T7^ A/ / 1% , .. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Joseph Whitmore Barry dramatic library THE GIFT OF-- *• ■ TWO FRIENDS OF Cornell University 1934 DATE DUE ^f^ir mn^ A Cornell University 9 Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924064950714 BOIIN'S STAND ARB LIBRARY. THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. GEORGE BELL & SONS LONDON : YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN NEW YORK : 66, FIFTH AVENUE, AND BOMBAY- S3, ESPLANADE ROAD CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL & CO. THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY BY ROBERT BURTON EDITED BY THE REV. A. R. SHILLETO, M.A. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY A. H. BULLEN VOL. II LONDON GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1896 CORN I 1 (4kary /\(^f/&f1 CHISWICK PRESS : — CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. ' . 1 3 11 Si y V T I '<', H H V I M (J THE SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION. fSect. I. General to all, which contains Cure of me- lancholy is /^Unlawful means for- bidden, Lawful means ^ which are (Mem. 1. From the Devil, Magicians, Witches, &c., by charms, spells, incantations, images, &c. Quest. I. Whether they can cure this, or other such like diseases? Quest. 2. Whether, if they can so cure, it be lawful to seek to them for help ? 2. Immediately from God, a Jove principium^ by prayer, &c. 3. Quest. \. Whether Saints and their Reliques can help this infirmity? Quest. 2. Whether that be lawful in this case to sue to them for aid ? fSubseci. or I. Physician^ in whom is required science, confidence, honesty, &c. 4. Medi- 2. Patient, in whom is required obedi- ately by I ence, constancy, willingness, patience, Nature, j confidence, bounty, &c., not to prac- which con- tise on himself, cerns and 3. Physick, /'Disetetical T works by which con- ■( Pharmaceutical y Vsists of [.Chirurgical IT ^■Particular to the three distinct species as Jl nj; 'Such meats as are easy of digestion, well-dressed, hot, sod, &c., young, moist, of good nourishment, &c. Bread of pure wheat, well-baked. Water clear from the fountain. Wine and drink not too strong, &c. ( Mountain birds, partridge, pheasant, < quails, &c. I Hen, capon, mutton, veal, kid, rabbit, &c. /r ■ ■ /'Matter and qua- lity. I. Hubs. 'Diet rec- tified. I. Menib. T Sect. 2. Diaetetical, which con- sists in re- forming those SIX non-natural things, as in Flesh Fish Herbs /That live in gravelly waters, as pike, 1 perch, trout, sea-fish, solid, white, &c. /Borage, bugloss, balm, succory, endive, Quan- ^tity. 1 violets, in broth, not raw, &c. /"Raisins of the sun, apples corrected for ^Fruits \ wind, oranges, &c. parsnips, potatoes, L &c. At seasonable and usual times of repast, in good order, not before the first be concocted, sparing, not overmuch of one dish. 2. Rectification of Retention and Evacuation, as costiveness, Venery, bleeding at nose, months stopped, baths, &c. 3. Air recti- /"Naturally in the choice and site of our country, dwelling-place, fied, with a J to be hot and moist, light, wholesome, pleasant, &c. digression of | Artificially, by often change of air, avoiding winds, fogs, tern- the air. \ pests, opening windows, perfumes, &c. ) Of body and mind, but moderate, as hawking, hunting, riding, shooting, bowling, fishing, fowling, walking in fair fields, galleries, tennis, bar. Of mind, as chess, cards, tables, &c., to see plays, masques, &c.> serious studies, business, all honest recreations. 5. Rectification of waking and terrible dreams, &c. .6. Rectifications of passions and perturbations of the mind. II. ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. Memh. 6. Passions and pertur- ■ bations of the mind rec- tified. (Subsect. , e- 3 o fjP J I. By using all good means of help, confessing to a fnend, &C ' J;5°°^,, i Avoiding all occasions of his infirmity, nimseit |^ j^^^ giving way to passions, but resistmg to his utmost. /2. By fair and foul means, counsel, comfort, good persuasion, witty devices, fictions, and, if it be possible, to satisfy his mind. 3. Musick of all sorts aptly applied. 4. Mirth, and merry company. (Memb. 1. General discontents and grievances satisfied. 2. Particular discontents, as deformity of body, sick- from his ^ , ness, baseness of birth, &c. Vriends. •{ 4 ^n^^'r^ia- 3- Poverty and want, such calamities and adver- sities. 4. Against servitude, loss of liberty, imprisonment, banishment, &c. 5. Against vain fears, sorrows for death of friends, or otherwise. 6. Against en\'y, livor, hatred, malice, emulation, ambition, and self-love, &c. 7. Against repulses, abuses, injuries, contempts, dis- graces, contumelies, slanders, and scoffs, &c. 8. Against all othergrievous and ordinary symptoms of this disease of melancholy. Sect. 3. A consola- tory digres- sion^ con- taining re- ■ medies to all discontents and passions of the mind. (O Sect. 4. Pharmaceu- Jcs, or Phy- sick which cureth with medicines, with a di- gression of this kind of Physick, is either Metnb. i. Szibsect. I. ''Simi)les altering melan- choly, with a digres- sion of exotick simples. 2. Subs. Com- pounds altering melan- choly, with a digres- sion of com- pounds. V.I. Subs. Herbs. 3. Subs. ""To the heart ; borage, bugloss, scorzonera, &c. To the head ; balm, hops, nenuphar, &c. Liver ; eupatory, artemisia, &c. Stomack ; wormwood, centaury, penny-royaL Spleen ; ceterach, ash, tamarisk. To purify the blood ; endive, succory, &c. .Against wind ; origan, fennel, aniseed, &c. 4. Precious stones, as smaragdes, chelidonies, &c. Mine- rals, as gold, &c. r Wines ; as of hellebore, bugloss, tama- ^Fluid -! ^'■'^^' ^^' I Syrups of borage, bugloss, hops, epi- \. thyme, endive, succory, &c. or rConservesof violets, maidenhair, borage, con- J bugloss, roses, &c. ^sisting. j Confections ; Treacle, Mithridate, ^. Eclegms or Linctures. /"Diambra, dianthos. or I Diamargaritum calidum. 'hot -l Diamoschum dulce. I Electuarium de gemmis. \.Laetificans Galeni ei Rhasis. solid, as those aroma- tical confec- ^tions. Out- wardly used, as V Purging g ^Particular to the three distinct Species, as Jl nj!, r Diamargaritum frigidum. cold-l ^[^■''"^odon Abbatis. j Diacorolli, diacodium, with their 1^ tables. ^Condites of all sorts, &c. /'Oils of Camomile, Violets, Roses, &c. I Ointments, alablastritum, populeum, &c. A Liniments, plasters, cerotes, cataplasms, I frontals, fomentations, epithymes, sacks, V bags, odoraments, posies, &c. SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION. ^Simples purging melan- choly. Medicines purging melancholy, are either Menib. 2. I Upward (.Asarabacca, Laurel, white Hellebore, Scylla, or Sea- I as vomits. / °"^o°' Antimony, Tobacco. J oc TMore gentle ; as Senna, Epithyme, Polypody, Myro- I balanes. Fumitory, &c. 1 Stronger ; Aloes, lapis Armenus, lapis Lazuli, black \ Hellebore. ' cp /'Liquid ; as Potions, Julips, Syrups, wine of Hellebore, bugloss, &c, Solid ; as lapis Armenus, & Lazuli, pills ^ -^ of Indy, pills of Fumitory, &c. Electuaries, Diasena, confection of Hamech, Hierologladium, &c. I Down- I ward. V,2. Subs, I Superior parts. 3. Subs. Com- pounds purging melan- ^choly. n. Chirurgical Physick, which consists of' Memb. 3. Mouth Not swallowed ; tories, &c. as gargartsms, mastica- 25 Sect. 5. Cure of 'head-melan- - choiy. Memb i. V.Nostrils, sneezingpowders, odoraments, perfumes,&c. Inferior parts, as clysters strong and weak, and suppositories of Castilian soap, honey boiled, &c. I Phlebotomy, to all parts almost, and all the distinct species. With knife, horseleeches. Cupping-glasses. Cauteries, and searing with hot irons, boring. Dropax and Sinapismus. Issues to several parts, and upon several occasions I. Subseci. Moderate diet, meat of good juice, moistening, easy of digestion. Good Air. Sleep more than ordinary. Excrements daily to be voided by Art or Nature. Exercise of body and mind, not too violent or too remiss, passions of the mind, and perturbations to be avoided. 2. Blood-letting, if there be need, or that the blood be corrupt, in the arm, forehead, &c. or with cupping-glasses. Preparatives ;_ as Syrup of borage, bugloss, epithyme, hops, with their distilled waters, &c. Purgers ; as Montanus, and Matthiolus, Helleborismus, Quer- 3. Prepara- cetanus, Syrup of Hellebore, Extract of Hellebore, Pulvis ratives and \ Hali, Antimony prepared, Rulandi aqua Tttirabilis; which are used, if gentler medicines will not take place, with Arnoldus, vinum buglossatum, senna, cassia, myrobalanes, aunint potabile, or before Hamech, pil. Indae, hiera. pil. de lap. Armeno, Lazuli. rCardan's nettles, frictions, clysters, suppositories, sneezing:^;, I masticatories. nasals, cupping-glasses. Averters -< ^° Open the Hsemrods with Horseleeches, to apply Horse- 4. Avercers, -^ leeches to the forehead without scarification, to the shoulders, thighs. Issues, boring, cauteries, hot irons in the suture of the crown. (A cup of wine or strong drink. Bezoar's stone, amber, spice. Conserves of Borage, Bugloss, Roses. Fumitory. Confection of Alchermes. Electuarium l€. Diamargaritnmjr^, Diaioraginatuniy hfc. lis ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. /Odoraments of Roses, Violets. . ^ , , Irrigations of the head, with the decoctions of nymphea, lettuce, mallows, &c. Epithymes, ointments, bags to the heart. Fomentations of oil for the Belly. Baths of sweet water, in which were sod mallows, violets, roses, water-lilies, borage flowers, ramsheads, &c. fSimples, f Poppy, nymphea, lettuce, roses, I < purslane, henbane, mandrake, I or L night-shade, opium, &c. I ^Liquid, as Syrups of Poppy, Ver- I Com- I basco, Violets, Roses. Vpounds. -{ Solid, as reguies Nickolai, Phi- \ Paracelsi. 'Oils of Nymphea, Poppy, Violets, Roses, Man- drake, Nutmegs. Odoraments of vinegar, rose-water, opium. Frontals of rose-cake, rose-vinegar, nutmeg. Ointments, alabastritum, unguentum populeum, simple, or mixt with opium. Irrigations of the head, feet, sponges, musick, murmur and noise of waters. Frictions of the head, and outward parts, sacculi V of henbane, wormwood at his pillow, &c. Against terrible dreams ; not to sup late, or eat pease, cabbage, venison, meats heavy of digestion, use balm, hart's-tongue, &c. VAgainst ruddiness and blushing, inward and outward remedies. Si 2. Mem. TDiet, preparatives, purges, averters, cordials, correctors, as before. Cure of melan- J Phlebotomy in this kind more necessary, and more frequent, choly over the | To correct and cleanse the blood with Fumitory, Senna, Succory, Dande- 6. Correctors of accidents, Vas, 'Inwardly taken, Outwardly ,used, as. body. nR Cure of Hypochon- driacal or windy me- lancholy. 3. Mem. \ lion, Endive, &c. SubsecL I. Phlebotomy if need require. Diet, preparatives, averters, cordials, purgers, as before, saving that they must not be so vehement. Use of penny-royal, wormwood, centaury sod, whlcb alone hath cured many. To provoke urine with aniseed, daucus, asarum, &c., and stools, if need be, by clysters and suppositories. To respect the spleen, stomack, liver, hypochondries. To use Treacle now and then in winter. To vomit after meals sometimes, if it be inveterate. TGalanga, gentian, enula, angelica, f Roots , < calamus aromaticus, zedoary, V china, condite ginger, &c. 'Penny-royal, rue, calamint, bay- 2. To expel wind. T-, leaves, and berries, sco'rdium, Inwardly j^- Herbs,i - bettany, lavender, camomile, cen- taken, ^ taury,wormwood,cummin, broom, , orange jpiUs. rSaffron, cinnamon, mace, nutmeg, \ pepper, musk, zedoary with wine, I &c. p rAniseed, fennelseed, ammi, can, g Seeds, A cummin, nettle, bays, parsley, ■a V _ _ V ^rana paradisi. g TDianisum, diagalanga, diaciminum, diacala- g^ I mmthes, Electuarium de baccis lauri, bene- yi -( dicta laxativa, &c. pulvis carminativus, & » I pulvis descrip. Antidotario Florentino, aro- . I maticum, rosatum, Mithridate. Outwardly used, as cupping-glasses to the Hypochondries, with- out scarification, oil of camomile, rue, aniseed, their decoc- tions, &c. Spices, THE SECOND PARTITION. THE CURE OF MELANCHOLY. (Section. Member. Subsection. Unlawful Cures rejected. INVETERATE Melancholy, howsoever it may seem to be a continuate, inexorable disease, hard to be cured, accom- panying them to their graves most part, as ' Montanus observes, yet many times it may be helped, even that which is most violent, or at least, according to the same ° Author, it may be mitigated and much eased. Nil desperandum.^ It may be hard to cure, but not impossible, for him that is most grievously affected, if he be but willing to be helped. Upon this good hope I will proceed, using the same method in the cure, which I have formerly used in the rehearsing of the causes; first general, t\\&n. particular ; and those according to their several species. Of these cures some be lawful, some again unlawful, which, though frequent, familiar, and often used, yet justly censured, and to be controverted. As first, whether by these diabolical means, which are commonly practised by the Devil and his Ministers, Sorcerers, Witches, Magicians, &c. by Spells, Cabalistical words, Charms, Characters, Images, Amulets, Ligatures, Philters, Incantations, &c. this disease and the like may be cured ? and, if they may, whether it be lawful to make use of them, those magnetical cures, or for our good to seek after such means in any case? The first, whether they can do any such 1 Consil. 235. pro Abbate Italo. " Consil. 23. Aut curabitur, aut certi minus afficietui, si volet. P Hor. Odes, i. vii. 27. Never despair.] 6 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. L cures, is questioned amongst many writers, some affirming, some denying. Vaksius, cont. med. lib. 5. cap. 6, Malleus Maleficor. Heurnius, I. 3. pract. med. c. 28, Calius, lib. 16. c. 16, Delno, Tom. 3, Wierus, I. 2. de prcestig. dmm. Libanius, Lavater, de sped, part. 2. c. 7, Holbrenner the Lutheran in Fistorium, Polydore Virg. I. I. de prodig. Tandlerus, Lemnius, {Hippocrates, and Avicenna amongst the rest), deny that Spirits or Devils have any power over us, and refer all (with Pomponatius oi Padua) to natural causes and humours. Of the other opinion are Bodinus, Dcb- monomantim, I. 3. c. 2, Arnoldus, Marcelliis Empiricus,/. Pistorius, Paracelsus, Apodeix. Magic. Agrippa, lib. 2. de occult. Philos. c. 36, 69, 71, 72. 6^ /. 3. c. 23. (Sf' 10, Marcilius Ficinus, de vit. coslit. compar. c. 13. 15. 18. 21. &'c., Galeottus, de pi-otniscua doct. c. 24, Jovianus Pontanus, Tom. 2, Flin. I. 28. c. 2, Strabo, I. 15. Geog. Leo Suavius : Goclenius, de ung. armar. Oswoldus Crollius, Ernestus Burgravius, Dr. Flud, Sr'c. Cardan, de subt. brings many proofs out of Ars Notoria, and Solomon's decayed works, old Hermes, Artesius, Costaben Luca, Picatrix, Gfc. that such cures may be done. They can make fire it shall not burn, fetch back thieves or stolen goods, shew their absent faces in a glass, make serpents lie still, stanch blood, salve gouts, epilepsies, biting of mad dogs, tooth-ache, melancholy, &' omnia mundi mala, ^ make men immortal, young again, as the ' Spanish Marquess is said to have done by one of his slaves, and some which jugglers in ' China maintain still (as Tragaltius writes) that they can do by their extraordinary skill in Physick, & some of our modern Chemists by their strange limbecks, by their spells. Philosopher's stones, and charms. ^ Many doubt, saith Nicholas Taurellus, whether the Devil can cure such diseases he hath not made, and some flatly deny it, howsoever common experience confirms to our astonish- ment that Magicians can work such feats, and that the Devil with- out impediment can penetrate through all the parts of our bodies, and cure such maladies by means to us unknown. Daneus, in his tract de Sortiariis, subscribes to this of Taurellus ; Erastus, de Lamiis, maintaineth as much, and so do most Divines, that out of their P And all the ills of the world.] 2 vide Renatum Morey, Animad. in Scholam Salernit. c. 38. Si ad 40 annos possent producere vitam, cur non ad centum? si ad centum, cur non ad mille ? » Hist. Chinensium. •• Alii dubitant an dEemon possit morbos curare quos non fecit, alii negant, sed quotidiana experientia con- firmat ningos magno multorum stupore morbos curare, singulas corporis partes citra impedimentum permeare, et modis nobis ignotis curare. MEM. I.] UNLAWFUL CURES REJECTED. 7 excellent knowledge and long experience they can commit ^ agentes cum patientibus, colligere semina rerum, eaque materia applicare, as Austin infers, de Civ. Dei, &• de Trinit. /. 3. ^. 7. 6r» 8 ; they can work stupend and admirable conclusions ; we see the effects only, but not the causes of them. Nothing so familiar as to hear of such cures. Sorcerers are too common ; cunning men, wizards, and white-witches, as they call them, in every village, which, if they be sought unto, will help almost all infirmities of body and mind, servatores in Latin, ^ & they have commonly St. Catherines Wheel printed in the roof of their mouth, or in some other part about them ; resistiint i?icantatorum prcestigiis, (' Boissardus writes), morbos d, sagis motos propulsant, &"€. that to doubt of it any longer, '^or not to believe, were to run into thai other sceptical extreme of incredulity, saith Taurellus. Leo Suavius, in his Comment upon Paracelsus, seems to make it an art, which ought to be approved : Pistorius and others stiffly maintain the use of charms, words, characters, &c. Ars vera est, sed pauci artifices reperiuntur; the art is true, but there be but a few that have skill in it. Marcellus Donatus, I. 2. de hist. mir. c. i, proves out oi Josephus" Eighth Book of Antiquities' that '^Solomon so cured all the diseases of the mind by spells, charms, and drove away Devils, and that Eleazar did as much before Vespasian. La7igius, in his med. epist. holds Jupiter Menecrates, that did so many stupend cures in his time, to have used this art, and that he was no other than a Magician. Many famous cures are daily done in this kind, the Devil is an expert Physician, as Godelman calls him, lib. I. c. 18, and God permits oftentimes these Witches and Magicians to produce such effects, as Lavater, cap. 3. lib. 8. part. 3. cap. I, Polyd. Virg. lib. i. de prodigiis, Delrio, and others, admit. Such cures may be done, and, as Paracels. Tom. 4. de morb. ament. stiffly maintains, ''they cannot otherwise be cured but by spells, seals, and spiritual Physick. ' Arnoldus, lib. de sigillis, sets down the making of them, so doth Rulandus, and many others. Hoc posito^ [it being assumed that] they can effect such cures, 1 Agentia cum patientibus conjugunt. p See Plautus, Pseud, iii. ii. 83, 84.] 3 Cap. II. de Servat. ^ Hasc aUi rident, sed vereor ne, dura nolumus esse creduli, vitium non effugiamus incredulitatis. [^ Antiq. viii. c. ii. §5.] « Refert Solomonem mentis morbos curasse, et daemones abegisse ipsos oarminibus, quod et coram Vespasiano fecit Eleazar. [See Josephus, Antiq: viii. 2, § 5.] ^ Spirituales morbi .spiritualiter curari debent. * Sigillum ex auio peculiar! ad melancholiam, &a P Cic. Div. i. 52. 118.] 8 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. H. SECT. I. the main question is whether it be lawful in a desperate case to crave their help, or ask a Wizard's advice. 'Tis a commpn practice of some men to go first to a Witch, and then to a Physician ; if one cannot, the other shall ; Flecteresi nequeant Superos, Acheronla move- bunt} ■' It matters not, saith Paracelsus, whether it be God or the Devil, Angels or unclean Spirits cure him, so that he be eased. It a man fall into a ditch, as he prosecutes it, what matter is it whether a friend or an enemy help him out ? and if I be troubled with such a malady, what care I whether the Devil himself, or any of his ^ Ministers, by God's permission, redeem me? He calls a Magician God's Minister and his Vicar, applying that of vos estis Dii pro- fanely to them, for which he is lashed by T. Erastus, part, i.fol. 45 ; and elsewhere he encourageth his patients to have a good faith, "« strong imagifiation, and they shall find the effects; let Divines say to the contrary what they will. He proves and con- tends that many diseases cannot otherwise be cured ; incantatione orti, incantatione curari debent ; if they be caused by incantation, " they must be cured by incantation. Constantinus, I. 4. approves of such remedies : Bartolus the Lawyer, Peter ^rodius, rerum fudic. I 3. tit. 7, Salicetus, Godefridus, with others of that sect, allow of them ; modd sint ad sanitatem, qum d, magis fiunt, sedls non, so they be for the parties' good, or not at all. But these men are confuted by Remigius, Bodinus, deem. I. 3. c. 2, Godelmannus, lib. I. cap. 8, Wierus, Delrio, I. 6. qucest. 2. Tom. 3. mag. inquis. Erastus de Lamiis ; all our ' Divines, Schoolmen, and such as write Cases of Conscience, are against it, the Scripture itself abso- lutely forbids it as a mortal sin, Zevit. cap. 18, 19, 20. Deut. 18. &c. Rom. 8. 19. Evil is not to be done that good may come of it. Much better it were for such patients, that are so troubled, to endure a little misery in this life than to hazard their souls' health for ever, and, as Delrio counselleth, ' much better die than be so [1 Virg. ^n. vii. 312. If they cannot move Heaven, they will move Hell.] 2 Lib. T. de occult. Philos. Nihil refert an Deus an Diabolus, Angeli an immuiidi Spiritus, segro opem ferant, modo morbus curetur. ^ Magus Minister et Vicarius Dei. P Ps. 82. 6.] ' Utere forti imaginatione, et experieris effectum ; dicant in adversum quicquid volunt Theologi. ^ Idem Plinius contendit quosdam esse morbos qui incantamentis solum curentur. [N. H. Lib. 28. capp. 3, 4.] ' Qui talibus credunt, aut ad eorum domos euntes, aut suis domibus introducunt, aut interrogant. sciant se fidem Christianam et baptismum prasvario4sse, et apostatas esse. Austin de superstit. observ. Hoc pacto k Deo deficitiu ad diabolum, P. Mart. 8 Mori prsestat quara superstitios^ sanari, Disquis. mag. 1. 2. c. z, sect. i. quaest. i. Tom. 3. MEM. II.] LAWFUL CURES, FIRST FROM GOD. 9 cured. Some take upon them to expel Devils by natural remedies, and magical exorcisms, which they seem to approve out of the practice of the primitive Church, as that above cited oi Josephus, Eleazar, IrcBiieus, TeriulUan, Austin. Etcsebius makes mention of such,_ and Magick itself hath been publickly professed in some Universities, as of old in Salamanca in Spain, and Cracovia in Poland: but condemned, Anno 1318, by the Chancellor and University of ^Paris. Our Pontificial writers retain many of these adjurations and forms of exorcisms still in the Church; besides those in Baptism used, they exorcise meats, and such as are possessed, as they hold, in Christ's name. Read Hieron. Mengiis, c. 3, Pet. Tyreus, part. 3. c. 8, what exorcisms they prescribe, besides those ordinary means of '^fire, suffumigations, lights, cutting the air with swords, c. 57, herbs, odours; of which Tostatus treats, 2. Reg. c. 16. qucesi. 43. You shall find many vain and frivolous superstitious forms of exorcisms among them, not to be tolerated or endured. MEMB. II. Lawful Cures, first from God. Being so clearly evinced, as it is, all unlawful cures are to be refused, it remains to treat of such as are to be admitted, and those are commonly such which God hath appointed, 'by virtue of stones, herbs, plants, meats, &c. and the like, which are pre- pared and applied to our use by art and industry of Physicians, who are the dispensers of such treasures for our good, and to be '^honoured for necessities sake, God's intermediate Ministers, to whom in our infirmities we are to seek for help. Yet not so that we rely too much, or wholly upon them : a Jove principium,' we must first begin with 'prayer, and then use physick ; not one with- out the other, but both together. To pray alone, and reject ordinary means, is to do like him in .Msop, '' that, when his cart was stalled," lay flat on his back, and cried aloud, " Help, Her- 1 p. Lombard. 2 Suffitus, gladiorum ictus, &c. ^ xhe Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them, Ecclus. xxxviii. 4. * My son, fail not in thy sickness, but pray unto the Lord, and he will make thee whole. Ecclus. xxxviii. 9. p Virg. jEn. vii. 219.] ^ Hinc omne piincipium, hue refer exitum. Hon 3. Carm. Od. 6. [6.] [^ Fab. 81. ed. Halm.] [s Set fast in the mud,] lO ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. I. cities I " but that was to little purpose, except, as his friend advised him, rods tute ipse annitaris, he whipt his horses withal, and put his shoulder to the wheel. God works by means, as Christ cured the blind man with clay and spittle.^ Orandum est ut sit mens Sana in corpore sano.2 As we must pray for health of body and mind, so we must use our utmost endeavours to preserve & continue it. Some kind of Devils are not cast out but by fasting & prayer,' & both necessarily required, not one without the other. For all the physick we can use, art, excellent industry, is to no purpose without calling upon God, Niljuvat itnmensos Cratero promittere monies :* it is in vain to seek for help, run, ride, except God bless us. - non Siculse dapes Dulcem elaborabunt saporem, Non avium citharseque cantus. ^ 6Non domus et fundus, non asris acervus et auri, ^groto possunt domino deducere febres. 'With house, with land, with money, and with gold, The master's fever vrill not be controU'd. We must use prayer and physick both together : and so no doubt but our prayers will be available, and our physick take effect. 'Tis that Hezekiah practised, 2 King. 20, Luke the Evangelist ; and which we are enjoined, Coloss. 4, not the patient only, but the Physician himself Hippocrates, an heathen, required this in a good practitioner, and so did Galen, lib. de Plat. sine oratione &' invocatione Dei nihil facias, avoid covetousness, and do nothing without invocation upon God. MEMB. III. Whether it be lawful to seek to Saints for Aid in this Disease. That we must pray to God no man doubts; but whether we should pray to Saints in such cases, or whether they can do us any good, it may be lawfully controverted; whether their Images, Shrines, Reliques, consecrated things, holy water, medals, bene- dictions, those divine amulets, holy exorcisms, and the sign of the Cross, be available in this disease. The Papists on the one side ' Livy, [xxii. 14.] Strepunt aures clamoribus plorantium sooiorum, scepius nos quam Deorum invocantium opem. 2 Rulandus adjungit optimam orationem ad fineir. Empmcorum. Mercunalis, consil. 25, ita concludit. Montanus passim. &c, et pliu-es aln, &o. " MEM. III.] saints' cure REJECTED. 1 3 stiffly maintain, how many melancholy, mad, dsemoniacal persons are daily cured at St. Anthony's Church in Padua, at St. Vitus' in Germany, by our Lady of Loretto in Italy, our Lady of Sichem in the Low Countries : \uce et ccBcis lumen, cegris salutem, mortuis vitam, claudis gressum reddit, omnes morbos corporis, animi, curat, et in if SOS dcemones imperiicm exercet ; she cures halt, lame, blind, all diseases of body and mind, and commands the Devil himself, ^tlx'Ca Lipsius : 25,000 in a day come thither, '^quis nisi numen in ilium locum sic induxit 1 who brought them ? in auribus, in oculis omnium gesta, nova novitia ; new news lately done, our eyes and ears are full of her cures, and who can relate them all? They have a proper Saint almost for every peculiar infirmity ; for poison, gouts, agues, Petronella : St. Pomanus for such as are possessed : Valentine for the falling sickness; St. Vittcs for mad men, &c. And as of old ^ Pliny reckons up gods for all diseases, {Febrifanum dicatum est), Lilius Giraldus repeats many of her ceremonies : all affections of the mind were heretofore accounted gods ; ' Love, & Sorrow, Virtue, Honour, Liberty, Contumely, Impudency, had their Temples ; Tempests, Seasons, Crepitus Ventris, Dea Vacuna, Dea Cloacina, there was a Goddess of idleness, a Goddess of the draught, or Jakes, Prema, Premunda, Priapus, bawdy Gods, and Gods for all "offices. Varro reckons up 30,000 gods; Lucian makes Podagra (the Gout) a Goddess, and assigns her Priests & Ministers : and Melancholy comes not behind ; for, as Austin mentioneth, /. 4, de Civit. Dei, cap. 9, there was of old Angerona Dea, and she had her Chapel and Feasts, to whom (saith.^ Macrobius'') they did offer sacrifice yearly, that she might be pacified as well as the rest. . 'Tis no new thing, you see, this of Papists ; and in my judgement that old doting Lipsius might have fitter dedicated his "pen, after all his labours, to this our goddess of Melancholy than to his Virgo Hallensis, and been her Chaplain, it would have becomed him better. But he, poor man, thought no harm in that which he did, and wili not be persuaded but that he doth well ; he hath so many patrons, and honourable precedents in the like kind, that justify as much, as eagerly, and more than he there saith of his Lady and ^ iSpsius. [Diva Virgo Sichemiensis. ] 2 Cap. 26. ' Lib. 2. cap. 7. de Deo. Morbisque in genera descriptis Deos reperimus. ^ Selden, prolog, cap. 3. de Diis .Syris. Rosinus. 5 See Lilii Giraldi syntagma de Diis, &c. ^ 12 Cal. Jannarii ferias celebrant, ut angores et animi soUicitudines propitiata depell^. \J S. i. 10.] ' Hanc Divse pennam consecravi, Lipsius. [Diva Virgo Hallensis.] 14 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. I. Mistress: read but superstitious Coster and Gretser's Tract de Cruce Laiir. Ardurus Fanteus, de Invoc. Sand. Bellarmine, Delrio, ; dis. mag. Tom. 3. /. 6. quasi. 2. sed. 3, Greg. Tolosanus, Tom. 2. lib. 8. cap. 24. Syntax. Strozius Cicogna, lib. 4. cap. 9, Tyreus, Hierony' i. mus Mengus, and you shall find infinite examples of cures done in this kind, by holy waters, reliques, crosses, exorcisms, amulets, images, consecrated beads, &c. Barradius the Jesuit boldly gives it out, that Chrisfs countenance, and the Virgin Mary's, would cure melancholy, if one had looked stedfastly on them. P. Morales the Spaniard, in his book de pulch. Jes. &• Mar. confirms the same out of Carthusianus, and I know not whom, that it was a common proverb in those days for such as were troubled in mind to say, Eamus ad videndum filium Maria, let us [go to] see the son of Mary, as they do now post to St. Anthony's in Padua, or to St. Hilarys at Foidiers in France. ' In a closet of that Church there is at this day St. Hilary's bed to be seen, to which they bring all the mad men in the country, and after some prayers and other cere- monies they lay them down there to sleep, and so they recover. It is an ordinary thing in those parts to send all their mad men to St. Hilary's cradle. They say the like of S. Tubery in ^another, place. Giraldus Cambrensis, Itin. Camb. c. i, tells strange stories of S. Ciricius' staff, that would cure this and all other diseases. Others say as much (as ^Hospinian observes) of the three Kings of Cologne; their names written in parchment, and hung about a patient's neck, with the sign of the cross, will produce like effects. Read Lipo- mannus, or that Golden Legend oi Jacobus de Voragine,^ you shall have infinite stories, or those new relations of our ''Jesuits m Japan and China, of Mat. Riccius, Acosta, Loyola, Xaverius' life, &c. Jasper Belga, a Jesuit, cured a mad woman by hanging St. John's Gospel about her neck, and many such. Holy water did as much in Japan, &c. Nothing so familiar in their works, as such examples. But we, on the other side, seek to God alone. We say with David, Psal. 46.1, God is our hope and strength, and help in trouble, ready to be found. For their catalogue of examples, we make no ' Jodocus Sincerus, itin. Gallias. 1617. Hue mente captos deducunt, et statis orationibus, sacrisque peractis, in ilium lectum dormitum ponunt, &c. 2 In Gallia Narbonensi. 3 Lib, (je orig. Festorum. CoUo suspensa et pergameno inscripta, eum signo crucis, &c. [< A Dominican friar, who afterwards became Abp. of Genoa, and died in 1292.] « Em. Acosta, com. rerum in Oriente gest. i societal. Jesu, Anno 1568. Epist. Gonsalvi Fernandis, Anno 1560, f> japonia. MEM. III.] SAINTS' CURE REJECTED. 1 5 Other answer but that they are false fictions, or diabolical illusions, counterfeit miracles. We cannot deny but that it is an ordinary thing, on St. Anthonys day in Padua, to bring divers mad men and daemoniacal persons to be cured : yet we make a doubt whether such parties be so affected indeed, but prepared by their Priests by certain ointments and drams, to cozen the commonalty, as ' Hildesheim well saith . The like is commonly practised in Bohemia, as Mathiolus gwts us to understand in his preface to his comment upon Dioscorides. But we need not run so far for examples in this kind, we have a just volume published at home to this purpose : ^A Declaration of egregious Popish Impostures, to withdraw the hearts of religious men under pretence of casting out of Devils, practised by Father Y.d.raxaaAs, alias Weston, a Jestut, and divers Romish Priests, his wicked associates, with the several parties' names, confessions, examinations, &c. which were pretended to be possessed. But these are ordinary tricks only to get opinion and money, mere impostures, ^sculapius of old, that counterfeit God, did as many famous cures ; his temple (as ^Strabo relates) was daily full of patients, and as many several tables,* inscriptions, pendants, donaries,^ &c. to be seen in his Church, as at this day at our Lady of Lorettds in Italy. It was a custom long since, ' suspendisse potenti Vestimenta maris deo ; ** [To hang up mariners' drenched garments in Great Neptune's temple.] To do the like, in former times, they were seduced and deluded as they are now. 'Tis the same Devil still, called heretofore Apollo, Mars, Neptune, Venus, JEsculapius, &c. as '' Lactantius I. 2,deorig. erroris, c. 17, observes. The saxae Jupiter and those bad Angels are now worshipped and adored by the name of S. Sebastian, Barbara, &c. Christopher and George are come in their places. Our Lady succeeds Venus, as they use her in many offices ; the rest are otherwise supplied, as ^Lavater writes, and so they are 1 Spicil. de morbis dsemoniacis. Sic d sacrificulis parati unguentjs magicis corpori illitis, ut stultas plebeculse persuadeant tales curari \. Sancto Antonio. * Printed at London 410. by J. Roberts, 1605. ^ Geog. lib. 8. [p. 374.] Cujus fanum aegrotantium multitudine refertum undiquaque, et tabellis pendentibus, in quibus sanati languores efant inscripti. [^ = Tablets.] [' = Gifts.] « Hor. Lib. i. Od. 5. [15, 16.] ' Mali Angeli sumpserunt olim nomen Jovis, Junonis, ApoUinis, &c. quos Gentiles Deos credebant, nunc S. Sebastiani, Barbaras, &c. nomen habent, et aliorum. s part. 2. cap. 9. de spect. Veneri substHuunt Virginem Mariam. 1 6 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. 11. SECT. I. deluded. ^And God often winks at these impostures, because they forsake His Word, &> betake themselves to the Devil, as they do that seek after Holy Water, Crosses, &'C. Wierus, I. 4. ^-S- What can these men plead for themselves more than those heathen Gods ? the same cures done by both, the same spirit that seduceth : but read more of the Pagan Gods' effects in Austin, de Civitate Dei, I. 10. c. 6, and of Msculapius especially in Cicogna, /. 3. J will ease you. Mat. ri. [28,] and we know that there is one God, one Mediator betwixt God and man, Tesus Christ, (i Tim. 2. 5,) who gave himself a ransom for all men. We know that we have an ''Advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ (i Joh. 2. I,) that there is no other name under heaven, by which ive can be saved, but by his, {Acts 4. 1 2,] who is always ready to hear us, and sits at the right hand of God, and from Vhom we can have no repulse, solus vult, solus potest, curat universos tanquam singulos, et ''unumquemgue nostrum ut solum ; we are all as one to him, he cares for us all as one, and why should we then seek to any other but to him? MEMB. IV. SuBSECT I . — Physician, Patient, Physick. Of those diverse gifts which, our Apostle Paul^ saith, God hath bestowed on man, this of Physick is not the least, but most neces- sary, and especially conducing to the good of mankind. Next therefore to God in all our extremities, {for of the Most High cometh healing, Ecclus 38. 2,) we must seek to, and rely upon the Physician, " who is Manus Dei, [the Hand of God], saith Hierophilus, and to whom he hath given knowledge, that he might be glorified in his wondrous works. With such doth he heal men, and taketh away their pains, Ecclus. 38. 6, 7. When thou hast need of him, let him not go from 1 Ad hsec ludibria Deus connivet frequenter, ubi relicto verbo Dei ad Satanam curritur ; quales hi sunt, qui aquam lustralem, crucem, &o. lubricse fidei hominibus offerunt. ^ Carior est illis liomo quam sibi, [Juv. x. 350.] ' Bernard. * Austin. [See Enarratio in Psalmum cxlv. § 13.] p Romans, xii. 6.] 8 Ecclus. xxxviii. [3.] In the sight of great men he shall be in admiration. MEM. IV. SUBS. I.] PHYSICIAN, PATIENT, PHYSICK. 1/ thee. The hour may come that their enterprises may have good sttccess, ver. [12,] 13. It is not therefore to be doubted that, if we seek a Physician as we ought, we may be eased of our infirmities, such a one I mean as is sufficient, and worthily so called; for there be many Mountebanks, Quacksalvers, Empiricks, in every street almost, and in every village, that take upon them this name, make this noble and profitable Art to be evil spoken of, and contemned, by reason of these base and iUiterate Artificers : but such a Physician I speak of as is approved, learned, skilful, honest, &c. of whose duty Wecker, Antid. c. 2. &• Syntax, med. Crato, Jtdius Alexandrinus, medic. Heurnius, prax. med. lib. 3. cap. I, Ss'c. treat at large. For this particular disease, him that shall take upon him to cure it, ^Paracelsus will have to be a Magician, a Chemist, a Philosopher, an Astrologer ; Thurnesserus, Severinus the Dane, and some other of his followers, require as much : many of them cannot be cured but by Magick. '^Paracelsus is so stiff for those chemical medicines that in his cures he will admit almost of no other Physick, deriding in the mean time Hippocrates, Galen, and all their followers. But Magick, and all such remedies, I have already censured, & shall speak of Chemistry 'elsewhere. Astrology is required by many famous Physicians, by Ficinus, Crato, Fernelius, ^doubted of and exploded by others. I will not take upon me to decide the controversy myself; Johannes Hossurtus, Thomas Boderius, and Maginus in the Preface to his Mathematical Physick, shall determine for me. Many Physicians explode Astrology in Physick, (saith he), there is no use of it, unam artem ac quasi temerariam insectantur, ac gloriam sibi ab ejus imperitia aucupari, but I will reprove Phy- sicians by Physicians that defend and profess it, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, &'c. that count them butchers without it, homicidas medicos Astrologies ignaros, ^'C. Paracelsus goes farther, and will have his Physician "predestinated to this man's cure, this [man's] malady, and time of cure, the scheme of each geniture inspected, gathering of herbs, of administering, Astrologically observed ; in which Thurnesserus and some iatjvmathematical professors are too superstitious in my judgement. '^Hellebore will help, but not 1 Tom. 4. Tract. 3. de morbis araentium. Horum multi non nisi 4 Magis curandi et Astrologis, quoniam origo ejus 4 coelis petenda est. ^ Lib. de Podagra. ^ Sect. 5. * Langius. J. Causar Claudinus, consult. " Prasdestinatum ad huno curandum. ^ Helleborus curat, sed quod ab omni datus medico vanum est, II. C 1 8 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. I. alway, not given by every Physician, S^c. But these men are too peremptory and self-conceited, as I think. But what do I do, interposing in that which is beyond my reach ? A bhnd man cannot judge of colours, nor I perad venture of these things. Only thus much I would require, honesty in every Physician, that he be not over-careless or covetous, Harpy-Y\kt to make a prey of his patient ; carnificis namque est (as ^ Wecker notes) inter ipsos crucia- tus ingens prefium exposcere, as an hungry Chirurgeon often produces and wire-draws his cure, so long as there is any hope of pay, Non missura outem, nisi plena cruoris, hinido.2 Many of them, to get a fee, will give Physick to every one that comes, when there is no cause, and they do so irritare silentem morbum, as ^Heurnius complains, stir up a silent disease, as it often falleth out, which by good counsel, good advice alone, might have been happily composed, or by rectification of those six non-natural things otherwise cured. This is naturce bellum inferre, to oppugn nature, & to make a strong body weak. Arnoldtis, in his 8th & nth Aphorisms, gives cautions against, and expressely forbiddeth it. '^A wise Physician will not give Physick but upon necessity, &• first try medicinal diet, before he proceed to medicinal cure. 'In another place he laughs those men to scorn, that think lon^s syrupis expugnare dcemones &" animi phantasmata, they can purge phantastical imaginations & the Devil by Physick. Another caution is, that they proceed upon good grounds, if so be there be need of Physick, & not mistake the disease. They are often deceived by the 'similitude of symptoms, saith Heurnius; and I could give instance in many consultations, wherein they have prescribed opposite Physick. Sometimes they go too perfunctorily to work, in not prescribing a just 'course of Physick. To stir up the humour, and not to purge it, doth often more harm than good. Montanus, consil. 30, inveighs against such perturbations, that purge 1 Antid. gen. lib. 3. cap. a. [2 The leech never leaves the skin until filled with blood. Hor. A. P. 476.] 3 Quod saepe evenit, lib. 3. cap. i, cum non sit necessitas. Frustra fatigant remediis segros qui vlctfts ratione curari possunt. Heurnius. * iVIodestus et sapiens medicus nunquam properabit ad pharmacum, nisi oogente necessitate. 41, Aphor. Prudens et piua medicus cibis prius medicinalibus quam medicinis puris morbum expellere satagat. " Brev. 1. c. 18. 6 Similitude ssepe bonis medicis imponit. ' Qui melancholicis pr£ebent remedia non satis valida. Longiores morbi imprimis solertiam medici postulant et fidelitatem ; qui enim tumultuario hos tractant vires absque uUo commodo Isedunt et frangunt, &c. MEM. IV. SUBS. IL] CONCERNING THE PATIENT. I9 to the halves, tire nature, and molest the body to no purpose. 'Tis a crabbed humour to purge, and, as Laurentius calls this disease, the reproach of Physicians ; Bessardus, flagellum medicorum, their lash ; and for that cause more carefully to be respected. Though the patient be averse, saith Laurentius, desire help, and refuse it again, though he neglect his own health, it behoves a good Phy- sician not to leave him helpless. But most part they offend in that other extreme, they prescribe too much Physick, and tire out their bodies with continual potions, to no purpose. A'etius, tetrabib. 2. 2. ser. cap. 90, will have them by all means therefore ^togive some respite to nature, to leave off now and then ; and Lcelius d Fonte Eugubinus, in his consultations, found it (as he there witnesseth) often veriged by experience, '^that, after a deal of Physick to no purpose, left to themselves, they have recovered. 'Tis that whicih Nic. Piso, Donatus AUomarus, still inculcate, dare requiem naturce, to give nature rest. SuESECT. 2. — Concerning the Patient. When these precedent cautions are accurately kept, and that we have now got a skilful, an honest Physician to our mind, if his patient will not be conformable, and content to be ruled by him, all his endeavours will come to no good end. Many things are necessarily to be observed and continued on the patient's behalf. First that he be not too niggardly miserable of his purse, or think it too much he bestows upon himself, and to save charges en- danger his health. The Abderites, when they sent for ^Hippocrates, promised him what reward he would, *«// the gold they had; if all the City were gold, he should have it. Naaman the Syrian, when he went into Israel to Elisha to be cured of his leprosy, took with him ten talents of silver, six thousand pieces of gold, and ten changes of raiments (2 Kings, 5. 5). Another thing is, that he do not om of bashfulness conceal his grief; if ought trouble his mind, let him freely disclose it. Stultorum incurata pudor malus ulcera celat.^ By that means he procures to himself much mischief, and runs 1 Naturse reraissionem dare opoitet. ^ pierique hoc morbo medioma nihil profedsse visi sunt, et sibi demissi invaluerunt. ^ Abdentani, Ep. Hippoc. * Quicquid auri apud nos est, libenter persolvemus, etiamsi tola urbs nostra aurum esset. [" Hor. Epp. i. xvi. 24.] 20 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. I. into a greater inconvenience : he must be willing to be cured, and earnestly desire it. I'ars sanitatis velle sanari fuit, (Seneca>) 'Tis a part of his cure to wish his own health, and not to defer it too long. 2 Qui blandiendo dulce nutrivit malum, Serb recusal ferre quod subiit jugum. SHelleborum frustra, cum jam cutis iegra tumebit, Poscentes videas ; venienti occurrite morbo. He that by cherishing a mischief doth provoke, Too late at last refuseth to cast off his yoke. When the skin swells, to seek it to appease With hellebore is vain ; meet your disease. By this means many times, or through their ignorance in not taking notice of their grievance and danger of it, contempt, supine negligence, extenuation, wretchedness, and peevishness, they undo themselves. The Citizens, I know not of what City now, when rumour was brought their enemies were coming, could not abide to hear it ; and when the plague begins in many places, and they certainly know it, they command silence and hush it up, but after they see their foes now marching to their gates, and ready to surprise them, they begin to fortify, and resist when 'tis too late ; when the sickness breaks out, and can be no longer concealed, then they lament their supine negligence : 'tis no otherwise with these men. And often out of prejudice, a loathing, and distaste of Physick, they had rather die, or do worse, than take any of it. Barbarous i?nmanity ^ Melandhon terms it) 6t> folly to be deplored, so to contemn the precepts of health, good remedies, &" voluntarily to pull death, (s' many maladies, upon their own heads. Though many again are in that other extreme, too profuse, suspicious, and jealous of their health, too apt to take Physick on every small occasion, to aggravate every slender passion, imperfection, impedi- ment : if their finger do but ache, run, ride, send for a Physician, as many Gentlewomen do, that are sick, without a cause, even when they will themselves, upon every toy or small discontent, and when he comes, they make it worse than it is, by amplifying that which is not. ^Hier. Capivaccius sets it down as a common P Hipp. 249.] 2 Seneca, [Hipp. 134, 135]. s Pers. 3. Sat. [63, 64.] « De anima. Barbara tamen immanitate et deploranda inscitia contemnum praecepta sanitatis ; mortem et raorbos ultro accersunt. ^ Consult. 173. k Scoltzio, Melanch. yEgrorum hoc fere proprium est, ut graviora dioant esse symptomata quam revera sunt. MEM.IV.SUBS.il.] CONCERNING THE PATIENT. 21 fault of all melancholy persons, to say their symptoms are greater than they are, to help themselves : and, which ^ Mercurialis notes, consil. 53, to he more troublesome to their Physicians than other ordinary patients, that they may have change of Physick. A third thing to be required in a patient is confidence, to be of good cheer, and have sure hope that his Physician can help him. ^ Damascen, the Arabian, requires likewise in the Physician himself, that he be confident he can cure him, otherwise his Physick will not be effectual, and promise withal that he will certainly help him, make him believe so at least. ^Galeottus gives this reason, because the form of health is contained in the Physician's mind, and, as Galen holds, ■* confidence and hope do more good then Physick; he cures most in whom most are confident. Axiochus, sick almost to death, at the very sight of Socrates reco- vered his former health.' Paracelsus assigned it for an only cause why Hippocrates was so fortunate in his cures, not for any extra- ordinary skill he had, " but because the common people had a iiwst strong conceit of his worth. To this of confidence we may add perseverance, obedience, and constancy, not to change his Phy- sician, or dislike him upon every toy j for he that so doth, (saith ''Janus Damascen), or consults with many, falls into many errors ; or that useth many medicines. It was a chief caveat of ^Seneca to his friend Lucilitis, that he should not alter his Physician, or prescribed Physick : nothing hinders health tnore ; a wound can never be cured that hath several plasters. Crato, consil. i86, taxeth all melancholy persons of this fault : ° 'tis proper to them, if things fall not out to their mind, and that they have not present ease, to seek another and another, (as they do commonly that have sore eyes), twenty, one after another, and they still promise all to cure tliem, try a thousand remedies ; and by this means they increase their malady, make it most dangerous and difficile to be cured. They try many 1 Melancholici plerumque medicis sunt molesti, ut alia aliis adjungant. 2 Oportet infirmo imprimere salutem, utcunque promittere, etsi ipse desperet. Nullum medicamentum efficax, nisi medicus etiam fuerit fortis imaginationis. ** De promise, doct. cap. 15. Quoniam sanitatis formam animi medici continent. * Spes et confidentia plus valent quam medicina. \^ See Plato, Axiochus.] ^ Felicior in medicina ob fidem ethnicorum. ' Aphoris. 89. ^ger, qui plurimos consulit medicos, plerumque in errorem singulorum cadit. ^ Nihil ita sanitatem impedit ac remediorum crebra mutatio. Non venit vulnus ad cicatricem, in quo crebro medicamenta tentantur. [Ep. 2.] ^ Melancholicorum proprium, quum ex eorum arbitrio non fit subita mutatio in melius, alterare medicos, qui quidvis, &c. 22 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. L (saith 'Montanus) and profit by none: & for this cause, cons. 24, he enjoins his patient, before he take him in hand, ^perseverance 6- sufferance, for in such a small time no great matter can be effected, Of upon that condition he will administer Physick, otherwise all his endeavour &• counsel would be to small purpose. And, in his 31st counsel for a notable Matron, he tells her, ' if she will be cured, she must be of a most abiding patience, faithful obedience, and singular perseverance ; if she remit or despair, she can expect or hope for no good success. Cons. 230, for an Italian Abbot, he makes it one of the greatest reasons why this disease is so incurable, * because the parties are so restless and impatient, and will therefore have him that intends to be eased ^ to take Physick not for a month, a year, but to apply himself to their prescriptions all the days of his life. Last of all, it is required that the patient be not too bold to practise upon himself, without an approved Physician's consent, or to try conclusions, if he read a receipt in a book ; for so many grossly mistake, and do themselves more hEttm than good. That which is conducing to one man, in one case, the same time is opposite to another. °An Ass and a Mule went over a brook, the one laden with salt, the other with wool : the Mule's pack was wet by chance, the salt melted, his burden the lighter, and he thereby much eased : he told the Ass, who, thinking to speed as well, wet his pack likewise at the next water, but it was much the heavier, he quite tired. So one thing may be good and bad to several parties, upon diverse occasions. Many things (saith ''Penottus) are written in our Books, which seem to the Reader to be excellent remedies, but they that make use of them are often deceived, and take for Physick poison. I remember, in Valleriolds observations, a story of one John Baptist, a Neapolitan, that, finding by chance a pamphlet in Italian written in praise of hellebore, would needs adventure on himself, and took one dram for one scruple, and, had not he been sent for, the poor fellow 1 Consil. 31. Dum ad varia se confermit, nullo prosunt. 2 Imprimis hoc statuere oportet, requiri perseverantiam et tolerantiam. Exiguo enim tempore nihil ex, &c. ^ Si curari vuU, opus est pertinaci perseverantia, fideli obedientia, et patiemia singulari ; si tsedet aut desperet, milium habebit effectum. * ^gritudine amittunt patientiam, et inde morbi incurabiles. 5 Non ad mensem aut annum, sed oportet toto vitse curriculo curationi operam dare. 6 Camerarius, Emb. 55. cent. 2. ' Prsefat. de nar. med. In libellis quae vulgo versantur apud literates, mcautiores multa legunt, k quibus decipiuntur, eximia illis, sed portentosum hauriunt venenum. MEM. IV. SUBS. III.] CONCERNING PHYSICK. 23 had poisoned himself. From whence he concludes, out of Bamascenus, 2 6^ 3. Aphor. ^ that, without exquisite knowledge, to work out of books is most dangerous : how unsavoury a thing it is to believe writers, and take upon trust, as this patient perceived by his own peril. I could recite such another example of mine own knowledge of a friend of mine, that, finding a receipt in Brassivola, would needs take hellebore in substance, and try it on his own person ; but, had not some of his familiars come to visit him by chance, he had by his indiscretion hazarded himself. Many such I have observed. These are those ordinary cautions, which I should think fit to be noted, and he that shall keep them, as ' Montanus saith, shall surely be much eased, if not thoroughly cured. SUBSECT. 3. — Concerning Physick. Physick itself in the last place is to considered ; for the Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them, Ecclus 38. 4. and ver. 8. of such doth the Apothecary make a confection, (Sr'c. Of these medicines there be divers and infinite kinds, Plants, Metals, Animals, dr'c, and those of several natures; some good for one, hurtful to another, some noxious in them- selves, corrected by art, very wholesome and good, simples, raixt, 6^<:. and therefore left to be managed by discreet and skilful Physicians, and thence applied to man's use. To this purpose they have invented method, and several rules of art, to put these remedies in order, for their particular ends. Physick (as Hippo- crates defines it) is naught else but " addition and subtraction ; and, as it is required in all other diseases, so in this of melancholy it ought to be most accurate, it being (*as Mercurialis acknow- ledgeth) so common an affection in these our times, and therefore fit to be understood. Several prescripts and methods I find in several men ; some take upon them to cure all maladies with one Medicine severally applyed, as that Panacea, Anrum potabile,' so 1 Operari ex libris, absque cognitions et solerti ingenio, periculosum est. Unde monemur, quam insipidum scriptis auctoribus credere, quod hie suo didicit periculo. 2 Consil 23. Haec omnia si, quo ordine decet, egerit, vel curabitur, vel certe minus afficietur. 3 Fuchsius, cap. 2. lib. i. * In pract. med. Hsec affectio nostris temporibus frequentissima ; ergo maximtpertinet ad nos hujus curationem intelligere. p Potable gold. See Chaucer's (X T. Prol. 445, and Shaksp. 2 Henry IV. A. ir. Sc. V. 161 — 163. j 24 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL much controverted in these days, Herba Salts, Gi'c. Paracelsics reduceth all diseases to four principal heads, to whom Severinus, Ravelascus, Leo Suavius, and others, adhere and imitate: those are Leprosy, Gout, Dropsy, Falling-sickness : to which they reduce the rest; as to Leprosy, Ulcers, Itches, Furfurs, Scabs, &c. to Gout, Stone, ChoUck, Tooth-ache, Head-ache, &c. to Dropsy, Agues, Jaundice, Cachexia, &c. To the Falling-sickness belong Palsy, Vertigo, Cramps, Convulsions, Incubus, Apoplexy, &c. ^ IJ any of these four principal be cured (saith Ravelascus) all the inferior are cured, and the same remedies commonly serve : but this is too general, and by some contradicted. For this peculiar disease of Melancholy, of which I am now to speak, I find several cures, several methods and prescripts. They that intend the practick cure of Melancholy, saith Duretus in his notes to Hollerius, set down nine peculiar scopes or ends; Savanarola prescribes seven especial canons, ^^lianus Montaltus, cap. 26, Faventinus in his Empiricks, Hercules de SaxoniA, &c., have their several injunctions & rules, all tending to one end. The ordinary is threefold, which I mean to follow, AtatrijnKij, Pharmaceutica, and Chirurgica, Diet or Living, Apothecary, Chirurgery, which Wecker, Crato, Guianerius, &c. and most prescribe ; of which I will insist, and speak in their order. SECT. IL— MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Diet rectified in Substance. Diet, AiairriTtKrj, Victus, or Living, according to ^ Fuchsius and others, comprehend those six non-natural things, which I have before specified, are especial causes, and, being rectified, a sole or chief part of the cure. ^Johannes Arculanus, cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis, accounts the rectifying of these six a sufficient cure. Guianerius, Tract. 15. cap. 9, calls them propriam et primam nirani, the principal cure : so doth Montanus, Crato, Mercurialis, Altomariis, (s'c. first to be tried, Lemnius, instit. cap 22, names them the hinges of our health, * no hope of recovery without thein. Rei- 1 Si aliquis horum morborum summus sanatur, sanantur omnes inferiores. ' Instit. cap. 8. sect. i. VictQs nomine non tarn cibus et potus, sed aer, exercitatio, .somnus, vigilia, et reliquse res sex non-naturales, continentur. 3 SufBcit plerumque regimen rerum sex non-naturalium. *■ Et in his potissima sanitas consistit. MEM. I. SUBS. I.] DIET RECTIFIED IN SUBSTANCE. 2$ nerus Soknander, in his seventh consultation for a Spanish young Gentlewoman, that was so melancholy she abhorred all company, and would not sit at table with her familiar friends, prescribes this Physick above the rest, 'no good to be done without it. ^ Are- tceus, lib. I. cap. 7, an old Physician, is of opinion, that this is enough of itself, if the party be not too far gone in sickness. ' Crato, in a consultation of his for a Noble patient, tells him plainly, that, if his Highness will keep but a good diet, he will warrant him his former health. ^ Montanus, Consil. 27, for a Noble-man ol France, admonisheth his Lordship to be most circum- spect in his diet, or else all his other Physick will ° be to small purpose. The same injunction I find verbatim in J. Ccesar Clau- dinus, Respon. 34, Scoltzii consil. 183, Trallianus, cap. 16. lib. i. Lcelius d, Fonte Eugubinus often brags that he hath done more cures in this kind by rectification of Diet than all other Physick besides. So that, in a word, I may say to most melancholy men, as the Fox said to the Weasel that could not get out of the garner, Macra cavum repetes. [artuni] quern macra subisti' the six non-natural things caused it, and they must cure it. Which, how- soever I treat of, as proper to the Meridian of Melancholy, yet nevertheless that which is here said with him in '' Tully, though writ especially for the good of his friends at Tarentum & Sicily, yet it will generally serve 'most other diseases, and help them likewise, if it be observed. Of these six non-natural things the first is Diet, properly so called, which consists in meat and drink, in which we must consider substance, quantity, quality, and that opposite to the precedent. In substance, such meats are generally commended which are 'moist, easy of digestion, and not apt to engender wind, not fried, nor roasted, but sod, (saith Valescus, Altomarus, Piso, (Snc.) hot and moist, and of good , nourishment ; Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2, admits roast 1 Nihil hie agendum sine exquisita vivendi ratione, &c. ^ Si recens malum sit, ad pristinum habitum recuperandura ; aliS. medelH. non est opus. ^ Consil. 99. lib. 2. Si Celsitudo tua rectam victfls rationem, &c. * Moneo, Domine, ut sis prudens ad victum, sine quo csetera remedia frustra adhibentur. " Omnia remedia irrita et vana sine his. Novistis me plerosque ita laborantes victu potius quam medicamentis curisse. [6 Hor. Epp. i. vii. 33. When you are again lean, seek an exit through the hole by which lean you entered.] ' [Book] i. De Finibus. [cap. iii. § 7.] Tarentinis et Siculis. ' Modo non raultum elongentur. ' Lib. 1. de melan'. cap. 7. Calidi et humidi cibi, concoctu faciles, flatOs exsortes, elixi, non assi, neque cibi frixi sint. 26 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SKCT. IL meat,^ if the burned and scorched superficies, the brown we call it, be pared off. Salvianus, lib. 2. cap. i, cries out on cold and dry meats ; ' young flesh and tender is approved, as of Kid, Rabbits, Chickens, Veal, Mutton, Capons, Hens, Partridge, Pheasant, Quails, and all mountain birds, which are so familiar in some parts of Africa, and in Italy, and, as ^ Dublinius reports, the common food of Boors and Clowns in Palestine. Galen takes exception at Mutton, but without question he means that rammy Mutton which is in Turkey and Asia Minor, which have those great fleshy tails of 48 pound weight, as Vertomannus witnesseth, navig. lib. 2. cap. 5. The lean of fat meat is best, and all manner of broths, and pottage, with borage, lettuce, and such wholesome herbs, are excellent good, specially of a Cock boiled ; all spoon meat. Arabians commend brains, but *Laurentius, c. 8, excepts against them, and so do many others. "Eggs are justified as a nutritive wholesome meat. Butter and Oil may pass, but with some limitation ; so ' Crato confines it, and to some men sparingly at set times, or in sauce, & so sugar & honey are approved. -''AH sharp and sour sauces must be avoided, and spices, or at least seldom used : and so saffron sometimes in broth may be tolerated ; but these things may be more freely used, as the temperature of the party is hot or cold, or as he shall find inconvenience by them. The thinnest, whitest, smallest Wine is best, not thick, nor strong ; and so of Beer, the middling is the fittest. Bread of good wheat, pure, well purged from the bran, is preferred ; Laurentius, cap. 8, would have it kneaded with rain water, if it may be gotten. Pure, thin, light water by all means use, of good smell and taste, like to the air in sight, such as is soon hot, soon cold, and which Hippocrates so much approves, if at least it may be had. Rain water is purest, so that it fall not down in great drops, and be used forthwith, for it quickly putrefies. Next to it fountain water that riseth in the East, and runneth Eastward, from a quick running spring, from flinty, chalky, gravelly grounds : & the longer a river runneth, it is commonly the purest, though many springs do yield the best water at their fountains. The waters in hotter 1 Si interna tantura pulpa devoretur, non superficies torrida ab igne. " Bene nutrientes cibi ; tenella setas multum valet ; carnes non virosse, nee pingues. * Hodoepor. peregr. Hierosol. * Inimica stomacho. " Not fried, or buttered, but potched. s Consil. 16. Non improbatur butyrum et oleum, si tamen plus quam par sit, non profundatur : sacchari et mellis usus, utiliter ad ciborum con- dimenta comprobatur. 1 Mercurialis, consil. 88. Acerba omnia evitentur. MEM. I. SUBS. I.] DIET RECTIFIED IN SUBSTANCE. 27 Countries, as in Turkey, Persia, India, within the Tropicks, are frequently purer than ours in the North, more subtile, thin, and lighter (as our Merchants observe) by four ounces in a pound, pleasanter to drink, as good as our Beer, and some of them, as Choaspes in Persia, preferred by the Persian Kings before Wine itself.' 