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 Cornell University Library 
 TN 490.C6D79 
 
 Cobalt, its occurrence, metallurgy, uses 
 
 3 1924 004 682 047 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004682047 
 
Report of 
 
 ONTARIO BUREAU OF MINES, 1918 
 
 Vol. XXVIL, Part III. 
 
 Section I 
 
 COBALT 
 
 ITS 
 OCCURRENCE, METALLURGY, USES AND ALLOYS 
 
 By 
 Charles W. Drury 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 
 
 TORONTO": 
 Printed and Published by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty 
 
 19 19 
 
Report of 
 
 ONTARIO BUREAU OF LMINES, 1918 
 
 Vol. -.XXVII., Part III. 
 
 Section I 
 
 COBALT 
 
 ITS 
 OCCURRENCE, METALLURGY, USES AND ALLOYS 
 
 By 
 Charles W. Drury 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 
 
 ■'•<K>RN''LL ;■. 
 
 TORONTO : 
 Printed and Published by A. T. VViLGRKSS, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty 
 
 1019 
 
T~ 
 
 4/'"-, 
 
 
 Printed by 
 THE RYERSON PRESS 
 
 V'H.' -; -iVIMU 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introductory Note by Author vii 
 
 Chapter I — Cobalt Minerals, Their Composition and Occurrences 1 
 
 Summary of Most Important Deposits of Cobalt 1 
 
 Cobalt Minerals ■ 2 
 
 Summary of the World's Cobalt Deposits .. 6 
 
 Germany and Austria ' 6 
 
 Production of Cobalt Ores in Prussia 9 
 
 Production of Cobalt Ores in Austria 10 
 
 Deposits of the Chalanches, France 11 
 
 Norway 12 
 
 Production of Cobalt Ores in Norway 13 
 
 Sweden 13 
 
 Production of Cobalt Ores in Sweden 13 
 
 Italy : 14 
 
 Switzerland 14 
 
 New Caledonia 14 
 
 Exportation of Cobalt Ore from New Caledonia 16 
 
 New South Wales 16 
 
 South Australia 16 
 
 Africa 16 
 
 India • 17 
 
 United States 17 
 
 Production and Imports of Cobalt Oxide 19 
 
 Mexico 19 
 
 Peru 20 
 
 Chile u 20 
 
 Argentina .* 20 
 
 Great Britain 21 
 
 Spain 21 
 
 Production of Cobalt Ores in Spain 21 
 
 Russia 21 
 
 China 22 
 
 Ontario, Canada 22 
 
 Situation and Discovery ' 22 
 
 Age Relations of Eocks of Cobalt and Adjacent Areas 23 
 
 Character and Origin of Cobalt Veins 23 
 
 Ores and Minerals 25 
 
 Order of Deposition of Minerals 26 
 
 Total Production of Cobalt Mines, 1904-1917 28 
 
 Silver Production, Cobalt Mines, 1904-1917 29 
 
 Additional References 30 
 
 Chapter II — The Metallurgy of Cobalt 31 
 
 1 — The Extraction of Cobalt Oxide 32 
 
 A. 1. Decomposition of Arsenical and Sulphide Ores in Blast Furnaces . . 32 
 
 A. 2 (a). Decomposition of Arsenical and Sulphide Ores by Wet Processes 33 
 
 A. 2 (b). Decomposition of Arsenical and Sulphide Ores by Dry Processes 34 
 
 B. (1). Decomposition of Oxidized Ores by Wet Processes 34 
 
 B. (2). Decomposition of Oxidized Ores by Dry Processes 34 
 
 C. Decomposition of Silicates 34 
 
 Removal of Arsenic from Cobalt-Nickel Ores and Solutions 34 
 
 Removal of Iron 35 
 
 Removal of Copper 35 
 
 Removal of Manganese 35 
 
 Separation of Cobalt from Nickel 35 
 
 Methods Used or Proposed to Treat Cobalt Ores for Cobalt Oxide 36 
 
 Coniagas Reduction Company, Limited 37 
 
 Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Limited 38 
 
 Canadian Copper Company ■ 40 
 
 Canada Refining and Smelting Company, Limited 42 
 
 Metals Chemical, Limited 43 
 
 Summary of Bounties Paid 43 
 
 Herrenschmidt and Constable Processes 44 
 
 Other Proposed Processes x 48 
 
 Miscellaneous Processes Summarized 55 
 
 iii 
 
IV 
 
 Contents No. 4 
 
 PAGE 
 
 2 — The Production of Smalt 60 
 
 The Method Employed in Saxony to Prepare Smalt 60 
 
 Percentage Composition of Some Typical Smalts 62 
 
 The Chinese Method of Manufacturing Smalt 62 
 
 Preparation of Metallic Cobalt 63 
 
 Additional References -. 64 
 
 Development of the Metallurgy of the Ontario Silver-Cobalt Ores 64 
 
 Progress in Ore Dressing 65 
 
 Progress in the Metallurgy of Silver 66 
 
 Progress in the Metallurgy of Cobalt and Nickel 67 
 
 Chapter III — The Chemistry op Cobalt 70 
 
 Reactions of Cobalt Salts 70 
 
 Reactions in the Dry Way 74 
 
 Quantitative Determination of Cobalt and Nickel 74 
 
 In Oxidized Ores 74 
 
 Electrolytic Determination of Cobalt and Nickel 75 
 
 In Oxidized Ores 75 
 
 In Arsenical Ores 77 
 
 Separation of Cobalt from Nickel by Nitroso-Naphthol 79 
 
 Separation of Cobalt and Nickel by Potassium Nitrite 79 
 
 Separation of Zinc from Cobalt and Nickel 80 
 
 Determination of Cobalt and Nickel in Cobalt Metal 80 
 
 Dry Assay for Nickel and Cobalt 82 
 
 Additional References 83 
 
 Chapter IV — The Uses of Cobalt 84 
 
 Cobalt Oxide 84 
 
 Uses of Metallic Cobalt 86 
 
 Electro-Plating with Cobalt 87 
 
 Additional References 88 
 
 Chapter V — Binary Alloys op Cobalt 89 
 
 Cobalt and Aluminium 89 
 
 Additional References 91 
 
 Cobalt and Antimony 91 
 
 Additional References 91 
 
 Cobalt and Arsenic 93 
 
 Additional References 93 
 
 Cobalt and Bismuth 93 
 
 Additional References ' 93 
 
 Cobalt and Boron 95 
 
 References 95 
 
 Cobalt and Cadmium 95 
 
 Additional References 95 
 
 Cobalt and Carbon 95 
 
 Additional References 95 
 
 Cobalt and Chromium 93 
 
 Additional References 100 
 
 Cobalt and Copper > [ ^02 
 
 Additional References 202 
 
 Cobalt and Gold 102 
 
 Additional References .'.... 102 
 
 Cobalt and Iron 104 
 
 Additional References ' IO4. 
 
 Effect of Cobalt on Steel 105 
 
 Additional References 10g 
 
 Cobalt and Lead •_ 10g 
 
 Additional References .*....' 106 
 
 Cobalt and Magnesium '. ; ■■. ; .' -.• ' ' ' ^gg 
 
 Cobalt and Manganese ..'...,;... '. '.,..', 108 
 
 Additional References . .„ ° iqo 
 
 Cobalt and Molybdenum [ -, qo 
 
 Additional References .h ] 2qo 
 
 Cobalt-Nickel Alloys , '. [\ -1 qo 
 
 Oobalt-Nickel-Copper Alloys -■ -. « 
 
 Additional References :.:........ • 
 
 Cobalt and Phosphorus -. -., o 
 
 Additional References . .-. .-. ; i-.„ 
 
1919 Contents 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cobalt and Selenium , 112 
 
 Cobalt and Silicon 112 
 
 Additional References 114 
 
 Cobalt and Silver 114 
 
 Additional Kef erenoes ' 114 
 
 Cobalt and Sulphur 114 
 
 Cobalt and Thallium , 114 
 
 Cobalt and Tin 116 
 
 Additional References 118 
 
 Cobalt and Tungsten 118 
 
 Reference 118 
 
 Cobalt and Zinc 118 
 
 Additional References 118 
 
 Cobalt and Zirconium 118 
 
 Ternary Alloys of Cobalt 119 
 
 Group A 119 
 
 Group B 119 
 
 Group C 120 
 
 Group D 120 
 
 Group E * 121 
 
 Group F 121 
 
 Group G 121 
 
 Group H 122 
 
 Additional, References to Alloys 122 
 
 Acknowledgments 122 
 
 LIST OF DIAGRAMS 
 
 Generalized vertical section through the productive part of the Cobalt area 24 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Aluminium-Cobalt Alloys 90 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Antimony Alloys 92 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt- Arsenic Alloys 94 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Bismuth Alloys 94 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Carbon Alloys 96 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Chromium-Cobalt Alloys 97 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Copper Alloys 101 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Gold Alloys 103 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Lead Alloys 103 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Manganese-Cobalt Alloys 107 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloys 107 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Iron-Cobalt Alloys 109 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Nickel-Cobalt Alloys 109 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Phosphorus Alloys : Ill 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Sulphur Alloys Ill 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Silicon Alloys 113 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Tin Alloys 115 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt- Thallium Alloys 117 
 
 Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Zinc Alloys 117 
 
 Type Diagrams of some Ternary Cobalt Alloys 120 
 
 MAP— (Insert ) 
 Index Map Showing Mining Properties at Cobalt facing 28 
 
Introductory Note by Author 
 
 In preparing this review of the occurrence, metallurgy, uses, chemistry and 
 alloys of cobalt the author has made an attempt to collect all published information 
 concerning this metal, and has added some remarks of his own. 
 
 Owing to the growing importance of cobalt and its compounds, and also to the 
 interest that is being taken in the metal because of the similarity of some of its 
 properties to those of nickel, it was felt a compilation and summary of all scattered 
 information should be made. Besides having the general information in accessible 
 form, it is hoped that the various summaries and the list of references in the review, 
 especially those in the section on alloys, will be of assistance to any investigators 
 attempting to study the metallurgy or the alloys of the metal cobalt. 
 
 C. W. D. 
 
 Queen's University, 
 Kingston, Canada, 
 July 1st, 1918. 
 
 Vil 
 
COBALT 
 
 ITS OCCURRENCE, METALLURGY, USES AND ALLOYS 
 By Charles W. Drury 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 COBALT MINERALS, THEIR COMPOSITION AND OCCURRENCES 
 
 Summary of Most Important Deposits of Cobalt 
 
 Of the present known deposits of cobalt ores there are only five that are either 
 being worked or are suitable for working at present, viz., those of Cobalt, Ont., 
 Missouri, New Caledonia, Belgian Congo, and Schneeberg, Germany. 
 
 Those of Cobalt are the largest, and the shipping ore and concentrate contains 
 an average of 7 to 10 per cent, of cobalt, 5 per cent, of nickel, 25 per cent, of arsenic 
 and 300 to 1,000 ounces of silver. The higher grade silver ores are associated with 
 calcite in narrow veins. The cobalt and nickel minerals occur chiefly as arsenides. 
 
 The ores of southeastern Missouri, occurring in the vicinity of Fredericktown, 
 are associated with an entirely different class of minerals, as may be seen from the 
 following approximate composition of the ore : copper, 2 to 3 per cent. ; lead, 1.5 to 
 2.5; cobalt, 0.5 to 0.7, and nickel, 0.7 to 0.9 per cent. Arsenic and silver are not 
 found with the Missouri cobalt ores. The copper and lead occur chiefly as sulphides, 
 and the cobalt and nickel are more closely associated with the copper than the lead 
 minerals. Iron and zinc sulphides are also present. 
 
 In the New Caledonia deposits, the cobalt occurs chiefly in the oxide form, the 
 ore averaging 3 to 4 per cent, cobalt oxide. Manganese, nickel and iron oxides 
 occur with the cobalt. 
 
 The association of cobalt with copper in Belgian Congo is of importance. As 
 mentioned again in the report, in 1913 8,064 tons of copper, containing from 2.8 to 
 3.25 per cent, cobalt, were exported to Germany to be refined electrolytically. As 
 this tonnage could yield perhaps 150- tons of cobalt, it is important when the total 
 world's production is not more than about 500 tons. 
 
 The cobalt ores of Schneeberg are associated* with nickel and bismuth minerals, 
 the bismuth being the most important. Few analyses have been published showing 
 the content of the ore, but those given for development work show about 2 per cent, 
 of cobalt and 1 per cent, of nickel, the percentage of bismuth being considerably 
 more than of cobalt and nickel. 
 
 It is a most difficult task to estimate the tonnage of cobalt ores available or 
 developed. There is no question that the Canadian deposits will be the greatest 
 source of cobalt for some years. The ores of Missouri, although containing 
 considerably less cobalt than those of the other countries, are extensive, and will be 
 sufficient to supply practically all the demands in the United States, which are now 
 about 150 tons annually. The Missouri ores are being treated at present by the 
 Missouri Cobalt Company, which is the only producer of cobalt in the United States. 
 The reason why the deposits of New Caledonia are not being operated is the 
 low price of cobalt and the high cost of transportation. However, if the price 
 of cobalt continues to advance, thepe is no doubt that they will be reopened. 
 
 1 
 
 2 b.m. (iii) 
 
Bureau of Mines No - 
 
 Cobalt Minerals 
 
 Cobaltite, Cobalt Glance. 
 
 Isometric; pyritohedral. Commonly in cubes, or pyritohedrons, or combinations 
 resembling common forms of pyrite. Also granular, massive to compact. 
 
 Cleavage; cubic, rather perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.=5.o. 
 G — 6-6.3. Lustre metallic. Colour; when freshly broken, silver-white inclined to 
 red, also steel-gray with a violet tinge, or grayish black when containing much iron. 
 Streak grayish black. 
 
 Composition; sulpharsenide of cobalt, CoAsS or CoS,.CoAs.,. sulphur 19.3, 
 arsenic 45.2, cobalt 35.5. 
 
 Occurs at Tunaberg, Eiddarhyttan, Vena, and Hakansbo, in Sweden; at the Ko 
 and Bjelke mines of Nordmark; also at Skutterud in Norway. Other localities are 
 Querbach in Silesia; Schladming, Styria; Siegen in Westphalia (from the Hamberg 
 mine, the ferrocobaltite) ; Dobsina, Hungary; Val d'Annivier, Valais; Botallack 
 mine, near St. Just, Cornwall; Daschkessan, near Elizabethpol, in the Caucasus; 
 Khetri mines, Eajputana, India. The ore from the Khetri mines was sold to the 
 Indian enamellers and jewellers under the name of sehta. Deposits also occur at 
 Tambillos and at Huasco, Chile. 
 
 In the United States, it occurs with chalcopyrite and gold in the Quartzburg 
 district, near Prairie City, Grant county, Oregon. 
 
 In Canada, at Cobalt, Ontario. 
 
 Smaltite, Gray Cobalt Ore. 
 
 Isometric ; pyritohedral. Commonly massive ; in reticulated and other imitative 
 shapes. 
 
 Cleavage; o distinct; a in traces. Fracture granular and uneven. Brittle. 
 H.=5.5-6. G. =6.4-6. 6 Lustre metallic. Colour; tin-white, inclining when 
 massive, to steel-gray, sometimes iridescent, or grayish from tarnish. Streak 
 grayish black. Opaque. 
 
 Composition; essentially cobalt diarsenide. Co As,, arsenic 71.8, cobalt 28.2. 
 
 Occurs usually in veins, accompanying ores of cobalt and of silver and copper. 
 Such associations are found at Freiberg, Annaberg, and particularly Schneeberg, in 
 Saxony ; at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, the reticulated varieties are frequently found 
 embedded in calcite ; also at Wheal Sparnon in Cornwall ; at Tunaberg in Sweden : 
 Allemont in Dauphine ; at the silver mines of Tres Puntas and Yeta Blanca, Chile. 
 
 In the United States, it occurs in calcite gangue, associated with small quan- 
 tities of erythrite and native silver, near Gothic, Gunnison county, Colorado. 
 
 In Canada, at Cobalt, Ontario. 
 
 Linna'ite, Siegenite, Cobalt Pyrites. 
 
 Isometric. Commonly in octahedrons. Also massive, granular to compact. 
 
 Cleavage; cubic, imperfect. Fracture; uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. 
 H.=5.5. G.=4.8-5. Lustre; metallic. Colour ; pale steel-gray, tarnishing copper- 
 red. Streak blackish gray. 
 
 Composition; Co s S 4 =CoS.Co 2 S 3 , sulphur 42.1, cobalt 57.9. The cobalt is 
 replaced by nickel (siegenite) and to some extent by iron and copper in varying 
 proportions. 
 
1918 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurren-Jj 3 
 
 Occurs in gneiss with chalcopyrite, at Bastnaes, near Eiddarhyttan, and at 
 Gladhammar, Sweden; at Miisen, near Siegen, in Prussia, with barite and siderite; 
 at Siegen (siegenite), in octahedrons. 
 
 In the United States, it occurs with chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, and 
 . bornite in a number of mines of southeastern Missouri, especially in Madison county, 
 at Mine la Motte and Fredericktown, and in St. Francois county; also at Lovelock's 
 Station, Nevada; at Mineral Hill copper mines, Carroll county, Maryland, and at 
 Finksburg, Maryland, associated with copper ores, sphalerite and pyrite, in chlorite 
 schist. 
 
 Erythrite, Cobalt Bloom, Red Cobalt, Cobalt Ochre. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic and vertically striated. Also in globular and 
 reiiiform shapes, having a drusy surface and a columnar structure; sometimes 
 stellate. Also pulverulent and earthy, incrusting. 
 
 Cleavage; b highly perfect. Sectile. H.=1.5-2.5. C=2.9. Lustre of b 
 pearly, other faces adamantine to vitreous, also dull and earthy. Colour; crimson 
 and peach-red, sometimes gray. Streak a little paler than the colour, the dry 
 powder deep lavender-blue. 
 
 Composition; hydrous cobalt arsenate, Co 3 As 2 O s .8H 2 0. As,0 5 38.4, CoO 
 37.5, water 24.1. The cobalt is sometimes replaced by nickel, iron, or calcium. 
 
 Occurs at Schneeberg in Saxony, in micaceous scales; in brilliant specimens, 
 consisting of minute aggregated crystals, at Saalfeld in Thuringia; also at 
 Kiechelsdorf in Hesse ; Modum in Norway ; with bismuth at Bieber in Hesse ; 
 Andalusia, Spain; Piedmont, Italy. The earthy peach-blossom varieties have been 
 observed at Allemont, in Dauphine, France; at the Botallack mine, near St. Just, 
 Cornwall; near Alston in Cumberland; and near Killarney in Ireland. A per- 
 fectly green variety occurs at Platten in Bohemia, and sometimes red and green 
 tinges have been observed on the same crystal. 
 
 In the "United States, erythrite occurs in the northeast part of Churchill county. 
 Nevada; near Blackbird, Lemhi county, Idaho; at Josephine mine, Mariposa county, 
 and at Kelsey mine, Los Angeles county, California; also at Lovelock mine, Hum- 
 boldt county, Nevada. 
 
 In Canada, at Cobalt, Ontario. 
 
 Willyamite. 
 
 Cleavage; cubic. Fracture; uneven. Brittle. H.=5.5. G.=6.87. Lustre; 
 metallic. Colour; between tin-white and steel-gray. Streak; grayish black. 
 
 Composition; CoS,.NiS 2 .CoSb 2 .NiSb 2 . A sulph-antimonide of cobalt and 
 nickel. 
 
 Found at the Broken Hill mines, in Willyama township, New South Wales, 
 associated with dyscrasite in a calcite and siderite gangue. 
 
 Shutterudite. 
 
 Isometric; pyritohedral. Also massive granular. 
 
 Composition; cobalt arsenide, CoAs 3 . 
 
 Cleavage; a, distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.=6. G. =6. 72-6. 86. 
 Lustre; metallic. Colour; between tin-white and pale lead-gray, sometimes 
 iridescent. 
 
Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Pound at Skutterud, near Modum, Norway, 'in a hornblende gangue in gneiss 
 with titanite and cobaltite, the crystals sometimes implanted on those of cobaltite. 
 
 Bismutosmaltite. 
 
 Composition; Co(As.Bi) 3 . A skutterudite containing bismuth. Colour; tin- 
 white. G.=6.92. 
 
 Occurs with other bismuth minerals at Zschorlau, near Schneeberg, Saxony. 
 
 Asbolite ; Asbolan, Earthy Cobali, Wad. 
 
 Composition; an impure mixture of manganese and other metallic oxides. 
 Some varieties have been known to contain as much as 32 per cent, of cobalt oxide. 
 
 Occurs at Eiechelsdorf in Hesse; in Westerwald district between Ehenish 
 Prussia and Westphalia; at Saalfeld in Thuringia; at Nerchinsk in Siberia; at 
 Alderley Edge in Cheshire; Asturias, Spain; and New Caledonia. 
 
 An earthy cobalt mineral occurs at Mine la Motte, Missouri, associated with 
 copper, iron, nickel, lead and sulphur ; also near Silver Bluff, South Carolina. 
 
 Roselite. 
 
 Triclinic. 
 
 Composition; (Ca.Co.Mg) 3 As 2 8 .2H 2 0. H.=3.5. G.=3.5-3.6. Occurs in 
 small crystals; often in druses and spherical aggregates. Colour; light to dark 
 rose-red. 
 
 Found at Schneeberg, Saxony, on quartz (1842) ; later obtained from the same 
 region at the Daniel and Bappold mines; also reported from Schapbach, Baden. 
 
 Sphcerocobaltite. 
 
 Ehombohedral. In small spherical masses, with crystalline surfaces, rarely in 
 crystals. H.=4. G.=4.02-4.13. Lustre; vitreous. Colour; rose-red altering to 
 velvet-black. Streak; peach-blossom red. 
 
 Composition; cobalt carbonate — CoC0 3 . 
 
 Occurs sparingly with roselite at Schneeberg, Saxony. 
 
 Remingtonite. 
 
 A rose-coloured incrustation, soft and earthy. Streak; pale rose-coloured. 
 
 Composition; a hydrous cobalt carbonate. 
 
 Occurs as a coating on thin veins of serpentine, which traverse hornblende and 
 epidote at a copper mine near Finksburg, Carroll county, Maryland. 
 
 Safflorite. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Similar to smaltite, essentially cobalt diarsenide, CoAs,. 
 Form near that of arsenopyrite. Usually massive, sometimes showing fibrous 
 radiated structure. Lustre; metallic. Colour; tin-white, soon tarnishing to dark 
 gray. 
 
 Occurs with smaltite and implanted upon it, at Schneeberg, Saxony. Also 
 similarly associated at Bieber, near Hanau, in Hesse; at Wittichen in Baden; 
 Tunaberg in Sweden. 
 
1918 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 5 
 
 Glaucodot. 
 
 In orthorhombic crystals. Also massive. Brittle. H.=5. G.=5. 90-6. 0.1. 
 Lustre; metallic. Colour; grayish tin-white. Streak; black. 
 
 Composition; a sulpharsenide of cobalt and iron. (Co,Fe)AsS. 
 
 Occurs in chlorite slate with cobaltite in the province of Huasco, Chile; also at 
 Hakansbo, Sweden. 
 
 Alloclasite. 
 
 Commonly in columnar to hemispherical aggregates. H.=4.5. G.=6.6. 
 Colour; steel-gray. Streak; nearly black. 
 
 Composition; probably essentially Co(As,Bi)S, with cobalt in part replaced by 
 iron; or a glaucodot containing bismuth. 
 
 Occurs at Orawitza, Hungary. 
 
 Bieberite. 
 
 Composition; hydrous cobalt sulphate; CoS0 4 .7H 2 0. 
 
 Occurs as rose-coloured stalactites in the old mines at Bieber, in Hesse; at 
 Leogang, in Salzburg; at Tres Puntas, near Copiapo, Chile. 
 
 Cobaltomenite. 
 
 Probably cobalt selenite, CoSe0 3 .2H 2 0. 
 
 Occurs with ehalcomenite (hydrous cupric selenite), at Cerro de Cacheuta, 
 Argentina. 
 
 Jaipurite. 
 
 Composition; described as a simple cobalt sulphide, CoS, occurring massive. 
 G.=5.45. Colour; steel-gray. 
 
 It is stated that this mineral was used by Indian jewellers. 
 
 Carrollite. 
 
 Isometric, rarely in octahedrons. Usually massive. H.=5.5. 6. =4.85. 
 Colour; light steel-gray, with a faint reddish hue. 
 
 Composition; a copper cobalt sulphide, CuCo 2 S 4 =CuS.Co 2 S 3 , cobalt 38.0, 
 copper 20.5, sulphur 41.5. 
 
 Occurs at the Patapsco mine, near Finksburg, Carroll county, Maryland, and 
 also at the Springfield mine, associated and mixed with chalcopyrite and chalcocite. 
 
 Sychnodymite. 
 
 Isometric, in small steel-gray octahedrons. 
 
 Composition; essentially (Co,Cu) 4 S 5 . Part of the cobalt may be replaced by 
 nickel. 
 
 Occurs, associated with quartz, siderite, and tetrahedrite, at the Kohlenbach 
 mine, southeast of Eiserfeld in the Siegen district, Prussia. 
 
 Pateraite. 
 
 An impure, massive mineral of black colour, supposed to be a molybdate of 
 cobalt. Vogl discovered pateraite associated with uranium ores in the Blias mine, 
 Joachimsthal, Bohemia. 
 
Bureau of Mines No - 4 
 
 Transvaalite. 
 
 An oxidation product of cobalt arsenide. 
 
 Occurs in black nodular masses forming veins in quartzite at a cobalt deposit, 
 30 miles north of Middleburg, Transvaal, South Africa. An analysis of a sample 
 of transvaalite showed 1 oz. 12 dwt. of gold per ton. 
 
 TIeterogenile; Heubachite; Winlclerite. 
 
 These are hydrated oxidized cobalt minerals, containing nickel, copper, iron, 
 or manganese. • 
 
 Cobalt is also an occasional constituent of many other minerals, especially of 
 pyrrbotite (sulphide of iron) and arsenopyrite (sulpharsenide of iron), and is 
 usually present in nickel ores. Cobaltiferous varieties of arsenopyrite, known as 
 danaite, are probably due to isomorphous intergrowths of glaucodot. 
 
 Metallic cobalt has been recorded as occurring in meteorites. 
 
 Summary of the World's Cobalt Deposits* 
 
 *A large part of the description of the world's cobalt deposits as given in this section 
 is taken from the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines, Part II, bv 
 Willet G. Miller. 
 
 Germany and Austria 
 
 Deposits of cobalt-silver ores resembling those found in the vicinity of Cobalt, 
 Canada, are found in Germany and Austria. The two areas in these countries are 
 those of Annaberg and Joachimsthal. Mining was begun in the latter about the 
 end of the fifteenth century, while it is stated the deposits of the former were 
 discovered in 1492. 
 
 The ores of those two regions are similar to those of Ontario, and contain 
 compounds of cobalt, nickel, bismuth, and silver, with the ore of uranium, which 
 has not been found in the Ontario deposits. The rocks belong to the older svstems, 
 hut are different in composition from those of Cobalt. 
 
 At Joachimsthal, in Bohemia, there is a series of mica schist and limestone 
 cut by dikes of basalt. The veins are said to be older in age than the basalt, and 
 younger than the other rocks mentioned. The veins, which are narrow, contain 
 quartz, ( hornstone, caleite, and dolomite as gangue material, and often show a 
 hrecciated structure. 1 The minerals of these veins are given in the following list : 
 
 1. Silver ores: native silver, argentite, polybasite, stephanite, tetrahedrite. 
 proustite, pyrargyrite, and sternbergite. 
 
 2. Nickel ores : niccolite, ehloanthite, and millerite. 
 
 3. Cobalt ores: smaltite as well as bismuth-bearing linnseite and asbolite. 
 
 4. .Bismuth ores: native bismuth together with hismuthinite and bismuth 
 ochre. 
 
 5. Arsenic ores: native arsenic and arsenical pyrites. 
 
 6. Uranium ore: uraninite or pitchblende. 
 
 >t /, Beck ' Erzlagerstatten, p. 290, 1903. Beysehlag, Krusch and Vogt, Die Lao-erstatten der 
 Nutzbaren Mmeralieu und Gesteine. Stelzner-Bergeat, Die Erzlagerstatten. w ° erslauen der 
 
1918 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 7 
 
 Associated with these are galena, zinc blende, pyrite, marcasite, and copper 
 pyrites. 
 
 Among these ores those of cobalt and nickel are generally the older; those of 
 silver the younger. The veins cut through, dikes of quartz-porphyry, and are in 
 turn cut by basalt and later dikes. 
 
 Of similar composition to those of Joachimsthal are the veins of Annaberg in 
 Saxony. In this neighbourhood the rock is gray gneiss. There are two groups of 
 veins, but the younger, carrying the silver-cobalt ores, are the more important of 
 the ore bodies. The gangue material is chiefly barite, fluorspar, quartz, and breun- 
 nerite, with various cobalt, nickel, and bismuth ores, viz., chloanthite, smaltite, red 
 and white nickel pyrites, annabergite, native bismuth, and rarely bismuthinite. Of 
 the silver ores, pyrargyrite, proustite, argentite, native silver, and silver chloride 
 are found. The subordinate gangue minerals are hornstone, chalcedony, amethyst, 
 calcite, aragonite, kaolin, and gypsum ; while among the ores are copper pyrites, 
 galena, zinc blende, pyrite, marcasite, tetrahedrite, siderite, uraninite, uranochal- 
 cite, uranochre, gummite, and native arsenic. The fact that a large amount of 
 silver chloride was mined at one time, is interesting. 
 
 From a large number of observations, the following is given as the relative 
 ages of the various minerals of the Annaberg veins : 
 
 V. Decomposition products: annabergite and cobalt bloom. 
 IV. Silver ores and native arsenic. 
 III. Calcite and uraninite. 
 II. Breunnerite and co'balt-nickel-bismuth ores. 
 I. Barite, fluorspar, and quartz. 
 
 The silver-cobalt veins cut the older tin and lead veins of the district as well 
 as the dikes of microgranite and lamprophyre. The latter, especially, are often cut 
 by the silver-cobalt veins. These are cut by basalt, which occurs not only in true 
 dikes, but also in boss-like forms. 
 
 Somewhat similar silver-cobalt ores are found in certain veins at Schneeberg, 
 but they are not so strikingly like those of Joachimsthal and Annaberg. A like 
 association of ores is found at Wittichen, where the veins occur in granite. 
 
 According to Von Cotta, the rocks of the Joachimsthal district consist of mica 
 schist, together with more or less hornblende schist and crystalline limestone, the 
 whole being cut by numerous dikes of quartz-porphyry and basalt. There are also 
 two large granite masses which rise out of the mica schist. There are lodes of tin, 
 silver, and iron compounds. Tin is found only in the granite region. Silver lodes 
 are divided into four groups fairly distinct from one another. One set contains 
 about 17, while another has 21 lodes. There are also others which do not come to 
 the surface. Von Cotta also states that both classes of lodes intersect the mica 
 schist, with all its subordinate strata, quartz-porphyry, and often even the dikes' 
 of basalt and wacke ; x and that there seem to be cases where dikes of the basalt and , 
 wacke have intersected lodes or have penetrated their fissures. Prom this it friay 
 be deduced that the silver lodes were almost contemporaneous with the formation of 
 the basalt, in that their fissures, in part follow the basalt dikes and in part are 
 intersected by the basalt. At all events' they stand in a certain genetic connection 
 
 1 Wacke is an old term for a soft, earthy variety of trap rock. 
 
Bureau of Mines No - 4 
 
 to the porphyry, which here is evidently of much greater age than the basalt. The 
 subject is still somewhat obscure. The silver lodes have not yet been found in the 
 granite. Other writers do not agree with Von Cotta, as they appear to be of 
 opinion that the basalt is younger than the veins. 
 
 The following notes are taken from Phillips' "Ore Deposits," p. 436, 189^6. 
 
 The mountains known as Erzgebirge lie on the boundary between Saxony and 
 Bohemia. Joachimsthal lies on the Bohemian side, and is therefore an Austrian 
 town, while Annaberg is in Saxony. 
 
 The country rock in the neighborhood of Joachimsthal is for the most part 
 mica sc-hist enclosed between masses of granite. In the eastern part of the mine 
 there are some masses of included limestone, but in the western part, where the 
 veins are not infrequently associated with dikes of porphyry, the gangue is almost 
 quartzose. There are seventeen veins striking north and south, and seventeen others 
 of which the direction is east and west. It has been constantly observed that the 
 former exhibit a tendency to become enriched where they pass through the porphyry 
 or included limestone, while the latter is not similarly affected when they come 
 in contact with these rocks. The ores mined contained silver, cobalt, nickel, 
 bismuth, and uranium. The uranium ores of Joachimsthal became valuable a 
 few years ago, when it was found that uraninite was the chief commercial source 
 of radium. 
 
 In 1864, when one shaft had reached a depth of 1,440 feet, a heavy outburst of 
 water, at a temperature of 25° C. and evolving sulphuretted hydrogen, took place, 
 and greatly interfered with underground operations. It was two years before this 
 water could be successfully tubbed -off and mining continued. 
 
 Cobalt minerals associated with granite are found in several other localities in 
 the Erzgebirge, as well as at Wittichen and at Wolfach, in the Black Forest, where 
 the veins occur in granite. 
 
 In Thuringia fault fissures in the Kupferschiefer and Zechstein are filled with 
 barite, calcite and fragments of the country rock, together with smaltite, asbolite, 
 and erythrite. They have been worked especially at Schweina, near Liebenstein. 
 
 The palseopicrite of Dillenburg (Nassau) contains cobalt, together with nickel, 
 copper, and bismuth. At Querbach and Giehren, in the Riesengebirge, the mica 
 schist near the contact with gneiss is impregnated with cobaltite, chalcopyrite, 
 pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, blende, galena, magnetite, and cassiterite. 
 
 In the Fichtelgebirge, ores of cobalt and nickel are associated with siderite, 
 bismuth, and barite. Siderite and copper ores are found with them in the Siegen 
 district, Prussia. 
 
 In Alsace veins of smaltite, chloanthite and native silver in a calcite gangue 
 were formerly worked at Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. 
 
 Messrs. Schmidt and Verloop •■ have described the cobalt and nickel deposits of 
 Sehladming, Styria. The predominating ores are given as : niccolite, chloanthite, 
 gersdorffite, and smaltite. Native bismuth and arsenic, arsenical pyrites and- 
 lollingite are also found. 
 
 > Schmidt and Verloop Notiz fiber die Laerstatte von Kobalt und Nickelerzen bei 
 Sehladming in Steiermark: Zeitschr. prakt. Geologie, Vol. XVII, 1910, pp. 271 275 
 
1918 
 
 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 
 
 During the period from 1877 to 1880 there were obtained 29.3 tons of ore, 
 containing 4,497 ounces of silver, 198 pounds of bismuth, 878 pounds of uranic 
 oxide, 1.5 tons of arsenic, and 314 pounds of cobalt-nickel with a little lead, repre- 
 senting a total value of £1,687. 
 
 About this time it became evident that the uranic oxide was the most valuable 
 product of these mines, and workings were especially directed to develop the 
 minerals yielding it. 
 
 The Schneeberg mines during the year 1881 produced 158 tons of nickel and 
 cobalt ores, valued at £5,902 ; 1,315 tons of silver 1 , ore, and 59 tons of bismuth ore, 
 worth £3,292 and £16,933 respectively. 
 
 The production of cobalt ores in Prussia and Bavaria is given below. 
 
 V 
 
 PRODUCTION OF COBALT ORES IN PRUSSIA.! 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Metric 
 tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Metric 
 tons 
 
 Value 
 
 1852 
 
 233 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 $ 
 16,376 
 5,652 
 6,676 
 4,534 
 3,882 
 1,761 
 767 
 
 1880..., 
 
 48 
 
 33 
 
 66 
 
 98 
 
 67 
 
 59 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 503 
 
 651 
 
 576 
 
 534 
 
 203 
 
 203 
 
 120 
 
 181 
 
 121 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 76 
 
 65 
 
 41 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 $ 
 2,974 
 
 1853 
 
 1881 
 
 2,052 
 
 1854 
 
 188? 
 
 3,311 
 
 1855 
 
 1883 
 
 4,869 
 
 1856 
 
 1884 
 
 2,030 
 
 1857 
 
 1885 
 
 "1,326 
 
 1858 
 
 1886 
 
 808 
 
 1859.. 
 
 1887 
 
 343 
 
 1860 
 
 0.3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 143 
 0.2 
 
 17 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 291 
 
 1,470 
 
 37 
 
 1888 
 
 992 
 
 1861 
 
 1889 
 
 2,739 
 
 1862 
 
 1890 
 
 10,739 
 
 1863 
 
 1891 
 
 9,209 
 
 1864 
 
 189? 
 
 14,550 
 
 1865 
 
 1893 
 
 8,491 
 
 1866 
 
 1894 
 
 5,741 
 
 1867 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 219 
 
 286 
 
 254 
 
 200 
 
 158 
 
 70 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 12,313 
 
 8,371 
 
 6,764 
 
 3,762 
 
 4,228 
 
 14,547 
 
 13,820 
 
 35,757 
 
 19,789 
 
 19,076 
 
 5,233 
 
 2,955 
 
 3,074 
 
 1895 
 
 6,298 
 
 1868 
 
 1896 
 
 9,868 
 
 1869 
 
 1897 
 
 6,256 
 
 1870 
 
 1898 
 
 1,700 
 
 1871 
 
 1899 
 
 850 
 
 1872 
 
 1900 
 
 160 
 
 1873 
 
 1901 
 
 2,168 
 
 1874 
 
 1902 
 
 
 1875 
 
 1903 
 
 
 1876 
 
 1904 
 
 
 1877 
 
 1905..... 
 
 
 1878 
 
 1906 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt products were made in Prussia continuously from 1852 to 1911. No 
 cobalt ore was produced in Prussia after 1906 and very little since 1897, so that 
 most of the ore treated must have been imported. 
 
 In 1884 and 1885 only was there any production of cobalt ores in Bavaria. 
 During these years there were produced 160 tons and 349 tons of ore, valued at $600 
 and $1,050 respectively. 
 
 1 Most of the figures in this and the following tables were taken from the Mineral Industry. 
 
10 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 The production of cobalt ore in Saxony has not been published separately, but 
 is given with bismuth and nickel ores. From 1878 to 1901 there was produced 
 25,350 tons of cobalt, bismuth, and nickel ores. 
 
 In 1904, one cobalt-silver mine in the Schneeberg district had a production 
 valued at $132,147. The values were in silver, cobalt, nickel, bismuth, arsenic, 
 uranium, samples, etc. These ores were treated at the "blue colour works," at 
 Schneeberg. Both the government and private companies were interested in the 
 industry. For a detailed description of the cobalt industry in Saxony, the reader 
 is referred to " The Early History of the Cobalt Industry in Saxony," by Mickle, 
 Beport of Bureau of Mines, Ontario, Vol. XIX, 1913, pt. ii., pp. 234-251. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF COBALT ORES IN AUSTRIA. 
 
 Year 
 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893 
 1894. 
 
 («). 
 
 Nickel and Cobalt Ore 
 
 Metric 
 tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Year 
 
 Nickel and Cobalt 
 Products 
 
 Metric 
 tons 
 
 136 
 
 387 
 342 
 371 
 
 281 
 
 166 
 
 50 
 
 452 
 156 
 112 
 
 97 
 
 105 
 
 76 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 137 
 
 37 
 
 J. 4 
 
 0.3 
 0.5 
 
 18,806 
 5,508 
 3,050 
 
 662 
 108 
 
 12,244 
 
 12.546 
 
 9,864 
 
 8,340 
 
 790 
 242 
 718 
 440 
 200 
 210 
 158 
 340 
 1,546 
 154 
 
 126 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897. 
 1898 
 1899. 
 1900 
 1901. 
 
 19 
 
 1.5 
 0.15 
 0.12 
 0.1 
 
 Value 
 
 1856 
 
 
 * 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 
 
 1860 
 
 5 ... 
 
 
 1861 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 
 • 
 
 23 
 
 20,150 
 
 87 
 
 22,460 
 
 22 
 
 18,892 
 
 22 
 
 13,734 
 
 14 
 
 7,896 
 
 6 
 
 3,502 
 
 5 
 
 1,280 
 
 4 
 
 1,142 
 
 1,336 
 
 180 
 78 
 64 
 62 
 
 10,022 
 10,800 
 17,868 
 13,668 
 1,198 
 
 fa) From 1861 to 1869 inclusive, no record is given of any production of nickel and 
 cobalt ore or products in Austria. u(1 « uiu 
 
1918 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 11 
 
 Deposits of the Chalanches, Prance 
 
 Silver, cobalt, and nickel ores somewhat similar to those of Germany occur in 
 a network of narrow veins in crystalline schist at the Chalanches, in the Dauphin e. 
 France. These deposits were discovered in 1761, and have been described by 
 T. A. Eickard. 1 
 
 The following notes are from Mr. Eickard's paper: 
 
 During the earliest period of mining at the Chalanches, some bodies of rich silver, nickel, 
 and cobalt ore were found near the surface. Tt is said that two shots produced sufficient 
 silver to pay for the two buildings known as the pavilions of Allemont, with their various 
 ornamentations, including the fleur-de-lis which still adorn the roof. As 200 to 300 kilos 
 of silver would at that time be worth from $10,000 to $15,000 this statement does not seem 
 incredible. 
 
 It is remarkable that although the silver is always associated in the lodes with rich 
 nickel and cobalt ores, often with bunches of stibnite, and more rarely and erratically with 
 gold, the government engineers took no notice of any metal other than silver. The speiss 2 
 containing nickel and cobalt was rejected with the slags, and was used to fill the swamps or 
 form road beds, which, in later times, were furrowed and turned over to recover their 
 valuable contents. 
 
 The possibility of utilizing three metals instead of one seems to have dawned upon 
 the engineers quite as a discovery; and this fact stimulated the repeated spasmodic attempts 
 to rehabilitate the old mine. The arsenides of nickel and cobalt were sold in England and 
 Germany. A German chemist was employed at Allemont to manufacture cobalt pigments 
 for the arts, but was not successful, and the attempt was abandoned. 
 
 In 1891 gold was first recognized. However, its importance proved greater from a 
 scientific than from a commercial point of view. The old mine-workings, aggregating 20 
 kilometres in length, showed that a great deal of unsuccessful exploration had been carried 
 out. 
 
 The geological formation is simple. A network of veins traverses crystalline schists 
 of variable character. The country rock forms a part of the great crystalline formation 
 usually referred to as the Archaic schists of the Alps, though in point of fact they probably 
 include rocks from the A'-eh-'ir <o the Carboniferous. Lithologically, certain sections 
 suggest the Huronian and Laurentian. These schists lie immediately upon the granite; 
 they are extremely variable in character, so that at different places they can be described 
 as gneissoid, granitoid, talcose, micaceous, graphitic, or amphibolic. There are also blocks 
 of rock containing epidote. 
 
 The maps of the mine exhibit a wonderful network of galleries spreading like a cobweb 
 over an area of about 600 by 300 metres. It is computed that the workings aggregate in 
 length not less than twelve miles, an extent in remarkable contrast to the relatively small 
 quantity of ore produced. 
 
 It has been thought by several observers that the lodes were more numerous near the 
 surface than in the interior of the mine. This is due to the fact that any single fissure, in 
 approaching the surface, spreads itself out into a number of subordinate fractures. It has 
 also appeared that .the lodes gained in regularity as they penetrated the mountain. Caillaux, 
 therefore, adds that this fact seems to indicate the probable occurrence in depth of only a 
 small number of lodes, but that those surviving will have a regularity of structure greater 
 than those which have been hitherto exploited. The veins vary in width from a knife-blade to 
 80 centimetres (31.5 inches) ; their usual thickness lies between 3 to 30 centimetres (0.1 to 
 1 foot). 
 
 Examination of the old workings proves clearly that farther from the surface the 
 country rock gets harder, the vein matter loses its soft character, and the veins become 
 fewer in number, more regular, narrower, and less ore-bearing. Approaching the surface, 
 on the contrary, tliO schists are fractured in a multiplicity of directions, the veins become 
 larger, their filling is generally earthy, and they throw off branches, at the intersections 
 of which the ore bodies are found. In general, mineralization becomes more pronounced near 
 the surface; this being due, not merely to the oxidation of the sulphides, but to an actual 
 relative increase of ' orey ' matter. 
 
 1 Eickard, The Mines of the Chalanches, France. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., Vol. XXIV, 
 1894, pp. 689-705. 
 
 2 Speiss is a product formed in smelting which contains most of the metals in the 
 form of arsenides. 
 
12 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 The observations led to the conclusion that the richest part of the mine was that which 
 was within the influence of oxidation, and that both chemical agencies and structural con- 
 ditions favoured an enrichment of ore near the surface. This statement is particularly 
 applicable to the silver contents. It also holds true of the gold, but it is less accurate with 
 respect to the nickel and cobalt. The richness in silver of the oxidized ores suggests secondary 
 precipitation. This is confirmed by the fact that the silver appears to be thrown down upon 
 the nickel and cobalt arsenides and often envelops them in such a way as to impart the 
 rudiments of a nodular structure. The hard, undecomposed arsenides contain small amounts 
 of silver. The gold, occasionally present, is associated with soft, maroon-coloured, earthy 
 iron-bearing vein matter. The nickel and cobalt minerals appear to be primary, and are 
 more persistent than those of silver and gold. 
 
 If we accept the current theory that the nickel and cobalt came from the leaching of 
 magnesium silicates (and facts are numerous pointing that way), then we must conclude 
 that the origin of the nickel and cobalt ores of the Chalanches was not the immediately 
 adjacent rocks, but ones similar, which underlie them at a greater depth. The silver and 
 gold, it may be suggested, were precipitated from other solutions, and at a period other 
 than that which saw the deposition of the nickel and cobalt. The precious metals were 
 probably derived from a deeper-seated source, and may have been leached from the granite 
 which underlies the schists and is penetrated by the basic eruptives. In both cases the 
 various metals must have come from a depth where leaching action was powerful, and from 
 which ascending currents brought the metallic constituents, the subsequent precipitation of 
 which produced valuable ore-deposits. 
 
 Quartzose veins containing ferriferous smaltite were prospected in 1784 at 
 Juzet, near Nance, Montauban-de-Luchon, Haute-Garonne. The ores produced 
 together with those from Gistain on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees, were treated 
 at Saint-Marnet. 
 
 Norway 
 
 The following description of the cobalt deposits of Norway is given bv 
 Phillips i 1 
 
 The cobaltiferous fahlbands of the districts around Skutterud and Snarum occur in 
 crystalline rocks varying in character between gneiss and mica schist; however, from the 
 presence of hornblende, they sometimes pass into hornblende schists. These schists, of which 
 the strike is north and south, and which have an almost perpendicular dip, contain fahlbands 
 very similar in character to those of Kongsberg. They differ from those of that locality, 
 however, inasmuch as while here the fahlbands are often impregnated with ore, those of 
 Kongsberg, although to some extent containing disseminated sulphides, are only of impor- 
 tance as being zones of enrichment for ores which occur in veins. The ore zones usually 
 follow the strike and dip of the surrounding rocks, and vary in width from 15 to 30 feet. 
 The distribution of the ores is by no means equal. The predominant rock of the fahlbands 
 is a quartzose, granular mica-schist, which gradually passes into quartzite, ordinary mica- 
 schist, or gneiss. The ores were cobalt glance, arsenical and iron pyrites, molybdenite, and 
 galena. It is remarkable that in these mines nickel ores do not accompany the ores of 
 cobalt in any appreciable quantity. The principal fahlband is known to- extend for a dis- 
 tance of about six miles, and is bounded on the east by a mass of diorite which protrudes 
 into the fahlband, while extending from the diorite are small dikes or branches traversing 
 it in a zigzag course. It is also intersected by dikes of coarse-grained granite which do not 
 contain any ore, but which penetrate the diorite. 
 
 The Skutterud mine in 1879 produced 7,700 tons of cobalt ore, which yielded 
 108 tons of cobalt schlich, 2 containing from 10 to 11 per cent, of cobalt, and worth 
 about £11,000. These deposits, which at one time were among the world's chief 
 producers of cobalt, are of too low grade to be worked now. 
 
 Silver veins were discovered at Kongsberg in 1623. These veins resemble those 
 of Cobalt in width, in that the numerous veins or stringers occur in small areas, 
 and in the gangue mineral which is essentially calcite. However, nickel and cobalt 
 minerals are not characteristic of the Norwegian deposits. 
 
 'Phillips, Ore Deposits, 1884, p. 390. 
 
 2 Schlich is a term given to washed cobalt ore. 
 
1918 
 
 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 
 
 13 
 
 PRODUCTION OF COBALT ORES IN NORWAY. 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 tons 
 
 value 
 
 tons 
 
 value 
 
 1866 
 
 85 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 65 
 
 75 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 95 
 
 105 
 
 105 
 
 108 
 
 87 
 
 80 
 
 99 
 
 84 
 
 $ 
 20,600 
 7,500 
 4,368 
 14,456 
 4,056 
 13,520 
 35,152 
 40,560 
 35,100 
 32,500 
 49,400 
 52,000 
 52,000 
 52,000 
 45,500 
 41,600 
 52,000 
 14,326 
 
 1884 
 
 90 
 
 101 
 
 123 
 
 57 
 
 84 
 
 152 
 
 213 
 
 187 
 
 123 
 
 123 
 
 89 
 
 45 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 $ 
 12 922 
 
 1867 
 
 1885 
 
 13 702 
 
 1868 
 
 1886 
 
 11,960 
 
 1869 
 
 1887 
 
 4 160 
 
 1870 
 
 1888 
 
 8 060 
 
 1871 
 
 1889 
 
 14,300 
 
 1872 
 
 1890 
 
 19,500 
 13, 000 
 
 1873 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1874 
 
 8,580 
 
 1875 
 
 1893 
 
 12,150 
 
 1876 
 
 1894 
 
 8,100 
 
 1877 
 
 1895 
 
 4,050 
 
 1878 
 
 1896 
 
 2,700 
 
 1879 
 
 1897 
 
 2,700 
 
 1880 
 
 1898 
 
 2,160 
 
 1881 . . . 
 
 1899 
 
 
 1882 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Most of the cobalt ore mined in Norway was exported. 
 
 In 1896 the cobalt works at Modum operated on a limited scale, employing 
 36 men. 
 
 Sweden 
 
 At Tunaberg, cobalt ore occurs in a bed of granular limestone in gray gneiss, 
 The limestone contains, principally, hornblende, mica, and serpentine; also lead, 
 silver, copper and cobalt minerals, copper pyrites and cobalt glance being the most 
 frequent. 
 
 Other localities are Vena, near Askersund, on Lake Wetter, and at Gladhammar, 
 south of Westerwik. 
 
 The following table shows the extent of the working of the cobalt deposits 
 in Sweden. 
 
