtum, «.. freg, 
 (Jiabeo), to have, hold ; to dwell, 
 abide, live in, inhabit. 
 
 Habitus, us, m. Qiabeu), habjt, 
 plight, condition, state, manner, 
 fashion ; dress. Habtlvs cor- 
 poris, dress ; personal appear- 
 ance. 
 
 HaMtus, a, um, part, (haieo). 
 
 Habui. See Ilabeo. 
 
 Hac, adv. (Jiic), by this place ; this 
 way. 
 
 Hcedmus, It, um, adj. (hmdus, a 
 kid), of a kid. 
 
 Hcereo, ere, hwsi, haisum, n., to be 
 fixed, adhere, stick. Hcerere in 
 complexu alicvjus, to cling to 
 one's embrace. 
 
 HtBsitatio, onis,f, hesitation, doubt, 
 perplexity, embarrassment :/rom 
 
 Hceslto, are, dvi, dtum, n. freq. 
 (Juereo), to hesitate, be at a loss 
 or perplexed ; to doubt. 
 
 Hatttus, us, m. (Iialo, to breathe), 
 breath'; a vapor, exlialation. 
 
 16* 
 
 Hamilcar, dris, m., Hamilcar, a 
 Carthaginian general, father of 
 Hannibal: V.'l3. 
 
 Hamus, i, m., a fish-hook ; a hook 
 
 Hannibal, dlis, m., Hannibal, a 
 Carthaginian general : IV. 3. 
 
 Hanno, onis, m., Hanno, the name 
 of several distinguished Cartha- 
 ginians : IV. 1. 
 
 HasdrHbal, dlis, m., Hasdrubal, a 
 Carthaginian general, the broth- 
 er of Hannibal: V. 17. The 
 son of Gisgo, a Carthaginian 
 general, vanquished by Scipio in 
 Spain, A. U. C. 546 : V. 23. A 
 Cartiiaginian general in the 
 third Punic war: VII. 2. 
 
 Haruspex, Ids, m., one who fore- 
 told future events by inspecting 
 the entrails of victims ; a sooth- 
 sayer, diviner. 
 
 Hasta, (B, f, a spear, lance, pike, 
 javelin ; a spear set up to give 
 notice of an auction. Hastes 
 subjiccre, to sell at auction. 
 
 Haud, adv., not, 
 
 Haudgudqua.m, adv. (Jiaud ^ qua- 
 quam, any way), by no means, 
 not at all. 
 
 Haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, a., to 
 draw, draw forth or out ; to 
 drink, swallow; to derive, ac- 
 quire, receive. 
 
 Haustus, a, um, part, (haurio), 
 swallowed, devoured ; swallowed 
 up, destroyed. 
 
 Hcblto, are, dvi, dtum, u,, (hebes, 
 dull), to make blunt or dull. 
 
 Hellespontus, i, m., the Hellespont, 
 a strait separating Europe from 
 Asia: VIII. 10. 
 
 Hera, te, /., (herus, a. master), a 
 mistress of a family. 
 
 Herba,tB,f., an herb; grass, herb- 
 age. 
 
 Hercules, is, m., Hercules, a The- 
 
186 
 
 HEREDITAS— HOSPES. 
 
 ban hero, son of Jupiter and 
 Alcmene : III. 15. 
 
 Heredltas,dtis,f. Qieres), an inher- 
 itance, heritage. 
 
 Herennius, i, m., Herennius, father 
 of Pontius Thelesinus, who in- 
 snared the Romans at the Cau- 
 dine Forks : III. 12. 
 
 Heres, edis, m, ^ /., an heir or 
 heiress. 
 
 Heri, adv., yesterday. 
 
 Hiberrm, drum, «. pi. (hiems), 
 winter quarters. 
 
 Hibernacula, orum, n. pi. (hibcr- 
 no, to winter), a winter apart- 
 ment; winter quarters. 
 
 Ric, fuBc, hoc, pro. dem., this, this 
 man, &o.; he, she; hie — ille, 
 the latter — the former, § 207, 
 R. 23. Hoc est, that is. 
 
 Hie, adv. (hie), here, in this place. 
 
 Hiems, imis,f., winter. 
 
 Hiiro, onis, m., Hiero, a king of 
 Syracuse, a disciple of Pindar 
 and Simonides: IV. 1. 
 
 Hilar^, adv., iks, cheerfully, mer- 
 rily, joyfully : from 
 
 Hilaris, e, adj., cheerful, merry, 
 
 • g^Ji blithe. 
 
 Hilaritas, atis, f. (hilaris), cheer- 
 fulness, mirfh, gayety, joyful- 
 ness, alacrity, merriment, hi- 
 larity. 
 
 Hilarlter, adv. (hilaris), cheerfully, 
 merrily. 
 
 Hinc,adv. (hie), §191, 1. E. \,(d.)& 
 (e.) hence, from this place ; on 
 this side. Hinc — inde, on this 
 side — J)n that or the other 
 side. 
 
 Hircus, i, m., a he-goat, buck. 
 
 Hirundo, 1nis,f., a. swallow. 
 
 Hispania, <B,f., Spain : V. 27. 
 
 Hispdnus, a, um, adj. (Hispania), 
 Spanish. Hispdnus, i, m., a 
 Spaniard. 
 
 Historia, a, /., a history, narration 
 of past things. 
 
 Hodie, adv., (hie ^ dies), to-day. 
 
 Homo, Inis, m. ^ f., a man or wo- 
 man. 
 
 Honestas, dtis, /., respectability, 
 honor, character, probity, hones- 
 ty : from 
 
 Honestus, a, um, adj., honorable, 
 dignified, respectable. 
 
 Honor, oris, m., honor, respect; a 
 public office, magistracy, dignity; 
 a reward : also, the name of a de- 
 ity. Honor. Honoris causd, out 
 of respect, as a mark of respect. 
 
 Honordtus, a, um, part. 4" adj. 
 (honoro), honored, respected, 
 honorable ; honored, distin- 
 guished ; ornamented, adorned. 
 
 Honorific^, adv., honorably, re- 
 spectfully : from, 
 
 Honoriftcus, a, utji, adj. (honor ^ 
 faeio), causing or bringing hon- 
 or, honorable, laudatory. 
 
 Honoro, are, dvi, dtum, a., to hon- 
 or, reverence, 
 
 Hora, m,f., an hour. 
 
 Hordtius, i, m., Horatius, or Hor- 
 ace : pi., the Horatii, three Ro- 
 man brothers: 1. 11 — 14. 
 
 Horrendus, u, um, part., dreadful, 
 terrible, terrific, horrible, fright- 
 ful : from 
 
 Horreo, gre, ui, n. 4" <"., to be 
 rough ; to look terrible. 
 
 Horreum, i, n., a, barn, granary, 
 storehouse. 
 
 Horror, oris, m. (horreo), a shiver 
 ing, trembling ; fear, dread, 
 terror, horror. 
 
 Hortor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to ex- 
 hort, encourage, excite, cheer, 
 urge. 
 
 Hortus, i, m., a garden or orchard 
 
 Hospes, itis, m. ^ /., one who is 
 entertained or lodged in one's 
 
HOSPITA-JDUS. 
 
 187 
 
 house J a guest, stranger, for- 
 eigner ; a host. 
 
 Hosplta, IB, f. (hospes), a hostess; 
 a female stranger or guest. 
 
 Hospitium, i, n. (hospes), a receiv- 
 ing or entertaining of strangers; 
 hospitality ; a place where stran- 
 gers are entertained, lodgings. 
 In hospitium invitare, to invite 
 to stay with one. 
 
 HostUis, e, adj. (kostis), of or be- 
 longing to an enemy, hostile. 
 
 Hostillter, adv. Qtostilis), in a hos- 
 tile manner, like an enemy. 
 
 Hostilius, a, um, adj., belonging 
 to Hostilius. Hostilia, sc. curia, 
 the senate-house built by Tul- 
 lus Hostilius, the Hostilia. 
 
 Hostilius, i, m., Hostilius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Hostilian 
 gens. Hostus Hostil^^, a brave 
 Roman in the time oiRomuIus : 
 1 . 7. Tullus Hostilius, the third 
 king of Rome : I. 11 — 16. 
 
 Hostis, is, m. ^ /., a stranger ; 
 an enemy ; a public enemy. 
 Hastes, pi., enemies, the en- 
 emy. 
 
 Hue, adv. (hie), hither, to this 
 place. Hue illuc, hitlier and 
 thither, this way and that. 
 
 Hvjus. See Hie. 
 
 HujusmSdi, (hie fy modus), § 1 34, 
 R. 5, of this kind or sort, of the 
 following kind. 
 
 HumanUas, atis,f., human nature, 
 humanity ; benevolence, gentle- 
 ness, kindness ; learning, edu- 
 cation, liberal knowledge ; good- 
 breeding, politeness : from 
 
 Humanus, a, um, adj. (homo), hu- 
 man ; humane, kind. 
 
 Humirus, i, m., the shoulder. Hu- 
 meris suhire, to take upon one's 
 shoulders. 
 
 Humllis, e, adj., low, near the 
 
 earth ; humble, mean, obscure ; 
 humble, submissive. 
 
 Humor, oris, m. (humeo, to be 
 moist), moisture. 
 
 Hydra, m,f., a water serpent, hy- 
 dra. Also, the Lernean hydra, 
 a many-headed serpent, fabled to 
 have lived in the Lernean Lake, 
 near Argos. Hercules attempt- 
 ed to kill it, but found that, as 
 often as one head was cut off, its 
 place was supplied by two others ; 
 this he at length prevented by 
 searing the wound, and by this 
 means succeeded in destroying 
 the serpent. 
 
 I. 
 
 I, imperative of eo. 
 
 larbas, ce, m., larbas, a king of Nu- 
 midia, and attached to the party 
 of Marias: Vm. 20. 
 
 Ibam, imp. of eo. 
 
 Ibi, adv. (is), there, m that place ; 
 on that. 
 
 leo, ire, ici, ictum, u., to strike, 
 smite, stab, hit. Icerefcedus, to 
 make a league or compact. 
 
 lettis, 'As, m. (ico), a stroke, blow, 
 thrust. 
 
 Jetus, li, um, part. (ico). 
 
 IdtBus, a, um, adj. (Ida), of or per- 
 taining to Ida. Idcsa mater, Cy- 
 bele, a Phrygian goddess : VI. 4. 
 
 Idem, eadem, idem, adj. pro. (is fy 
 dem), the same, the same person 
 or thing. 
 
 Idea, adv. (id &/■ eo), therefore, for 
 that cause, on that account ; for 
 this reason. 
 
 Idoneus, a, um, adj., fit, meet, 
 proper, suitable, convenient, ad- 
 vantageous ; sufficient. 
 
 Idus, uum, f. pi., the ides of s 
 month, § 326, 2, (1.) 
 
188 
 
 lENS— IMO. 
 
 lens, euTitis, part. (eo). 
 
 IgUur, coT^., therefore, then, ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 Igndrus, a, um, adj. (in 4' gnarus, 
 skilful), ignorant, unacquainted 
 with. 
 
 Ignavia, <e, f. (ignavus, idle), in- 
 activity, Eluggishness, idleness; 
 cowardice. 
 
 Ignis, is, m., fire. 
 
 Ignobllis, e, adj. (in ^ nobilis), un- 
 known, undistinguished, ob- 
 scure, humble. 
 
 Ignominia, <E, f. (in ^ nomen), ig- 
 nominy, disgrace, dishonor. 
 
 Jgnorantia, m, f. (ignorans, igno- 
 rant), ignorance. 
 
 IgnOro, are, avi, atum, a. &/• n. 
 (ignarus), to be ignorant of, not 
 to know. 
 
 Ignosco, ere, nSvi, notum, u,. &/■ n., 
 § .223, R. 2, (in S^ gnosco, to 
 know), to pardon, forgive, ex- 
 cuse, overlook. Jgnosoitur ali- 
 cui, one is excused or pardoned. 
 
 fgnOtus, a, um, part, fy adj. (ignos- 
 co), unknown. 
 
 Hiatus, a, urn, part, (infero). 
 
 [lie, a, ud, adj. pro., gen. illius, 
 § 134, that, that man ; he, she, 
 it. ' Ille—^hic, that — this, the 
 former — the latter. 
 
 ILlic, adv., there, in that place. 
 
 Illico, adv. (in fy locus), there, in 
 that place ; straightway, instant- 
 ly, immediately. 
 
 Jlluc, adv. (illic), to that place, 
 thither. 
 
 lllucesco, ire, illuxi, n. inc., to be- 
 gin to shine; to dawn; imp., it 
 dawns, it begins to be light. 
 
 Rludo, Sre, si, sum, n. 8f a. (in &f 
 ludo), to play with; to make 
 sport of, ridicule, mock, jeer at. 
 
 Jllustris, e, adj., ior, issXmus (in 
 Sj- lustro), light, clear, bright; 
 
 manifest, evident ; illustrious, 
 famous, notable, remarkable. 
 
 Imago, inis,f., an image, likeness, 
 form, statue. 
 
 Imbecillvs, a, um, adj., weak, fee- 
 ble, imbecile. 
 
 Imbdlis, e, adj. (in ^ helium), un- 
 warlike, peaceful; weak, cow- 
 ardly, dastardly. 
 
 Imber, bris, m., rain ; a shower. 
 
 Iihhuo, ire, ui, utum, a., to wet, 
 dip, saturate ; to imbue, infect ; 
 to fill. 
 
 Imltor, ari, aius sum, dep., to imi- 
 tate, copy after. 
 
 Immaturus, u, um, adj. (in ^ ma- 
 turns), unripe ; untimely, un- 
 seasonable, premature. 
 
 Immlmor, Oris, adj. (in ^ memor, 
 mindful), forgetful, unmindful, 
 regardlesSjj ' 
 
 Immensus, a, um, adj. (in ^ men- 
 sus), unmeasured, boundless, 
 vast, immense. 
 
 Immtnco, Cre, ui, n. (in ^ minen, to , 
 hang over), to impend, overhang, 
 be imminent, be at hand ; to 
 threaten. 
 
 Imminuo, ire, ui, utum, a. (in fy 
 minuo), to lessen, diminish. 
 
 Immilto, ire, isi, issum, a. (in ^ 
 mitto), to send in, introduce ; to 
 throw, hurl, shoot. Immittere 
 se, to throw one's self, rush, 
 plunge. 
 
 ImmobUis, e, adj. (in fy mobllis), 
 immovable, steadfast, fixed. 
 
 Immolo, are, avi, atum, u. (in fy 
 mola, grains of corn, mixed with 
 salt, which were strewed on the 
 victim), to sprinkle with mola; 
 to sacrifice, immolate. 
 
 Immotus, a, um, adj., (in 4' motus), 
 unmoved ; unshaken, firm. 
 
 Imo, adv., yes, yea, yes indeed • 
 nay rather, on the contrary, nav 
 
IMPAR— IMPONO. 
 
 189 
 
 Impar, arts, adj. (in ^ por), un- 
 equal, inferior; unable to face, 
 insufficient, dissimilar, different. 
 
 Impatiens, tls, adj. (in ^ patiens), 
 impatient. 
 
 Irnpedimentum.^ i, n., a shackle, im- 
 pediment, hinderance ; the bag- 
 gage of an army : frorn 
 
 Impldio, tre, ivi ^ ii, itum, a. (in 
 ^ pes), to entangle, shackle ; to 
 hinder, prevent, embarrass. 
 
 Tmpeditus, a, urn, part, fy adj. (im- 
 pedio^, hindered, retarded, ob- 
 structed, impeded. 
 
 ImpSgi. See Impinge. 
 
 Impello, iTe, pUli, pul^m, a. (in fy 
 pello), to push, drive, force for- 
 ward, impel. 
 
 Impendeo, ere, n. (in ^pendeo), to 
 hang over ; to impend, threaten, 
 be near. 
 
 Impensa, <e, /. (impensus, expend- 
 ed), expense, charge, cost. 
 
 Imperator, oris, m. (impern), a 
 confmander, chief; the com- 
 mander-in-chief of an army, a 
 name given by an army or the 
 senate to a victorious general, 
 and retained by him until he had 
 triumphed. 
 
 Imperatorius, a, um, adj. (impera- 
 tor), of or belonging to a com- 
 mander; imperatorial. 
 
 Imperfectus, a, um, adj. (in ^ per- 
 fectus), imperfect, unfinished, in- 
 complete. 
 
 Imperium, i, n., an order, com- 
 mand; authority, power; gov- 
 ernment, rule, empire, dominion, 
 supreme power ; the supremacy. 
 Esse in imperio, to hold a mili- 
 tary office or command ; from 
 
 Impero, are, avi, dtum, n. fy a., to 
 enjoin, command, order ; to rule 
 over, govern. Aliquid alicui im- 
 perare, to enjoin any thing upon 
 
 any one, require one to do any 
 thing. Im.p., imperatur, an or- 
 der is given. Imperare pecuni- 
 am, ohsides, etc., to order to be 
 furnished or supplied, to de- 
 mand — . 
 
 Impetro, are, am, dtum, a. 4^ n. (in 
 fy patro), to bring about, accom- 
 plish; to obtain, get, procure, 
 effect. 
 
 Impetus, As, m. (implto, to assail), 
 an attack, assault, onset; im- 
 petuosity, vehemence, violence, 
 force, spirit, zeal, impulse, de- 
 sire, enthusiasm, ardor. 
 
 Irnpi^, adv. (impius), undutifully, 
 impiously, wickedly. 
 
 Implger, gra, grum, adj. (in S,/- 
 piger, slow), diligent, active, 
 prompt, zealous. 
 
 Impinge, ire, pegi, pactum, a. (in 
 S/- pango), to hit, dash, strike, or 
 throw against ; to tnflict. 
 
 Impius, a, um, adj. (in 4' pius, 
 pious), undutiful, impious, un- 
 principled, abandoned, reprobate, 
 wicked, barbarous, cruel. 
 
 Impleo, ere, Ivi, etum, a. (in ^ 
 pleo, ohs.), to fill. Spe implere, 
 to inspire with — . 
 
 Implicitus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 hnplico, are, dvi, dtum, ^ ui, itum, 
 a. (in ^ plica, to weave), to in- 
 fold, envelop, involve, entan- 
 gle ; to embarrass, perplex. Im- 
 plicari morJo, to be attacked 
 with a disease. 
 
 Imploro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (in Sf 
 ploro, to wail), to implore, in- 
 voke, entreat. 
 
 Impono, ere, osui, osXtum, a. (in Sf 
 pono), to place, put, or lay in o^ 
 into, put in a place ; to place 
 upon, impose. Importer e in na- 
 ves or navibus, to embark, put 
 on board. Vltimam imponere 
 
190 
 
 IMPOSITUS— INCITO. 
 
 manuTTij to put a linishing hand 
 to. Impositus est finis belloj tlie 
 
 war is terminated. 
 
 ImposltuSj a, utn^ part, (impono). 
 
 Imp6tens, tis^ adj. {in S^-' patens, 
 powerful), powerless, weak, fee- 
 ble; ungovernable, violent, ex- 
 cessive; unable to control, fm- 
 potens ircBj unable to restrain 
 one's passion^ of ungovernable 
 temper. 
 
 Impressus, a., um, part, (iviprimd). 
 
 Imprimis, adv. (in &/• primus), 
 especially, above all, eminently, 
 particularly, very. ' 
 
 ImprimOj Sre, pressi, pressum, «. 
 {/'a ^ premo), to press into ; to 
 impress, imprint, stamp. 
 
 Improhus, a, um, adj. (in S^prohus), 
 bad, worthless, wicked, dishon- 
 est, knavish, villanous. 
 
 Improvlsus, a, wm, adj. (in ^ pro- 
 Tisus, forea«en), unforeseen, uri- 
 looked for, unexpected, sudden. 
 
 Impuhes, iris, if Impubis, e, adj. (in 
 ^ puhes), not having attained 
 the years of manhood, beardless, 
 youthful. Impubes cetas^ youth, 
 tender age. 
 
 ImpudenSy tis, adj. (in ^ jmdens, 
 modest), shameless, impudent, 
 barefaced. 
 
 Jmpiiti. See Impello. 
 
 Jmpunltus, a, um, adj. (in &f puni- 
 iM5, punished), unpunished, safe, 
 secure. 
 
 In, prep, with the ace. ^ abl. ; loitk 
 the ace., into, to, unto ; denoting 
 a purpose, for, for the purpose 
 of, as; towards, against; over: 
 with the abl., among, in, upon, 
 on, at, near ; in, in time of. In 
 hnnorem alieujus, out of respect 
 to, as a mark of respect to — : — 
 concerning, respecting, in the 
 case of, for 
 
 IiuEstimahllis, e, adj. (in if cBstima- 
 bllis), that cannot be valued or 
 estimated, inestimable, invalua- 
 ble, inappreciable. 
 
 Inambulo, are, avi, dtum, n. (in <^ 
 ambulo), to walk up and down. 
 
 Indnis, e, adj., empty, void; vain, 
 boastful, proud. 
 
 InaudituSy a, um, adj. (in ^ audi- 
 tus,) unheard of, strange, un- 
 usual. 
 
 Incalesco, ire, lui, il. inc. (in ^ ca- 
 lesco), to grow warm, be he ii ted. 
 
 Incautus, a, um, adj. (in ^ cautus), 
 unwary, incautious, heedless, 
 off one's guard. 
 
 Incedo, ire, cessi, cessum, it. (in if 
 cede), to go, walk; to approach, 
 advance, march; to arise, pre- 
 vail ; to come upon, seize. 
 
 Incendium, i, n., a fire, conflagra- 
 tion : from 
 
 Incendo, ire, di, sum, a. (in ^ can- 
 deoj to glow), to kindle, set fire 
 to; to burn. Fig., to inflame; 
 to vex, incense, irritate, provoke. 
 
 Inceptum, i, n., (incipio), a begin- 
 ning, attempt, enterprise, under- 
 taking, design. 
 
 Inceptus, a, um, part, (incipio). 
 
 IncertuSj a, um, adj. (in ^ certus), 
 uncertain, doubtful, not sure. 
 
 Incessi. See Incedo. 
 
 Incesso, ire, cessivi ^ cessi, a. (in- 
 cede), to attack, assail, assault. 
 
 Incldo, ire, Idi, incdsum, n. (in ^ 
 cado), to fall into or upon ; to 
 chance, happen. Incidit, imp., 
 it happened, cha.nced. Incidere 
 in morbum, to fall into sickness, 
 fall sick. 
 
 Incipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. ^ 71. (in 
 ^ cnpio), to take in hand ; to 
 undertake, attempt; to begin, 
 commence. 
 
 IncUo, are, avi, alum, a. freq. (in. 
 
INCLAMO— INno. 
 
 191 
 
 eieo, to excite), to set in rapid 
 motion ; to excite, stimulate ; 
 to incite, encourage, spur on. 
 
 Incldmo, are, dvi, alum, a. Sf n. 
 (in l^ clamo), to call upon with 
 a loud voice, cry out to. 
 
 Indlno, are, avi, dtum, a. (in fy 
 clino, to bend), to incline, bend, 
 turn; to give way, fall back : so 
 inclinare infygavi, to give way, 
 begin to give ground. 
 
 Inclndo, ere, si, sum, a. (In ^ clau' 
 do), to shut up, confine, keep in, 
 enclose, surround. 
 
 Inclytus, a, um, adj., illustrious, 
 famous, celebrated, renowned, 
 remarkable, -distinguished. 
 
 Incdla, <E, m. Iff., an inhabitant, a 
 native : from 
 
 Incdlo, &re, ui, cultum, a. «^ n. (in 
 ^ Colo), to inhabit, abide, or 
 dwell in a place. 
 
 Incol-iimis, e, adj. (in Sf colv/mis, 
 safe), unimpaired, uninjured: 
 safe, whole, entire. 
 
 Incomm.5dus, u, um. adj. (in ^ com- 
 modu.s), inconvenient, trouble- 
 some, unsuitable ; unseasonable. 
 
 Inconsiantla, tB, f. (inconstans, in- 
 constant), inconstancy, fickle- 
 ness. 
 
 Inconsulti, adv. (inconsuUus, not 
 consulted), inconsiderately, im- 
 prudently, rashly, injudiciously, 
 foolishly, indiscreetly. 
 
 Incredihllis, c, a,dj. (in Sf crediHlis, 
 credible), incredible, wonderful. 
 
 [ncredibillter, adv. (incredibiiis), 
 incredibly, astonishingly. 
 
 J/icrcpo, are, ui, Uum, or dvi, dtum, 
 u,. (in Sf crepo, to sound), to 
 sound, resound; to blame, chide, 
 reprove, rebuke, upbraid. 
 
 Incresco, ere, crevi, a. (in ^ crcsco), 
 to grow to or upon ; to increase, 
 grow. 
 
 Incultus, u, um, adj. (in &/• cultvs), 
 uncultivated, unpolished, rude, 
 neglected. 
 
 Incursio, Bnis, f. (incurro, to run 
 to), a running against or upon; 
 an attack, assault, incursion, in- 
 road. 
 
 InciUio, ^re, ussi, ussum, a. (in <^ 
 quatio), to strike or dash upon ; 
 to throw or cast. 
 
 Inde, adv., thence, from thence; 
 from that; from that time, then, 
 next, afterwards, upon this ; on 
 that side. 
 
 Index, Ids, m. &/• f, a discoverer, 
 informer; a sign, mark, index: 
 from 
 
 Indico, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to show, 
 discover, disclose, inform, reveal, 
 tell. 
 
 Indico, ere, xi, ctum,, a. (in ^ dico), 
 to show, discover, disclose, make 
 known ; to announce, declare, 
 indicate, proclaim, publish ; to 
 appoint, impose. 
 
 hidictus, a, um, adj. (in 4' dictus), 
 not said. Indictd causd, without 
 being tried or heard. .3tso a 
 participle from indico. 
 
 Indlgeo, ere, ui, n., to want, need, 
 stand in need of, require. 
 
 Indignatio, onis,f. (indignor), in- 
 dignation, rage, disdain. 
 
 Indignh, adv. (indignus, unwor- 
 thy), unworthily, unjustly, unde- 
 servedly ; indignantly. Indigne 
 ferre, to take ill, be indignant. 
 
 Indignltas, dtis, f (indignus), un- 
 worthiness, meanness, disgrace. 
 
 Indignor, dri, atus sum, dep. (in' 
 dignus), to scorn, be displeased 
 with, be offended, indignant. 
 
 IndUus, a, uw, part. . from 
 
 Indo, ire, dldi, dltum, a. (in ^ do), 
 to put into ; to put, place upon ; 
 to give, bestow upon. 
 
192 
 
 INDOCI LIS— INFORMO. 
 
 IndoclHs, e, adj. {in 4' diicilis), 
 indocile, unskilful ; not easy 
 to be taught, that cannot be 
 taught. 
 
 fndoles, is^ f., the natural quality 
 of a thing; nature; natural dis- 
 position ; genius, parts, talents. 
 
 Induco, Sre, xi^ ctum, a. (in ^ 
 dvco), to lead or bring in or into, 
 introduce ; to resolve ; to deter- 
 mine ; to induce, move, per- 
 suade. 
 
 Indulgeo, ere, si, turn, n. &/■ a. (in 
 ^ dulcis), to be complaisant; to 
 indulge, gratify, humor. 
 
 fnduo, Sre, i, turn, u., to clothe, 
 put on. 
 
 Industria, m, f. (industrius, indus- 
 trious), industry, diligence, ac- 
 tivity. De industrid, on purpose, 
 purposely, designedly. 
 
 Jndutim, drum, f. (induo), a truce, 
 or cessation from hostilities. 
 
 Indutus, a, um, part, (induo) . 
 
 Jnduxi. See Induco. 
 
 Ineo, we, Ivi or ii, Itum, irr. n. S^ a. 
 (in fy 60), to go into, enter; to 
 enter upon, begin. Inire con- 
 silium, to form a plan, conceive 
 a design. Inire certamen, or 
 prmlium, to engage in, com- 
 mence — . Inire sodetatem, to 
 form an alliance. 
 
 Inesse. See Insum. 
 
 Infaceth, adv. (infacetus, destitute 
 of art), without humor or pleas- 
 antry, unwittily. 
 
 htfaridus, a, um, adj. (in ^fa.ndus, 
 to be spoken), unspeakable; un- 
 fortunate, calamitous; shocking, 
 ba.se, abominable, heinous. 
 
 Infans, antis, m. Sf f. (in fy fans, 
 speaking), a little child, infanf, 
 babe. 
 
 Infeci. See Inficio. 
 
 Infeclus, II, um, adj. (in S/' factus), 
 
 not done, undone, unaccom- 
 plished. 
 
 Infelix, lets, adj. (in ^ feliz), un- 
 fruitful ; unhappy, miserable, 
 wretched, unfortunate, unsuc- 
 cessful. 
 
 Infensus, a, um, adj., ior, isstmus; 
 exasperated, angry, displeased, 
 enraged, hostile, inimical. 
 
 IjifdrOjferre, intuli, ilLdtum, irr. a. 
 (in ^ f^ro), to bring or carry in 
 or into, introduce; bring upon, 
 oifer. Se inferre, to go, repair, 
 advance. Inferre terrorem, to in- 
 spire, produce, occasion, cause — . 
 Inferre helium, to wage war 
 against, to carry on war. 
 
 Infesto, are, am, atum, a., to trou- 
 ble, molest, annoy, infest ; to 
 damage, injure, hurt : from 
 
 Infestus, d., um, adj., hostile, inso- 
 lent, vexatious, troublesome, un- 
 safe, dangerous. 
 
 Inficio, tre, feci, fectum, a, (in i^ 
 facio), to stain, dye, color, tinge ; 
 to infect, taint, corrupt. 
 
 Inf%mus,a,um,adj.(sup.ofinferus), 
 the lowest ; the poorest ; of the 
 lowest rank. Injimus agger, the 
 lowest part of the bank or 
 mound. § 205, R. 17. 
 
 Infirmu^, a, um, adj., weak, feeble, 
 infirm. 
 
 Infiammo, are, dvi, dtiim, a. (in ^ 
 flammo, to burn), to set on fire, 
 kindle ; to burn ; to rouse, ex- 
 cite, incite, inflame. 
 
 Injidtus, a,u7n, part. ^ adj. (injio), 
 swollen, inflated, blown up. 
 
 Injligo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in ^ 
 jiigo, to strike against), to inflict, 
 deal, strike. 
 
 Injio, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in ^jlo), 
 to blow or breathe into, blow 
 upon, swell, inflate. 
 
 Ivformo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (in ^ 
 
INFRA— INiSOTESCO. 
 
 193 
 
 Jormo, to t'onn), to form, shape, 
 fashion, design; to instruct, in- 
 form, guide, lead, train. 
 
 Infra, adv. S/- prep, with the ace. 
 {infer), below, under, beneath, 
 underneath. 
 
 JnfulajCBjf., a fillet, turban, mitre, 
 garland ; a woollen bandage tied 
 around the head by ribbons, 
 worn by priests, &c. 
 
 Infundo, Ere, f-udi, fusunn, a. (in ^ 
 fundo), to pour in or into, infuse ; 
 to spread, diffuse 
 
 Ingimo, ire, ui, n. {in &/• gemo), to 
 groan, lament, mourn, grieve, 
 bewail. 
 
 Jngenium, i, n. {in ^ geno, to be- 
 get), nature, genms, quality; 
 natural disposition, temper, char- 
 acter ; genius, understanding, 
 talents, intellect ; mind. 
 
 Ingcns, lis, adj., great, large, huge, 
 vast ; powerful, mighty. 
 
 Ingenuus, a, um, adj. {ingino, to 
 implant by nature), native, natu- 
 ral ; liberal, ingenuous, frank, 
 candid, sincere ; freeborn, noble, 
 liberal, respectable. 
 
 fngero, ire, gessi, gestum, a. (in ^ 
 gero) , to carry or put into ; throw 
 into or upon ; to give, reach 
 forth ; to throw, cast, inflict. 
 
 Ingratus, a, um, adj. {in 4^ grains), 
 unpleasant, disagreeable, offen- 
 sive ; ungrateful, unthankful. 
 
 Ingravesco, ire, n. (in ^gravesco, to 
 become heavy), to grow more 
 and more heavy ; to increase. 
 
 Ingridior, i, gresmis sum, dep. (in^ 
 grndior, to go), to enter, go into ; 
 to commence, begin. Ingrediitin- 
 era, to begin to travel or march. 
 
 Ingressus, a, um, part, (ingredior). 
 
 Inhmieste, adv. (inhmtestus, dishon- 
 orable), dishonorably, disgrace- 
 fully, basely. 
 
 J7 
 
 Inii. See Ineo. 
 
 Inimicitifi, ce, f., enmity, hostility : 
 it is commonly found in the plu- 
 ral, with the same signification 
 as in the singular : from 
 
 Inimicus, a, mn, adj. (in S^ amicus), 
 at enmity with, hostile, unfriend- 
 ly, unkind ; subs., an enemy, u, 
 private, in distinction from hostis, 
 a public enemy. 
 
 Inlqui, adv., unjustly, unfairly : 
 from' 
 
 Inlquus, a, um, adj. (in &/■ cequus), 
 unequal, uneven; unkind, cruel, 
 hard; difficult, disadvantageous, 
 unfavorable, dangerous ; unjust, 
 unfair. 
 
 Initio, are, dvi. Mum, a., to initiate, 
 consecrate, admit to a knowledge 
 of the sacred rites : from 
 
 Initium, i, n. (ineo), a commence- 
 ment, beginning. Initio, abl.. 
 in the beginning, at first. 
 
 Inltus, a, um, part. (ineo). 
 
 Injlcio, ere,j^ci, jectum, a. (in Sfja- 
 cio), to throw or cast into or up- 
 on; to put on or upon; to cast, 
 throw, 07- put in or into. Injicere 
 manum, to lay hands on, take 
 hold of. 
 
 Injuria, (E, f. (injurius, injurious), 
 injury, wrong, injustice, insult; 
 damage, harm, hurt, detriment. 
 
 Injussu, all., § 94 (in fyjussus, As), 
 without leave, without being 
 ordered. 
 
 Injustus, a, um, adj. (in ^Justus), 
 unjust, wrongful, iniquitous. 
 
 Innitor, i, niius &/■ nisus sum, dep. 
 
 ' (in Sf nitor), to lean or rest upon, 
 recline upon. 
 
 Innixus, a, um, part, (innitor). 
 
 Innocentia, a, f. (inndcens, inno- 
 cent), innocence, integrity, prob- 
 ity. 
 
 Innotesco, ere, tui, n. inc. (in fy 
 
194 
 
 INNOXIUS— INStLlO. 
 
 notesco, to become known), to 
 become noted or known. 
 
 Innoxiiis, a, um, adj. (in fy noxius^ 
 hurtful), that has done no harm ; 
 innocent, inoffensive, blame- 
 less. 
 
 Innvmerahllis, e, adj. (in &/■ nume- 
 rahxlis, that may be numbered), 
 that cannot be numbered, num- 
 berless, infinite, countless. 
 
 Innumlrus, a, um, adj. (in ^ nu- 
 mervs), without number, count- 
 less, innumerable. 
 
 Innuo, Sre, ui, utum, n. (in ^ nuo, 
 to nod), to nod or beckon with 
 the head, make signs to one ; to 
 intimate. 
 
 Inopia, <p, /. (inaps), want, indi- 
 gence, need, scarcity, lack. 
 
 Tnoplnans, tis, adj. (in i^ opinans, 
 thinking), unthinking, iinex- 
 pecting, unawares. 
 
 [jiopindtus, a, um, adj. (in ^ opi- 
 natus, thought of), unexpected, 
 unlooked for. 
 
 Inoplnus, a, um, adj. (in fy oplnus, 
 obs.), not thought of, unexpect- 
 ed, sudden. 
 
 Inops, opis, adj. (in <^ ops), poor, 
 needy, indigent ; destitute of. 
 Inops coTisilii, at a loss, at a 
 stand. 
 
 Inquam, or Inquio, def., § 1 83, 5, & 
 § 279, 6, I say. 
 
 Inquietus, a, um, adj. (in fy quietus), 
 unquiet, restless, troublesome. 
 
 Jnquindtus,a, um, part. ^ adj., pol- 
 luted, defiled, contaminated, sul- 
 lied : from 
 
 Inqulno, are, dm, dtum, c*. to pol- 
 lute, defile. 
 
 fnqvit. See Inquam. 
 
 Inscendo, ^re, di, sum, n. <^ a, (in 
 8f scando, to climb), to go up, 
 ascend, mount. 
 
 InscUia, ee,f. (inscUus, unskilful), 
 
 ignorance, unskilfulness, inex- 
 perience. 
 
 Inscius, a, um, adj. (in ^ scio), 
 ignorant, unskilful, rude, not 
 knowing. Inscio aliquo, with- 
 out one's knowledge. 
 
 Inscrlho, ere, psi, plum, a. (in 4' 
 scribo), to write in or upon, in- 
 scribe, engrave. 
 
 Inscriptus, a, um, part. ^ adj. 
 (inscribo). 
 
 Insector, ari, dtus sum, dep. (in ^ 
 
 sector, to follow), to pursue 
 
 ' closely, chase, press upon j to 
 
 reproach, rail at, inveigh against, 
 
 attack, censure. 
 
 InsSquor, i, cutus surp., dep, (in S^ se- 
 quor), to follow close after, pur- 
 sue ; to follow. 
 
 Insiro, &re, Svi, sXtum, a. (in Sf 
 sero, to sow), to ingraft, inocu- 
 late, implant, impress deeply. 
 
 Insldco, 6rc, sSdi, sessum, n. ^ a. 
 (in fy sedeo), to sit or rest upon. 
 
 Insidice, drum, f. pi. (insideo), an 
 ambush ; a place where men are 
 lying in ambush, ambuscade; 
 snares, treachery. Insidias ali- 
 cui parare, to lay snares for, 
 form plots against — . 
 
 Insidior, dri, dtus sum, dep. (in- 
 siditB), to lie in wait, plot against. 
 
 Insido, ire, sedi, sessum, a. ^ n. 
 (in &/■ sido, to descend), to sit or 
 settle on, rest upon, perch on, 
 
 Insigne, is, n., a badge, mark of 
 distinction ; pL insignia, tiie 
 badges of an office, insignia' 
 
 . from 
 
 Insignis, c, adj. (in fy signum), 
 distinguished by some mark ; 
 remarkable, prominent, extraor- 
 dinary, distinguished. 
 
 Insilio, Ire, silui, sultum, a. ^ n. 
 (in ^ salio, to leap), to leap into 
 or upon ; to assail, attack. 
 
INSINUO— JNTENDO. 
 
 195 
 
 Insinuo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (in S^ 
 sinuo, to twist or turn), to intro- 
 duce, insinaate. Se insinuarc, 
 to steal, slip, or glide in. 
 
 Insisto, Ire, stlti, a.i^n. (iti IS^sisto), 
 to stand, stand upon; to apply 
 one's self to, begin, commence. 
 _ Insltus, a, um, part. Sf adj. (in- 
 sero), ingrafted, implanted ; in- 
 bred, natural, inherent, innate : 
 deeply rootea, firmly impressed. 
 
 Jnsohnter, adv., iiis, isHvi^, {ins6' 
 lens, contrary to custom), inso- 
 lently, .proudly, haughtily. 
 
 Iiisohntia, (B,f. (insolens), unusual- 
 ness ; insolence, arrogance, pride, 
 haughtiness. 
 
 Jtbsollius, a, um, adj. (in S,'' solitus), 
 unaccustomed to ; unusual. 
 
 Iitspecto, dre, dvi, dtum, a.fieq., to 
 behold, observe attentively ; to 
 be a spectator : froTti 
 
 Insplcio, ere, spcxi, spectum, a. (in 
 &/■ specio, to see), to look into or 
 upon, view, observe, inspect, .ex- 
 amine. 
 
 Inspito, Ire, ui, a, [in S/- spuo, 
 to spit), to spit into or upon. 
 
 InsiUuo, ire, ui, utum., a. (in ^ 
 statuo), to plant, place, appoint, 
 , declare, institute, establish, in- 
 troduce, ordain, arrange ; to 
 make, fabricate ; to instruct, 
 teach, educate, train. 
 .Institatum, i, n. (instituo), a pur- 
 pose, object, plan, design ; a. 
 regulation, custom, institution. 
 
 Insto, dre, stiti, ii,. (in fy sto), to 
 stand in, over, or upon any 
 thing ; to urge, push, or press 
 on ; to be near, impend, threat- 
 en. 
 
 Instructus, a, um, part. S/- adj. 
 (instruo), arranged; furnished, 
 provided; drawn up in battle- 
 array. 
 
 Instrumentum, i, n., furniture, 
 effects, goods, utensils, nn- 
 
 , plements, means, assistance : 
 from 
 
 Instruo, Ire, uxi, uctum, u. (in S^ 
 struo, to join together), to con- 
 struct, build ; to prepare, make 
 ready, furnish, equip, provide; 
 to set in order, draw up in 
 battle-array, marshal. 
 
 Insuesco, ire, Ivi, etum, a. 4' n. 
 (in fy sueo, to use), to be accus- 
 tomed, be in the habit of. 
 
 Jnsu£tus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (in^ 
 suesco), unaccustomed ; not ac- 
 customed to, not acquainted 
 with. It isfolloioed by the geni- 
 tive, the dative, or the accusa- 
 tive with ad. 
 
 Iiisiila, (E,f., an island,- isle. 
 
 Insum, inesse, infui, irr. n. (in ^ 
 sum), to be in. 
 
 Insuper, adv. (in S/- super), upon, 
 above, moreover. 
 
 Insusurro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (in fy 
 susurro, to murmur), to vvliisper 
 into the ear, whisper, murmur. 
 
 Intactus, a, um, adj. (in ^ tactus, 
 touched), not touched, whole, 
 entire; unhurt, uninjured. 
 
 Intiger, gra, grum, adj., ior, errl- 
 riius, (in ^ tango, to touch), 
 whole, entire; strong, vigorous, 
 fresh ; unhurt, uninjured ; up- 
 right, honest, irreproachable. 
 
 Intellectus, a, um, fart. : from 
 
 Intelligo, ire, lexi, ledum, a. (inter 
 fy lego), to understand, compre- 
 hend, know, perceive. 
 
 Intempestus, a, um, adj. (in 8/- tern- 
 pestus, seasonable), unseason- 
 able. Intempesta nox, midtfight, 
 the dead of night. 
 
 Intendo, ire, di, tum ^ sum, u,. (in 
 Sf tendo), to bend, stretch; to 
 direct, turn 
 
196 
 
 IJNTENTO— liSTERRUMPO. 
 
 Intento, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (in- 
 tendo), to threaten with, threaten. 
 
 Intentus, », tan, part. <^ adj^ (i/i-, 
 tendo), stretched ; intent upon, 
 fixed, attentive. 
 
 Inter, prep, with ace. (in), he- 
 tween , betwixt, among, amongst, 
 amidst; during. Inter hac, dur- 
 ing these things, in the mean 
 time, meanwliile. Inter tri- 
 umpkandum, during a triumph, 
 or whilst celebrating a triumph. 
 Inter se, with one another. 
 
 tntcrcido, ere, cessi, cessvjn, n. 
 (inter 4' cedo), to come between, 
 intervene. 
 
 Interctpio, ire, cepi, ceptum, a. 
 (inter fy capio), to take or seize 
 by surprise, intercept ; to take 
 away, deprive of, usurp. 
 
 Intercus, litis, adj. (inter ^ cutis), 
 under the skin. 
 
 Interdjco] &re, dixi, dictum, a. (inter 
 S,~ dico), to forbid judicially, or- 
 der, decree, prohibit, interdict. 
 A(jud et igni interdicere, to for- 
 bid the use of water and fire; 
 to banish. 
 
 Interdiu, adv. (inter fy diu), in the 
 daytime. 
 
 Interdum, adv. (inter &/■ dum), 
 sometimes, now and then, oc- 
 casionally. 
 
 Interea, adv. (inter Sf is), in the 
 mean time, meanwhile. 
 
 Interemi. See Interimo, 
 
 Intlreo, ire, ii, Uum, n. (inter 4' eo), 
 to perish, be destroyed ; to die. 
 
 Intlrest. See Intersum. 
 
 Interfector, oris, m. (interjicio), 
 one who slays or kills ; a de- 
 stroyer, murderer. 
 
 Interfectus, u, um, part. : from 
 
 Interflcio, Ire, feci, fectum, a. 
 (inter 4" faeio), to kill, slay, 
 murder, destroy. 
 
 Interfui. See Intersum. 
 
 Interim, adv. (inter), in the mean 
 time, meanwhile. 
 
 Interimo, ere, I mi, emptum, a. 
 (inter & emo), to take away ; to 
 kil], slay, destroy. 
 
 Inter itus, us, m. (ititereo), destruc- 
 tion, ruin, death. 
 
 Interjectus, a, um, part., put be- 
 tween, interposed; intervening, 
 lying between. Faucis inter- 
 jectis diehus, a few days after : 
 from 
 
 Interjicio, Sre, j€ci, jectiiin, u. 
 (inter fy jacio), to cast, put, set, 
 or place between ; to inti'rpose, 
 intermix. 
 
 Intermitto, Ure, misi, missiim, a. 
 (inter fy mitto), to give over for 
 a time, leave off, intermit, dis- 
 continue. 
 
 Internecio, onis, f. (intem^co, to 
 kill), a massacre, general slaugh- 
 ter, carnage, utter destruction, 
 extermination. Internecione oc- 
 cidere, to destroy utterly. 
 
 Interpello, are, dvi, atum, a. (inter 
 &/■ pello, obs.), to interrupt one 
 while speaking ; to interrupt, 
 hinder, prevent, stop ; to try, 
 attempt; to solicit, ask. 
 
 Intcrpono, ere, osui, osltum, u. 
 (inter fy pono), to interpose, 
 insert. 
 
 Interpres, etis, m. ^f, a mediator, 
 umpire, arbitrator ; an inter- 
 preter. 
 
 IntcrprUtor, ari, atus sum, dep. (in- 
 terpres), to interpret, expound, 
 explain ; to conclude, infer, 
 argue. 
 
 Intcrrogo, are, avi, atum, a. (inter 
 ^ '''^n^)^ t° ^^^! question, de- 
 mand, inquire, interrogate. 
 
 Interrumpo, ere, rupi, rnptum, a. 
 (inter &/■ rumpo), to break down, 
 
INTERSUM— INVIDIOSUS. 
 
 197 
 
 break off ; to disturb, inter- 
 rupt. 
 
 Intel-Hum, esse, fui, irr n. (inter ^ 
 sum), to be in the midst; to be 
 present; to differ. 
 
 IiUervaUuin,-i, n. (inter ^vallus), 
 the space between the stakes of 
 the rampart of a camp ; a space, 
 interval, distance. Per inter- 
 valla, at intervals. 
 
 Jntervinio, ire, vent, ventum, n. (in- 
 ter S^ venio), to come upon ; to 
 come in while any thing is doing ; 
 tobe present'; to happen, occur. 
 
 Interverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (inter ^ 
 verto) , to turn aside ; to avoid, 
 shun ; to purloin, embezzle, turn 
 aside to one's own use 
 
 Intolerabllis, e, adj. (in S,~ tolerubl- 
 lis, tolerable), not to be borne, 
 intolerable. 
 
 Ititorqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, a. (i?i 
 <^ torqueo), to twist, writhe, 
 bend ; to brandish, throw, cast, 
 hurl ; to sprain. 
 
 Intra, adv. fyprep. with the ace. (in- 
 terns, obs.), within, in ; among. 
 Intra quintum diem, within five 
 days. 
 
 Intrd, adv. (interns, obs.), into a 
 place, within. 
 
 Intro, arc, avi, atum, a., to enter, 
 go into. 
 
 IiUroduco, ire, duxi, duclum, a. (in- 
 tra ^ duco), to bring or lead in, 
 introduce, conduct witliin. 
 
 hUroeo, ire, ivi <^ ii, \tum, irr. n. 
 (intra &/■ eo), to enter, go into. 
 
 Intromitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. 
 (intra Sf mitto), to send in, let in ; 
 to admit. 
 
 Intueor, eri, tuUus sum, dep. (in Sf 
 tucor), to gaze upon, behold; to 
 observe, contemplate, look at. 
 
 Intuli. See Infero. 
 
 Jntumesco, ere, mui, n. inc. (in fy 
 
 17* 
 
 tumeseo, to swell), to swell, be 
 inflated, rise. 
 
 Ifitus, adv., within, 
 
 Inundo, are, avi, atum, a. ^ n. (in 
 fy undo, to rise in waves), § 249, 
 I., to overflow, inundate. 
 
 Inusitdtus, a, um, adj. (in ^ usitd- 
 tus, usual), unusual, uncommon, 
 strange. 
 
 Invado, ire, si, sum, n. ^ a. (in &/■ 
 vado, to go), to enter; to attack, 
 invade, assail ; to seize, seize 
 upon, take possession of. 
 
 Invalldus, a, um, adj. (in ^ validus), 
 not strong, infirm, feeble, weak. 
 
 Invectus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Inviko, gre, vexi, vectum, a. (in ^ 
 veho), to bring or carry in, intro- 
 duce. Pass., to inveigh against, 
 upbraid ; to be carried into, ride, 
 enter, or advance into. 
 
 Invenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. (in fy 
 venio), to find, find out, discover ; 
 to'contrive, devise, invent. 
 
 Inventor, Sris, m. (invenio), an in- 
 ventor. 
 
 Inventus, a, um,part. (invenio). 
 
 Investlgo, are, CLvi, atum, a. (in &/■ 
 vestlgo, to trace), to track, scent ; 
 to investigate, discover, find out, 
 ascertain. 
 
 Inolcem, adv. (inSfvicis), by turns, 
 alternately, one after another, in 
 turn, mutually, on both sides. 
 
 Invictus, a, um, adj. (in ^ victus), 
 unconquered, unsubdued ; in- 
 vincible, unconquerable. 
 
 Invtdeo, ere, idi, Isum, a. ^ n. (in 
 Sf video), to envy, grudge. 
 
 Invidia, <B, f. (inoldus, envious), 
 envy, hatred, ill-will, spite, mal- 
 ice, odium, unpopularity. Ve- 
 nire in invidia.m alicujus, to 
 incur the ill-will of — . 
 
 Invididsus, a, um, adj. (invidia), 
 invidious, envious, spiteful, ma 
 
198 
 
 INVIOLATUS— IVI. 
 
 licioug; hated, hateful, odious, 
 offensive, disliked. 
 
 Irwioldtus, a, um, adj. {in S^ violS- 
 ius, injured), inviolate, unhurt, 
 uninjured ; irreproachable. 
 
 Invlsus, a, um, adj. (invideo), 
 odious, hateful, detested. 
 
 Invito, dire, avi, atum, a., to invite, 
 ask, bid ; to invite to an enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 Invltus, a, um, adj., unwilling, re- 
 luctant-, against one's will. 
 
 Invdco, are, avi, atum, a. (in ^ vo- 
 CO), to call, call to; to invoke, 
 implore 
 
 Jnvolvo, Sre, volvi, volntum, u. (in 
 4' volvo, to roll), to roll upon; 
 to wrap up, cover. 
 
 Involutus, a, um, part. S^ adj. (in- 
 volvo). 
 
 Ipse, a, um, adj. pro., himself, her- 
 self, itself, or he himself, &c.; 
 he, she, it ; the very. 
 
 Ira, m, f., anger, wrath, passion, 
 rage, resentment. So irts, pi., 
 anger, angry feelings. 
 
 Iracundia, tz, f. (iracundus, pas- 
 sionate), hastiness of temper, 
 irascibility ; anger, passion, rage. 
 
 Irascor, i, dep. (ira), to be angry 
 or enraged. 
 
 Iratus, a, um, adj. (ira), angry, 
 displeased, enraged, furious. 
 
 Ire. See Eo. 
 
 Irrevocabllis, e, adj. (in S^ revocabt- 
 lis, revocable), irrevocable. Ir- 
 revocabili impetu, with uncon- 
 trollable impetuosity. 
 
 Irrldeo, ere, risi, visum, n. If a. (in 
 4^ Wdeo, to laugh), to laugh at; 
 to mock, ridicule, scoff. 
 
 Irrlsus, its, m. (in Sf risus), mock- 
 ery, derision. M irrisu, in de- 
 rision. 
 
 Irrlsus, a, um, part, (irrideo). 
 
 Irrttus, a, um, adj. (in 4' ratus). 
 
 not ratified, fruitless, idle, vain, 
 useless. 
 
 Irrumpo, ire, rUpi, ruptum, n. (in 
 i/' rumpo), to break in violently, 
 burst or break into. 
 
 Irruo, ire, ui, a. 4" "■ («™ 4' ruo), 
 to rush in or on furiously, rush 
 impetuously, force one's way. 
 
 Is, ea, id, dem. pro., this or that 
 person or thing, the same ; he, 
 she, it; such. jBo, a JZ.n., there- 
 fore, on that account ; tmt/t com- 
 paratives, by so much, the. Id 
 est, that is, that is to say, used 
 in explanation of u, preceding 
 term. Ad id inopitE, to such a 
 degree of want, § 212, R. 3. 
 
 Iste, a, ud, pro., he, this man, &c., 
 this, that. 
 
 Istkmius, w, um, adj.. Isthmian : 
 from 
 
 Isthmus, i, m., an isthmus ; the 
 Isthmus near Corinth, where the 
 Isthmian games were celebrated. 
 
 Ita, adv. (is), so, even so, thus, in 
 such a manner; so much, to 
 such a degree. 
 
 Italia, ce,f., Italy, a country of Eu- 
 rope, between the Adriatic and 
 Tuscan Seas : III. 17. 
 