2 Clitorio quicunque sitim de fonte leviritj Vina fugit, gaudetque meris abstemius undis. Many rivers, I deny not, are muddy still, white, thick, like those in China, Nile in Egypt, Tiber at Rome, but after they be settled two or three days, defecate and clear, very commodious, useful and good. Many make use of deep wells, as of old in the Holy Land, lakes, cisterns, when they cannot be better provided; to fetch it in carts or gondolas, as in Venice, or Camels' backs, as at Cairo in Egypt; ^ Radzivilius observed 8,000 Camels daily there, employed about that business. Some keep it in Trunks,* as in the East Indies, made four-square with descending steps, and 'tis not amiss : for I would not have any one so nice as that Grecian Calis, sister to Nicephorus, Emperor of Constantinople, and married to DomintMs Silvius, Duke of Venice,^ that, out of incredible wanton- ness, communi aqud uti nolebat, would use no vulgar water ; but she died tanid, (saith mine aMXhai) foetidissimi pmris copi&, of so fulsome a disease, that no water could wash her clean. ° Plato would not have a traveller lodge in a City, that is not governed by laws, or hath not a quick stream running by it ; illud enim animum, hoc corrumpit valetudinem, one corrupts the body, the other the mind. But this is more than needs, too much curiosity is naught, in time of necessity any water is allowed. Howsoever pure water is best, and which (as Pindar holds') is better than gold; an especial ornament it is, and very commodious to a City (according to ' Vegetius) when fresh springs are included within the walls, as at Corinth, in p See Plutarch, on Exile, § vi.] 2 Ovid. Met. lib. 15. [322, 323. Whoever has once slaked his thirst at the spring in Clitor, avoids wine, and abstemious delights in pure water only.] ' Peregr. Hier. [^ I had thought tanks might be the right reading, but I find from Halliwell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words that trunk in Sussex means an underground drain. Will that help us ? And Bailey's Dictionary gives, as one meaning of trunk, a wooden pipe for the conveyance of water.] " The Dukes of Venice were then permitted to marry. eDeLegibus. [vi. p. 761, is the passage probably in Burton's mind.] ['Olymp. i. i.] ' Lib. 4. cap. 10. Magna urbis utilitas cum perennes fontes muris includuntur ; quod si natura non prsestat, effodiendi, &c. 28 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II, SECT. II. the midst of the town almost, there was arx altissima scatens fontU bus, a goodly mount full of fresh-water springs : if nature afford them not, they must be had by art. It is a wonder to read of those ' stupend Aqueducts ; and infinite cost hath been bestowed in Rome of old, Constantinople, Carthage, Alexandria, and such populous Cities, to convey good and wholesome waters: read ^Frontinus, Lipsius, de admir. ' Plinius, lib. 3. cap. 1 1, Strabo in his Geogr.* That Aqueduct of Claudius^ was most eminent, fetched upon arches 15 miles, every arch 109 foot high: they had 14 such other Aqueducts, besides lakes and cisterns, 700, as I take it ; " every house had private pipes & channels to serve them for their use. Peter Gillius, in his accurate description of Constanti- nople, speaks of an old cistern which he went down to see, 336 foot long, 180 foot broad, built of marble, covered over with arch- work, and sustained by 336 pillars, twelve foot asunder, and in 11 rows, to contain sweet water. Infinite cost in channels and cisterns, from the Nile to Alexandria, hath been formerly bestowed, to the admiration of these times ; ' their cisterns so curiously cemented and composed, that a beholder would take them to be all of one stone : when the foundation is laid, and cistern made, their house is half built. That Segovian Aqueduct in Spain is much wondered at in these days, ' upon three rows of pillars, one above another, conveying sweet water to every house : but each City almost is full of such Aqueducts. Amongst the rest ° he is eternally to be commended, that brought that new stream to the North side of London at his own charge : and Mr. Otho Nicholson, founder of _ our Water-works and elegant Conduit in Oxford. So much have all times attributed to this element, to be conveniently provided of it. Although Galen hath taken exceptions at such waters which run through leaden pipes, ob cerussam quce in iis generatur, for that unctuous ceruse, which causeth dysenteries and fluxes ; yet, as Alsarius Crucius^" of Genoa well answers, it is opposite to common experience. If that were true, most of our Italian cities, I Opera Gigantum dicit aliquis. * De Aquasduct. ' Curtius Fons k quad- ragesimo lapide in urbem opere arcuato perductus. Plin. 36. 15. [^ Book v. cap. iii. § 8.] [' See Frontinus, De Aquaeduot. cap. 5."] 6 Quseque domus Romae fistulas habebat et canales, &c. [Strabo, Geogr. Book v. cap. iii. § 8.] ' Lib. 2. cap. 20. Jod. a Meggen. cap. 15. pereg. Hier. Bellonius. ' Cypr. Echovius delic. Hisp. Aqua profluens inde in omnes fer^ domos ducitur, in puteis quoque aestivo tempore frigidissima conservator. " Sir Hugh Middleton, Baronet. '" De qusssitis raed. cent. fol. 354. MEM. I. SUBS. I.] DIET RECTIFIED IN SUBSTANCE. 29 Montpelier in France, with infinite others, would find this incon- venience, but there is no such matter. For private families, in what sort they should furnish themselves, let them consult with P. Cresceniius, de Agric. I. i. c. 4, Pamphilus Hirelacus, and the rest. Amongst fishes, those are most allowed of that live in gravelly or sandy waters. Pikes, Perch, Trout, Gudgeon, Smelts, Flounders, &c. Hippolytus Salvianus takes exception at Carp, but I dare boldly say, with * Dubravius, it is an excellent meat, if it come not from ' muddy pools, that it retain not an unsavoury taste. . Erinaceus Marinus^'\% much commended by Oribasius, Aetius, and most of our late writers. * Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2, censures all manner of fruits, as subject to putrefaction, yet tolerable at some times ; after meals, at second course, they keep down vapours, & have their use. Sweet fruits are best, as sweet Cherries, Plums, sweet Apples, Pear-mains, and Pippins, which Laurentius extols, as having a peculiar property against this disease, and Plater magnifies; omnibus modis appro- priata convetnunt, but they must be corrected for their windiness ; ripe Grapes are good, and Raisins of the Sun, Musk-melons well corrected, and sparingly used. Figs are allowed, and Almonds blanched. Trallianus discommends Figs, ^Salvianus Olives and Capers, which ° others especially like of, and so of pistick nuts.'' Montanus and Merairialis, out of Avenzoar, admit Peaches, " Pears, and Apples baked, after meals, only corrected with sugar and aniseed or fennel-seed, and so they may be profitably taken, because they strengthen the stomack, and keep down vapours. The like may be said of preserved Cherries, Plums, Marmelade of Plums, Quinces, &c. but not to drink after them. ' Pomegranates, Lemons, Oranges, are tolerated, if they be not too sharp. ^ De piscibus lib. Habent omnes in lautitiis, modo non sint d coenoso loco. 2 De piso. c. 2. 1. 7. Plurimum prasstat ad utilitatem et jucunditatem. Idem Trallianus, lib. i. 0. 16. Pisces petrosi, et moUes came. P The sea-hedgehog.] * Etsi omnes putredini sunt obnoxii, ubi secundis mensis, incepto jam priore, devorentur, commodi succi prosunt, qui dulcedine sunt prsediti, ut dulcia cerasa, poma, &c. ' Lib. 2. cap. i. ' Montanus, consil. 24. [' See pistachio iw Latham's Edition of Johnson's Dictionary.] ^ Pyra quas grato sunt sapore, cocta mala, poma testa, et saccharo vel anisi seraine conspersa, utiliter statim k prandio vel i coena sumi possunt, eo quod ventriculum roborent, et vapores caput petentes reprimant. Mont, > Punica mala aurantia commode permittuntur, iuod6 non slnt austera et acida. so ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL ' Crafo will admit of no herbs, but Borage, Bugloss, Endive, Fennel, Aniseed, Balm ; Calenus and Amoldus tolerate Lettuce, Spinage, ''Beets, &c. The same Crato will allow no roots at all to be eaten. Some approve of Potatoes, Parsnips, but all corrected for wind. No raw sallets ; but, as Laurentim prescribes, in broths ; and so Crato commends many of them : or to use Borage, Hops, Balm, steeped in their ordinary drink. ^ Avenzoar magnifies the juice of a Pomegranate, if it be sweet, and especially Rose-water, which he would have to be used in every dish, which they put in practice in those hot countries about Damascus, where (if we may believe the relations of Vertomannus') many hogsheads of Rose-, water are to be sold in the market at once, it is in so great request with them. SUBSECT. 2. — Diet rectified in Quantity. Man alone, saith ^ Cardan, eats and drinks without appetite, and useth all his pleasure without necessity, am'mce vitio^ and thence come many inconveniences unto him. For there is no meat whatsoever, though otherwise wholesome and good, but, if un- seasonably taken, or immoderately used, more than the stomack can well bear, it will ingender crudity, and do much harm. Therefore " Crato adviseth his patient to eat but twice a day, and that at his set meals, by no means to eat without an appetite, or upon a full stomack, and to put seven hours difference betwixt dinner and supper. Which rule if we did observe in our Colleges, it would be much better for our healths. But custom, that tyrant, so prevails, that, contrary to all good order and rules of Physick, we scarce admit of five. If, after seven hours' tarrying, he shall have no stomack, let him defer his meal, or eat very little at his ordinary time of repast. This very counsel was given by Prosper Calenus tp Cardinal Ccesius, labouring of this disease; and " Platerus prescribes it to a patient of his, to be most severely kept. Gtiianerius admits of three meals a day, but Montanus, consil. 23. pro Ab. Italo, ties him precisely to two. And, as he 1 Olera omnia prsetcr boraginem, buglossum, intybura, feniculum, anisum, melissum, vitaii debent. 2 Mercurialis, pract. Med. 3 Lib. 2. de com. Solus homo edit bibitque, &c. [^ In consequence of his vicious mind.] *■ Consil. 21. 18. Si plus ingeratur quani par est, et ventriculus tolerate possit, nocet, et cruditates general, &o. « Observat. lib. i. Assuescat bis in die cibos sumere, certa semper hor^ MEM. I. SUBS. II.] DIET RECTIFIED IN QUANTITY. 3 1 must not eat overmuch, so he may not absolutely fast ; for, as Celsus contends, h'l>. x. Jacchinus, 15. «'«. 9. Rhasis, 'repletion and inanition may both do harm in two contrary extremes. Moreover that which he doth eat must be well " chewed, and not hastily gob- bled, for that causeth crudity and wind ; and by all means to eat no .more than he can well digest. Some think (saith ^ Trmcavellius, lib. II. cap. 29, de curand. part, hum.) the more they eat the more they nourish themselves : eat and live, as the proverb is ; not knowing that only repairs man which is well concocted, not that which is devoured. Melancholy men most part have good ''appetites, but ill digestion, and for that cause they must be sure to rise with an appetite : and that which Socrates and Disarius, the Physicians in ' Mac-robius, so much require, S. Hierome enjoins Rusticus, to eat and drink no more than will ° satisfy hunger and thirst. ''Lessius the Jesuit holds 12, 13, or 14 ounces, or in our Northern Countries 16 at most, (for all students, weaklings, and such as lead an idle sedentary life), of meat, bread, &'c. a Jit proportion for a whole day, and as much or little more of drink. Nothing pesters the body and mind sooner than to be still fed, to eat and ingurgitate' beyond all measure, as many do. ''By overmuch eating and con- tinual feasts they stifle nature, and choke up themselves ; which, had (hey lived coarsely, or like galley-slaves been tied to an oar, might have happily prolonged many fair years. A great inconvenience comes by variety of dishes, which causeth the precedent distemperature, " than which (saith Avicenna) nothing is worse; to feed on diversity of meats, or overmuch, Sertorius — like in lucem ccenare,^^ [to sup till daylight,] and, as commonly they do in Muscovy and Iceland, to prolong their meals all day long, or all night. Our Northern Countries offend especially in this, and we in this Island {ampliter viventes in prandiis 6- cmnis, as ^^Polydore notes) 1 Ne plus ingerat cavendum qu4m ventriculus ferre potest ; semperque surgat k mensa non satur. " Siquidem qui semimansura velociter ingerunt cibum ventrioulo laborera inferunt, et flatus maximos promovent. Crato. ' Quidam maximfe comedere nituntur, putantes ea ratione se vires refecturos ; ignorantes, non ea quae ingerunt posse vires reficere, sed quae prob6 concoquunt. ^ Multa appetunt, pauca digerunt. ^ Saturnal. lib. 7. cap. 4. ^ Modicus et temperatus cibus et cami et animse utilis est. [Epistle 125.] ' Hygiasticon reg. Unciae 14 vel 16 per diem sufficiant, computato pane, came ovis, vel aliis obsoniis, et totidem vel paul6 plures uncise potfis. « [= drink]. « Idem, reg. 27. Plures in domibus suis brevi tempore pascentes extinguuntur, qui, si triremibus vincti fuissent, autgregarip pane pasti, sani et incolumes in longam aetatem vitam prorogassent. i" Nihil detenus quim diversa nutrientia simul adjungere, et comedendi tempus prorogare. pi See Martial vii. 10. S-] ^ Lib. i. hist. 32 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. are most liberal feeders, but to our own hvfrt. ^ Persicos odi, pwr, apparatus. Excess of meat breedeth sickness, &= gluttony causeth cholerick diseases : by surfeiting many perish, but he thatdieteth himself prolongeth his life, Ecclus. 37. 29, 30. We account it a great glory for a man to have his table daily furnished with variety of meats : but hear the Physician, he pulls thee by the ear as thou sittest, & telleth thee, ^that nothing can be more noxious to thy health than such variety &= plenty. Temperance is a bridle of gold, & he that can use it aright, ' ego non summis viris comparo, sed simillimum Deo judico, is liker a God than a man : for as it will transform a beast to a man again, so it will make a man a God. To preserve thine honour, health, and to avoid therefore all those inflations, torments, ob- structions, crudities, and diseases, that come by a full diet, the best way is to ^ feed sparingly of one or two dishes at most, to have ventrem bene moratum, as Seneca^ calls it, "to choose one of many, &= to feed on that alone, as Crato adviseth his patient. The same coun- sel '' Prosper Calenus gives to Cardinal Ceesius, to use a moderate & simple diet : and, though his table be Jovially furnished by reason of his state & guests, yet for his own part to single out some one savoury dish and feed on it. The same is incalculated by ^ Crato, consil. 9. /. 2, to a Noble Personage affected with this grievance, he would have his Highness to dine or sup alone, without all his honourable attendance & courtly company, with a private friend or so, ° a dish or two, a cup of Rhenish wine, &c. Montanus, consil. 24, for a Noble Matron, enjoins her one dish, and by no means to drink betwixt meals ; the like, consil. 229, or not to eat till he be an hungry ; which rule Berengarius did most strictly observe, as Hilbertus, Cenomanensis Episc}" writes in his life ; cui non fuit unquam Ante sitim potus, nee cibus ante famem ; and which all temperate men do constantly keep. It is a frequent 1 Hor. [Od. i. xxxviii. 1. I hate the elaborate feasting of the Persians.] " Ciboram varietate et copii in eadem mensa nihil nocentius homini ad salutem. Fr. Valencia, observ. 1. 2. cap. 6. s Tull. orat. pro M. Marcel, [c. iii. § 8.] * Nulltis cibum sumere debet, nisi stomachus sit vacuus. Gordon, lib. med. 1. i. c. II. P Epistle 123. A healthy stomach.] « E multis eduliis unum elige, relictisque caeteris ex eo comede. ' L. de atra bile. Simplex sit cibus, et non varius ; quod licet dignitati tuas ob convivas difficile videatur, &c. ^ Celsitudo tua prandeat sola, absque apparatu Aulico ; contentus sit lUustrissimus Princeps duobus tantum ferculis, vinoque Rhenano solum in mensa utatur. 9 Semper intra satietatem 4 mensa recedat, uno ferculo contentus. [m Bishop of Mans in France.] MEM. I. SUBS. II.] DIET RECTIFIED IN QUANTITY. 33 solemnity still used with us, when friends meet, to go to the ale- house or tavern, they are not sociable otherwise : and, if they visit one another's houses, they must both eat and drink. I reprehend it not moderately used, but to some men nothing can be more offensive ; they had better, I speak it with Saint ^Ambrose, pour so much water in their shoes. _ It much avails likewise to keep good order in our diet, '^to eat liquid things first, broths, fish, and such meats as are sooner corrupted in the stomach ; harder meats of digestion must come last. Crato ■would have the supper less than dinner, which Cardan, contradict. Lib. I. Tract 5. contradict. 18, disallows, and that by the authority of Galen, 7. art. curat, cap. 6, and for four reasons he will have the supper biggest. I have read many Treatises to this purpose, I know not how it may concern some few sick men, but for my part, generally for all, I should subscribe to that custom of thejRomans, to make a sparing dinner, and a liberal supper ; all their preparation and invitation was still at supper, no mention of dinner. Many reasons I could give, but, when all is said pro and con, ^ Cardan's rule is best, to keep that we are accustomed unto, though it be naught ; and to follow our disposition and appetite in some things is not amiss, to eat some- times of a dish which is hurtful, if we have an extraordinary liking to it. Alexander Severus loved Hares and Apples above all other meats, as * Lampridius relates in his life : one Pope Pork, another Peacock, &c. what harm came of it ? I conclude, our own expe- rience is the best Physician ; that diet which is most propitious to one is often pernicious to another ; such is the variety of palates, humours, and temperatures, let every man observe, and be a law unto himself. Tiberius in ° Tacitus did laugh at all such, that after 30 years of age would ask counsel of others concerning matters of diet ; I say the same. These few rules of diet he that keeps shall surely find great ease and speedy remedy by it. It is a wonder to relate that prodigious temperance of some Hermits, Anachorites, and Fathers of the Church. He that shall but read their lives, written by Hierom, 1 Lib. de Elia et Jejunio. [cap. xiv. § si.j Mult6 melius in terram vina fudisses. ' Crato. Multum refert non ignorare qui oibi priores, &o. liquida prsecedant carnium jura, pisces, fructus, &c. Ccena brevior sit prandio. ' Tract. 6. contradict, i. lib. i. * Super omnia quotidianum leporem habuit, et pomis indulsit. [cap. 37.] ° Annal. 6. [52.] Ridere soli bat .os, qui, post tricesimura setatis annum, ad internoscenda corpori sue utilia vel noxia alicujus consilii indigerent. II. D 34 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II" Athanasius, ^fc. how abstemious Heathens have been in this kind, those Curii and Fabricii, those old Philosophers, as Pliny records Hb.ii, [cap. 42], Xenophon,M. i. [cap. iii § § 14, 15,] de vit. Socrat. Emperors and Kings, as Nicephorus relates, £ccles. Hist. lib. 18. cap. 8, oi Mauritius, Lodovicus Pius, &-<;. and that admirable^ example of Lodovicus Cornarus, a Patrician of Venice^ cannot but admire them. This have they done voluntarily, and in health ; what shall these private men do that are visited with sickness, and necessarily 'enjoined to recover and continue their health? It is a hard thing to observe a strict diet, et qui medicl vivit misere vivit,*' as the saying is, quale hoc ipsum erit vivere, his si p7-ivatus fueris ? as good be buried, as so much debarred of his appetite ; excessit medicina malum,^ the physick is more troublesome than the disease, so he complained in the Poet, so thou thinkest : yet he that loves him- self will easily endure this little misery, to avoid a greater incon- venience ; i malis minimum,'' better do this than do worse. And, as ' Tully holds, better be a temperate old man, than a lascivious youth. 'Tis the only sweet thing, (which he adviseth), so to moderate ourselves, that we may have senectutem injuventute, et in juventute senectutem^ be youthful in our old age, staid in our youth, discreet and temperate in both. MEMB. 11. Retention and Evacuation rectified. I HAVE declared in the causes what harm costiveness hath done in procuring this disease ; if it be so noxious, the opposite must needs be good, or mean at least, as indeed it is, and to this cure necessarily required; maximl conducit, sa.ith. Afontaltus, cap. 27, it very much avails. ^Altomarus, cap. 7, commends walking in a morning into some fair green pleasant fields, but by all means first, by art or nature, he will have these ordinary excrements evacuated, 1 A Lessio edit. 1614. [2 See a paper of Addison's, Spectator, No. 195.] ' .iEgyptii olim omnes morbos curabant vomitu et jejunio. Bohemus, lib. i. cap. 5. [*Andhe who lives by rule lives miserably.] p Lucan, ii, 142, memoriter. Libri modum.] p Cic. de Off. iii. i. 3. Of evils choose the least.] ' Cat. Major. [§ 29, memoriter.] Melior conditio senis viventis ex prxscripto artis medicas, quam adolescentis luxuriosi. [8 Cic. De Senectute, §32, memoriter.] 9 Debet per .imoena exerceri, et loca viridia, excretis priiis arte vel natma alvi excrementis. MEM. II.] RETENTION AND EVACUATION RECTIFIED. 35 Fiso calls it benefidum ventris, the benefit, help, or pleasure of the belly, for it doth much ease it. Laurentius, cap. 8. consil. 2 1. /. 2, prescribes it once a day at least : where nature is defective, art must supply, by those lenitive electuaries, suppositories, condite prunes, turpentine, Clysters, as shall be shewed. Prosper Calenus, lib. de atra bile, commends Clysters in hypochondriacal melancholy, still to be used as occasion serves. ^Peter Cnemander, in a con- sultation of his pro hypochondriaco, will have his patient continually loose, and to that end sets down there many forms of Potions and Clysters. Mercurialis, consil. 88, if this benefit come not of its own accord, prescribes ^ Clysters in the first place : so doth Montanus, consil. 24. consil. 31. et 229, he commends turpentine to that purpose : the same he ingeminates, consil. 230, for an Italian Abbot. 'Tis very good to wash his hands & face often, to shift his clothes, to have fair linen about him, to be decently and comely attired, for sordes vitiant, nastiness defiles, and dejects any man that is so voluntarily, or compelled by want, it dulleth the spirits. Baths are either artificial or natural, both have their specinl uses in this malady, and, as '^/d'^a^^^r supposeth, lib. i.cap. 16, yield as speedy a remedy as any other Physick whatsoever. Aetius would have them daily used, assidua balnea, Tetra. 2. sect. 2. c. '9. Galen cracks how many several cures he hath performed in this kind by use of baths alone, and Rufus pills, moistening them which are otherwise dry. Rhasis makes it a principal cure, tola aira sit in humectando, to bathe and afterwards anoint with oil. Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, cap. 8, and Montanus, set down their peculiar forms of artificial baths. Crato, consil. 17. lib. 2, corn- mends Mallows, Camomile, Violets, Borage, to be boiled in it, and sometimes fair water alone, as in his following counsel, balneum aqua dulcis solum smpissimi profuisse compertum habemus. So doth Fuchsius, lib. i. cap. 33, Frisimelica, 2. consil. 42, in Trincavellius. Some, beside herbs, prescribe a ram's head and other things to be boiled. ^Fernelius, consil 44, will have them used 10 or 12 days together; to which he must enter fasting, and so continue in a I Hildesheim, spicil. a. de me!, Primum omnium operara dabis ut singulis dieuus habeas beneficium ventris, semper cavendo ne alvus sit diutius astricta. 2 Si non sponte, clysteribus purgetur.^ 3 Balneorum usus dulcium, siquid aliud, ipsis opitulatur. Credo base did cum aliqua jactantia, inquit Montanus, consil, 26. ^ In quibus jejunus diu sedeat eo tempore, ne sudorem excitant aut manifeslum teporem, sed quadam refrigeratione bumectent. 36 ANATOMY OK MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL temperate heat, & and after that frictions all over the body. Lmlius \d, Fonte] Eugubinus, consil. 142, and Christoph. ^rerus, in a consultation of his, hold once or twice a week suificient to bathe, ' the water to be warm, not hot, for fear of sweating. Felix Plater, obsefv. lib. i. for a melancholy Lawyer, ^will have lotions of the head still joined to these baths, with a lee wherein capital herbs have been boiled. ^Laurentius speaks of baths of milk, which I find approved by many others. And still, aftjr bath, the body to be anointed with oil of bitter Almonds, of violets, new or fresh butter, * Capon's grease, especially the back bone, and then lotions of the head, embrocations, &c. These kind of baths have been in former times much frequented, and diversely varied, & are still in general use in those Eastern Countries. The Romans had their publick Baths very sumptuous and stupend, as those of Antoninus and Dioclesian. Plin. \N.H. lib.'] 36, [r. 24,] saith there were an infinite number of them in Pome, and mightily frequented. Some bathed seven times a day, as Commodus the Emperor is reported to have done, usually twice a day, and they were after anointed with most costly ointments : rich women bathed themselves in milk, some in the milk of 500 she-asses at once. We have many ruins of such Baths found in this Island, amongst those parietines" and rubbish of old Roman Towns. Lipsius, de mag. Urb. Rom. I. 3. f. 8, Rosinus, Scot of Antwerp, and other Antiquaries, tell strange stories of their Baths. Gillius, I. 4. c. ult. Topogr. Constant, reckons up 155 publick " Baths in Constantinople, of fair building ; they are still 'frequented in that City by the 7«y^j of all sorts, men and women, and all over Greece and those hot countries ; to absterge belike that fulsomeness of sweat, to which they are there subject. "Busbeguius, in his Epistles, is very copious in describing the manner of them, how their women go covered, a maid following with a box of ointment to rub them. The richer sort have private Baths in their houses, the poorer go to the common, and are generally so curious in this behalf, that they will not eat nor drink until they have bathed, before and after meals some, ° and will not make water or go to stool, but they will wash their hands. Leo 1 Aqua non sit calida, sed tepida, ne sudor sequatur. 2 Lotiones capitis ex llxivio, in quo herbas capitales coxerint. * Cap. 8. de mel. < Aut axungia pulli. Piso. p Ruins of walls.] 8 Thermse Nympheae. ' Sandes, lib. I. saith that women go twice a week to the Baths at least, 8 Epist. 3. 9 Nee alvum excernunt, quin aquam secum portent qui partes obscaenas lavent. Busbequius, £p. 3. Leg. Turciae. MEM. II.] RETENTION AND EVACUATION RECTIFIED. 37 Afer, /. 3, makes mention of 100 several Baths at Fez in Africa, most sumptuous, and such as have great revenues belonging to them. Buxtorf, cap. 14. Synagog.Jud. speaks of many ceremonies amongst the Jews in this kind ; they are very superstitious in their Baths, especially women. Natural Baths are praised by some, discommended by others ; but it is in a diverse respect. ^Marcus de Oddis, in Hyp. affect. consulted about Baths, condemns them for the heat of the liver, because they dry too fast ; and yet by and by, ^ in another counsel for the same disease, he approves them, because they cleanse by reason of the sulphur, and would have their water to be drunk. Aretaus, c. 7. commends Alum Baths above the rest ; and ^Mer- curialis, cotisil. 88, those oi Lucca in that hypochondriacal passion. He would have his patient tarry there 15 days together, and drink the water of them, and to be bucketed, or have the water poured on his head. John Baptista Silvaticus, cont. 64, commends all the Baths in Italy, and drinking of their water, whether they be Iron, Alum, Sulphur ; so doth * Hercules de Saxonici. But, in that they cause sweat, and dry so much, he confines himself to hypochon- driacal melancholy alone, excepting that of the head, and the other. Trincavellius, consil. 14. lib. i, prefers those °Porrectan Baths before the rest, because of the mixture of Brass, Iron, Alum, and consil. 35. /. 3, for a melancholy Lawyer, and consil. 36, in that hypochondriacal passion, the " Baths of Aquaria, and 36. consil. the drinking of them. Frisimelica, consulted among the rest, in Trincavellius, consil. 42. lib. 2, prefers the Waters oVApona before all artificial Baths whatsoever in this disease, and would have one nine years affected with hypochondriacal passions, fly to them, as to an holy anchor. Of the same mind is Trincavellius himself there, and yet both put a hot liver in the same party for a cause, and send him to the waters of S. Helen^ which are much hotter. Montanus, consil. 230, magnifies the ° Chalderinian Baths, and consil. 237, &" 239, he exhorteth to the same, but with this caution, I Hildesheiin, spicel. 2. de mel. hypocon. Si non adesset jecoris caliditas, thermas laudarem, et si non nimia humoris exsiccatio esset metuenda. 2 Yo\. 141. 8 Thermas Luccenses adeat, ibique aquas ejus per 15 dies potet ; et calidarum aquarum stillicidiis turn caput turn ventriculura de more subjiciat. ^ In parth. " Aquae Porrectanse. * Aquae Aquarise. ' Ad aquas Aponenses velut ad sacram anchoram confugiat. ^ Job. Bauhinus, U. 3, c. 14. hist, admir. fontis Bollensis in ducat. Wittemberg, laudat aquas Bollenses ad melancholicos morbos, mcerorem, fascinationem, aliaque animi pathemata. 9 Balnea Chalderina. 38 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL ' that the liver be outwardly anointed with some coolers, that it be not overheated. But these Baths must be warily frequented by melan- choly persons, or if used to such as are very cold of themselves, for as Gabelius concludes of all Dutch Baths, and especially of those of Baden, they are good for all cold diseases, " naught for cholerich, hot &= dry, and all infirmities proceeding of choler, inflam- mations of the spleen and liver. Our English Baths, as they are hot, must needs incur the same censure : but D. Turner of old, and D. Jones, have written at large of them. Of cold Baths I find little or no mention in any Physician; some speak against them. ^Cardan alone, out of Agathinus, commends bathing in fresh rivers, 6^ cold waters, and adviseth all such as mea7i to live long to use it, for it agrees with all ages 6f complexions, and is most profitable for hot temperatures. As for sweating, urine, blood-letting by hsemrods, or otherwise, I shall elsewhere more opportunely speak of them. Immoderate Venus in excess, as it is a cause, or in defect ; so, moderately used, to some parties an only help, a present remedy. Peter Forestus calls it aptissimum remedium, a most apposite remedy, ' remitting anger, and reason, that was otherwise bound. Avicenna, Fen. 3. 20, Oribasius, med. collect, lib. 6. cap. 37, contend, out of Ruffus and others, ° that many mad-men, melancholy, and labouring of the falling-sickness, have been cured by this alone. Montaltus, cap. 27. de melan. will have it drive away sorrow, and all illusions of the brain, to purge the heart and brain from ill smokes and vapours that offend them, ^ &= if it be omitted, as Valescus supposeth, it makes the mind sad, the body dull and heavy. Many other inconveniences are reckoned up by Mercatus, and by Rodericus d, Castro, in their tracts de melancholia virginum et monialium f ob seminis retenttonem sceviunt scepl moniales et virgines, but, as Platerus adds, si nubant, sanantur ; they rave single, and pine away, much discontent, but marriage mends all. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. med. hist. cap. i, tells a story to confirm this out of Alexander Fenedictus, of a maid that was mad, ob menses inhibitos ; cum in officinam meritoriam incidisset, d quindecim viris eadem node compressa, mensium largo 1 Hepar externe ungatur, ne calefiat. 2 Nocent calidis et siccis, cholericis, et omnibus morbis ex cholera, hepatis, splenisque aftectionibus. 3 Lit, de aqua. Qui breve hoc vitas curriculum cupiunt sani transigere, frigidis aquis ssepe lavare debent, nuUi setati cum sit incongrua, calidis imprimis utilis, ** Solvit Venus ration is vim impeditam, ingentes iras remittit, &o. ^ Muiti comitiales, melan- cholici, insani, hujus usu solo sanati. 8 gi omittatur coitus, contristat et plturimuia gravat corpus et animum. I7 On the melancholy of maids and nuns.] MEM. II.] RETENTION AND EVACUATION RECTIFIED. 39 profiuvio, quodpluribus annis ante constiierat, non sine magna pudore mane menii restituta discessit. But this must be warily understood, for, as Arnoldus objects, lib. i. breviar. 18. cap. Quid coitus ad melancholicum succum 1 What affinity have these two ? ^except it be manifest that super-abundance of seed, or fulness of blood be a cause, or that Love, or an extraordinary desire of Venus, have gone before, or that, as Lod. Mercatus excepts, they be very flatuous, & have been otherwise accustomed unto it. Montaltus, cap. 27, will not allow of moderate Venus to such as have the Gout, Palsy, Epilepsy, Melancholy, except they be very lusty, and full of blood. ""Lodovicus Antonius, lib. med. miscel. in his chapter of Venus, forbids it utterly to all wrestlers, ditchers, labouring men, &c. 'Ficinus and "-Marsilius Cognatus put Venus one of the five mortal enemies of a student : it consumes the spirits, and weakeneth the brain. Halyabbas the Arabian, 5. Theor. cap. 36, and yason Pratensis make it the fountain of most diseases, " but most pernicious to them who are cold and dry ; a melancholy man must not meddle with it but in some cases. Plutarch, in his book de san. tuend. accounts of it as one of the three principal signs and preservers of health, temperance in this kind ; ° to rise with an appetite, to be ready to work, and abstain from Venery, tria saluberrima, are three most healthful things. We see their opposites how pernicious they are to man- kind, as to all other creatures, they bring death, and many feral diseases : Immodicis brevis est cetas &= rara setiectiis.'' Aristotle^ gives instance in sparrows, which are pariim vivaces ob salacitatem, " short lived because of their salacity, which is very frequent, as Scioppius, in Priapeis [26], will better iniorm you. The extremes being both bad," the medium is to be kept, which cannot easily be determined. Some are better able to sustain, such as are hot and moist, phlegmatick, as Hippocrates insinuateth, some strong and 1 Nisi certo constet nimium semen aut sanguinem causam esse, aut amor prsecesserit, aut, &c. 2 Athletis, arthriticis, podagricis nocet, nee opportuna prodest nisi fortibus et qui multo sanguine abundant. Idem Scaliger, exerc. 269. Turcis ideo luctatoribus prohibitum. ' De sanit. tuend. lib. i. ^ Lib. i. ca. 7. exhaurit enim spiritus animumque debilitat. " Frigidis et siccis corporibus inimicissima. ^ Vesci intra satietatem, impigrum esse ad laborem, vitale semen conservare. [§ 15.] [' Martial, vi. 29. 7. The immoderate are short-hved, and rarely come to old age.] p De long, et brev. vitas, c. v.] ^ Nequitia est quse te non sinit esse senem. [Ovid, F. i. 414.] ^'^ Vide Montanum, Pet. Godefridum. Amorum lib. 2. cap. 6. Curiosum de his, nam et numerum definite Talimudistis, uniquique sciatis assignari suum tempus, &c. 40 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. lusty, well fed like Hercules^ ^Proculus the Emperor, lusty Laurence,^ prostibulum feminmt Messalina the Empress,^ that by Philters, and such kind of lascivious meats, use all means to " enable themselves, and brag of it in the end ; confodi multas enim, occidi vera paucas per ventrem vidisti, as that Spanish '' Caelestina merrily said : others impotent, of a cold and dry constitution, cannot sustain those gymnicks ' without great hurt done to their own bodies, of which number (though they be very prone to it) are melancholy men for the most part. MEMB. Ill, Air rectified. With a digression of the Air. As a long-winged Hawk, when he is first whistled off the fist, mounts aloft, and for his pleasure fetcheth many a circuit in the Air, still soaring higher and higher, till he be come to his full pitch, and in the end, when the game is sprung, comes down amain, and stoops upon a sudden : so will I, having now come at last into these ample fields of Air, wherein I may freely expatiate and exer- cise myself for my recreation, a while rove, wander round about the world, mount aloft to those ethereal orbs and celestial spheres, and so descend to my former elements again. In which progress I will first see whether that relation of the Friar of ° Oxford be true, concerning those Northern parts under the Pole, (if I meet obith-\on the way] with the Wanderingy«£/, EliasArtifex, or Lucian's Icaromenippus^" they shall be my guides), whether there be such 4 Euripuses, and a great rock of Loadstones, which may cause the needle in the Compass still to bend that way, and what should be the true cause of the variation of the Compass. " Is it a mag- 1 Thespiadas genuit. [See Diodorus Siculus, v. 2.] 2 Vide Vopiscum, vit. ejus. [See also Gibbon, D. & F. chapter xii.] [S A good wencher. The term occurs in this sense in Dekker's Wonder of a Kingdom. See Nares' Glossary, ed. Halliwell,] [* Plant. Aulularia, ii. iv. 6. That whore of a woman.] » Et lassata viris, &c. [;juv. vi. 130,] 6 Vid. Mizald. cent. 8. 11, Lemniura, lib. 2. cap. 16, Catullum ad Ipsithillara, &c.,Ovid. Eleg. lib. 3. et 6. &c. Quot itinera una nocte confecissent, tot coronas ludicro Deo puta Triphallo, Marsise, Hermae, Priapo, donarent. Cingemus tibi mentulam coronis, &c. ' Pornoboscodid. Gasp. Barthii. [a Cf. Suet. Dom. cap. 22.] 9 Nich. de Lynna, cited by Mercator m his Map. [W See Lucian's Icaromenippus.] " Mons Sloto. Some caJl it the highest hill in the world, next to Teneriffe in the Canaries. Lat. 81. MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 4I netical rock, or the Pole-star, as Cardan will ; or some other star in the Bear, as Marsilius Ficinus ; or a magnetical meridian, as Maurolicus ; vel situs in vend, terrcR^ as Agricola ; or the nearness of the next Continent, as Caheus will ; or some other cause, as Scaliger, Cortesius, Conimbricenses, Peregrinus, contend ; why at the /^zc^^M it looks directly North, otherwise not? In the Mediter- ranean or Levant (as some observe) it varies 7 grad. by and by 12, and then 22. In the Baltick Seas, ncax Rasceburg'vn. Finland, the needle runs round, if any ships come that way, though ^Martin Ridley write otherwise, that the needle near the Pole will hardly be forced from his direction. 'Tis fit to be enquired whether certain rules may be made of it, as 1 1 grad. Land, variat. alibi 36, Ss'c. and, that which is more prodigious, the variation varies in the same place, now taken accurately, 'tis so much after a few years quite altered from that it was : till we have better intelligence, let our D. Gilbert, and ^Nicholas Cabeus the Jesuit, that have both written great volumes of this subject, satisfy these inquisitors. Whether the sea be open and navigable by the Pole Arctic, and which is the likeliest way, that of Bartison the Hollander, under the Pole itself, which for some reasons I hold best, or by Fretuvi Davis, or Nova Zembla. Whether * Hudson's discovery be true of a new found Ocean, any likelihood of Button's Bay in 50 degrees, Hubberd's Hope in 60, that of ut ultra near Sir Thomas Rois welcome in North-west Fox, being that the sea ebbs and flows constantly there 15 foot in 12 hours, as our "new Cards inform us that California is not a Cape, but an Island, and the West-winds make the Nepe" tides equal to the Spring, or that there be any probability to pass by the straits oi Anian to China, by the Promontory of Tabin. If there be, I shall soon perceive whether ''Marcus Polus the Venetian's narration be true or false, of that great City of Quinsay and Cambalu; whether there be any such places, or that, as 'Matth. Riccius the Jesuit hath written, China and Cathay be all one, the great Cham of Tartary and the King of China be the same : Xuntain and Quinsay, and the City of Cambalu be that n^ Peking,^ or such a wall 400 leagues long p Or situated in a vein of the earth.] 2 Cap. 26. in his Treatise of Magnetick Bodies. ^ I-'ege lib. i. cap. 23. et 24. de magnetica philosophia, et lib. 3. cap. 4. ■* i6i2. 5 M. Brigs, his Map, and Northwest Fox. « [=Low'.] ^ Lib. 2. ca. 64. de nob. oivitat. Quinsay, et cap. 10. de Cambalu. 8 m,. ^, exped. ad Sinas, ca. 3. et lib. 5. c. 18. p So Yule.] 42 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. 11. SECT. II. to part China from Tartary : whether ^ Presbyter^ John be vciAsia or Africa, M. Polus Venetus puts him in Asia,^ the most received opinion is, that he is Emperor of the Abyssines, which of old was Ethiopia, now Nubia, under the Equator in Africa. Whether * Guinea be an Island or part of the Continent, or that hungry ° Spaniard's discovery of Terra Australis Incognita, or Magel- lanica, be as true as that oi Mercurius Britannicus, or his of Utopia, or his of Lucinia. And yet in likelihood it may be so, for without all question it being extended from the Tropick of Capricorn to the circle Antarctick, and lying as it doth in the temperate Zone, cannot choose but yield in time some flourishing Kingdoms to succeeding ages, as America did unto the Spaniards. Shouten and Le Meir have done well in the discovery of the Straits oi Magellan, in finding a more convenient passage to Mare Facificum: me- thinks some of our modern Argonauts should prosecute the rest. As I go by Madagascar, I would see that great Bird 'Ruck, that can carry a Man and Horse or an Elephant, with that Arabian Phoenix described by '' Adricomius ; see the Pelicans of -Egypt, those Scythian Gryphes in Asia : and afterwards in Africa examine the fountains of Nilus, whether Herodotus, ^Seneca, Plin. lib. 5, cap. 9, Strabo, lib. 5, give a true cause of his annual flowing, ^Pagaphetta discourse rightly of it, or of Niger and Senega; examine Cardan, '^"Scaliger's reasons, and the rest. Is it from those Etesian winds, or melting of snow in the Mountains under the Equator, {(or Jordan yearly overflows when the snow melts in Mount Libanus), or from those great dropping perpetual showers, which are so frequent to the inhabitants within the Tropicks, when the Sun is vertical, and cause such vast inundations in Senega, Maragnan, Orinoco, and the rest of those great rivers in Zona Torrida, which have all commonly the same passions at set times : and by good husbandry and policy hereafter no doubt may come to be as populous, as well tilled, as fruitful, as Egypt itself, or Co- chin China ? I would observe all those motions of the sea, and from what cause they proceed, from the Moon (as the Vulgar 1 M. Polus in Asia Presb. Joh. meminit, lib. 2. cap. 30. p Or Prester John, as Yule mi. See his note i. 205-209.] s Alluaresius et alii. * Lat. 10. Gr. Aust. ' Ferdinando de Quir. Anno 1612. 6 Alarum pennas continent in longitudine 12 passus, elephantera in sublime toUere potest. Polus 1. 3. c. 40. ' Lib. 2, Descript. Terrte Sanctas. 8 Natur. qusest. lib. 4. cap. 2. » Lib. de reg. Congo. w Exercit. 47. MEM. in.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 43 hold) or Earth's motion, which Galileus, in the fourth dialogue of his System of the World, so eagerly proves, and firmly demon- strates, or winds, as 'some will. Why in that quiet Ocean of Zur, in Mari Pacifico^ it is scarce perceived, in our British Seas most violent, in the Mediterranean and Red Sea so vehement, irregular, & diverse? Why the current in that Atlantick Ocean should still be in some places from, in some again towards the North, and why they come sooner than go? and so from Moabar to Madagascar in that Indian Ocean the Merchants come in three weeks, as ^Scaliger discusseth, they return scarce in three months, with the same or like winds : the continual current is from East to West. Whether Mount Athos, Pelion, Olympus, Ossa, Caucasus, Atlas, be so high as Pliny, Solinus, Mela relate, above Clouds, Meteors, ubi nee aurce nee venti spirant, (insomuch that they that ascend die suddenly very often, the air is so subtile) 1250 paces high, according to that measure oi Diccearchus, or 78 miles perpendicularly high, as Jacobus Mazonius, sec. 3 6" 4, expounding that place of Aristotle about Mount Caucasus ; and as ^ Blancanus the Jesuit contends out of Clavius & Nonius^ demon- strations de Crepusculis : or rather 32 stadiums, as the most received opinion is, or 4 miles, which the height of no Mountain doth per- pendicularly exceed, & is equal to the greatest depths of the Sea, which is, as Scaliger holds, 1580 paces, Exer. 38, others 100 paces. I would see those inner parts of America, whether there be any such great City of Manoa or Eldorado in that golden Empire, where the high ways are as much beaten (one reports) as between Madrid & Valladolid in Spain ; or any such Amazones as he relates, or gigantical Patagones in Chica ; with that miracu- lous Mountain * Ybouyapab in the Northern Brazil, cujus jugum ster- nitur in amoenissimam planitiem,^ &'c. or that of Periacacca, so high elevated in Peru. " The pike of Teneriffe how high is it ? 70 miles, or 52, as Patricius holds, or 9, as Snellius demonstrates in his Eratosthenes: see that strange '' Cirknickzerksey \dks. in Carniola,' 1 See M. Carpenter's Geography, lib. 2. cap. 6. et Bern. Telesius, lib. de mari. 2 Exercit. 52. de maris motu causae investigandse ; prima reciprocationis, secunda varietatis, tertia celeritatis, quarta cessationis, quinta privationis, sexta contrarietatis. ' Lib. de explicatione locorura Mathem. Aristot. * Laet. lib. 17. cap. 18. descript. occid. Ind. [^ The top of which forms most pleasant table-land.] ' Patricius saith 52 miles in height. ' Luge alii vocant. ^ Geor. Wernerus. Aquae tanta celeritate erumpunt et absorbentur, ut expedite equiti aditum intercludant. 44 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II 9 whose waters gush so fast out of the ground, that they will over- take a swift horseman, and by and by with as incredible celerity are supped up : which Lazius & Warnerus make an argument of the Argonauts sailing under ground. And that vast den or hole called ^Estnellen in Mtiscovia, qum visitur horrendo hiatu, dfc. which, if any thing casually fall in, makes such a roaring noise, that no thunder, or ordnance, or warlike engine can make the Uke ; such another is Gilber's Cave in Lapland, with many the like. I would examine the Caspian Sea, and see where and how it exone- rates itself, after it hath taken in Volga, laxares, Oxus, and those great rivers ; at the mouth of Oby, or where ? What vent the Mexican lake hath, the Titicacan in Peru, or that circular pool in the vale of Terapeia, of which Acosla, I. 3. c. 16, hot in a cold country, the spring of which boils up in the middle twenty foot square, and hath no vent but exhalation : and that of Mare Mortuum ^ in Palestine, of Thrasymene, at Perusium in Italy : the Mediterranean itself. For from the Ocean, at the Straits of Gib- raltar, there is a perpetual current into the Levant, and so like- wise by the Thracian Bosphorus out of the Euxine or Black Sea, besides all those great rivers of Nilus, Padus, Rfiodanus, &c. how is this water consumed? by the Sun, or otherwise? I would find out with Trajan the Fountains of Danubius, of Ganges, Oxus, see those Egyptian Pyramids, Trajaiis Bridge, Grotta de Sibylla, Lucullus' Fish-ponds, the Temple of Nidrose, &^c. and, if I could, observe what becomes of swallows, storks, craTies, cuckoos, nightingales, redstarts, & many other kind of singing birds, water-fowls, hawks, &c. some of them are only seen in summer, some in winter ; some are observed in the ' snow, and at no other times, each have their seasons. In winter not a bird is in Muscovy to be found, but at the spring in an instant the woods and hedges are full of them, saith '■Herbastein : how comes it to pass? Do they sleep in winter, like Gesner^s Alpine mice ; or do they lie hid (as ^Olaus affirms) in the bottom of lakes and rivers, spiritum con- tinentes ? ^ often so found by fishermen in Poland and Scandia, two together, mouth to mouth, wing to wing ; 6^ when the spring comes tliey revive again, or if they be brought into a stove, or to the fire 1 Boissardus de Magis, cap. de Pilapiis. P The Dead Sea.] ' In campis Lovicen. solum visuntur in nive ; at ubinam vere, sestate, autumno se occultant? Hermes, PoUt. L. i. Jul. Bellius. ^ Statim ineunte vere silvas strepunt eoruni cantilenis. Muscovit. comment. ^ Immergunt se fluminibus lacubusque per biemem totam, &c. [6 Holding their breath.] MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 45 side. Or do they follow the Sun, as Peter Martyr, legat. Baby- lonica, I. 2, manifestly convicts, out of his own knowledge? for, when he was Embassador in Egypt, he saw swallows, Spanish kites,^ and many such other European birds, in December and January, very familiarly flying, and in great abundance, about Alexandria, uM floridce tunc arbores ac viridaria ; or lie they hid in caves, rocks, & hollow trees, as most think, in deep Tin- mines or Sea-cliffs, as " Mr. Carew gives out ? I conclude of them all, for my part, as ^Munster doth of cranes and storks : whence they come, whither they go, incompertum adhuc, as yet we know not. We see them here, some in summer, some in winter ; their coming and going is sure in the night: in the plains of Asia (saith he) the storks meet on such a set day, he that comes last is torn in pieces, and so they get them gone. Many strange places. Isthmuses, Euripuses, Chersoneses, creeks, havens, promontories, straits, lakes, baths, rocks, mountains, places, and fields, where Cities have been ruined or swallowed, battles fought, creatures. Sea-monsters, remora, &c., minerals, vegetals. Zoophytes were fit to be con- sidered in such an expedition, and, amongst the rest, that of ^Her- bastein his Tartar lamb, ^Hector Boethius' goose-Learing tree in the Orcades, to which Cardan, lib. 7. cap. 36. de rerum varietate, sub- scribes : ° Vertomannus' wonderful palm ; that ' fly in Hispaniola, that shines like a torch in the night, that one may well see to write ; those spherical stones in Cuba which nature hath so made, and those like birds, beasts, fishes, crowns, swords, saws, pots, &c. usually found in the metal-mines in Saxony about Mansfield, and in Poland near Nokow and Pallukie, as ^Munster and others relate. Many rare creatures and novelties each part of the world affords : amongst the rest, I would know for a certain whether there be any such men, as Leo Suavius in his comment on Para- 1 Cseterasque volucres Pontum hieme adveniente k nostris regionibus Europaeis transvolantes. 2 Survey of Cornwall. 8 Porro ciconise quonam 6 loco veniant, qu6 se conferant, incompertum adhuc ; agmen venientium, descendentium, ut gruum venisse cernimus, nocturnis opinor temporibus. In patentibus Asias campis certo die congregant se, eam quae novissimfe advenit lacerant, inde avolant. Cosmog. 1. 4. c. 126. * Comment. Muscov. " Hist. Scot. 1. i. <> Vertomannus, 1. 5. c. 16, mentioneth a tree that bears fruits to eat, wood to burn, bark to make ropes, wine and water to drink, oil and sugar, and leaves as tiles to cover houses, flowers for clothes, &c. ' Animal infectum Cusino, ut quis legere vel scribere possit sine alterius ope luminis. ^ Cosmog. lib. i. cap. 43s et lib. 3. cap. i. Habent oUas k natura formatas, h terra extractas, similes illis k figulis factis, coronas, pisces, aves, et omnes animantium species. 46 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL celsus de sanit. tuend. and ^Gaguinus records in his description of Muscovy, that in Lucomorm, a Province in Russia, lie fast asleep as dead all winter from the 2'jth of November, like frogs and swallows, benumbed with cold, but about the 2\th of April in the spring they revive again, and go about their business. I would examine that demonstration of Alexander Piccolomineus, whether the earth's superficies be bigger than the Sea's ; or that of Archimedes be true, the superficies of all water is even. Search the depth, and see that variety of Sea-monsters and fishes, Mermaids, Sea-men, Horses, &c. which it affords. Or whether that be true which Jordanus Brunus scoffs at, that, if God did not detain it, the Sea would over- flow the earth by reason of his higher site, and y^Yach. /osephus Blancanus the Jesuit, in his interpretation on those mathematical places of Aristotle, foolishly fears, and in a just tract proves by many circumstances that in time the Sea will waste away the land, all the globe of the earth shall be covered with water ; and risum teneatis, amici?^ what the Sea takes away in one place it adds in another. Methinks he might rather suspect the Sea should in time be filled by land, trees grow up, carcasses, &c. that all-devouring fire, omnia devorans &• consumens, will sooner cover and dry up the vast Ocean with sand and ashes. I would examine the true seat of that terrestrial ' Paradise, and where Ophir was, whence Solomon did fetch his gold ; from Peru- ana, which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonnesus, as Domi- nicus Niger, Arias Montanus, Goropius, and others, will. I would c&as>Mx^2!A. Pliny s,Solinu^, Strabo's, Sir John Mandeville's, Olaus Magnu^, Marcus Polus' lies, correct those errors in navigation, reform Cosmographical Charts, and rectify longitudes, if it were possible; not by the Compass, as some dream, with Mark Ridley in his treatise of magnetical bodies, cap. 43, for as Cabeus, magnet, philos. lib. 3. cap. 4, fully resolves, there is no hope thence, yet I would observe some better means to find them out. I would have a convenient place to go down with Orpheus, Ulysses, Hercules, ^Lucian's Menippus, at St. Patrick's Purgatory, at Trophonitis' den," Hecla in Iceland, y£tna in Sicily, to descend & see what is done in the bowels of the earth ; do stones and 1 Ut Solent himndines et ran^ prse frigoris magnitudine mori, et postea, redeunte vere, 24 Aprilis reviviscere. p Hor. A. P. 5. Could you but laugh, ray friends?] s Vid. Perenum in Gen. Cor. 4 Lapide, et alios. 4 in Necyomantia. p See Pans. ix. 39. | '■ MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 47 metals grow there still ? how come fir trees to be ^ digged out from tops of hills, as in our mosses & marshes all over Europe i How come they to dig up fish bones, shells, beams, iron-works, many fathoms under ground, & anchors in mountains far remote from all seas? ^Anno 1460, at Berne in Switzerland, 50 fathom deep, a ship was digged out of a mountain, where they got metal ore, in which were 48 carcasses of men, with other merchan- dise. That such things are ordinarily found in tops of hills, Aristotle insinuates in his meteors, ^Pomponius Mela in his first book, c. de Numidia, & familiarly in the Alps, saith ^Blancanus the Jesuit, the like is to be seen. Came this from earth-quakes, or from Noah's flood, as Christians suppose ? or is there a vicissitude of Sea & land? as Anaximenes held of old the Mountains of Thessaly would become Seas, and Seas again Mountains. The jwhole world belike should be new moulded, when it seemed good to those all-commanding Powers, & turned inside out, as we do hay-cocks in Harvest, top to bottom, or bottom to top : or as we turn apples to the fire, move the world upon his Center; that which is under the Poles now, should be translated to the Equi- noctial, and that which is under the Torrid Zone to the Circle Arctick and Antantick another while, & so be reciprocally warmed by the Sun : or, if the worlds be infinite, & every fixed star a Sun, with his compassing Planets, (as Brunus and Campanella con- clude), cast three or four worlds into one ; or else of one old world make three or four new, as it shall seem to them best. To pro- ceed, if the earth be 21,500 miles in 'compass, its Diameter is 7,000 from us to our Antipodes, and what shall be comprehended in all that space ? What is the Center of the earth ? is it pure element only, as Aristotle decrees, inhabited (as ^Paracelsus thinks) with creatures, whose Chaos is the earth, or with Fairies, as the woods and waters (according to him) are with / lymphs, or as the Air with Spirits ? Dionysiodorus, a Mathematician in ''Pliny, that sent a letter ad superos^ after he was dead, from the Center of the 1 Fracastorius, lib. de simp. Georgius Merula, lib. de mem. Julius Billius, &o. ' Simlerus, Ortelius. Brachiis centum sub terra reperta est, in qua quadraginta octo cadavera inerant, anchorse, &c. ^ Pisces et conchae in montibus reperiuntur. * Lib. de locis Mathemat. Aristot. " Or plain, as Patricius holds, which Austin, Laotantius, and some others, held of old as round as a trencher. ^ Lib. de Zilphis et Pygmaeis. They penetrate the earth as we do the air. ' [Nat. Hist.] Lib. z. c. 109. [' To the world above.] 48 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II, earth, to signify what distance the same Center was from the super- ficies of the same, viz. 42,000 stadiums, might have done well to have satisfied all these doubts. Or is it the place of Hell, as Vir^l in his JEneid, Plato, Lucian, Dante, and others, poetically describe it, and as many of our Divines think ? In good earnest, Anthony Rusca, one of the society of that Ambrosian College in Milan, in his great volume de Inferno, lib. i. cap. 47, is stiff in this tenent, 'tis a corporeal fire tow, cap. 5, /. 2, as he there disputes. Whatsoever Philosophers write, (saith ^Swriiis), there be certain mouths of Hell, and places appointed for the punishment of men's souls, as at Hecla in Iceland, where the ghosts of dead men are familiarly seen, 6-= sometimes talk with the living: God would have such visible places, that mortal men might be certainly informed, that there be such punishments after death, &■ learn hence to fear God. Kran- zius, Dan. Hist. lib. 2. cap. 24, subscribes to this opinion of Surius, so doth Colerus, cap. 12. lib. de immortal, animce (out of the authority belike of St. Gregory, Durand, and the rest of the Schoolmen, who derive as much ixora^tna in Sicily, Lipari, Hiera, and those sulphureous Vulcanian Islands) making Terra del Fuego, and those frequent Volcanoes in America, of which Acosta, lib. 3. cap. 24, that fearful Mount Hecklebirg in Norway, an especial argument to prove it, ° where lamentable screeches df howlings are continually heard, which strike a terror to the auditors ; fiery chariots are commonly seen to bring in the souls of men in the likeness of crows, and Devils ordinarily go in and out. Such another proof is that place near the Pyramids in Egypt, by Cairo, as well to confirm this as the resurrection, mentioned by ^Kornmannus, mirac. mort. lib. I. cap. 38, Camerarius, oper. sue. cap. 37, Bredenbachius, pereg. ter. sanct. and some others, where once a year dead bodies arise about March, and walk, &> after a ivhile hide themselves again : thousands of people come yearly to see them. But these and such like testimonies others reject, as Fables, illusions of spirits, and they will have no such local known place, more than Styx or Phlegethon, Pluto's Court, or that poetical Jnfernus, where Homer's soul was seen hanging on a tree, &c. to which they ferried over in 1 Commentar. ad annum 1337. Quicquid dicunt Philosophi, quasdam sunt Tartar! ostia, et loca puniendis animis destinata, ut Hecla mons, &c. ubi mortuorum spiritus visuntur, &c. voluit Deus exstare talia loca, ut discant mortales. 2 Ubi miserabiles ejulantium voces audiuntur, qui auditoribus horrorem incutiunt baud vulgarem, &c. 8 Ex sepulchris apparent mense Martio, et rursus sub terram se abscondunt, &c. MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 49 Charon's boat, or went down at Hermione in Greece, comfendiaria ad inferos via, which is the shortest cut, quia nullum a mortuis naulumeo loci exposcunt, (saith ^Gerbelius) and besides there were no fees to be paid. Well then, is it Hell, or Purgatory, as Bellar- mine, ox Limbus patrum, as Gallucius will, & asHusca will (for they have made Maps of it) ^ or Ignatius' Parlour ? Virgil, sometime Bishop of Saltburg (as Aventinus, Anno 745, relates) by Bonifacius Bishop of Mentz was therefore called in question, because he held Antipodes (which they made a doubt whether Christ died for) and so by that means took away the seat of Hell, or so contracted it, that it could bear no proportion to Heaven, & contradicted that opinion oi Austin, Basil, Lactantius, that held the earth round as a trencher (whom Acosta and common experience more largely confute) but not as a ball; and Jerusalem, where Christ died, the middle of it ; or Delos, as the fabulous Greeks feigned, because, when Jupiter let two Eagles loose, to fly from the world's ends East & West, they met at Delos. But that scruple of Bonifacius is now quite taken away by our latter Divines : Franciscus Ribera, in cap. 14. [v. 20,] Apocalyps. will have Hell a material & local fire in the Center of the earth, 200 Italian miles in diameter, as he defines it out of those words, Exivit sanguis de lacu per stadia milk sex- centa, &^c. But Lessius, lib, 13. de moribus divinis cap. 24, will have this local Hell far less, one Dutch mile in Diameter, all filled with fire and brimstone : because, as he there demonstrates, that space cubically multiplied will make a Sphere able to hold eight hundred thousand millions of damned bodies (allowing each body six foot square) which will abundantly suffice ; ctim certum sit, inquit, factA subductione, non futures centies mille milliones damnandorum. But if it be no material fire (as Scotus, Thomas,^ Bonaventure, Son- cinas, Vossius, and others argue) it may be there or elsewhere, as Keckerman disputes. System. Theol. for sure somewhere it is, certum est alicubi, etsi definitus circulus non assignetur. I will end the con- troversy in ^ Austin' s ^oxA^, Better doubt of things concealed than to contend about uncertainties, where Ahxahaxa's bosom is, and Hell fire : ° vix d mansuetis, a contentiosis nunquam, invenitur ; scarce the 1 Descript. Graec. lib. 6. de Pelop. 2 Conclave Ignatii. [An allusion to a book of Donne's called Ignatius his Conclave, or Inthronlsation in Hell.] p i.e. Thomas Aquinas.] '' Melius dubitare de occultis quam litigare de incertis, ubi flamma infemi, &c. [De Gen. ad Litt. viii. 5.] '^ See Dr. Raynolds, praslect. SS- '"^ Apoc. II. E 50 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL meek, the contentious shall never find. If it be solid earth, 'tis the fountain of metals, waters, which by his innate temper turns air into water, which springs up in several chinks, to moisten the earth's superficies, & that in a tenfold proportion (as Aristotle holds) j or else these fountains come directly from the sea by ' secret pas- sages, and so made fresh again, by running through the bowels of the earth ; and are either thick, thin, hot, cold, as the matter or minerals are by which they pass ; or, as Peter Martyr, Ocean. Decad. lib. 9, and some others hold, from ^ abundance of rain that falls, or from that ambient heat and cold, which alters that inward heat, and so per consequens ^ the generation of waters. Or else it may be full of wind, or a sulphureous innate fire, as our Meteo- rologists inform us, which, sometimes breaking out, causeth those horrible Earth-quakes, which are so frequent in these days in Japan, China, and oftentimes swallow up whole Cities. Let Lucian^s Mennipus * consult with or ask of Tiresias, if you will not believe Philosophers; he shall clear all your doubts when he makes a second voyage. In the mean time let us consider of that which is sub dio^ and find out a true case, if it be possible, of such accidents, meteorg, alterations, as happen above ground. Whence proceed that variety of manners, and a distinct character (as it were) to several nations ? Some are wise, subtile, witty ; others dull, sad, and heavy ; some big, some little, as Tully de Fato, Plato in Timceo, Vegetius, and Bodine proves at large, method, cap. 5 ; some soft, and some hardy, barbarous, civil, black, dun, white ; is it from the air, from the soil, influence of stars, or some other secret cause ? Why doth Africa breed so many venomous beasts, Ireland none? Athens owls, Crete none ? "Why hath Daulis and Thebes no swallows (so Pau- sanias [x. 4.] informeth us) as well as the rest of Greece, ''Ithaca no hares,* Pontus [no] asses,' Scythia [no] swine ?" Whence come this variety of complexions, colours, plants, birds, beasts, "metals, J As they come from the Sea, so they return to the Sea again by secret passages, as in all likelihood the Caspian Sea vents itself into the Euxine or Ocean. 