 PRODUC 
 
 3TION OF COBALT ORES IN SWEDEN. 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Metric tons 
 
 Metric tons 
 
 1870 
 
 58 
 
 1882 
 
 516 
 
 1871 
 
 1883 
 
 177 
 
 1872 
 
 41 
 
 17 
 
 41 
 
 74 
 
 101 
 
 153 
 
 726 
 
 223 
 
 331 
 
 556 
 
 1884 
 
 56 
 
 1873 
 
 1885 
 
 137 
 
 1874 
 
 1886 
 
 164 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 ". 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 231 
 
 143 
 
 1877 
 
 1889 
 
 266 
 
 1878 
 
 1890 
 
 145 
 
 1879 
 
 1891 
 
 244 
 
 1880 
 
 1892 
 
 53 
 
 1881 
 
 1893 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
14 Bureau of Alines No. 4 
 
 In the years 1887, 1888 and 1889 there were also produced 376, 258, and 177 
 kilos of concentrated ore. 
 
 In 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1893,' there were produced 7,270, 14,154, 
 15,444, 13,772, 15,703, and 7,255 pounds of cobalt oxide respectively. 
 
 Italy 
 
 Cobalt and nickel ores occur with quartz, calcite, and ores of copper in 
 Piedmont. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Cobalt and nickel ores occur in Valais, and at Ayer in the Val d'Annivier 
 and at Kaltenberg in Turktmanntal. 
 
 New Caledonia 
 
 Until the discovery of the cobalt deposits, at Cobalt, Ont., Canada, in 1903. 
 about six countries were supplying the world with cobalt ores, New Caledonia pro- 
 ducing probably 85 or 90 per cent. 
 
 When the ore from Ontario was put on the market, the prices fell materially 
 in New Caledonia, and cobalt mining has now practically ceased in that country. 
 It seems strange that Ontario should be the only serious competitor which this 
 French colony, in the Southern Pacific, has in both nickel and cobalt. 
 
 The cobalt deposits of New Caledonia occur under conditions similar to those 
 of nickel, and the two metals are frequently associated in economic quantities. New 
 Caledonia is a non-glaciated country. The rock peridotite underlies a considerable 
 part of the surface. This rock weathers readily, and so, over a large part of the 
 surface, the alteration product, serpentine, occurs. The surface of the serpentine 
 is more or less broken down, forming comparatively loose or slightly coherent 
 deposits. It is in association with these that the cobalt is found, as asbolite, earthy 
 cobalt, or cobaltiferous wad. Asbolite is a mixture of oxides of cobalt, manganese", 
 and other metals and can hardly be 1 called a distinct mineral. It has been proved 
 that the cobalt, nickel, and other metals found in this decomposed rock were origin- 
 ally constituents of the peridotite. 
 
 The peridotites are believed by some writers to be post-Cretaceous in age, and 
 are said to be in the form of a surface flow covering the uneven or eroded surface of 
 the underlying Cretaceous strata. These rocks which are high in magnesia and low 
 in iron, constitute the great serpentine formation of New Caledonia. They are 
 more or less charged, when fresh, with crystals of ferro-magnesian pyroxene. The 
 unaltered rock belongs, therefore, in Eosenbusch's classification, to harzburgite. 
 Dunite, a variety of peridotite of which the main constituent is olivine is found 
 with chrome iron ore. The peridotites usually show traces of advanced 'alteration, 
 which has resulted in more or less transformation Q f olivine to serpentine, and in 
 the development of talc from pyroxene. At times the alteration is sufficiently 
 advanced to produce perfect crystals of antigorite, with some films of talc. 
 
16 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 EXPORTATION OF COBALT ORE FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Metric tons 
 
 Metric tons 
 
 1893 
 
 (a) 520 
 (a) 4,156 
 5,302 
 4,823 
 4,757 
 2,373 
 3,294 
 2,438 
 3,123 
 (6) 
 
 1903.. 
 
 8,292 
 8,964 
 7,919 
 2 487 
 
 1894 
 
 1904 
 
 1895 
 
 1905. 
 
 1896 
 
 1906. ... 
 
 1897 
 
 1907. 
 
 3,943 
 
 3,405 
 
 979 
 
 1898 
 
 1908 
 
 1899 
 
 1909 
 
 1900 
 
 1910 
 
 
 1901 
 
 1911 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1914 
 
 (c) 920 
 
 
 
 (a) In 1893 and 1894, 169 and 7 tons, respectively, of matte were exported. 
 (6) Not reported. 
 
 (c) During 1914, New Caledonia exported 920 tons, of ore and 25 tons of matte; Mineral 
 Industry, Vol. 23, 1914, p. 548. 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 New South Wales was the second largest producer of cobalt ore before the 
 discovery of the deposits at Cobalt, Ontario. .The deposits, which are situated near 
 Port Macquarie, are similar to those of New Caledonia. 
 
 During 1898, 1899, and 1900, 119, 193, and 145 tons of cobalt ore, valued at 
 $2,800, $4,595, and $7,950 respectively were shipped. 
 
 In 1903 the quantity of cobalt ore exported from the deposits near Port Mac- 
 quarie amounted to 153 tons, valued at $7,850. Since 1903, there have not been 
 any shipments of cobalt ore made from New South Wales. 
 
 South Australia 
 
 Cobalt ore, containing smaltite and other minerals, occurs at Bimbowrie, near 
 Olary, on the Broken Hill line, but little work has been done on the deposit. 
 
 Africa 
 
 While, as we have seen, silver has been worked in association with cobalt, the 
 latter metal has been seldom found in association with gold in important quantities. 
 However, one such occurrence is in the Middleburg district in northern Transvaal. 
 In the vein in this district, the gangue material is kaolin, with which is mixed gold- 
 bearing quartz. In the quartz are small nest-like aggregations of smaltite°and 
 copper ores, and at times molybdenite, also the secondary minerals cobalt bloom, 
 limonite and skorodite. 
 
 A small amount of ore was produced in 1890 and also in 1895. During 1895 
 a quantity of ore analyzing 7 to 10 per cent, was reported to have been exposed. A 
 brief account 1 of one of the cobalt deposits states : 
 
 1 Geology of the Neighborhood of Middleburg, Transvaal Mines Dept., Pretoria, 1907. 
 
1918 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 17 
 
 Cobalt, in the form of smaltite and erythrite, is found at Balmoral, and also just beyond 
 the northern boundary of the map in the valley of the Kruis river. At Balmoral the cobalt 
 is associated with feldspar and actinolite, together with secondary quartz and ealcite, in veins 
 most probably of igneous origin, which traverse a series of highly altered sedimentary rocks 
 of shaly character in the neighbourhood of the junction of the Waterberg and Transvaal 
 systems. 
 
 Three additional references to cobalt deposits of the Transvaal are given below. 
 
 Beck, Note on Cobalt Lodes of the Transvaal : Trans. Geol. Soc, South Africa, 
 vol. 10, 1907, p. 10. 
 
 Mellor, Note on the Field Relations of the Transvaal Cobalt Lodes: Trans. 
 Geol. Soc, South Africa, vol. 10, 1907, p. 36. 
 
 McGhie and Clark, Transvaalite— A new Cobalt Mineral from the Transvaal: 
 Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 9, 1890, p. 587. 
 
 The crude copper produced by the. Union Miniere du Haut Katanga, Belgian 
 Congo, of which 8,064 tons were produced and shipped to Germany in 1913, con- 
 tained from 2.8-3.25 per cent, of cobalt. This formed a by-product easily saved in 
 electrolytic refining and has been one of the chief sources of German cobalt in recent 
 years. 1 
 
 Cobalt and nickel oxides in small quantities (less than one per cent.) associated 
 with chromite ores are found in Sekukuneland and in the neighbourhood of 
 Sehikiva (Ehodesia). 
 
 India 
 
 Cobalt ores 2 in small quantities were found in some of the mines of Rajputana, 
 and were used for colouring glass bangles. Ores of this metal also occur in Ten- 
 asserim. Both cobalt and nickel are present in small quantities in the pyrrhotite 
 from the Khetri mines, and traces of nickel sometimes occur in iron ores from 
 Bhangarh. 
 
 Linnasite has recently teen identified among some copper ores from Sikkim. 
 
 United States 
 
 Although there are no extensive deposits of cobalt in the United States, reports 
 show that small quantities of cobalt oxide have been produced annually since 1869. 
 Most of this was recovered in the refining of the copper-nickel ores of Sudbury, but 
 at present practically all the cobalt is slagged in the converter, so that very little 
 reaches the refinery. There has also been a small amount of cobalt oxide recovered 
 from the lead-copper ores of Missouri, but with the exception of the years 1903 and 
 1908, the amount obtained has been small. In the years mentioned 120,000 and 
 100,000 pounds of oxide respectively were produced. Since the discovery of the 
 cobalt deposits at Cobalt, Canada, cobalt ores have been shipped to the United State? 
 for treatment. Also the unrefined cobalt and nickel oxides produced at the smelter 
 of the Canadian Copper Company 3 between 1905 and 1913, were shipped to the 
 
 'Min. Sei. Press, Vol. CVIII, 1914, p. 322; ^Mineral Resources of United States, U.S. 
 Geol. Sur., Part I, 1913, p. 339. 
 
 'Phillips, Ore Deposits, 1884, p. 436. 
 
 3 The production of the Canadian Copper Co. is given under the Metallurgy of Cobalt. 
 
18 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 United States to be separated and purified. Previous to 1900, the Mine la Motte 
 Company shipped ores to Swansea, but about this time a plant was erected at the 
 mine to recover the cobalt oxide. This plant produced 120,000 pounds in 1903, but 
 was closed shortly afterwards. In 1906 the North American Lead Company erected 
 a refinery at Fredericktown, Missouri, to recover cobalt oxide from Missouri ores. 
 This plant was operated during 1907, 1908, and 1909, but was closed in 1910. The 
 reconstruction of this refinery was commenced in 1916 by the Missouri Cobalt 
 Company, and during 1918 a quantity of cobalt oxide was produced. The Missouri 
 Cobalt Company has erected a mill with a daily capacity of 300 tons. 
 
 In 1903 cobalt and nickel ore associated with fluorspar was said to have been 
 discovered near Marion, Kentucky. 
 
 In 1905 one or two small shipments of cobalt ore from deposits in Grant county, 
 Oregon, were made to France. These deposits are described as occupying fissures 
 in a dark-greenish, partly altered, diabase-porphyry. The ore bodies appear to be 
 more or less lenticular in shape, and vary from a few inches to several feet in 
 width. The principal minerals are chajcopyrite, smaltite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, 
 pyrrhotite, malachite, and bornite with a quartz and calcite gangue. The chief 
 metals present were gold, cobalt, and copper. From a sample of the ore carrying 
 smaltite and chalcopyrite the former mineral was found to have the composition 
 given below, No. 1. This smaltite has a rather unusual appearance, resembling 
 somewhat acicular or fine columnar stibnite. In composition it is close to that 
 from Gunnison county, Colorado, an analysis of which is given by Dana, No. 2 
 below. The Standard Consolidated Mines Company, Oregon, worked during 1905 
 a few veins of cobalt ore carrying gold and silver. An analysis of a picked specimen 
 of the ore follows, No. 3. 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 ■No. 3 2 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 14.88 
 1.12 
 
 64.06 
 0.57 
 
 11.14 
 2.22 
 6.34 
 
 11.59 
 trace 
 63.82 
 1.55 
 15.99 
 
 9.91 
 
 0.57 
 
 42.66 
 
 
 
 
 14.93 
 
 
 
 6.8 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 5.2 oz. 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 1.62 oz. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Smaltite occurs in a calcite vein in granite at Gothic, Colorado. 
 
 Near Blackbird, Lemhi county, Idaho, lenticular bodies of cobalt-nickel ore 
 occur in pre-Cambrian schists and quartzites which are cut by diabase and lampro- 
 phyre dikes. 
 
 In Los Angeles county, California, cobalt silver ores are found in barytic lodes. 
 
 1 Analysis made by A. G. Burrows, Ontario Bureau of Mines. 
 "Mineral Industry, Vol. XIV, 1005, p. 461. 
 
1918 
 
 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 
 
 19 
 
 The following table shows the cobalt oxide produced and imported into the 
 United States: 
 
 PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS OF COBALT OXIDE. 1 
 
 Year (a) 
 
 Production 
 pounds 
 
 Imports 
 pounds 
 
 Year (a) 
 
 Production 
 pounds 
 
 Imports 
 pounds 
 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 1873. 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1884. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892: 
 1893. 
 
 811 
 3,854 
 5,086 
 5,749 
 5,128 
 4,145 
 3,441 
 5,162 
 7,328 
 4,508 
 4,376 
 7,251 
 8,280 
 
 11,653 
 1,096 
 2,000 
 8,423 
 8,689 
 5,769 
 7,491 
 
 12,955 
 6,788 
 7,200 
 7,869 
 8,422 
 
 .1,480 
 
 1,404 
 
 678 
 
 4,440 
 
 19,752 
 
 2,860 
 
 7,531 
 
 9,819 
 
 21,844 
 
 17,758 
 
 13,067 
 
 25,963 
 
 16,162 
 
 19,366 
 
 26,882 
 
 27,446 
 
 41,455 
 
 33,338 
 
 25,483 
 
 32,833 
 
 28,164 
 
 1894. . 
 
 1895. . 
 
 1896. . 
 
 1897.. 
 
 1898.. 
 
 1899.. 
 
 1900.. 
 
 1901.. 
 
 1902.. 
 
 1903. . 
 
 1904.. 
 
 1905. . 
 
 1906. . 
 
 1907.. 
 
 1908.. 
 
 1909. 
 
 1910.. 
 
 1911.. 
 
 1912.. 
 
 1913.. 
 
 1914. . 
 
 1915.. 
 
 1916. . 
 
 1917.. 
 
 6,763 
 
 6,400 
 12,825 
 19,300 
 
 9,640 
 10,200 
 12,270 
 13,360 
 20,870 
 120,000 
 22,000 
 
 (&) 
 
 100,000 
 
 24,020 
 
 36,155 
 
 27,189 
 
 24,771 
 
 33,731 
 
 46,791 
 
 54,073 
 
 71,969 
 
 79,984 
 
 73,350 
 
 42,353 
 
 70,048 
 
 41,084 
 
 42,794 
 
 1,550 
 
 9,818 
 
 6,124 
 
 22,934 
 
 31,848 
 
 28,729 
 
 109,484 
 
 190,145 
 
 238,934 
 
 236,822 
 
 1 Mineral Industry. 
 
 (a) Production is stated for calendar years; imports for fiscal years ending June 30 
 until 1887, and for calendar years subsequently. 
 
 (6) Since 1904, with the exception of 1908, no record is given of any cobalt oxide 
 having been produced in the United States. However, since 1905, the total production of 
 mixed cobalt and nickel oxides of the cobalt smelter of the Canadian Copper Co. was shipped 
 to the United States to be refined. The amount recovered from this source may be closely 
 approximated by referring to the production of the Canadian Copper Company. " See section 
 entitled " Metallurgy of Cobalt." 
 
 The annual consumption of cobalt oxide in the United States amounts to 
 approximately 200,000 pounds, and although the sum of the figures in the table 
 does not equal this amount, except in a few years, this is merely because the 
 cobalt materials imported were classified as some product other than cobalt oxide, 
 e.g. cobalt ore, and zaffer. ZafEer is a term applied to finely-ground roasted cobalt 
 ores or products. 
 
 In 1913 the import duty on cobalt oxide was reduced from 25 to 10 cents 
 per pound. 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Cobalt-bearing minerals have been found at several localities in Mexico, but 
 little has been published concerning these occurrences. Near the village of Pihuamo 
 in the. state of Jalisco, cobalt minerals occur in veinlets cutting a large vein of 
 magnetite ' associated with pyrite and pyrrhotite. The chief rock in the vicinity 
 is described as andesite. It is said that a number of tons of ore containing 8 or 9 
 per cent, of cobalt were mined in this district. The minerals are cobaltite and 
 
20 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 small quantities of smaltite and cobalt bloom. The vein matter consists of 
 greenish calcite, and a little barite. Niccolite also appears to be present. 
 
 The following Mexican localities are also reported to contain cobalt minerals: 
 Iturbide, in Chihuahua ; Guanacevi, in Durango ; Cosala, in Sinaloa ; at the Mirador 
 mine in Jalisco. Small shipments of ore containing 30 per cent, of cobalt and 7 
 per cent, of nickel were made from the Esmeralda and Pihuano mines in Jalisco. 
 A pink cobaltiferous variety of smithsonite occurs at Boleo, Lower California. An 
 article dealing with the cobalt deposits in Jalisco has been published by Navarro, 
 Mem. y Eev. Soc. Cientif., Antonio Alzate, vol. 25, 1907, pp. 51-57. 
 
 Peru 
 
 Nickel and cobalt minerals are reported to occur in the Department of Cuzco. 
 
 Chile 
 
 Nickel and cobalt minerals are found associated with the ores of silver at 
 several places in Chile. Among these are Mina Blanca de San Juan, Department 
 of Freivna, Province of Atacama; Minillas, Cambillos Brutre, in the Province of 
 Coquimbo; and Tajon del Yeso, in the Province of Santiago. The ores of the 
 Colorado mine of Chanaicillo are nickel-bearing. Veins' of nickel ore are found • 
 also at San Pedro, near Flamenco, a small port south of Chanaial. 
 
 During the latter part of 1901 shipments of cobalt ores were made from 
 Caldera to the United Kingdom, and it was anticipated then that the returns 
 would show sufficient profit to render the re-opening of the mines advisable. 
 
 The San Juan group of mines, lying north of the Port of Pena Blanca are 
 located on well formed lodes varying from one to six feet in width. The ore con- 
 sists of oxide, arsenate, and sulpharsenide of cobalt with an average content of 
 about 4 per cent, of cobalt. The workings reached a depth of 120 to 200 feet. 
 
 Cobalt mines 1 were operated in the Provinces of Atacama, Coquimbo, and 
 Aconcagua. The production in 1903 was 284 metric tons of 7.15 per cent. ore. 
 The largest producer was the Eosa Amelia mine, situated in the Department of 
 Freivna, Atacama, this mine in 1903 producing 133 tons of ore. In the Goyenechea 
 mine, in the Department of Chanaial, an argentiferous cobalt ore was mined carry- 
 ing 8 per cent, of cobalt. 
 
 Mining of cobalt glance and erythrite was also carried on at Tambillos and 
 Huasco. 
 
 The quantity of cobalt ores mined in Chile between 1844 and 1905 was 6,384 
 tons. 
 
 Argentina 
 
 A cobalt deposit was discovered in 1904 at Valla Hermoso, Vinchina, Provincia 
 de la Bioja, Argentina, and was worked on a small scale. 2 The ore occurs on the 
 western slope of the Cerro de Famantina, a spur of the Andes, in a talcose schist, 
 usually near its contact with an acid, igneous Tock. A number of veins appear at 
 the surface, but only one has been exploited. The ore body varies in width from 
 0.9 m. to 1.3 m., with an average of about 1.1 m. The ore consists of cobaltite and 
 
 1 Mineral Industry, Vol. XIII, 1904, p. 338. 
 
 2 Mineral Industry, Vol. XIII, 1904, p. 336. 
 
1918 
 
 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 
 
 21 
 
 arsenopyrite in a gangue of quartz. This was hand-cobbed into first and second 
 class ores. The first class assayed 6.0 to 7.0 per cent., and the second class, 3.0' to 
 4.5 per cent, cobalt. The first class contained 0.75 to 1.0 oz of gold and 5 to 10 oz. 
 of silver per ton. About 300 tons were produced, of which 150 were hand-cobbed, 
 and of this only a few tons were first class ore. The distance of this property from 
 Monozasta, which is the nearest railway station on the F. C. A. Del Norte line, is 
 120 miles. All the ore that was concentrated was shipped to England. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 For many years small supplies of cobalt ore were obtained from the mines sit 
 Moel Hiraddug, near Khyl; Cornwall; in Flintshire, and Cumberland. However, 
 no production is recorded since 1890. 
 
 From 1860 to 1890 there were produced 1,242 tons of cobalt and nickel ore 
 valued at $36,710. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Mining of cobalt ores was carried on in Spain between 1871 and 1897 in the 
 Valley of Gistain, Huesca, near the French frontier. At Guadalcanal, in Andalusia, 
 veins containing ores of silver, cobalt, and sometimes copper, in a calcite gangue, 
 were at one time important. However, only small quantities were produced, as 
 may be seen from the following table : 
 
 PRODUCTION OP COBALT ORES IN SPAIN. 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 Year 
 
 Cobalt Ore 
 
 tons 
 
 value 
 
 tons 
 
 value 
 
 1871 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 4 
 
 82 
 
 89 
 115 
 433 
 100 
 110 
 129 
 102 
 
 40 
 
 19.4 
 
 $ 
 
 1887 
 
 436 
 
 68 
 
 141 
 
 111 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 52 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 $ - 
 13,914 
 
 1872 
 
 
 1888 
 
 5 476 
 
 1873.' 
 
 
 1889 
 
 4,876 
 
 1874 
 
 
 1890 
 
 4,368 
 1 804 
 
 1875 
 
 
 1891 
 
 1876 
 
 
 1892 
 
 72 
 
 1877 
 
 
 1893 
 
 194 
 
 1878 
 
 
 1894 
 
 624 
 
 1879 
 
 
 1895 
 
 84 
 
 1880 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1,800 
 3,400 
 
 1881 
 
 13,720 
 5,234 
 2,486 
 
 1897 
 
 1882..... 
 
 1898 
 
 
 1883 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 132 
 
 17,200 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Russia 
 
 A "deposit of cobalt ore, free from nickel, occurs at Dachkessan, Government 
 of Elizabethpol. This deposit is in the form of a dike of diorite impregnated with 
 cobalt minerals associated with iron and copper pyrites. The workings are now 
 abandoned. 
 
22 
 
 Bureau of Mines No ' 4 
 
 China 
 
 Very little is known of any cobalt deposits in China. Bowler 1 states that 
 cobalt ore is found at the base of a range of sandstone hills near the town of 
 Tsangscheng, the geological formation being probably Upper Cambrian. These 
 deposits are now either exhausted or very little worked. 
 
 Further information about the treatment of these ores will be found under 
 the "Metallurgy of Cobalt." 
 
 Ontario, Canada 2 
 Situation and Discovery 
 
 The ore bodies at Cobalt, which carry silver, cobalt, nickel, and- arsenic, 
 were discovered in 1903 during the building of the Timiskaming and Northern 
 Ontario railway. The first of these deposits to be worked lies within half a mile 
 of Cobalt station, which is about 330 miles north of Toronto. One of the oldest! 
 known ore bodies in North America, the argentiferous galena on the east side of 
 Lake Timiskaming, is distant only eight miles from Cobalt station. This galena 
 deposit, known as the Wright mine, was apparently discovered by voyageurs over 
 150 years ago. 
 
 It may be added that the building of the Canadian Pacific railway exposed 
 the Sudbury nickel deposits 90 miles southwest of Cobalt. It can thus be 
 said that each of the two railways in this part of Ontario, brought to light an 
 important mineral field. 
 
 The Sudbury deposits have received a great deal of attention from geologists 
 of this and other continents. One group, among whom may be mentioned Barlow, 3 
 Coleman,* and Vogt, regard them as due to magmatic segregation from an original 
 igneous magma, without further concentration. Another group, among whom 
 are Dickson, b Beck, 6 and Knight, 7 contend that these deposits are the result 
 of aqueous igneous action, and that the sulphides were deposited after the accom- 
 panying rocks were formed. 
 
 Before proceeding to a consideration of the cobalt veins, a table showing the 
 age relations of the rocks at Cobalt is given below. 
 
 1 Bowler, Chinese Treatment of Cobalt Ores. Chemical News, Vol. LVIII, 1888, p. 100. 
 
 2 Miller, Willet 6., The Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver Deposits of Timiskaming, 
 Ontario. Reports of Bureau of Mines, Ontario: Vol. XIV, Pt. II, first edition, 1905; second 
 edition, 1906; third edition, 1908; fourth edition, Vol. XIX, Pt. II, 1913. The larger part 
 of the description of the deposits at Cobalt is taken from Dr. Miller's reports. 
 
 3 Barlow, Nickel and Copper Deposits of the Sudbury Mining District. Geol. Survey 
 of Can., 1901, PL H. 
 
 ' Coleman, The Sudbury Nickel Region, Ontario Bureau of Mines, Vol. XIV, 1905, Pt. Ill; 
 The Nickel Industry, with Special Reference to the Sudbury Region, Ontario, Department of 
 Mines, Ottawa, 1913. 
 
 5 Dickson, The Ore Deposits of Sudbury, Ontario. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., Vol. 
 XXXIV, 1904, pp. 3-67. 
 
 "Beck, The Nature of Ore Deposits, p. 41. 
 
 'Knight, Origin of Sudbury Nickel-Copper Deposits. Eng. and Min. Jour., Vol. CI, 
 1916, p. 811; also Report Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, 1917. 
 
19)8 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 23 
 
 Age Relations of Rocks of Cobalt and Adjacent Areas i 
 
 PALEOZOIC 
 
 Silurian 
 
 Niagara 
 (Great unconformity) 
 
 EOZOIC OB PRE-CAMBRIAN 
 Later Dikes 
 
 Nipissing Diabase 
 (Intrusive contact.) 
 
 Cobalt Series 
 (Unconformity) 
 
 Lorrain Granite 
 (Intrusive contact.) 
 
 Lamprophyre Dikes 
 (Intrusive contact.) 
 
 Timiskaming Series 
 (Unconformity) 
 
 Keewatin Complex 
 
 Character and Origin of Cobalt Veins 
 
 The deposits at Cobalt occupy narrow, practically vertical fissures, and joint- 
 planes in the metamorphosed Cobalt series. A few productive veins of similar 
 form have been found in the intrusive Nipissing diabase. Others occur in the 
 Keewatin, which is the oldest series of the area, and which consists of basic 
 volcanic rocks. The most productive veins in the Keewatin have been No. 26 on 
 the Nipissing and the vein system on the Timiskaming-Beaver. The former vein lies 
 close to the western edge of the diabase sill. Before erosion of the sill took place, vein 
 No. 26 lay beneath the sill or in its foot-wall. The Timiskaming-Beaver veins, on 
 the other hand, lie in the upper or hanging wall of the sill. There are veins which 
 run from the conglomerate and other fragmental rocks of the Cobalt series into the 
 underlying Keewatin; and there are veins, e.g. the Nova Scotia and Timiskaming 
 veins, which run downward from the Keewatin into the underlying, intrusive 
 Nipissing diabase. A vein on the Cobalt Central passes from the surface down- 
 ward through the Nipissing diabase into the Cobalt series, which here forms the 
 foot-wall of the diabase sill. Moreover, " blind " veins, or veins that do not out- 
 crop at the surface, have been worked on several .properties. One of the most inter- 
 esting of these occurs beneath Peterson lake. This vein is in the Keewatin, whicli 
 is here overlain by the Nipissing diabase sill. The vein runs up to the bottom of 
 the sill, but not into it. The figure on page 24 shows the relationship of the rocks 
 and the type veins described. 
 
 1 Miller, W. G., The Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver Deposits of Timiskaming 
 Ontario, fourth edition, Ont. Bur. Min., Vol. XIX, 1913, Pt. II, p. 48. 
 
24 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 The veins of most of the producing mines lay below the diabase sill before it 
 was eroded, e.g., those on the Coniagas, Nipissing, Hudson Bay, Trethewey, Buffalo, 
 Mining Corporation, Crown Eeserve, Drummond, Lawson at Kerr lake, LaKose and 
 McKinlev-Darragh at Cobalt lake. The King Edward, Silver Cliff, and some of 
 the O'Brien veins lie within the sill. In the outlying camps good examples of veins 
 occurring in the sill are the Wettlaufer of South Lorrain, and Miller-Lake O'Brien 
 of Gowgmdn. 
 
 I Veins ! Hypothetical veins 
 
 Generalized vertical section through the productive part of the Cobalt area. 
 
 The section shows the relations of the Nipissing diabase sill to the Keewatin and the 
 Cobalt series, and to the veins. The eroded surface is restored im the section. The sill ia 
 less regular than the illustration shows it to be. 
 
 B and C represent a large number of veins that are in the fragmental rocks, Cobalt 
 series, in the lower or foot-wall of the eroded sill. N represents a type of vein, such as 
 No. 26 on the Nipissing, in the Keewatin below the eroded sill, and L a type such as one under 
 Peterson lake, in the Keewatin foot- wall, but not extending upward into the sill ; K, a vein in 
 the sill itself, such as No. 3 on the Kerr Lake property; T, a vein such as that on the Timis- 
 kaming or Beaver properties, in the Keewatin hanging wall and extending downward, into 
 the sill. 
 
 At Diabase mountain the top of the hill is diabase, while the rocks below the 
 diabase are composed of slates and conglomerates lying on Keewatin greenstones, 
 so that certain veins, as on the Penn-Canadian and Bailey, started in the sill and 
 continued downward into the underlying rocks. 
 
 At the Timiskaming shaft the upper contact between the Keewatin and 
 the diabase is approximately 575 feet from the surface. Along this contact, both 
 above and below, the Timiskaming and Beaver mines have recovered their richest 
 ores. In order to ascertain the thickness of this diabase sill it was diamond-drilled, 
 and the lower contact between the diabase and the Keewatin formations was found 
 at an approximate depth of 1,670 feet from the surface, showing the sill to have 
 a thickness of about 1,100 feet. After diamond drilling was finished, a shaft was 
 sunk through the sill. Exploration work from this shaft, conducted along the 
 bottom of the sill and in the rocks immediately below, has failed to disclose 
 economic ore bodies up to the autumn of 1918. 
 
1918 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 25 
 
 The following paragraphs, regarding the origin of the ores at Cobalt, are 
 copies from W. G. Miller's report. 1 
 
 The material in the veins at Cobalt has, in all likelihood, been deposited from highly 
 heated and impure waters which circulated through the cracks and fissures of the crust and 
 probably were associated with — followed — the Nipissing diabase eruption. 
 
 The waters are said to be associated or connected with the diabase eruption in the 
 sense that they probably represented the end product of the eruption. In many volcanic 
 regions, hot springs are present long after the rocks have solidified. In the Cobalt area 
 the fissures and joints now occupied by the ores were probably produced by the gradual 
 shrinkage in' cooling of the diabase, the ores being deposited by the waters which represented 
 the last stage of vulcanicity. 
 
 It is rather difficult to predicate the original source of the metals — silver, cobalt, 
 nickel, arsenic, and others — now found in these veins. They may have come up from a 
 considerable depth with the waters, or they may have been leached out of what are now the 
 folded and disturbed greenstones and other rocks of the Keewatirjr. Analyses of various 
 rpeks of the area have not given a clue to the origin of the 1 ores. However, the widespread 
 occurrence of cobalt veins in the diabase, or in close association with it, shown by discoveries 
 throughout a region three thousand square miles or. more in extent, appears to be pretty con- 
 clusive, proof that the diabase and the ores came from one and the same magma. 
 
 As the ore bodies in the vicinity of Cobalt station, and elsewhere in Ontario, may be 
 said to be unique among those known in North America, we have no chance .of instituting 
 comparisons on this continent. Some European veins, however, such as. those of Annaberg, 
 Joachimsthal and other localities 2 show a similar association of minerals. 
 
 These European ores are considered by most authors to be genetically connected with 
 intrusions of granite. At Joachimsthal the veins are said to be cut across by basic dikes, 
 and. there is evidence to the effect that at the time of the eruption of the dikes the vein 
 formation had not yet been completed. Since especially nickel and cobalt minerals arc 
 characteristically connected with basic rocks, the question arises as to whether the European 
 ores 'mentioned may not be more closely connected in origin with basic rocks than they are 
 considered to be. There may. be deeper seated intrusions of these rocks slightly older than 
 the dikes. 
 
 Ores and Minerals 
 
 The most important ore in the veins at Cobalt is native silver, associated 
 with which is usually some dyscrasite, argentite, pyrargyrite and other compounds 
 of silver, smaltite, niccolite, and related minerals. Many of the minerals occur 
 mixed in the ores and for this reason some of them have not been clearly identified. 
 Another feature of the minerals, which renders their identification difficult, is the 
 fact that most of them occur in the massive form. Crystals when-present are small. 
 T>eing frequently almost microscopic in size. The following minerals have been 
 identified and can be conveniently classed under the headings: 
 
 I. Native Elements. — Native silver, native bismuth, graphite. -- s ■ 
 II. Arsenides. — Niccolite, MAs ; chloanthite, NiAs 2 ; smaltite, CoAs 2 -; and 
 lollingite, FeAs,. 3 
 
 III. Arsenates. — Erythrite, or cobalt bloom Co 3 As 2 8 .8H 2 ; annabergite, 
 
 or nickel bloom Ni.„A«„O s .8H,0; scorodite, FeAs0 4 .2H 2 0. 
 
 IV. Sulphides. — Argentite, Ag,S ; millerite, -NiS"; argyropyrite ? ; stromey- 
 
 erite? (Ag,Cu),S; bornite, Cu 5 FeS 4 ; . ehalcopyrite, CuFe.S, ; sphal- 
 erite, ZnS; galena,. PbS; pyrite, FeS 2 . 
 Y. Sulpharsenides. — Mispickel, FeAsS ; .cobaltite, CoAsS. 
 VI. Sulpharsenites.— Prous.tite, Ag 3 AsS 3 ; xanthoconite ? Ag a A_sSj. 
 
 ■ * -Mylar, W. G., Opt; Bur. Min., Vol. XIX, 1913, Pt. II, p. 8. 
 
 •„ , - See -description, -page 6. ":-■'• - , ■ ■ ■■ 
 
 3 Ellsworth-,,- A Study of Certain Minerals-f rem Cobalt, Ontario. -Ont.,..Bur-. Min..,. Vol. 
 XXV, 1916, Pt. 1, p. 223. ' 
 
 3 b.m. (iii) 
 
26 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 VII. Antimonides. — Dyscrasite, Ag 6 Sb; breithauptite, NiSb. 
 VIII. Sulphantimonites— Pyrargyrite, Ag 3 SbS 3 ; stephanite, Ag 5 SbS 4 ; poly- 
 basite? Ag 9 SbS 6 ; tetrahedrite, Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 ; freibergite? (silver bear- 
 ing tetrahedrite). 
 IX. Sulphobismuthites. — Matildite, AgBiS 2 , emplectite, CuBiS 2 . 
 X. Mercury. — Amalgam (?). 
 XI. Phosphate. — Apatite. 
 XII. Oxides. — Asbolite; heubachite?; heterogenite ? ; arsenolite, As 2 3 ; 
 roselite? (Ca,Co,Mg) 3 As 2 8 .2H 2 0. 
 XIII. Veinstones. — Calcite, dolomite, aragonite, quartz, barite, fluorite. 1 
 The above table contains a few minerals that have been found in only one or 
 two veins and cannot be considered characteristic. Millerite, for instance, is of rare 
 occurrence, and emplectite has been found only in the Floyd mine, near Sharp lake, 
 in the western part of the Cobalt area. Bornite, chalcopyrite, zinc blende, galena, 
 and pyrite are not characteristic of most of the ore, these minerals occurring more 
 frequently in the wall rock or in non-silver bearing ore of the Keewatin. Apatite 
 in recognizable crystals has been found in the ore of only one mine. Mercury appears 
 to occur in the ore of all the mines that contain high values in silver, but whether 
 it occurs only as amalgam or in other forms has not been determined. 
 
 A question-mark has been placed after the names of several minerals in the table 
 which have been reported to occur in the veins, but whose identification has not 
 been made complete by chemical analyses or crystallographic measurements. Gold 
 in small quantity has been found in a number of veins, especially in those in which 
 cobaltite or mispickel are characteristic minerals. 
 
 Certain shipments from the Timiskaming mine contained copper in economic 
 quantities. 2 
 
 While we have both native silver and arsenides in abundance, the compounds 
 of arsenic and silver occur only in small quantities. Antimony, which is not 
 abundant, is found in some compounds where we would expect to find arsenic, since 
 the latter is so much more common. 
 
 One would also expect to find more compounds of bismuth, since this metal 
 occurs in the free state in considerable quantities in some of the deposits. It might 
 also be expected that native arsenic would occur, but so far it has not been found. 
 Nearly all the chemical groups of minerals found in the celebrated Joachims- 
 thal deposits of Bohemia are present in the Timiskaming ores. The most important 
 exception is uraninite or pitchblende, which came into ■ prominence a few years ago 
 as the chief source of the element radium. 
 
 Order of Deposition of Minerals 
 
 The following table shows, in descending order from the youngest to the oldest, 
 the general succession in order of deposition of the principal minerals of the Cobalt 
 area proper. There appear to be, however, minor exceptions to this order. 
 
 •Barite and fluorite have not been found in the veins at Cobalt proper, but they occur 
 with silver-cobalt ores in one or two veins near Elk lake, and in Langmuir township in the 
 southeast part of the Porcupine area. Small veins of barite have also been found in the 
 Nipissing-diabase in Leonard and Lawson townships, in the GFowganda silver area 
 
 'Miller, W. G., Ont. Bur. Min., Vol. XIX, 1913, Pt. II, p. 10. 
 
1918 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 27 
 
 III. Decomposition products, e.g. erythrite or cobalt bloom, annabergite or 
 nickel bloom, and asbolite. 
 II. Rich silver ores and calcite. 
 I. Smaltite, niccolite, and dolomite or pink spar. 
 
 After the minerals of group I were deposited the veins were subjected to a 
 slight movement. In the cracks thus formed the minerals of group II were 
 deposited. A few veins that escaped the disturbance do not contain silver in 
 economic quantity. 
 
 This order of deposition appears to be the same as that of the minerals in the 
 Annaberg deposits of Germany and those of Joachimsthal, Austria. 1 
 
 Messrs. Campbell and Knight 2 subjected specimens of the cobalt-silver ores of 
 Cobalt to examination, using methods employed in metallography. While their 
 results confirm, in a general way, Miller's observations on hand specimens, and on 
 blocks of ore, they have worked out the order of deposition of the minerals in 
 greater detail. They state that, although all of the structures met with in this 
 examination cannot be satisfactorily explained, they point to the following order 
 of deposition for the principal constituents. First came the smaltite, closely followed 
 by the niccolite; other minerals in small amount came down at this time. Then, 
 after a period of slight movement in which the first minerals were more or less 
 fractured, calcite was deposited as a ground-mass. Later came argentite, which 
 was followed by native silver and native bismuth. Lastly came the surface 
 decomposition products, erythrite and annabergite. : 
 
 Arranged in order, the succession is, then, as follows: .' 
 
 Smaltite, niccolite, period of movement and fracturing, calcite, argentite, 
 native silver, native bismuth, period of decomposition, and finally erythrite and 
 annabergite. 
 
 At Annaberg, bismuth ore is thought to have been deposited with the cobalt- 
 nickel minerals and not with the rich silver ore. Moreover, at the time Messrs. 
 Campbell and Knight made their examination of the ores from Cobalt it was not 
 known that two carbonates occur in the gangue, viz., calcite (white) and dolomite 
 (pink). The latter has been found to belong to an older generation than the 
 former. 
 
 Any statement as to the form in which the native silver came in solution into 
 the veins must be merely hypothetical. Silver carbonate, Ag 2 C0 3 , like calcium 
 carbonate, CaC0 3 , is soluble in excess of carhon dioxide, C0 2 . Hence when the 
 calcite, CaC0 3 , of the cobalt-silver veins was being carried in solution, it does not 
 seem improbable that silver carbonate may have been in solution at or about the 
 same time. 
 
 Palmer and Bastin 3 discuss metallic minerals as precipitants of silver and 
 gold, and their experiments show that certain sulphides and arsenides of copper and 
 
 1 Beck, The Nature of Ore Deposits, Weed's translation, pp. 285-289. 
 
 "Campbell and Knight, Microscopic Examination of the Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and 
 Silver Deposits of Timiskaming. Economic Geology, Vol. I, 1906, pp 767-776 The Para 
 genesis of the Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver Deposits of Timiskaming. Ens and Min 
 Jour., Vol. LXXXI, 1906, p. 1089. S S " 
 
 Geolo Pal Vd Vni B 1913' M f 4 ^ 1Iic Minerals as Precipitants of Silver and Gold. Economic 
 
28 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 nickel, e.g. chalcocite and niccolite, precipitate metallic silver very efficiently from 
 dilute aqueous solutions of silver sulphate. However, the more common sulphides, 
 such as pyrite, galena, and sphalerite were relatively inactive as precipitants of 
 silver from aqueous sulphate solutions. 
 
 Argentite, proustite, and native silver in hair-like form, appear to be of 
 secondary origin. These minerals are found in vugs in the lower workings of the 
 mines where the ore has become leaner, or below the productive zone in the veins. 
 
 The silver-bearing solutions working downward beneath the sill, in the frac- 
 tured rocks, lost their silver content by precipitation on coming in contact with the 
 cobalt-nickel minerals before a great depth was 'reached. Hence it is not surprising 
 to find that rich silver ore does not extend to as great a depth beneath the sill as do 
 the cobalt-nickel ores. Practically all the samples of native silver, excepting those 
 that show a crystalline form or occur in veinlets, contain mercury. 
 ! ' Cobalt minerals are also found in areas lying at some distance from the town 
 of Cobalt. The most important deposits occur in South Lorrain, Casey township, 
 and Gowganda. The Lake Superior silver deposits also contain small amounts of 
 cobalt. 
 
 Other minor occurrences of nickel-cobalt ores in Canada are given in the 
 " Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of Canada," vol. XIV, 1901, pt. H; 
 to 1917. 
 
 The following table shows the production of the Cobalt district from 1904 
 to 1917. 
 
 Total Production of Cobalt Mines 1904-1917 1 
 
 
 Nickel 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Silver 
 
 Total value 
 
 Year 
 
 tons value 
 
 tons 
 
 value 
 
 tons 1 value 
 
 ounces 
 
 value 
 
 1904.. 
 1905.. 
 1906.. 
 1907.. 
 1908.. 
 1909.. 
 1910.. 
 1911.. 
 1912.. 
 1913.. 
 1914.. 
 1915.. 
 1916.. 
 1917.. 
 
 ■ 4— 
 
 14 
 75 
 160 
 370 
 612 
 766 
 504 
 392 
 429 
 377 
 
 (a) 90 
 (h) 35 
 
 (b) 79 
 (6)155 
 
 $ 
 
 3,467 
 10,000 
 
 1,174 
 
 14,220 
 13,326 
 28,978 
 28,353 
 59,380 
 125,071 
 
 16 
 
 118 
 
 321 
 
 739 
 
 1,224 
 
 1,533 
 
 1,098 
 
 852 
 
 934 
 
 821 
 
 (a) 351 
 
 (A) 206 
 
 (6) 400 
 
 (ft) 337 
 
 $ 
 
 19,960 
 100,000 
 
 80,704 
 104,426 
 111,118 
 
 94,965 
 
 54,699 
 170,890 
 314,381 
 420,386 
 590,406 
 383,261 
 805,014 
 1,138,190 
 
 72 
 549 
 1,440 
 2,958 
 3,672 
 4,294 
 4,897 
 3,806 
 4,166 
 3,663 
 2,030 
 2,490 
 2,160 
 .2,592 
 
 $ 
 
 903 
 
 2,693 
 
 15,858 
 
 40,104 
 
 40,373 
 
 61,039 
 
 70,709 
 
 74,609 
 
 80,546 
 
 64,146 
 
 116,624 
 
 148,379 
 
 200,103 
 
 608,483 
 
 206,875 
 2,451,356 
 5,401,766 
 10,023,311 
 19,437,875 
 25,897,825 
 30,645,181 
 31,507,791 
 30,243,859 
 29,681,975 
 25,162,841 
 24,746,534 
 19,915,090 
 19,401,893 
 
 $ 
 
 111,887 
 
 1,360,503 
 
 3, 6 '.7, 551 
 
 6,155,391 
 
 9,133,378 
 
 12,461,576 
 
 15,478,047 
 
 15,953,847 
 
 17,408,935 
 
 16,553,981 
 
 12,765,461 
 
 12,135,816 
 
 : 12,643,175 
 
 16,121,013 
 
 $ 
 
 186,217 
 
 1,473,196 
 
 3,764,113 
 
 6,301,095 
 
 9,284,869 
 
 12,617,580 
 
 15,608,455 
 
 16,199,346 
 
 17,818,082 
 
 17,051,839 
 
 13,501,469 
 
 12,695,809 
 
 13,707,672 
 
 ■ 18,028,597 
 
 Total. 
 
 4,058 
 
 283,969 
 
 8,950 
 
 4,388,400 
 
 38,789 
 
 1,524,569 
 
 274,724,172 
 
 151,950.561 
 
 158,176,339 
 
 1 Ont, Bur, Min., Vol. XXVII, 1918, p. 16. 
 
 (a) Metallic contents of nickel and cobalt oxides respectively. 
 
 (6) Metals and metallic contents of all nickel and cobalt compounds. 
 
1918 
 
 Cobalt Minerals, their Composition and Occurrences 
 
 29 
 
 In the following table a record of silver shipments since 1904 is given. 
 Silver Production, Cobalt Mines, 1904 to 1917 1 
 
 
 to 
 
 .9 
 o 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 Is 
 Si 
 
 53 
 
 Shipments and Silver Contents 
 
 u 
 
 Ore 
 
 Av. 
 per 
 
 ton 
 
 ounces 
 
 Concentrates 
 
 Av. 
 per 
 Ion 
 
 ounces 
 
 Bullion 
 
 Total 
 
 c3 
 
 tons 
 
 ounces 
 
 tons 
 
 ounces 
 
 ounces 
 
 ounces 
 
 value 
 
 1904 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 17 
 28 
 30 
 31 
 41 
 34 
 30 
 35 
 32 
 24 
 28 
 28 
 
 158 
 
 2,144 
 
 5,335 
 
 14,788 
 
 24,487 
 
 27,729 
 
 27,437 
 
 17,278 
 
 10,719 
 
 9,861 
 
 4,302 
 
 2,865 
 
 2,177 
 
 2,288 
 
 206,875 
 
 2,451,356 
 
 5,401,766 
 
 10,023,311 
 
 18,022,480 
 
 22,436,355 
 
 22,581,714 
 
 20,318,626 
 
 15,395,504 
 
 13,668,079 
 
 6,504,753 
 
 6,758,286 
 
 4,672,500 
 
 3,271,353 
 
 1,309 
 
 1,143 
 
 1,013 
 
 677 
 
 736 
 
 809 
 
 821 
 
 1,176 
 
 1,436 
 
 1,386 
 
 1,511 
 
 2,359 
 
 2,146 
 
 1,429 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 206,8751 111.887 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,451,356 
 5,401,766 
 10,023,311 
 19,437,875 
 25,897,825 
 30,645,181 
 31 507,791 
 30,243,859 
 29,681,975 
 25,162,841 
 24,746,534 
 19,915,090 
 19,401,893 
 
 1,360,503 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,667,551 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,155,391 
 
 1908 
 
 1,137 
 
 2,948 
 
 6,845 
 
 9,375 
 
 11,214 
 
 11,016 
 
 12,152 
 
 11,996 
 
 8,561 
 
 13,720 
 
 1,415,395 
 
 3,461,470 
 7,082,834 
 8,056,189 
 9,768,228 
 8,489,321 
 8,915,958 
 10,001,548 
 7,598,011 
 6,445,243 
 
 1,244 
 1,174 
 1,030 
 858 
 871 
 770 
 733 
 834 
 887 
 469 
 
 
 9,133,378 
 
 1909 
 
 
 12,461,576 
 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 980,633 
 3,132,976 
 5,080,127 
 7,524,575 
 9,742,130 
 7,986,700 
 7,644,579 
 8,053,318 
 
 15,478,047 
 15,953,847 
 17,408,935 
 16,553,981 
 12,765,461 
 12,135,816 
 12,643,175 
 16,121,013 
 
 Tn'l. 
 
 
 151,568 
 
 151,712,958 
 
 1,001 
 
 88,964 
 
 71,234,197 
 
 801 
 
 50,145,038 
 
 274,724,172Jl51,950,561 
 
 As the camp has developed, the average grade of ore shipped has gradually 
 lowered in value. The introduction of concentration plants in 1908 has tended to 
 keep the shipments up to a high standard, but there is a growing tendency to treat 
 the ore at the mines and recover the silver as bullion for shipment. The average 
 concentration ratio of the different mills during 1914 was 47-1. Further information 
 on the treatment of the ores at Cobalt will be found under the heading " Develop- 
 ment of the Metallurgy of the Silver-Cobalt Ores of Ontario." 
 
 In the purchasing of the cobalt ores payment is made for the silver and in some 
 cases for the cobalt, the amount paid for the silver varying with the grade of the 
 ore. The different schedules that have been adopted are given in the descriptions 
 of the Coniagas Eeduction Co. and the Deloro Mining and Eeduction Co. under 
 the " Metallurgy of Cobalt." 
 
 In 1905 the price offered for cobalt in ores containing about 6 per cent, cobalt, 
 fell from 65 to 35 cents a pound and at the same time the allowance which had 
 been made previously for the nickel and arsenic, viz., 12 and 0.5 cents a pound 
 respectively was cancelled. 
 
 Between 190'5 and 1909, ten cents per pound was allowed for the cobalt in the 
 ores if they contained more than 6 per cent., except where the nickel was greater 
 than the cobalt. 
 
 Between 1909 and 1914 very little was realized for the cobalt except in the case 
 of high grade ores. 
 
 Since 1914, some of the companies have been paying for cobalt, but in some 
 cases not for silver in the same ore. The amount paid for cobalt varies with the 
 
 » Ont. Bur. -Min., Vol. XXVII, 1918, p. 16. 
 
30 Bureau of Mines No ' 4 
 
 grade of the ore and is about as follows : five cents a pound for the cobalt m ores 
 between 6 and 8 per cent., ten cents a pound in ores between 8 and 10 per cent., 
 and fifteen cents a pound in ores over 10 per cent, cobalt. 
 
 Most of the cobalt ores that are purchased for the recovery of the cobalt are 
 treated by Canadian smelters. However, a quantity of ore is imported by smelters 
 in the United States, the chief importer being the American Smelting and Kenning 
 Company. The Pennsylvania Smelting Co., Carnegie, Pa. ; the Balbach Smelting 
 and Penning Co., Newark, N.J.; and the United States Metals Penning Co., 
 Chrome, N.J., also import small quantities of cobalt ores. 
 
 Shipments of cobalt-nickel residues from the Nipissing high-grade mill con- 
 taining 9 per cent, cobalt and 4.5 per cent, nickel have been made by the Nipissing 
 Mining Co. to H. Wiggin and Co., Birmingham, England. 
 
 A few shipments containing 4,500 ounces of silver per ton were made previous 
 to 1913 to the Government smelter, Saxony, Germany. 
 
 United States smelters imported during 1915, 7,310 tons of ore from the 
 Cobalt district containing 3,580,843 fine ounces of silver, as against 7,206 tons 
 containing 3,966,301 fine ounces in 1914. 
 