 Itallcus, &/• Ilalus, a, um, adj. (Ita- 
 lia), Italian. Itallci, Brum, m. 
 pi., Itahans, inhabitants of Italy. 
 
 Itaque, conj. (ita 4* ffwe), therefore, 
 and so. 
 
 Item, adv., also, likewise. 
 
 Iter, itineris, n., a going along; a 
 way, path, course, passage ; a 
 journey ; a march. Magnis iti- 
 nerihus, by forced marches, with 
 all speed. Iter facers, to travel. 
 
 Itiro, are, avi, atum, a., to repeat, 
 renew. 
 
 Illrum, adv. (iter), again, a second 
 time, anew. 
 
 Ivi. See Eo. 
 
JACENS— JUNO. 
 
 199 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacens, tis,part. ^ adj., lying down ; 
 sick, indisposed; lying dead, 
 dead : from 
 
 Jaceo, ere, ui, n., to lie down, 
 recline ; to lie ; to lie dead, to 
 have fallen. 
 
 Jacio, ire, jSci, jactum, a., to throw, 
 cast, fling, hurl. 
 
 Jactatio, onis,f. (^jacto), a tossing, 
 shaking ; a casting, throwing. 
 
 JactUo, are, avi, atum, u,. freq., to 
 throw or give out, utter ; to 
 boast: from 
 
 Jacto, are, avi, alum, a. freq. {ja- 
 cio), to throw, cast, hurl ; to ex- 
 tol, display, make a boast of. 
 
 Jaculum, i, n. (jacio), a javelin, 
 dart. 
 
 Jam, adv., now, immediately, pres- 
 ently, already, forthwith. Jam 
 turn, even then. Jam nunc, even 
 now. Jam jam, now, instantly, 
 forthwith. Jam dudum, S^ jam 
 diu, long, long since, for a long 
 while. Jam ani^, already, before. 
 
 Janiculum, i, ■«., Janicutam, one 
 of the seven hills of Rome, on 
 the right bank of the Tiber. 
 
 Janua, (B,f., agate, door, entrance. 
 
 Janus, i, m., Janus, a god of the 
 Latins, having two faces looking 
 in opposite directions. The gates 
 of his temple were open in time 
 of war, and shut in time of peace. 
 The temple of Janus : I. 9, & 
 IX. 37. 
 
 Jocor, dri, atus sum, dep., to speak 
 in jest, joke, jest : from 
 
 Jocus,i,m., §92,2,ajoke,jest ; wit, 
 humor, pleasantry. Per jocum, 
 jestingly, sportively, jokingly. 
 
 Jovis. See Jupiter. 
 
 fuba, (B, m., Juba, a king of Nu- 
 midia: IX. .10. 
 
 Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum, a., tb or- 
 der, bid, command. 
 
 Judex, Ids, m. S^f. (judico) , a judge. 
 
 Judicium, i, n. (judex), judgment; 
 a trial, sentence ; judgment, 
 opinion, belief, estimation. 
 
 Judico, are, avi, dium, a, (Jus ^ 
 dice), to judge, give judgment; 
 determine, decide ; to think, 
 judge. 
 
 JugSris, gen., n., § 94, an acre of 
 land. 
 
 Jugidum, i, a. (jungo), the throat 
 or neck. 
 
 Jugum, i, n., a yoke. Vanqiiished 
 soldiers were often cortvpelled to 
 go under a yoke, made, of two 
 spears placed erect, and a third 
 laid transversely upon these ; — 
 the summit of a mountain. 
 
 Jugurtha, m, m., Jugurtha, a king 
 of Numidia, who obtained the 
 kingdom by murdering the sons 
 of Micipsa, who had adopted 
 him. He was conquered by 
 Marius, and perished in prison 
 at Rome : VII. 20._ 
 
 Jugurthinus, a, um, adj. (Jugur- 
 tha), Jugurthan, of or pertainirig 
 to Jugurtha. 
 
 Julia, (B,f., Julia, a name belong- 
 ing to females of the Julian gens. 
 Julia, a sister of Julius Ce^ar- 
 IX. 30. 
 
 Julius, i, m., Julius, a Roman name 
 belonging to the Julian gens. 
 
 Jumenium, i, n. (jungo), a beast 
 of burden, pack-horse. 
 
 Junctus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Jungo, ire, junxi, junctum, a., to 
 join, couple, yoke, unite ; to 
 marry. 
 
 Junior. See Juvenis. 
 
 Junius,i,m. ,JaBms, a Roman name 
 belonging to the Junian gens. 
 
 Juno, Snis, f, Juno, daughter of 
 
200 
 
 JUNXl— LiELlLS. 
 
 Saturn, and wife of Jupiter : 
 XI. 23. 
 
 Junxi. See Jungo. 
 
 Jupiter, Javis, m. § 85, Jupiter or 
 Jove, a son of Saturn, and chief 
 of the Greek and Roman deities : 
 1.7. 
 
 Juramentum, z, n. (juro), an oath. 
 
 Jurgo, are, am, dtuTn, a. (Jus ^ 
 ago), to quarrel, brawl, chide, 
 scold. 
 
 Juro, are, dvi, dtum, ti. ^ a., to 
 swear, take an oath. In legem 
 jurare, to swear to observe — : 
 from 
 
 Jus, juris, n., right, law, reason, 
 justice; a court ofjustice; power, 
 authority, leave. Jure, justly, 
 lawfully. Jus est, it is right or 
 lawful. Jus dicere, to adminis- 
 ter justice, pronounce sentence. 
 
 Jusjurandum,jurisjurandi, n., §91, 
 (jus fy jurandum, an oath), an 
 oath. 
 
 Jussi. See Jubeo. 
 
 Jussus, a, um,part. (jubeo). 
 
 Jussus, i\s, m., 1^ Jussum, i, n. (Ju- 
 beo), a comm'and, order. 
 
 Just&, adv. iiis, issimh, (Justus), 
 justly, impartially, lawfully. 
 
 Justitia, ffl,/., justice, impartiality; 
 from ' 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, up- 
 right, virtuous ; regular, full, 
 complete, perfect. 
 
 JuvSnis, is, m. ^ f, subs. ^ adj. 
 (juvo), a youth, a young man ; 
 young, youthful : comp. junior, 
 younger. 
 
 Juventa, <E,f. (juvenis), youth, the 
 age of youth. 
 
 Juventus, utis,f. (juvenis), a body 
 of young men; the youth. 
 
 Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, a., to help, 
 aid, assist, profit; to please, de- 
 light. 
 
 Juxta, adv. S^ prep, with the ace., 
 nigh, near to, by. 
 
 h., an abbreviation of the pramomen 
 Lucius. 
 
 Labor, or Labos, Sris, m., labor, 
 toil, fatigue. 
 
 Laboro, are, dvi, dtvm, n. ^ a. (la- 
 bor), to labor, be oppressed with 
 toil or fatigue ; to exert one's 
 self, strive ; to be in difficulty, in 
 trouble, hard pressed. Laborare 
 Tiwrbo quartance, to be sick 
 with — . 
 
 Lac, lactis, n., milk. 
 
 LacedtEmonius, a, um, adj. (Lace- 
 dcemon), Lacedemonian, belong- 
 ing to Laoedemon, a city of 
 Laconia, Spartan. Lacedamonii, 
 Srum, m.pl., the Lacedemonians, 
 Spartans: IV. 9. 
 
 Lacesso, Sre, ivi, Itum, a. iTitetisive, 
 (lacio, to allure), to provoke, 
 challenge, irritate, exasperate, 
 incite, stimulate; to attack, as- 
 sail. 
 
 Lacryma, (B,f., a tear. 
 
 Lacrymabundus, a, um, adj., full 
 of tears, weeping much ; ready 
 to weep, tearful : from 
 
 Lacryma, are, dvi, dtnm, n. (lacry- 
 ma.), to weep, shed tears. 
 
 Loco, dnis, m., a Spartan ; a Lace- 
 demonian. 
 
 Locus, Us, m., a lake. 
 
 L(Edo, Sre, Imsi, leesum, a., to hurt, 
 harm, injure, offend, annoy, 
 trouble. 
 
 Lcelius, i, m., Lislius, a Roman 
 name. C. Lmlius Sapiens, a 
 Roman consul, A. U. C. 612, 
 the intimate friend of Scipio 
 Africanus •. VII. 5. C. Ledius 
 a consul, A. U. C. 562 : V. 33 
 
L^NAS— LAUKEA. 
 
 201 
 
 Ij(ETias, citiSf m. ^'•f-, a Roman cog- 
 nomen in the Popilian gens. C. 
 PopUius L<enas, a Roman con- 
 sul, A. U. C. 580: VI. 30. 
 
 LiEsi. See Ltedo. 
 
 I.CESUS, a, um,part. {laio). 
 
 Lcetitia, (B,f.,joy, gladness, mirth, 
 joyfulness : from 
 
 LcetuSj u, um, adj., glad, joy- 
 ful, cheerful ; pleased, satisfied, 
 content ; pleasing, acceptable, 
 grateful, welcome ; favorable, 
 lucky. 
 
 Lava, IB, f., (lamis, left), the left 
 hand. 
 
 LiROinus, i, m. (l<Bva), Lsevinus, a 
 Roman cognomen in the Valerian 
 gens. P. Valerius Lcevinus, a 
 Roman consul, A. U. 472: III. 
 14—18. 
 
 Lambo, ire, i, a., to lick, lap with 
 the tongue. Ore lamhere, to lick 
 with the tongue, lick. 
 
 Lamentor, dri, dtiis sum, dep., to 
 lament, bewail, bemoan, weep 
 or mourn for. 
 
 Luinentum, i, »., a lamentation, la- 
 ment. 
 
 Lamina, ffi,/., a plate or thin piece 
 of metal, wood, &o. 
 
 Lana, (je,f., wool. 
 
 Lancea, ffl,/., a lance, spear, jave- 
 lin, pike, dart. 
 
 Lanificium, i, n. (laniflcus, work- 
 ing in wool), the working of 
 wool, art of making wool into 
 cloth, carding, spinning. 
 
 Lanio, are, avi, atum, a., to tear or 
 cut in pieces, cut up, lacerate, 
 mangle. 
 
 Lanista, m, m., a teacher or trainer 
 of gladiators, fencing-master. 
 
 Lanius, i, m., a butcher. 
 
 Lapideus, a, urn, adj., of stone, 
 stony : from 
 
 Lapis, idis, m., a stone ; a mile 
 
 stone. £d quartum lapidem, four 
 miles from the city. 
 
 Laqueus, i, m., a nooae, halter, 
 snare, trap. 
 
 Lar, laris, ra., a. household god; a 
 house, home. 
 
 Larentia, (e,f. See Acca. 
 
 Largior, iri, itus sum, dep, {largus, 
 abundant), to give in abundance, 
 give or grant liberally, bestow 
 largely, lavish. 
 
 Largitio, onls,f. (largior), a giving 
 freely; bountifulness, liberality; 
 largesses. 
 
 Latibra, ce, f., a hiding-place, cov- 
 ert, shelter, retreat : from, 
 
 Lateo, ere, ui, n., to lurk, lie hid, 
 be concealed. 
 
 Lateritius, a, um, adj. (later, a 
 brick), of bricks, made of brick. 
 
 Ldtinus, a, um, adj., of or belong 
 ing to Latium, Latin. LaHnus, 
 i, m., a Latin; pi., the Latins. 
 Bellum Latinum, the Latin war, 
 carried on by the Romans against 
 the Latins, in which the latter 
 were defeated : from 
 
 Latium, i, n. (lateo), Latium, a 
 country of Italy, on the left bank 
 of the Tiber: II. 8. 
 
 Latro, onis, m., a robber. 
 
 Lotus, a, um, part. (fero). 
 
 Lotus, iris, n., the side, flank ; the 
 lungs. 
 
 Laudabilis, e, adj. (laudo), lauda- 
 ble, commendable, praisevf orthy. 
 
 Laudandus, a, um, part, fy adj. 
 (laudo), laudable, worthy of 
 praise. 
 
 Lauddtus, a, um, part. 4' "•dj., 
 praised ; praiseworthy, excel- 
 lent : from 
 
 Laudo, are, dvi, dtum, u. (laus), 
 to praise, commend, extol, laud. 
 
 Laurea, m, /., the foliage of the 
 laurel-tree ; the laurel-tree, lau 
 
202 
 
 LAUS— LIBERO. 
 
 rel ; a crown of laurel, garland 
 of laurel. 
 
 Laiis, laudis,f., praise, commenda- 
 tion; glory, fame, renown, esti- 
 mation, repute, reputation. 
 
 Lautus, a, um, part, fy adj. (lavo, 
 to wash), elegant, splendid, no- 
 ble. 
 
 Laxi, adv. (laxus, loose), loosely, 
 slackly. 
 
 Laxltas, dtis,f (laxus), largeness, 
 capacity, spaciousness. 
 
 Laxo, drCy dvi, dtum, u. (laxus), 
 to enlarge, widen, expand ; to 
 relax, relieve, recreate, refresh. 
 
 Lectlca, m,f. (lectus) , a litter, couch, 
 sedan. 
 
 Lector, oris, m. (lego), a reader. 
 
 Lectulus, i, m. dim., a small couch; 
 a couch or bed : from 
 
 Lectus, i, m., a bed or couch. Lec- 
 tustfunebris, a bier. 
 
 Lectus, a, um, part. S^ adj. (lego), 
 collected, gathered ; read, pe- 
 rused; chosen, selected. 
 
 Legatio, dnis,f. (lego), an embas- 
 sy, legation, lieutenancy; the 
 office of an ambassador. 
 
 Legdtus, i, m. (lego), an ambassa- 
 dor, envoy, legate ; a lieutenant, 
 deputy. 
 
 Legio, onis, f. (lego), a legion, a 
 body of soldiers consisting of ten 
 cohorts, and'containing, at differ- 
 ent timeo, from three to six 
 thousand soldiers, exclusive of 
 cavalry. 
 
 LegitlmuSf a, um, adj. (lex), ac- 
 cording to law; lawful, required 
 by law, right, just, legitimate. 
 
 Lego, &re, legi, lectum, a., to col- 
 lect, gather, pick, pluck ; to read, 
 peruse; to choose, select, elect. 
 
 Lenio, ire, %vi ^ ii, itum, a., to soft- 
 en, mitigate, alleviate, appease ; 
 to extenuate : from 
 
 Lenis,e, adj., soft, gentle, easy. 
 
 Lenlter, adv. (lenis, mild), gently, 
 softly, mildly, gradually; pa- 
 tiently, calmly. 
 
 Lentalus, i, m., a Roman cognomen. 
 Lenlulus, a son-in-law of Cicero : 
 IX. 26. 
 
 Letdlis, e, adj. (/ctam, death), mor- 
 tal, fatal, deadly. 
 
 Levis, e, adj., light, of little weight ; 
 small, slight, trivial, inconsider- 
 able. 
 
 Levis, e, adj., smooth. 
 
 Levlter, adv. (Uvis), lightly, slight- 
 
 Lcvo, are, avi, dtum, a. (Uvis), 
 § 251, to make lighter, lighten, 
 ease, relieve ; to raise, lift up. 
 
 Lex, legis, f. (lego), a law, ordi- 
 nance, statute ; a condition. Le- 
 gum doctor, an instructor in law. 
 
 Lihellus, i, m., dim. (liber), a little 
 book, writing. Lihellus sujrplex, 
 a memorial, petition, request. 
 
 Lihens, tis, adj. (lihet, it pleases), 
 willing, contented, with pleas-- 
 ure, of one's own accord. 
 
 Libenter,adv., tins, tisslmi, (libens), 
 willingly, gladly. 
 
 Liber, bri, m., the inner bark of a 
 tree ; a book ; a register, ac- 
 count-book. 
 
 Liber, Ira, Srum, adj. (libet, it 
 pleases), free; open, bold. 
 
 Liberdlis, e, adj. (liber, free), re- 
 lating to a free man, befitting a 
 free man, noble, decorous, lib- 
 eral, bountiful, generous. 
 
 LiberaUtas, dlis,f. (liberalis), treat- 
 ment or conduct befitting a 
 freeman; nobleness of spirit; 
 liberality, generosity, bounty, 
 munificence. 
 
 Libiri, drum, m. pi. (liber, free), 
 children freeborn. 
 
 Libera, are, dvi, dtum, a. (liber^ 
 
LIBERTA S— LON GE , 
 
 2t)3 
 
 ^ 951, to set at liberty, free, make 
 free, deliver, release, extricate 
 
 Libertus, dtis, f. (liber), liberty, 
 freedom ; boldness of speech, 
 independence, fearlessness. 
 
 Libertlnus, rt, urn, adj., belonging 
 to the rank of freedmen ; subs., 
 a freedman : frovi 
 
 Libertus, i, m., a freedman, slave 
 made free. ^ • 
 
 Libido, inis, f. (libet, it pleases), 
 lust, desire, inclination, will; 
 appetite, passion, pleasure, wan- 
 tonness, recklessness. 
 
 Libra, a,f., a pound, twelve ounces. 
 
 Libra, are, dm, cLlum, a. {libra), to 
 level ; to weigh, poise, balance ; 
 to throw, hurl. 
 
 Licentia, <e, f. (licens, free), free- 
 dom, liberty ; licentiousness ; 
 license, freedom from restraint, 
 allowance, permission. 
 
 Licet, uit ^ cUum est, imp., it is 
 lawful,_^allowed, permitted ; one 
 may, can. 
 
 Licit, conj; though, although, al- 
 beit. 
 
 Licinius, i, m., Licinius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Licinian 
 
 gCTJS. 
 
 Lictor, oris, 7n., a lictor, sergeant; 
 an o^cer who attended the princi- 
 pal Roman magistrates. The 
 lictors preceded the magistrates 
 in single file, knd the one next the 
 magistrate was called proximus 
 lictor. 
 
 Ligneus, a, um, adj. (lignum,vioo&), 
 of wood, wooden. 
 
 Lineamentum, i, n. (lineo, to de- 
 lineate), a line, lineament; a 
 feature, outline. 
 
 Lingua, a, f., the tongue ; lan- 
 guage, speech. 
 
 Lis, litis, f., strife; a dispute, con- 
 troversy. 
 
 Liternlnus, a, um, adj., belonging 
 to Liternum, Liternian : from 
 
 Liternwm, i, n., Liternum, a town 
 of Campania: V. 37. 
 
 Litigator, Oris, m. (litlgo, to strive), 
 a litigant, one engaged in a law- 
 suit. 
 
 Litlira, ffi,/., a letter of the alpha- 
 bet; a writing: pi., letters; a 
 letter, epistle ; letters, learning, 
 literature. GrcectB litterce, Gre- 
 cian literature. 
 
 Litterarius, a, um,, adj. (littera), re- 
 lating to letters, literary. 
 
 Litteratus, a, um, adj. {littera), let- 
 tered, learned, educated. 
 
 Litus, 6ris, n., the shore, sea-side, 
 coast. 
 
 Livius, i, m., Livius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Livian 
 gens^ 
 
 Livor, oris, m. (Uvea, to be livid), 
 blackness or blueness, lividness ; 
 envy, spite, ill-will, malice. 
 
 Loco, are, dvi, dtum, a. {locus), to 
 place, set, dispose, arrange ; to 
 let or hire out ; to bargain or 
 contract for any thing. Castra 
 locare, to pitch — . 
 
 LocUples, ctis, adj., ior, issimuSj 
 rich in lands ; rich, wealthy, 
 opulent. 
 
 Locus, i, m. {pi. loci, m., loca, n.); 
 a place, region, part; stead, 
 room, place ; rank, station, fam- 
 ily, post, position. Illustri loco 
 natus, of illustrious birth ; a 
 place, ofEce, post. Locofilii ali- 
 quem ha,bere, to regard as a son, 
 look upon as a son. 
 
 Locatus, a, um, part, {loquor). 
 
 Longl, adv., ius, isslmb, {iongus), 
 long ; far, at a distance ; very 
 much, very far, quite. Longe 
 aliud, quite another or different 
 thing. 
 
204 
 
 LOiNGINQUUS-MACEDO. 
 
 IjOnginquus, a, um, adj., far off, 
 remote, distant ; from 
 
 Langus, a, am, adj., ior, isstmus; 
 long. 
 
 Loquor, i, cuius sum, dep., to speak^ 
 say, tell, declare. 
 
 Lorica, ffi, /., a coat of mail, breast- 
 plate, cuirass, corselet : from 
 
 Loriim, i, n., a leathern thong, 
 strap. 
 
 Luceria, m, /., Luceria, a town of 
 Apulia: III. 11. 
 
 Lucerlnus, a, um., adj. (Luceria), 
 belonging to Luceria, Lucerian. 
 
 Lnicerini, Brum., m.. pi., the inhab- 
 itants of Luceria, Lucerians. 
 
 Lucius, i, m., Lucius, a Roman 
 pr(Bnom.en. 
 
 Lucretia, <B,f., Lucretia, the wife 
 of Tarquinius CoUatinus ; I 26. 
 
 Lucrum, i, n. {luo, to pay), gain, 
 profit, advantage. 
 
 Lucta, <B,f., wrestling. 
 
 Luctatio, onis,f. {luctor, to wrestle), 
 a wrestling; a struggle, contest, 
 fight. 
 
 Luctus, us, m. (Jvgeo), mourning, 
 lamentation, sorrow, affliction, 
 grief. 
 
 LucuUus, i, m., Luoullus, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Licinian gens. 
 L. Licinius LucuUus, a Roman 
 consul, A. U. 678: VIU. 9. ■ L. 
 LucuUus, a consul, A. U. 601 : 
 VI. 33. 
 
 Lucus, i,m.,a, wood, sacied grove. 
 
 Ludibrium, i, n., a mocking, de- 
 rision, jest, sport; mockery. Ha- 
 bere ladibri.o, to mock, make a 
 mock of, make game of. 
 
 Ludicer, era, crum, adj. (ludus), 
 pertaining to play or sport, spor- 
 tive, jocular, ludicrous. 
 
 Ludimiigister, tri, m. (ludus 4' 
 ■magister), a schoolmaster, peda- 
 gogue. 
 
 Ludo, ire, lusi, lusum, n. fy a., to 
 play ; to sport, trifle. Luilere 
 alea, to play at dice. Ludere 
 talis, to play at eockal or huckle- 
 bone. ♦ 
 
 Ludus, i, m., play, sport, diver- 
 sion, pastime : pi., games, shows, 
 exhibitions. Ludus litterarius, 
 school for literature, grammar- 
 scUool. 
 
 Lugeo, ere, luxi, n. 8^ a., to mourn, 
 lament, bewail, weep for. 
 
 Lugnbris, e, adj. (lugeo), mourn- 
 ful, dismal, doleful. 
 
 Luna, <e,f., the moon. 
 
 Lupa, <E,f. (lupus, a wolf), a she- 
 wolf. 
 
 Lusclmts, i, m., Luscinus, a Roman 
 cognomen. C. Fabricius Lusci- 
 nus, a Roman consul, renowned 
 for his frugality and integrity, 
 A. U. 383: III. 19—22. 
 
 Lustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (lustrum, 
 a purifying sacrifice), to expiate, 
 purify; to review. 
 
 Lutatius, i, m., Lutatius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Lutatlan 
 gens. 
 
 Lux, lucis, /., the light. Pfima 
 luce, at daybreak. 
 
 Luxi. See Lugeo. 
 
 Luxuria, ce, f., rankness, luxury, 
 excess, profusion, extravagance, 
 dissipation : from 
 
 htixus, us, m., luxury, excess, riot, 
 revelling. 
 
 Lydia, as, /., Lydia, a country of 
 Asia Minor: VI. 1. 
 
 M. 
 
 M., an abbreviation of the prceno- 
 men Marcus. 
 
 MacSdo, 6nis, m., a Macedonian. 
 Maced&nes, um, m. pi., the Mace- 
 donians. 
 
MACEL ONIA— MALUS. 
 
 205 
 
 Macedonia, ee, f., Macedonia, or 
 Macedon, a large country of 
 Europe, on the north of Thessa- 
 ly audEpirus: VI. 21. 
 
 Macedonlcus, a, um, adj., Mace- 
 donian. Macedonlcus, i, m., a 
 Roman agnomen. 
 
 Machlna, as, /., a frame, fabric, 
 work; an instrument, machine; 
 a military machine, wa:rlike en- 
 gine, battering-ram, &c. 
 
 Macilentus, a, um, adj. (macies, 
 leanness), lean, lank, meagre. 
 
 Macto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to aug- 
 ment; to slay, kill,- destroy ; to 
 sacrifice. 
 
 Mactus, a, um, adj. (macto), aug- 
 mented, increased. Made vir- 
 tute esto, increase in virtue, go 
 on and prosper. In this phrase, 
 the vocative, macte, is used in- 
 stead of mactus, the nominative. 
 
 Mcecenas, dtis, m., a Roman name. 
 C. Cilnius MtBcenas, «■ Roman 
 knight of royal hirth, renowned 
 for his intimacy with Augustus, 
 and his love of literature : IX. 45. 
 
 Magis,. adv., more, rather. Sup. 
 maximh. 
 
 Magister, tri, m., a master, ruler, 
 chief. Magister equittim, master 
 of the horse, and dictator's lieu- 
 tenant — ; a master, tutor, in- 
 structor. 
 
 Magistrdtus, Us, m. (magistro, to 
 rule), a magistracy, civil office ; 
 a magistrate. 
 
 Magnified, adv. (magnificus), mag- 
 nificently, splendidly, grandly; 
 proudly, haughtily. 
 
 MagniJicerUia, <e, f., magnificence, 
 grandeur : from 
 
 Magnificus, a, um, a^., entior, en- 
 tisaXmm, § 126, 3, (a.)(magnus fy 
 facio), giorious, great, splendid, 
 magnificent ; respectable. 
 
 1R 
 
 Magnitudo, ims, f, greatness, 
 magnitude, size; plenty, abun- 
 dance. Animi magnitudo, great 
 ness of mind, magnanimity. 
 
 Magnop&re, adv. (magnus 8f opus), 
 much, greatly, e.xceedingly. 
 
 Magnus, a, um, adj., major, T^ftxl- 
 mus; great, large; great, illus- 
 trious, distinguished; loud, high. 
 Magna vox, a loud voice. Mag- 
 na spes, high hope. Magnus, 
 i, m., an agnomen of Cn. Pom- 
 peius and Alexander. 
 
 Maharbal, alis, m., Maharbal, one 
 of Hannibal's officers : V. 9. 
 
 Majestas, dtis, f. {major), great 
 ness, majesty, dignity. 
 
 Major, oris, adj. (comp. of mag 
 nus), more, higher, superior to, 
 greater. Major natu, or major, 
 elder. Majores natu, one's el- 
 ders. 
 
 Mali, adv., pejus, pesslmi, (malus), 
 badly, ill-, wickedly ; unsuccess- 
 fully ; scarcely, hardly. 
 
 Jmiledxco, Sre, dixi, dictum, a. 
 (male S^ dico), § 225, to speak 
 iir of, rail at, slander, abuse, 
 revile, scold at. 
 
 Maledictio, onis,f. (maledico), rail- 
 ing, slander, detraction. 
 
 Maledictum, i, n. (maledico), a 
 Veproach ; abusive language ; an 
 imprecation, curse. 
 
 Malev5lus, a, um, adj. (male S^ 
 volo), malevolent, invidious, en- 
 vious, spiteful, ill-disposed, ill- 
 natured, malicious. 
 
 Malitia, <B,f. (malus), bad quality; 
 wickedness, vice, malice. 
 
 Malo, malle, malui, irr. n. (magis 
 fy volo), to choose rather, prefer 
 
 Malum, i, n., an evil, misfortune, 
 calamity; punishment; injury; 
 from 
 
 Malus, a, um, adj., pejor, pessl- 
 
21)6 
 
 MAAllLIUS— MARS. 
 
 mvs ; bad, evil, wicked ; bad, 
 misei'able; unauccesslul. 
 
 MaviiUuSj i, m., Mainilius, a Ro- 
 man cognomen. Octavivs Ma- 
 milivs Tusculanus, a son-in-law 
 of Tarquinius Superbus : li. 8. 
 
 Mai^pium^ z, n. {mancejjs, a pur- 
 cnaser), property ; a slave. 
 
 Manddtum, z, n., a commission 
 order, command ; a message 
 errand : from 
 
 Mando, are, dvi, dtum, «.., to com- 
 mit to one's charge, copimission 
 enjoin, order, command, consign 
 intrust. 
 
 Mando, ere, di, sum, a., to chew, 
 masticate, eat. 
 
 Mane, n., ind., the morningj morn 
 in the morning. Prima mane. 
 early in the morning, at early 
 dawn. 
 
 Maneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. Sf 
 a., to remain, stay; to endure, 
 continue, last. 
 
 Manes, ium, in. pi., the ghosts or 
 shades of the dead ; the pl^e 
 of abode of the dead. Dii 
 Manes, the infernal gods, %ods 
 of the lower world. 
 
 Manifestus, a, um, adj., manifest, 
 clear, evident, plain, apparent. 
 
 Manipulus, i, m., a handful ; a 
 band of soldiers, company, man- 
 iple, the third part of a cohort. 
 
 Manius, i, m., Manius, a Roman 
 pr(Bnomen. 
 
 Manlius, i, rti., Manlius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Manlian 
 gens. See Capitolinus, and Tor- 
 quatus, 
 
 Mano, arc, dvi, dtuw., n., to flow, 
 drop, distil; to spread. 
 
 Mansi. See Maneo. 
 
 Miinsuetudo, inis, /., lameness ; 
 gentleness, mildness, lenity, 
 clemency : from 
 
 Mansuctus, a, um, adj. (mansues, 
 tame), tame, gentle, mild, do- 
 mestic, tractable. 
 
 Manuhim, drum., f. pi., money 
 arising from the sale of spoils 
 taken in war ; plunder, pillage. 
 
 Manumitto, ere, mlsi, ynissum, a. 
 (manus &/■ miUo), to set at lib- 
 erty, make free, emancipate, 
 manumit. 
 
 Manus, us, /., a hand ; a claw, 
 hook ; an army, armed force, 
 band of men. 
 
 Marcellus, i, m., Marcellus, a Ro- 
 man cognomen in the Claudian 
 gens. M. Claudius Marcellus, 
 a distinguished Roman general, 
 who was five times consul, be- 
 tween A. U. 530 & 544: V. 12. 
 
 Marcius, i, m., Marcius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Marcian 
 gens. Jincus Marcius, the fourLii 
 king of Rome : I. 17, 18. 
 
 Marcus, i, m., Marcus, a Roman 
 prmnomen. 
 
 Mare, is, it., the sea. 
 
 Maridnus, a, um, adj. (Mariu.^), 
 of or pertaining to Marius, Ma- 
 rian. 
 
 Maritirnus, a, um, adj. {mare)j of 
 the sea, relating to the sea, mar- 
 itime ; naval. 
 
 Maritus, i, m., a husband. 
 
 Marius, i, m., Marius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Marian 
 gens. C. Marius, a very dis- 
 tinguished Roman, born at Ar- 
 pinum, in Latium. He was 
 seven times consul, and died in 
 his 76th year, A. U. 666: VII. 
 31—35, &. VIII. 1—8. 
 
 Marmor, oris, n., marble. 
 
 Marmoreus, a, um, adj. (marmor'), 
 made of marble, marble. 
 
 Mars, tis, m., Mars, the god of 
 war: I, 9. 
 
TVSARTIUS— MERCIO. 
 
 207 
 
 MuTtius, a, um, adj. (Mars), re- 
 lating to Mars. Mensis Martius, 
 the month of March, because this 
 monlh was sacred to Mars. Jdi- 
 bus Martiis, on the ides of 
 March, the fifteenth of March. 
 
 Masinissa, a, m., Masinissa, a king 
 of Numidia : V. 23. 
 
 Masslva, ce, ni., Massiva, a Numid- 
 ian prince taken captive by 
 Soipio : V. 33. 
 
 Mater, tris,f., a mother. 
 
 Maternus, a, um, adj. (mater), per- 
 taining to a motlier, maternal. 
 
 Matrona, ffl, /. (mater), a married 
 woman, wife, matron. 
 
 Maturi, adv., iiis, turrimi S/- tu- 
 risslmA, seasonably, quickly, 
 soon, speedily, early : from, 
 
 Maturus, a, um, adj., ripe, mature, 
 seasonable. 
 
 Maurus, i, m., a Moor, or inhabit- 
 ant of Mauritania, a large coun- 
 try in the western part of Africa ■ 
 V. 25. 
 
 Maxlme,adv. (sup. of magi's), espe- 
 cially, principally, chiefly, very 
 iriuch, most of all. 
 
 Mar/tmus, a,um, adj. (sup. of mag- 
 rews) , very great, greatest ; high- 
 est. 
 
 MaxXmus, i, m., Maximus, a Ro- 
 man cognomen in the Fabian 
 gens. Q. Fabius Maximus Cunc- 
 tator was appointed dictator in 
 the war against Hannibal : V. 1. 
 Q. Fabius Maximus Rulliavus, a, 
 master of horse under the dicta- 
 tor Papirius ; III. 9. 
 
 Medicdmen, Inis, n. (medlcor, to 
 heal), a medicine, drug. 
 
 Mcdicus, i, m. (medeor, to cure), a 
 physician, surgeon, apothecary. 
 
 J>' editor, ^dri, dtus sum, dep., to muse 
 or think upon, meditate, con- 
 sidci, weigh; to purpose, design. 
 
 Medium, i, n., the middle, the 
 midst, in the middle. Jlufcrre de 
 medio, to take away, remove — . 
 In rp,edio, in the middle, between. 
 In medium proferrc, to bring for- 
 ward, before the people; — for 
 the public good, 07* for public use. 
 
 Medius, a, um, adj., being in the 
 middle or midst; mid, middle, 
 in the midst, intervening. 
 
 Melior, adj. (comp. of bonus), § 12.5, 
 5, better, superior. BeLlo melior, 
 braver. 
 
 Melius, adv. (comp. of bene) , better ; 
 more favorably, more suctfGss- 
 fully. 
 
 Membrum, i, n., a member, limb. 
 
 Memorabllis, e, adj. (memoro), wor- 
 thy of being mentioned, memo- 
 rable, remarkable. 
 
 Memoria, ce, f. (memor, mindful), 
 memory, remembrance, recol- 
 lection. 
 
 Memoro, are, dvi, dtum,a. (Tnemor), 
 to mention, recount, tell, relate. 
 
 Menenius, i, m., Menenius, a Ro- 
 
 ' man name belonging to the Me- 
 nenian gens. See Agrippa. 
 
 Mens, mentis, /., mind ; heart, 
 soul; feelings, disposition, pur- 
 pose, design, object. 
 
 Mensa, ce, f. (metior), a table or 
 board to eat on. 
 
 Mensis, is, m., a month. 
 
 Mentio, onis, f. (memini, to men- 
 tion), a raention,-a making men- 
 tion of. 
 
 Mentior, iri, itus sum, dep., to lie ; 
 to deceive; to feign, pretend, 
 counterfeit. 
 
 Merces, edis, f., hire, wages, pay, 
 reward : from 
 
 Mereo, ere, ui, Uum, a. ^ n., S," Me- 
 reor, eri, itus sum, dep., to de- 
 serve, merit. 
 
 Mergo, Ire, mcrsi, mersum,- a., to 
 
208 
 
 MERIDIES— MINOR. 
 
 put under water, dip, plunge, 
 immerse, sink. 
 
 MeridieSj €i, tti. (medius ^ dies), 
 midday, noon. 
 
 MerUo, adv. (merltus), deservedly, 
 with reason. 
 
 Merltum, i, n. (mereo), a desert, 
 merit; a benefit, kindness, favor, 
 good turn ; a reward. 
 
 Merttus, a, um, part, fy adj. (me- 
 reo), deserved; deserving well; 
 just, due, proper. 
 
 Mersus, a, um, part, (mergo). 
 
 Mervs, ii, utn, adj., lonely, solitary ; 
 pure, unmixed. 
 
 Mcssdna, a;,f., Messana, now Mes- 
 sina, a celebrated city of Sicily, 
 opposite to Calabria, in Italy : 
 IV. 1. 
 
 Metellus, i, m., Metelius, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Cecilian gens. 
 Q. CcBcilius Metellus MacedonX- 
 cus, a Roman consul, A. U. 629 : 
 VII. 16. Q. Cacilius Metellus 
 J^umidicus, a Roman consul, A. 
 U. 643 : VII. 20. L. Cacilius 
 Metellus, an officer under An-- 
 tony : IX. 36. L. Cacilius Me- 
 tellus, a noble, who, with others, 
 after the battle of Canute, pro- 
 posed that the Romans should 
 abandon Italy : V. 20. 
 
 Metior, iri, mensus sum, dep., to 
 mete, measure, take measure of; 
 to estimate, judge. 
 
 Meter, dri, atus sum, dep. (meta, a. 
 boundary), to measure, mete ; to 
 bound, limit. Castra metari, to 
 pitch a camp, encamp. 
 
 Metuo, ire, ui, n. 8/- a., to fear, be 
 afraid ; to apprehend : from 
 
 Matus, ils, m., fear, dread, appre- 
 hension, anxiety, consternation. 
 
 Meus, a, um, adj. pro., § 139, l,{mei, 
 gen. o{ ego), my, mine, my own. 
 
 Mio'.pso, ce, m , Micipsa, a king of 
 
 Numidia ; he was the son of 
 Masinissa and uncle of Jugur- 
 tha : VII. 30. 
 
 Mico, are, micui, n., to move quick- 
 ly ; to quiver, palpitate ; to glis- 
 ten, sparkle, shine, flash. 
 
 Migro, are, dvi, alum, n., to remove 
 from one place to another, emi- 
 grate, depart from. 
 
 Mild. See Ego. 
 
 Miles, Itis, m. fyf. (mille), a soldier ; 
 the soldiery, army. 
 
 Miletus, i, m., Miletus, the capital 
 of Ionia, in Asia Minor : IX. 5. 
 
 Militdris, e, adj. {miles), of or be- 
 longing to a soldier, military, 
 warlike, martial, soldierlike. Res 
 militaris, the art of war, warfare. 
 
 Militia, m, f. (miles), military ser- 
 vice, warfare. Militia, gen., sig- 
 nifies, in war or abroad, especially 
 when joined with domi, §221, 
 R, 3. 
 
 MiVilo, are, dvi, dtum, n. {miles), 
 to serve as a soldier; to serve. 
 
 Mille, num. adj. ind., ^ 118, 6, 
 a thousand. Mille, sabs. ^i\^Q\x- 
 sand. Jtfz7iepa5sww7re, a thousand 
 paces, or one mile ; passuum in 
 this construction is often omitted. 
 
 Millies, adv. {mille), a thousand 
 times; very often. 
 
 Mimus, i, m., a mimic, buffoon ; a 
 farce. Vita mimus, the play of 
 life. 
 
 MincE, arum, f. pi., threats, men- 
 aces. 
 
 Minimi, adv. (sup. ofparum), least, 
 least of all ; in negation, not at 
 all, by no means. 
 
 Minimus, a, um, adj. (sup. o^ par- 
 vus), very little, the least. 
 
 Ministerium, i, n. (minister, a ser- 
 vant), service, attendance, office, 
 ministry. 
 
 Minor, dri, atus sum, dep., to pro 
 
MINOR— MODIUS. 
 
 209 
 
 ject ; to threaten, menace. Ulti- 
 imem alimi minari, to threaten 
 to take revenge upon one. 
 
 Minor, orisj (idj. (comp. o^parvus), 
 smaller, less, inferior, less im- 
 portant. Minor natu, or minor, 
 younger. 
 
 Minucius, i, m , ■ Minucius, a Ro- 
 man name belonging to the Mi- 
 nucian gens. L, Minucius, a 
 consul, A. U.C. 296: 11.16. 
 
 Minuo, ere, ui, utum, a. S^ n., to 
 make smaller, lessen, diminish, 
 abate, decrease. 
 
 Minus, adv. (comp. of parum), 
 less ; not. 
 
 Minutus, a, um, part. Sf adj. (min- 
 uo), diminished, lessened; mi- 
 nute, small. 
 
 Mirabllis, e, adj. {miror), wonder- 
 ful, marvellous, strange, aston- 
 ishing, extraordinary. 
 
 Miraculum, i, it., a. wonder, mira- 
 cle, prodigy, wonderful event. 
 
 Mirandus, a, um, adj. (miror), ad- 
 mirable, amazing, marvellous, 
 wonderful. 
 
 Miriflcus, a, um, adj. (mirus ^fa- 
 cia), marvellous, strange, ex- 
 traordinary, amazing. 
 
 Miror, dri, atus sum, dep., to won- 
 der, be amazed or astonished at, 
 admire; to manifest admiration. 
 
 Mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, 
 strange. 
 
 Misceo, ere, miscui, mistum 4" mix- 
 turn, a., to mix, mingle, blend. 
 
 Miser, a, um, adj., tor, errlmus; mis- 
 erable, wretched, unfortunate. 
 
 MiseraMlis, e, adj. {misSror, to de- 
 plore), pitiable, deplorable, mis- 
 erable. 
 
 MiseraHlUer,adv.(miserabilis) , piti- 
 ably, deplorably, sadly, wretch- 
 edly. 
 
 M'sereor, ereri, ertus fy eritus sum, 
 
 18* 
 
 dep. , (miser), to pity, commis- 
 erate, compassionate. 
 
 Misericordia, ce,f. (miserlcors, mer- 
 ciful), mercy, compassion, pity. 
 
 Misi. See Mitto. 
 
 Missllis, e, adj. (mitto), that may 
 be thrown, missile, missive. 
 Missile, is, n., a missile weapon. 
 
 Missus, b, um, part, (mitto). 
 
 Mitesco, ere, n. (mitis), to grow 
 ripe or mellow; to grow milder, 
 moderate. 
 
 Mithriddtes, is, m., Milhridates, a 
 kingofPontus: VIII. 1. 
 
 Mithridaticus, a, um, adj. (Milhri- 
 dates), Mithridatic, of or relating 
 to Mithridates. 
 
 Mitis, c, adj., mild, soft, tender, 
 gentle. 
 
 Mitto, ire, misi, missum, u. (meo, 
 to go), to let go; to demiss; to 
 send, despatch, depute ; to throw, 
 east, hurl, discharge. 
 
 MityUnce, arum, f. pi., Mitylene, 
 the capital of the Island Lesbos : 
 VII. 27. 
 
 Mobilis, e, a4). (moveo), easy to be 
 moved, movable. 
 
 Moderalio,onis,f. (moderor), mod- 
 eration, discretion ; temperate- 
 ness, moderateness. 
 
 Moderatus, a, um, part. ^ adj., 
 moderate, discreet, temperate, 
 forbearing : from 
 
 Moderor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (mo- 
 dus), to fix a measure ; to mod- 
 erate, restrain. 
 
 Modestia, tB,f. (modestus, modest), 
 moderation, modesty, humility, 
 discretion. 
 
 Modlcus, a, urn, adj. (modus), mod- 
 erate, modest, temperate; mean, 
 ordinary, scanty. 
 
 Modius, i, m., a modius, a measure 
 containing somewhat more than 
 a peck. 
 
210 
 
 MODO— MOVEO. 
 
 Modd, adv., only, but, merely ,; just 
 now, now, lately, but just before. 
 Modo — modo, now — now, some- 
 times — sometimes, at one time 
 — at another : from 
 
 Mod-US, i, m., a measure; a man- 
 ner, way, method. In modum, 
 after the manner of, like ; — a 
 tune, air. 
 
 Mmnia, ium, n. pi., walls, the walls 
 of a city . 
 
 Mmreo, ere, ui, n. S^ a., to grieve, 
 be afflicted, lament, mourn. 
 
 Mceror, oris, m. (mcereo), a mourn- 
 ing, sadness, grief, sorrow. 
 
 Mcestus, a, um, adj. (mccreo), sad, 
 sorrowful, afflicted. 
 
 Moles, is, /., a mass, heap ; bulk, 
 size, hugeness; a dike, pier. 
 
 MolesU,adv.{molestus), offensively, 
 in a troulj^esome manner. Ferre 
 moleste, to be displeased, take a 
 thing ill, be sorry or grieved. 
 
 Molestia, cb, f., trouble, uneasiness, 
 annoyance. Moleslim esse, to 
 trouble, annoy : from 
 
 Molestus, a, um, adj., tipublesome, 
 painful, irksome. 
 
 Molior, iri, Uus sum, dep. (moles), 
 to attempt something difficult, 
 struggle, strive. Moliri portam, 
 to break down, burst open — ; 
 to contrive, meditate, prepare ; 
 to endeavor, attempt, undertake. 
 
 Mollio, ire, ivi ^ ii, Uum, u,., to 
 soften, make soft or tender ; to 
 check, restrain; to tame, civ- 
 ilize : from 
 
 Mollis, e, adj. (Traowco), easily mova- 
 ble, flexible ; soft, tender ; ef- 
 feminate, womanly, voluptuous. 
 
 MoUiter, adv. (mollis), pliantly ; 
 softly ; eifeminately, voluptu- 
 ously. 
 
 Molo, onis, m., Molo. See Apol- 
 lonius 
 
 Momentum, i, ,,.. (moveo), a motion 
 or impulse ; weight, influence, 
 importance. 
 
 Moneo, ere, ui^ Uum, a., to re- 
 mind ; to admonish, caution, 
 advise, instruct, warn; to in- 
 form, tell. 
 
 Monltus, a, um,part. (moneo). 
 
 Monltus, lis, m. (moneo), advice, 
 admonition. 
 
 Mons, tis, m., a mountain, mount, 
 high hill. 
 
 Monstrum, i, n. (moneo), a prodigy, 
 monster. 
 
 Mora, <B, f, a. delay, stay, stop, 
 hinderance. 
 
 Morbus, i, m., a disease, disorder, 
 malady, sickness. 
 
 Mordeo, ere, momordi, marsum, a., 
 to bite. 
 
 Morior, i c^ iri, m,ortuus sum, dep 
 (mors), to die, expire. 
 
 Moror, dri, atus sum, dep. (mora), 
 to delay, tarry , linger ; to detain, 
 hinder, delay. 
 
 Mors, tis, f, death. 
 
 Morsus, us, m. (mordeo), a bite, 
 biting; torment, anguish. 
 
 Mortdlis, e, adj. (mors), mortal, 
 perishable. Mortdlis, is, m., a 
 mortal ; pi., men, mankind, mor- 
 tals. 
 
 MoTtuus, u, um, part, (morior), 
 dead ; being dead. 
 
 Mas, maris, m., a manner, custom, 
 usage, practice. More, abl., after 
 the manner of, like. Mores, pi., 
 character, manners. Morem ali- 
 cui gerere, to comply with, hu- 
 mor, gratify' — . 
 
 Motus, us, m., a motion, move- 
 ment; a commotion, tumult, se- 
 dition, disturbance : from 
 
 Motus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Moveo, ere, mom, motum, «.. ^ n. 
 (meo, to go), to move, stir; to 
 
MOX— MUTINENSIS. 
 
 211 
 
 excite, rouse, provoke; to re- 
 move; to affect, touch, influ- 
 ence. THhi viovere, § 251, to 
 remove from a higher to a lower 
 tribe, to degrade. 
 
 Mox, adv., by and by, presently, 
 soon, quickly, immediately, af- 
 terward, in the next place, then. 
 
 Mucius, {, m.. Mucins, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Mucian 
 gens. 
 
 Mucro, onis, m., the sharp point 
 of any thing ; a sword. 
 
 Mulceo, ere, mvlsi, mulsum, u,., to 
 soothe, soften, mitigate. 
 Midgeo, ere, mulsi, mulctvm, a., to 
 milk. 
 
 Muliibris, t, adj. (mulier), of or 
 pertaining to a woman, feminine. 
 
 MidiebrXter, adv. {muliehris), like a 
 woman, womanly, effeminately ; 
 after the manner of women. 
 
 Mulier, eris,f., a woman. 
 
 Muliercula, a, f. dim. (mulier), a 
 little woman, maid, girl. 
 
 Mulio, onis, m. {muVus), a mule- 
 driver, muleteer. 
 
 Multa, ffi, /., a fine. Dicere mvl- 
 tam, to impose a fine. 
 
 Multiplex, ids, adj. (vndtus^ pli- 
 ca, to weave), manifold, various, 
 numerous. 
 
 MuUitUdo, 1nis,f. (multus), a mul- 
 titude, great number ; the popu- 
 lace, rabble, multitude, many. 
 
 Multo, are, avi, dtum, a. (multa), 
 to impose a fine, fine; to punish. 
 Miquem pecunid multare, to fine 
 one a sum of money, § 249, I. 
 
 Multiim, adv., much, far, greatly : 
 from 
 
 Multus, a, um, adj., plus, plurimus ; 
 many, much, frequent. Multi, 
 many, many persons. Multo, 
 lil., joined often with compara- 
 tives, by much, much, far, by 
 
 far ; long. Mulio plures, many 
 more. 
 
 Mummius, i, m., Mummius, a Ro- 
 man name. L. Mummius Achai- 
 cus, a Roman consul, A. U. C 
 606: VII. 14. 
 
 Munditia, a, f. (mundus, clean), 
 cleanness ; neatness in dress, 
 furniture, &c. 
 
 Munia, ium, n. pi., public offices, 
 places of trust; functions of one's 
 office, duties. 
 
 Municipium, i, n. (muntceps, a citi- 
 zen), a free town. 
 
 Munio, ire, Ivi ^ ii, Itum, n. Sf a., 
 to make a wall; to fortify, de- 
 fend, secure, strengthen. 
 
 Mvnitus, a, um, part. 4' adj., ior, 
 isslmus, (munio), fortified, se- 
 cured. 
 
 Munus, iris, n., an office, part, 
 duty, charge, post; a present, 
 gift, reward, service, favor. 
 
 Murana, (B,f., a lamprey, a sort of 
 eel. 
 
 Muralis, e, adj. (murus), of a wall, 
 mural. Muralis corona, a mu- 
 ral crown, given to him who first 
 ascended the walls of a besieged 
 city. 
 
 Muritt, <E,/., salt liquor, a kind of 
 sauce or pickle, made of the 
 tunny or other fish. Muria de 
 turdis, fish-sauce. 
 
 Murus, i, m., a wall, generallyof 
 a town or city. 
 
 Mus, Muris, m., a Roman cogno- 
 men. See Decius. 
 
 Mus, muris, m. fyf, a mouse. 
 
 Mutatio, dnis,f. (muto) , a changing, 
 altering, change. 
 
 MuMna, a, /., Mutina, novi Mode- 
 na, a city of Cisalpine Gaul : 
 IX. 30. 
 
 Mutinensis, e, adj. (Mutina), of or 
 belonging to Modena. Mvti 
 
212 
 
 MUTO— NECO. 
 
 nenses, ium, m. pi., inhabitants 
 of Modena. 
 
 Muto, are, dvi, dtum, u., to move ; 
 to alter, change. 
 
 MuUniSy a, «m, adj., that is bor- 
 rowed ; mutual, reciprocal. 
 
 N. 
 
 JYactus, u, um, part, (nanciscor). 
 
 Nam, &/• JYamgue, conj., § 198, 7, 
 for ; but. 
 
 JVanciscor, i, nactus sum, dep., to 
 meet with, find, find by chance j 
 to get, gain, obtain. 
 
 JVaris, is,f., a nostril; pi., the nos- 
 trils, the nose. 
 
 Warro, are, dvi, atvm, a., to tell, re- 
 count, relate, report, recite, speak 
 of, set forth, declare, narrate. 
 
 JYascor, i, natus sum, dep., to be 
 born, spring, arise, grow. 
 
 jyaslca, (E, m., Nasica, a surname 
 of some of the Scipios : from 
 
 JVasus, i, m,, the nose. 
 
 jYaldlis, is, m. (natus), a birthday. 
 
 J^atio, onis, f (nascor), a being 
 born, birth; a stock, race, breed, 
 kind ; a race of people, nation, 
 people, country, tribe. 
 
 J^atu, ahl. of the def. noun natus, ■(ts, 
 m. (nascor), § 94, by birth, in age. 
 Major natu, older, the elder, 
 §126, R. l.Maximus natu, eldest. 
 
 J^atura, (E,f. (nascor), nature ; the 
 universe; the natural property, 
 character, or constitution ; in- 
 clination, disposition, genius. 
 JVaturd, ahl., by nature, nat- 
 urally. 
 
 Tfaturdlis,c,adj. (natura), natural, 
 implanted by nature. 
 
 JYatus, a, um,part. (nascor), born. 
 Annos ires et mginti natus, when 
 twenty-three years. old. 
 
 Jfavfragium, i, n. (navis Sffrango), 
 
 shipwreck. Fig., ruin, loss, de- 
 struction. 
 
 Navdlis, e, adj. (navis), of or be- 
 longing to ships, naval. 
 
 J^avicula, at, f. dim. (navis), a lit- 
 tle ship, skiff, boat. 
 
 JVavigium, i, n., a ship, vessel, 
 boat : from 
 
 Navtgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 4' "■ 
 (navis fy ago), to navigate a ship ; 
 to sail, set sail. 
 
 Navis, is, /., a ship, bark, vessel, 
 galley, boat. 
 
 JVavius, i, m., Navius, a Roman 
 name. See Attus. 
 
 JYavo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (navus, ac- 
 tive), to perform vigorously or 
 diligently. JVavare operam ali- 
 cui, to serve, assist — . Kovare 
 operam strcnuam or bonam, to 
 perform good service. 
 
 JVe, adv. Sf conj., not, that not ; 
 after verbs of fearing, lest ; that, 
 § 2G2, R. 7. JVe quis. See Nequis. 
 JVe — quidem. See Quidem, & 
 § 279, 3, (d.) 
 
 JYc, an enclitic conj., §198, N.l; in 
 direct questions, it is commonly 
 omitted in translating; in indi- 
 rect questions, whether. 
 