2 Seneca, qusest. lib. cap. 3, 4, 5, 6, v, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. de causis aquarum perpetuis. [» Consequently.] [« In Necyomantia.] [» Under heaven.] 6 in jis neo pullos hirundines excludunt, neque, &c. ' Th. Ravennas, lib. de vit. hom. prserog. ca. ult. [» See PUny, Nat. Hist. viii. 58, 83, § 226.1 P Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 43, 68, § 167.] [10 Pliny, Nat. Hist. ^- 25, 30, § gaj u At Quito in Peru plus auri quam terrse foditur m aurifodinis. MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 5 1 peculiar almost to every place? Why so many thousand strange birds and beasts proper to America alone, as Acosta demands, lib. 4. cap. 36? Were they created in the six days, or ever in Noah's Ark? If there, why are they not dispersed & found in other countries ? It is a thing (saith he) hath long held me in suspense ; no Greek, Latin, Hebrew, ever heard of them before, and yet as differing from our European animals, as an egg and a chesnut : and, which is more, kine, horses, sheep, &c. till the Spaniards brought them, were never heard of in those parts. How comes it to pass that in the same site, in one latitude, to such as are Periaci^ there should be such difference of soil, com- plexion, colour, metal, air, &c. The Spaniards are white, and so are Italians, when as the Inhabitants about '^ Caput Bonce Spei' are Blackamores, and yet both alike distant from the Aiquator: nay, they that dwell in the same parallel line with these Negroes, as about the Straits of Magellan, are white coloured, and yet some in Presbyter^ John's country in Ethiopia are dun; they in Z^ilan and Malabar, parallel with them, again black : Manamotapa in Africa, and St. Thomas' Isle are extreme hot, both under the line, coal black their Inhabitants, whereas in Peru they are quite opposite; in colour, very temperate, or rather cold, & yet both alike elevated. Moscow in S3 degrees of latitude extreme cold, as those Northern Countries usually are, having pne perpetual hard frost all winter long: and in 52. deg. lat. sometimes hard frost and snow all summer^ as in Button's Bay, &c. or by fits ; and yet ^England near the same latitude, and Ireland, very moist, warm, and more tem- perate in winter than Spain, Italy, or France. Is it the Sea that causeth this difference, and the Air that comes from it ? Why then is ^Ister so cold near the Euxine, Pontus, Bithynia, & all Thrace i Frigidas regiones'' Maginus calls them, and yet their latitude is but [1 Neighbours.] 2 Ad Caput Bonss Spei incolas sunt nigerrimi; Si sol causa, cur non Hispani et Itali seque nigri, in eadem latitudine, asque distantes ab jEquatore, hi ad Austrum, illi ad Boream? qui sub Presbytero Johan. habitant subfusci sunt, in Zeilan et Malabar nigri, seque distantes ab .^quatore, eodemque cceli parallelo : sed hoc magis mirari quis possit, in tota America nusquam nigros inveniri, prseter paucos in loco Quareno illis dicto : quse hujus coloris causa efficiens, coslive an terras qualitas, an soli proprietas, aut ipsorum hominum innata ratio, aut omnia? Ortelius in Africa, Theat. p The Cape of Good Hope.] [^ Or Prester, as Yule always.] ^ Regio quocunque anni tempore temperatissima. Ortel. Multas Galliae et Italise regiones, molli .'tepore, et benigna quadam teraperie, prorsus antecellit, Joviui. " Lat. 45. Dauubii. [' Cold regions.] 52 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. 42, which should be hot. ^Qtievira, or Nova Albion in America, bordering on the sea, was so cold in July, that our ° Englishmen could hardly endure it. At Noremberga, in 45. lat. all the sea is frozen Ice, and yet in a more Southern latitude than ours. New England, and the Island of Cambrial Colchos, which that noble Gentleman Mr. Vaughan, or Orpheus Junior, describes in his Golden Fleece, is in the same latitude with little Britain in France, and yet their winter begins not till January, their spring till May ; which search he accounts worthy of an Astrologer ; is this from the Easterly winds, or melting of ice and snow dissolved within the circle Arctick ; or that the air being thick, is longer before it be warm by the Sun beams, and once heated like an oven will keep itself from cold ? Our Climes breed lice, ^Hungary and Ireland mali audiunt" in this kind ; come to the Azores, by a secret virtue of that air they are instantly consumed, & all our European vermin almost, saith Ortelius. Egypt is watered with Nilus not far from the sea, and yet there it seldom or never rains : Rhodes, an Island of the same nature, yields not a cloud, and yet our Islands ever dropping and inclining to rain. The Atlantick Ocean is still subject to storms, but in Del Zur, or Mari Pacifico, seldom or never any. Is it from Topick stars, apertio portarum, in the Dodecatemories or Constellations, the Moon's mansions, such aspects of Planets, such winds, or dissolving air, or thick air, which causeth this and the like differences of heat and cold ? Bodine relates of a Portugal Embassador, that, coming from ^Lisbon to "Dantzick in Spruce, found greater heat there than at any time at home. Don Garcia de Sylva, Legate to Philip 3. King of Spain, residing at Spahan in Persia, 1619, in his letter to the Marquess oi Bedmar, makes men- tion of greater cold in Spahan, whose lat. is 31. gr. than ever he felt in Spain, or any part of Europe. The Torrid Zone was by our predecessors held to be uninhabitable, but by our modern travellers found to be most temperate, bedewed with frequent rains, and , moistening showers, the brise and cooling blasts in some parts, as ''Acosta describes, most pleasant and fertile. Arica in Chili vs, by report one of the sweetest places that ever the Sun shined on, Olympus terrce, an heaven on earth : how incomparably do some extol Mexico in Nova Hispania, Peru, Brazil, (s'c. in some again 1 Quevira, lat. 40. ^ in gir Fra. Drake's voyage. s Lansius orat. contra Hungaros. [■• Have a bad name.] i> Lisbon, lat. 38. « Dantzick, lat. £4. 1 De nat. novi orbis, lib. i. cap. 9. Suavissimus omnium locus, &c. MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 53 hard, dry, sandy, barren, a very Desert, and still in the same lati- tude. Many times we find great diversity of air in the same ' country, by reason of the site to seas, hills, or dales, want of water, nature of soil, and the like : as in Spain Arragon is aspera 6^ sicca, harsh and evil inhabited, Estremadura is dry, sandy, barren most part, extreme hot by reason of his plains, Andalusia another Paradise, Valencia a most pleasant air, and continually green ; so is it about '^Granada, on the one side fertile plains, on the other continual snow to be seen all Summer long on the hill tops. That their houses in the Alps are three quarters of the year covered with snow, who knows not ? That Teneriffe is so cold at the top, extreme hot at the bottom ; Mons Atlas in Africa, Libanus in Palestine, tantos inter ardores opacum fidumque nivibus, ^Tacitus calls it, with many such, and Radzivilius, epist. 2. fol. 27, yields it to be far hotter there than in any part of Italy : 'tis true ; but they are highly elevated, near the middle region, & therefore cold, ob paucam solarium radiorum refractionem, as Serrarius answers, com. in 3. cap. Josua, qucest. 5. Abulensis, quasi. 37. In the heat of Summer, in the King's Palace in Escurial, the air is most temperate, by reason of a cold blast which comes from the snowy mountains of Sierra de Gudarrama hard by, when as in Toledo it is very hot : so in all other countries. The causes of these alterations are com- monly by reason of their nearness (I say) to the middle region : but this diversity of air, in places equally site, elevated, and distant from the Pole, can hardly be satisfied with that diversity of Plants, Birds, Beasts, which is so familiar with us. With Indians, every where, the Sun is equally distant, the same vertical stars, the same irradiations of Planets, Aspects alike, the same nearness of seas, the same superficies, the same soil, or not much different. Under the Equator itself,, amongst the Sierras, Andes, Lanes, as Herrera, Laet. and *Acosia, contend, there is tam mirabilis et inopinata varietas, such variety of weather, ut merith exerceat ingenia, that no Philosophy can yet find out the true cause of it. When I consider how temperate it is in one place, saith 'Acosta, within the Tropick of Capricorn, as ab«ut La Plata, and yet hard by at Potosi, in that same altitiFde, mountainous alike, extreme cold; extreme hot in 1 The same variety of weather' Lod. Guicciardini observes betwixt Liege and Aix not far distant, Descript. Belg. ^ Magin. Quadus. ' Hist. lib. 5. [cap. 6.] * Lib. II. cap. 7. ' Lib. 2. cap. 9. Cur Potosi et Plata, urbes in tam tenui intervallo, utraque montosa, &c. 54 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL Brazil, &c. hie ego, saith Acosta, philosophiam, Aristoielis mefeoro- logicam vehementlr irrisi, ciim^ b'c. when the Sun comes nearest to them, they have great tempests, storms, thunder and lightning, great store of rain, snow, and the foulest weather ; when the Sun is vertical, their rivers over-flow, the morning fair and hot, noon-day cold and moist : all which is opposite to us. How comes it to pass? Scaliger, poetices, I. 3. cap. 16, discourseth thus of this subject. How comes, or wherefore is this temeraria siderum dispositio, this rash placing of Stars, or as Epicurus wiWjforiuiia, or accidental ? Why are some big, some little ? Why are they so con- fusedly, unequally, site in the heavens, and set so much out of order? In all other things Nature is equal, proportionable, and constant; there hejustce dimensiones, et prudens partium disposition as in the fabrick of man, his eyes, ears, nose, face, members, are correspondent \ curnon idem ccelo, opere omnium pulcherrimo ? Why are the heavens so irregular, negue paribus molibus, negue paribus intervallis ? Whence is this difference ? Diversos (he concludes) efficere locorum genios, to make diversity of countries, soils, manners, customs, characters & constitutions among us, ut guantum vicinia ad caritatem addat, sidera distrahant ad pemiciem, and so by this means fluvio vel monte distincti sunt dissimiles, the same places almost shall be distinguished in manners. But this reason is weak & most unsufficient. The fixed stars are removed since Ptolemy's time 26 gr. from the first oi Aries, and if the earth be immovable, as their site varies, so should countries vary, and divers alterations would follow. But this we perceive not ; as in Tullfs time with us in Britain, coslum visu fmdum, et in quo facile generantur nubes, (sfc.^ 'tis so still. Wherefore Bodine, Theat. nat. lib. 2, and some others, will have all these alterations and effects immediately to proceed from those Genii, Spirits, Angels, which rule and domineer in several places; they cause storms, thunder, lightning, earth- quakes, ruins [rains], tempests, great winds, floods, &c. The Philosophers of Coimbra will refer this diversity to the influence of that Empyrean Heaven : for some say the eccentricity of the Sun is come nearer to the earth than in Ptolemy's time ; the virtue therefore of all the vegetals is decayed, *men grow less, &c. p Hereupon I loudly laughed at the meteorological philosophy of Aristotle, since.] [2 Just dimensions, and wise proportions of parts.] P The sky is gloomy and soon cloudy. See Tacitus, Agricola, cap. i2.] ^ Terra malos homines nunc educat atque pusillos. [Juv. xv. 70.] MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 55 There are that observe new motions of the Heavens, new stars, palantia sidera^ comets, clouds, call them what you will, like those Medicean, Bourbonian, Austrian Planets lately detected, which do not decay, but come and go, rise higher and lower, hide and shew themselves amongst the fixed stars, amongst the Planets, above & beneath the Moon, at set times, now nearer, now farther off, together, asunder ; as he that plays upon a Sackbut by pulling it up and down alters his tones and tunes, do they their stations and places, though to us undiscerned ; and from those motions proceed (as they conceive) divers alterations. Clavius conjectures other- wise, but they be but conjectures. About Damascus in Cxle-Syria is a "Paradise, by reason of the plenty of waters, in promptu causa est^ & the Deserts of Arabia barren, because of rocks, rolling seas of sands, and dry mountains, quod inaquosa (saith Adricomius) monies habens asperos, saxosos, prcecipiUs, hon-oris et mortis speciem prcR se ferentes, uninhabitable therefore of men, birds, beasts, void of all green trees, plants and fruits, a vast rocky horrid wilderness, which by no art can be manured, 'tis evident. Bohemia is cold, for that it lies all along to the North. But why should it be so hot in Egypt, or there never rain ? Why should those ^Etesian & North-Eastern winds blow continually and constantly so long together, in some places, at set times, one way still, in the dog-days only : here perpetual drought, there dropping showers ; here foggy mists, there a pleasant air; here ° terrible thunder and lightning, at such set seasons, here frozen seas all the year, there open in the same latitude, to the rest no such thing, nay quite opposite is to be found ? Sometimes (as in Teru) on the one side of the mountains it is hot, on the other cold, here snow, there wind, with infinite such. Fromundus, in his Meteors, will excuse or solve all this by the Sun's motion, but when there is such diversity to such as [are] Periceci, [neighbours], or very near site, how can that position hold? Who can give a reason of this diversity of Meteors, that it should rain ' Stones, Frogs, Mice, &c. Rats, which they call Lemmer in Norway, and are manifestly observed (as ^Munster writes) by the P Lucret. ii. 1031, wandering stars.] ^ Nav. 1. i. c. 5. [' The reason is clear.] ^ Strabo. [An Herodotus, vi. 140?] ^ As under the Equator in many parts, showers here at such a time, winds at such a time, the Brise they call it. 6 Ferd. Cortesius, lib. Nevus orbis inscript. ' Lapidatum est. Livy, [xxix. 10, 14.] 8 Cosmog. hb. 4. cap. 22. Heb tempestates decidimt h nubibus faeculentis, depascunturque more locustorum omnia virentia. 56 ANATOMY OF MELAJNCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. Inhabitants to descend and fall with some feculent showers, and, like so many Locusts, consume all that is green. Leo Afer speaks as much of Locusts, about Fez in Barbary there be infinite swarms in their fields upon a sudden : so at Arks in France, 1553, the like happened by the same mischief, all their grass & fruits were de- voured, magna incolarum admiratione et consternatione^ (as Val- leriola, obser. med. lib. i. obser. i, relates) ccelum sicbiih obumbrabani,' GJ^c. he concludes 'it could not be from natural causes, they can- not imagine whence they come but from heaven. Are these and such creatures, corn, wood, stones, worms, wool, blood, &c. lifted up into the middle region by the Sun beams, as ^Baracellus the Physician disputes, and thence let fall with showers, or there engendered ? ^Coimelius Gemma is of that opinion, they are there conceived by celestial influences ; others suppose they are imme- diately from God, or prodigies raised by art and illusions of Spirits, which are Princes of the Air ; to whom Bodin'e, lib. 2. Theat. Nat. subscribes. In fine, of Meteors in general, Aristotle's reasons are exploded by Bernardinus Telesius, by Paracelsus, his principles confuted, & other causes assigned, sal, sulphur, mercury, in which his Disciples are so expert, that they can alter Elements, and sepa- rate at their pleasure, make perpetual motions, not as Cardan, Tasneir, Peregrinus, by some magnetical virtue, but by mixture of elements ; imitate thunder, like Saltnotieus, snow, hail, the sea's ebbing & flowing, give life to creatures (as they say) without generation, andwhat not? P. Nonius Saluciensis Si Kepler t&Ve upon them to demonstrate that no Meteors, Clouds, Fogs, ° Vapours, arise higher than 50 or 80 miles, and all the rest to be purer air or element of fire : which '^Cardan, "Tycko, and ^Joh7i Pena, manifestly confute by refractions, and many other arguments, there is no such element of fire at all. If, as Tycho proves, the Moon be distant from us 50 and 60 semidiameters of the earth : and, as Peter Nonius will have it, the air be so angust, what proportion is there betwixt the other three Elements and it ? to what use serves it ? is it full of Spirits which inhabit it, as the Paracelsians and Platonists \} To the great wonder and consternation of the inhabitants.] p They all of a sudden darkened the sky.] s Hort. Genial. An i terra sursum rapiuntur & solo, iterumque cum pluviis prsecipitantur? &c. * Tam ominosus proventus in naturales causas referri vix potest. 6 Cosmog. c. 6. * Cardan saith vapours rise 288 miles from the earth, Eratosthenes 48 miles. ' De subtil. 1. 2. 8 In Progymnas. " Prsefat. ad Euclid. Catop. MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 57 hold, the higher the more noble, ^ full of birds, or a mere vacuum lo no purpose ? It is much controverted betwixt Tycho Brake and Christopher Rotman, the Landgrave of Hesse's Mathematician, in their Astronomical Epistles, whether it be the same diaphanum, clearness, matter of air and heavens, or two distinct essences ? Christopher Rotman, John Rena, Jordanus Brunus, with many other late Mathematicians, contend it is the same and one matter throughout, saving that the higher the purer it is, and more subtile; as they find by experience in the top of some hills in ^America ; if a man ascend, he faints instantly for want of thicker air to refrigerate the heart. Acosta, I. 3. c. 9, calls this mountain Periacacca in Peru, it makes men cast and vomit, he saith, that climb it, as some other of those Andes do in the deserts of Chila for 500 miles together, and for extremity of cold to lose their fingers and toes. Tycho will have two distinct matters of Heaven and Air; but to say truth, with some small qualification, they have one & the self same opinion about the essence and matter of Heavens ; that it is not hard and impenetrable, as Peripateticks hold, transparent, of a quinta essentia, 'but that it is penetrable ii^ soft as the air itself is, 6-= that the Planets move in it, as Birds in the Air, Fishes in the Sea. This they prove by motion of Comets, and otherwise (though Claremontius in his Antitycho stiffly oppose) which are not generated, as Aristotle teacheth, in the aerial Region, of a hot and dry exhalation, and so consumed : but, as Anaxagoras and Democritus held of old, of a celestial matter : and as ''Tycho, 'Helisceus Rceslin, Thaddeus Haggesius, Rena, Rotman, Fracastorius, demonstrate by their progress, parallaxes, refractions, motions of the Planets, which interfere and cut one another's orbs, now higher, and then lower, as J amongst the rest, which sometimes, as 'Kepler confirms by his own and Tycho's accurate observations, comes nearer the earth than the ©, and is again eftsoons aloft in Jupiter's orb ; and ' other sufficient reasons, far 1 Manucodiatse, birds that live continually in the air, and are never seen on ground but dead. See Ulysses Aldrovand. Ornithol. Seal, exerc. cap. 229. 2 Laet. Descript. Amer. * Epist. lib. 1. p. 83. Ex quibus constat nee diversa aEris et setheris diaphana esse, nee refractiones aliunde quim k crasso aere causari. — Non dura aut impervia, sed liquida, subtilis, motuique Planetarum facile cedens. ^ In Progymn. lib. 2. exempl. quinque. ^ in Theoria nova Met. ccelestium 1578. * Epit. Astron. lib. 4. ' Multa sanfe hino consequuntur absurda, et si nihil aliud, tot Cometge in aethere animadversi, qui nuUius orbis ductum comitantur, id ipsum sufficienter refellunt. Tycho, astr. epist. pag. 107. S8, ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IL above the Moon : exploding in the mean time that element of fire, those fictitious first watery movers, those Heavens I mean above the Firmament, which Delrio, Lodovicus Imola, Pairicius, & many of the Fathers, affirm; those monstrous orbs of Eccentricks, and Eccentre Epicycles deserenies ; which howso- ever Ptolemy, Alhasen, Vitellio, Purbachius, Maginus, Clavius, & many of their associates, stiffly maintain to be real orbs, eccentrick, concentrick, circles sequant, &c. are absurd and ridiculous. For who is so mad to think that there should be so many circles, like subordinate wheels in a clock, all impenetrable and hard, as they feign, add & substract at their pleasure. ^Maginus makes eleven Heavens, subdivided into their orbs & circles, and all too little to serve those particular appearances : Francastorhis 72 homo- centricks; Tycho Brake, Nicholas Ramerus, ffelisceus Rxslin, have peculiar hypotheses of their own inventions ; and they be but inventions, as most of them acknowledge, as we admit of ^qtcators, Tropicks, Colures, Circles, Arctick and Antarctick, for doctrine's sake (though Ramus thinks them all unnecessary) they will have them supposed only for method and order. Tycho hath feigned I know not how many subdivisions of Epicycles in Epicycles, &c. to calculate and express the Moon's motion : but when all is done, as a supposition, and no otherwise ; not (as he holds) hard, impenetrable, subtile, transparent, &c. or making musick, as Pythagoras maintained of old, and Robert Constantine of late, but still quiet, liquid, open, &c. If the Heavens then be penetrable, as these men deliver, and no lets, it were not amiss in this aerial progress to make wings, and fly up, which that Turk in Busbequius made his fellow- citizens in Constantinople believe he would perform : & some new-fangled wits, methinks, should some time or other find out : or if that may not be, yet with a Galileo's glass, or Icaromenippu^ wings in Liician,^ command the Spheres and Heavens, and see what is done amongst them. Whether there be generation and corruption, as some think, by reason of sethereal Comets, that in Cassiopea 1572, that in Cygno 1600, that in Sagittarius 1604, and many like, which by no means Jul. CcBsar la Galla, that Italian Philosopher, in his physical disputation with Galileo, de pkceno- menis in orbe LuncB, cap. 9, will admit : or that they were created I In Theoriois Planetarum, three above the firmament, which all wise men reject. [- See Lucian's Icaromenippus.] MEM. III.j DIGRESSION OF AIR. 59 ab initio,^ and shew themselves at set times : and, as ^Helisaus Rosslin contends, have Poles, Axletrees, Circles of their own, and regular motions. For non pereunt, sed minuuntur dr» disparent, ^ Blancanus holds, they come & go by fits, casting their tails still from the Sun : some of them, as a burning glass projects the Sun beams from it ; though not always neither : for sometimes a Comet casts his tail from Venus, as Tycho observes; and, as ^HeliscBus Rxslin of some others, from tlie Moon, with little Stars about them, ad stuporem Astronomorum ; cum multis aliis in cmlo miraculis,^ all which argue, with those Medicean, Austrian, 8z Bour- bonian Stars, that the Heaven of the Planets is indistinct, pure, and open, in which the Planets move certis legibus ac metis' Examine likewise, an ccelum sit coloratum ? Whether the Stars be of that bigness, distance, as Astronomers relate, so many in 'number, 1026, or 1725, as J. Bayerus; or, as some Rabbins, 29,000 myriads ; or, as Galileo discovers by his glasses, infinite, & that ■via lactea, a confused light of small Stars, like so many nails in a door: or all in a row, Hke those 12,000 Isles of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean ? Whether the least visible Star in the eighth Sphere be 18 times bigger than the earth, and, as Tycho calculates, 14,000 semidiameters distant from it? Whether they be thicker parts of the orbs, as Aristotle delivers : or so many habitable Worlds, as Democritus ? whether they have light of their own, or from the Sun, or give light round, as Patridus discourseth? An (Bquh distent a centro mundi? ' Whether light be of their essence ; fie that light be a substance or an accident ? whether they be hot by themselves, or by accident cause heat ? whether there be such a precession of the :zEquinoxes, as Copernicus holds, or that the eighth Sphere move ? An beni philosophentur R. Bacon, et J. Dee, Aphorism, de multiplicatione specierum i Whether there be any such Images ascending with each degree of the Zodiack in the East, as Aliacensis feigns? An aqua super caelum 1 as Patridus & the Schoolmen will, a crystalline "watery heaven, which is '"certainly to be understood of that in the middle region ? for otherwise, if at P From the beginning.] 3 Theor. nova coelest. Meteor. ^ Lib. de fabrioA mundi. ^ Lib de Cometis. \} To the marvel of Astronomers, with many others wonders in the heavens.] [^ By fixed laws and in certain hmits.] ^ An sit crux et nubecula in coeHs ad Polum Antarclicum, quod ex Corsalio refert Patricius. [8 Whether they are equidistant from the world's centre.] ' Gilbertus Origanus. 1° See this discussed in Sir Walter Raleigh's history, in Zanch. ad Gasman. 6o ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART IL SECT. II. Noah's flood the water came from thence, it must be above an hundred years falling down to us, as ' some calculate. Besides, an terra sit antmata?^ which some so confidently believe, with Orpheus, Hermes, Averroes, from which all other souls of men, beasts, devils, plants, fishes, &c. are derived, and into which again, after some revolutions, as Flato in his Timceus, Plotinus in his Enneades, more largely discuss, they return (see Chalcidius & Bennius, Plata's Commentators) as all philosophical matter, in materiam primam. Keplerus, Patricius, and some other Neotericks, have in part revived this opinion. And that every star in heaven hath a soul, angel, or intelligence, to animate or move it, &c. Or, to omit all smaller controversies, as matters of less moment, and examine that main paradox, of the Earth's motion, now so much in question : Aristaixhus Samius, Pythagoras, maintained it of old, Democritus, and many of their Scholars. Didacus Astunica, Anthony Fascarimcs, a Carmelite, & some other Commentators, will have Job to insinuate as much, cap. 9. ver. 6, qui commovet ierram de loco suo, A-'c. and that this one place of Scripture makes more for the Earth's motion, than all the other prove against it ; whom Pineda confutes, most contradict. Howsoever, it is revived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a supposition, as he confesseth himself in the Preface to Pope Nicholas, but now maintained in good earnest by ^ Calcagninus, Telesius, Kepler, Rotman, Gilbert, Digges, Galileo, Campanella, & especially by *Lansbergius, naturce, rationi, et veritati consentaneum^ by Origanus, and some "others of his followers. For if the Earth be the Center of the World, stand still, and the Heavens move, as the most received 'opinion is, which they call inordinatam cali dispositionem, though stiffly maintained by Tycho, Ptolemcsus, and their adherents, guts ilk furor 2 &c. what fury is that, saith "Dr. Gilbert, satis animosl, as Cabeus notes, that shall drive the Heavens about with such incomprehensible celerity in 24 hours, when a.s every point of the Firmament, and in the Equator, must needs move (so ^ Clavius calculates) 176,660 in one 246"' part of an hour: and an arrow out of a bow must go seven times about the earth 1 Vide Fromundum de Meteoris, lib. 5. artic. 5. et Lansbergium. [2 Whether the earth is animated ?] ^ Peculiari libello. ^ Comment, in motum terrae, Middlebergi, 1630. 4. P As agreeing with nature, reason, and truth.] 6 peculiar libello. 7 See Mr. Carpenter's Geogr. cap. 4. lib. i. Campanella et Origanus prsef. Ephemer. where Scripture places are answered. 8 De Magnete. ^ Com- ment, in 2 cap. sphaer. Jo. de Sacr. Bosc. MEM. III.] DIGRESSION OF AIR. 6l whilst a man can say an Ave Maria, if it keep the same space, or compass the earth 1,884 times in an hour, which is supra humanam cogitationem, beyond human conceit : Ocioretjaculo,et ventos cequanie sagitta} A man could not ride so much ground, going 40 miles a day, in 2,904 years, as the Firmament goes in 24 hours; or so much in 203 years, as the said Firmament in one minute ; quod incredible videtur:^ and the ^Pole star, which to our thinking scarce moveth out of his place, goeth a bigger circuit than the Sun, whose Diameter is much larger than the Diameter of the Heaven of the Sun, and 20,000 Semidiameters of the Earth from us, with the rest of the fixed stars, as Tycho proves. To avoid therefore these impossibilities, they ascribe a triple motion of the Earth, the Sun immovable in the Center of the whole World, the Earth Center of the Moon, alone, above ? and ^ , beneath, Tp , '^, Jejuno ventre, vesica et alvo ab excrementis purgato, fricatis membris, lotis manibus et oculis, &o. Lib. de atra bile. ' Quousque corpus universum intumescat, et floridum appareat, sudoremque, &c. [^ Xo redness,] [9 Not to sweat.] 1** Omnino sudorem viient, cap. 7. lib. i. Valescus de Tar. 11 Exercitium si excedat, valde periculosum. Sailust Salyianus, de remed, lib. ■^. cap. i. MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED, 83 some more easy, some hard, some with delight, some without, some within doors, some natural, some are artificial. Amongst bodily exercises Galen commends ludum parvm pilcB, to play at ball, be it with the hand or racket, in Tennis-courts or otherwise, it exerciseth each part of the body, and doth much good, so that they sweat not too much. It was in great request of old amongst the Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, mentioned by Homer, Herodotus, and Pliny. Some write, that Aganella, a fair maid of Corcyra, was the inventor of it, for she presented the first ball that ever was made to Nausicaa, the daughter oiVvag Alcinous, and taught her how to use it. The ordinary sports which are used abroad are Hazvking, Hunting, hilares venandi labores,^ ''one calls them, because they recreate body and mind ; ' another the ''best exercise that is, by which alone many have been 'freed from all feral diseases. Hegesippus^ lib. 1. cap. 37, relates oi Herod, that he was eased of a grievous melancholy by that means. Plato, 7. de. leg. [p. 823] highly magnifies it, dividing it into three parts, by Land, Water, Air. Xenophon, in Cyropced? graces it with a great name, Deorum munus, the gift of the Gods, a Princely sport, which they have ever used, saith Langius, epist. 59. lib. 2, as well for health as pleasure, and do at this day, it being the sole almost and ordinary sport of our Noblemen in Europe, and elsewhere all over the world. Bohemus, de mor. gent. lib. 3. cap. 12, styles it therefore studium nobilium ; communitur venantur, qubd sibi solis licere contendunt ; 'tis all their study, their exercise, ordinary business, all their talk: and indeed some dote too much after it, they can do nothing else, discourse of naught else. Paulus Jovitis, descr. Brit, doth in some sort tax our ^English Nobility for it, for living in the country so- much, and too frequent use of it, as if they had no other means but Hawking and Hunting to approve themselves Gentlemen with. Hawking comes near to Hunting, the one in the Air, as the p The cheerful toils of hunting.] :> Camden in Staffordshire. 3 pridevallius lib. I. cap. 2. Optima omnium exercitationum ; multi ab hac solummodo morbis liberati. *■ Josephus Quercetanus, dialect, polit. sect. 2. cap. 11. Inter omnia exercitia praestantise laudem meretur. " Chiron in monte Pelio, praeoeptor heroum, eos k morbis animi venationibus et puris cibis tuebatur. M. Tyrius. P Bell. Jud.] [' This reference, as so often in Burton, is wrong. It should be De Venatione, cap. i. § i.] ^ Nobilitas omnis fere urbes fastidit, castellis et liberiore coelo gaudet, generisque dignitatem ima maxim6 venatione et falconum aucupiis tuetur. 84 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II, Other on the Earth, a sport as much affected as the other, by some preferred. ' It was never heard of amongst the RomanSy invented some 1200 years since, and first mentioned hy Firmicus, lib. 5. cap. 8. The Greek Emperors began it, and now nothing so frequent : he is no body that in the season hath not a Hawk on his fist. A great Art, and many ° books written of it. It is a wonder to hear 'what is related of the Turks' Officers in this behalf, how many thousand men are employed about it, how many Hawks of all sorts, how much revenues consumed on that only disport, how much time is spent at Adrianople alone every year to that purpose. The ''Persian Kings hawk after Butterflies with sparrows, made to that use, and stares ; " lesser Hawks for lesser games they have, and bigger for the rest, that they may produce their sport to all seasons. The Muscovian Emperors reclaim Eagles* to fly at Hinds, Foxes, &c. and such a one was sent for a present to ° Queen Elizabeth : some reclaim Ravens, Castrils, Pies,' &c. and man them for their pleasures. Fowling is more troublesome, but all out as delightsome to some sorts of men, be it with guns, lime, nets, glades, gins, strings, baits, pitfalls, pipes, calls, stalking-horses, setting-dogs, coy-ducks, &c. or otherwise. Some much delight to take Larks with day-nets, small birds with chaff'-nets, plovers, partridges, herons, snite,' &c. Henry the Third, King of Castile (as Mariana the Jesuit reports of him, lib. 3. cap. 7,) was much affected ' with ccitching of Quails, and many Gentlemen take a singular pleasure at morning and evening to go abroad with their Quail-pipes, and will take any pains to satisfy their delight in that kind. The ^"Italians have gardens fitted to such use, with nets, bushes, glades, sparing no cost or industry, and are very' much affected with the sport. Tycho Brake, that great Astronomer, in the Chorography of his Isle of Huena, & Castle of Uraniburge, puts down his nets, and manner of catching small birds, as an ornament, and a' recreation, wherein he himself was sometimes employed. Fishing is a kind of hunting by water, be it with nets, weels," baits, angling or otherwise, and yields all out as much pleasure to some 1 Jos. Scaliger. commen. in Cir. in fol. 344. Salmuth, 23 de Nov. repert. com. in Pancir. 2 Demetrius Constantinop. de re accipitiaria liber, a P. Gillar latini redditus. yElius. Epist. Aquilse, Syraraachi, et Theodotionis ad Ptolomseum, Sci . 3 Lonicenis, Gef&eus, Jovius. ■• Sr. Antony Shirley's Relations. ['' = Starlings,]'. * Hakluyt. [' = Kestrels, magpies.] [^ What we now call snipe.] ' Coturnicum aucupio. 1" Fynes Moryson, part 3. c. 8. P' Traps for fish.] MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED. 8$ men as dogs or hawks ; ^when they draw their fish upon the hank, saith Nic. Henselius, Silestographics, cap. 3, speaking of that extra- ordinary delight his Countrymen took in fishing, and in making of pools. James Dubravius, that Moravian, in his book de pise. telleth how, travelling by the highway side in Silesia, he found a Nobleman * booted up to the groins, wading himself, pulling the nets, and labouring as much as any fisherman of them all : and when some belike objected to him the baseness of his office, he excused himself, 'that if other men might hunt Hares, why should not he hunt Carps f Many Gentlemen in like sort with us will wade up to the Arm-holes upon such occasions, and voluntarily undertake that, to satisfy their pleasure, which a poor man for a good stipend would scarce be hired to undergo. Plutarch, in his bookZ'tf soller. animal, speaks against all fishing, *aj a filthy, base, illiberal employment, having neither wit nor perspicacity in it, nor worth the labour. But he that shall consider the variety of Baits, for all seasons, & pretty devices which our Anglers have invented, peculiar lines, false flies, several sleights, &c. will say that it de- serves like commendation, requires as much study and perspicacity as the rest, and is to be preferred before many of them. Because hawking and hunting are very laborious, much riding and many dangers accompany them ; but this is still and quiet : and ° if so be the angler catch no Fish, yet he hath a wholesome walk to the Brook side, pleasant shade by the sweet silver streams ; he hath good air, and sweet smells of fine fresh meadow flowers, he hears the melodious harmony of Birds, he sees the Swans, Herons, Ducks, Water-hens, Coots, &c. and many other Fowl, with their brood, which he thinketh better than the noise of Hounds, or blast of Horns, and ail the sport that they can make. Many other sports and recreations there be, much in use, as ringing, bowling, shooting, which Ascham commends in a just 1 Non majorem [Qu. minorem?] voluptatem animo capiunt quim qui feras insectantur, aut missis canibus, comprehendunt, quum, retia trahentes, squamosas pecudes in ripas adducunt. ^ More piscatorum cruribus ocreatus. ^ Si principibus venatio leporis non sit inhonesta, nescio quomodo piscatio cyprinoruni videri debeat pudenda. * Omnino turpis piscatio, nuUo studio digna, illiberalis credita est, quod nullum habet ingenium, nullara perspicaciam. [§ ix. J [" " If so be" to the end of the paragraph is taken, without acknowledgment, from T/ie Treatyses perteynynge to Hawkynge, Hunfynge, and Fisshynge with an angle. printed at Westminster, by Wynkyn de Worde, 1496. See Drake, Shakspeare and his Times, (ed. 1817) vol. i. p. 290.] 86 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. 11. SECT. IL volume,' and hath in former times been enjoined by statute as a defensive exercise, and an '^ honour to our Land, as well may- witness our victories va. France. Keelpins,' trunks,* quoits, pitching bars, hurling, wrestling, leaping, running, fencing, mustering, swim- ming, wasters," foils, foot-ball, baloon,° quintain, &c. and many such, which are the common recreations of the country folks ; riding of great horses, running at rings, tilts and tournaments, horse-races, wild-goose chases,' which are the disports of greater men, and good in themselves, though many Gentlemen, by that means, gallop quite out of their fortunes. But the most pleasant of all outward pastimes is that of ^ Aretceus, deambulatio per amcena loca, to make a petty progress, a merry journey now and then with some good companions, to visit friends, see Cities, Castles, Towns, 'Visere sasp^ amnes nitidos, peramssnaque Tempe, Et placidas summis sectari in montibus atiras : To see the pleasant fields, the crystal fountains, And take the gentle air amongst the mountains : '"to walk amongst Orchards, Gardens, Bowers, Mounts, and Arbours, artificial wildernesses, green thickets, Arches, Groves, Lawns, Rivulets, Fountains, and such like pleasant places, like that Antiochian Daphne^^ Brooks, Pools, Fishponds, betwixt wood and water, in a fair meadow, by a river side, ^'^ubi varim avium caniationes, florum colores, praiorum frutices, &'c. to disport in some pleasant plain, park, run up a steep hill sometimes, or sit in a shady seat, must needs be a delectable recreation. Hortus prin- cipis et domus ad delectationem facta, cum sylvd,, monte et piscina, vulgh La Montagna: the Prince's garden at Ferrara ^^Schottus highly magnifies, with the groves, mountains, ponds, for a delect- able prospect, he was much affected with it ; a Persian Paradise, or pleasant park, could not be more delectable in his sight. S. Bernard, in the description of his Monastery, is almost ravished [I Namely, in his Toxophilus, or Dialogue on Archery. The shooting in the text of course relates only to archery.] 2 Prascipua hinc Anglis gloria, crebrse victorias partae. Jovius. P Ninepins.] f* See Halliwell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, w. Troll-madam.'] p = Cudgels.] [6 gee Nares' Glossary.] \J On this see Drake's Shakspeare and his Times, (ed. 1817.) vol, i. pp. 304, 305.] s Cap. 7. 9 Fracastorius. i» Ambulationes subdiales, quas hortenses aurae ministrant, sub fomice viridi, pampinis virentibus concameratas. [" See Gibbon, D. and F.ch. 23.] 12 xheophylaot " Itinerar. Ital. MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED. 87 with the pleasures of it. A sick ^ man (saith he) sits upon a green bank, and when the Dog-star parcheth the plains, and dries up rivers, he lies in a shady bower, Fronde sub arborea ferventia temperat astra, and feeds his eyes with variety of objects, herbs, trees ; to cofn- fort his misery, he receives many delightsome smells, and fills his eais with thai sweet and various harmony of Birds. Good God I (saith he) what a company of pleasures hast thou made for man 1 He that should be admitted on a sudden to the sight of such a Palace as that of Escurial in Spain, or to that which the Moors built at Granada,Fontainebleau inj^rance,th.e Turk's gardens in his Seraglio, wherein all manner of birds and beasts are kept for pleasure, Wolves, Bears, Lynxes, Tigers, Lions, Elephants, &c. or upon the banks of that Thracian Bosphorus: \h&Yop€s Belvedere vxRome^ as pleasing as those Horti pensiles^ in Babylon, or that Indian King's delightsome garden in ''^Elian ; or "those famous gardens of the Lord Cantelow in France, could not choose, though he were never so ill apaid, but be much recreated for the time ; or many of our Noble- men's gardens at home. To take a boat in a pleasant evening, and with musick' to row upon the waters, which Plutarch so much applauds, ^lian admires upon the river Peneus, in those Thessalian fields beset with green bays, where birds so sweetly sing that passengers,^ enchanted as it were with their heavenly musick, omnium laborum et curarum obliviscantur, forget forthwith all labours, care, and grief : or in a Gondola through the Grand Canal in Venice, to see those goodly Palaces, must needs refresh and give content to a melancholy dull spirit. Or to see the inner rooms of a fair-built and sumptuous edifice, as that of the Persian Kings so much renowned hy I)iodorus and Curtius, in which all was almost beaten gold,' chairs, stools, thrones, tabernacles, and pillars, of gold, plane trees and vines of gold, grapes of precious stones, all the other ornaments of pure gold, 1 Sedet segrotus cssspite viridi, et cum inclementia Canicularis terras excoquit, et siccat flumina, ipse securus sedet sub arborea fronde, et, ad doloris sui solatium, naribus suis gramineas redolet species ; pascit oculos herbarum amsena viriditas, aures suavi modulamine demulcet pictarum concentus avium, &c. Deus Bone ! quanta pauperibus procuras solatia! [Epistle cdxcii.] 2 Diod. Sioulus, lib. 2. fcai). 10.] P Hanging gardens.] * Lib. 13. de animal, cap. 13. 5 p^t. Gillius. Paul. Hentznerus, Itinerar. Italias. 1617. [Paul Hentzner's Travels in England were translated by Lord Orford in 1797.] lod. Sincerus, Itinerar. Gallise, 1617. Simp. lib. I. quasst. 4. 8 Jucundissima deambulatio juxta mare, et navigatio ■ prope terram. In utraque fluminis ripa. [' Wayfarers, used so as late as Words- worth, Prelude, Book iv.] 8 Aurei panes, aurea obsonia, vis margaritarum aceto subacta, &c. 88 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. 11. SECT. IL 1 Fulget gemma toris, et iaspide fulva supellex, Strata micant Tyrio" [Gems on the couches gleam, the yellow jasper Sets off the furniture, the coverlets Are Tyrian purple,] with sweet odours and perfumes, generous vines, opiparous fare, &c. besides the gallantest young men, the fairest Virgins, pudl Planets, Sea, Land, men fighting, running, riding, women scolding, hills, dalfs, towns, castles, brooks, rivers, trees, &c. with many [1 Study delights old age, educates youth, adorns prosperity, is the solace and refuge of adversity, charms us at home, &c.] 2 Orat. 12. Siquis animo fuerit afflictus aut seger, nee soranum admittens, is mihi videtur h regione stans talis imaginis, oblivisci omnium posse, quae humane vitae atrocia et difficilia accidere Solent, p The famous Raphael Sanzio was a native of Urbino.] [^ An imitation of reality and silent poetry.] ^ 3. De anima. MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED. lOI pretty landskips,^ and perspective pieces, with sight of which he was infinitely delighted, and much eased of his grief. 2 Continuo eo spectaculo captus, delenito moerore, Oblectabatur, in manibus tenens Dei splendida dona. Who will not be affected so in like case, or to see those well furnished Cloisters and Galleries of the Roman Cardinals, so richly stored with all modern Pictures, old Statues and Antiquities ? Cum se spectando recreet simul atque legendo, to see their Pictures alone, and read the description, as "^oissardus well adds, whom will it not affect ? which Boztus, Pomponius Lcettis, Marlianus, Schottus, Cavelerius, Ltgortus, &c. and he himself hath well performed of late. Or in some Princes' Cabinets, like that of the great Duke's in Florence, oi Felix Platerusva Basil, or Noblemen's Houses, to see such variety of attires, faces, so many, so rare, and such exquisite pieces, of men, birds, beasts, &c. to see those excellent landskips,' Dutch-works, and curious Cuts oi Sadler oi Prague, Albert Durer, Goltzius,^ Urintes, Ss'c. such pleasant Pieces of Perspective, Indian Pictures made of feathers, China works, frames, thaumaturgical motions, exotick toys, &c. Who is he that is now wholly over- come with idleness, or otherwise involved in a labyrinth of worldly cares, troubles, and discontents, that will not be much lightened in his mind by reading of some enticing story, true or feigned, where (as in a glass) he shall observe what our fore-fathers have done, the beginnings, ruins, falls, periods of Common- wealths, private men's actions displayed to the life, &c. ? ^Plutarch there- fore calls them secundas mensas et bellaria, the second course and junkets, because they were usually read at Noblemen's Feasts. Who is not earnestly affected with a passionate speech, well penned, an elegant Poem, or some pleasant bewitching discourse, like that of ^Heliodorus, ubi oblectatio qucedam placide fluit, cum hilaritate conjunctai Julian the Apostate was so taken with an Oration of Libanius the Sophister, that, as he confesseth, he could not be quiet till he had read it all out. Legi orationem tuam magna ex parte hesterna die ante prandium, pransus vera sine tillA intermis- sione totam absolvi. O argumenta ! O compositionem .' ' I may say the same of this or that pleasing Tract, which will draw his atten- p =Landscapes.] a Hjad. 19. [16-18.] s Topogr. Rom. part. i. [■* A famous Dutch Painter, 1558-1617.] " Quod heroum conviviis legi solitse. " Melanctlion de Heliodoro. [' I read a considerable part of your speech before dinner, but after I had dined I finished it completely. Oh what arguments ! what style I i02 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. tion along with it. To most kind of men it is an extraordinary delight to study. For what a world of Books offers itself, in all subjects, arts, and sciences, to the sweet content and capacity of the Reader ! In Arithmetick, Geometry, Perspective, Opticks, Astronomy, Architecture, Sculpturd,, FicturA, of which so many and such elaborate Treatises are of late written : in Mechanicks & their ' mysteries. Military Matters, Navigation, ^Riding of HorseSjai "Fencing, Swimming, Gardening, Planting, great Tomes of Hus- bandry, Cookery, Falconry, Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, &c. with exquisite Pictures of all sports, games, & what not ? In Musick, Metaphy sicks. Natural and Moral Philosophy, Philology, in Policy, Heraldry, Genealogy, Chronology, &c. they afford great Tomes, or those Studies oi' Antiquity, &c. et ^ quid subtilius Arithmeticis inven- tionibusi quid jucundius Musicis rationibus i quid divinius Astrono- s micis i quid rectius Geometricis demonstratiiinibus i What so sure, what so pleasant ? He that shall but see that Geometrical Tower of Garisenda at Bologna in Italy, ^ the Steeple and Clock at Stras- burg, will admire the effects of art, or that Engine of Archimedes to remove the earth itself, if he had but a place to fasten his instrument, Archimedei Cochlea^ and rare devices to corrivate ■ waters, musick instruments, & trisyllable Echoes again, again, & again repeated, with myriads of such. What vast Tomes are extant in Law, Physick, & Divinity, for profit, pleasure, practice, speculation, in verse or prose, &c. ! Their names alone are the subject of whole Volumes, we have thousands of Authors of all sorts, many great Libraries full well furnished, like so many dishes of meat, served out for several palates ; & he is a very block that is affected with none of them. Some take an infinite delight to study the very Languages wherein these Books are written, Hebrew, Greek, Syriack, Chaldee, Arabick, &c. Methinks it would well please any man to look upon a Geographical Map, ' suavi animum delectationeallicere, ob incredibilem rerum varietatem et I Pluvines. 2 Thibault. s As in travelling, the rest go forward and look before them, an Antiquary alone looks round about him, seeing things past, &o., hath a complete horizon. Janus Bifrons. * Cardan. ["What is more subtile than arithmetical conclusions? what more agreeable than musical harmonies? what more divine than astronomical? what more certain than geometrical demonstra- ? tions ? "J p Montaigne saw this in his jourpey into Italy.] [6 Archimedes' '-: water-screw. See Vitruv. v. 12 ; x. 8. See Plutarch, Life of Marcellus, § 14.] 1 ' Hondius, Praefat. Mercatons. [On account of the incredible variety and pleasant--^ ness of the subject, and would excite to further steps in knowledge.J i MEM. IV.] Exercise rectified. 103 jwcunditatem, et ad pleniorem sui( Founder of our Public Library in Oxon. ' Ours in Christ Church, Oxon. L° O, how can I sufficiently eulogize you, most illustrious man ?] MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED. 107 Whosoever he is, therefore, that is overrun with solitariness, or carried away with pleasing melancholy and vain conceits, and for want of employment knows not how to spend his time, or crucified with worldly care, I can prescribe him no better remedy than this of study, to compose himself to the learning of some art or science. Provided always that his malady proceed not from overmuch study, for in such cases he adds fuel to the fire, and nothing can be more pernicious ; let him take heed he do not over- stretch his wits, and make skeleton of himself ; or such Inamoratoes as read nothing but Play-books, idle Poems, Jests, Amadis de Gaul, the Knight of the Sun, the Seven Champions, Palmerin de Oliva, [•$■?>] Huon ^Bordeaux, dfc. Such many times prove in the end as mad as Bon Quixote. Study is only prescribed to those that are otherwise idle, troubled in mind, or carried headlong with vain thoughts and imaginations, to distract their cogitations, (although variety of study, or some serious subject, would do the former no harm), and divert their continual meditations another way. No- thing in this case better than study; semper aliquid memoriter ediscant, saith Piso, let them learn something without book, transcribe, translate, &c. read the Scriptures, which Hyperius I. i. de quoiid. script, lee. fol. 77, holds available of itself; "^the mind is erected thereby from all worldly cares, and hath mitch quiet and tran- quillity. For, as Austin ^ well hath it, 'tis scientia scientiarum, omni melle dulcior, omni pane suavior, omni vino hilarior : 'tis the best nepenthes,^ surest cordial, sweetest alterative, presentest diverter. For neither, as Chrysostom'' well adds, those boughs and leaves of trees which are plashed for cattle to stand under, in the heat of the day, in Summer, so much refresh them with their acceptable shade, as the reading of the Scripture doth recreate and comfort a distressed soul in sorrow and affliction. Paul bids pray continually ;^ quod cibus corpori, lectio animcefacit, saith Seneca, as meat is to the body, such is reading to the soul. 'To be at leisure without books is another Hell, &f to be buried alive. ''Cardan calls a Library the physick of the soul ; ^divine authors fortify the mind, make men bold and i Animus levatur inde k curis multa quiete et tranquillitate fruens. ^ Ser. 38. ad Fratres Erera. P Odyssey, iv. 221 sq.] *■ Horn. 4. de pcenitentia. Nam neque arborum comae pro pecorum tuguriis faotse, meridie per asstatem optabilem exhibentes umbram, oves ita reficiunt, ac Scripturarum lectio afBictas angore animas solatur et recreat. [" i. Thess. v. 17.] « Otium sine Uteris mors est, et vivi hominis sepultura. Seneca, [Epistle 82.] ' Cap. 99. 1. 57. de rer. var. 8 Fortem reddunt animum et constantem, et pium colloquium non permittit animum absurd! cogitatione torqueri. I08 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. constant ; and (as Hyperius adds) godly conference will not permit the mind to he tortured with absurd cogitations. Rhasis enjoins con- tinual conference to such melancholy men, perpetual discourse of some history, tale, poem, news, &c. altemos sermones edere ac bibere, czqul jucundum quam cibus, sive potus, which feeds the mind as meat and drink doth the body, and pleaseth as much : and therefore the said Rhasis not without good cause would have some- body still talk seriously, or dispute with them, and sometimes ^to cavil and wrangle, (so that it break not out to a violent perturba- tion), y^;- such altercation is like stirring of a dead fire to make it burn afresh, it whets a dull spirit, and will not suffer the mind to be drowned in those profound cogitations which melancholy men are commonly troubled with. '^Ferdinand and Alphonso, Kings of Arragon and Sicily, were both cured by reading the History, one of Curtius, the other of Livy, when no prescribed Physick would take place. ^Camerarius relates as much oi Lorenzo \de\ Medici. Heathen Philosophers are so full of divine precepts in this kind, that, as some think; they alone are able to settle a distressed mind. ''Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem, &'c. Epictetus, Plutarch, & Seneca. Qualis ilk, qua tela, saith Lipsius, adversus omnes animi casus administrat, &> ipsam mortem, quomodb vitia eripit, infert virtutes I When I read Seneca, ^ methinks I am beyond all human fortunes, on the top of an hill above mortality. Plutarch saith as much of Homer, for which cause belike Niceratus, in Xenophon,^ was made by his parents to con Homer's Iliad and Odyssey without book, ut in virum bonum evaderet, as well to make him a good and honest man as to avoid idleness. If this comfort may be got by Philosophy, what shall be had from Divinity? What shall Austin, Cyprian, Gregory, Bernard's divine meditations afford us ? Qui quid sitpulohrum, quid tuqje, quid utile, quid non, Plenius et melius Ciirysippo et Crantore diount.'' Nay, what shall the Scripture itself, which is like an Apothecary's Shop, wherein are all remedies for all infirmities of mind, purgatives cordials, alteratives, corroboratives, lenitives, &c. Every disease of 1 Altercationibus utantur, quae non permittunt animum submergi profundis cogitationibus, de quibus otiose cogitat, et tristatur in iis. 2 Bodin. Praefat ad meth ?i'.!;,v,in OP^"^™ ='^'^':'=- "^aP- '5- ^ Hor. [Epp. i. i. 34.] 6 Fatendum est cacumine Olympi constitutus, supra ventos et procellas, et omnes res humanas [6 Symposmm, ni. 5.] [? Hor. Epp. i. ii. 4. Who explain what is fair, foul, useful, worthless, more fully and better than Chrysippus and Grantor.] MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED. I09 the soul, saith '^Austin, hath a peculiar medicine in the Scripture; this only is required that the sick man take the potion which God hath already tempered. " Gregory calls it a glass wherein we may see all our infirmities, ignitum colloquium, Psal. 119. 140, ^ Origena. Charm. And therefore Hierome prescribes Rusticus the Monk, ''continually to read the Scripture, and to meditate on that which he hath read; for as mastication is to meat, so is meditation on that which we read. I would for these causes wish him that is melan- choly to use both human and divine Authors, voluntarily to impose some task upon himself, to divert his melancholy thoughts : to study the art of memory, Cosmus Rosselius, Pet. Ravennas, Scen- kelius' Delectus, or practise Brachygraphy,^ &=€. that will ask a great deal of attention : or let him demonstrate a Proposition in Euclid in his last five Books, extract a square root, or study Algebra : than which, as 'Clavius holds, in all humane disciplines nothing can be more excellent &" pleasant, so abstruse &• and recondite, so bewitch- ing, so miraculous, so ravishing, so easy withal & full of delight, omnem humanum captum superare videtur. By this means you may define ex ungue leonem^ as the diverb is, by his thumb alone the bigness oi Hercules, or the true dimensions or the great ^Col- lossus,Solomon'sTemple, a.ndDomitian'sAmphithea.tre, out of a little part. By this art you may contemplate the variation of the 23 letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that the words compli- cated and deduced thence will not be contained within the com- pass of the firmament; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways : by this art you may examine how many men may stand one by another in the whole superficies of the Earth, some say 148,456,800,000,000, assignando singulis passum quadratufn^ hovr many men, supposing all the World as habitable as France, as fruitful and so long lived, may be born in 60,000 years ? and so may you demonstrate, with Archimedes,'^" how many sands the mass of the whole World might contain if all sandy, if you did but first 1 In Ps. xxxvi. Omnis morbus animi in Scripture habet medicinara ; tantum opus est ut qui sit ae^er non rectiset potionem quam Deus temperavit. 2 jjj moral. Speculum quo nos intueri possimus. ' Horn. 28. Ut incantatione virus fugatur, ita lectione malum. * Iterum atque iteram moneo, ut animam Sacrae Scripturse lectione occupes. Masticat divinura pabulum meditatio. [Epistle 125.] [^ What we now call Shorthand.'] ^ Ad 2. definit. 2. elem. In disciplinis humanis nihil prasstantius reperitur : quippe miracula quaedam numerorum eruit tam abstrusa et recondita, tantanihilominus facilitate et voluptate, ut, &c. \J Erasm. Adagia p. 347. A lion by his claw. Diverb = proverb. P Which contained 1,080,000 weights ofbrass. [9 Assigning a square foot to each.] i" Vide Clavium in comm. de Sacrobosco. I lO ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. know how much a small cube as big as a mustard-seed might hold, with infinite such. But in all Nature what is there so stupend as to examine and calculate the motion of the Planets, their Magni- tudes, Apogeums, Perigeums, Eccentricities, how far distant from the Earth, the bigness, thicknfess, compass of the Firmament, each Star, with their diameters and circumference, apparent area, super- ficies, by those curious helps of Glasses, Astrolabes, Sextants, Quad- rants, of which Tycho Brake in his Mechanicks, Opticks ('divine Opticks !) Arithmetick, Geometry, and such like arts and instru- ments? What so intricate, and pleasing withal, as to peruse and practise Hero Alexandrinus' works, de spiritalibus, de machinis bellicis, de machina se movefile, Jordani Nemorarii de ponderibus proposit. 13, that pleasant Tract of Machometes Bragdedinus de superficierum divisionibus, Apollonius' Conicks, or Commandinus' labours in that kind, de centra gravitatis, with many such Geome- trical Theorems and Problems? Those rare instruments and mechanical inventions oijac. Bessonus and Cardan to this purpose, with many such experiments intimated long since by Roger Bacon, in his Tract de ^Secretis Artis et Natures, as to make a chariot to move sine animali^ diving boats, to walk on the water by art & to fly in the air, to make several cranes and pullies, quibus homo trahat ad se milk homines, lift up & remove great weights, mills to move themselves, Archytas' * Dove, Albertu^ brasen head, and such thaumaturgical works. But especially to do strange miracles by glasses, of which Proclus and Bacon writ of old, burning glasses, multiplying glasses, perspectives, ut unus homo appareat exercitus,' to see afar off, to represent solid bodies by cylinders and concaves, to walk in the air, ul veraciter videant (saith Bacon) aurum el argentum et quicquid aliud volunt, et quum veniant ad locum visi- onis,. nihill invenianl, which glasses are much perfected of late by Baptista Porta & Galileo, & much more is promised by Maginus & Midorgius, to be performed in this kind. Otacousticons ° some speak of, to intend hearing, as the others do sight; Marcellus Vrencken, an Hollander, in his Epistle to Burgravius, makes men- tion of a friend of his that is about an instrument, quo videbit qum in altero Horizonte sint. But our Alchemists, methinks, and Rosy- Cross men'' afford most rarities, and are fuller of experiments: 1 Distantias Coelorum sola Optica dijudicat. 2 Cap. 4. et 5. [> Without an animal.] [4 See Aulus GeUius, x. 12.1 [6 That one man appears an army.] [6 Instruments to facilitate hearing.] \J Rosicrucians we now call them. The old world Freemasons,] MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED. 1 1 1 they can make gold, separate and alter metals, extract oils, salts, lees, and do more strange works than Geber, Lullius, Bacon, or any of those Ancients. Crollius hath made, after his master Paracel- sus, aurumfulminans, or aurum volatile, which shall imitate thunder and lightning, and crack louder than any gunpowder ; Cornelius Drible a perpetual motion, inextinguible lights, linum non ardens, with many such feats ; se? his book de natura elementorum, besides hail, wind, snow, thunder, lightning, &c. those strange fire-works, devilish petards, and such like warlike machinations, derived hence, of which read Tartalea and others. Ernestus Burgravius, a dis- ciple of Paracelsus, hath published a discourse, in which he speci- fies a Idmp to be made of man's blood, Izicerna vitcB et mortis index, so he terms it, which chemically prepared 40 days, and afterwards kept. in a glass, shall shew all the accidents of this life ; si lampas hie clarus, tunc homo hilaris, et sanus corf ore 6^ animo ; si nebu- losus &" depressus, fnali afficitur, df sic pro statu hominis variatur, unde sumptus sanguis ; ^ and, which is most wonderful, it dies with the party, cum homine peril et evanescit, the lamp and the man whence the blood was taken are extinguished together. The same author hath another Tract of Mumia, (all out as vain and prodigious as the first), by which he will cure most diseases, and transfer them from a man to a beast, by drawing blood from one, and applying it to the other, vel in plantam derivare, and an alexi- pharmacum, of which Roger Bacon of old, in his Tract, de retar- danda senectute, to make a man young again, live 3 or 4 hundred years; besides panaceas, martial amulets, unguentum armarium, balsams, strange extracts, elixirs, and such like magico-magnetical cures. Now what so pleasing can there be as the speculation of these things, to read and examine such experiments, or, if a man be more mathematically given, to calculate or peruse Napier's Logarithms, or those tables of artificial ^ Sines and Tangents, not long since set out by mine old Collegiate, good friend, and late Fellow-Student, oi Christ-Church in Oxford, ' M. Edmund Gunter, which will perform that by addition and subtraction only, which heretofore Regiomontanus^Tab\t% did by multiplication and division, or those elaborate conclusions of his * Sector, Quadrant, and Cross- [1 If this lamp bum brightly, then the man is cheerful, and healthy in mind and body ; if, on the other hand, he from whom the blood is taken be maanoholy or depressed, then it will burn dimly.] 