 In 1916 shipments of ore and concentrates from Cobalt to refineries in the 
 United States comprised 364 tons of ore carrying 408,014 ounces, and 3,700.35 tons 
 of concentrates carrying 1,629,841 ounces — a total of 2,037,855 ounces of silver. 
 In 1917 to refineries in the United States there were consignments from Cobalt 
 amounting to 6,307 tons, from which 2,914,267 fine ounces of silver were recovered. 
 These shipments were on the whole of considerably lower grade than those to the 
 home refineries, averaging only 462 ounces of silver to the ton, as against 810 ounces. 
 Much the larger quantity treated by U. S. plants was at the works of the American 
 Smelting & Refining Company, Denver, Col., and Perth Amboy, N.J. Of the total 
 quantity of silver contained in the product of the Cobalt mines in 1917, namely 
 19,401,893 ounces, 14,504,681 ounces were refined at the mines in Cobalt or in 
 Ontario works, being about 75 per cent, of the whole. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Occurrence and Utilization of Cobalt Ores, Bulletin Imperial Institute, London, Vol. XIV, 
 .1916, pp. 417-437. 
 
 Wilson, M. E., Origin of Cobalt Series. Journal of Geology, Vol. XXI, 1913, pp. 121-141. 
 
 Power, F. Danvers, The Mineral Besources of New Caledonia, Institution Mining and 
 Metallurgy, Trans., Vol. VIII, 1899-1900, pp. 426-472. This article contains an extensive 
 bibliography. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 31 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 THE METALLURGY OF COBALT 
 
 Very little is known about the details of the metallurgy of cobalt in comparison 
 with our knowledge of the other metals, except by those directly connected with 
 the industry. It is not a new subject, since the treatment of cobalt ores was prac- 
 tised for several hundred years in Europe, where the output of the world's 
 supply of cobalt was controlled until the discovery of the Canadian cobalt deposits 
 in 1903. New South Wales, Norway, New Caledonia, Germany, Chile, and 
 Hungary were the chief producers of cobalt ores, while the largest refineries were 
 located in Germany and England. Since 1902 there has been very little cobalt 
 ore mined outside of .Canada, except in the United States during 1903 and 1908, 
 when there was a production of 60 and 100 tons respectively of cobalt oxide from 
 the ores of Missouri. Until 1913, the world's annual production of cobalt oxide 
 amounted to approximately 250 tons, but within recent years the production 
 has increased until in 1916 it amounted to 400 tons. Within the last few years 
 the quantity of cobalt ■ metal produced has increased from practically nothing 
 in 1913, to 165 tons in 1916, and 158 tons in 1917. 
 
 The price of cobalt oxide (70 per cent, cobalt) fluctuated little previous to 
 1907, the oxide selling at prices varying from $1.60' to $2.00 a pound. In 1907 the 
 price rose to $2.50, but in 1908 it dropped to $1.40. Since 1908 the price has 
 gradually declined, the average for 1915 being 90 cents a pound. Owing to the 
 increased present demand the price has risen to $1.50 (1917). The value of 
 metallic cobalt is given (1917) as $2.00 to $2.25 a pound. 
 
 In reviewing the metallurgy of cobalt, two noticeable changes are evident; 
 first, previous to the discovery of the large cobalt deposits in Canada, practically 
 all compounds of cobalt were produced in Europe; and second, in the European 
 refineries ores were treated for the cobalt content alone, while from the ores of 
 Canada, metallic silver, cobalt, nickel, and arsenic oxide are recovered. The 
 associated metals are often a source of revenue for the smelters. 
 
 Since most of the cobalt compounds produced in Europe were used in the 
 ceramic industries, and as the requirements of these industries at the time were 
 not such as to demand a high-grade cobalt oxide, it is reasonable to conclude that 
 the processes used in Europe did not produce a high-grade cobalt oxide. However, 
 the demand of the ceramic industries at the present time is for a high-grade oxide, 
 and this is supplied by the Canadian smelters at practically one-half the price that 
 the low and medium cobalt compounds or smalts were sold at in Europe ten years 
 ago. 
 
 The elements arsenic, sulphur, copper, iron, and nickel, which are usually asso- 
 ciated with cobalt ores, are common to the ores of Europe and Canada, while those 
 from New Caledonia, though free from sulphur and arsenic, contain a large per- 
 centage of manganese. However, arsenic and sulphur cannot be altogether con- 
 sidered as impurities in cobalt ores, since the presence of either element enables 
 the ores to be reduced in blast-furnaces to produce a speiss or matte. 
 
32 Burea u of Mines No. 4 
 
 The metal cobalt or the oxide has never been recovered in a pure form from 
 ores by dry methods alone, because of its association with metals possessing very 
 similar properties; hence we find chemical or wet methods employed to separate 
 the associated elements. In any preliminary treatment or smelting of cobalt ores 
 the behaviour of cobalt, nickel, and iron toward arsenic, sulphur, and oxygen is 
 important. Of the three metals nickel, cobalt, and iron, nickel has the greatest 
 affinity 1 for arsenic, then cobalt, and lastly iron ; while in the case of oxygen their 
 affinities are reversed. As regards the behaviour of these metals towards sulphur, 
 there is little difference, but nickel and cobalt seem to combine preferably with 
 sulphur. Also, because the affinities of the three metals lie very close together, 
 it is not possible to eliminate iron as oxide or silicate from a mixture of iron, nickel 
 and cobalt by having just sufficient arsenic present to form arsenides of nickel and 
 cobalt, nor is it possible to remove iron from the other two in a speiss or matte 
 by regulating the extent of oxidation. In both cases some iron, nickel, and cobalt 
 will be found together. 
 
 Cobalt ores are commonly smelted in blast furnaces to remove gangue minerals 
 and other impurities, e.g., iron, sulphur, and arsenic. In the blast furnace smelting, 
 a speiss 1 or a matte 2 and a slag are formed. In blast-furnace smelting of cobalt 
 ores a certain amount of iron is always allowed to enter the speiss or matte, because 
 when iron is present very little cobalt will be found in the slag, while a certain 
 amount of iron is necessary to assist in the subsequent precipitation of arsenic. 
 
 The following classification illustrates the metallurgical treatment of cobarlt 
 ores. Although the production of smalt 3 directly from ore is not practised at 
 the present time, this method is given in the classification since it was used formerly 
 in Europe. 
 
 1. The Extraction of Cobalt Oxide. 
 
 A. Decomposition of arsenical and sulphide ores; 
 
 1. By smelting in blast-furnaces producing, 
 
 (a) A speiss containing chiefly cobalt and nickel arsenides. 
 
 (b) A matte containing chiefly cobalt and nickel sulphides. 
 
 2. By other processes. 
 
 (a) "Wet processes. 
 
 (b) Dry processes. 
 
 B. Decomposition of oxidized ores; 
 
 1. "Wet processes. 
 
 2. Dry processes. 
 
 C. Decomposition of Silicates. 
 3. The Production of Smalt. 
 
 I. — The Extraction of Cobalt Oxide 
 A. 1 . Decomposition of Arsenical and Sulphide Ores in Blast Furnaces 
 
 All the cobalt ores smelted in Canada are arsenical ores containing silver, 
 while those treated in Missouri are sulphide ores practically free from -silver. 
 
 ' Speiss is a metallurgical product in which the metals are present as arsenides. 
 
 2 Matte is a metallurgical product in which the metals are present as sulphides. 
 
 3 Smalt is a silicate of cobalt, used in the pottery industries. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Coba lt 33 
 
 From the arsenical silver ores, metallic silver and argentiferous speiss containing 
 cobalt, nickel, iron and copper as arsenides are produced, while from the sulphide 
 ores a matte containing the metals as sulphides is formed. If more than sufficient 
 arsenic or sulphur is present than is necessary to combine with the cobalt, nickel, 
 copper and part of the iron, any excess is removed' by a previous roasting, or a 
 number of different ores may be mixed to get the proper quantity of arsenic for 
 the blast furnace charge. The usual blast furnace charge contains approximately 
 16 per cent, arsenic. 
 
 In the blast-furnace smelting of the silver cobalt ores of Canada, the products 
 of smelting are metallic silver, approximately 850 fine, which represents about 85 
 per cent, extraction of the silver content of the ore; an argentiferous speiss con- 
 taining arsenides of cobalt, nickel, copper, and part of the iron ; a slag containing 
 the lime, magnesia and part of the iron as silicates; and flue dust which contains 
 fine particles of ore, crude arsenious oxide, and coke dust. In smelting sulphide 
 ores, free from silver, matte, slag, and flue dust are produced. The speiss or matte 
 then undergoes further treatment for the recovery of the cobalt, nickel, and silver. 
 
 The process of treating speiss or matte consists of grinding and roasting, fol- 
 lowed by treatment with sulphuric acid and chemicals to convert the cobalt and 
 nickel into soluble compounds, leaving most of the impurities in an insoluble state. 
 However, small quantities of iron, nickel, copper, arsenic, and sulphur dissolve 
 with the cobalt, and these must be removed, since they are objectionable in cobalt 
 oxide to -be used in the ceramic industries. The maximum limits of the above 
 impurities in High-grade cobalt oxide are, approximately, iron 0.5 per cent., nickel 
 1 . per cent., copper, arsenic, and sulphur . 1 per cent each. 
 
 Treatment of ground unroasted speiss with acids and chemicals is also practised. 
 
 The smelting of arsenical ores of cobalt is conducted in blast-furnaces at present 
 in Canada, chiefly at the smelters of the Deloro Smelting and Refining Company' 
 and the Coniagas Reduction Company. The blast-furnace smelting of sulphide 
 Ores is used by the Missouri Cobalt Company,. Fredericktown, Missouri, which was 
 formerly the North America Lead Company. Sulphide ores were also treated at one 
 time at the Scopello works, Piedmont, Italy; at the Isabella works, in Silesia; at 
 Schneeberg in Saxony; and at the Christofle works, at St. Denis, France. 
 
 A. 2 (a). Decomposition of Arsenical and Sulphide Ores by Wet Processes 
 
 No methods have ever been successfully practised to treat arsenical and sulphide 
 cobalt ores directly by wet methods alone, the reason being that it is more profitable 
 to concentrate this class of ores by producing a speiss or matte. ' A few attempts 
 have been made to treat arsenical ores without a preliminary smelting in blast- 
 furnaces, by first roasting the ore, which operation was followed by treatment with 
 acids. Owing to the difficulties in operating such a process, and also to the high 
 consumption of acids and chemicals, only small quantities of ore containing small 
 amounts of soluble gangue minerals could be treated. The reagents tried were 
 hydrochloric, sulphuric, or nitric acids, with or without the addition of chemicals. 
 Solutions of ferrous chloride were also frequently tried. 
 4 b.m. (iii) 
 
34 Bureau of Mines ____ No ' 4 
 
 A. 2 (b). Decomposition of Arsenical and Sulphide Ores by Dry Processes 
 
 An attempt was made in Germany to treat low-grade cobalt ores by roasting 
 with the addition of salt and iron pyrites, the cobalt being converted into soluble 
 cobalt chloride, while practically all the iron remained as insoluble oxide^ There 
 is no record of such a process ever having been operated on a commercial scale. 
 
 B. (1). Decomposition of Oxidized Ores by Wet Processes 
 
 The treatment of the ores from New Caledonia comes under this heading. 
 Decomposition of the ore was effected by treatment with a hot solution of ferrous 
 sulphate. For a detailed description of this method see the Herrenschmidt 
 processes. 
 
 B. (2). Decomposition of Oxidized Ores by Dry Processes 
 
 An attempt was made during 1893 and 1894 to concentrate the oxidized ores 
 of New Caledonia by producing a matte. As these ores did not contain sufficient 
 sulphur to form a matte, this latter element must have been added, probably as 
 pyrites. 
 
 C. Decomposition of Silicates 
 
 Silicates of cobalt cannot be smelted with arsenical or sulphide ores to form 
 a speiss or matte, because cobalt silicate is not decomposed by iron arsenide or 
 iron sulphide to form cobalt arsenide or sulphide. Nickel silicate, however, does 
 react with iron pyrites to give nickel sulphide and iron silicate. It is possible, 
 however, under strongly reducing conditions, to reduce some cobalt from the silicate. 
 
 The possibility of treating silicates by wet methods will depend altogether on 
 whether or not the cobalt and gangue minerals are decomposable by acids. How- 
 ever, there are no known occurrences of cobalt silicates in nature. 
 
 As mentioned above, cobalt ores usually contain arsenic, sulphur, copper, iron, 
 nickel, and manganese. The larger part of the arsenic, sulphur, and iron is 
 removed in the preliminary blast-furnace treatment, but the chief difficulty in pro- 
 ducing fairly pure cobalt oxide lies in the removal of the remaining small quan- 
 tities of these elements. The removal of these impurities will be discussed in the 
 order in which they are usually removed from cobalt-nickel solutions. 
 
 Removal of Arsenic from Cobalt-Nickel Ores and Solutions 
 
 Arsenic is a common impurity of cobalt ores, and is very objectionable, espe- 
 cially in cobalt metal which is added to other metals to make alloys. When dry or 
 wet methods are employed to convert cobalt and nickel into soluble form, consider- 
 able arsenic dissolves with the former metals, and any arsenic in solution must be 
 removed before proceeding with the precipitation of the cobalt and nickel. 
 
 The method of removing arsenic 1 depends chiefly on the quantity and form in 
 which it is present. In case of large quantities of arsenic, roasting to convert a 
 greater part of it into volatile arsenious oxide is practised, but it is difficult to 
 roast an ore containing more than 20 per cent, of arsenic to below 7 per cent., 
 because of the formation of arsenates of iron, cobalt, and lime. The addition of 
 carbon reduces any arsenates to arsenites, from which compounds volatile arsenious 
 oxide is evolved on heating. This method, however, is too costly for any extensive 
 use. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 35 
 
 In case of roasted products or ores containing small quantities of arsenic in 
 the form of arsenates, chemical methods must be used to remove this impurity. 
 
 When cobalt ores are treated in blast furnaces, considerable iron is allowed 
 to enter the speiss or matte, so that the loss of cobalt and nickel in the slag will 
 be low. A part of this iron is dissolved with the cobalt and nickel. Any dissolved 
 iron assists in the removal of arsenic, for when a solution containing nickel, cobalt, 
 iron, and arsenic is neutralized with ground calcium carbonate, the iron and arsenic 
 combine to form ferric arsenate, FeAs0 4 , a light-brown, flocculent to granular 
 precipitate. Practically all the arsenic can be removed in this way, and if there 
 is not sufficient iron in the solution to form ferric arsenate with all the arsenic, 
 iron in some soluble form is added. 
 
 Arsenic may also be removed from speiss by heating the roasted product with 
 sodium carbonate and nitre to form soluble sodium arsenate, the metals forming 
 oxides. This method was practised for some time by the Canadian Copper Com- 
 pany, Copper Cliff, Ontario, in the treatment of the silver-cobalt ores. The leached 
 speiss containing up to 3 per cent, arsenic was shipped to New Jersey to be refined. 
 
 Removal of Iron 
 
 Any iron not removed as ferric arsenate is precipitated by careful additions 
 of calcium carbonate, the iron precipitating as ferric hydrate. To completely 
 precipitate the iron it is essential that the iron be oxidized. 
 
 Removal of Copper 
 
 Copper, when present in cobalt-nickel solution in quantities over . 5 per cent., 
 presents considerable difficulty in its complete removal- Small amounts of copper 
 will be precipitated completely from cobalt-nickel solutions along with the iron by 
 the addition of calcium carbonate. However, when the ratio of the copper to the 
 cobalt and nickel is greater than 1 to 6, it is advisable to remove the copper, either 
 by iron plates or electrolytic methods. 
 
 Removal of Manganese 
 
 There is practically no manganese in the cobalt ores found at Cobalt, Canada, 
 but practically all the cobalt ores from New Caledonia, previously in large use, 
 carried a high percentage of this metal. In the manipulation of the New Cale- 
 donia ores the solutions containing cobalt, nickel, and manganese were treated 
 with sodium sulphide, the cobalt and nickel being precipitated as sulphides, 
 while practically all of the manganese remained in solution. 
 
 Separation of Cobalt from Nickel 
 
 After the arsenic, iron, copper, and manganese have been removed, the next 
 step is to separate the cobalt and nickel. The commonest method is to precipitate 
 the cobalt first, but it is possible to precipitate it after the nickel. 
 
 The separation of cobalt from nickel as practised at the present time is 
 practically the same as it was a number of years ago. When a solution of calcium 
 hypochlorite (bleaching powder) is added to a solution containing cobalt and 
 
36 Bureau oi Mines No. 4 
 
 nickel, the cobalt is precipitated first as a black hydroxide, Co(OH) 3 . The pre- 
 cipitation may be carried to a colourless solution 1 without precipitating any 
 appreciable quantities of nickel. If it is desired to obtain pure nickel oxide, the 
 first cobalt hydroxide is removed, and the precipitation of the remaining cobalt 
 is continued until the solution is practically free from it, a quantity of black nickel 
 hydroxide, Ni(OH) 3 , being precipitated at the same time. This intermediate 
 precipitation produces mixed oxides, which must be retreated to produce pure 
 cobalt and nickel oxides. The nickel in solution is precipitated as nickelous 
 hydroxide or hydrated carbonate by the addition of a solution of lime or sodium 
 carbonate. 
 
 When cobalt and nickel are present as sulphates, it is customary to precipitate 
 the cobalt by sodium hypochlorite instead of calcium hypochlorite, since the lime 
 of the calcium hypochlorite reacts with the sulphate radicle to form insoluble 
 calcium sulphate, which is difficult to remove. In case calcium sulphate is present 
 in cobalt oxide, it may be removed by a treatment with a hot solution of sodium 
 carbonate, the sodium carbonate and calcium sulphate reacting to form sodium 
 sulphate and calcium carbonate. The sodium sulphate is removed by water and 
 the calcium carbonate by treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Cobalt may also be precipitated after the nickel. In this case soda is added 
 to the boiling solution which precipitates nickel hydroxide and carbonate with a 
 small amount of cobalt carbonate, while cobalt with a small amount of nickel 
 remains dissolved. Cobalt is finally precipitated by additions of more soda or 
 chloride of lime. The writer is not aware of this method being practised 
 commercially. 
 
 Methods Used or Proposed to Treat Cobalt Ores for Cobalt Oxide 
 
 In the following pages of this section a brief outline is given of the methods 
 practised successfully at the present time and those formerly employed in Europe. 
 This is followed by a summary of all the processes that have been proposed to treat 
 cobalt ores. Very few, if any, of these latter processes could ever be successful 
 on a practical scale, while some - are merely laboratory methods. An outline of all 
 the processes is incorporated in this review merely as a reference for anyone under- 
 taking an investigation of the recovery of cobalt from its ores. A more detailed 
 description is given of the processes and smelters of the Coniagas Eeduction Com- 
 pany, Limited, and the Deloro Smelting and Kenning Company, Limited, since 
 these two smelters are the most successful ones at the present time. The Herren- 
 sehmidt process is also considered in detail as a large quantity of New Caledonia 
 ores were formerly treated by this method. All the other processes are grouped 
 together, mention only being made of differences in the proposed treatments that 
 may possibly be of interest. 
 
 The methods employed by Canadian companies are first described. 
 
 'A solution containing approximately 1.5 to 2 parts of nickel sulphate to 1 part of 
 cobalt sulphate is practically colourless. If cobalt is present in a larger ratio, the solutions 
 are pink to red in colour, while if the ratio of the cobalt to nickel is less the solutions are 
 green. 
 
1918 
 
 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 
 
 37 
 
 Coniagas Reduction Company Limited 1 
 
 The Coniagas Mines Limited, of Cobalt, Ontario, owns practically all of the 
 issued capital stock of the Coniagas Keduction Co., Limited. The head office of 
 the company is at St. Catharines, Ontario, but the smelter is situated at Thorold, 
 six miles west of Niagara Falls. The company's property comprises 160 acres, 
 of which the smelter occupies about four, with a frontage of 1,500 feet on the 
 Welland canal. It is also served by the Grand Trunk, and Niagara, St. Catharines, 
 and Toronto railways. 
 
 The construction of the smelter was begun in March, 1907, and actual smelting 
 commenced in May, 1908. It was erected for the treatment of ores from the 
 Coniagas mine, but its capacity is sufficient to smelt a certain tonnage of other 
 silver ores from Cobalt. 
 
 The process in use at this smelter is as follows : The ore is crushed, ground in 
 a Krupp ball-mill, and sampled by a Vezin automatic sampler, two separate samples 
 being taken. The ground ore is smelted in a blast-furnace with limestone and 
 iron ore, the products being impure metallic silver, an argentiferous speiss con- 
 taining cobalt, nickel, and iron as arsenides, also flue dust, and slag. The impure 
 silver is cast into anodes and refined electrolytically. The speiss is treated with 
 chemicals to recover the silver, cobalt, and nickel. Various grades of cobalt oxide 
 containing from 60 to 76 per cent, metallic cobalt, are produced, according to the 
 demand of the market. The cobalt oxide contains less than 1 per cent, nickel and 
 only small proportions of sulphur, lime, and iron. The arsenical fume from the 
 dust-flues and collectors is treated to produce refined white arsenic, which assays 
 over 99 per cent, arsenious oxide. 
 
 To operate the plant, from 200 to 300 horse-power is required, which is trans- 
 mitted from Niagara Falls. The smelter has a monthly capacity of 250 tons of 
 raw ore. The limestone flux is obtained from Port Colborne, 20 miles south, and 
 the iron ore from Michigan. 
 
 This company produces refined silver, cobalt oxide and metal, nickel oxide and 
 metal, white arsenic and metallic arsenic. 
 
 The output of the smelter since the commencement of operations is given 
 below. The production of cobalt and nickel oxides, as shown in the table, repre- 
 sents the cobalt and nickel content in refined oxides and various products. 
 
 Year 
 
 Ore Treated Silver— Fine 
 
 Cobalt 
 Oxide 
 
 Nickel 
 Oxide 
 
 " White 
 Arsenic 
 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 tons 
 
 266.80 
 1,116.90 
 2,017.25 
 2,821.50 
 2,288.77 
 2,509.80 
 1,968.78 
 2,541.00 
 2,718.86 
 2,633.25 
 
 ounces. 
 
 360,683 
 1,659,604 
 3.485,243 
 5,770,271 
 4,824,632 
 4,977,012 
 3,865,546 
 3,445,661 
 4,428,913 
 2,954,665 
 
 tons 
 5.5 
 0.9 
 
 53.8 
 
 60.5 
 129.0 
 250.6 
 171.9 
 
 59.0 
 190.4 
 
 49.6 
 
 tons 
 1.5 
 
 13.2 
 17.3 
 50.7 
 115.6 
 124.9 
 99.8 
 67.6 
 38.9 
 
 tons 
 13.5 
 100.0 
 557.7 
 766.1 
 636.7 
 319.4 
 399.2 
 472.8 
 420.8 
 555.3 
 
 1 Cole, Arthur A., Report of the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Commis- 
 sion, Toronto, Canada, 1912, p. 69. 
 
38 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 55 per cent. 
 
 for 
 
 50 ounces and 
 
 73 
 
 " 
 
 200 " 
 
 78 
 
 " 
 
 300 " 
 
 84 
 
 >i 
 
 500 " 
 
 91.5 " 
 
 '■' 
 
 1,000 " 
 
 92.5 " 
 
 a 
 
 1,500 " 
 
 93.5 " 
 
 tt 
 
 2,000 " 
 
 95 
 
 n 
 
 3,000 and over. 
 
 The smelting schedule of the Coniagas Eeduction Company in condensed form 
 is as follows: 
 
 Schedule. — Percentages of silver to be paid for on commercial assay of the 
 silver content per ton of 2,000 pounds as follows : 
 
 50 ounces and proportionate increase in percentage up to 200 
 
 300 
 500 
 " 1,000 
 " 1,500 
 " 2,000 
 " 3,000 
 
 Sampling to be at vendor's expense. 
 
 All ore purchased to be subject to a refining charge of . 75 cent per ounce of 
 silver content. 
 
 Payment: — 75 per cent, of the amount 30 days after date of weighing and 
 sampling reports; 25 per cent, of amount 90 days after date of said report. 
 
 Price of silver to be determined by New York quotation as given by Messrs. 
 Handy and Harman to Western Union Telegraph Company on dates of settlement. 
 
 Deloro Smelting and Refining Company Limited 1 
 
 The Deloro Smelting and Eefining Company- is a close corporation controlled 
 by M. J. O'Brien, 3 owner of the O'Brien mine, Cobalt, and Miller-Lake O'Brien 
 mine, Gowganda. 
 
 The smelter is located at Deloro, Hastings county, Ontario, one mile from 
 Marmora station, on the Canadian Northern railway. 
 
 The plant was built and operated first as an arsenic refinery by the Canadian 
 Goldfields, but was entirely remodelled in 1907 by the present owners to smelt 
 ores from Cobalt, particularly those of the O'Brien mine. During the year 
 1908 a separate and extensive plant was added for the production of cobalt 
 and nickel oxides, and this has been in successful operation since May, 1910. 
 When the plant was first erected the products were limited to silver, refined arsenic, 
 and mixed oxides, but it has beeen gradually extended and at present the company 
 produces refined silver, cobalt oxide and metal, nickel oxide and metal, and white 
 arsenic. There is also an equipment for the production of the cobalt-chromium- 
 tungsten alloy known as stellite, used for high-speed cutting-tools. 
 
 Treatment of Ores.— Ores and mill products from Cobalt are purchased 
 on a basis of the silver content. Sampling is done carefully under the super- 
 vision of a representative of the seller, the process in use being as follows" 
 Each carload of ore is stored in a separate bin, from which it is removed and 
 crushed to 15-mesh in a ball-mill, to which is attached a Snyder sampler This 
 machine takes about 50 samples a minute, each one representing 10' per cent of 
 the ground material leaving the mill. The total sample is subdivided until a final 
 sample of about 20 pounds is obtained. The coarse scales of silver which do not 
 
 Limit™* C ° mpany '^ f0VmeVl7 kn0Wn aS the Moro Mi ™S and ieiuction Company, 
 
 2 Cole, Arthur A., Report of the Timiskaming and Northern nr,t»r,'„ v> -i „ 
 
 ston, Toronto, Canada, p. 74, 1913. ^ortnein Ontario Railway Commis- 
 
1918 
 
 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 
 
 39 
 
 pass through the hall-mill screens are melted and cast into a bar which is weighed, 
 sampled and assayed. The final assay of the ore is calculated from the assays of 
 the ore and scales. 
 
 The following are typical assays of ores and mill products received at the 
 smelter up to 1915: 
 
 Product 
 
 Ag 
 
 per ton 
 
 Oz. 
 
 Co 
 
 Ni 
 
 Cu 
 
 Fe 
 
 As 
 
 .8 
 
 Si0 2 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 Jig product 
 
 2,194 
 
 1,442 
 
 1,426 
 
 324 
 
 7.9 
 
 10.4 
 
 8.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 4.3 
 5.8 
 3.8 
 0.5 
 
 0.10 
 0.20 
 0.25 
 
 5.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 11.6 
 
 6.8 
 
 30.2 
 47.2 
 37.1 
 10.0 
 
 1.70 
 3.70 
 8.25 
 2.98 
 
 4.17 
 4.5 
 9.5 
 58.3 
 
 15.0 
 5.2 
 
 2.7 
 0.8 
 
 
 
 Slime " 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.92 
 
 The ground ore with the required fluxes is mixed in a pug-mill and smelted 
 in a low-pressure blast furnace, the products being metallic silver, an argentiferous 
 speiss, slag, and flue dust. 
 
 The silver, which is about 850 parts fine, is charged into an oil-fired refining 
 furnace and the impurities oxidized. Silver 996 parts fine is produced. 
 
 The argentiferous speiss is re-crushed, roasted in coal-fired reverberatory 
 furnaces or in an oil-fired Bruckner furnace, and the product conveyed to the 
 chloridizing furnaces, where it is heated with salt. 
 
 The chloridized speiss is charged into agitating tanks where the silver is 
 extracted by sodium cyanide. Metallic silver is precipitated from the cyanide solu- 
 tion by the addition 6f aluminum dust. This process was developed by Prof. S. F. 
 Kirkpatriek, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. The silver obtained is excep- 
 tionally high-grade, and the cyanide is to a large extent regenerated. The silver 
 from the refining furnace is mixed with the silver precipitate from the cyanide 
 process and treated with borax and nitre in an oil-fired tilting furnace, after which 
 it is poured into moulds. 
 
 The residues from the cyanide treatment are given further treatment for the 
 separation by precipitation of the cobalt and nickel. 
 
 Power is supplied to the smelter from Campbellford by the Hydro-Electric 
 Power Commission of Ontario, over a 23-mile transmission line, at $20 per 
 horse-power year. To operate the plant 300 to 400 horse-power is required. 
 
 The following table shows the production of the Deloro smelter since 1908 : 
 
 Year 
 
 Ore Treated 
 tons 
 
 Silver, Fine 
 ozs. 
 
 Cobalt and 
 
 mixed Oxides 
 
 tons 
 
 Refined 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 tons 
 
 1908 to 1912. 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 11,065 
 2,920 
 3,612 
 4,634 
 3,553 
 3,086 
 
 20,339,860 
 6,350,500 
 5,207,000 
 6,429,794 
 5,234,620 
 3,474,613 
 
 500 
 190 
 300 
 256 
 
 3,275 
 893 
 1,038 
 1,634 
 1,627 
 1,809 
 
40 
 
 Bureau of Mines No - 4 
 
 Schedule.— Payment is made for 98 per cent, of the silver content of the ore 
 determined by commercial assay, on the following terms and conditions : 
 
 Treatment charge, $25 a ton of ore. 
 "Penning charge, 0.75 cent per ounce of silver content on ore assaying 3,000 
 ounces and over per ton; one cent per ounce on ore assaying 2,000 to 3,000' ounces 
 per ton; one and one-half cents per ounce on ore assaying less than 2,000 ounces 
 per ton. 
 
 Terms, of payment, 75 per cent, of net proceeds 30 days after completion 
 of sampling. All ore is to be delivered in carload lots f.o.b. Marmora station, 
 and to be at the shipper's risk until sampling is undertaken. 
 
 Canadian Copper Company 
 
 The cobalt plant of the Canadian Copper Company was situated at Copper 
 Cliff, about one-quarter of a mile south of the large copper-nickel smelter of the 
 same company. 1 
 
 The works were designed to smelt and treat ores and concentrates from the 
 Cobalt silver mines, and were in operation from 1905 to 1913.. This plant was 
 closed because of the extended treatment of the ores in cyanide - plants at the mines. 
 The following is an .outline of the method used : 
 
 Treatment. — The ore was crushed, ground in a ball-mill to 30-mesh, and from 
 the ground ore, one-tenth was removed by a Snyder sampler. Sampling was com- 
 pleted by coning and quartering. The first quartering divided the sample into 
 .two parts, which were treated as two independent samples. The ore was charged 
 with suitable fluxes into a 30 by 72-inch blast furnace, having a capacity of 25 to 
 30 tons per 24 hours. Limestone from Michigan was used as a basic flux, and low- 
 grade cobalt ore as an acid flux when required. 
 
 The products of the blast furnaces were : silver, speiss, slag, and flue dust con- 
 taining fine ore, coke, and crude arsenic oxide. 
 
 The silver and speiss were tapped from the furnace through the lower tap-hole 
 and allowed to settle in a slag pot, the silver going to the bottom. 
 
 The silver button, assaying 850 parts fine, and weighing about 50 to 75 pounds, 
 represented an extraction of about 75 per cent, of the silver in the ore. The grade 
 of the silver was raised to 980 parts fine in an oil-fired refining furnace which had 
 a capacity of 30,000 ounces. It was shipped in bars to the Balbach Smelting and 
 Refining Company, Newark, NJ., for further refining. The slag from the refining 
 furnace was returned to the blast furnace. 
 
 An average analysis of the speiss produced is as follows : silver 900 oz. per ton, 
 arsenic, 24 to 30 per cent.,, cobalt 27, nickel 9 to 15, iron 20, copper 2, and 
 sulphur 6. 
 
 Previous to 1909 the blast furnace speiss was ground and roasted to remove 
 most of the arsenic. The roasted speiss was mixed with sodium carbonate and nitre 
 and again heated. By this treatment the arsenic was changed to soluble sodium 
 arsenate, the cobalt and nickel to oxides. After removing the soluble arsenate, the 
 residue, termed leached speiss, containing 2 to 3 per cent, arsenic and considerable 
 
 iQifi 1Brid f fi eS '« fi Th , e QA MetallUrgy ° f Canadian Cobalt 0re s- Con. Min. Jov.r , Vol. XXZIVII, 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 41 
 
 silver, was shipped to New Jersey to be refined. The above method of treatment 
 was changed about 1909 in order to recover more of the silver, the new process 
 being as follows: 
 
 The speiss was ground to 30-mesh, mixed with 20 per cent, salt, and roasted 
 in mechanically rabbled Edwards furnaces, fitted with water-cooled rabbles. Each 
 furnace had a capacity of 2,400 pounds per 24 hours. The chloridized speiss was 
 then treated with water to dissolve the soluble cobalt, nickel, and copper salts. 
 The solution was passed through a tank containing scrap iron, which precipitated 
 the copper, after which the cobalt and nickel were precipitated as hydroxides by 
 caustic soda, converted into oxides in an oil-fired furnace, ground in a pebble-mill, 
 and barrelled for shipment. An approximate assay of this material is as follows: 
 silver 15 oz. per ton, arsenic 0.3, cobalt 40, and nickel 3 per cent. The small 
 amount of nickel in the foregoing analysis in proportion to the cobalt is due to 
 the nickel chloride being more readily decomposed than the cobalt chloride. The 
 treatment of the speiss was continued with four covers of hyposulphite of soda 
 solution, the residue finally containing 20 to 30 oz. of silver per ton. The silver 
 was precipitated as sulphide by the addition of a • saturated solution of sodium 
 sulphide, filtered in a filter-press, dried, mixed with 100 per cent, sodium nitrate 
 and' 10 per cent, sodium carbonate, heated to redness in an oil-fired roasting fur- 
 nace, and then transferred to tanks where it was leached with hot water. A spongy 
 mass of metallic silver remained, with a small quantity of cobalt and nickel. The 
 spongy mass, which contained from 60 to 65 per cent, of silver, was added to the 
 bath in the silver-refining furnace. 
 
 The residues from the first hyposulphite leaching were mixed with quartz and 
 smelted in a blast furnace to remove the iron. The resultant products were slag, 
 speiss, and flue dust. 
 
 The slag, which contained 15 ounces silver per ton, 10 per cent, cobalt, and 
 less than 1 per cent, nickel, was smelted with other high-silver slags, and pyrite 
 from Capelton, Quebec. 
 
 The speiss from this second smelting had the following approximate com- 
 position : silver 300 ounces per ton, arsenic 25 to 30 per cent., cobalt 35, nickel 25, 
 iron 3.5, and copper 2 per cent., also a little sulphur when the arsenic was low. 
 
 The second speiss was treated similarly to the first up to the time when the 
 first residue was removed from the cylinders after treatment with hyposulphite. 
 The second speiss residue, which contained 20 per cent, arsenic, was mixed with 20 
 per cent, sodium nitrate and 10 per cent, sodium carbonate', and roasted in a hand- 
 rabbled reverberatory furnace. This treatment changed the arsenic to sodium 
 arsenate, which was dissolved in hot water, the solution being discarded. The 
 residue, after drying, had the following approximate composition: silver 20 to 
 30 oz. per ton, arsenic 0.3 to 0.-7 per cent., cobalt 35 to 37, nickel 23 to 25, copper 
 3, and iron 5 per cent. 
 
 Payment was received for. the silver in the residues,. as well as for the cobalt 
 and nickel oxides. 
 
 . The arsenious oxide from the blast furnace and roasting furnaces was collected 
 in fines and charged into an arsenic refining furnace. The residue, a clinker hio-h 
 
42 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 in silver, was returned to the blast furnace. The final product was refined white 
 arsenic which contained 99.98 per cent, arsenious oxide (As 2 3 ) and 0.3 ounces 
 of silver per ton. 
 
 The slag from the blast furnace was rejected except when it assayed more than 
 10 ounces of silver per ton, in which ease it was retreated in the blast furnace. 
 
 The 200 to 300 horse-power required was supplied from the company's plant 
 at High Falls, 14 miles from the smelter. 
 
 The following table shows the ore treated and the production of the cobalt 
 plant of the Canadian Copper Company from the commencement of operations to 
 their close in 1913. 
 
 Year 
 
 Ore Treated 
 Lbs. 
 
 Silver, Fine 
 Ozs. 
 
 Metallic 1 
 
 White 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Cobalt " 
 lbs. 
 
 Nickel 
 lbs. 
 
 1906 
 
 1,767,692.5 
 4,560,627.5 
 9,857,072.5 
 10,651,189.5 
 9,792,511.0 
 6,744,108.0 
 3,667,301.0 
 186,602.0 
 
 1,282,692.78 
 3,829,542.82 
 8,551,582.07 
 8,779,014.55 
 8,696,624.87 
 6,584,102.46 
 3,523,207.80 
 47,590.00 
 
 9,021 
 331,151 
 464,171 
 690,737 
 346,483 
 238,684 
 223,163 
 15,506 
 
 3,987 
 138,427 
 268,140 
 .463,588 
 260,756 
 234,323 
 209,330 
 
 7,161 
 
 
 1907 
 
 510,622 
 942,827 
 1,242,722 
 843,619 
 680,074 
 476,156 
 95,669 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 
 Total 
 
 47,227,104.0 
 
 41,294,357.35 
 
 2,318,916 
 
 1,585,712 
 
 4,791,689 
 
 
 Canada Refining and Smelting Company Limited 
 
 The plant of the Canada Eefining and Smelting Company Limited, 2 was 
 situated in the southern part of the town of Orillia, Ontario, and adjacent to the 
 Grand Trunk, Canadian Pacific, and Canadian Northern railways. 
 
 Construction was started early in September, 1910, and smelting was com- 
 menced in February, 1911. 
 
 The plant was designed for the treatment of silver ores from Cobalt, and had- 
 a capacity of about 13 tons daily. It produced refined silver, white arsenic, and 
 mixed oxides of cobalt and nickel. 
 
 This plant has not been operated since early in 1913, but the treatment of the 
 ore was as follows : 
 
 The crushing and sampling was done at Cobalt by Campbell and Deyell, 
 samplers and assayers, before shipment to the smelter. The ore was smelted in a 
 48-inch circular shaft furnace, which produced silver, argentiferous speiss, slag, 
 and flue dust. 
 
 The silver recovered from the furnace assayed 900 parts fine and represented 
 an extraction of 80 per cent. It was refined to 996 parts fine in a cupellation 
 furnace- of a capacity of 10,000 ounces. The slag from the refining furnace 
 
 in :^¥oi s ^ T :%:%£i metallic nickei and cobait «»*■*»* - *» «■* <*** 
 
 m i S Z: le To^ r CankdlT68,° f 1913: ™*™Z «* Northern Ontario Railway Con, 
 
1918 
 
 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 
 
 43 
 
 reverted to the blast furnace. Limestone and iron ore were used as fluxes when 
 required, the limestone being obtained from Longford quarry, nine miles distant 
 from the smelter, and the iron ore brought from Midland, Ontario. 
 
 The speiss was ground, roasted and re-ground. It was treated with chemicals, 
 when most of the metals except the silver were dissolved. The impure silver- 
 bearing residue was separated from the liquor in filter-presses and recharged into 
 the cupola furnace. 
 
 The iron, arsenic, and copper were first precipitated from the liquor, and 
 finally the cobalt and nickel precipitated together as carbonates. The mixed car- 
 bonates were heated in a hearth furnace and converted to oxides which, after being 
 ground, were barrelled . and shipped. The oxides assayed 40 per cent, of cobalt 
 and 25 per cent, of nickel. 
 
 The flue dust was treated to recover pure arsenious oxide. 
 About 300 horse-power was required by the plant. This was supplied by the 
 town of Orillia, from a hydro-electric installation 18 miles distant from the town, 
 at the rate of $18.40 for 24-hour service per horse-power year. About 80 men 
 were employed. 
 
 Metals Chemical, Limited 
 
 During 1915 Metals Chemical Limited, "Welland, Ontario, erected a plant to 
 treat low-grade Cobalt ores and residues. The ores are smelted in a blast furnace, 
 with a capacity of 30 tons of ore per day. The products of the furnace are silver, 
 speiss and slag. The speiss is roasted to remove the arsenic and the roasted product 
 treated with chemicals to dissolve the cobalt and nickel. The following products 
 are shipped : cobalt oxide, cobalt carbonate and sulphate, nickel oxide and sulphate, 
 refined silver and white arsenic (As 2 3 ). 
 
 The Standard Smelting and Refining Company Limited, erected during 1914, 
 a small plant at North Bay, Ontario, to treat ores from Cobalt. This com- 
 pany in 1915 moved its works to Orillia, Ontario, and cobalt ores were treated 
 during part of 1916. The company went into liquidation and the plant was taken 
 over by the International Molybdenum Co. 
 
 Under the provisions of the " Metal Refining Bounty Act," passed by the 
 Ontario Legislature in 1907, there was paid a bounty of six cents a pound on the 
 metallic contents of cobalt and nickel oxides produced within the Province. The 
 total bounties to be paid in any one year were not to exceed the sum of $30,000 for 
 cobalt and $60,000 for nickel. This Act expired in April, 1917. The table given 
 below shows the total amount paid in bounties. 
 
 Summary 
 
 of Bounties Paid 
 
 
 Company 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 Nickel 
 
 Total 
 
 
 $ c. 
 
 48,930 93 
 
 67,174 99 
 
 9,577 60 
 
 1,026 05 
 
 214 92 
 
 62 59 
 
 $ c. 
 
 •8,166 96 
 
 27,539 01 
 
 6,766 04 
 
 681 84 
 
 $ e. 
 57,097 89 
 94,714 01 
 
 
 16,343 65 
 
 Canadian Smelting and Refining Co., Ltd. . 
 Standard Smelting and Refining Co., Ltd. . 
 
 1,707 89 
 214 92 
 
 
 62 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 126,987 08 
 
 43,153 85 
 
 170,140 95 
 
 
 
44 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Previous to 1913 a large amount of cobalt ore had beeen shipped to the United 
 States to be refined, as there was an import duty of 25 cents per pound on refined 
 cobalt oxide. However, in 1913 the charges on cobalt products entering the United 
 States were changed and at present are as follows : 
 
 Product. Old Tariff New Tariff 
 Cobalt oxide 25 cents per lb. 10 cents per lb. 
 
 Cobalt metal free free 
 
 Cobalt ore free free 
 Cobalt alloy steel 0.2 to 7 cents per lb. accord- 15 per cent. ad. val. 
 
 ing to the value and 20 per 
 
 cent, above 40 cents per lb. 
 
 A synopsis follows of the methods employed in Europe for the production of 
 cobalt oxide, and of the numerous processes which have been proposed, many of 
 which have never been put to the test of actual practice. 
 
 Herrenschmidt and Constable Processes 1 
 
 These processes were used chiefly on the ores from New Caledonia and 
 Australia. 
 
 Process No. 1. — The cobalt ore was ^melted with argentiferous lead or copper 
 sulphides in a blast furnace, the products being a matte containing the cobalt, nickel, 
 copper, or lead as sulphides, and a silicate slag containing the iron and manganese. 
 The matte was ground and heated to convert the sulphides of the metals into 
 soluble sulphates, the lead sulphide, however, forming an insoluble sulphate. The 
 sulphate solution was then treated by one of the following methods : 
 
 (a) The copper in the solution was precipitated by iron, the solution filtered 
 upon a layer of New Caledonia mineral, the iron in solution precipitating, and a 
 corresponding amount of cobalt, nickel, and manganese dissolving. Magnesia 
 (MgO) was added next to precipitate the nickel, cobalt, and manganese. The 
 precipitate was treated with a fresh quantity of solution containing cobalt, nickel, 
 and manganese sulphates, by which treatment the manganese hydroxide dissolved, 
 while a corresponding quantity of cobalt and nickel hydroxides was precipitated. 
 
 (6) To the sulphate solution, calcium chloride was added to change the 
 sulphates into chlorides. The solution was filtered to remove the calcium sulphate 
 and any insoluble matter, and then treated with lime, the iron and part of the 
 copper being precipitated as hydroxides. The last of the copper was precipitated 
 with nickel hydrate or carbonate. The solution was then treated with calcium or 
 sodium carbonate which precipitated the cobalt, nickel, and copper. The pre- 
 cipitate of mixed carbonates or hydrates was redissolved, and the solution treated 
 to remove the copper as above, so that only cobalt and nickel remained in solution. 
 
 Process No. 2.— The, ore was treated with hydrochloric acid, and the solution 
 of chlorides was reduced by filtering on scrap iron. The solution of ferrous- 
 chloride obtained was used to attack fresh quantities of New Caledonia ore. Thc 
 acid treatment was applied chiefly to the cobalt ores from Australia. 
 
 „. 1 X a f^ J ?5$f , f ri ±' V T 01 - XXX > If 4 ' PP. 152, 396; Vol. XXXII, 1886, pp. 157-158; 
 Vol. XXXVU1, 1892, p. 208 Jour. Soc. Cliem Ind Vol - XT 1SQ9 ™ if!7. o i v. i tt a 
 book of Metallurgy, Vol. II, 1898, p. 603. ' ' ' P " 16?; Schllabel > Hand : 
 
1918 T he Metallurgy of Cobalt 45 
 
 At the plant of the Maletra Co., Eouen, France, the pulverized ore from Few 
 Caledonia was treated with a ferrous sulphate solution and steam. The solution 
 after such treatment contained the sulphates of cobalt, nickel, and manganese, the 
 iron forming a basic sulphate precipitate. The iron precipitate, silica, and alumina 
 were removed by filtering and washed in a filter press. To the sulphate solution 
 sodium sulphide was added, which precipitated the sulphides of cobalt and nickel, 
 as well as a small quantity of manganese. 
 
 The precipitate was filtered in a filter press, and, after washing, was digested 
 with a calculated quantity of ferric chloride, which dissolved only the manganese 
 sulphide. A black precipitate of cobalt and nickel sulphides remained, the solu- 
 tion containing the sulphates and chlorides of manganese and iron. The sulphide 
 precipitate was dried, ground, and heated to form sulphates. The mixture of 
 sulphates was dissolved in water and treated with a solution of calcium chloride, 
 the calcium sulphate formed being removed. The solution was divjded into two 
 parts, A and B. To the first portion of solution A milk of lime was added to 
 precipitate the cobalt and nickel; afterwards the precipitate was washed in a 
 filter press to remove any excess of calcium chloride. The washed precipitate was 
 digested with water and oxidized by chlorine mixed with air. A part of solution 
 B containing cobalt and nickel chlorides was added to the hydroxides obtained 
 from solution A, and the mixture agitated. By this treatment the nickel hydroxide 
 was reduced by the cobalt chloride of solution B and dissolved, a corresponding 
 quantity of cobalt precipitating, according to the following reaction. 
 Co 2 3 +Ni 2 3 +2CoCl 2 =2NiCl 2 +2Co 2 3 . 
 
 Another method of treating the ores from New Caledonia was to make a matte 
 which was afterwards ground and heated to form sulphates. The sulphates were 
 dissolved, and the iron was precipitated by careful additions of sodium, carbonate. 
 The copper was precipitated by hydrogen sulphide, and after boiling off the excess, 
 the cobalt was precipitated by sodium hypochlorite. Bleaching powder cannot be 
 used owing to the sulphates in solution. The nickel was precipitated from the 
 remaining solution by sodium carbonate. Also metallic copper was precipitated 
 from copper-cobalt-nickel-iron solutions by the addition of matte. The iron was 
 precipitated by adding a salt of nickel or cobalt. 
 
 Borchers and Warlimont 1 proposed treating minerals containing sulphides 
 of nickel, cobalt, copper, and iron by a partial roast at 500° C. In this treatment 
 the cobalt and copper were changed almost completely to sulphates, the nickel 
 remained partly as sulphide and partly as oxide, the iron as oxide and ferrous and 
 ferric sulphates. The furnace product was treated with water for several days, 
 when any copper sulphide remaining in the ore reacted with the ferric sulphate, 
 forming copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate. This was followed by a treatment 
 with a 'slightly acidulated solution which dissolved the sulphates of cobalt and 
 copper and at the same time a small quantity of nickel and a little iron sulphate. 
 The residue was treated to recover the nickel. The copper was removed from the 
 cohalf solution by scrap iron, and calcium sulphide was added to precipitate the 
 nickel and cobalt as sulphides. 
 
 ^ug. Prost, Cours de Metallurgie des Metaux autres que le Fer, 1912, p. 663 Ch. 
 Bfiranger, Editeur, Paris. ' 
 
46 
 
 Bureau of Mines No - 4 
 
 Lundborg 1 describes the treatment of ores containing earthy cobalt formerly 
 used at the Editha Smalt Works in Silesia. The ores were agitated with con- 
 centrated hydrochloric acid in clay vessels to dissolve' the cobalt, some nickel and 
 iron dissolving at the same time. The iron was precipitated from the solution by 
 adding small quantities of marble. As soon as nickel began to be precipitated the 
 separation of iron was known to be complete. To the filtrate soda was added to 
 precipitate the nickel. When cobalt began to come down, the liquid was filtered, 
 and the precipitation continued, a mixture of the two hydroxides forming until all 
 the nickel had been precipitated. Cobalt hydroxide was precipitated from the 
 final filtrate. The precipitate of mixed oxides was redissolved, and the two separ- 
 ated by fractional precipitation. 
 
 The matte, from the Sesia Works at Oberschlema, in Saxony, was similarly 
 treated. It contained Ni 16, Co 14, Cu 50, and S 20 per cent. The powdered 
 matte was roasted in a reverberatory furnace and treated with dilute sulphuric 
 acid. The copper was precipitated by iron, after which the rest of the process was 
 the same as that described above. 
 
 At Schladming, Styria, 2 ore containing 11 per cent, of nickel and 1 per cent, 
 of cobalt was roasted in stalls and afterwards smelted in blast furnaces. The charge 
 consisted of 89 parts of roasted ore, and 19 parts of quartz. In 24 hours five tons 
 of ore were treated, using 1,800 pounds of wood charcoal. The speiss, which was 
 tapped every two hours, contained Ni 45 1 to 47, Co 4 to 6, Fe 8 to 10, Cu 1 to 1.5, 
 As 33 to 36, S 1 to 2, and carbon 1 to 2 per cent. 
 
 At the George Works at Dobschau, Hungary, 3 about 1876, ore containing 
 nickel 4.5 and cobalt 1.5 per cent, was roasted in stalls, and then smelted in circular 
 blast furnaces 16.5 feet high, with two tuyeres. The diameter of the furnace 
 was 3 feet 4 inches at the level of the tuyere, and 4 feet at the mouth. The tuyeres 
 were 2 . 75 inches in diameter, and the blast pressure equal to 2 . 5 inches of mercury. 
 The charge consisted of 100 parts of ore, 3 to 4 quartz, 8 to 12 limestone, and 
 5 to 10 rich slag. The capacity of the furnace was 7 to 10 tons of ore per 24 
 hours, using 20 per cent, charcoal. The speiss contained from 16 to 20 per cent, of 
 nickel and cobalt. This was roasted in stalls, and then smelted! to form a con- 
 centrated speiss in a blast furnace similar to that used for the ore. The capacity 
 of the furnace was about 11 tons per 24 hours. To the charge of roasted speiss, 
 about 2.5 tons of quartz were added to flux the iron oxide formed during the 
 smelting operation. ChaTcoal was used as a fuel, the consumption being about 
 26 per cent, of the weight of the charge. The concentrated speiss contained Ni 
 aud Co 31.9, Cu 1.9, Fe 26.4, As 36.3, and S 3.1 per cent. 
 