 Nehiila, cE,f, a mist, fog, vapor; a 
 cloud. 
 
 Nee, or Neque, conj. S/- adv. (ne ^ 
 gae), neither, nor,and not,butnnt, 
 not. Nee — nee, neither — nor. 
 Neque tamen, but not, still not. 
 
 Necessarius, a, um, adj. (neces- 
 se, necessary), necessary, need- 
 ful, unavoidable, indispensable ; 
 friendly, favorable. 
 
 Necessltas, dtis,f. (necesse), neces- 
 sity, needfulness, force, compul- 
 sion, constraint, fate ; needinesa 
 want. 
 
 Necis. See Nex. 
 
 jVero, are, dvi, dtum,S^ ui, ncrlum. 
 
NEFARIUS— NISI. 
 
 213 
 
 a (nex), to put to death, slay^ 
 kill, destroy, murder. 
 J^efarius^ a, urn, adj. {nefas., un- 
 lawful), wicked, impious, base, 
 heinous, abominable, execrable, 
 nefarious. 
 JVefastus, a, um, adj. (ne fyfastus), 
 not allowed by the laws or by 
 religion, unlawful; inauspicious, 
 unlucky, unfortunate. Dies ne- 
 fastus, a day on which it was 
 not lawful to administer justice 
 or hold assemblies of the people. 
 
 JVegllgo, gre, Zeaiz, lectum, a. (nee 
 S^ lego), to neglect, disregard, 
 slight ; to scorn, contemn, de- 
 spise. 
 
 J^ego, are, dvi, dtum, a, 8^ »., to 
 say no or not, deny, refuse. 
 With am infinitive, it is tratiS' 
 lated affi.rmatively, to say, de- 
 clare ; and the negation is ap- 
 plied to the infinitive, as, JYego 
 me vidisse, I say that 1 have not 
 seen. 
 
 JVegotium, i, n. (nee 4' otium), a 
 business, office, employment, 
 part, occupation, trade, profes- 
 sion, pursuit ; an affair, transac- 
 tion, enterprise, measure; diffi- 
 culty, trouble, burden, task ; a 
 matter, thing, fact. 
 
 jyemo, Inis, m. fy f. (ne ^ homo), 
 no one, nobody, no man. 
 
 Jfem-pe, adv., to wit, namely, truly ; 
 for. 
 
 ^emus, 6ris, ii., a grove or wood, 
 
 Jfepos, Otis, m., a grandson. 
 
 Jfeptis, is, f. (nepos), a grand- 
 daughter. 
 
 Jteque. See Nee. 
 
 Nequeo, ire, ivi 4' ii, itum, irr. n. 
 (ne 4" queo, I can), not to be 
 able ; I cannot. 
 
 Jfequis, or JVe quis, qua, quod or 
 quid, adj. pro., § 138, (ne 4- 
 
 quis), lest any one, that no one, 
 that no, that no person or thing. 
 
 J^ero, onis, m , Nero, a Roman 
 cogTiomen in the Glaudian gens. 
 C. Claudius Nero, a Roman 
 consul, A. U. C. 545; V. 17. 
 
 JS'escio, Ire, %vi ^ it, itum, u. (ne 
 4" scio), to be ignorant, not to. 
 know. With an infinitive, to 
 know not how; to be unable. 
 
 JVea, cam;'., nor, neither, and not. 
 
 Neuter, tra, trum, (ne 4" uter), gen. 
 neutrius, § 107, neither the one 
 nor tlie other, neither. 
 
 JYex, neeis, /., a violent death; 
 slaughter, murder. 
 
 M, conj., if not, unless ; lest, not. 
 Qajrf ni ? why not .' 
 
 Niger, gra, grum, adj., black, dark. 
 
 Nihil, n. ind., nothing. With a 
 genitive, no ; nihil auxilii, no 
 help. In the accusative, § 232, 
 (3,) it is often used instead of 
 non, not, in no respect, no, not 
 at all. Nihil dum, nothing yet, 
 nothing hitherto. 
 
 NihilomXnus, adv., no less, not- 
 withstanding, nevertheless. 
 
 NihUum, i, n. (ne ^ hilum, the 
 least), nothing. Nihilo, abl., 
 with comparatives, in nothing, 
 not a whit, no. 
 
 Nilus, i, m., the Nile, a river of 
 Egypt. 
 
 Nimis, adv., too much, too, ex 
 ceedingly. 
 
 Nimiiim, adv., too -much, too 
 from 
 
 Nimius, a, um, adj. (nimis), too 
 much, too great, excessive. 
 Nimium hominum, too many 
 men, § 212, R. 3. 
 
 Nisi, conj. (ne &/■ si), if not, unless, 
 except, save, only, besides. 
 Nisi post, except after, until 
 after. Non discedere, nisi salu 
 
214 
 
 NlTOR-iNUBO. 
 
 lads vcstris fiatribus, — without 
 saluting — . 
 
 JKtor, i, sus 4' 2:"s sum, dep., 
 § 245, n. 1, to strive, labor, at- 
 tempt; to lean upon, rest upon. 
 
 JVixus, a, um, part, (nitor), leaning 
 or resting upon. Genu nixus, 
 kneeling, on one's knees. 
 
 JYo, nare, Tiavi, «., to swim. 
 
 JVobllis, e, adj., nobilioT, nobilissi- 
 tnus', known, well-known; fa- 
 mous, illustrious, noble, glo- 
 rious, renowned, celebrated, dis- 
 tinguished; of high birth. Subs., 
 a nobleman, noble. 
 
 jYobilUas, Mis, f. {nobills), fame, 
 reputation, renown ; high birth, 
 nobility ; the nobles,- nobility, 
 patricians ; excellence, worth. 
 
 JVvbillto, are, avi, atum, a. (nobi- 
 lis), to make famous; to make 
 known, ennoble. 
 
 Jfubis, See Ego. 
 
 Moceu, ere, ui, Uum, a., to hurt, 
 injure, do harm or mischief. 
 
 JVoctu,/. abl. (nox), § 94, by night, 
 in the night time. 
 
 JVoctua, fB,f. {noctu), an owl. 
 
 JVocturnus, u, um, adj. (noctu), of 
 night, nocturnal. 
 
 J^ola, cB, /., Nola, a town of Cam- 
 pania: V. 12. 
 
 Jfolo, nolle, nolui, irr. (non ^ 
 volo), to be unwilling. Molui, 
 I was unwilling; I would not. 
 
 Komen, inis, «., a name, appella- 
 tion; a race, nation ; fame, repu- 
 tation. Fig., a person. J^omen 
 dare, to enlist. JVomine, by 
 name ; in the name, on account 
 of, by reason of. Facere nomen 
 alicui, to procure for one a name. 
 
 JVomino, are, dvi, atum, a. (nomerC), 
 to name, call by name. 
 
 Non, adv., not. 
 
 Js'owB, arum, f. pi. [nanus, ninth). 
 
 the fifth day of the month, ex 
 cept in March, IMay, July, and 
 October, when it was the sev- 
 enth ; the nones, the ninth day 
 before the ides, § .326. 
 
 J^ondum, adv. (non ^ dum), not 
 yet, not as yet. 
 
 Nonne, adv. {non ^ ne), whether 
 or not ; not. 
 
 JYonnullus, a, um, adj. (non fy 
 nullus), some. JYonnulli, drum, 
 m.'pl., some, some persons. 
 
 JS'onnun(piam, adv. (^non ^ nun- 
 quam), sometimes, now and 
 then, occasionally. 
 
 JNte. See Ego. 
 
 JYosco, ire,novi,notum,a., to know. 
 
 JVoster, tra, trura, adj. (nos), our, 
 ours, our ovsrn. 
 
 JVoto, are, dvi, atum, a. (nota, a 
 mark), to mark, note ; to ob- 
 serve, remark, notice; to repri- 
 mand, censure, brand with in- 
 firay, disgrace ; to show, indi- 
 cate, designate. 
 
 JYotus, a, um, adj. (noseo), known, 
 well-known. 
 
 JVovaciila, w, f. (novo, to invent), 
 any sharp knife ; a razor. 
 
 JVavem, ind. adj., nine. 
 
 Koverca, <B,f., a step-mother. 
 
 JVovi. See Nosco. 
 
 JYovUas, atisjf., newness, novelty : 
 from 
 
 JVovus, a, um, adj., new, fresh 
 recent ; novel, unusual, uncom 
 mon, unheard of. 
 
 J^ox, noctis, f., night, night time 
 J^octe, abl., in the night, by night 
 
 JVubes, is,f., g, cloud. 
 
 JYubo, Ire, riupsi &/• nupta sum, 
 nuptum, a. &/• n., § 223, R. 2, to 
 cover, veil. Hence, as brides, 
 in ancient times, were accustomed 
 to put on a veil, to marry, be 
 married, spoken of the bride only. 
 
NUDO^OBJICIO, 
 
 21.' 
 
 JVudo, are, dri, &tum, a., to make 
 naked, striij, spoil : from 
 
 Kudus, a, um, adj., naked, bare, 
 uncovered. The word nudus is 
 used also in speaking of those 
 who are without the toga, al- 
 though wearing a tunic. 
 
 Nullus, a, um, adj., gen. nulllus, 
 § 107, {ne S/- ullus), not any, none, 
 nobody, no. 
 
 Kum, adv., whether. 
 
 Numa, a, m.. Noma Pompihus, the 
 second king of Rome : I. 9, 10. 
 
 JVamantia, ce,f., Numantia, a city 
 of Spain, near the Duero, de- 
 stroyed by Scipio Africanus the 
 younger, A. U. C. 621 : VII. 3. 
 
 Mumantmus, a, um, adj. {JYuman- 
 tia), Numantine. Mimantinus, 
 i, m., an inhabitant of Numantia, 
 a Numantine. 
 
 Numero, are, dm, dtum, a., to count, 
 number, reckon ; to pay in ready 
 money, pay: from 
 
 JVumcrus, i, m., a number, quanti- 
 ty, multitude. 
 
 Xfmmlda, <B, m., a Numidian, in- 
 habitant of Numidia. 
 
 jYumtdcB, drum, m. pi., the Numid- 
 ians. 
 
 JYumidia, ffi,/., Numidia, a country 
 in the northern part of Africa, 
 comprehending the modern ter- 
 ritories of Algiers, Tunis, and 
 part of Tripoli: V. 23. 
 
 JVumidtcus, a, um, adj., 'of or be- 
 longing to Numidia, Numidian. 
 
 JYumidlcus, i, m. (Jfumidia), an 
 agnom.en of Q. Ceecilius Metel- 
 lus, on account of his victory 
 over the Numidians. 
 
 Vumltor, oris, m., Numitor-i a king 
 of Alba, the grandfather of Rom- 
 ulus and Remus: I. 1. 
 
 Hummus, i, m., a piece of money, 
 coin ; a sesterce. 
 
 JVunc, adv., now, at present. 
 
 A'uncius. See Nuntius. 
 
 Kunquam, adv., never, at no time. 
 
 Nuntio, &/■ Nuncio, are, Avi, dtum, 
 a., to announce, bear tidings, re- 
 port, declare, tell : from 
 
 Nuntius, Sf Kuncius, i, m., news, 
 tidings ; a messenger. 
 
 Nuper, adv., not long ago, lately, 
 recently. 
 
 JVvipsi. See Nubo. 
 
 Nupta, ce, f. (nubo), a spouse, wife. 
 
 JVuptus, a, um, part. (nubo). 
 
 Mirus, '6,s,f., a daughter-in-law. 
 
 Nusquam, adv. (ne &f usquam)^ no- 
 where, in no place. 
 
 JVuto, are, dvi, dtum, n., to nod or 
 make signs with the head ; to be 
 uncertain or doubtful, waver. 
 
 Nutrix, ids, f. (nutrio), a nurse. 
 
 Nutus, tLSj'Tn., a nod, beck. 
 
 Nux, nucisjf, a nut. 
 
 o. 
 
 0, interjection, oh ! 
 
 Oh, prep, with the ace, for, on ac- 
 count of. Ob oculos portere, — 
 before the eyes. 
 
 Obedio, ire, ivi, itum, n. (ob S^ au- 
 dio), to listen to, obey. 
 
 Obeo, ire, ivi 4^ ii, Uum, irr. n. ^ 
 a. (ob ^ eo), to go to and fro; to 
 attend upon, be present at; to 
 attend to, discharge, perform. 
 Obire diem supremum, or obire, 
 to die. 
 
 Obesus, a, um, adj., fat, gross. 
 
 Obltus, Us, m., death, decease. 
 
 Objectus, ■ds, m. (ohjicio), an oppo- 
 sition, interposition. 
 
 Objectus, a, um, part. Sf adj., throwI^ 
 before ; opposed, lying before or 
 opposite to : from 
 
 Ohjicio, Ire, jeci, jectum, u,. (ob Sf 
 jfrioi), to throw or place before, 
 
216 
 
 OBJURGO— OBSTRIN GO. 
 
 expose; to throw, cast; to ob- 
 ject, charge with; to place in 
 tiie way, oppose : to oifer, 
 proffer. 
 
 Objurgo, are, dvi, alum, a. (oh S^ 
 juTgo), to reprove, rebuke, rep- 
 rimand. 
 
 Obldtus, «, um, fart, (ojfcro), 
 
 Olilecto, are, dm, dtum, u. (ob ^ 
 lacto, to allure), to delight, 
 amuse, entertain, please. 
 
 Obllgo, are, dvl, dtum, u. (ob ^ 
 ligo, to bind), to tie round, bind ; 
 to oblige, put under obligation, 
 bind. 
 
 Obltno, tre, Svi, itum, a. (ob ^ lino, 
 to smear), to daub or smear over, 
 bedaub. 
 
 Oblltus, a, um, part, (obliviscor), 
 having forgotten ; forgetful, un- 
 mindful, heedless. 
 
 ObHtus, a, nm, part, (oblino). 
 
 Oblivio, dnis,f., oblivion, forgetful- 
 ness. Oblivio me cepit, I forgot : 
 from 
 
 Obliviscor, i, oblltus sum, dep., 
 § 216, to forget. 
 
 Obnoxius, a, um, adj. (ob 8^ noz- 
 ius, hurtful), punishable, guilty ; 
 liable, obnoxious, subject, ex- 
 posed. 
 
 Obrepo, ere, psi, ptum, n. (ob Sf re- 
 po, to creep), to creep on; to 
 steal upon, overtake. 
 
 Obruo, ire, ui, utum, u,. (ob Sf ruo), 
 to cover over, bury ; to oppress, 
 load, overwhelm. 
 
 Obscuro, are, dvi, dtum, u., to ob- 
 scure, darken ; to cover, conceal : 
 from 
 
 Obscurus, a, um, adj., dark, shady, 
 obscure. 
 
 Obsccuturus, a, um, part, (obse- 
 quor). 
 
 Obsedi. See Obsideo. 
 
 Obsipio, Ire, psi, ptum^ a., (ob fy 
 
 sepio), to hedge in, enclose, block 
 or stop up. 
 
 Ob.iequens, tis, adj. If part., ior, 
 isslmus ; pliant, obedient : y7*om 
 
 Obslquor, i, cutus sum, dep. (ob ^ 
 sequor), to comply with, oblige, 
 humor; to yield to, submit to 
 obey, serve. 
 
 Observuns, tis, part. ^ adj., ior 
 isslmus, (observe, to watch) 
 observant, watchful, mindful • 
 regardful, respectful. 
 
 Obses, Idis, m. fyf. (ob fy sedeo), a 
 hostage, a surety. 
 
 Obsessus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Obsideo, ere, edi, essum, n. ^ a. 
 (ob fy sedeo), to sit or stay any 
 where ; to invest, besiege ; to 
 fill, occupy. 
 
 Obsidlo, 6nis,f. (obsideo), a siege, 
 blockade. Obsidionem relinquere 
 or solvere, to raise — . 
 
 Obsidiondlis, e, adj. (ubsidio), per- 
 taining to a blockade. Corona 
 obsidionalis, a crown given to 
 him who had raised a siege. It 
 was usually made of the grass 
 growing in the place besieged. 
 
 Ohsisto, Ire, stlti, stltum, n. (ob S^ 
 sisto), to stand ; to oppose, ob- 
 struct, withstand. 
 
 Obstindtus, a, um, adj., firmly 
 resolved, fixed, obstinate, in- 
 flexible, resolute, determined : 
 from 
 
 Obstlrw, are, dvi, dtum, a., to re 
 solve firmly, determine. 
 
 Ohsto, are, stui, n. (ob fy sto), to 
 stand in the way, withstand, op- 
 pose, hinder, obstruct. 
 
 Obstrlpo, Ire, ui, n. ^ a. (ob 4' 
 strepo, to make a noise), to make 
 a noise against, interrupt by 
 noise, be obstreperous, disturb, 
 annoy. 
 
 Obstritigo, ire, nxi, ctum, a. (ob 4 
 
OBSTOeKFAClO— OCTAVIA. 
 
 ai7 
 
 stringo), to bind fast, bind, en- 
 gage- 
 
 Obstupefacio, Ire, feci, factum, a. 
 (fib, stupeo, fyfacio), to astonish, 
 amaze, confound, bewilder. 
 
 Obstupesco, Ire, pui, n. (fib Sf 
 slupesco), to be astonished or 
 amazed; to be stupefied. 
 
 Obtemplro, are, avi. Stum, n. (fib Sf 
 tempera), to obey, comply with, 
 conform to, yield to. 
 
 Obtestatio, onis, /., a calling sol- 
 emnly to witness, conjuring, en- 
 treating, supplication : from 
 
 ObtestOT, dri, dius sum, dep. (ob fy 
 tester, to testify), to call solemn- 
 ly to witness, adjure, conjure. 
 
 Obtlneo, ere, ui, tetttum, a. ^ n. 
 (ob ^ teneo), to hold, have, pos- 
 B,ess ; to keep, retain ; to obtain, 
 get, acquire, take possession of. 
 
 Obtingo, ire, tigi, a. fy n. (ob ^ 
 tango, to touch), to touch; to 
 happen, occur; to fall by lot, 
 happen to be ; to befall one, fall 
 to one. 
 
 Obtorqueo, ere, orsi, ortum, a. (ob 
 4^ torqueo), to wrest, twist, writhe, 
 wrench. 
 
 Obtrecto, dre, dvi, dtum, n. fy a. (ob 
 Sftracto, to handle), to disparage, 
 slander, calumniate, speak light- 
 ly or contemptuously of 
 
 Obtrunco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ob fy 
 trunco, to maim), to cut off; to 
 cut down, cut in pieces, slaugh- 
 ter, slay. 
 
 Obtali. See Offero. 
 
 Obvlnio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. (ob ^ 
 Tenia), to befall, happen, occur ; 
 to fall to, fall to one's lot. Mi- 
 cui somnio obvenire, to appear to 
 one in a dream. 
 
 Obzihrn, adv. (ob fy via), in the 
 way. Obviam ire, progredi, etc., 
 to go or advance to meet; to 
 o 
 
 resist, encounter. Obviam ali- 
 cui ab aliquo itur, one goes to 
 meet — . 
 
 Obvius, a, um, adj. (ob &/■ via), in 
 the way, meeting. Obvius esse, 
 to meet. 
 
 Obvolvo, ere, vi, volntum, a. (ob ^ 
 volvo), to wrap round, muffle up, 
 cover. 
 
 Occasio, Bnis,f. (occido), a happen- 
 ing, accident, chance, opportu- 
 nity, occasion, 
 
 Occdsus, Us, m. (occido), a, going 
 down or setting of the heavenly 
 bodies ; sunset. 
 
 Occldens, tis, m., the west, 4^ OccX- 
 dens, tis, part., setting, going 
 down : from - 
 
 Occido, ire, Mi, cdsum, n. (ob fy 
 cado), to fall ; to go down, set ; 
 to perish, die. 
 
 Occido, ire, cldi, clsum, a. (ob fy 
 ccedo), to beat ; to kill, slay, cut 
 down. 
 
 Occlsus, a, um, part, fy adj. (occi- 
 do), killed, slain ; ruined, lost, 
 undone. 
 
 Occultus, a, um, adj. (occUlo, to 
 hide), hidden, secret, concealed, 
 
 Oceumbo, ire, cuMii, cubltum, n. 
 (ob S^ cumbo, obs.), to fall, set; 
 to die. 
 
 Occupatio, dnis, f, a seizing vio- 
 lently ; occupation, business, en- 
 gagement : from 
 
 OccHpo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ob if 
 capio), to seize, take possession 
 of; to occupy, fill. 
 
 Occurro, ire, ri &/• occucurri, sum, 
 n. (ob if curro), to go, come, or 
 run up to meet ; to meet. 
 
 Occurso, dre, dvi, dtum, n. freq. 
 (occurro), to go to meet, meet, 
 
 Octavia, a, /., Octavia, a Romai^ 
 name belonging to females of 
 the Octavian gens. Octavia, tha 
 
218 
 
 UCTAVIUS— OPPIDAi\US. 
 
 sister of Octavius Cesar, and 
 wife of Marli Antony : IX. 34. 
 
 OctaviuSj i, m., Octavius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Oc'tavian 
 gens. Octavius Ctesar, iSeeCeesar, 
 
 Octo, ind. num. udj., eight. 
 
 OctogeslmuSj a, wm, adj., the eigh- 
 tieth : from 
 
 Octoginta, ind. num. adj. {octo), 
 eighty. 
 
 Oculus, i, m., the eye ; pi., the 
 eyes, the sight. Sub oculis, be- 
 fore the eyes, in presence of. 
 
 Odium, i, n., hatred, ill-will, en- 
 mity. Esse odio alicui, to be 
 hated by — ; to be odious to — . 
 
 Odor, oris, m., a scent, smell, o4or : 
 pi., odors, perfumes, spices. 
 
 Offendo, Sre, di, sum, n. <§/• a. {oh &/■ 
 fendo, obs.), to hit against; to be 
 offensive, give offence, displease; 
 to hit upon, find. 
 
 Offensa, a, f. {offendo), a striking 
 against; a dislike, hatred, enmi- 
 ty, offence ; displeasure. 
 
 Offensus, a, um, part, {offendo). 
 
 OffCro, ferre, obtuli, obldtum, irr. 
 a. {ob 1^ fero), to bring before, 
 present; to offer. 
 
 OJJiciosus, u, um, adj., ready to 
 serve, kind, obliging, courteous, 
 officious ; from 
 
 Officium, i, 71., kindness, service ; 
 attention, duly, part, office. 
 Offcium humanitatis, an act 
 of kindness or benevolence; — 
 courteousness, deference, honor 
 paid to one. 
 
 Oteti., (B,f, an olive-tree. 
 
 Ollm, adv., once upon a time, for- 
 merly, long since. 
 
 Omen, Inis, n., an augury, omen. 
 J3rcipere omen, to accept an 
 omen, to draw a favorable omen 
 from soTne incidental remark. 
 
 Omissus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Omitto, Ire, mlsi, missum, a. {ob 
 ^ mitto), to let go; to pass by, 
 omit, give up, give over, relin- 
 quish, pass over, say notliing oi 
 
 Omnlno, adv., wholly, entirely, al 
 together ; at all ; in* all, in thff 
 whole, but, only : from 
 
 Omnis, e, adj , all, every, of even 
 kind, the whole. Omnia, § 205 
 R. 7, (2,) all things, every thing 
 Omnes, all, all men, § 205, R. 7 
 (1,) & N. 1. 
 
 OnUro, are, dvi, atum, a., to load, 
 lade, freight : from 
 
 Onus, iris, n., a burden, load. 
 
 Onustus, a, um, adj. {onus), laden, 
 loaded. 
 
 Opera, a, f. {opus), work, labor, 
 pains, exertion. Dare operam, 
 to attend to, strive, give atten- 
 tion to, devote one's self; con- 
 trive, bring about, effect ; — 
 means, services, assistance, aid. 
 
 O'pirio, Ire, erui, ertum, a., to cov- 
 er, close ; to conceal, hide. 
 
 Opertus, a, wm, part, {opcriv), cov- 
 ered, concealed, loaded. 
 
 Oplfex, lets, m. ^f. {opus Sf facio), 
 a maker, artificer; an artist, me- 
 chanic, artisan. 
 
 Opimius, i, m., Opimius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Opimian 
 gens. L. Opimius, a Roman 
 consul, A. U. C. 631 : VII. 12. 
 
 Opinio, onis,f., opinion, conjecture, 
 belief, expectation. 
 
 Oportet, Sbat, uit, imp., it is reason- 
 able, it ought, it behoves, it is 
 necessary. 
 
 OppUo, ire, Ivi &/• ii, Uum, u. ^ 
 n. {ob ^ peto), to encounter, un- 
 dergo, suffer. 
 
 Oppiddnua, u, um, adj..^ of or be- 
 longing to a town ; subs., oppi- 
 dani, drum, m. pi., inhabitants 
 of a town, townsmen ; from 
 
OPPIDUM— ORIOR. 
 
 219 
 
 OpjMnm, i, n., a walled town, 
 town, city. 
 
 Oppius, i, m. Oppius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Oppian 
 gens. C. Oppius, a tribune of 
 the people, A. U. C. 557 : VI. 8. 
 
 Oppitts, a, Mm, adj., Oppian, of or 
 pertaining to Oppius. 
 
 Oppleo, e7'€, evif etum, u. (o6 S^ pleo), 
 to fill completely ; to cover 
 over. 
 
 Oppletus, «., um,part. (oppleo). 
 
 Oppono, ire, osui, osltnm, a. {oh ^ 
 pono), to place against, oppose. 
 Opponere se, to set one's self 
 against, to oppose. 
 
 Opportunltas, dtis, /., fitness, con- 
 venience, opportunity; advan- 
 tage, favorable circumstance i 
 from, 
 
 Opportunus, a, um, adj., commo- 
 dious, fit, suitable, seasonable, 
 opportune, at the proper time. 
 
 Oppositus, u, um, part. ^ adj. (op- 
 pono), set up against, opposed, 
 opposite. 
 
 Opprivw, ere, pressi, pressum, n. 
 {ob fypremo), to press down; to 
 oppress, load ; to overpower, 
 overthrow, subdue, erusii, ruin 
 
 OppugnMw, onis, /., a fighting 
 against ; an. attack, assault • 
 from 
 
 Oppugno, are, dvi, dtum, u. (oh ^ 
 pugno), to fight against, attack, 
 beleaguer, assault. 
 
 Ops, opis, f, § 94, power, forces, 
 resources ; riches, wealth ; help, 
 assistance, aid. Opem ferre, to 
 bring aid, assist, help. 
 
 Optimdtes, um. ^ ium, m. pi. (ops), 
 the leading men, the aristocracy,' 
 the nobles. 
 
 Optlmus, a, um, adj. (sup. of bo- 
 nus), best, very good, excellent, 
 choice 
 
 Optio, onis, /., free-will choice, 
 option : from 
 
 Opto, are, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n., to 
 wish, desire. 
 
 OpuUmtus, a, um, adj., ior, isst- 
 mus, (ops), rich, wealthy, opu- 
 lent ; fruitful, productive ; pow- 
 erful. 
 
 Opus, gris, n. ind., work, labor, 
 toil ; a work ; a fortification. 
 
 Opus, ind. noun S^ adj., § 243, need, 
 occasion, necessity ; needful, 
 necessary. 
 
 Oracuium, i, n. (oro), the response 
 of an inspired priest o7' priestess • 
 an oracle. 
 
 Oratio, onis, f. (oro), speaking, 
 speech, language, words ; a 
 speech, oration. 
 
 Orator, oris, m. (oro), a speaket, 
 orator; an ambassador, de])uty. 
 
 Orbis, is, m., a circle, ring, orb, 
 disk; the earth; so, orbis terra 
 rum, the earlh. 
 
 Orbo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to deprive 
 ^or bereave of : f?-om 
 
 Orbus, li, um, adj., deprived or 
 destitute of parents or children* 
 orphan, fatherless, childless ; be- 
 reft, destitute, without. 
 
 OrdHno, are, avi, dtum, «.. (ordo), 
 tQ set or place in order, arrange, 
 dispose. 
 
 Ordior, iri, orsus sum, dep., to be 
 gin to weave ; to begin, com 
 mence. 
 
 Ordo, inis, m., order, arrangement, 
 regularity, method ; rank ; class, 
 order. Extra ordinem, contrary 
 to rule or law ; also, out of one's 
 rank or place ; a company or 
 band of soldiers, battalion. 
 
 Oriens, tis, m. (orior), the east. 
 
 Orlgo, inis, f, the origin, source , 
 birth, descent : from 
 
 Orior, Iri, ortus sum, dep., ^ 177 
 
220 
 
 ORIUNDUS— PALATIUM. 
 
 to rise, appear ; to arise, spring, 
 spring up ; to commence, begin, 
 appear, become visible. 
 
 Oriuiidus, a, um, adj. (orior), 
 springing from, descended from. 
 
 Ornamenlum,i, n. (orno), an orna- 
 ment, decoration. 
 
 Orndtt^ adv., ius, issim^ ; ele- 
 gantly, gracefully, eloquently : 
 from 
 
 Ornatus, a, um, ■part. S/' adj. (firno), 
 ior, isslmua ; adorned, equipped, 
 caparisoned ; excellent, distin- 
 guished, illustrious, eminent. 
 
 Ornatus, Us, m., a preparation ; 
 ornament, decoration ; dress, 
 attire : from 
 
 Omo, are, dvi, atum, a., to furnish, 
 provide; to adorn, ornament, 
 embellish ; to equip, set off, 
 dress, deck ; to honor, show 
 honor to. 
 
 Oro, are, dvi, atum, «. fy a. {os), to 
 speak ; to beg, entreat, beseech, 
 pray for. 
 
 Onus, Us, m. (orior), a rising. 
 
 Ortus, a, um, part, (prior), risen, 
 sprung up, proceeding from, 
 born, descended. 
 
 Os, oris, n., the mouth ; speech, 
 language ; the face, countenance. 
 Ora convertere, to turn the eyes : 
 — impudence, audacity, efiront- 
 ery. .^liquid in ore habere, to 
 have continually in one's mouth, 
 be constantly repeating. 
 
 Os, ossis, n., a bone. 
 
 OscHlor, dri,- dtus sum, dep., to 
 kiss : from. 
 
 OscClum, i, n. dim. (os), a little 
 mouth ; a kiss. 
 
 Ostendo, ire, di, sum 4" tum, a. (oh 
 4^ tendo), to shovr, display, mani- 
 fest, discover. 
 
 Ostenio, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 
 (ostendo), to show, display, point 
 
 out ; to promise ; to make a boast 
 of, vaunt. 
 
 Ostium, i, n., a door, gate. 
 
 OtiSsi, adv., at leisure, leisurely, 
 idly, in idleness : from 
 
 OllOsus, a, vm,adj., at leisure, dis- 
 engaged, quiet, unoccupied, hav- 
 ing nothing to do : from 
 
 Olium, i, II., leisure, inactivity ; 
 quiet, repose, idleness, tranquil- 
 lity, peace. Per otium, at lei- 
 sure. 
 
 Ovo, are, dvi, atum, n., to tri- 
 umph in the ovation, to enjoy 
 the lesser triumph; in the ova- 
 tion, the general entered the city 
 on foot or on horseback, crowned 
 with myrtle; to exult, shout for 
 
 . joy- 
 
 P. 
 
 p., an abbreviation of the prieno- 
 men Fublius. 
 
 Pacdtus, a, um, part. 4" adj. (paco, 
 to pacify), peaceful, peaceable, 
 tranquil ; conquered, subdued ; 
 at peace. 
 
 Paciscor, i, pactus sum, dep., to 
 ■ bargain, covenant, agree, stipu- 
 late, promise. 
 
 Pactio, Snis, f. (paciscor, to bar- 
 gain), an agreement, bargain, 
 contract, condition. 
 
 Pactus, a, um, part, (paciscor). 
 
 Padagogus, i, m., a person who 
 conducted boys to and from 
 school, guide, preceptor. 
 
 PaltEstra, te,f., a wrestling, a place 
 for wrestling, gymnasium; the 
 exercises of the gymnasium, such 
 as wrestling, running, ifc. 
 
 Palam, adv., openly, publicly 
 
 Palans, antis, part, (palor), wan- 
 dering ; subs., a straggler. 
 
 Palalium, i, n., the Palatium, or 
 Palatine Hill; a palace 
 
PALATUS— PATELLA. 
 
 221 
 
 ^aldtusi a, um,part. (palor). 
 
 PaUium, i, n., the outer robe of the 
 Greeks ; a cloak, mantle. 
 
 Palo, are, dvi, atum, a. (pains, a 
 stake), to support with stakes or 
 props. 
 
 Polar, ari, dtus sum, dep-, to wan- 
 der to and fro, wander up and 
 down, be dispersed. 
 
 Paipehra, es.f., the eyelid. 
 
 PatudaTnentum, i, n., a military 
 cloak or cassock. 
 
 Palus, adis, /., a marsh, morass, 
 bog, swamp; a lake. 
 
 Palus, i, m., a stake. 
 
 Pando, Sre, pandi, pansum Sf pas- 
 sum, u,., to open ; to open wide ; 
 to spread out, expand, unfold. 
 
 Pimis, is, m., bread. 
 
 Papdver, iris, m. &/• n., the poppy. 
 
 Papirius, i, m., Papirius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Papirian 
 gens. 
 
 Par, parts, arf;'., equal; like, simi- 
 lar. Par pari referre, to return 
 like for like. Par, paris, m., an 
 equal; a competitor, adversary. 
 
 Parabllis, e, adj. (paro), to be pro- 
 cured, easily procured ; ordinary, 
 cheap. 
 
 Parco, ire, peperci fy parsi, a., 
 § 223, R. 2, to cease, give over; 
 to spare, keep, preserve. Micui 
 parciCur, a favor Is shown to one, 
 one is spared : from 
 
 Parous, a, um, adj., ior, isstmus; 
 sparing, frugal, economical, mod- 
 erate. 
 
 Parens, lis, m. S^f. (pario), a pa- 
 rent, father or mother. 
 
 Pareo, ere, ui, Itum, n., to appear; 
 •to obey, submit to. 
 
 Pario, ire, pepiri, partum, a., to 
 bear or bring forth; to occasion, 
 cause, make ; to acquire, procure, 
 obtain. 
 
 9 * 
 
 ParXter, adv. (par), equally, alike, 
 in like manner. Pariter ac, at 
 ■que, etc., equally as, as much as, 
 as well as. 
 
 Paro, are, dvi, dtum, a., to make 
 ready, provide, prepare. 
 
 Pars, its, /., n. part, division, por- 
 tion ; some ; " a part, quarter, 
 place : pL, a part, duty, office ; 
 a party, faction. Vila ex parte, 
 in any wise, in any degree. 
 
 Parsitnonia, ee, f. (par^co), frugan* 
 ty, parsimony, thrift. 
 
 Partim, adv., (pars), partly, in 
 part, some. 
 
 Partior, iri,itussum, dep.(pars), to 
 part, share, distribute. 
 
 Partus, a, um,part. (pario). 
 
 Partus, us, m. (pario), a birth. 
 
 Purum, adv., minus, minimi; lit- 
 tle; too little, not enough; not 
 very, not. Parum seems some- 
 times to be a noun or adjective. 
 
 Parumper, adv., for a short tiii;e, a 
 little while. 
 
 Parv^Llus, a, um, adj. dim., very 
 small, very little, little : frojn 
 
 Parvus, a, um, adj., mittor, mint- 
 mus ; little, small. 
 
 Pasco, ire, pavi, pastum, a., to feed, 
 graze, eat, pasture. 
 
 Passim, adv., here and there, at 
 random, hither and thither, ev- 
 ery way, every where : from 
 
 Passus, As, m. (pdndo), a pace, 
 step; a pace, measure of five 
 Roman feet. 
 
 Passus, a, um, part, (pando). 
 Crinibus passis, with loose or 
 disheveled hair. 
 
 Passus, a, um, part, (pattor). 
 
 Possuncs, a, um, part, (pntior). 
 
 Pastor, oris, m. ( pasco) , a shepherd, 
 herdsman. 
 
 Patella, <B,/., a dish, plate, platter 
 porringer 
 
222 
 
 FATENS— PEDICULARIS. 
 
 Patens, lis, part. ^ adj., open, ly- 
 ing open, accessible : from 
 
 Pateo, ire, ui, n., to be open, ac- 
 cessible ; to extend, stretch. 
 
 Pater, tris, m., a father. Patres, 
 Fathers, a term of respect often 
 given to the Roman senate; sen- 
 ators. 
 
 Paterfamilias, patrisfamilias, m. 
 (pater fyfamilia), the father or 
 master of a family. 
 
 Paternus, a, um, adj. (pater), oi or 
 belonging to a father, paternal. 
 
 Pattens, tis, adj., ior, issimus , ^ 
 part., enduring, capable of en- 
 during, patient : from 
 
 Potior, i, passus sum, dep., to bear, 
 undergo, suffer, endure ; to per- 
 mit, allow, suffer, let. 
 
 Patria, m,f. (patrius), one's native 
 country or city ; a region, coun- 
 try. Patrid Hispanus, a native 
 of Spain. 
 
 Patricius, a, um, adj. (pater), of 
 or belonging to a patrician, pa- 
 trician, noble. Palricii, Brum, 
 m. pi., the patricians. The Ho- 
 inans were divided into three 
 ranks or orders : the patridfins 
 or nobles, the equites or knights, 
 and the plebs or common people. . 
 
 Patrimonium,i,n. (pater), a pater- 
 nal estate, inheritance, patrimo- 
 ny ; an estate. 
 
 Patrius, a, um, adj. (pater), of or 
 belonging to a father, paternal. 
 
 Patro, are, dvi, atum, a., to per- 
 form, execute, achieve, finish. 
 
 Patrocinium, i, n. (patronus, a 
 patron), protection, patronage, 
 support. 
 
 Patruus, i,m. (pater), an uncle by 
 the father's side. 
 
 Pauci, (B, a, adj., few, a few. 
 
 Pauldtim, adv. (paulus), by little 
 and little, by degrees, gradually. 
 
 Paululus, a, um, adj. dim: (pau' 
 lus), little, very little, small. 
 Subs., paululum, i, n., a little. 
 
 Pauliim, adv., a little. 
 
 Paulus, a, um, adj., a little. Ml., 
 paulo, by a little, a little, some- 
 what. 
 
 Paulus, i, m., Paulus, a Roman 
 cognomen. L. .SEmilius Paulus, 
 a Roman consul, A. U. 536 : V. 
 8. L. .Mmilius Paulus Mace- 
 donicus, a Roman consul, A. U. 
 584: VT. 21. 
 
 Pauper, iris, adj., poor. Pauper 
 crumenti, a lean purse. 
 
 Pauperculus, u,, um, adj. dim. (pau- 
 per), poor, sorry. 
 
 Paupertas, dtis,f. (pauper), pover- 
 ty, need, indigence. 
 
 Pavens, tis, part. 4' tidj., afraid, 
 alarmed : from 
 
 Paveo, ere, i, u. fy n., to fear, be 
 afraid. 
 
 ParfLdus, a,um., adj. ^paveo), timid, 
 fearful, alarmed, terrified. 
 
 Pavor, Oris, m. (paveo), a trem- 
 bling; fear, dread, consternation. 
 
 Pax, pacts, /., peace, tranquillity, 
 concord. 
 
 PeccAtum, i, n., a fault, error : from 
 
 Pecco, are, dvi, dtum, A. ^ a., to 
 do wrong, commit a fault, trans- 
 gress, ein ; to err, mistake. 
 
 Pectus, 6ris, n., the breast; the 
 heart, the mind, soul. 
 
 Pecunia, a, /., property, wealth, 
 riches, money ; a sum of money. 
 Magna pecunia, a great sum of 
 money. Dare pecuniam, to hiihe. 
 PL, money, wealth : from 
 
 Pecus, Si-is, n., sheep; cattle; a 
 herd. 
 
 Pedes, itis, m. (pes), on foot; a 
 foot-soldier : pi., infantry. 
 
 Pediculdris, e, adj.,(pediculus), of 
 or belonging to lice. Morblu 
 
PEDICULUS— PERENNIS. 
 
 223 
 
 pedictUaris, the phthiriasiB, or 
 lousy disease :from 
 
 Pedicilus, i, m. dim. (pes), a little 
 foot; a louse. 
 
 Pedis. See Pes. 
 
 Pejor,adj. (comf.ofjnalus), worse. 
 
 Pelllcio, ire, lexi, lectam, a. (per fy 
 lacio, to entice), to deceive by 
 flattery, entice, allure, seduce. 
 
 Pellis, is, f.f the skin m hide of a 
 beast. 
 
 Pdlo, ire, pepidi, pulsum, a., to 
 drive or chase away, repulse; 
 to expel, dispossess, remove. 
 
 Penates, ium, m. pi., household 
 gods. 
 
 Pendeo, Ire, pependi, a., to hang 
 from ; to be suspended. Pendere, 
 sc. se, to hang one's self: from 
 
 Pendo, ire, pependi, pensum, a., to 
 weigh ; to deliberate on, consid- 
 er ; to pay. 
 
 Pene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 
 Penes, prep, with the ace,, near, 
 with ; in the power of. 
 
 Penitus, adv., inwardly, internal- 
 ly; fully, utterly, entirely; far 
 within. 
 
 Penuria, <B,f., want, need, scarcity. 
 
 Pependi. See Pendo. 
 
 Peperci. See Parco. 
 
 Pepiri. See Pario. 
 
 Per, prep, with the ace, through, 
 during, for, throughout ; by, at, 
 through; by means of, on ac- 
 count of; over, along ; in. Per 
 s^Mcient, under color or pretence. 
 Per me, as far as I am concerned. 
 Per singulas noctes, every night. 
 Q,uum per tetatem posset, when 
 age should permit one. 
 
 Perago, ire, egi, actum, a. (per ^ 
 ago), to drive ; to accomplish, 
 perfect, complete, perform, fin- 
 ish, make. 
 
 PerigrO, are, avi, atum, a. (per 
 
 4^ ager), to wander through or 
 over, traverse, survey. 
 
 Ptramasnxis, a, um, adj. (per 4" 
 amwnus), very pleasant. 
 
 Percdlo, ire, ctiLi, culaum, a. (per 
 ^ cello, oils.), to thrust or striae 
 aside, move, overthrow, strike, 
 hit. 
 
 Perclpio, ire, dpi, ceptum, a. (per 
 4^ capio), to take up wholly, pos- 
 sess, invade ; to acquire, receive ; 
 to perceive, comprehend. 
 
 Percontor, dri, dtus sum, dtp. (per 
 Sf contor, to ask), to ask, inquire, 
 demand. 
 
 Perculsus, a, um, part. (perceUo), 
 struck down ; struck, disquieted, 
 alarmed. 
 
 Permnctor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (per 
 4* cunctor, to ask), to ask, in- 
 quire, demand, question, interro- 
 gate. Percunctari ah aliquo, to 
 question one. 
 
 Percussor, 6ris, to., a striker; a 
 murderer, hired assassin : from 
 
 Perctitio, ire, ciissi, cussum, a. (per 
 S^ quatio), to strike, hit, knock, 
 smite. Fadus percutere, to con- 
 clude a treaty ;— to pierce, kill, 
 slay. Humerum alicujus leniter 
 percutere, to tap — . 
 
 PerdUus, a, um, part. ^ adj., lost, 
 ruined, spoiled ; desperate, aban- 
 doned, profligate : from 
 
 Perdo, ire, didi, ditum, a. (per 4' 
 do), to destroy, ruin; to lose. 
 
 Periuco, ire, xi, ctum, a. (per 4' 
 duco), to conduct, lead, convey, 
 accompany, bring. Perducere 
 ad exitum, to accomplish. 
 
 Peregrinor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
 go abroad; to live in a foreign 
 country : from 
 
 Peregrlnus, a, um,, adj. (peregri, 
 abroad), foreign, strange. 
 
 Perehnis, «, adj. (per 4' annta\ 
 
224 
 
 PEREO— PERPEJLLO. 
 
 that lasts the whole year ; con- 
 tinual, perpetual, perennial, ev- 
 erlasting, never-failing. 
 
 Pereuj irCy ii, n. (per ^ co), to per- 
 ish, be destroyed ; to die ; to be 
 lost, spent in vain, thrown away. 
 
 PerfectiiSj a, urn, part. ^ adj. (per- 
 ficio), perfect, complete. 
 
 Perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
 (per fy firo), to bear or carry 
 through; to bring, carry, con- 
 vey ; to suffer, bear patiently. 
 
 PerficiOj ere, feci, fectum, a. (per 
 S^facio), to finish, complete; to 
 perform, execute, accomplish. 
 
 Perfidia, ffi, /., perfidy, treachery, 
 falsehood : from 
 
 Perfidus, a, um, adj. (per S^ fides), 
 faithless, perfidious, false. 
 
 Perf6dio, ere, odi, ossum, a. ( per S^ 
 fodio), to dig through ; to trans- 
 fix, pierce or thrust through. 
 
 Perfdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (per S^ 
 foro, to bore), to bore through, 
 pierce, perforate. 
 
 Pcrfruor, i, fructus sum, dep. (per 
 fyfruor), \ 245, 1., and 3d clause, 
 to enjoy fully or thoroughly. 
 
 PerfUga, ce, m., a runaway, fugi- 
 tive ; a deserter : from 
 
 Perfiigio, Sre,fugi,ug%tu7n, n. (per 
 fy fugio), to fly or flee for suc- 
 cor or shelter; to take refuge. 
 
 Pergdmum, i, n., Pergamum, now 
 Perganio, a city of Mysia, in 
 Asia Minor: VI. 4. 
 
 Per go, 6re, perrexi, n. ^ a. (per S/- 
 rego), to go, proceed, pass on, 
 continue. 
 
 PericlUor, dri, dtus surn, dep. (pe- 
 riculum), to try, prove ; to en- 
 counter danger, be in danger or 
 peril. 
 
 Periculosus, u., um, adj., ior, isst- 
 mus ; dangerous, hazardous, per- 
 ilous : from 
 
 Periculum, i, n., a trial, experi- 
 ment; risk, danger. 
 
 Peril. See Pereo. 
 
 Perinde, adv. (per S^ inde), just so, 
 in the same manner. Perinde 
 ac, atque, or ut, just as, as, just 
 as if, 
 
 Peritia, a, f, knowledge, experi- 
 ence, acquaintance, skilfulness, 
 skill. 
 
 Perifurus, a, wm, part, (pereo). 
 
 Peritus, a, um, adj., ior, isslmus, 
 § 213, R. 1, (3,) experienced in, 
 expert, skilful, experienced. 
 
 Perldtus, a, um, part, (perfero). 
 
 Perllgo, ire, legi, lectum, «.. (per 
 ^ ^"S")' '" '^^^'^ through. 
 
 Perlino, ere, levi, Vltum, a. (per Sf 
 hno, to smear), to smear, cover 
 over. 
 
 Permdneo, Sre, mansi, mansum, n. 
 (per 4^ raaneo), to remain, en- 
 dure, continue. 
 
 Permitto, ire, mlsi, missum, a. 
 (per &/■ mitto), to let pass ; to 
 commit, intrust ; to permit, suf^ 
 fer, allow. 
 
 Permulceo, Cre, si, sum, a. (per ^ 
 Tnulceo), to stroke ; to soothe, 
 allay. 
 
 Permnto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (per ^ 
 muto), to change, alter;, to ex- 
 change. 
 
 Pernicies, Si, f. (per ^ nex), de- 
 struction, ruin. 
 
 Perniciosus, a, um, adj. (pernicies), 
 destructive, ruinous, deadly, per- 
 nicious, hurtful, injurious. 
 
 PernicUas, dtis,f. (pernix, nimble) 
 swiftness, fleetness. 
 
 Peroro, arc, dvi, dtum, «.. ^ n. (per 
 &/• oro), to conclude an oration; 
 to speak ; to plead, argue. 
 
 Perpello, ire, pull, pulsura, u. (per 
 S/'pello), to pusii, thrust; to in 
 duce, persuade 
 
PERPETUO— PKTXTIO. 
 
 225 
 
 Perpetud, adv., continually, per- 
 petually, always : from 
 
 Perpetuus, a, um, ailj. (perS/-peto), 
 perpetual, continual ; continued, 
 uninterrupted. In, perpctuum, 
 fiirevef, always. 
 
 PerptiU. See Perpello. 
 
 Pcrrexi. See Pergo. 
 
 Perrumpo, ire, rupi, ruptum, a. ^ 
 n. (^per ^ rwmpo), to break 
 through; to break into, pene- 
 trate. 
 
 Persa, <B, m., the same as Perses or 
 Perseus; also, Persa, the uume 
 of a dog: VI. 21. 
 
 Persa, a, m., a Persian 
 
 ,Persape,adv. {per &f saspe), very 
 often, very frequently. 
 
 Pers'equor, i, cutvs sum, dep. (per 
 fy sequor), to follow, go after ; to 
 pursue ; to avenge, punish. Bel- 
 la persequi, to make war upon. 
 
 Persevero, are, dvi, dtum, n. S^ a. 
 (per S^ severus), to persevere, 
 persist, hold out. 
 
 Perseus, i, 4' Perses, ee, m., Per- 
 seus, a king of Macedonia : VI. 
 21. 
 
 Persia, <B,f., Persia. 
 
 Persolvo, gre, solvi, solutum, a, ^ 
 n. (per fy solvo), to solve, ex- 
 plain ; to pay. 
 
 Persolutus, a, um, part, (persolvo). 
 
 Persplcio, gre, spexi, spectum, a,, i/- 
 n. (per ^ specio), to see through ; 
 to perceive, observe. 
 
 Perstringo, ire, strirai, strictum, 
 a. (per &/• stringo), to bind; to 
 graze. Fig., to seize on, thrill 
 through. 
 
 Persto, are, stUi, n. (per 4' sto), to 
 stand fast, persist, continue, re- 
 main steadfast. 
 
 Persuddeo, ere, sudsi, suasum, a. 
 ( per 4' suadeo), to convince, per- 
 suade, Persuaditur mihi, etc., I 
 
 am persuaded, 1 believe. Per- 
 su/idere alicui aliquid, to con- 
 vince one of any thing, make 
 one believe. 
 
 Pcrtinacia, <e, f. (pcrtXniix, obsti- 
 nate), obfltinacy, stubbornness. 
 
 PertinacUrr, ado. (pcitiiutx), ob- 
 stinately, stubbornly ; firmly, 
 resolutely, constantly. 
 
 PertXneo, ere, ui, n. ( per 4" teneo) , 
 to reach, extend, stretch ; to per- 
 tain, belong, fall to. 
 
 Pertrnctus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Pertraho, ire, trazi, tractum, a, 
 (per 4" traho), to draw, bring, 
 or conduct by force, drag, con- 
 duct. 
 
 Perturho, are, dvi, dtum, a. (per 4' 
 turbo), to disturb greatly, con- 
 fuse, trouble, disquiet, disorder. 
 
 Pervinio, ire, veni, venium, n. (per 
 fy venio), to come to, arrive at, 
 reach ; to come. 
 
 Pervicacia, <B, f» (pcmtcax, obsti- 
 nate), obstinacy, wilfulness. - 
 
 Pemdlo, velle, irr. ( per 4" volo), to 
 desire greatly, wish earnestly, 
 long. 
 
 Pes, pedis, m., the foot. Pedem 
 refcrre, to retire, retreat ; — a 
 foot, as a measure. PediOus ire 
 or incedere, on foot — . 
 
 Pes^mus, a, um, adj. (sup. of ma- 
 lus), the worst; very ill, very 
 bad. 
 
 Pesslnus, untis, f., Pessinus, a 
 town of Asia Minor, where was 
 a temple of the goddess Cybele 
 VI. 4. 
 
 Pestllens, tis, adj. (pestis), pesti- 
 lent, unhealthy, deadly. 
 
 Peslilentia, ce, f. (pestUens), a 
 plague, pestilence. 
 
 Pestis, is,f., a pest, evil, mischief, 
 ruin,' destruction. 
 
 Petitio, Snis.f., a requesting, a.«k 
 
22(5 
 
 PETO— PLECTO 
 
 ing, petition, solicitation ; a can- 
 vassing or soliciting for an office : 
 from 
 
 Veto, ire, ivi &/• ii, itum, a., to 
 ask, seeii, request ; to seek to 
 procure, seek after, sue for, ask 
 for, be a candidate for ; to go or 
 repair to, direct one's course to 
 or towards. Petere ah aliquo, 
 to ask of one; to ask or re- 
 quest one; — to aim at, assail; 
 to attack. 
 
 Pludira, arum, f. pi., ornaments 
 of horses, trappings. 
 
 Phar&tra, (B,f,<i quiver. 
 
 Pharnaces, is, m., Pharnaces, a 
 eon of Mithridates, who-lrebelled 
 against his father, in favor of 
 the Romans : VIII. 23. 
 
 Pharsalia, tE,f., Fharsalia, a region 
 in Thessaly, near the city Phar- 
 salus: IX. 1. 
 
 Pharsalicus, a, urn, adj. {Phar- 
 salia), Pharsalian. 
 
 Philippi, orum, m. pi., Philippi, a. 
 city in Macedonia: IX. 29. 
 
 Philippus, i, m., Philip, a king of 
 Macedon : VI. 17. L. Maroius 
 Philippus, a consul, A. U. C. 
 661: VII. 28. 
 
 Philosophia, ai,f., philosophy. 
 
 PhilosSphus, i, m., a philosopher. 
 
 Pictor, oris, m. {pingo), a painter. 
 
 Pictas dtis, f. (pins), piety, re- 
 spect, affection, love ; devotion; 
 duty, dutifulness, loyalty. 
 
 Pignus, oris, n., a pawn, pledge, 
 assurance, security ; a proof, " 
 testimony. 
 