2 Printed at London, Anno 1620. 3 Once Astronomy Reader at Gresham College. * Printed at London by William Jones, 1623. 112 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. H. SECT. 11. staff. Or let him that is melancholy calculate Spherical Triangles, square a circle, cast a Nativity, which howsoever some tax, I say with ^GarccBus, dabimus hoc petulantibus ingeniis, we will in some cases allow : or let him make an Ephemerides," read Stiisset the Calculator's works, Scaliger de emendatione teniporum, and Petavius, his adversary, till he understand them, peruse subtle Scotus' and Saurez' Metaphysicks, or School Divinity, Occam, Thomas,^ Eniis- berus,Burand, 'S-'c. If those other do not affect him, and his means be great, to employ his purse and fill his head, he may go find the Philosopher's Stone ; he may apply his mind, I say, to Heraldry, Antiquity, invent Impresses, Emblems ; make Epithalamiums, Epi- taphs, Elegies, Epigrams, Palindroma Epigrammaia,^ Anagrams, Chronograms, Acrosticks upon his friends' names ; or write a Com- ment on Martianus Capella, Tertullian de pallia, the Nubian Geography, or upon .^lia Lcslia Crispis,' as many idle fellows have assayed ; and rather than do nothing, vary a ° verse a thou- sand ways with Putean, so torturing his wits, or as Rainnerus of Luneberg,'' 2,150 times in his Proteus Poeticus, or Scaliger, Chrysolithus, Cleppisius, and others, have in like sort done. If such voluntary tasks, pleasure and delight, or crabbedness of these Studies, will not yet divert their idle thoughts, and alienate their imaginations, they must be compelled, saith Christophorus ct, Vega, cogi debent, I. 5. c. 14, upon some mulct, if they perform it not, quod ex officio incumbai, loss of credit or disgrace, such as our Publick University exercises. For as he that plays for nothing will not heed his game, no more will voluntary imployment so freely affect a Student, except he be very intent of himself, and take an extraordinary delight in the study about which he is con- versant. It should be of that nature his business, which volens nolens he must necessarily undergo, and without great loss, mulct, shame or hindrance, he may not omit. Now for women, instead of laborious studies, they have curious needleworks, cut-works, spinning, bone-lace,* and many pretty 1 Prasfat. Math. Astrol. [2 Astronomical tables showing the state of the Heavens for every day at Noon. See Latham's edition of Johnson's Dictionary.] P i. e., Thomas Aquinas.] [* Lines that run forward and backv\rards the same, e.g. Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor.] p The JS,\\& Lselia Crispis Epitanh may be found in full, it is far too long to copy here, in Pettigrew's Epitaphs, p. 189, (ed. 1857). It is very curious.] « Tot tibi sunt dotes virgo, quot sidera coelo. ' Da, pie Christe, urbi bona ; sit pax tempore nostro I [s On this v^ord see Nares' Glossary.] MEM. IV.] EXERCISE RECTIFIED, 1 1 3 devices of their own making, to adorn their houses, Cushions, Carpets, Chairs, Stools, {for she eats not the bread of idleness, Prov. 31. 27, qttceswit lanam et linuni), confections, conserves, dis- tillations, &c. which they shew to strangers. 1 Ipsa comes prassesque operis venientibus ultro Hospitibus monstrare solet, non segniter horas Contestata suas, sed nee sibi deperiisse. Which to her guests she shows, with all her pelf, Thus far my maids, but this I did myself. This they have to busy themselves about, household offices, &c. ' neat gardens, full of exotick, versicolour, diversely varied, sweet smelling flowers, and plants in all kinds, which they are most am- bitious to get, curious to preserve and keep, proud to possess, and much many times brag of Their merry meetings and frequent visita- tions, mutual invitations in good Towns, I voluntarily omit, which are so much in use, gossiping among the meaner sort, &c. Old folks have their beads, an excellent invention to keep them from idleness that are by nature melancholy, and past all affairs, to say so many Pater Nosters, Ave Marias, Creeds, if it were not profane and super- stitious. In a word, body and mind must be exercised, not one, but both, arid that in a mediocrity, otherwise it will cause a great incon- venience. If the body be overtired, it tires the mind. The mind oppresseth the body, as with Students it oftentimes falls out, who (as ^Plutarch observes) have no care of the body, but compel that which is mortal to do as much as that which is immortal, that which is earthly, as that which is ethereal. But as the Ox tired told the Camel, {both serving one Master^, that refused to carry some part of his burden, before it wei-e long he should be compelled to cany all his pack, and skin to boot, {which by and by, the Ox being dead, fell out) the body may say to the soul that will give him no respite, or remis- sion : a little ajter an Ague, Vertigo, Consumption, seizeth on them both ; all his study is omitted, and they must be compelled to be sick together. He that tenders his own good estate and health must ^ Chalonerus, Lib. 9. da Rep. Angl. 2 Hortus coronarius medicus et culinarius, &c. ^ De sanit. tuend. [§ 25.] Qui rationem corporis non habent sed cogunt mortalem immortali, terrestrem setherese sequalem prsestare industiiam. CaeterumutCamelo usu venit, quod ei Bos prasdixerat, cum eidem servirent Domino, et parte oneris levare ilium Camelus recusasset, paulo post et ipsius cutem, et totum onus cogeretur gestare, (quod mortuo bove impletum), ita animo quoque contingit, dum defatigato corpori, &c. II. I I 14 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. TL let them draw with eqlial yoke both alike, ' that so they may happily enjoy their ivished health. MEMB. V. Waking and terrible Dreams rectified. As waking, that hurts, by all means must be avoided, so sleep, which so much helps, by like ways ''micst be procured, by nature or art, inward or outiuard medicines, and be protracted longer than ordinary, if it may be, as being an especial help. It moistens and fattens the body, concocts, and helps digestion, (as we see in dormice, and those Alpine mice that sleep all Winter), which Gesner speaks of, when they are so found sleeping under the snow in the dead of Winter, as fat as butter. It expels cares, pacifies the mind, refresheth the weary limbs after long work. 3Somne, quies rerum, placidissime Somne Deorum, Pax animi, quem cura fugit, qui corpora, duris Fessa ministeriis mulces, reparasque labori. Sleep, rest of things, O pleasing Deity, Peace of the soul, which cares dost crucify, Weary bodies refresh and mollify. The chiefest ihing in all Physick ^Paracelsus calls it, omnia arcana gemmai urn superans et metallorum. The fittest time is " two or three hours after supper, when as t/ie meat is now settled at the bottom of the stomach, and 'tis good to lie on the right side first, because at that site the liver doth rest under the stomach, not molest- ing any way, but heating him as afire doth a kettle, that is put to it. After the first sleep 'tis not amiss to lie on the left side, that the meat may the better descend, and sometimes again on the belly, but never on the back. Seven or eight hours is a competent time for a melancholy man to rest, as Crato thinks ; but, as some do, to lie in bed and not sleep, a day, or half a day together, to give 1 Ut pulchram illam et amabilem sanitatem prsestemus. [Do.] 8 InterdicendEe vigilise ; somni paulo longiores conciliandi. Altoraarus, cap. 7. Somnus supra modum prodest, quovismodo conciliandus, Piso. s Ovid. [Met. xi. 623-625.] 4 In Hippoc. Aphorism. ^ Crato, cons. 21. hb. 2. Duabusaut tribus horis post coenam, quum jam cibus ad fundum ventriculi resederit, primum super latere dextro quies- cendum, quod in taU decubitu jecur sub ventriculo quiescat, non gravans sed cibum calefaciens, perinde ac ignis lebetem qui illi admovetur ; post primum somnum quiescendum latere sinistro, &c. MEM. v.] WAKING AND DREAMS RECTIFIED. I15 assent to pleasing conceits and vain imaginations, is many ways pernicious. To procure this sweet moistening sleep, it's best to take away the occasions (if it be possible) that hinder it, and then to use such inward or outward remedies, which may cause it. Constat hodie (saith Boissardus, in his Tract de magiA, c. 4,) multos ita fasdnari, ut nodes integras exigant insomnes, summA inquieiudine animorum 6^ corporum ; many cannot sleep for Witches and Fasci- nations, which are too familiar in some places, they call it, date alicui malum nodem} But the ordinary causes are heat and dry- ness, which must first be removed ; ^a hot and dry brain never sleeps well : grief, fears, cares, expectations, anxieties, great businesses, ^in aurem utramque otiose ut dormias, and all violent perturbations of the mind must in some sort be qualified, before we can hope for any good repose. He that sleeps in the day time, or is in suspense, fear, any way troubled in mind, or goes to bed upon a full *stomack, may never hope for quiet rest in the night ; nee enim meritoria somnos admittunt, as the ^Poet saith ; Inns and such like troublesome places are not for sleep ; one calls Ostler, another Tapster, one cries and shouts, another sings, whoops, halloos, ^absentem cantat amicam, Multa prolutus vappi, nauta atque viator. Who, not accustomed to such noises, can sleep amongst them ? He that will intend to take his rest must go to bed animo secttro, quieto et libera, with a 'secure and composed mind, in a quiet place: omnia nodis erunt placidd, composta quiefe:' & if that will not serve, or may not be obtained, to seek then such means as are requisite. To lie in clean linen & sweet ; before he goes to bed, or in bed, to hear ^ sweet Musick, which Ficinus commends, lib. I. cap. 24, or as Jobertus, med. prad. I. 3. read some pleasant Author till he be asleep, to have a bason of water still dropping by his bed side, or to lie near that pleasant murmur, "/»« [1 To give a person a bad night] ^ Ssepius accidit melancholicis, ut nimium exsiccate cerebro vigiliis attenuentur. Ficinus, lib. i. cap. 29. s Ter. [Heauton- timorumenos, ii. iii. loi. That you may sleep soundly on either ear.] < Ut sis nocte levis, sit tibi csena brevis. [Regimen Sanitatis Salerni.] ^ juven. Sat. 3. [234-235.] * Hor. Ser. lib. 1. Sat. 5. [15. 16. A tipsy sailor and a traveller sing the praises of their absent sweethearts.] ' Sepositis curis omnibus quantum fieri potest, una cum vestibus, &c. Kirkst. [' A line of Varro, quoted by Seneca, Epist. 56.] ° Ad horam somni aures suavibus cantibus et sonis delinire. 1" Lectio jucunda, aut sermo, ad quem attentior animus convertitur, aut aqua ab alto in subjectam pelvim delabatur, &c. i^Ovid. [F. ii. 704.] Il6 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. H. SECT. 11. sonantis aquas,^ some flood-gates, arches, falls of water, Wke: London Bridge, or some contitiuate noise which may benumb the senses. Lenis motus, silentium et ienebrce, turn et ipsa voluntas somnos faciunt; as a gentle noise to some procures sleep, so, which Bernardinus Tilesius, lib. de somno, well observes, silence, in a dark room, and the will itself, is most available to others. Fiso commends frications, Andrew Borde a good draught of strong drink before one goes to bed; I say, a nutmeg and ale, or a good draught of muscadine, with a toast and nutmeg, or a posset of the same, which many use in a morning, but, methinks, for such as have dry brains, are much more proper at night ; some prescribe a ""sup of vinegar as they go to bed, a spoonful saith Aeiius, Tetrabib. lib. 2. ser. 2. cap. 10. /. 6. cap. 10, /Egineta, lib. 3. cap. 14, Piso, a little after meat, ^because it rarifies melancholy, and pro- cures an appetite to sleep. Donat. ab Altomar, c. 7, and Mercu- rialis approve of it, if the malady proceed from the 'spleen. Salhtst. Salvian. lib. 2. cap. i. de remed. Hercules de Saxonid, {in Pan.), /Elianus Montaltus, de morb. capitis, c. 28, de Melan. are altogether against it. Lod. Mercatus, de inter. Morb. cau. I. i. c. 17, in some cases doth allow it. ' Rhasis seems to deliberate of it, though Simeon commend it (in sauce peradventure) he makes a question of it : as for baths, fomentations, oils, potions, simples or compounds, inwardly taken to this purpose, "I shall speak of them elsewhere. If in the midst of the night when they lie awake, which is usual to toss and tumble, and not sleep, '' Ranzovius would have them, if it be in warm weather, to rise and walk three or four turns (till they be cold) about the chamber, and then go to bed again. Against fearful and troublesome dreams, incubus^ and such inconveniences, wherewith melancholy men are molested, the best remedy is to eat a light supper, and of such meats as are easy of digestion ; no Hare, Venison, Beef, &c. not to lie on his back, not to meditate or think in the day time of any terrible objects, or especially talk of them before he goes to bed. For, as he said in Lucian" after such conference, Hecatas somniare mihi videor, I can think of nothing but Hobgoblins : and, as Tully P Of water gliding with a gentle music] 2 Aceti sorbitio. » Attenuat melancholiam, et ad conciliandum somnum juvat. ^ Quod lieni acetum conveniat. •'■ Clont. I. Tract. 9. raeditandum de aceto. « Sect. 5. Memb. i. Subsect. 6. ' Lib. de sanit. tuenda. [8 = nightmare.] [» Philopseudes, § 39.] MEM.VI. SUBS. I.] PASSIONS RECTIFIED. II7 notes, ^for the most part our speeches in the day time cause our phantasy to work upon the like in our sleep, which Ennius writes of Homer: Et canis in .somnis leporis vestigia latrat : as a dog dreams of an hare, so do men on such subjects they thought on last. ^Somnia quae mentes ludunt volitantibus umbris, Nee Delubra Deflm, nee ab sethere Numina mittunt, Sed sibi quisque facit, &c. [The Gods send not our dreams, we make our own.] For that cause, when Ptolemy, King of Egypt, had posed the 70 interpreters in order, and asked the nineteenth man, what would make one sleep quietly in the night, he told him ^the best way was to have divine and celestial meditations, and to use honest actions in the day time. *Lod. Vives wonders how Schoolmen could sleep quietly, and were not terrified in the night, or walk in the dark, they had stick monstrous questions, and thought of such terrible matters all day long. They had need amongst the rest to sacrilice to God Morpheus, whom ^ Philostratus paints in a white and black coat, with a horn and ivory box full of dreams, of the same colours, to signify good and bad. If you will know how to interpret them , read Artemidorus, Sambuats, and Cardan ; but how to help them, °I must refer you to a more convenient place. MEMB. VI. SuBSECT. I. — Perturbations of the mind rectified. From himself, by resisting to the utmost, confessing his grief to a friend, o^c. Whosoever he is that shall hope to cure this malady in himself or any other, must first rectify these passions and perturbations of the mind ; the chiefest cure consists in them. A quiet mind is that voluptas, or summum bonum, of Epicurus, non dolere, curis vacare, animo tranquillo esse, not to grieve, but to want cares, and have a quiet soul, is the only pleasure of the World, as 1 In Som. Scip. Fit enim fere ut cogitationes nostras et sermones pariant aliquid in somno, quale de Homero scribit Ennius, de quo videlicet saepissimA vigilans solebat cogitare et loqui, [An. i. 3?] ^ Aristese Hist. 3 Optimum de coelestibus et honestis meditari, et ea facere. ^ Lib. 3. de causis corr. art. Tarn mira monstra qusestionum ssepe nascuntur inter eos, ut mirer eos interdum in somniis non terreri, aut de iUis in tenebris audere verba facere, adeo res sunt monstrosse. " Icon, lib. i. <* Sect. 5. Memb. i. Subs. 6. Il8 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IL Seneca" truly recites his opinion, not that of eating and drinking, which injurious Aristotle^ maliciously puts upon hnn, and for which he is still mistaken, mali audit et vapulat, slandered without a cause, and lashed by all posterity. ^ Fear and sorrow therefore are especially to be avoided, and the mind to be mitigated with mtrth, constancy, good hope; vain terror, bad objects, are to be removed, and all such persons in whose companies they be not well pleased. Gualter Bruel, Ferneliiis, consil 43, Mercurialis, consil. 6, Piso, Jacchinus, cap. 15. in 9, Rhasis, Capivaccius, Hildesheim, &-c. all inculcate this as an especial means of their cure, that their "minds be quietly pacified, vain conceits diverted, if it be possible, with terrors, cares, ^ fixed studies, cogitations, and whatsoever it is that shall any ■way molest ot trouble the soul, because that otherwise there is no good to be done. "^ The body's mischiefs, as Flato -prowts, proceed from the soul : and if the mind be not first satisfied, the body can never be cured. Alcibiades raves (saith '' Maximus Tyrius) and is sick, his furious desires carry him from [the] Lyceum to the plead- ing-place, thence to the Sea, so into Sicily, thence to Lacedwmon, thence to Persia, thence to Santos, then again to Athens ; Critias tyrannizeth over all the city ; Sardanapalus is love-sick ; these men are ill-affected all, and can never be cured, till their minds be otherwise qualified. Crato therefore, in that often cited Counsel of his for a Nobleman his Patient, when he had sufficiently in- formed him in diet, air, exercise, Venus, sleep, concludes with these as matters of greatest moment, quod reliquum est, animce accidentia corrigantur," from which alone proceeds Melancholy; they are the fountain, the subject, the hinges whereon it turns, and must necessarily be reformed. ^ For anger stirs choler, heats \} Epistle, 66, § 42, memoriter,] P Aristotle must be a mistake of Burton, for he died when Epicurus was only 19 or 20. Possibly a slip for Athenseus, e.g. Lib. iii. cap. 21.] " ^ Animi perturbationes summfe fugiendse, metus potissimum et tristitia ; eorumque loco animus demulcendus hilaritate, animi constantia, bona spe ; removendi terrores, et eorum consortium quos non probant. ^ Phantasias eorum placid^ subvertendDe, terrores ab animo removendi. ^ Ab omni fixa cogitatione quovismodo avertantur. ^ Cunota mala corporis ab animo procedunt, quae nisi curentur, corpus curari minime potest, Charmid. [p. 156, E. 157, A.] ' Dissertatio [xiii.] An morbi graviores corporis an animi? Renoldo interpret. Ut parum absit i furore, rapitur k Lyceo in concionem, k concione ad mare, 4 marl in Siciliam, &c. [' For the rest, let everything that touches the mind be corrected.] » Ira bilem movet, sanguinem adurit, vitales spiritus accendit ; moestitia universum corpus infrigidat, calorem innatum extinguit, appetitum destruit, concoctionem impedit, corpus exsiccat, intellectum peiTertit. Quamobrem hsec omnia prorsus vitanda sunt, et pro virili fugienda. MEM. VI. SUBS. I.] PASSIONS RECTIFIED II9 the blood and y Hal spirits ; sorrow on the otim side refrigerates the body, and extinguisheth natural heat, overthrows appetite, hinders con- coction, dries up the temperature, and perverts the understanding : fear dissolves the spirits, infects the heart, attenuates the soul : and for these causes all passions and perturbations must, to the uttermost of our power, and most seriously, be removed. jElianus Montaltus attributes so much to them, ' that he holds the rectification of them alone to be sufficient to the cure of Melancholy in most Patients. Many are fully cured when they have seen or heard, &c. enjoy their desires, or be secured and satisfied in their minds. Galen, the common Master of them all, from whose fountain they [all] fetch water, brags, /. i. de san. tuend. that he for his part hath cured divers of this infirmity, solum animis ad rectum institntis, by right settling alone of their minds. Yea, but you will here infer, that this is excellent good indeed if it could he done ; but how shall it be effected, by whom, what art, what means ? hie labor, hoc opus est." 'Tis a natural infirmity, a most powerful adversary : all men are subject to passions, and melancholy above all others, as being distempered by their innate humours, abundance of choler adust, weakness of parts, outward occurrences ; and how shall they be avoided ? The wisest men, greatest Philosophers, of most excellent wit, reason, judgement, divine spirits, cannot moderate themselves in this behalf; such as are sound in body and mind, Stoicks, Heroes, Homer's Gods, all are passionate, and furiously carried sometimes ; and how shall we that are already crSiZ&d, fracti animis, sick in body, sick in mind, resist ? We cannot perform it. You may advise and give good pre- cepts, as who cannot ? But how shall they be put in practice ? I may not deny but our passions are violent, and tyrannize of us, yet there be means to curb them ; though they be head-strong, they may be tamed, they may be qualified, if he himself or his friends will but use their honest endeavours, or make use of such ordinary helps as are commonly prescribed. He himself (I say) ; from the Patient himself the first and chiefest remedy must be had ; for if he be averse, peevish, waspish, give way wholly to his passions, will not seek to be helped, or be ruled by his friends, how is it possible he should be cured? But if he be willing at least, gentle, tractable, & desire his own good, ^ De mel. cap 26. Ex illis solum remedium ; multi ex visis, auditis, &c. san.iti sunt. p Virg. Mn. vi. 129. This is the labour, this the difBculty.] 120 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. II. no doubt but he may magnam morbi deponere partem, be eased at least, if not cured. He himself must do his utmost endeavour to resist & withstand the beginnings. Principiis obsia} Give not water passage, no not a little, Eccl. 25. 25. If they open a little, they will make a greater breach at length. Whatsoever it is that runneth in his mind, vain conceit, be it pleasing or displeasing, which so much affects or troubleth him, ^by all possible means he must withstand it, expel those vain, false, frivolous imaginations, absurd conceits, feigned fears and sorrows; from which, saith Fiso, this disease primarily proceeds, and takes his first occasion or begin- ning, by doing something or other that shall be opposite unto them, thinking of something else, persuading by reason, or howsoever, to make a sudden alteration of them. Though he have hitherto run in a full career, and precipitated himself, following his passions, giving reins to his appetite, let him now stop upon a sudden, curb himself in ; and, as ^Lemnius adviseth, strive against with all his power, to the utmost of his endeavour, and not cherish those fond imaginations, which so covertly creep into his mind, most pleasing and amiable at first, but bitter as gall at last, and so head-strong, that by no reason, art, counsel, or persuasion they may be shaken off. Though he be far gone, arid habituated unto such phantastical imaginations, yet, as ^Tully, and Plutarch advise, let him oppose, fortify, or prepare himself against them, by premeditation, reason, or, as we do by a crooked staff, bend himself another way. ^ Tu tamen interea efFugito quae tristia mentein SoUicitant, procul esse jube curasque metumque PaUentem, ultrices iras ; sint omnia laeta ! In the mean time expel them from thy mind, Pale fears, sad cares, and griefs which do it grind. Revengeful anger, pain and discontent ; Let all thy soul be set on merriment 1 Curas toUe graves, irasci crede profanum.' [Away with grief, think to be angty wicked.] If it be idleness hath caused this infirmity, or that he perceive p Ovid, Remed. Am. 91.] " Pro viribus annitendura in praedictis, turn in aliis, k quibus malum, velut £ primaria causa, occasionem nactum est ; imaginationes absurdas falsseque et mcestitia quaecunque subierit propulsetur, aut aliud agendo, aut ratione persuadendo earum mutationem subit6 facere. ' Lib. 2. c. 16. de occult, nat. Quisquis huio malo obnoxius est, acriter obsistat, et summa cura obluctetur, nee uUo mode foveat imaginationes tacite obrepentes animo, blaiidas ab initio et amabiles, sed quae adeo convalescunt, ut nulla ratione excuti queant. ^ 3. Tusc. [cap. xiii. sq.'\ Ad ApoUonium. \passim.'\ 6 Fraoastorius. [« Regimen Sanitatis Salerni.] MEM. VI. SUBS. I.] PASSIONS RECTIFIED. 121 himself given to solitariness, to walk alone, and please his mind with fond imaginations, let him by all means avoid it ; 'tis a bosom enemy, 'tis delightsome melancholy, a friend in shew, but a secret devil ; a sweet poison, it will in the end be his undoing ; let him go presently, task or set himself a work, get some good company. If he proceed, as a gnat flies about a candle so long, till at length he burn his body, so in the end he will undo himself: if it beany harsh object, ill company, let him presently go from it. If by his own default, through ill diet, bad air, want of exercise, &c. let him now begin to reform himself. // would be a perfect remedy against all corruption, if, as ^ Roger Bacon hath it, we could but moderate ourselves in those six non-natural things. "^ If it bt any disgrace, abuse, temporal loss, calumny, death of friends, imprisonment, banish- ment, be not troubled with it, do not fear, be not angry, grieve not, at it, but with all courage sustain it. {Gordonius, lib. i.e. ie,.de conser. vit.) Tu contra audentior ito." * If it be sickness, ill success, or any adversity that hath caused it, oppose an invincible Qowra.ge,fortijy thyself by God's word, or otherwise, mala bonis persuadenda, set prosperity against adversity, as we refresh our eyes by seeing some pleasant meadow, fountain, picture, or the like ; recreate thy mind by some contrary object, with some more pleasing meditation divert thy thoughts. Yea, but you infer again, facilh consilium damns aliis,' we can easily give counsel to others ; every man, as the saying is, can tame a shrew but he that hath her; si lite esses, aliter sentires ;" if you were in our misery, you would find it otherwise, 'tis not so easily performed. We know this to be true, we should moderate our- selves, but we are furiously carried, we cannot make use of such precepts, we are overcome, sick, maltsani, distempered and habit- uated in these courses, we can make no resistance ; you may as well bid him that is diseased not to feel pain, as a melancholy man not to fear, not to be sad : 'tis within his blood, his brains, his whole temperature ; it cannot be removed. But he may choose 1 Epist. de secretis artis et naturae cap. 7. de Retard, sen. Remedium esset contra corruptionem propriam, si quilibet exerceret regimen sanitatis, quod consistit in reljus sex non naturalibus. " Pro aliquo vituperio non indigneris, neo pro amissione alicujus rei, pro morte alicujus, nee pro carcere, nee pro exilio, neo pro alia re, nee irascaris, nee timeas, nee doleas, sed cum summa praasentia hsec sustineas. P Virg. jEn. vi. 95. Do you more boldly cope with difficulties.] * Quodsi incommoda adversitatis infortunia hoc malum invexerint, his infractura aninium opponas, Dei verbo ejusque fiducia te suifuloias, &c. Lemnius, lib. i. c. i5. [*• Ter. Andria, ii. 1. 9, memoriter.j p Ter. Andria, ii. 1. 10, memoriter.l 122 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IL whether he will give way too far unto it, he may in some sort correct himself. A Philosopher was bitten with a mad dog, and as the nature of that disease is to abhor all waters, and liquid things, and to think still they see the picture of a dog before them : he went for all this, reluctante se, to the Bath, and seeing there (as he thought) in the water the picture of a dog, with reason overcame this conceit, quid cani cum balneo ?^ what should a dog do in a Bath? a mere conceit. Thou thinkest thou hearest and seest Devils, black men, &c. 'tis not so, 'tis thy corrupt phantasy, settle thine imagination, thou art well. Thou thinkest thou hast a great nose, thou art sick, every man observes thee, laughs thee to scorn ; persuade thyself 'tis no such matter : this is fear only, and vain suspicion. Thou art discontent, thou art sad and heavy ; but why ? upon what ground? consider of it: thou art jealous, timorous, suspicious ; for what cause ? examine it throughly, thou shall find none at all, or such as is to be contemned, such as thou wilt surely deride, and cejntemn in thyself, when it is past. Rule thyself then with reason, satisfy thyself, accustom thyself, wean thyself from such fond conceits, vain fears, strong imaginations, restless thoughts. Thou mayest do it ; est in nobis assuescere (as Plutarch saith) we may frame ourselves as we will.^ As he that useth an upright shoe may correct the obliquity or crookedness, by wearing it on the other side, [so] we may overcome passions if we will. Quicquid sibi impa-a- vit animus, obtinuit (as ^ Seneca saith) : nulli tamferi affectus, ut non discipline, perdomentur ; whatsoever the will desires, she may com- mand : no such cruel affections, but by discipline they may be tamed ; voluntarily thou wilt not do this or that, which thou oughtest to do, or refrain, &c. but when thou art lashed like a dull jade, thou wilt reform it ; fear of a whip will make thee do, or not do. Do that voluntarily then which thou canst do, and must do b> compulsion : thou mayst refrain, if thou wilt, and master thine affections. * As in a City (saith Melancthon) they do by stubborn rebellious rogues, that will not submit themselves to political judge- ment, compel them by force, so must we do by our affections. If the heart will not lay aside those vicious motions, and the phantasy those [1 See Erasmi Adagia, pp. i65, 167.] [a See Plutarch On Education, § iv.] 3 Lib. 2. de Ira. [cap. 36.] * Cap. 3. de affect, anim. Ut in civitatibus contu- maces qui non cedunt politico imperio vi coercendi sunt ; ita Deus nobis indidit alteram imperii forman ; si cor non deponit vitiosum affectum, membra foras coercenda sunt, ne ruant in quod affectus impellat ; et locomotiva, quse herili imperio obtemperat, alteri resistat. MEM. VI. SUBS. I.] PASSIONS RECTIFIED. I23 fond imaginations, we have another form of government to enforce and refrain our outward members, that they be not led by our passions. If appetite will not obey, let the moving faculty over-rule her, let her resist and compel her to do otherwise. In an ague the appe- tite would drink, sore eyes that itch would be rubbed, but reason saith no, and therefore the moving faculty will not do it. Our phantasy would intrude a thousand fears, suspicions, chimseras upon us, but we have reason to resist, yet we let it be overborne by our appetite ; ^ imagination enforceth spirits which by an admirable league of nature compel the nerves to obey, and they our several limbs : we give too much way to our passions. And as to him that is sick of an ague all things are distasteful and unpleasant, non ex cibi vitio, saith Plutarch^ not in the meat, but in our taste, so many things are offensive to us, not of themselves, but out of our corrupt judgement, jealousy, suspicion, and the like ; we pull these mis- chiefs upon our own heads. If then our judgement be so depraved, our reason over-ruled, will precipitated, that we cannot seek our own good, or moderate ourselves, as in this disease commonly it is, the best way for ease is to impart our misery to some friend, not to smother it up in our own breast ; alitur vitium crescitque tegendo^ Ss'c. and that which was most offensive to us, a cause of fear and grief, quod nunc te ioquit^ another hell ; for ° strangulat inclusus dolor atque excestuat intus, grief concealed strangles the soul ; but when as we shall but impart it to some discreet, trusty, loving friend, it is "instantly removed, by his counsel haply, wisdom, persuasion, advice, his good means, which we could not otherwise apply unto ourselves. A friend's counsel is a charm, like mandrake wine, curas sopit ;'' and as a *bull that is tied to a fig-tree becomes gentle on a sudden (which some, saith ^Plutarch, interpret of good words) so is a savage obdurate heart mollified by fair speeches. All adversity finds ease in complaining, (as ^"Isidore holds), and 'tis a solace to relate it, 1 Imaginatio impellit spiritus, et inde nervi moventur, &c. et obtemperant imaginationi et appetitui mirabili foedere, ad exsequendum quod jubent. P See Plutarch, On Contentedness of Mind, § iii.l P Virg. G. iii. 4S4.J [< Cic. de •Senectute, i. i.] » Ovid. Trist. lib. s- P- 63-] ' Participes inde calamitatis nostras sunt, et velut exonerata in eos sarcina onere levamur. Arist. Eth. lib. 9. [cap. ii.] (7 It allays our cares.] ^ Camerarius, Embl. 26. cent. 2. » Sympos. lib. 6. cap. 10. i" Epist. 8. lib. 3. Adversa fortuna habet in querelis levamentum ; et malorum relatio, &c. 124 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. II. Friends' confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in Winter, shade in Summer, ^uale sopor fessis in gramme,^ meat and drink to him that is hungry or athirst ; Democritus' CollyriUm is not so sovereign to the eyes as this is to the heart ; good words are cheerful & powerful of themselves, but much more from friends, as so many props, mutually sustaining each other like ivy and a wall, which Camerariiis hath well illustrated in an Emblem. Lenit animum simplex vel scBpe narratio, the simple narration many times easeth our distressed mind, & in the midst of greatest extremities; so divers have been relieved, by ^exonerating themselves to a faithful friend : he sees that which we cannot see for passion and discontent, he pacifies our minds, he will ease our pain, assuage our anger; quanta inde voluptasi quanta securitasl Chrysostom adds what pleasure ! what security by that means ! ■' Nothing so available, or that so much refresheth the soul of man. Tully, as I remember, in an Epistle to his dear friend Atticus, [i, i8, 7.] much condoles the defect of such a friend. '^ I live here (saith he) in a great City, where I have a multitude of acquaintance, but not a man of all that company with whom I dare familiarly breathe, or freely jest. Where- fore I expect thee, I desire thee, I send for thee ; for there be many things which trouble and molest me, which, had I but thee in presence, I could quickly disburden myself of in a walking discourse. The like peradventure may he and he say with that old man in the Comedy, Nemo est meorum amicoram hodie, Apud quem expromere occulta mea audeara, '^ [I have not at this day one friend to whom I dare entrust my secrets,] and much inconvenience may both he and he suffer in the mean time by it. He or he, or whosoever then labours of this malady, by all means let him get some trusty friend,^ Semper habens Pyladen aliquem qui curet Orestem, a Pylades, to whom freely and securely he may open himself. For, as in all other occurrences, so it is in 1 AUoquium cari juvat, et solamen amici. Emblem. 54. Cent. i. P Horn. 11. xi. 793 ; XV. 404.] [8 Virg. Eel. v. 46. As sleep on the grass to the tired.] ^ As David did to Jonathan, i Sam. xx. 6 Seneca, Epist. 67. 6 Hie in civitate magna et turba magna neminem reperire possumus, quooum suspirare familiariter, aut jocari liberi, possimus. Quare te expectamus, te desiderainus, te arcessimus. Multa sunt enim quae me soUicitant et angunt, quas mihi videor, aures tuas nactus, unius ambulationis sermone exhaurire posse. p Ter, Heautonti- morumenos, iii. iii. 13, 14.] 8 Ovid. [Remed. Am. 589.] MKM. VI. SUBS. II.] MIND RECTIFIED. 1 25 this, Si quis in calum ascendisset, 6fc. as he said in * Tully, If a man had gone to heaven, seen the beauty of the skies, stars errant, fixed, &c. insuavis erit admiratio, it will do him no pleasure, except he have somebody to impart what he hath seen. It is the best thing in the world, as ^Seneca therefore adviseth in such a case, to get a trusty friend, to whom we may fi-eely and sincerely pour out our secrets ; nothing so delighteth and easeth the mind, as when we have a prepared bosom, to which our secrets may descend, of whose conscience we are assured as our own, whose speech may ease our succourless estate, counsel relieve, mirth expel our mourning, and whose very sight may be acceptable unto us. It was the counsel which that politick ^Comities gave to all Princes, and others distressed in mind, by occasion of Charles, Duke of Burgundy, that was much perplexed, first to pray to God, and lay himself open to him, and then to some special friend, whom we hold most dear, to tell all our grievances to him ; nothing so forcible to strengthen, recreate, and heal, the wounded soul of a miserable man. SUBSECT. 2. — Help from friends by Counsel, Comfort, fair and foul Means, witty Devices, Satisfaction, Alteration of his Course of Life, removing Objects, dfc. When the Patient of himself is not able to resist or overcome these heart-eating passions, his friends or Physician must be ready to supply that which is wanting. Suce erit humanitatis et sapientia (which * Tully enjoineth in like case) siquid erratum, curare, ant improvisum, suA diligentiA corrigere. They must all join ; nee satis medico, saith ^Hippocrates, suum fecisse officium, nisi suum quoque cegrotus, suum asf antes, dfc.^ First they must especially beware, a melancholy discontented person (be it in what kind of melan- choly soever) never be left alone or idle : but, as Physicians prescribe physick, cum custodid., let them not be left unto them- 1 De amicitia. [c. 23.] ^ Dg tranquil, c. 7. Optimum est amicum fidelem nancisci, in quern secreta nostra infundamus. Nihil asque oblectat animum, quam ubi sint prasparata pectora, in quae tut6 secreta descendant, quorum conscientia asque ac tua : quoriim sermo solitudinsm leniat, sententia consilium expediat, hilaritas tristitiam dissipet, conspectusque ipse delectet. ' Comment. 1. [v. cap. v.] Ad Deum confugiamus, et peccatis veniam precemur, inde ad amicos. et cui plunmum tribuimus, nos patefaciamus totos, et animi vulnus quo afBigimur : nihil ad reficiendum animum efficacius. * Ep. Q. frat. [Lib. i. Ep. i.] 5 Aphor. prim. P It is not enough for the Physician to do his duty, tlie "Patient and friends must do theirs too.] 126 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IL selves, but with some company or other, lest by that means they aggravate, and increase their disease ; non oporlet cegros hujusmodi esse solos, vel inter ignotos, vel inter eos quos non amant aut negligunt, as Hod. a Fonseca, Tom. i. consil. 35. prescribes. Lugentes custo- dire solemus, (saith ^Seneca), ne soUtudine male utantur ; we watch a sorrowful person lest he abuse his solitariness, and so should we do a melancholy man ; set him about some business, exercise, or recreation, which may divert his thoughts, and still keep him other- wise intent ; for his phantasy is so restless, operative, and quick, that if it be not in perpetual action, ever employed, it will work upon itself, melancholize, and be carried away instantly, with some fear, jealousy, discontent, suspicion, some vain conceit or other. If his weakness be such, that he cannot discern what is amiss, correct or satisfy, it behoves them by counsel, comfort, or persua- sion, by fair or foul means, to aUenate his mind, by some artificial invention, or some contrary persuasion, to remove all objects, causes, companies, occasions, as may anyways molest him, to humour him, please him, divert him, and, if it be possible, by altering his course of life, to give him security and satisfaction. If he conceal his grievances, and will not be known of them," they must observe by his looks, gestures, motions, phantasy, what it is that offends, and then to apply remedies unto him. Many are instantly cured, when their minds are satisfied. '^Alexander makes mention of a woman that, by reason of her husband'' s long absence in travel, 7vas exceedingly peevish and melancholy, but, when she heard her husband was relumed, beyond all expectation, at the first sight of him, she was freed from all fear, without help of any other physick restored to her former health. Trincavellius, consil. 12. lib. i, hath such a story of a Venetian, that, being much troubled with melancholy, ^and ready to die for grief, when he heard his wife was brought to bed of a son, instantly recovered. As Alexander concludes,^ if our imagina- tions be not inveterate, by this art they may be cured, especially if they proceed from such a cause. No better way to satisfy than to remove the object, cause, occasion, if by any art or means possible we may find it out. If he grieve, stand in fear, be-in suspicion, suspense, 1 Epist. 10. " Observando motus, gestus, nianus, pedes, oculos, phantasiam. Piso. 3 Mulier melancholia correpta ex longa viri peregrinatione, et iracundi omnibus respondens, quum maritus domum reversus, prseter spem, &c. * Prae dolore moriturus, quum nunciatum esset uxorem peperisse filium, subiti) recuperavit. •* Nisi affectus longo tempore infestaverit, tali artificio imaginationes curare oportet,, pra^sertim ubi malum ab his, velut d primaria causa, occasionem habuerit. MEM. VI. SUBS. II.] MIND RECTIFIED. 12/ or any way molested, secure him, solvitur malum, give him satisfac- tion, the cure is ended ; alter his course of life, there needs no other Physick. If the party be sad, or otherwise affected, consider (saith • Trallianus) the manner of it, all circumstances, and forthwith make a sudden alteration, by removing the occasions, avoid all terrible objects, heard or seen, ^monstrous and prodigious aspects, tales of Devils, Spirits, Ghosts, tragical stories ; to such as are in fear, they strike a great impression, renew many times, and recall such Chimaeras and terrible fictions into their minds. ^Make not so much as mention of them in private talk, or a dumb shew tending to that purpose : such things (saith Galateus) are offensive to their ima- ginations. And to those that are now in sorrow * Seneca forbids all sad companions, atid such as lament ; a groa}iing companion is an enemy to quietness. '" Or if there be any such party , at whose presence the Patient is not well pleased, he must be removed : gentle speeches, and fair means must first be tried ; no harsh language used, or uncomfortable words ; and not expel, as some do, one madness with another ; he that so doth is madder than the Patient himself: all things must be quietly com- posed ; eversa non evertenda, sed erigenda, things down must not be dejected, but reared, as Crato counselleth ; Vz« must be.quietly and g^tly used, and we should not do any thing against his mind, but by little and little effect it. As an horse that starts at a drum or trumpet, and will not endure the shooting of a piece, may be so manned by art, and animated, that he can not only endure, but is much more generous at the hearing of such things, much more courageous than before, and much delighteth in it : they must not be reformed, ex abrupto^ but by all art and insinuation, made to such companies, aspects, objects, they could not formerly away with. Many at first cannot endure the ^ight of a green wound, a sick man, which afterwards become good chirurgeons, bold empiricks. A horse starts at a rotten post afar off, which coming near, he quietly passeth. 'Tis much in the manner of making such 1 Lib. I. cap. i6. Si ex tristitia aut alio affectu coeperit, speciem considera, aut aliud quid eonira, quse subitam altcrationem facere possunt. 2 Evitandi monstri- fici aspectus, &o. ' Neque enim tam actio, aut ■ recordatio rerum hujusmodi displicet, sed iis vel gestus alterius imaginationi adumbrare, vehementer molestum. Galat. de mor. cap. 7. ^ [De] Tranquillitate, [vii. § 4.] Praecipue vitentur tristes, et omnia deplorantes ; tranquillitati inimicus est comes perturbatus, omnia gemens. ' lllorum quoque hominum, 4 quorum consortio abhorrent, praesentia amovenda, •nee sermonibus ingratis obtundendi ; si quis insaniam ab insania sic curari aestimet, et proterve utitur, magis quam seger insanit. Crato, consil. 184. Scoltzii. ^ Molliter ac suaviter Eeger tractetur, nee ad ea adigatur quas non curat. [' Abruptly.] 128 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II, SECT. 11* kind of persons, be they never so averse from company, bashful, solitary, timorous, they may be made at last, with those Roman Matrons, to desire nothing more than, in a Publick Shew, to see a full company of Gladiators breathe out their last. If they may not otherwise be accustomed to brook such distaste- ful and displeasing objects, the best way then is generally to avoid them. Montanus, cotisil. 229, to the Earl oi Montfort, a Courtier, and his Melancholy Patient, adviseth him to leave the Court, by reason of those continual discontents, crosses, abuses,^ cares, suspicions, emulations, ambition, anger, jealousy, which that place affoi-ded, and which surely caused him to be so melancholy at the first. Maxima quceque domus servis est plena superbis ; " a company of scoffers and proud Jacks are commonly conversant and attendant in such places, & able to make any man that is of a soft quiet disposition (as many times they do) ex stulto insanum^ if once they humour him, a very Idiot, or stark mad. A thing too much practised in all common societies, and they have no better sport than to make themselves merry by abusing some silly fellow, or to take advantage of another man's weakness. In such cases as in a plague, the best remedy is cith, longi, tardi, (for to such a party, especially if he be apprehensive, there can be no greater misery), to get him quickly gone far enough off, and not to be over-hasty in his return. If he be so stupid, that he do not apprehend it, his friends should take some order, & by their discretion supply that which is wanting in him, as in all other cases they ought to do. If they see a man melancholy given, solitary, averse from company, please himself with such private and vain meditations, though he delight in it, they ought by all means to. seek to divert him, to dehort him, to tell him of the event and danger that may come of it. If they see a man idle that, by reason of his means otherwise, will betake himself to no course of life, they ought seriously to admonish him he makes a noose to entangle himself, his want of employment will be his undoing. If he have sustained any great loss, suffered a repulse, disgrace, &c. if it be possible, relieve him. If he desire ought, let him be satisfied-; if in suspense, fear, suspicion, let him be secured : and, if it may conveniently be, give him his heart's content ; for the body cannot be cured till the 1 Ob suspiciones, curas, aemulationem, ambitionem, iias &c. quas locus ille iiinistrat, et quae fecissent melancholicum. [" ' -. ~ full of haughty slaves.] [' From a fool mad. MEM. Vr. SUBS. II.] MIND RECTIFIED. I29 mind be satisfied. '^Socrates, in Plato, would prescribe no Physick for Charmides' head-ache till first he had eased his troublesome mind ; body and soul must be cured together, as head and eyes. 2 Oculum non curabis sine toto capite, Nee caput jsine toto corpore, Nee totum corpus sine anima. If that may not be hoped or expected, yet ease him with comfort, cheerful speeches, fair promises, and good words ; persuade hira, advise him. Many, saith ^ Galen, have been cured by good counsel and persuasion alone. Heaviness of the heart of man doth bring it down, but a good word rejoiceth it, Prov. 12, 25. And there is he that speaketh words like the pricking of a sword, but the tongue of a wise man is health, Ver. 18. Oratio namque saucii animi est remedium, a. gentle speech is the true cure of a wounded soul, as '■Plutarch contends out oi ^schylus a.\\6. Euripides : if it be wisely administered, it easeth grief and pain, as divers remedies do many other diseases ; 'tis incantationis instar, a charm, cestuantis animi refrigerium, that true Nepenthes of Homer, which was no Indian plant or feigned medicine, which Polydamna, Thon's wife, sent Helen for a token,' ss, Macrobius 7. Saturnal., \cap. i.] Goropius, Hermat." lib. 9. Greg. Nazianzen, and others, suppose, but opportunity of speech : for Helen's bowl, Medea's unction, Venus' Girdle, Circus Cup, cannot so enchant, so forcibly move or alter, as it doth. A letter sent or read will do as much ; multum allevor quum tuas literas lego, I am much eased, as '' Tully writ to Pomponius Atticus, when I read thy letters ; and as Julian the Apostate once signified to Maximus the Philosopher, ^ as Alexander slept with Homer's works, so do I with thine Epistles, tanquam Pceoniis medicamentis, easque assidtil tanquam recentes et novas iteramus ; scribe ergo, et assidui scribe^ or else come thyself; amicus ad amicum venies.^" Assuredly a wise and well spoken man may do what he will in such a case ; a good Orator alone, as ^^ Tully holds, can alter affections by power of his 1 Nisi prius animum turbatissimum curAsset ; nee oeuli sine capite, nee corpus sine animA, curari potest. [Charmides, p. 156 E.] 2 e Graeco. [Plato, Charm, p. 156 E.] 3 Et nos non paucos sanavimus animi motibus ad debitum revocatis. lib. i. de sanit. tuend. * Consol. ad ApoUonium. [§ ii.] Si quis sapienter et sue tempore adhibeat, remedia morbis diversis diversa sunt ; dolentem sermo benignus subvelat. [' Horn. Od. iv. 220 — 230.] [« Hermathena is the full title of the book.] ' Lib. 12. Epist. [39.] [' Epistle 15.] [' As with healing drugs, and I continually read them over and over as new and fresh ; write therefore frequently.] [i" As a friend you will come to a friend.] '"■ De Nat. Deorum [ii. 59.]. Consolatur afflictos, deducit perterritos 4 timore ; cupiditates imprimis et iracundias comprimit. II. K I ^O ANATOMY 0¥ MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. eloquence, comfort such as are afflicted, erect such as are depressed, expel and mitigate fear, lust, anger, Ss^c. And how powerful is the charm of a discreet and dear friend ! Ille regit dictis animos et temperat iras.^ What may not he effect? As ^Chremes told Menedemtis, Fear not, conceal it not, O friend, but tell me what it is that trotibles thee, and I shall surely help thee by comfort, counsel, or in the matter itself . ^Arnoldus, lib. i. breviar. cap. i8, speaks of an Usurer in his time, that upon a loss, much melancholy and dis- content, was so cured. As imagination, fear, grief, cause such passions, so conceits alone, rectified by good hope, counsel, &c. are able again to help : and 'tis incredible how much they can do in such a case, as * Trincavellius illustrates by an example of a Patient of his. Porphyrins, the Philosopher, (in Plotinus' life, written by him), relates that, being in a discontented humour through unsufferable anguish of mind, he was going to make away himself : but meeting by chance his Master Plotinus, who, perceiv- ing by his distracted looks all was not well, urged him to confess his grief: which when he had heard, he used such comfortable speeches, that he redeemed him I faucibus Erebi^ pacified his unquiet mind, insomuch that he was easily reconciled to himself, and much abashed to think afterwards that he should ever entertain so vile a motion. By all means, therefore, fair promises, good words, gentle persuasions are to be used, not to be too rigorous at first, ^or to insult over them, not to deride, neglect, or contemn, but rather, as Lemnius exhorteth, to pity, and by all plausible means to seek to reduce them : but if satisfaction may not be had, mild courses, promises, comfortable speeches, and good counsel, will not take place ; then, as Christopherus ct. Vega determines, lib. 3. cap. 14, de Mel. to handle them more roughly, to threaten and chide, saith ''Altomarus, terrify sometimes, or, as Salvianus will have them, to be lashed and whipped, as we do by a starting horse' that is affrighted without a cause, or, as "Rhasis adviseth, one while to P Virg. J&a.. i. 153. quoted memoriter. He rules their angry passions with bis words.] 2 Heauton, Act. i. Seen. i. [33, 34.] Ne retice, ne verere, crede inquam mihi, Aut consolando, aut consiUo, aut re juvero. 3 Novi fceneratorera avarum apud meos sic curatum, qui multam pecuniam amiserat. ^ Lib. i. consil. 12. Incredibile dictu quantum juvent. p From the jaws of Erebus.] 8 Nemo istiusmodi conditionis hominibus insultet, aut in illos sit severior ; verura miserias potius indolescat, vicemque deploret. lib. 2. cap. 16. ' Cap. v. Idem Piso Laurentius, cap. 8. 8 Quod timet nihil est, ubi cogitur et videt. ' * Una vice blandiantur, una vice iisdem terrorera incutiant. MEM.VI.SUBS.il.] MIND RECTIFIED. I3I speak fair and flatter, another while to terrify and chide, as they shall see cause. When none of these precedent remedies will avail, it will not be amiss, which Savanarola and ^lian Montaltus so much commend, clavum davo pellere^ 'to drive out one passion with another, or by some contrary passion, as they do bleeding at nose by letting blood in the arm, to expel one fear with another, one grief with another. ^ Christopherus d, Vega accounts it rational Physick, non alienum d, ratione: z.xv^ Letnnius much approves it, to use an hard wedge to an hard knot, to drive out one disease with another, to pull out a tooth, or wound him, to geld him, saith * Platerus, as they did Epileptical Patients of old, because it quite alters the temperature, that the pain of the one may mitigate the grief of the other ; ' and T knew one that was so cured of a quartan ague, by the sudden coming of his enemies upon him. If we may believe '^ Pliny, whom Scaliger calls mendaciorum patrem, the father of lies, Q. Fabius Maximus, that renowned Consul of Rome, in a battle fought with the King oiXh&Allobroges at the nvex Isaurus,-vis.s so rid of a quartan ague. Valesius, in his controversies, holds this an excellent remedy, and, if it be discreetly used in this malady, better than any Physick. Sometimes again by some ''feigned lie, strange news, witty device, artificial invention, it is not amiss to deceive them. 'As they hate those, saith Alexander, that neglect or deride, so they will give ear to such as will sooth them up. If they say they have swallowed frogs, or a snake, by all means grant it, and tell them you can easily cure it, 'tis an ordinary thing. Philodotus the Physician cured a melancholy King, that thought his head was off, by putting a leaden cap thereon ; the weight made him perceive it, and freed him of his fond imagination. A woman, in the said Alexander, swallowed a serpent as she thought; he gave her a vomit, and conveyed a serpent, such as she conceived, into the bason ; upon the sight of P See Erasmi Adagia, p. 70.] 2 si vero fuerit ex novo male audito, vel ex ammi accidente, aut de araissione mercium, aut raorte amici, intrqducantur nova contraria his, quae ipsum ad gaudia moueant ; de hoc semper niti debemus, &c. s Lib. 3. cap. 14. * Cap. 3. Castratio olim i veteribus usa in morbis desperatis, &c. 6 Ijb. I. cap. 5. Sic morbum morbo, ut clavum clavo, retundimus, et male nodo malum cuneum adhibemus. Novi ego qui ex subito hostium incursu et inopi nato timore quartanam depulerat. « Lib. 7. cap. 50. In acie pugnans febre quartana liberatus est. ' Jacchinus, c. 15. in 9. Rhasis Mont. cap. 26. « Lib. i. cap. 16. Aversantur eos qui eorum affectus rident, contemnunt. Si ranas et viperas eomedisse se putant, concedere debemus, et spem de cura facere. 132 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. 11. it she was amended. The pleasantest dotage that ever I read, saith ^Laurentius, was of a Gentleman at Senes in Italy, who was afraid to piss, lest all the Town should be drowned ; the Physicians caused the bells to be rung backward, and told him the Town was on fire, whereupon he made water, and was immediately cured. Another supposed his nose so big that he should dash it against the wall if he stirred ; his Physician took a great piece of flesh, and, holding it in his hand, pinched him by the nose, making him believe that flesh was cut from it. Forestus, obs. lib. i, had a melancholy Patient, who thought he was dead,^ he put a fellow in a chest, like a dead man, by his bed's side, and made him rear himself a little, and eat : the melancholy man asked the counterfeit, whether dead men used to eat meat 1 he told him yea ; whereupon he did eat likewise and was cured. Lemnius, lib. 2. cap. 6. de 4. complex, hath many such instances, and Jovianus Pontanus (Jib. 4. cap. 2. of ^w Cap. de Mania. Admiranda profectb res est, et digna expensione, quod sonorum concinnitas mentem emolliat, sistatque procellosas ipsius affectiones. [6 Perhaps we should print Roaring Meg. It was the name for a cannon. See the quotations in Nares' Glossary. MEM. VI. SUBS. III.J PERTURBATIONS RECTIFIED. 133 languishing soul, ' affecting not only the ears, but the very arteries, the vital and animal spirits; it erects the mind, and makes it nimble. Lemnius instit. cap. 44. This it will effect in the most dull, severe, and sorrowful souls, "^ expel grief with mirth, and if there be any clouds, dust, or dregs of cares yet lurking in our thoughts, most power- fully it wipes them all away, Sarisbur. polit. lib. i. cap. 6. and that which is more, it will perform all this in an instant : ^ cheer up the countenance, expel austerity, bring in hilarity, {Girald. Camb. cap. 12. Topog. Hiber.) inform our manners, mitigate anger. Athenaus (Deipnosophist. lib. 14. cap. 10.) calleth it an infinite treasure to such as are endowed with it. Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos,'- Eobanus Hessus. Many other properties ^Cassiodorus, epist. 4, reckons up of this our divine Musick, not only to expel the greatest griefs, but it doth extenuate fears and furies, appeaseih cruelty, abateth heaviness, and to such as are watchful it causeth quiet rest ; it takes away spleen and hatred, be it instrumental, vocal, with strings, wind; '• qum d, spiritu, sine manuum dexteritate, gubemettir, &'c. it cures all irksomeness and heaviness of the soul. ' Labouring men, that sing to their work, can tell as much, and so can soldiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like musick, animates ; mettis eni?n mortis, as " Censorinus in- formeth us, musica depelliiur." It makes a child quiet, the nurse's song ; and many times the sound of a trumpet on a sudden, bells ringing, a carman's whistle, a boy singing some Ballad tune early in the street, alters, revives, recreates, a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, &c. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it ravisheth the soul, Regina sensuum, the Queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is an happy cure) ; and corporal tunes pacify our incorporeal soul, sine ore loquens, dominatum in animam exercet, and carries it beyond itself, helps, elevates, extends it. Scaliger, exercit. •?02, gives a reason for these effects, 1 Languens animus inde erigitur et reviviscit ; nee tam aures afficit, sed et sonitu per arterias undique diffuse, spiritus turn vitales turn animales exoitat, mentem reddens agilem, &c. ^ Musica venustate sua mentes severiores capit, &c. 8 Animos tristes subit6 exhilarat, nubilos vultus serenat, austeritatem reponit, jucunditatem exponit, barbariemque facit deponere gentes, mores instituit, iracun- diam mitigat. [^ Sweet melody repairs sad hearts.] * Cithara tristitiam jucundat, timidos furores attenuat, cruentam ssevitiam bland^ reficit, languorem, &c. * Pet. Aretine. 1 Castilio, de Aulic, lib. i. fol. 27. ^ Lit>. de Natali, cap. 12, [8 The fear of death is driven away by music] 134 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. ' because the spirits about the heart take in that trembling and danc- itig air into the body, are moved together, and stirred up with tt, or else the mind, as some suppose, harmonically composed, is roused up at the tunes of musick. And 'tis not only men that are so affected, but almost all other creatures. You know the Tales of Hercules, Gallus, Orpheus^ and Amphion^ felices animas Ovid'' calls them, that could saxa movere sono testudinis, &c., make stocks and stones, as well as beasts, and other animals, dance after their pipes : the dog and hare, wolf and lamb ; vicinumque lupo prabuit agna latus ; clamosus graculus, stridula comix et Jovis aquila,^ as Philostratus describes it in his Images," stood all gaping upon Orpheus ; and '^ trees, pulled up by the roots, came to hear him, Et comitem quercum pinus arnica trahit? Arion made fishes follow him, which, as common experience evinceth,' are much affected with musick." All singing birds are much pleased with it, especially Nightingales, if we may believe Calcagnimis ; and bees amongst the rest, though they be flying away, when they hear any tingling sound, will tarry behind. '^^ Harts, Hinds, Horses, Dogs, Bears, are exceedingly delighted with it. Seal, exerc. 302. Elephants, Agi-ippa adds, lib. 2. cap. 24. and in Lydia in the midst of a lake there be certain floating Islands, (if ye will believe it), that after musick will dance. But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise "of divine Musick, I will confine myself to my proper subject : besides that excellent power it hath to expel many other diseases, it is a sovereign remedy against "Despair and Melancholy, and will drive away the Devil himself. Canus, a Rhodian Fiddler in ^''Philostratus, when Apollonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, that he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier than before, a lover more 1 Quod spiritus, qui in corde agitant, tremulum et subsaltantem recipiunt aerem in pectus, et inde excitantur, i spiritu musculi moventur, &c. P Ovid, A. A. iii. 321 ; Hor. Odes, i. 12. 7-12.] [s Hor. Odes, iii. 11. 2.] [^ Ovid, Fasti, i. 297.] P The noisy jackdaw, the croaking crow, and Jupiter's eagle.] [" Orpheus.] » Arbores radicibus avulsse, &c. p And the pine brought her friend the oak to hear him.] 9 M. Carew of Anthony, in Descript. Cornwall, saith of whales, that they will come and show themselves dancing at the sound of a trumpet, fol. 35. i. et fol. 154. 2 book. P' Hyginus, Fab. 194.] ^^ De cervo, equo, cane, urso idem compertum; musica afficiuntur. '^ Numen inest numeris. 's Ssepe graves morbos modulatum carmen abegit, Et desperatis conciliavit opem. " Lib. 5. cap. 7. Mcerentibus moerorem adimam, Ijetantem vero seipso reddam hilariorem, amantem calidiorem, religlosura divino numine [magis] correptum, et ad Deos colendos paratiorem. *^ MEM. VI. SUBS. III.] PERTURBATIONS RECTIFIED. I35 enamoured, a religious man more devout. Ismenias the Theban, ' Chiron the Centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by Musick alone : as now they do those, saith ^ Bodine, that are troubled with S. Vitu^ Bedlam dance. ' Timotheus. the Musician, compelled Alexander to skip up and down, and leave V his dinner, (like the tale of the Friar and the Boy), whom Austin, de Civ. Dei lib. 17. cap. 14, so much commends for it. Who hath not heard how David's harmony drove away the evil Spirits from King Saul, i Sam. 16 ; and Elisha, when he was much troubled by importunate Kings, called for a Minstrel, and, when he played, the hand of the Lord came upon him, 2 King. 3. Censoimis, de natali, cap. 12, reports how Asclepiades the: Physician helped many frantick persons by this means, phreneticorum mentes morbo tur- batas. Jason Pratensis, cap. de ManiA, hath many examples, how Clinias and Empedocles cured some desperately melancholy, and some mad, by this our Musick : which, because it hath such excellent virtues, belike '•Homer brings in Phemius playing, and the Muses singing, at the Banquet of the Gods. Aristotle, Polit. I. 8. c. s, Plato, 2. de Legibus, highly approve of it, and so do all Politicians. The Greeks, Romans, have graced Musick, and made it one of the liberal sciences, though it be now become mercenary. All civil Common-wealths allow it : Cneitts Manlius, (as 'Zwj)/ relates), A° ab urb. cond. 567, brought first out of Asia to Jiofne singing wenches, players, jesters, and all kind of Musick to their feasts. Your Princes, Emperors, and persons of any quality maintain it in their Courts ; no mirth without Musick. S' Thomas More, iq. his absolute Utopian Common- wealth,' allows Musick as an appendix to every meal, and that throughout, to all sorts. Epictetus calls mensam mutam prasepe, a table without musick a manger ; for the consent of Musicians at a banquet is a carbuncle set in gold; and as the signet of an Emerald well trimmed with gold, so is the melody of Musick in a pleasant banquet, Ecclus. 