 The concentrated speiss was roasted and charged into a small blast furnace 
 similar to that used for the ore. The capacity of the furnace was about two tons 
 of roasted speiss. After the charge (100 parts of roasted speiss, 4 parts of quartz, 
 2 parts of glass and 1 part of soda), had melted, a strong air-blast was turned on, 
 by which the iron was oxidized first. The iron oxide was slagged by addition of 
 quartz, glass, and soda. To prevent large quantities of cobalt being slagged, the 
 
 2 Schnabel, Handbook of Metallurgy, Vol. II, 1898, p. 602. 
 
 2 Schnabel, Vol. II, p. 562. 
 
 3 Schnabel, pp. 562, 586. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 47 
 
 iron was not completely oxidized, 8 to 10 per cent, remaining in the speiss. The 
 speiss formed by this operation was called doubly concentrated speiss and con- 
 tained Ni and Co 50 to 52, Cn 1 to 2, Fe 8 to 10, As 38 to 40, and S 1 to 2 
 per cent. The slag contained 1 to 2 per cent. Ni and Co, and was re-charged 
 into the blast furnace treating the ore. 
 
 The high-grade speiss was crushed in a stamp-battery, and then roasted for 
 12 to 14 hours in wood-fired reverberatory furnaces with a capacity of about 600 
 pounds to a charge. After 1 roasting, 65 to 90 pounds of sawdust or coal dust was 
 added which reduced any arsenates to arsenites, from which compound the last of 
 the arsenic may be removed. The roasted product was treated with sulphuric acid 
 and the solution filtered. Iron and copper were precipitated by additions of calcium 
 carbonate to the boiling solution, after which cobalt hydroxide was precipitated by 
 calcium hypochlorite, and nickel by milk of lime. The cobalt and nickel oxides 
 were dried, washed, ground, and sold to the colour works in Saxony. 
 
 At Saint Benoit, near Liege, 1 speiss containing 45 per cent, of nickel was 
 treated with concentrateed hydrochloric acid at 80° C. Iron was precipitated from 
 the solution in the usual way, and then copper by calcium sulphide. Next cobalt 
 was precipitated by chloride of lime, and lastly nickel by milk of lime. 
 
 Dixon 2 proposed smelting garnerite, a hydrated nickel magnesium silicate 
 of New Caledonia, with the addition of arsenical materials, to form a speiss. This 
 was roasted, and treated with hydrochloric acid. Into the chloride solution 
 chlorine was passed to oxidize the iron, which was afterwards precipitated by the 
 careful addition of nickel hydroxide. Cobalt was then precipitated as hydroxide 
 by passing more chlorine through the solution, and adding more nickel hydroxide. 
 The solution containing the nickel chloride was evaporated. The salts obtained 
 were heated in a furnace through which steam or hydrogen was passed, producing 
 nickel oxide or metallic nickel respectively. A little nickel was precipitated with 
 the cobalt, but this was removed by leaching with dilute hydrochloric acid. It is 
 also stated that the addition of manganese dioxide to a neutral cobalt and nickel 
 solution completely precipitated the iron, but this is questionable, if not impos- 
 sible. The statement is also made that anhydrous nickel oxide was used where 
 hydroxide is mentioned above for precipitating iron and cobalt, but knowing the 
 solubility of nickel oxide, the writer also questions such a statement. 
 
 At a works in Birmingham, England, 3 speiss was roasted and dissolved in 
 hydrochloric acid. Iron was first oxidized, then precipitated as arsenate and 
 hydrate, by neutralizing the hot solution with calcium carbonate. Copper was 
 precipitated next by sulphuretted hydrogen, then the cobalt by calcium hypochlorite 
 (bleaching powder), and finally the nickel by milk of lime. In precipitating the 
 cobalt a small amount of quicklime was added to neutralize any liberated acid. 
 
 A direct treatment of unroasted matte with acid was formerly in use at the 
 Scopello works in Piedmont.* Nickel matte, containing Ni 24, Co 6, Cu 12, 
 Fe 23, and S 35 per cent, was treated with hydrochloric acid (33 per cent. HC1) 
 in stoneware vessels surrounded by water. The sulphuretted hydrogen formed was 
 
 1 Schnabel, Vol. II, p. 586. 
 
 2 Chemical News, Vol. XXXVIII, 1878. pp. 268-270. 
 s Phillips. Elements of Metallurgy, 1891, p. 415. 
 •Schnabel, Vol. II, p. 581. 
 
♦8 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 removed by a tube in the cover of the vessel and burned. After the matte had been 
 treated three times with acid, the liquid was removed from the residue, which con- 
 sisted of the copper sulphide, of the matte and an appreciable quantity of nickel 
 and cobalt sulphides. This was charged into .the blast furnace during the smelting 
 of matte or ore. The solution, containing chlorides of iron, nickel, and cobalt, 
 was allowed to settle, and then evaporated to dryness in a -.cast-iron pot. The 
 residue, a mixture of the three chlorides, was heated in a reverberatory furnace 
 for 3 or 4 hours, with continual rabbling, during which process part of the iron 
 was volatilized as chloride and part changed to ferric oxide. 
 
 The furnace product was agitated with water to dissolve the soluble cobalt 
 and nickel chlorides, any undecomposed iron chloride present dissolving at the same 
 time. The iron chloride was oxidized with chloride of lime and precipitated with 
 calcium carbonate. Cobalt was precipitated next by further additions of chloride 
 of lime to the iron-free solution, and finally nickel was precipitated with milk of 
 lime. 
 
 The precipitates of cobalt and nickel hydroxides were washed in woollen sacks 
 to remove any soluble lime salts, until no cloudiness was visible in the water on the 
 addition of ammonium oxalate. The oxides were given a final wash with acidulated 
 water. 
 
 Other Proposed Processes 
 
 Beltzer 1 outlines a process for the treatment of ores from Cobalt, Canada, as 
 follows. The ore was to be first concentrated and the silver removed by amalgam- 
 ation. The concentrate, after amalgamation, is roasted (a) with or without 
 additions of carbon to remove the arsenic, as oxide, or (&) treated with lime or 
 soda and the arsenic removed as soluble arsenite or arsenate, or (c) heated with 
 sodium bisulphate and acid (66° Be.) to" remove the last traces of arsenic. By the 
 last method of treatment the soluble sulphates of cobalt and nickel are formed. In 
 case of treatment (a) or (b), the roasted product is afterwards given either a 
 chloridizing roast with salt, or heated' with hydrochloric acid, or sulphuric acid 
 and salt. In any case, after dissolving the soluble salts and filtering the solution 
 containing chlorides of nickel, cobalt, and a small quantity of iron, the cobalt is 
 precipitated by Eose's method (caustic soda and current of chlorine) or by hypo- 
 chlorite of calcium or sodium. The precipitation of cobalt may also be completed 
 by the following method. If the cobalt and nickel are in the form of sulphates, 
 calcium chloride is added, which converts the sulphates into chlorides. The solu- 
 tion is filtered and then divided into two parts, A. and B. The cobalt and nickel 
 in solution A are completely precipitated by milk of lime, filtered and washed. 
 The precipitate of cobalt and nickel hydroxides is mixed with water and oxidized 
 by a current of chlorine and air. When the solution is saturated with chlorine, 
 a part of solution B is added and the mixed solution boiled. The nickel hydroxide 
 is reduced by the cobalt chloride of solution B and dissolves, a corresponding quan- 
 tity of cobalt precipitating. In this way practically pure cobalt hydroxide is 
 obtained. 
 
 tvt- /Seltzer The - ^t™ 11511 mA Industrial. Treatment of the Complex Ores of .Silver Cobalt 
 Nickel and Arsenic of Cobalt, Canada. Moniteur Scientifique, Vol. XXIII, 1909, pp.'633-647. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 49 
 
 Quantities of solution B are addad until the precipitate is practically pure 
 cobalt hydroxide. 
 
 Beltzer also outlines the following electrolytic process to separate cobalt from 
 nickel, but the process does not appear to be practicable. To the chloride solution 
 salt is added and the solution electrolyzed, using platinum electrodes. Nascent 
 chlorine and' sodium hydrate are formed, the caustic soda precipitating the cobalt, 
 the nickel remaining in solution. 
 
 A solution containing sulphates of cobalt, nickel, and a small quantity of iron 
 may be treated by the following method. The iron is precipitated by milk of limt 
 or nickel hydrate, a corresponding quantity of lime or nickel going into solution. 
 Soda is added to precipitate the cobalt and nickel which are separated by additions 
 of chlorine to a neutral solution. In the oxidation with chlorine, nickel dissolves, 
 and at the same time a corresponding quantity of cobalt is precipitated so that the 
 original rose colour, due to the cobalt, changes to a green. To be certain that the 
 cobalt hydrate precipitate does not contain nickel, it is necessary to leave a little 
 cobalt in solution. 
 
 Another process 1 consisted in mixing cobalt-silver ore with a lead furnace- 
 charge and smelting. The lead collected the silver, and the cobalt and nickel formed 
 a speiss. The speiss was roasted with carbon to remove arsenic, the cobalt com- 
 bining with silica, which was added as silicate. The cobalt silicate was treated with 
 hydrochloric acid, and the cobalt and nickel hydroxides were precipitated by lime 
 water. 
 
 It does not appear to the author that the processes to treat cobalt ores, as 
 outlined on the following pages, with perhaps a few exceptions, are anything more 
 than laboratory experiments or ideas. As mentioned in the introduction, a sum- 
 mary of each is given merely to record all attempts that have been proposed to 
 treat cobalt ores. 
 
 Headman 2 proposed mixing the ground ore with sodium sulphate in sulphuric 
 acid, in the proportions of 100: 84: 65. The mixture was heated to a red heat, 
 the cobalt, nickel, and manganese forming soluble sulphates. After dissolving 
 the sulphates, the solution was neutralized with calcium carbonate and heated, 
 the iron precipitating. The sulphate solution of cobalt, nickel, and manganese 
 was treated with sodium sulphide to precipitate only the cobalt and nickel. In 
 another process the use of ferric chloride was suggested. After treating the ore, 
 the product was heated to render the iron insoluble. The cobalt and nickel were 
 dissolved from the roasted mass. 
 
 Gauthier 3 used iron pyrites and gypsum to decompose cobalt ore, obtaining 
 sulphates of cobalt and nickel. 
 
 Stahl* proposed roasting the mineral, then mixing it with salt and sulphide of 
 iron. The copper, cobalt, and nickel were changed to soluble chlorides, the iron 
 and manganese to insoluble oxides. The chloride solution was treated with 
 
 1 Ouvrard, Industries du Chrome, du Manganese, du Nickel, et du Cobalt, p. 258, Doin 
 and Sons, Paris, 1910. 
 
 2 Ouvrard, p. 262; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. Ill, 1884, p. 524. 
 'Wagner, Jahresbericht, Vol. XXXII, 1886, p. 157. 
 
 * German Patent, No. 58,417, 1890. "Wagner, Jahresbericht, Vol. XXXVII, 1891, p. 210, 
 Ouvrard, pp. 265-266. Sehnabel, Vol. 2, p. 605. 
 
50 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 hydrogen sulphide to precipitate the copper, and after neutralization with soda, 
 cobalt and nickel were precipitated by sodium sulphide along with any iron, man- 
 ganese, and copper. The mixed sulphides were treated with dilute acid to dissolve 
 any iron, manganese, or copper sulphides. The cobalt and nickel sulphides were 
 roasted to sulphates and separated by one of the previously mentioned methods. 
 
 In the Natusch or Schoneis process 1 the roasted mineral was heated with 
 ferric chloride. The chloride solution was treated with calcium sulphide, which 
 precipitated the cobalt and nickel and a small quantity of manganese as sulphides. 
 Precourt and Falliet 2 suggested roasting cobalt ore with iron sulphide, FeS 2 , 
 the cobalt, nickel, and manganese being changed to soluble sulphates, most of the 
 iron forming oxide. The iron was precipitated from the solution with calcium 
 carbonate and removed. The sulphates of cobalt, nickel, and manganese were 
 changed to chlorides by the addition of calcium chloride, calcium sulphate being 
 precipitated and removed. Nickel and cobalt were precipitated with calcium 
 sulphide, the manganese remaining in solution. The sulphides of nickel and cobalt 
 were washed with dilute sulphuric acid to remove any manganese sulphide, and 
 afterwards heated to form sulphates. To the filtered solution of the sulphates, 
 hypochlorite was added. After making the solution alkaline it was made faintly 
 acid, the cobalt precipitating as sesquioxide, the nickel remaining in solution. 
 
 Dyckerhoff 3 proposed decomposing ore containing silver, cobalt, nickel, and 
 arsenic by roasting the ore with salt, clay, and pyrites, by which treatment the 
 silver, cobalt, nickel, and arsenic were converted to chlorides. The insoluble silver 
 chloride was removed, while the arsenic chloride was volatilized or changed to the 
 volatile oxide. The cobalt and nickel remained as soluble chlorides. 
 
 In the Warren process, 4 cobalt ore was treated with hydrochloric acid and 
 copper nitrate, the metals passing into solution. Milk of lime was added, which 
 precipitated the iron as hydroxide and arsenate. Lime was removed by the addition 
 of sulphuric acid, and afterwards the cobalt and nickel were precipitated as car- 
 bonates by soda. The solution was filtered, diluted, and chlorine gas passed 
 through until the. solution was saturated, after which it was boiled, the nickel 
 hydroxide dissolving and cobalt hydroxide remaining. The solution was filtered 
 and the nickel precipitated by caustic soda. 
 
 Gauthier 5 heated ground cobalt ore with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids 
 and completed the process by the usual methods. 
 
 Carnott 6 heated the ore to render any iron insoluble, and then treated the 
 product with hydrochloric acid and neutralized the solution with calcium carbonate 
 to precipitate the iron. The filtered solution was treated with milk of lime, which 
 precipitated first the cobalt, then the nickel, and finally the manganese. The frac- 
 tional precipitation of the cobalt, nickel, and manganese was not satisfactory. 
 
 bericMToTxXXVT^RQn 11 ? 6 ^ 13 ^- u .^ nm - Zeitun g> 1890, p. 453. Wagner, Jahres- 
 Dericnt, Vol. XXXVI, 1890, p. 338. Chemiker Zeitung, Vol. XIV 1890 u 770 tTi47^ 
 Trench Patent 403,830, June 9, 1909. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind , Vol' XXIX Wo d 97 
 3 United States Patent. No. 1,085,675, Feb. 3, 1914. ' ' P ' 
 
 * Chemical News, Vol. LVI, 1887, p. 193. 
 
 5 Gauthier, Wagner Jahresbericht, Vol. XXXII 1886 p 157 
 
 6 Ouvrard, p. 258. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 51 
 
 Clark 1 treated the ground mineral with a boiling solution of ferric chloride. 
 The solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue calcined at 350° to 370° C. 
 Cobalt, nickel, and manganese were changed to chlorides by the decomposition of 
 the ferric chloride which formed ferric oxide. Cobalt and nickel sulphides were 
 separated from manganese by precipitation with calcium sulphide. This method 
 was tried at Glasgow, Scotland. 
 
 Dickson and Eatte 2 dissolved the cobalt, nickel, and manganese of a cobalt 
 mineral by treatment with sulphurous acid, alone, or mixed with other acids. 
 The iron oxide remained insoluble. The finely-ground cobalt mineral was mixed 
 with water at 50° C. in vats provided with stirring arrangements, and the sul- 
 phurous acid introduced. The mixture was transferred to a second vat, where the 
 iron oxide and the impurities settled. The solution was filtered through a bed of 
 pulverized mineral, , which retained the suspended impurities and neutralized the 
 excess acid, while the last traces of iron were precipitated. From this solution 
 the cobalt and nickel were precipitated as sulphides by sodium sulphide and after- 
 wards separated. 
 
 Cobaltite was ground and carefully roasted with additions of small quantities 
 of carbon. 3 The residue was treated with sulphuric acid. From the solution 
 obtained the iron was precipitated with calcium carbonate, and other metals with 
 hydrogen sulphide. The solution was filtered and treated to recover the cobalt 
 and nickel. 
 
 Barth 4 gives some experimental results obtained in working on a method 
 to treat a roasted speiss containing lead, cobalt, nickel, iron, and manganese. 
 Decomposition by acids, chlorine, chloridizing roasting, and by sulphur dioxide 
 was tried. 
 
 Phillips 6 outlines a process for smelting cobalt silver ores using sufficient 
 iron matte and copper residue to form a speiss, an argentiferous copper matte, and 
 a slag. The operation was repeated to obtain speiss free from silver and copper. 
 
 De Burlet 6 proposed extracting cobalt from cobalt and nickel silicate minerals 
 and slags from copper smelting by treating them with dilute sulphuric acid, and 
 after decomposition the mass was heated to 150°-20O° C. to render the silica 
 insoluble. The soluble salts were dissolved in hot water, the solution filtered, and 
 calcium carbonate added to precipitate the iron and the greater part of the copper. 
 The remaining copper was removed by electrolysis, and then the solution was 
 treated with ammonia to obtain cobalt and nickel compounds. The ammoniacal 
 solution was electrolyzed, using carbon or lead anodes and polished nickel-plated 
 iron plates as cathodes. The surfaces of the cathodes were coated with paraffin 
 to prevent the metal adhering. The metal fell to the bottom of the tank in 
 thin flakes. 
 
 'Ouvrard, p. 263. ' 
 
 2 French Patent, Sept. 5th, 1885. 
 'Ouvrard, p. 258. 
 
 „ laP 3 ^' Tre ^ m r nt ,? f 1 a ? oasted Lead-Cobalt-Nickel Speiss, Metallurgie, Vol. IX, 1912 
 p. 199 Chem. Abst., Vol. VI, 1912, p. 1732. Jour. Soc Chem. Ind., Vol. XXXI 1912 
 
 5 United States Patent, 1,127,506, 1915. 
 
 6 British Patent, 27,150, Nov. 25, 1913. 
 
52 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Cito, 1 after experimenting with other processes, patented the following treat- 
 ment for ores from Cobalt, Canada. The raw ore was treated in a reverberatory 
 furnace with copper and fluxes. Two products were obtained, viz., an alloy con- 
 taining the copper and all the silver, nickel, cobalt, and arsenic; and a slag. The 
 alloy was cast from the furnace into anode moulds. The metals were recovered 
 by electrolysis, using an electrolyte of copper sulphate, and sheet copper cathodes. 
 The copper was deposited on the cathodes in a pure form, the silver precipitated 
 as slime, and the cobalt and nickel remained in solution. The arsenic was found 
 partly in solution and partly as slime. 
 
 From the electrolyte containing copper, cobalt, nickel, and arsenic, copper 
 was precipitated in the cold solution, and arsenic later in the hot solution, by 
 hydrogen sulphide. The cobalt nickel solution was treated to recover the cobalt 
 and nickel by the ordinary processes. 
 
 Andre 2 attempted to recover cobalt and nickel from a cobalt-nickel matte as 
 an anode and using an electrolyte of dilute sulphuric acid or ammoniacal cobalt 
 sulphate. A frame containing granulated metal was placed between the anode and 
 cathode and on this copper and silver were precipitated. 
 
 Vortmann 3 proposed a process to obtain by electrolysis cobaltic oxide or 
 hydrate from solutions containing cobalt and nickel. This process was based on 
 the assumption that if a current is passed through solutions of cobalt and nickel 
 containing no alkaline sulphates or other neutral salts of the alkalies, cobaltous 
 and nickelous hydrates or basic salts of both form at the cathode. If the current 
 is reversed the nickelous hydrate or corresponding basic salt dissolves, while 
 cobaltous hydrate is oxidized to cobaltic hydrate. On changing the current to its 
 original direction more of each lower hydrate is produced, and on again reversing 
 the current the nickel is dissolved. In this way all the cobalt is finally precipitated 
 as hydrate, and all the nickel remains in solution. If there is a small quantity of 
 a chloride present in the liquid (equivalent to 1 per cent, of common salt), the 
 cobaltous hydrate is very quickly oxidized to the higher compound by the small 
 amount of chlorine or hypochlorous acid set free. In this case the constant change 
 of current is unnecessary. 
 
 The separation of cobalt is assisted by gentle warming. After the precipitation 
 is completed, the current is stopped and the liquid heated to 60° or 70° C. whereby 
 any small quantity of nickelic hydrate remaining in the cobalt compound is dis- 
 solved. The nickel solution when filtered does not contain any cobalt. 
 
 Guiterman 4 has patented a process to extract cobalt oxide by electrolyzing a 
 nickel and cobalt solution containing chlorides. The chlorine liberated at the 
 anode reacts with the electrolyte to form hypochlorite, the hypochlorite reacting 
 with the cobalt in solution to form hydrated oxide of cobalt and some free hydro- 
 chloric or sulphuric acids. To prevent the electrolyte becoming too acid, in which 
 case the cobalt hydrate would redissolve, sodium carbonate solution is added. 
 
 1 Cito, Trans. Amer. Electrochemical Soc, Vol. 17, 1910, p. 239. 
 a Ouvrard, p. 265 
 
 3 German Patent, No. 78,236, May 10, 1894, Schnabel, Vol. II, p. 608. 
 
 4 United States Patent 1,195,211, August 22nd, 1916. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 53 
 
 The firm of Basse and Selve, Altena, Germany, have suggested a process 1 
 which consists first in adding certain organic salts to neutral or slightly acid 
 solutions containing nickel, cobalt, iron and zinc, such as will prevent the precipi- 
 tation of their oxides by alkalies. Such are acetic acid, citric acid, glycerine, 
 and dextrose. The solution is made alkaline by soda or potash lye, and subjected 
 to electrolysis with a current of 2.8 to 9.3 amperes per square foot. Iron, cobalt 
 and zinc are deposited on the cathode, while nickel either remains entirely in the 
 liquid or precipitates partly as hydrate, according to the alkalinity of the solution. 
 The precipitation of the hydrate occurs if the current is continued for a long time. 
 To the nickel solution free from other metals, ammonium carbonate is added to 
 form carbonate of all the free alkali, after which it is electrolyzed. Nickel is 
 formed as a bright deposit on the cathode. 
 
 Coppet 2 smelted ore to obtain a matte, which was ground' and roasted to 
 form oxides of copper, nickel, and cobalt. The oxides were reduced to the metallic 
 state, then treated with a solution of a cupric salt. The copper was precipitated 
 afterwards by metallic cobalt and nickel. No further explanation is given of thi? 
 process. In another process , the same author roasted matte to form sulphates or 
 chlorides by the addition of salt. Copper was removed as above. 
 
 To treat nickel ores or products containing cobalt, the following methods 
 have also been suggested. The complete treatment is not given in all cases but 
 only those pajts which differ from other processes. 
 
 Laugier 3 dissolved the ore -in nitric acid, and evaporated the solution', the 
 arsenic being precipitated as oxide during the evaporation or later by hydrogen 
 sulphide. The solution was filtered, and heated till the excess of sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen was expelled, then the iron was oxidized. Sodium carbonate was added in excess; 
 while the liquor was hot, to precipitate the nickel and cobalt in the form of carbon- 
 ates, and the iron as hydrate. The precipitate was then washed and digested with 
 an excess of oxalic acid solution, the soluble ferric oxalate being separated by 
 filtration from the oxalates of nickel and cobalt which are insoluble even in exee.« 
 of oxalic acid. The latter salts were mixed with dilute ammonia in a closed vessel. 
 (Stromeyer 4 recommends strong ammonia), to dissolve the oxalates. The filtered 
 solution, after exposure to the air for several days, deposited nickel ammonium 
 oxalate and manganese oxalate, while the pure oxalate of cobalt remained in 
 solution. The oxalate of nickel separated as above can be freed from the. small 
 quantity of the cobalt salt which precipitates with it, by re-treatment with ammonia: 
 The residue, obtained by evaporating the ammoniacal solution of the cobalt oxalate, 
 yielded sesquioxide of cobalt when ignited in the air, or metallic cobalt when 
 ignited out of contact with the air. 
 
 G-uesneville 5 treated cobalt ore with nitric acid, the iron and arsenic behv? 
 removed as ferric arsenate by' the addition of potassium carbonate.. The cobalt 
 was^precipitated as oxalate by potassium acid oxalate. 
 
 1 Sclmabel, p. 591. 
 
 2 Ouvrard, p. 261. Jour. Soc. Chcm. Ind., Vol. XII, 1893, p.. 27.4. 
 
 8 Laugier, Annales de Chemie et de Physique, Paris, Vol. IX,,. 1818., p. 698. 
 1 Stromeyer, Jour praet. Chemie, Vol. LXVII,' 1856',' p. 185.' ' " ' " "'' : ' 
 
 = Guesneville, Gmelin Kraut, Handbueh der anorganisehen Chemie, Band 5, 1, 1909, p. 192. 
 
54 
 
 Bureau of Mines No - 4 
 
 De Witt 1 treated speiss with aqua regia and removed the excess acid. 
 Ammonium chloride and ammonia were then added, followed by .additions of 
 potassium acid oxalate. The cobalt was recovered as oxalate. 
 
 Loujet 2 dissolved cobalt ore with hydrochloric acid, and to the solution a 
 ferric salt was added, followed by additions of potassium carbonate, calcium car- 
 bonate, or calcium hydroxide. The iron and arsenic were precipitated as an 
 insoluble ferric arsenate. 
 
 Wohler 3 fused cobalt speiss with potassium carbonate and sulphur in the 
 ratio 1:3:3. Most of the metals were converted into simple sulphides, but the 
 arsenic sulphide formed a soluble potassium sulphoarsenate. The temperature had 
 to be regulated so that the cobalt sulphide did not fuse, since it would enclose 
 portions of the soluble sulphoarsenate. 
 
 Hermkstadt 4 fused cobalt glanco with potassium nitrate, and the arsenic was 
 removed as potassium arsenate. 
 
 Patera 5 roasted ore with additions of carbon, then fused the product with 
 calcium nitrate, soda, and potassium nitrate. Arsenic was removed as soluble 
 arsenates of calcium, soda, and potassium. Nickel was precipitated from the solu- 
 tion by potassium or ammonium bisulphate as a difficultly-soluble complex salt 
 containing only a small quantity of the cobalt compound. 
 
 Liebig 6 roasted the ore, then mixed it with ferrous sulphate and potassium 
 bisulphate, and fused the mixture. The arsenic was removed as insoluble ferric 
 arsenate. Ferrous sulphate was added before fusion to prevent the formation of 
 cobalt arsenate. During the final stages of the fusion, the nickel sulphate was 
 decomposed, forming oxide which did not dissolve with the cobalt. Cobalt car- 
 bonate was afterwards precipitated by the addition of potassium carbonate. 
 
 Barton and McGhie 7 suggested fusing arsenical minerals with sufficient 
 sodium carbonate to combine with the arsenic to form soluble sodium arsenate. 
 
 McKenna 8 fused cobalt and nickel speiss with boric acid about equal in weight 
 to the cobalt in the speiss. The heavier speiss separates from the lighter cobalt 
 borate slag. 
 
 To separate cobalt from nickel, iron and manganese, the following processes 
 have been suggested : 
 
 Sack, 9 by the addition of lead peroxide to a solution of cobalt, manganese, 
 aluminum, and iron salts, precipitated hydrates of manganese and aluminum, basic 
 ferric-sulphate and lead sulphate, practically all the cobalt remaining in solution. 
 Any copper was first removed, and then the solution was mixed with a calculated 
 amount of peroxide of lead. In case iron was present in large quantities, it was 
 
 1 Jour, prakt. Chemie, Leipzig, Vol. 71, 1857, p. 239. 
 
 2 Loujet, Monit. Indust., 1849, p. 1309. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. 1, 1882, pp. 258-259. 
 s Wohler, Annalen der Physik and Chemie, Vol. VI, 1826, p. 227. 
 
 1 Hermkstadt, Jour, fur Chemie und Physik, Vol. XXXI, 1821, p. 105. 
 
 'Patera, Jour, prakt. Chemie, Vol. XVIII, 1830, p. 164. 
 
 ' Liebig, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. XVIII, 1830, p. 164. 
 
 7 French Patent, No. 387,766, Jan. 28th, 1908. 
 
 ' United States Patent No. 1,166,067, Dec. 28th, 1915. 
 
 • Sack, German Patent No. 72,579, 1892. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 55 
 
 precipitated after the copper with an alkaline or alkaline-earth carbonate. If a 
 large amount of manganese was present, it was removed by fractional precipitation 
 with a soluble alkaline or alkaline-earth sulphide. 
 
 Iron was precipitated from a cobalt nickel solution by additions of cobalt 
 hydrate. 1 
 
 To a solution containing cobalt, nickel and iron, soda was added which pre- 
 cipitated the iron, then ammonium chloride was added followed by potassium 
 hydrate, and the mixture heated. Nickel hydroxide was precipitated, the precipita- 
 tion of cobalt hydroxide being proportional to the decomposition of the ammonium 
 chloride. 2 
 
 Solutions containing cobalt, nickel, iron and manganese were treated with 
 
 sodium acetate and heated, the iron being precipitated. Cobalt was precipitated 
 
 from the neutral solution by hydrogen sulphide, the manganese acetate not being 
 
 decomposed. Before the treatment with sodium acetate, the copper and arsenic were 
 
 removed with hydrogen sulphide in an acid solution. Precipitation of the cobalt 
 
 may also be made by the addition of potassium or barium sulphide. The sulphide 
 
 precipitate was washed with cold dilute hydrochloric acid, which removed the 
 
 sulphides of manganese, zinc, and iron, the cobalt sulphide remaining undissolved. 3 
 
 A neutral solution of cobalt and nickel is mixed with potassium nitrite, 
 
 potassium cobalt nitrite being formed. The presence, of lime interferes with this 
 
 separation, as a potassium lime nickel nitrite is precipitated at the same, time.* 
 
 Barton and McGhie 5 separate cobalt and nickel from chloride solutions by 
 subjecting the slightly acidified solution to fractional crystallization. 
 
 Miscellaneous Processes Summarized 
 
 Hybinette 6 outlines a process of separating copper from cobalt and nickel. 
 The ore is roasted and the product separated by magnetic concentration. The 
 magnetic concentrate, containing copper, cobalt, and nickel, is smelted to form 
 a matte, which is roasted and leached with dilute sulphuric acid. A solution con- 
 taining principally copper, and only small amounts of iron and cobalt, is obtained. 
 
 It has been proposed 7 to produce from sulphide ores a matte free from iron, 
 and containing only sulphur, nickel, and cobalt. This matte was fused under a 
 blast on a bed of quartz and sodium silicate in order to) produce a silicate of cobalt. 
 The latter compound was fused with soda and nitre to liberate the cobalt oxide. 
 The method, however, does not appear to have come into use. 
 
 Bicher 8 gives an interesting account of an old method to separate cobalt from 
 nickel by crystallization from a solution containing a large quantity of ammonium 
 sulphate. Mention is also made of the possibility of removing copper from cobalt 
 oxide by heating with ammonium chloride. 
 
 J Loujet, Monit. Indust., 1849, p. 1309., 
 
 2 Phillips Wittstein, Re,pertorium fur die Pharmacie, Vol. 57, p. 226. 
 
 3 Waekenbroder, Gmelin Kraut, Handbueh der anorganischen Chemie, Band V, I, 1909, 
 p. 193. 
 
 * Stromeyer, Jour, prakt. Chemie, Vol. LXVII, 1856, p. 185. 
 
 5 German Patent 222,231, 1905. Metallurgie, Vol. VII, 1910, pp. 667-674. 
 
 " United States Patent, No. 1,098,443, June "2nd, 1914. 
 
 ' Schnabel, Vol. II, p. 601. 
 
 "Tilloeh, Phil. Mag., Vol. XIX, 1804, pp. 51-54. 
 
56 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Biicholz 1 outlines a method proposed to prepare cobalt and nickel oxides by 
 dissolving the hydroxides in ammonia after precipitation. 
 
 Hauer 2 describes Patera's application of analytical methods for the pro- 
 duction of cobalt and nickel oxides. In the process the iron and arsenic were 
 precipitated with powdered calcium carbonate, the cobalt by calcium bleach, and 
 the nickel by milk of lime. 
 
 Vivian 3 was granted a patent covering a process based on the affinity 
 cobalt and nickel have for arsenic. In the specifications the claim is made that it 
 is possible to separate cobalt and nickel from copper by regulating the amount of 
 arsenic, and by having some sulphur present to combine with the copper. 
 
 Wright 4 proposed extracting cobalt and nickel from waste solutions from 
 copper refining, by adding milk of lime, which precipitated the metals. After 
 drying the precipitate it was mixed with sand, 15 to 20 per cent, of residue from 
 the alkali works, 15 to 20 per cent, of carbon, and, if possible, with products con- 
 taining arsenic. The cobalt and nickel were recovered as speiss. : , 
 
 Careis 5 proposed the following method to extract cobalt from ores. The ore 
 was first dissolved in hydrochloric acid. The metals in solution were precipitated 
 with soda, and the precipitate dissolved in sulphuric acid." The solution was 
 neutralized with hot dilute sulphuric acid, whereby the copper and other metals, 
 especially iron, were precipitated, the cobalt and nickel remaining in solution. 
 The solution was mixed with hot ammonium or potassium sulphide, which pre- 
 cipitated the nickel. Metallic zinc was added to precipitate the cobalt from sul- 
 phate solution. 
 
 Grosse-Bohle 6 patented a process to precipitate cobalt and nickel from sul- 
 phate and chloride solutions by means of zinc. 
 
 Aaron 7 proposed precipitating cobalt and nickel from solutions as methyl- 
 sulphocarbonates. 
 
 Neill 8 described the method used to treat the Mins la Motte ores. 
 Pelatan" published a clear description of the Herrenschmidt process a? uad 
 at the Maletra works, Eouen, France. 
 
 Herrenschmidt and Capelle 10 issued a report for the French Government on 
 the following processes: Carnot, Eeadman, Herrenschmidt, Clarke, Dixon, and 
 Eatte. 
 
 Kripp 11 attempted to recover cobalt and nickel from copper ore? containing 
 silver. The silver was changed to chloride and removed, after which operation the 
 
 1 Tilloch, Phil. Mag., Vol. XXIII, 1805, pp. 193-199. 
 
 2 Jour, prakt. Chemie, Vol. LXVII, 1856, pp. 14-24. 
 
 "British Patent No. 13,800, Nov. 4, 1851; Percy, Metallurgy: Fuel, Clnvs, Cooper, 
 Zinc, etc., 1861, pp. 375-378. 
 
 1 Bull. Soc. Chem., Vol. V (1st series), 1866, 475-476. 
 
 "Berg. u. hiittenm. Zeitung, Vol. XL, No. 23, 1881, pp. 215-216. 
 
 8 German Patent No. 97,114, 1898. Abst. Fischer's Jalvresbericht, Vol. XLIV, -1898, 
 pp. 169-170. 
 
 7 United States Patent, No. 330,454, Nov. 17th, 1885. 
 
 8 Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XIII, 1884-1885, pp. 634-639. Eng. Min. JouA, 
 Vol. XXXIX, 1885, pp. 108-109. 
 
 "Genie Civil, Vol. XVIII, 1891, pp. 373-374. 
 " Moniteur Industriel, Vol. XV, 1888, pp. 145, 156, and 162. 
 11 Wagner's Jahresbericht, Vol. XIV, 1868, pp. 111-112. - 
 
19(8 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 57 
 
 sulphur was precipitated with barium chloride, the iron by calcium carbonate, and 
 the cobalt by a solution of- calcium hypochlorite, stopping the precipitation at a 
 reddish-coloured solution. 
 
 Hoepfner 1 was granted a patent covering the following process of treating 
 cobalt ores. A matte was first produced, which was afterwards ground and treated 
 with a cupric chloride solution. By this treatment the sulphides are dissolved, 
 forming cuprous chloride. The metals were removed by electrolysis. 
 
 Hanes 2 gave some results obtained from the action of ammonia on cobalt- 
 nickel arsenides. Hydroxides of cobalt and nickel are formed which dissolve in 
 excess of ammonia. The metals may be obtained by electrolysis or by precipitation. 
 
 Metals Extraction Corporation 3 patented a process for the extraction and 
 recovery of cobalt and nickel from ores and oxidized mattes. The ore or roasted 
 matte was treated with magnesium chloride solution under pressure. The cobalt 
 dissolved before the nickel. 
 
 Pederson* gave the results of an investigation of treating cobalt and nickel 
 ores. The article deals more with ordinary chemical reactions. 
 
 Borchers 5 gave the following description of a process to treat ores and 
 smelter products containing cobalt, nickel, and silver. The ores or products were 
 first treated with alkaline bisulphate below 200° C, then roasted at 600 to 700°. 
 The product was leached to remove the soluble sulphates. Befractory ores were 
 first roasted with "carbon. 
 
 Bernard 6 separated cobalt from nickel by precipitating the cobalt by hypo- 
 chlorite that had been previously neutralized and freed from alkaline carbonates 
 and caustic alkalies. 
 
 Lance 7 patented a process to separate the hydroxides of copper, zinc, cad- 
 mium, silver, nickel, cobalt, and tungsten. The process was based on fractional 
 precipitation by ammonia. 
 
 Johnson 8 described a process for the treatment of copper matte containing 
 cobalt, as follows. Matte containing copper 39 per cent., iron 1, cobalt 1, and 
 sulphur 20 per cent., was crushed to 80-mesh and leached with hot 10 per cent, 
 hydrochloric acid. The solution contained cobalt, nickel, and iron. The cobalt 
 and iron were removed by treatment with chlorine and sodium carbonate or by 
 hypochlorites. 
 
 Schreiber 9 devised the following process for the separation of cobalt, nickel, 
 and manganese from crude liquors. The iron was precipitated first by the addition 
 
 'British Patent, No. 11,307, 1894. Abst. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. XIV 1895 
 p. 754. ' ' - ' 
 
 2 Jour. Oan. Min. Inst., Vol. VIII, 1905, pp. 358-362. 
 
 8 French Patent, No. 367,717, July 4th, 1906. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind. Vol XXV 
 1906, p. 1155. ' 
 
 4 Metallurgie, Vol. VIII, 1911, p. 335. Abst. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind.. Vol XXX 
 1911, p. 900. 
 
 ""British Patent, No. 18,276, August 8th, 1912. Jour. . Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol XXXII 
 1913, p. 980. 
 
 "Frerw.h Patent, No. 354,941, June 5th, 1905. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. XXIV 
 1905, p. 1177. 
 
 'French Patent No. 342,865. May 3rd, 1904, second edition, Jan. 9th, 1905 Jour 
 Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. XXIV, p. 845, 1905. ;' 
 
 s United States Patent. No. 825,056, July 3rd. 1906. 
 
 "German Patent, No. 203,310, Sept. 29th, 1907. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. XXVII, 
 
 Ii/Uo. p. J.J.OS. 
 
 5 b.m. (iii) 
 
58 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 of calcium carbonate, then the copper by passing in hydrogen sulphide, and finally 
 the cobalt practically free from nickel and manganese w&s precipitated with calcium 
 hypochlorite. After removing the cobalt the precipitation was continued to pre- 
 cipitate the nickel and manganese, which was dissolved and re-precipitated. 
 
 Foote and Smith 1 discuss the dissociation-' pressures of certain oxides of 
 copper, cobalt, nickel, and antimony. 
 
 Chesneau 2 prepared a number of the higher sulphides of cobalt and nickel 
 and determined their solubility. 
 
 Mourlot 3 conducted a few experiments to determine the effect of high tem- 
 peratures on copper, bismuth, silver, tin, nickel, and cobalt sulphides. He found 
 cobalt sulphide is obtained by heating the anhydrous sulphate. At a high tem- 
 perature it loses all the sulphur, the metal combining with any carbon present. 
 
 Manhes 4 claims to have devised an improved process for the treatment of 
 arsenical and sulphide ores of cobalt and nickel. He first produced a speiss or 
 matte which is either dissolved in hydrochloric acid or by electrolysis; or in a 
 second dry refining process, air is blown through the matte which oxidizes the iron 
 and sulphur. The metallic Oxides formed by roasting were reduced to metal by 
 carbon and lime, and the metal was used as anodes in the electrolytic refining. 
 In a later patent 5 Manhes suggests adding coke in a converter for blowing matte. 
 He also tried to prepare metallic cobalt and 'nickel from matte by adding fluxes to 
 remove the sulphur. 6 
 
 Gamier 7 also proposed blowing matte in a converter. 
 
 Langguth s describes a process used to smelt the cobalt and nickel ores of 
 Norway. The ores were smelted in a blast furnace to produce a matte containing 
 30 per cent, cobalt and nickel. This was concentrated in a converter to 75 per 
 cent., producing a slag containing 1 to 2 per cent, cobalt and nickel. The blowing 
 operation required 20 to 25 minutes. Reference is also made to Manhes' work. 
 
 Savelsburg 9 described a process of blowing nickel and cobalt matte in a con- 
 verter. Ground matte was blown without the application of heat to oxidize the 
 iron without changing the sulphur content. The" product was in a sintered con- 
 dition satisfactory for melting. , 
 
 Savelsburg and Papenburg 10 patented a process to convert oxide ores, espe- 
 cially those of cobalt and nickel, into sulphides. Crushed ore was mixed with 
 sulphides and carbon, and briquetted. These were heated in a kiln furnace. 
 
 1 Jour Amer. Chem. Soc, Vol. XXX, 1908, pp. 1344-1250. 
 
 2 Camp. Rend., Vol. CXXIII, 1896, pp. 1068-1071. Abst. Jour. Chem. Soo. (London), 
 Vol. LXXII (2), 1897, p. 172. ^ . " 
 
 3 Comp. Bend., Vol. CXXIV, 1897, pp. 768-771. Abst. Jour. Chem. Soc. (London), 
 Vol. LXXII, 1897, pp. 372-373. ' 
 
 * Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. IV, 1885, p. 120. 
 
 1 British Patent, No. 17,410, 1888; German Patent, Xo. 47,444, 1888. 
 
 "Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. XIV, 1895, p. 581. British Patent. 6,914, 1894: German 
 Patent, No. 47,427, 1894. ' ' ' 
 
 ' Eng. and Min. Jour., Vol. XXXVI, 1883, p. 393. 
 
 ! Min. and Sci. Press, Vol. LV, 1888, p. 102. 
 
 9 German Patent, No. 222,231, Jan. 21st, 1908. Abst. Jour. Soc. Chem Ind. Vol. XXIX 
 1910, p. 1257. ' , ^ 
 
 /"German Patent, No. 172,128, Jan. 21st, 1905. Abst. Fischer's Jahresbericht Vol LII, 
 1906, pp. 222-223. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 59 
 
 Becquerel 1 applied the electric current to remove cobalt from solutions. The 
 electrolysis was carried on in a cobalt chloride solution that had been neutralized 
 with ammonia or caustic potash. Cobalt was deposited as a brilliant coating. Of the 
 chlorine part escaped and part formed acid. The presence of too much acid 
 gave a dark deposit. 
 
 Cohen and Solomon 2 were granted a patent for the electrolytic separation 
 of cobalt from nickel. The addition of strongly oxidizing agents, especially per- 
 sulphates, cause the precipitation of the cobalt first. 
 
 Le Boy 3 described an electrolytic method to extract cobalt and nickel. 
 
 Armstrong 4 patented a process for the treatment of complex cobalt ores and 
 for refining cobalt and nickel arsenical and silver-bearing ores. The metals were 
 obtained as chlorides, from which the cobalt was precipitated eleetrolytically as 
 oxide. 
 
 Burlet 5 attempted to extract cobalt, nickel or copper* from ores or products 
 as follows. The silicate ore or slag was fused to remove the greater part of the 
 copper as impure metal. The slag was then ground and treated with sulphuric 
 acid. The iron and part of the copper were precipitated with calcium carbonate. 
 The remaining copper, cobalt, and nickel were removed by electrolysis. 
 
 Wiggin and Johnstone 6 suggested improvements in the preparation of cobalt 
 and nickel oxides. A eobalt-nickel'-copper solution was electrolyzed, using a copper 
 or brass cathode and a carbon anode. The copper was deposited, leaving in solu- 
 tion the cobalt and nickel-, which were recovered in the ordinary way. 
 
 Martin 7 reduced cobalt and nickel as well as other metals in the Ores by 
 passing hydrocarbons over the ore at a bright red heat. The metals were after- 
 wards recovered as an alloy by melting. 
 
 Mindeleff 8 attempted to extract cobalt and nickel from ores by reducing the 
 compounds with hydrocarbons, and removing the metals obtained with a magnet. 
 
 Berndorfer Manufacturing Company produced malleable and ductile nickel 
 and cobalt by mixing the powdered metal with potassium permanganate, maximum 
 4 per cent., and melting the mixture. 
 
 Selve and Lotter 10 obtained nickel and cobalt free from oxides by the addition 
 of 1.5 per cent, manganese during melting. 
 
 Krupp 11 found that cobalt and nickel were not malleable owing to the presence 
 of carbon, but that the defect could be removed by adding manganate or perman- 
 ganate of potash. 
 
 1 Comp. Bend., Vol. LVIII, 1862, pp. 18-20. 
 
 2 German Patent, No. 110,615, 1900. Fischer's Jahresbericht, Vol. XL VI, 1900, p. 157. 
 
 3 Bull. Soc. Industrielle de Mulhouse, Proces-verbeaux, Vol. LXXI, 1901, pp. 154-155. 
 * United States Patent, No. 881,527, March 10th, 1908. 
 
 "British Patent, No. 27,150, Nov. 25th, 1913. Abst. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. XXXIII, 
 1914, p. 1014. 
 
 "British Patent, No. 3,923, March 27th, 1885. Abst. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. V, 
 1886, p. 172. 
 
 'German Patent, No. 18,303, June 1st, 1881. Fischer's Jahresbericht, Vol. XXVIII, 
 1882, p. 120. 
 
 "British Patent, No. 10,491, Sept. 4th, 1885. Abst. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. IV, 
 1885, p. 746. 
 
 "German Patent, No. 28,989, 1884. 
 
 "German Patent, No. 32,006, 1885. Abst. Fischer's Jahresbericht, Vol. XXXII, 1886, 
 p. 158. 
 
 "British Patent, No. 1464, 1884. Abst. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. Ill, 1884, p. 261. 
 
60 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Winkler 1 states that in the preparation of cobalt and nickel castings, a high 
 temperature is necessary, refractory crucibles should be used, carbon and silicon 
 should not come in contact with the mol&n metal, and that the metal "must be 
 protected from the atmospheric oxygen during casting. 
 
 Fleitmann 2 proposed a method to remove the brittleness in cobalt and nickel 
 metal by adding magnesium before pouring., 
 
 Fink 3 outlines a process for the treatment of ores from Cobalt, Canada. The 
 ore is ground to 40-mesh and mixed with fluxes to reduce the metals and make a 
 slag. The charge is heated in a furnace at a temperature of 1,200 to 1,500° C. 
 under reduced pressure for several hours. The arsenic is volatilized and condensed 
 as metallic arsenic; and metallic silver, cobalt, and nickel speiss and slag are also 
 formed. The products are further treated by known methods. 
 
 Levat, in a paper read before the French Association for the Advancement 
 of Sciences, Sept. 29, 1887, gave the results of an investigation of the nickel, 
 cobalt, and chromium ore deposits of New Caledonia. 
 
 Heard 4 gave a summary of the possibilities of the New Caledonia deposits. 
 
 -2. — The Production of Smalt 
 
 Smalt is a potash aluminum cobalt silicate. It is prepared by melting 
 together silica, potassium carbonate, and roasted cobalt ore. It was used exten- 
 sively a number of years ago to produce blue-coloured glass and enamels. Owing 
 to, the difficulty in obtaining the same quality of colour intensity with different 
 cobalt ores, the manufacture of smalt has gradually been abandoned. Cobalt 
 oxides of uniform composition can be readily obtained, and these are used at 
 present to prepare the different colours. 
 
 r The production of smalt was formerly carried on chiefly in Saxony, and it is 
 interesting to note that the Chinese have also prepared smalt for a number of years. 
 
 The first record of cobalt being used in Europe to colour glass dates from 
 about 1540. It is stated a Nuremberg glass-maker was the first to try melting 
 cobalt ore, termed " Kobold," with glass, and he obtained, much to his astonish- 
 ment, a beautiful blue-coloured product. 
 
 ■ A brief account of the operations as conducted in Saxony and China is given 
 in the following paragraphs. 
 
 The Method Employed in Saxony to Prepare Smalt 
 
 The mineral was crushed, sorted and washed. This product, called " Sehlich." 
 was roasted in a rotary furnace, any arsenic evolved during the roasting being 
 "collected. During the roasting the cobalt was converted into oxide. The roasted 
 •product was finely ground and screened through a silk sieve, the powder being 
 known as "zaffer" or "zafflex." 
 
 ' Chem. News, Vol. XXXV, 1877, p. 166. 
 
 2 Chem. News, Vol. XL,' 1879, p.' 67: 
 
 s United States Patent, No. 1,013.931, Jan. 9th, 1912. 
 
 4 Eng. Min. j'otar., Vol. XL VI, 1888, p.' 103 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 61 
 
 To prepare smalt the roasted ore was mixed with sand and potassium car- 
 bonate and melted in a crucible. Crushed quartz was used for sand. Before being 
 crushed, it was heated to a red heat in a lime kiln, crushed in stamp-batteries, washed 
 to remove any light impurities, dried, and again heated to redness. The cobalt, 
 being, more readily oxidized than the nickel, passed into the slag, the nickel, com- 
 bining with any arsenic, forming a speiss which settled to the bottom of the 
 crucible. Any iron present was oxidized to ferric oxide, which is less injurious 
 than ferrous oxide. The speiss was withdrawn either through, an opening in the 
 bottom of the crucible or carefully removed with a ladle. The purer the materials 
 employed in the preparation, the more beautiful the product. The blue glass or 
 slag containing the cobalt was poured into water, dried, and finely ground. The 
 ground glass or smalt was mixed with water and allowed to stand for half an hour, 
 during which time the coarse particles, known as " Streublau," settled. The 
 coarse particles were afterwards reground. 
 
 The turbid water from the first washing was decanted into a second tank in 
 which flic pigment proper, termed couleur, settled to the bottom. 
 
 After twenty-four hours the turbid water was decanted into a third tank in 
 which it remained until it was clear, ^when the finest and palest glass powder, 
 "Aeschel," settled. The pigment, and also the aeschel, was next washed two or 
 three times, the wash waters being filtered. The pigments in the various settling 
 tanks were dried, screened, and packed into barrels. 
 
 About three-fifths of the glass taken from the pots was recovered. The pres- 
 ence of oxides other than those of cobalt and potash, even in small quantities, exerts 
 a marked influence on the colour of the smalt. Barium produces an indigo tinge ; 
 sodium, calcium, and magnesium produce a reddish shade; iron, a. blackish green, 
 very objectionable in the brighter-coloured smalts; manganese, violet; nickel, 
 violet, but less intense ; copper, zinc, bismuth, and antimony, dull shades. 
 