 Pila, <E,/., a ball. 
 
 Pileus, i, m., a hat. 
 
 Pilum, i, n., the javelin or dart of 
 the Roman infantry. 
 
 Pilus, z, m, a hair. 
 
 Pi'-igo, ere, pinxi, pictum, a., to 
 , oalnt. 
 
 Pingiiir, «, adj., ior, issXmus; fat. 
 
 Pirata a, 711., a pirate, corsair. 
 
 Piratieus, a, urn, adj., piratical. 
 
 PiscaUrius, a, um, adj. (piscdtor, 
 afishe"manj, belonging; to fishers 
 or fishing. Piscatoria navis, a 
 fishing smack. 
 
 PiscicfUvs, i, m. dim. (piscis), a 
 little fish. 
 
 Piscina, (B,f., a fish-pond : froTn 
 
 Piscis, is, m., a fish. 
 
 Piscor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (piscis), 
 to fish. 
 
 Piso, onis, m., Piso, a Roman cog- 
 nomen in the Calpurnian gens. 
 L. Calpurnius Piso Frvgi, a 
 Roman consul, A. U. C. 619; 
 VII. 11. 
 
 Placahllis, e, adj. (placo), easy to 
 be appeased, mild, gentle. 
 
 Placenta, (B,f., a cake. 
 
 Placeo, €re, cui, cUum, n., to 
 please, give satisfaction. Placet, 
 imp., it pleases ; placet mild, 
 tibi, cic, it is my pleasure, I like, 
 choose, determine, resolve, de- 
 cide. 
 
 Placldus, a, um, adj. (placeo), 
 quiet, gentle, mild, calm, com 
 posed, undisturbed. 
 
 Placo, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to ap- 
 pease, pacify. 
 
 Plaga, tB, f., a stroke, blow; a 
 wound. 
 
 Plaustrum, i, n., a wagon, heavy 
 cart. 
 
 Plausus, {is, m. (ploudo, to clap), 
 a clapping ; applause. 
 
 Plehecula, ce, f. dim. (plehs), the 
 rabble, mob. 
 
 Plebeius, a, um, adj., of the com- 
 mon people, plebeian. Plebeius, 
 i, m., a plebeian : from 
 
 Plehs, plebis, /., the common peo- 
 ple, plebeians. 
 
 Plcclo, ire, plexi Sf xui, plexum, a.. 
 
PLENUS— POPILIUS. 
 
 227 
 
 to strike or beat ; to punish ; to 
 plait, braid. 
 
 Flams, a, um, adj., § 213, R. 5, (3,) 
 full, filled ; entire, complete, 
 perfect. 
 
 Phrusque, aque, umque, adj. (pUrus 
 ^ que), most, the most. Pleri- 
 qve, many, very many, most, 
 the most, most men. 
 
 Plumbeus, a, um, adj., leaden, of 
 lead : from 
 
 Plvmhu-m, i, n., lead. 
 
 Plurlmum, adv. (sup. of multhm), 
 very much, most. 
 
 Plurlmus, a, um, adj. ("sup. of maZ- 
 tui), very many or much, most. 
 
 Plus,pluris, adj. (comp. o£multits), 
 more. PI., plures, plura, § 110, 
 more ; many, very many. 
 
 Poculum., i, II., a cup, bowl. Fig., 
 drink, wine, &c. 
 
 Poddgra, ffi, /., the gout in the 
 feet. 
 
 Pmita, m, f., punishment. 'Dare 
 paenas, to suffer punishment, 
 give satisfaction. 
 
 PtBnUet. imp. (me, etc.), § 915 & 
 § 229, R. 6, it repents (me, &c.), 
 I repent, I regret. 
 
 Prnnus, i, m., a Carthaginian. 
 Pasni, Brum, m. pi., the Car- 
 thaginians, inhabitants of Car- 
 thage : IV. 1. 
 
 Pogia, m, m., a poet, bard. 
 
 Polliceor, eri, Kits sum, dep., to 
 promise. 
 
 Pollio, onis, m., Pollio, a Roman 
 cognomen. Vedius Pollio, a' 
 Roman who used to feed his 
 fishes on human flesh ; IX. 43. 
 
 Polyhius, i, m., Polybius, an Ar- 
 cadian, the preceptor of Scipio 
 Africanus1;he younger: VI. 32. 
 
 Pcnpa, a, f, a solemn procession, 
 procession ; pomp, show, osten- 
 tation. 
 
 Pompeidnus, a, um, adj., of or 
 relating to Pompey ; from 
 
 Pompeius, i, m., a Roman name. 
 Cn. Pompeivs Magnus, Pompey 
 the Great, the rival of Juli\is 
 Cffisar : VIII. 17. 
 
 Poinpilius, i, m., Pompilius, a 
 Roman name. See Nuraa. 
 
 Pomponius, i, m., Pomponius, a 
 Roman name. M. Pomponius, 
 a tribune of the people : III. 2. 
 
 Pondo, abl., § 94, (pendo), in 
 weight. It is often used as an 
 indeclinable noun, a pound. 
 
 Pondvs, iris, n., weight, heavi- 
 ness ; a load, burden ; a weight; 
 quantity, sum. 
 
 Poni, adv. fy prep, with the ace. 
 behind, after. ' 
 
 Pono, ire, posui, pactum, u., to 
 put, place, set ; to think, esteem 
 Ponere castra, to pitch a camp, 
 encamp; to spend, pass; to lay 
 aside, put off. Ponere militim 
 tirocinium, to pass one's luilr- 
 tary novitiate; to learn the ru- 
 diments of war; to begin to 
 perform military service ; to 
 enter upon one's first campaign •. 
 — to serve up, set before. 
 
 Pons, tis, m., a bridge ; a plank or 
 bridge, used for embarking, dis- 
 embarking, and passing from 
 ship to ship. 
 
 Pontius, i, m., Pontius, a Roman 
 name. Pontius Thelesinus, a 
 general of the Samnites : III. 
 11, 12. 
 
 Pontus, i, m., a region of Asia 
 Minor, on the Black Sea : 
 VIII. 1. 
 
 Popedius, i, m., Popedius, a chief 
 of the Latins : IX. 13. 
 
 Popihus, i, m., Popillus, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Popiliau 
 gens. 
 
2'2S 
 
 POPOSCl— POSTUMIUS. 
 
 Poposci. See Posco. 
 
 Popularis, e, adj. (popiilus), of or 
 
 belonging to the people, popular. 
 
 Subs., a fellow-countryman. 
 Popular, ariy dtus sum, dep., to 
 1 depopulate, lay waste, destroy, 
 
 ravage : from 
 Populus, i, m., a people, state, 
 
 nation, community ; the people. 
 
 Popidiy nations, states. 
 Porcia, a, /., Porcia, the wife of 
 
 Brutus: IX. 28. 
 PoTcius, i, m., Porcius, a Roman 
 
 name belonging to the Porcian 
 
 gens. 
 Porflgo, ire, rexi, , rectum, u. 
 
 (porro fy rego), to stretch or 
 
 spread forth, extend ; to hold 
 
 forth or out, offer. 
 Porro, adv., afar off, farther. In 
 
 continuing u, discourse, more- 
 over, besides, next, then, now. 
 Porsenna., ee, m., Porsenna, a king 
 
 of the Etrurians : II. 4. 
 Porta, a, f., a gate ; the gate of a 
 
 city. 
 Portendo, Ire, di, turn, a-, to 
 
 stretch forth ; to presage, por- 
 tend, betoken. 
 PoTtentum, i, n. (portendo), an 
 
 omen, prodigy; an ill omen. 
 Porticus, us, f. {porta), a portico, 
 
 piazza, porch. 
 Porto, are, am, dtum, u,., to carry, 
 
 bear, convey. 
 Partus, us, m., a port, harbor. 
 Posco, ire, poposci, a., to ask, call 
 
 for, demand, pray earnestly. 
 Posidonius, i, m., I^osidonius, a 
 
 distinguished Stoic philosopher, 
 
 born at Apamea, in Syria : IX. 3. 
 PosUus, a, um, part, (pono) , placed, 
 
 put; lying, situate. 
 Possessor, oris, m. (possXdeo, to 
 
 possess), a possessor, owner. 
 Possum, posse, potui, irr. n. (potis 
 
 4' sum), to be able, have power, 
 I can , to be able to do or effect. 
 Plurimum posse, to be most 
 powerful. JVon potui, I was 
 unable. 
 
 Post, adv. &f prep, with the ace, 
 after, afterwards ; behind, in the 
 rear of; after, since. 
 
 Postea, adv. (post ^ is), after- 
 ward, after that, hereafter, sub- 
 sequently. 
 
 Fosterltas, dtis, f. (posterus), pos- 
 terity, succeeding generations. 
 
 Posterus, a, um, adj., posterior, 
 postremus, (post), following 
 next, ensuing. Posteri, Brum, 
 m. pi., posterity, descendants. 
 In posterum, sc. tempus, for the 
 time to come, for the future. 
 
 Posthdbeo, Ire, ui, Uum, a. (post 
 4' haheo), to postpone, neglect, 
 esteem or regard less, set less by. 
 
 Poslhac, adv. (post 4' kac), in 
 future, after this. 
 
 Postlcum, i, n., a back door. 
 
 Posiis, is, m., a door-post. 
 
 Postquam, conj. (post i^ quam), 
 after, after that, when, as soon as. 
 
 Postremo, adv. (posterus), at last, 
 finally. 
 
 Postremus. See Posterus. 
 
 Postridie, adv. (postervs 4' dies), 
 the day after, the day following, 
 the next day. Postridie quam, 
 the same as postridie. 
 
 Postuldtum, i, n., a demand, re 
 quest ; from 
 
 Postulo, are, avi, dtum, a., to de 
 mand, ask, desire, request. 
 
 Postumius, i, m., Postumius, a 
 Roman name. Multis Postu- 
 mius, a Roman dictator : II. 8. 
 Postumius Cominius, a consul, 
 A. U. C. 262: II. 12. Sp 
 Postumius, a consul, who com- 
 manded the Roman army in 
 
POSUI— PR^FECTUS. 
 
 229 
 
 the war against the Samnites : 
 III. 11. 
 
 Posui. See Pono. 
 
 Pvtentia, a, f. (pojens, powerful), 
 power ; authority, influence. 
 
 Potestas, dtis, f. (possum), power, 
 ability ; leave, permission, liber- 
 ty ; dominion, rule, authority, 
 magistracy, office. 
 
 Potior, iri, Uus sum, dep., § 245, 1., 
 to become master of, gain pos- 
 session of, acquire ; to possess : 
 from 
 
 Potior, us, gen. oris, adj. armp., 
 preferable, better, more excel- 
 lent, of more importance : from 
 
 Potis, adv.,potihs,potisslm& ; able, 
 possible. ' 
 
 Potltus, a, um,part. (potior). 
 
 Potius, adv. (comp. o{ potis), rather. 
 
 Poto, are, avi, atum S^ potum, n. S^ 
 a., to drink. 
 
 Potui. See Possum. 
 
 Pros, prep, with the ace, before ; 
 for, by reason of, on account of, 
 through. 
 
 Prteacuo, ere, ui, ntum, a. (prce S^ 
 acuo), to sharpen, make pointed. 
 
 Proebeo, ere, vi, ttum, a. (prce S^ 
 habeo), to hold out, offer, present, 
 proffer ; to furnish, give, afford ; 
 to show, exhibit. 
 
 PrtEcedo, ere, cessi, cessum, u. ^ n. 
 (pra ^ cedo), to go before, pre- 
 cede. ^ 
 
 PriBceps, cipltis,adj. (pra 1^ caput), 
 headlong; hasty, precipitate. 
 
 Praceplor, oris, m. (■prmcipio), a 
 commander, preceptor: 
 
 Prcecldo, ere, cldi, clsum, a. (prtB 
 ^Sf cado), to cut off; to shorten. 
 
 Praxino, ire, cinvi, a. ,fy n. (pra S/- 
 cano), to sing, play, or sound 
 before. 
 
 Prcecipio, Ire, dpi, ceptum, a. 
 (pra tf capio), to take or receive 
 20 
 
 before; to admonish, advise; to 
 order, csmmand. 
 
 Pracipito, are, dvi, dtum, a. (prrB- 
 ceps), to precipitate, throw head- 
 long. 
 
 Prmcipui, adv., particularly, chief- 
 ly, especially : from 
 
 Prcecipuus, a, um, adj. (prcecipio), 
 particular, peculiar, remarkable, 
 singular. 
 
 Prceclsus, a, um, part, (preecido). 
 
 Pj-fficJdr^jOdjj., very clearly ; brave- 
 ly, nobly, gloriously ; very well . 
 from 
 
 Praclarus, a, um, adj., very clear : 
 celebrated, noble, renowned, dis- 
 tinguished, illustrious. 
 
 Preeco, Bids, m., a public crier, 
 herald. 
 
 Pracox, 6cis, adj., early, ripening 
 early. 
 
 Prada, a,f. (prais, a surety), prey, 
 booty, plunder, pillage. Facere 
 prcedam, to take plunder, to 
 plunder. 
 
 Prtedlco, are, avi, atum, a. (pra if 
 dico, are), to spread abroad, pro- 
 claim, report, publish, declare ; 
 to say, tell, affirm, give out. 
 
 Pradlco, ire, dixi, dictum, a. (pra 
 
 ■ fy dico), to tell before, foretell, 
 predict, premise ; to publish, 
 make known, say, tell, give out, 
 declare. 
 
 Pradium, i, n., a farm, estate. 
 
 Prado, onis, m., a robber, pillager ; 
 a pirate, corsair. 
 
 Prador, ari, dtussum, dep. (prada), 
 to rob, plunder, pillage. 
 
 Praesse. See PrEBsum. 
 
 Prafectura, a, /., the office of any 
 ' president ; superintendence, pre- 
 fecture : from 
 
 Prafictus, i, m. (prajlcio), a super- 
 intendent, overseer, commander, 
 prefect, captain, • 
 
230 
 
 PR^FERO— PR^TOR. 
 
 PraferOjferrc, tidi, latum, a. (pres 
 fyfero), to bear or carry before ; 
 to prefer. 
 
 Prieflcio, Ire, feci, fectum, u.. (prffi 
 Sffacio), to set over, appoint to 
 the command of. 
 
 Prceflgo, ere,fixi,fixum, a. (pnsS^ 
 figo), to fix or fasten before ; to 
 fix on the end or extremity of. 
 
 Prmfui. See Prossum. 
 
 PrtEldtus, a, um, part, (^prcefero). 
 
 Prmluceo, ere,, luxi, n. {prce fy lu- 
 ceo), to give light before, shine 
 before ; to surpass, excel. 
 
 Pramitto, ire, mlsi, missum, a. 
 {pr<B &/• mitlo), to send or de- 
 spatch before, send forward. 
 
 PrfEmiwm, i, n., a reward, recom- 
 pense. 
 
 Praneste, is, n., Prasneste, a town 
 of Latium. 
 
 Prtznestinus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
 longing to Preneste. 
 
 Pr(Bpdro, are, dm, dtum, a., {prce S^ 
 paro), to prepare, make ready, 
 provide. 
 
 PrtEreptus, a, um, part. ; from 
 
 Prcer\pio, ere, ripui, reptum, u. 
 (prtE ^ rapio), to snatch or hur- 
 ry away beforehand ; to prevent, 
 forestall, take or snatch away. 
 
 Prasdgio, Ire, ivi, itum, a. {prceS^ 
 sagio, to perceive), to perceive 
 beforehand; to presage, divine, 
 predict, foresee. 
 
 Prcescio, ire, ivi, Uum, a. (pr<B 4" 
 scio), to know beforehand, fore- 
 know, foresee. 
 
 Prcesens, lis, adj. ,(?"■<* ^ ^"*i 
 § 154, R. 1), present, propitious, 
 favorable. 
 
 Prwsldeo, ere, sedi, sessuTii, n. {prce 
 fysedeo), to guard, protect, de- 
 fend. 
 
 Proisidium, I, n., defence, protec- 
 tion ; a guard, escort, garrison ; 
 
 a post, station ; aid, succor, 
 help. 
 
 PrcBstans, tis, part. S/- adj., tor, is- 
 slmus ; extraordinary, superior, 
 distinguished : from 
 
 Prmsto, are, stiti, a. ^ n. (prm fy 
 sto), to stand before; to excel, 
 surpass, be superior ; to show, 
 exhibit, evince, prove, manifest; 
 to do, make, perform, cause, ei- 
 fect ; to give, offer, show. 
 
 PrcBsum, esse, fui, irr. n. {prce fy 
 sum,), to be before, preside over, 
 have the charge or command of, 
 govern. Potestati prmesse, to 
 fill or exercise an office. 
 
 PnEsUmo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
 a. {prce Sf sumo), to take be- 
 fore, anticipate ; to presume, im- 
 agine. 
 
 Prcetego, ere, texi, tectum, a. {prce 
 ^ tego), to cover. 
 
 Prater, adv. &/■ prep, with the ace, 
 close by, near ; before ; except, 
 besides ; contrary to, against. 
 
 PrcEterea, adv. {prater fy ea), be- 
 sides, moreover. 
 
 PircBtereo, ire, ivi fy ii, Itum, irr. n 
 {prceter Sf eo), to pass by ; to ex 
 eel, surpass. 
 
 PrcBterltus, a, um, part, {prcetereo} 
 past, gone by. 
 
 Pristermitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. 
 {prater &/■ mitto), to let pass, 
 omit, neglect. 
 
 Prcetexta, ce,f. {prcetego), the prae- 
 texta, an upper garment, bor- 
 dered with purple, worn by free- 
 born youth, magistrates, and 
 prieists. 
 
 Prcetcxtdtus, a, um, adj. {prcetexta), 
 wearing the projtexta or toga, 
 which was worn by children until 
 they were seventeen years of age; 
 also by magistrates. 
 
 Prcetor, oris, m., any leader; a 
 
PRiETORIUM— PROBO. 
 
 231 
 
 pretor, a magistrate next in au- 
 thority to the consuls. 
 
 PrcEtormm, i, n. (prator), the gen- 
 eral's tent. 
 
 Pratidi. See Praefero. 
 
 Prmtura, a, f. (^prtBtor), the pre- 
 torship. 
 
 Pr<svalldus, u, um, adj. (prtB ^ 
 validus), very able or strong, 
 very stout or powerful. 
 
 Prctvinio, ire, vcni, ventum, u. 
 {prce ^venio), to come before; 
 to anticipate, prevent. 
 
 Prceverto', ire, ti, sum, a,. ( pr<B fy 
 verto), to outstrip ; to anticipate, 
 be beforehand with. 
 
 Prmvideo, ere, vidi, visum, a. (prce 
 4" video), to foresee. 
 
 Prandeo, ere, prandi, pransum, a., 
 to eat before the principal meal ; 
 to breakfast : from 
 
 Prandium, i, «., a breakfast, lun- 
 cheon. 
 
 Pravus, a, um,^adj., crooked, dis- 
 torted ; wrong, bad, unprinci- 
 pled, vicious, wicked, deprayed. 
 
 Precario, adv. (^precarius, obtained 
 by entreaty), by entreaty or re- 
 quest ; at another's will or pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 Preces. See Prex. 
 
 Precor, art, atus sum, dep. (prex), 
 to pray, entreat, beseech. 
 
 Prehendo, ire, di, sum, a., to take, 
 catch, seize. 
 
 Premo, ire, pressi, pressum, a., to 
 press ; to oppress, overwhelm ; 
 to press upon, incommode. 
 
 Pretiosus, a, um, adj., ior, iss^- 
 mus ; costly, precious, valuable : 
 from 
 
 Pretium, i, n., worth, price ; mon- 
 ey, reward, ransom. 
 
 Prex,f., § 94, a prayer, supplica- 
 tion, entreaty. 
 
 Pridie, adv. (prior ^ dies), on the 
 
 day before. So pridie qucim, the 
 day before. 
 
 Primd, adv. (primus), at the first, 
 at first, in the first place. 
 
 Primoris, e, adj. (primus), the first. 
 Primores, um, m. pi., the nobles, 
 chief men, most eminent, dis- 
 tinguished, principal. 
 
 Primiim, adv., first, in the first 
 place; for the first time. Utii 
 primum, as soon as : from 
 
 Primus, a,um, adj. (sup. oi prior), 
 first. 
 
 Princeps, ipis, adj. (privius fy ca- 
 pio), first, foremost. Prince]^, 
 ipis, m. S^ /., a superior, chief, 
 head, director, leader; prince, 
 emperor ; pL, the most distin- 
 guished men, leading men. 
 
 Prior, oris, adj., sup. primus, § 126, 
 1, former, first, preceding, pre- 
 vious; before. 
 
 Principium, i, n,., (princeps), a be- 
 ginning, commencement, origin. 
 
 Priscus, a,um, adj., ancient, old,' 
 former. Priscus, i, m., Priscus, 
 a Roman surname. 
 
 Pristinus, a, um, adj., ancient, old ; 
 former, previous, pristine. 
 
 Prills, adv. (prior), before, sooner, 
 previously, first, formerly. 
 
 Priusquam, adv. (prius ^ qud.m), 
 before that. 
 
 Privatus, a, um, part. &/■ adj., pri- 
 vate, of a private person ; subs., 
 a private person : from 
 
 Privo, are, dm, dtum, a. (prirms, 
 single), §25], to deprive, be- 
 reave. 
 
 Pro, prep, with the ahl., before, in 
 front of; according to; for, on 
 account of; for, in the place of, 
 instead of; as, for, considering. 
 
 Probo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (prohus), 
 to make to appear right or best ; 
 to approve, praise, commend 
 
232 
 
 PROBOSCIS— PROFUGIO. 
 
 Id rum mihi prabaiur, it is not 
 made to appear to me best, I am 
 not persuaded that it is best, it 
 is not approved by me. 
 
 Proboscis, ldis,f., the trunk, snout, 
 proboscis. 
 
 Probrum, i, n., a shameful act; 
 disgrace, dislionor, reproach, 
 shame ; abuse, reproachful lan- 
 guage, insult. 
 
 Probus, a, um, adj., good, proper; 
 honest, upright. 
 
 Proca, <E, m., Proca, a king of 
 Alba : 1. 1. 
 
 Pwcedo, ere, ce-ssi, cessum, n. (pro 
 4^ cedo), to go before, go forth ; 
 to proceed, advance; to go or 
 come forward. 
 
 Procclla, <E, /., a violent vrind, 
 storm, tempest, hurricane. 
 
 ProcerUas,dtis,f., length; height, 
 stature : Jrorti 
 
 Procerus, a, um, adj., ior, issimus ; 
 
 long; high in stature, tall. 
 'Processi. See Procedo. 
 
 Prodamo, arc, dvi, atum, u., (pro 
 4' clamo), to cry out, proclaim, 
 exclaim. 
 
 Proconsul, ulis, m. (pro ^ consul), 
 a proconsul, one invested with 
 the authority of a consul. 
 
 Procubui. See Prooumbo. 
 
 Procul, adv., at a distance, /ar, far 
 off. 
 
 Proc&lus, i, m., Proculus, a Roman 
 senator : I. 8. 
 
 Procumbo, ere, cubui, cubltum, n. 
 (pro ^ eumbo, obs.), to lean for- 
 ward ; to fall down, prostrate 
 one's self. 
 
 Prodeo, Ire, if, Hum, irr. n. (pro S^ 
 eo), to go or come forth ; to ad- 
 vance, proceed. 
 
 Prodesse. See Prosum. 
 
 Prodigiiim, i, n., a strange occur- 
 rence ; a prodigy, miracle. 
 
 Proditio, Bnis, f. (prodo), a discov 
 ery ; treachery, treason. 
 
 Prodltor, eris, m., a betrayer, trai- 
 tor : from 
 
 Prodn, Ire, didi, dllum, a. {pro Sf 
 do), to bring forth ; to make 
 known, publish, disclose, betray. 
 
 Produce, Hre, duxi, ductum, a. (pro 
 fy duco), to lead out, bring forth. 
 
 Prcelium, i, a., a. fight, battle, en- 
 gagement, contest, combat. Leve 
 prmlium, a skirmish. Prwlium 
 committere, to join, give, com- 
 mence — . 
 
 Profectio, onis, f. (prqficiscor), a, 
 setting out, departure, journey. 
 
 Profectd, adv. (pro ^ facto), ceT- 
 tainly, surely, truly, in truth, 
 indeed, assuredly. 
 
 Profeclus, u,, um, part, (prqficis- 
 cor). 
 
 Proflro, ferre, tiili, latum, a. ( pro 
 Sffero)', to bring forth or out; to 
 make known, reveal ; to exhibit, 
 show, produce ; to hold out, pre- 
 sent. Proferre manum, to stretch 
 or hold out — : to pronounce, 
 express. 
 
 Prqfessus, a, um, part, (pr'ofiteor). 
 
 Proficio, ire, fid, fectum, a. ( pro 
 Sffacio), to advance, make prog- 
 ress, effect. 
 
 Proficiscor, i,fectus sum, dep. (pro 
 ^facio), to set out, go, depart. 
 
 ProfUeor, eri, esstis sum, dep. (pro 
 &/■ faleor), to profess, declare 
 openly, acknowledge. A'omcn 
 profiteri, to give in one's name, 
 to make application for an office. 
 
 Profllgo, are, dvi, atum, u. (pro 
 &/■ fligo), to cast down, over- 
 throw, conquer, defeat, over- 
 come. 
 
 Profugio, ire, fagi, fugilum, n. i; 
 a. (pro fy fugio), to flee, fly, 
 escape. Profugere ad aliguem. 
 
PROFUGUS— PROPONO. 
 
 233 
 
 to take refuge with, flee for suc- 
 cor to — . 
 
 ProfUgus, a, um, adj. (profugio), 
 fleeing, escaping by flight. Pro- 
 fHoius, i, m., a runaway, fugitive. 
 
 Profui. See Prosum. 
 
 Profunda, Sre,fadi,fusum, a. (pro 
 fyfundo), to pour forth; to lav- 
 ish, waste, consume. 
 
 Profusus, ci, um, part. &/• adj. {pro- 
 _/«7t(Zo), immoderate, extravagant, 
 wasteful, profuse. 
 
 Progredior, i, gressus sum, dep. 
 {pro 1^ gradior, to go), to go 
 forth, advance, proceed. 
 
 Progressus, a, um, part, (progre- 
 dior). 
 
 Proh, int., oh ! ah ! 
 
 Prohlbeo, Ere, kibid, kibitum, a. 
 (pro ^ habeo), to keep off, hin- 
 der, prevent, prohibit. Konpot- 
 uit prohibere, quin traduceret, 
 could not prevent from — . 
 
 Proinde, adv. (pro &/■ inde), hence, 
 therefore. 
 
 Projectus, a, um, part. S^ adj., pro- 
 jecting, extending ■ from 
 
 Projlcio, Sre, jtci, jectum, a. (pro 
 ^jacio), to throw forth; to cast, 
 throw ; to expel. 
 
 Prolabor, i, lapsus sum, dep., (pro 
 Sflabor), to run or move forward ; 
 to fall down, fall. 
 
 Prolapsus, a, um,part. (prolabor). 
 
 Proldtus, a, um,part. (profero). 
 
 PromKneo, ere, ui, n. (pro&fmmeo), 
 to stand or jut out, be prominent, 
 project; to lean out, bend for- 
 ward. 
 
 Promisi. See Promitto. 
 , Promissus, a,um,part.^adj., prom- 
 ised ; growing long, long : from 
 
 Promitto, Sre, mlsi, missum, a. 
 (pro Sf mitto), to let go forward ; 
 to promise ; to raise an expecta- 
 tion, bid fair. 
 
 20* 
 
 Prompt^, adv., iiis, isslmi ; prompt- 
 ly, quickly, readily : from 
 
 Promptus, a, um, adj. (promo), 
 ior, iss'imus ; visible, manifest; 
 prompt, vigorous, quick. 
 
 Pronuntio, are, avi, dtum, a. (pro 
 Sf nuntio), to pronounce, utter, 
 speak. 
 
 Pronus, a, um, adj., bending for- 
 ward; disposed, prone, inclined. 
 
 Propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, «.., to 
 propagate; to increase, extend; 
 to prolong, continue. 
 
 Propi, adv. Sfprep. with ace, near ; 
 nearly ; almost ; comp. propius, 
 sup. proxime. Prope ab aliquo 
 esse, to be near to, to be a short 
 distance from — . 
 
 Propediem, adv. (prope 4' dies), 
 within a few days, shortly, very 
 soon. 
 
 Propello, Ure,j)JLiU, pulsum, a. (pro 
 S/- pello). to drive before one's 
 self; to ward off, repel. 
 
 Propemddum, adv. (prope ^ mo- 
 dus), nearly, almost. 
 
 Propendeo, ere, di, sum, n. (pro ^ 
 pendeo), to hang down. 
 
 Propensus, a, um, adj. (propendeo), 
 hanging down. Fig., inclined, 
 disposed, favorable. 
 
 Propere, adv. (propSrus, quick), 
 in haste, hastily, speedily. 
 
 Proplro, are, dvi, dtum, n, fy 
 a. (propirus), to make haste, 
 hasten ; to accelerate. 
 
 Propmqwus, a, um, adj. (prope), 
 neighboring, near, at hand ; near 
 of kin, allied. Propinquus, i, 
 m. fyf., a kinsman, kinswoman, 
 
 . relation. 
 
 Propior, oris, adj. (prope), nearer, 
 nigher, closer : suj>. proximus. 
 
 Propiiis, adv. (comp. of prope), 
 nearer, very near. 
 
 Propono, ere, osui, osUum, a. (pro 
 
234 
 
 PROPOSITUM— PROXIM US. 
 
 if potio), to set out or expose to 
 view; to present, offer; to set 
 before, propose ; to publish, malte 
 known ; to propose, offer. 
 
 ProposUum, i, n. (propono), a de- 
 sign, intention, purpose, object. 
 
 Proprius, a, urn, adj., peculiar, 
 particular, proper ; also for a 
 possessive pronoun, as mens, 
 tuus, suus, etc., one's own. 
 
 Propter, adv. ^ prep, with the ace. 
 (prope), near, close by; on ac- 
 count of, by reason of, owing to. 
 
 Propterea, adv. (propter fy ea), 
 therefore, on that account. 
 
 Propulso, are, dvi, atvm, a. freq. 
 (propello), to drive back, repel, 
 avert, ward off. 
 
 ProrXpio, Ire, ripui, reptum, a. (pro 
 ^ rapio), to drag forth. Sepro- 
 ripere, to hasten forth or away, 
 rush out, run away, escape. 
 
 Prordgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (pro fy 
 rogo), to prolong, continue. 
 
 Proscindo, Ire, scldi, scissum, a. 
 (pro 4^ scindo), to tear; to re- 
 vile, censure, taunt. Contume- 
 liis proscindcre, to revile. 
 
 Proscrlbo, ire, scripsi, scriptum, a. 
 (pro 4' scriho), to advertise; to 
 proscribe or outlaw. 
 
 Proscriptio, onis, f. (proscribe), a 
 publishing in writing ; a pro- 
 scription of one's effects, a pro- 
 scription or outlawry .- 
 
 Proscriptus, it, um, part, (pro- 
 scribo). 
 
 Prosecutus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 ProsSquor, qui, cuius sum, dep. 
 (pro 4* sequor), to follow after, 
 follow, attend, accompany. 
 
 Prostlio, ire, ui &/■ ivi, n. (pro &f 
 salio), to leap or jump forth, 
 spring up. 
 
 Prospectus, us, m. (prospicio, to 
 look forward), a view, prospect. 
 
 Prosper, iris, adj., favorable, pros- 
 perous, fortunate. 
 
 Pro.ipire, adv. (prosper), happ'ly, 
 prosperously, fortunately, suc- 
 cessfully. ' 
 
 Prosterno, ire, strdvi, strdtum, a. 
 (pro Sf sterno), to strew under ; 
 to overturn, prostrate,overthrow, 
 destroy. 
 
 Prostrdtus, a, um,part. (prosterno). 
 
 Prosum, desse, fui, irr. n. (pro ^ 
 sum), to do good, profit, benefit; 
 to livail, conduce. 
 
 Protendo, Ire, di, tum i^ sum, a. 
 (pro ^ tendo), to stretch forth, 
 extend. 
 
 Protervl, adv., petulantly, inso- 
 lently, impudently : from 
 
 Protervvs, a, um, adj. (protlro, to 
 tread down), shameless, impu- 
 dent, bold. 
 
 Protinus, adv. ( pro &/■ tenus), for- 
 ward, onward ; immediately, di- 
 rectly, instantly. 
 
 Protidi. See Profero. 
 
 Pruvectus, u,, um., part, from 
 
 Proviho, ere, vexi, vcotum, a. (pro 
 &/■ veho), to carry forth. Provehi, 
 to go forward, advance, sail for- 
 ward. Provehi in altum, to put 
 out to sea. 
 
 Providus, a, um, adj. (provideo, to 
 foresee), foreseeing, cautious, 
 prudent, wise, considerate. 
 
 Provincia, (B,f, a province, a for- 
 eign country, subject to Roman 
 authority, and governed by a pro- 
 consul or propretor sent annualhj 
 from Rome. 
 
 ProvSco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (pro fy 
 voco), to call forth ; to appeal ; 
 to incite, provoke ; to challenge. 
 
 Pro%T.mi, adv. (sup. ofprope), next, 
 very near, near, near to. 
 
 Proxtmus, a, um, adj. (sup. of pro- 
 pior), very near, nearest, next 
 
PRUDENS— PUtSUS. 
 
 235 
 
 following ; last : in proximo, so. 
 Zoco, in the neighborhood. Morti 
 proximus, at the point of death ; 
 — nearly related, intimate. Subs., 
 pro3^mi. Brum, m. pL, relations, 
 kin3men_ 
 
 Prudens, (is, adj., foreseeing ; pru- 
 dent, wise, discreet. 
 
 Prudentia, m, f. (prudens), a fore- 
 seeing ; prudence, discretion ; 
 understanding, capacity, genius, 
 knowledge, science, skill. 
 
 Prusias, <b, m., Prusias, a king of 
 Bithynia: VI. 20. 
 
 Pseudopkilippus, i, m., a false or 
 pretended Philip, a name given 
 to Andriscus, a man of humble 
 birth, who pretended to be the 
 son of Perseus : VII. 16. 
 
 Psittacus, i, m., a parrot. 
 
 Psylli, Brum, m. pi., the Psylli, a 
 people of Libya, celebrated for 
 their skill in curing the bite of 
 venomous serpents : IX. 35. 
 
 Ptolemceus, i, m., Ptolemy, the 
 name of several kings of Egypt : 
 VI. 30. 
 
 Puber, Uris, adj., of ripe years. 
 Puber alas, mature age, age of 
 puberty. 
 
 Publtci, adv. {publicus), by public 
 authority; publicly; at public 
 expense, at the expense of the 
 state. 
 
 Publicdla, a, m. (populus 4' colo), 
 Fublicola, a Roman cognomen in 
 the Valerian gens. P. Valerius 
 Publicola, a Roman consul, dur- 
 ing the first year of the expul- 
 sion of Tarquin : II. 7. 
 
 Publlcus, a, um, adj. (populus), 
 of or belonging to the state, pub- 
 lic, common. Publicum, i, n., 
 any public place. Prodire or 
 progredi in publicum, to appear 
 in public. Puhlied pecunid, at 
 
 public expense, at the expense 
 of the state. 
 
 Publius, i, m., Publius, a Roman 
 prccnomen. 
 
 Pudor, oris, m. (pudeo), shame; 
 modesty ; respect, reverence. 
 
 Puella, <B,f., a girl. 
 
 Puer, iri, m., a boy, lad. 
 
 Puerllis, e, adj. (puer), boyish, 
 childish. Puerilis atas, boy- 
 hood, childhood. 
 
 Pueritia, a, f. (puer), boyhood, 
 childhood, youth. 
 
 Pugio, onis, m. (pungo), a dagger, 
 dirk. 
 
 Pugna, (E, /. (pugnus, a fist), a 
 battle, fight, engagement, com- 
 bat, contest. 
 
 Pugno, are, dvi, aium, n. (pugna), 
 to fight, engage, contend. Imp., 
 pugnatur, a battle is fought, they 
 fight. 
 
 Pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., riar, 
 errXmus ; fair, beautiful ; honor- 
 able, glorious. 
 
 Pulcher, chri, m., Pulcher, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Claudian and 
 Clodian^enies. .Sppius Claudius 
 Pulcher, a consul during the first 
 Panic war: IV. 12. P. Clodius 
 Pulcher, a tribune, and an enemy 
 of Cicero : IX. 24. 
 
 Pulchritudo, inis, f. (pulcher), 
 beauty, fairness. 
 
 Pullarius, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to young animals. Pullari- 
 us, i, m., one who predicted 
 future events by observing the 
 feeding of chickens, a soothsay- 
 er : fifim 
 
 Puilus, i, m., a young animal; a 
 chicken. 
 
 PuUus, a, um, adj., blackish, dun. 
 Pulla vestis, a mean dress, worn 
 by the poorer sort of people. 
 
 Pulsus, a, vrn_ part, (pello), ex- 
 
236 
 
 PULyiS— QUAMVIS. 
 
 pelled, driven away, banished ; 
 repulsed, beaten. 
 
 Pulvis, iris, m. fyf., dust. 
 
 Pungo, &re, pupUgi, punctum^ a., 
 to prick, sting; to trouble, vex, 
 afflict, goad. 
 
 PuvXcu^j a, um, adj., Punic, Phe- 
 nician, Carthaginian. 
 
 PuniOy ire, Ivi ^ ii, Itum, a., to 
 punish, chastise. 
 
 Purgo, are, dm, atum, a., to 
 cleanse, purify ; to excuse, jus- 
 tify ; to absolve, acquit. 
 
 Purpura, a, f., the purple shell- 
 fish ; purple. 
 
 Pupureus, a, um, adj., of purple, 
 purple. 
 
 Purus, a, um, adj., pure, clean. 
 
 Puto, are, avi, atum, a,, to prune ; 
 to esteem, reckon ; to think, 
 judge, imagine, suppose. 
 
 Pyrerueus, i, m., the Pyrenees, a 
 range of mountains between 
 France and Spain : V. 11. 
 
 Pyrrhus, i, m., Pyrrhus, king of 
 the Epirots : 111. 14—18. 
 
 a. 
 
 (2.,an abbreviation of ihe pr<Bjiomen 
 Quintus. 
 
 Qua, adv. (qui), where, whither. 
 
 Quadrageslmus, u, um, adj., the 
 fortieth : from 
 
 QuadragirUa, ind. num. adj., for- 
 ty- 
 
 Quadrans, tis, m. {quadro, to 
 square), the fourth part of any 
 thing; a quarter, the fourth of 
 an as, a farthing. 
 
 Quadriga, drum, f. pi., a team 
 of four horses ; a four-horse 
 chariot. 
 
 Quadrimus, a, um, adj. (quatuor), 
 four years old. 
 
 Quadringcnti , <B, u,, num. adj. pi. 
 
 (guntuor ^ centum), four hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Qua^ro, Ire, slvi, sUum, a., to seek, 
 seek for; to inquire, ask; to ask 
 for. Qumrere ab aliquo, to ask 
 one ; — to get, gain, procure, ob- 
 tain. Qua:rere ad mo7-tem,io seek 
 for in order to put to death. 
 
 Quceso, ire, a. &/• n., § 183, 7, to 
 seek; to pray, beg, beseech. 
 
 Qucestio, onis, f. (quwro), a seek- 
 ing, asking, inquiry, investiga- 
 tion, question. 
 
 QuiEstor, oris, m,. (qucsro), a seeker ; 
 a quasstor, a magistrate who 
 had the care of the public reve- 
 nues ; also a. military officer 
 who acted as the paymaster^ of 
 the army. 
 
 Qucestura, (e,f. (qumstnr), the office 
 of quaestor, qusestorship. 
 
 Quastus, As, m. {qumro), a getting; 
 a trade, employment, profession • 
 gain, profit. 
 
 Qualis, e, adj., of what kind, sort, 
 nature ; as, such as. 
 
 Qualiscunque, adj., of what kind or 
 sort soever, of any sort soever. 
 
 Qudm, conj. if adv., how, how 
 much ; with comparatives and 
 words implying comparison, as, 
 than ; with superlatives, with or 
 without possum', as possible, as, 
 quam maxima voce potuit, with 
 as loud a voice as possible : 
 quain celerrivii, as speedily as 
 possible. 
 
 Quamdiu, conj. {quam ^ diu), as 
 long as, how long. 
 
 Quamobrem, conj. (quam, oh, ^ 
 rem), why ? wherefore .' for 
 which reason. 
 
 Qua.mpr%mu7n, adv. (quam ^ pri- 
 mum), as soon as possible, with- 
 out delay, very soon. 
 
 Quamvis, conj. ^ adv. (quam ^ 
 
QUANDO— QUIPPE. 
 
 237 
 
 vis), as much as you will, how- 
 ever much; although. 
 
 Quando, adv. 4^ conj., when, since. 
 
 Qmmdoquldem, conj. {quando ^ 
 quidem), since) seeing that. 
 
 Qittinquum, conj .,although, though. 
 
 Quantum, adv., as much as, how 
 much, so far as. In comparisons, 
 quantum is sometimes used in- 
 stead of quam, than : from 
 
 Quantus, a, um, adj., how great, 
 as great as; how much. Tantus 
 — quantus, as great — as, so 
 much — as. Qiianto, abl., by 
 how much, by as much. 
 
 Quapropter, adv. (qua ^ propter), 
 for which reason, wherefore. 
 
 Qu/tre, adv. ^ conj. {quis Sf res), 
 wherefore, for which reason, 
 why. 
 
 Quartdna^ a, f. (quartus), a, quar- 
 tan, quartan ague, an ague recur- 
 ring once in four days. 
 
 Q,uarttim, adv., for the fourth time, 
 the fourth time : from 
 
 Quartus, a, um, num. adj., the 
 fourth. 
 
 Quasi, conj., as if, just as if; as it 
 were. 
 
 Qualer, adv. (quatuor), four times. 
 
 Quatio, ire, — , quassum, a., to 
 shake, agitate ; to beat, strike. 
 
 Quatuor, md. num. adj., four. 
 
 Que, conj. enclitic, § 198, N. 1, and. 
 
 Quemudmddum, conj. &/■ adv. (quem, 
 ad, fy modum), in what manner, 
 how; as. 
 
 Querela, ffi, /. (queror), a lament, 
 complaint. 
 
 Querimonia, <E, /., a lament, com- 
 plaint : from 
 
 Queror, i, questus sum, dep., to la- 
 ment, bewail; to complain, com- 
 plain of. Liberis vocibus queri, 
 to complain openly, boldly, or 
 loudly. 
 
 Questus, Us, m. (queror), a lamenta- 
 tion, complaint, lament. 
 
 Questus, It, um, part, (queror). 
 
 Qui, qua, quod, rel. pro., § 136, 
 who, wh(ch,»what, that. 
 
 Qui, abl. of qui ^ quis, § § 1-36, R. 1, 
 Sc 137, R. (2), how, in what 
 way; why. ' 
 
 Quia, conj., because. 
 
 Quicumque, qucecumquc, quodcum- 
 que,rel.pro., § 136, 3, (qui fy cum- 
 que, soever), whoever, whatso- 
 ever, whatever, every one who. 
 
 Quid. See Quis. 
 
 Quidam, qucedam, quoddam or 
 quiddam, pro., a certain; af cer- 
 tain one, one ; pi., some, several, 
 . certain ; — a,kind of. 
 
 Quidem, conj., § 279, 3, (d.) indeed, 
 also, truly, certainly. JVe — qui- 
 dem, not even. . 
 
 Quies, etis, f, rest, repose, cessa- 
 tion from labor, respite ; quiet, 
 peace; sleep, a dream. 
 
 Quiesco, ere, evi. Hum, n. (quies), 
 to rest, repose, take rest. 
 
 Quietus, a, um, adj. (quiesco), St 
 rest, quiet, calm, tranquil. 
 
 Quin, conj. <^ adv. (qui ^ ne), that 
 not; but that, that ; but not ; nay. 
 Haudprocvl erat, quin agnosceret, 
 was not far from recognizing, 
 § 262, R. 10. QuinP why not.' 
 
 Quinquaginta, ind. num. adj., fifty. 
 
 Quinque, ind. num. adj., five. 
 
 Quinquies, adv. (quinque), five 
 times. 
 
 Quintivs, i, m., Quintius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Quintian 
 gens. 
 
 Quintus, u, um, num. adj. (quin- 
 que), the fifth. 
 
 Quintus, i,m.,a Roman prtsnomen. 
 
 Quippe, conj., for, because ; indeed, 
 in fact. Quippe qui, inasmuch 
 as he, since or because be. 
 
238 
 
 QUIRINUS— RAPINA. 
 
 Quirmus, i, m., Quirinus, a name 
 given to Romulua after his death : 
 1.8. 
 
 Q,uirltes, ium, m. pi., properly the 
 inhabitants of Ciir£?s, a town of the 
 Sabines ; hence, after the union 
 of the Romans and, Sabines, the 
 united people were called Qui- 
 rites ; the Romans. 
 
 Quis, gum, quid, interrog. pro., 
 § 137, who, which, what. Q,uid 
 estf what is the matter .' Quid? 
 what is the reason .' why .' 
 what.' §235, R. 11. Quid nif 
 why not.' 
 
 Quisnam, qutsnajn, quidnam, pro. 
 (quis ^ nam), who, which, 
 what. , 
 
 Quisquam, quaquam, quidquam 
 or quicquam, indef. pro. (quis ^ 
 quam), gen. cujusquam ; any 
 one, any man, any thing. 
 
 Q,uisque, qumque, quodque or quid- 
 que, pro. (quis fy que), every, 
 every man, every one, each. 
 
 Quisquis, quisquis, quidquid fy 
 *quicquid, ret. pro., § 136, (quis ^ 
 quis), whoever, whosoever, what- 
 ever, whatsoever. 
 
 Qud, adv. (qui), where, whither, 
 to or in which place ; for which 
 reason, wherefore ; that, in or- 
 der that. 
 
 Quoad, adv. (quo ^ ad), till, until ; 
 as long as. 
 
 Quocumque, adv. (quo Sf cumque), 
 to whatsoever place, whitherso- 
 ever, whatever way, which way 
 soever. 
 
 Qv.od. See Qui. 
 
 Qudd, conj , that, wherefore ; be- 
 cause. Kihil est quod, there is 
 no reason' why. 
 
 Quom\nus, adv. (quo &^ minus), 
 that not. Jifter clauses denoting 
 hinderance, § 262, R. 9, from. 
 
 with the present participle of the 
 verb following it, as, impediri 
 quorninus adesset, — from being 
 present or assisting. 
 
 Quomddo, adv. ^ conj. (quo ^ mO' 
 do), in what manner, how. 
 
 Quoniam, conj. (quum ^ jo^m), 
 seeing that, since, because. 
 
 Qubque, conj., § 27.9, 3, also, like- 
 wise ; even. 
 
 Quorsum, adv. (quo &/■ versum), to- 
 ward what place, whither, to 
 what end, intent, or purpose, 
 which way. 
 
 Quot, ind. num. adj. pi., as many 
 as, how many. Tot — quot, so 
 many — as. 
 
 Quotidiamis, adj. (quotidie, daily), 
 daily, ordinary, common, usual, 
 e very-day. 
 
 Quoties, adv. (quot, how many), 
 how often .' how many times .' 
 as often as, as. 
 
 Quotiescumque, adv. (quoties S/ 
 cumque), how often soever, as 
 often as. 
 
 Quousque, adv. (quo (/■ usque), how 
 long, how far ; until. 
 
 Quum, adv. ^ conj., when ; while ; 
 since, as, because; though, al- 
 though. Quum — tum, not only 
 — but also, both — and, as — so 
 also. 
 
 R. 
 
 Racilia, ce, f, Racilia, the wife of 
 
 Cincinnaius : II. 16. 
 Radix, ids, f, the root of a tree, 
 
 plant, &c., or bottom of a hill or 
 
 mountain. Sub Mpium radici- 
 
 bus, at the foot of — . 
 Ramus, i, m., a branch, bough, 
 
 arm of a tree. 
 Raptdus, a, um, adj. (rapio), swift, 
 
 rapid, vehement. 
 Rapma, <B,f., robbery, rapine, plun- 
 
RAPIO— REDIMO. 
 
 2;i9 
 
 dering; a carrying off by force : 
 . from 
 
 Rapio, ire, pui, ptum, a., to rob, 
 carry off by force ; to snatch, 
 seize ; to drag, hurry away ; to 
 hurry away to execution. 
 
 Raptus, a, um, part, {rapio). 
 
 Rapum, i, n., a turnip. 
 
 Rard, adv., not often, rarely, sel- 
 dom : from 
 
 Rams, a, um, adj., rare, thin, scat- 
 tered; rare, extraordinary. 
 
 Ratio, onis, f. (reor), a reckoning, 
 account ; regard, respect, con- 
 sideration, reason ; a design, 
 plan, purpose ; interest. Habere 
 rationem, or ralionem alicujus, 
 to have a care or regard for — . 
 
 Ratus, a, um, part. &/• adj. {reor), 
 thinking, deeming; firm, estab- 
 lished, certain. 
 
 Rebello, are, dvi, dtum, n. (re ^ 
 hello), to begin war again ; to 
 rebel, revolt. 
 
 Recedo, Sre, cessi, cpssum, n, {re ^ 
 cedo), to retire, withdraw, re- 
 cede. 
 
 Recens, tis, adj., fresh, new, re- 
 cent. 
 
 Receptus, a, um, part, {recipio). 
 
 Receptus, us, m. {recipio), a taking 
 back ; a place of refuge, asylum ; 
 a retiring, retreat. 
 
 Recessiis,us,m. (recede), a. lething; 
 a retired place ; a bay, gulf. 
 
 Recldo, Sre, cldi, n. (re ^ cado), 
 to fall back ; to recoil ; to fall 
 upon. 
 
 Recipio, ire, cepi, ceptum, a. (re S/- 
 capio), to take or seize again; 
 to refake, recover; to take, re- 
 ceive, admit. Recipere se, to 
 return, come back ; to retreat, 
 retire. 
 
 Reconciliatio, 6nis,f., a restoration, 
 reconciliation : from 
 
 Reconellio, are, dvi, dtum, a. (re S^ 
 concilia), to bring back ; to rec- 
 oncile, conciliate. Rcconciliare 
 gratiam, to make or effect a 
 reconciliation. 
 
 Recreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (re Sf ' 
 creo), to remaije, restore, renew ; 
 to refresh, comfort, relieve. 
 
 Recth, adv. (rectus), in a straight 
 or direct Ime ; rightly, properly. 
 
 Rectus, a, um, adj., right, straight, 
 direct. Rectd, sc. vid, direct- 
 ly, straightforward, right on, 
 straight. 
 
 Recupiro, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to 
 regain, recover. 
 
 Recuso, are, dvi, dtum, n. fy a. (re 
 4' causa), to make objection 
 against ; to be reluctant, un- 
 willing, loath ; to refuse, decline. 
 Sententiam ne diceret, recusare, 
 to refuse to vote. 
 
 Ridaclus, a, um, part, (redigo). 
 
 Reddo, ire, dXdi, dltum, a. (re ^ 
 do), to give back, restore, re- 
 turn ; to render, make ; to give, 
 administer, deliver; to give forth, 
 send forth. Extremum reddere 
 spiritum, to breathe one's last 
 breath. 
 
 Redemi. See Redimo. 
 
 Redegi. See Redigo. 
 
 Redeo, ire, ii, Itum, irr. n. (re ^ 
 eo), to return, come back. 
 
 Rediens, euntis, part, (redeo). 
 
 Redigo, ere, igi, actum, a. (re Sf 
 ago), to bring back, reduce, con- 
 strain, compel, force, subject. 
 
 Redimio, ire, Ivi, itum, u,., to bind 
 round, wreath, crown, encircle. 
 
 Redimo, ire, emi, emptum, a. (re 
 ^ emo), to buy back, purchase 
 again ; to purchase ; to redeem, 
 ransom. Puhlicd, pecunid redin 
 mi, to be repurchased or re- 
 placed at public expense 
 
240 
 
 REDINTEGRO— RKLINQUO, ■ 
 
 Redintigro, are, dvi, alum, a. (re 
 tf inligro, to renew), to renew, 
 refresh, begin anew. 
 
 ReditUrus, a, um, part, (redeo). 
 
 RedUus, us, m. (redeo), a return; 
 income, revenue 
 
 RedOco, ire, dvxi, dv-.tum, a. (re ^ 
 duco), to bring back, conduct 
 back ; to restore, reinstate. 
 
 Redux, ucis, m. iff., brought back, 
 returned, returning. 
 
 Ref&o, ferre, tuli, latum,, a. (re ^ 
 fero), to bring or carry back ; to 
 return, restore ; to get, obtain, 
 acquire, bear away ; to tell, re- 
 late; to count, number, reckon; 
 to refer, point, direct; to attrib- 
 ute, ascribe, impute ; to register, 
 record, enter, set down. In tab- 
 tilas refcrre, to enter (in one's) 
 account-book. 
 
 Reflecto, ire, jlexi, fiexum, a. (re S^ 
 Jlecto), to bend or turn back. 
 
 Reformidn, are, a.. S^n. (re if for- 
 mldo, to fear), to fear, dread. 
 
 Refdvco, ere, fovi, fotum, a. (re S^ 
 fovea), to cherish, refresh, re- 
 store, revive. 
 
 Refraetus, u,, um, part. : from 
 
 Refringo, ire, fregi, fractum, a. 
 (re &/■ frango), to break, break 
 open ; to repress, weaken, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 Refugio, ire, fugi, fugXtum, a. fy 
 n. (re fy fy-gio), to flee back, 
 retreat ; to recede, retire, re- 
 treat; to fear, shun, avoid. 
 