32. v. 5, 6. ''Lewis the Eleventh, when he invited Edward the Fourth to come to Paris, told him that, as a principal part of his entertainment, he should hear sweet voices of children, lonick and Lydian tunes, 1 Natalis Comes, Myth. lib. 4. cap. 12. 2 Lib. 5. de rep. Curat musica furorem Sancti Viti. ^ Exilire h convivio, Cardan, subtil, lib. 13. * Odyssey, [Burton has wrongly Iliad,] i. [154.] " Libro 9. cap. i. Psaltrias, sambucistriasquc, et oonvivaUa ludorum oblectamenta addita epulis, ex Asia invexit in urbem. [« Utopia, Book ii.] ' Commines. [Book. iv. ch. x.] 136 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL exquisite Musick, he should have a and the Cardinal of Bour- bon to be his Confessor, which he used as a most plausible argu- ment, as to a sensual man indeed it is. ^Lucian, in his book De Saltatione, is not ashamed to confess that he took infinite delight in singing, dancing, musick, women's company, and such like pleasures ; and if thou (saith he) didst but hear them play and dance, T know thou wouldst be so well pleased with the object, that thou wouldst dance for company thyself without doubt thou wilt be taken with it. So Scaliger ingenuously confesseth, exercit. 2.1 i^. ^ I am beyond all measure affected with tnusick, I do most willingly behold them dance, I am mightily detained and allured with that grace and comeliness of fair women, I am well pleased to be idle amongst them. And what young man is not ? As it is acceptable and conducing to most, so especially to a melancholy man ; pro- vided always, his disease proceed not originally from it, that he be not some light Inamorato, some idle phantastick, who capers in conceit all the day long, and thinks of nothing else but how to make Jigs, Sonnets, Madrigals, in commendation of his Mistress. In such cases Musick is most pernicious, as a spur to a free horse will make him run himself blind, or break his wind ; incitamentutn enim amoris musica, for Musick enchants, as Menander holds, it will make such melancholy persons mad, and the sound of those Jigs and Horn-pipes will not be removed out of the ears a week after. 'Plato for this reason forbids Musick and wine to all young men, because they are most part amorous, ne ignis addatur igni,^ lest one fire increase another. Many men are melancholy by hearing Musick, but it is a pleasing melancholy that it causeth ; and therefore to such as are discontent, in woe, fear, sorrow, or dejected, it is a most present remedy ; it expels cares, alters their grieved minds, and easeth in an instant. Otherwise, saith ^Plutarch, musica magis dementat qud,m vinutn; musick makes some men mad as a tiger ; like Astolpho's horn in Artosto,' or Mercury's golden wand in Homer,'' that made some wake, others sleep, it hath divers effects : and ' Theophrastus " right well 1 Ista libenter et magna cum voluptate speotare soleo. Et scio te illecebris hisce captum iri, et insuper tripudiaturum ; baud dubi^ demulcebere. [§ 85.] 2 in musicis supra omnem fidem capior et oblector ; choreas libentissirafe aspicio ; pulchrarum feminarum venustate detineor ; otiari inter has solutus curis possum. 3 2 De legibus. [pp. 671, 674.] [* Plutarch's Conjugal Precepts, § 40.] = Sympos. quEest. 5. Musica multos raagis dementat quam vinum. [6 Orlando Furioso, Book xx.] [' See Homeric Hymns, Mercuric Hymnus.] * Animi morbi vel 4 musica curantur vel inferuntur. [" Frag. 87, 88. (ed. Didot.)] MEM. VI. SUBS. IV.] MIND RECTIFIED BY MIRTH. 1 37 prophesied that diseases were either procured by Musick or mitigated. SUBSECT. 4. — Mirth and merry company, fair objects, remedies. Mirth and rnerry company may not be separated from Musick, both concerning and necessarily required in this business. Mirth (saith ' Vives) purgeth the blood, confirms health, causeth a fresh, pleasing, and fine colour, prorogues life, whets the wit, makes the body young, lively, and fit for any manner of employment. The merrier heart, the longer life ; a merry heart is the life of the flesh, Prov. 14. 30. Gladness prolongs his days, Ecclus. 30. 22. and this is one of the three Salerniian Doctors, Dr Merryman, Dr Diet, Dr Quiet, 'which cures all diseases Mens hilaris, requies, moderata diceta? *Gomesms, prcefat. lib. 3. de sal. gen. is a great magniiier of honest mirth, by which (saith he) we cure many passions of the mind in ourselves and in our friends : which ° Galateus assigns for a cause why we love merry companions : and well they deserve it, being that, as " Magninus holds, a merry companion is better than any musick, and, as the saying is, comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo^ [a pleasant companion is] as a waggon to him that is wearied on the way. Jucitnda confabulatio, sales, joci, pleasant discourse, jests, conceits, merry tales, melliti verborum globuli, as Petronius, [c. i.] 'Pliny, ^Spondanus, '^"Coelius, and many good Authors plead, are that sole Nepenthes of Homer, Helen's bowl, "^^ Venus' girdle, so renowned of old ^^to expel grief and care, to cause mirth and gladness of heart, if they be rightly understood, or seasonably applied. In a word, 13 Amor, voluptas, Venus, [Venustas,] gaudium, Jocus, ludus, sermo suavis, suaviatio, [Love, pleasure, Venus, graces, joy, and merriment. Kisses and pleasant conversation, these] are the true Nepenthes. For these causes our Physicians gene- 1 Lib. 3. de anim^. Lastitia purgat sanguinem, valetudinem conservat, colorem inducit florentem, nitidum, gratum. 2 Spiritus temperat, calorem excitat, naturalem virtutem corroborat, juvenile corpus diu servat, vitam prorogat, ingenium acuit, et hominem negotiis quibuslibet aptiorem reddit. Schola Salem, p Regi- men Sanitatis Salernii] '' Dum contumeM vacant, et festiva lenitate mordent, mediocres animi segritudines sanari solent, &c. ^ De mor. fol. 57. Amamus ideo eos qui sunt faceti et jucundi. ' Regim. Sanit. part. 2. Nota quod amicus bonus et dilectus socius narrationibus suis jucundis superat omnem melodiam. P Publius Syrus.] ^ Lib. 21. cap. 27. ' Comment, in 4. Odyss. [221.] p° Lib. 26. c. 15. P' Horn. Odyss. iv. 220 — 230.] '^ Homericum illud Nepenthes, quod mcerorem tollit, et euthymiara et hilaritatem parit i' Plaut. Bacch. [i. iii. 7, 8.] 138 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IL rally prescribe this, as a principal engine to batter the walls of melancholy, a chief antidote, and a sufficient cure of itself By all means (saith ^ Mesne) procure mirth to these men in such things as are heard, seen, tasted, or smelled, or any way perceived, and let them have all enticements, and fair promises, the sight of excellent beauties, attires, ornaments, delightsome passages, to distract their minds from fear and sorrow, and such things on which they are so fixed and intent. ° Let them use hunting, sports, plays, jests, merry company, as Rhasis prescribes, which will not let the mind be mo- lested, a cup of good drink now and then, hear musick, and have such companions with whom they are especially delighted ; ' merry tales or toys, drinking, singing, dancing, and whatsoever else may procure mirth: and by no means, saith Guianerius, suffer them to be alone. Benedictus Victorius Faventinus, in his Empiricks, accounts it an especial remedy against melancholy ^ to hear and see singing, dancing, maskers, mummers, to converse with such merry fellows, and fair maids. For the beauty of a woman cheereth the countenance, Ecclus. 36. 22. ° Beauty alone is a sovereign remedy against fear, grief, and all melancholy fits ; a charm, as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirm, a banquet itself; he gives instance in discontented Menelaus that was so often freed by Helen's fair face : and " Tully, 3. Tusc. [cap. xviii. sq.] cites Epicurus as a chief patron of this tenent. To expel grief, and procure pleasance, sweet smells, good diet, touch, taste, embracing, singing, dancing, sports, plays, and, above the rest, exquisite beauties, quibus oculi jucundl moventtir et animi, are most powerful means, obvia forma, to meet, or see a fair maid pass by, or to be in company with her. He found it by experience, and made good use of it in his own person, if Plutarch bely him not ; ' for he reckons up the names of some more elegant pieces, ° Leontium, Boedina, Hedeia, Nicidium, 1 De segritud. capitis. Omni modo generet lastitiam in iis, de iis quae audiuntur et videntur, aut odorantur, aut gustantur, aut quocunque modo sentiri possunt, et aspectu formamm multi decoriset ornatfls, et negotiatione juounda, et blandienti- bus ludis, et promissis distrahantur eorum animi de re aJiqua quam timent et dolent. 2 Utantur venationibus, ludis, jocis, amicorum consortiis, quae non sinunt animum turbari, vino, et cantu, et loci mutatione, et biberia, et gaudio, et quibus prascipue delectantur. ^ Y\%o. Ex fabulis et ludis quaerenda delectatio. His versetur qui maxima grati sunt ; cantus et chorea ad lastitiam prosunt. ■• Praecipue valet ad expellendam melancholiam stare in cantibus, ludis, et sonis, et habitare cum familiaribus, et praecipue cum puellis jucundis. ^ Par. 5. de avocamentis, lib. de absolvendo luctu. * Corporum complexus, cantus, ludi, formae, &c. [' See Plutarch, Whether " live unknown" be a wise frecett. §iv.] 8 Circa hortos Epicuri frequentes. MEM.VI.SUBS.lv.] MIND RECTIFIED BY MIRTH. 1 39 that were frequently seen in Epicuru^ garden, and very familiar in his house.i Neither did he try it himself alone, but if we may give credit to ' Atkenceus, he practised it upon others. For when a sad and sick Patient was brought unto him to be cured, he laid him on a down-bed, crowned him with a garland of sweet-smelling flowers, in a fair perfumed closet delicately set out, and, after a po- tion or two of good drink, which he administered, he brought in a beautiful young ^wench that could play upon a Lute, sing and dance, dfc. Tully I. Tusc. \cap. 18 sq.'] scoffs at Epicurus for this his profane physick (as well he deserved) and yet Favorinus and StobcBus highly approve of it. Most of our looser Physicians in some cases, to such parties especially, allow of this, and all of them will have a melancholy, sad, and discontented person, make frequent use of honest sports, companies, and recreations, et inci- tandos ad Venerem, as * Rodericus a Fonseca will, aspectu et contactu pulcherrimarum feminarum, to be drawn to such consorts, whether they will or no. Not to be an auditor only, or a spec- tator, but sometimes an actor himself. Duke est desipere in loco^ to play the fool now and then is not amiss, there is a time for all things. Grave Socrates would be merry by fits, sing, dance, and take his liquor too, or else Theodoret belies him : so would old Cato' ''Tully by his own confession, and the rest. Xenophon, in his Sympos. brings in Socrates as a principal Actor, no man merrier than himself, and sometimes he would ^ ride a cock-horse with his children, 9 equitare in arundine long^, (though Alcibiates scoffed at him for it), and well he might ; for now and then (saith PlutarcK) the most virtuous, honest, and gravest men will use feasts, jests, and toys, as we do sauce to our meats. So did Scipio and Lalius. w Quin ubi se a vulgo et scena in secreta remSrant Virtus Scipiadse et mitis sapientia Lseli, Nugari cum illo, et discincti ludere, donee Decoqueretur olus, soliti P See Diogenes Laertius, Lib. x. cap. 3. He does not mention Boedina, but he mentions the others in the text, and adds Marmarium.'\ 2 Deipnosoph. lib. ro. Coronavit florido serto incendens odores, in culcita plumea collocavit, dulciculam potionem propinans, psaltriam adduxit, &c. 3 Ut reclinat^ suaviter in lectum pueM, &c. * Tom. 2. consult. 85. [" Hor. Odes, iv. 12. 28.] [' Hor. Odes, iii. 21. II, 12.] ' Epist. Fam. lib. 7. 22. epist. Heri domum, bene potus, seroque redierara. ' Valer. Max. cap. 8. lib. 8. InterpositH arundine cruribus suis, cum filiis ludens.ab Alcibiade risus est. [' Hor. Sat. ii. iiL 248.] i" Hor. [Sat. ii. i. 71-74.] 140 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. II. Valorous Scipio and gentle Laslius, Removed from the scene and rout so clamorous, Were wont to recreate themselves, their robes laid by, Whilst supper by the cook was making ready. Machiavel, in the 8th Book of his Florentine History, gives this note of Cosmo de Medici, the wisest and gravest man of his time in Italy, that he would ^ now and then play the most egregious fool in his carriage, and was so much given to jesters, players, and childish sports, to make himself merry, that he that should but consider his gravity on the one part, his folly and lightness on the other, would surely say, there were two distinct persons in him. Now methinlcs he did well in it, though ^ Sarisburiensis be of opinion that Magistrates, Senators, & grave men, should not descend to lighter, sports, nerespub. ludere videatur :^ but, as Themistocles, still keep a stern and constant carriage. I commend Cosmo de Medici, and Castruccius Castrucanus, than whom Italy never knew a worthier Captain, another Alexander, if ^Machiavel do not deceive us in his life : when a friend of his reprehended him for dancing beside his dignity (belike at some cushion dance) he told him again, quisapit interdiu vix unquam noctu desipit, he that is wise in the day may dote a little in the night. Paulus Jovius relates as much of Pope Leo Decimus, that he was a grave discreet staid man, yet some- times most free, and too open in his sports. And 'tis not altogether ° unfit or mis-beseeming the gravity of such a man, if that decorum of time, place, and such circumstances, be observed. ^Misce stultitiam consiliis brevem ; and, as ' he said in an Epigram to his wife, I would have every man say to himself, or to his friend, Moll, once in pleasant company by chance I wished that you for company would dance ; Which you refused, and said, your years require, Now, matron-like, both manners and attire. Well, Moll, if needs you will be matron-like. Then trust to this, I will thee matron like : Yet so to you my love may never lessen. As you for church, house, bed, observe this lesson. 1 Hominibus facetis, et ludis puerilibus ultra modum deditus, adeo ut si cui in eo tam gravitatem quam levitatem considerare liceret, duas personas distinctas in eo esse diceret. 2 De nugis curial. Ub. i. cap. 4. Magistratus et viri graves k ludis levioribus arcendi. [s Lest the state should seem to be a trifler.] * Machiavel, vita ejus. Ab araico reprehensus, quod praeter dignitatem tripudiis, operam daret, respondet, &c. " There is a time for all things, to weep, laugh, f, mourn, dance, Eccles. iii. 4. ^ jjor. [Odes. iv. 12. 27. Mix mirth and business.] ' Sir John Harington, Epigr. [iv«ii Book. Ep. 45.] MEM. VI. SUBS. IV.] MIND RECTIFIED BY MIRTH. I4I Sit in the church as solemn as a saint, No deed, word, thought, your due devotion taint Veil, if you will, your head, your soul reveal To him that only wounded souls can heal : Be in my house as busy as a bee. Having a sting for every one but me ; Buzzing in every corner, gath'ring honey : Let nothing waste that costs or yieldeth money. 'And when thou seest my heart to mirth incline, Thy tongue, wit, blood, warm with good cheer and wine: Then of sweet sports let no occasion 'scape. But be as wanton, toying, as an ape. Those olA.^ Greeks had ihtu Deam Libentiam' Goddess oiPleasance, and the Lacedemonians, instructed from Lycurgus, did Deo Risui sacrtftcare,'^ after their wars especially, and in times of peace, which was used in Thessaly, as it appears by that of ^Apuleius, who was made an instrument of their laughter himself: 'because laughter and merriment was to season their labours and modester life. ''Risus enim divum atque hominum estceterna voluntas. Princes use jesters, players, and have those masters of revels in their Courts. The Romans at every supper (for they had no solemn dinner) used Musick, Gladiators, Jesters, &c. as "Suetonius relates of Tiberius, ! Dion of Commodus, and so did the Greeks. Besides Musick, in Xenophon's Sympos. [cap. i .J Philippus, ridendi artifex, Philip, a I Jester, was brought to make sport. Paulus Jovius, in the Eleventh < Bookof his History,hathapretty digression of our English cu3toms, which, howsoever some may misconster, I, for my part, will interpret to the best. ^The whole nation beyond all other mortal men is most given to banquetting and feasts ; for they prolong them many hours together, with dainty cheer, exquisite Musick, and facete jesters, and afterwards they fall a dancing and courting their mistresses, till it be late in the flight. Volaterran gives the same testimony of this Island, commending our Jovial manner of entertainment, and good mirth, and methinks he saith well, there is no harm in it, long may they use it, and all such modest sports ! Ctesias reports of a Persian king, that had 150 maids attending at his table, to play, 1 Luoretia toto sis licet usque die, Laida nocte volo. [Martial, xi. 104. 21, 22. Burton reads Thaida.] 2 m. Giraldus, Hist. Deor. Syntag. i. [^ Plant. Asin. . ii. li. 2.J [ Calcag. epig. 8 Cap. 61. In deliciis habuit scurras et adulatores. » Universa gens supra mortales cseteros conviviorum studiosissima. Ea enim per varias et exquisitas dapes, interpositis musicis et joculatoribus, in multas ssepius horas extrahunt, ac subinde productis, choreis et amoribus ferainarura indulgent, &c. 142 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IX. sing, and dance by turns; and '^Lil. Geraldus of an Egyptian Prince, that kept nine Virgins still to wait upon him, and those of the most excellent feature, and sweet voices, which afterwards gave occasion to the Greeks of that fiction of the nine Muses. The King of Ethiopia in Africa, most of our Asiatick Princes have done so and do ; those Sophies, Mogors, Turks, Gfc. solace them- selves after supper amongst their Queens and Concubines, qua, jucundioris oblectamenti causa, (^saith mine author), coram rege psallere et saltare consmverant, taking great pleasure to see and hear them sing and dance. This and many such means, to ex- hilarate the heart of men, have still been practised in all ages, as knowing there is no better thing to the preservation of man's life. What shall I say then, but to every melancholy man, s Utere convivis, non tristibus utere araicis, Quos nugae et risus et joca salsa juvant. Feast often, and use friends not still so sad. Whose jests and merriments may make thee glad. Use honest and chaste sports, scenical shews, plays, games ; ^Accedant juvenumque Chori, mistseque puellse. [Let bands of youths and girls together dance !] And, as Marsilius Ficinus concludes an Epistle to Bernard Canisi- anus and some other of his friends, will I this Tract to all good Students, ^Live merrily, O my friends, free from cares, perplexity, anguish, grief of mind, live merrily, Isetitiae coelum vos creavit : ' ''again and again I request you to be merry ; if .any thing trouble your hearts, or vex your souls, neglect and contemn it,' let it pass.' And this I enjoin you, not as a Divine alone, but as a Physician, for with- out this mirth, which is the life and quintessence of Physick, medicines, and whatsoever is used and applied to prolong the life of man, is dull, dead, and of no force. Dumfata sinunt, vivite Iceti {Seneca "). I say, be merry [while the Fates allow.] 1 Syntag. de Musis. "^ Athenseus, lib. 12. et 14. Assiduls mulierum vocibus cantuque symphoniae Palatium Persarum Regis totum personabat. Jovius, Hist, lib. 18. 8 Eobanus Hessus. * Fracastorius. ^ Vivite ergo Iseti, O amici, procul ab angustia, vivite Iseti. [6 Heaven created you for mirth.] ' Iterum precor et obtestor, vivite lasti : illud quod cor urit, negligite. 8 Laetus in praesens animus quod ultra Oderit curare. Hor. [Odes, ii. 16. 25, 26.] He was both Sacerdos et Medicus. ^ Hasc autem non tarn ut sacerdos, amici, mando vobis, quam ut medicus ; nam absque hac una tanquam medicinarum vita, medicinae omnes ad vitam producendam adhibitae moriuntur : vivite lasti. [i" Here. Fur. 177.] MEM. VI. SUBS. IV,] MIND RECTIFIED BY MIRTH. I43 1 Nee lusibus virentem Viduemus banc juventam. It was Tiresias the Prophet's counsel to ^Menippus, that travelled all the world over, even down to Hell itself, to seek content, and his last farewell to Menippus, to be merry. ^Contemn the world (saith he) and count that is in it vanity and toys, this only covet all thy life long ; be not curious, or over-solicitous, in any thing, but with a well composed and contented estate to enjoy thyself, and above all things to be merry. Si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque Nil est jucundum, vivas in amore jocisque.* [If, as Mimnermus thinlis, sans love and fun Life's not worth living, live for love and fun.] Nothing better, (to conclude with Solomon, Eccles. 3. 22,) than that a man should rejoice in his affairs. 'Tis the same advice which every Physician in this case rings to his Patient, as Capivacdus to his ; ' avoid over-much study and perturbations of the mind, and, as much as in thee lies, live at heart's ease : Prosper Calenus to that melancholy Cardinal Ccesius,^ amidst thy serious studies and business, use jests and conceits, plays and toys, and whatsoever else may re- create thy mind. Nothing better than mirth and merry company in this malady. ''It begins with sorrow, (saith Montanus,) it must be expelled with hilarity. But see the mischief; many men, knowing that merry company is the only medicine against Melancholy, will therefore neglect their business, and, in another extreme, spend all their days among good fellows in a Tavern or an Ale-house, and know not otherwise how to bestow their time but in drinking ; malt-worms, men-fishes, or water-snakes, ^qui bibunt solum ranarum more, nihil comedentes, like so many frogs in a puddle. 'Tis their sole exercise to eat and drink ; to sacrifice to Volupia, Rumina, Edulica, Potina, Mellona, is all their religion. They wish for Philoxenus' neck,' 1 Locheus. Anacreon. 2 Lucian. Necyomantia. [§ 21.] 3 Omnia mundana nugas aestima. Hoc solum tota vita persequere, ut prassentibus bene compositis, minime curiosus, aut ulla in re soUicitus, quam plurimura potes vitam hilarem traducas. {Do. § 21.] P Hor. Epp. i. vi. 65, 66.] ^ Hildesheim, spicil. 2. de Mania, fol. 161. Studia literarum et animi perturbationes fiigiat, et quantum potest jucunde vivat. * Lib. de atra bile. Gravioribus curis ludos et facetias aliquando interpone, jocos, et quae solent animum relaxare. ' Consil. 30. mala valetudo aucta et contracta esttristitia ac propterea exhilaratione animi removenda. ^ Athen. Deipnosoph. lib. 6. [0. 9.] L' ^- Eth. iii. x. 10.] 144 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IL Jupiter's frinoctium,'- and that the Sun would stand still as in Joshua's time, to satisfy their lust, that they might dies nodesque pergrcecari &■ bibere? Flourishing wits, and men of good parts, good fashion, and good worth, basely prostitute themselves to every rogue's company, to take tobacco and drink, to roar and sing scurrile songs in base places. sinvenies aliquo cum percussore jacentem, Permixtum nautis, aut furibus, aut fugitivis. Which Thomas Erastus objects to Paracelsus, that he would lie drinking all day long with Car-men and Tapsters in a Brothel- house, is too frequent amongst us, with men of better note : like Timocreon of Rhodes,'' multa bibens, 6^ multa ivorans, &'c. They drown their wits, seethe their brains, in Ale, consume their fortunes, lose their time, weaken their temperatures, contract filthy diseases, rheums, dropsies, calentures, tremor, get swollen jugulars, pimpled red faces, sore eyes, &c. heat their livers, alter their complexions, spoil their stomacks, overthrow their bodies ; for drink drowns more than the Sea and all the rivers that fall into it, (mere Funges and Casks) confound their souls, suppress reason, go from Scylla to Charybdis, and use that which is an help to their undoing. " Quid refert morbo an ferro pereamve ruina,? 'When the Black Prince went to set the exil'd king of Castile'xxAo his kingdom, there was a terrible battle fought betwixt the English and the Spanish : at last the Spanish fled, the English followed them to the river side, where some drowned themselves to avoid their enemies, the rest were killed. Now tell me what difference is between drowning and killing ? As good be melancholy still, as drunken beasts and beggars. Company, a sole comfort, and an only remedy to all kind of discontent, is their sole misery and cause of perdition. As Hermione lamented in Euripides^ mala mulieres mefeceruntmalam, evil companymarr'd her, may they justly complain, bad companions have been their bane. For, ^malus [1 That is, the three continuous nights on which Jupiter begat Hercules on Alcmena.] P Plautus, Mostellaria, i. i. 21, night and day play the merry Greelcs and drink.] ' Juven. sat. 8. [173, 174. You will find him beside some cut-throat, with sailors, or tliieves, or runaways.] [* Athenseus, Lib. x. p. 415 F.] ^ Hor. [Sat. ii. 3. 157, quoted memoriter. What does it signify whether I perish by disease or by the sword?] * Froissart, hist. lib. i. Hispani cum Anglorum vires ferre non possent, in fugam se dederunt, &c. Praecipites in fluvium se dederunt, ne in hostium manus venirenL [' Andromache, 930.J [' Plautus, Trinummus, ii. ii. 8.] MEM. I. SUBS. I.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. T45 [donum] malum \esse\ vult, ut sit sui similts , one drunkard in a company, one thief, one whoremaster, will by his good will, make all the rest as bad as himself; ■» Et si Nocturnos jures te formidare vapores, be of what complexion you will, inclination, love or hate, be it good or bad, if you come amongst them, you must do as they do ; yea, 'though it be to the prejudice of your health, you must drink venerium pro vino.^ And so, like Grass-hoppers, whilst they sing over their cups all Summer, they starve in Winter ; and for a little vain merriment shall find a sorrowful reckoning in the end. SECT. III.— MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — A Consolatory Digression containing the Remedies of all manner of Discontents. Because, in the precedent Section, I have made mention of good counsel, comfortable speeches, persuasion, how necessarily they are required to the cure of a discontented or troubled mind, how present a remedy they yield, and many times a sole sufficient cure of themselves ; I have thought fit, in this following Section, a little to digress, (if at least it be to digress in this subject), to collect and glean % few remedies, and comfortable speeches out of our best Orators, Philosophers, Divines, and Fathers of the Church, tending to this purpose. I confess, many have copiously written of this subject, Plato, Seneca, Plutarch, Xenophon, Epictetus, Theophrastus, Xenocrates, Grantor, Lucian, Boethius : and some of late, Sadoleius, Cardan, Budmus, Stella, Petrarch, Erasmus, besides Austin, Cyprian, Bernard, 6)^c. and they so well, that, as Hierome in like case said, si nostrum areret ingenium, de illorum posset fontibus irrigari, if our barren wits were dried up, they might be copiously irrigated from those well-springs : and I shall but actum agere;* yet, because these Tracts are not so obvious and common, I will epitomize, and briefly insert some of their divine 1 Hor. [Epp. i. 18. 93. Although you swear that you dread the night air.] s 'H m'Si h oSrifli, [either drink or depart. See Cic. Tnsc. Disp. v. 41. § 118.J [' Poison for wine.] [* See Erasini Adagia, p. 173, do again what has been done.] 11. L 146 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IH. precepts, reducing their voluminous and vast Treatises to my small scale ; for it were otherwise impossible to bring so great vessels into so little a creek. And although (as Cardan said of his book de consoL) ' I know beforehand, this tract of mine matiy will contemn and reject; they that are fortunate, happy, and in flourish- ing estate, have no need of such consolatory speeches ; they that are miserable and unhappy, think them unsnfficient to ease their grieved minds, and comfort their misery : yet I will go on ; for this must needs do some good to such as are happy to bring them to a moderation, and make them reflect and know themselves, by seeing the unconstancy of human felicity, others' misery, and to such as are distressed, if they will but attend and consider of this, it cannot choose but give some content and comfort. ''Tis true, no medicine can cure all diseases ; some affections of the mind are altogether incurable; yet these helps of Art, Physick, and Philosophy, must not be contemned. Arrianus and Plotinus are stiff in the contrary opinion, that such precepts can do little good. Boethius himself cannot comfort in some cases, they will reject such speeches like bread of stones, Insana stulta mentis hcec solatia? Words add no courage, (which ^Catiline onct said to his soldiers) a Captain's Oration doth not make a co^vard a valiant man : and, a.s Job "feelingly said to his friends, you are but miserable com- forters all. 'Tis to no purpose, in that vulgar phrase, to use a company of obsolete sentences, and familiar sayings : as "Plinius Secundus, being now sorrowful and heavy for the departure of his dear friend, Cornelius Rufus, a Roman Senator, wrote fo his fellow Tiro in like case, adhibe solatia, sed nova aliqua, sed fortia, qucz audierim nunquam, legerim nunquam : nam qua audivi, quce legi, omnia tanto dolore superantur, either say something that I never read nor heard of before, or else hold thy peace. Most men will here except trivial consolations, ordinary speeches, and known persuasions in this behalf will be of small force ; what can any man 1 Lib. de libris propriis. Hos libros scio multos spernere, nam felices his se non indigere putant, infelices ad solationem miserias non sufficere. Et tamen felicibus moderationem, dum inconstantiam humanse felicitatis docent, prsestatit; infelices si omnia rect^ sestimare velint, felices reddere possunt. 2 Nullum medicamentura omnes sanare potest ; sunt affectus animi qui prorsus sunt insanabiles ; non tamen artis opus sperni debet, aut medicinae, aut philosophiae. [' These are the insane consolations of a foolish mind.] * Sallust. \Catilince conjuratio, cap. 58, memoriter.] Verba virtutem non addunt, nee imperatoris oratio facilfe [ex] tiraido fortem. " Job cap. 16. [2.] « Epist 13. lib. i. MEM. I. SUBS. I.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 147 say that hath not been said ? To what end are such parsenetical discourses ? You may as soon remove mount Caucasus as alter some men's affections. Yet sure I think they cannot choose but do some good, comfort and ease a little: though it be the same again, I will say it, and upon that hope I will adventure. ^Non mens hie sermo, 'tis not my speech this, but of Seneca, Plutarch, Epicteius, Austin, Bernard, Christ, and His Apostles. If I make nothing, as ^Montaigne said in like case, I will mar nothing ; 'tis not my doctrine but by study, I hope I shall do no body wrong to speak what I think, and deserve not blame in imparting my mind. If it be not for thy ease, it may for mine own ; so Tully, Cardan, arid Boethius wrote de consol. as well to help themselves as others. Be it as it may, I will essay. Discontents and grievances are either general or particular; general are wars, plagues, dearths, famine, fires, inundations, un- seasonable weather, epidemical diseases, which afflict whole King- doms, Territories, Cities: or pecuUar to private men, 'as cares, crosses, losses, death of friends, poverty, want, sickness^ orbities, injuries, abuses, &c. generally all discontent, '■homines quatimur fortunes salo : no condition free; quisque suos patimur manes.' Even in the midst of our mirth and jollity, there is some grudging, some complaint; as 'he saith, our whole life is a glucupicron, a bitter sweet passion, honey and gall mixt together, we are all miserable and discontent; who can deny it? If all, and that it be a common calamity, an inevitable necessity, all distressed, then as Cardan infers, ''who art thou that hopest to go free 1 Why dost thou not grieve thou art a mortal man, and not governor of the world 1 Ferre quam sortem patiuntur omnes, Nemo recuset !' ^ If it be common to all, why should one man be more disquieted than another i If thou alone wert distressed, it were indeed more irksome, and less to be indured ; but, when the calamity is common, comfort ' Hor. [Sat. ii. ii. 2.] ' Lib. z. Essays, cap. 6. ' Alium paupertas, alium orbitas, • hunc morbi, lUum timor, alium injuriae, hunc insidiaa, ilium uxor, filii distrahunt. Cardan. [De Consolatione, Lib. i.] * Boethius, 1. i. met. $. [' Virg. Mn. vi. 743.] ^ Apuleius, Florid, [iv. 18.] Nihil homini tam prosper^ datum divinitus, quin ei admixtum sit aliquid difficultatis ; in amplissima quaque Isetitia subest qusedam querimonia, conjugatione quadam mellis et fellis. ' Si omnes premantur, quis tu es qui solus evadere cupis ab ea lege quae neminera prasterit ? Cur te mortalem factum et universi non orbis regem fieri non doles ? [De Consolatione, Lib. i.] [^ Seneca, Troades, 1016, 1017.] ' Puteanus, Ep. 75. Neque cuiquam praecipue dolendum eo quod accidit universis. I4ii ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. thyself witli this, thou hast more fellows, Solamen miserts socios habuisse doloris^ 'tis not thy sole case, and why shouldst thou be so impatient? '/, but, alas I we are more miserable than others: what shall we do 1 Besides private miseries, we live in perpetual fear, and danger of common enemies ; we have Bellona's whips, and pitiful out- cries, for Epithalamiums ; for pleasant Musick, that fearful noise of Ordnance, Drums, and warlike Trumpets, still sounding in our ears ; instead of nuptial Torches, we have firing of Towns and Cities; for triumphs, lamentations ; for joy, tears. " So it is, and so it was, and ever will be. He that refuseth to see and hear, to suffer this, is not fit to live in this world, and knows not the common condition of all men, to whom, so long as they live, with a reciprocal course, joys and sorrows are annexed, and succeed one another. It is inevitable, it may not be avoided, and why then should'st thou be so much troubled ? Grave nihil est homini quod fert necessitas, as * Tully deems out of an old Poet, that which is necessary cannot be grievous. If it be so, then comfort thyself in this, ^that, whether thou wilt or no, it must be endured : make a virtue of necessity, and conform thyself to undergo it. 'Si longa est, levis est; si gravis est, brevis est ; if it be long, 'tis light ; if grievous, it cannot last; it will away, dies dolorem minuit^ and if nought else, yet time will wear it out, custom will ease it ; ^ oblivion is a common medicine for all losses, injuries, griefs, and detriments whatsoever, "and when they are once past, this commodity comes of infelicity, it makes the rest of our life sweeter unto us; '"atque hasc olim meminisse juvabit ; the privation and want of a thing many times makes it more pleasant and delightsome than before it was. We must not think, the happiest of us all, to escape here without some misfortunes, P An ur.discovered line, falsely ascribed sometimes to Ovid.] 2 Lorchan. GallobelE;icus, lib. 3. Anno 1598. de Belgis. Euge ! sed eheu ! inquis, quid ageraus ? ubi pro Epithalamio Bellonse flagellum, pro musica harmonia terribilem lituorum et tubarum audias clangorem, pro tssdis nuptialibus, villarum, pagonim, urbium videas incendia ; ubi pro jubilo lamenta, pro risu fletus, aerem complent. * Ita est profecto, et quisquis hEec videre abnuis, huic sasculo parum aptus es ; aut potius nostrorum omnium conditionem ignoras, quibus reciproco quodam nexu Iseta tristibus, tristia tetis, invicem sucoedunt. * In Tusc. k vetere poeta. [Eur. Hypsipyle. Fragm. Quoted by Plutarch, Consol. ad Apoll. § 16,] * Cardan, lib. I. ds consol. Est consnlationis genus non leve, quod i necessitate fit ; sive feras, sive non feras, ferendum est tamen. ' Seneca. [Ep. 24. § 14.] [' Seneca, Consolatio ad Marciam, § viii.] ^ Omni dolori tempus est medicina ; ipsum luctum extingiiit, injurias delet, omnis mali oblivionem adfert. [Cardan. Lib. i. dc consol.] ^ Habet hoc quoque commodum omnis infelicitas, suaviorera vitnm cum abierit relinquit. i' Virg. [iEn. i. 203.] MEM. I. SUBS. I.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. I49 1 Usque adeb nulla est sincera voluptas SoUicitumque aliquid Isetis intervenit.- Heaven and earth are much unlike; '^ those heavenly bodies indeed are freely carried in their orbs without any impediment or interrup- tion, to continue their course for innumerable ages, and make theit conversions: but men are urged with many difficulties, and have divers hindrances, oppositions, still crossing, interrupting their en- deavours and desires; and no mortal man is free from this law of nature. We must not therefore hope to have all things answer our own expectation, to have a continuance of good success and fortunes, Fortuna nunquam perpetub est bona.^ And as Minucius Felix, the Roman Consul, told that insulting Coriolanus, drunk with his good fortunes, "look not for that success thou hast hitherto had;" ^ it never yet happened to any man since the beginning of the world, nor ever will, to have all things according to his desire, or to whom fortune was never opposite and adverse. Even so it fell out to him as he foretold. And so to others, even to that happiness of Augustus ; though he yrtre Jupiter's Almoner, Pluto's Treasurer, Neptune^s Admiral, it could not secure him. Such was Alcibiades' fortune, Nurses', that great GonsaMs, and most famous men's, that, as 'Jovius concludes, it is almost fatal to great Princes, through their own default, or otherwise circumvented with envy and malice, to lose their honours, and die contumeliously. 'Tis so, still hath been, and ever will be, nihil est ab omni parte beatum' There's no perfection is so absolute, That some impurity doth not pollute. Whatsoever is under the Moon is subject to corruption, alteration ; and, so long as thou livest upon the earth, look not for other. "" Thou shall not here find peaceable and cheerful days, quiet times, 1 Ovid. [Met. vii. 453, 454. For there is no pleasure perfect, some anxiety always intervenes.] " Lorchan. Sunt namque infera superis, humana terrenis, longe disparia. Etenim beatas mentes feruntur libera, et sine ullo impedimento : stellae, jethereique orbes, cursus et conversiones suas jam sfficulis innumerabilibus con- stantissimA conficiunt ; verum homines magnis angustiis. Neque hac naturas lege est quisquam mortalium solutus. P See Pausanias, viii. 24.] '' Dionysius HaUcar. lib. 8. [cap. 27.] Non enim unquam contigit, nee post homines natos invenies quemquam, cui omnia ex animi sententia successerint, ita ut nulla in re fortuna sit ei adversata.. ^ Vit. Gonsalvi lib. ult. Ut ducibus fatale sit clarissimis, aut culpa sua aut secus, circumveniri cum malitia et invidia, imminutaque dignitate per contumeliam mori. [Gonsalvo di Cordova, 1453-1515, was a famous General of Ferdinand and Isabella.] [6 Hor. Odes. ii. 16. 27, 28.] ' In terns purum lUum «therem non invenies, et ventos serenos ; nimbos potius, procellas, calumnias. Lips. cent, trisc. ep. 8. I50 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. H. SECT. III,. but rather clouds, storms, calumnies; such is our fate. And as those errant planets, in their distinct orbs, have their several motions, sometimes direct, stationary, retrograde, in Apogeo, Perigee, oriental, occidental, combust, feral, free, and, as our Astrologers will, have their fortitudes and debilities, by reason of those good and bad irradiations, conferred to each other's site in the heavens, in their terms, houses, case, detriments, &c. so we rise and fall in this world, ebb and flow, in and out, reared and dejected, lead a troublesome life, subject to many accidents and casualties of for- tunes, variety of passions, infirmities, as well from ourselves as others. Yea, but thou thinkest thou art more miserable than the rest, other men are happy in respect of thee, their miseries are but flea- bitings to thine, thou alone art unhappy, none so bad as thyself. Yet if, as Socrates said, ' all the men in the world should come and bring their grievances together, of body, mind, fortune, sores, ulcers, madness, epilepsies, agues, and all those common calamities of beggary, want, servitude, imprisonment, and lay them on a heap to be equally- divided, wouldst thou share alike, and take thy portion, or be as thou arti Without question thou wouldst be as thou art. If some lupiter should say, to give us all content, 3 Jam faciam quod vultis ; eris tu, qui modo miles, Mercator ; tu, consultus modo, rusticus ; hino vos, Vos liinc mutatis discedite paxtibus ; eia I Quidstatis? nolint." Well, be't so then ; you, master soldier, Shall be a merchant ; you, sir lawyer, A country gentleman ; go you to this. That side you ; why stand ye ? It's well as 'tis. Every man knows his own, but not otheri defects and miseries ; and tis the nature of all men still to reflect upon themselves, their own misfortunes, not to examine or consider other men's, not to confer themselves with others : to recount their miserits, but not their good gifts, fortunes, benefits, which they have, to ruminate on their adversity, but not once to think on their prosperity, not what they have, but what they want : to look still on them that go 1 Si omnes homines sua mala suasque curas in unum cumulum conferrent, aequis divisuri portionibus, &c, [Plutarch, ad ApoUonium, § ix.] " Hor. ser. lib. i. i. [16-19.] * Quod unusquisque propria mala novit, aiiorum nesciat, in causa est, ut se inter alios miserum putet. Cardan, lib. 3. de consoL Plutarch, de consol. It was part of their destiny.] n Lib. 7. [Ep. 26.] Summa est totius Philosophise, si tales, &c. [12 When we are sick, we are most virtuous.] P Ibidem.'] " Plinius, epist. 7. lib. [Ep. 26.] Quem infirmum libido solUcitat, aut avaritia, aut honores? nemini invidet, neminem niiratur, neminem despicit, sermone maligno non alitur. MEM. II.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 157 admires no man, flatters no man, despiseth no man, listens not after lies and tales, &•£. And were it not for such gentle remembrances, men would have no moderation of themselves; they would be worse than tigers, wolves, and lions : who should keep them in awe? Princes, Masters, Parents, Magistrates, Judges, friends, enemies, fair or foul means, cannot contain us, but a little sickness (as ' Chrysostom observes) will correct and amend us. And therefore, with good discretion, ^ Jovianus Pontanus caused this short sentence to be engraven on his tomb in Naples : Labour, sorrow, grief, sickness, want and woe, to serve proud masters, bear that superstitious yoke, and bury your dearest friends, &'C. are the sauces of our life. If thy disease be continuate and painful to thee, it will not surely last : and a light affliction, which is but for a moment, causeth unto us a far more excellent and eternal weight of glory, 2 Cor. 4. 17. Bear it with patience : women endure much sorrow in child- bed, and yet they will not contain ; and those that are barren, wish for this pain : be courageous, ^ there is as much valour to be shewed in thy bed, as in an army, or at a sea-fight: aut vincetur, aut vincet,* thou shalt be rid at last. In the mean time, let it take his course, thy mind is not any way disabled. Bilibaldus Pirckheemerus, Senator to Charles the Fifth, ruled all Germany, lying most part of his days sick of the gout upon his bed. The more violent thy torture is, the less it will continue : and, though it be severe and hideous for the time, comfort thyself, as martyrs do, with honour and immortality. 'That famous philosopher, Epicurus, being in as miserable pain of stone and colick as a man might endure, solaced himself with a conceit of immortality ; the joy of his soul for his rare inventions repelled the pain of his bodily torments. Baseness of birth is a great disparagement to some men, especially if they be wealthy, bear office, and come to promotion in a Common-wealth; then (as °he observes) if their birth be not answerable to their calling, and to their fellows, they are much abashed and ashamed of themselves. Some scorn their own 1 Non terret princeps, raagister, parens, judex ; at segritudo superveniens omnia correxit. ^ Nat. Chytrseus, Europ. delioiis. Labor, dolor, segritudo, luctus. servire superbis dominis, jugum ferre superstitionis, quos habet caros sepelire, &c. condimenta vitse sunt. ' Non tam mari quim proelio virtus, etiam lecto exhibetur : vincetur aut vincet ; aut tu febrem relinques, aut ipsa te. Seneca. [Epistle 78, memoriter.] [< Seneca, Epistle, 92, § 25.] » TuUius [De Fin. ii. 30.] Vesicas morbo laborans, et urinae mittendse diflBcultate tanta, ut vix incrementum caperet ; repellebat haeo omnia animi gaudium ob memoriam inventorum. " Boeth. lib. 2. ])r. 4. Huic census cxuberat, sed est pudori degener sanguis. 1S8 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. Ill, father and mother, deny brothers and sisters, with the rest of their kindred and friends, and will not suffer them to come near them, when they are in their pomp, accounting it a scandal to their greatness to have such beggarly beginnings. Simon in Lucian^ having now got a little wealth, changed his name from Simon to Simonides, for that there were so many beggars of his kin, and set the house on fire where he was born, because no body should point at it. Others buy titles, coats of arms, and by all means screw themselves into ancient families, falsifying pedi- grees, usurping scutcheons, and all because they would not seem to be base. The reason is for that this gentility is so much admired by a company of outsides, and such honour attributed unto it, as amongst '^Germans, Frenchmen, and Venetians, the Gentry scorn the commonalty, and will not suffer them to match with them; they depress, and make them as so many asses to carry burdens. In our ordinary talk and fallings out the most oppro- brious and scurrile name we can fasten upon a man, or first give, is to call him base rogue, beggarly rascal, and the like : whereas, in my judgement, this ought of all other grievances to trouble men least. Of all vanities and fopperies, to brag of Gentility is the greatest ; for what is it they crack so much of, and challenge such superiority, as if they were demi-gods ? Birth ? Tantane vos generis tenuit iiducia vestri?^ It is non ens, a mere flash, a ceremony, a toy, a thing of nought. Consider the beginning, present estate, progress, ending of Gentry, and then tell me what it is. * Oppression, fraud, cozening, usury, knavery, bawdry, murder, and tyranny, are the beginning of many ancient families. 'One hath been a blood-sucker, a parricide, the death of many a silly soul in some unjust quarrels, seditions, made many an orphan and poor widow; and for that he is made a Lord or an Earl, and his posterity Gentlemen for ever after. Another hath been a bawd, a pander to some great man, a parasite, a slave, '^prostituted himself, his wife, daughter, to some lascivious Prince, P Gallus, § 14.] 2 Caspar Ens. polit. thes. [» Virg. iEn. i. 132. Did you rely so on your birth ?] * Alii pro pecunia enmnt nobilitatem, alii illara lenooinio, alii veneficiis, alii parricidiis ; multis perditio nobilitate conciliat, plerigue adulatione, detractione, calumniis, &c. Agrip. de vanit. sclent, [c. 80.] » Exhomicidio saepe orta nobilitas et strenua camificina. [cap. 80. Ibidem.] 6 Plures ob prostitutas filias, uxores, nobiles facti ; multos venationes, rapinae, caedes, prsestigia, &c. [Ibid. c. 80.] MEM. II.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 59 and for that he is exalted. Tiberius preferred many to honours in his time, because they were famous whore-masters and sturdy drinkers ; many come into this parchment-row (so 'one calls it) by flattery or cozening ; search your old families, and you shall scarce find of a multitude (as jEneas Sylvius"^ observes) qui sceler atum non habent ortum, that have not a wicked beginning ; aut qui vi et dolo eo fastigii non ascendunt, as that plebeian in 'Machiavel in a set oration proved to his fellows, that do not rise by knavery, force, foolery, villainy, or such indirect means. They are commonly able that are wealthy ; virtue and riches seldom settle on one man : who then sees not the bctse beginning of nobility i spoils enrich one, usury another, treason a third, witchcraft a fourth, flattery a fifth, lying, stealing, bearing false witness, a sixth, adultery the seventh, ^'c. One makes a fool of himself to make his Lord merry, another dandles my young Master, bestows a little nag on him, a third marries a crackt piece, &c. Now may it please your good Worship, your Lordship, who was the first founder of your family ? The Poet answers, ^Aut pastor fuit, aut illud quod dicere nolo. Are he or you the better Gentleman ? If he, then we have traced him to his form." If you, what is it of which thou boastest so much ? That thou art his son. It may be his heir, his reputed son, and yet indeed a Priest or a serving-man may be the true father of him ; but we will not controvert that now ; married women are all honest; thou art his son's son's son, begotten & born intra quatuor maria,^ &'c. Thy great great great grandfather was a rich citizen, and then in all likelihood a usurer, a lawyer, and then a— a courtier, & then a a Country Gentleman, and then he scraped it out of sheep, &c. And you are the heir of all his virtues, fortunes, titles ; so then, what is your Gentry, but as Hierom saith, opes antiquce, inveterata, divitice, ancient wealth ? that is the definition of Gentility. The father goes often to the Devil to make his son a Gentleman. For the present, what is it ? It began 1 Sat. Menip. p In his History of Euryalus and Lucretia, in Letter 114.] • Cum enim hos did nobiles videmus, qui divitiis abundant, divitiae vero raro virtutis sunt comites, quis non videt ortum nobilitatis degenerem? hunc usurae ditSrunt, ilium spolia, proditiones ; hie veneficiis ditatus, ille adulationibus, huic adulteria lucrum prsebent, nonnullis mendacia, quidam ex conjuge quaestum feciunt, plerique ex natis, &c. Florent. Hist. lib. 3. * Juven. [viii. 275. Either a shepherd, or something that I would rather not tell.] [' A metaphor taken from hare-htmting.] p Within the four seas.] l6o ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART II. SECT. TIL (saith ^Agrippd) with strong impiety, with tyranny, oppression, &=€. and so it is maintained : wealth began it (no matter how got) wealth continueth and increaseth it. Those Roman knights were so called, if they could dispend/^r annum [annually] so much. °In the kingdom of Naples and France, he that buys such lands buys the honour, title, Barony together with it; and they that can dispend so much amongst us must be called to bear office, to be knights, or fine for it, as one observes, ^nobiliorem ex censujudicant, our Nobles are measured by their means. And what now is the object of honour ? What maintains our Gentry but wealth ? *Nobi- litas sine re projeda vilior alga, without means Gentry is naught worth ; nothing so contemptible and base. ^Disputare de nobilitate generis, sine divitiis, est disputare de nobilitate stercoris, saith Nevi- sanus the lawyer, to dispute of Gentry without wealth, is (saving your reverence) to discuss the original of a mard. So that it is wealth alone that denominates, money which maintains it, gives esse to it, for which every man may have it. And what is their ordinary exercise ? ° sit to eat, drink, lie down to sleep, and rise to play : wherein lies their worth and sufficiency ? in a few coats of arms, eagles, lions, serpents, bears, tigers, dogs, crosses, bends, fesses, &c. and such like baubles, which they commonly set up in their galleries, porches, windows, on bowls, platters, coaches, in tombs, churches, men's sleeves, &c. ''If he can hawk and hunt, ride an horse, play at cards and dice, swagger, drink, swear, take tobacco with a grace, sing, dance, wear his clothes in fashion, court and please his mistress, talk big fustian,' insult, scorn, strut, contemn others, and use a little mimical and apish compliment above the rest, he is a complete {Egregiam verb laudem .'') a well- qualified gentleman ; these are most of their employments, this their greatest commendation. What is Gentry, this parchment Nobility then, but, as ^"Agrippa defines it, a sanctuary of knavery and naughtiness, a clokefor wickedness and execrable vices, of pride, fraud, contempt, boasting, oppression, dissimulation, lust, gluttony, 1 Robusta improbitas i tyrannide incepta, &c. [Ibid. c. 80. ] » Gasper Ens, thesauro polit. 3 Gresserus, Itinerar. fol. 266. < Hor. [Sat. ii. v. 8. memoriter, with a reminiscence of Virg. Eel. vii. 42.] ^ Syl. nup. lib. 4. num. in. « Exod. xxxii. [6. ] ' Omnium nobilium sunicientia in eo probatur si venatica noverint, si aleam, si corporis vires ingentibus poculis commonstrent, si naturae robur numerosa venere probent, &9. 8 Difficile est ut non sit superbus dives, Austin, ser. 24. [9 Virg. iEn. iv. 93. Here is excellent praise I] " Nobilitas nihil aliud nisi improbitas, furor, rapina, latrocinium, homicidinm, luxus, venatio. violentia, &c. [De vanit. sclent r. 80.] MEM. II.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. l6l malice, fornication, adultery, ignorance, impiety ? A nobleman there- fore, in some likelihood, as he concludes, is an atheist, an oppressor, an epicure, a '^ gull, a dizzard, an illiterate idiot, an outside, a glow- worm, a proud fool, an arrant ass, ventris et inguinis mancipium, a slave to his lust & belly, solague libidine fortis.^ And, as Salvi- anus observed of his countrymen the Aquitanes in France, sicut titulis primi fuere, sic et vitiis ; ^ and Cabinet du Roy, their own writer, distinctly of the rest ; the Nobles of Berry are most part lechers, they of Touraine thieves, they of Narbonne covetous, they of Guienne coiners, they of Provence atheists, they of Rheims super- stitious, they of Lyons treacherous, of Normandy proud, of Picardy insolent, Ss'c. We may generally conclude the greater men the more vicious. In fine, as ^JEneas Sylvius adds, they are most part miserable, sottish and filthy fellows, like the walls of their houses, fair without, foul within. What dost thou vaunt of now? ' What dost thou gape and wonder at 1 adinire him for his brave apparel, horses, dogs, fine houses, manors, orchards, gardens, walks ? ^ Why, a fool may be possessor of this as well as he, and he that accounts him a better man, a Nobleman for having of it, he is a fool himself. Now go and brag of thy Gentility. This is it belike, which makes the ^ Turks at this day scorn Nobility, and all those huffing bombast titles, which so much elevate their poles : except it be such as have got it at first, maintain it by some supereminent quality, or excellent worth. And for this cause, the Ragusian'' Common-wealth, Switzers, and the United Provinces, in all their Aristocracies, or Democratical Monarchies, (if I may so call them), exclude all these Degrees of hereditary honours, and will admit of none to bear office but such as are learned, like those Athenian Areopagites, wise, discreet, and well brought up. The 'Chinenses observe the same custom, no man amongst them Noble by birth; out of their Philosophers and Doctors they choose Magistrates ; their politick Nobles are taken 1 The fool took away my lord in the mask, 'twas apposite. [3 Juv, iv. 3.] P As they were the first in rank, so also in vices.] ^ De miser, curial. [Epist. 166.J Miseri sunt, inepti sunt, turpes sunt, multi ut parietes sedium suarum speciosi. 5 Miraris aureas vestes, equos, canes, ordinem famulorum, lautas mensas, sedes, villas, praedia, piscinas, silvas, &c. hsec omnia stultus assequi potest. Pandarus noster lenocinio nobilitatus est. .^neas Sylvius. [Euryalus and Lucretia.] ^ Bello- nius, observ. lib. 2. [^ Ragusa, a city on the East Coast of the Adriatick, was for many centuries an independent Republic ; it is now at the head of a district in Dalmatia. See Encycl. Brit, ix* Ed.] ^ Mat. Riccius, lib. i. cap. 3. Ad regendam remp. soli doctores aut licentiati adsciscuntur &c 11. M 1 62 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. from such as be moraliter noMles, virtuous noble ; nobilitas ui olim ab officio, non d natur&^ as in Israel of old, and their office was to defend and govern their Country in war and peace, not to hawk, hunt, eat, drink, game alone, as too many do. Their Loysii, Mandarini, literati, licentiati, and such as have raised themselves by their worth, are their Noblemen only, [only] thought fit to govern a state ; and why then should any that is otherwise of worth be ashamed of his birth ? why should not he be as much respected that leaves a noble posterity, as he that hath had noble ancestors ? nay, why not more ? iox plures solem orientem^ we adore the rising sun most part ; and how much better is it to say. Ego meis majoribus virtute praluxi," to boast himself of his virtues, than of his birth? Cathesbeius, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, was by his condition a slave, but for worth, valour, and manhood, second to no King, and for that cause (as ^Jovius writes) elected Emperor of the Mamelukes, That poor Spanish Pizarro for his valour made by Charles the Fifth Marquess of Anatillo ; the Turkey Pashas are all such. Pertinax, Philippus Arabs, Maximimis, Probus, Aurelius, &'c, from common soldiers became Emperors, Cato, Cindnnaius, dfc. Consuls ; Pius Secundus, Sixtus Quintus, Johannes Secundus, Nicholas Quintus, &^c. Popes. Socrates, Virgil, Horace, libertino patre natus? ''The Kings of Denmark fetch their pedigree, as some say, from one Ulfo, that was the son of a bear. '' E tenui casa smpe vir magnus exit, many a worthy man comes out of a poor cottage. Hercules, Romulus, Alexander, (by Olympia's con- fession), Themistocles, Jugurtha, King Arthur, William the Con- queror, Homer, Demosthenes, P. Lombard, P. Comestor, Bartholus, Adrian the Fourth, Pope, &c. bastards ; and almost in every Kingdom the most ancient families have been at first Princes' bastards ; their worthiest captains, best wits, greatest scholars, bravest spirits, in all our Annals, have been base. ' Cardan, in his Subtilities, gives a reason why they are most part better able than others in body and mind, and so per consequens [consequently] more P Nobility is from office, not birth.] p See Erasmi Adagia, p. 786 Tac. Annals, vi. 46.] p I have outshone my ancestors in virtue.] * Lib. i. hist. Conditione servus, caeterum acer bello, et animi magnitudine maximorum regum nemini secundus : ob hsec 4 Mameluchis in regem electus. P Hor. Sat. i. 6. 6. Of low extraction.] 6 oiaus Magnus, lib. 18. Saxo Grammaticus. A quo rex Sueno et csetera Danorum regum stemmata. ' Seneca de Contro. Philos. epist. 8 Corpore sunt et animo fortiores spurii, plerumque ob amoris vehementiam, seminis crass. &c. [De Subtilitate, Lib. xii. Cf. Shak. K. L. A. i. So. ii.] MEM. II.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 63 fortunate. Castruccius Castrucanus, a poor child, found in the field, exposed to misery, became Prince oi Lucca ^ia^Senes in Italy, a most complete soldier, and worthy captain; Machiavel compares him to Scipio or Alexander. And 'tis a wonderful thing (^saith he) to him that shall consider of it, that all those, or the greatest part of them, that have done the bravest exploits here upon earth, atid excelled the rest of the nobles of their time, have been still born in some abject, obscure place, or of base and obscure abject parents. A most memorable observation, ^ Scaliger accounts it, et non prcete- reundum, 7naximorum virorum plerosque patres ignoratos, matres impudicas fuisse.^ T could recite a great catalogue of them, every Kingdom, every Province, will yield innumerable examples : and why then should baseness of birth be objected to any man? Who thinks worse of Tully for being Arpinas,^ an upstart, or [of] Agathocles, that Sicilian King, for being a potter's son ? Iphicrates and Marius were meanly born. What wise man thinks better of any person for his nobility? As he said in '^Machiavel, omnes eodem patre nati," Adam's sons, conceived all and born in sin, &c. We are by nature all as one, all alike, if you see us naked ; let us wear theirs and they our clothes, and whafs the diff^erence ? To speak truth, as ^Bale did of P. Schalichius, T more esteem thy worth, learning, honesty, than thy nobility ; honour thee tnore that thou art a writer, a Doctor of Divinity, than Earl of the Huns, Baron of Skradine, or hast title to such and such provinces, &^c. Thou art more fortunate and great (so 'Jovius writes to Cosmo de Medici, then Duke of Florence) for thy virtues than for thy lovely wife, and happy children, friends, fortunes, or great Duchy of Tuscany. So I account thee, and who doth not so indeed ? ^ Abdolonymus was a gardener, 1 Vita Castruccii. Nee praster rationem mirum videri debet, si quis rem con- siderare velit, omnes eos vel saltern maximam partem, qui in hioc terrarum orbe res prsestantiores aggressi sunt, atque inter cseteros aevi sui heroas excelluerunt, aut obscuro aut abjecto loco editos, et prognatos fuisse abjectis parentibus. Eonmi ego catalogum infinitum recensere possem. 2 Exercit. 265. [3 It is a thing deserving of our notice, that most great men were born in obscurity, and of unchaste mothers.] [■• Juv. viii. 237. i.e. a provincial.] ^ Flor. hist. 1. 3. Quod si nudos nos conspici conlingat, omnium una eaderaque erit facies ; nam si ipsi nostras, nos eorum vestes induamus, nos, &c. [" We are all born from one ancestor, all] 7 Ut merito dicam, quod simpliciter sentiam, Paulum Schalichium scriptorem, et doctorem, pluris facio quam comitem Hunnorum, et Baronem Skradinum. Ency- clopsediam tuam et orbem disciplinanim omnibus provinciis antefero. Balaeus, epist. nuncupat. ad 5 cent, ultimam script. Brit. ^ Prsefat. hist. lib. i. Virtute tua major quam aut Etrusci Imperii fortuna, aut numerosae et decoras prohs felicitate beatior evadis. ^ Curtius. [iv. i. 19.] 