 The smalt is classified according to its degree of fineness into coarse blue 
 (Streublau) pigment, and Aeschel, the first size being denoted in the trade by H, 
 the second by C, and the finest by E. 
 
 Bespecting the intensity of the colour, each sort is distinguished as fine, middle, 
 and ordinary by the letters P, M, and 0. In the first class, colours of varying 
 degrees of intensity are denoted by the letters, F, FF, FFF, FFFF, expressing 
 two-fold, three-fold, and four-fold respectively. Qualities poorer in 'cobalt than 
 the OC quality are distinguished by the use of indices, e.g., OC 2 (i e containing 
 half the cobalt in the 00 quality). 
 
 Smalts which contain more cobalt than the F quality are distinguished by 
 doubling the latter F. 
 
 More intense' than the last, FFFF, which is termed "Azure," or "King's 
 Blue," do not occur. 
 
 The following list 1 gives the different brands of smalt:— 
 
 1 " Ordinary smalt. 
 
 E : Aeschel. 
 
 " • Bohemian smalt. 
 
 k-F Ground pigment. 
 
 1 Griinwald, Raw Materials of the Enamel Industry, 1914, p. 146. 
 
62 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4' 
 
 PC Fine pigment. 
 
 PCB Fine Bohemian pigment. 
 
 PB Finer Aeschel. 
 
 MC Average. 
 
 MCB Average Bohemian. 
 
 MB Average Aeschel. 
 
 OC Ordinary pigment. 
 
 OCB Ordinary Bohemian pigment. 
 
 OE Ordinary Aeschel. 
 
 The different colours are spoken of as azure blue, smalt blue, zaffer blue, 
 Saxon blue, enamel blue, cobalt blue, etc. 
 
 The following are analyses of some varieties of smalt : 
 
 Percentage Composition of Some Typical Smalts 
 
 
 Norwegian Smalt 
 
 German Smalt 
 
 French Smalt 
 
 Component 
 
 Dark 
 
 Dark 
 Aeschel 
 
 Pale 
 
 Coarse Pigment 
 Blue | C. 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 
 70.86 
 6.49 
 
 21.41 
 0.43 
 
 66.20 
 6.75 
 
 16.31 
 8.64 
 
 72.11 
 1.95 
 1.80 
 
 20.04 
 
 72.21 
 
 20.54 
 6.75 
 0.22 
 
 70.11 
 
 21.58 
 
 7.20 
 
 0.11 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 70 j 65 
 26 30 
 
 3 5 
 
 63 
 30 
 
 60 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 There is also a French method of smalt preparation which consists in melting 
 together cobalt oxide with quartz and potash. In this way a first-class product of 
 desired intensity can be prepared, although the process is correspondingly more 
 expensive. 
 
 The quartz is heated to redness and ground as in earlier methods, only instead 
 of cobalt speiss pure cobalt oxide is here employed. The smalt so obtained is very 
 pure, and more durable than the ordinary product. 
 
 The Chinese Method of Manufacturing Smalt 1 
 
 In the Chinese glass works at Canton, the so-called lam-o-li-shek, i.e., " stone for blue 
 glass," is employed for the production of a blue colour in glass and porcelain. It appears 
 as if the Chinese are unaware how to produce colourless glass. They purchase glass frag- 
 ments from Europe and America, which they classify according to colour and quality, and 
 melt them in pots, 67 cm. at the top. One or two of these pots are placed in a rectangular 
 furnace of primitive construction, which is heated with anthracite, for which purpose from 
 150 to 200 kg. of anthracite per pot are required. The blowpipe is short and wide, while 
 the moulds are made of clay and dust. It is astonishing how the Chinese, by means of their 
 small apparatus, are able to separate the cobalt from the iron, manganese and nickel, even 
 when the cobalt content in the ore does not exceed 2 to 4 per cent. 
 
 1 Bowler, Chemical News, Vol. LVTII, 1888, p. 100. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 63 
 
 The crude cobalt mineral is first carefully washed, and every piece is scrubbed with a 
 brush, in order to remove the adhering clay which contains iron. The ore is next dried and 
 pulverized, then afterwards ground in a hand mill with water. The whole mixture is then 
 conveyed to a vessel, in which it is vigorously stirred for several hours, after which it is 
 allowed to settle over night. On the following day the water is decanted, taking with it the 
 upper layer of the settled powder. The latter consists of the lighter earthy substances, 
 while the residual mass is the oxides of iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt. This mass is 
 removed, mixed with a small quantity of borax, and placed in one of the above-mentioned 
 pots containing the glass. The melting is now carried out, and during the first twelve hours 
 the fused mass acquires a, dirty greenish-black colour. By degrees this mixed colour changes 
 to a bright bluish-violet similar to amethyst. It appears as if the iron and nickel are com- 
 pletely reduced, for after 36 to 40 hours' heating scarcely any of the iron or manganese 
 colour can be detected in the mixture. 
 
 The lowest portion of the fused glass in the pot is rejected. This part probably con- 
 tains the impurities, such as iron, nickel, manganese, etc. 
 
 For the purpose of porcelain painting, the Chinese frit the same mineral with feldspar, 
 kaolin, and much borax. This frit 'is ground to fine powder, and employed for painting on 
 the biscuit. The Canton process is as follows: 
 
 The manipulator takes the burnt biscuit and covers this with a glaze consisting of borax, 
 feldspar, and clay, which, when sufficiently dry, he paints upon, and in one single operation 
 burns in both the enamel and colour. 
 
 An analysis of the mineral is given as follows: Iron oxide 35.0, Manganese oxide 13.1, 
 Nickel oxide, 3.5, Cobalt oxide, 3.5, gangue 46.0 per cent. 
 
 The gangue consisted for the most part of silica and aluminium silicate. 
 
 Preparation of Metallic Cobalt 
 
 Metallic cobalt may be obtained from the oxide or oxalate by one of the 
 following methods. Cobalt oxide is obtained by heating precipitated cobalt 
 hydroxide or oxalate. 
 
 Eeduction of the oxide in a carbon crucible or by the addition of carbon or 
 starch. 1 
 
 Reduction of the oxide 2 or oxalate 3 in a stream of hydrogen or hydro- 
 carbons,* the reduction being complete at 500 to 600° C. 
 
 Reduction of the oxide by carbon monoxide. 5 
 
 Reduction of the oxide by ammonium chloride. 6 
 
 Reduction of cobalt chloride in a current of hydrogen. 7 
 
 Reduction of the oxide by aluminium. 8 Goldschmidt process. ' : 
 
 Precipitation from cobalt solutions by metallic magnesium. 9 
 
 r^V^OT^elf de ,?o em i5 ? Ph - vsi q ue . Vol. 25, 1824, p. 98. Winkler, Jour, prakt. 
 Chem., Vol. XCI, 1864 p 213. Kalmus, Preparation of Metallic Cobalt by Eeduction of the 
 
 vS lie 1893!7p 349-3W neS ' *' ^^ N °' ^' ^^ P ' *' MOi * San ' C ° mp - ^^' 
 
 A» n^ e \' ir* 1 ™ tW, ™ d Chemie > Vo1 - CXXXVI, 1869, p. 51. Moissan, Annales 
 | e x ^. et Physique, 1880, Vol. V, sec 21, p. 199. Glasser, Zeitschr. anorg. Chem., Vol. 
 XXXVI, 1903, p. 19. Kalmus, Bulletin 259, p. 11. 
 
 'Wolff, Zeitschr anal Chem., Vol. XVIII, 1879, p. 38. Berzelius, Gmelin Kraut, Hand- 
 buch der anorgamschen Chemie, 1909, Band. 5, 1, p. 194. Brunner, Idem, p. 194 
 
 Vol 2{f 120 ^ Patent ' N °' 183 ° 3 ' June 1St ' 18S1 - Fisoher ' s Jahresbericht, 1882, 
 
 "Mond, Hirtz and Copaux. Note on a volatile compound of cobalt with carbon monoxide: 
 Chem News Vol XCVm, 1908, p. 165. Mond Nickel Co., Hirtz, and Copaux, British 
 patent, No. 13^207, 1908: a patent covering the manufacture of cobalt carbonyl or carbonyls 
 by heating cobalt or material containing cobalt in carbon monoxide or gas containing the 
 latter. Kalmus, Bulletin 259, p. 25. 
 
 "Bose, Gmelin Kraut, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, Band V. 1, 1909 p. 192 
 Peligot, Compt. Rend., Vol. XIX, 1844, p. 670. Baumhauer, Zeitschr. anal. Chem., 
 Vol. X, 1871, p. 217. Schneider, Annalen der Physik und Chem., Vol. CI, 1857, p 387 
 Wagner, Jahresbericht, 1857, p. 226. 
 
 "Kalmus, Bulletin 259, p. 32. 
 
 " Siemens, Zeitschr. anorg. Chem., Vol. XLI, 1904, p. 249. 
 
64 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Distillation of cobalt amalgams. 1 
 
 Electrolytic methods. 2 
 
 Fink 3 proposes the following treatment for the production of metallic cobalt. 
 Powdered smaltite is mixed in the proper proportion with powdered lime and 
 calcium carbide and heated in a vacuum for 1 to 2 hours, at a temperature of 
 1500° C. The reaction of lime and calcium carbide yields metallic calcium, which 
 in turn reacts with the cobalt arsenide, forming calcium arsenide and metallic 
 cobalt. 
 
 Precipitation of cobalt from solutions by zinc. 4 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Copaux, Pure Cobalt and Nickel, Preparation and Properties ; Revue generate de Ghimie 
 pure et appliquee, Jaubert, Paris, 1906, p. 156. Comp. Bend., Vol. 140, 1905, pp. 657-659. 
 
 Winkler, The Atomic Weight of Nickel and Cobalt: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. VIIT, 
 1895, p. 29. 
 
 Hamilton, Aluminium Precipitation at Nipissing Mine, Cobalt, Canada: Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., Vol. XCV, 1913, pp. 935-939. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Aluminium Precipitation at Deloro, Canada: Eng. and Min. Jour., Vol. 95, 
 1913, p. 1277. 
 
 Larson and Helme, Electrolytic Recovery of Cobalt and Zinc from the End-lyes of Copper 
 Extraction: Chem. Abstracts, 1913, p. 3085. 
 
 Megraw, Cyaniding a Furnace Product (a roasted cobalt-nickel speiss). Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., Vol. XCVIII, 1914, p. 147. 
 
 Beid, Milling Practice in Cobalt : Trans. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. 14, 1914, pp. 50-63. 
 
 Denny, Desulphurizing .Silver Ores at Cobalt: Min. Sei. Press, Vol. CVII, 1913, 
 pp. 484-48S. 
 
 Kleinschmidt, Summary of the Treatment of Cobalt Ores: Berg-u. huttenm. Zeitung, 
 Vol. XXVI, 1867, pp. 45-46, 57-59, 130-131, 147-149, 162-164. 
 
 McCay, Contribution to the Study of Cobalt, Nickel, and Iron Sulphides, Freiberg, 46 pp. 
 (pamphlet), 1883. 
 
 Report and Appendix of Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, 1917. 
 
 Development of the Metallurgy of the Ontario Silver=Cobalt Ores 
 
 In reviewing the development of the metallurgy of the silver-cobalt ores of 
 Ontario, it is necessary to make three divisions, viz., the progress in ore-dressing 
 methods, the introduction of new processes in the extraction of the silver, and the 
 improvements in the treatment of the ores for the cobalt. At the same time, it 
 cannot be too strongly emphasized that co-operation and publicity of results have 
 contributed no small part to the success achieved in the treatment of the Cobalt 
 ores. 
 
 The importance of the Cobalt deposits may best be realized from the following 
 .figures. In 1903 when the silver deposits of Cobalt were discovered, Canada pro- 
 duced silver valued at $1,709,642, while in 1913 the production was valued at 
 $19,040,924. During the same period the value of the annual production of cobalt 
 rose from practically nothing to $500,000. Besides the value of cobalt, appreciable 
 returns are realized from the arsenic and nickel. 
 
 Previous to the discovery of the deposits at Cobalt, most of the world's supply 
 of cobalt ore was shipped from New Caledonia to Europe for treatment. In fact, 
 
 'Moissan, Compt. Rend., Vol. LXXXIII, 1879, p. 180; Bulletin Soc. Chem., Pt. IT, 
 Vol. XXXI, 1879; p. 149; Annalen de Chem. et. Physique, Vol. V, 1880, p. 21, p 199. 
 Guertter, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 513. 
 
 = Kalmus, Electro-plating with Cobalt, Bulletin No. 334, Department of Mines, Canada, 
 1915. Becquerel, Comp. Bend., Vol. LVIII, 1862, pp. 18-20. 
 
 'United States Patent, No. 1,119,588, Mineral Industry, Vol. XXIII, 1914, p. 548. 
 
 'Careis, Berg-u. huttenm. Zeitung, Vol. XL, No. 23, 1881, pp. 215, 216. 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 65 
 
 until 1908 Europe practically controlled the world's production. In 1908 cobalt 
 products from Canadian and American smelters were placed on the market, and 
 this caused the price of cobalt oxide to fall from $2.00 to $1.00 a pound. ' Cobalt 
 oxide is at present (1917) selling for $1.50 per pound. 
 
 Progress in Ore Dressing 
 
 The progress in ore dressing at Cobalt has been brought about by the diminu- 
 tion in the grade of the ore and the attempt to obtain increased recoveries. At first 
 the high-grade ore (2,000 oz. or more) was readily hand-picked from the low-grade 
 and shipped as such. In order to keep up the grade of the shipments, concentra- 
 tion methods were introduced extensively during 1907-1908. For the coarser 
 crushing it is customary to use one of the following combinations : stamps crushing 
 to approximately 20-mesh; crushing in stamps to 0.25-inch, followed by sizing and 
 concentrating, the fine tailing going to waste, the coarse being reground in pebble 
 mills; and crushing in rolls or in ball mills to about 0.25-inch, concentrating, and 
 regrindiug the tailing in pebble mills. In 1914 about 75 per cent, of the ore milled 
 was crushed by stamps to 14 to 20-mesh. 
 
 Classification is used extensively to separate the sand from slime. In the 
 concentrating mills hindered-settling types of classifiers are employed, while in 
 the cyaniding plants the Dorr classifier is common. For sand concentration the 
 Wilfley, .James, and Deister tables are mostly used, while for treating slime the 
 James and Deister tables are preferred, although canvas tables were employed to 
 some extent. The sand tailing averages 3 to 4 ounces and the slime tailing 6 to 8 
 ounces of silver per ton, but it is not possible to recover the silver from these 
 products by the ordinary gravity concentration methods. The average ratio of 
 concentration in the Cobalt mills is 50 to 1. 
 
 The recovery of the silver from the tailing dumps and low-grade ores has been 
 one of the problems that has confronted the metallurgists at Cobalt for some time. 
 At present there are about 2,500,000 tons of tailing, averaging 4 to 6 ounces of 
 silver. To treat these accumulated residues and the low-grade ores, flotation 
 methods seem most suitable. In October, 1915, the first experimental flotation 
 plant was erected by the Buffalo Mines, Limited. This plant consisted of a two- 
 compartment, standard length Callow rougher cell, and a one-half size Callow 
 cleaner cell. The results obtained by flotation were so encouraging that a flotation 
 plant to handle 600 tons daily was erected and put into operation in September, 
 1916. At present the Buffalo Mines, McTCinley-Darragh-Savage Mines, Nipissine- 
 Mines, Coniagas Mines, Dominion Eeduction Co., Northern Customs Concentrator^, 
 and National Mines (King Edward) employ the Callow system of flotation. 
 
 To prepare the tailings and low-grade ores for flotation, fine grinding to 
 100-mesh is -necessary. Pebble mills are commonly used for this purpose. The 
 oil used consists of a mixture of 15 per cent, pine oil, 75 per cent, coal tar creosote, 
 and 10 per cent, coal tar. Further experiments have shown that an oil obtained 
 from the distillation of hard wood in charcoal plants is well suited for flotation. 
 The results obtained by flotation are about as follows : feed 6 to 10 oz. of silver, 
 concentrate 250 to 1,000 oz., tailing 0.8 to 2.5 oz., and a recovery of 80 to 90 
 per cent. 
 
 6 b.m. (iii) 
 
66 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 The recovery of the silver from the flotation concentrate has been accompanied 
 
 with difficulties, and at present most of the concentrate is shipped to the smelters 
 
 in the United States. Under present conditions the freight and treatment charges 
 
 on the notation concentrate amounts to about 20 per cent, of the value of the 
 
 product. The flotation concentrate produced at the Buffalo Mines was treated at 
 
 Cobalt. The method employed is to give the concentrate a roast with salt, a leach 
 
 with hydrochloric acid, and a treatment with salt solution, the silver being finally 
 
 recovered by precipitation on scrap copper, and the copper by passing the solution 
 
 over scrap iron. The above treatment has been discontinued by the Buffalo Mines 
 
 company, but is still being practised by the Dominion Eeduction company. 
 
 Progress in the Metallurgy of Silver 
 
 In the early operation of the Cobalt camp, most of the silver was recovered 
 by smelting methods, the ore shipped averaging 2,000 ounces or more per ton. 
 The presence of large quantities of arsenic caused trouble in the smelting and 
 refining processes, and it was necessary for the smelters to levy a penalty on 
 excessive quantities. There was also a high treatment charge because of the 
 difficulty in smelting the high-grade silver ores. The freight rate on the high- 
 grade ore was also heavier. 
 
 In order to obtain a better return from the silver contents of the high-grade 
 ore, experiments were undertaken to devise a process for treating the high-grade 
 ores at Cobalt and obtaining the silver as bullion. The Nova Scotia mill, now the 
 Dominion Eeduction, was the first to recover bullion by amalgamation and cyanida- 
 tion. This mill treated the run-of-mine ore, which included the high-grade, and 
 produced bullion and a residue assaying about 150 ounces of silver per ton. The 
 Nipissing improved on the process by substituting a tube mill for the amalgamating 
 pan. The combination process of amalgamation and cyanidation is used at three 
 mills, viz., the Nipissing and Buffalo on high-grade ore and concentrates, and the 
 Dominion Eeduction on concentrates only. The process is usually carried out as 
 follows: With 2,500 oz. ore, a charge would be 6,500 pounds of 20-mesh ore, 8,500 
 pounds of mercury, 3,800 pounds of 5 per cent, cyanide solution, • and 6 ton's of 
 pebbles. After 9 to 10 hours' treatment the pulp will all pass a 200-mesh screen, 
 and contain about 50 oz. of silver per ton. It is given a further agitation for 
 36 hours in a 0.75 per cent, cyanide solution when the silver is reduced to 30 ounces. 
 The treatment of low-grade ores at Cobalt has for a number of vears 
 presented a difficult but interesting problem. It is possible to treat the 'low- 
 grade ores by concentration methods, by a combination of concentration and 
 cyamdmg, and by flotation. It appeared as if flotation in combination with 
 concentration or cyanidation was the most suitable, but recent developments 
 tend m some cases to favor concentration and cyanidation. Very little cobalt and 
 nickel are recovered in the flotation concentrate. 
 
 Amalgamation was not practicable on low-grade ores, so attention was turned 
 toward cyanidation. After extensive experiments it was found that it to* not 
 possible to treat the low-grade complex ores by the ordinary cvanide process, 
 because the solutions quickly became foul, thereby diminishing ' the dissolving 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 67_ 
 
 power; besides, the cyanide consumption was excessive. To overcome these diffi- 
 culties a process known as the " Wet Desulphurizing Process " was devised by the 
 Nipissing Mining Company. 
 
 Briefly, this process consists in giving the ground ore a treatment with alkali 
 and aluminium. The preliminary treatment is given in tube mills, and the final 
 treatment in tanks. In the preliminary treatment the ore is ground in an 0.25 
 per cent, caustic soda -solution with an addition of 5 pounds of lime per ton 
 of ore. The lime is added to hasten settling. In the process the refractory minerals, 
 especially pyrargyrite and proustite, are decomposed, the sulphur, arsenic, and 
 antimony being reduced to the elemental or metallic state. The reduced sulphur, 
 arsenic, and antimony have practically no action on cyanide. The reactions 
 involved may be expressed as follows: 
 
 2A1+2 NaOH+2H 2 0=Na 2 Al 2 4 +6H. 
 6H+3 Ag 2 S+6NaOH=3Na 2 S+6H 2 0+6Ag. 
 6H+Ag 3 SbS 3 +6NaOH=3Na 2 S+6H 2 0+3Ag+Sb. 
 6H+Ag 3 AsS 3 +6NaOH=3Na 2 S+6H 2 0+3Ag+As. 
 
 With fine grinding and after treating the ore by the wet desulphurizing 
 process, the silver may be readily extracted in 48 hours by treatment with a 0.25 
 per cent, cyanide solution. By the desulphurizing treatment a saving of one to 
 four ounces of silver is obtained at an additional cost of 54 cents per ton of ore. 
 On a 20-ounce feed a saving of four ounces means an increased extraction of 
 20 per cent. 
 
 The precipitation of the silver from the cyanide solutions by zinc presented a 
 further difficulty, but the substitution of aluminium dust overcame this. The 
 advantages of the aluminium dust in precipitation may be stated as follows: a 
 high-grade precipitate is obtained, there is little fouling of the cyanide solu- 
 tions, and during the precipitation an amount of cyanide proportional to the 
 silver precipitated is regenerated. One part of aluminium dust will precipitate 
 about three parts of silver. Aluminium dust was used until 1916, but owing 
 to the difficulty of obtaining it and also to the increased cost, other precipitants 
 are being tried. At present at the Nipissing mill sodium sulphide is used to 
 precipitate the silver, and the sulphide precipitate is desulphurized by treatment 
 with caustic soda and aluminium, metallic silver being produced. 
 
 Aluminium dust precipitation was first used by the Deloro Smelting and 
 Eefining Company, then by the O'Brien mine, and later by the Nipissing and 
 Buffalo and other mines at Cobalt. 
 
 Progress in the Metallurgy of Cobalt and Nickel 
 
 Before the discovery of the large silver-cobalt-nickel deposits at Cobalt, very 
 little was known in Canada of the properties and metallurgy of the metal cobalt 
 and its compounds, except that cobalt silicate possessed a beautiful colour and was 
 used in the ceramic industries. Cobalt was considered one of the rarer metals. 
 
 Cobalt ores had been treated in Europe for centuries, but the treatment was 
 conducted on a small scale, and the methods were what might be called large 
 laboratory methods. There were about 25 plants operating in Europe, and these 
 
68 1 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 were producing about one-half the quantity of cobalt that is now being turned 
 out annually by the three Canadian smelters. The method formerly employed was 
 to dissolve the ore, matte or speiss in either hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, and 
 remove the impurities by chemical methods. The copper was often removed by 
 hydrogen sulphide gas, and after eliminating any gas in solution by boiling, the 
 iron, cobalt, and nickel were precipitated. The high price of cobalt oxide enabled 
 the operators' to work on a small scale, even though the grade of the ore would , 
 not average over 3 per cent, cobalt. 
 
 After the discovery of the cobalt deposits in Canada, it soon became evident 
 that they were of sufficient extent to justify the attempt to establish a cobalt 
 smelting industry in Canada. It was soon seen that new processes would have 
 to be devised, or the old methods improved. The cost of acids and chemicals, 
 the operating difficulties, and the higher cost of labour made the old processes 
 prohibitive in Canada, and at the same time it was not possible to operate them 
 on a considerable scale. The larger proportion of cobalt and the presence of large 
 quantities of arsenic in the Canadian ores, also made it necessary to modify the 
 older processes. 
 
 In the processes in use in Canada at present, the gangue minerals, and most 
 of the arsenic and iron are removed in blast furnaces. The products of the blast 
 furnace are : metallic silver, an argentiferous speiss containing cobalt, nickel, and 
 iron as arsenides, also slag and flue dust. The large quantities of silver and arsenic 
 in the cobalt-nickel ores are a source of revenue to the smelters. The argentiferous 
 speiss made in the blast furnace is roasted to about 10 per cent, arsenic, given a 
 chloriclizing roast, and the product cyanided. The successful cyanidation of such 
 a complex furnace product was a new departure in cyaniding. The residue is 
 sylphated with sulphuric acid, and the iron is rendered insoluble by heating. In 
 this treatment with acid the cobalt and nickel dissolve, as we'll as some of the 
 iron and arsenic. The iron and arsenic must be removed before the precipitation 
 of the cobalt and nickel, with solutions of bleaching powder. The grade of cobalt 
 oxide produced by the Canadian smelters is considerably better than that produced 
 by the European refineries. The production of a higher grade oxide at a lower 
 price was necessary to compete with and secure the closely controlled trade of 
 Europe. Both these difficulties were finally overcome by the improvements in 
 and the efficiency of the Canadian processes. 
 
 In summarizing, it may be stated that the progress in the metallurgy of 
 cobalt and nickel has not been owing so much to the introduction of new methods 
 as to the development of the old ones on a larger and more efficient scale. 
 
 The general progress in the development of the metallurgy and ore dressing 
 of the silver-cobalt-nickel ores has been due to the grade and value of the ore, 
 and to the co-operation of the operators. It would be impossible to mention all 
 those who have contributed to the success of the Cobalt camp, but special 
 mention should be made of- the work of Eeid and Moffat in ore dressing ; of 
 Denny, Fairlie, Jones, and Clevenger in the metallurgy of silver; and of Kirk- 
 patrick and Peek in the metallurgy of cobalt and nickel. 
 
 The wet desulphurizing process used in connection with the low-grade 
 ores, and the introduction of the use of sodium sulphide to precipitate the silver, 
 
1918 The Metallurgy of Cobalt 69 
 
 were developed by J. J. Denny, metallurgist of the Nipissing Mining Company. 
 Prof. S. F. Kirkpatrick was the first to introduce the use of aluminium dust 
 for the precipitation of silver, but his chief work has been in the development of 
 the metallurgy of cobalt and nickel. Under his direction the Deloro Smelting and 
 Refining Company has become the largest smelter treating cobalt ores and also, 
 due mostly to his initiative, a plant has been erected to smelt the complex cobalt 
 ores of Missouri. Difficulties have constantly arisen in the treatment of ores of 
 cobalt, but these have always been solved. The excellent, work of Prof. Kirk- 
 patrick in the development of the metallurgy of cobalt-nickel ores has been 
 recognized by the profession, since in , 1917 he was awarded the McCharles 
 medal of the University of Toronto. 
 
70 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE CHEMISTRY OF COBALT 
 
 The word cobalt is synonymous with "kobold," meaning goblin, which was 
 a term given by the early miners to those ores which did not yield metal on 
 smelting. It is stated 1 that an early form of the word cobalt appears in the 
 writings of Basilius Valentinus about the end of the 15th century. Berthelot 2 
 states that the word is of Graeco-Bgyptian origin. In Hoover's translation of 
 Agricola's De Ee Metallica, mention is made of the word cobalt as being from 
 the Greek, cobalos. 
 
 The use of cobalt compounds for colouring glass was known to the ancients 
 and, since 1600, cobalt minerals have been used for the preparation of smalt. In 
 1735 Brandt prepared some metallic cobalt by reduction from the ore. 
 
 Polished cobalt metal is silvery white in colour, but when reduced from the 
 oxide, it is in the form of gray powder. The specific gravity varies from 8.79 on an 
 unannealed sample to 8.92 on a swaged sample. The melting point of cobalt is 
 given as 1478°C, and the tensile strength at about 34,400 pounds per square 
 inch. 3 Metallic cobalt is magnetic. The atomic weight is 58.97. 
 
 Cobalt is soluble in dilute acids. The metal forms three oxides : cobaltous 
 oxide (CoO) greenish gray; cobaltous cobaltic oxide (Co 3 4 ) black; and cobaltic 
 oxide (Co 2 3 ) brownish. Cobaltous oxide is obtained from Co B 4 by heating at a 
 high temperature. The usual method of preparing the oxides is to calcine, at a 
 red heat, the hydroxide obtained by precipitation in one of the processes mentioned 
 under the Metallurgy of Cobalt. 
 
 Cobalt forms with acids two compounds, cobaltous and cobaltic. Cobaltous 
 compounds are pink in the crystallized state or in aqueous solutions, but yellow 
 or green in the anhydrous condition, and blue when in aqueous solutions in the 
 presence of hydrochloric acid. 
 
 By dissolving any of the three oxides in acids, salts derived from cobaltous 
 oxide are always obtained, containing bivalent cobalt: 
 CoO+2HCl=H 2 0+CoCl 2 . 
 Co 2 3 +6HCl=3H 2 0+2CoCl 2 +Cl,. 
 Co 3 4 -f8HCl=4H 2 0+3CoCl 2 +Cl 2 . 
 Simple cobaltic salts are unknown, but many complex compounds exist with 
 trivalent cobalt, as, for example, potassium cobaltinitrite, potassium cobalticyanide, 
 and numerous cobalti-ammonia derivatives. 
 
 Reactions of Cobalt Salts * 
 
 •Potassium or sodium hydroxide precipitates in the cold a blue basic salt: 
 CoCl 2 +KOH=KCl+Co ( OH) CI, 
 which on warming is further decomposed by hydroxyl ions, forming pink cobaltous 
 hydroxide : 
 Co(OH)Cl+K OH=KCl+Co(OH) 2 . 
 
 1 Gmelin Kraut, Handbuch der anorganisehen Chemie, Band V 1 1909 rj 190 
 
 2 Idem, pi 190. >*■-•• 
 
 3 Kalmus, The Physical Pioperties of Cobalt, Bulletin 309, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 
 Canada, 1914. 
 
 4 A number of the following reactions are taken from Treadwell Hall Analytical Chem- 
 istry, Vol. I, fourth edition, 1916. 
 
1918 The Chemistry of Cobalt 71 
 
 In the case of a moderately concentrated solution of the alkali the precipitate 
 of pink cobaltous hydroxide is often produced in the cold, sometimes only after 
 standing for some time. The rapidity of the reaction depends entirely upon the 
 concentration of the alkali. 
 
 Cobaltous hydroxide gradually turns brown in contact with the air, forming 
 cobaltic hydroxide: 
 
 2Co(OH) 2 +H 2 0+0=2Co(OH) 3 . 
 
 In this respect cobalt behaves similarly to iron and manganese, but differs 
 from nickel, for the hydroxide of the latter is not oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. 
 
 On adding chlorine, bromine, hypochlorites, hydrogen peroxide, etc., to an 
 alkaline solution containing cobaltous hydroxide, cobaltic hydroxide is immediately 
 formed, as with nickel and manganese: 
 
 2 Co ( OH) 2 +2NaOH+Cl 2 =2NaCl+2Co ( OH) ,. 
 2Co(OH) 2 4-H 2 0+NaOCl=N T aCH-2Co(OH) 3 . 
 
 From ammoniacal cobalt solutions the above oxidizing agents cause no pre- 
 cipitation, but merely a red colouration ; the addition of potassium hydroxide then 
 causes no precipitation, whereas in the case of nickel, a precipitate is formed. 
 
 Cobaltous hydroxide— Co (OH) 2 , behaves under some conditions as a weak 
 acid, for on adding, to a cobaltous solution a very concentrated solution of KOH 
 or NaOH the precipitate at first produced dissolves with a blue colour similar 
 to that formed with copper compounds. By the addition of Eochelle salts, 
 KJSraC 4 H 4 6 , to this blue cobalt solution the colour either disappears almost 
 entirely or becomes a pale pink, while the similarly treated copper solution 
 becomes more intensely blue. By the addition of potassium cyanide to the blue 
 cobalt solution it becomes yellow, and in contact with air turns intensely brown. 
 A copper solution would be decolourized by the addition of potassium cyanide. 
 
 By pouring a little cobalt solution (or adding a little solid cobalt carbonate) 
 into a concentrated solution of caustic soda or potash, to which a little glycerol 
 has been added, a blue solution is formed (the colour being intensified by 
 warming), which after standing some time in the air, or immediately on the 
 addition of hydrogen peroxide, becomes a beautiful green. 
 
 Ammonia precipitates, in the absence of ammonium salts, a blue basic salt, 
 soluble, however, in excess of ammonium chloride. Ammonia, therefore, produces 
 no precipitate in solutions which contain sufficient ammonium chloride. The 
 dirty yellow ammoniacal solution is little by little turned reddish on exposure 
 to the air, owing to the formation of stable cobalti-ammonia derivatives ■ 
 Co(0H) 2 +2NH 4 'Cl+2NH 3 =Co(KH a ) 4 Cl 2 +2H 2 O. 
 Alkali carbonates produce a reddish precipitate of basic salt of varying 
 composition. 
 
 Ammonium carbonate also precipitates a reddish basic salt, soluble, however, 
 in excess. 
 
 Barium carbonate does not precipitate cobalt in the cold and out of contact 
 with air, but on exposure to the air cobaltic hydroxide is gradually thrown down. 
 The precipitation takes place much more quickly on the addition of hypochlorites 
 or hydrogen peroxide : 
 
 2CoCl 2 +2BaC0 3 +3H 2 0+NaOCl=NaCl+2BaCl 2 +2C0 2 +2Co(OH) 3 . 
 
72 Bureau of Alines No. 4 
 
 If the solution is heated to boiling, all of the cobalt is precipitated as a 
 basic salt, even out of contact with the air. 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide produces no precipitate in solutions containing mineral 
 acids. In neutral solutions containing an alkali acetate, all of the cobalt is 
 precipitated as black sulphide. 
 
 Ammonium sulphide precipitates a black sulphide, 
 CoCl 2 + (NH 4 ) 2 S=2NH 4 Cl+CoS, , 
 insoluble in ammonium sulphide, acetic acid, and very dilute hydrochloric acid; 
 soluble in concentrated nitric acid and aqua regia, with the separation of sulphur: 
 3CoS+8HN0 3 =4H 2 0+2NO+3S+3Co(N0 3 ) 2 . 
 
 By continued action of strong nitric acid all the sulphur goes into solution 
 as sulphuric acid. 
 
 Potassium cyanide produces in neutral solutions a reddish brown precipitate, 
 soluble in excess of potassium cyanide in the cold, forming brown potassium 
 cobaltocyanide : 
 
 CoCl 2 +2KCN=Co( CN) 2 +2KCl. 
 'Co(CN) 2 +4KCF=K 4 [Co(CN) 6 ]. 
 
 On warming the brown solution for some time it becomes bright yellow and 
 gives an alkaline reaction. It now contains potassium cobalticyanide, of analogous 
 composition to potassium ferricyanide. 
 
 The formation of the cobaltic salt takes place in the presence of atmospheric 
 oxygen : 
 
 2K 4 Co(CN) 6 +0+H 2 0=2KOH+2K 3 Co(CX) . 
 
 The reaction takes place more quickly in the presence of chlorine, bromine, 
 hypochlorites, etc. : 
 
 2K 4 Co(CN) 6 +Cl 2 =2KCl+2K 3 Co(CN) 6 . 
 
 An excess of chlorine, bromine, etc., does not decompose the cobaltic salt; 
 in this particular it differs from nickel. 
 
 The cobalticyanide anion is much more stable than the cobaltocyanide anion. 
 By adding hydrochloric acid to the brown solution of potassium cobaltocyanide, 
 hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid) will be set free and yellow cobaltous cyanide 
 formed, 
 
 K 4 Ck>(CN) 6 +4HCl=4HCN+4KCI+Co(CX) 2 . 
 while potassium cobalticyanide is not decomposed by hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Potassium cobalticyanide forms, with most of the heavy metals, difficulty 
 soluble or insoluble salts possessing characteristic colours. Thus, it produces with 
 cobaltous salts pink cobaltous cobalticyanide : 
 
 2K 3 [Co(CN) 6 ]+3CoCl 2 =6KCl+Co 3 [Co(CN) ] 2 , 
 and with nickel salts greenish nickel cobalticyanide. If, therefore, a cobalt solu- 
 tion contains nickel it forms, when treated with sufficient potassium cyanide to 
 redissolve the cobalt precipitate, boiled, and acidified with hydrochloric acid, a 
 greenish precipitate : of nickelous- cobalticyanide: 
 2^ 3 tCo(CN) 6 ]+3K 2 [m(CN) 4 ]+12H.ci r =i2HCN^12KCU+Ni..,[Co(CN) 6 ] 2 . 
 
 Potassium nitrite . produces in concentrated solutions of ' cobalt salts, in the 
 presence of acetic acid, an immediate precipitation of yellow crystalline potassium 
 cobaltic nitrite. If .the, solution is dilute, ,the precipitate 'appears only after 
 standing for some time, but more quickly on rubbing the sides of the be'aker. 
 
1918 The Chemistry of Cobalt 73 
 
 The reaction takes place in the following stages: 
 CoCl 2 +2KN0 2 ^Co(X0 2 ) 2 +2IvCl. 
 2KNb I +8HC s H s O s =2KC 2 H,0,+2HNrO s . 
 
 The free nitrous acid oxidizes the cobaltous nitrite to cobaltic nitrite, 
 Co(N0 2 ) 2 +2HNO,=H 2 0+N"0+Co(N0 2 ) 3 , 
 which now combines with more potassium, nitrite: 
 Co(N0 2 ) 3 +3KN0 2 =K s Co(N0 2 ) 9 . 
 
 This reaction offers an excellent means of detecting the presence of cobalt 
 in nickel salts. 
 
 Potassium nitrite produces in dilute nickel solutions no precipitate. In very 
 concentrated solutions a brownish-red precipitate of Ni(NO) 2 .4KN0 2 is thrown 
 down; in the presence of alkaline earth salts a yellow crystalline precipitate is 
 formed; e.g., Ni(N0 2 ) 2 .Ba(N0 2 ) 2 .2KN0 2 , which is very difficultly soluble in 
 cold water, but readily soluble in boiling water, with a green colour. 
 
 Ammonium thiocyanate (Vogel's reaction) : If a concentrated solution of 
 ammonium thiocyanate is added to a cobaltous solution, the latter becomes a 
 beautiful blue, owing to the formation of ammonium cobaltous thiocyanate: 
 CoCl 2 +2NH 4 CNS=2NH 4 Cl+Co(CNS) 2 . 
 Co(CNS) 2 +2XH 4 CXS=(NH 4 ) 2 [Co(CNS) 4 ]. 
 
 On adding water the blue colour disappears and the pink colour of the 
 cobaltous salt takes its place. If, now, amyl alcohol is added (or a mixture of 
 equal parts of amyl alcohol and ether), and the solution shaken, the upper alcoholic 
 layer is coloured blue. This reaction is so sensitive that the blue colour is 
 recognizable when the solution contains only 0.02 milligrams of cobalt. The blue 
 solution also shows a characteristic absorption spectrum. Nickel salts produce 
 no colouration of the amyl alcohol. If, however, iron is present, the reel Fe(CNS) 3 
 is formed, which likewise colours the amyl alcohol, making the blue colour due 
 to the cobalt, indistinct, so that, under some conditions, it cannot be detected. 
 If, a little sodium carbonate solution or a few c.c. of concentrated ammonium 
 acetate and 2 or 3 drops of 50 per cent, tartaric acid are added, the iron will be 
 precipitated, the red colour produced by Fe(CNS) 3 will disappear, and the blue 
 colour produced by the cobalt will be seen. 
 
 The above reaction serves as an excellent means of detecting cobalt in the 
 presence of nickel. 
 
 Ether .saturated with hydrochloric acid does not precipitate an anhydrous 
 cobaltous salt, as in the case of nickel, but will dissolve the blue, anhydrous 
 cobaltous chloride. This furnishes the basis of a method for separating nickel 
 and cobalt. 
 
 «■ -Nitroso- /3 -naphthol, C 10 H 6 (N0)0H, produces a voluminous, purple reel 
 precipitate of cobalti-nitroso- -naphthol, [C 10 H (.NO)O],Oo, which is insoluble in 
 cold, dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid. 
 
 This reagent serves not only for' qualitative purposes, but can also be used 
 for the quantitative determination Of ; cobalt tri 'the presence of nickel.. The test 
 may be applied conveniently to the solution J 'obtained 'in the usual' qualitative 
 scheme" "after the removal of air metal's -except 'nickel and cobalt. )~A part of the 
 solution may be used for' tile sensitive' nickel test' with dimethylglyoxime, and the 
 
74 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 remainder used for the cobalt test. To test for cobalt dilute the solution to about 
 50 c.c., add 4 c.c. of 6N hydrochloric acid and 20 c.c. of 6N acetic acid. Heat 
 and add 50 c.c. of a saturated solution of nitroso-/6-naphthol and boil in 50 per 
 cent, acetic acid. If as much as 0.1 mg. of cobalt is present, a red precipitate or 
 turbidity is obtained even in the presence of 250 mg. of nickel. When more 
 than 150 mg. of nickel are present, however, some of the brownish-yellow nickel 
 compound, [C 10 H 6 (NO)O] 2 Ni, will precipitate after the solution cools. 
 
 The reagent used in this test should be freshly prepared. Mtroso- j3 -naphthol 
 gradually decomposes on standing in the air, and changes from yellow to brown 
 or even black in colour. It can be purified by dissolving in hot sodium carbonate, 
 filtering, and reprecipitating with sulphuric acid. For ordinary purposes the 
 saturated solution in 50 per cent, acetic acid is most suitable. The cobalt test 
 can be made more delicate by adding an equal volume of alcohol to the test and, 
 for detecting traces of cobalt, an aqueous solution of the organic substance can be 
 used, but as 5,000 c.c. of water are required to dissolve 1 gram of the nitroso- fi- 
 naphthol, it is evident that the aqueous solution is not suitable when much cobalt 
 is present. An excess of the reagent is required, as a part of it is used to oxidize the 
 cobalt to the trivalent condition. 
 
 Copper gives a characteristic coffee-brown precipitate with the reagent, and 
 it is possible to separate copper from lead, cadmium, etc., by means of it. Ferric 
 iron gives a brownish-black precipitate which serves as a means of separating 
 iron from aluminium, manganese, etc. Ferrous iron also gives a greenish pre- 
 cipitate in neutral solutions. Of all these precipitates, however, the cobalt com- 
 pound is the most characteristic and the least influenced by the presence of acid. 
 Thus with the acidity recommended above, the presence of a little ferric or ferrous 
 iron causes no disturbance. 
 
 Reactions in the Dry Way 
 
 The bead produced by borax or sodium metaphosphate with cobalt salts is 
 blue in both the oxidizing and reducing flames. By holding the bead in a reducing 
 flame for a long time it is possible to reduce the cobalt to metal, when it appears, 
 like nickel, gray. 
 
 On charcoal, cobalt compounds yield gray metallic cobalt, which can be 
 removed by means of a magnet. The metal is placed on filter-paper, dissolved 
 in hydrochloric acid and dried. The paper is then coloured blue by cobalt. If, now, 
 sodium hydroxide is added and the paper exposed to the action of bromine vapours, 
 black cobaltic hydroxide, Co(OH) 3 , is formed. 
 
 Salts of cobalt when strongly heated with alumina give a blue-coloured 
 compound, Thenard's blue, possibly CoOAl 2 3 . 
 
 Quantitative Determination of Cobalt and Nickel 
 In Oxidized Ores 
 
 The colorimetric method outlined below was used to determine cobalt and 
 nickel in the ores of New Caledonia. 
 
 A 10 gram sample of the finely ground mineral was treated with hydrochloric 
 acid and boiled to obtain complete decomposition and also to expel the chlorine 
 
1918 The Chemistry of Cobalt 75 
 
 which is set free in the reaction. By this treatment all the metals should be 
 converted to soluble chlorides, leaving a residue of silica. 
 
 The solution was diluted to 100 c.c.,. the iron precipitated by powdered CaC0 3 
 or OaO, and the solution filtered. To the filtrate one or two drops of hydrochloric 
 acid were added to remove any turbidity due to calcium carbonate. The clear 
 solution was then poured into a standard colorimetric flask or tube and compared 
 with standard colours. For the series of standard colours a solution of cobalt 
 chloride was used. To prepare the cobalt chloride, a weighed quantity of cobalt 
 nitrate was calcined, and the oxide obtained dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric 
 acid. After the excess acid was removed, the cobalt chloride was dissolved and 
 diluted to give solutions of the desired strength. Standard eolutions containing 
 from 0.25 to 5.0 per cent, cobalt oxide were prepared, the different solutions 
 varying by 0.25 per cent. It was possible to determine the cobalt in New Caledonia 
 ores colorimetrically to within 0.25 per cent. 
 
 Care must be taken in the preparation of colorimetric solutions to add a 
 small quantity of nickel chloride (about one-third the contained cobalt chloride), 
 for account must be taken of the nickel which the asbolite contains. The amount 
 usually varies between one-half to one-third of the cobalt. Green nickel chlorides 
 decrease a little the rose colouration of cobalt chloride, hence the addition of 
 nickel chloride to the standards. 
 
 Electrolytic Determination of Cobalt and Nickel 
 In Oxidized Ores 
 
 The asbolite of New Caledonia contains silica, alumina, chromium, iron, 
 manganese, nickel, and cobalt. 
 
 Thirty grams of finely pulverized mineral were treated with concentrated 
 hydrochloric acid until decomposition was complete. In case the mineral was 
 not completely decomposed, the hydrochloric acid solution was allowed to settle, 
 and the clear liquid decanted through a filter. The residue was then heated with 
 a little hydrochloric acid and a small quantity of nitric acid. After -removing 
 the excess add, the solution was diluted and filtered. The residue was washed 
 several times by decantation and finally it was brought into a filter and washed 
 well with boiling water. The last portions filtered should be free from iron, the 
 filtrate being tested by potassium ferrocyanide or sulphocyanide. The filtrates 
 were combined and diluted to 900 c.c. 
 
 The residue contained the silica, silicates of alumina, chromite, etc. 
 
 To 150 c.c. corresponding to 5 grams of ore, a little sulphuric acid was 
 added and the solution boiled. If any nitric acid was present the solution was 
 evaporated to sulphuric fumes. If the evaporation was necessary, the solution 
 was afterwards diluted to 100 c.c. In either case the iron was reduced by zinc 
 or cadmium shavings, and titrated with standard potassium permanganate. Before 
 titrating it was customary to test for any unreduced iron with potassium 
 ferrocyanide. 
 
 Prom another 150 c.c, the iron, aluminium, and chromium were precipitated. 
 The greater part of the acid was neutralized by sodium carbonate and then a 
 quantity of ammonium chloride was added, followed by additions of barium or 
 
76 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 o> 
 
 calcium carbonate. The solution was allowed to stand, with frequent stirrin 
 to permit the oxide of chromium to be completely , decomposed. After filtering, 
 the precipitate was washed until the wash water did not show a precipitate on 
 the addition of ammonium sulphide. The precipitate was dissolved in hydro- 
 chloric acid. From the diluted solution the iron, aluminium, and chromium 
 hydroxides were precipitated by ammonia after the addition of several grams 
 of ammonium chloride. This precipitation is repeated to remove any traces of 
 barium or calcium carbonates. 
 
 The precipitate was dried and calcined. By subtracting the weight of iron 
 found previously, the weight of the combined aluminium and chromium oxides 
 was obtained. The "precipitate was fused with sodium peroxide and the chromium 
 determined by acidifying the sodium chromate solution, adding a standard ferrous 
 sulphate solution and titrating with permanganate. The alumina was determined 
 by difference. 
 
 From the 600 c.c. of solution, the iron, aluminium, and chromium were 
 precipitated by calcium carbonate. After filtering and washing the precipitate, 
 the solution was divided into two parts for the separation of manganese, nickel, 
 and cobalt. 
 
 To one-half of the filtrate, which contained the manganese, nickel, and cobalt 
 in 10 grams of ore, sodium carbonate was added in excess, then acetic acid to 
 dissolve the precipitate. Thirty to fifty c.c. of sodium acetate were added to 
 the solution which was afterwards saturated with hydrogen sulphide ; the solution 
 being kept at 70°C. The precipitated sulphides of cobalt and nickel were removed 
 by filtering and washed. The filtrate was tested- for unprecipitated cobalt and 
 nickel by additions of small quantities of ammonium sulphide which gives a black 
 precipitate with cobalt and nickel salts. Ammonium sulphide was added to the 
 filtrate to precipitate manganese sulphide, a flesh-coloured precipitate. The 
 manganese sulphide was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the manganese deter- 
 mined as manganese dioxide. 
 
 The precipitate of cobalt and nickel sulphides was dissolved in aqua regia 
 and evaporated to dryness. A few c.c. of sulphuric acid were added and the 
 solution heated to remove any volatile acids and destroy anv organic matter. The 
 solution of nickel and cobalt sulphates was diluted, neutralized with ammonia, 
 and electrolyzed in a slightly acid solution. 
 
 To separate the cobalt and nickel, the metals were dissolved in nitric acid 
 which was removed by evaporation and additions of hydrochloric acid. The almost 
 neutral hydrochloric acid solution was saturated with chlorine gas or bromine, 
 then an excess of calcium or barium carbonate was added. The solution was 
 diluted and allowed to stand. 
 
 The cobalt hydrate was precipitated while the nickel remained in solution. 
 Instead of chlorine or bromine, solutions of sodium hypochlorite or hypobromite 
 may be used. 
 
 Another method (Rose's method) to separate the cobalt and nickel was to 
 precipitate in a cold neutral solution, the cobalt hydrate- by additions of barium 
 or :i calcium carbonates in the presence of bromine ; water ' or chlorine gas. The 
 
1918 The Chemistry of Cobalt 77 
 
 use of barium carbonate and bromine was preferred. If the solution became acid, 
 thus delaying and even stopping the precipitation, carbonate was added, the. C0 2 
 expelled, and the solution cooled before adding the bromine water.. 
 
 Zinc acts like carbonic acid, the smallest quantity retarding the precipitation. 
 The composition of the precipitated black oxide was determined by dissolving 
 in a mixture of HC1, adding potassium iodide and determining the iodine set free. 
 
 The above outline of the method of analyzing cobalt ores of New Caledonia 
 was given by Beltzer. 1 
 
 In Arsenical Ores 
 
 To 0.5 or 1.0 grams of ore add 10 c.c. of hydrochloric and 5 c.c. of nitric 
 acid. After the action has ceased, add 20 c.c. of (1:1) sulphuric acid, evaporate 
 to sulphuric fumes, and fume for five minutes. . In most cases the treatment 
 with hydrochloric and nitric acid may be omitted. To the cool sulphuric acid 
 solution add 10 c.c. of cold water, then 15 c.c. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.19 and 
 heat on the hot-plate. Evaporate gently to fumes, then add 5 c.c. of nitric acid 
 and the solution is again heated to fumes. After this operation there should 
 be about 5 c.c. of H 2 S0 4 present. About 90 per cent, of the arsenic is volatilized 
 by this treatment. 2 The remainder of the arsenic and any copper are pre- 
 
 cipitated by H 2 S from a hot solution containing 10 c.c. of hydrochloric acid in 
 100 c.c. of solution. The arsenic sulphide should be completely precipitated and 
 coagulated in five to ten minutes. The solution is filtered using a 15 cm. No. 1 P. 
 Swedish filter paper and the precipitate washed with hot H 2 S water. The filtrate 
 may be tested for unprecipitated arsenic by passing H 2 S gas through the second 
 time. 
 