 Refvlgeo, ere, fulsi, n. (re ^ fuU 
 geo), to be resplendent, shine 
 bright, glitter. 
 
 Regdlis, e, adj. (r«z) , kingly, royal, 
 rt'gal, princely. 
 
 Regia, cE,f. (regius), a palace. 
 
 Regillus, i, m., or Regillus Locus, 
 Lake Regillus, a lake of Latium, 
 near Rome : II. 8. 
 
 Reglna, a, f. (rex), a queen. 
 
 Regio, onis, f. (rego), a line ; a 
 boundary, limit; a region, coun- 
 try, territory. 
 
 Regius, a, um, adj. (rex), of a 
 king, kingly, royal, princely. 
 
 Regno, are, dvi, dtum, a. &/■ n., to 
 be king; to reign, have power, 
 be powerful : from 
 
 Regnum, i, n. (rex), a kingdom, 
 sovereignty. 
 
 Rego, ire, rexi, rectum., u,., to di- 
 rect; to manage, guide ; to rule, 
 govern. 
 
 Regrldur, i, gressus sum, dep. (re 
 4^ gradior), to go back, return. 
 
 Rcgressus,a, um, part, (regredior), 
 
 Regressus, Us, m. (regredior), a 
 return. 
 
 Regulus, i, m., Regulus, a Roman 
 cognomen. Mlilius Regulus, a 
 consul who commanded an army 
 in Africa during the first Punic 
 war: IV. 7— 11. 
 
 Rejlcio, ire, jici, jectum, a. (re S/- 
 jacio), to cast or throw back ; to 
 drive back, repel ; to reject, neg- 
 lect, refuse, spurn. 
 
 Reldbor, i, lapsus sum, dep. (re ^• 
 labor), to slide back, flow back. 
 
 Reldtus, a, um, part, (refero). 
 
 Religo, are, dvi, dtum, u. (re fy 
 lego), tu send away, remove ; to 
 banish, exile. 
 
 Relictus, a, um, part, (relinquo). 
 
 Religio, onis, f. (religo, to read 
 again), religion, religious rites 
 and institutions ; devotion, pie- 
 ty ; a religious obligation ; a re- 
 ligious scruple ; superstition. 
 
 Religiosus, a, um, adj., ior, issi' 
 m,us, (religio), sacred, holy. 
 
 Religo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re fy 
 ligo), to bind back, bind, tie, 
 fasten. 
 
 Relinquo, ire, llqui, hctum, a. (re &• 
 
RELIQUI— REPONO 
 
 241 
 
 fin(pio),to leave behind, leave; 
 to bequeath; to forsake, aban- 
 don. 
 
 Heliqiii. See Relinquo. 
 
 Rdiquice, arnm,/. pi., the remains, 
 relics, remainder, rest, remnant : 
 from 
 
 Rellquits, It, um, adj. (relinquo)^ 
 remaining, the rest. ReVquum 
 tempus aimi, the remainder, the 
 rest — . 
 
 Relucco^ ere, l-uxi, n. (re ^ /uceo), 
 to shine, glitter. 
 
 RemAni:o, ere, mansi, mansum, n {re 
 1^ jnaneo), to remain, continue. 
 
 Remedium, i, n., (re J^ medior),a, 
 medicine, remedy. 
 
 Remissio, Snis,f., a throwing back ; 
 an abating, diminishing, remis- 
 sion, relaxation, recreation ; from 
 
 Remitio, ire, mist, ■m'tssmn, a, {re 
 ^ viiito), to send back; to send ; 
 to liiosen, slacken, reia.v, abat^, 
 remit, cease ; to dispense witii 
 Rf-mittere iilicui illiquid, to e xcuse 
 one from — . .AiL oiiuin aniinum 
 remiUere, to give up to — . 
 
 Remotiis, a, vm, ytirt. &/■ adj., re- 
 moved ; reuiotp, afar off: from 
 
 Reindveo, ere, mooi, motum, a. {re 
 4' moveo), to remove, vifithdraw, 
 take away. 
 
 Rtmuncror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (re 
 4^ muneror), to remunerate, re- 
 ward, recompense, requite. 
 
 Remus, i, m., Remus, the twin- 
 brother of Romulus : I. 1 . 
 
 Reniiscor, i, ndtus sum, dep. (re S^ 
 nasc~,r), to rise or be born again, 
 spring up again, be renewed. 
 
 Renovo, arc, avi, dtum, a. (re fy 
 novi), to renew, restore; to re- 
 fresh, revive, recover. 
 
 Renunlio, or Renuncio, are, avi, 
 Stum, a. (re ^ nuntio), to bring 
 or carry word baok, report, de- 
 21 
 
 clare, announce, relate ; to re- 
 nounce, give up, disclaim. 
 
 Renuo, ere, nut, a. {re 4* "wo"), to 
 deny or disapprove by nodding 
 or winking ; to refuse, deny. 
 
 Reiiuto, are, n.freq. (j-eituo), to be 
 against; not to desire; to refuse. 
 
 Rear, reri, ratus sum, dep., to reck- 
 on ; to suppose, think, imagine, 
 deem, believe. 
 
 Repello, l.re,p,.li, pulsum, u. (re fy 
 pello), to drive baok, repulse, 
 keep ofi", repel, reject, refuse. 
 
 Rependo, ire, pendi, pensum, a. (re 
 ^ pendo), to weigh baok ; to re- 
 turn, piiy back ; to pay in equal 
 weight. 
 
 Repenth, adv. (repens), suddenly, 
 on a sudden, unexpectedly, un- 
 awares; instantly, immediately. 
 
 Repentlnus, a, um, adj. (repeats, 
 sudden), unlookedfor, unexpect- 
 ed, sudden. 
 
 Replrio, Ire, pgri, pertum, a. (re S^ 
 pariii), to find again ; to fin<l ; to 
 perceive, discover, find out. 
 
 Rtpgto, Sre, Ivi ^ ii, itum, a. (re ^ 
 peto), to ask or demand again, 
 claim, demand back ; to return ; 
 to trace back, retrace, seek again. 
 RepHere res, to demand back 
 property; to demand satisfaction. 
 
 Rapetimd(S,.aruni , f. pi., or pecunia 
 repelundce, (properly, the parti- 
 ciple of repeto, for repetenilce, 
 § 162, 20), money or any thing 
 else to be restored ; extortion, 
 the taking of money or other 
 priypertij contrary to law while 
 one commanded in a province. 
 
 Replio, ere, evi, itum, a. (re S/- pleo, 
 obs.), to fill again, replenish; to 
 fill, supply. 
 
 Repono, Ire, Ssui, osUurh, a. (re Sf 
 pono), to place again, replace, 
 to koep, preserve, reserve. 
 
242 
 
 REPORTO— RESPONStTM. 
 
 Reporto, are, avi, alum, a. {re ^ 
 porta), to carry back; to bring 
 back, report. 
 
 Reposco, ire, a. (re S^posco), to de- 
 mand again or back; to ask, ex- 
 act, require. 
 
 Reposui. See Repono. 
 
 Reprehendo, Ire, di, sum, a. (re ^ 
 prehendo), to catch again ; to re- 
 prove, blame, censure, find fault 
 with. 
 
 Repromitto, ire, mlsi, missum, a. 
 (re !§/• promitto), to promise in 
 return, promise. 
 
 Repiidio, are, avi, atum, a. (repu- 
 dium), to reject, refuse ; to di- 
 vorce, repudiate. 
 
 Repuerasco, ere, n. inc. (re S^ pue- 
 rasco, to attain the age of youth) , 
 to become a boy again, become 
 young again, 
 
 Repugno, are, avi, dtum, n. (re 
 S/- pugno), to fight or contend 
 against, resist, oppose. 
 
 Repulsa, m, f. (repello), a repulse, 
 denial, failure of being elected, 
 loss of election, defeat. 
 
 Repurgo, are, avi, dtum, a. (re ^ 
 purgo), to clean, cleanse ;, to 
 clear. 
 
 Reputo, are, avi, atum, a. (re fy 
 puto), to reckon, calculate, com- 
 pute ; to consider. * 
 
 Requiro, ere, quisivi, quisUum, a. 
 (re ^ qucero), to seek again ; to 
 demand, require ; to seek for, 
 search after. 
 
 Res, rei,f., a thing, an occurrence, 
 event, circumstance, affair, mat- 
 ter, business ; property, effects, 
 goods ; purpose, object. Res, 
 followed by publica or an adjec- 
 tive relating to country, as Ro- 
 mana, etc., signifies the state, 
 empire, government, republic, 
 commonvrealth ; in military lan- 
 
 guage, the management of a 
 
 war : — undertaking, perform. 
 
 ance ; action, deed, exploit. 
 Rescindo, ire, scldi, scissum, a. 
 
 (re ^ scindo), to out off, destroy, 
 
 break down, demolish, pull 
 
 down; to annul, abolish, make 
 
 void. 
 Rescissus, u, um, part, (rescindo) . 
 Resico, are, cui, ctum Sf catum, a. 
 
 (re fy seco), to cut off, pare away ; 
 
 to restrain, check. 
 Resedi. See Resideo. 
 Resiro, are, avi, dtum, a. (re S^ 
 
 sero, are), to unbar, unlock, 
 
 open. 
 Reserve, are, avi, dtum, u,. (re fy 
 
 servo), to reserve, keep ; to pre- 
 serve, retain. 
 Restdo, ire, sedi, sessum, n. (re &/• 
 
 sido), to sink or settle down, 
 
 subside, abate. 
 Resisto, ire, st'Ui, stltum, n. (re ^ 
 
 sisto), to stand still, halt, stop ; 
 
 to resist, withstand, oppose. 
 Respergo, ire, si, sum, a. (re ^ 
 
 spergo, to strew) , to sprinkle ; 
 
 to besprinkle. 
 Respersus, a, um, part, (respergo). 
 Respexi. See Respicio. 
 Resplcio, ere, spexi, spectum, a. ^ 
 
 n. (re fy specio), to look back; 
 
 to regard, respect; to look back 
 
 at; to look at, look upon. 
 Respiro, are, avi, dtum, a. (re ^ 
 
 spiro), to breathe, respire, take 
 
 breath, recover. 
 Respondeo, ere, di, sum, a. ^ n. 
 
 (re 4' spondeo), to answer, reply. 
 
 Responsum est, pass, imp., it was 
 
 answered, the reply was made ; 
 
 to appear, answer to one's name ; 
 
 — to agree, correspond, harmo- 
 nize, correspond with. 
 Responsum, i, n. (respondeo), an 
 
 answer, reply; a response 
 
RESPONSUS— ROGO. 
 
 243 
 
 Responsits^ a, um,part. (respondeo). 
 
 Rcsjmbltca^ reipubl%C(Bj f. (res <^ 
 publieus), a republic, common- 
 wealth, state ; public business. 
 
 Restlti. See Resisto. 
 
 RestUuo, Ire, ui, Htum, a. (re ^ 
 statuo), to set up again, replace ; 
 to restore, rebuild, give back, re- 
 instate; to repair, restore to its 
 former situation, put in order 
 again; to renew; to heal, re- 
 move, correct, remedy. 
 
 Resumo, Ire, sumpsi, sumptum, a. 
 (re if sumo), to resume, take 
 again. Somnum resumere, to fall 
 asleep again. 
 
 Retentus, a, um, part, (retineo). 
 
 Rethogines, is, m., Rethogenes, a 
 Celtiberian noble : VII. 17. 
 
 Retineo, ere, ui, tenturti, a. (re ^ 
 teneo), to hold back, stop, detain ; 
 to retain, keep, preserve. 
 
 Retraho, Hre, traxi, tractum, a. (re 
 4^ traho), to draw back, bring 
 back, withdraw. 
 
 Retrlbuo, ere, ui, 'Uum, u,, (re fy 
 tribuo), to give back, restore, re- 
 turn. 
 
 Retro, adv., behind, backwards, 
 back. It is of ten redundant ; as, 
 retro mam repetere, to trace back, 
 retrace — . 
 
 Retuli. See Refero. 
 
 Reus, i, m. (res), a person accused 
 in a court of justice ; a criminal, 
 culprit, defendant; also. Reus, 
 a, um, adj., guilty. Reus fieri, 
 to be accused, brought to trial. 
 
 Revera, adv. (re fy verd), indeed, 
 really, truly, in truth, in fact. 
 
 RevcrerUia, iB,f. (revereor, to fear), 
 respect, regard ; reverence, awe. 
 
 Reversus, a, um, part, (revertor). 
 
 Reverto, ire, ti, sum, a. ^ n., ^ 
 Revertor, ti, sus sum, dep. (re ^ 
 verto), to return, come back. 
 
 Revdco, are, dm, dtum, u,. (re &/■ 
 voco), to call again ; to call back, 
 recall. Revocare ingenium ab 
 aliquo, to recall the mind from, 
 to cure one of any thing. 
 
 Rex, regis, m. (rego), a ruler ; a 
 king, sovereign, monarch. 
 
 Rhea, ce, f. (Sylvia), Rhea Sylvia, 
 daughter of Numitor and mother 
 of Romulus and Remus : I. 1. 
 
 Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine, a river 
 of Germany : IX. 8. 
 
 Rhetor, oris, m,, a teacher of rhet- 
 oric, rhetorician. 
 
 Rhoddnus, i, m., the Rhone, a river 
 ar France: VIII. 11. 
 
 Rhodus, i, f., Rhodes, an island 
 containing a city of the same 
 name, near the coast of Caria, 
 in Asia Minor ; VII. 21. 
 
 Rideo, ere, risi, risum, n. ^ a., to 
 laugh ; to laugh at, ridicule. 
 
 Rigo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to water 
 irrigate. 
 
 Rigor, oris, m., stiiFness; rigor, 
 severity. 
 
 Ripa, (B,f., the bank of a river. 
 
 Risi. See Rideo.' 
 
 Ristcs, (ts, m. (rideo, to laugh), a 
 laughing, laughter, laugh. Risui 
 esse or movere alicui, to occa- 
 sion laughter for, be laughed at 
 by — 
 
 Rite, adv., in due form, rightly, 
 with proper ceremonies; accord- 
 ing to custom. 
 
 Ritus, us, m., a rite, ceremony ; a 
 custom, manner. 
 
 Rixa, ffl,/., a quarrel, brawl ; a dis- 
 pute, strife, contention. 
 
 Robur, oris, n., the oak ; strength, 
 vigor, firmness, energy. 
 
 Robustus, a, um., adj. (robur), of 
 oak; hard, firm, solid, robust, 
 strong, stout, sturdy. 
 
 Rogo, are, dvi, atum, a. ^ n., to 
 
344 
 
 ROGUS— SAGINO. 
 
 ask, inquire, request, beg, sue 
 for. 
 
 HoguSj i, 771., a funeral pile. 
 
 Roma, ffi,/., Rome, a city of Lati- 
 uni, in Italy, on both sides of the 
 Tiber. It was the capital of the 
 ancient Roman empire; 1. 5. 
 
 Romdaus, «, urn, adj. {Roma), Ro- 
 man. Rainani, orurn, m. pL, the 
 Romans. 
 
 Romulus, i, m., Romulus, son of 
 Rhea Sylvia, and founder of 
 Rome: I. 1—8. 
 
 Rostrum, z, n., the beak of a bird ; 
 the beak of a ship ; pi., the ros- 
 trum or rostra, a place in iront 
 of the senate-house of Hostilius, 
 adorned with the beaks of cap- 
 tured ships. 
 
 Ruhp-T, bra, brum, adj., red, ruddy. 
 
 Riidis, c, adj., uncultivated, raw, 
 unpolished, unskilled, inexpert, 
 rude, ignorant. 
 
 Rvfinus, i, VI., Rufinus, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Cornelian gens. 
 Corudius Rujlnus, a Roman con- 
 sul: 111.22. 
 
 Rufus; i, m., Rufus, a Roman cog- 
 nomen. M. Mlnucius Rvfas, a 
 master of horse under Fabius 
 Maximus : V. 4. P. Rutllius Ru- 
 fus, a consul, A. U. G47: VII. 26. 
 
 Rulna, (B,f. {ruo), a fall, downfall ; 
 ruin, destruction ; a ruin. 
 
 Rumor, oris, m., noise, bustle ; re- 
 port, rumor. 
 
 Rumpu, ire, rupi, ruptum, a., to 
 break ; to break off, interrupt. 
 
 Ruo, ire, i, rutum, «. S/- a., to throw 
 down, qverturn, overthrow, de- 
 stroy ; to rush headlong, rush, 
 hasten. 
 
 Rapes, is,f., a rock, crag, cliff. 
 
 Rursum, 4' Rursus, adv., back- 
 wards, back ; again. 
 
 Rtis, ruris, n., the country. Rus, 
 
 ace, to the country, § 237, R. 4. 
 Rure, or ruri, in the country, 
 §254, R. 1. 
 
 Rustlcor, art, dep., to be or dwell 
 in the country, rusticate : from 
 
 RusCicvs, u, um, adj. (rus), per- 
 taining to the country, rustic, 
 rural ; plain, simple, rude, un- 
 polished. 
 
 Rutilius, i, m., Rutilius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Rutilian 
 
 s. 
 
 Sahinij oruTrif m. jpl., the Sabines, 
 a people of Italy, near Rome : 
 II. 5. 
 
 Sacer^ Qva^ cruTn^adj.j consecrated, 
 holy, sacred. Via Sucru, the 
 sacred street in Rome, leading 
 up to the capitol : II 6. 
 
 Saceri/oSj otls^ m. ^ f. (saccr), a 
 priest or priestess. 
 
 SacruTB-entum, J, n. {siicro^ to con- 
 secrate), any thing sacred; an 
 oath, Mllitim sacramenLuTn, a 
 military oath. 
 
 Sacrijicium, i, n. (sacrifico^ to sac- 
 rifice), a sacrifice. 
 
 Sacrum, t, n- {sacer)^ any thing 
 sacred or consecrated to the 
 gbds ; a sacrifice, sacred rite. 
 
 Smpe^ adv., scDpius, stEpisstme , 
 often, many times, frequently ; 
 tlie comparatize stepius is often 
 used for saepe. 
 
 ScBvio, Ire, Ivl or ii, Hum, n. {s(b- 
 ■cus)^ to rage, be fierce, be cruel, 
 exercise one's cruelty, vent one's 
 rage. 
 
 ScBvUia, cB^f^ harshness, severity; 
 violence, cruelty : from. 
 
 S(Bvus, c/, am, adj., rigoroas, se- 
 vere, cruel. 
 
 Sagino., are, dvi, dlvm, u.. (sagina 
 a fattening), to fatten; to feed- 
 
SAGITTA— SCJIVOLA. 
 
 245 
 
 Sagitta, m, /., an arrow, dart. 
 
 Sagulunif if n. dim., a soldier's 
 cloak or cassock; a travelling 
 cloak : from 
 
 Sagum, i, n., a soldier's cloak. 
 
 Saguntum, i, n., Saguntura, a city 
 of Spain, near the Ebro : V. 1. 
 
 Sal, salts, m. i/- n. ; pi. m., salt. 
 
 Salii, Brum, m. pi. (salio, to leap), 
 the Salii, or priests of Mars : 1.9. 
 
 Salinator, oris, m., Salinator, a 
 Roman cognomen in the Livian 
 gens. M. Livius Salinator, a 
 Roman who commanded the 
 city of Tarentura when it was 
 taken by Hannibal : V. 5. 
 
 Salmum, i, n. (salmus, relating to 
 salt), a salt-cellar. 
 
 Saliva, ce,f., spittle, spit. Pinguis 
 saliva, thick — . 
 
 Saltern, adv., at least. 
 
 Salto, are, avi, atum, n. &/■ a. freq. 
 {salio, to leap), to dance. 
 
 Saltus, iis, m. {salio), a leaping, 
 leap. Sahu se demittere, to leap 
 down. Ferri Iceto saltu, to bound 
 or leap joyfully along : — a for- 
 est, thicket, thick wood. 
 
 Saluber, bris. Tire, adj., healthful, 
 Balubrious,heaIthy; useful, prof- 
 itable, advantageous ; from 
 
 Solus, utis, f., health ; safety, de- 
 liverance, preservation ; a greet- 
 ing, salutation. 
 
 Salutaris, e, adj. (solus), salutary, 
 healthful. • 
 
 Salutatio, Snis, f. (saluto), a sa- 
 luting, salutation, greeting. 
 
 Salutator, oris, m., a saluter, cour- 
 tier : from 
 
 Saluto, are, avi, atum, a. (salus), 
 to salute, greet, pay respect to. 
 
 Salvus, ti, um, adj., unhurt, unin- 
 jured, safe, 
 
 Sambuceus, a, um, adj. (sambocus, 
 
 an elder-tree), made of elder, 
 
 21* 
 
 Samnltis, e, adj., Samnite. Sam- 
 nltes, um, m. pi., the Samnites, 
 a people of Italy : III. 8. 
 
 Sanctus, a, um, adj. &fpart. (sancio, 
 to consecrate), sacred, inviola- 
 ble ; holy ; upright, honest, vir- 
 tuous, just. 
 
 Sane, adv. (sanus), reasonably, so- 
 berly ; truly, indeed, certainly. 
 
 Sanguinolentus, a, um, adj., bloody, 
 cruel : from 
 
 Sanguis, ^nis, m., blood. 
 
 ■Sanus, a,um, adj., sound in health, 
 healthy ; well, sane. 
 
 Sapiens, tis, adj. S^-part., ior, issd- 
 mus, (sapid), wise, judicious. 
 r, tis, m., a wise man, a 
 
 Sapientia, <b, f. (sapiens), wisdom, 
 prudence, discretion ; knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Sapio, Ire, ivi, n., to taste ; to be 
 wise, understand. 
 
 Sarmentum, i, n., a sere branch 
 cjbt off; a twig. « 
 
 Satelles, itis, m. &/-f., a life-guard, 
 attendant, guard, body-guard. 
 
 Satio, are, avi, atum, a., to satiate, 
 satisfy, tire : from 
 
 Satis, adv. &/• adj. ind., satiusj 
 enough, sufficient; sufficiently, 
 in a sufficient degree ; tolerably. 
 Satis magnus, considerable, pret- 
 ty large. Satis bene, tolerably 
 well, pretty well. Satius, better, 
 preferable. Satis annorum ha 
 lere, to be old enough. 
 
 Saturnlnus, i, m., Saturninus, a 
 Roman cognomen. L. .Spuleius 
 Saturninus, a factious tribune of 
 thepeople: VII. 31. 
 
 Saucius, a, um, adj. , wounded. 
 
 Saxum, i, n., u rock ; a stone. 
 
 ScmvSla, a, m. (sccevoit; one who 
 is left-handed), Scaei ola, a Ro- 
 man cognomen in the Mucian 
 
246 
 
 SCAL^— SECO. 
 
 gens. C. Mfxius Scavola, a brave 
 Roman soldier : II. f). 
 
 Scal(E, drum, f. pi. {scando, to 
 mount), a ladder, stair. 
 
 Smphu; a,/., a skiff, bark, boat. 
 
 Scaurus, i, m., Scaurus, a Roman 
 cogniimcn in the .^iiiilian gp.ns. 
 M. ^milius Scaurus, a Roman 
 consul, A. U. C. 637: VII. 23. 
 
 Sctleratii, adv., wickedly, impious- 
 ly : from 
 
 Scelerdtus, a, nm, adj., wicked, 
 impious; cursed, infamous ; pol- 
 luted or tainted with crime ; 
 unlucky, unfortunate j from 
 
 ScelSro, dre,avl, dtum, a. (scelus), 
 to pollute, stain, defile, contami- 
 nate. 
 
 Scelest^, adv. (scdestue, wicked), 
 wickedly, impiously. 
 
 Scelus, iris, n., a crime ; impiety, 
 wickedness. 
 
 Schola, (B,f., a school. 
 
 Scidi. See Scindo. 
 
 Scientia, C9f f. (sciens, knowing), 
 knowledge, science, skill. 
 
 Scilicet, adv. {scire <^ licet), it is 
 evident ; truly, in truth, cer- 
 tainly, doubtless, indeed ; to wit, 
 namely ; forsooth. 
 
 Scindo, £re, scidi, scissv-jn, a., to 
 cut, tear, rend. 
 
 Scio, ire, ivi, ilum, a., to know; 
 with ail inftrtitive, to know how. 
 
 Scipio, oiiis, m., a staiF. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m., Scipio, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Cornelian and 
 Cecilian genies. P. Cornelius 
 Scipio .^miliunus Jifrlcanus, the 
 son of L. .Smilius l^aulus, and 
 grandson, by adoption, of P. 
 Sjipio Africanus, the elder : yi. 
 32, & VII. 1. Publius Corneli- 
 us Scipio JVasica, a Roman con- 
 sul, A. J. 614: VI. 3—5. Q. 
 Caeiliaa MeleUus Scipio, a con- 
 
 sul with Pompey, A. U. 700: 
 IX. 10. P. Cornelius Scipio, a 
 Roman consul, A. U 5:i4, who 
 was defeated at the River Tici- 
 nus, by Hannibal : V. 2. P. Cor- 
 ne'ius Scipio Africanus, an illus- 
 trious Roman general, by whom 
 Hannibal was defeated at the 
 battle of Zama : V. 19. L. Cor- 
 nelius Scipio .^siatlcus, brother 
 of Scipio Africanus, conquered 
 King Antiochus : V. 33, & VI. 
 1 &2. 
 
 SciscUor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (scis- 
 CO, to inquire), to inquire, de 
 mand, ask. 
 
 Scrilia, le, m., any one who writes, 
 a scribe, secretary, clerk, aman- 
 uensis : from 
 
 Scriho, ere, scripsi, scriptuw., a., to 
 engrave, imprint; to write. 
 
 Scripsi. See Scribo. 
 
 Scriptor, Sris, m. {scribe), a writer, 
 author. 
 
 Scriptus, a, um, part, {scriho). 
 
 Scrutor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
 search, explore. 
 
 Sculpo, ire, sculpsi, seuJptum, a., 
 to carve in stone, cut, engrave, 
 sculpture. 
 
 Scurrn, <e, m., a buffoon, jester, 
 scoffer. 
 
 Scutum, i, n., a. buckler, shield, 
 target. 
 
 Se. See Sui. 
 
 Se?cdo, Sre, cessi, ccssum, n. {se ^ 
 cedo), to retire, withdraw, re- 
 treat ; to secede, Bi"parate. 
 
 Secerrco, Hre, crivi, crctum, a. {se 4" 
 cerno), to sever, separate, divide ■ 
 to e.xcept. 
 
 Secessi. See Secedo. 
 
 Secessus, its, m. {secedu), a separa- 
 tion ; departure ; a retreat. 
 
 Seee, Are, cui, gtum, a., t» cut, eat 
 off. 
 
SECRETO-r-SENESCO. 
 
 24? 
 
 Secretin, adv., sppargitely, apart, 
 aside ; secretly, jsrivately : from 
 
 Seci-etus, It, am, «dj. ^- part, (se- 
 i:ertiii), separate, ap^rl ; secret, 
 SecrStv.m, i, n , a retired piaoe. 
 
 Secui. See Seco. 
 
 Secum,,for cum se. 
 
 SecuadariKS, it, vm, adj. (seeun- 
 dus), of the second sort, second- 
 ary ; of the second quality, in- 
 ferior. 
 
 Secundum,, adv. 4' prep, witk the 
 <MC., after, nigh, near; next, in 
 tlie next place, in the second 
 place : from ^ 
 
 Secundum, a. Km, adj. (sequor), 
 following; the second; prosper- 
 ous, successful, favorable. 
 
 Seciris, is, f, § 79, 2, (seco), an 
 axe or hatchet. Securi ferire or 
 percutcre, to behead- 
 
 Seciis, adv., otherwise, differeiitly. 
 Secus ac or atque, otherwise 
 than. JVoTj secus ac, just as. 
 Haud secus, not otherwise, not 
 less. 
 
 Semtnnts, a, um, part, (^sequor). 
 
 SecUus, a, um, part, (sequar). 
 
 Sed, conj., § 193, 9, but. 
 
 Sedeo, Sre, sedi, sessum, n., to sit; 
 to remain, stay, rest, dwell. 
 
 Sedes, is, f. (sedeo), a seat, place 
 to sit on ; an abode, habitation, 
 residence; a site. 
 
 Sed'uin, Snis, f., a separation ; a 
 dissension, discord, strife, sedi- 
 tion, insurrection. 
 
 SedulUiis, aUs,f. (sedtilus, careful), 
 carefulness, diligence, assiduity, 
 industry, zeal, earnestness. 
 
 Segnis, e, ailj.,ior; inactive, dull, 
 heavy, stupid, slothful, slow; un- 
 fruitful, unproductive, useless. 
 
 SegnUer, adv., segnius, (segnis), 
 iaactively, slowly, slothfuUy, 
 remissly, inertly. 
 
 Segmtia, ee, /., ^ Segmties, It, /. 
 \segn's), sloth, laziness, inactiv- 
 ity, remissness, supirieness. 
 Seipsum. See Sui, and Ipso. 
 Setikra, a, f. i^scmi, Uaif, lij/- /(*/•«), 
 
 the half of a pound or as; six 
 
 ounces. 
 Sella, (B,f., tt seat, chair; a sedan, 
 
 litter. 
 Semely adv., a single time, once. 
 
 JVore semd, not once only, mote 
 
 than once, often. 
 Semen, Inis, n., seed. 
 Semet. See Sui. 
 Semetipsum, himself, themselves, 
 
 &c. See Sui, and Ipso. 
 Semi, or Semis, oiQ. iftd., a h ilf. 
 Semper, adv., always, ewr, forever, 
 SertlpiierHiis, a, um, -tidj. (sevijier), 
 
 continual, perpetual, endless, 
 
 everlasting. 
 Sempronius, i, m., Sempronius, a 
 
 Roman name belonging to the 
 
 Serapronian gens. T. 3empr&^ 
 
 nius Longus, a consul defeated 
 
 by Hannibal at the River Trebia : 
 
 V. 2. 
 Semttncia, <e,f., half an ounce. 
 Sena, a, /., Sena, a town of Um- 
 
 bria, on the Adriatic : V. 18. 
 Senator, oris, m. (senex, an old 
 
 man), a senator. 
 Senatorius, a, um, adj. (senator), 
 
 of or belonging to a senator, 
 
 senatorial. 
 Sendtvs, its, m. (si.nex), a senate ' 
 
 the senate at Bom^. 
 Senatitscansultwm, i, «., an act, or- 
 dinance, or decree of the senate, 
 Senccta, a, f. (si'ne£), age, old age, 
 
 the same as Senectus. 
 Sencctus, ■utis, f. (senex), old age, 
 
 age. 
 Senesco, ^re, stinvi, n. inc. (sencp, 
 
 to be old), to grow eld ; to wane, 
 
 decrease. 
 
248 
 
 SEJSEX— SERVIO. 
 
 Senez, is, adj., senior; old, aged. 
 Senex, is, m. ^ f., an old man 
 or woman. 
 
 Senilis, e, adj. {senex), of or per- 
 taining to old age or old men ; 
 old, advanced. 
 
 Senior, oris, adj. (comp. of senex), 
 older, elder. Senior, oris, m., 
 an old man, an elder. 
 
 Senium, i, n., age, old age, de- 
 crepitude. 
 
 Sendnes, um, m. pi., the Senones, 
 a people of Gaul : II. 21. 
 
 Sensi. See Sentio. 
 
 Sensim, adv. (sentio), by little and 
 little, gradually ; insensibly, im- 
 perceptibly. 
 
 Sensus, As, m. (sentio), sensation, 
 feeling ; sense, understanding, 
 comprehension, perception. Sen- 
 sim sine sensu, by little and little 
 without being perceived, grad- 
 ually and imperceptibly. 
 
 Sententia, ce, /., opinion, idea ; res- 
 olution, purpose, judgment, sen- 
 tence. Sententiam dicere, to give 
 one's opinion or vote; to vote. 
 Ex sententid, according to one's 
 wish or desire, happily, prosper- 
 ously, successfully : from 
 
 Sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, a., to 
 perceive, feel; to think, judge; 
 to notice, observe, discover, un- 
 derstand, perceive, find out, 
 know. 
 
 Separdtim, adv. (separdtus, sepa- 
 rate), apart, separately. 
 
 Sepelio, ire, ivi S^ ii, sepultum, a., 
 to bury, inter. 
 
 Sepes, is,f., a hedge, fence. 
 
 Sepio, Ire, sepsi, septum, a. (sepes), 
 to hedge in, fence ; to surround, 
 enclose; to guard, garrison. 
 
 SepteW; ind. num. adj., seven. 
 
 September, hris, m. (septem), Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Septemdlcim, ind. num. adj. (sep- 
 tern ^ decern), seventeen. 
 
 Septeni, ee, d, num. distributive adj. 
 (sc^^cm), seven each; seven. 
 
 Septimuleius, i, m., Septimuleius, 
 a man's name : VII. 12. 
 
 Septimus, a, um, adj. (septem), the 
 seventh. 
 
 Septuageslmus, a, um., adj. (septua- 
 ginta, seventy), the seventieth. 
 
 Sepulchrum, i, n. (sepelio), a grave, 
 tomb, mound, sepulchre. 
 
 Sepultara, m, f. (sepelio), burial, 
 interment. 
 
 Scpultus, u, um, part, (sepelio). 
 
 Sequor, i, ciitvs sum, dep., to go 
 or come after, follow, ensue ; 
 to accompany, attend ; to pur- 
 sue, follow after; to conform to, 
 be governed by ; to follow up, 
 prosecute; to follow after, seek 
 for, court. 
 
 Sergius, i, m., Sergius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Sergian 
 gens. 
 
 Serid, adv., in earnest, seriously : 
 from 
 
 Serius, a, um, adj., serious, grave, 
 in earnest. Seria, drum, n. pi., 
 grave aft'airs, serious business. 
 
 Sermo, onis, m., a discourse, speech, 
 language, conversation; a lan- 
 guage, dialect. 
 
 Serd, adv., late, too late; in the 
 evening, late in the evening. 
 
 Sertorius, i, m., a Roman name. 
 Q. Sertorius, a Roman general 
 of the party of Marius: VIII. 
 11. 
 
 Sertum, i, n., a garland, festoon. 
 
 Serva, m, f. (servus), a female 
 slave, handmaid. 
 
 Servilia, ce,f., Servilia, the mother 
 of Brutus : IX. 29. 
 
 Servio, Ire, Ivi S^ ii, itum, m. (ser- 
 vus), to be a slave, serve 
 
SERVITUS— SIMULTAS 
 
 249 
 
 Senfttns, Utis, f. (servus), slavery, 
 servitude, bondage. 
 
 Servias, i, ?«., Servius, a, Roaian 
 pranomen. 
 
 Servo, arc, dei, atitm, a. ^ n., to 
 save, preseive; to observe, to 
 preserve, watoli, guard, keep. 
 
 Servus, i, m., a sJave. Senius puk- 
 licus, a pablic slave, oae who 
 served the magistrates. 
 
 Sese, intensive fur se, § 133, R. 2. 
 
 Sessar, oris, m (sedeo), a sitter. 
 Sessor, or equi sessor, a rider. 
 
 Sessurus-, a, «m, pari, (sedeo). 
 
 Sestertius^ i, m., a sesterce, a small 
 Roman coin. MiUie&^estertium^ 
 so. cej^a miUia , one hundred 
 iiiillioiis of sesterces, ^ 327, E.. 6. 
 Ccniies seslertiiiat, ten millions 
 of se«ter-ces, § 327, IL >$, 
 
 Seu, conj., or, or if, and if. Sejt — 
 seiL, wlietlier — or, either — or. 
 
 Severi, adv., gravely, severely ; 
 strictly, rigorously : from 
 
 SevSruSj II, um, adj., ior, isstmus, 
 (se ^ verus), serioias, strict, se- 
 vere, rigorous, austere, harsh. 
 
 Sex, ind. num. <idj , six. 
 
 Sexaginta, ind. num.. ajj. (^ex), 
 sixty. 
 
 SextlHs, e, adj. (sextus), the sixth. 
 Sextllis, is, m., or Sexlilis men- 
 sis, tlie month August. 
 
 SexlUiiu, i, tn., Sextilius, a Roman 
 name. Sesctilius, a Roman p^e- 
 tor in Africa : VIH. "3. 
 
 Sextuf, a, urn, ajlj. {sex), the sixth. 
 
 Sextos, 2, m. (sex), Sextas, a Ro- 
 man pr&HOmeti. 
 
 Si, eonj., if. 
 
 Sibi. See Sui. 
 
 Sic, adv., so, thus, in such circum- 
 stances; theiiefoire, on that ajc- 
 count. 
 
 Siccus, a, um, adj., dry. In sicca, 
 ■so. loco, on dry land- 
 
 Sidlia, <E, /., Sicily, a large island 
 in the Mediterranean, near the 
 southern extremity of Italy : 
 U. 12. 
 
 Siculiis, a, um, adj. (Sicilia), Si- 
 cilian. Siculi, Oram, m. pi., the 
 Sicilians. 
 
 Sicut, conj. (sic S^ ut), so as, just 
 as, as. 
 
 Signiflca, are, am. Mum, a. (sig- 
 num &/• facio), to give notice, 
 signify, show, manifest, inti- 
 mate, imply. 
 
 Signum, i, n., a mark, sign ; a 
 standard, banner j a signal 4 a 
 statue ; a seai. 
 
 Silentiiim, i, «., a being silent; 
 silence. 
 
 Sili'M, ere, vi, n. ^ a., to be silent, 
 kee^i silence. 
 
 Silva, te,f., a wood, foresft; tiiees 
 
 Siitillls, e, iidj , similiur, siuiUH- 
 7nus, § 125, 2, like, similar. 
 
 SiutilUer, «/». (similis), iu like 
 maaaer, alilw, similiirly. 
 
 Si/m.ilttudo, Inls, f. (simUis), like- 
 ness, resemblance, similarity. 
 
 implex, icis, adj., simple, un- 
 mixed ; open, sincere, frank, 
 candid, ingenuous. 
 
 Simul, adv., together, at once, at 
 the same time. Simul uc, as 
 soon as ; as well as. 
 
 StiDMlacrum, i, n. (s'mulo), an 
 image, pietore; a statue; a rep- 
 reseatation. Pugnee simula- 
 crum, a mock fight. 
 
 Simulator, 0ris, m., an imitator; 
 a feigner, pretender : from 
 
 Simiih, are, avi. Mum, a. (.liiuilis), 
 to make like; to imitate, resem- 
 ble; to pretend, feign. 
 
 Simulias, dtis, /., a grudge or ha- 
 tred. Simnltates gerere cum tdi- 
 quo, to have a grudge against — • 
 tsi bate — , be at enmity with. 
 
250 
 
 SIN— SOPIO. 
 
 Sin, conj., but if. 
 
 Sins. See Sino. 
 
 Sine, prep, with the abl., without. 
 
 Singularis, e, adj., single j ex- 
 cellent, singular, remarkable : 
 from 
 
 Singulus, It, um, adj., single, one 
 by one ; each, every ; one to 
 each. Singuli supererant, one 
 on each side — . 
 
 Sinister, tra, trum, adj., left, on 
 the left. • 
 
 SiTW, Sre, sivi, a., to permit, suffer, 
 allow. 
 
 Sinus, As, m., a bosom, fold. 
 
 Siquis, qua, quod or quid, adj. pro., 
 § 138, (si 4' quis), if any one, 
 if any, if any thing. 
 
 Sisto, ire, stiti, statum, a. ^ n., 
 to stop ; to stand. Sister e gra- 
 dum, to halt. 
 
 Sitis, is, f., thirst; drought. 
 
 Situs, a, um, adj. (sino), situated, 
 situate, placed j buried. 
 
 Situs, As, m. (sino), site, situation; 
 a region, country. 
 
 Sive, conj., or if. 
 
 Sivi. See Sino. 
 
 Sotoles, is, f., a young shoot ; off- 
 spring, descendant. 
 
 Solrius, a, um, adj., sober. 
 
 Socer, iri, m., a father-in-law. 
 
 Socidlis, e, adj. (socius), sociable, 
 social, friendly. Bellum social'e, 
 a war with the allies, social 
 war. 
 
 Sociitas, dtis, f. , a union, society, 
 association, iilliance, participa- 
 tion : from 
 
 Socius, a, um, adj., partaking, par- 
 ticipating, ^'ocius, i, m., a com- 
 panion, associate; an ally, con- 
 federate. 
 
 Soddlis, e, adj., social. Soddlis, 
 is, M., a comrade, companion. 
 
 Sol, solis, m., the sun; sunshine. 
 
 Solemnis, e, adj., celebrated every 
 year; solemn, festive ; ordinary, 
 usual, customary. 
 
 Soleo, ere, solUus sum, n. pass., 
 § 142, 2, to use, be accus- 
 tomed, be wont. 
 
 Solers, tis, adj., skilful, expert, sa- 
 gacious, ingenious. 
 
 SoHdus, a, um, adj., solid, dense ; 
 firm, hard, solid, substantial ; 
 true, real. 
 
 Solitarius, a, um, adj. (solus), lone- 
 ly, solitary. 
 
 Solitudo, Inis, f. (solus), a solitary 
 place ; a desert, wilderness. 
 
 Solltus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (soho), 
 that is accustomed ; ordinary, 
 usual, customary. SoUtum, i, 
 n., a custom, ordinary practice, 
 habit. Solito hilarius, more 
 merrily than usual. 
 
 Solium, i, n., a throne. 
 
 Sollicltus, a, um, adj., movea, agi- 
 tated ; solicitous, anxious, trou- 
 bled; watchful, unquiet. 
 
 Solum, adv., only, alone. 
 
 SolummSdo, adv. (solum fy modo), 
 only. 
 
 Solus, a, um, adj., gen. soUus, 
 § 107, alone, only. 
 
 Solvo, ire, solvi, solutum, u,., to 
 loose, untie, unbind ; to solve, 
 explain. Solvere e portu, to set 
 sail from, put to sea from — . 
 Solvere navem, or solvere, to set 
 sail, put to sea. 
 
 Somnium, i, n., a dream : from 
 
 Somnus, i, m., sleep. Somnvm 
 videre, to sleep, go to sleep. 
 
 Sonttus, As, m., a sound, noise 
 din : from 
 
 Sono, are, sonui, a. ^ n. (sonus), 
 to sound, resound. 
 
 Sonus, i, m., a sound. 
 
 Sopio, ire, ivi ^ ii, itum, a., to 
 lull asleep. 
 
SOPITUS— SPONSA. 
 
 251 
 
 Sopltus, a, um, part, {sopio), lulled 
 asleep, sound asleep. 
 
 Sorbeo, ere, ui, «.., to swallow, ab- 
 sorb. 
 
 Sordidatus, a, um, adj.; (sordidus, 
 filthy), meanly dressed, clad in 
 sorry or dirty clothes, clothed in 
 an old or ragged garment. 
 
 Sordid^, adv. (sordidus), meanly, 
 poorly. 
 
 Soror, oris, /., a sister. 
 
 Sororiiis, a, um, adj. (soror), sister- 
 ly. TigiUum sororium, the sis- 
 ter's beam : 1. 14. 
 
 Sors, tis, /., lot, chance, fortune. 
 Conjicere in sortem, to cast names 
 into the urn, subject to the lot. 
 Extra sortem, without drawing 
 lots. 
 
 Sortior, iri, itus sum, dep. (sors), 
 to cast or draw lots ; to obtain 
 by lot, choose or select by lot, 
 determine by lot; to obtain, re- 
 ceive. 
 
 Sospes, Uis, adj., safe, unhurt. 
 
 Sp., an abbreviation of the prano- 
 men Spurius. 
 
 Spargo, ire, si, sum, it., to scatter, 
 disperse. 
 
 Sparsus, a, um,, part, (spargo). 
 
 Spatium, i, n., a space; a course, 
 race ; extent, space of time, in- 
 terval, distance ; time, space of 
 time, opportunity. 
 
 Species, ei, f. (specio, to see), a 
 sight ; mien-, form, figure, shape, 
 appearance ; a species, sort, kind ; 
 pretence, pretext, show; color, 
 guise. 
 
 Specimen, inis, n. (species), a proof; 
 a model, example, specimen. 
 
 Speclacvlum, i, n. (specto), a sight ; 
 a show, spectacle. £d spectacu- 
 lum, as a show to gratify any 
 one ; for the purpose of seeing. 
 
 Spectans tis, part, (specto), seeing, 
 
 beholding. Spectantes, specta- 
 tors. 
 
 Spectator, oris, m., a beholder, ob- 
 server, spectator : from 
 
 Specto, are, dvi, atum, a. freq. (spe- 
 cio), to look, see, view, observe, 
 look on; to tend, lead, point. 
 
 Speculator, oris, m., a spy, scout : 
 from 
 
 Speciilor, dri,atussum,dep. (specii, 
 la, a height), to see, look around ; 
 to espy, explore. 
 
 Speculum, i, n. (specio, to see), a 
 mirror. 
 
 Sperno, ire, sprevi, spretum, a., to 
 separate; to reject, spurn, de- 
 
 Spero, are, dm, atum, a., to hope, 
 trust; to expect. Jlta sperare, 
 to hope for high things, to enter- 
 tain high expectations. 
 
 Spes,spei,f.,a, hope, expectation; 
 a promise; confidence. 
 
 Spirttus, As, m., a blowing of the 
 wind ; the spirit, soul, mind ; 
 energy, spirit, feeling, courage ; 
 elevation of mind; ambition; 
 breath. Spiritus concipere, to 
 conceive aspirations, indulge 
 lofty views : from 
 
 Spiro, are, dvi, atum, n. S/- a., to 
 breathe. 
 
 Splendidus, a, um, adj (splendeo, 
 to shine), bright, shming, splen- 
 did, magnificent. 
 
 Splendor, oris, m. (splendeo), splen- 
 dor, brightness; dignity, glory, 
 renown, lustre. 
 
 Spolio, dre, dvi, atum, a., § 251, to 
 strip ; to rob, plunder,spoil : frcrri 
 
 Spolium, i, n., the skin of an ani- 
 mal ; plunder, booty, spoil. 
 
 Spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsum, 
 a., to promise. 
 
 ^onsa, a,f. (spondeo), a betrothed 
 woman, bride 
 
'152 
 
 SPONSIO— STRIDOR. 
 
 Spontiioj dniSj f. {spOTideo), prom- 
 ise, engagement; a stipulation, 
 compact. 
 
 Sjjonsus, (I, iim, part, (sjfondeo)^ be- 
 trollied. Sjjmisvs^ i, m., a suitor, 
 wooer, one betrolhetl. 
 
 Spunte, abLj § 94, of one's own ac- 
 cord, willingly, freely. 
 
 Spopondi. See Spondeo. 
 
 Spritus^ Uj um, part, (sperno). 
 
 SpiiTius^ if 7w., Spurius, a Roman 
 prcEnomen. 
 
 Squahdus, rt, mtk, adj. (sqvales, 
 filth), filthy, unclean, squalid, 
 sordid. 
 
 Squama^ <b, f.^ the scale of a fish, 
 or serpent, 
 
 Statinij ado. (sto), immediately, 
 forthwith, straightway. Statim 
 atqup.^ as soon as ever, 
 
 Sffitio^ otizs, f. (:^io), the act of 
 st indin<7 : u station, post, out- 
 [>osi, sentry, guard. 
 
 Siiitua, ce,J'^ a statue : from 
 
 Stiiiito^ fre^ «/, vtum, a., to cause 
 to st-iiid ; to put, place; to ti[)- 
 pnint, Hx ; tu rcr^olvc, dt^tHnnine. 
 
 V.7.'77rr/, r£,/. ('5/«). stiture, s;ze. 
 
 Siiit>f,s. 11^ itni^ jjnrl. (av',s£ '), iippolnt- 
 ed, settli'd, fixi d, stated. 
 
 Status, i/j, VI. {stu)^ a standing; 
 stale, condition, circumstance ; 
 station, state of affairs. 
 
 Slerr.vs, oris, ii.. dung, ordure, 
 muck. 
 
 StetL See Sto. 
 
 Stfipnius, i, m., Sthenius. the name 
 of a Sicilian chief: VIIl. 19. 
 
 Sumulfi, are, dvi, dtvm^ n., to prick, 
 goad ; to incite, instigate, impel : 
 from 
 
 Stiiirulus, z, m., a goad; an incite- 
 ment. 
 
 Stipendium, t, «., the pay of sol- 
 diers, wages. Stipendia facere 
 or merere, lit., to earn the wages 
 
 of a soldier; to serve as a soldier 
 Primuni stipend imti mereie or 
 farfire, to make (one's) first cam- 
 jxiign. Voluntaria sti/.endln fu- 
 ccrc^ to'serve voluntarily as n 
 soldier. 
 
 Stipo, are, dvi, divm, a., to stnfT, 
 cram; to surround, encompass; 
 to accompany, attend, guard. 
 
 Stirps, sttrplSj /., the lowest part 
 ol' a tree, the root of a tree. Ftg.j 
 the root, source, origin ; a stock, 
 family, race. 
 
 StOj stare, stetl, statnin,n., to stand ; 
 to remain ; to make a standi 
 
 Stollde, adv. {stoVldus, foolish), 
 foolishly. 
 
 Stole, Olds, TTi., Stolo, a Roman 
 cognomen in the Licinian gens. 
 C. Lirinius Stido, the first consul 
 cliosen from tlic plebeians, A. U 
 m\: III. I. 
 
 Stuitinrhus, i, m., the stomnch; 
 anger, indignation, choler, bile. 
 
 Stragrn^ is,f. {strrno, to strew), a 
 fall, ruin, overthrow ; a defeat, 
 sliiughter. 
 
 SlrngiiJus, '/. 7/7H, fidj. {stcrtto, 
 to spread), that which covers. 
 Stragaia vesti-!, a coverlet, blan- 
 ket, carpet. Strnguluvi, i, n.^ a 
 cover for a couch, bed, &c. 
 
 Streninis. a. urn, adj., active, stren- 
 uous, ready, energetic, brave, 
 valiant. 
 
 StrcpUo, are, n. freq. (strepo, to 
 make a noise), to make a great 
 noise or clashing. 
 
 StrepUus, ns, m. [strepo), a harsh 
 or confused noise, rattling, din. 
 Edere strepUum, to make a din, 
 shout. 
 
 Strictus, a, vm, part. Sf adj. {stria- 
 go), drawn together, drawn ; 
 severe, strict. 
 
 Stridor, Oris, m. {strido, to creak). 
 
STRIGOSUS— SUBSIDIUM. 
 
 fi'i'i 
 
 a. shrill or grating sonnd ; a roar, 
 scream, yell. 
 
 StrigSsus, a, um, adj., lean, thin, 
 meagre. 
 
 Striiigo, £re, stririxif strictum, a., 
 to touch lightly ; to draw, un- 
 sheath. 
 
 Sluilto. ere. III, n., to bestow pains 
 upon, study ; to desire, wish, 
 aim at, be anxious for. 
 
 Studios^, adv., diligently, careful- 
 ly, attentively, studiously : from 
 
 Sludiosus, a, um, adj., anxious, 
 eager, desirous, fond : from 
 
 Sludium, i, n., zeal, fondness, ap- 
 probation, desire, eagerness ; 
 favor, partiality, attachment, re- 
 gard, affection; study, applica- 
 tion of mind to books and learn- 
 ing ; a profession ; pi., studies. 
 
 StultUla, a, /., folly, foolishness: 
 from 
 
 Slultus, a, um, Hdj., foolish, unwise, 
 silly. 
 
 Stuprfacio, ire, feci, factum, a. 
 (stupeo 4' fo^io), to stupefy, 
 astonish. 
 
 Stupeo, ere, ui, n., to be stupefied; 
 to be amazed, astonished. 
 
 Suadeo, ere, si, sum, n. &/■ a., to 
 advise, exhort, counsel, urge, 
 persuade. 
 
 Suh, prep, with the ace. Sf abl., un- 
 der, beneath. 
 
 Sulduco, gre, liuzi, ductum, a. (sub 
 S/- duco), to draw away ; to with- 
 draw, remove. Subducere se, to 
 withdraw one's self, retire. 
 
 Sublgi. See Subigo. 
 
 Subeo, Ire, ivi S^ ii, itum^ n. irr. 
 (sub ^ eo), to go or come under ; 
 to undergo, encounter, suffer, 
 sustain, endure ; to incur, en- 
 counter ; to attack ; to steal up- 
 on ; to bear, carry. Venerium 
 subit, — acts, operates. 
 
 22 
 
 Suber, Sris, n., the cork-tree. 
 
 Subigo, ire, egi, actum, a. (sub l^ 
 ago), to drive, bring, or lead to 
 a place ; to force, compel ; to 
 conquer, subdue. 
 
 Subl:d, adv., suddenly, on a. sud- 
 den ; hastily, quickly : from 
 
 Suiitus, a, um,part. ^ adj. (subeo), 
 sudden, unexpected. 
 
 Subjlcio, ire,jc.ci,jcclum, u. (sub S^ 
 jacio), to put or place under; to 
 subject. Subjircre hutneros all' 
 cui, to bear upon the shoulders. 
 
 Subldtus, a, um, part. (sustoUo). 
 
 SubUvo, are, avi, atum, a. (sub ^ 
 leva), to lighten ; to relieve, help, 
 assist ; to lift, support, raise. 
 
 Sublicius, a, um, adj., consisting of 
 beams, or resting on piles. 
 
 Subllmis, e, adj., lofty, high, on 
 high ; aloft, in the air. 
 
 Sublustris, e, adj. (sifb Sf lux), hav- 
 ing a faint light, glimmering. 
 