1 64 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IIL and yet by Alexander for his virtues made King of Syria. How much better is it to be born of mean parentage, and to excel in worth, to be morally noble, which is preferred before that natural nobility, by divines, philosophers, and ^politicians, to be learned, honest, discreet, well qualified, to be fit for any manner of employ- ment, in country and common-wealth, war and peace, than to be degeneres NeoJ>tolemi,^ as many brave nobles are, only wise because rich, otherwise idiots, illiterate, unfit for any manner of service ! ' Udalricus, Earl of Cilia, upbraided John Huniades with the base- ness of his birth, but he replied, in te Ciliensis Comitatus turpiter extinguitur, in me gloriose Bistricensis exoritur, thine Earldom is consumed with riot, mine begins with honour and renown. Thou hast had so many noble ancestors ; what is that to thee? Vix ea nostra voco,'' Vhen thou art a dizzard thyself: quid prodest, Pontice, longo stemmate censeri?' &"€. I conclude, hast thou a sound body, and a good soul, good bringing up ? art thou virtuous, honest, learned, well qualified, religious, are thy conditions good ? thou art a true Nobleman, perfectly noble, although born of Thersites, — dummodo tu sis — jEacidce similis^ non naius, sed /actus, noble, (car ei,o\r)v, '^ for neither sword, nor fire, nor water, nor sickness, nor otitward violence, nor the Devil himself, can take thy good parts from thee. Be not ashamed of thy birth then, thou art a Gentleman all the world over, and shalt be honoured, when as he, strip him of his fine clothes, 'dispossess him of his wealth, is a funge, (which "Folynices in his banishment found true by experience. Gentry was not esteemed), like a piece of coin in another country, that no man will take, and shall be contemned. Once more, though thou be a Barbariaii, born at Tontonteac, a villain, a slave, a Saldanian Negro, or a rude Virginian in Dasamonquepeuc, he a French Monsieur, a Spanish Don, a Seignior of Italy, I care not how descended, of what family, of what order. Baron, Count, Prince, if thou be well qualified, and he not, but a degenerate Neoptolemus^^ I tell thee in a word, thou art a man, and he is a beast. 1 Bodine, de rep. lib. 3. cap. 8. p Virg. ^n. ii. 549. degenerate Neoptolemuses.] s ^neas Sylvius, lib. 2. cap. 29. \i Ovid, M. xii. 141.] 5 " If children be proud, haughty, foolish, they defile the nobility of their kindred," Eccl. xxii. 10. [6 Juv. viii. I, 2. memoriter.J p Juv. viii. 269, 270.] 8 Cujus possessio nee furto eripi, nee incendio absumi, nee aquarum voragine absorbed, vel vi morbi destrui potest 9 Send them both to some strange place naked, ad ignotos, as Aristippus said, ^^^ "!?S- Laert. n. 73.] you shall see the difference. Bacon's Essays, rxxii.l 10 Familias splendor nihil opis attulit, &c. [Eur. Phcen. 401;. 1 f" Vire jEn ii 549.] ^J L 6- MEM. II.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 165 Let no terra filius,^ or upstart, insult at this which I have said, no worthy Gentleman take offence. I speak it not to detract from such as are well deserving, truly virtuous and noble : I do much respect and honour true Gentry and Nobility ; I was born of worshipful parents myself, in an ancient family, but I am a younger brother, it concerns me not : or had I been some great heir, richly endowed, so minded as I am, I should not have been elevated at all, but so esteemed of it, as of all other human happiness, honours, &c. they have their period, are brittle and unconstant. As ^he said of that great ri^er Danubius, it riseth from a small fountain, a little brook at first, sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, now slow, then swift, increased at last to an incredible greatness by the confluence of 60 navigable rivers, it vanisheth in conclusion, loseth his name, and is suddenly swallowed up of the Euxine Sea : I may say of our greatest families, they were mean at first, augmented by rich marriages, purchases, offices, they continue for some ages, with some little alteration of circumstances, fortunes, places, &c. by some prodigal son, for some default, or for want of issue, they are defaced in an instant, and their memory blotted out. So much in the mean time I do attribute to Gentility, that, if he be well descended, of worshipful or noble parentage, he will express it in his conditions : - 8 nee enim feroces Progenerant aquilae columbas.* And although the nobility of our times be much like our coins, more in number and value, but less in weight and goodness, with finer stamps, cuts, or outsides, than of old : yet if he retain those ancient characters of true Gentry, he will be more affable, courteous, gently disposed, of fairer carriage, better temper, of a more magna- nimous, heroical, and generous spirit, than that vulgus hominum, those ordinary boors and peasants, qui adeo improbi, agrestes, et inculti plerumque sunt, ne dicam malitiosi, ut nemini ullum huma- nitatis officium prcestent, ne ipsi Deo, si advenerit, as °one observes of them, a rude, brutish, uncivil, wild, a currish generation, cruel [1 Cic. ad Attic, i. 13. 4.] ^ Fluvius hie illustris, humanarum rerum imago, quae parvis duetse sub initiis, in immensum crescunt, et subito evanescunt. Exilis hie primo fluvius, in admirandam magnitudinem excrescit, tandemque in mari Euxino evanescit. J. Stuelcius, pereg. mar. Euxini. P For fierce eagles do not produce doves.] [* Hor. Odes. iv. iv. 31, 32, memoriter.] ^ Sabinus in 6. Ovid. Met. Fab. 4. 1 66 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. and malicious, uncapable of discipline, and such as have scarce common sense. And it may be generally spoken of all, which ^Lemnius the Physician said of his travel into England, the common people were silly, sullen, dogged clowns, sed mitior nobilitas, ad omne humanitatis officium paratissima, the Gentlemen were cour- teous and civil. If it so fall out (as often it doth) that such peasants are preferred by reason of their wealth,' chance, error, &c. or otherwise, yet as the cat in the fable, when she was turned to a fair maid, would play with mice ; a cur will be a cur, a clown will be a clown, he wiH Hkely favour of the stock whence he came, and that innate rusticity can hardly be shaken off. 2 Licet superbus ambulet pecuni^, Fortuna non mutat genus. [Although he stalks about proud from his money. His fortune changes not his origin. ] And though by their education such men may be better qualified, and more refined, yet there be many symptoms, by which they may likely be descried, an affected phantastical carriage, a tailor-like spruceness, a peculiar garb in all their proceedings, choicer than ordinary in his diet, and, as ' Hierome well describes such a one to his Nepotian, an upstart born in a base cottage, that scarce at first had coarse bread to fill his hungry guts, must now feed on kickshaws and made dishes, will have all variety of flesh and fish, the best oysters, iSvr. A beggar's brat will be commonly more scornful, imperious, insulting, insolent, than another man of his rank : nothing so intolerable as a fortunate fool, as ^Tully found long since out of his experience. Asperius nihil est humili, cum surgit in altum,' set a beggar on horseback, and he will ride a gallop, a gallop, &c. - ^ dessevit in omnes, Dum se posse putat, nee bellua SEevior uUa est Quam servi rabies in libera coUa furentis ; he forgets what he was, domineers, &c. and many such other symptoms he hath, by which you may know him from a true Gentleman. Many errors & obliquities are on both sides, noble, ignoble, factis, natis ; yet still in all callings, as some 1 Lib. 1. de 4. Complexionibus. 2 Hor. [Epod. iv. 5, 6.] s Lib. 2. ep. 15. Natus sordido tuguriolo et paupere domo, qui vix milio rugientem ventrem, &C. < Nihil fortunate insipiente intolerabilius. [De amicitia, 15. 54.] [0 Claudian, in Eutropium, i. 181.] 6 Claud, in Eutrop. [i. 182-184.] MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 167 degenerate, some are well deserving, and most worthy of their honours. And as Busbequius said of Solyman the Magnificent, he was tanto dignus imperio, worthy of that great Empire ; many meanly descended are most worthy of their honour, politice nobiles, and well deserve it. Many of our Nobility so born (which one said of Hephmstio, Ptolemaus, Seleucus, Antigonus, &c. and the rest of Alexander's followers, they were all worthy to be Monarchs and Generals of Armies) deserve to be Princes. And I am so far forth of '^Sesellius his mind, that they ought to be preferred (if capable) before others, as being nobly born, ingeniously brought up, and front their infancy traiAed to all man7ier of civility. For learning & virtue in a Noble-man is more eminent, and, as a Jewel set in gold is more precious, and much to be respected, such a man deserves better than others, and is as great an honour to his family as his Noble family to him. In a word, many Noblemen are an ornament to their order : many poor men's sons are singularly well endowed, most eminent, and well de- serving for their worth, wisdom, learning, virtue, valour, integrity ; excellent members and pillars of a Common-wealth. And, there- fore, to conclude that which first I intended, to be base by birth, meanly born, is no such disparagement. Et sic demonstratur, quod erat demonstrandum. [And thus I have proved what I had to prove.] MEMB. III. Against Poverty and Want, with such other Adversities. One of the greatest miseries that can befal a man, in the world's esteem, is poverty or want, which makes men steal, bear false witness, swear, forswear, contend, murder and rebel, which breaketh sleep, and causeth death itself, ov^tv irtviaq (iapvTepov i(TTi fgpriov, no burden (saith ^Menander) so intolerable as poverty : it makes men desperate, it erects and dejects, [dat] census honores, census amicitias ;^ money makes, but poverty mars, &c. and all this in the world's esteem : yet, if considered aright, it is a great blessing in itself, an happy estate, and yields no such cause of discontent, or that men should therefore account themselves vile, 1 Lib I de Rep. Gal. Quoniam et commodiore utuntur conditione, et, hojiestiore loco nati, jam inde i parvulis ad morum clvilitatem educatl sunt, et assuefacti. 2 Nullum paupertate gravius onus. [> Ov. Fast. i. 217, 218.] 1 68 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. hated of God, forsaken, miserable, unfortunate. Christ himself was poor, born in a manger, and had not a house to hide his head in all his life, ^lest any man should make poverty a judgement of God, or an odious estate. And as he was himself, so he informed his Apostles and Disciples, they were all poor. Prophets poor, Apostles poor {Act. 3. [6.] Silver and gold have I none). As sorrowing (saith. Paul) and yet alway rejoicing; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things, 2 Cor. 6. 10. Your great Philosophers have been voluntarily poor, not only Christians, but many others. Crates Thebanus was adored for a god in Athens, ^a nobleman by birth, many servants he had, an honourable attendance, much wealth, many Manors, Jine apparel ; but when he saw this, that all the wealth of the world was but brittle, uncertain, and no whit availing to live well, he flung his burden into the sea, and renourued his estate.'^ Those Curii and Fabricii will be ever renowned for con- tempt of these fopperies, wherewith the world is so much affected. Amongst Christians I could reckon up many Kings and Queens, that have forsaken their Crowns and fortunes, and wilfully abdi- cated themselves from these so much esteemed toys ; * many that have refused honours, titles, and all this vain pomp and happiness, which others so ambitiously seek, and carefully study to compass and attain. Riches, I deny not, are God's good gifts, and blessings ; and horwr est in honorante, honours are from God ; both rewards of virtue, and fit to be sought after, sued for, and may well be possessed : yet no such great happiness in having, or misery in wanting of them. Dantur quidem bonis, saith Austin' ne quis mala cestimet: malis autem ne quis nimis bona, good men- have wealth that we should not think it evil ; and bad men that they should not rely on or hold it so good ; as the rain falls on both sorts, so are riches given to good and bad, sed bonis in bonum, but they are good only to the godly. But ° confer both estates, for natural parts they are not unlike ; and a beggar's child, as ''Cardan well observes, is no whit inferior to a Princes, most part 1 Ne quis irse divinaa judicium putaret, aut paupertas exosa foret. Gualt. in cap. 2. ver. 18. Lucse. - Inter proceres Thebanos numeratus, lectum habuit genus, frequens famulitium, domus amplas, &c. Apuleius, Florid. 1. 4. [2a.] P Diog. Laertius, Lib. vi. cap. S-] f P- Blesensis, ep. 72. 61232. Oblatos respui honores, e.\ onere metiens motus ambitiosos ; rogatus non ivi, &c. P Sermo 50.] « .Sudat pauper foras in opera, dives in cogitatione ; hie os aperit oscitatione, ille ructatione ; gravius ille fastidio, quara hie inedia cruciatur. Bar. sar. ' In Hyperchen. Natura ^qua est, puerosque videmus mendicorum nulla ex parte regum filiis dissimiles, plerumque saniores. [§ 19.] MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 69 better; and for those accidents of fortune, it will easily appear there is no such odds, no such extraordinary happiness in the one, or misery in the other. He is rich, wealthy, fat ; what gets he by it? pride, insolency, lust, ambition, cares, fears, suspicion, trouble, anger, emulation, and many filthy diseases of body and mind. He hath indeed variety of dishes, better fare, sweet wine, pleasant sauce, dainty musick, gay clothes, lords it bravely out, &c. and all that which Micyllus admired in ^Lucian, but with them he hath the gout, dropsies, apoplexies, palsies, stone, pox, rheums, catarrhes, crudities, oppilations, ^Melancholy, &c. Lust enters in, anger, ambition. According to ^Chrysostom, the sequel of riches is pride, riot, intemperance, arrogancy, fury, and all .irrational courses, 4 Turpi fregerunt ssecula luxu Divitiae molles, with their variety of dishes, many such maladies of body and mind get in, which the poor man knows not of. As Saturn, in ^Lucian, answered the discontented commonalty, (which because of their neglected Saturnal Feasts in Rome, made a grievous complaint and exclamation against rich men) that they were much mistaken in supposing sucb happiness in riches ; '^ you see the best (said he) but you know not their several gripings and discontents : they are like painted walls, fair without, rotten within : diseased, filthy, crazy, full of intemperate effects ; ' and who can reckon half) if you but knew their fears, cares, anguish of mind, and vexation, to which they are subject, you would hereafter renounce all riches. fl O si pateant pectora ditum, Quantos intus sublimis agit Fortuna metus ! Bruttia Coro Pulsante fretum mitior unda est. O that their breasts were but conspicuous, How full of fear within, how furious ! The narrow seas are not so boisterous. Yea, but he hath the world at will that is rich, the good things of 1 Gallus, [§ 12.] 2 Et 6 oontubemio fcsdi atque olidi ventris mors tandem cducit. Seneca, ep. 103. » Divitiarum sequela, luxus, intemperies, arrogantia, superbia, furor injustus, omnisque irrationabilis motus. ^ Juven. Sat. 6. [299, 300. Effeminate riches have ruined the age by the introduction of shameful luxury.] » Saturn. Epist. [2.] « Vos quidem divites putatis felices, sed nescitis eorum miserias.' [Ibid.] ^ Et quota pars hasc eorum quae istos discruciant? si nossetis metus et curas, quibus obnoxii sunt, plant fugiendas vobis divitias existimaretis. [Ibid.] 8 Seneca in Here. CEteo. [648 sq.] I/O ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. the earth ; suave est ex magno tollere acervo^ he is a happy man, ° adored like a God, a Prince, every man seeks to him, applauds, honours, admires him. He hath honours indeed, abundance of all things : but (as I said) withal, ^ pride, lust, anger, faction, emulation, fears, cares, suspicion, enter with his wealth ; for his intemperance he hath aches, crudities, gouts, and as fruits of his idleness, and fulness, lust, surfeiting, and drunkenness, all manner of diseases : pecuniis augetur improMtas, the wealthier, the more dishonest. ''B'e is exposed to hatred, envy, peril, and treason, fear of death, of degradation, &c. 'tis lubrica statio et proxima pracipitio^ and the higher he climbs, the greater is his fall. celsEe graviore casu Decidunt turres, feriuntque summos Fulgura montes, the lightning commonly sets on fire the highest towers ; ' in the more eminent place he is, the more subject to fall. Rumpitur innumeris arbos uberrima potnis, Et subit6 nimise prascipitantur opes. As a tree that is heavy laden with fruit breaks her own boughs, with their own greatness they ruin themselves: -which. Joachitnus Camerarius hath elegantly expressed in his 13* Emblem, cent. i. Inopem se copia fecit." Their means is their misery: though they do apply themselves to the times, to lie, dissemble, collogue and flatter their lieges, obey, second his will and commands, as much as may be, yet too frequently they miscarry, they fat themselves like so many hogs, as ''/Eneas Sylvius observes, that, when they are full fed, they may be devoured by their Princes, as Seneca by Nero was served, Sejanus by Tiberius, and Haman by Ahasuerus. I resolve with Gregory, potestas culminis est tempestas mentis,^" et quo dignitas altior, casus gravior, honour is a tempest, the higher they are elevated, the more grievously depressed. For the rest of his prerogatives which wealth affords, as he hath more, his expenses are the greater. When goods increase, they are increased [1 Hor. Sat. i. i. 51. It is pleasant to draw from a great heap.] 2 Et Diis similes stulta cogitatio facit. s Flamma simul libidinis ingreditur ; ira, furor et superbia, divitiarum sequela. Chrys. * Omnium oculis, odio, insidiis expositus, semper sollicitus, fortunas ludibrium. P 'Tis a dazzling position and close to a precipice.] ** Hor. 2. 1. od. 10. [10-12.] ^ Quid me felicem toties jactastis, amici ? Qui cecidit, stabili non fuit ille loco. Boeth. [De Consolatione Philosophiae, Lib. i. Metrum i.] [s Ovid, M. iii. 466.] » Ut postquam impinguati fuerint, devorentiu-. P" Regulae Pastoralis Liber, Pars Prima, cap. ix.] MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 17I that eat them ; and what good cometh to the owners, but the beholding thereof with the eyes? Eccles. 5. 11. 1 Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum, Non tuus hinc capiet venter plus quam meus. An evil sickness, Solomon calls it, and reserved to them for an evil, [Eccles. v.] 13"" verse. They that will be rich fall into many fears and temptations, into many foolish and noisome lusts, which drown men in perdition, i Tim. 6. 9. Gold and silver hath destroyed many, Ecclus. 8. 2. Divitice scRculi sunt laquei diaboli ■ so vin\.e.% Bernard ;^ worldly wealth is the devil's bait ; and as the Moon, when she is fuller of light, is still farthest from the Sun, the more wealth they have, the farther they are commonly from God. (If I had said this of myself, rich men would have pulled me a-pieces, but hear who saith, & who seconds it, an Apostle) therefore St. James bids them weep and howl for the miseries that shall come upon them; their gold shall rust and canker, and eat their flesh as fire. Jam. 5. I, 2, 3. I may then boldly conclude with ^Theodoret, quotiescunqut diviiiis affluentem, &'c. as often as you shall see a man abounding in wealth, qui gemmis bibit et Sarrano dormit in ostro,^ and naught withal, 1 beseech you call him not happy, but esteem him unfortunate, because he hath many occasions offered to live unjustly : on the other side, a poor man is not miserable, if he be good, but therefore happy, that those evil occasions are taken from him. " Non possidentem multa vocaveris Recte beatum ; rectius occupat Nomen beati, qui deorum Muneribus sapienter uti, Duramque callet pauperiem pati, Pejusque leto flagitium timet. He is not happy that is rich, And hath the world at will. But he that wisely can God's gifts Possess and use them still : That suffers and with patience Abides hard poverty. And chooseth rather for to die Than do such villainy. 1 Her. [Sat i. i. 45, 46. Although a hundred thousand bushels of wheat may be threshed in your granaries, your stomach will not hold more of it than mine.] [2 In Psal. Qui habitat, Sermo iii.] » Cap. 6. de curat, grsec. affect, rap. de providentia. Quotiescunque divitiis affluentem hominem videmus, eumque pessi- mum ne quseso hunc beatissiraura putemus, sed infelicem censeamus, &c [■» Virg. G. ii. 506- memoriter. Who drinks from golden cups, and sleep on down.] 5 Hor. Od. [4. 9. 4S-S'-] 172 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. 11. SECT. III. Wherein now consists his happiness ? What privileges hath he more than other men ? Or rather what miseries, what cares and discontents, hath he not more than other men ? 1 Non enim gazge, neque consularis Summovet lictor miseros turaultus Mentis, et curas laqueata circum Tecta volantes. Nor treasures, nor mayors' officers remove The miserable tumults of the mind : Or cares that he about, or fly above Their high-roofed houses, with huge beams combin'd. 'Tis not his wealth can vindicate him, let him h.zNtJoVs inventory, sint Crcesi et Crassi licet, non has Pactolus, aureus undas agens, tripat unquam I miseriis,^ Crossus or rich Crasus cannot now com- mand health, or get himself a stomack.' His Worship, as Apuleius describes him, in all his plenty and great provision, is forbidden to eat, or else hath no appetite (sick, in bed, can take no rest, sore grieved with some chronick disease, contracted with full diet and ease, or troubled in mind) when as, in the mean time, all his house- hold are merry, and the poorest servant that he keeps doth continually feast. 'Tis bracteafa felicitas, as "^Seneca terms it, tin-foil'd happi- ness, infelix felicitas, an unhappy kind of happiness, if it be happiness at all. His gold, guard, clattering of harness, and fortifications against outward enemies, cannot free him from inward fears and cares. Reveraque metus hominum, curseque sequaces Nee metuunt fremitus armorum, aut ferrea tela, Audacterque inter reges, regumque potentes Versantur, neque fulgorem reverentur ab auro.^ Indeed men still attending fears and cares. Nor armours clashing, nor fierce weapons fears : With kings converse they boldly, and king's peers, Fearing no flashing that from gold appears. Look how many servants he hath, and so many enemies he suspects; for liberty, he entertains ambition ; his pleasures are no pleasures ; and that which is worst, he cannot be private or enjoy himself as other men do, his state is a servitude. °A countryman 1 Hor. 2. [Odes ii. i6. 9-12.] [2 See Erasmi Adagia, pp. 251, 252.] s Florid, lib. 4. Dives ille cibo interdicitur, et in omni copia sua cibum non accipit, cum interea totum ejus servitium hilare sit, atque epuletur. [ch. 22, memoriter.j < Epist. 115. [6 Lucret. ii. 48-siJ " Hor. [Sat. i. vi. 104, 105.] Et raihi curto Ire licet mulo vel si libet usque 'Tarentum. MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 73 may travel from kingdom to kingdom, province to province, city to city, and glut his eyes with delightful objects, hawk, hunt, and use those ordinary disports, without any notice taken, all which a Prince or a great man cannot do. He keeps in for state, ne majes- tatis dignitas evilescat^ as our China Kings, of Borneo, and Tartarian Chams, those aurea mancipia,^ are said to do, seldom or never seen abroad, ui major sit hominum erga se ohservantia^ which the * Persian Kings so precisely observed of old. A poor man takes more delight in an ordinary meal's meat, which he hath but seldom, than they do with all their exotick dainties, and continual viands ; Quippe voluptatem commendat rarior usus,° 'tis the rarity and necessity that makes a thing acceptable and pleasant. Darius, put to flight by Alexander, drank puddle water to quench his thirst, and it was pleasanter, he swore, than any wine or mead." All excess, as '' Epictetus argues, will cause a dislike ; sweet will be sour, which made that temperate Epicurus sometimes voluntarily fast. But they, being always accustomed to the same "* dishes (which are nastily dressed by slovenly cooks, that after their obscenities never wash their bawdy hands) be they fish, flesh, compounded, made dishes, or whatsoever else, are therefore cloyed ; nectar's self grows loathsome to them, they are weary of all their fine palaces, they are to them as so many prisons. A poor man drinks in a wooden dish, and eats his meat in wooden spoons, wooden platters, earthen vessels, and such homely stuff; the other in gold, silver, and precious stones; but with what success? In aura bibitur venenum,' fear of poison in the one, security in the other. A poor man is able to write, to speak his mind, to do his own business himself; locuples mittit parasitum, saith ^"Fhilostratus, a rich man employs a parasite, and, as the Mayor of a City, speaks by the Town-clerk, or by Mr. Recorder, when he cannot express himself. "^^ Nonius the Senator had a purple coat as stiff with Jewels, as his mind is full of vices, rings on his fingers worth 20,000 sestercies, and as ^^Ferozes, the Persian \} That the dignity of his majesty may not grow cheap.] p Golden slaves.] [3 That men may observe him more when he does.] •» Brissonius. [^ Juv. xi. 208.] [' Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 34. 97.] ' Si modum excesseris, suavissima sunt moiesta. [Fr. SS-] ^ Et in cupidiis gul^, ooquus et pueri illotis manibus ab exoneratione ventris omnia tractant, &c. Cardan 1. 8. cap. 46. de rerum varietata [9 Seneca, Thyestes, 453-] " Epist. [vii.] u Plin. lib. 57. cap. 6. " Zonaras 3, annal. [See Gibbon, D. &F. ch. 40. Procopius, Persic. Lib. i. cc. 3-6. Zonaras is' no doubt a slip of Burton's. I can find nothing there as to Perozes.] 174 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IIL King, an union' in his ear worth loo pound weight of gold : "^Cleopatra hath whole boars and sheep served up to her table at once, drinks jewels dissolved, 40,000 sesterces in value ; but to what end ? 8 Num tibi cum iauces urit sitis, aurea quasris Pocula ? Doth a man that is a dry, desire to drink in gold ? Doth not a cloth suit become him as well, and keep him as warm, as all their silks, satins, damasks, taffeties and tissues ? Is not home-spun cloth as great a preservative against cold, as a coat of Tartar Lambs' wool, dyed in grain, or a gown of Giants' beards ? Nero, saith * Suetonius, never put on one garment twice, and thou hast scarce one to put on ; what's the difiference ? one's sick, the other sound : such is the whole tenor of their lives, and that which is the consummation and upshot of all, death itself makes the greatest difference. One like an hen feeds on the dunghill all his days, but is served up at last to his Lord's table ; the other as a Falcon is fed with Partridge and Pigeons, and carried on his master's fist, but Allien he dies, is flung to the muckhill, and there lies. The rich man lives, like Dives, jovially here on earth, temulentus divitiis^ make the best of it ; and boasts himself in the multitude of his riches, Psa. 49. 6, 11. he thinks his house, called after his own name, Ji'iiall continue for ever ; but he perisheth like a beast, v. 12. his way utters his folly, v. 13. male parta, male dilabuntur;' like sheep they lie in the grave, 14. Pitncto descendunt ad infernum. They spend their days in wealth, and go suddenly down to Hell, Job 21, 13. For all Physicians and medicines enforcing nature, a swooning wife, family's complaints, friends' tears. Dirges, Masses, ncenias, funerals, for all Orations, counterfeit hired acclamations, Elogiums, Epitaphs, hearses, heralds, black mourners, solemni- ties, obelisks, and Mausolean tombs, if he have them at least, 'he like a hog, goes to Hell with a guilty conscience {propter Iws dila- tavit infernus os suum") and a poor man's curse : his memory stinks like the snuff of a candle when it is put out ; scurrile libels, and infamous obloquies accompany him ; when as poor Lazarus is Dei P = a pearl.] 2 Plutarch, vit. [Antonii, § 28.] 3 Hot. Ser. lib. i. Sat. 2. [114. 115.] * Cap. 30. Nullam vestem bis indmt. p Intoxicated with his wealth.] [6 Poeta ap. c. Phil. 2. 27. Ill-gotten gains are soon dispersed.] ' Ad generum Cereris sine CEede et sanguine pauci Descendunt reges, et sicca morte tyranni. Quv. x. 112, 113.] [* Isaiah, v. 14.] MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 17S Sacrarium, the Temple of God, lives and dies in true devotion, hath no more attendants but his own innocency, the Heaven a tomb, desires to be dissolved, buried in his Mother's lap, and hath a company of 'Angels ready to convey his soul, into Abraham's bosom, he leaves an everlasting and a sweet memory behind him. Crassus and Sulla are indeed still recorded, but not so much for their wealth, as for their victories : Crossus for his end, Solomon for his wisdom. In a word, ^to get wealth is a great trouble, anxiety to keei), grief to lose it. 3 Quid dignum stolidis mentibus imprecer ? Opes, honores ambiant : Et cum falsa gravi mole paraverint, Turn vera cognoscant bona. But consider all those other unknown, concealed happinesses, which a poor man hath (I call them unknown, because they be not acknowledged in the world's esteem, or so taken) O fortuna- tos nimiiim, bona si sua norint :*' happy they are in the mean time, if they would take notice of it, make use or apply it to themselves. A poor man wise is better than a foolish King, Eccl. 4. r3. ^Poverty is the way to heaven, ''the mistress of philosophy, 'the mother of religion, virtue, sobriety, sister of innocency, and an upright mind. How many such encomiums might I add out of the Fathers, Phi- losophers, Orators ! It troubles many that are poor, they account of it as a great plague, curse, a sign of God's hatred, ipsum scelus, damn'd villainy itself, a disgrace, shame and reproach ; but to whom, or why ? * If fortune hath envied me wealth, thieves have robbed me, my father have not left me such revenues as others have, that I am a younger brother, basely born, -Cui sine luce genus, surdumque parentum Nomen,® of mean parentage, a dirt-dauber's son, am I therefore to be 1 "God shall deliver his soul from the power of the grave," Psal. xlix. 15. 2 Contempl. Idiot. Cap. 37. Divitiarum acquisitio magni laboris, possessio magni timoris, amissio magni doloris. * Boethius de consol. phil. 1. 3. [metrum 8.] [What should I fitly pray for stolid minds? Let them covet wealth and honours : and when they have thus got false burdens, let them then discern true blessings.] [< Virg. G. ii. 458.] ^ Austin in Ps. Ixxvi. omnis Philosophiae magistra, ad ccelum' via. ' Bonse mentis soror paupertas. [Petronius, Sat. c. 84.] ' Fsedagoga pietatis sobria, pia mater, cultu simplex, habitu secura, consiHo benesuada. Apul. [Apologia, 433, memoriter.] ^ Cardan. Opprobrium non est paupertas : quod latro eripit, aut pater non reliquit, cur mihi vitio daretur, si fortuna divitias invidit? non aquilse, non, &c. [s Silius Italicus, viii. 246, 247.] 176 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. 11. SECT. IIL blamed? an Eagle, a Bull, a Lion, is not rejected for his poverty, and why should a man 1 'Tis ' fortuncB telum, non culpce, fortune's fault, not mine. Good Sir, I am a servant (to use '^SeneccCs words) howsoever your poor friend ; a servant, and yet your chamberfellow, and, if you consider better of it, your fellow-servant. I am thy drudge in the world's eyes, yet in God's sight peradventure thy better, my soul is more precious, and I dearer unto him. Etiam servi Diis curce sunt, as Evangelus at large proves in Macrobius,' the meanest servant is most precious in his sight. Thou art an Epicure, I am a good Christian : thou art many parasangs before me in means, favour, wealth, honour, Claudius his Narcissus,^ Nereis Massa^ Domitian's Parthenius," a favourite, a golden slave ; thou coverest thy floors with marble, thy roofs with gold, thy walls with statues, fine pictures, curious hangings, &c. calcas opes^ (s'c. what of all this ? what's all this to true happiness ? I live and breathe under that glorious Heaven, that august Capitol of nature, enjoy the brightness of Stars, that clear light of Sun and Moon, those infinite creatures, plants, birds, beasts, fishes, herbs, all that sea and land affords, far surpassing all that art and opulentia can give. I am free, and which ^Seneca said of Rome, culmus liberos texit, sed marmore et auro postea servitus habitavit," thou hast Amalth£CB comu^" plenty, pleasure, the world at will, I am despicable and poor ; but a word over-shot, a blow in choler, a game at tables, a loss at Sea, a sudden fire, the Prince's dislike, a little sickness, &c. may make us equal in an instant ; howsoever, take thy time, triumph and insult a while, cinis cequat, as ^^Alphotisus said, death will equalize us all at last. I live sparingly in the mean time, am clad homely, fare hardly ; is this a reproach ? am I the worse for it ? am I contemptible for it ? am I to be reprehended ? A learned man in ^'Nevisanus was taken down for sitting amongst Gentlemen, but he replied, my Nobility is about the head, yours declines to the tail, and they were silent. Let them mock, scoff and revile, 'tis not thy scorn, but his that made thee so; he that mocketh the poor 1 Tully. [Ad Fam. v. i6. 2.] = Epist. [47, § i.] Servus, sumrae homo ; servus sum, immo contubernalis, servus sum, at humilis amicus, immo consemis, si cogitaveris. [* Saturnalia, i. 11.] [^ See Juv. xiv. 329-331.] p See Juv. i. 35, with Mayors Note.] [« Dion Cassius, Ixvii. 15, 17. Suet. Dom. i6.' ' Excerpta e libris Seneose. = You despise riches.] 8 Epist. 66 et 90, [§ 9.' ■» A hut reared free men, afterwards slavery dwelt in a marble and gold' hall" i« The horn of Amalthea.] " Panormitan. rebus gestis Alph. 12 Lib. 4. num. 218. Quidam deprehensus quod sederet loco nobilium, mea nobilitas, ait, est circa caput, vestra declinat ad caudam. MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 77 reproacheth him that made him, Prov. 17. 5. and he that rejoiceth at affliction, shall not be unpunished [Ibidem]. For the rest, the poorer thou art, the happier thou art, ditior est, at non melior, saith ^Epidetus, [iii. 17.] he is richer, not better, than thou art, not so free from lust, envy, hatred, ambition. Beatus ille qui prooul negotiis Paterna rura bobus exercet suis.^ Happy he, in that he is 'freed from the tumults of the world, he seeks no honours, gapes after no preferment, flatters not, envies not, temporizeth not, but lives privately, and well contented with his estate; Nee spes corde avidas, nee euram pascit inanem, Seeurus qu6 fata eadant. He is not troubled with state matters, whether Kingdoms thrive better by succession or election ; whether Monarchies should be mixt, temperate, or absolute; the house of Ottomoris'' ^xv^ Austria is all one to him ; he enquires not after Colonies or new dis- coveries ; whether Peter were at Rome, or Constantino s donation" be of force ; what comets or new stars signify, whether the earth stand or move, there be a new world in the Moon, or infinite worlds, &c. He is not touched with fear of invasions, factions or emulations. ' Felix ille animi, Divisque simillimus ipsis. Quern non mordaci resplendens gloria fuco SoUieitat, non fastosi mala gaudia luxus, Sed taeitos sinit ire dies, et paupere eultu ' Exigit innoeuse tranquilla silentia vitae. A happy soul, and like to God himself, AVhom not vain glory macerates or strife. Or wicked joys of that proud swelling pelf, But leads a still, poor, and contented life. °A secure, quiet, blissful state he hath, if he could acknowledge it But here is the misery, that he will not take notice of it ; 1 Tanto beatior es quanto ooUectior. [App. Mag. 21, p. 287.] [2 Horace, Epodes, ii. I, 3. ] ' Non amoribus inservit, non appetit honores, et qualitercunque relictus satis habet, hominem se esse meminit, invidet nemini, neminem despicit, neminem miratur, sermonibus malignis non attendit aut alitur. Plinius. [Ep. vii. 26.] [^ Qu. Othman's f\ [6 See Gibbon D. & Fall, c. xlix.] 6 Politianus, in Rustieo. ' Gyges, regno Lydiae inflatus, sciscitatura misit ApoUinem, an quis raortalium se felicior esset. Aglaium Arcadiun pauperrimura Apollo praetulit, qui terminos agri sui nunquam excesserat, rure suo contentus. Val. lib. i. c. 7. B Hor. [Sat i. 6. 12S, 129.] Hfee est Vita solutorum misera ambitione graviqua. II. N 178 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IIL he repines at rich men's wealth, brave hangings, dainty fare, as Simonides objecteth to Hiero, he hath all the pleasures of the world,' '^in lectis ebumeis dormit, viniim phialis Mbit, optimis un- guentis delibuitur, he knows not the affliction of Joseph, stretching himself on ivory beds, and singing to the sound of the viol; and it troubles him that he hath not the like ; there is a difference (he grumbles) between Laplolly^ and Phesants, to tumble i'th' straw and lie in a down-bed, betwixt wine and water, a cottage and a palace. He hates natvre (as '^Pliny characterizeth him) that she hath made him lower than a God, and is angry with the Gods that any man goes before him; and although he hath received much, yet (as ''Seneca follows it) he thinks it an injury that he hath no more, and is so far from giving thanks for his Tribuneship, that he complains he if not Prcetor; neither doth that please him, except he may be Consul. Why is he not a Prince, why not a Monarch, why not an Emperor ? Why should one man have so much more than his fellows, one have all, another nothing ? Why should one man be a drudge or slave to another ? one surfeit, another starve, one live at ease, another labour, without any hope of better fortune? Thus they grumble, mutter, and repine : not considering that in- constancy of human affairs, judicially conferring one condition with another, or well weighing their own present estate. What they are now, thou mayest shortly be; and what thou art, they shall likely be. Expect a little, confer future and times past with the present, see the event, and comfort thyself with it. It is as well to be discerned in Commonwealths, Cities, Families, as in private men's estates. Italy was once Lord of the world, Rome, the Queen of Cities, vaunted herself of two ° myriads of Inhabitants ; now that all-commanding Country is possessed by petty Princes, ''Rome, a small Village in respect. Greece, of old the seat of civility, mother of sciences and humanity ; now forlorn, the nurse of barbarism, a den of thieves. Germany then, saith Tacitus, was incult and horrid ; now full of magnificent Cities. Athens, Corinth, Carthage, P Xenophon, Hiero, cap. 2.] 2 Amos vi. [4, 6.] [s This should be probably spelt loblolly, a name, especially at sea, for watergruel. There is truly a difference between gruel and pheasants as articles of diet.] * Prsefat. lib. 7. Odit naturam quod infra Deos sit ; irascitur Diis quod quis illi antecedat. ^ De Ira cap. 31. lib. 3. Et si multum acceperit, injuriam putat plura non accepisse ; non agit pro tribunatu gratias, sed queritur quod non sit ad prseturam perductus ; neque hasc grata, si desit consulatus. 6 Lips, admir. 1 Of some 00,000 inhabitants now. MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 79 how flourisliing Cities ! now buried in their own ruins : corvontm, ferarum, aprorum, et bestiarum lustra, like so many wildernesses, a receptacle of wild beasts. Venice, a poor fisher-town, Paris, London, small Cottages in Ccesar's time ; now most noble Empo- riums. Valois, Plantagenet, and Scaliger, how fortunate families ! how likely to continue ! now quite extinguished and rooted out. He stands aloft to-day, full of favour, wealth, honour, and pros- perity, in the top of fortune's wheel : to-morrow in prison, worse than nothing, his son's a beggar. Thou art a poor servile drudge, fax populi^ a very slave, thy son may come to be a Prince, with Maximinus, Agathodes, &=€. a Senator, a General of an Army. Thou standest bare to him now, workest for him, drudgest for him and his, takest an alms of him : stay but a little, and his next heir peradventure shall consume all with riot, be degraded, thou exalted, and he shall beg of thee. Thou shalt be his most honour- able Patron, he thy devout servant, his posterity shall run, ride, and do as much for thine, as it was with ^Frescobald and Cromwell, it may be for thee. Citizens devour country Gentlemen, and settle in their seats ; after two or three descents, they consume all in riot, it returns to the City again. - s Novus incola venit ; ■ Nam proprias telluris herum natura, neque ilium, Nee me, nee quenquam statuit ; nos expulit ille, Ilium aut nequities, aut vafri inscitia juris. [A new proprietor has come, for nature Makes none perpetual owner of the soil. He has turned us out, he in turn must go Through his own faults, or ignorance of law.] A Lawyer buys out his poor Client, after a while, his Client's pos- terity buy out him and his ; so things go round, ebb and flow. Nunc ager Umbreni sub nomine, nuper Ofellse Dictus, erit nuUi proprius, sed cedet in usum Nunc mihi, nunc alii.* [Now 'tis Umbrenus' land, 'twas once Ofella's, But neither really owned it, only had Th' enjoyment of it.] As he said then, cujus ager, quot habes Dominos ? ' so say I of land, [1 Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 9. Si = the dregs of the people.] 2 Read the story at large in John Fox, his Acts and Monuments. [Vol. ii. pp. 429-431- e^' J^^l-] 3 Hor. Sat. 2. ser. ib. 2. [128-131.] [* Hon Sat. ii. ii. I33-I3S-] L" Whose field are you, seeing that you have so many masters?] l8o ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. HI. houses, moveables and money, mine to-day, his anon, whose to- morrow ? In fine (as ''Machiavd observes) virtue and prosperity beget rest, rest idleness, idleness riot, riot destruction, from which we come again to good Laws ; good Laws engender virtuous actions, virtue glory, and prosperity ; and it is no dishonour then (as Guicciardini . adds) for a flourishing man. City, or State, to come to ruin, ^ nor infelicity to be subject to the Law of nature. Ergo terrena calcanda, sitienda cxlestia, therefore (I say) scorn this transitory state, look up to Heaven, think not what others are, but what thou art: ^ qu& parte locatus es in re: and what thou shalt be, what thou mayest be. Do (I say) as Christ himself did, when he lived here on earth, imitate him as much as in thee lies. How many great CcBsars, mighty Monarchs, Tetrarchs, Dynasts, Princes, lived in his days, in what plenty, what delicacy, how bravely attended, what a deal of gold and silver, what treasure, how many sumptuous palaces had they, what Provinces and Cities, ample territories, fields, rivers, fountains, parks, forests, lawns, woods, cells, &c. ! Yet Christ had none of all this, he would have none of this, he volun- tarily rejected all this, he could not be ignorant, he could not err in his choice, he contemned all this, he chose that which was safer, better, and more certain, and less to be repented, a mean estate, even poverty itself; and why dost thou then doubt to follow him, to imitate him, and his Apostles, to imitate all good men ? So do thou tread in his divine steps, and thou shalt not err eter- nally, as too many worldlings do, that run on in their own dissolute courses, to their confusion and ruin, thou shalt not do amiss. Whatsoever thy fortune is, be contented with it, trust in him, rely on him, refer thyself wholly to him. For know this, in conclusion, non est volentis riec currentis, sed miserentis Dei^ it is not as men, but as God will. The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich, bringeth low, and exalteth. (i Sam. 2. ver. 7, 8.) he lifteth the poor from the dust, and raiseth the beggar from the dunghill, to set tJiem amongst Princes, andmake them inherit the seat of glory ; 'tis all as he pleaseth, how, and when, and whom ; he that appoints the end (though to us unknown) appoints the means likewise subordinate to the end. Yea, but their present estate crucifies and torments most mortal men, they have no such forecast to see what may be, what shall 1 5 Florent. Hist. Virtus quietem parat, quies otium, otium porro luxum general, luxus interitum, k quo iteram ad saluberrimas, &o. 2 Guicciard. in Hiponest; Nulla infelicitas subjectum esse legi naturae, &c. > Persiias fiii 72 1 R Rom ix. 16.] L • / -J L MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. l8l likely be, but what is, though not wherefore, or from whom : hoc angii, their present misfortunes grind their souls, and an envious eye which they cast upon other men's prosperities, Vicinumque pecus grandius uber habet,^ how rich, how fortunate, how happy is he ! But in the mean time he doth not consider the other's miseries, his infirmities of body and mind, that accompany his estate, but still reflects upon his own false conceived woes and wants, whereas, if the matter were duly examined, ^he is in no distress at all, he hath no cause to complain. - 3 toUe querelas, - Pauper enim non est cui rerum suppetit usus, he is not poor, [since] he is not in need. '■Nature is content with bread and water ; and he that can rest satisfied with that, may contend with Jupiter himself for happiness. In that golden age, ^somnos dedit umbra salubres, potum quoque lubricus amnis, the trees gave wholesome shade to sleep under, and the clear rivers drink. The Israelites drank water in the wilderness ; Sampson, David, Saul, Abra- ham's servant when he went for Isaai^s wife, the Samaritan woman, and how many besides might I reckon up, Egypt, Palestine, whole countries in the 'Indies, that drink pure water all their lives. ' The Persian Kings themselves drank no other drink than the water of [the] Choaspes" that runs by Susa, which was carried in bottles after them, whithersoever they went. Jacob desired no more of God, but bread to eat, and clothes to put on in his journey. Gen. 28. 20. Bene est cui deus obtulit Parca quod satis est manu ; " bread is enough ^° to strengthen the heart. And if you study Philosophy aright, saith ^^ Madaurensis^'^ whatsoever is beyond this moderation, is not useful, but troublesome. ^ A. Gellius, out of Euripides, accounts bread and water enough to satisfy nature, of which there is no surfeit ; the rest is not a feast, but riot. "S. Hierome esteems him rich P Ovid, A. A. 350. Their neighbour's flock is fatter/) ^ Omnes divites qui coelo et terra frui possunt. ' Hor. lib. i. epist. 12. [4.] * Seneca, epist. 15. Panem et aquam natura desiderat ; et hsec qui habet, ipso cum Jove de felicitate contendat. Cibus simplex famem sedat, vestis tenuis frigus arcet. Senec. epist. 8. ^ Boethius. [De Consolatione Philosophise. Lib. ii. Metrum 5.] * Muffseus et alii. '' Brissonius. [« Cf. Plut. On Exile, § vi.] [» Hor. Odes, iii. 16. 43, 44. Happy is he whom God has given enough with sparing hand.] 1° Psal. [civ. 15.] 1' Si recte philosophemini, quicquid aptam modetationem supergreditur, oneri potius quim usui est. [Apuleius, Apologia, 436.] ['^ = Apuleius, a native of Madaura.] i' Lib. 7. 16. Cereris munus et aquae poculum mortales quserunt habere, quorum saties nunquam est ; luxus autem sunt caetera, non epulse. 1* Satis est dives qui pane non indiget ; nimium potens qui servire non cogitur. Ambitiosa non est fames, &c. [Epist. 125, § 20.] 1 82 ANATOMY or MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. that hath bread to eat, and a potent man that is not compelled to be a slave: hunger is not ambitious, so that it have to eat, and thirst doth not prefer a cup of gold. It was no Epicurean speech of an Epicure, " He that is not satisfied with a little will never have enough : " and very good counsel of him in the ' Poet, O my son, mediocrity of means agrees best with men ; too much is pernicious. Divitise grandes homini sunt vivere parcfe iEquo animo.^ [Great wealth it is in man to be content To live on little.] And if thou canst be content, thou hast abundance, nihil est, nihil deest, thou hast little, thou wantest nothing. 'Tis all one to be hanged in a chain of gold, or in a rope ; to be filled with dainties, or coarser meat. 8Si ventri bene, si lateri, pedibusque tuis, nil Divitise poterunt regales addere majus. If belly, sides, and feet, be well at ease, A Prince's treasure can thee no more please. ^Socrates in a Fair, seeing so many things bought and sold, such a multitude of people convened to that purpose, exclaimed forthwith, O ye Gods, what a sight of things do. not I want ! It is thy want alone that keeps thee in health of body and mind,' and that which thou persecutest and abhorrest as a feral plague is thy Physician and ° chiefest friend, which makes thee a good man, an healthful, a sound, a virtuous, an honest, and happy man. For when Virtue came from Heaven (as the Poet feigns) rich men kicked her up, wicked men abhorred her. Courtiers scoffed at her, Citizens hated her,'' and that she was thrust out of doors in every place, she came at last to her sister Poverty, where she had found good entertain- ment. Poverty and Virtue dwell together. - O vitse tuta facultas Pauperis, angustique lares ! 6 munera nondum Intellecta Deftm.' p safe security of poor man's cot ! O gifts of Gods though faintly understood !] 1 Euripides, Menalip. O fili, mediocres divitise hominibus conveniunt, nimia vero moles perniciosa. P Lucret. v. iii8, iiig.] 3 Hor. [Epp. i. 12. s, 6.1 [•' Cic. Tuso. Disp. v. 32. 91.] " O noctes coenaeque detim. [Hor. Sat. ii. vi. 65.] ' Per mille fraudes doctosque dolos ejicitur, apud sociam paupertatem ejusque cultores divertens, in eorum sinu et tutela deliciatur. ' Luoan, [v. 527, 528, 529.] MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 83 How happy art thou if thou couldst be content ! Godliness is great gain, if a man can be content with that which he hath, i. Tim. 6. 6; and all true happiness is in a mean estate. I have little wealth, as he said, ^sed quas animus magnas facit, a Kingdom in conceit : — - 2 nil amplius opto, Maia nate, nisi ut propria haso mihi munera faxis ; I have enough, and desire no more. ' Dii bene fecerunt inopis me quodque pusilli Fecerunt animi 'tis very well, and to my content. ^Vestem et fortunam concinnam potius quam laxam probo ; let my fortune and my garments be both alike fit for me. And which ^Sebastian Foscarinus, sometime Duke of Venice, caused to be engraven on his Tomb in Saint Mark's Church, Hear, O ye Venetians, and I will tell you which is the best thing in the world : to contemn it : I will engrave it in my heart, it shall be my whole study to contemn it. Let them take wealth, stercora stercus amet, so that I may have security ; bene qui latuit bene vixit ; ' though I live obscure,^ yet I live clean and honest ; and when as the lofty oak is blown down, the silly reed may stand. I^et them take glory, for that's their misery ; let them take honour, so that I may have heart's ease. Due me, O Jupiter, et tufatutn' &'c. Lead me, O God, whither thou wilt, I am ready to follow ; command, I will obey. I do not envy at their wealth, titles, ofiSces ; Stet quicunque volet potens Aulse culmine lubrico, Me dulcis saturet quies, [let who will be on power's slippery height], let me live quiet and at ease. ^ Erimus fortasse (as he comforted himself) quando illi non erunt ; when they are dead and gone, and all their pomp vanished, our memory may flourish : -dant perennes Steramata non peritura Musse.'" [The immortal Muses give undying fame.] 1 Lip. miscell. ep. 40. 2 Sat. 6. lib. 2. [4, 5.] » Hor. Sat. 2. 4. [17, 18.] ^ Apuleius, [Apologia, p. 436, memoriter.] ^ Chytrseus, in Europae deliciis. Accipite, cives Veneti, quod est optimum in rebus humanis, res humanas contemnere. [« Ovid, Tr. iii. iv. 25.] ' Vahl vivere etiam nunc lubet, as Demea said, Adelph. Act iii. [Sc. iii. 92.] Quam multis non egeo, quam multa non desidero, ut Socrates in pompa, Ule in nundinis. » Epiotetus, 77. cap. Quo sum destinatus, et sequar alacriter. » Puteanus, ep. 62. i" Marullus. 1 84 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IIL Let him be my Lord, Patron, Baron, Earl, and possess so many goodly Castles, it is well for me ^ that I have a poor house, and a little wood, and a well by it, &c. His me consolor victurum suavius, ac si Quasstor avias pater atque meus patruusque fuisset.^ I live, I thank God, as merrily as he, and triumph as much in this my mean estate, as if my Father and Uncle had been Lord Treasurer, or my Lord Mayor. He feeds of many dishes, I of one ; ' qui Christum curat, non multum curat quam de pretiosis cibis stercus conficiat: what care I of what stuff my excrements be made ? '^ He that lives according to nature cannot be poor, and he that exceeds can never have enough : totus non sufficit orbis,' the whole world cannot give him content. A small thing that the righteous hath, is better than the riches of the ungodly, Psal. 37. 19. And better is a fioor morsel with quietness than abundance with strife. Pro v. 17. 7. Be content then, enjoy thyself, and, as 'Chrysostom adviseth, be not angry far what thou hast not, but give God hearty thanks for what thou hast received, 'Si dat oluscula Mensa minuscula Pace referta, Ne pete grandia, Lautaque prandia Lite repleta. [If scanty herbs tliou canst with peace enjoy, Seek not for richer cates mixed with annoy.] But what wantest thou, to expostulate the matter ? or what hast thou not better than a rich man ? ^Health, competent wealth, children, security, sleep, friends, liberty, diet, apparel, and whdt not, or at least mayest have (the means being so obvious, easy, and well known) for as he inculcated to himself 'Vitam quse faciunt beatiorem, Jucundissime Martialis, hsec sunt ; Res non parta labore, sed relicta, Lis nun quam, &c. 1 Hoc erat in votis, modus agri non ita magnus, Hortus ubi et tecto vicinus jugis aquse fons, et paulum silvse, &c. Hor. Sat. 6. lib. 2. Ser. [i, 2.] p Hor. Sat. i. vi. 130, 131.] s Hieronym. [Epist. 58. § 6.] 4 Seneca, consil. ad Albmum c. 11. Qui continet se intra nature limites, paupertatem non sentit ; qui excedit, eum in opibus paupertas sequitur. p Juv. x. 168. memoriter.] « Hom. 12. Pro his quse accepisti gratias age, noli mdignare pro his quEe non accepisti. _ ' Nat. Chytrreus, deliciis Europ. Gustonii in sedibus Hubianis in coenaculo k regione mensas. 8 Quid non habet melius pauper quam dives? vitam, valetudinem, cibum, somnum, libertatem, &c. Cardan, (Oe Consolatione, Lib. iii.] » Martial. 1. 10. epig. 47. Read it out thyself in the author. MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. l8S I say again thou hast, or at least mayest have it, if thou wilt thyself, and that which I am sure he wants, a merry heart. Passing by a village in the territory of Milan, saith ^S. Austin, T saw a poor beggar that had got, belike, his belly full of meat, jesting and merry; I sighed, and said to some of my friends that were then with me. What a deal of trouble, madness, pain and grief do we sustain and exaggei-ate unto ourselves, to get that secure happiness, which this poor beggar hath prevented us of, and which we peradventure shall never have I For that which he liath no7v attained with the begging of some small pieces of silver, a temporal happiness, and present heart's ease, I cannot compass with all my careful windings, and running in and out. ''And surely the beggar was very merry, but I was heavy : he was secure, but I was timorous. And if any man should ask me now, Whether I had rather be merry, or still so solicitous and sad, I shmild say, Merry. If he should ask me again. Whether I had rather be as I am, or as this beggar 7vas, I should sure choose to be as I am, tortured still with cares and fears ; but out of peevishness, and not out of truth. That which S. Austin said of himself here in this place, I may truly say to thee ; thou discon- tented wretch, thou covetous niggard, thou churl, thou ambitious and swelling toad, 'tis not want, but peevishness, which is the cause of thy woes ; settle thine affection, thou hast enough. 3 Denique sit finis quasrendi, quoque habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus, et finire laborem Inoipias ; parto, quod avebas, utere. Make an end of scraping, purchasing this Manor, this field, that house, for this and that child ; thou hast enough for thyself and them ; *quod petis hie est, Est Ulubris, animus si te non deficit aequus, 'tis at hand, at home already, which thou so earnestly seekest. But - O si angulus ille Proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agelluml^ O that I had but one nook of ground, that field there, that pasture ! 1 Confess, lib. 5. Transiens per vicum quendam Mediolanensem, animadverti pauperem quendam mendicum, jam credo saturum, jocantem atque ridentem, et ingemui, et locutus sum cum amicis qui mecum erant, &c. [cap_. 5.] ^ Et certe ille Isetabatur, ego anxius ; securus ille, ego trepidus. Et si percontaretur me quispiam an exultare raallem, an metuere, responderem, exultare : et si rursus interrogaret an ego talis essera, an qualis nunc sum, me ipsis curis confectum eligerem ; sed perversitate, non veritate. [Ibid.] 3 Her. [Sat. i. i. 92-94.] < Hon Ep. lib. i. [11. 29, 30.] [» Hor. Sat. ii. 5. 8, 9.] 1 86 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IIL O si urnam afgenti fors quae mihi monstret ' O that I could but find a pot of money now, to purchase, &c. to build me a new house, to marry my daughter, place my son, &c. ^O if I might but live a while longer to see all things settled, some two or three year, I would pay my debts, make all my reckonings even ; but they are come and past, and thou hast more business than before. O madness! to think to settle that in thine old age when thou hast more, which in thy youth thou canst not now compose, having but a little. ^Pyrrhus would first conquer Africa, and then Asia, et turn suavitur agere, and then live merrily, and take his ease : but when Cineas the Orator told him he might do that already, id jam posse fieri, rested satisfied, condemning his own folly. Si parva licet componere magnis,^ thou mayest do the like, and therefore be composed in thy fortune. Thou hast enough ; he that is wet in a bath, can be no more wet if he be flung into Tiber, or into the Ocean itself; and if thou hadst all the world, or a solid mass of gold, as big as the world, thou canst not have more than enough ; enjoy thyself at length, and that which thou hast ; the mind is all ; be content, thou art not poor, but rich, and so much the richer, as ^Censorinus well writ to Cerellius, quanto pauciora optas, non quo pltira possides, in wishing less, not having more. I say then, non adjice opes, sed minue cupiditates ('tis ^Epicurus' advice) add no more wealth, but diminish thy desires; and, as '' Chrysostom well seconds him, si vis ditari, contemne divitias , that's true plenty, not to have, but not to want riches, non habere, sed non indigere, vera abundantia ; 'tis more glory to contemn, than to possess ; et nihil egere est Deorum. How many deaf, dumb, halt, lame, blind, miserable persons, could I reckon up that are poor, and withal distressed, in imprisonment, banishment, galley-slaves, condemned to the mines, quarries, to gyves, in dungeons, perpetual thraldom, than all which thou art richer, P Hor. Sat. ii. 6. lo.] ^i O si nunc raorerer, inquit, quanta et qualia mihi imperfecta manerent : sed si mensibus decem vel octo supervixero, omnia redigam ad libellum ; ab omni debito creditoque me explicabo. Prsetereunt interim menses decem et octo, et cum illis anni, et adliuc restant plura quam prius. Quid igitur speras, O insane, flnem, quem rebus tuis non inveneras in juventa, in senecta impositurum ? O dementiam I quum ob curas et negotia tuo judicio sis infelix, quid putas futurum, quum plura supererint? Cardan, lib. 8. cap. 40. de rer. var, 8 Plutarch, [Vita Pyrrhi, § 14.] [* Virg. G. iv. 176. If we may compare small things with great.] " Lib de nataji. cap. i. = Apud StobEeum ser. 17. ' Hom. 12. in 2. MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 187 thou art more happy, to whom thou art able to give an alms, a Lord, in respect, a petty Prince ! 'Be contented then, I say, repine and mutter no more, for thou art not poor indeed, but in Yea, but this is very good counsel, and rightly applied to such as have it, and will not use it, that have a competency, that are able to work and get their living by the sweat of their brows, by their trade, that have something yet ; he that hath birds may catch birds ; but what shall we do that are slaves by nature, impo- tent, and unable to help ourselves, mere beggars, that languish and pine away, that have no means at all, no hope of means, no trust of delivery, or of better success ? as those old Britons complained to their Lords and Masters the Romans, oppressed by the Picts, mare ad Barbaras, Barbari ad mare, the Barbarians drove them to the sea, the sea drove them back to the Barbarians ; our pre- sent misery compels us to cry out and howl, to make our moan to rich men ; they turn us back with a scornful answer to our mis- fortune again, and will take no pity of us ; they commonly over- look their poor friends in adversity ; if they chance to meet them, they voluntarily forget, and will take no notice of them ; they will not, they cannot, help us. Instead of comfort, they threaten us, miscall, scoff at us, to aggravate our misery, give us bad language, or, if they do give good words, what's that to relieve us ? According to that of Thales, facile est alios monere ;'^ who cannot give good counsel ? 'tis cheap, it costs them nothing. It is an easy matter when one's belly is full to declaim against feasting ; Qui satur est plena laudat jejunia ventre? Doth the wild Ass bray when he hath grass, or loweth the Ox when he hath fodder 1 Job 6. 5. ''Neque enim populo Homano quidquam potest esse latius, no men living so jocund, so merry, as the people of Rome when they had plenty ; but when they came to want, to be hunger-starved, neither shame, nor laws, nor arms, nor Magistrates could keep them in obedience. Seneca pleadeth hard for poverty, and so did those lazy Philo- sophers : but in the mean time " he was rich, they had wherewithal to maintain themselves ; but doth any poor man extol it ? There ' Non in paupertate, sed in paupere (Senec), non re, sed opinione laboras. [Excerpta ex libris Senecae.] p See Erasmi Adagia, 249, D.] P Baptista Mantuanus, Eel. i.] * Vopiscus, Aureliano. [cap. 47.] Sed si populus famelicus inedia laboret, nee arma, leges, pudor, magistratus, coercere valent. " One of the richest men in Rome. 1 88 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. are those (saith ^Bernard) that approve of a mean estate, hut on that condition they never want themselves; and some again are meek, so long as they may say or do what they list; but if occasion be offered, how far are they from all patience ! I would to God (as he said) ' no man should commend poverty, but he that is poor, or he that so much admires it, would relieve, help, or ease others. 8Nunc si nos audis, atque es divinus, Apollo, Die mihi, qui nummos non habet, unde petat ; Now if thou hear'st us, and art a good man. Tell him that wants, to get means, if you can. But no man hears us, we are most miserably dejected, the scum of the world, ^ Vix habet in nobis jam nova plaga locum We can get no relief, no comfort, no succour, ' Et nihil inveni quod mihi ferret opem. We have tried all means, yet find no remedy : no man living can express the anguish and bitterness of our souls, but we that endure it ; we are distressed, forsaken, in torture of body and mind, in another Hell : and what shall we do? When 'Crassus, the Roman Consul, warred against the Farthians, after an unlucky battle fought, he fled away in the night, and left four thousand men, sore sick and wounded in his tents, to the fury of the enemy, which when the poor men perceived, clamoribus et ululatibus omnia complirunt, they made lamentable moan, and roared down-right, as loud as Homer's Mars when he was hurt, which the noise of 10,000 men could not drown,'' and all for fear of present death. But our estate is far more tragical and miserable, much more to be deplored, and far greater cause have we to lament ; the Devil and the world persecute us, all good fortune hath forsaken us, we are left to the rage of beggary, cold, hunger, thirst, nastiness, sickness, irksome- ness, to continual torment, labour and pain, to derision and contempt, bitter enemies all, and far worse than any death \ death » Serm. Quidam sunt qui pauperes esse volunt ita ut nihil illis desit ; sic com- mendant ut nullam patiantur inopiam ; sunt et alii mites, quamdiu dicitur et agitur ad eorum arbitrium, &c. 2 Nemo paupertatem commendaret nisi pauper. » Petronius Catalec. ■* Ovid. [Ex Ponto, ii. 7. 