 The clear filtrate is boiled to expel any H 2 S, then 5 c.c. of hydrogen peroxide 
 is added to oxidize the iron. Ammonia is added in excess to precipitate the 
 iron. There is usually a sufficient quantity of ammonium salts present to prevent 
 the precipitation of the cobalt and nickel. After the addition of ammonia, the 
 solution is boiled, and the precipitate allowed to settle, filtered, and washed with 
 hot water. As there is a tendency for the iron precipitate to retain some cobalt 
 and nickel, the precipitate is dissolved in hot (1 :4) HoSO^, diluted to 200 to 
 300 c.c, oxidized with hydrogen peroxide, reprecipitated with ammonia and treated 
 as above. The combined filtrates are evaporated to 250 c.c. and electrolyzed. 
 About 40 to 50 c.c. of ammonia should be present in the electrolyte. The addition 
 of 0.5 grams of sodium sulphite before electrolyzing gives a better deposit. For 
 each assay a current of 0.25 amperes running overnight is used with the ordinary 
 stationary platinum electrodes. The best results are usually obtained when there 
 is not more than 0.15 grams of metal on the cathode. With revolving anodes a 
 much shorter time is required. 
 
 "Beltzer, La Chimie Industrielle Modeme, 1911. 
 
 2 The writer is indebted to W. L. Bigg, chief chemist of the Deloro Smelting and 
 Refining Company, for the outline of the above method of removing most of the arsenic by 
 volatilization. The volatilization of arsenic chloride is not new, but the writer is advised 
 that T. Melvor, a former chemist at Deloro, was the first to apply the method in the assays 
 for cobalt and nickel. 
 
78 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 When the cobalt-nickel solutions contain a large percentage of iron, it is 
 advisable to precipitate cold and afterwards boil the solution. When using a 
 revolving anode, it is not necessary to remove the iron before plating unless present 
 in large quantity. 
 
 To test for any cobalt and nickel not deposited, remove a few c.c. of the electro- 
 lyte and add a few drops of ammonium sulphide. The formation of a black 
 precipitate shows the presence of cobalt or nickel. The electrolyte may also be 
 tested by removing a few c.c. and adding a few c.c. of dimethylgloxime. Am- 
 monium salts give a yellow colour, cobalt a brown colour, while nickel gives a red 
 precipitate. The last of the nickel appears to be deposited after the cobalt. 
 
 After the deposition is complete the electrodes are washed and dried with 
 alcohol and weighed. 
 
 The cobalt and nickel is removed from the electrode by placing it in a beaker 
 containing about 7 c.c. of hot -nitric acid. The electrodes are allowed to remain 
 in the acid for 10 minutes, any undissolved metal being removed by tilting the 
 beaker and turning the electrode in the acid. The electrode is washed with hot 
 water, and the solution is evaporated to about 1 c.c. or less. Dilute to 10 c.c, 
 neutralize with caustic potash and add sufficient hydrochloric acid from a pipette 
 to dissolve any precipitate and four drops in excess. Then dilute to 50 to 150 c.c. 
 depending on the quantity of nickel, (the larger volume with larger amounts of 
 nickel), and boil the solution. To the hot solution add a sufficient quantity of a 
 1 per cent, alcoholic solution of dimethylglyoxime to combine with the nickel and 
 cobalt. Nickel requires 5 and cobalt 1.7 times its weight of dimethylgloxime. 
 A few c.c of the reagent in excess is necessary. When the solution is made 
 slightly alkaline with ammonia a red precipitate of the nickel salt of dime- 
 thylglyoxime is formed. An excess of ammonia should be avoided, four drops 
 are usually sufficient. After allowing the precipitate to stand for 30 minutes, 
 filter into a weighed Gooch crucible. The precipitate is washed with hot water, 
 dried at 105°C, and weighed. The weight of the precipitate multiplied by 0.2031 
 gives the weight of nickel. The weight of cobalt is found by difference. The 
 dimethylglyoxime method of precipitating nickel is especially adapted for deter- 
 mining small amounts of nickel in the presence of large amounts of cobalt. It 
 is satisfactory also when the nickel is high, but the quantity of solution taken 
 should be such that there will not be more than 0.05 grains of nickel present. 
 
 The action of dimethylglyoxime on the nickel salt is as follows: 
 CH 3 — C=NOH 
 2 +NiCl 2 +2NH 3 =2NH 4 Cl+ (C 8 H ]4 N 4 0,)M. 
 
 CH 3 — C=FOH 
 
 According to L. TschugaefE, 1 who first proposed this qualitative test, the 
 presence of one part of nickel can be detected in the presence of 400,000 parte 
 of water. The reaction is not influenced by the presence of ten times as much 
 cobalt. When a larger proportion of cobalt is present the following procedure 
 is adopted to detect traces of nickel in cobalt salts. Add strong ammonia to the 
 solution of the cobalt salt until a clear solution is obtained, then add a few cubic 
 centimetres of hydrogen peroxide and boil the solution a few minutes to decompose 
 
 1 Berichte rler Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1905, p. 2520. 
 
1918 The Chemistry of Cobalt 79 
 
 the excess of this reagent. Then add the dimethylglyoxime and again bring the 
 solution to a boil. A very small quantity of nickel causes a red scum to form 
 and the sides of the beaker become coated with a film of red crystals. With 
 smaller amounts of nickel the colour is best observed upon the filter through 
 which the solution is poured and the precipitate being washed with hot water. 
 
 The above reaction is the most sensitive test known for detecting nickel in 
 the presence of cobalt. 
 
 Separation of Cobalt from Nickel by Nitroso- /3-Naphthol 
 
 Nickel and cobalt may also be separated by the use of Nitroso- fi -Naphthol. 
 This separation depends on the solubility of the nickel compound in hydrochloric 
 acid, while the cobalt compound is insoluble. 
 
 To proceed with this method the metals are removed from the electrodes as 
 above, 5 c.c. of sulphuric acid added, and the solution evaporated to sulphuric 
 fumes. Cool, dilute and add 5 c.c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. A freshly 
 prepared hot solution of nitroso- P -naphthol in 50 per cent, acetic acid solution 
 is added to the cobalt-nickel solution as long as a precipitate continues to form. 
 The precipitate is allowed to settle and the solution tested for any cobalt. The 
 solution is filtered, the precipitate washed, first with cold water, then with warm 
 12 per cent, hydrochloric acid to remove any nickel. Finally wash with hot water 
 until free from acid. The precipitate is dried and heated strongly to convert 
 the cobalt compound to oxide. After the carbon of the filter paper is all con- 
 sumed, the cobalt is reduced to metal by heating in a current of hydrogen. 
 
 The disadvantages of the nitroso- /6 -naphthol method are, first, the precipitate 
 cannot be converted to 'oxide and weighed because of the variable composition 
 of the oxide, and second, the operation of reducing the oxide to metal requires more 
 time and attention than the dimethylglyoxime method. 
 
 Separation of Cobalt and Nickel by Potassium Nitrite 
 
 After dissolving the cobalt and nickel in nitric acid, the solution is evaporated 
 to a thick syrup. Prom 5 to 10 c.c. of water is added, and the solution neutralized 
 by potassium hydrate. Any precipitate is dissolved in acetic acid, usually adding 
 8 c.c. of 1 :1 acid in excess. The cobalt is precipitated as yellow tri-potassic- 
 cobaltie nitrite by the addition of a 50 per cent, solution of potassium nitrite, the 
 amount depending on the percentage of cobalt present. An excess of potassium 
 nitrite is required, but usually 10 to 15 grams should be present in each assay. 
 The Solution is allowed to stand in a warm place for 15 hours, when the precipitate 
 should have settled to the bottom of the beaker. The solution may be tested 
 for unprecipitated cobalt by removing a portion, adding more nitrite, and allowing 
 the solution to stand for an hour. 
 
 The solution is filtered and the precipitate washed with a 5 per cent, solution 
 of potassium nitrite acidified with acetic acid, or with a 10 per cent, solution of 
 potassium acetate, until the precipitate is free from nickel. The filter is removed 
 from the funnel and spread on the inside of the beaker in which the precipitation 
 was made. Most of the precipitate may be removed by a. stream of hot water, 
 while any remaining on the paper is dissolved by hot dilute sulphuric acid. The 
 cobalt solution is evaporated to sulphuric fumes, cooled, diluted, made ammoniacal, 
 and electrolyzed. The nickel is obtained bv difference. 
 
80 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Separation of Zinc from Cobalt and Nickel 
 
 The usual method given to separate zinc from cobalt and nickel is to pre- 
 cipitate the two latter metals by hydrogen sulphide in a neutral, acetate, or formic 
 acid solution. 1 Punk suggests neutralizing the solution with sodium carbonate 
 and formic acid, and adding sodium formate equal to approximately three times 
 the weight of the zinc. The quantity of cobalt and nickel present also has an 
 effect on the purity of the precipitate and the completeness of the precipitation. 
 
 Zinc may be separated from cobalt by adding to a neutral solution potassium 
 cyanide until any precipitate which forms is redissolved, then 10 c.c. of a 10 per 
 cent, solution of potassium sulphide. After standing for 1-2 hours the zinc sulphide 
 may be removed by filtration. 
 
 It is also possible to separate cobalt and nickel from zinc by electrolysis at 
 2.1-2.2 volts. With higher voltages the zinc is deposited. 
 
 Determination of Cobalt and Nickel in Cobalt Metal 2 
 
 One gram of drillings contained in a 150 c.c. conical flask provided with 
 a trap (made of a calcium chloride tube) is treated with 20 c.c. of hydrochloric 
 acid, sp. gr. 1.12. A gentle heat is applied until all action ceases. One c.c. of 
 nitric acid sp. gr. 1.4 is added to dissolve any remaining metallic residue. As 
 soon as the action of the nitric acid is complete, the trap is rinsed, removed, and 
 the solution evaporated to a syrup. The contents of the flask are taken up with 
 30 c.c. of water and filtered. 
 
 The siliceous residue on the filter is washed with water acidulated with a 
 few drops of hydrochloric acid, incinerated, and fused with five times its weight 
 of potassium pyrosulphate. The fusion is dissolved in a little water, and added 
 to the main filtrate. The slightly acid solution of the metal is warmed and 
 saturated with hydrogen sulphide. The sulphides of arsenic, copper, etc., are 
 removed by filtration, thoroughly washed with acidulated hydrogen sulphide water 
 (1 c.c. HC1: 100H 2 O) and the filtrate caught in a 350-c.c. casserole. 
 
 To expel the H,S, the contents of the casserole are evaporated to a small 
 volume. The iron is oxidized with a few drops of bromine, 0.2 grams of am- 
 monium chloride added, and the evaporation continued to dryness at water-bath 
 temperature. 
 
 The dry chlorides are dissolved in a little water, 0.1 gram of ammonium 
 formate added, and the whole diluted to 50 c.c. The solution is heated until a 
 precipitate of basic formate of iron separates. Very dilute ammonia is added 
 until the solution is only slightly acid. After further heating for a few minutes, 
 the precipitate of basic iron formate is allowed to settle, filtered, and washed 
 with a hot dilute (0.1 per cent.) solution of ammonium formate. 
 
 The washed iron precipitate is dissolved off the filter with hot dilute (1:5) 
 hydrochloric acid, the filtrate being caught in the casserole in which the iron pre- 
 cipitation was made. The solution of the iron precipitate is neutralized with 
 ammonia, ammonium formate added, and the iron precipitation repeated in a 
 volume of about 50 c.c. The precipitate is filtered and washed with the hot dilute . 
 ammonium formate solution as before. 
 
 The combined filtrates from the two iron separations are evaporated with 
 
 1 These methods are summarized bv Funk, Zeitschr. anal. Chemie, Vol. 46, 1907. 
 pp. 93-106. ' • 
 
 2 Knittel, Can. Min. Jouv., Vol. 36, 1915, p. 597. 
 
1918 The Chemistry of Cobalt 81 
 
 the addition of 8 c.e. of concentrated sulphuric acid until fumes of sulphuric 
 acid are copiously evolved. 
 
 The sulphates are dissolved in water and transferred to a 180 c.c. tall beaker, 
 keeping the volume of the solution about 50 c.c. Sixty c.c. of ammonia, sp. gr. 
 0.9 is gradually added to the solution in the beaker (kept cool in running water) 
 followed by 10 c.c. of 20 per cent, ammonium bisulphite solution. 
 
 The cobalt and nickel are deposited together with a current of 2.5 amperes. 
 When the solution is colourless, the cover glass and the sides of the beaker are 
 rinsed with water, and the current, reduced to 0.5 amperes, is allowed to pass 
 until a few c.c. of electrolyte tested with potassium sulphocarbonate show that 
 the cobalt and nickel are completely deposited. The cathode is removed with the 
 usual precautions, dried, and the deposited cobalt and nickel weighed. 
 
 The cobalt and nickel are dissolved from the cathode with 30 c.c. of nitric 
 acid (1:3), the cathode rinsed, removed, and the solution of the metals boiled 
 to expel nitrous fumes. The solution is diluted to 500 c.c, neutralized with 
 ammonia, made faintly acid with nitric acid, heated to about 50 to 60°C. and 
 the nickel precipitated with a 1 per cent, alcoholic solution of dimethylglyoxime, 
 followed by 10 c.c. of a 20 per cent, ammonium acetate solution. 
 
 The precipitate is allowed to stand for four hours, filtered on asbestos, washed 
 twice with hot water, re-dissolved, and the precipitation repeated in a volume 
 of 200 c.c. 
 
 After standing for an hour in a warm place, the nickel precipitate is filtered 
 into a Gooch crucible, washed with hot water, and dried at 130 to 140°C. for 
 forty-five minutes. The weight of the precipitate multiplied by 0.20316 gives 
 the nickel. The amount of cobalt is found by difference. 
 
 Notes and Precautions. — Cobalt metal usually contains from 98 to 98.5 per 
 cent, cobalt plus nickel. For this reason the amount of 0.2 to 0.3 grams of 
 material recommended by some for the determination of the cobalt and nickel 
 seems scarcely sufficient, as the weighing errors involved would appreciably affect 
 the results. The use of large quantities of acids for solution and oxidation is 
 to be condemned, as the removal of the excess consumes time and increases the 
 chances of mechanical loss. 
 
 The separation of iron as basic formate is preferred on account of the ease 
 with which it can be washed, and the formates are completely decomposed on 
 evaporation with sulphuric acid. 
 
 The presence of acetates in the electrolyte seems to retard the complete 
 deposition of the last traces of nickel. In one instance on electrolyzing a solution 
 from metal containing 97.5 per cent, of cobalt and 0.8 per cent, of nickel, in the 
 presence of acetates one milligram of nickel was found in the electrolyte 30 minutes 
 after complete deposition of the cobalt. The volume of the electrolyte should be 
 kept within the limit specified above, as the complete deposition of the metals 
 from dilute solutions is unnecessarily prolonged. 
 
 It has been found that the amount of cobalt and nickel remaining in the 
 electrolyte after electrolysis is less than 0.01 per cent, on a one gram sample. 
 
 The cathodes used are of the perforated type with an effective surface of 90 
 square centimetres. The anodes are spirals made of 0.04 inch wire, 0.6 inch 
 diameter, and have about 6 turns. 
 
82 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Dry Assay for Nickel and Cobalt ' 
 
 In this assay advantage is taken (1) of the facility with which nickel and cobalt may 
 be concentrated in combination with arsenic to form a speiss; (2) of the order of oxidation 
 of the metals which the speiss may contain, viz., iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper, and the 
 colours they impart to borax. They are removed in the order named. Iron gives a brownish 
 colour to borax, cobalt a blue, nickel a sherry-brown, and copper a blue. Hence, on scori- 
 fying the speiss with borax, the colour imparted by the oxide produced indicates the metal 
 being removed. By careful and frequent examination of the colour resulting and the renewal 
 of the borax it is possible to find the point at which first the iron and then the cobalt and 
 nickel are removed. A greenish tint is imparted to the borax at the moment the cobalt 
 begins to scorify, succeeded by a full blue (with fresh borax), followed by a greenish tint 
 when the nickel commences to pass out. This changes to the full sherry-brown, and is fol- 
 lowed by a greenish tint when copper commences to oxidize. 
 
 Careful examination and much care are necessary to obtain even fair results. By weighing 
 the button at the various stages, the proportion of its constituents may be determined. If 
 copper be present, 1 gram of gold is added to the button after the removal of the cobalt. 
 
 Assay of Ores and Speiss. 
 
 From 5 to 25 grams of the ore are finely powdered and passed through an 80-mesh sieve 
 and calcined " sweet." At the end of the roasting some finely ground anthracite must be 
 added, and the calcination continued till the carbon is burnt away, thus reducing the sulphates 
 and arsenates formed in the earlier stages. 
 
 The roasted mass is 1 mixed with 0.2 to 0.5 times its weight of arsenic, an equal weight' 
 of carbonate of soda, 5 grams of argol, and 2 to 4 grams of borax, melted in a crucible at 
 a moderate temperature, and poured. If iron be absent, 0.5 grams of pure iron filings must 
 be added before fusion. 
 
 When cold, the button is detached from the slag and weighed. It should be metallic 
 in appearance, and have a smooth grey surface. Portions weighing l.gram should be taken 
 for the subsequent scorifieation. 
 
 The scorifieation with borax is conducted in small shallow dishes 54 i ncn i n diameter 
 inside and % inch deep. These may be made of finely-sifted clay and ground pots. The 1 
 clay should be stiff, and as much pressure as possible used in shaping them. The die may be 
 made of boxwood, and provided with a gun-metal or iron ring. The dishes should be dried 
 carefully and heated to dull redness in a muffle before use. 
 
 While preparing the speiss, a small muffle should be made as hot as possible, as the 
 success of the operation depends largely on the temperature. The back of the muffle should 
 be white-hot. Place a number of the small dishes in the muffle. Have at hand some ground 
 borax glass, and a vessel of cold water. Place about a gram (rather less than more) of borax 
 in one of the dishes as far from the front as can be seen. It is convenient to wrap the 
 borax in tissue paper and drop in the speiss, also wrapped in tissue paper. 
 
 The muffle should be hot enough to melt the speiss immediately, or the order of oxida- 
 tion will not be preserved. The borax should not be sufficient to cover the speiss when 
 melted. For a moment the surface is dull, but almost instantly brightens and scorifies, 
 very much like the brightening stage in the cupellation of silver. In a few moments remove 
 the dish and contents, and immediately place the bottom of it in water to cool, and as soon 
 as the bead is solid, submerge it in the water. 
 
 If iron only has passed off, the brownish-yellow tint due to that metal will only be 
 observed, but if the smallest amount of cobalt has been removed the slag will be greenish or, 
 if a larger quantity, blue. The correct stage has been reached when a faint green tinge is 
 visible in the slags near the edge and round the button. If this be not observed, the opera- 
 tion is repeated till the point is reached. If it is past, the scorifieation is 1 re-started with a 
 fresh portion of speiss. 
 
 The speiss now only contains cobalt, nickel, and copper. It is weighed, and the opera- 
 tion repeated with every precaution till the cobalt is removed. Less borax is necessary as 
 the bead is reduced in size, and a green cap of arsenate appears when the nickel commences 
 to oxidize, as well as the greenish tinge in the slag near the bottom. The attainment of this 
 point is marked also by the motion of the button momentarily ceasing. The process needs 
 careful watching. The dish is withdrawn, and quenched carefully as before. If, on exam- 
 ination, it is doubtful whether the nickel has commenced to scorify, it is best to weigh the 
 prill and return it to a scorifier with fresh borax, and examine immediately it is melted. 
 The dense blue of the cobalt will not then interfere, and the brownish colour of the nickel 
 (and the green cap) will be apparent. The prill is weighed. If copper were present in 
 trie speiss, the prill will now consist of nickel and copper arsenides. If much nickel is present 
 the scorifieation may be continued in the same manner, but it is better to add 1 gram of pure 
 gold, and continue the scorifieation so long as nickel continues to be removed. The resulting 
 
 1 Assaying and Metallurgical Analysis, pp. 193-195, Rhead and Sexton ; Longmans, Green 
 and Company, 1911. 
 
1918 The Chemistry of Cobalt 83 
 
 bead consists of the added gold and copper. It is weighed, and the- increase in weight of the 
 gold bead gives the copper. Confirmatory results may be obtained by cupelling the gold- 
 copper bead with 34 times its weight of lead, when the gold only will be left, the loss of 
 weight being copper. 
 
 In the above remarks it has been assumed that cobalt is present. If it is absent, it is 
 difficult to ascertain the point at which iron is removed and nickel commences to pass out. 
 Further, in assaying an unknown speiss, which may contain nickel and iron only, the green 
 arsenate of nickel which forms on the surface and under the bead must not be confounded 
 with the green tinge indicated above. 
 
 Modified Method. 
 
 In order to avoid the difficulty caused by the copper, it is sometimes removed before 
 forming the speiss. 
 
 The sample of ore is digested with aqua regia till completely decomposed, hydrochloric 
 acid added, and the nitric acid expelled by evaporation. Water is then added, and .the 
 liquor saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen, which precipitates the copper, etc. The liquid 
 is filtered, and the residue washed with water containing sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
 The filtrate is then boiled till sulphuretted hydrogen is completely expelled, oxidized by 
 adding a few drops of nitric acid to the boiling solution and neutralized. To the neutral 
 solution barium carbonate and bromine water are added in excess and well shaken. After 
 boiling, the solution is filtered, and the precipitate washed, dried, and ignited. This pre- 
 cipitate, which contains the whole of the iron, cobalt, and nickel, is converted into a speiss 
 as before, but without roasting. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Aaron, Process of Precipitating Nickel and Cobalt from Solutions. The metals are 
 precipitated as methyl sulphocarbonates ; United States Patent, No. 330,454, Nov. 17th, 1885. 
 
 Grossmann and Schueck, Dyeyandiamide in the Determination and Separation of Nickel. 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXXV, 1908, p. 1044. 
 
 Schoeller and Powell, The Determination of Nickel and Cobalt by the Phosphate method. 
 The Analyst, Vol. XLI, 1916, pp. 124-131; Vol. XLII, 1917, pp. 189-199. Chem. Abst., 
 Vol. XI, 1917, p. 2437. 
 
 Schoeller & Powell, The Determination of Cobalt and Nickel in Cobalt Steel, Jour. Iron 
 & Steel Inst., Vol. XCVII, No. 1, 1918, pp. 441-449. 
 
 Powell, The Estimation of small quantities of Cobalt. Jou. Soc. Chem. Ind., Vol. XXXVI, 
 1917, pp. 273-274. 
 
 Walker, Separation of Nickel and Cobalt by Red Lead. Eng. Min. Jour., Vol. 103, 
 1917, p. 894. 
 
 The Use of Dimethylglyoxime as an Indicator in the Volumetric Determination of Nickel 
 by Frevert's Method, Jour. Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 8, 1916, pp. 804-807. 
 
 Metzl, The Volumetric Estimation of Cobalt in the Presence of Nickel, Zeitschr. Anal. 
 Chemie, Vol. 53, 1915, p. 537. 
 
84 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE USES OF COBALT 
 Cobalt Oxide 
 
 Cobalt is used chiefly in the form of oxide in the enamel, porcelain, and 
 glass industries, but within the last few years new uses have been found for the 
 metal which is at present produced in considerable quantity. Cobalt metal is 
 used chiefly in the manufacture of stellite, a cobalt-chromium alloy, used as a 
 cutting tool. The metal is added to some high-speed steels to give improved 
 cutting qualities. It is also used in cobalt plating. 
 
 • Cobalt oxide and its compounds are used as pigments or colouring agents. 
 It is said that when cobalt oxide is present in the ratio of 1 :20,000, it imparts a 
 bluish tinge to clear glass or porcelain. The oxide is black or gray, but when 
 fused with borax or silica it possesses a brilliant blue colour. Cobalt oxide is 
 also used in small proportions to produce white enamels, since any yellow colour 
 due to iron oxide is neutralized by the complementary cobalt blue, producing a 
 pure white. Also by the addition of cobalt oxide, copper oxide, pyrolusite,- and 
 even iron oxide, to certain raw mixtures or waste enamels, a beautiful black 
 enamel is obtained. The compounds of cobalt, for example, silicate, aluminate, 
 phosphate, arsenate, and nitrite are used instead of the oxide, because they give 
 better and more uniform colouring. The following table gives a list of the 
 customary brands of cobalt compounds with their cobalt content : — 
 
 Brand. 
 
 Special Designation. 
 
 Chemical Formula. 
 
 Percentage 
 Cobalt Content. 
 
 PPKo 
 
 G K O 
 
 F K O 
 
 B K O 
 
 S K O 
 
 A K O 
 
 K O H 
 
 P K O 
 
 Finest cobalt oxide (superior oxide) 
 
 Grey cobalt oxide, la 
 
 Grey cobalt oxide 
 
 Black cobalt oxide, la 
 
 Black cobalt oxide 
 
 Cobalt arsenate 
 
 Cobalt carbonate 
 
 Cobalt phosphate 
 
 CoO 
 
 CoO 
 
 CoO 
 
 Co.0 3 
 
 Co 3 4 
 
 Co 3 As.O s .SH.,0 
 
 CoCO, 
 
 Co 8 (P0 4 ),.8H,0 
 
 78* per cent. 
 
 76* 
 
 75* 
 
 70* 
 
 66* 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 
 * Theoretically CoO, Co.0 3 , and Co 3 4 contain 78.8, 71.1, and 73.4 per cent cobalt, respectively. 
 
 The history of the value of cobalt compounds as colouring agents dates back 
 to pre-historic times. However, it may be stated that it was not until the 
 discovery of the silver-cobalt deposits at Schneeberg in 1470, that cobalt was 
 used to any great extent. The preparation of cobalt compounds must have been, 
 carried on in a small way because about the year 1790, there were 25 works 
 engaged in the industry, most of which were located in Saxony, and the total 
 production of these works was not more than 300 tons of cobalt annually, which was 
 mostly in the form of smalt. The smalt which contained approximately 6 per 
 cent, cobalt was sold in -Venice in 1520 at about 16 cents a pound. There were 
 also a few refineries in Holland which supplied the Irish linen trade almost entirely, 
 as well as a large amount to the linen industries at home. It was also used in Holland 
 in the manufacture of litmus. A complete description of the early history of the 
 cobalt industry in Saxony, is given by Mickle in the Eeport of the Bureau of 
 Mines of Ontario, vol. XIX, 1913, Pt. II, pp. 234-251. 
 
1918 The Uses of Cobalt 85 
 
 At present the ceramic industry is carried on chiefly in the United States, 
 Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary. In Germany and Austria-Hungary it 
 gives employment to 50,000 people. 
 
 Smalt is used now only in a few enamel works. It is a blue compound which 
 owes its colour to the presence of cobalt silicate. As formerly prepared it con- 
 tained appreciable quantities of impurities. The oxides of cobalt are preferred 
 to smalt because of their purity, uniformity, and lower cost. 
 
 The arsenate is prepared by adding sodium arsenate to a cobalt nitrate 
 solution. 
 
 Cobaltous carbonate is obtained by adding soda or potash to a solution of a 
 cobalt salt. The rose coloured precipitate which forms is a basic carbonate, of 
 the formula CqC0 3 +Co(OH),. 
 
 Cobalt phosphate is prepared by adding sodium phosphate to a cobalt acetate 
 solution. The precipitate is violet in colour and has the formula Co 3 (P0 4 )„. 
 
 The aluminate is formed by adding sodium carbonate to a mixture of cobalt 
 nitrate and alum. The cobalt and aluminium hydroxides may be precipitated 
 separately and afterwards mixed. The mixed hydroxides are washed, dried, and 
 heated at a red heat. The blue cobalt aiuminate which forms is ground and dried. 
 
 The colour produced by the aluminate, phosphate, or arsenate has various 
 names, for example, cobalt blue, cobalt ultramarine, king's blue, Thenard's blue, 
 or azure blue. Thenard's blue corresponds to cobalt aluminate. Coeruleum, 
 coeline, or blue celeste, is a blue colour . showing a slightly greenish tint. It 
 contains oxide of tin and sometimes calcium sulphate. To prepare such a pigment, 
 sodium stannate is added to a cobalt nitrate solution. The precipitate is washed 
 and heated. Another method to prepare blue celeste is to heat cobalt sulphate, 
 tin oxide, and precipitated silica or chalk. 
 
 Mazarine blue x is commonly employed as a band on the edges of plates. 
 The colour is prepared by mixing cobalt oxide, with tin oxide, sand, and calcium 
 sulphate. 
 
 New blue is a pigment varying in colour from a pale greenish blue to a deep 
 turquoise blue. It is largely used for enamels, and consists of aluminates of 
 cobalt and chromium produced by the action of alum on carbonates and hydrates 
 of cobalt and chromium. 
 
 Cobalt green or Einmann's green is formed by substituting zinc oxide for alumina 
 in cobalt aluminate, giving cobalt zincate. This compound may also be formed 
 by mixing the hydroxides or oxides or by adding soda to a cobalt-zinc solution. 
 In either case the oxides must be heated to form the zinc compound. The darker 
 green colours contain the smaller quantities of zinc. A mixture of calcined cobalt 
 carbonate, chromium oxide, and alumina also produces a green pigment. 
 
 Cobalt bronze is a cobalt ammonium phosphate, compound. It has a violet 
 colour with a bronze-like metallic lustre. 
 
 Cobalt yellow, Indian yellow, aureolin, is the precipitate potassium' eobaltic 
 nitrite. It is prepared by adding potassium nitrite to a cobalt solution acidified 
 with acetic acid. It is a bright yellow precipitate which because of its purity 
 produces an excellent colour. 
 
 1 Mollor, Clay and Pottery Industries, 1914, p. 71, Lippincott, Philadelphia.' 1 
 
86 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Cobalt brown is formed by calcining a mixture of ammonium sulphate, cobalt 
 sulphate and ferrous sulphate. 
 
 In the burning operation of cobalt compounds, it is important that the 
 temperature should not be too high, as a high temperature produces unsatisfactory 
 colours. Of the cobalt compounds the silicate, carbonate and phosphate are the 
 most important. 
 
 Cobalt oxide, up to 0.5 per cent., is used in practically all ground enamels 
 as it possesses the property of causing the enamel to adhere better to sheet iron 
 and at the same time neutralizes any yellow colour due to iron oxide. Although 
 numerous investigations have been undertaken to account for this property, no 
 satisfactory explanation has yet been given. 
 
 Blue enamels contain on an average 1 per cent, of cobalt, but when a dark 
 blue colour is desired, cobalt may be present up to 3 per cent. 
 
 Eed and pink cobalt compounds are of scientific rather than technical interest. 
 If cobalt arsenate is strongly heated and then ground it yields a pinkish-red 
 powder. The precipitate obtained from a solution of a cobalt salt with sodium 
 phosphate is pink, changing to violet when heated. Cobalt magnesia pink is 
 obtained from precipitated magnesium carbonate, mixed to a thin paste with 
 cobalt nitrate solution, dried, and heated in crucibles. 
 
 Sympathetic inks. — Many of the salts of cobalt are pink and deliquescent. 
 If a weak aqueous solution of one of them, such as the nitrate or chloride, is 
 used as ink, the writing is practically invisible, but if the paper is held near the 
 fire the combined water is driven off and the writing becomes blue and visible. 
 It will afterwards absorb water from the atmosphere and again disappear. 
 
 A few experiments have been made to test the action of cobalt nitrate as 
 an addition agent in flotation but it did not show any advantages. 1 
 
 Uses of Metallic Cobalt 
 
 Metallic cobalt is used chiefly in the preparation of alloys and high-speed 
 alloy steels. The cobalt-chromium alloys are the most important. These allovs 
 possess extreme hardness and are being used extensively to replace high-speed 
 steels as cutting tools. The trade name of the cobalt chromium alloys is " stellite." 
 Stellite is not a steel, and its properties are altogether different from those of 
 steel. It cannot be hardened or tempered, nor does it lose any of its hardness 
 even when the edge of the tool is at a red heat. Tests have shown that a stellite 
 cutting tool permits more rapid cutting than when the ordinary high-speed steel 
 is used. 
 
 The cobalt-chromium alloys are hard, but the hardness is increased by additions 
 of tungsten and molybdenum. As the hardness increases the brittleness also 
 increases. The addition of iron softens the alloy. 
 
 Stellite alloys possess a bright surface, and are very resistant to oxidation. 
 They remain unaltered in the atmosphere, and are not attacked by the ordinary 
 acids. The colour of the alloys, when polished, lies between that of steel and 
 silver. 
 
 ■ ...... 
 
 1 Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering, Vol. XVIII, 191S, p. 76. 
 
1918 The Uses of Cobalt 
 
 87 
 
 The tools are made by casting the alley into bars of the desired shape and 
 size. These are afterwards ground to a cutting edge on an emery or carborundum 
 wheel. 
 
 Two grades of stellite tools are made, one with moderate hardness and great 
 strength for turning steel, and the other with greater hardness but less strength 
 for turning cast iron. The tool used for cast iron enables a greater amount of 
 work to be accomplished, whereas, if operating at a high speed with the stellite 
 tool for steels, the edge would be immediately destroyed. 
 
 Further information on these alloys will be found in the section on alloys. 
 
 The use of stellite alloys for cutlery has been suggested but up to the present, 
 it has not been used for this purpose as the demand for the cutting tool has 
 been so great. 
 
 Electro-plating with Cobalt 
 
 Owing to the success that has attended nickel plating, the question arose as 
 to whether cobalt platings possess any superior qualities to nickel platings. In 
 order to decide this question a number of experiments were undertaken at the 
 School of Mining, Kingston, Canada, for the Mines Branch of the Department 
 of Mines. A report 1 of this investigation has been issued, and in it some interest- 
 ing conclusions are given. The results of the work were tested and confirmed by 
 disinterested operators. 
 
 The advantages claimed for cobalt plating may be summarized as follows: — 
 
 1. Cobalt may be plated from four to fifteen times as quickly as nickel. 
 
 2. The cobalt plating is harder than the ordinary nickel plating. 
 
 3. About one-fourth the weight of cobalt as compared with nickel is required 
 to do the same protective work. 
 
 Cobalt may be plated on brass, iron, steel, copper, tin, German silver, lead 
 and Britannia metal. 
 
 The composition of the solutions recommended is as follows: — 
 
 Solution 1 B.— Cobalt-ammonium-sulphate, CoS0 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 .6H 2 0— 200 
 grains to the litre of water, which is the equivalent of 145 grams of anhydrous 
 cobalt-ammonium-sulphate, CoS0 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , to the litre of water. Sp. gr.= 
 1.053 at 15°C. 
 
 Solution XIII B: — Cobalt sulphate, CoS0 4 — 312 grams; sodium chloride, 
 NaCl — 19.6 grams; boric acid— nearly to saturation; water — 1,000 c.c. Sp. gr.= 
 1.25 at 15°C. 
 
 Further experiments are being conducted to test the value of cobalt platings. 
 
 Kowalke 2 gives an account of a few experiments made to test the 
 suitability of cobalt for use in thermocouples. He states that cobalt should have 
 an important place among thermo-elements since it does not become brittle like 
 nickel, and it gives a high electromotive force. 
 
 An amalgam of cobalt is used in dentistry. 
 
 "Kalmus, Electro-plating with Cobalt: Bulletin No. 334, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 
 
 1915. Trans. Am. Electrochemical' Society, Vol. XXVII, 1915, pp. 75-130. 
 
 2 Cobalt as an Element for Thermocouples, Trans. Amer. Electrochem, Soc, Vol. XXIX, 
 
 1916, pp. 561-568. 
 
88 Bureau of Mines No- 4 
 
 A French patent (No. 460,093, July 7, 1913) covers the preparation of 
 cobalt filaments for incandescent electric lamps. The filament is made from a 
 solution of cellulose with zinc chloride, cobalt oxide, and manganese sulphate. 
 It is heated to incandescence for twenty hours and then coated with carbon. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Mellor, Cobalt Blue Colours, Trans. Eng. Ceramic Soe., Vol. VI, 1907, p. 71. 
 
 Use of Cobalt in Decorating, Chem. Abst., Vol. VII, 1913, p. 3003. 
 
 Why a Greater Colour is produced with Cobalt Solutions than with Mineral Colours, Chem. 
 Abst., Vol. VII, 1913, p. 554. 
 
 Old and New Colours with Cobalt as their Base, Chem. Abst., Vol. VII, 1913, p. 874. 
 
 The Necessity of Cobalt Oxide in Ground-coat Enamels for Sheet Steel, Trans. Am. 
 Ceramic Soc, Vol. XIV, 1912, pp. 756-764. 
 
 Cobalt Uranium Colours, Chem. Abst., Vol. VIII, 1914, p. 3710. 
 
 Status of Cobalt in the Ground-coat of Sheet Steel Enamels, Chem. Abst., Vol. VIII, 
 1914, p." 3847. 
 
 Cobalt in Pottery Decoration, Chem. Abst., Vol. VIII, 1914, p. 798. 
 
 Cobalt Oxides, Reactions between CoO and A1X> 3 , Chem. Abst., Vol. IX, 1915, p. 2852. 
 
 Cobalt Oxides, Reactions between CoO and SnO,, Chem. Abst., Vol. IX, 1915, p. 2844. 
 
 Cobalt Magnesium red, Chem. Abst., Vol. IX, 1915, p. 2853. 
 
 Cobalt Colours other than Blue, Trans. Am. Ceramic Soc, Vol. XIV. 1912, pp. 767-777. 
 
 The Formation of Isomorphous Mixed Crystals between Cobalt Oxide and Manganese 
 Oxide and between Cobalt Oxide and Nickel Oxide, Chem. Abst., Vol. IX, 1915, p. 3039. 
 
 Hedvall, The Determination of Dissociation Temperatures with the Aid of Cooling and 
 Heating Curves, Especially for Cobalto-cobaltic Oxide, Chem. Abst., Vol. XI, 1917, p. 1347. 
 
 Hedvall, The formation of Cobalt Aluminate, Cobalt Orthostannate and Rinmann's 
 Green, Chem. Abst., Vol. XI, 1917, p. 1373 . 
 
1918 Binary Alloys ot Cobalt 89_ 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 BINARY ALLOYS OF COBALT 
 
 Cobalt and Aluminium 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt aluminium alloys 1 is shown in 
 Figure. 1. The liquidus curve 2 consists of 4 branches, viz. : AB, BC, CDE, 
 and EF. The points A and F, shown at 658° and 1492°C, correspond to the 
 melting points of aluminium and cobalt respectively. The point B at 1375°C. and 
 90.5 per cent, cobalt is a minimum point. Alloys of composition represented 
 by points to the right of E consist when solid of a solid solution of aluminium 
 in cobalt. The point D at 1628°C. and 68»5 per cent, cobalt corresponds to the 
 melting point and composition of the compound CoAl. At C, 1165° C. and 38 
 per cent, cobalt, there is a reaction between the CoAl crystals and the liquid 
 of composition C to form a new compound Co 2 Al 5 containing 46.5 per cent, 
 cobalt. At B, 940°C. and 20 per cent, cobalt, there is a reaction between the 
 previously formed Co 2 Al 5 crystals and the liquid of composition B to form the 
 compound Co 3 Al 13 , containing approximately 33.5 per cent, cobalt. 
 
 The alloys containing between 100 and 68.5 per cent, cobalt are magnetic, 
 the magnetism decreasing rapidly with increased aluminium content. 
 
 Schumeister* has studied the mechanical and chemical properties of alum- 
 inium cobalt alloys containing from to 20 per cent, cobalt. The tests show that 
 the alloys containing 9 to 12 per cent, cobalt possess the greatest tensile strength. 
 Addition of small quantities of tungsten, 0.8 to 1.2 per cent, raised the tensile 
 strength considerably, while with further additions the strength is lowered. The 
 substitution of molybdenum for tungsten did not show any advantage. The 
 aluminium cobalt alloys were harder, easier to work, more stable and durable in the 
 air than pure aluminium. 
 
 Peltery obtained a patent* on the addition of silver, gold, cobalt, chromium, 
 iron, manganese, and nickel to aluminium; also the General Electric Company, 
 Berlin, patented a light bearing metal containing aluminium with lead, tin, cobalt, 
 chromium, iron, molybdenum, nickel, and antimony. 5 
 
 The following table gives the results obtained later by Schumeister" from 
 additions of cobalt, to 12 per cent., on the tensile strength, elongation, and 
 hardness of aluminium. The fracture of the alloys changes from a coarse to a 
 very fine grain with increased proportion of cobalt. The following table shows 
 the effect of additions of cobalt to aluminium. 
 
 i — — . — - — — 
 
 *Gwyer, Aluminium and Cobalt: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LVII, 1908, pp. 140-147. 
 
 2 The liquidus or freezing point curve represents the beginning of freezing or solidifica- 
 tion of any alloy. 
 
 3 Schumeister, Investigation of the Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Light Cobalt 
 Aluminium Alloys : Metallurgie, Vol. VIII, 1911, pp. 650-655. 
 
 4 German Patent, No. 230,095, Jan. 16th, 1911. 
 
 5 German Patent, No. 257,868, March 20th, 1913. 
 
 6 Schumeister, Investigation of the Binary Aluminium Alloys : Stahl and Eisen, Vol. 
 XXXV, 1915, pp. 873, 874. 
 
 7 B.M. (Hi) 
 
90 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 
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 9 
 
 3 
 
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 Per cent, by weight. Cobalt 
 
 Figure 1. — Equilibrium Diagram of Aluminium-Cobalt Alloys. 
 
1918 
 
 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
 91 
 
 
 Cobalt Content 
 
 Tensile strength 
 per sq. m.m. 
 
 Elongation 
 per cent. 
 
 Hardness 
 
 0.0 
 
 10.5 
 10.9 
 12.0 
 12.3 
 12.9 
 15.5 
 16.6 
 16.5 
 17.0 
 18.5 
 
 34 
 35 
 28 
 25 
 21 
 18 
 14 
 11 
 11 
 6 
 
 29 
 32 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 3.5 
 
 47 
 
 5.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 50 
 51 
 
 9.4 .' 
 
 10.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 61 
 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Portevin, Aluminium Alloys: Bevue de Metallurgie. (Memoires), Vol. V, 1908, p. 274. 
 Bornemann, Cobalt and Aluminium: Metallurgie, Vol. VII, 1910, pp. 577, 578. 
 Kaiser, Metallurgie, Vol. VIII, 1911, p. 300. Analysis of White Bronze (Cu 40-30, 
 Co 50-60, Al 10) ; p. 305, Analysis of Metalline (Cu 30, Co 35, Al 25, Fe 10). 
 
 Cobalt and Antimony 
 
 The equilibrium diagram 1 of the cobalt antimony alloys is shown in Figure 2. 
 Both metals are soluble in one another in the liquid state, but only to a small 
 extent in the solid. At 1093°C, cobalt Tetains 12.5 per cent, by weight of antimony 
 in solid solution; the amount, however, decreases with the temperature. There 
 is no evidence of antimony dissolving cobalt in the solid state. 
 
 The addition of antimony lowers the melting point of cobalt, A, until the 
 eutectic point E is reached at 1093 °C. and 39 per cent, antimony. The liquidus 
 curve shows a maximum C at 1191°C. and 67 per cent, antimony, corresponding 
 to the compound CoSb. At 897. 5°C. there is a reaction between the separated 
 crystals CoSb and the liquid D to form a new compound F. The exact com- 
 position of the compound F has not yet been definitely determined. From the 
 eutectic point G-, at 615°C. and 98.5 per cent, antimony, the liquidus rises to 
 II at 630°C. the melting point of antimony. 
 
 The transformation temperature of cobalt at 1159°C. is lowered to 930°C. by 
 addition of antimony up to 12.5 per cent. For all alloys between 12.5 and 67 
 per cent. Sb, the transformation takes place at constant temperature, viz., 930°C. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Lewkonja, Cobalt- Antimony, Alloys: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, pp. 305-312.' 
 
 Ducelliez, Alloys of Cobalt and Antimony : Proees verbaux de la societe des sciences 
 physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 1908, pp. 183-190; 1908-1909; pp. 131-134. Bulletin 
 Societe Chimique de France, Vol. VII, 1910, sec. 4, p. 202. 
 
 Ducelliez, Action of Antimony Chloride on Cobalt and its Alloys with Antimony: Compt. 
 Rend., Vol. 147, 1908, pp. 1048-1050. 
 
 Ducelliez, Study of the Electromotive Force of the Alloys of Cobalt with Tin, Antimony, 
 Bismuth, Lead, and Copper: Compt. Bend., 1910, Vol. 150, pp. 98-101. 
 
 Kurnakow and Podkapajew, Jour. russ. phys. Chem. Ges. 38, 1906, p. 463. 
 
 Rammelsberg, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 128, 1866, p. 441. 
 
 Bornemann, Cobalt and Antimony: Metallurgie, Vol. VIII, 1911, pp. 683-684. 
 
 1 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 754-756. 
 
92 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 Figure 2. — Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt- Antimony Alloys. 
 
>°18 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 93 
 
 Cobalt and Arsenic 
 
 The cobalt arsenic equilibrium diagram 1 is shown in part in Figure 3 
 Owing to the volatilization loss of arsenic it has been impossible to investigate 
 concentrations of more than 60 per cent, arsenic. 
 
 Cobalt retains about 1 to 2 per cent, arsenic in solid solution. At a tem- 
 perature of 920°C. and a concentration of 30 per cent, arsenic, there is a eutectic 
 point. With further additions of arsenic, the liquidus curve rises in severa' 
 successive stages to a maximum at 1175°C. and 57 per cent, arsenic. This maxi- 
 mum corresponds to the compound CoAs. At the temperatures 1014°, 960°, and 
 930°C, there are three changes in the direction of the liquidus corresponding 
 to the separation of crystals IV, V, VI, of the composition approaching Co 3 As 2 . 
 Co 2 As, and Co 5 As 2 . Conclusive evidence of the existence of these compounds 
 has as yet not been obtained. 
 
 There are also three horizontals in the diagram, at 910°, 830°, and 380°C. 
 The horizontal at 910° between crystals V and III, shows a change in the solid 
 state of crystals IV to crystals VII of similar composition. The horizontal at 
 830° reaching between crystals I and VI corresponds to a change in the solid 
 crystals VI to IX of the same composition. For compositions containing 
 mixtures of crystals V and VII there appears to be a transformation at 380°, 
 but positive evidence of the exact nature of this change is lacking. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Friedrich, Equilibrium Diagram of the Cobalt-Arsenic Alloys: Metallurgie, Vol. V, 1908, 
 pp. 150-157. 
 
 The Freezing-point of Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides : Metall und Erz, Vol. X, 1913, pp. 659-671. 
 
 Ducelliez, Action of Arsenic Chloride and Arsenic on Cobalt : Compt. Rend., Vol. CXLVII, 
 1908, p. 424. 
 
 Action of Heat on Mixtures of Arsenic and Cobalt: Proees verbaux de la societe des 
 sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 1908, pp. 57-73. 
 
 Cobalt and Bismuth 
 
 The equilibrium diagram 2 of the cobalt bismuth system is shown in Figure 4. 
 The metals are only partly soluble in the liquid state. At 1390° C. the concentration 
 of the two layers is 92.7 per cent, cobalt and 7.3 per cent, bismuth; and 93 
 per cent, bismuth and 7 per cent, cobalt. The first addition of bismuth to 
 cobalt lowers the melting point of the latter by approximately 100°C. The 
 addition of cobalt to bismuth lowers the melting point of bismuth approximately 
 10° to a eutectic point at 96.7 per cent. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Lewkonja, Cobalt-Bismuth Alloys : Zeitschr. anoi-g. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908. pp. 315-318. 
 Ducelliez, Study of Electromotive Force of Cobalt-Bismuth Alloys: Bulletin Societe 
 Chimique de France, Vol. VII, 1910, pp. 199-200. 
 
 Cobalt-Bismuth Alloys: Bulletin Societe Chimique de France. Vol. V, 1909, pp. 61-62. 
 Bornemann, Cobalt and Bismuth: Metallurgie, Vol. VIII, 1911, p. 688. 
 
 1 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 833-836. 
 
 2 Guertler, Metalloghaphie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 584-586. 
 
94 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
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1918 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 95 
 
 Cobalt and Boron 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of cobalt and boron alloys or mixtures has not yet 
 been published. However, the compounds Co,B and CoB 2 have been detected. 
 The magnetic transformation of Co,B occurs at 156 °C. 
 
 References 
 
 Jassonneix, The Combination of Nickel and Cobalt with Boron: Compt. Rend.. Vol CXLV 
 1907, pp. 240-241. r ' wv^v, 
 
 A Study of the Magnetic Properties of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, and Manganese with Boron. 
 Report of Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, Vol. 2, 1912, pp. 165-170. 
 
 Moissan, A Study of the Borides of Cobalt, Compt. Rend., Vol. CXXII, 1896, pp. 424-426. 
 
 Cobalt and Cadmium 
 
 A few experiments on the addition of cobalt to cadmium were made by 
 Lewkonja. 1 In all the tests a distinct eutectic point was observed .at 316°C, 6° 
 below the melting point of cadmium. None of the alloys were magnetic. It is 
 evident that there must be either a compound formed, or that a solid solution 
 of cadmium in cobalt must exist, as the transition to a cobalt was lowered to below 
 the room temperature. 
 
 Additional Reference 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 487. 
 
 Cobalt and Carbon 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt carbon series has been investigated 
 by Boecker, 2 and later by Buff and Keilig. 3 The diagram of Buff and Keilig 
 is shown in Figure 5. 
 
 Both diagrams show the existence of a eutectic at 1300°C. and 2.8 to 2.4 
 per cent, carbon. At the eutectic temperature cobalt retains 0.82 per cent, 
 carbon in solid solution, which separates as graphite on cooling, only 0.3 per 
 cent, being retained at 1000°C. Boecker did not carry the experiments above 
 1700°C, at which temperature he found the maximum solubility of carbon in 
 cobalt to be 3.9 per cent. 
 
 The investigations of Buff and Keilig were conducted at temperatures up to 
 2415°C, which is the boiling point of the liquid under 30 m.m. pressure. The 
 boiling point of pure cobalt was found to be 2375°C. under these conditions. The 
 existence of a cobalt carbide has not yet been definitely proved. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Keilig, The Cobalt-Carbon System for Temperatures above 1500°C. Dissertation, 
 Kbnigliche Tecknische Hochschule in Danzig, 1915. 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. 2, 1913, p. 639. 
 
 'Lewkonja, Cobalt-Cadmium Alloys: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, p. 322. 
 
 2 Boecker, Investigation of the Cobalt-Carbon System: Metallurgie, Vol. IX, 1912, 
 pp. 296-303. 
 
 3 Ruff and Keilig, Cobalt and Carbon: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LXXXVIII, 
 1914, pp. 410-423. 
 
96 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 
 Co 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3000° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Figure 5. — Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Carbon Alloys. 
 
1918 
 
 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
 97 
 
 .O 
 
 1600' 
 1553" 
 1500' 
 
 1400' 
 
 1300' 
 
 Atomic per cent., Cobalt 
 30 40 50 60 
 
 Co 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 1000 
 
 jx900' 
 (2800' 
 
 1700 
 
 600 
 
 500 
 
 200 
 
 100° 
 
 
 
 
 
 Liq 
 
 jid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 solutio 
 
 n of Ch 
 
 ''omium 
 
 and 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
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 5 20 
 
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 4 
 
 kr cent, bj 
 
 5 
 
 ' weight, 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8C 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 Figure 6. — Equilibrium Diagram of Chromium-Cobalt Alloys. 
 