 Submitto, ire, mlsi, missum, a. (sub 
 &/■ mitto), to let down, to lower; 
 to submit ; to yield, give up, re- 
 sign. Submittere fasces, to lower 
 the fasces, in token of respect. 
 
 SubmSveo, ere, movi, motum, a. (sub 
 ^ moveo), to remove, displace. 
 
 Suhrectus, a, um, part, (subrigo). 
 
 Subrideo, ere, rlsi, rlsum, a. (sub ^ 
 rideo), to smile. 
 
 Subrigo, ire, rexi, rectum, a. (sub 
 fy rego), to set up, erect. 
 
 Svirdgo, are, avi, atum, a. (sub S^ 
 Togo), to substitute, put in the 
 place of. 
 
 Subscrlbo, ire, scripsi, scriptum, a. 
 (sub S/- scribo), § 224, to vprite 
 under ; to subscribe. 
 
 Subseqvor, i, cuius sum, dep. (sub 
 4^ sequor), to follow forthwith, 
 soon, or near after ; to come 
 after. 
 
 Subsidium, i, n. (subsideo^ to sit), a 
 
'254 
 
 SUBSTITUO— SUFELLEX. 
 
 place of reserve ; succor, reSn- 
 forcement; help, relief. 
 
 Subs9Kuo, ^re, ui, utum, a. (^sub ^ 
 staluo), to put under; to make 
 subject, expose j to substitute, 
 put in the place of another. 
 
 Sabvectus, u, um, part. . from 
 
 Subviho, Ire, vexi, vectum, u,. (suh 
 4^ »eA«), to carry or bring up ; to 
 convey,' conduct. 
 
 Succcdoj &7e, cessi, cessum, n. {sub 
 &/■ cedo), to go under ; to ap- 
 proach, advance ; to come after, 
 succeed, come into the place 
 of. 
 
 Successor, oris, m. (succedo), a suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 Successus,As, m. (succedo), success, 
 prosperity. 
 
 Succingo, ire, cinxi, cinctum, a. 
 (sub ^ cingo), to gixd; to furnish, 
 equip, arm., 
 
 Succldmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (sub ^ 
 C/ttmo), to cry out, exclaim, shout, 
 answer with a loud voice. 
 
 Sudor, oris, m., sweat. Fig-, toil, 
 exertion. 
 
 Svffectus, a, um, part, (suffeio). 
 
 Suffero, ferre, irr. a. (sub Sfferd), 
 to bear, support; to endure, sus- 
 tain. 
 
 SufflHo, ire, feci, fectum, «.. S/- n. 
 (sub fy facto), to substitute; to 
 afford, supply ; to be sufficient, 
 to suffice. Svfficere in locum ali- 
 ciijvs, to put into the place or 
 office of — . 
 
 Sufflgo, ere, fixi, fixum, u,. (suh fy 
 figo), to fix under; to fix or 
 fasten to. 
 
 Stiffixus, a, um, part, (suffigo). 
 
 Suffoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (sub ^ 
 faux), to choke, stifle, suffocate. 
 
 Suff6dio, gre, fodi, fossum, a. (sub 
 4^ fodio), to dig under, under- 
 
 Suffragium, i, n. (sub ^frangir), a 
 . vote or suffrage. 
 
 Sui, sibi, se, subs, pron., § 208, of 
 himself, herself, itself; the parti- 
 cle met is often annexed inten- 
 sively, either with or without ipse, 
 § 133, R. 2. 
 
 Sulpicius, i, m., Sulpicius, a Ro- 
 man name belonging to the Sul- 
 pician gens. Mulus Sulpicius, a 
 Roman nobleman: III. 1. 
 
 Sum, esse,fui, irr. u., § 153, to be, 
 exist ; to bring, confer, be, serve, 
 prove, afford, with two datives, 
 § 227; to be of, to possess, with 
 a genitive or ablative of charac- 
 ter, § 211, R. 6 i& 8. 
 
 Sulla, IE, m., a Roman cognomen in 
 the Cornelian gens. L. Corne- 
 lius Sulla, a Roman general, dis- 
 tinguished for his military tal- 
 ents, his enmity to Marius, and 
 his cruelties during the civil 
 wars: VII. 32 & VIII. 5. 
 
 Sulldnus, a, um, adj. (Sulla), of 
 Sylla. Sulldni,6rujn,m. pt., the 
 followers or partisans of Sylla. 
 
 Summa, <?,/., the sum of any thing; 
 a sum of money ; the chief thing. 
 Summa imperii, supreme pow- 
 er, chief power or command : 
 from 
 
 Summus, a, um, adj., (sup. of su- 
 perus), highest ; greatest, ex- 
 treme, last ; supreme, utmost. 
 
 Sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, a. 
 (sub 4" emo), to take, take up ; 
 to undertake, begin, engage in ; 
 to assume. Sumere bellum, to 
 wage war. 
 
 Sumptus, II., um, part. (sumo). 
 
 Sumptus, us, m. (sumo), charge, 
 expense, cost, costliness, sump- 
 tuousness ; money to defray ex- 
 penses. 
 Supcllex, lccl^lis,f., household fur 
 
SUPER— SUSTOLLO. 
 
 255 
 
 niture, household goods. Siipel- 
 lex argenlea, plate, silver ware. 
 
 Super, adv. S/' prep, with the ace. &/■ 
 uW., § 235, (:{) ; with the ace., 
 over, on, upon, above, in ad- 
 dition to ; besides, beyond ; ic.th 
 the aliL, of, on, about, concern- 
 ing. 
 
 Superasto, are, superasllli, n. (super 
 fy Oslo, to stand), to stand above. 
 
 Superbi, adv. (superlms, proud), 
 proudly, haughtily. 
 
 Superbia, as,f., pride, haughtiness, 
 arrogance : from 
 
 Superbus, a, um, adj., proud, haugh- 
 ty. Superbus, i, ?»., The Proud, 
 an agnomen of Tarquin. See 
 Tarquinius. 
 
 Superesse. See Siipersum. 
 
 Superfid. See Supersum. 
 
 Superjdclo, ere, jeci, jactum ^ jec- 
 tum, a. {super &/■ jacio), to cast 
 or throw over or upon. 
 
 Superior, (coiup. of yu^ierai), supe- 
 rior, higher, upper. Superior, 
 oris, m., a superior. 
 
 Supern&to, are, avi, atum, a. {super 
 fy nato), to swim above, float. 
 
 Suj/iro, dre, avi, atum, a. fy n., 
 (super), to be superior; to pass 
 over, surmount; to overcome, 
 surpass, excel, vanquish, con- 
 quer, overpower. 
 
 Supersum,, esse, fid, irr. n. (super 
 fy sum), § 224, to remain ; to 
 survive. 
 
 Supervenio, ire, vEni, ventum, a. 
 
 ' (super Sf venio), to come over 
 
 or upon; to surpass, excel; to 
 
 surprise, come unexpectedly; 
 
 to come. 
 
 Supervolo, are, n. (super fy void), 
 to fly over. 
 
 SupSrus, a, um, adj., superior, sup. 
 supnzmus ^ summus, (super), 
 that is above, upper, on high. 
 
 Supplcx, ids, adj. (sub ^ plico), 
 that kneels down ; suppliant, 
 humble. 
 
 Sup/il iciter, adv. (supjilcz), as a 
 suppli'djit, humbly. 
 
 Supplicium, i, n. {sii/ip!ei:), a kneel- 
 ing down; a supplication, pnyer; 
 puiiisliment; torment, torture, 
 sufli?ring. 
 
 Suppilco, are, avi, atum, n. (sup- 
 plex), to beseech, implore ; to 
 worship, return thanks to. 
 
 Supremus, a, um,, adj. (sup. o£sur 
 pSrus). See Summus. 
 
 ■Surgo, ire, surrexi, smreclum, a., 
 to lift or raise up, erect; to rise, 
 arise. 
 
 Surrlpio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (iub 
 <^ rapio), to snatch away secret- 
 ly, steal; to take away, witli- 
 draw. 
 
 Suselpin, Ire, dpi, ceptum, a., to 
 take up ; to undertake, take in 
 hand, engage in, lake up; to 
 encounter, endure, submit to, 
 incur. Causam, suscipere, to 
 espouse a cause, join a party. 
 
 Suspendo, Sre, pendi, pensum, a., 
 to hang, suspend ; to make high, 
 raise. 
 
 Susplcio, dnis,f. (suspicio, to sus- 
 pect), suspicion, distrust. In 
 suspicionem, venire, to fall under 
 a suspicion, become suspected, 
 
 Susplcor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (sus- 
 picio), to suspect, apprehend, 
 fear, mistrust; to imagine, con- 
 jecture, suspect. 
 
 Susttneo, ere, tenui, tentum, a., to 
 hold up, sustain, uphold, sup- 
 port; to withstand, stay, retard, 
 check ; to bear, carry. 
 
 Sustollo, Sre, tuli, subldtum, a., to 
 raise or lift up ; to take away, 
 remove ; to bear, carry. Sustol 
 lere animum, to take courage 
 
256 
 
 SUSTULI— TANTUS. 
 
 Sust&li. See SustoIIo. 
 
 Susurrum, i, 7t., a murmuring. 
 
 Sutor, Sris, m. (suo, to sew), a 
 shoemaker, cobbler. 
 
 Suus, It, tim, pass. adj. pro., belong- 
 ing to him, her, it, them ; his, 
 her, its. Sui, drum, m., one's 
 friends, soldiers, people, &c. 
 
 Sylvia, tB,f., Sylvia. See Rhea. 
 
 St/phax, dcis, m., Syphax, a king 
 of Numidia : V. 25. 
 
 Syracusce, arum, f. pi., Syracu.'ie, 
 a maritime city of Sicily : IV. 1. 
 
 Suracusdnus, a, um, adj. {Syracu- 
 se), of or belonging to Syracuse, 
 Syracusan. 
 
 Syria, ce, /., Syria, a country of 
 Asia north of Palestine : V. 32. 
 
 T., an abbreviation of the prano- 
 men Titus. 
 
 Tal^ella, (E,f. dim., (tabula), a little 
 table or tablet ; a writing-table ; 
 a letter, epistle ; a picture, paint- 
 ing. 
 
 TabernacHlum, i, n. (taberna, a hut), 
 a tent. 
 
 Tabes, is, f. (tabeo, to melt), a 
 wasting away, emaciation, con- 
 sumption ; pestilence, plague. 
 
 "^abula, <B,f., a tablet covered with 
 wax for writing on ; n tablet, 
 table, writing, book; a board 
 or plank; a painting, picture; 
 an account-book. Proscriptionis 
 tabula, a proscription list. 
 
 Tabulatam, i, n. (tabulo, to cover 
 with boards), a story in a build- 
 ing; a boarded floor, scaiFold. 
 
 Taceo, &re, ui, Iturn, u. ^ n., to be 
 silent, hold one's peace, say 
 nothing. 
 
 Tactth, adv., silently, in silence : 
 from 
 
 Tacttus, a, um,paTt. ^ adj. (taceo), 
 passed over in silence; silent, 
 tacit, secret. 
 
 Tcediun, i, n. (tadet, to loathe), 
 weariness, irksomeness; a dis- 
 like, aversion. Tcedio esse, to 
 
 • weary or be irksome to. 
 
 Talentum, i, n., a talent. 
 
 Talis, e, adj., such, of such a kind. 
 Tate aliquid, any such thing. 
 
 Talus, i, m., the pastern-bone of 
 a beast; the ankle; a certain 
 game in which four pastern 
 bones of certain animals, prop- 
 erly marked, were thrown, like 
 dice, the game of cockal or 
 huckle-bone. 
 
 Tarn, adv., so, so very, so much. 
 Tarn — quam, as well — as, as 
 much — as. 
 
 Tamdiu, adv. (tarn <§/• diu), so long, 
 so long a time. 
 
 Tamen, conj., § 279, 3, neverthe- 
 less, however, yet, notwithstand- 
 ing, still. 
 
 Tanaquil, llis,f., Tanaquil, the wife 
 of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus: 
 1.19. 
 
 Tandem, adv. (turn 4^ deimum), at 
 last, at length, finally ; in vehe- 
 ment addresses, pray ! for heav- 
 en's sake ! 
 
 Tango, Ire, tettgi, tactum, a., to 
 touch; to arrive at, reach. 
 
 Tanquam, adv. (tarn 4' quam), as, 
 as it were ; as if, just as if. 
 
 Tantoplre, adv. (tuntus ^ opus), 
 with so great trouble, so much, 
 so greatly. 
 
 Tanthm, adv. (tantus), only, but. 
 
 Tanlummodo, adv. (tantum Sf mo- 
 do), only, if only ; merely. 
 
 Tantus, a, 'um, adj., so great, so 
 much, such. Tanti facere, to 
 value or esteem so highly, § 214. 
 Tantum, hominum, so many men. 
 
TARDE— TEiVTO. 
 
 257 
 
 Taido, uhl., by so much, so 
 much. 
 
 Tardi, ado., ihs, isstmi, (tardus), 
 slowly, tardily. 
 
 Tardttus, dtis, /., slowness; dul- 
 ness, stupidity : from 
 
 Tardus, a, am, adj., ior, issXm/as ; 
 slow, sluggish, dull. 
 
 Tarentlnus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
 longing to Tarentum, Tajentine. 
 TaretUmi, gram, m. pL, the Ta- 
 rentines ; from 
 
 Tarentum, i, «., Tarentum, now 
 Taranto, a large city in the south 
 of Italy. 
 
 Tarpeia, <B,f., Tarpeia, the daugh- 
 ter of Tarpeius, governor of the 
 Roman citadel : I. 7. 
 
 Tarpeius, a, um, adj., Tarpeian, 
 pertaining to Tarpeia. Tarpeia 
 rupes, or Tarpeium saxum, the 
 Tarpeian rock, on which the 
 capitol was built. 
 
 Targuinii, 6rum, m. pi., Tarquinii, 
 a town of Etruria : I. 19. 
 
 Tarquinius, i, m., Tarquin, a Ro- 
 man cognomen. Lucius Tarquin* 
 ius Priscus was the fourth king 
 of Rome : 1. 19, 20. Tarquinius 
 Superbus, the last king of Rome : 
 I. 24 — 26. Tarquinii, Brum, m. 
 pi., the Tarquinii. Sextus Tar- 
 qtdnius, a son of Tarquinius Su- 
 perbus : I. 25. 
 
 Tatius, i, m., Tatius, a man's name. 
 Titus Tatius, a leader of the Sa- 
 bines ; I. 6 — 8. 
 
 Tectorium, i, it., a cover, covering ; 
 plaster, stucco. 
 
 Tectum, i, n. (tego), the roof of a 
 house ; a dwelling, house, build- 
 ing. 
 
 Tecum, for cum te, § 133, R. 4. 
 
 Tego, ire, texi, tectum, a., to cover; 
 to hide, conceal. 
 
 TegfUa, a,f. {tego), a tile. 
 22* 
 
 Teluvi, i, n., a miasile weapon, 
 dart, javelin; a weapon; an axe 
 or hatchet. 
 
 Temerarius, a,um, adj., accidental ; 
 rash, imprudent : from 
 
 Temire, adv., without cause, by 
 chance ; inconsiderately, rashly. 
 
 Temerti'is, dtis,f. (temere), chance ; 
 rashness, thoughtlessness, te- 
 merity. 
 
 Temno, Irs, a., to disdain, despise. 
 
 Temperans, tis, part., moderate, 
 temperate, abstaining from. 
 
 Temperantia, a, f. (temperans, so- 
 ber), moderation, temperance. 
 
 TempSro, arc, dvi, dtum, a. fy n. 
 (iempus), to set bounds; to be 
 temperate ; wit/i a diitive, § 223, 
 R. 2, to rfefrain from, abstain. 
 
 Tempestas, dtis, f. (tempus), time, 
 period, season ; a storm, a tem- 
 pest; calamity, misfortune. 
 
 Tempestlvus, a, um, adj., (tempes- 
 tas), seasonable. 
 
 Teimplum, i, n., a temple. 
 
 Tempus, 6ris, n., time; a season; 
 an opportunity. 
 
 Tendo, Bre, tetendi, tejisum ^ turn, 
 a. 4' n., to stretch, extend. 
 
 Tenebricosus, a, um, adj., (tenihra, 
 darkness), full of darkness, dark, 
 gloomy, obscuife. 
 
 Tenebrdsus, a, um, adj. (tensbrai), 
 full of darkness, gloomy. 
 
 Teneo, ere, tenui, tentum, a. (•/■ n. 
 (tendo), to have, hold, keep, keep 
 possession of, detain , keep back ; 
 to bind, oblige ; to hold, last, con- 
 tinue. Tenere se loco, to keep 
 shut up, as in camp, S^c. 
 
 Tener, Ira, trum, adj. (teneo), ten- 
 der, soft; Tenera Mas, one's 
 tender years, childhood. 
 
 Tento, are, dvi, dtum, a., to touch, 
 handle; to try, attempt; to ex- 
 amine, explore, try, soui'l 
 
258 
 
 TENTORIUM— TOGA. 
 
 Tentorium, i,- re., a tent. 
 
 Ter, adv. (tres), three times, thrice. 
 
 Tcnntius, i, ?«., Terentius, a Ro- 
 man name. Terentius, a com- 
 rade of Cn. Pompey : VIII. 17. 
 
 Tergao, ere, si, sum, a., to make 
 clean, scour, wipe. 
 
 Tergiversor, dri, atus sum, dep. 
 (tergum ^ verto), to turn one's 
 back to; to be backward ; to de- 
 cline, refuse, shuffle, delay. 
 
 Tergum, i, n., the back. M tergo, 
 from behind, in the rear, behind. 
 
 Tend, <e, u,, adj. (ter), § 119, III., 
 three each, three by three. 
 
 Tero, Sre, trivi, tritum, a., to rub; 
 wear away, consume. Terere 
 tempus, to spend, pass — . 
 
 Terra, (B,f., the earth ; the ground ; 
 a country, region, land. TerrtB, 
 pi., the earth, the land, the world. 
 Terrd viarlque, by land and sea. 
 
 Terreo, ere, vi, Itum, «., to frighten, 
 alarm, terrify. 
 
 Terrester, Iris, tre,adj. (terra), \>ex- 
 taining to the earth or land, land. 
 
 Terribllis, e, adj. (terreo), terrible, 
 frightful. 
 
 Terr'itus, a, urn, part, (terreo) . 
 
 Terror, oris, m. (terreo), terror, af- 
 fright; dread, fear. 
 
 Tertia, a, /., Tertia, a daughter of 
 iEmilius Paulus: VI. 21. 
 
 Tertid, adv., for the third time : 
 from 
 
 Tertius, a, um, adj. (ter), third, the 
 third. 
 
 Te.^timonium, i, n., testimony, evi- 
 dence, declaration : from 
 
 Testis, is, m. ^f, a witness. 
 
 Teutones, um, m. pL, the Teutones, 
 a people living near the Cimbri, 
 towards the north of Germany : 
 VII. 33. 
 
 Texi. See Tego. 
 
 r/MdirMm,i,n.,aplayhouse, theatre. 
 
 Theleslnus, i, m., Thelesinus. See 
 Pontius. 
 
 Thesaurus, i, m., a treasury; a 
 treasure. 
 
 Thessaliu., ce,f., Thessaly, a coun- 
 try of Greece, bordering on 
 Macedonia : IX. 1. 
 
 Thessalonlca, (B, f, Thessaloiiica, 
 * maritime city of Macedonia : 
 IX. 16. 
 
 Thus, Ihuris, n., frankincense, in- 
 cense. 
 
 Tibiris, is, m., § 79, 1, & § 82, 
 Exc. 2, (a.) the Tiber, a river of 
 Italy, separating Etruria from 
 Latium ; I. 1. 
 
 Tiberius, i, m., Tiberius, a Roman 
 prtenomen. Tiberius Gmcchus. 
 See Gracchus. 
 
 Tiblcen, Inis, m., a player on the 
 flute, piper. 
 
 Tidnus, i, m., Ticinus, a river of 
 Cisalpine Gaul : V. 2. 
 
 Tigillum, i, n. dim., a small beam: 
 from 
 
 Tignum, i, n., a beam. 
 
 Tigranes, is, m., Tigranes, a king 
 of Armenia: VIII. 10. 
 
 Timeo, Bre, ui, «.. ^ n., to fear, be 
 afraid. 
 
 Timldus, a, um, adj. (timeo), fear- 
 ful, timid, afraid. 
 
 Timor, oris, m. (timeo), fear, appre- 
 hension. 
 
 Tingo, ere, tinxi, tinctum, a., to 
 moisten ; to color, dye. 
 
 Tiro, onis, m., a young or raw sol- 
 dier, a recruit; a novice. 
 
 Tirocinium, i, n., (tiro), the first 
 service of a soldier; a novitiate, 
 apprenticeship. 
 
 Titulus, i, m., an inscription, su- 
 perscription, title. 
 
 Titus, i, m., Titus, a Roman pro- 
 nomen. 
 
 Toga, <E, /. (tego), the Roman 
 
TOGATUS— TRANSFUGA. 
 
 259 
 
 gown, worn in time of peace, 
 gown, toga. 
 
 Togdtus, a, um, adj. (toga), dressed 
 in a toga, togated, in the dress 
 of a citizen. 
 
 Tollro, are, avi, atum, a., to beai*, 
 support, endure, bear patiently, 
 tolerate. 
 
 Tdllo, Ire, tolli, a., to raise, lift, or 
 take up. 
 
 Tondeo, ere, totondi, tansum, a., to 
 clip, shear, shave. 
 
 Tonitrus, tis, m., § 89, 5, (tono, to 
 thunder), thunder, a peal of thun- 
 der. 
 
 Tonsor, Bris, m. (tondeo), a barber. 
 The Roman barbers not only 
 shaved and cut the hair, but also 
 pared the nails. 
 
 Tonsorius, a, um, adj. (tonsor), of 
 or pertaining to a barber. Ton- 
 sorius cultelluSj a razor. 
 
 Torqudtus, i, m. (torques), Torqua- 
 tns, a Roman cognomen in the 
 Manlian gens. T. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus, a consul, A- U. 408 ; 
 he conquered a Gaul in single 
 combat, A. U. 394 : III. 2—5. 
 
 Torqueo, f.re, torsi, torlum, a., to 
 turn, bend, twist ; to rack, tor- 
 ture, afflict, trouble, torment. 
 
 Torques, is, m. fyf. (torqueo), a col- 
 lar or chain worn round the neck. 
 
 Torreo, ere, ui, tostum, a., to dry, 
 bake, roast. 
 
 Tortus, a, um, adj., staring, fixed, 
 piercing, stern, savage. 
 
 Tot, ind. num. adj. pi., so many. 
 
 Totidem, ind. num. adj. (tot ^idem), 
 just so many, just as many, as 
 many. 
 
 Toties, adv. (tot), so often. 
 
 Totondi. See Tondeo. 
 
 Totus, a, um, adj., gen. totius, the 
 whole, all the, all. 
 
 Trado, ire, %di, itum, a. (trans S/- 
 
 do), to give over, deliver, con- 
 sign; to relate, narrate. Famd 
 traditur, imp., it is handed down 
 by tradition, it is reported : — to 
 give up, surrender; to betray. 
 Traders se toiam, to give one's 
 self wholly up to. 
 
 Traduco, ire, duxi, ductum, a. 
 (trans ^ duco), §233, (1,) to 
 bring or carry over, transport, 
 bring, lead, conduct, transfer. 
 Truducere noctem, to spend, 
 pass — . 
 
 Traho, ire, traxi, tractum, a., to 
 drag, draw, draw or drag along ; 
 to conduct, lead; to protract, 
 prolong, spun out. Trahere ali- 
 quem, sermone, to detain one by 
 discourse. 
 
 Trajtcio, ire, jici, jectum, a. (trans 
 ifjacio), § 233, (I,) to throw or 
 cast over. Trajicere, or trajicere 
 se, to pass over, cross ; — to 
 pierce, transfix, run or thrust 
 through. 
 
 TVans, prep, with the ace., over, be- 
 yond, on the farther side of. 
 
 TransSgi. See Transigo. 
 
 Transeo, ire, ivi fy ii, Itum, n. &/■ 
 a, (trans ^ eo), to go or pass 
 over, go or pass; to desert; to 
 make a transition, passyj'om one 
 thing to another, resort. 
 
 Transfero, ferre, tali, latum, irr. 
 a. (trans 4' fi^o), to carry or 
 bring over, transfer, transport; 
 to change ; to carry by or past. 
 
 Transfigo, ire,fizi,Jixum, a. (trans 
 ^fgo), to transfix, pierce, run 
 through. 
 
 Transfixus, a, um, part, (transfigo) 
 
 Transfddio, ere, fodi, fossum, a. 
 (trans iffodio), to run or thrust 
 through, transfix, stab, pierce. 
 
 TransfUga, <e, m., a deserter, run 
 away : from 
 
260 
 
 TRANSFUGIO-TRIGINTA. 
 
 Transfagio, Sre, fagi, fugttum, n. 
 (trans iffugio), to fly over, go 
 over to the enemy, desert. 
 
 Trattsgr&dioTy i, gressus sum, dep. 
 (trans S/- gradior, to go), to go, 
 pass or cross over. 
 
 Translgo, ire, egi, actum, u. (trans 
 4" ago), to drive through; to 
 finish, despatch, accomplish. 
 
 TransXlio, ire, ivi or ui, n. 8^ «., 
 (trans &sali6), § 233, (1,) to leap, 
 bound, or spring over; go or 
 pass over. 
 
 Translatus, a, um, part, (trans- 
 fer o). 
 
 Transmitto, ire, mlsi, missum, w. 
 (trams &/■ mitto), to send or con- 
 vey over or across ; to transmit; 
 to lay over or across ; to pass 
 over, cross. 
 
 Transno, are, dvi, dtum, a. (trans 
 4^ no), to swira over. 
 
 TransvSho, ire, vexi, rectum, u. 
 (trans <§/• veho), to carry from one 
 place to another, transport, car- 
 ry by. 
 
 Transvcrsus, a, um, part. &/• adj. 
 (transverto, to turn from one 
 place to another), transverse, 
 crosswise, oblique. Iter trans- 
 versuin, a cross road. 
 
 Trasiminus, i, m., Trasimenus, a 
 lake in Etruria, near which the 
 consul Flaminius was defeated 
 by Hannibal, A. U. C. 535 : V. 2. 
 
 Traxi. See Traho. 
 
 Trebia, (B, m. Trebia, a river of 
 Cisalpine Gaul : V. 2. 
 
 Trecenteslrnus, a, um, adj., the 
 three hundredth : from 
 
 Trecenti, ce, a, adj (tres &/■ centum), 
 three hundred. 
 
 Treilicim, ind. num. adj. (tres &/• 
 decern), thirteen. 
 
 Tremo, ire, ui, n. 4' o-, to tremble, 
 shike 
 
 Tremiilus, a, um, adj. (tremif), 
 trembling, shaking, tremulous. 
 
 Trepidatio, Bnis,f. (trrpido), trepi- 
 dation, consternation, terror. 
 
 Trepldi, adv. (trepldus, fearful), 
 'with trepidation. 
 
 Trepldo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (trepi- 
 dus), to hurry with alarm ; to be 
 alarmed, fear. 
 
 Tres, tria, num. adj., § 309, three. 
 
 Tribunal, dlis, n., a tribunal, judg- 
 ment-seat. 
 
 Tribundtus, As, m., the tribuneship, 
 office of a tribune. 
 
 Trihunitius, a, um, adj., of or pro- 
 ceeding from the tribunes, tribu- 
 nitial : from 
 
 Tribunus, i, m. (tribus), a chief of 
 a tribe ; a commander, tribune. 
 Tribuni plebis, tribunes of the 
 people or of the plebeians : for 
 their origin, see II. 10. Tribuni 
 militum, tribunes of the soldiers, 
 military tribunes. 
 
 Tribuo, ire, ui, utum, a., to give, 
 impart ; grant, concede ; bestow 
 upon. 
 
 Tribus. See Tres. 
 
 Tribus, Us, f. (tres), a. tribe, a di- 
 vision of the Roman people,' a' 
 class. The Roman people were 
 originally divided into three 
 tribes, but this number was grad- 
 ually increased to thirty-Jive ; of 
 these, thirty-one were rustic, (rus- 
 tictB,) and four city (urbana) 
 tribes. 
 
 Tributum, i, n. (tribuo), a tax, con- 
 tribution, tribute. 
 
 Triduum, i, n. (tres ^ dies), the 
 space of three days. 
 
 Trigeminus, a, um, adj. (ter fy 
 geiMnus), threefold, triple; ph, 
 three brothers' born at the same 
 birth. 
 
 Triginta, ind. rmm. adj., thirty. 
 
TRISTICULUS— TUTELA. 
 
 261 
 
 Tristiciilus, a, um, adj. dim., some- 
 what sad, saddish: from 
 
 Tristis, e, adj., ior, isslmus ; sad, 
 sorrowful, melancholy, doleful, 
 dismal, ominous, unlucky ; dark, 
 gloomy, horrid. 
 
 Triumphalis, e, adj. (triumpkus) , 
 of or pertaining to a triumph, tri- 
 umphal, one that has triumphed. 
 
 Trlumpfto, are, am, atuiti, n. S^ a., 
 to triumph ; celebrate a triumph. 
 Triumphare de or ex aliquo, to 
 triumph on account of a victory 
 over, or conquest of — ; to be 
 transported with joy, rejoice ex- 
 ceedingly, triumph : from 
 
 Tnumphus, i, m., a triumph, a 
 Roman general's magnificent 
 entrance into the city after a 
 victory : he was seated in a char- 
 lot preceded -by the spoils taken 
 from the enemy, and wearing 
 upon his head a croion of laurel. 
 
 Trucldo, are, dvi, Atum, a. (trux S/- 
 cmdo), \fi cut to pieces, cut down, 
 massacre, murder. 
 
 Truncus, i, m., the trunk of a tree ; 
 the trunk or body without the 
 limbs, the headless trunk. 
 
 Truz, trucis, adj., fierce, stern, 
 grim. 
 
 Tu,pers.pr.o., thon. § 133. 
 
 Tulia, (B,f., a trumpet. 
 
 Tueor, eri, tuUus 4* tutus sum, 
 dep., to see, view, behold; to 
 defend, protect ; to maintain, 
 preserve, uphold. 
 
 Tugurium; i, n., a cottage, hut, 
 shed. 
 
 Tuli. See Fero. 
 
 Tulliii; ffi, /., Tullia, a name be- 
 lono-ing to females of the Tullian 
 gens; a daughter of Servius Tul- 
 lius : I. 24. 
 
 TuUius, i, m., Tullius, a Roman 
 name belonging to the Tullian 
 
 gens. Servius Tullius, the sixth 
 king of Rome : I. 22—24. 
 
 TuUus, i, 771., Tullus, a Roman 
 pr(Enomen. 
 
 Tutu, adv. ^ conj., and, so j then, 
 at that time. Turn — turn, as 
 well — as, both — and; besides, 
 moreover, next. 
 
 TumuUuor, dri, atus sum, dep , to 
 raioe a tumult, make a disturb- 
 ance, be in an uproar : from 
 
 Tumultus, As, m., a tumult, bustle, 
 commotion, sedition, uproar. 
 
 TurnXdus, i, m. (tumeo, to swell), a 
 hill, hillock, mound ; a tomb, 
 sepulchre. 
 
 Tunc, adv., then, at that time. 
 
 Tunica, <B, f. a tunic, a garment 
 worn under the toga. 
 
 Turha, ce,f., tumult, confusion; a 
 crowd, multitude. 
 
 Turbo, are, dvi, dlum, a. If n. (tur- 
 ba), to cause disorder, disturb, 
 trouble, throw into confusion ; 
 to be disturbed, confused. 
 
 Turbvlentus, a, um, adj. (turbo), 
 confused, turbulent, seditious. 
 
 Tardus, i, m., a thrush; also, the 
 name of a fish. 
 
 Turma, <B,f., a division of Roman 
 cavalry consisting of thirty men ; 
 a troop of horse. . 
 
 Turmdtim, adv. (turma), by troops 
 or squadrons. 
 
 Turpis, e, adj., ugly; filthy, un- 
 sightly ; base, dishonorable, dis- 
 graceful. 
 
 Turris, is,f,, a tower. 
 
 Tusculdnus, a, v/m, adj., Tusoulan : 
 from 
 
 Tusculum, i, n., Tusculum, a town 
 of Latium, not far from Rome : 
 
 yi. 6. 
 
 Tutela, CB,f. (tueor), care, defence, 
 protection, guardianship, tute- 
 lage. 
 
262 
 
 TUTO— USURPO. 
 
 Tutd, adv. (tutus), safely, securely. 
 
 Tutor, ari, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
 (tueor), lo defend, protect; to 
 guard, preserve. 
 
 Tutor, oris, m., a defender, protect- 
 or ; a nruardian. 
 
 Tutus, II, um, part. <§' (iilj., ior, is- 
 slums, (tueor), defended; safe, 
 secure. 
 
 Tuus, a, um, adj. pro. (tu), thy, 
 your. 
 
 U. 
 
 Vber, iris, n., a teat, pap, udder. 
 
 Vber, Iris, adj., rich, fertile, fruit- 
 ful, plentiful. 
 
 UH, adv , where, in what place, in 
 which; when, §259,11. 1, (d.) 
 
 Vbicumque, adv. (ubi .^ cumque), 
 wheresoever, whatsoever. 
 
 Ubi(jue,adv., every where, in every 
 place. 
 
 Ulciscor, i, ultus sum, dep., to re- 
 venue, avenge. 
 
 UUus, a, um, adj., gen. ulVius, § 107, 
 any, any one. 
 
 Ultlmd, adv., at last, finally, for the 
 last time : from 
 
 Ultimas, a, um, adj. (sup. of ulte- 
 rior, farther), farthest, extreme ; 
 last; utmost, extreme ; lowest, 
 meanest. Ultima pernicies, utter 
 ■destruction ; suhs.,ultimum,i,n., 
 the greatest, utmost, extremity. 
 
 ULtio, onis, f. (ulciseor), revenge ; 
 a revenge. 
 
 Ultra, adv. 4' prep, with ace, be- 
 yond ; beside. 
 
 Ululatus, {is, m. (ulUlo, to howl), a 
 howling, crying, shrieking. 
 
 Umbra, m,f.,a. shadow. 
 
 Una, adv. (unus), together, along 
 with, at the same time. 
 
 Uncia, <E,/., an ounce. 
 
 Unila, ai,f., a wave, billow.- 
 
 Unde, adv., whence, from which ; 
 
 on which or what side; hence, 
 
 for which reason. 
 Undicim, ind. num. adj. (unus 4' 
 
 decern.), eleven. 
 Undlque, adv. (unde &^ ?"£)? 
 
 whencesnever, from all parts, 
 
 every where, on all sides. 
 Unguis, is, m., a nail of the finger, 
 
 claw, talon. 
 Unlcus, II, um, adj. (unus), only, 
 
 single, sole, alone. 
 Univcrsus, a, um, adj. (unus 4* ver' 
 
 sus), turned into one ; whole, 
 
 entire, all; universal, general. 
 
 Dlmicatio universa, a general 
 
 engagement. Universum, i, n., 
 
 the whole. 
 Unquarn, adv., ever, at any time. 
 Unus, a, um, num. adj., gen. unius, 
 
 § 107, one ; a single, one only, 
 
 alone. Inunum, to^rQiher. Unus 
 
 — alter, one — the other. M 
 
 unum, to a man. 
 Unusquisque, unaqumque, unum- 
 
 quodque or unumquidque, indef. 
 
 pro., gen. uniuscujvsque, each. 
 Urbanltas, atis,f., refinement, ele- 
 gance : from 
 Urbanus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to a city ; refined, polished 
 
 from 
 Urbs, bis, f. (orbis), a city, town; 
 
 the city, i. e. Rome. 
 Urgeo, ere, ursi, a., to press upon, 
 
 urge ; to bear down, oppress, 
 
 distress. 
 Urinator, oris, to. (urlnor, to dive), 
 
 a diver. 
 Urna, (B,f., an urn, pitcher, bucket. 
 Usquam, adv., any where, in any 
 
 place. 
 Usque, adv., right on ; as far as, 
 
 even. Eo usque dum, so long 
 
 as, all the while that. 
 Usurpo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to uso 
 
 make use of; to usurr> 
 
USUS— VARIUS. 
 
 263 
 
 Usus, a, um, part, (titor). 
 
 Usus, us, m. (utor), use; prac- 
 tice, exercise; utility, advantage, 
 profit, interest ; experience, prac- 
 tice ; need, occasion. 
 
 Vt, or Ut\, adv. 4' cnnj., as, like as; 
 that; when, as soon as. 
 
 Uter, tris, m., a leathern bottle, 
 wine-bag. 
 
 Uler, tra, trum, adj., gen. utrius, 
 § 107, which of the two, which. 
 
 Uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. 
 utriusque, § 107, aAj. ivler fy 
 que), both, each. 
 
 VH. See Utor. 
 
 UtXca, ce,f. Utica, a maritime city 
 of Africa, not far from Carthage : 
 IX. 19. 
 
 Uiictnsis, e, adj., of or belonging 
 to Utica. Uticensis, is, m., a 
 surname of M. Cato the younger. 
 See Cato. 
 
 Utlcenses, ium, m. pi. (JJtica), the 
 inhabitants of Utica. 
 
 UtXIis, e, adj. (utor), useful, profit- 
 able, advantageous, good, fit, 
 proper, wholesome. 
 
 Uiilltas, dtis,f. (utilis), usefulness, 
 utility, profit, ad vantage, interest. 
 
 Utlnam, adv. (uti § nam), § 263, 1 ; 
 O that; I wish that, would that. 
 
 Utor, i, usus sum, dep., to use, 
 make use of, employ. 
 
 UtpSte, adv. (ut), namely ; inas- 
 much as, as, being, seeing or 
 considering. 
 
 Utrinq:ie,adv.,oi or from both sides. 
 
 Vlrhvi, adv. (uter), whether. 
 
 Uva, (B, f., a. bunch or cluster of 
 grapes. 
 
 Uxor, oris,/., a wife, spouse. 
 
 V. 
 
 Faco, are, ivi, dtum, n., to be emp- 
 ty ; to be at leisure. Vacare ali- 
 
 cui rei, to have time or leisure 
 to apply or attend to — . 
 
 Vacuus, a, um, adj. (vaco), § 213, 
 R. 5, (3,) void, empty, vacant ; 
 free from, without, void of 
 
 V(B, int., ah ! oh ! § 228, & 3. 
 
 Vagina, ce,f., a scabbard, sheath. 
 
 Vagltus, us, m. (vagio, to cry), a 
 crying, cry. 
 
 Valde, adv., vehemently, strongly, 
 very. 
 
 Valeo, ere, ui, n., to be well ; to 
 be able ; to avail, be effijctual ; 
 to be powerful, strong ; to have 
 weight, interest, or influence, 
 prevail. Magnd gratid valere, 
 to be in high favor, have great 
 influence: — to excel, be emi- 
 nent. 
 
 Valerius, i, m., Valeriua,_a-Roman 
 name belongrng to the Valerian 
 gens. 
 
 Valetudo, inis, f. (valeo), health, 
 either gnod or had; ill health, 
 indisposition, infirmity, weak- 
 ness, diseiise. 
 
 Validus, it,um, adj. (valeo), sound, 
 healthy, well, strong, robust, in 
 health ; vigotous, powerful. 
 
 Vallis, is,f., a valley, vale. 
 
 Vallo, are, dvi, dtum, u,., to forti- 
 fy with palisades ; to intrench ; 
 to defend, secure, fortify : from 
 
 Vallum, i, n., a fortification com- 
 posed of the earth dug from the 
 ditch and of sharp stakes; the 
 palisades ; a rampart, intrench- 
 ment : from 
 
 Vallus, i, m., a stake. 
 
 Vanus, u, um, adj., empty, void; 
 vain, unmeaning; idle, fruitless; 
 groundless, unfounded. Religio 
 vana, vain superstition. 
 
 Varius, a, um, adj., of diverse col- 
 ors; various^ diflerent, diverse. 
 
 Varius, i, m., Varius, the name of a 
 
•264 
 
 VARIX— VENTITO. 
 
 Spaniard who was the enemy of 
 M. jEmiliuB Soaurue : VII. 25. 
 
 Varix, ids, m. S^ /., a varix, a 
 swollen vein. 
 
 Viirro, Bnis, m., Vari'o, a Roman 
 cognomen. C. Terentlns Varro, 
 a Roman consul, A. U. C. 536 : 
 V.8. 
 
 Vus, vasts, n., 4^ pl- vasri, Brum, 
 § 9'i, 2, a vessel of any kind, dish. 
 
 Vasto, are, dvi, alum, a., to lay 
 waste, ravage, desolate, pillage ; 
 from 
 
 Vastus, a, um, adj., waste, desert, 
 desolate ; huge, immense, vast. 
 
 Ve, an enclitic conj., or. 
 
 Vecordia, m, /., want of reason, 
 madness, insanity ; folly ; from 
 
 Vecors, dis, adj. (ve 4' cor), mad, 
 frantic, insane ; foolish. 
 
 Vectlgal, dlis, n. a tax, impost, du- 
 ty, revenue, tribute. 
 
 Vectus, a, um, part. (veko). 
 
 VegHus, a, um,, adj. (vegeo, to be 
 lively), quick, lively, active. 
 
 Vtlumens, tis, adj., vehement, im- 
 petuous, violent, ardent. 
 
 Vehementer, adv. (vehemens), ve- 
 hemently, ardently, eagerly, 
 exceedingly, furiously, impetu- 
 ously. 
 
 Vehiculum, i, n., a carriage, vehicle. 
 Juncto vehiculo veld, to ride in a 
 carriage ; from 
 
 Veho, ere, vezi. Tectum, a., to carry, 
 convey, bear. 
 
 Veientes, um, m. pl., the Veientes, 
 inhabitants of Veil, a town not 
 far from Rome ; I. 15. 
 
 Vel, conj., or, even. Vel — vel^ 
 either — or. 
 
 Velamen, inis, n. {vela), a veil, cov- 
 ering. 
 
 Velle. See Volo. 
 
 VeWCco, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 
 (vello, to pluck), to twitch, pinch. 
 
 Velio, Ire, velli or vulst, vulsum, a., 
 to pluck, pull, pluck up by the 
 roots, tear up. 
 
 Velo, are, dvi, dtum, a., (velum), to 
 cover, veil ; surround, encircle, 
 bind about. 
 
 VelocUas, dtis, /., swiftness, fleet- 
 ness, rapidity, speed : from 
 
 Velox, dels, adj., swift. 
 
 Velum, i, n., a sail; a veil, cover. 
 Facere vela, to set sail.' 
 
 Velut, or Veluti, adv. (vel ^ ut), as, 
 like as, as if, as it were. 
 
 Venabulum, i, n. (venor), a hunt- 
 ing spear. 
 
 Venditio, onis,f. (vendo), a sale. 
 
 Venditor, Sris, m., a seller : from 
 
 Vendo, ere, didi, dUum, u,. (venum 
 if do), to sell, vend. 
 
 Venenum, i, n., drug or medicine ; 
 poison. 
 
 Vcneo, ire, n., § 142, 3, to go to 
 sale ; to be sold. 
 
 Veneratio, onis,f., veneration, wor- 
 ship, reverence, respect. Ter- 
 Tori ac venerutioni esse, to be 
 an object of fear and respect ; 
 from 
 
 Venlror, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
 adore, reverence, worship, ven- 
 erate, revere, honor, respect. 
 
 Venia, a, f, a favor, pardon, for- 
 giveness ; leave, permission, li- 
 cense. 
 
 Venire. See Veneo. 
 
 Venire. See Venio. 
 
 Venio, Ire, veni, ventum, n., to 
 come, arrive. Venire ad aliquem, 
 to visit, to call upon — . In 
 manus alicvjus venire, to fall 
 into the hands of — . 
 
 Venor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to hunt, 
 chase. 
 
 Venter, tris, m., the belly, stomach. 
 
 VentUo, dre, n. freq. (venio), to 
 come often. 
 
VENTUS— VICESIMUS. 
 
 265 
 
 f^entus, I, m.f the wind . 
 
 Verber, iris, n., a scourge, lash, 
 whip ; a blow. 
 
 Verbiro, are, dvi, itum, a. (verber), 
 to whip, scourge, beat. 
 
 Verbum, i, re., a word, saying. 
 Verba facere, to speak. Verba, 
 in word, by word. 
 
 Veri, adv. (verus), truly. 
 
 Verecundia, a, /., respect, regard, 
 awe, veneration ; modesty : from 
 
 Verecundus, a, um, adj..,, modest ; 
 respectful ; retiring : from 
 
 Vereor, eri, verUus sum, dtp., to 
 fear, be afraid of; to appre- 
 hend. 
 
 Veritas, atis,f. {verus), truth. 
 
 Verttus, a, um, part, {vereor). 
 
 Verb, adv. S^ conj. {verus), § 279, 3, 
 (e.) & 198, 9, {a.) indeed, truly, 
 certainly ; but. 
 
 Verruca, a, /., a wart; an emi- 
 nence. 
 
 Verso, are, dvi, dtum, a., to turn ; 
 turn about ; pass., to be occupied, 
 busy ; to frequent, stay, remain, 
 live, dwell, be. 
 
 Versus, Us, m. {verto), a line, verse ; 
 poetry. 
 
 Versus, or Versitm, adv., towards. 
 It is often used with ad or in. 
 
 Versus, a, um,part. {verto), turned ; 
 looking, facing. Versus ad pre- 
 ces, resorting to, having recourse 
 to. 
 
 Vertex, Icis, m., the crown of the 
 head ; the point, summit ; from 
 
 Verto, ire, ti, sum, a. S^ n. to turn. 
 Terga vertere, to turn one's back 
 to the enemy, fly, run away. 
 Aliquid alicui probro vertere, to 
 reproach one with, to speak of 
 as disgraceful to — , § 227. 
 
 Verum, i, n., {verus), the truth. 
 
 Vents, a, vm, adj., true, real, sin- 
 cere 
 
 23 
 
 Vescor, i, dep. {csca), § 245, 1., to 
 eat or drink, feed, feed upon, 
 subsist upon. 
 
 Vespiras, i, m., the evening star ; 
 the evening, evening. 
 
 Vesta, (B,'-f., Vesta, a goddess, the 
 daughter of Saturn and Ops • 
 I. 1. Her priestesses were called 
 vestal virgins, and were forbidden 
 to marry, 
 
 Vester, tra, trum, adj. pro. {vos), 
 your, yours. 
 
 Vestibalum, i, n., the vestibule of 
 a house ; a porch. 
 
 Vestigium, i, n., a footfall, tread ; 
 a footstep, trace, track. Fig., 
 trace, vestige, sign, indication. 
 
 Vestimentum, i, re. {vestio, to clothe), 
 clothes, a garment. 
 
 Vestis, ii,/., a garment, robe, vest- 
 ment, dress. 
 
 Veteranus, u, am, adj. {vetus), old. 
 Veteranus, or miles veteranus, a 
 veteran soldier, veteran. 
 
 Veto, are, ui, itum, a., to dissuade, 
 forbid, prohibit, command a 
 thing not to be done. 
 
 Veturia, ce,f,, Veturia, the mother 
 of Coriolanus : II. 13. 
 
 Vetus, iris, adj., old, ancient, pris- 
 tine ; former, of long standing. 
 Veteres, um, m. pi., Ihe ancients. 
 
 Vexo, are, dvi,^dtum, a., to agi- 
 tate ; to abuse, molest, trouble, 
 hurt, disquiet, harass, annoy, dis- 
 turb. 
 
 Via, <B, /., a way, road, street ; a 
 method, manner. Viam ferro 
 facere, to make a way, open a 
 passage — ; a journey. 
 
 Vicarius, a, um, adj. {vices), vica- 
 rious, in the place of another. 
 Vicanus, i, m., a substitute, 
 deputy. 
 
 Viceslmus, a, um, num. adj. {vi- 
 ginti), the twentieth. 
 
206 
 
 VICl— VIRIDIS. 
 
 Vici. See Vinco. 
 
 f^icnms, a, um, adj. (yieus), neigh- 
 boring, near. Vicmus, i, m., a 
 neighbor. 
 
 Vicis, gen. § 94, /., change, vicis- 
 situde ; place, office, -part, room, 
 stead. Vicem prtestare, to serve 
 the purpose. 
 
 Victlma, <E,f. (vinco), a victim. 
 
 Victor, oris, m. (vinco), a con- 
 queror, victor, ^dj., victorious. 
 
 Victoria, <B,f. (victor), victory. 
 
 Victurus, a, um,part. (vinco). 
 
 Victurus, a, um, part. (vivo). 
 
 Victus, us, m. (vivo), life ; food, 
 sustenance. 
 
 Victns, a, um, part, (vinco). 
 
 Virus, i, m., a village, hamlet) a 
 street. 
 
 Videlicet, adv. (video &/■ licet), you 
 can see; it is evident; certain- 
 ly, indeed; namely, to wit, that 
 is to say. 
 
 Video, ere, di, sum, a. S^ n., to see, 
 behold ; to perceive ; to take 
 care, provide. Videor, Sri, visus 
 suvi, to be seen; also, dep., to 
 seem, appear. Imp., to seem 
 good or proper ; I, he, &c., re- 
 solve or determine : to take 
 care, provide, see. 
 
 Vigeo, ere, ui, n., to live, thrive. 
 
 Vigil, Uis, adj. (vigeo), avpake, 
 watching. Subs., a watchman, 
 sentinel. 
 
 Vigilia, ffl, /. (vigil), a watching, 
 being awake ; a watch, guard 
 by night: the night, among the 
 Romans, was divided into four 
 vigilisB, or watches, of three hours 
 each. 
 
 Vigilantia, (B, f. (vigllans, watch- 
 ful), watchfulness, vigilance. 
 
 Viginti, ind. num. adj., twenty. 
 
 Vigor, oris, m. (vigeo), vigor, 
 strength, force, activity. 
 
 Vilis, e, adj., cheap; vile, worth- 
 less, mean. 
 
 Villa, <B,f., a villa, country-seat. 
 
 Villaris, e, adj. (villa), of or per- 
 taining to a villa. 
 
 Villlcus, i, m. (villa), the overseei 
 of a farm ; a farmer, steward. 
 
 Vincio, Ire, vinxi, vinctum, a., to 
 bind ; to fasten, secure. 
 
 Vinco, ire, vici, victum, u. fy »., 
 to conquer, vanquish, overcome ; 
 to surpass, exceed, outdo, excel; 
 to prevail, gain one's cause ; to 
 force, constrain. 
 
 Vinctus, a, um,part. (vincio). 
 
 Vinculum, i, ft. (vincio), a bond, 
 band, cord; pi., fetters; » pris- 
 on, jail. 
 
 Vindex, Ids, m. ^ f, a defender, 
 protector ; an avenger ; from 
 
 Vindlco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (/■ n., 
 to lay claim to, assert ; to free, 
 liberate, deliver ; to avenge, 
 revenge, punish ; to appropriate, 
 acquire. 
 
 Vinum, i, n., wine. 
 
 Vidlo, are, dvi, dtum,, a. (vis), to 
 hurt, harm, injure, violate. 
 
 Vir, viri, m., a man ; a husband ; 
 a brave man. 
 
 Vireo, ere, ui, , n., to be green : to 
 flourish. 
 
 Vires, ium, f. pi. (vis), force, 
 strength, power, vigor; forces;, 
 troops. 
 
 Virga, IE, f. (vireo), a branch, 
 twig ; a rod. 
 
 Virginia, ce, /., Virginia, a daugh- 
 ter of L. Virginias : II. 18 & 19. 
 
 Virginius, i, m., Virginius, a Ro- 
 man name. L. Virginius, a Ro- 
 man centurion : II. 18 & 19. 
 
 Virgo, Inis, f. (vireo), a virgin, 
 maid. 
 
 Viridis, e, adj. (vireo), green, ver- 
 dant ; green, fresh. 
 
VIRILIS— vox. 
 
 267 
 
 Vinlia, e, adj. (tar), manly. 
 
 Vintim, adv. (vir), man by man, 
 singly, individually, severally, 
 one by one, among all. 
 
 Virtus, utis, f. (vir), manhood; 
 bravery, courage, prowess, val- 
 or ; virtue ; the virtues, good 
 qualities, merit, excellence : the 
 name of a deity, Virtue. 
 
 Vis, vis, f., power, force, energy, 
 vehemence, impetuosity ; vio- 
 lence, strength, vigor ; quantity, 
 number, multitude ; abundance, 
 plenty. Jifferre or inferre vim, 
 to do violence to ; — urgency, 
 importunity, strenuousness. 
 
 Vis. See Volo, velle. 
 
 Visa, ire, si, sum, a. freq. (video), 
 to visit, call upon; to see, look 
 at, view, behold. 
 
 Visus, {is, m. (video), the sight ; 
 a sight, appearance, aspect. 
 
 Visus, a, um, part, (video). 
 
 Vita, ce, /., life ; conduct, manner 
 of life. 
 
 Vitium, i, n., injury, hurt ; a fault, 
 defect; vice. Alicui viiio ver- 
 tsre, dare, or trilmere, to charge 
 or impute as a fault to any one ; 
 to blame — , censure — . 
 
 Vito, are, dvi, dtum, u., to shun, 
 avoid. 
 
 Vitta, <B,f., a chaplet, fillet. 
 
 Viluperandus, a, vm, part, (vitu- 
 pero), censurable, to be blamed. 
 
 Vituperatio, onis, f., a blaming, 
 reproving ; blame, reproof : 
 from. 
 
 Vitupiro, are, cfvi, dtum, a. (vi- 
 tiwm), to injure; to blame, re- 
 prove. 
 
 Vivo, ire, vixi, victum, n., § 245, 
 II., to live. 
 