42. There is scarce a possibility of a new blow.] « Ovid. lEx Ponto, ii. 7. 46.] 6 Plutarch, vit. Crassi. T? 27.] P IHad, V. 858-860.] Lo / J MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 1 89 alone we desire, death we seek, yet cannot have it, and what shall we do? Quod maid fers, assuesoe ; feres bene ^ accustom thyself to it, and it will be tolerable at last. Yea, but I may not, I cannot. In me consumpsit vires fortuna nocendo.^ I am in the extremity of human adversity ; and, as a shadow leaves the body when the Sun is gone, I am now left and lost, and quite forsaken of the world. Quijacet in terra, non habet unde cadat ;^ comfort thyself with this yet, thou art at the worst, and, before it be long, it will either overcome thee, or thou it. If it be violent, it cannot endure, aut solvetur, aut solvet:* let the Devil himself and all the plagues of Egypt come upon thee at once, Ne tu cede malis, sed contra audentior ito," be of good courage ; misery is virtue's whetstone. -* Serpens, sitis, ardor, arenas. Dulcia virtuti, as Cato told his soldiers marching in the deserts of Libya, thirst, heat, sands, serpents, were pleasant to a valiant man ; honourable enterprizes are accompanied with dangers and damages, as experi- ence evinceth ; they will make the rest of thy life relish the better. But put case they continue, thou art not so poor as thou wast born, and, as some hold, much better to be pitied than envied. But be it so thou hast lost all, poor thou art, dejected, in pain of body, grief of mind, thine enemies insult over thee, thou art as bad as Job; yet tell me (saith Chrysostoin) a/aj Job or the Devil the greater conqueror ? surely Job. The ''Devil had his goods, he sate on tht muck-hill, and kept his good name ; he lost his children, health, friends, but he kept his innocency ; he lost his money, but he kept his confidence in God, which was better than any treasure. Do thou, then as Job did, triumph as Job did, 'and be not molested" as every fool is. Sed qua ratione potero i [But] how shall this be done? P Ovid, A A ii. 647.] P Seneca, Agamemnon, 697, 698, memoriter.l [> He that is on the ground need fear no fall.] [* Seneca, De Provid. vi.J [• Virg. Mn. vi. 95.] ^ Lucan. lib. 9. [402, 403.] ' An quum super fimo sedit Job, an cum omnia abstulit Diabolus, &c., pecuniis privatus fiduciam Deo habuit, omni thesauro pretiosiorem. 8 Hsec videntes sponte philosophemini, nee insipientum aSectibus agitemur. P Troubled, annoyed.] I go ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IH. Chrysostom answers, facili, si cesium cogiiaveris, with great facility, if thou Shalt but meditate on Heaven. '^Hannah wept sore, and, troubled in mind, could not eat; but, why weepest thou? said Elkanah her husband, and why eatest thou not ? why is thine heart troubled 1 am not I better to thee than ten sons? and she was quiet. Thou art here ^ vexed in this world ; but say to thyself, Why art thou troubled, O my soul? Is not God better to thee than all temporalities, and momentary pleasures of the world? be then pacified. And though thou beest now peradventure in extreme want, 'it may be 'tis for thy further good, to try thy patience, as it did Job's, and exercise thee in this life : trust in God, and rely upon Him, and thou shalt be ^crowned in the end. What's this life to eternity ? The world hath forsaken thee, thy friends and for- tunes all are gone : yet know this, that the very hairs of thine head are numbered, that God is a spectator of all thy miseries. He sees thy wrongs, woes and wants. ^''Tis His good will and pleasure it should be so, and He knows better what is for thy good than thou thy- self. His providence is over all, at all times ; he hath set a guard of Angels over us, and keeps us as the apple of his eye, Ps. 17. 8. Some he doth exalt, prefer, bless with worldly riches, honours, offices and preferments, as so many glistering stars he makes to shine above the rest : some he doth miraculously protect from thieves, incursions, sword, fire, and all violent mischances, and, as the °Poet feigns of that Lycian Pandarus, Lycaoris son, when he shot at Menelaus the Grecian with a strong arm, and deadly arrow, Pallas, as a good mother keeps flies from her child's face asleep, turned by the shaft, and made it hit on the buckle of his girdle ; so some he solicitously defends, others he exposeth to danger, poverty, sickness, want, misery, he chastiseth and corrects, as to him seems best, in his deep, unsearchable and secret judgement, and all for our good. The Tyrant took the City (saith ''Chrysostom) God did not hinder it ; led them away captives, so God would have it; he bound them, God yielded to it; flung them into the furnace, 1 I Sam. i. 8. 2 James i. 2. " My brethren, count it an exceeding joy, when you fall into divers temptations. " 3 Afflictio, dat intellectum. Quos Deus diligit, castigat. [Heb. 12. 6.] Deus optimum quemque aut mala valetudine aut luctu afficit. Seneca. [De Providentia, c. iv.] « Quam sordet mihi terra quum coelum intueor. 6 Senec. de providentia, cap. 2. Diis ita visum, Dii melius n6runt quid sit in commodum meum. « Hom. Iliad. [4. 122-140.] 7 Hom. 9. Voluit urbem tyrannus evertere, et Deus non prohibuit ; voluit captivos ducere, non impedivit ; voluit ligare, concessit ; &c. MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. IQI God permiited it ; heated the Oven hotter, it was granted : and when the Tyrant had done his worst, God shewed his power, and the chil- dren's patience, he freed them : so can he thee, and can ^help in an instant, when it seems to him good. '^Rejoice not against me, O my enemy ; for though I fall, I shall rise : when I sit in darkness, the Lord shall lighten me. Remember all those Martyrs, what they have endured, the utmost that human rage and fury could invent, with what 'patience they have borne, with what willingness embraced it. - Though he kill me, saith Job, I will trust in him.'' Justus ° inexpug- nabilis, as Chrysostom holds, a just man is impregnable, and not to be overcome. The gout may hurt his hands, lameness his feet, convulsions may torture his joints, but not rectam mentem, [his up- right mind,] his soul is free. - 6 Nempe, pecus, rem, Lectos, argentum toUas licet ; in manicis et Compedibus ssevo teneas custode. ''Take away his money, his treasure is in Heaven ; banish him his Country, he is an inhabitant of that heavenly Jerusalem ; cast him into bonds, his conscience is free ; kill his body, it shall rise again ; he fights with a sJiadow that contends with an upright man : he will not be moved. Si fractus illabatiu- orbis, Impavidiim ferient ruinse : 8 though Heaven itself should fall on his head, he will not be offended. He is impenetrable, as an anvil hard, as constant as Job. 8 Ipse deus simul atque volet me solvet, opinor, [God can deliver me when he will, I ween.] Be thou such a one ; let thy misery be what it will, what it can, with patience endure it, thou mayest be restored as he was. Terris proscriptus, ad coslum propera ; ab hominibus desertus, ad 1 Psal. cxiii. [7.] De terra inopem, de stercore erigit pauperem. ^ 2 Micah, vii. S. 3 Preme, preme, ego cum Pindaro, a^aTTTicrToc iii^i ^iWo^ aj? iJttep I'pxoff aXf*a;, [Pind. Pyth. ii. 146.] immersibilis sum, sicut suber super maris septum. Lipsius. [* Job. xiii. 15.] ^ Hie ure, hie seca, ut in seternum parcas, Austin. Diis fruitur iratis, superat et crescit malis. Mucium ignis, Fabricium paupertas, Regulum tormenta, Socratem venenum, superare non potuit. « Hor. Epist. 16. lib. I. [75-77, last line memoriter.] ' Hom. 5. Auferet pecunias? at habet in ccells : patria dejiciet, at in coelestem civitatem mittet : vincula injiciet ? at habet solutam conscientiam : corpus interficiet, at iterum resurget ; cum umbra pugnat qui cum justo pugnat. P Hor. Odes, iii. iii. 7, 8.] ' Leonides. 192 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IIL Deum fuge. The poor shall not always be forgotten, the patient abiding of the meek shall not perish for ever, Psal. 9. 18. vers. g. The Lord will be a refuge of the oppressed, and a deferue in the time of trouble. Servus Epictetus, mutilati corporis, Irus Pauper : at hasc inter carus erat Superis.* Lame was Epictetus, and poor Irus, Yet to them both God was propitious. Lodovicus Vertomannus, that famous traveller, endured much misery, yet surely, saith Scaliger, he was vir Deo carus, [a man dear to God,] in that he did escape so many dangers, God especially protected him, he was dear unto him. Modo in egestate, tribula- tione, convalle deplorationis, &>€. Thou art now in the vale of misery, in poverty, in agony, ^in temptation ; rest, eternity, happiness, immortality, shall be thy reward, as Chrysostom pleads, if thou trust in God, and keep thine innocency. Non simaH nunc, et olim sic erit' semper; a good hour may come upon a sudden; ^expect a little. Yea, but this expectation is it which tortures me in the mean time ; futura exspectans prcRsentibus angor^ whilst the grass grows, the horse starves; "despair not, but hope well, 'Spera, Batte, tibi melius lux crastina ducet : Dum spiras spera [Hope, Battus, while you live : to-morroiv's light May bring improvement.] Cheer up, I say, be not dismayed ; Spes alit agricolas;' he that sows in tears, shall reap in joy, Psal. 126. 5. Si fortune me tormente, Esperance me contente. Hope refresheth, as much as misery depresseth ; hard beginnings have many times prosperous events, and that may happen at last, which never was yet A desire accomplished delights the soul, Prov. 13. 19. P See the original Greek of these lines in Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att. ii. 18.] 2 Modo in pressura, in tentationibus, erit postea bonum tuum requies, setemitas, immortalitas. [s Hor. Odes, ii. x. 17, 18. If it is bad with thee now, it doesn't follow it will be so always.] * Dabit Deus his quoque finem. [Virg. Mn. i. 199.] P Cic. de Fin. i. 18. 60. Burton wrongly assigns it to Seneca.l « Nemo desperet meliora lapsus. [Seneca, Thyestes, 3616.] 1 Theocritus. [Idyll, iv. 41, 42.] [8 TibuUus, ii. 6. 21. Hope cheers the farmers. ] MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. I93 1 Grata superveniet quae non sperabitur hora : Which makes m' enjoy my joys long wish'd at last. Welcome that hom: shall come when hope is past. A lowering morning may turn to a fair afternoon, 2 Nube solet pulsi candidus ire dies. The hope that is deferr'd, is the fainting of the heart, but when the desire cometh, it is a tree of life, Prov. 13. 12, ^ suavissimum est voti compos fieri. Many men are both wretched and miserable at first, but afterwards most happy, and oftentimes it so falls out, as '•Machiavelr€i.2A&'s, oi Cosmo de Medici, \h&t fortunate and renowned Citizen oi Europe, that all his youth was full of perplexity, danger and misery, till forty years were past, and then upon a sudden the Sun of his honour brake out as through a cloud. Hunniades was fetched out of prison, and Henry the Third of Portugal out of a poor Monastery, to be crowned Kings. Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra.' [There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip.] Beyond all hope and expectation many things fall out, and who knows what may happen ? Nondum omnium dierum Soles occiderunt, as Philippus said,* all the Suns are not yet set, a day may come to make amends for all. Though my Father and Mother forsake me, yet the Lord will gather me up, Psal. 27. 10. Wait patiently on the Lord, and hope in him, Psal. 37.7. Be strong, hope and trust in the Lord, and he will comfort thee, and give thee thine heart's desire, Psal. 27. 14. Sperate, at vosmet rebus servate secundis.' [Hope, and reserve yoiffselves for better days.] Fret not thyself because thou art poor, contemned, or not so well for the present as thou wouldest be, not respected as thou oughtest to be, by birth, place, worth ; or that which is a double corrosive, thou hast been happy, honourable and rich, art now distressed and poor, a scorn of men, a burden to the world, irksome to thyself and others, thou hast lost all. Miserum est fuisse felicem, and, as [1 Hor. Epp. i. 4. 14.] i! Ovid. [ii. Tr. 142.] » Thales. " Lib. 7. Flor. Hist. Omnium felicissimus, et locupletissimus, &c., incarceratus saepe adolescentiam periculo mortis habuit, sollicitudinis et discriminis plenam, &c. [= Erasmi Adagia, pp. 181, 2.] [• Livy, 39. 26.] \J Virg. J&a. 1. 207, quoted memoriter.] II. O 194 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. Boethius ' calls it, infelicissimum genus infortunii ; this made Timon half mad with melancholy, to think of his former fortunes and pre- sent misfortunes ; this alone makes many miserable wretches dis- content. I confess it is a great misery to have been happy, the quintessence of infelicity, to have been honourable and rich, but yet easily to be endured, ''security succeeds, and to a judicious man a far better estate. The loss of thy goods and money is no loss ; ' thou hast lost them, they would otherwise have lost thee. If thy money be gone, '^thou art so much the lighter, and, as Saint Hierome persuades Rusticus the Monk to forsake all and follow Christ : ^ gold and silver are too heavy metals for him to carry that seeks Heaven. 6 Vel nos in mare proximum, Gemmas et lapides, aurum et inutile, Surami materiam mali Mittamus, scelerum si bene pcenilet' Zeno the Philosopher lost all his goods by shipwrack, ° he made like of it, fortune had done him a good turn, opes a me, animum auferre non potest : " she can take away my means, but not my m'ud. He set her at defiance ever after, for she could not rob him that had nought to lose : for he was able to contemn more than they could possess or desire. Alexander sent an hundred talents of gold to Phocion of Athens for a present, because he heard he was a good man : but Phocion returned his talents ijack agaiii with a.permitte me in posterum virum bonwn esse, [permit Hm] to be a good man still ; let me be as I am. y Non mi aurum posco, neo mi pretium " \ That Theban Crates flung oi his own accord his money ityfo'-the Sea, abite nummi, ego vos mergam, ne 7nema>^a v^^^lt^tf^ rather drown you, than you should drown me^^"''^Ca.n,^icks and Epicures thus contemn wealth, and sjialt not we 'that are Christians ? It was mascula vox et prcEcldfa, a generous speech of Cotta in p De Consol. Philosoph. 1. W Par. 4.J 2 L^tior successit securitas quae simul cum divtus cohabitare nesc.t Camden. 3 Pecuniam perdidistrfoTt^sS iZ?e perderet manens. Seneca. [Excerpta e libris Senecse.l " ExDeditfor ef nh pecumarum j^.c.uran. ^ortuna opes auferre, non animunl potest. ^SeneS. [Med |fd thicSfsforalf lice, inlo^ihJ^et," f Te HiTetenT'ofr' ^""^"^^'"1 ^ Hor. Odes, iii. xxiv. 47-50.1 8 jubet me noS f^^ °^ °?- .™'sdoings.] phari, [Seneca, De A^L^i T.auquim"a.e cap^." x.vl '"''"^f 1^^ m'"^' ^ fo I aslc not gold, nor any reward.^ Plut. Life of Phocion c 18 1 m ??' '^^"^ Lafertius, Lib. vi. cap. 5.] '^"ocion, c. is.J ["Diogenes MEM. III.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. I9S ^Sallust, Many miseries have happened unto me at home, and in the wars abroad, of which, by the help of God, some I have endured, sotne I have repelled, and by mine own valour overcome : courage was never wanting to my designs, nor industry to my intents : prosperity or adversity could never alter my disposition. A wise man's mind, as Seneca holds,'^ ' is like the state of the world above the Moon, ever serene. Come then what can come, befall what may befall, infractum invictumque * animum opponas : " Rebus angustis animosis atque fortis appare ;^ {Ilor. Od. 11. lib. 2.) Hope and Patience are two sovereign remedies for all, the surest reposals, the softest cushions to lean on in adversity ; "> Durum : sed levius fit patiently Quicquid corrigere est nefas. [Say it be hard, yet patience makes that lighter That cannot be amended.] Ifit cannot be helped, or amended, 'make the best of it/ 'necessitaii qui se accommodat, sapit, he is wise that suits himself to the time. As at a game at tables, so do by all such inevitable accidents. 1" Ita vita est hominum, quasi cum ludas tesseris, Si illud quod est maxima opus jactu non cadit, Illud quod cecidit forte, id arte ut corrigas ; If thou canst not fling what thou wouldest, play thy cast as well as thou canst. Every thing, saith ^^Epictetus, "hath two handles, the one to be held by, the other not : 'tis in our choice to take and leave whether we will (all which Simplicius, his [Epictetus,] Com- mentator, hath illustrated by many examples) and 'tis in our own power, as they say, to make or mar ourselves. Conform thyself then to thy present fortune, and cut thy coat according to thy cloth, "Z7/ qtdmus, aiunt, quando ut volumus non licet, be contented with thy lot, state, and calling, whatsoever it is, and rest as well satisfied with thy present condition in this life. 1 In frag. Quirites, multa mihi pericula domi, militias multa adversa fuere, quorum alia toleravi, alia deorum auxilio repuli et virtute mea ; nunquam animus negotio defuit, nee decretis labor ; nuUae res nee prosperse neo adversse ingenium mutabant. p Epistle 59.] ' Qualis mundi status supra lunam semper serenus. * Bona mens nullum tristioris fortune recipit incursum, Val. lib. 4. c. i. Qui nil potest sperare, desperet nihil. [^ Meet it with an unbroken and un- conquerable courage.] [6 In adversity be spirited and bold.] ' Hor. [Odes, i 24 19 20.] 8 . Sed totum hoc studium luctu fraterna mihi mors Abstulit, O misero fiater adempte mihi ! My brother's death my study hath undone, Woe's me ! alas ! my brother he is gone I Mezentius would not live after his son : 8 Nunc vivo, nee adhuc homines lucemque relinquo, Sed linquam And Pomfefs wife cried out at the news of her husband's death, 8 Turpe mori post te solo non posse dolore, vielenia luctu et nescia tolerandi, as ^^ Tacitus of Agrippina, not able to moderate her passions. So, when she heard her son was slain, she abruptly broke off her work, changed countenance and colour, tore her hair, and fell a roaring downright. 1 Seneca. [Seneca is a slip of Burton's. It should be Publius Syrus.] P A man dies as often as he loses his friends. Cf. Young, "Friends part, 'tis the survivor dies."] ' Benzo. P Matt. xvii. 4.] » Summo mane ululatum oriuntur, pectora percutientes, &c., miserabile spectaculum exhibentes. Ortelius in Grsecia. [« Stroza.] ' Catullus. [Ixviii. 19, zo.] 8 Virgil. {J&a. x. 8i;i;-8s6 I live now, nor as yet leave the world and light of days, but I will leave them.] ° Lucan. [ix. 108. Not to be able to die through sorrow alone for thee would be disgraceful.] i" 3 Annal. [cap. i.] 204 ANATOMY OP MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT, III. ■ subitus miserae color ossa reiiqmit ; Excussi nianibus radii, revolutaque pensa: Evolat infelix, et foemineo ululatu, Scissa comam 1 Another would needs run upon the sword's point after Euryalu^ departure, 2 Figite me, siqua est pietas, in me omnia tela Conjioite, 6 Rutili ; O let me die, some good man or other make an end of me ! How did Achilles take on for Fatrodus' departure ! A black cloud of sorrows overshadowed him, saith HomerJ' Jacob rent his clothes, put sack-cloth about his loins, sorrowed for his son a long season, and could not be comforted, but would needs go down into the grave unto his son, Gen. 37. 35. Many years after, the remembrance of such friends, of such accidents, is most grievous unto us, to see or hear of it, though it concern not ourselves, but others. Scaliger saith of himself, that he never read Socrate^ death in Plato's Fhcedo but he wept. ^Austin shed tears when he read the destruc- tion of Troy. But howsoever this passion of sorrow be violent, bitter, and seizeth familiarly on wise, valiant, discreet men, yet it may surely be withstood, it may be diverted. For what is there in this life, that it should be so dear unto us ? or that we should so much deplore the departure of a friend ? The greatest pleasures are common society, to enjoy one anothers' presence, feasting, hawking, hunting, brooks, woods, hills, musick, dancing, &c. all this is but vanity and loss of time, as I have sufficiently declared. 5 dum bibimus, dum serta, unguenta, puellas. POscimus, obrepit non intellecta senectus. Whilst we drink, prank ourselves, with wenches dally, Old age upon's at unawares doth sally. As Alchemists spend that small modicum they have to get gold, and never find it, we lose and neglect eternity, for a little momen- tany" pleasure, which we cannot enjoy; nor shall ever attain to in this life. We abhor death, pain and grief, all, and yet we will do nothing of that which should vindicate us from, but rather voluntarily thrust P ^'irg. ^n. ix. 475-478. The colour suddenly left her cheek, the distaff forsook her hand, the reel revolved, and with dishevelled locks she broke away, wailing as a woman.] 2 Virg. ^n. ix. [493-494. Transfix me, O Rutuli, if you have any piety ; pierce me with a thousand arrows.] [» Ihad, xvii. '591.] * Confess. 1, i. <■ Juvenalis. [ix. 128, 9.] [6 = momentary.] MEM. v.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 205 ourselves upon it. ' The lascivious prefers his whore before his life or good estate; an angry man his revenge; a parasite his gut; ambitious honours; covetous wealth; a thief his booty; a soldier his spoil; we abhor diseases, and yei we pull them upon us. We are never better or freer from cares, than when we sleep, and yet, which we so much avoid and lament, death is but a perpetual sleep, and why should it, as ^Epicurus argues, so much affright us ? Wh£n we are, death is not: but when death is, then we are not : our life is tedious and troublesome unto him that lives best ; ' 'tis a misery to be born, a pain to live, a trouble to die ; death makes an end to our miseries, and yet we cannot consider of it. A little before * Socrates drank his potion of ciaita,^ he bid the Citizens of Athens cheerfully farewell, and concluded his speech with this short sentence. My time is now come to be gone, I to my death, you to live on ; but which of these is best God alone knows. For there is no pleasure here, but sorrow is annexed to it, repen- tance follows it. ° If I feed liberally, I am likely sick, or surfeit; if I live sparingly, my hunger and thirst is not allayed ; I am well neither full nor fasting; if I live honest, I burn in lust ; if I take my pleasure, I tire and starve myself, and do injury to my body and soul. '' Of so small a quantity of mirth, how much sorrow ! after, so little pleasure, how great misery I 'Tis both ways trouble- some to me, to rise, and go to bed, to eat and provide my meat; cares and contentions attend me all day long, fears and suspicions all my life. I am discontented, and why should I desire so much to live ? But an happy death will make an end of all our woes and miseries ; Omnibus una meis certa medela malis.^ Why shouldest thou not then say with old Simeon, since thou art so well affected. Lord, now let thy servant depart in peace i' or with Paul, / desire to be dissolved, and to be with Christ.^'' Beata mors 1 Amator scortum vitae prseponit, iraoundus vindiotam, parasitus gulam, ambitiosus honores, avarus opes, miles rapinam, fur prasdam ; morbos odimus et accersimus. Card. [De Consolatione, Lib. ii.] ^ Seneca. Quum nos sumus, mors non adest ; cum vero mors adest, tum nos non sumus. ' Bernard, c. 3. med. Nasci miserum, vivere poena, angustia mori. ^ Plato. Apol. Socratis. [p. 42 A.] Sed jam hora est hinc abire, &c. p Hemlock.] « Comedi ad satietatem, gravitas me offendit ; parcius edi, non est expletum desiderium ; vene- reas ddicias sequor, hinc morbus, lassitudo, &c. ' Bern. c. 3. med. De tantilla laetitia quanta tristitia ; post tantam voluptatem quam gravis miseria ! [8 That is the certain cure for all Qur troubles.] [' St. Luke ii. 29.] [^^ PhiL 1. 23.] 206 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IIL qucB ad beatam vitam aditum aperit, 'tis a blessed hour that leads us to a 'blessed life; and blessed are they that die in the Lord." But life is sweet, and death is not so terrible in itself as the con- comitants of it, a loathsome disease, pain, horror, &c. and many times the manner of it, to be hanged, to be broken on the wheel, to be burned alive. ' Servetus the heretick, that suffered in Geneva, when he was brought to the stake, and saw the executioner come with lire in his hand, homo, viso igne, tarn horrendum exclamavit, ut universum populum perterrefecerit, roared so loud that he terrified the people. An old Stoick would have scorned this. It troubles some to be unburied, or so : ■ non te optima mater Condet humi, patriove onerabit membra sepulchro ; Alitibus linquere feris ; aut gurgite mersum Unda feret, piscesque impasti vulnera lambent.^ Thy gentle parents shall not bury thee, Amongst thine ancestors entomb'd to be, But feral fowl thy carcass shall devour. Or drowned corpse hungry fish maws shall scour. As Socrates told Crito, it concerns me not what is done with me when I am dead; facilis jactura sepulchri :^ I care not so long as I feel it not ; let them set mine head on the pike of Teneriffe, and my quarters in the four parts of the world, Pascara licet in cruce corvos,^ let wolves or bears devour me ; ^ Ccelo tegitur qui non habet urnam. The canopy of heaven covers him that hath no tomb. So like- wise for our friends, why should their departure so much trouble us ? They are better as we hope, and for what then dost thou lament, as those do whom ^ia;«/ taxed in his time, i Thess. 4. 13. that have no hope. 'Tis fit there should be some solemnity : 8 Sed sepelire decet defunctum, pectore forti Constantes, unumque diem fletui indulgentes. [After one day given to grief we ought To bury our dead with dogged resolution.] JoVs friends said not a word to him the first seven days, but let sorrow and discontent take their course, themselves sitting sad and 1 Est enim mors piorum felix transitus de labore ad refrigerium, de expectatione ad prasmium, de agone ad brabeum. [2 Apocalypse, xiv. 13.] 8 Vaticanus, vita ejus. [* Virg. J&t\. x. 557-560.] [» Virg. JSxi. ii. 646.] [« Cf. Hor. lipp. L 16. 48.J ' Luc. [7. 189.] 8 II. ig. [228, 229.] Homer. MEM. v.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 207 silent by him.^ 'Wh.tn Jupitet himself wept for Sarpedonj' what else did the Poet insinuate, but that some sorrow is good ? 3 Quis matrem, nisi mentis inops, in funeie nati Flere vetat ? Who can blame a tender mother, if she weep for her children ? Beside, as ^ Plutarch holds, 'tis not in our power not to lament, indolentia non cuivis contingit, it takes away mercy and pity not to be sad ; 'tis a natural passion to weep for our friends, an irresistible passion to lament and grieve. / know not how (saith Seneca) but sometimes 'tis good to be miserable in misery : and for the most part all grief evacuates itself by tears^ - 8 est quasdam flere voluptas, Expletur lachrymis egeriturque dolor : yet after a day's mourning or two, comfort thyself for thy heaviness, Eccles. 38. 17. ''Non decet defunctum ignavo qucestu prosequi; 'twas Gei-manicuis advice of old, that we should not dwell too long upon our passions, to be desperately sad, immoderate grievers, to let them tyrannize, there's indolentice ars, a jnediwn to be kept : we do not (saith 'Austin) forbid men to grieve, but to grieve overmuch. / forbid not a man to be angry, but I ask for what cause he is so i Not to be sad, but why is he sad ? Not to fear, but wherefore is he afraid ? I require a moderation, as well as a just reason. " The Romans and most civil Commonwealths have set a time to such solemnities, they must" not mourn after a set day, or if in a family a child be born, a daughter or son married, some state or honoiir be conferred, a brother be redeemed from his bands, a friend from his enemies, or the like, they must lament no more. And 'tis fit it should be so; to what end is all their funeral pomp, complaints and tears ? When Socrates was dying, his friends Apollodorus and Crito with some others, were weeping by him, which he perceiving, asked them what they meant : ^"for P Job. ii. 13.] [2 Horn. II. xvi. 459, 460.] s Ovid. [Remed. Amor. 127, iz8.] * Consol. ad Apollon. Non est libertate nostra positum non dolere, misericordiam abolet, &c. [§ iii.] p M. Annoei Senecse, Controv. Lib. v. Contr. 30.] « Ovid. Trist. '4. [3. 37, 38.] ' Tacitus, [Ann. ii. 71, memoriter. It is not becoming to mourn tlie dead idly.] ' Lib. 9. cap. 9. de oivitate Dei. Non quasro cum irascatur sed cur, non utrum sit tristis sed unde, non utrum timeat sed quid timeat. » Festus, verbo minuitur. Lnctui dies indicebatur, cum liberi nascantur, cum frater abit, amicus ab hospite, captivus domum redeat, puella desponsetur. i" Ob banc causam mulieres ablegaram, ne talia facerent. Nos hseo audientes erubuimus ct destitimus k lacrimis. [Plato, Phsedo, p. 117 D, E.] 2o8 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. that very cause he put all the women out of the room, upon which words of his they were f bashed, and ceased from their tears. Lodo- vicus Cortesius, a rich Lawyer of Fadua (as ' Bernardinus Scardeo- nius relates) commanded by his last will, and a great mulct if otherwise to his heir, that no funeral should be kept for him, no man should lament, but, as at a wedding, musick and minstrels to be provided ; and, instead of black mourners, he took order ^ that twelve Virgins clad in green should carry him to the Church. His will and testament was accordingly performed, and he buried in 61 Sophia's Church. ° Tully was much grieved for his daughter Tulliola's death at first, until such time that he had confirmed his mind with some Philosophical precepts, * then he began to triumph over fortune and grief , and for her reception into Heaven to be much more joyed than before he was troubled for her loss. If an Heathen man could so fortify himself from Philosophy, what shall a Christian from Divinity ? Why dost thou so macerate thyself? 'Tis an inevitable chance, the first statute in Magna Charta, an everlasting Act of Parliament, all must " die. 6 Constat aeterni positumque lege est, Ut constet genitum nihil. It cannot be revoked, we are all mortal, and these all-commanding Gods and Princes die like men ' Involvit humile pariter et celsum caput, /Equatque summis infima. O weak condition of human estate/ Sylvius exclaims : ^Ladislaus, King of Bohemia, i8 years of age, in the flower of his youth, so potent, rich, fortunate and happy, in the midst of all his friends, amongst so many 'Physicians, now ready to be '° married, in 36 hours sickened and died. We must so be gone sooner or later all, and as Calliopius in the Comedy took his leave of his Spectators and Auditors, Vos valete et plaudite, Calliopius recensui, must we bid the world farewell, (Exit Calliopius) and, having now 1 Lib. I. class. 8. de daris. Juris consultis Patavinis. 2 ja innuptse puellie amictse viridibus pannis, &c. 8 Lib. de consol. ^ Pra^ceptis philosophiss confirmatus adversus omnem fortunse vim, et te consecrate in coelumque recepta, tanta affectus lastitia sum ac voluptate quantam animo capere possum, ac exultare plane mihi videor, victorque de omni dolore et fortuna triumphare. ^ Ut lignum uri natum, arista secari, sic homines mori. 6 Boeth. lib. 2. met. 3. 7 Boeth, [De Consol. Philos. Lib. 2. Metrum 7.] 8 Nio. Hensel. Breslagr fol 47' » Twenty then present. i» To Magdalen, the daughter of Charles the Seventh of France. Obeunt noctesque diesque, &c. MEM. V.J REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 209 played our parts, for ever be gone.' Tombs and monuments have the like fate, data sunt ipsis quoque fata sepulchris^ Kingdoms, Provinces, Towns and cities, have their periods, and are con- sumed. In those flourishing times of Troy MycencB was the fairest city in Greece, Gracia cunda imperitabai, but it, alas ! and that ^ Assyrian Niiwveh are quite overthrown. The like fate hath that Egyptian and Boeotian Thebes, Delos, commune Grcecice concilia- bulum, the common council-house of Greece, * and Babylon, the greatest city that ever the Sun shone on, hath now nothing but walls and rubbish left. 5 Quid Pandioniae restat nisi nomen Athens? Thus Tausanias complained in his times. And where is Troy itself now, Persepolis, Carthage, Cyzicum, Sparta, Argos, and all those Grecian cities ? Syracuse and Agrigentum, the fairest towns in Sicily, which had sometime 700,000 inhabitants, are now decayed : the names of Hiero, Empedocles, &'c. of those mighty numbers of people, only left. One Anacharsis is remembered amongst the Scythians ; the world itself must have an .end, and every part of it. Cetera igitur urbes sunt mortales^ as Peter ' Gillius concludes of Constantinople, hcec sane, quamditi erunt homines, futura mihi videtur immortalis;^ but 'tis not so :_ nor site, nor strength, nor sea, nor land, can vindicate a city, but it and all must vanish at last. And as to a traveller great mountains seem plains afar off, at last are not discerned at all, cities, men, monu- ments, decay. Nee solidis prodest sua maohina terris, the names are only left, those at length forgotten, and are involved in perpetual night. '^"Returning out of Asia, when I sailed from yEgma toward Megara, I began (saith Servius Sulpicius, in a consolatory Epistle of his to Tully) to view the country round about, ^gina was ri In aU or almost aU the MSB. of Terence not older than the ninth century we find at the end of each play Calliopius recensui. Burton seems to have followed Eueraphius in taking CaUiopius to have been the Actor, and not, as probably, some Grammarian. See Prof. W". Ramsay. Classi. Diet. y. Calhopms.] P Juv x TAC 1 s Assvrionira regio funditus deleta. * Ommum quot unquam bol aspect urbium maxima. = Ovid. [M. xv. 430. What of Pandion s Athens but The iSme remains ?] « Arcad. lib. 8. [c. 32. ] P All other towns are mortal. B Prsfat Topogr. Constantinop. p This city alone, as long as the world shall last lelras to me likely to be immortal.] w Epist. TulL hb. iv. [Ep. 5.] II. P 2IO ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. XII, behind me, Megara before, Pirseus on the right hand, Corinth on the left, what flourishing towns heretofore, now prostrate and over- whelmed before mine eyes ! I began to think with myself, Alas, why are we men so much disquieted with the departure of a friend, whose life is much shorter, '^when so many goodly cities lie buried before its? Remember, O Servius, thou art a man; and with that I was much confirmed, and corrected myself. Correct then like- wise, and comfort thyself, in this, that we must necessarily die, and all die, that we shall rise again: as Tully held :^ jucundiorqu^ multo congressus noster futurus, quam insuavis et acerbus digressus, our second meeting shall be much more pleasant than our de- parture was grievous. I, but he was my most dear and loving friend, my sole friend, SQuis desiderio sit pudor aut modus Tam cari capitis ? And who can blame my woe? Thou mayest be ashamed, I say with ^Seneca, to confess it, in such a ° tempest as this to have but one anchor, go seek another; and for his part thou dost him great injury to desire his longer life. " Wilt thou have him crazed and sickly still, like a tired traveller that comes weary to his Inn, begin his journey afresh, or to be freed from his miseries I Thou hadst more need rejoice that he is gone. Another complains of [the loss of] a most sweet wife, a young wife, Nondum sustulerat flavum Proserpina crinem,'' such a wife as no mortal man ever had, so good a wife, but she is now dead and gone, Lethaoquejacet condita sarcophago? I reply to him in Seneca's words, if such a woman at least ever was to be had, ^he did either so find or make her; if he found her, he may as happily find another, if he made her, as Critobiilus^° in Xenophon did by his, he may as good cheap inform another, et bona tam sequitur, 1 Quum tot oppidorum cadavera ante oculos projecta jacent. [Ibid.] P Ad Q. Fratr. i. 3.] * Hor. lib. i. Od. 24. [i, a.] * De remed. fortuit. 5 Erubesce tanta tempestate quod ad unam anchoram stabas. [Excerpta e libris Senecse.] 6 Vis aegram, et morbidum, sitibundum? — gaude potius quod his malis llberatus sit. [' Virg. iEn. iv. 698, memoriter.] [8 And lies in her grave.] 9 Uxorem bonam aut invenisti, aut sic fecisti; si inveneris, aliara habere te posse ex hoc intelligamus ; si feceris, bene speres, salvus est artifex. [Seneca, Excerpt, ii.] [W I can't help thinking Critobulus is one of Burton's frequent slips. Critobiius is indeed described as recently married in Xen. SympoS. c. ii. § 3. But nothing about his wife hardly, while in c. iv. we see that he is still furiously besotted with Cleinias. It seems to me Ischomachus must be meant, of whose family life with his wife veritably idyllic, we have a charming picture in Xenophon's CEconomicus.'] ' MEM. v.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 211 qmm bona prima fuit ; he need not despair so long as the same Master is to be had. But was she good ? Had she been so tried peradventure, as that Ephesian widow in Petronius,'- by some swaggermg soldier, she might not have held out. Many a man would have been willingly rid of his : before thou wast bound, now thou art free ; ^and 'tis but a folly to love thy fetters, though they be of gold. Come into a third place, you shall have an aged Father sighing for a Son, a pretty Child ; ' Impube pectus quale vel impia Molliret Thracum pectora ; - He now lies asleep, Would make an impious Thracian weep ; or some fine daughter that died young, Nondum experta novi gaudia prima tori; or a forlorn Son for his deceased Father. But why? Prior exiit, prior intravit, he came first, and he must go first. '■ Tu frustra plus, heu, &=(. What, wouldest thou have the Laws of Nature altered, and him to live always? Julius CtBsar, Augustus, Aldbiades, Galen, Aristotle, lost their Fathers young. And why, on the other side, shouldest thou so heavily take the death of thy little Son ? ^Nam, quia nee fato, merits nee morte peribat, Sed misei- ante diem He died before his time perhaps, not yet come to the solstice of his age, yet was he not mortal? Hear that divine " Epictetus, If thou covet thy wife, friends, children, should live always, thou art a fool. He was a fine Child indeed, dignus Apollineis lacrimis,'' a sweet, a loving, a fair, a witty Child, of great hope, another Eteo- neus, whom Pindar the Poet, and Aristides the Rhetorician^ so much lament ; but who can tell whether he would have been an honest man ? He might have proved a thief, a rogue, a spend- thrift, a disobedient son, vexed and galled thee more than all the world beside, he might have wrangled with thee and disagreed, or with his brothers, as Eteocles and Polyneices, and broke thy heart ; he is now gone to eternity, as another Ganymede, in the 'flower of [1 Chs. Ill, 112.] 2 Stulti est compedes licet aureas amare. [See Erasmi Adagia, p. 531, A.T > Hor. [Epod. v. 13, 14, quoted memoriter.] < Hon lib. I. Od. 24. [ii.J " Virg. I&a.. 4. [696, 697.] ^ Cap. 19. Si id studes ut uxor, amici, liberi perpetuo vivant, stultus es. [' Deserving even of Apollo's tears.] * Deus quos diligit juvenes rapit. Menan. 212 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. his youth, as if he had risen, saith "^ Plutarch, from the midst of a feast, before he was drunk ; the longer he had lived, the worse he would have been, et quo vita longior (Ambrose thinks) culpa nume- rosior, more sinful, more to answer he would have had. If he was nought, thou mayest be glad he is gone ; if good, be glad thou hadst such a son. Or art thou sure he was good? It may be he was an hypocrite, as many are, and howsoever he spake thee fair, peradventure he prayed, amongst the rest that Icaro- menippus heard at Jupiter's whispering place in Lucian^ for his Father's death, because he now kept him short, he was to inherit much goods, and many fair Manors after his decease. Or put case he was very good, suppose the best, may not thy dead son expostulate with thee, as he did in the same ^ Lucian, Why dost thou lament my death, or call me miserable that am much more happy than thyself 1 What misfortune is befalleti me 2 Is it because I am not bald, crooked, old, rotten, as thou art ? What have I lost ? Some of your good cheer, gay clothes, musick^ singing, dancing, kissing, merry meetings, thalami lubentias, &'c. is that it ? Is it not much better not to hunger at all than to eat ? not to thirst than to drink to satisfy thirst ? not to be cold than to put on clothes to drive away cold? You had more need rejoice that I am freed from diseases, agues, cares, anxieties, livor, love, covetousness, hatred, envy, malice^ that I fear no more thieves, tyrants, enemies, as you do. * Id cinerem et manes credis curare sepultos ? Do they concern us at all, think you, when we are once dead ? Condole not others then overmuch, wish not or fear their death, ^ Summum nee metuas diem nee optes, 'tis to no purpose. Excess! h vitas asnimnis facilisque lubensque. Ne pejora ips^ morte dehinc videam. I left this irksome life with all mine heart, Lest worse than death shotdd happen to my part. 1 Consol. ad Apoll. [§ xxxiv.] ApoUonius filius tuus in flore decessit, ante nos ad asternitatem digressus, tanquam h convivio abiens, priusquam in errorem ahquem h temulentit incideret, quales in long4 senectS. accidere Solent. P Icaromenippus, § 25.] » De luctu. [§ xvi.] Quid me mortuum miserum vocas, qui te sum multo fehcior? aut quid acerbi mihi putas contigisse? an quia non sum calvus, senex, ut tu, facie rugosus, incurvus, &c. Q demens ! quid tibi videtur in vita boni? nimirum amicitias, ccenas, &c. Longe melius non esurire quam edere ; non sitire, &c. Gaude potius quod morbos et febres effufferim angorem animi, &c. Ejulatus quid prodest, quid lacrimse &c 4 v,Vcril' [.En. iv. 34.] [5 Martial, x. xlvii. 13.] ' ' S"- MEM. v.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 21 3 'Cardinal Brundusinus caused this Epitaph in Rome to "be in- scribed on his Tomb, to shew his willingness to die, and tax those that were so loth to depart. Weep and howl no more then, 'tis to small purpose ; and, as Tully adviseth us in <-he like case, non quos amisimus, sed quantum lugere par sit, cogitemus : think what we do, not whom we have lost. So David did, 2 Sam. 12. [22], While the child was yet alive, I fasted and wept, but, being now dead, why should I fasti Can I bring him [back'] again 1 I shall go to him, but he cannot return to me. He that doth otherwise is an intemperate, a weak, a silly, and undiscreet man. Though Aris- totle deny any part of intemperance to be conversant about sor- row," I am of ^Seneca's mind, he that is wise is temperate, and he that is temperate is constant, free from passion, and he that is such a one is without sorrow: as all wise men should be. The "^Thracians wept still when a child was born, feasted and made mirth when any man was buried : and so should we rather be glad for such as die well, that they are so happily freed from the miseries of this life. When Eteoneus, that noble young Greek, was so generally lamented by his friends, Pindar the Poet feigns some God saying, Silete homines, non enim miser est, &'c. Be quiet, good folks, this young man is not so miserable as you think ; he is neither gone to Styx nor Acheron, sed gloriosus et senii expers heros, [but] he lives for ever in the Elysian Fields. He now enjoys that happiness which your great Kings so earnestly seek, and wears that garland for which ye contend. If our present weakness is such, we cannot moderate our passions in this behalf, we must divert them by all means, by doing something else, thinking of another subject. The Italians most part sleep away care and grief, if it unseasonably seize upon them ; Dams, Dutch- men, Folanders, and Bohemians drink it down, our countrymen go to Plays. Do something or other, let it not transpose thee, or by ^premeditation make such accidents familiar, as Ulysses, that wept for his dog, but not for his wife, quhd paratus esset animo obfirmato, (Plut. de anim. tranq. § 16), accustom thyself, a,nd harden before-hand, by seeing other men's calamities, and applying them to thy present estate. 1 Chytrseus, Deliciis Europse. P Ethics, vii. 8.] » Epist. 85. ^ Sardus, de mor. gen. ' Prasmeditatione faoilem reddere quemque casum. Plutarcbus, consolatione ad ApoUonium. [§ 21.] Assuefacere nos casibus debemus. TuU. lib. 3. Tusculan. Queest. [passim.] 214 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IlL Prasvisum est levius quod fitit ante malura.i [The evil's lighter we anticipate.] I will conclude with ' Ejtictetus, If thou lovest a pot, remember 'tis but a pot thou levest, and thou wilt not be troubled when His broken: if thou lovest a son or wife, remember they were mortal, and thou wilt not be so impatient. And for false fears, and all other fortuite inconveniences, mischances, calamities, to resist and prepare our- selves, not to faint is best ; ^ Stultum est timere quod vitari nan potest, 'tis a folly to fear that which cannot be avoided, or to be discouraged at all. * Nam quisqtiis trepidus pavet vel optat, Abjecit clypeum, locoque raotus Nectit qui, valeat trahi catenam. For he that so faints or fears, and yields to his passion, flings away his own weapons, makes a cord to bind himself, and pulls a beam upon his own head. MEMB. VI. Against Envy, Liver, Emulation, Hatred, Ambition, Self-love, and all other Affections. Against those other 'passions and affections there is no better remedy than, as Mariners, when they go to Sea, provide all things necessary to resist a tempest, to furnish ourselves with Philoso- phical and Divine Precepts, other men's examples, ''pericultim ex aliis facere, sibi quod ex usu siet : to balance our hearts with love, charity, meekness, patience, and counterpoise those irregular motions of envy, livor, spleen, hatred, with their opposite virtues, as we bend a crooked staff another way, to oppose sufferance to labour, patience to reproach^ bounty to covetousness, fortitude to pusillanimity, meekness to anger, humility to pride, to examine ourselves for what cause we are so much disquieted, on what ground, what occasion, is it just or feigned ; and then either to [1 Very like Seneca, Consolatio ad Marciam. cap. ix. § 2.] 2 Cap. 8. Si ollara diligas, memento te ollam diligere, non perturbaberis ea confractt ; si filium aut uxorem, memento hominem k te diligi, &c. ^ Seneca. [Excerpta e libris Senecse.] « Boeth. lib. i. pros. 4. » Qui invidiam ferre non potest, ferre contemptum cogitur. 6 Ter. Heautont. [1. n. 36.] ' Epictetus, c. 14. Si labor objectus fuerit tolerantise, convicium patientias, &c., si ita consueveris, vitiis non obtemperabis. MEM. VI.] REMEBIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 21 5 pacify ourselves by reason, to divert by some other object, con- trary passion, or premeditation. ^Meditari secum oj>ortet quo pado adversam arumnam ferat, pencla, damna, exilia ; peregrl rediens semper cogitet aut filii peccatiim aut tixoris mortem, aut morbuvi filice, communia esse hcec : fieri posse, ttt ne quid animo sit novum ; to make them familiar, even all kind of calamities, that, when they happen, they may be less troublesome unto us ; in secundis meditare, quo pacto /eras adversa ; or out of mature judgement to avoid the effect, or disannul the cause, as they do that are troubled with toothache, pull them quite out. 2 Ut vivat castor, sibi testes araputat ipse ; Tu quoque, siqua nocent, abjice, tutus eris. The beaver bites off's stones to save the rest : Do thou the lilce with that thou art opprest. Or, as they that play at wasters exercise themselves by a few cudgels how to avoid an enemy's blows, let us arm ourselves against all such violent incursions which may invade our minds. A little experience and practice will inure us to it ; vetula vulpes, as the Proverb saith, laqtceo hand capitur, ^ an old fox is not so easily taken in a snare : an old soldier in the world methinks should not be disquieted, but ready to receive all fortunes, encounters, and, with that resolute Captain, come what may come, to make answer, ^non uUa laborum, O virgo, nova ml facies inopinave surgit : Omnia prascepi, atque animo mecum ante peregi. No labour comes at unawares to me, For I have long before cast what may be. - non hoc primum mea pectora vulnus Senserunt, graviora tuli ^ [This is not the first wound my breast has had, I have suffered worse things.] The Common-wealth of " Venice in their Armoury have this in- scription, Happy is that City which in time of peace thinks of war; a fit Motto for every man's private house, happy is the man that provides for a future assault. But many times we complain, repine and mutter, without a cause, we give way to passions we 1 Ter. Phor. [ii. i. 12-15, ™emoriter. » Alciat Embl. P Erasmi Adagia, p. 372.] * Virg. ^n. tvi. 103-105.] [^ Seneca, Octavia, 650-652.] _ « Nat. Chytrseus, Deliciis Europae. Felix civitas qv.se tempore pacis de belle cogitat. 2l6 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. may resist, and will not. Socrates was bad by nature, envious, as he confessed to Zopyrus the Physiognomer, accusing him of it, froward and lascivious : but, as he was Socrates, he did correct and amend himself."^ Thou art malicious, envious, covetous, impatient, no doubt, and lascivious, yet, as thou art a Christian, correct and moderate thyself. 'Tis something, I confess, and able to move any man, to see himself contemned, obscure, neglected, disgraced, undervalued, ^left behind, some cannot endure it, no, not constant Ltpsius, a man discreet otherwise, yet too weak and passionate in this, as his words express, ^coUegas olim, quos ego sine fremitu nan intueor, nuper terrce filios, nunc McBcenates et Agrippas habeo, — summo jam monte potitos.'' But he was much to blame for it; to a wise staid man this is nothing, we cannot all be honoured and rich, all Ccesars; if we will be content, our present state is good ; and in some men's opinion to be preferred. Let them go on, get wealth, offices, titles, honours, preferments, and what they will themselves, by chance, fraud, imposture. Simony, and indirect means, as too many do, by bribery, flattery, and parasitical insinuation, by impudence, and time-serving, let them climb up to advancement in despite of virtue, let them go before, cross me on every side, ^me nan offendunt, modo non in oculos inciir- rant, as he said, correcting his former error, they do not offend me, so long as they run not into mine eyes. I am inglorious and poor, composita paupertate, but I live secure and quiet : they are dignified, have great means, pomp and state, they are glorious; but what have they with it? ^Envy, trouble, anxiety, as much labour to maintain their place with credit as to get it at first. I am contented with my fortunes and love, Neptu7ium procul d terrd spectare furentem, spectator I longinquo : ' he is ambitious, and not satisfied with his : but what ^gets he by it ? to have all his life laid open, his reproaches seen ; not one of a thousand but he hath done more worthy of dispraise and animadversion than commenda- [1 See Cic. Tusc. Disf. iv. 37. § 80.] 2 Occupet extremum scabies ; mihi turpe relinqui est. Hor. [A. P. 417.] ' Lipsius, Epist. Quaest. 1. 1. ep. 7. [* I cannot without indignation see my old colleagues, once nobodies, now Maecenases and Agrippas, and at the top of the tree.] ^ Lipsius, Epist. lib. i. Epist. 7. « Gloria comitera habet invidiam, pari onere premitur retinendo ac acquirendo. I"' Hor. Epp. i. II. 10. To see the raging sea from a distance on land.] * Quid aliud ambitiosus sibi parat quam ut probra ejus pateant ? nemo vivens qui non habet in vita plura vituperatione quam laude digna ; his malis non melius occurritiu' quam si bene latueris. MEM. VI.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 21/ Hon ; no better means to help this than to be private. Let them run, ride, strive, as so many fishes, for a crumb, scrape, climb, catch, snatch, cozen, collogue, temporize, and fleer, take all amongst them, wealth, honour, ' and get what they can, it offends me not : ^ me mea tellus Lare secreto tutoque tegat, I am well pleased with my fortunes, s Vivo et regno simul ista relinquens. 1 have learned in what state soever T am, therewith to be contented, Phil. iv. II. Come what can come, I am prepared. Nave ferar magna an parva, ferar unus et idem^ I am the same. I was once so mad to bustle abroad, and seek about for preferment, tire myself, and trouble all my friends, sed nihil labor tantus prof eat ; nam dum alios amicorum mors avocat, aliis ignotus sum, his invisus, alii large prommitunt, intercedunt illi meaim solidti, hi vana spe lactant ; dum. alios ambio, hos capto, illis innotesco, cetas peril, anni defluunt, afnici fatigantur, ego deferor, &> jam, mundi tcBsus, humanceque satur infideliiatis, acquiesco.^ And so I say still; although I may not deny, but that I have had some" bountiful patrons, and noble benefactors, ne sim interim ingratus, and I do thank- . fully acknowledge it, I have received some kindness, quod Deus illis beneficium rependat, si nan pro votis, fortasse pro meritis,'' more peradventure than I deserve, though not to my desire, more of them than I did expect, yet not of others to my desert ; neither am I ambitious or covetous, all this while, or a Suffenus^ to myself; what I have said, without prejudice or alteration shall stand. And now as a mired horse, that struggles at first with all his might and main to get out, but when he sees no remedy, that 1 Et cranes fama per urbes garrula laudet. [Seneca, Here. Fur. 193, 194.] 2 Sen. Her. Fur. [196, 7.] ^ Hor. [Epp. i. 10. 8. I live like a King without any of the things you think so much of.] P Hor. Epp. ii. ii. 200. Whether I sail in a large or small vessel, I sail all the same. ] p But all my labour was unprofitable j for, while death took off some of my friends, to others I was unknown ; little liked by some, others made large promises ; some pleaded strongly on my behalf, others fed me with vain hopes ; while paying court to some, getting into favour with others, getting known to others, my best days were going, the years gliding by, my friends tired of my applications to them, and I myself the worse for wear ; so now, sick of the world, and glutted with the falseness of human nature, I take things as they come.] ^ The Right Honourable Lady Frances, Countess Dowager of Exeter. The Lord Berkley. \J Which may God repay, if not according to their wishes, yet according to their deserts !] [" See Catullus, 22.] 2l8 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IIL his beating will not serve, lies still, I have laboured in vain, rest satisfied, and, if I may usurp that oV Frudentius, Inveni portum ; spes et fortuna, valete, Nil mihi vobiscum, ludite nunc alios. Mine haven's found, fortune and hope, adieul Mock others now, for I have done yiith yotu MEMB. VII. Against Reptdse, Abuses, Injuries, Contempts, DisgraceSy Contumelies, Slanders, Scoffs, Ss'c. I MAY not yet conclude, think to appease passions, or quiet the mind, till such time as I have likewise removed some other of their more eminent and ordinary causes, which produce so grievous tortures and discontents. To divert all I cannot hope, to point alone at some few of the chiefest is that which I aim at. Repulse and disgrace are two main causes of discontent, but to an understanding man not so hardly to be taken. Ccesar himself hath been denied,^ and when two stand equal in fortune, birth, and all other qualities alike, one of necessity must lose. Why shouldest thou take it so grievously? It hath been a familiar thing for thee thyself to deny others. If every man might have what he would, we should all be Deified, Emperors, Kings, Princes; if whatsoever vain hope suggests, unsatiable appetite affects, our preposterous judgement thinks fit, were granted, we should have another Chaos in an instant, a mere confusion. It is some satisfaction to him that is repelled that dignities, honours, offices, are not always given by desert or worth, but for love, affinity, friendship, affection,^ great men's letters, or, as commonly, they are bought and sold. ^Honours in Court are bestowed not according to men's virtues and good conditions, (as an old Courtier 1 Distichon ejus in militem Christianum i Grssco. Engraven on the tomb of Fr. Pucciusthe Florentine in Rome. Chytrssus, in Deliciis. [On these famous lines, which are also found in Sir Thomas More's Works, and in Gil Bias, Book ix. fin. See Notes and Queries, vol. vi. pp. 417, 418.] 2 Pasdaretus in 300 Laced^mol niorum numerura non electus risit, gratulari se dicens civitatem habere 300 cives se meliores. [Plut. Apoph. Laconica, p. 23r.] 3 Kissing goes by favour. * ^neas Syl. de miser, curial. [Epist. 166.] Dantur honores in curiis non secundum honores et virtutes ; sed ut quisque ditior est atque potentior eo magis honoratur. ' MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 219 observes), but as every man hath means, or more potent friends, so he is preferred. With us in France f^ {or so their own Country- man relates) most part the matter is carried by favour and grace ; he that can get a great man to be his mediator runs away with all the preferment. Indignissimus plerumque praferticr, Vatinius Catoni, illaudatus laudatissimo ;^ ■ Servi dominantur ; aselli Ornantur phaleris, dephalerantiir equi.3 An illiterate fool sits in a man's seat, and the common people hold him learned, grave, and wise. One professeth (^Cardan well notes) for a thousand Crowns, but he deserves not ten, when as he that deserves a thousand cannot get ten. Salarium non dat multis salem.^ As good horses draw in carts as coaches. And often- times, which Afachiavel seconds, ^principes non sunt qui ob insignem virtutem principatu digni sunt,'' he that is most worthy wants employment, he that hath skill to be a Pilot wants a Ship, and he that could govern a Common-wealth, a world itself, a King in conceit, wants means to exercise his worth, hath not a poor office to manage. And yet all this while he is a better man that is fit to reign, etsi careat regno, though he want a Kingdom, ^than he that hath one, and knows not how to rule it. A Lion serves not always his Keeper, but oftentimes the Keeper the Lion, and, as * Polydore Virgil hath it, mtdti reges, ut pupilli, ob inscitiam non regunt, sed reguntur.^" Hiero of Syracuse was a brave King, but wanted a Kingdom ; Perseus of Macedon had nothing of a King but the bare name and title, for he could not govern it : so great places are often ill bestowed, worthy persons unrespected. Many times too the servants have more means than the masters whom they serve, which ^'^ Efictetus counts an eye-sore, and inconvenient. 1 Sesellius, lib. 2. de repub. Gallorum. Favore apud nos et gratia plerumque res agitur ; et qui commodum aliquem nacti sunt intercessorem, aditum fere habent ad omnes praefecturas. [^ The most unworthy is generally preferred, a Vatinius to a Cato, a person of no reputation to a person of the highest reputation.] P Slaves govern ; asses are decked with trappings, horses have none. ^ Impe- ritus periti munus occupat, et sic apud vulgus habetur. lUe profitetur mille coronatis, cum neo depem mereatur; ahus 4 diverso mille dignus vix decem consequi potest. [' The income of many hardly pays for their salt.] « Epist. dedic. disput. Zeubbeo Bondemontio, et Cosmo Rucelaio. [' Those are not Princes who are worthy of being such on account of their eminent virtue.] 8 Quum is qui regnat, et regnandi sit imperitus. ^ Lib. 22. hist. ^^ Manjr Kings, as wards, owing to their ignorance are ruled rather than rule.] " Ministri locupletiores sunt iis quibus ministratur. [An Fragm. 33, memoriter?] 220 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. But who can help it? It is an ordinary thing in these days to see a base impudent ass, illiterate, unworthy, insufficient, to be preferred before his betters, because he can put himself forward, because he looks big, can bustle in the world, hath a fair outside, can temporize, collogue, insinuate, or hath good store of friends and money, whereas a more discreet, modest, and better deserving, man shall lie hid, or have a repulse. 'Twas so of old, and ever will be, and which Tiresias advised Ulysses in the ^Poet, Accipe qui. ratione queas ditescere, &c. is still in use ; lie, flatter, and dissemble : if not, as he concludes, Ergo pauper eris,^ then go like a beggar, as thou art. Erasmus, Melancthon, Lipsius, Budceus, Cardan, lived and died poor. Gesner was a silly old man, baculo innixus^ amongst all those huffing Cardinals, swelling Bishops, that flourished in his time, and rode on foot-clothes. It is not, honesty, learning, worth, wisdom, that prefers men. The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, but, as the wise man said, ''chance, and sometimes a ridiculous chance. ^ Casus plerumque ridiculus mulios elevavit. 'Tis fortune's doings, as they say, which made Brutus now dying exclaim, O misera virtus I ergo nihil qudtn verba eras, atqui ego te tanquam rem exercebam, sed tu serviebas fortunce.^ Believe it hereafter, O my friends ! Virtue serves fortune. Yet be not discouraged (O my well-deserving spirits) with this which I have said, it may be otherwise, though seldom I confess, -yet sometimes it is. But to your further content, I'll tell you a 'tale. In Moronia Pia, or Moronia Felix* I know not whither, nor how long since, nor in what Cathedral Church, a fat Prebend fell void. The carcass scarce cold, many suitors were up in an instant. The first had rich friends, a good purse, and he was resolved to outbid any man before he would lose it, every man supposed he should carry it. The second was my Lord Bishop's Chaplain (in whose gift it was), and he thought 1 Hor. lib. 2. Sat. 5. [10. Learn how you may grow rich.] p Hon Sat. ii. 5. 19, 20.] P Ovid, Met. viii. 218. leaning on his staff.] >', Solomon, Eccles. ix. 11. » Sat. Menip. [6 Plutarch, De Superstitione, § i. Dion Cassius, xlvii. 