 8 b.m. (iii) 
 
98 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Cobalt and Chromium 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt chromium alloys is shown in Figure 6. 1 
 Both metals are soluble in one another in the liquid and also in the solid state. The 
 liquidus curve shows a minimum at approximately 50 per cent, cobalt and 1340°C. 
 In alloys containing between 45 per cent, and 85 per cent, chromium there is a 
 reaction in the solid state at approximately 1225°C, the homogeneous solid solution 
 above that temperature breaking down into two solid solutions. Alloys with 
 to 45 per cent, chromium show a polygonal structure containing cobalt 
 rich cores, the chromium content increasing from the centre to the outside. In 
 alloys with more than 55 per cent, chromium, the chromium content of the grains 
 decreases from the centre to the outside. 
 
 The temperature at which the unmagnetic cobalt chromium alloys become 
 magnetic decreases rapidly with increasing chromium content. The addition of 
 10 per cent, chromium lowers the transformation point to 685° ; 15 per cent, 
 to 300° ; while the addition of 25 per cent, lowers the transformation to below 
 room temperature. 
 
 Special alloys containing cobalt and chromium are known as '' stellite." The 
 word is derived from the Latin, stella, a star, and was chosen because of the 
 brilliant polish these alloys take and retain under atmospheric conditions. An 
 alloy containing 75 per cent, cobalt and 25 per cent, chromium is fairly tough 
 and hard, and may be forged. This alloy is only slightly attacked by nitric acid, 
 and is recommended for cutlery. To increase the hardness of the stellite alloy?, 
 varying amounts of either tungsten or molybdenum, or both, are added, the 
 chromium in the alloy remaining about 30 per cent. The addition of 5 per cent, 
 tungsten produces a distinctly harder alloy, which forges readily. With 10 
 per cent, the metal may be forged, and takes a fine cutting edge. This alloy 
 is suitable for cold-chisels and wood-working tools. With 15 per cent, the metal 
 may still be forged, but only with great care, as it is considerably harder than 
 the 10 per cent, tungsten alloy. With 20 per cent, the alloy is still harder. It 
 may be forged, but only to a limited extent. This alloy is adopted for cutting 
 steel and other metals at a moderate speed. With 25 per cent, a hard alloy is 
 obtained which cannot be forged, but is cast into bars which are ground to a 
 suitable form for lathe tools. These tools are used to cut steel and cast iron, 
 and retain their hardness at high speeds. When the tungsten content reaches 
 40 per cent, the alloy still retains its cutting qualities, and is preferred to the 
 25 per cent, alloy for cast iron. ■ Further additions of tungsten produce brittleness. 
 It is claimed these alloys possess an advantage of 20 to 100 per cent, over high- 
 speed tool steels. 
 
 Molybdenum produces somewhat the same effect as tungsten, only a smaller 
 proportion is required. An alloy containing 10 per cent, of molybdenum makes an 
 excellent lathe tool. Carbon, silicon, and boron when present impart brittleness. 
 
 1 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, pp. 359-361. Lewkonja, Cobalt-Chromium Alloys: 
 Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, pp. 323-327. 
 
1918 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 99 
 
 A few typical analyses 1 of stellite alloys are given below, but it must be 
 remembered that for the successful use of stellite different alloys must be used for 
 different classes of work. 
 
 Co Cr W Mo 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 . . 
 
 
 70 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 
 40 
 
 Original stellite alloy. 
 
 Forges readily, suitable for wood-cutting tools and cutlery. 
 
 Suitable for lathe tools for cutting steel and cast iron. 
 
 High speed cutting tools. 
 Very hard alloy. 
 
 Stellite alloys also contain a small percentage of carbon. 
 
 The stellite alloys are covered by a number of patents, the numbers of which 
 are given below. 
 
 Haynes, IT. S. Patent No. 873,745, Dec. 17, 1907. Alloys containing 10-60 
 per cent, chromium, and 90-40 per cent, cobalt. 
 
 U. S. Patent No. 873,746, Dec. 17, 1907. Alloy of 30-60 per cent, chromium 
 and 70-40 per cent, nickel. 
 
 U. S. Patent 1,057,423, and 1,057,828, April 1, 1913. The addition of 
 tungsten and molybdenum to the cobalt-chromium alloy is specified in these 
 patents to produce greater hardness and toughness. 
 
 TJ. S. Patent No. 1,150,113, Aug. 17, 1915. Alloy for tools containing 
 approximately cobalt 25 per cent., chromium 20, and iron 55. Molybdenum may be 
 added to vary the colour. More chromium increases the hardness and iron renders 
 the alloy more fusible, malleable and softer. 
 
 British Patent 2,487, August 17, 1915 (similar to U. S. Patent 1,057,423). 
 
 British Patent No. 100,434, Jan. 5, 1916. Cobalt-chromium alloys contain- 
 ing sufficient iron or nickel to soften the metal. This alloy is known as " festal 
 
 metal." 
 
 Tamman, German Patent 270,750, August 14, 1909. A cobalt-chromium' 
 alloy for machine parts, containing 20.23 per cent, chromium and 80-77 per 
 cent, cobalt. 
 
 Alloys of nickel and copper or cobalt and one of the following metals, namely, 
 chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, aluminium and uranium are used 
 extensively for thermo-electric couples and resistance elements. These are covered 
 by a number of patents granted to Albert L. Marsh, the dates and numbers of 
 most of them being given below. 
 
 U.S. Patents Nos. 779,090, Jan. 3, 1905; 781,288, Jan. 31, 1905; 781,289, 
 Jan. 31, 1905; 781,290, Jan. 31, 1905; 786,577, April 4, 1905; 811,859, Feb. 6, 
 1906: 853,891, May 14, 1907; 859,608, July 9, 1907; 874,780, Dec. 24, 1907; 
 971,767, Oct. 4, 1910: 
 
 Shortly after Marsh's patents were published the General Electric Company 
 manufactured a similar alloy, " calorite," of the composition given below. The 
 validity of Marsh's patents has been affirmed, and at present the Hoskins Electric 
 Company are producing nickel-chromium alloys und er the Marsh patents. 
 
 1 Haynes, Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt with Chromium: Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 
 Vol. II, 1910, pp. 397-401. 
 
100 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 In the patent suit defence the General Electric Company cited Placet's patent 
 (Br. pat. 202, 1896) as antedating the Marsh patents. It appears that Placet 
 found that the addition of chromium to other metals increased the hardness, 
 toughness, and electrical resistance, but was not aware of the durability of the 
 alloy, which latter property is one of the main advantages of nickel-chromium 
 alloys. 
 
 The Driver Harris Company manufactured a nickel-chromium alloy con- 
 taining 25 per cent, iron shortly after the General Electric Company made calorite. 
 At the present time it is understood that the Hoskins Manufacturing Company 
 control the Marsh patents, and all nickel-chromium alloys are made under a license 
 from them. 
 
 The analyses of the various nickel-chromium alloys are given below. 
 
 Ni Cr Fe Mn Specific Resistance. 
 
 Calorite 65 12 15 8 110 
 
 Nichrome 60 11 25 4 105 
 
 Nichrome 2 75 11 12 2 110 
 
 Excello 85 14 0.5 0.5 92 
 
 Tophet 61 10 26 3 107 
 
 Calido 64 S 25 3 106 
 
 Chromel A 80 20 . . 2 102 
 
 Caramel B 85 15 . . 2 88 
 
 Chromel C 60 12 25 4 106 
 
 With regard to the use of nickel-chromium alloys, 1 it may be stated that 
 the addition of iron makes the working of the alloys much easier, but lowers 
 the resistance of the alloy to oxidation. The great resistance to oxidation of the 
 nickel chromium alloys is not due to the nickel or the chromium but to the scale 
 formed. The addition of iron also lowers the resistance of the scale, especially 
 with temperatures above 1350°F. The lower the iron content, the higher tem- 
 perature at which it is possible to operate. 
 
 Nichrome " 2 " is manufactured to compete with chromel " A," but owing 
 to the iron content cannot be operated successfully above 1700°F., whereas chromel 
 A may be used successfully at 2000 °F. 
 
 Chromel " C " was placed on the market to supply a cheap alloy that could 
 be successfully used for small heating apparatus, e.g., electric stoves, irons, etc., 
 where the wire is exposed to the air and not allowed to heat above 1350°F. 
 
 A report has been made that a cobalt-chromium alloy, cochrome, may be 
 swaged into wires which are in some respects superior to nichrome wires in electric 
 heating elements. They are less readily oxidized at high temperatures and have 
 a higher melting point. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Hibbard, Manufacture and "Uses of Alloy Steels, Bulletin 100, 1915, p. 60. Bureau of 
 Mines, Washington. 
 
 Haynes, Stellite, Met. Chem. Eng., Vol. 18, 1918, pp. 541-542. 
 
 Haynes, The Development of Stellite, Iron Age, Vol. 102, 1918, pp. 886-888. 
 
 Guillet and Godfroid, Some Observations on Stellite, Eevue de MStallurgie (Memoires), 
 Vol. 15, 1918, pp. 339-346. 
 
 Stellite, Canadian Machinery, Vol. XIX, 1918, pp. 231-235. 
 
 1 Private communication. 
 
1018 
 
 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
 101 
 
 1500° 
 
 Co 
 
 Atomic per cenz., Copper 
 20 30 40 50 SO 70 80 90 
 
 Cu 
 
 1490°; 
 1400° 
 
 1300° 
 
 1200° 
 1159° 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
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 \ \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 9 
 
 3 
 
 figure 7. — Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Copper Alloys. 
 
102 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Cobalt and Copper 
 
 The equilibrium diagram 1 of the cobalt-copper system is shown in Figure 7. 
 The metals are completely soluble in the liquid state, but form two solid solu- 
 tions in the solid. The cobalt-rich solid solution contains from to 10 per cent, 
 of copper, and the copper-rich solid solution to 4 per cent, of cobalt. At 1110°C. 
 with mixtures containing between 10 and 96 per cent, copper, there is a reaction, 
 with the formation of the solid solution II. Below 955°C. a new solution IV 
 containing, at room temperature, from 95 to 98 per cent, of copper, separates. 
 This solid solution is remarkably magnetizable. The temperature of the trans- 
 formation of the [I cobalt solution to the <* form is lowered with increase of 
 copper from 1159° to 1050°C, where it remains constant for mixtures between 
 10 and 96 per cent, copper. The hardness of copper-cobalt alloys increases 
 directly with the cobalt. Addition of either metal to the other rapidly decreases 
 the electrical conductivity. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Konstantinow, Alloys of Cobalt and Copper: Revue de Metallurgie (Memoiresl Vol IV 
 1907, p. 983. >> ■ , 
 
 Ducelliez, Studies of the Alloys of Cobalt and Copper: Proces verbaux de la societe des 
 sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 1908-1909, pp. 120-126. 
 
 Chemical Study of Alloys of Cobalt and Copper : Bulletin de Societe Chimique de France 
 Vol. VII, 1910, pp. 158-160, 196-198. 
 
 Waehlert, Cobalt-Nickel-Copper Alloys: Osterr. Zeitschr. Berg. u. Hiittenwesen, Vol 
 LXII, 1914, pp. 341, 357, 374, 392, 406. 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 83-84. 
 
 Bosenhain, Electric Conductivity of Alloys of Cobalt and Copper, Introduction to Physical 
 Metallurgy, 1914, p. 112. J 
 
 Kaiser, Metallurgie, Vol. 8, 1911, p. 300. Analysis of white bronze (Cu 40-30, Co 50-60, 
 Al 10), p. 305, Analysis of metalline (Cu 30, Co 35, Al 25, Fe 10). 
 
 Cobalt and Gold 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-gold series is shown in Figure 8.- 
 The eutectic point which is given at approximately 90 per cent, gold and 997°C, as 
 well as other parts of the liqui'dus and solidus, have not been accurately deter- 
 mined. In the experiments with the cobalt-rich alloys there was a marked tendency 
 toward undercooling. Cobalt retains approximately 10 per cent, gold in solid 
 solution, and gold retains several per cent, of cobalt, the solubility varying with 
 the temperature. The transformation temperature of (3 into a cobalt has not 
 been determined accurately. 
 
 Additional Reference 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 345-348. 
 
 1 Sahmen, Alloys of Copper and Cobalt: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie Vol LVII 190S 
 pp. 1-9. ' ' ' '"'' 
 
 2 Wahl, Cobalt-Gold Alloys : Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LXVI, 1910, pp. 60-72. 
 
1918 
 
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104 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Cobalt and Iron 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-iron alloys is shown in Figure 12. 1 
 The two metals form a complete series of solid solutions. 
 
 A more complete diagram has been published by Euer and Kaneko. In this 
 diagram the two metals form a series of solid solutions with a minimum between 
 30 and 40 per cent, of iron and at about 1450°C. By the addition of cobalt 
 the melting point of iron is lowered. The branch of the curve on the iron side 
 of the diagram shows a reaction between the solid solution containing 15.5 per 
 cent, of cobalt with the- liquid containing 22 per cent, of cobalt to form a solid 
 solution containing 19 per cent, of cobalt. The two branches of the iron curve 
 then rise, intersecting at 1520°C, the melting point of iron. 
 
 In the same diagram the curve of magnetic transformation of iron alloys is 
 also shown. The curve shows a. maximum at 55 per cent, of iron and 985°C, 
 which composition approaches very closely that of the compound Fe 4 Co. With 
 alloys containing less than 85 per cent, iron, the unmagnetic y iron changes 
 directly to the a magnetic form. With alloys containing between 100 and 85 
 per cent, of iron, the y iron passes through the /6 form. A curve showing the 
 transformation of y8 to a cobalt is also shown. 
 
 An alloy of iron, nickel, and cobalt with additions of chromium, molybdenum, 
 tungsten, and other metals has been patented by Borchers. (For a more complete 
 description of this alloy, see under Cobalt and Nickel.) 
 
 Yensen has investigated the magnetic properties of the iron-cobalt alloy, 
 Fe 2 Co, which contains approximately 30 per cent, of cobalt. He states that 
 in this iron-cobalt combination, an alloy is found that is suitable for use in 
 places where the magnetic density is very high, such as armature teeth of dynamo 
 machinery. While its electrical resistance is low, there is reason to believe that 
 this may be raised by the addition of other alloying elements. 
 
 Kalmus undertook a series of experiments to test whether the addition of 
 cobalt to sheet iron had any marked effect on corrosion. The results obtained, 
 though not conclusive, showed that cobalt in amounts up to 3 per cent, had a 
 beneficial effect. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Ruer and Kaneko, The Iron-Cobalt System: Ferrum, Vol. XI, 1913, p. 33. 
 
 Euer and Klesper, The Gamma-Delta Transformation of Pure Iron, and the Effect of 
 Carbon, Silicon, Cobalt, and Copper : Ferrum,, Vol. XI, 1913, pp. 259-261. 
 
 Guertler and Tamman, Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt with Iron: Zeitschr anorgan Chemic 
 Vol. XLV, 1905, pp. 205-224. ' ' 
 
 Yensen, The Iron-Cobalt Alloy Fe.Co, and its Magnetic Properties: General Electric 
 Review, Vol. XVIII, 1915, pp. 881-887. 
 
 Mathews, Metallic Conduction and the Constitution of Alloys: Electrical World and 
 Engineer, Vol. XL, 1902, pp. 531-533. 
 
 Weiss, The Magnetic Properties of the Alloys of the Ferro-Magnetic Metals, Iron-Nickel, 
 Nickel-Cobalt, and Cobalt-Iron: mention is made of Fe 2 Co. Transactions Faraday Society' 
 Vol. VIII, 1912, pp. 149-156. Revue de Metallurgie (Memoires) Tome IX, 1912, pp. 1135-1143! 
 
 Kalmus, Magnetic Properties of Cobalt and of Fe 2 Co, Bulletin 413, Department of 
 Mines, Canada, 1916. 
 
 Kalmus and Blake, Cobalt Alloys with Non-Corrosive Properties, Bulletin 411, 1916. 
 
 Fuller, Thermo-electric Force of Certain Iron Alloys: Amer. Electrochem. Soc Vol 
 XXVII, 1915, pp. 241-251 ; Met. Chem. Eng., Vol. XIII, 1915, pp. 318, 319. 
 
 1 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 78-81. 
 
1918 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 105 
 
 Becket, E. M., Manufacture of an alloy of approximately the composition given by 
 Fe 2 Co, containing 2 to 6 per cent, silicon. United States Patent. No. 1,247.206, Nov. 20th, 
 1917. 
 
 Honda and Takagi, The Irreversibility of Nickel and Cobalt Steels, Chem. Abst., Vol. XI, 
 1917, p. 2449. 
 
 Eifect of Cobalt on Steel 
 
 Owing to the importance of nickel steels and because of the close association 
 and similar chemical properties of nickel and cobalt, numerous experiments have 
 been made to ascertain whether cobalt produced any marked effect similar to that 
 of nickel on the properties of steel. 
 
 From the tests conducted so far it has been shown that cobalt has a beneficial 
 effect on certain steels and for certain uses, but that its behaviour is very different 
 from that of nickel. 
 
 Hadfield, 1 who was about the first to investigate the effect of the addition 
 of cobalt to steel, concluded that cobalt raised the elastic limit and tensile strength. 
 The amount of cobalt added varied from 0.0 to 6.9 per cent., and the steel 
 contained 0.64 to 1.2 per cent, silicon and 0.10 to .14 per cent, sulphur. 
 
 Guillet 2 conducted a series of experiments by adding cobalt to a 0.8 per 
 cent, carbon steel, in amounts up to 30 per cent. He also prepared a few samples 
 containing 50 and 60 per cent, cobalt. The tests showed that the tensile strength 
 increased with the proportion of cobalt, but that no sudden change in the 
 mechanical properties occurred. 
 
 Arnold and Eead 3 investigated the effect of cobalt on steel and concluded 
 that the additions of cobalt increased the tensile strength, but cobalt did not 
 show the same tendency to precipitate carbon in the form of graphite as nickel does. 
 
 Although cobalt steels have shown greater strength than the ordinary carbon 
 steels, it is possible that this increased strength may be obtained more cheaply 
 by the addition of other metals. However, the addition of cobalt to high-speed 
 steels appears to produce an improvement in the cutting properties, and considerable 
 quantities are being used at present for this purpose. In some cases it is claimed 
 ■ the life of high-speed steels containing cobalt, is increased several times. 
 
 The effect of cobalt on high-speed steels is quite different from that of nickel. 
 The addition of between 5 and 10 per cent, of cobalt to steel produces a good 
 high-speed steel, while the addition of nickel has an altogether different effect, 
 since it produces a metal with a soft edge. 
 
 The valuable properties imparted by addition of cobalt to steel appear to be 
 due to an increase in the hardness of the steel when at a red heat, thereby 
 enabling the steel to cut at a higher speed. 
 
 A number of comparative cutting tests have been made by Schlesinger, 4 
 and the results show a distinct advantage in favour of cobalt high speed steels. 
 One of the high-speed cobalt steels tested contained C 0.76, Si 0.28, Co 5.0, Cr. 4.4, 
 W. 16.4, and V. 0.62 per cent. This analysis corresponds very closely with 
 an alloy steel called Kex AAA. 
 
 1 Hadfield, Iron and Steel Alloys: Iron and Steel Magazine. Vol. VII, 1904, p. 10. 
 
 2 Guillet, Cobalt Steels: Kevue de Metallurgie (Memoires), Vol. II, 1905, pp. 348-349. 
 'Arnold and Eead. The Chemical and Mechanical Relation of Iron, Cobalt and Carbon: 
 
 Engineering, Vol. XCVIII, 1915, pp. 346-348, 362-364. 
 
 "" Schlesinger, The Improvement of German Steel Works by the production of High- 
 Speed Steel Alloys : Stahl und Eisen, Vol. XXXIII, 1913, pp. 929-939. 
 
106 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Becker 1 lias obtained a patent specifying the use of cobalt in high-speed tool 
 steels. The granting of this patent was opposed by a large number of European 
 manufacturers, but the decision 2 was given in favour of Becker. 
 
 A later report 3 states that the patent granted to Becker has been revoked by 
 a decision of a British Court. 
 
 Darwin and Milner 4 claim to have discovered a cobalt-chromium steel equal 
 to the Becker iridium-cobalt-tungsten steel. One advantage of the new product is 
 that it may be hardened at a temperature 300°C. below that required for the 
 tungsten steel. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Hibbard, Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels: Bulletin 100, 1915, p. 60, Bureau of 
 Mines, Washington. 
 
 Chromium Nickel, and Cobalt in Pig Iron: Iron Age, Vol. LXXX, 1907, p. 488. 
 Abstract of Schlesinger's tests on Cobalt Steel: Iron Age, Vol. XCII, 1913, p. 33. 
 Lantsberry, High-Speed Tool Steel : Iron Age, Vol. XCVI, 1915, pp. 238-241. 
 German High-Speed Steel : Iron Age, Vol. XCVIII, 1916, p. 1111. 
 Browne, Metals and Alloys in the Steel Industry: Vol. XCVII/1916, p. 76. 
 
 Cobalt and Lead 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-lead series is shown in Figure 9. 5 
 The solubility of the two metals in the liquid state is very small. 
 
 The transformation line of cobalt was not determined, but on account of the 
 small solubility of lead it must lie practically at 1159°C. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Lewkonja, Cobalt-Lead Alloys: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, pp. 312-315. 
 
 Ducelliez, Study of the Alloys of Cobalt and Lead: Bulletin Societe Chimique, Vol. Ill, 
 1908, pp. 621-622. 
 
 Chemical Study of the Alloys of Cobalt and Lead: Proces verbaux de la Societe des 
 sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 1908, pp. 31-34. 
 
 A Study of the Electromotive Force of Cobalt-Lead Alloys: Bulletin Societe Chimique, 
 Vol. VII, 1910, pp. 201-202. 
 
 Bornemann, Cobalt and Lead: Metallurgie, Vol. VIII, 1911, pp. 361-362. 
 
 Cobalt and Magnesium 
 
 Very few experiments have been made to prepare cobalt-magnesium alloys. 
 Parkinson 6 attempted to prepare a mixture or alloy of these metals by addino- 
 'magnesium to molten cobalt. However, he obtained only small amounts of 
 magnesium in the solid alloy. The experiments were not carried far enough 
 to warrant any conclusions. 
 
 1 German Patent, No. 281,386, Aug. 10th. 1912. Manufacture of High-Speed Cobalt 
 Steels. An approximate analvsis of a High-Speed Cobalt Steel is given as C 7 Cr 5 
 W 18, V 1. Mo 0.75 and Co 10 per cent. 
 
 United States Patent, No. 1,081.263, December 9th, 1913. Also a British patent. 
 
 2 Iron Age, Vol. XCIII. 1914, p. 453. 
 
 3 Iron Age, Vol. 101, 1918, p. 321. 
 
 4 Darwin and Milner, Cobaltchrome Tool Steel, Engineering, Vol. CIV, 1917, p. 22. 
 
 5 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 582. 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 415.. 
 
1918 
 
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108 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Cobalt and Manganese 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-manganese series is shown in Figure 
 10. x A minimum exists at approximately 30 per cent, cobalt and 1140 °C. The 
 alloys in solidifying exhibit a strong tendency toward undercooling. Alloys with 
 more than 40 per cent, cobalt are not homogeneous, but become more nearly so 
 by annealing at 1000°C. for 5 hours. Those alloys containing more than 40 per 
 cent, cobalt were magnetic, the magnetism rising rapidly with increased cobalt 
 content. In the original article Hiege shows the melting points of cobalt and 
 manganese at 1525° and 1250° C. respectively. As this temperature for cobalt 
 is about 25°C. higher than that used in the other diagrams, in reproducing the 
 cobalt-manganese diagram all Hiege's temperatures have been reduced by 25°. 
 
 Huntington 2 states the addition of manganese to cobalt renders cobalt 
 malleable. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Arrivaiit, Alloys of Manganese with Nickel, Cobalt, and Vanadium: Proces verbaux 
 de la Societe des sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux (Memoires), 1905-1906, 
 pp. 105-114, 152-154. 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 90. 
 
 Guertler, The Magnetizability of the Alloys of the Ferro-Magnetic Metals, Zeitsehr. 
 physikal. Chemie, Vol. 65, 1908, pp. 73-83. 
 
 Cobalt and Molybdenum 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt molybdenum alloys is shown in Figure 
 ll. 8 Owing to the difficulty of obtaining homogeneous liquid melts at 1800°C, 
 alloys with more than 65 per cent, molybdenum have not been prepared. A 
 eutectic of a cobalt solid solution and the compound MoCo occurs at 1335°C, and 
 37 per cent, molybdenum. At the eutectic temperature cobalt retains 28 per cent, 
 molybdenum in solid solution. At 1488 °C, the compound MoCo (62 per cent. 
 Mo) is formed by a reaction. 
 
 Alloys containing up to 60 per cent, molybdenum are magnetic, but those 
 containing between 50 and 60 per cent, are very feebly so. 
 
 Additional Reference 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 378-379. 
 
 Cobalt-Nickel Alloys 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-nickel alloys is shown in Figure 13. 4 
 The liquidus and solidus lie practically in a straight line between the melting 
 points of the pure metals. The transformation temperatures of pure nickel and 
 cobalt occur at about 320°C, and 1159°C. respectively. 
 
 'Hiege, Alloys of Manganese with Cobalt: Zeitsehr. anorg. Chemie, Vol LXXXIII 
 1913, pp. 253-256. 
 
 2 Huntington, Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt, Jour. Soc. of Chem. Ind., Vol I 1882 
 p. 258. "' 
 
 8 Eavdt and Tamman, Molybdenum-Cobalt Alloys: Zeitsehr. anorg. Ch«mie Vol 
 LXXXIII, 1913, pp. 246-252. 
 
 4 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 81. 
 
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110 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 The hardness of the cobalt-nickel alloys remains practically constant until 
 60 per cent, cobalt is reached, when the hardness increases rapidly with increased 
 percentage of cobalt. 
 
 Certain alloys of cobalt and nickel are only slightly attacked by acids, and 
 a number of patents have been granted for acid-resistant cobalt-nickel alloys with 
 the addition of a third or fourth metal for certain other properties. 
 
 The first patent 1 was granted to Borchers for an alloy of high chemical 
 resistance, combined with good mechanical properties. It contained approximately 
 67.5 per cent, nickel, 30 chromium, and 2.5 silver. The addition of silver is 
 said to improve the mechanical properties. Later 2 copper was substituted for 
 the silver. 
 
 The next patent 3 was for an acid resistant and mechanically workable 
 nickel-cobalt-silver alloy, the proportions being 39.5 : CO : 0.5 respectively. It was 
 found later 4 that the nickel in the first patent may be replaced by an equal 
 amount of cobalt, and the silver wholly or partly by copper. Subsequently, the 
 silver and copper mentioned in the previous patent were replaced lay molybdenum. 
 
 A later patent 5 granted for chemically resistant and mechanically workable 
 alloys specified the substitution of gold, metals of the platinum group, or tungsten, 
 for the molybdenum in the first mentioned patent. 
 
 Another patent 6 was granted whereby up to 90 per cent, of the nickel in 
 the previous patents may be replaced by iron. This was followed by a patent 7 
 covering the alloys of iron, nickel, and cobalt and their alloys with one another, 
 with additions of chromium between 25 and 35 per cent, and below 5 per cent, 
 of one or more of the following metals : molybdenum, tungsten, platinum, iridium, 
 osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, tin, silver, and copper. 
 
 Cobalt=Nickel=Copper Alloys 
 
 An extensive investigation of the cobalt-nickel-copper alloys was undertaken 
 by Waehlert. 8 From the tests he concluded that the addition of cobalt to copper- 
 nickel alloys shows an improvement in the tensile strength, hardness, and working 
 properties. The ternary alloys were quite resistant to sulphuric acid (20 per 
 cent, or more) but were attacked more vigorously by nitric acid. The greatest 
 hardness of the series of alloys occurs when the cobalt and nickel are in approxi- 
 mately equal proportions. The colour of the alloys changes from copper-red to 
 white with 50 per cent, of combined cobalt and nickel. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Guertler and Tamman, Alloys of Cobalt and Nickel: Zeitsehr. anorg. Chemie Vol XLII 
 1904, pp. 353-363. 
 
 Weiss, The Magnetic Properties of the Alloys of the Ferro-Magnetic Metals, Iron-Nickel. 
 Nickel-Cobalt, Cobalt-Iron: Transactions Faraday Society, Vol. VIII, 1912, pp. 149-156. 
 
 1 German Patent, No. 255,919, June 21st, 1912, W. Borchers and R. Borchers. 
 
 2 German Patent, No. 257,380, August 20th, 1912, Gebr. Borchers. 
 
 3 German Patent, No. 256,123, June 21st, 1912, Gebr. Borchers. 
 
 4 German Patent, No. 256,361, August 20th, 1912, W. Borchers and R. Borchers. 
 "German Patent, No. 265,076 and No. 265,328, Feb. 11th, 1913, W. Borchers and 
 
 R. Borchers. 
 
 "German Patent, No. 268,516, June 12th, 1913, W. Borchers and R. Borchers. 
 
 ' British Patent, No. 18,212, August 11th, 1913, W. Borchers and R. Borchers. 
 
 8 Waehlert, Cobalt-Nickel-Copper Alloys : Osterv. Zeitsehr. Berg. u. Hiittenwesen Vol 
 LXII, 1914, pp. 341, 361, 375, and 392-406. 
 
1918 
 
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112 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 Ruer and Kaneko, The Nickel-Cobalt System: Metallurgie, Vol. IX, 1912, pp. 419-442. 
 
 The Specific Resistance and Hardness of Nickel-Cobalt Alloys: Ferrum, Vol. X, 1913, 
 pp. 257-260. 
 
 Weiss and Bloch, Magnetism of Nickel and Cobalt and the Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt: 
 Compt. Rend., Vol. CLIII, 1911, pp. 941-943. 
 
 Cobalt and Phosphorus 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-phosphorus alloys up to 20.7 per cent, 
 phosphorus, is shown in Figure 14. 1 The addition of phosphorus lowers the 
 melting point of cobalt to a eutectic point at 1022°C. and 11.5 per cent, phosphorus. 
 From the eutectic point the curve rises rapidly to a maximum at 1386 °C, the 
 melting point of the compound Co 2 P. Difficulty was experienced in preparing 
 mixtures containing higher concentrations of phosphorus. 
 
 At 920 °C. the separated crystals of Co 2 P undergo a transformation, forming 
 other crystals of similar composition. 
 
 Additional Reference 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 888-890. 
 
 Cobalt and Selenium 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-selenium alloys has not yet been 
 investigated. Partial investigations seem to indicate the formation of the com- 
 pounds CoSe and Co 3 Se 4 . 2 
 
 Cobalt and Silicon 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-silicon alloys is shown in Figure 15. 3 
 The curve shows two solid solutions, four eutectic points, and five compounds; one 
 of the compounds, mentioned again below, being formed by a reaction in the solid 
 state, and another by a reaction between separated crystals and liquid. Cobalt 
 retains 7.5 per cent, silicon in solid solution at _1204°C., while silicon retains 
 approximately 9 per cent, cobalt in solid solution at about 1250°C. 
 
 The eutectic point B lies at 1204°C. and 15 per cent, silicon. Further 
 additions of silicon cause the melting point curve to rise to C at 19.5 per cent, 
 silicon and 1327°C, corresponding to the compound Co 2 Si. With further additions 
 of silicon the melting point curve is lowered to the eutectic point D at 1249°C. 
 and 25.5 per cent, silicon. Below 1249"C. a change occurs in the eutectic, as 
 shown by the line c d e, with the formation of a new compound Co 3 Si,. Further 
 additions of silicon cause another rise in the melting point curve to E, at approxi- 
 mately 1395°C, and 32.5 per cent, silicon, corresponding to the compound CoSi. 
 A lowering of the curve occurs again with increased silicon. At F a reaction 
 occurs between the compound CoSi and liquid F to form a new compound CoSi 2 , 
 the composition of which is very near that of F. From F the curve drops to the 
 eutectic point G at 1213°C, and approximately 54 per cent, silicon. Again there 
 is a rise in the melting-point curve to H, at 1310°C. and 59 per cent, silicon, 
 
 1 Zemczuzny and Schepelew, Phosphorus Compounds of Cobalt : Zeitschr. anorg. Chemic, 
 Vol. LXIV, 1908, pp. 245-257. 
 
 2 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 951. 
 
 8 Lewkonja. Cobalt-Silicon Alloys: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, pp. 317-338. 
 Revue de Metallurgie, Vol. 8, 1909, p. 954. 
 
1918 
 
 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
 113 
 
 3paj£/JU3J 3Jf>ZDJSc/u/dJ_ 
 
114 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 corresponding to the compound CoSi 3 . The curve then falls to the eutectic J 
 at 1236°C, and 62 per cent, silicon. From J the melting-point curve rises to 
 K at 1425°C V the melting point of silicon. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Lebeau, Silicides of Cobalt: Annates de Chimie et de Physique, Paris, Vol. XXVII, Ser. 7, 
 1902, pp. 271-277. 
 
 Combinations of Silicon with Cobalt and a new Silicide of this Metal: Compt. Rend., 
 Vol. CXXXV, 1902, pp. 475-477. 
 
 Vigouroux, Action of Chloride of Silicon on Cobalt: Compt. Bend., Vol. CXLII, 1906, 
 pp. 635-637. 
 
 Beckett, F. M., Alloy containing Iron, Cobalt, and Silicon. United States Patent, No. 
 1,247,206, Nov. 20th, 1917. 
 
 Cobalt and Silver 
 
 The cobalt-silver alloys have been investigated by Petrenko, 1 who found 
 that cobalt and silver are practically insoluble in one another at temperatures 
 up to 1600°C. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Ducelliez, A Study of the Alloys of Cobalt and Silver: Bulletin Society Chimique de 
 Prance, Vol. VII, 1910, pp. 506-507. 
 
 A Study of the Alloys of Cobalt and Silver: Proces verbaux de la Soeiete des sciences 
 physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 1909-1910, pp. 46-48. 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 100. 
 
 Cobalt and Sulphur 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-sulphur alloys from to 35 per cent, 
 sulphur, is shown in Figure 16. 2 The addition of sulphur to cobalt lowers the 
 melting point from 1490°C. to the eutectic at 879°C. and 73.4 per cent, cobalt. 
 This percentage corresponds closely to that of the formula Co 3 S,, but the eutectic. 
 is not a compound. The curve rises with further additions of sulphur to 935°C. 
 and 70.7 per cent, cobalt. At this temperature the compound Co 4 S 3 forms, and 
 from 70.7 to 73.4 per cent, cobalt, a solid solution, V, of Co 4 S 3 with cobalt exists. 
 The liquidus curve rises finally to a maximum of 1130° and 68 per cent, cobalt, 
 probably approaching the compound CoS. 
 
 The formation of the compound Co 4 S 3 has not yet been finally accepted. 
 However, there is evidence of a transformation occurring in the solid solution 
 V at 830° and 790°C. 
 
 Cobalt and Thallium 
 
 The equilibrium diagram for the cobalt-thallium alloys is shown in Figure 
 17. 3 The metals are only partly soluble in one another in the liquid state. 
 Thallium dissolves 2.8 per cent, cobalt, the melting point thereby being lowered 
 
 "Petrenko, Alloys of Silver with Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, 
 Vol. LIII, 1907, pp. 212-215. 
 
 2 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, pp. 981-982. 1912. Friedrich, Diagram of Cobalt- 
 Sulphur Alloys: Metallurgie, Vol. V, 1908, pp. 212-215. 
 
 s Lewkonja, Cobalt-Thallium Alloys: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, 
 pp. 318-319. 'Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 580-582. 
 
1918 
 
 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
 115 
 
 
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 Figure IS. — Equilibrium Diagram of Cobalt-Tin Alloys. 
 
116 Bureau of Mines No. 4 
 
 6°C. Alloys with 10 per cent, cobalt show two layers. The boiling point of 
 thallium lies very near the melting point of cobalt. Transformation lines are 
 shown dotted in the diagram at 297° and 224°C. 
 
 Cobalt and Tin 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-tin alloys is shown in Figure 18. 1 
 The two metals are soluble in each other in the liquid state, but only to a small 
 extent in the solid, cobalt retaining 2 per cent, tin at 1104°C. The addition of 
 tin to cobalt lowers the melting point of cobalt from 1492° to the eutectic point 
 at 1104°C. and 35 per cent. tin. With further additions of tin, the liquidus 
 rises to a maximum at 1160°C. and 50 per cent, tin, which corresponds to the 
 compound Co 2 Sn. The curve falls with further additions of tin to 938° C, where 
 a reaction occurs between the previously separated compound Co 2 Sn and the 
 liquid, containing 85 per cent, tin, to form a new compound CoSn. At 520°C, 
 the compound CoSn undergoes a transformation to form a new crystal of similar 
 composition. At 229 °C. the eutectic of CoSn and tin occurs. Tin undergoes 
 the usual transformation at 161° and 18°C. 
 
 Ducelliez 2 asserts that the compound Co 2 Sn of Lewkonja is Co 3 Sn 2 , and 
 has supported his assertion by numerous experiments. 
 
 An investigation of the effect of additions of cobalt on the mechanical and 
 chemical properties of tin and bronze has been undertaken by Barth. 3 He 
 found that adding up to 10 per cent, of cobalt to tin produced an increase in 
 strength and an improvement in the working qualities. With 10 to 20 per cent, 
 cobalt the alloy was a little brittle, about as hard as copper, and gray in colour. 
 With 20 to 30 per cent, cobalt, the alloy had a smooth, bright, glassy fracture 
 and was very hard and brittle. With 40 to 50 per cent, cobalt the hardness and 
 brittleness increased, and the alloys broke into a number of pieces when cooling 
 in the moulds. The alloy with 40 per cent, cobalt showed a conchoidal fracture, 
 while that with 50 per cent, showed a very coarse crystalline structure. The 
 alloys with more than 60 per cent, cobalt showed a finer grained, denser structure. 
 These alloys were very hard and capable of taking a good polish. 
 
 The alloys with 20 to 50 per cent, cobalt were only slightly attacked by 
 60 per cent, nitric acid in five minutes. Molybdenum added to the 50 per cent, 
 alloys did not show any advantage in the chemical tests. 
 
 A few experiments were made by Barth to investigate the effect of cobalt 
 on the mechanical properties of bronze, but sufficient tests were not made to 
 draw any definite conclusions. 
 
 Browne 4 made a few tests to determine the effect of cobalt (0 to 0.5 per 
 cent.) on an alloy of the following composition: Cu 88, Sn 10, and Zn 2. The 
 results, while encouraging, were not conclusive. 
 
 ' Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 650-654. 
 
 2 Ducelliez, Studies of the Alloys of Cobalt and Tin : Proces verbaux de la society des 
 sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 1907, pp. 51-55, 97-105, 115-119 ; Compt. Rend. 
 Vol. CXLIV, 1907, pp. 1432-1434; Compt. Bend., Vol. 145, 1907, pp. 431, 502. A Study of 
 the Electromotive Force of Cobalt-Tin Alloys: Bulletin SociSte' Chimique de France, Vol. VTI, 
 1910, pp. 205-206. 
 
 'Barth, Alloys of Increased Chemical Resistance and Good Mechanical Properties: 
 Metallurgie, Vol. IX, 1911, pp. 261-270. 
 
 * Browne, Some Recent Applications of Metallic Cobalt: Trans. Amer. Inst, of Metals: 
 Vol. VIII, 1914, pp. 61-67. 
 
1918 
 
 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
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118 Bureau oi Mines No- 4 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Lewkonja, Cobalt- Tin Alloys: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, pp. 294-304. 
 Zemczuzny and Belynsky, Cobalt-Tin Alloys: Idem, pp. 364-370. 
 Bornemann, Cobalt and Tin: Metallurgie, Vol. VIII, 1911, pp. 291-292. 
 Kaiser, Analysis of a Tin Alloy (Sn 37, Ni 26, Bi 26, Co 11) : Idem, p. 307. 
 
 Cobalt and Tungsten 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt tungsten alloys has not yet been 
 completely investigated. However, from the various tests that have been made, 
 it appears that cobalt and tungsten form a complete series of solid solutions. 
 
 Reference 
 
 Guertler, Metallographie, Vol. I, 1912, p. 385. 
 
 Cobalt and Zinc 
 
 The equilibrium diagram of the cobalt-zinc alloys to 18 per cent, zinc is 
 shown in Figure 19. 1 The addition of a small proportion (0.5 per cent.) of 
 cobalt lowers the melting point of zinc to 414° C, 5° below the melting point. 
 Further additions cause a rise in the liquidus, but melts containing more than 
 18 per cent, zinc could not be made because of the volatilization of the zinc. The 
 curve even to 18 per cent, zinc has not been completely determined. On cooling 
 alloys between 0.5 and 18 per cent, zinc, a solid solution varying in composition 
 from 18.4 to 13.4 per cent, zinc separates. Melts with more than 12 per cent, 
 zinc showed many rounded holes due to bubbles of zinc vapour. 
 
 The 'alloys from to 18.4 per cent, cobalt were not magnetic. 
 
 Browne 2 made a few experiments with the addition of 0.5 per cent, cobalt 
 to manganese bronze and brass containing 80 per cent, copper and 20 per cent, 
 zinc. Sufficient tests were riot made to warrant any definite statement as to the 
 advantage of cobalt. 
 
 Additional References 
 
 Lewkonja, Cobalt-Zinc Alloys: Zeitschr. anorg. Chemie, Vol. LIX, 1908, pp. 319-322: 
 
 Ducelliez, Alloys of Cobalt and Zinc: Bulletin Societe Chimique de Prance, Vol. IX, 
 1911, pp. 1017-1023. 
 
 Chemical .Study of the Cobalt-Zinc Alloys : Proces verbaux de la societe des sciences 
 physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 1909-1910, pp. 102-107. 
 
 Electromotive Force of Cobalt-Zinc Alloys: Idem, 1909-1910, pp. 108-109. 
 
 Preparation and Properties of the Compound CoZn, : Idem, pp. 109-111. 
 
 Cobalt' and Zirconium 
 
 A patent 3 has been granted to H. S. Cooper covering the preparation of an 
 alloy of cobalt and nickel with zirconium. The inventor claims that nickel and 
 cobalt are hardened -by additions of zirconium, and that the alloy so obtained is 
 resistant to acids and alkalies, and possesses high electrical resistance. The melting 
 point of nickel and cobalt is lowered by additions of zirconium, but the alloys 
 cannot be forged, drawn, or rolled. 
 
 1 Guertler, Cobalt and Zinc, Metallographie : Vol. I. 1912, pp. 444, 445. 
 
 2 Browne, Some Becent Applications of Metallic Cobalt, Trans. Amer. Inst, of Metals, 
 Vol. VIII, 1914, pp. 61-67. 
 
 3 United States Patent, No. 1,221,769, April 3rd, 1917. Eng. Min. Jour., Vol. 105, 1918, 
 p. 335. 
 
1918 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 119 
 
 Ternary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
 Very little has' been done in the scientific investigation of the ternary alloys 
 of cobalt, except in a few special cases which are mentioned mostly under the 
 binary alloys. Most investigations of the ternary alloys have been done mainly 
 with the object of finding some alloy valuable industrially. Janecke 1 lias made 
 an attempt to classify the ternary' alloys of the metals, Cu, Ag, An, Cr, Mn, Fe, 
 Co, Ni, Pd, and Pt, but the classification could not be carried to a conclusion 
 because all the binary diagrams have hot been completely determined. 
 
 Eight groups are proposed by Janecke, viz., -those in which 
 
 (a) Each of the binary systems possesses complete miscibility in the solid state. 
 
 (6) One of the binaries forms a eutectic or a transition point. 
 
 (c) One of the binary systems possesses a limited miscibility in the liquid state. 
 
 (d) One of the two binary systems possesses a limited miscibility in the 
 liquid state, and the other a eutectic or transition point. 
 
 (e) Two of the binaries possess eutectic or transition points, or one a 
 eutectic and the other a transition point. 
 
 (/) Two of the binary systems possess limited miscibility in the liquid state. 
 
 (g) Of the three binary systems one possesses a limited miscibility in th? 
 liquid state, and both the others have either eutectics or a eutectic and a transition 
 point. 
 
 (h) Of the three binary systems, one possesses a eutectic and two a limited 
 miscibility in the liquid state. 
 
 Group A 
 
 The ternaries of this group may be subdivided into four groups according as 
 the system shows (1) no minimum, (2) one minimum, (3) two minima or 
 (4) three minima. The 'CoNiEe and CoEeCr systems belong to the subdivisions 
 3 and 4. respectively. The different binary systems are briefly summarized below. 
 
 Ternary CoNiFe. Ternary CoFeCr. 
 
 Co-Ni, no minimum. Co-Cr minimum (c) 1340°C. (49p.c.Co). 
 
 Co-Fe minimum (a) 2 1500°C. Co-Fe minimum (d) 1500°C. (50p.c.Co). 
 (50p.c.Co). i ; ;;i j 
 
 Ni-Fe minimum (b) 1464°C. (70p.cJ$Ti). Cr-Fe minimum (e) 1440° C. (60p.c.Fe). 
 The systems CoNiFe may be represented diagramatically as in figure 20, 
 while that of CoFeCr by figure 21. 
 
 Group B 
 
 The ternaries of this group are divided into two groups b x and b 2 ; b x in 
 which one of the binaries shows a eutectic, and b 2 where one of the binaries 
 shows a transition point. To \ belongs the system CrNiCo, and figure 22 repre- 
 sents it diagramatically. In the CrNiCo system Janecke gives a eutectic for 
 the CrNi binary system. 
 
 1 Janecke, The Ternary Alloys of the Metals, Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Mn, Fe,' Co, Ni, Pd, and 
 Pt, Metallurgie, Vol. VII, 1910, pp. 510-523. 
 
 2 The letters a, b, c, etc., refer to the points on the ternary diagrams. 
 
120 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No 4 
 
 System CrNiCo. 
 
 Cr-Ni minimum (f) 1300° C. (42p.cNi). 
 Cr-Co minimum (g) 1340°C. (49p.c.Co). 
 Ni-Co no minimum. 
 
 The system CoCuNi belongs under b 2 which is represented by figure 23. 
 
 System CoCulsri. 
 
 Co-Cu transition point (h) 1110°C. (96p.c.Cu). 
 Co-Ni no minimum. 
 Cu-M no minimum. 
 
 Fe 
 
 Fig. 25 
 Type Diagrams of some Ternary Cobalt Alloys 
 
 Group C , 
 
 No system of this group is known in which all three binary mixtures have 
 been investigated. 
 
 Group D 
 
 In Group D is given those systems in which there is in one of the binary 
 systems a miscibility gap in the solid state, and in one of the others there occurs 
 a gap in the liquid state. This group is subdivided according as to whether there 
 is a eutectic (dj or a transition point (d 2 ) in one of the binary systems. The 
 system AgCoAu belongs to ^ while CuCrCo belongs to d 2 . 
 
 System AgCoAu. 
 Ag-Co two liquids. 
 Ag-Au no minimum. 
 Co-Au eutectic 997°C. (90p.c.Au). 
 
 System CuCrCo. 
 -Cu-Cr two- liquids-. 
 Cu-Co transition point. 
 Cr-Co minimum 1340°C. (49p.c.Co). 
 
1918 
 
 Binary Alloys of Cobalt 
 
 121 
 
 Group E 
 
 G>roup E consists of those systems in which two of the binaries show a 
 miscibility gap in the solid state. There are three subdivisions of this group 
 according as there are two eutectics (ej ; two transition points (e„) ; or a 
 eutectic and a transition point (e a ). To e t belongs CoNiAu, to e 2 , CoFeCu, 
 and to e 3 , CoFeAu and AuCuCo. 
 
 System CoNiAu. 
 (figure 24). 
 Co-Ni no minimum. 
 Co-Au eutectic (j) 997°C. 
 
 (90p.c.Au). 
 Ni-Au eutectic (k) 950*0. 
 (27p.eJSTi). 
 
 System CoPeCu. 
 (figure 25). 
 
 System AuCuCo. 
 
 Co-Fe minimum (n) Au-Cu minimum 884°C. 
 
 1500°C. (50p.c.Co). 
 Co-Cu transition point 
 
 (1) 1110°C. (96p.c.Cu). 
 Fe-Cu transition point 
 
 (m) 110O°C. (97p.c.Cu). 
 
 System CoFeAu. 
 (figure 26). 
 
 Co-Fe minimum (o) 1500°C. (50p.c.Co). 
 
 Co-Au eutectic (p) 997°C. (90p.c.Au). 
 
 Fe-Au transition point (q) 1168°C. (65p.c.Au). 
 
 (20p.c.Cu). 
 Au-Co eutectic 997°C. 
 
 (90p.c.Au). 
 Cu-Co transition point 
 
 1110°C. (96p.c.Cu). 
 
 Group F 
 
 In this group two of the binary mixtures show a separation into two 
 liquids, and a transition takes place in the ternary system, so that there is not 
 only a gap in the solid state but also one in the liquid state. The mixture? 
 NiCoAg, CoFeAg, and CoCrAg belong to this group. 
 
 System MCoAg. 
 Ni-Co no minimum. 
 Ni-Ag two liquids. 
 Co-Ag two liquids. 
 
 System CoFeAg. 
 Co-Fe minimum 1500°C. 
 Co-Ag two liquids. 
 Fe-Ag two liquids. 
 
 System CoCrAg. 
 Co-Cr minimum 1320 C C. 
 Co-Ag two liquids. 
 Cr-Ag two liquids. 
 
 Group G 
 
 Of the three binary systems one possesses a limited miscibility in the liquid 
 state, and both the others have either eutectics or a eutectic and a transition 
 point. The ternary mixture of this group may be represented by AgCoCu, 
 figure 27. 
 
 System AgCoCu. 
 (figure 27). 
 
 Ag-Co two liquids. 
 
 Ag-Cu eutectic (r) 778°C. (28p.c.Cu). i 
 
 Co-Cu transition point (s) 1110°C. (96p.c.Cu). 
 9 b.m. (iii) 
 
122 Bureau of Mines Binary All oys of Cobalt No- * 
 
 Group H 
 
 The binary systems of group H are the reverse of those of 6. There is one 
 eutectic, and two form two liquid layers in the binary system. No cobalt alloys 
 are given at present under this heading. 
 
 In addition to the preceding summary by Janecke, other investigators have 
 made experiments dealing with ternary alloys of cobalt, especially as regards 
 their chemical and mechanical properties. A list of these is given below and a 
 summary of the properties of the various ternaries appears under the description 
 of the binary alloys. In order to enable ready reference to the different binaries 
 for the summary of the ternaries, the metals are arranged in the following list 
 so that by referring to the binary alloy of cobalt with the metal mentioned second, 
 a description of the ternary will be found along with the references to original 
 articles. 
 
 Cobalt-chromium-tungsten. 
 
 Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum. 
 
 Cobalt-copper-aluminium (white bronze). 
 
 Cobalt-copper-aluminium-iron (metalline) . 
 
 Cobalt-iron-carbon. See effect of cobalt on steel. 
 
 Cobalt-nickel-silver. 
 
 Cobalt-nickel-chromium and other metals. 
 