 Vivus, a, um, adj. (vivo), alive, 
 living. Vivum flum.en, a run- 
 ning stieam 
 
 Vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with 
 
 difficulty. 
 Vixi. See Vivo. 
 Vucifiriir, drl, dtus sum, dep., to 
 
 cry with a loud voice, exclaim, 
 
 vociferate. 
 Voclto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq., to 
 
 call, name : from • 
 
 Voco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (vox^, to 
 
 call, summon ; to invite ; to call, 
 
 name. 
 Volens, tis, part. 4' "'^j- (volo), 
 
 willing, ready. 
 Vollto, are, dvi, dtum, n. freq., to i 
 
 fly often ; to fly, flutter : from 
 Volo, are, dvi, dtum, n., to fly. 
 Volo, velle, volui, irr., a. fy n., to 
 
 will, be willing, choose ; to 
 
 wish, desire. 
 Volsci, Brum., m. fl., the Volsci, 
 
 a people of Latium : II. 11. 
 Volucer, cris, ere, adj. (volo), 
 
 flying, winged ; swift. 
 Volucris, is, m. Sff, a bird, fowl. 
 Volui. See Volo, velle. 
 Volumen, inis, n. (volvo), any 
 
 thing wound together in a roll; 
 
 a book, writing. 
 Volumnia, ce, f, Volurania, the 
 
 wife of Coriolanus: II. 13. 
 Voluntarius, a, um, adj., voluntary : 
 
 from 
 Voluntas, dtis, f. (volo), the will, 
 
 inclination, wish, desire ; appro- 
 bation, consent. 
 Voluptas, atis, f, pleasure, enjoy- 
 ment, delight. 
 Vos. See Tu. 
 
 Votum, i, n., thai which is prom- 
 ised to a deity; a vow; a wish. 
 Voveo, ere, vovi,, votum, a., to vow, 
 
 promise sacredly ; to devote. 
 Vox, vocis, f, the voice ; a word, 
 
 saying, remark, expression, 
 
 speech ; language ; the tone of 
 
 voice 
 
268 
 
 VULGARIS— ZAMA. 
 
 Vulgaris, e, adj. (vulgus), com- 
 mon, ordinary, usual. 
 
 Vulgd, adv., among the people, 
 in public ; often, commonly, 
 generally : from 
 
 Valgus, ?', n. 4^ rn., people collec- 
 tively; the public; the vulgar; 
 
 •the common people. 
 
 Vulnlro, are, avi, dtum, u., to 
 wound : from 
 
 Vulnus, iris, n., a wound. 
 
 Vulsi. See Velio. 
 
 Vulsus, a, um, part, (vello). 
 
 Vnltur, Uris, m,, a vulture. 
 
 Vulturnus, i, m., the Vulturnus, 
 a river of Campania : V. 13. 
 
 Vultus, As, m., the countenance, 
 
 features, expression, looks, as- 
 pect; the face. 
 
 Xanthippus, i, m., Xanthippus, a 
 
 Spartan general who conquered 
 
 Regulus : IV. 9. 
 Xerxes, is, m., Xerxes, a kmg of 
 
 Persia, the son of Darius : VIII. 
 
 10. 
 
 z. 
 
 Zama, cB,f., Zama, a town of Af- 
 rica, distant five days' journey 
 from Carthage : V. 30. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 1. Pulso Jratre, § 257, E. 5, (a.) — Mtexfratre supply siio, § 207, R. 
 36, (a.) & (c.j — Quo coffidto, § 206, (13.) — Paj'vuloSi sc. pueros, 
 
 2. ijeueriereiur, § 263, 5. — Educandos, § 274, R. 7, (a.) — Fenajwfo, 
 § 275, m, B,. 4. — Quis esset, § 265. — Albam prciperavit, § 237. 
 
 3. Quasi — solitus esset, § 263, 2. 
 
 4. C/ier — daret, § 265. — Romam vocavit, so. MrSem, § 230. — Tran- 
 siliret, § 262. 
 
 6. ifwnc asylum fecit, § 230. — Q«i — peterent, § 264, 6. — Additum, 
 sc. esi, which is often omitted after a participle ; § 209, B. 4, at the 
 end. — Quid ni, § 209, B.. 4. — Videndce novm wrhis, § 275, II. — Cum 
 oculis, § 249, m.—Et Jubc, § 206,^10.) 
 
 6. Ob virghios raptas, § 274, B.- 5, (a.) — Aqucs causA sacrorum hati- 
 riendec: aquiB hauriendee limits causd., § 275, HI. B. 1 ; and sacrorum 
 limits agu(B .- " water for the sacred rites," § 211, B. 12. — Descenderat, 
 sc. ab arcs. — Exereitum suum, § 208, (1.) — Perduxisset, § 266, 2, B. 4. 
 
 7. Primo impetu, §253. — Nomine, §250. — Longe aliud — aliud: 
 the English idiom requires that longe should be translated with the 
 latter aliud: "one thing — quite another." — Raptce, i. e. quee rapta 
 erant. — Consiliarunt, § 162, 7, (a.) 
 
 8. Omnia ageret, § 264, 5. — His, § 205, B. 7, (2.) — Lustraret, § 263, 
 6, K. 2. — Creditum est, § 202, HI. B. 3, & § 209, B. 3 & (5.) — Visum, 
 sc. esse, § 270, B. 3. — Augustiore formd, § 211, B. 6. — Fuisset, § 266, 
 2, &§ 209, K. 2, (1,) (S.) 
 
 ?. Curibus, § 255. — ^Zenrfum, § 274, B. 7, (a.) — Fesfe, § 249, I.— 
 PtUabant, § 145, 11. 1. — Civitatem — populos, § 239. 
 
 10. Sibi, ^226.— Ageret, ^ 266, 2. — Medium, §205, B. 17.— Ut 
 fides, § 262, B. 1. 
 
 11. Eoregnante, §257, B. 1. — Dimicent, §209, B. 11, (4.) — Temi 
 Juvenes, "the three youths upon each side." 
 
 12. Aliquantum, § 236. — Spatii, § 212, R. 3. — Ab se abesse, § 242, 
 B. 1. — Posset, § 263, 3. 
 
 13. Domum, § 237, B. 4. — Curiatiis, § 212, K. 2, N. 4. — Visa, 
 
 23* 
 
270 KOTES. 
 
 § 257, R. 5. — Crines solvere : this -was done in token of grief. — Juveni, 
 § 211, B. 5, (1.) — Eat qtuecumque, § 260, B. 6. 
 
 14. Liberia faceret, § 262. 
 
 16. Finisset, \ 162, 7, & § 266, 3.— GraHilandum, § 276, U. B. 4. 
 
 16. Hdbitaretur, § 262. — Jlfe»toran«, § 209, B. 2, (2.) 
 
 17. Res repeteret, § 264, 5. — Id autem, § 206, (13,) (a.) — Fides sit, 
 § 260, B. 6. — Belli hidieendi, § 275, II. & B. 2. 
 
 18. Superbe responsum est a Latinis, i. e. Latini superie responderunt, 
 § 184, 2. — Prastare, i. e. se to?«» j-ejiem qualem promiserat. 
 
 19. JSi advenienti, § 224, B. 2. — Ingressi sunt, § 205, B. 2, (l.> — 
 Tutor liberis, § 211, B. 5. 
 
 20. In experimentum artis, i.e. of Attus. — Possem, ^ 266. — Per- 
 cussisset, § 266, 3. 
 
 21. Totus, § 205, B. 16, (a.) — Elatam seeurim in ejus caput dejecit: 
 " raising an axe, he brought it down upon his head : " a perfect passive 
 participle, either in the ablative absolute, or agreeing with a noun 
 depending upon a subsequent verb, often supplies the place of an 
 active participle, agreeing with the subject of that verb. 
 
 22. Edticaretur, § 145, N. 3. — Visu eventugue, § 250. — Gener, § 210, 
 B. 4. — Dicto audientes, § 222, B. 1, (d.) 
 
 23. Aliquod, § 138, 2, (6.) — Romm fanum, §231, 1. — Datum — 
 habiturum, § 270, B. 3. 
 
 24. Gradibus dejectus, § 242. — Prima regem salutavit, § 205, B. 16, 
 & § 230. — Evitantem, i. e. qui corpus evitabat. 
 
 25. Potestatem redegit, § 207, B. 36, (o.) & (c.) — Mittit scitcitatttm, 
 § 276, n. — Vellet, § 265. — Exspectando, § 275, m. B. 4. 
 
 26. Advocatis patre et conjuge, § 205, B. 2. 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 1. Honorandum, §276, IT. B. 4. — Oscularetur, §266, 2. — Sit, 
 § 266, 3. 
 
 2. Patrem exuit, " he laid aside the fether,'' i. n. the character or 
 feelings of a father. 
 
 3. Ohviam hosti, § 228, & 1. — Inquit, § 279, 6. — Quanta potuit: 
 supply tanto ; tantus is often omitted before quantus, § 206, (16.) 
 
 4. Ad restituendum, § 275, HI. B. 3, & § 276, II. B. 4. — Pons 
 sublicius : see chapter 18. — AHsi: the meaning of the passage seems 
 to require us to supply, before nisi, et iter dedisset, " and would have 
 afforded a passage, had it not been for one man," — Illo cognomine, 
 § 211, B. 6. — Inierrumperetur, § 263, 4. 
 
NOTES. '271 
 
 5. Senatvm adiit, § 224, R. 4. — Ornatu, § 211, R. 6. - 
 § 213, R. 3. — ^ rea, "from liis guilty hand." — Sai, § 222, R. 2. 
 
 6. Ripa, § 241, R. 2. — Parte obsidum donare, so. earn. — Quorum 
 (Etofem, " whose age," instead of qui propter mtatem, " who by reason 
 of their (tender) age." — Summa, § 205, R. 17. 
 
 7. ^uo adjutore, § 257, R. 7. — Misit, so. homines. — r Eosque, so. 
 fasces. — Invisum, esset, timnissemt, 'diruerent, esset,fuisset, deesset : by 
 what rules are these verbs in the subjunctive .' 
 
 10. Creavit, so. plebs. — Suam, §208, (1.) — Restitutam — cpncordi- 
 am, §274, R. 5. — Pauperes — locupletes, sc. homines, "the poor — 
 the rich," §205, R. 7, (1,) N. l. — MuUo magis, §256, R. 16.— 
 Q,uam non sit necessaria, " how unnecessary." — Cupienti, sc. alicui or 
 komini. 
 
 11 . Captis CorioUs, § 274, R 5. — Qfium prima stipendia facere 
 ccepisset, " though he had begun while a youth to serve as a soldier." 
 — Ea oblectanda, § 275, R. 4. — Illius, sc. Tnatris. 
 
 13. Complexus inde suos, § 205, R. 2, (1.) 
 
 14. Vos alia bella, §209, R. l. — Fabios kostes, § 230, R. ^. — Istud 
 belhim, §207, K. 25. — Ei, sc. Fabia genti. — Urbe tola, "throughout 
 the city," § 236. 
 
 15. Fabiis audacia, § 211, R. 5, (1.) — Obviam acta sunt, sc. Fabiis. 
 
 16. Prcesidii videretur, § 212, R. 4, N. 1. — Placuit, sc. Romanis. — 
 Salute data invicetn redditaque, " having exchanged salutations." 
 
 18. Urbe condita, § 274, R. 5» — -Suam esse, so. earn. — JVs facial, so. 
 id, i. e. ni sequatur. 
 
 19. FUiam — aUoqui, § 233. — Morte — evcsilio, § 249, 
 
 20. Dedituri essent, § 262, K. 10, 2. — Similem tid, § 222, R. 2. 
 
 21. Sexto Calendas, § 326, 2, (2,) Ss (3.) 
 
 23. In summum saxum, § 205, R. 17. — Jfon fefellere, so. Galli. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 1. £x duabus jiliabus, § 212, R. 2, N. 4. — Potestate consulari, § 211^ 
 R. 6. — Videat, § 266, 1. 
 
 3. BeUo sit melior, § 265. 
 
 4. Pavor cum admiratione, § 249, III. 
 
 5. Quantum eques Latinus, § 256, R. 16. — Excussum transfixit: see 
 note in chapter 21, Book I. — CoAvenere, § 259, R. 1, (2,) (d.) 
 
 7. Res visu mirabilis, § 276, III. 
 
 9. Eo die ccesa traduntur, § 270, R. 3. 
 
 10. Pedum pemiatas inerat, sc. ei, i. e. " he had — ". — Per timorem 
 segnius, " — too slowly," § 2.56, R. 9, (a.) 
 
272 NOTES. 
 
 11. Qui locus, § 206, (8.) — Fratts hostilis apparuisset, § 21 1, R. 4. 
 
 12. Quid sihi, § 225, III. — Faciendum, so. esse, § 274, R. 8. — Met 
 turn — rogavit: see note, Book I. chapter 21. — In suis quisque, bc. ab- 
 didit, § 209, R. 11, (4.) 
 
 13. Civem esse, ilium, i. e.fecialem. — Legatum, sc. esse. 
 15. Mortuos jacere cemeret, § 272, R. 5. 
 
 17. Quid postea acturus es, § 274, R. 6. — J\'os quieti dabimus, § 132, 
 4, med, 
 
 18. Qualem Romam comperisset, " what kind of a place — ." 
 
 21. Salino una constahat, § 245, II. 5, fin. 
 
 22. Homo inimicus, sc. ille, " he, though an enemy." — Quod miki 
 gratias agas, ^ 264, 7, N. 3. — Venire: prisoners of war -were anciently 
 sold as slaves. — Expediretur, § 264, 6, R. 3. 
 
 23. Solitudofuturafuerit, § 260, R. 7, (2.) — Malo, inquit, Jiccc, " these 
 things," instead oi has rapas. — Esse, see Edo,m the Dictionary. — 
 .Surum, hahentibus, sc. hominibus. 
 
 24. Eckde causa, §279, 10, (o.) and («?.) adinif, — Esse reipubliciB, 
 § 226. — Msdret — detrectaret, § 266, 1. —Hoc terrore, § 207, R. 20. 
 
 25. Consulem fieri flacuit, sc. Roinanis. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 1. jippio Claudio consule, §257, R. 7, (a.') ad fin. — Ad Messanam 
 liherandam, § 275, HI., R. 3, & 276, H., R. 4. 
 
 2. JVam injectis, sc. hostlli navi. 
 
 3. Capienda, " on the point of being taken." — Chassis amissm, § 211, 
 R. 12, &, § 274, R. 5. — Perveniret, § 263, 3. — Corifligendum,sc.illi. — 
 Fecit, sc. id, i.e. conflixit. — Eo pmnm genere afficiebatur, "suffered 
 that kind of punishment." 
 
 4. Ut hostes properent, § 260, R. 7, (1.) 
 
 8. Co'nfugiendum fuit,§ ISi, 3, 8z274:,'R. 11: "a resort was neces- 
 sary." — Tanquam arx qutedam munita, "like a fortified citadel." — 
 Dejiciendus hostis fait, " — had to be overthrown." 
 
 9. Quern septem jugerum, § 206, (7.) — J^'on esset unde, i. e. non esset 
 aliquid quo, " there would be no resources by which," § 209, R. 2, (8,) 
 Note 3. — ./SZerenter. — § 264, 6, R. 3. 
 
 1 0. Rediret ipse Carthaginem : the*clause on which the subjunctive 
 depends (§ 262) is data jurejurando, § 257, R. 1. 
 
 11. Licet per maximam gloriam diu acta, " although passed for a 
 long time in the greatest glory." 
 
 12. Quo die hostem vidisset, " on the day in which — ", § 206, (3.1 
 
NOTES. 273 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 1. Querimonias deferrent, §264, 5. — (^ito acctperent, §266, 2. -r- 
 Gesturos, sc. esse, § 270, R. 3. 
 
 2. Jfeque ullo loco, § 254, R. 3, med. 
 
 4. Confessus ab se Minucium, a Fahio se victum esse : a case of 
 jeugma, § 323, 1 , (2 ;) confessus being properly joined to the latter 
 clause only, it being necessary to supply dicens, " claiming," before ab 
 se Minucium victum esse. 
 
 7. CautioT quajn proTnptior, § 256, R. 12. 
 
 9. Minime cessandum, sc. esse, " that there should be no delay.'' 
 
 11. Si non impetrassent, sc. ut redimerentur, " if they could not effect 
 their ransom." 
 
 15. Et minantis, so. alicujus or hominis. 
 
 17. Return erat, § 259, R. 4. — Injuria quam gravissimam, instead 
 op injuries gravissiTnee quam, § 206, (7.) — Senaiiis — in provincias con' 
 sules prosecutus est, i. e. attended them to the gates of the city. 
 
 21. Cecidissent, placuit, sc. Romanis. 
 
 23. Victum ex Hispania expulit : see note. Book I., chapter 21. — Id 
 mtalis, § 235, Ri, 11,'& § 212, R. 3. — Subsidio Carihaginiensibus venit, 
 §227. 
 
 33. Senatus belli, hujus gerendi, § 275, II. 
 
 34. Si per eum pacem impetrasset, § 266, R. 4. 
 
 35. Jfon est quad guceratis, "there is no reason why — "§264,7,N.3. 
 — Uterque nostrum, § 212, R. 2, N. 2. 
 
 37. Contigisset, § 266, 3. 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 1. Plurimum, regiis, so. vdlitibus, § 205, R. 7, N. 1. 
 
 2. Acceptee pecunia, § 274, R. 5. — Dud c(Bptus,^\SZ, 2, N. 2. — Pecu- 
 nia qua multatus fuerat, § 217, R. 5, (6.) 
 
 4. Ea de re, § 279, 10, (o.) & ((?.) — Fuit vir qui earn, sc. matrem 
 Idaam. — Idem consul, '^*he same when consul;" in apposition, de- 
 
 • noting character, § 204, R. 1, (a.) 
 
 5. Ego me ipse euro, § 207, R. 28. — Minus verecundum, '^ too little 
 respectful," " wanting in respect," 256, R. 9, (a.} med. — Turn Enni- 
 us : quidf § 229, R. 3, 2. — Hie JYasica, se. inquit. 
 
 6. Mnnorum decern septemque, " at the age of seventeen," § 211, R. 
 6; the limited noun is here omitted; Ao^o may be supplied, § 2)1, R. 
 8, (5.) — Eodem cibo quo milites, so. vescebantur. 
 
274 NOTES. 
 
 7. Africano obtigit : the subject of this verb is iUe, referring to Cato, 
 with which qiuEstor is in apposition. 
 
 9. Id autem effecturus sibi videlatur, "it seemed to him that he 
 should effect this," § 271, R. 2. — Effecturus, so. esse, § 270, R. 3, ad 
 init ; the subject of effecturus esse is se understood, § 239, R. 1. Ef- 
 fecturus agrees in case witli ille, the suliject oi' videbatur, § 210, R. 6. 
 
 12. Si tardior in discendo, §256, R. 9, (o.) med, ■— JVeque etiam: 
 ailer neque supply volebat, which is contained in noltbat, preceding. 
 
 14. Quid secundum — tertium — quartum — fenerari -v occidere : 
 with these words supply est. 
 
 15. Qui te negant os habere : the student will here observe the play 
 upon the word os, which signifies both "a mouth" and " impudence.' 
 — Et dicis, ec.proba: so in the two following clauses. — Ingratum, sc. 
 est; so with insolitum. 
 
 16. Capitali crimine accusatus, § 217, R. 2, (S.) 
 
 17. Cum cetera turba, § 205, R. 17. 
 
 18. Vinccndum, aut — parendum, § 225, III. R. 1. — Regem decet, sc. 
 esse. 
 
 19. Ut legibus suis viveret, § 249, II. — Se quisque, § 279, 14. 
 
 20. Vivo Hannibale, § 257,R. 7. — Metuvacui,^2o0, 2, (1.) — Miquod 
 iterfugm, § 133, 2, (5.) 
 
 22. JVe quis id pro poriento : id here supplies the place of earn rem, 
 i. e. earn defectionem. 
 
 23. Tertium JVonas, sc. diem ante, § 326, 2, (2.) — I)fcimum septi- 
 mum, § 120, 2. 
 
 25. Viri ejusdem esse, § 211, R. 8 & (3.) 
 
 27. Stupenti et attonito, sc. Aomtnj, " like one — ". — Dono missa, 
 § 227, R. 2.— Suis quaque, § 279, 14. 
 
 28. Si quid adversi, " if any misfortune," § 212, R. 3, N. 3. — Qui 
 Pavli .S^milii nomenferat, § 264, 1, (o.) 
 
 29. Msi vendilo — fundo, § 257, R. 10. — Quern unum, § 206, (7.) 
 31. Quid faciendum sibi, § 225, III. — Qiiod — interponeret, § 266, 3. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 1. Delihcratum habebant, § 274, R. 4. 
 
 2. Carthago capta — eversa, § 274, R. 5, (o.) 
 
 4. Equum ademit adolescenti, § 224, R. 2. — Me prior, § 250. 
 7. Duas et selibras, i. c. duos libras et semi libram. 
 9. Et magna omnium spe, sc. hominum. 
 12. JVe quid detrimenti, § 212, R. 3. 
 
NOTES. 275 
 
 13. Quid, ait, si te, § 229, R. 3, 2. — Obsecuturusne — fuisses, § 260, 
 R. 7, (2.) 
 21. Et se totum averteret, § 205, R. 15. 
 
 23. Quod se transeunte sederet, § 266, 3. 
 
 24. Dcgcneri jilio esse vitandum, § 225, III. 
 
 25. Credendum (sc. esse) putatis : credendum esse is used imperson- 
 ally, § 239, R. 4. . 
 
 26. Tam contra officium, § 277, R. 1, med, 
 
 27. Malo — erubescat, § 262, R. 4. 
 
 23. JVemini — quidquam, " any tiling to no one," instead of "noth- 
 ing to any one." — Caelum et cmnum, " air and earth : " the humor of 
 this remark consists in the alliteration, § 334, 26. 
 
 32. Legatus MeteOo, 5 211. R. 5. 
 
 BOOK Tin. 
 
 4. M virtutem prodessent — dolorem judicarent, § 266, 3. 
 
 5. Et oppressisset — maluisset, § 261, 1. 
 15. Si quid durius, § 256, R. 9, (a.) med. 
 
 17. Eum occidendum, i. e. Cn. Pompeium. — Sua, i. e. mUitum, 
 § 208, (7.) . 
 21. Is dixisse fertur , so. Sertorius. 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 3. J^ec committam ut dolor corporis efficiat, ut frustra tantus vir ad 
 me venerit : the present and perfect subjunctive, efficiat and venerit, fol- 
 lowing committam, have here the sense of the future and future perfect 
 indicative, § 260, R. 7, (1 .) 
 
 5. Excalceatus est : had he taken off his shoes, it might have been 
 suspected that he meant to escape by swimming. 
 
 6. Pietatem colas, § 260, R. 6. 
 
 10. Quatuor vero, quibus in conspectum vsnerat, horis, § 253, R. 1 
 Note 4. 
 
 11. Assidentem — clamantem, sc. earn, i. e. Casarem. 
 13. Hoc metu, § 207, R. 20. 
 
 16. Quod ubi audivit, § 206, (13,) (a.) 
 
276 NOTES. 
 
 19. Sibi ipse mortem, § 207, R. 28. — Sermti Catonis, § 274, R. 5. 
 
 23. Med unius oper&, § 205, R. 13, (o.) 
 
 24. Ul Marco Tullio igni et aquainterdiceraur, § 251, R. 2, med. 
 — Ab universis ilum est,\.e. universi iverunt, " all went," § 164, 2. 
 
 26. Annas avdio, § 145, 1., 2. 
 
 27. Primi Bruti, j. c. L. J«TOt Bruti : see Book II. 1 — 3. 
 
 36. Hustihus victis, solusque imperio potitus : victis and potitus are 
 virtually in the same construction, though in different cases, § 278, 
 R. 2 : see, also, § 257, R. 5, (a.) & (e.) 
 
 38. Qaos adeersarios expertus fuerat, § 230, R. 2. 
 
 41. Juisit quanti, i. e. tanti, quanti, § 252, & 214, & K. 3. 
 
 48. Solitam clausulam : words of this kind Were usually added at 
 the end of plays. 
 
NOTES ON THE VIRI ROMiE, 
 
 REFERRING TO 
 
 ANDREWS' FIRST LATIN BOOK. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 Nalu 'major, L. 117, 5. — Pidso Jratre, L. 120, N. 3, supply suo, L. !• 
 91, 6.—SobSle, L. 117, 4.— What constructions foWow fecU? L. 96, 2. 
 — Quo cogntto, L. 120, N. 3; and L. 94, 5.—Alveo, L. lU.— Ad va- 
 gitum accurrit, L. 112, 3. — Mhtrem se gessit, L. 96, N. 4. 
 
 JReverteretur, L. 132, 2. — ConJUgi, sc.suiB. The possessives, when 3. 
 taken reflexively, are very frequently to be supplied, L. 91, 6. — Nutri- 
 endos, L. 121, 6. (a). — Venando, "in hunting," L. 117, 1. — Prima — 
 deinde^tum — mark a threefold division of a subject. — Arcere depends 
 oncceperunt, — Quia esset, L. 129, 1, 2, 3. Is this clause a subject or 
 an object 1—Atbam, L. lOS, 2. 
 
 Solitus esset, L. 131, N. — Quin agnosclret, L. 133, 1 and N. 2. 3. 
 
 Uler daret, L. 129. — Prior, L. 91, 9.—Romam vocdvit, sc. earn, i. e. *, 
 urbem, L. 96, 2. — Edixit ne quis — translret. Among verbs o^ saying, 
 which usually are followed by infinitive clauses, L. 95, N. 4, verbs 
 of requesting, dtnumding, admonishing, advising, encouraging and 
 commanding are commonly followed by the subjunctive with ut or 
 ne, L. 133, l.—Quod, " which (command)," L. 94, N. 2. On whdt 
 does yuod depend ? — What is the object of transilivit? — Imperio, L. 
 116, 4. 
 
 Hunc asylum fecii, L. 96, 2.— Qui — petgrent, the purpose of misit, 5> 
 L. 133, 1, 2. — Addltum, L. 90, N. 3. — Quidni or separately quid ni, 
 see quis and ni. — Id, its antecedent is the preceding sentence, " for 
 that," 1. e. the opening of an asylum. — Furet, " would be," " would 
 afford." — VidendaenmcBurbis, L. 123, 4, 5. — Cumoculis, L. 117, N. 2. 
 Cum, in this connexion, may often be translated " and."— fl<Ec, " this 
 thing," refers to the preceding clause, and hence would have been 
 put in the neuter gender, L. 94, N. 2 (all pronouns are in this general 
 sense rdoHves, see definition of pronoun, L. 41, 1.), but Is here made 
 24 
 
278 NOTES BOOK I. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 to agree with the following noun explanatory of the antecedent, L. 
 94,3. 
 
 6. Oh virglnes raptas, L. 121, 5, (6). — Tarpeiam. I at the end of a 
 diphthong, when followed by a vo<vel, takes the sound of y, and is 
 joined in pionunci;itlon to the following vowel, leaving to the preced- 
 ing vowel its long sound, as, Tar-pe'-ijam. So Pompekis, Pleiddes^ 
 and Harpyia are pronounced Pum-pe -yus, Ple'-ya-des, and Har-py'- 
 ya. — AqucB causa sacrurum fiaurlendce. AqucE hauriendis depends on 
 causa, L. 123, 4, and sacrorum, an objective genitive, depends on 
 aquie, "water for the sacred rites," L. 100, R. 2. — Descenderal, sc. 
 ab arce. — Perduxlssef. The pluperfect subjunctive is used in the 
 orStio obllgua, when the future perfect would be used in expressing 
 the same idea in the oratio dirccta. — Quod, L, 94, 7. — Videllc&t does 
 not influence the case of a noun following it, but like a conjunction 
 connects it to some preceding word ; here it connects annulos, &c., 
 to id understood. 
 
 7. Prima impstu, L. 118, 2. — Nomine, L. 117, 5. — Aliud — aliud, see 
 the note on this passage, p. 269. — RapttB, see § 5, p. 7. — Consilid- 
 runt, L. 49, E. 2. 
 
 8. Aggret, L. 133, I.— His, L. 91, Z.—Lmstraret, L. 132, 2.—CrsdUum 
 est, L. 81, 8. — Visum, sc. esse. As an auxiliary verb sum in all moods 
 is very frequently to be supplied. — Augustiore form&, L. W\.—Fuis- 
 set, L. 127, II. — Prcecipere, ut, see note on Edixit, &c., § 4. 
 
 0. Curlbus, L. 108, l.—Alendum, L. 121, 6. (a).— Veste, L. 117, 2.— 
 Pidubant, supply homines, '* they supposed." — Janus. The name of 
 the god is here, as in many other cases, put for his temple.— CTZ esset, 
 "that if, (sc. the temple) might be." Civitatem — popTJos, L. 95, 5. 
 
 10. Siii, L. lU.—Agird, L. 127, 11.— Medium, L. 91, i.—Ita—ut, L. 
 134, 3. 
 
 lA. Proximo regi, sc. NumtE. — Eo regnante, L. 120, N. 2. — Quisque 
 — dimlceni, L. 89, 3. So § 12, Romani alius, &c.—Terni JuvUnes, L. 
 38,4. 
 
 13. Aliquantum, h. 98. — Spatii, L. 103, 1, 2. — Ab seabcsse. TJie prep- 
 osition of a compound verb is often repeated, or one of a like signifi- 
 cation employed before a noun or pronoun. Posset, L. 132, 1. 
 
 13. Singtli, "one on each side." So § 11 terni jurSnes, L. 38, 4. — 
 Domum, L. 103, 2 and R. 1. — Princeps, L. 91, 9. — Uni ex Curiatiis, 
 L. 103, N. 2.— Visa, L. 120, N. 3. So below, stricto, and in innumer- 
 able other examples. — JuvSni, L. 109, R. 2. — Sic eat, L. 126, 2. 
 
 14. Fiiiam suamjure cccsam. By the laws of Romulus the father had 
 the power of life and death over his children. Orbum libCris, L. 104, 
 R. 3. — Paccrei, see note on edixit, § 4. 
 
 15. Quodjinisset, L. 128, XL, 1. — Qua re, " which purpose." — Ad grot- 
 ulandum, L. 123, 5. 
 
 16. Hahitaretur, L. 133, 1, 5. — Militia quim domi, L. 108, R. I.— Me- 
 
NOTES BOOK II. 279 
 
 SECT. 
 
 tnSrant. . Verbs of saying in tho plural number are often thus uaed 
 without homines, where in English we use the expressions, " they 
 Eay, they relate," &c. 
 
 IndicBrd, L. 132, 1. — RepetSret, the purpose, L. 133,1. — Id, "this,'" 17. 
 i. e. the demand of restitution. — Sit, L. 126, 2. — Seld indicendi, L. 
 123, 4. 
 
 Hesponsum est a Laiinis, L. 81, 10. — Hoc modo, i. e. in the manner 18. 
 'just described. — PrcEstdre. See note, p. 270. 
 
 Ei advenienii, L. 109, R. 2. — Augwivrum penla, L. 104. — Irjgres-19, 
 si sunt, L. 91, N. 2.— Tutor libSris, L. 109, R. 1. 
 
 NumSro auxit, L. 117, 5. — Id, "this," i. e. the change of names.— 30. 
 Posset, L. 129, 1. — Quod, L. 94, 7. — Augurio ado, "having per- 
 formed an augury." — Q,uod percussisset, L. 128, II., 1. 
 
 Regno fraudtUos, L. 117, 4. — AltSri obstrepSre, L. 111. — Totus, SI, 
 L. 91, 9. — Elatam securi-m, L. 122, 8. 
 
 Ferunt, see note on memiOrant, § 16. — Visu eventuque, L. 117, 5. — 33, 
 Gener assumptus est, L. 92, R. 1, (6). — Servio Tullio, depends on the 
 compound phrase dido audientes, which signifies "obedient," L. 
 110, 1 ; while dido is in the dative depending on audientes, L. 109. 
 
 Allquod. The compounds of quod, like their primitive, are com- 83. 
 monly used adjectively, L. 45, 3. — Fadam, sc. esse. So with nata, 
 datum and habitumm. — Roince, L. 103, 1. — Habiturum {esse) depends 
 on the verb of saying, responsum, datum {esse) L. 95, N. 4. — ImmoLds- 
 set, L. 127, II. 
 
 Tarquinio, L. 110, 1. — Gradlbus dejectus, L. 99, R. 4. — Prima, 34. 
 L. 91, 9. — Ex turbo. decedSre, see note on ab se abesse, § 12. — Evitan- 
 tem, sc. corpus ejus. 
 
 In potestdtem, sc. suxim, L. 91, 6. — Sdscildlum, L. 123, 6. — Vellel, 35. 
 L. 129, l.—Expedando, L. 117, 1. 
 
 SoTore regis natus, L. 116, 3. — AdvocHiis poire et conjtige, L. 91, 2. 3G. 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 Ad Apoinnmi honorandum. The purpose of misgrat is here de- 
 noted by a gerundive, L. 123, 5. For the same purpose a former 
 supine is commonly used, L. 123, 6, and sometimes the relative with 
 the subjunctive, L. 133, l.—Donum, "as a gift," L. 96, N. i.—Con- 
 suluerunt is here and often construed as a verb of asking, L. 96, 3 and 
 N. 6. — Regnaturus esset, L. 129, 3. — What is the subject of responsum 
 est7—0scularetur, h. 127, II.— Sit, h. 128, II., 1. 
 
 Expulsis regtbus. Change the participle into a noun in translating, 
 according to L. 120, N. 2. By reges is here meant the king and the 
 
280 NOTES BOOK II. 
 
 G£CT. 
 
 princes, his sons. — AccipUndis, a gerundive, L. 123, 4. — Nudalos— 
 cosdunt, L. 122, 8. 
 
 3. ObviUm hosti, L. 110, 4. — Inquit, L. 127, R. — Quanta, &c., i. e. 
 tanlo apparatus quanta potuU. Demonstrative words, as, is, iantus, 
 talis, tot, are often om.ttod before their corresponding relative words, 
 as, qui, quantus, qualis, quot, L. 96, 7, 
 
 4« 2\.d restituendum T'arquinios, L. 123, 5, 2. — TibSri objecto, L. 24, 4; 
 L. 121, &, (6). — Pons sublicius, see Boole I., § 18. — Nisi. See the note 
 on this p. 270. — Illo cognomXne, L. 101. — Donee — interrumperetur, 
 L. 132, 1. — Grata erga tantam nrtutem, L. 109, R. 5. — T^antum 
 agri. An adjective used partitively is taken substantively, and does 
 not agree with a noun. So quantum, the subject of potuisset. Sta- 
 tua, sc. ejus. The genitives of pronouns, like reflexive adjective pro- 
 nouns, are frequen'tly to be supplied. 
 
 5. Romanes constantice, L. 101. — Senatum adiit, L. 97, 4. — Transfu- 
 giendi, an objective genitive, L. 100, R. 2. — Pari orndtu, L. 101. — 
 Hoc supplicii, li. 103, 1. — A red, sc. dextra, "from his guilty hand." — 
 Sui similes, L. 109, R. 4. 
 
 6. Procul ripa. The preposition a or ab is sometimes expressed and 
 sometimes omittad after procul. — Misit ad, &c., see note on ad Apol- 
 I7ncm,&c., supra § 1. — Donare, sc. earn. — Parte obsXdum, L. 117, 2. — 
 Summa Via. L. 91, a 
 
 7. Se consuldtu abdicdvit, L. 117, 4.~Qubd invisum esset. This ex- 
 presses the reason which influenced the mind of Collatinus ; which 
 reason the historian, by making use of the subjunctive, neither 
 afBrms nor denies, L. 128, II., 1, 2. — Quo adjutore, "by whose aid," 
 L. 120, R. 1. — Regni affectdti, L. 121, 5, (6). — Q^uod — timuissent, see 
 the 2d note in this section. — Misit, sc. homines. The purpose is ex- 
 pressed by the relative with the subjunctive, L. 133, 1 ; see the 1st 
 note on § 1. 
 
 8. Obscqueretur, L. 133, 1. — Esse confectus. The participle is in the 
 nominative to agree with Tarquinius, the subject of dicltur. 
 
 9. Quod — non tolSrdret. See the 2d note in the 7th section. — Nihil 
 aliud, " to have said nothing except to relate," &c. — Ne manus, &c., 
 the purpose of conspirdrunt, L. 133, 1. 
 
 10. Credvit, sc. plebs. — Suam, as usual, refers to the leading subject. — 
 Post resiitutam concordiam, L. 121, 5, (6). — Sepeliret — daret, results, 
 L. 134, 1; 3.^Paupcres — locupletes, "the poor — the rich," L. 91, 4. — 
 Cupienti, sc. allcui or hcmtni, "to one who desires," L. 122, 3, 
 
 11. A captis Coriolis, L. 121, 5, (6). — IriE impOtens, L. 104. — Obslinaice 
 perrjicaeiw, L. 102, X.—Quum prima &c. See note p. 271. — Placeret, 
 a purpose, L. 133, 1, 2. — Ed oUectandd, L. 123, 4. — Itld cupienti, "at 
 her desire," L. 120, N. 2. 
 
 13. Pondus, quantum. Beioie quantum supply tantum; sec note on 
 quanta 5 3. — Magna pretw, L. 118, 1. 
 
NOTES BOOK III. 281 
 
 SECT. 
 
 In me injuriam. In denotes the relation of injuriam to me, L. 13. 
 82, 7. — Suos, viz., his mother, wife and sons, L. 91, N. 2. 
 
 Vos is expressad because it is emphatic, L. 51, R. 4. — Fabios hos- 14. 
 tes, L. 96, N. i.—Islud bdlum, L. 42, N. 2. — Ei may relate either to 
 consul or to Fabia gens. Tile connection favors the Utter. — ^Fotd 
 urbe, L. 103, R. 2. — Ferunt; see note on memdrant. Book I., § 16. 
 
 Fabiis audada crescebat, L. 109, R. 2.—.0bviiim acta sunt, sc. 15« 
 Fabiis. 
 
 Parum priEsidii, L. 103, 1. — Placuit, so. smatjui, "it was deter- 16. 
 mined." 
 
 What is the object of exponunt? l'J'« 
 
 Ab urbe condXtd, L. 121, 5, (6). — Qui — proponSrent, the purpose, 18. 
 L. 133, 1, 2. — f7nz« e.r its. This is the usual construction of umis, 
 instead of a partitive genitive, L. 103, N. 2. 
 
 Ni/iil auxUii, L. 103, 2. — jI^jji, L. 9, Exc. 3. — Aut morte aut exsil- 19« 
 v, L. 103, 4. 
 
 Falerios, L. J, 9.^Ludimaffister, L. 27, 2. — Qum — dedituri essent, XOt 
 L. 133, 1, 6. — Ad sinMem tui, L. 109, R. 4. — Cui — parcUur, L. 81, 
 N. 2 : see also L. 124, 4. 
 
 Exsulalum abiit, L. 123, 6. What is the construction of precatus Hit 
 tsst. See L. 96, 3 and N. 6. — Facircnt, sc. liK, i. e. dii. — Patrice, 
 L. 109. — Multo postea. Postea, as implying comparison, takes an 
 ablative, according to L. 119, 3. So also posi and anie. Decimosexto 
 wUendas. The accusative calendas, is dependent on ante understood. 
 
 Gallo — in caput incussisse, h. 109, R.*2. 83. 
 
 In summum saxum, L. 91, 8. — Qui&us — dbstinvXrant, L. 99, 4. — 83. 
 Romania salutifuit, L. 114, and N. 1. 
 
 What is the subject of placuit? — PuiSrmt; the purpose o! panis 84. 
 Jacidtus est. — Se refers here to the subject of the dependent clause. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Ex duabusJUiabus majorem, L. 103, N. 2. FUiabus, L. 8, R. 1. — 
 Potestate consxddri, L. 101. — Inctdit; vphat is its subject ? — Risui so- 
 rorifuit, sc. id, i. e. the fright of the younger sister. — Id, " that thing, 
 that custom." — Sciscitante, sc. patri. — Why is juncta. esset in the sub- 
 junctive'!— Ficieai, L. 128, I. 
 
 Rus relegStus, L. 103, 2 and R. 1. — Ad Pctmponium, i. e. to the 
 house of Pomponius. — Quippe qui cerncret. A relative clause express- 
 ing the reason of what goes before takes the subjunctive. See An- 
 drews and Stoddard's Grammar § 264, Q.—Avtrtisset. Allusion is 
 24* 
 
282 NOTES BOOK III. 
 
 BEcr. 
 
 made to the thoughts of those who accounted this conduct an honor 
 
 to Titus Manlius. L. 128, II., 1. 
 3. Utra gens bdlo sit melior, L. 129, 1, 2. — Extra ordTnem nunquam 
 
 pugnavBrim, non si.certam victoriaTn videam, L. 131, {d). — Macte vir' 
 
 tute, L. 117, 5. 
 ■4. Favor cum admiratione, " fear and wonder." — Jacenti, sc. Uli, 
 
 L. m, N. 2. 
 
 5. Quantum, an accusative of measure, instead of the ablative. See 
 L. 119, 3. — Excussum transjixit, L. 122, 8. — Convenere, "had assem- 
 bled." The perfect in direct narration is often translated like the ^ 
 pluperfect, after particles signifying, when or as soon as. 
 
 6. QuiB dabdtur, "which used to be given," L. 47, N. 2. — lAberasset, 
 L. 12S, II., 1. — Cecidisset, L. 128, l.—Convenit. What is its subjecf? 
 Zjabordret, L. 128, I. 
 
 y. Quiete, L. 117, 1. — Res trisu mirabUia, L. 123, 9. 
 e. Parem, qui se qff'erret, " any such competitor as offered himself." 
 L. 134, 1, 2, and N. l.—Smvinclret, &c., L. 128, R. 
 
 9. Edixit has a double construction, the dative L. Ill, and the sub- 
 junctive with ut, see note on edixit^ Book I., § 4. — Absente *fi, "in his 
 absence." It is unusual for the noun or pronoun which is put in the 
 ablative absolute to relate, as here, to the leading subject. — Potuisset — 
 adfuisset, L. 131, {a).-^CcBsa, sc. esse. 
 
 10. Iiierat, 6C. ei, i. e. "he had." — Cognomen, ac. Cursor. — Segniils, 
 L. 119, N. 3. 
 
 11. DucSbant is used absolutelj^ but homines or the like may be under 
 stood in the accusative. — In insidias — qui locus, L. 94, 3. — Qui locus 
 PurcUlce Caudlnce vocabdtur. The predicate-nominative, while 
 agreeing in case with the subject-nominative, L. 92, 1, ipay be of a 
 different number. — Fratis hostUis, a possessive adjective instead of 
 the genitive hoslium. 
 
 13. Sibi faciendum, sc. esse, L. 121, G, (6). — Accztum. patrem, L. 120, 
 N. 3, or L. 122, 8. — What Is the rule for each subjunctive in this 
 section'? 
 
 13. Qui eum — ducSrent; the purpose of the preceding verb. — Vestis ei 
 detracta. What is the rule for the dative ei ? — Post tergum. What 
 is to be supplied? — Quar.td: supply tantd. See note Book II., § 3, 
 on Quanto, &c. — JUum, i. e. the herald : legdtum, sc. esse. So after 
 xioldtum. 
 
 14. Fecissent, indirect allusion, L. 128, II., 1. — QaiJus auxilio venit, 
 h. 114. — Ea qu<B vidissent, L. 134, 3. 
 
 15. Adverso vulnire, &c., L. 101. — Mortuos jacere cemSret, L. 96, 
 IV. 6. — Subegissem. The conditional clause is implied in iatlbua 
 viris, "with such men," i. e. if I had commanded such men. — Quo 
 viso, "at sight of whom," L. 120, N. 2. — Sibi — quUm HercUli, 
 L. 113. — De redimendis caplivis, L. 123, 4. — Cognna, L. 122, 3: use 
 
NOTES BOOK III. 383 
 
 SECT 
 
 the pluperfect, as the time spoken of is anterior to that denoted by 
 the imperfect cognoscBrent, 
 
 NonnvJlus is declined like nvUus, L. .32, 1, 2. — LocTiti fuHrant is 16. 
 here used absolutely or without its accusative. So percontalus fulsset 
 is used absolutely in respect of the accusative of the person, but with 
 a dependent clause in the place of the accusative of the thingj L. 96, 
 N. 6. — Dicturi Julmus, L. 121, 4, (6). — Earn culpani videH. Earn 
 is the subject-accusative, taking its gender from culpani the predicate- 
 accusative, L. 92, 1, and K. 2. Earn, as referring to the preceding 
 sentences would be regularly in the neuter gender, L. 94, N. 2, but is 
 made feminine according to L. 94, 3. 
 
 Gloriosumjore. What is the subject of ^fl« ?-^jB*piig'n(8sse. Why IT" 
 is the penult of this verb circumflexed "! L. 1, 15, and L.,49, R. 2. — 
 Superatis Romanis, "after having conquered," or "after you have 
 conquered," L. 122, 6. — Quid postea actirus es? L. 121, 4, (i). — In 
 Africam trojiclre mi/d anlimts est. What is the subject- and what 
 the predicate-nominative of est? — Cinea, L. 8, 5. — Nos quieti, &c. 
 Nos is used reflexively in the accusative, L. 45, R. 2. — Isto olio. Isto 
 has here its proper signification, " that of yours,*' i. e. " the quiet of 
 which you speak." 
 
 Romam itSgue. ItSque, " and so," or " accordingly," Vvilh reference 18. 
 to the fact stated in the first sentence of the 17th section, viz., that 
 Cineas was sent for a particular purpose to Rome. The narrative 
 commencing with that sentence had been interrupted by the anecdote 
 related in the remaining part of the 17th section, and is novs' resumed 
 by means of this particle, itdque. — Bina, " two each," i. e. before each 
 had brought back (viz., from battle) two spoils, or the spoils of two 
 enemies. — Qualem Romam, &c., "what kind of a place or city." — ■ 
 Urbem sibi tennplum, L. 92, 1 and R. 3. 
 
 Cujus, to be translated like y'tts or iUius, L. 94, 5, limiting jiomeTi. — 19. 
 Ut viri boni, " as a good man," or "as being a good man." Viri is 
 connected to cujtisbyut. — CoUoguemti, "while conversing," L. 122,2. — 
 Give the rules for forming from their roots the nominative singular 
 of nomeUf paupSris, inunSraf coUoqitentiy striddrem, proboBcTdem, and 
 caput 
 
 Ilium aecrSib invitavit, ut, &c. That to which one is invited after HO. 
 invito is expressed by the accusative with ad or in, L. 112, 3, or by 
 the subjunctive with ut, L. 133, 1 and 2. — Sin vera malum. Supply 
 the ellipsis. — Proposuisset. In the oratia directa this verb was in the 
 indicative mood future perfect, si pramiufn mihi proposuSris, and 
 this, when expressed by the oratio obliqua, is regularly put in the plu- 
 perfect subjunctive. The future in the other clause of the direct dis- 
 course, ego Pyrrhum veneno 7tecdbo, remains in the indirect quotation. 
 See L. 127 generally.— PyrrAo dici, sc. ea, h. 94, 7.— Posset, L. 
 134, 3. 
 
284 NOTES BOOK IV. 
 
 BBOT. 
 
 iSl« PnJUtriiur—facerlmus, L. 127, II. — Utinam id Jwstlbus nostria 
 persuadeatur, h. 124, 4 and 2. Persuadedtur, L. 126, 5. — Q,abfacU- 
 ius, L. 133, 5. — Possint, L. 133, l.— Supdlex, L. B, ex., and L. C. 
 ex. — ScdJno uno constabat^ L. 116, 5. — Quffi iamen ipsa, "and even 
 this."— AIW, L, 97, 5.—Ea indigent, L. 117, 3. 
 
 83. Jlle—hlc, L. 42, 1, {a).—Qadd—fecisset, L. 123, II., 1 and N. 2 : so 
 infr.i, <7uW liubiret.^NUiil esl quod mifii gratias agas, " there is no 
 occasion for you to thank me," L. 134, 4. — Venire from veneo, see 
 note on this passage, p. 272. — Seru'Uu movit. The censors had the 
 power of degrading senators from their rank on account of immoral 
 conduct. — Vt unde dos Jilidrum expedlretur non rdiqucrit, L. 134, 4, 
 The relative adverb unde here supplies the place of a relative. 
 
 23. FutHrafaSrit, "there would be." — Tantum homXnum, L. 103, 2. — 
 InterverscB pecuniae, L. 121, 5, (6) ; and L. 105, 3. — Mcdo hcec, &c. 
 See note p. 272. — Esse, see Edo in Diet. — Atirum habeniibus, L. 
 91, 4. — Assignaret, "were proposing to assign," L. 47, N. 2. — Cluod 
 aliis, supply from the relative clause, satis esse posset. — Posset, 
 L. 127, II. 
 
 a*. Ea de causa. This is the customary order of these three words. — 
 Haberet—darent, L. 132, R. 1. — Tcedio belli, the ablative of cause, 
 &c., in the sense of propter with the accusative, "on account of." — 
 Esse reipubUccB, L. 113. — Detrectdret, L. 123, I — Hoc terrdre, 
 " through fear of this.'' 
 
 S3. Relicto prasidio, " by leaving a guard." — Perri, " rushing," L. 
 95, N. 6. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 Appio Claudia Consnle, L. 120, R. 1, and N. 2. — Ad Messanam 
 liberandam. The purpose after missus est is here expressed by a 
 gerundive with ad. L. 123, 5 : so oo! explorandos hastes IrajecU, &c. — 
 TraducZret, L. 133, 1 and 6. 
 
 Quas corvos vocavere, " which they called," see note on Memorani, 
 Book I., § 16. — Injeclis Wis corvis, sc. IwstlU nam, L. HI. The per- 
 fect participle used absolutely in the ablative may not imfrequently 
 be translated by an English gerundive with by, &c., denoting the in- 
 strument, &c., "by throwing these grapnels on hoaii."— Primus 
 " was the first who." Primus may often be translated in this man- 
 ner:— see above, in this section, primus devlcit. 
 
 Qu<E Jam capicbalur, " which was on the point of being taken."«- 
 Classis emissce pcenas, "punishment for the loss of his fleet," L. 121, 
 6, (4). The objective genitive is frequently translated with other 
 
NOTES BOOK IV-. 285 
 
 SBOT. 
 
 ptepositions, as "for," "on account of," &c., instead of "of." — Do- 
 mum, "home," i. e. Carthage. — Perveniret, L. 132, 1. — Qum conjli- 
 gendum sit, sc. iUi, "he ought to fight," L. 112, 2, and R. (a), and R. 
 (c), (2.) — Fecit,, sc. id, " he has done so," i. e. coriflixit. — Debuisse, 
 The perfect infinitive is used because its time is prior to that of the 
 verb judicdrant on which it depends, L. 95, 1. — Victus, " though van- 
 quished," L. 122, 2. — Be mali gestd, " having lost a battle," " who 
 had lost a battle," or " for losing a battle." L. 120, N. 3 ; L. 122, 3 ; 
 see also the note on Cla^ssis amisste pa^nas, above. 
 
 Censeo, Jubeas, L. 133, 3. — What is the subject of futuram est 7 Ut *• 
 hastes propSrent. The present i.s used because its time is contempo- 
 raneous with that of futuram est, th^ subjunctive in such cases being 
 governed by the same principle as infinitives, L. 95, 1, and participles, 
 L. 121, N. 3. — Tempus exercUits edacendi, L. 123, 4. — Q,uisnam erU 
 qui ducat, L. 133, 1, "who will be found to lead," i. c. "who will be 
 such, or so brave as to lead," L. 134, N. 1. 
 
 Q,uos, "these," L. 94, 5. — AdmBnens inquit; the time of each is 5. 
 the same, bsoause it was while admonishing them that he said. — De- 
 d-acST^, L. 129, 1 and 2. The thing of which one is admonished is 
 here, and not unfrequently, expressed by a subjunctive clause, and 
 sometimes by a neuter pronoun or adjective. See L. 129, 3. — Earn 
 manum, " that such a baud." — Explain the reason that the present, 
 venire, and intendSre axe used, rather than the perfect or future. 
 What is the subject of evenit ? — Merces, " as a reward." 6. 
 
 Venit — actHrus — ut trahSrit, A purpose is here expressed in two 7* 
 ways after vcait. — Donee — advenirent, L. 132, 1. — AudilSgue vox. 
 Idem, huic faciendum est. The verb of saying, on which an accusa- 
 tive with the infinitive depends, L. 95, N. 4, is often implied in some 
 other verb or phrase, when in English saying may be supplied. — In 
 colloquium, exocHtus, L. 112, 3. 
 
 Qfiippe qui — repellSret; a relative clause denoting the reason of 8, 
 something previously stated takes the subjunctive. See note on 
 Quippe qui cemSret, Book III., § 2. — Cer\.fagienduTn fuit, "it was 
 necessary to have recourse," L. 81, 10; and L. 121, 6, (6). — See the 
 notes on this section at p. 272. 
 
 In ageth, quxm ieptsm jugSrum habtbat. The natural order is, in 9« 
 agello septem jugSrum, quem habebat, the genitive, which properly 
 limits the antecedent, being found in the relative clause. — Aufugisse 
 is in the perfect, because it relates to an earlier time than scrlpsit, L. 
 95, 1. So the perfect participle abiato. — Petire is in the present, L. 
 95, 1, though it is to be translated in a past tense. — Nan esset unde. 
 The subject of esset is, in the Latin, indefinite, "lest there should be 
 nothing." — Unde uxor et libSri cderentur, "whence," or "by means 
 of which." The relative adverb unde supplies the place of a relative 
 pronoun before aleremtur, L. 134, 4. 
 