 Cobalt-nickel-copper. 
 
 Cobalt-tin-copper. 
 
 Cobalt-tin-copper. Addition of cobalt to bronze. 
 
 Cobalt-zinc-copper. Addition of cobalt to brass. 
 
 Additional References to Alloys 
 
 Ducelliez. Researches on the Alloys of Cobalt, These, Bordeaux, 1911. (Note. — A copy 
 of this paper could not be obtained in any of the largest libraries on this continent. However, 
 the writer believes most of the separate papers are mentioned under the alloys of cobalt with 
 the different metals.) 
 
 Guertler, On the magnetizability of the alloys of f erro-magnetic metals : Zeitsehr. phvsikal. 
 Chemie, Vol. 65, 1908, pp. 73-83. 
 
 Fahrenwald, Ternary Alloys of Palladium and Gold with Cobalt, Chem. Abst., Vol. eleven, 
 1917; p. 1,620. 
 
 Acknowledgments 
 
 The author wishes to express his appreciation of the assistance received 
 from Dr. William Campbell, Professor of Metallurgy, Columbia University, New 
 York, under whom this investigation was undertaken, but besides acknowledging 
 assistance in direction, the writer wishes to mention that the desire for research 
 was received first from Dr. Campbell. Very few students can work under him 
 without being impressed with his interest in investigation work, and his desire 
 for accuracy and thoroughness in dealing with a given subject. 
 
 Acknowledgment is also made to Professor S. P. Kirkpatrick, Queen's Uni- 
 versity, Kingston, Canada, for suggestions concerning the metallurgy of cobalt, 
 to T. W. Gibson, Deputy Minister of Mines for Ontario, Canada, for assistance 
 in the publication of this review, and to other members of the staff of the Ontario 
 Bureau of Mines. 
 
 End of Section I. 
 
INDEX VOL. XXVII, PART III 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Aaron, — 56, 83 
 
 Aconcagua prov., Chile 20 
 
 " Aeschel " Gl 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrences in 16, 17 
 
 Agricola's De Re Metallica 70 
 
 Alderley Edge, Cheshire 4 
 
 Allemont, Dauphine 2, 3, 11 
 
 Alloelasite. 
 
 Description, composition and occur- 
 rences 5 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 Deposits in 8 
 
 Alston, Northumberland 3 
 
 Aluminium. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 89 
 
 American Smelting and Kenning Co. . . 30 
 
 Analyses. 
 
 Chinese smalt 63 
 
 Smalt, varieties of 62 
 
 New Caledonia ores 15 
 
 Speiss, Canadian Copper Co 40 
 
 Stellite alloys 99 
 
 United States, Cobalt silver ores.... 18 
 
 Varieties of smalt 62 
 
 Andalusia, Spain 3 
 
 Andre, — 52 
 
 Anglo-French Nickel Co 15 
 
 Annaberg, Saxony. 
 
 Minerals in rock veins at 7 
 
 Kefs 2,6,24,27 
 
 Relative ages of various minerals in 
 
 veins of 7 
 
 Annabergite. 
 
 Cobalt, order of deposition 27 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Antigorite. 
 
 New Caledonia 14 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 9] 
 
 Antimonid'es. 
 
 Cobalt 26 
 
 Argentina. 
 
 Cobalt deposit in 20 
 
 Production 21 
 
 Argentite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Armstrong, — ■ 59 
 
 Arnold and Read 105 and n 
 
 Arrivant, — 108 
 
 Arsenates. 
 
 Cobalt 25 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Cobalt and binary alloys 93 
 
 Production, Cobalt mines (1904-17) . 28 
 Removal of, from cobalt-nickel ores 
 
 and solutions 34, 35 
 
 Arsenical pyrites. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Arsenides. 
 
 Cobalt 2r. 
 
 Arsenolite 26 
 
 Arsenopyrite (sulpharsenide of iron) . . 6 
 Asbolite (earthy cobalt, wad). 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Cobalt 26 
 
 Cobalt, order of deposition 27 
 
 Composition and occurrences 4 
 
 New Caledonia 14 
 
 Thuringia 8 
 
 Asturias, Spain 4 
 
 Atacama proy., Chile 20 
 
 Aureolin 85 
 
 Austria. 
 
 Cobalt ore, production and value 
 
 (1856-1901) 10 
 
 See also Germany and Austria. 
 
 Ayer, Switzerland 14 
 
 " Azure " or " King's Blue " 61, 85 
 
 Bailey, — 24 
 
 Balbach Smelting and Refining Co., 
 
 Newark, N.J 30, 40 
 
 Balmoral, South Africa 17 
 
 Barite. 
 
 Cobalt 26» 
 
 Barlow, — 22 
 
 Barth, — 116 and n 
 
 Barton and McGhie 54, 55 
 
 Bastnaes, Sweden 3 
 
 Basalt. 
 
 Bohemia 6, 7 
 
 Saxony 6, 7 
 
 Basilius Valentinus 70 
 
 Basse and Selve 53 
 
 Bastin, Edson S 27 
 
 Baumhauer 63n 
 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Cobalt ore production (1884-85) 9 
 
 Beaver mine 24 
 
 Beck, — . 
 
 Ref 17, 22, 27 and n 
 
 Becker, — 100 and n 
 
 Beeket, F. M 105, 114 
 
 Belgian Congo 1 
 
 Becquerel, — 59 
 
 Beltzer, — 48, 49, 77 and n 
 
 Bernard, — 57 
 
 Berndorfer Manufacturing Co 59 
 
 Berthelot, — 70 
 
 Berthier, — 63» 
 
 Belynsky, — 118 
 
 Bhangahr, India 17 
 
 Bieber, Hesse 3, 4, 5 
 
 Bimbowrie, South Australia 16 
 
 Binary alloys of cobalt 89-122 
 
 Cobalt and aluminium 89 
 
 table showing effect of additions of 
 cobalt to aluminium 90 
 
 Cobalt and antimony 91 
 
 Cobalt and arsenic 93 
 
 123 
 
124 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Binary alloys of cobalt — Continued. 
 
 Cobalt and bismuth 93 
 
 Cobalt and boron 95 
 
 Cobalt and cadmium 95 
 
 Cobalt and carbon 95 
 
 Cobalt and chromium 98-100 
 
 patents 99 
 
 special alloys 98-100 
 
 Cobalt and copper 102 
 
 Cobalt and gold '. 102 
 
 Cobalt and iron 104 
 
 Cobalt, effect of, on steel 105 
 
 Cobalt and lead 106 
 
 Cobalt and magnesium 106 
 
 Cobalt, effect of on steel 106 
 
 Cobalt and manganese 108 
 
 Cobalt and molybdenum 108 
 
 Cobalt nickel alloys 108 
 
 patents 110 
 
 Cobalt-nickel-copper alloys 110 
 
 Cobalt and phosphorus .....* 112 
 
 Cobalt and selenium 112 
 
 Cobalt and silicon 112 
 
 Cobalt and sulphur 114 
 
 Cobalt and thallium 114 
 
 Cobalt and tin 116 
 
 Cobalt and tungsten 118 
 
 Cobalt and zinc 118 
 
 Cobalt and zirconium 118 
 
 Ternary alloys of cobalt 119 
 
 Birmingham, Eng. 
 
 Cobalt ore shipments from Ontario to 30 
 
 Bef 47 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 93 
 
 Germany and Austria 6-8 
 
 Bismuthinite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Bismuth ochre. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Bismutosmalite. 
 
 Composition and occurrences 4 
 
 B.ielke mine, Nordmark, Sweden 2 
 
 Blackbird, Lemhi eo., Idaho. 
 
 Cobalt-nickel ore occurrences 18 
 
 Bef 3 
 
 Blake, — 104 
 
 Bloeh, — 112 
 
 Blue celeste 85 
 
 Boecker, — • 95 and n 
 
 Boleo, Lower California 20 
 
 Borchers, — 57, 104, 110 
 
 Borchers and Warlimont 45 
 
 Bornemann, — 91, 106, 118 
 
 Bornite 25 
 
 Boron. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 95 
 
 Botallack mine, near St. Just, Cornwall 2, 3 
 Bounties. 
 
 Paid under " Metal Befining Bounty 
 
 Act of Ontario " (1907) 43 
 
 Bowler, — ■ 62n 
 
 Brandt,. — 70 
 
 Breithauptite 26 
 
 Bridges, — 40w 
 
 Broken Hill mines, New South Wales . . 3 
 Browne, — ■ . . . .106, 114 and n., 118 and n. 
 
 Biicholz 56 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Buffalo mill 66 
 
 Buffalo mine 24, 66, 67 
 
 Buffalo Mines, Ltd 65 
 
 Burlet, — 59 
 
 Burrows, A. G. 
 Analysis by 18 
 
 Cadmium. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 95 
 
 Caleite. 
 
 Cobalt, deposition 27 
 
 Caldera, Chile 20 
 
 Calido, nickel-chromium alloy 100 
 
 Calorite 99, 100 
 
 Campbell, Dr. William 122 
 
 Campbell, — . 
 
 Notes by, cobalt-silver ores 27 
 
 Campbell and Deyall 42 
 
 Campbellf ord 39 
 
 Canadian Copper Co. 
 
 Operations of 40-42 
 
 Production of smelter (1906-13) ... 42 
 
 Befs 17,19,35 
 
 Treatment of ores 40, 41 
 
 Canadian gold fields 38 
 
 Canadian Northern Railway 42 
 
 Canadian Pacific Railway 22, 42 
 
 Canadian Smelting and Refining Co., 
 Ltd. 
 
 Bounties paid to 43 
 
 Operations of 42 
 
 Canton, China. 
 
 Smalt manufacture at 62 
 
 Capelle, — 56 
 
 Capelton, Que 41 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 95 
 
 Careis, — 56, 64n 
 
 Carnott, — 50 
 
 Carrollite. 
 Description, composition and occur- 
 rences 5 
 
 Casey tp 28 
 
 Ceramic industries. 
 
 Demand for high-grade cobalt oxide 
 
 in 31,85 
 
 Cerro de Cacheuta, Chile 5 
 
 Cerro de Pamantina, Argentina 20 
 
 Chalanches, Dauphine, France. 
 
 Deposits of : notes by Rickard .... 11 
 
 Chalcopyrite 25 
 
 Chanaiail, Chile 20 
 
 Chesneau, — 58 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Nickel and cobalt occurrences 20 
 
 Production (1903) 20 
 
 Quantity mined (1844-1905) 20 
 
 China. 
 
 Method of manufacturing smalt in. 62, 63 
 Chloanthite. 
 
 Alsace 8 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Styria 8 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Christofle works, St. Denis, Prance .... 33 
 
 Chromel, nickel-chromium alloy 100 
 
 Chromium. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloy 98-100 
 
1918 
 
 Index 
 
 125 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chromium cobalt alloys. 
 
 Equilibrium diagram ' 97 
 
 Churchill co., Nevada 3 
 
 Cito, — 52 and n 
 
 Clark, — 17, 51 
 
 Clevenger, — 68 
 
 Cobalt. 
 
 Chemistry of •..'... 70-83 
 
 electrolytic determination of cobalt . 
 
 and nickel Vo-83 
 
 quantitative determination of cobalt 
 
 and nickel I .... 74, 75 
 
 reactions of cobalt salts 70-74 
 
 Compounds of 70 
 
 Derivation of term 70 
 
 Effect of, on steel 105 
 
 Elements in ores 31 
 
 Uses of 84-88 
 
 Cobalt, Ontario (town). 
 
 Index map showing mining properties 
 at"' facing 28 
 
 . Refs 2, 3, 28, 42, 60, 66 
 
 Cobalt alloy steel. 
 
 United States tariff 44 
 
 Cobalt-aluminium alloys 89 
 
 Equilibrium diagram ' 90 
 
 Cobalt-antimony alloys 91 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 92 
 
 Cobalt-arsenic alloys 93 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 94 
 
 Cobalt-bismuth alloys 93 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 94 
 
 Cobalt bloom. 
 See Erythrite. 
 
 Cobalt-boron alloys 95 
 
 Cobalt blue (cobalt ultramarine, King's 
 
 blue, Thenard's blue, azure blue) . .'] 85 
 
 Cobalt bronze 85 
 
 Cobalt brown 86 
 
 Cobalt-cadmium alloys 95 
 
 Cobalt-carbon alloys 95 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 96 
 
 Cobalt Central 23 
 
 Cobalt-chromium alloys 86, 87, 98-100 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 97 
 
 Cobalt compounds. 
 
 As colouring agents 84 
 
 Brands of, with their cobalt content. 84 
 
 Cobalt-copper alloys 102 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 101 
 
 Cobalt glance. 
 See Cobaltite. 
 
 Cobalt-gold alloys . 102 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 103 
 
 Cobalt green or Rinmann's green .... 85 
 
 Cobalt-iron alloys 104 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 109 
 
 Cobaltite (Cobalt glance). 
 
 Argentina 20 
 
 Cobalt 25 
 
 Chile : 20 
 
 Description, composition and occur- 
 rences 2 
 
 Mexico 19 
 
 Symbol '. 25 
 
 Refs 12,13 
 
 Cobalt-lead alloys. 
 Equilibrium, diagram 103 
 
 Cobalt-magnesium alloys 106 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cobalt-manganese alloys 108 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 107 
 
 Cobalt metal. 
 
 Chemistry of 70 
 
 Determination of cobalt and nickel 
 
 in 80,81 
 
 Preparation of 63, 64 
 
 Price , 31 
 
 Cobalt minerals. 
 
 Africa 16,17 
 
 Argentina 20, 21 
 
 Chile 20 
 
 China 22 
 
 Composition and occurrences .... 2-6, 1-30 
 Prance, deposits of the Chalanches 11, 12 
 
 Germany and Austria 6-8 
 
 Great Britain 21 
 
 India 17 
 
 Italy 14 
 
 Mexico 19,20 
 
 New Caledonia 14-16 
 
 New South "Wales 16 
 
 Norway 12,13 
 
 Ontario 22-30 
 
 Peru 20 
 
 Russia 21 
 
 South Australia 16 
 
 Spain 21 
 
 Sweden 13, 14 
 
 - Switzerland 14 
 
 United States 17-19 
 
 World's principal deposits 1, 6-30 
 
 Cobalt-molybdenum alloys 108 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 107 
 
 Cobalt, nickel and. 
 
 Assay of ores and speiss 82 
 
 Dry assay for 82 
 
 Electrolytic determination of, in 
 
 oxidized ores 75-77 
 
 Modified method 83 
 
 Progressive metallurgy of, and 
 
 nickel t 67-69 
 
 Quantitative determination of, in 
 
 oxidized ores 74, 75 
 
 Separation of zinc from 80 
 
 Separation by nitroso-j8-naphthol. . . 79 
 Separation by potassium nitrite .... 79 
 
 Cobalt-nickel ailoys 108-110 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 109 
 
 Cobalt-nickel-copper alloys 110 
 
 Cobalt ochre. 
 
 See Erythrites. 
 Cobaltomenite. 
 
 Composition and occurrences 5 
 
 Cobalt oxide. 
 
 Classification illustrating metallurgy 
 
 cal treatment of cobalt ores 32 
 
 Decomposition of arsenical and sul- 
 phide ores. 
 
 in blast furnaces 32, 33 
 
 by wet processes :. . . 33, 34 
 
 by dry processes ,•...>.>.-::. 34 
 
 Decomposition of oxidized- ore's .by 
 
 wet and dry processes :>.... . 34 
 
 Decomposition of silicates ;;j -.•• 
 
 Demand for, in ceramic industries if. 1 31 
 
 Extraction of .••. . ;^;>iti<SS-34 
 
 Methods used or proposed to treaj.ji'. 
 cobalt ores for cobalt oxide . . : i.j^o" 36 
 
126 
 
 Bureau of Alines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cobalt oxide — Continued. 
 
 Production, United States (1869- 
 
 1917) 19 
 
 Price fluctuations 65 
 
 Ref 70 
 
 Uses of 84-86 
 
 United States. 
 
 production and importation (1869- 
 
 1917) 19 
 
 tariff 44 
 
 World's production 31 
 
 Cobalt-phosphorus alloys 112 
 
 Equilibrium diagram Ill 
 
 Cobalt pyrites. 
 See Linnasite. 
 Cobalt salts. 
 
 Eeactions in the dry way 74 
 
 Reactions of 70-74 
 
 Cobalt schlich. 
 
 Production, Skutterad mine, Norway 12 
 
 Cobalt-selenium alloys 112 
 
 Cobalt-silicon alloys 112 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 113 
 
 Cobalt-silver alloys 112 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 113 
 
 Cobalt station 22 
 
 Cobalt-sulphur alloys 114 
 
 Equilibrium diagram Ill 
 
 Cobalt ternary alloys 119-122 
 
 Cobalt-thallium alloys 114 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 117 
 
 Cobalt-tin alloys 116 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 115 
 
 Cobalt ultramarine 85 
 
 Cobalt yellow (Indian yellow, aureolin) 85 
 
 Cobalt zinc alloys 118 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 117 
 
 Cobalt-zirconium alloys 118 
 
 Coeline 85 
 
 Coeruleum 85 
 
 Cohen and Solomon 59 
 
 Cole, Arthur A. 
 
 Bef s 37m, 38a, 42 and n 
 
 Coleman, — 22 
 
 Colorado mine of Chanaicillo, Chile . . 20 
 Colours. 
 
 Different, of smalt 62 
 
 Congo. 
 
 See Belgian Congo. 
 
 Coniagas Mines 24, 65 
 
 Coniagas Reduction Co., Ltd. 
 
 Bounties paid to 43 
 
 Method of payment 38 
 
 Operations of 37 
 
 Output of smelter (1908-17) 37 
 
 Process at smelter 37 
 
 Ref s 29, 33, 36 
 
 Smelting schedule 38 
 
 Constable Process. 
 
 See Herrenschmidt and Constable 
 Processes. 
 
 Cooper, H. S 118 
 
 Copaux, — 63m, 64 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 102 
 
 Removal of, from cobalt-nickel ores 35 
 
 Copper Cliff, Ont 40 
 
 Coppet, — 53 
 
 Coquimbo prov., Chile 20 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cosala, Sinaloa, Mexico 20 
 
 Crown Reserve mine 24 
 
 Cuzeo dept., Peru 20 
 
 Daehkessan, Russia. 
 
 Cobalt ore deposit at 21 
 
 Dana, — 18 
 
 Danaite 6 
 
 Daniel mine, Schneeberg 4 
 
 Darwin and Milner 106 and n 
 
 Daschkessan, Elizabethpol, Caucasus . . 2 
 
 De Burlet 51 
 
 Deloro, Hastings eo 38 
 
 Deloro Mining and Reduction Co. . . . 29, 38 
 Deloro Smelting and Refining Co., Ltd. 
 Assays, typical of ores and mill 
 
 products 39 
 
 Bounties paid to 43 
 
 Operations of 38 
 
 Production of smelter (1908-17) ... 39 
 
 Refs 33, 36, 67, 69 
 
 Schedule of payment and charges. . 40 
 
 Treatment of ores 38, 39 
 
 Denny, J. J 64, 68, 69 
 
 De Witt, — 54 
 
 Deyell, — 42 
 
 Diabase mountain 24 
 
 Dickson, — 22 
 
 Dickson and Ratte 51 
 
 Dillenburg, Nassau 8 
 
 Dixon, — f 47 
 
 Dobsina, Hungary 2 
 
 Dolomite. 
 
 Cobalt 27 
 
 Dominion Reduction Co. 
 
 Refs 65, 66 
 
 Dominion Refineries, Ltd. 
 
 Bounties paid to 43 
 
 Driver Harris Co 100 
 
 Drummond, — • 24 
 
 DucgIIigz 
 
 Refs. .' . . 91, 93, 102, 106, 114, 116 and n 
 
 118, 122 
 Dunite. 
 
 New Caledonia 14 
 
 Dykerhoff, — 50 
 
 Dyscrasite 26 
 
 Earthy cobalt. 
 See Asbolite. 
 
 Editha Smalt Works, Silesia 46 
 
 Edwards furnaces 41 
 
 Electrolytic determination of cobalt and 
 nickel. 
 Dry assay for nickel and cobalt. . . .82, 83 
 
 In arsenical ores 77-79 
 
 In cobalt metal 80 
 
 In oxidized ores 75-77 
 
 Separation of cobalt from nickel by 
 
 nitroso-y3-naphthol 79 
 
 Separation of nickel and cobalt by 
 
 potassium nitrite 79 
 
 Separation of zinc from cobalt and 
 
 nickel ' 80 
 
 Electro-plating with cobalt. 
 Advantages claimed for cobalt plat- 
 ing 87 
 
 Composition of solutions 87 
 
1918 
 
 Index 
 
 127 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Electro-plating with cobalt — Continued. 
 Filaments for incandescent electric 
 
 lamps 88 
 
 Metals on which plated 87 
 
 References, additional 88 
 
 Elias mine, Joachimsthal, Bohemia ... 5 
 
 Elk lake, Porcupine area 26m 
 
 Emplectite 26 
 
 Erythrite (cobalt bloom, red cobalt, 
 cobalt ochre). 
 
 Chile 20 
 
 Cobalt 25 
 
 order of deposition 27 
 
 Description, composition and occur- 
 rences 3 
 
 Mexico 19 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Thuringia 8 
 
 Transvaal 16, 17 
 
 Erzgebirge 8 
 
 Esmeralda mine, Jalisco, Mexico 20 
 
 Excello, nickel-chromium alloy 100 
 
 Fahrenwald 122 
 
 Fairlie, — . 
 
 Acknowledgment 68 
 
 Falliet, — 50 
 
 "Festal metal" 99 
 
 Fichtelgebirge 8 
 
 Fink, — , 60 
 
 Finksburg, Maryland 3, 4 
 
 Fleitmann, — • 60 
 
 Floyd mine, near Sharp lake 26 
 
 Fluorite. 
 
 Cobalt 26m 
 
 Foote and Smith 58 
 
 France. 
 
 Cobalt ore deposits in 11 
 
 French method of preparing smalt. . 62 
 
 Fredericktown, Missouri 1, 3, 18 
 
 Freiberg, Saxony 2 
 
 Freivna, Atacama, Chile 20 
 
 French Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Sciences 60 
 
 Friedrich, — 93,114m 
 
 Fuller, — 104 
 
 Funk, — 80m 
 
 Galena. 
 
 Cobalt area 22 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Wright mine 22 
 
 Gamier, — 58 
 
 Gauthier, — 49, 50m 
 
 General Electric Co., Berlin 89, 99, 100 
 
 George Works, Dobschau, Hungary ... 46 
 German smalt. 
 
 Analysis of 62 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Shipments from Cobalt to 30 
 
 Germany and Austria. 
 
 Cobalt deposits of 6-11 
 
 Compared with Cobalt deposits 6 
 
 Gersdorffite. 
 
 Styria 8 
 
 Gibson, T. W 122 
 
 Giehren, in the Eiesengeberge 8 
 
 Gistain, Spain 12, 21 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gladhammer, Sweden 3, 13 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland 51 
 
 Glass. 
 
 Use of cobalt compounds for colour- 
 ing 70 
 
 Glaucodot. 
 
 Description, composition and occur- 
 rences 5 
 
 Bef 6 
 
 Godfroid, — 100 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Copper and, binary alloys 102 
 
 Gothic, Colorado 18 
 
 Gowganda 28 
 
 Goyenechea mine, Chile 20 
 
 Grand Trunk Railway 18, 42 
 
 Grant county, Oregon. 
 
 Cobalt ore, deposits of 18 
 
 analysis by Burrows 18 
 
 Gray cobalt ore. 
 
 See Smaltite. < ( , 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrences in 21 
 
 Production, cobalt and nickel (1860- 
 
 90) 21 
 
 Grosse-Bohle, — 56 
 
 Grossmann and Schueck 83 
 
 Grunwald, — 61m. 
 
 Guadalcanal, Andalusia, Spain 21 
 
 Guanacevi, Durango, Mexico ........ 20' 
 
 Guertler, — ..91m, 93m, 95, 98m, 102, 106m- 
 
 108 and n, 112 and m, 114 and m,. 
 
 118 and m, 122: 
 
 Guertler and Tamann 104, 110 1 
 
 Guesneville, — ■ 53 and n 
 
 Guillet, — 105 and m 
 
 Guillet and Godfroid 100 
 
 Guiterman, — 52 
 
 Gummite, Saxony '. 7 
 
 Gunnison county, Col. 
 
 Analysis of cobalt ore by Dana .... 18 
 Gwyer, — 89 
 
 Hadfield, — 105 and m 
 
 Hakansbo, Sweden 5 
 
 Hall, Treadwell 70m 
 
 Hamberg mine, Westphalia 2 
 
 Hamilton, — 64 
 
 Handy and Harman 38 
 
 Hanes, — 57 
 
 Harzburgite 14 
 
 Hauer, — • 56 
 
 Haynes, — 99 and m, 100 
 
 Heard, — 60 
 
 Hedvall, — 84»i 
 
 Helme, — 64 
 
 Herrenschmidt and Capelle 56 
 
 Herrenschmidt and Constable pro- 
 cesses 44-48 
 
 Herrenschmidt process 56 
 
 Bef 36 
 
 Hermkotadt, — 54 and m 
 
 Heterogenite (Heubachite, Winklerite) 5 
 Heubachite. 
 
 See Heterogenite. 
 
 Hibbard, — 100, 106 
 
 Hiege, — • 108 and m 
 
 High Falls 42 
 
 Hirtz, — 63m 
 
128 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hoefl'ner, — 57 
 
 Honda and Takagi 105 
 
 Hoskins Electric Co 99, 100 
 
 Hoslrins Manufacturing Co 100 
 
 Huasco, Chile 2, 5, 20 
 
 Hudson Bay mine 24 
 
 Huntington, — 108 and n 
 
 Hybinette, — ■ 55 
 
 Hydvo-Electric Power Commission of 
 
 Ontario 39 
 
 Import duty. 
 
 Co.balt ore, United States 44 
 
 India. 
 
 ; Cobalt ore occurrences in 17 
 
 Indian yellow 85 
 
 International Molybdenum Co 43 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Removal of, from cobalt-nickel ores. 35 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 104 
 
 Isabella works, Silesia 33 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Cobalt ore deposits 14 
 
 Iturbide, Chihuahua, Mexico 20 
 
 Jaipurite. 
 
 Composition 5 
 
 Jalisco, Mexico 20 
 
 Janecke 119 and n, 122 
 
 Jassoneix, — 95 
 
 Joachimsthal, Bohemia. 
 
 Minerals in rock veins at 
 
 '' Notes by Phillips S 
 
 Notes by Von Cotta 7 
 
 Refs 2,24,26 
 
 Johnson, — 57 
 
 Johnstone, — 59 
 
 Jones, — G8 
 
 Josephine mine, California 3 
 
 Juzet, Haute-Garonne 12 
 
 Kaiser. — 91, 102, US 
 
 Kakunsbo, Sweden 2 
 
 Kalmus, — . 
 
 Befs 63m, 64m, 70m, Sin, 104 
 
 Kalmus and Blake 104 
 
 Kaltenberg, Switzerland 14 
 
 Kaneko, — 104, 112 
 
 Keewatin formation. 
 
 Cobalt 26 
 
 Keilig, — 95 and n 
 
 Kelsey mine, Cal 3 
 
 Khetri mines, India 2, 17 
 
 Killarnoy, Ireland 3 
 
 King Edward mine 24 
 
 King's blue So 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Prof. S. P., Queen's Uni- 
 versity, Kingston. 
 
 Acknowledgments 68, 69, 122 
 
 MeCharles, medal awarded to 69 
 
 Befs 39,64 
 
 Kleinschmidt, — ; 64 
 
 Klesper, — 104 
 
 Knight, — . 
 
 Notes bv, cobalt-silver ores 27 
 
 Befs. / 22,27 
 
 Knitbel, — 80» 
 
 " Kobold " 60 
 
 Kohlenbach mine, Siegen dist., Prussia 5 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ko mine, Nordmark, Sweden 2 
 
 Kongsberg. 
 
 Cobalt deposits of 12 
 
 Konstantinow, — 102 
 
 Kowalki 87 
 
 Kraut, Gmelin 70» 
 
 Kripp, — • : 56 
 
 Kruis river 17 
 
 Krupp, — 59 
 
 Kupf erschief er, Thuringia 8 
 
 Kurnakow and Podkapajew 91 
 
 Lake Timiskaming 22 
 
 Lam-o-li-shek (i.e., " stone for blue 
 
 glass") 62 
 
 Lamprophyre dikes, Saxony 7 
 
 Lance, — • 57 
 
 Langguth, — 50 
 
 Langmuir tp., Porcupine area 26 
 
 Lantsberry, — • 106 
 
 La Eose property, Cobalt lake 24 
 
 Larson and Helme 64 
 
 Langier, — 53 and n 
 
 Lawson property, Kerr lake 24 
 
 Lawson tp., Gowganda silver area . . . 26»i 
 Lead. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 106 
 
 Lebeau, — 114 
 
 Leogang, Salzburg 5 
 
 Leonard tp., Gowganda silver area ... 26 
 
 Le Boy, — 59 
 
 Levat, — 60 
 
 Lewkonja, — . 
 
 Befs. ... 91, 93, 95 and *, 98ra, 106, 112ra, 
 114to, 116, 118 
 
 Liebeg, — 54 and n 
 
 Linnaeite (Siegenite, cobalt pyrites). 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Description, composition and occur- 
 rences 2 
 
 Lollingite, Styria 8 
 
 Longford quarry 43 
 
 Los Angeles Co„ California 18 
 
 Loujet, — '. 54 and n, 55™ 
 
 Lovelock mine, Nevada 3 
 
 Lovelock's station, Nevada 3 
 
 Lundborg, — ■ 46 
 
 McCay, — 64 
 
 MeCharles medal, Toronto University.. 69 
 
 McGhie, — 17, 55 
 
 McKenna, — ■ 54 
 
 McKinley-Darragh, Cobalt lake 24 
 
 McKinley-Darragh, Savage mines 65 
 
 Madison co., Missouri 3 
 
 Magnesium. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 106 
 
 Maletra Co., Eouen, France 45 
 
 Manganese. 
 
 Removal of, from cobalt-nickel ores. . 35 
 
 Manganese-cobalt alloys 108 
 
 Equilibrium diagram 107 
 
 Marines, — 58 
 
 Map. 
 
 Showing mining properties at Cobalt. 
 
 facing 28 
 
 Marcasite, Saxony 7 
 
 Marion, Kentucky 18 
 
1918 
 
 Index 
 
 129 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Marmora station, C.N.B 38,40 
 
 Marsh, Albert L 99 
 
 Marsh patent 100 
 
 Martin, — 59, 63m 
 
 Mathews, — 104 
 
 Matildite, symbol 26 
 
 Matte. 
 
 Definition of term 32m 
 
 Mazarine blue 85 
 
 Megraw, — 64 
 
 Melvor, T 77 
 
 Mellor, — . 
 
 Kefs 17, 85, 88m 
 
 Metallurgy of cobalt 31-69 
 
 Changes in 31 
 
 Development of the metallurgy of the 
 
 Ontario silyer-cobalt ores 64-69 
 
 Extractor of cobalt oxides 32-34 
 
 Methods used or proposed to treat 
 cobalt ores for cobalt oxides — 
 
 Canadian companies 36-44 
 
 Herrenschmidt' and Constable 
 
 process 44 
 
 miscellaneous processes summar- 
 ized 55-60 
 
 other proposed processes 48-55 
 
 Percentage composition of some typi- 
 cal smalts 62 
 
 Production of smalt 60-62 
 
 .. Removal of arsenic from cobalt-nickel 
 
 ores and solutions 34, 35 
 
 Removal of copper 35 
 
 Removal of iron 35 
 
 Removal of manganese 35 
 
 Separation of cobalt from nickel . . 35, 36 
 
 ' Treatment of ores 32 
 
 Metal Refining Bounty Act of Ontario 
 (1907). 
 
 Bounties paid under 43 
 
 Provisions of 43 
 
 Metals Chemical, Ltd. 
 
 Bounties paid to" 43 
 
 Plant and production 43 
 
 Metals Extraction Corporation 57 
 
 Meteorites 6 
 
 Metzl, — 83 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrences in 19, 20 
 
 Michigan 37 
 
 Mickle, — ' 10, 84 
 
 Microgranite dikes, Saxony 7 
 
 Middleburg dist., Transvaal. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrence 16 
 
 Midland, Ont 43 
 
 Miller, W. G. 
 
 Notes by, on origin of ores at Cobalt 25 
 
 Notes on ores of Cobalt 24 
 
 Ref '....23m 
 
 Millerite. 
 
 Bohemia '6 
 
 Cobalt 25 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Miller-Lake O'Brien, Gowganda . .' 24 
 
 Milner, — 106 and n 
 
 Mina Blanca de San Juan, Chile 20 
 
 Mindeloff, — 59 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mine La Motte Company. 
 
 Cobalt oxide, production (1903) ... 18 
 
 Ref s 3, 4 
 
 Mineral Hill copper mines, Maryland. . 3 
 
 Minillas, Cambillos Brutere, Chile .... 20 
 
 Mining Corporation 24 
 
 Mirador mine, Jalisco, Mexico 20 
 
 Missouri Cobalt Company. 
 
 Refs ." 1, IS, 33 
 
 Modum, Norway. 
 
 Cobalt works 'at (1896) 13 
 
 Ref 3 
 
 Moffat, — 68 
 
 Moissan, — 64m, 95 
 
 Molybdenum cobalt alloys 108 
 
 Mond, Hirtz and Copaux 63m 
 
 Mond Nickel Co 63m 
 
 Monozasta station, Chile 21 
 
 Mourlot, — 58 
 
 Miiller, — • 63m 
 
 Miisen, Prussia 3 
 
 National Mines (King Edward) 65 
 
 Native bismuth, Saxony 7 
 
 Natusch or Schoneis process 50 
 
 Navarro, — • '. 20 
 
 Neil], — 56 
 
 Nerchinsk, Siberia 4 
 
 New blue 85 
 
 New Caledonia. 
 
 Cobalt content of ores from 15 
 
 Cobalt deposits of 14 
 
 Effect of Ontario's competition on . . 14 
 
 Reports of Cobalt ore (1893-1914) . . 16 
 
 Refs 1, 4 
 
 Rock formation 14 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 Cobalt ore production 16 
 
 Niagara Falls 37 
 
 Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto ry. 37 
 Niccolite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Cobalt, deposition 27 
 
 Styria 8 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Niehrome, nickel-chromium alloy 100 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 Germany and Austria 6-8 
 
 Production (total) Cobalt mines 
 
 (1904-17) 28 
 
 Progress in metallurgy of cobalt 
 
 and 67-69 
 
 Separation of cobalt from 35, 36 
 
 Nickel and cobalt. 
 
 See also Cobalt and nickel 75 
 
 Nickel pyrites. 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Nipissing mine 23,24,65,66,67 
 
 Nipissing Mining Co 30, 67 
 
 Nitroso- /J-naphthol. 
 
 Separation of cobalt from nickel by 79 
 
 North American Lead Co 18, 33 
 
 North Bay, Ont 43 
 
 Northern Customs Concentrators .... 65 
 Norway. 
 
 Cobalt deposits of 12 
 
 Cobalt ore production and value 
 
 (1866-1900) 13 
 
130 
 
 Bureau of Alines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Norwegian smalt. 
 
 Analysis of 62 
 
 Nova Scotia mine 23, 66 
 
 Nuremberg. 
 
 Cobalt first used in Europe to colour 
 glass at 60 
 
 O'Brien, M. J 38 and n 
 
 O'Brien mines 24, 67 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Age relations of rocks of Cobalt and 
 
 adjacent areas 23 
 
 Character and origin of cobalt veins 23 
 
 Method of payment for ores 29 
 
 Notes by Miller on origin of the ores 24 
 Order of deposition of minerals . . . 26-28 
 
 Ores and minerals 25, 26 
 
 Production (total) of Cobalt mines 
 
 (1904-17) 28 
 
 References, additional 30 
 
 Silver-cobalt ores. 
 
 classification 65 
 
 concentration methods 65 
 
 development of metallurgy of . . . 64-69 
 effect on market of discoveries . . 64, 65 
 
 importance of deposits 64 
 
 ore dressing, flotation methods. .65, 66 
 progress in metallurgy of cobalt 
 
 and nickel 67-69 
 
 progress in metallurgy of silver . .66, 67 
 
 progress in ore-dressing 65 
 
 Silver production, Cobalt mines 
 
 (1904-17) 29 
 
 Situation and discovery of ore bodies 22 
 Value of annual production of cobalt 64 
 
 Where ores are refined 30 
 
 Orillia, Ont 42,43 
 
 Orawitza, Hungary 5 
 
 Ouvrard, — . 
 
 Quoted on price of ores from New 
 
 Caledonia and Chile 15 
 
 Sefs 49m, 50m, 51w, 52m, 53m 
 
 Palmer and Bastin 27 
 
 Palmer, Chase 27 
 
 Papenburg, — 58 
 
 Parkinson, — 106 
 
 Patapseo mine, Maryland 5 
 
 Patera, — 54 and m 
 
 Pateraite. 
 
 Composition and'»oceurrences 5 
 
 Pederson, — 57 
 
 Peek, — 68 
 
 Pelatan, — ■ 56 
 
 Peligot, — 63m 
 
 Peltery, — 89 
 
 Penn-Canadian mine 24 
 
 Pennsylvania Smelting Co., Carnegie, 
 
 Pa 30 
 
 Peridotite. 
 
 New Caledonia 14 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Nickel and copper occurrences in . . . 20 
 
 Peterson lake, Cobalt 23 
 
 Petrenko, — 114 and m 
 
 Phillips, — . 
 
 Notes on cobalt deposits of Norway. 12 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Phillips — Continued. 
 Notes on ore deposits of the 
 
 Erzgebirge 8 
 
 Eefs 47, 51, 55m 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 112 
 
 Piedmont, Italy. 
 
 Cobalt ore deposits 14 
 
 Bef , 3 
 
 Pihuamo, Mexico. 
 
 Cobalt mineral occurrences in 19,20 
 
 Pitchblende. 
 
 Saxony 213 
 
 Placet's patent 100 
 
 Platten, Bohemia 3 
 
 Podkapajew, — 91 
 
 Polybasite. 
 
 Bohemia '. 6 
 
 Symbol 26 
 
 Port Colborne, Ont 37 
 
 Portevin, — 91 
 
 Port Maequarie, New South Wales. 
 
 Cobalt ore production 16 
 
 Potassium nitrite. 
 
 Separation of cobalt and nickel by . . 79 
 
 Powell, — 83 
 
 Power costs 43 
 
 Powers, F. Danvers 30 
 
 Precourt and Falliet 50 
 
 Prices. 
 
 Cobalt ore, New Caledonia 15 
 
 Cobalt ores, Ontario and percentages 29, 30 
 
 Cobalt oxide 31 
 
 Metallic cobalt 31 
 
 Production. 
 
 Argentina 21 
 
 Austria (1856-1901) 10 
 
 Bavaria (1884-85) 9 
 
 Chile 20 
 
 Cobalt oxide, United States (1869- 
 
 1917) 19 
 
 Great Britain (1860-90) 21 
 
 New Caledonia (1893-1914) 16 
 
 New South Wales , . 16 
 
 Norway (1866-1898) 13 
 
 Ontario, total (1904-17) 28 
 
 Ontario, silver (1904-17) 29 
 
 Prussia, Cobalt ores (1852-1906) ... 9 
 
 Saxony (1878-1901, 1904) 10 
 
 Schladming, Styria (1887-80) 9 
 
 Schneeberg mines (1881) 9 
 
 Skutturud mine, Norway (1879) ... 12 
 South Africa (1890, 1895, 1913) ..16,17 
 
 Spain, Cobalt ores (1871-98) 21 
 
 Sweden (1870-93) 13,14 
 
 United States 17, 18 
 
 Proustite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Saxony , 7 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Prussia. 
 Production and value of cobalt ores 
 
 (1852-1906) , 9 
 
 Pyrargyrite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Symbol 26 
 
 Pyrrhotite (sulphide of iron) 6 
 
1918 
 
 Index 
 
 131 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Quantitative determination of cobalt and 
 
 nickel 74, 75 
 
 Quartzburg dist., Nevada 
 
 Quartz-porphyry. 
 
 Bohemia 57 
 
 Querbach, Silesia 2, 8 
 
 Bajputana 17 
 
 Rammelsberg 91 
 
 Bappold mine, Schneeberg 4 
 
 Eatte, — SI 
 
 Eaydt and Tamann 108w 
 
 Bead, — 105 and n 
 
 Eeadman, — 49 
 
 Red cobalt. 
 
 See Erythrite. 
 
 Beid, - 64,68 
 
 Eemingtonite. 
 
 Composition and occurrences 4 
 
 Bhead and Sexton 80m 
 
 Bicher, — 55 
 
 Bickard, T. A. 
 
 Notes on deposits of the Chalanches, 
 
 France 11 
 
 Bidderhyttan, Sweden 2 
 
 Eiechelsdorf , Hesse 3, 4 
 
 Bigg, W. L 77 
 
 Ehrmann's green. 
 
 See Cobalt green 85 
 
 Bosa Amelia mine, Chile. 
 
 Production 20 
 
 Bosalite. 
 
 Composition and occurrences 4 
 
 Eose, — 63m 
 
 Eosenhain, — 102 
 
 Bose's method 76 
 
 Euer and Kaneko 104, 112 
 
 Euer and Klesper 104 
 
 Buff and Keilig 95 and m 
 
 Eussia. 
 
 Cobalt ore deposit in 21 
 
 Saalfield, Thuringia 3, 4 
 
 Sack, — 54 and m 
 
 Safflorite. 
 
 ' Description and occurrences 4 
 
 Sahmen, — 102m 
 
 St. Benoit, near Liege 46 
 
 St. Catharines, Ont 37 
 
 St. Francois co., Missouri 3 
 
 Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, Alsace 8 
 
 Saint-Marnet 12 
 
 San Juan Mines, Chile. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrences 20 
 
 Savelsburg and Papenburg 58 
 
 Saxony. 
 Cobalt bismuth and nickel ore pro- 
 duction (1878-1901) 10 
 
 Method of preparing smalt in 60-62 
 
 Production (1878-1901) 10 
 
 Schapbach, Baden 4 
 
 Schepelen, — 112m 
 
 Schladming, Styria. 
 
 Cobalt and nickel deposits 8 
 
 Production (1887-80) 9 
 
 Befs 2, 46 
 
 Schlesinger, — ■ 105 and n 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sehlieh. 
 
 Definition of term 12m 
 
 Befs 60 
 
 Schmeister, — 89 and m. 
 
 Schmidt, — . 
 
 Notes by, on ores of Schladming, 
 
 Styria 8 
 
 Schnabel, — . 
 
 Befs 46m, 47, 53m, 55m 
 
 Schneeberg district, Saxony 10- 
 
 Schneeberg mines, Saxony. 
 
 Production (1881) 9 
 
 Befs 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 33 
 
 Schneider, — 63m 
 
 Schoeller and Powell 83 
 
 Schoneis process ; . . . . 50- 
 
 School of Mining, Kingston 87 
 
 Schreiber, — 57 
 
 Schueck, — 85 
 
 Schweina, near Liebenstein 8 
 
 Scopello works, Piedmont, Italy 33, 46 
 
 Sekukuneland, Ehodesia 17 
 
 Selukiva, Rhodesia 17 
 
 Selenium. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 112" 
 
 Selve and Lotter 59 
 
 Sesia works, Oberschlema, Saxony .... 46 
 
 Sexton, — 80»fc 
 
 Siderite. 
 
 Germany 8- 
 
 Saxony T 
 
 Siegen district, Prussia 2, 3, 8- 
 
 Siegenite. 
 See Linnseite. 
 
 Siemens, — 63re 
 
 Sikkim 17 
 
 Silicon. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 112-114 
 
 Silver. 
 Canada. 
 
 production (1903, 1913) 64 
 
 Cobalt, deposition 27 
 
 origin 2T 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 114 
 
 Content Cobalt mines (1917) 30 
 
 Germany and Austria 6-8- 
 
 Production Cobalt mines (1904-17) 28,29 
 Ontario, progress in metallurgy of 66, 67 
 
 Ontario, shipments (1904-17) 29 
 
 Ontario, " Wet Desulphurising Pro- 
 cess " 67' 
 
 Silver Bluff, South Carolina 
 
 Silver Cliff 24 
 
 Skutterud mine, Norway. 
 
 Production (1879) 12- 
 
 Kef 2, 4 
 
 Smalt. 
 
 Analysis of French 62' 
 
 Chinese method of manufacture .... 62, 63 
 
 Composition and preparation 6Q 
 
 Definition of term 32m- 
 
 Different colours of 62 
 
 Early refineries 84 
 
 French method of 62 
 
 List of different brands of 61, 62 
 
 Percentage composition of some 
 
 typical 62' 
 
 Ref 85. 
 
132 
 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 No. 4 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Smaltite (gray cobalt ore). 
 
 Alsace 8 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Cobalt 25 
 
 order of deposition 27 
 
 Composition and occurrences 2 
 
 Haute-Garonne, France 12 
 
 Mexico ■ 19 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 South Australia 16 
 
 Styria 8 
 
 Symbol 25 
 
 Thuringia 8 
 
 Transvaal 16, 17 
 
 United States 18 
 
 Snarum, Norway 12 
 
 Snyder sampler 40 
 
 Solomon, — 59 
 
 South Australia. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrences in 16 
 
 South Lorrain, Casey tp 28 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrences in 21 
 
 Production (1871-1898) 21 
 
 Speiss. 
 
 Definition of term 11m, 32m 
 
 Treatment, Canadian Copper Co. ... 41 
 Sphseroeobaltite. 
 Description, composition and occur- 
 rences 4 
 
 Sphalerite 25 
 
 Springfield mine, Maryland 5 
 
 Stahl, — 49 
 
 Standard Consolidated Mines Co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Analysis of ore 18 
 
 Standard Smelting and Refining Co., 
 Ltd. 
 
 Absorption of 43 
 
 Bounties paid to 43 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Effect of cobalt on 108 
 
 '' Stellite " 86, 87, 98-100 
 
 Stellite alloys. 
 
 Analyses 99 
 
 Stephanite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Sternbergite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 " Streublau " '. j 61 
 
 Stromeyer, — 53 and n, 55m 
 
 Sulphantimonites. 
 
 Cobalt 26 
 
 Sulpharsenides. 
 
 Cobalt 25 
 
 Sulphides. 
 
 Cobalt 25 
 
 Sulphobismuthites. 
 
 Cobalt 26 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 114 
 
 Swansea, Wales 18 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Cobalt ore production (1870-93) ... 13 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Cobalt and nickel ore occurrences in. 14 
 
 PAGE 
 Sychnodymite. 
 
 Composition and occurrences 5 
 
 Sympathetic inks 86 
 
 Tajon del Yeso, Chile 20 
 
 Takagi 105 
 
 Talc. 
 
 New Caledonia 14 
 
 Tamann, — 104, 108m, 110 ' 
 
 Tambillos, Chile 2, 20 
 
 Tenasserim 17 
 
 Ternary cobalt alloys 119-122 
 
 Type diagrams 120 
 
 Tetrahedrite. 
 
 Bohemia 6 
 
 Saxony 7 
 
 Symbol 26 
 
 Thallium. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 114 
 
 Thenard's blue 85 
 
 Thorold, Ont 37 
 
 Thuringia 8 
 
 Tilloch, — 55 W , 56m 
 
 Timiskaming and Northern Ontario ry. 22 
 
 Timiskaming mine 23, 24, 26 
 
 Timiskaming-Beaver mine 23 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 116 
 
 Tophet, nickel-chromium alloy 100 
 
 Transvaal. 
 
 Cobalt ore occurrence in 16 
 
 References iq 17 
 
 Transvaalite. 
 
 Composition and occurrences 6 
 
 Tres Puntas, Chile 2, 5 
 
 Trethewey mine 24 
 
 Tsehugaeff, L 78 
 
 Tunaberg, Sweden. 
 
 Cobalt ore deposits . . 13 
 
 Refs 2 4. 
 
 Tungsten. 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 118 
 
 Union Miniere du Haut Katanga, Bel- 
 gian Congo 17 
 
 United States. 
 
 Cobalt deposits of 17-19 
 
 Cobalt oxide production and imports 
 
 (1869-1917) 19 
 
 Importations of ores from Cobalt . . 30 
 
 Production u jg 
 
 Refining plants in '30 
 
 Tariff on Cobalt products .......... 44 
 
 United States Metals Refining Co.', 
 
 Chrome, N.J ' 30 
 
 Uraninite or pitchblende. 
 
 Bohemia g o 
 
 Saxony ' ' * 
 
 Uranium. 
 
 Germany and Austria 6-8 
 
 Uranoehalcite. 
 Saxony -, 
 
 Oranochre. 
 Saxony ~ 
 
 Val d'Annivier, Valais 2 
 
 Valais, Switzerland \ 14 
 
 Valla Hermoso, Argentina. 
 
 Cobalt deposit at 20 
 
1918 
 
 Index 
 
 133 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Vena, Sweden 2, 13 
 
 Verloop. 
 
 Notes on ores of Sehladming, Styria 8 
 
 Veta Blanca, Chile 2 
 
 Vigouroux, — 114 
 
 Vivian, — 56 
 
 Vogt, — 22 
 
 Von Cotta, — . 
 
 Quoted on rocks of Joachimsthal dis- 
 trict 7 
 
 Vortmann, — 52 
 
 Waehlert 102, 110 and n 
 
 Wacke.- 
 
 Definition of term 7n 
 
 Wackenbroder 55m 
 
 "Wad. 
 
 See Asbolite. 
 
 Wagner, — 49ra, 56m, 63% 
 
 Wahl, — 102n 
 
 "Walker, — 83 
 
 Warlimont, — 45 
 
 Warren process 50 
 
 Weiss, — 104, 110 
 
 Weiss and Bloch 112 
 
 Welland Canal 37 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Co 38 
 
 Westerwald dist., Germany 4 
 
 Wettlauf er mine, South Lorrain 24 
 
 " Wet Desulphurising process " 67 
 
 Wheat Sparron, Cornwall 2 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Wiggin and Co., H., Birmingham, Eng. 30 
 
 Wiggin and Johnstone 59 
 
 Wilson, M. E 30 
 
 Willyamite. 
 
 Composition and occurrences 3 
 
 Winkler, — 60, 64 
 
 Winklerite. 
 
 See Heterogenite. 
 
 Wittichen, Baden 4, 7, 8 
 
 Wittstein, — Son 
 
 Wohler, — ■ 54 and n 
 
 Wolf ach, Black Forest 8 
 
 Wolff, — 63m 
 
 Wright, — 56 
 
 Wright mine 22 
 
 Yensen, — 104 
 
 Zaffer. 
 
 Definition of term 19 
 
 Bef 60 
 
 Zechstein, Thuringia 8 
 
 Zemcyuzny and Belynsky 118 
 
 Zemozuzny and Schepelew 112?i 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloy 118 
 
 Separation of, from cobalt and nickel 80 
 Zirconium. 
 
 Cobalt and, binary alloys 118 
 
 Zschorlau, Saxony 4 
 
V