286 NOTES BOOK V, 
 
 SECT. 
 
 10. Ut — rediret. This clause depends on jurejurando data, L. 120.— 
 Ne sententiam, diclrel, recusuvit, L. 133, 2. — Venissel, L. 127, II. : so 
 essent. 
 
 11. Rctincrelur. The imperfect here, as often, denotes an attempted 
 act, L. 47, N. 2. 
 
 18. Quo die, instead of eo die, quo. — Esse, see Edo, " to eat." What 
 is the rule for forming the 2d and 3d roots in the 3d conjugation ", 
 How is incessU formed from the 1st root inced? See L. 49 and Notes. 
 Form the 2d and 3d roots ofcovimilto; and give the rules. 
 
 13. Venire, " were on their way." This is equivalent to the imperfect 
 tense, L. 47, 7. 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 1. De/erreni — posiularent : why in the subjunctive 7 — ExcussS. What 
 are the three roots of excutio, and how are its 2d and 3d roots formed 7 
 — Give the rules for the 2d and 3d roots of dico. — Quo accipHrent, L. 
 127, II. 
 
 ». Ulio loco, L. 103, R. 2.—Cogiret, L. 129, 1 and 2.—Siqua—daretur, 
 L. 131, 1 and N. 
 
 3. Ajiud sttas. The reflexive pronoun here relates not to the leading 
 subject Hannibal, but to the nearest noun Fabio. 
 
 i. Ilium — terlre. Supply in English, sai/uig', implied in criminando. 
 See note on Audittique vox, Book IV., § 7. — Qito diiiiius, L. 133, 5. — 
 Ei — auxUio venit, L. 114. — Confessus, &c., see the note on this, p. 273. 
 
 5. Paacenlia, L. 122, 3. — Eoque consuetudlnes, L. 103, 1. 
 
 6. Jiibente Fabio, "by command of Fabius," L. 120, N. 2. So Eo 
 adjuvante, " by his assistance." — What is the subject of esset nuntia- 
 turn? — Retinuissel, L. 123, II., 1. — Eum, i. e. Fabium. — Recepissem~ 
 pcrdidisses, L. 131, (a). 
 
 7. Filio, L. 109, R. 1. — In ejus castra, i. c. in castra Jilii; his own 
 camp would be expressed by sua castra. — Appropinquante consSle, 
 "on the approach of the consul," L. 120, N. 2. — Ul descendHret, • to 
 dis'niount," I.. 133, 2. — What is the object oi e.vperlri > — of scires? — 
 Cautior quam proinplior, " more cautious than prompt." The pro- 
 portion teiween qualities of the same object is expressed in Latin by 
 two comparatives, in English by a comparative and a positive. 
 
 8. Invito coUega, L. 120, R. 1. — How is the object of nuntia ex- 
 pressed 7 
 
 9. What is the rule for forming the nominative singular of victdri ? — 
 of quietem ? — of militibns ? What is the object of scis ? — of nescis ? 
 How is UluxU formed from its first root 7 
 
NOTES BOOK V. 287 
 
 SECT. 
 
 Non desper&sset, L. 128, 11.^ X.-^FhusseU-dedisset, L. 131, (a).— 10. 
 AgSret, sc. Umpus, "was passing his time," i. b. "was staying, was 
 living." 
 
 QuUm utjurarent. The subjunctive clause ict jurSrent, &o., sup- 11. 
 plies the pljce of an accusative, and is connected by quUrn to pignue 
 aliud, L. 8S, II., 2 J and L. 96, R. 2. — Esset, why in ths subjunctive 1 
 
 Explain the forniulion of access — thu 2d and 3d roots of accida.— IS. 
 Of what two Ijtters dojs x consist in conJiixiH — in du.vU? Explain 
 the formation of the 3,1 root inoanfligo and duco, L. 49. — What con- 
 struction follows efficiibut? — What follows aUlclrei L. ,98, 1: and 
 L. 112, 3. What words dapsnd on papoi.' — what on mollri and re- 
 J'riugSre? I 
 
 MUescentejam hiSrne — redlit. In turning mitescente: into a verb, L. 13* 
 120, N. 2, the imperfect tense must be used, because it denotes an act 
 simultaneous with' that of rediU, ,L. 47, 7, and L. 120, R. 3.—CasUi- , 
 num rediii, L. 108, 2. Redeo is construed with ad or in and the accu- 
 sative,, and with the name of a town without a prepoBitJon, Some-,, 
 times alsoa dative follows it, L. 112, 3. — Ad ulilmum. inopice, L. 103, 1, 
 Vltlmus can either be used partitively or agree with its noun. — Casi- 
 Imumipisit.j The preposition omitted before the accusative of place 
 is 171. — Deiectd — injecid,; translate actively, L. 120, N. 3. i 
 
 Ad id inapUe, L. 103, !. — Vetitum esi, L. 81, , 10, 11, and 12.— 7i*— 14, 
 «<; L. 134, 3. — Aurlbus, sc. suis, L.i91, 6. — By what rule are deditio 
 and conditio feminine 1 
 
 Gonfecisset—fuissdylj. 131, (a). — Nisi .unv.s .homo ed tempeslaU %&• 
 Syracusis fuisset, hterally, "if one man had not been," .&c., i. e. "if 
 it had not been for one man at that time in Syracuse." — Caplli illtus 
 parifensiur, L. 110,, 1, and L'. 124, 4. Respecting the translation of 
 the phrase, see L. 81, N. 2. 
 
 What is-the antecedent pf id? L. 94, N. 2. — Ddapsus.: What are 10. 
 the two roots of ddabor ? Which root is wanting in deponent verbs 7 
 L. 65, 2,-,and L. 75, 1. How is; the 3d root of ddabor formed'? L. 
 49, N. 2,, and 5. 
 
 Actum erat. In the conclusion of a conditional clause the indica- 17. 
 live is sometimes used instead of the subjunctive, "it would have 
 been all over with," &a. See L. 131, (a), for the usual construction. — 
 Hie, sc. profectus est. — HasdrubUli — HannibSli, L. lll.^^Livio, L. 
 113. — Injuria:, quam gravisslmam : see not^ on In agdlo, guem, &c., 
 Book IV., ,§ 9. — Senatus — prosecHfus est^.^ee the note p. 273. — lipor-. 
 rp id. Id represents the subjunctive clauses following. '■ 
 
 Audendum, sc. esse. Audeo, though classed with neuter-passive 18. 
 verbs, L. 79, ti.i is iti reality an active verb,, andi is construed some- 
 times with the accusative and more frequently with the infinitive. 
 
 Singyiari virtnte, byits position is ambiguous, since it might limit ia» 
 patrem as the ablative of character, L. 101, while it is nieant to 
 
288 NOTES BOOK V. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 express the means in connexion with servavit, L. 117, 1. — Give ths 
 rules for tlie two constructions of opposuit — of liberdvit. — Petenduvi is 
 here used absolutely, " to be a candidate," instead of ad petendum 
 CBdilitatem. — Why is esset in the subjunctive 7 
 
 HO. Conspirare, "were forming a conspiracy," L. 95, 1. — Give ihe 
 rules for the two constructions of amtUlit. — AUatum erat, L. 81, 10, 
 11, and 12. — Qui non Juraverit, supply, as often, is, in the sense of 
 talis, and hence the subjunctive; L. 134, 3. — Sciat, L. 126, 2. — Custo- 
 diendos. Give the rule for the translation of a participle in dus with- 
 out the verb sum. 
 
 JSlt Placuit, sc. Romania. — Quem mittBrent, L. 129, 1. — Qui — credS' 
 rent, sc. ii, L. 134, 3. — PopUiutn Romdn-wm cwpit, &c., L. 107, 2, 
 and N. — What are the rules for the construction of liberdvit ? — of 
 implevSrit? 
 
 83. Qud die, i. e. ea die, qu&. — Ulustn loco nahis, L. 116, 3. — Donum, 
 " as a gift." 
 
 as. Victum, L. 122, 8. — Give the rules for the 2d and 3d roots oCdimii- 
 to. Explain the construction of percunctdtus est, L. 96, 3, and W. 6. — 
 Id cEtdtis, L. 118, R. 2.— Id, L. 97, h.—Mtdtis, L. 103, 1 and 2.— 
 Populdres, sc. mei. — Subsidio Carthaginienslbus venit, L. 114. 
 
 f84. Gessisset. R in the first root is in several verbs changed to s in 
 the 2d and 3d.— Fo6w licet, "you may," L. 81, N. 2.— What con- 
 struction follows existimdre / L. 95, N. 4. — Explain the construc- 
 tion of oro. 
 
 85. Exisiimdvit, see note on existimdre in § 24. — What construction 
 ioWovis sperdhat^ L. 95, N. 4. — Se accipSre annuit. When the sub- 
 ject of the leading verb and that of the infinitive following it are the 
 same, the latter is commonly omitted, but is sometimes, as here, 
 expressed. 
 
 86. Misit. Explain the -form of the 2d and 3d roots of this verb, — of 
 adduco, — of accede, — of gucero, see the note on gessissef, § 24. Ho w is 
 the purpose of misit here expressed 7 In what other way is it often 
 expressed ? See the construction of remisso in the next sentence. — 
 Juventa is in the nominative. — DeJUio Jratris remisso ; see § 23. 
 
 87" Rermissumque est, ut in AfrXcam^ inde trajicSret. In the active 
 voice permitto can take for its object a subjunctive clause with ul, 
 and such clause may become the subject of the passive voice, accord- 
 ing to L. 124, 2, and is placed, as in the active voice, after permitto, 
 
 88. Explain the construction of perconidtus est, L. 96, 3 and N. 6. — 
 Sui Jiducid, " confidence in himself," an objective genitive, before 
 which some other preposition often occurs instead of of. 
 
 89. Conjunxit. Explain the formation of the 2d and 3d roots from the 
 present.— Cujus amicitiam. olim. Scipio petiSrat; see § 25. 
 
 30. Give the rules for the construction ol intUlit. — On what word does 
 ul with its clause denothag a result depend? L. 134, 3. — Lacrymia 
 
NOTES BOOK V. 289 
 
 SECT. 
 
 temp^rans, L. 110, 1 : so paruit. Why is duxisset in the subjunc- 
 tiVB.' — Iter, L. 98. — Secwn potesWtem facSret, The reflexive here 
 refprs not to Hannibal, the leading subject, but to Scipio, the subject 
 of the dependent clause. — Dies locusque constitwttur. A verb in the 
 singular number often occurs after a compound subject, when the 
 nominatives denote things wilhout life. See L. 90, 3. 
 
 Piocubuere. Several verbs having m orre before the final conso- 31. 
 nant of tlie first root drop them in the 2d and 3d roots; as Jindo, fun- 
 do, frango, linquo, Tumpo, scindo, mnco. — Why is pacta esseni put in 
 the subjunctive'? 
 
 What is the difference between the 1st and the 2d roots otconfugio? 33. 
 L. 49, R. 1. — Quaro and peto, as verbs of asking, do not taice two ac- 
 .cusatives, see L. 96, 3, but are construed according to L. 96, 3, 
 N. 6. — Fudisset. Explain the formation of its 2d and 3d roots; see 
 L. 49, and the first note in § 31. Why is fudisset in the sulijunctive? 
 L. 128, II., 1. — Docuit. Why is not this verb put in the subjunctive, 
 since, \iYe fudisset, it gives the reason of Hannibal's judgment'? See 
 L. 128, II., 2. — DicSres — vicisses, L. 131, (a): so posuissem. 
 
 Belli hujus gerendi. The participle in dus may be translated in 33. 
 three ways, 1st simply by the present infinitive active or passive ; 2d 
 by the infinitive passive with mv^t or ought; and 3d like a gerund. 
 It is translated simply by a present infinitive, after verbs signifying 
 to give, commit, assign, receive, undertake, ask, &c., and denotes the 
 purpose of such verbs. It is translated by must or ought, when join- 
 ed to the verb sum; and like a gerund, when it becomes a gerund- 
 ive. — What is the antecedent of quod? — Mlnori, sc. nata, — Peper- 
 isset ; why in the subjunctive 1 
 
 Eique fjium, &c. This, in direct discourse, would be, rex tibi 34. 
 fXiuTn sine pretio reddet, si per ie pacem impefravSrit. In the indirect 
 form the future reddet is preserved in the periphrastic future redditu- 
 rum (esse), see L. 121, 4, (6), but the future perfect is changed to the 
 pluperfect subjunctive. — What constructions here follow suadeam ? — 
 JRemisit ? 
 
 Ed de re dubitari. The construction of the active voice, dubitare 35. 
 de re, is retained in the passive, L. 124, 4.—Non est quod quaratis, 
 L. 134, 4: quod, L. 97, 5.—RaulSrim, L. 129, l.—ReplerSrim, L. 
 128, I. — Avarum, L. 96, 2, andN. 5. — Vtque nostrum. With parti- 
 tives nostriim. and vestr^-m are used, and never nostri and vesiri. 
 
 Pr<ed.a cerarium frauddsset, L. 117, 4. — Vid, Give the rules for 36, 
 the 2d and 3d roots oivinco; see L. 49, and note on procubuere, % 31. 
 
 Ad eum videndum, L. 123, 5. — Venire, "were coming," its time 33', 
 being the same as ratus, i. e. "denoting an action as going on in past 
 time," L. 47, 7. — Ad eos repellendos. How is this future partieiplg 
 used'? See the first note § 33. — Opus est may have a threefold cout 
 struction. 1. The person to whom any thing is needful may be ir^ 
 25 
 
290 NOTES BOOK VI. 
 
 szor. 
 
 the dative depending on est, L. 113. — 2. The thing needed may be m 
 the ablative, or more rarely in the nominative, genitive or accusa- 
 tive. — 3. The purpose for which the thing is needed may be expressed 
 by ad and the accusative. — Conligissei; why in the subjunctive J — 
 Ne referretur, L. 133, N. 1, 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 !• Consul, " as consul," L. 89, R.—L,egr7to patre, L. 120, R. l.—NiAil 
 —plurlmum, L. 97, 5. — Regiis, so. mUUlbue, L. 91, N. 4. Possessive 
 adjectives as well as possessive adjective pronouns are included in 
 the rule. 
 
 2. Acceptm pccunicB, L. 121, 5, {b), and L. 105, 3. — Duci cceptus {est}* 
 The passive forms of cmpi are used with passive infinitives. — Habu- 
 iaset; why in the subjunctive? — Ea pecunia, qua TnuUatus JuSi-at, 
 L. 105, 4. 
 
 3. Marilbus ambuldre, " to walk on his hands." — SoMus essd, L. 79, 
 'V. — RustJccB tribus, L. 26, 1. How is fecit here construed 1 
 
 4. tfoslem Italia pelli posse, L. 117, 4. The verb of saying on which 
 this clause depends is responsum edlium. esse, which again depends on 
 ferunl. — Si — advecta foret, L. 131, 1 and N. — Eii de re. This is the 
 usual order of these words. — Qucerendus delude fuit vir, "it was 
 necessary in the next place lo look out a man," L. 121, 6, ip). How 
 is the purpose of qua^rendus expressed? — Idem consul, L. 89, R. — 
 Addatur, " were added," or, " should be added," L. 57, 1. 
 
 B. Censor factus, L. 92, 1, and (6); also, L. 121, 9. — Quldnam causa 
 est, L. 103, 1, and 2. — Cur sis tu, L. 129, 1 and 2. — Ego me ipse euro 
 The case of ipse m such sentences conforms to that of the emphatic 
 word. Here ego, as opposed to serms, is emphatic, as the diiii;rence 
 in the fatness of the horse and his rider is ascribed to the difference 
 in those who had the charge of each. — Minus verecundum, " too little 
 respectful," i. e. "wanting in respect," "rather pert." — Malta; why 
 in the ablative ? — Ad eum, sc. Ennium. — Eique, sc. Naslcce. — Ab 
 ostlo, "al the door." — Quid! An accusative by an ellipsis of an ac- 
 tive verb or a preposition. — What is here the construction of 
 credldi ! 
 
 6. Annorum decern seplemque, " at the age of seventeen," L. 101, R. 1. 
 The limited noun is here omitted, but homo, adolescens, or the like 
 can be supplied. — In prcelio apud Senam ; see Book V., § 18. 
 
 T. Qiiwstor, see the note p. 274. — P^xplain the formation of the 2d and 
 
NOTES— BOOK Vl. 291 
 
 SECT. 
 
 %i tttots ofcorrumpo; see the 1st note in § 31, Book V. — SolUum, sc. 
 esse. 
 
 Give the rules for forming the nominative singular of asperitate, 8. 
 wdore, plebis, legern^ m-uliiiris^ plaSj coloris, urbe, Jloretite, and desccn- 
 denies. — Quibus reslUit, L. 110, 1. 
 
 Consul i give tke rules for lis casa — Vied. Explain the formation 9. 
 of its 2d and 3d roots. See note Book V., § 31, and L. 49. — Parsi- 
 nionld, &c., cert^vit, L. 117, 5. —Id autem e^tdurus^ sibi videbdtur. 
 The following is probably a better account of this passage, than that 
 which is given at p, 274. The subject of videbatnr is Hie, i. e. Cato, 
 and effedurus agrees with it in case, according to L. 92, 2. — Verttus 
 i7(j, L. 133, 4. — Sibi soli imperdri, L. 124, 4, and L. lit), 1. 
 
 Sendtu; why in the ablative? — Capitis damnatos, L. 105, 4. — Per- 10« 
 citssurus tsset. This verb is in the first periphrastic conjugation, by 
 means of which a future act can be expressed in reference to any 
 given time, the latter time bdngdenoted by the tense of sum connected 
 with the participle ; " whom he was about to behead." Turn ilia ne- 
 gavit, &c. " She then declared that she had never seen any one per- 
 form that act," literally, "anyone behead (a person)." — Notandam, 
 sc. esse. — ConjangSrU; why in the subjunctive 1 
 
 Ddendam, sa. esse. — Ed stante, " v/bile it stood." — Patdrent, L. lli 
 129, 1. — Ledam, sc. esse. 
 
 ^uomlnus adessd, L. 133, 7, and N. 2. — Licet — hdberet, L, 131, 1, 13« 
 and N. — Si lardio* — esset, L. 119, N. 3. — Neque diam, &c., see note 
 p. 274. — Tanii beneflcii, "for so great a benefit." — Servo, L. i<}9, 
 R. 1. 
 
 Cato paier ad PompUivm scripsit, ut, &c. Compare this sentence, 13» 
 is which the purpose of scripsit is expressed by tt^ and the subjunctive, 
 with, epistdla, in qua, scribit " se audtvisse^^ &c., in which scribit as 
 a verb of saying merely serves to introduce a sentence in the oratio 
 obllguar. So in the next section, scripsit ipse, &c. — What is here the 
 construction of -monet? — of caveat ? 
 
 Quum ab eo /puereretur, "when he was asked." — Quid maxlme, 14. 
 etc. Is this indirect question a subject of a verb or an object I L. 
 129, 3. — Bene pasc^re, sc, viaxltne expSdit. — Qutcf secundum, etc. 7 
 6C. esset. — Dixissd, "^uidjenerdri? sc. est. This is in the oratio di- 
 recta; so theanswerof Catocontainedin thequestion. Quid homlnem 
 ooddSre? BC. est. — Mifii vitio vertunt, L. 114: so Uiis vitio tribuo. — 
 (luod multis egeo. The statement of this reason in the indicative ia 
 a confession of the fact alledged, L. 128, 11., 2. 
 
 See tfie notes on this section p. 274. — Ei causam agenti, L. 109, 15. 
 R.2. 
 
 Capitdli crimlne accusatus, L. 105, 3. What Is the object of intel- 16. 
 lexit ? — Sensim, sine sensu, an example of alliteration, or the use of 
 several words in succession beginning with the same letter. 
 
393 NOTES — BOOK VI. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 17' Cum ceigrd lurba; cetSra is translated like the adjectives mentioned 
 in L. 91, .8, " the rest of the multitude." — With what does manifestum 
 agree 1 
 
 18« Quid victo imperdres gravius? L. 134, N. 2. — OcUlis icger^ L, 
 117, 5. — Aut vincendujii aut parendum esse. The infinitive depends 
 on adjecisset as a verb of saying ; and as the verbs are impersonal 
 there is no subject to be put in the accusative. — Quhm regcm decet, 
 sc. esse. — Risu iempSrans. TempSrOy " to abstain from," is construed 
 with the dative or the ablative, the latter either with or without ab. 
 
 19. Leglbus suis, "according to their own laws," L. 117, 1. The re- 
 flexive here refers to the subject of the dependent clause, — Mediam 
 arenam, L. 91, 8. — Possenl, L. 129, 1. 
 
 80. Vivo Harmibaie, L. 120, R. l.—Melu vacui, L. 104, R. 3.— What are 
 the two ways in which the purpose is expressed in this section after 
 millo ? — Attquod like quod is used adjeotively, see L. 45, 3. 
 
 31. Qui ad Cannas cecidit, see Book V., 5 8. — Consul^ i. e. "as con- 
 sul." — ^rristiculam, sc. esse. — FiUulam — tristicUlam, — catellus, — See 
 the definition of a diminutive, L. K, p. 187. 
 
 33. iVe quls id pro portenlo, " that no one may regard it as an omen." 
 Id stands for the fact mentioned in the following clause, L. 94, N. 2. 
 
 33. Tertio Nonas Septembris, supply die ante. — Invenisset; by what 
 rule in the subjunctive? 
 
 34. PolSrat. Of what is this verb compounded? What changes are 
 made in the first part, poiw, when compounded with sum? What 
 changes occur in the first root of sum? — in the second root? See L. 
 76, 1, 2, and 3. 
 
 35. Postquam Perseum consoidius est. The perfect indefinite, m direct 
 discourse, after particles signifying when or as soon as, is used for the 
 pluperfect. — Viri ejusdem esse, L. 102, and R. 1 and 2. 
 
 36. Vi.v suffecit transsehendis signis, L. 123, 4. 
 
 av. Implorandam, sc. esse. — Dono, "as a gift," L. 114, N. 2. 
 
 38. LcBlititB, L. HI. — Si quid adoersi, "if any misfortune," L. 103, 3. — 
 Immineret, L. 131, and N. — Ad expiandam, L. 123, 5. — Quiferat, 
 " to bear," L. 133, 2. 
 
 39. Nisi vendUo /undo, &c., "except by the sale of the only farm 
 which," &c. The ablative absolute is sometimes connected, as here, 
 to a preceding clause by a conjunction.— Quern unum reliqulrat. 
 The adjective which is to be translated witli the antecedent, is here, 
 as in some former cases, found in the relative clause. 
 
 30. Majoris Plolemim,—mindrem. Ptolemmum, sc. natu. — Quin—poti- 
 Telur, L. 133, N. 2.~Barba et capillo promisso, L. 91, N. 3, and L. 
 101. — Denuntiare has here a double construction, 1st as a verb ot 
 commanding it is followed by the subjunctive with ut; 2d as a verb 
 of saying, by the accusative (eum) with the infinitive {habltum iri). 
 Such a change of construction is by no means uncommon. 
 
NOTES BOOK VII. tJ93 
 
 GEOT. 
 
 (lues adttenientes, " whom, as they approached," L. 122, 5. [n re- 31. 
 gard to the tense of the verb into which the participle is here changed, 
 see L. 120, R. 3. — Statim, L. 88, 1, R. 2. — Quibus perlecUs, "having 
 read them," L. 120, N. 3. — Quid faciendum sibi esset. The verb, 
 faciendum esset, is in the second periphrastic conjugation, L. 121, 6, 
 (6) ; the clause is the object of amsideraiurum (esse), L. 129, 3. — /n- 
 terponSret, excedas, refSram (L. 133, 1) heesilasset; why in the sub- 
 junctive ? — Inter fratres, i. e. the Ptolemies, see % 30 ad inilium,— 
 AntiQclio adempta [fuerat), L. Ill, N. 2. 
 
 Pauli JUacedonTci JUiuSy see §§ 21-28. — Adoptione Scipionis Africa- 3a« 
 ni nepos. The son of the first Scipio Africanus adopted as his son a 
 BOn of Paulus Macedonicus, who thus became by adoption the grand- 
 son of the first Scipio Africanus. — Ferrentur; why in the subjunc- 
 tive? 
 
 Scipio JEmUidnus. JSmUianns is strictly an adjective, signifying 33. 
 "of or belonging to the ^milian gens," and was given to the young- 
 er Africanus on account of his being by birth an iSmilius. See S 32 
 and note. — Pari ItBtilid, L. 117, 1. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 Amis ejus, i. e. by adoption, see Book VI., § 32. — Quam urhem — 
 earn. The arrangement of relative and demonstrative words, which 
 is directly opposite to that which is customary in English, should be 
 noted. — Concussgrat. The verb of the clause containing the reason 
 which influenced the minds of the Romans to give to Scipio the pro- 
 vince of Africa is put in the indicative according to L. 128, II., 2. — 
 Suadente Caione. See Book VI., § 11. — Deliberatum hdbebant, "had 
 determined." Hdbeo with perfect participles, especially such as de- 
 note either knowledge or determination, forms a periphrasis similar to 
 the English perfect, pluperfect, &c., tenses. Carthaginienslbus im- 
 peratum est, L. 110, 1, and L. 124, 4. What is the subject of the 
 Impersonal imperatum est ? — BeUum esse gerendum. The verb of say- 
 ing on which this depends, (L. 95, N. 4), is clamor {ortus est). — What 
 Is the logical subject of the sentence of which salius esse is the predi- 
 cate? — Tbtonderunt. There appears to be no sufficient classical 
 authority for the 2d root of this verb, though it is found in the old 
 grammarians. 
 
 Cognomen. The name given to any one on account of some ex- 
 ploit, &c., is by later writers called agnomen. — Carthago capta — eS- 
 dem eversa, " the taking of Carthage," &c., L. 121, 5, (6). 
 25* 
 
294 NOTES BOOK VII. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 3. Ubiprimiim. See note on Book VI., § 25. — Qui miles — ewm. Sec 
 note on guam. urbem, 9 1, " that soldier — whom," ov " such soldier — 
 as," L. 134, 2 and 3. — Sc ipsi trucidaverunt. See the note on ego me 
 ipse euro. Book VI., § 5. The agent, not the object of the verb is 
 here emphatic. 
 
 A" QiicarSret — notaretw — remansissef — dedissttis. Why are these verba 
 in the subjunctive? — Posuirat. As this clause contains the reason 
 which led Scipio to inflict punishment, why is not its verb in the 
 subjunctive 7 — Me prior, L. 119, I. — Ignominue; by what rule in the 
 dative? — Ei for sibi. What is the object of cupienti? 
 
 5. Ma narrdiur conehas eas, &c. The adverbs sic and ita, like the 
 neuter pronouns id, hoc, and iUud, are often connected with the verb 
 of saying, &c., on which an accusative with the infinitive or other 
 clause depends, and serve to represent the coming clause. JEmilio 
 Paulo. See § l. 
 
 6. Give the rules for forming from their roofs the nominative singular 
 of condone, mA}rte,favdreTn,jure, mater, kostium, aucioritdte, vim, and 
 civlbus. Qui is an old form of the ablative in all . genders, and is 
 sometimes found even in the plural. 
 
 7- Ed audita, " as soon as he heard of it." 
 
 8. Rogatus senientiam,h.96, 3,- and L. 124, 3. — Q-ucestui habeatur, L. 
 114, N. 2, — Ab hac culpa alienus. Alienus in the sense of " foreign 
 from," &c., is construed with the genitive, dative, or ablative, the 
 latter either with or without ab. — What is the subject of cesti- 
 mabXtur ? 
 
 9» Scipionis Afrlcani — nepotes, i. e. of the elder Scipio Africaniis.^ 
 ExJUid, sc. Cornelia, see below. — Magna omnium spe, sc. homtnum. 
 — What is the subject of apparet ? 
 
 10. Ita aecepit quasi, &c. See note on Ita narralur, &c., § 5. — Me ae- 
 quantw. Is sequantur independent or dependent? L. 57, 1 and 2. 
 
 11» Aiidiente populo Romano, "in the hearing of." — Tibi constas, L. 
 45, R. 2. — NoUm, " I should be unwilling." — lAceat, L. 133, 3. 
 
 1/3* iVe quid detrimenti, L. 103, 2. — Quum jam . com-prekenderetur. 
 The imperfect here denotes that which was on the point of being 
 done. — Semetipsum. As the object of the verb is here emphatic, ipse 
 agrees with the object, not with the subject. See note on Ego me 
 ipse euro, Book VI., § 5. — Quo gravius efftccretur, L. 133, 5. 
 
 13. Deprecdtum venit, L. 123, Q.— Utsibi ignosceretur, L. 81, N. 2. — 
 Fecisset, why in the subjunctive? — ^To what preceding word does ut 
 relate? L. 134, 3. — Faciendum, sc. esse. — Quid? An accusative de- 
 pending on an active verb or a preposition understood. — Vellet—fuis- 
 ses, L. 131, (a). — Islam. This pronoun has here its leading meaning, 
 "that of yours," "that of which you speak," together with its other 
 very common idea of contempt or strong aversion. — Si—peccavZria 
 "that you committed it," &c. 
 
NOTES BOOK VII. 295 
 
 SECT. 
 
 Sebellassent, L. 132, R. 1. Define the pluperfect tense. What is 14» 
 the definite past time to which this pluperfect tense relates 1 — Con- 
 scripto exercUu. To what tense of a verb in the indicative mood is 
 the time of conscripto here equivalent ■? See L. 121, N. 3, and the 
 definitions of the tenses, L. 47. — VeiUti suscepissent, L. 131, N. 
 
 Urbem. What city is here intended, where none is specified? — 15. 
 Harum rerum, i. e. siffnorum, tabular umque. — VabUlas Romam, por- 
 tandas. How is this participle in duf to be translated ? See note 1st 
 on Book V. § 33. 
 
 A domltd MacedoniS,, L. 121, 5, (5). — Datum ei, i. e. to the aforesaid ie« 
 Cretan. — Quern puSro tradiret, L. 133, 1 and 2. — Qu<e — non dedece- 
 ret, L. 134. The demonstrative word, ea, talis, or the like, is 
 implied. 
 
 Nihil motus, L. 97, 5. — Form the nominative singular from nece, l?* 
 mansuetudlnis, urbes, and admiratione. 
 
 ExurSrem — existimarem, L. 131, (a). In exuro the r of the 1st 18. 
 root becomes s in the 2d and 3d root. — Direxisset. The radical vowel 
 of the 1st root of the simple verb is often changed in the compound. 
 Thus a in the 1st root of the simple verb often becomes e, as arceo, 
 coerceo ; and a, ffl, and e become i in the compound, &sfaino, reficio ; 
 qiuero, reguiro ; rego, dirlgo. See this subject more fully treated in 
 Andrews and Stoddard's Lat. Grammar, § 189. 
 
 Give the composition of contigerunt, efficSre, adjecit, siifficZre, and 19« 
 excSpit, illustrating the preceding note. Dedit, sc. ei, — Vires, qtuB — 
 posserU. The demonstrative word signifying svck is understood. L. 
 134, 3. — Spatio defunctum, L. 116, 4. 
 
 Cmisul, "as consul," or "when consul," L. 89, R. — Fratres suos, HO, 
 i. e. by adoption. — Planiit, sc. Bomanis. — Metellus aitn exercltu, L. 
 117, N. 2. — Cepit. The following five verbs change a of the 1st root 
 into e in the 2d root : viz., ago, egi ; capio, cepi ; facio, feci ; frango, 
 Jregi; ani jacio, jeci ; but in their third root a is retained. 
 
 Qui non remoreret ocSlos, L. 134, 4. — Se totum avertBret, L. 91, 9. — fSl. 
 Verumne an falsum esset, L. 130, and N. 
 
 What is the construction of impetrHvit ? — Bedltum datum esse, is 33. 
 the subject of scriptum erat. In the active voice it would be the ob- 
 ject of the verb. — Ederetur, L. 132, 1. 
 
 Utrum — an, L. 130, and N. — Pepirit. Some verbs form their 2d SS. 
 root by repeating their initial consonant and vowel, or taking the 
 vowel e. Such 2d roots are said to be reduplicated, as curro, eucurri ; 
 pendo, pependi; do, dedi. The remaining, or 2d vowel of the 2d root 
 I's sometimes changed according to the note on cepit, § 20 ; thus pario 
 whose first root par by reduplication would be pepar, becomes, by 
 changiri|>the remaining vowel, peper, and its perfect pepSri. The 
 vowels of reduplicated 2d roots are short unless followed by two con- 
 Bonants or a double consonant, as, dSdi, pBpgri. — Sederet—paruisset: 
 
296 NOTES BOOK VII. 
 
 BECT 
 
 why in the subjunctive 7— i^rcg-ii. Repeat the note on cepU, 5 20.— 
 Ncquis — iret, edixit, L. 133, 3. 
 
 8*. Tuenda — punienda. In which of the three ways mentioned in the 
 1st note of Boole V., § 33, are these participles to be translated ? — 
 Pulsi. Note the change of the radical vowel of this verb, and tho 
 loss of one /, the latter change being analogous to the loss of m or re 
 mentioned in the 1st note' on Book V., § 31. — Degeniri JUio esse vi- 
 tandum, L. 112, 2. 
 
 85. Retinuit, opprimSre, descendit, and egit. Repeat the remarks re- 
 lating to the first roots of such verbs made in the preceding notes of 
 this book. 
 
 SO. Tarn contra, L. 88, R. 1. — Q,uod rede possimus. The construc- 
 tions following verbs of thinking, knowing and perceiving axe in gene- 
 ral the same as those which follow verbs of saying, (see L. 95, N. 4), 
 and hence not only is the leading clause, following such verbs, an 
 accusative with the infinitive, but dependent clauses have their verbs 
 in the subjunctive. The principle therefore of L. 127, II., is essen- 
 tially the same as that of L. 123, II., 1, when the verbs referred to the 
 latter, follow the verbs of thinking, knoicing, or perceiving. The lat- 
 ter rule however has a much wider extent than the former.' 
 
 37. Quod — defendisset, L. 128, II., 1. Here, as in innumerable other 
 instances, the allusion to the thoughts of another is made solely by 
 the verb in the subjunctive, and not by any previous verb oi thinking, 
 knowing, &c. — Puturum, sc. esse. What supplies the place of an 
 accusative before this infinitive 1 — Exsilio — reditu. These causal 
 ablatives are to be translated like propter with the accusative. — Malo 
 — erubescat, L. 133, 3. 
 
 as. Nernlni se, &c. See note p. 275.— Pecunid egSrel, L. 117, 3.— Ait 
 Drusus. In such sentences ait is commonly said to be in the his- 
 torical present, L. 47, N. 4. Others say that this verb has a perfect, 
 ai, aisti, ait, and the latter opinion derives support from its classical 
 usage. 
 
 89. Observantior erga senatum, L. 109, R. 5. — What is the subject of 
 factum est? — SimJlem mei, L. 109, R, 4. 
 
 30. Hunc vitae Jinetn. Hunc has here the sense of <a/em. — Ferias — 
 contigisse, depends on the verb oi saying, queri. — Tamen, an adversa- 
 tive conjunction, (L. 82, (3) ), serves to connect to the preceding 
 character of Drusus some facts of a different kind. — Ut quidquid 
 agam-^ossit persplci, supply id. — Agam, L. 128, I. 
 
 31. Habitura esset respublTca ? " would the state have t" 
 
 3a. Legatus Metdlo, L. 109, R. \.—FadU. duote the 1st note on 
 Book v., § 31. — Remissus, sc. est. 
 
 33. Sitim, L. G, I., 2. — Hostium. By what rule has it iwn iri*6ie geni- 
 tive plural 1 — Give the declension of plus. 
 
 34. Jn Cimbroa amvertUur, "turns against." The passive used In 
 
NOTES — -BOOK VIII. 297 
 
 SECT. 
 
 the middle sense, to denote what one does to or for himself and 
 equivalent to se convertit. — What is the construction of quccsivissef ? 
 Caisa, so. esse. Pependerunt. Quote the note on pepSrit, § 23. 35. 
 
 BOOK VIII. 
 
 What is the object of /ecii? — the subject of crcoreiur ? — Natione 1. 
 Cimber, L. 117, 5. 
 
 Accepts. When a, cb, or e in the first root of a simple verb is S8. 
 changed into i in the compound (see note on dlrexisset, Book VII., 
 § 18), the t is retained in the 2d and 3d roots, in case the third root 
 of the simple is a dissyllable, as habeo, hdbltnm ; prohibeo, prohibui, 
 prohibitum. But if the third root is a monosyllable, the second root of 
 the compound has usually the vowel of the simple, but sometimes 
 changes a or c into i ; and the third root has e ; as capio^ cepi, captum; 
 accipio, accepi, acceptum. — T)-ajecU. Repeat the note on cepit, Book 
 VII., § 20. — LcEsirat. Account for the form of the 2d and 3d roots of 
 >this verb. — What is the difference in the use of aUquod and attquid? 
 — Interrogavit ; ho w is it here construed 7 — how is advionebai ? 
 
 /sto, denoting abhorrence. How is diripiendas to be translated, 3. 
 and why "2 — Nemofuit, qui — attinglret, L. 134, 4. 
 
 ' Qiiod,' inquiebat,—' prodessent.' This expression of the verb of 4-» 
 saying in connexion with the subjunctive of indirect allusion is unu- 
 sual. — Judicaret, L. 128, II., 1. 
 
 Gerenii, L. 122, 2. Why is obligisset in the subjunctive T — Lego- 5. 
 tus, "as the lieutenant," L. 89, R. — Oppressissct — maluisset, L. 131, 
 (a). — Pecunia TiiultdvU, L. 105, 4. 
 
 What verbs or participles in this section form their second and 6i 
 third roots regularly according to the table in L. .49 1 — V<z misBro mi- 
 hi, L. 115. 
 
 Qui auderet. The demonstrative word before qui is omitted, L. 7« 
 134, 3 and N. 1. — Sed. Why is an adversative conjunction used 
 here 1 See note on tamen, Book VII., § 30. 
 
 Correptus. Explain the changes in the radical vowel of corriplre, 8. 
 according to the note on dlrexisset, Book VII., § 18, and the note on 
 accepta above, § 2. So projecit. — JLUtSris Greeds — eruditus, L. 
 117, 5. 
 
 Vicil. Repeat a former note respecting the loss of the n of the 9. 
 first root. — Qui adolescentiam — consumpsirat. As this clause ex- 
 presses the reason why the contemporaries of Lucullus did not expect 
 that he would attain to high distinction in the military profession, 
 
298 NOTES — BOOK VIII. 
 
 ■SCT. 
 
 why is not the verb in the subjunctive according to L. 128, II., 1 1— 
 What is the subject of factum est? 
 
 10. Eo bello, L. 118, 2. — Give the rules for the 2d and 3d roots offudit, 
 vicitf inj3cUf induxit^ and disjedus. 
 
 11. Pi-ospcctuet ambulauune, L. 117,5. — Give the rules for the verbs 
 in the subjunctive in this section. 
 
 la.. Fecit. Repeat the note on cepit, Book VII., § 20. — Nando, L. 
 117, 1. — Lorlca et scido retcntis. L. 91, 2. — Idque, "and this." What 
 is the antecedent of id? — OH, by what rule in the dative? 
 
 13. E bello. What is a preposition 7 L. 82, 7. What is the noun bo- 
 fore which e stands'? What is the preceding word whose relation to 
 bdlo is expressed by e? Between what two words does in express a 
 relation 7 What is the rule for the case of bello ? — of Italiam ? — By 
 what rule is partium put in the genitive ^ — What is the preceding 
 word whose relation to Hispaniam is expressed by in ? Give the 
 rule for the case of Hispaniam — for its locis, after the same preposi- 
 tion. It may here be noted that this difierence of cases depends on 
 the meaning of the word whose relation to the governed word is ex- 
 pressed by the preposition. 
 
 14. Q^uorsum ea res spectarct, L. 129, 1. — Nihil prqjlciet, L. 97, 5. 
 
 15. Erat Sertorio, L. 113. Define cases, L. 6, 1. How many cases 
 have Latin nouns? How many of the cases of Latin nouns are 
 always independent of the use of particles'! How many are some- 
 times independent of particles and sometimes dependent on them '? 
 On what particles are the accusative and ablative sometimes depend- 
 ent '! — the vocative? — Donum esse. What is the subject of esse? — 
 Si quid durius, L. 119, N. 3. — Libentes parebant, L. 91, 9. — Qui id 
 sibi. What is the antecedent of id? 
 
 16. Deflexit. Give the rules for forming its 2d and 3d roots. — Explain 
 the changes in the verb interjicio occasioned by composition. 
 
 17. Patrem. What is to be supplied, and by what rule? — Eum occi- 
 dendum suscepSrat, "to slay him," i. e. Cn. Pompeium; see note on 
 belli fmjus gerendi, Book V., § 33,^Suo, i. e. minium, the reflexive 
 here refers not to the subject but to the object, of the verb. 
 
 18. DUigerttur. Does this verb express tlie purpose or the result of 
 egit? Compare L. 133 and L. 134. — Quern ubi Sulla — audlvil. The 
 perfect for the pluperfect, see note on convenere, Book 111., § 5. — 
 Imperatorem,, L. 96, N. 4, 
 
 19. Eum iniquifactiirum, &c. In the oratio dlrecta, Tu iniqui fades, 
 si ob culpam unius omncs plectas. Here the future idea is expressed 
 by a subjunctive present connected with the future yacies. In the 
 oratio obllqua the same idea is expressed by the imperfect of the same 
 mood, in connexion "with facturum {esse), in which esse, depending 
 on the perfect exclamdvit, is equivalent to an imperfect, L. 95, 1, and 
 L. 47, 7. 
 
NOTES BOOK IX. 29'^ 
 
 SKCr. 
 Adolescens, "a youth," i. e. "while a youth," or "though but a 30. 
 
 youth." — Negue, "but — not."— Minui — crescSre, to be translated in 
 
 the imperfect tense, since Ihey denote the same time as innuebat on 
 
 which they depend, L. 95, 1. — Ed voce audita, "hearing this," or, 
 
 "when he heard this." The present participle in English is used in 
 
 connexion with verbs present, past, or future. 
 
 FugiaitUms, "who fled." — Is dixissejertur, so. Sertorius. 81. 
 
 AccidSrit — suhsiituetis, see L. 47, 11 and 8. In English the distinc- 83. 
 tion between the future and the future perfect is often neglected; "if 
 any thing shall happen — whom will you appoint in his place t" 
 
 Neque, "but — not." — VitiE suts ipse timebat. The object of tlmeo, 33. 
 as an active verb, is put in the accusative. With the dative it signi- 
 fies " to fear for, to be concerned about." 
 
 Q,ui—secutusfuZrat. As this clause expresses the reason which 84. 
 influenced the mind of Pompey in malcing war on Tigranes, why is 
 not the verb in the subjunctive? — Terlium triumphum biduo, literal- 
 ly, " a third triumph within two days," i. e. " three triumphs in the 
 space of two days." — Hie triumphus, " this triumph," i. e. " this se- 
 ries of triumphs considered as a whole." — Qiiod antea. The anteced- 
 ent ofguod is the triple triumph mentioned immediately after, L. 94, 
 N. 2. — Si quern gloruE, eundem vitcB Jinem habuisset, " if he had had 
 the same end of life as of glory," i. e. had his life ended with his 
 glory. The demonstrative and the antecedent here, as frequently, 
 follow the relative. 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 Exarsit. Many verbs in the 1st, 2d, and 4th conjugations become 1. 
 irregular in their 2d and 3d roots by imitating the forms of the 3d 
 conjugation. See L. 49, N. 2, and 4. — Vmit, See the preceding note 
 on exarsit, the table L. 49, and N. 1 and 2. What is the difierence be- 
 tween the first and second roots of wnio, see L. 49, R. 1. 
 
 /s, "such." — QutE parabllis esset, L. 127, II. 3. 
 
 Console — ingressuro. The ablative absolute with a future parti- 3. 
 ciple is comparatively rare. — Vt vidit et salutavit. See note on conve- 
 nere Rook III., § 5. — Nee committaTn lU, etc. See note p. 275. — Nihil 
 esse bonum, nisi, etc. This whole passage is in appo.sition to the pre- 
 ceding Aoc ipso. — Quamvis sis moleslus, eta. Malum includes both 
 moral and natural evil, and when Posidonius denies that pain is an 
 evil, the assertion is plainly true only in its former signification. 
 
 Sextum, et declmum. In the ordinal numbers from thirteen to 4. 
 nineteen, et is commonly omitted, as in English, when the smaller 
 
300 NOTES BOOK IX. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 number is put first. — Ut dimitlSret. Does this clause denote the pur- 
 pose or the result? L. 133 and L. 134. 
 
 5. Mansii. See the 1st note in this section. — Ut piratis, etc. Ci in- 
 troduces a dependent clause denoting a result, when it follows ila, 
 lam, &c., in a preceding clause, L. 134, 3. — Quibus redimeretur. 
 Does this denote the purpose or the result? — Spopondit. When the. 
 second root of a verb beginning with two consonants is reduplicated, 
 the first consonant following the reduplicated letters is dropped. 
 
 6. Colas, L. 126, 2.— Gades. What classes of nouns want the plural 1 
 L. J, 9. — Ingemuit. Many verbs in the other conjugations form 
 their 2d and 3d roots after the analogy of the second conjugation. 
 
 9". Give the rules for forming the nominative singular of plebis, lionart- 
 bus, (Ere, opus, artlbus, legem, seditio, caput, consults, stercSre, and mos. 
 
 8. Panclus. L. 49, N. 5. — Obtlnuit. Give the roots of the simple 
 verb. State the rule for the change of the vowel of the 1st root in 
 forming the compound. 
 
 9. CoBsar, quum, L. 132, R. 2.—-Ne imperfeclo bello discedcret depends 
 on the following clause from postuldvit to petZre. — On what does 
 liceret depend'] — What is the antecedent of quod? — On vifhat does 
 agnosceretur depend 7 
 
 10» Quatuor vero quibus in conspectum venZrat horis. A relative in 
 the ablative agreeing in case with its antecedent is not unfrequently 
 used instead of postquam, *' in four hours after," &c. 
 
 11. Assidenlem, sc. eum, i. e. CwsUrem. So, clamanfem, — CtEsar Cos- 
 sii brachium arreptum, L. 120, N. 3. 
 
 13. Erat Ccesar excelsa staturd, etc. L. 102, 1 and R. 1. — Armo- 
 rum, L. 104. 
 
 13. ffoc melu, i. e. "through fear of this," — Ne sperare quidimi. Ne 
 as usual preceding, and qitidem. followmg an emphatic word. 
 
 14:. Eodem esse anlmo, L. 101, R. 3. — Quo puer alius sc. esset, "vpilh 
 another boy;" lit. "of which another boy was." 
 
 15. Ad imitandum, " for imitation." — Dedit. What are the three roots 
 of this verb 1 What is its 2d root called 'J See note on pepZrit, Book 
 VII., §,23. 
 
 16. Ne euTn deserSret. On what does this clause depend? — AccXd/ii. 
 What is its subject ? — Quod ubi. What is its antecedent 1 
 
 17. Potuisset, L. 131, (c). With what does iniquum agree? — Quod, 
 L. 94, 7. 
 
 18. ObstUit. The root of the simple verb (sfo) is si ; this by redupli- 
 cation and dropping, as usual, the first of the two consonants be- 
 comes stet. See note on spopondit. Book IX., § 5. In most of the 
 compounds of sto the S in the 2d root of the simple verb be- 
 comes I. 
 
 19. Perro sibi ipse mortem, conscivit. Why is ipse used referring to the 
 subject of the verb rather than ipsi referring to the case following 
 
NOTES BOOK IX. 301 
 
 SSOT 
 
 the verbT— To whom do ilium and siue respectively refer'? — Servati 
 Catonis, L. 121, 5, (6). 
 
 Marcus Tullms Cicgro. Marciis is the prcenomen, equivalent to 30. 
 the modern Christian name. TuUius is the nomen or name, i. e. the 
 name of the gens to which he belonged, viz. the gens TuUia. CicSro 
 is the cognomen, i. c. the name of thejamilia or family, a subdivision 
 of the gens. 
 
 (iudd in bona civium invadebat. As this clause assigns the reason 31» 
 of Cicero's censure, why is not its verb in the Bubjunctive 7 — Ubi diii- 
 genliam. — qus experti fuerunt. Into what tense is this to be trans- 
 lated, and by what rule "? 
 
 Sergii CaiUince conjuratimem. This conspiracy is the subject of aa. 
 one of Sallust's historical treatises and of four of the orations of Cice- 
 ro. — ProfugU. How many words depend directly on this verb, and 
 what relations to it do they express 1 See L. 117, 1; L. 108, 2; 
 L. 112, 3. 
 
 Ah incepto destltit. Mark the repetition after a compound verb, not 33. 
 of the same preposition, but of a preposition of similar signification. — 
 Me& unius opSrS. When a possessive adjective pronoun is used 
 where the possessive genitive of the personal pronoun might have 
 been employed, an adjective in the genitive is sometimes used as if 
 agreeing with such personal pronoun : as if it were mei unius opSTS. — 
 Delectdtus, sc. est. — JEt ipse, sc. popUlus Homdnus. 
 
 Interdiceretur. This verb in the active voice is followed by a da- 34. 
 live of the person and an ablative of the thing. It is here used im- 
 personally in the passive, but retains the same construction, L. 
 124. 4, — Ab universis itum est, i. e. universi iverunt, L. 81, 10. — Ut 
 eum, sc. Octavium. 
 
 ProscripsU. L. 49, N. 5. The verbs of the third conjugation are 35. 
 distinguished from the regular verbs of the other conjugations by an- 
 nexing a consonant with no connecting vowel to the first root In 
 forming their 2d and 3d roots. Most of the irregularities in the 2d 
 and 3d roots of the other conjugations arise either from their follow- 
 ing the same analogy, or from the introduction of u (a contraction of 
 av, ev, or iv) into the 2d root. Other apparent irregularities in the 
 third conjugation, and in verbs formed according to the same analogy, 
 are to be ascribed to the laws oieuphony regulating the juxtaposition 
 of consonants, 
 
 Junioresn se, sc. esse. — Boc viginti amws audio. The present is 36> 
 sometimes used like the perfect definite to express that which has 
 been and still continues. 
 
 Athinis — Rhodi. Repeat the rule for their construction. — PrimiXT- 
 Jirvii; see note p. 276. — Hie, i. e. Cccsar. 
 
 Pridie quim, i. «i. die prius^am. — Se ipsa mdnerdvU. Explain 38. 
 26 
 
302 NOTES — BOOK IX. 
 
 SECT. 
 
 the difference between this expression and se ipsam milneramt,— 
 UiTnam possim, L. 126, 5. 
 »9. Recepisset. Explain the change of the radical vowel in the 2d root 
 of the simple verb, and in the 1st and 3d roots of the compound. 
 
 30. Sumpsit. Verbs in mo, when they form their second and third 
 roots according to the regular forms of the 3d conjugation, insert p 
 before s and t. — Ad id, " for thit purpose." — Dm indusis, " after they 
 had been shut up for a long time." L. 122, 6. 
 
 31. Junctis. Give the rules for the third root of jun^o — oi mitto. — 
 Faciet—feceritis. Repeat the note on Book VIII., § 22. 
 
 38. Novam prdscriptiones labTdam. Respecting the first proscription 
 list, see Book VIII., § 6. — Pepercit. Parco and a few other verbs 
 have a twofold irregularity in their second root — a reduplication and 
 a change of the radical vowel. 
 
 33. Maraim Brutum — belio persecutus est See more respecting this 
 war § 29.— Acerbius, L. 119, N. 3.— What is the object of sortiri? 
 
 3i» Kxspectabat Antonius, quidnam esset actura. The periphrastic 
 forms with essH and Juisset, like other imperfects and pluperfects, 
 may follow the imperfect, perfect indefinite or pluperfect. L. 135, 2. 
 
 35. Sedisset. See the 1st note on Book IX. — Quod ubi cognovit. 
 What is the antecedent of quod? By what tense is cognovit to be 
 translated 1 
 
 36. Occidi. Give the principal parts of the simple verb and of the 
 compound, and explain the changes of the diphthong. 
 
 37. Cognominaius— cognomen. The root of these words is the obso- 
 lete gTiosco "to know," for which nosco was afterwards used. 
 
 38. Rempubttcam plurium arbitrio commissum iri, L. 74, N. 2. — Id 
 zero studuit. For what does id stand? — Vests tegSret, "was trying 
 to hide," L. 47, N. 2. 
 
 39. Putasne assem te elephanto dare. A present infinitive depending 
 on a present, " do you suppose that you are giving." — Delexit. Ex- 
 plain the formation of its 2d and 3d roots. 
 
 40t Mum, sc. opificem. 
 
 4A" Parum prqficSret, sc. corvus, " made but little progress." Before 
 quanti supply tantl. 
 
 43. Quos princlpi daret, " to give to the prince," L. 133, 1 and 2. 
 ■43. Fas, L. D, as. — Et, ne mdgari. W^at does ei connect 7 
 
 44. Nocluam prehendendam curavit. See the 1st note on Book V., § 33. 
 
 45. Form from their root the nominative singular of ilfecenafem, equX- 
 tem, princXpem, nemTni, libertas,jus, morte, and caral/ax. 
 
 40. Privatae elsganticE erat, L. 102, 1. So, cibi minTmi erat. 
 
 47. Dormiebat, " used to sleep," L. 47, N. 2. So, arcessebat. 
 
 48. Idque ei viiio datum est. What is the antecedent of id? Give the 
 rule for ei viiio. — SolTtam clausUlam. See note p. 276. 
 
e^^ 
 
 .%m