49. O wretched virtue ! you are then nothing but a name, and I have all this time been looking upon you as a reahty, while you are yourself the slave of fortune.] ' Tale quid est apud Valent. Andream Apolog. manip. j. apol. 39. [8 No doubt Burton got his Moronia Pia and Moronia Felix from Bishop Hall's Mundus alter et idem, Book iii. But this story is not there.] MEM. VII.J REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 221 it his due to have it. The third was nobly born, and he meant to get it by his great parents, patrons, and allies. The fourth stood upon his worth, he had newly found out strange mysteries in Chemistry, and other rare inventions, which he would detect to the publick good. The fifth was a painful Preacher, and he was commended by the whole Parish where he dwelt, he had all their hands to his Certificate. The sixth was the Prebendary's son lately deceased, his Father died in debt (for it, as they say), left a wife and many poor children. The seventh stood upon fair promises, which to him and his noble friends had been formerly made for the next place in his Lordship's gift. The eighth pretended great losses, and what he had suffered for the Church, what pains he had taken at home and abroad, and besides, he brought Noblemen's letters. The ninth had married a kins- woman, and he sent his wife to sue for him. The tenth was a foreign Doctor, a late convert, and wanted means. The eleventh would exchange for another, he did not like the former's site, could not agree with his neighbours and fellows upon any terms, he would be gone. The twelfth and last was (a suitor in conceit) a right honest, civil, sober, man, an excellent scholar, and such a one as lived private in the University, but he had neither means nor money to compass it; besides, he hated all such courses, he could not speak for himself, neither had he any friends to solicit his cause, and therefore made no suit, could not expect, neither did he hope for, or look after it. The good Bishop, amongst a jury of competitors thus perplexed, and not yet resolved what to do, or on whom to bestow it, at the last, of his own accord, mere motion, and bountiful nature, gave it freely to the University student, altogether unknown to him but by fame; and, to be brief, the Academical Scholar had the Prebend sent him for a present. The news was no sooner published abroad but all good students rejoiced, and were much cheered up with it, though some would not believe it ; others, as men amazed, said it was a miracle ; but one amongst the rest thanked God for it, and said, Nunc juvat tandem studiosum esse, et Deo integro corde servire} You have heard my tale, but alas ! it is but a tale, a mere fiction, 'twas never so, never like to be, and so let it rest. Well, be it so then ; they have wealth and honour, fortune and preferment, every man p At last there is some advantage in being studious, and in serving God with integrity 1] 222 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IIL (there's no remedy) must scramble as he may, and shift as he can ; yet Cardan comforted himself with this, '^ the Star Fomahant would make him immortal, and that ^after his decease his Books should be found in Ladies' studies. s Dignura laude virum Musa vetat mori. But why shouldest thou take thy neglect, thy canvas,* so to heart? It may be thou art not fit, but, as a ° child that puts on his father's shoes, hat, headpiece, breastplate, breeches, or holds his spear, but is neither able to wield the one, or wear the other, so wouldest thou do by such an office, place, or Magistracy : thou art unfit. And what is dignity to an unworthy man but (as "Salvianus holds) a gold ring in a swings snouts Thou art a brute. Like a bad actor (so ''Plutarch compares such men) in a Tragedy, diadema fert, at vox non audiiur : thou wouldest play a King's part, but actest a Clown, speakest like an ass. "Magna petis, Phaethon, et qiix non viribus istis^ &=(. as James anijohn, the sons of Zebedee, did ask they knew not what ; '° nescis, temerarie, nescis ; thou dost, as another Suffenus^^ overween thyself; thou art wise in thine own conceit, but in other more mature judge- ments altogether unfit to manage such a business. Or be it thou art more deserving than any of thy rank, God in his providence hath reserved thee for some other fortunes, sic superis visum. Thou art humble as thou art, it may be ; hadst thou been pre- ferred, thou wouldest have forgotten God and thyself, insulted over others, contemned thy friends, '''been a block, a tyrant, or a A&vs\\-goA., sequiturque superbia formam}^ '^^ There/ore, saith Chry- sostom, good men do ttot always find grace and favour, lest they should be puffed up with turgent titles, grow insolent and proud. Injuries, abuses, are very offensive, and so much the more in that they think veterem ferendo invitant novam, by taking one they provoke another : but it is an erroneous opinion : for if that were 1 Stella Fomahant immortalitatem dabit. ^ Lib. de lib. propriis. » Hor. [Odes, iv. 8. 28. The muse forbids the man worthy of praise to die.] [< See Nares' Glossary.] 6 Qui induit thoracem aut galeam, &c. » Lib. 4. de guber. Dei. Quid est dignitas indigno nisi circulus aureus in naribus suis? ' In Lysandro. [§xxiii.] a Qvid. Met. fii. 54.] [» You desire great things, Phaethon, and thmgs beyond your strength.] [w Matt. 20. 22.] [" See Catullus, 22'.] >2 Magistratus virum indioat. [Erasmi Adagia, p. 389.] p Ovid, Fasti, i. 419. Pride goes with beauty.] i* Ideo boni viri aliquando gratiam non aocipium, ne m superbiam eleveutur ventositate jactantise, ne altitude muneris negligentiores emciat. MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 223 true, there would be no end of abusing each other; lis litem general;^ 'tis much better with patience to bear, or quietly to put it up. If an ass kick me, saith Socrates, shall I strike him again? and when 'his wife Xanthippe struck and misused him, to some friends that would have had him strike her again, he replied, that he would not make them sport, or that they should stand by and say, Eia Socrates ! Eia Xanthippe 1^ as we do when dogs fight, animate them the more by clapping of hands. Many men spend themselves, their goods, friends, fortunes, upon small quarrels, and sometimes at other men's procurements, with much vexation of spirit, and anguish of mind, all which, with good advice, or meditation of friends, might have been happily composed, or if patience had taken place. Patience in such cases is a most sovereign remedy, to put up, conceal, or dissemble it, to "forget and forgive, ^ not seven but seventy times, as often as he repents, forgive him, Luke, 17. 3, as our Saviour enjoins us, strucken, to turn the other side : ° as our ' Apostle persuades us, to recompense no man evil for evil, but, as much as is possible, to have peace with all men : not to avenge ourselves, and we shall heap burning coals upon our adversary's head. Fot^ if you put up wrong (as Chrysostom comments) you get the victory ; he that loseth his money loseth not the conquest in this our philosophy. If he contend with thee, submit thyself unto him first, yield to him. Durum et durum non faciunt murum, as the diverb is, two refractory spirits will never agree, the only means to overcome is to relent, obsequio vinces." Nuclides in Plutarch, when his brother had angered him, swore he would be revenged; but he gently replied, ^"Let me not live if I do not make thee to love me again, upon which meek answer he was pacified. 11 Flectitur obsequio curvatus ab arbore ramus, Frangis, si vires experiare tuas. A branch if easily bended yields to thee, Pull hard it breaks ; the difference you see. P See Erasrai Adagia, p. 693.] 3 ^lian. [yElian has, it is true, one or two references to Xanthippe, but not this. No doubt Burton took this from Cardan, De Consolatione, Lib. iii.] [' Go it, Socrates ! go it, Xanthippe I] * Injuriarura remedium est oblivio. [PubUus Syrus.] ^ Matt, xviii. 22. ; Matt. v. 39. [« Matt. V. 39.] ' Rom. xii. 18 sq. ' Si toleras injimam, victor evadis ; qui enim pecuniis privatus est, non est privatus victoriS, in hac philosophia. P Ovid, Am. iii. 4. 12. You will conquer by yielding.] i" Dispeream nisi te ultus fuero : dispeream nisi ut me deinceps ames effecero. [Plutarch, On Restraining Anger, § xiv.] ^ Joacb. Camerarius, Embl. 21. cent. i. 224 "anatomy of melancholy, [part. II. sect. III. The noble family of the Colonnas in Rome, when they were ex- pelled the City by that furious Alexander the Sixth, gave the bending branch therefore as an impress with this motto, Flecti potest, frangi non potest^ to signify that he might break them by force, but so never make them stoop, for they fled, in the midst of their hard usage, to the Kingdom of Naples, and were honour- ably entertained by Frederick the King, according to their callings. Gentleness in this case might have done much more, and let thine adversary be never so perverse, it may be by that means thou mayst win him ; ^favore et benevolentiA etiam immam's animus mansuescit, soft words pacify wrath, and the fiercest spirits are so soonest overcome ; 'a generous Lion will not hurt a beast that lies prostrate, nor an Elephant an innocuous creature, but is mfestus infestis, a terror and scourge alone to such as are stubborn and make resistance. It was the symbol of Emanuel Fhilibert, Duke of Savoy, and he was not mistaken in it, for ^Quo quisque est major, magis est placabilis irse, Et faciles motus mens generosa capit A greater man is soonest pacified, A noble spirit quickly satisfied. It is reported by ^Gtialter Mapes, an old Historiographer of ours (who lived 400 years since) that King Edward Senior, and Leolin, Prince of Wales, being at an interview neer Aust upon Severn in Gloucestershire, and the Prince, sent for, refused to come to the King, he would needs go over to him : which Leolin perceiving, ^•went up to the arms in water, and, embracing his boat, would have carried him out upon his shoulders, adding that his humility and wisdom had triumphed over his pride and folly ; and hereupon was reconciled unto him, and did his homage. If thou canst not so win him, put it up ; if thou beest a true Christian, a good Divine, an Imitator of Christ, (^for he was reviled, and put it up, whipped, and sought no revenge), thou wilt pray for thine enemies, ' and bless P Just the reverse in Seneca, Thyestes, 200, " flecti non potest, frangi potest."] 3 Heliodorus. [Bk. v. § 7.] 3 Reipsa reperi facilitate nihil esse homini melius et dementia. Ter. Adelph. [v. iv. 6, 7.] * Ovid. [iTristia, iii. s- 31. 32.] ' Camden in Glouc. [Trajectus.J 8 Usque ad pectus ingressus est aquam, &c., cymbam amplectens, sapientissirae rex, ait, tua humilitas raeara vicit superbiam, et sapientia triumphavit ineptiam ; coUum ascende quod contra te fatuus erexi, intrabis terram quam hodie fecit tuam benignitas, &c. ' Chrysostom. Contu- meliis affectus est et eas pertulit ; opprobriis, nee ultus est ; verberibus cassus, neo vicem reddidit. s Rom. xii. 14. MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 225 them that persecute thee; be patient, meek, humble, &c. An honest man will not offer thee m\Mxy, probus non vult ; if he were a brangling knave, 'tis his fashion so to do ; where is least heart is most tongue ; quo quisque stultior, eb magis insolesctt, the more sottish he is, still the more insolent. '^Do not answer a fool according to his folly. If he be thy superior, ^bear it by all means, grieve not at it, let him take his course ; Anytus and Meletus ^ may kill me, they cannot hurt me : as that generous Socrates made answer in like case.* Mens immota manet,^ though the body be torn in pieces with wild horses, broken on the wheel, pinched with fiery tongs, the soul cannot be distracted. 'Tis an ordinary thing for great men to vilify and insult, oppress, injure, tyrannize, to takewhat liberty they list, and who dare speak against ? Miserum est ab eo Icedi, d quo non postis queri, a miserable thing 'tis to be injured of him, from whom is no appeal : "and not safe to write against him that can proscribe and punish a man at his pleasure, which Asinius Pollio was ware of, when Octavianus provoked him.' 'Tis hard, I confess, to be so injur'd : one of Child s three difficult things: ^to keep counsel, spend his time well, put up injuries ; but be thou patient, and leave revenge unto the Lord. ° Vengeance is mine, find I will repay, saith the Lord. I know the Lord, saith ^°David, will avenge the afflicted, and judge the poor. No man (as ^^Plato further adds) can so severely punish his adversary, as God will such as oppress miserable men, 13 Iterum ille rem judicatam judical, Majoreque mulcts mulctat. If there be any Religion, any God, and that God be just, it shall be so ; if thou believest the one, believe the other : erit, erit, it shall be so. Nemesis comes after, sero sed serio,^^ stay but a little and thou shalt see God's just judgement overtake him. 1 Prov. [xxvi. 4.] " Contend not with a greater man, Prov. [Eccles. vi. icl » Occidere possunt. p Plato, Apology, p. 30. C. D.] [^ Virg.^n. iv. 449.] 6 Non facile aut tutum in eum scribere qui potest proscribere. [' Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii. 4.] ^ Arcana tacere, otium recte coUocare, injuriam posse ferre, difficiUimum. [Diog. Laert. Lib. i. cap. 3.] ' Rom. xii. [19.] " Psal. cxl. 12. n NuUus tarn severfe inimicum suum ulcisci potest, quam Deus solet miserorum oppressores. [Laws, v. p. 730. A, raemoriter.] " Arcturus m Plaut. [Rudens. Prol. 19, 20, memoriter. He gives judgment again on a case, and punishes with a still greater penalty.] ^ Cf. o+s imv iKtavn ^Xoi, Axiovrt Si \m-ri. Late but with interest.] II. Q 226 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. 1 Raro antecedentem scelestum Deseruit pede poena claudo. Thou shalt perceive that verified of Samuel to Agag, i Sam. 15. 33 : Thy sword hath made many women childless, so shall thy mother be childless amongst other women. It shall be done to them, as they have done to others. Conradinus, that brave Suevian Prince, came with a well prepared army into the Kingdom of Naples, was taken prisoner by King Charles, and put to death in the flower of his youth ; a little after {ultionem Conradini mortisj^ Pandulphus Collinutius, Hist. Neap. lib. 5, calls it) King Charles his own son, with 200 Nobles, was so taken prisoner, and beheaded in like sort. Not in this only, but in all other offences, quo quisque peccat in eo ptmietur, ^ they shall be punished in the same kind, in the same part, like nature, eye with or in the eye, head with or in the head, persecution with persecution, lust with effects of lust ; let them march on with ensigns displayed, let drums beat on, trumpets sound taratantara, let them sack Cities, take the spoil of Countries, murder infants, deflower Virgins, destroy, burn, persecute, and tyrannize, they shall be fully rewarded at last in the same measure, they and theirs, and that to their desert. ^Ad generum Cereris sine oasde et sanguine pauci Descendunt reges et sicca morte tyranni. Few tyrants in their beds do die, But stabb'd or maim'd to hell they hie. Oftentimes too a base contemptible fellow is the instrument of God's justice to punish, to torture, to vex them, as an ichneumon doth a crocodile.^ They shall be recompenced according to the works of their hands, as Haman was hanged on the gallows he provided for Mordecai.^ They shall have sorrow of heart, and be destroyed from under the Heaven, Thre. 3. 64, 65, 66. Only be thou patient ; ''vincit qui patitur : and in the end thou shalt be crowned. Yea, but 'tis a hard matter to do this, flesh and blood may not abide it; 'tis grave, grave/ No {Chrysostom 1 Hor. Od. 3. 2. [31, 32.] [Rarely has punishment with its lame foot failed to catch up the sinner stridmg on before.] [2 A Nemesis for the death of Conradinus.] 3 Wisd. xi. i6. * Juvenal, [x. 112, 113.] p The ancients thought the ichneumon devoured the eggs of the crocodile, and even entered the mouth of the crocodile, and gnawed its entrails.] [6 Esther, vii. 10.] ^ Apud Christianos non qui patitur, sed qui facit injuriam miser est, Leo, Ser. MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 22/ replies) non est grave, o homo, 'tis not so grievous; '■neither had God commanded it, if it had been so difficult. But how shall it be done? Easily, as he follows it, if thou shall look to Heaven, behold the beauty of it, and what God hath promised to such as put up injuries. But if thou resist, and go about vim vi repellere^ as the custom of the world is, to right thyself, or hast given just cause of offence, 'tis no injury then, but a condign punishment, thou hast deserved as much : a te principium, in te recidet crimen quod d, te fuit , peccasti, quiesce, as Ambrose expos- tulates with Cain. lib. 3. de Abel et Cain. ^Dionysius of Syracuse, in his exile, was made stand without door, patientir ferendum, fortasse nos tale quid feci fnus, quum in honore essemus, he wisely put it up, and laid the fault where it was, on his own pride and scorn, which in his prosperity he had formerly shewed others. 'Tis ^Tully's axiom, ferre ea molestissime homines non debent, quce ipsorum culpA contracta sunt, self do, self have, as the saying is, they may thank themselves. For he that doth wrong, must look to be wronged again ; habet et musca splenem, et formicce sua bills inest; ' the least fly hath a spleen, and a little bee a sting. "An ass overwhelmed a thisselwarp's nest, the little bird pecked his gall'd back in revenge ; and the humble-bee in the fable flung down the eagle's eggs out oi Jupiter' sXs.-^. Brasidas, in Plutarch, put his hand into a mouse-nest, and hurt her young ones, she bit him by the finger : '' J see now (saith he) there is no creature so contemptible, that will not be revenged. 'Tis lex talionis,^ and the nature of all things so to do. If thou wilt live quietly thyself, "do no wrong to others ; if any be done thee, put it up, with patience endure it. For '"this is thank-worthy, saith our Apostle, if a man for conscience towards God endure grief, and suffer wrong undeserved: for what praise is it, if, when ye be buffeted for your faults, ye take it patiently ? but if when you do well, ye suffer wrong, and take it patiently, there is thanks with God ; for hereunto verily we are called. Qui mala nonfe}'t, ipse sibi testis est per impatientiam quod bonus non est, he that cannot bear injuries witnesseth against himself that he is no 1 Neque prsecepisset Deus, si grave fuisset ; sed qua ratione potero? facilfe si caelum suspexeris, et ejus pulchritudine, et quod poUicetur Deus, &c. P Cic. Sext. 17. to repel force by force.] 3 Valer. lib. 4. cap. i. * Ep. Q. Frat. p. i. 2.] |5 See Erasmi Adagia, p. 829.] 6 Camerarius, Emb. 75. cent. 2. ' Papae, inquit : nullum animal tam pusillum quod non cupiat ulcisci. [Plutarch, De pro- fectibus in virtute, § viii.] [8 Fest. p. 363. Tit for tat.] » Quod tibi fieri non vis, alteri ne feceris. [Lampridius, Life of Alexander Severus, cap. 51.] 10 I Pet. ii. [ig-zi.] 228 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. good man, as Gregory holds.^ ' ' Tis the nature of wicked men to do injuries, as it is the property of all honest men patiently to bear them. Improbitas nulla flectitur obsequio. The wolf in the ^Emblem, sucked the goat, (so the shepherd would have it), but he kept nevertheless a wolf 's nature; ''a knave will be a knave. Injury- is on the other side a good man's foot-boy, 'Wvs.fi.dus Achates^ and as a lackey follows him wheresoever he goes. Besides, miserrima est fortuna qucB inimico caret' he is in a miserable estate that wants enemies :'' it is a thing not to be avoided, and therefore with more patience to be endured. Cato Censorius, that upright Cato, of whom jPaterculus" gives that honourable elogium, bene fecit quod aliter facere non potuit,^ was "50 times indicted and accused by his fellow-citizens, and, as ^^Amtnianus well hath it, quis erit innocens si clam vel palam accusasse sufficiat ? if it be sufficient to accuse a man openly or in private, who shall be free ? If there were no other respect than that of Christianity, Religion, and the like, to induce men to be long-suffering and patient, yet methinks the nature of injury itself is sufficient to keep them quiet, the tumults, uproars, miseries, discontents, anguish, loss, dangers, that attend upon it, might restrain the calamities of contention : for, as it is with ordinary gamesters, the gains go to the box, so falls it out to such as contend, the Lawyers get all ; and therefore, if they would consider of it, aliena pericula caufos,^^ othermen's misfortunes in this kind, and common experience, might detain them. "The more they contend, the more they are' involved in a Labyrinth of woes, and the Catastrophe is to consume one another, like the elephant and dragon's conflict in Pliny ;^'- the dragon got under the elephant's belly, and sucked his blood so long, till he fell down dead upon the dragon, and killed him with the fall ; so both were ruin'd. 'Tis an Hydra's head, contention ; the more they strive, the more they may : and, as Praxiteles did by his glass," when he P Moralium, Lib. xx. c. 39.] 2 Siquidem malorum proprium est inferre damna, et bonorum pedissequa est injuria. 3 Alciat. Emb. * Naturam expellas furca licet, usque recurret. [Hor. Epp. i. x. 24.] p Virg. .■En. i. 188, et alibi.] [6 Publius Syrus.] ' By many indignities we come to dignities. Tibi subjicito quae fiunt aliis, furtum, convicia, &c. Et in iis in te admissis non excandesces. Epictetus. [8 Hist. ii. 34.] [» He did well because he could not do otherwise.] 10 Plutarch. Quinquagies Catoni dies dicta ab ininiicis. fvita Catonis, § 15.] u Lib. 18. [cap. i.] [12 An allusion to the well-known line, t'elix quem facuint ahena pericula cautum." See also Erasmi Adagia p 5q 1 Hoc scio pro certo quod si cum stercore certo, Vinco seu vincor, semper eeo niaculor. " Lib. 8. cap. 2. p See Cardan, De Consolatione, Lib. iii ] MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 229 saw a scurvy face in it, break it in pieces : but for that one, he saw many more as bad in a moment : for one injury done, they provoke another cum fcenore,^ and twenty enemies for one. Noli irritare irabrones^' oppose not thyself to a multitude: but if thou hast received a wrong, wisely consider of it, and if thou canst possibly, compose thyself with patience to bear it. This is the safest course, and thou shalt find greatest ease to be quiet. ■'I say the same of scoffs, slanders, contumelies, obloquies, defamations, detractions, pasquilling libels, and the like, which may tend any way to our disgrace : 'tis but opinion : if we could neglect, contemn, or with patience digest them, they would reflect on them that offered them at first. *A wise Citizen, I know not whence, had a scold to his wife : when she brawled, he played on his drum, and by that means madded her more, because she saw that he would not be moved. Diogenes in a crowd, when one called him back, and told him how the boys laughed him to scorn, Ego, inquii, nan rideor, took no notice of it.° Socrates was brought upon the stage by Aristophanes, and misused to his face, but he laughed, as if it concerned him not : and, as ^lian " relates of him, whatsoever good or bad accident or fortune befell him, going in, or coming out, Socrates still kept the same countenance. Even so should a Christian soldier do, as Hierom describes him, per infamiam ei bonam faniam grassari ad ifnmortalitatem^ march on through good and bad reports to immortality, "not to be moved : for honesty is a sufficient reward, improbitas sibi prcemium ; and in our time the sole recompence to do well is to do well : but naughtiness will punish itself at last. "Improbis ipsa nequitia supplidum, as the diverb is. Qui ben6 fecerunt, illi sua facta sequentur ; Qui male fecerunt, facta sequentur eos : They that do well, shall have reward at last ; But they that ill, shall suffer for that 's past. Yea, but I am ashamed, disgraced, dishonoured, degraded, exploded : my notorious crimes and villainies are come to light [1 With interest.] P Plaut. Amph. ii. ii. 75. Don't stir up hornets. J 8 Obloquutus est, probrumque tibi intulit quispiam, sive vera is dixerit, sive falsa, maximam tibi coronam texueris, si mansuetfe convicium tuleris. ^Chrys. in 6. cap. ad Rom. ser. 10. [^ Diog. Laert. Lib. vi. cap. 2. Plut. Life of Fabius Maximus, 810.1 [8 Var. Hist. Lib. ix. §7.1 [' Epist. 45, § 6.] s Tullius, epist. Dolabelte. Tu forti sis anirao ; et tua moderatio, constantia, eorum infamet injuriam. [Ad Fam. ix. 12.] • Boethius, Consol. lib. 4. pros. 3. 230 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IIL {deprendi miserum est^) my filthy lust, abominable oppression, and avarice, lies open, my good name's lost, my fortune's gone, I have been stigmatized, whipt at post, arraigned, and condemned, I am a common obloquy, I have lost my ears; odious, execrable, abhorred of God and men. Be content, 'tis but a nine days' wonder, and as one sorrow drives out another, one passion another, one cloud another, one rumour is expelled by another ; every day almost come new news unto our ears, as how the Sun was eclipsed, meteors seen i'th' air, monsters born, prodigies, how the Turks were overthrown in Persia, an Earthquake in Helvetia, Calabria, Japan, or China, an inundation in Holland, a great plague in Constantinople, a fire at Prague, a dearth in Germany, such a man is made a Lord, a Bishop, another hanged, deposed, pressed to death, for some murder, treason, rape, theft, oppression, all which we do hear at first with a kind of admiration, detestation, conster- nation, but by and by they are buried in silence : thy father's dead, thy brother robb'd, wife runs mad, neighbour hath kill'd himself; 'tis heavy, ghastly, fearful news at first, in every man's mouth, table talk; but after awhile who speaks or thinks of it? It will be so with thee and thine offence, it will be forgotten in an instant, be it theft, rape, sodomy, murder, incest, treason, &c. thou art not the first offender, nor shalt thou be the last, 'tis no wonder; every hour such malefactors are called in question, nothing so common, Quocunque in populo, quocunque sub axe,2 [In every nation, under every clime.] Comfort thyself, thou art not the sole man. If he that were guiltless himself should fling the first stone at thee, and he alone should accuse thee that were faultless, how many executioners, how many accusers, wouldst thou have ! If every man's sins were written in his forehead, and secret thoughts known, how many thousands would parallel, if not exceed, thine offence ! It may be the Judge that gave sentence, the Jury that condemned thee, the spectators that gazed on thee, deserved much more, and were far more guilty that thou thyself. But it is thine infelicity to be taken, to be made a publick example of justice, to be a terror to the rest ; yet should every man have his desert, thou wouldest peradventure be a Saint in comparison ; vexat censura [1 Hor. Sat. L ii 134. 'Tis bad to be found out.] [a Juv. xiv. 42,] MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 23 1 columbas^ poor souls are punished, the great ones do twenty thousand times worse, and are not so much as spoken of. 2Non rete accipitri tenditur neque milvio, Qui male faciunt nobis ; illis qui nil faciunt tenditur. The net's not laid for kites or birds of prey, But for the harmless still our gins we lay. Be not dismayed then, humanum est errare,^ we are all sinners, daily and hourly subject to temptations, the best of us is an hypo- crite, a grievous offender in God's sight ; Noah, Lot, David, Peter, &'c. how many mortal sins do we commit 1 Shall I say, be peni- tent, ask forgiveness, and make amends, by the sequel of thy life, for that foul offence thou hast committed ? recover thy credit by some noble exploit, as ThemistoclesiaA, for he was a most debauched and vicious youth, ^sed juventce maculas prcedaris fadis delevit, but made the world amends by brave exploits ; at last become a new man, and seek to be reformed. He that runs away in a battle, as Demosthenes said,' may fight again; and he that hath a fall, may stand as upright as ever he did before. Nemo desperet meliora lapsus, a wicked liver may be reclaimed, and prove an honest man ; he that is odious in present, hissed out, an exile, may be received again with all men's favours, and singular applause ; so Tully was in Rome, Aldbiades in Athens. Let thy disgrace then be what it will, quod fit infedum non potest esse,'' that which is past cannot be recalled; trouble not thyself, vex and grieve thyself no more, be it obloquy, disgrace, &c. No better way than to neglect, contemn, or seem not to regard it, to make no reckoning of it, Deesse robur arguit dkadtas :^ if thou be guiltless, it concerns thee not. 9 Irrita vaniloquae quid curas spicula linguse, Latrantem curatne alta Diana canem? Doth the Moon care for the barking of a dog ? They detract, scoff and rail, saith one," and bark at me on every side, but I, like that Albanian dog sometime given to Alexander for a present, vindico me ab illis solo contemptu, I lie still and sleep, vindicate myself by contempt alone. ri Tuv ii. 6ii.l 2 Ter. Phor. [ii. ii. 16, 17.] P An Cic. Phil. xii. ii. § s? cijusvis est errire.] [^ Plut. Vita Them. § ii.] [» See Aulus Gellius, :mi. 21.] re Seneca Thyestes, 616. "Nemo confidat nimmm secundis, Nemo desperet meliora lapsis."] [' Plautus, Aulularia, iv. x. 11. memoriter.] [» Loquaaty argues a want of strength.] 9 Camerar. Emb. 61. cent. 3. i« Lipsius, elect, lib. 3. ult. Latrant me ; jaceo, ac taceo, &c. 232 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. III. 1 Expers terroris Achilles Armatus : as a tortoise in his shell, ''' virtute me& me involvo,' or an urchin round, nil moror idus,^ °a lizard in camomile, I decline their fury, and am safe. Integritas virtusque suo munimine tuta, Non patet adversas morsibus invidiae : Virtue and integrity are their own fence, Care not for envy or what comes from thence. Let them rail then, scoff, and slander, sapiens coniumeU& non affid- tur, a wise man, Seneca thinks," is not moved, because he knows, contra sycopkantce morsu-m non est remedium, there is no remedy for it : Kings and Princes, wise, grave, prudent, holy, good men, divine, all are so served alike. '' O Jane! k tergo quern nulla ciconia pinsit, Antevorta and Fostvorta' Jupiter's guardians, may not help in this case, they cannot protect ; Moses had a Dathan, a Corah, David a Shimei, God himself is blasphemed : nondumfelix es, si te nondicm turba deridet. It is an ordinary thing so to be mis- used; ^regium est cum benh facer is male audire,^° tht chiefest men, and most understanding, are so vilified ; let him take his ^'course. And, as that lusty courser in yEsop,^^ that contemned the poor ass, came by and by after with his bowels burst, a pack on his back, and was derided of the same ass : contemnentur ab lis quos ipsi priiis contempsere, et irridebuntur ab lis guos ipsi prills irrisei'e, they shall be contemned and laughed to scorn of those whom they have formerly derided. Let them contemn, defame, or undervalue, insult, oppress, scoff, slander, abuse, wrong, curse and swear, feign and lie, do thou comfort thyself with a good conscience, in sinu gaudeas^^ when they have all done, a ^'^good conscience is a continual feast^^ innocency will vindicate itself And which the Poet gave out of Hercules, diis fruitur iratis,^" enjoy thyself, though all the world be set against thee, contenm and say with him, Elogium 1 Catullus. [64. 338.] 2 The symbol of J. Kevenheder, a Carlnthian Baron, saith Sambucus. [3 Hor. Odes. iii. 29. 54, 55. I wrap myself in ray virtue.] [* I care not for their blows.] ^ The symbol of Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. [« De Constantia, Sapientis, cap. ii.] ? Pers. Sat. i, 58. [8 Macrob. Sat. i. 7.] " Magni animi est injurias despicere, Seneca de Ira, cap. 31. [10 Plut. Vita Alexandri Magni, § 41.] u Quid turpius quam sapientis vitam ex insipientis sermone pendere? TuUius, De Finibus. 2. 15. [13 Fab. 328, ed. Halm.] ps Rejoice at heart.] i'' Tua te conscientia salvare, in cubiculum ingredere, ubi secure requiescas. Minuit se quodamraodo proba bonitas conscientise secretum, Boethius, 1. I. Pros. 4. [" Prov. xv. 15, memoriter.] [16 He enjoys the anger of the gods.] MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 233 mihi prce foribus^ my posy \s.,,not to be moved,that ''my Palladium, my breast-plate, my bucJder, with which I ward all injuries, offences, lies, slanders ; I lean upon that stake of modesty, so receive and break asunder all that foolish force of livor and spleen. And whosoever he is that shall observe these short instructions, without all question he shall much ease and benefit himself. In fine, if Princes would do justice, Judges be upright. Clergy, men truly devout, and so live as they teach, if great men would not be so insolent, if soldiers would quietly defend us, the poor would be patient, rich men would be liberal and humble, Citizens honest, Magistrates meek, Superiors would give good example, subjects peaceable, young men would stand in awe : if Parents would be kind to their children, and they again obedient to their Parents, brethren agree amongst themselves, enemies be reconciled, servants trusty to their Masters, Virgins chaste, Wives modest, Husbands would be loving, and less jealous : if we could imitate Christ and his Apostles, Hve after God's laws, these mischiefs would not so frequently happen amongst us ; but being most part so irreconcile- able as we are, perverse, proud, insolent, factious, and malicious, prone to contention, anger and revenge, of such fiery spirits, so captious, impious, irreligious, so opposite to virtue, void of grace, how should it otherwise be ? Many men are very testy by nature, apt to mistake, apt to quarrel, apt to provoke, and misinterpret to the worst every thing that is said or done, and thereupon heap unto their selves a great deal of trouble, and disquietness to others, smatterers in other men's matters, tale-bearers, whisperers, liars, they cannot speak in season, or hold their tongues when they should, ^et suam partem itidem iacere, cum aliena est oratio :^ they will speak more than comes to their share in all companies, and by those bad courses accumulate much evil to their own souls {gut contendit, sibi convicium facit) their life is a perpetual brawl, they snarl, like so many dogs, with their wives, children, servants, neighbours, and all the rest of their friends, they can agree with nobody. But to such as are judicious, meek, submiss, and quiet, these matters are easily remedied : they will forbear upon all such occasions, neglect, contemn, or take no notice of them, dissemble, P Cardan, Actio Prima in Calumniatorem Librorum de SubHlitate.'\ " Rin- gantur licet et maledicant, Palladium ilUid pectori oppono, non moveri : consisto ; modestisE veluti sudi innitcns, excipio et frango stultissimum impetum livoris. Putean. lib. 2. epist. 58. '^ Mil. Glor. Act. 3. fSc. i.] Plautus. [■' Miles Glor. iii. i. SI.] 234 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IIL or wisely turn it off. If it be a natural impediment, as a red nose, squint eyes, crooked legs, or any such imperfection, infirmity, dis- grace, reproach, the best way is to speak of it first thyself,^ and so thou shalt surely take away all occasions from others to jest at, or contemn, that they may perceive thee to be careless of it. Vatinius was wont to scoff at his own deformed feet, to prevent his enemies' obloquies and sarcasms in that kind ; or else by prevention, as Cotys King of Thrace, that brake a company of fine glasses pre- sented to him with his own hands, lest he should be overmuch moved when they were broken by chance." And sometimes again, so that it be discreetly and moderately done, it shall not be amiss to make resistance, to take down such a saucy companion ; no better means to vindicate himself to purchase final peace : for he that suffers himself to be ridden, or through pusillanimity or sot- tishness will let every man baffle him, shall be a common laughing stock for all to flout at. As a cur that goes through a Village, if he clap his tail between his legs, and run away, every cur will insult over him, but if he bristle up himself, and stand to it, give but a counter-snarl, there's not a dog dares meddle with him. Much is in a man's courage and discreet carriage of himself. Many other grievances there are, which happen to mortals in this life, from friends, wives, children, servants, masters, com- panions, neighbours, our own defaults, ignorance, errors, intempe- rance, indiscretion, infirmities, &c. and many good remedies to mitigate and oppose them, many divine precepts to counterpoise our hearts, special antidotes both in Scripture and human Authors, which whoso will observe shall purchase much ease and quietness unto himself. I will point at a few. Those Prophetical, Aposto- lical admonitions, are well known to all ; what Solomon, Siraddes, our Saviour Christ himself, hath said tending to this purpose, as, Fear God: obey the Prince: be sober and watch : pray continually: be angry, but sin not : remember thy last : fashion not yourselves to this world, (^c. apply yourselves to the times: strive not with a mighty man : recompence good for evil : let nothing be done through contention or vain-glory, but with meekness of mind, every man esteeming of others better than himself: love one another; or that Epitome of the Law and the Prophets, which our Saviour incul- 1 Bion said his father was a rogue, his mother a whore, to prevent obloquy, and to show that nought belonged to him but goods of the mind. [Diogenes Laertius, Lib. iv. cap. 7.] p Plutarch, Apophthegmata Regum et Imperatorum, p. 174.] MEM. VII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 235 cates, love God above all, thy neighbour as thyself. And whatsoever you would that men should do unto you, io do unto them, which Alexander Severus writ in letters of gold, and used as a motto j* "^Hierom commends to Celantia as an excellent way, amongst so many enticements and worldly provocations, to rectify her life. Out of human Authors take these few cautions, ^Know thyself. *Be contented with thy lot. ° Trust not wealth, beauty, nor parasites ; they will bring thee to destruction. ^Have peace with all men, war with vice. ''Be not idle. 'Look before you leap. ^Beware of, Had I wist. '^° Honour thy parents, speak well of friends. Be temperate in four things, lirigua, loculis, oculis, et poculis. Watch thine eye. ^^ Moderate thine expences. Hear much, speak little. ^'^ Sustine et abstine." If thou seest ought amiss in another, mend it in thyself. Keep thine 07vn counsel, reveal not thy secrets, be silent in thine inten- tions?^ Give not ear to tale-tellers, babblers, be not scurrilous in conversation. ^^Jest without bitterness : give no man cause of offence ; set thine house in order: ^Hake heed (^suretyship. "Fide et dif- fide, '" ay fl fox on the ice, take heed whom you trust. ^^Live not beyond thy means. ''"Give cheerfully. Fay thy dues willingly. Be not a slave to thy money. ^^Omit not occasion, embrace opportunity, lose no time. Be humble to thy superiors, respective to thine equals, affable to all, ^^but not familiar : flatter no man. ^^Lie not, dissemble not. Keep thy word and promise, be constant in a good resolution. Speak truth. Be not opinionative, maintain no factions. Lay no wagers, make no comparisons. ^^Find no faults, meddle not with other [1 See Lampridius, Life of Alexander Severus, cap. 51.] [2 Epist. 148, § 15.] 3 Nosce teipsum. [Juv. xi. 27.] * Contentus abi. [An reminiscence of Horace, Sat. i. i. 118, 119?] ^ Ne fidas opibus, neque parasitis; trahunt in prascipitium. * Pacem cum hominibus habe, bellum cum vitiis. Othon. 2. imperat. symb. ^ Daemon te nunquam otiosum inveniat. Hieron. [Ad Rusticum. Epist. 125.] 8 Diu deliberandum quod statuendum est semel. ^ Insipientis est dicere non put^ram. [Cic. Ad Herennium, Lib. ii. cap. xxv. § 40, memoriter.] i* Ames parentem, si ssquum ; aliter, feras ; prsestes parentibus pietatem, amicis dilec- tionem. ^^ Comprime linguam. Quid de quoque viro et cui dicas ssepe caveto. [Hor. Epp. i. 18. 68, memoriter.] Libentius audias qucim loquaris ; viva ut vivas. 12 Epictetus. Optirae feceris, si ea fugeris quas in alio reprehendis. Nemini dixeris quas nolis efferri. ps Erasmi Adagia, p. 617.] '* Fuge susurrones. Per- contatorem fugito, &c. [Hor. Epp. i. 18. 69. ] i" Sint sales sine vilitate. .Sen. '' Sponde, presto iioxa. [Plutarch, On Talkativeness, § xvii.j 1' Camerar. Emb. 55. cent. 2. Cave cui credas, vel nemini fidas, Epicharmus. P* Trust and distrust.] M Tecum habita. [Persius. iv. 52.] 20 gjs jat qui cito dat. [Alciatus, Emble- mata, No. 162.] 21 post est occasio calva. [Cato, Dist. ii. 62.] 22 Nimia familiaritas parit contemptum. 23 Mendacium servile vitium. 24 Arcanum neque tu scrutaberis uUius unquam, Commissumque teges, Hor. lib. i. Ep. 19, Nee tua laudabis studia, aut aliena reprendes. Hor. Ep. lib. i. i3. 39. 236 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART IL SECT. IIL meris matters. Admire not thyself. Be not proud or popular.^ Insult not. Fortunam reverenter habe.^ ""Fear not that which cannot be avoided. ^Grieve not for that which cannot be recalled. ''Undervalue not thyself. "^Accuse no man, commend no man, rashly. Go not to law without great cause. Strive not with a greater man. Cast not off an old friend. Take heed of a reconciled enemy. ^If thou come as a guest, stay not too long. Be not unthankful. Be meek, mercificl, and patient. Do good to all. Be not fond of fair words. "Be not a neuter in a faction. Moderate thy passions, "Think no place without a witness. ^° Admonish thy friend in secret^ commend him in publick. Keep good company. ^^Love others, to be beloved thyself. Ama tanquam osurus.'^ Amicus tardo fias. Provide for a tempest. Noli irritare crabrones.'" Do not prostitute thy soul for gain. Make not a fool of thyself to make others merry. Marry not an old crone or a fool for money. Be not over solicitous cr curious. Seek that which may be found. Seem not greater than thou art. Take thy pleasure soberly. Ocymum ne terito. ^''Live merrily as thou canst. ^^Take heed by other men's examples. Go as thou wouldst be met, sit as thou wouldst be found, ^^ yield to the time, follow the stream. Wilt thou live free fi'om fears and cares ? ^''Live innocently, keep thyself upright, thou needest no other keeper, Gfc. Look for more in Isocrates, Seneca, Plutarch, Epictetus, dfc. and, for defect, consult with cheese-trenchers'-'' and painted clothes." •> Ne te qusesiveris extra. [Pars. i. 7.] [Does this mean, Be neither haughty, nor cheap and common ?] [2 Ausonius, viii. 7. Stand in awe of for- tune.] 3 Stultum est timere, quod vitari non potest. [Excerpta ex libris Senecae.] * De re amissa irreparabili ne doleas. ^ Tanti eris aliis quantl tibi fueris. ' Neminem vel laudes vel accuses. ' Nullius hospitis grata est mora longa. 8 Solonis lex apud Aristotelem ; Gellius, lib. 2. cap. 12. 9 Nullum locum putes sine teste, semper adesse Deum cogita. 1° Secreto amicos admone, lauda palam. [Publius Syrus.] " Ut ameris, amabilis esto. [Ovid. A, A. ii. 107.] Eros et anteros gemelli Veneris, amatio et redamatio. Plat. [Phasdr. 255 D.j [12 Erasm. Ad. p. 434.] [13 Plautus, Amphit. ii. ii. 75. Don't stir up hornets.] M Dum fata sinunt, vivite laeti, Seneca. [Here. Fur. 177.] " id apprime in vita utile, ex aliis observare sibi quod ex usu siet. Ter. [Andria, i. i. 61, memoriter.] W Dum furor in cursu current! cede furori. [Ovid, Remed. 119.] Cretizandum cum Crete. [Erasmi Adagia, pp. 81, 82.] Temporibus servi, nee contra flaraina flato. U Nulla certior custodia innocentia : inexpugnabile munimentum munimento non egere. [is See Nares' Glossary, ed. Halliwell.] [10 See Variorum Shakspeare, ed. 1803, vol. viii. p. 103.J MEM. VIII.] REMEDIES AGAINST DISCONTENTS. 237 MEMB. VIII. Against Melancholy itself. Every man, saith '^Seneca, thinks his own burthen the heaviest, and a melancholy man above all others complains most; weariness of life, abhorring all company and light, fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, bashfulness, and those other dread symptoms of body and mind, must needs aggravate this misery ; yet, conferred to other maladies, they are not so heinous as they be taken. For first, this disease is either in habit, or disposition, curable, or incurable. If new and in disposition, 'tis commonly pleasant, and it may be helped. If inveterate, or an habit, yet they have lucida intervalla^ sometimes well, and sometimes ill ; or if more continuate, as the ^Veienies were to the Romans, 'tis hostis assiduus magis qudm gravis,^ a more durable enemy than dangerous : and, amongst many inconveniences, some Comforts are annexed to it. First, it is not catching, and, as Erasmus comforted himself, when he was grievously sick of the stone, though it was most trouble- some, and an intolerable pain to him, yet it was no whit offensive to others, not loathsome to the spectators, ghastly, fulsome, terrible, as plagues, apoplexies, leprosies, wounds, sores, tetters, pox, pesti- lent agues are, which either admit of no company, terrify or offend those that are present. In this malady that which is is wholly to themselves, and those symptoms not so dreadful, if they be com- pared to the opposite extremes. They are most part bashful, suspicious, solitary, &c., therefore no such ambitious, impudent intruders, as some are, no sharkers, no cony-catchers, no prowlers, no smell-feasts, praters, panders, parasites, bawds, drunkards, whoremasters ; necessity and defect compels them to be honest ; as Micio told Demea in the ° comedy, Hseo si neque ego neque tu fecimus, Non silt egestas facere nos ; if we be honest, 'twas poverty made us so : if we melancholy men be not as bad as he that is worst, 'tis our Dame Melancholy kept us so : Non deerat voluntas sed facultas.8 Besides, they are freed in this from many other infirmities, ■■ Unicuique suum onus intolerabile videtur. P Lucid intervals.] s Livius, [2. 48.] [^ Livy, ii. 48.] » Xer. A. i. Seen. 2. Adelphi. [23, 24.] [« 'Twas not the will but the means that was wanting.] 238 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. III. solitariness makes them more apt to contemplate, suspicion wary, which is a necessary humour in these times ;^ nam,pol, quimaximl cavet, is sape cautor captus est, he that takes most heed is often circumvented and overtaken. Fear and sorrow keep them tempe- rate and sober, and free them from many dissolute acts, which jollity and boldness thrust men upon : they are therefore no sicarii, roaring boys, thieves, or assassinates. As they are soon dejected, so they are as soon by soft words and good persuasions reared. Wearisomeness of life makes them they are not so besotted on the transitory vain pleasures of the world. If they dote in one thing, they are wise and well understanding in most other. If it be inveterate, they are insensati, most part doting, or quite mad, insensible to any wrongs, ridiculous to others, but most happy and secure to themselves. Dotage is a state which many much magnify and commend : so is simplicity and folly, as he said, ^ hie furor, d Superi, sit mihi perpetuus I Some think fools and dizzards live the merriest lives, as Ajax in Sophocles, Nihil scire vita jucundissima^ 'tis the pleasantest life to know nothing ; iners malorum remedium ignorantia^ ignorance is a down-right remedy of evils. These curious Arts, and laborious Sciences, Galen's, Tully's, Aristotl^s, Justinian's, do but trouble the world, some think ; we might live better with that illiterate Virginian ^ simplicity and gross ignorance ; entire idiots do best; they are not macerated with cares, tormented with fears, and anxiety, as other wise men are : for, as ° he said, if folly were a pain, you should hear them howl, roar, and cry out in every house, as you go by in the street, but they are most free, jocund and merry, and in some ' Countries, as amongst the Turks, honoured for Saints, and abundantly maintained out of the common stock.* They are no dissemblers, liars, hypocrites, for fools and mad men tell commonly truth. In a word, as they are distressed, so are they pitied, which some hold better than to be envied, better to be sad than merry, better to be foolish and quiet quctm sapere et ringi,' [than] to be wise, and still vexed ; better to be miserable than happy ; of two extremes it is the best. 1 Plautus. [Captivi. ii. ii. 6. memoriter.] 2 Petronius, Catal. [Ye gods, may this madness be perpetual with me !] \} Sophocles, Ajax, SS4-] \^ Seneca, CEdipus, 515.] [* Qu. Virgilian? An allusion to Virg. Georg. ii. 458-474.] 6 Parmeno Cselestinse, Act. 8. Si stultitia dolor esset, in nulla non domo ejulatus audires. ^ Busbequius. Sands, lib. i. fol. 89. 8 Quis hodie beatior, quam cui licet stultum esse, et eoruradem immunitatibus frui ? Sat. Menip. [' Hor. Epp. ii. ii. 128.1 MEM. I. SUBS. I.] MEDICINAL PHYSICIC 239 SECT. IV. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Of Physick which cureth with Medicines. After a long and tedious discourse of these six non-natural things, and their several rectifications, all which are compre- hended in Diet, I am come now at last to Pharmaceutice, or that kind of Physick which cureth by Medicines, which Apothecaries most part make, mingle, or sell in their shops. Many cavil at this kind of Physick, and hold it unnecessary, unprofitable to this or any other disease, because those Countries which use it least live longest, and are best in health, as ' Hector Boethius relates of the Isles of Orcades, the people are still sound of body and mind without any use of Physick, they live commonly 120 years; and Ortelius, in his Itinerary of the Inhabitants of the Forest of Arden, ^ they, are very painful, long-lived, sound, dr'c. "Afartianus Capella, speaking of the Indians of his time, saith, they were (much like our western Indians now) bigger than ordinary men, bred coarsely, very long-lived, insomuch that he that died at an hun- dred years of age went before his time, (s'c. Damianus A- Goes, Saxo Grammaticus, Aubanus Bohemus, say the like of them that live in Norway, Lapland, Finmark, Biarmia, Corelia, all over Scandia, and those Northern Countries, they are most healthful and very long-lived, in which places there is no use at all of Physick, the name of it is not once heard. Dithmarus Bleskenius, in his accurate description of Iceland, 1607, makes mention amongst other matters of the inhabitants, and their manner of living, * which is dried fish instead of bread, butter, cheese, and salt-meats, most parts they drink water and whey, and yet without Physick or Physician they live many of them 250 years. I find the same relation by Lerius, and some other Writers, ol Indians \x\ America. Paulus Jovius, in his description oi Britain, and Levinus Lemnius, observe as much of this our Island, that there was of old no use of ° Physick amongst us, and but little at this day, except it be for a few nice idle Citizens, surfeiting Courtiers, and stall-fed 1 Lib. Hist. 2 Parvo viventes, laboiiosi, longasvi, suo contenti, ad centum annos vivunt. ' Lib. 6. de Nup. Philol. Ultra humanam fragilitatem prolixi, ut immature pereat qui centenarius moriatur, &c. * Victus eorum caseo et lacte consistit, potus aqua et serum, pisces loco panis habent ; ita multos annos ssepe 250 absque medico et medicina vivunt. ^ Lib. de 4. complex. 240 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IV. Gentlemen lubbers. The country people use kitchen Physick, and common experience tells us that they live freest from all manner of infirmities that make least use of Apothecaries Physick. Many are overthrown by preposterous use of it, and thereby get their bane, that might otherwise have escaped ; ^ some think Physicians kill as many as they save, and who can tell 2 Quot Themison segros autumno Occident uno ? how many murders they make in a year, quibus impunl licet homi- nem occidere, that may freely kill folks, and have a reward for it ? and, according to the Dutch proverb, a new Physician must have a new Church-yard; and who daily observes it not? Many that did ill under Physicians' hands have happily escaped when they have been given over by them, left to God and Nature and them- selves. 'Twas Pliny's dilemma of old, ^ Every disease is either curable or incurable, a man recovers of it or is killed by it ; both ways Physick is to be rejected. If it be deadly, it cannot be cured; if it may be helped, it requires no Physician ; Nature will expel it of itself . Plato made it a great sign of an intemperate and corrupt Common- wealth, where Lawyers andPhysicians didabound ; * and the Romans distasted them so much, that they were often banished out of their City, as Pliny and Celsus relate, for 600 years not admitted. It is no Art at all, as some hold, no not worthy the name of a liberal science (nor Law neither) as ^Pet. And. Canonherius, a Patrician of Rome, and a great Doctor himself, one of their own tribe, proves by 16 Arguments, because it is mercenary as now used, base, and as Fiddlers play for a reward. Juridicis, medicis,fiscofas vivere rapto ; ° 'tis a corrupt Trade, no Science, Art, no Profession ; the beginning, practice and progress of it, all is naught, full of imposture, incer- tainty, and doth generally more harm than good. The Devil himself was the first inventor of it : Inventum est medicina meum,'' said Apollo : and what was Apollo, but the Devil ? The Greeks first made an Art of it, and they were all deluded by Apollds Sons, Priests, Oracles. If we may believe Varro, Pliny, Columella, 1 Per mortes agunt experimenta et animas nostras negotiantur ; et quod alijs exitiale hominem occidere iis impunitas summa. Plinius. [N. H, xxix. 8. memoriter.] 2 Juven. [x. 221.] ^ Omnis morbus lethalis aut curabilis, in vitam definit aut in mortem. Utroque igitur modo medicina inutilis ; si lethalis, curari non potest ; si curabilis, non requirit medicum : natura expellet. [* See Rep. p. 373.1 ' In interpretationes politico-morales in 7 Aphorism. Hippoe. libros. [« Lawyers and doctors on the public live. This line is quoted by Sir John Harrington. An Apologie of Poetrie. Preface to his translation of Ariosto.] [' Ovid, M. i. 521. Medicine is my invention.] MEM. I. SUBS. I.] MEDICINAL PHYSIC. 241 most of their best medicines were derived from his Oracles. yEsculapius his son had his Temples erected to his Deity, and did many famous cures, but, as Ladantius holds, he was a Magician, a mere Impostor, and as his successors, Phaon, Podalirius, Melam- pius, Mmecrates (another God) by charms, spells, and ministry of bad spirits, performed most of their cures. The first that ever wrote in Physick to any purpose was Hippocrates, and his Disciple and Commentator Galen, ^hom ScaligercaWsJimbriamJIippocratts,'^ but, as 'Cardan censures them, both immethodical and obscure as all those old ones are, their precepts confused, their medicines obsolete, and now most part rejected. Those cures which they did, Paracelsus holds, were rather done out of their Patients' confi- dence,_^ and good opinion they had of them, than out of any skill of theirs, which was very small, he saith, they themselves idiots and infants, as are all their Academical followers. The Arabians received it from the Greeks, and so the Latins, adding new pre- cepts and medicines of their own, but so imperfect still, that through ignorance of Professors, Impostors, Mountebanks, Empiricks, disagreeing of Sectaries, (which are as many almost as there be diseases), envy, covetousness, and the like, they do much harm amongst us. They are so different in their consul- tations, prescriptions, mistaking many times the parties' consti- tution, " disease, and causes of it, they give quite contrary Physick. " One saith this, another that, out of singularity or opposition, as he said of Adrian,'' multitudo medicorum Principem interfecit, a multi- tude of Physicians hath killed the Emperor ; plus d, medico quam d tnorbo periculi, more danger there is from the Physician than from the disease. Besides, there is much imposture and malice amongst them. All Arts (saith ''Cardan) admit of cozening, Physick amongst the rest doth appropriate it to herself; and tells a story of one Curtius, a Physician in Venice, because he was a stranger, and practised among them, the rest of the Physicians did still cross him in all his precepts. If he prescribed hot medicines, they would prescribe cold, miscentes pro calidis frigida, pro frigidis, humida, pro purgantibus astringentia, binders for purgatives, omnia [1 A mere imitator of Hippocrates.] 2 praefat. de contrad. med. ^ Opinio facit medicos : a fair gown, a velvet cap, tlie name of a Doctor is all in all. ^ Morbus alius pro alio curatur ; aliud remedium pro alio. ^ Contrarias proferunt sententias. Card. [* Xiphilini Epitome Dionis, Vita Adriani, ad fin.] ' Lib. 3. de sap. Omnes artes fraudem admittunt, sola medicina sponte earn accersit. II. R 242 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IV. perturbabant} If the party miscarried, Curtium damnabant^ Cwtius killed him, that disagreed from them : if he recovered, then ' they cured him themselves. Much emulation, imposture, mahce, there is amongst them : if they be honest, and mean well, yet a knave Apothecary that administers the. Physick, and makes the medicine, may do infinite harm, by his old obsolete doses, adulterine drugs, bad mixtures, quid pro quo, Ss'c. See Fuchsius, lib. I. sect. I. cap. 8, Cordus' Dispensatory, znd. Brassivola's Examen simpl. <5f^. But it is their ignorance that doth more harm than rashness, their Art is wholly conjectural, if it be an Art, uncertain, imperfect, and got by killing of men, they are a kind of butchers, leeches, men-slayers; Chirurgeons, and Apothecaries especially, that are indeed the Physicians' hang-men, carnifices, and common executioners; though, to say truth. Physicians themselves come not far behind ; for according to that facete Epigram of Maxi- milianus Urentius, what's the difference ? Chirurgicus medico quo differt ? scilicet isto, Enecat hie succis, enecat iUe manu. Carnifice hoc ambo tantum dilferre videntur, Tardiiis hi feciunt quod facit ille cit6.* But I return to their skill. Many diseases they cannot cure at all, as Apoplexy, Epilepsy, Stone, Strangury, Gout, ToUere nodosam nescit medicina Podagram ; <> Quartan Agues, a common Ague sometimes stumbles them all; they cannot so much as ease, they know not how to judge of it. If by Pulses, that doctrine, some hold, is wholly superstitious, and I dare boldly say with 'Andrew Dudeth, that variety of pulses, described by Galen, is neither observed, nor understood of any. And for urine, that is meretrix medicorum, the most deceitful thing of all, as Forestus and some other Physicians have proved at large : I say nothing of critick days, errors in indications, &c. The most rational of them, and skilful, are so often deceived, that as ''Tholo- [1 They altered everything.] P They set it down to Curtius.l 3 Omnis asgrotus proprisL culp4 perit, sed nemo nisi medici beneficio restituitur. Agrippa. IDeVanit. Sclent, cap. 83.] [* How does the surgeon differ from the doctor? In this respect : one kills by drugs, the other by the hand. Both only differ from the hangman in this way, they do slowly what he does quickly.] [' Ovid, Ex Ponto, i. 3. 23. Medicine cannot remove the knotty gout.] * Lib. 3. Crat. ep. Winceslao Raphseno. Ausim dicere tot pulsuum differentias, quae describuntur k Galeno, nee i quoquam intelligi, nee observari posse. ' Lib. 28. cap. 7. syntax, art. mirab. Mallem ego expertis credere solum, quam mer6 ratiocinantibus : neque satis laudare possum institutum Babyloniciun, &c MEM. I. SUBS. I.] MEDICINAL PHYSIC. 243 sanus^ infers, / had rather believe and commit myself to a mere Empirick than to a mere Doctor, and I cannot sufficiently commend that custom of the Babylonians, that have no professed Physicians, but bring all their patients to the market to be cured: which Herodotus relates of the Egyptians, Strabo, Sardus, and Aubanus Bohemus, of many other Nations. And those that prescribed Physick amongst them, did not so arrogantly take upon them to cure all diseases as our professors do, but some one, some another, as their skill and experience did serve. '^One cured the eyes, a second the teeth, a third the head, another the lower parts, ^'c. not for gain, but in charity, to do good ; they made neither art, profes- sion, nor trade of it, which in other places was accustomed : and therefore Cambyses, in "^Xenophon, told Cyrus, that to his thinking Physicians were like Tailors atid Cobblers, the one mended our sick bodies, as the other did our clothes. But I will urge these cavelling and contumelious arguments no farther, lest some Physician should mistake me, and deny me Physick when I am sick : for my part, I am well persuaded of Physick : I can distinguish the abuse from the use in this and many other Arts and Sciences ; ' Aliud vinum, aliud ebrietas, wine and drunkenness are two distinct things. I acknowledge it a most noble and divine science, insomuch that Apollo, ^sculapius, and the first founders of it, merith pro Diis habiii, were worthily counted Gods by succeeding ages, for the excellency of their invention. And whereas Apollo at Delos, Venus at Cyprus, Diana at Ephesus, and those other Gods, were confined and adored alone in some peculiar places, ^sculapius had his Temple and Altars everywhere, in Corinth, Lacedcemon, Athens, Thebes, Epidaurus, &^c., (Pawj-aw/ai- records), for the latitude of his art, Deity, worth, and necessity. With all virtuous and wise men, therefore, I honour the name, and calling, as I am enjoined to honour the Physician for necessity's sake. The knowledge of the Physician lifteth up his head, and in the sight of great men he shall be admired. The Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them, Eccles. 38. i. [ 3, 4.] But of this noble subject how many panegyricks are worthily written ! For my part, as Sallust said of Carthage, prcestat silere quam pauca 1 Herodotus, [ii. 84.] Apud eos singulorum morborum sunt singuli medici; alius curat oculos, alius denies, alius caput, partes occultas alius. ' Cyrop. lib. 1. Velut vestium fractarum resarcinatores, &c. [cap. vi. § 16.] • Chrys. Horn. [i. § 4. Ad populum Antiochenum.] 244 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IV. dicere} I have said, yet one thing I will add, that this kind of Physick is very moderately and advisedly to be used, upon good occasion, when the former of diet will not take place. And 'tis no other which I say than that which Arnoldus prescribes in his 8 Aphoris. "^A discreet and godly Physician doth first endeavour to expel a disease by medicinal diet, then by pure medicine : and in his ninth, ^he that may be cured by diet must not meddle with Physick. So in II Aphoris. M modest and wise Physician will never hasten to use medicines, but upon urgent necessity, and that sparingly too : because (as he adds in his 13 Aphoris.) ^ Whosoever takes much Physick in his youth shall soon bewail it in his old age : purgative Physick especially, which doth much debilitate nature. For which causes some Physicians refrain from the use of Purgatives, or else sparingly use them. ^Henricus Ayrerus, in a consultation for a melancholy person, would have him take as few purges as he could, because there be no such medicines which do not steal away some of our strength, and rob the parts of our body, weaken Nature, and cause that Cacochymia, which '' Celsus and others observe, or ill digestion, and bad juice through all the parts of it. Galen himself confesseth ' that purgative Physick is contrary to Nature, takes away some of our best spirits, and consumes the very substance of our bodies. But this without question is to be understood of such purges as are unseasonably or immoderately taken; they have their excellent use in this as well as most other infirmities. Of Alteratives and Cordials no man doubts, be they simples or compounds. I will, amongst that infinite variety of medicines which I find in every Pharmacopeia, every Physician, Herbalist, &c, single out some of the chiefest. [1 De bello Jugurthino, cap. 19. It Is better to be silent than say little.] 2 Prudens et plus medicus morbum ante expellere satagit cibis medicinalibus quam puris medicinis. s Cuicunque potest per alimenta restitui sanitas, fugiendus est penitus usus medicamentorum. f Modestus et sapiens medicus nunquam properabit ad pharmaciam, nisi cogente necessitate. ^ Quicunque pharmacatur in juventute deflebit in senectute. " Hildesh. spic. 2. de mel. fol. 276. Nulla est fermfe medicina purgans, quae non aliquam de viribus et partibus corporis depraedatur. ' Lib. i. et Bart. lib. i. cap. 12. 8 jje yjjjt acut. Omne purgans medicamentum, corpori purgato contrarium, &c. succos et spiritus abducit, substantiam corporis aufert. MEM. I. SUBS. II.] MEDICINAL PHYSIC. 245 SUBSECT. 2. — Simples proper to Melancholy, against Exotick Simples. Medicines properly applied to Melancholy are either Simple or Compound. Simples are Alterative or Purgative. Alteratives are such as correct, strengthen Nature, alter, any way hinder or resist the disease ; and they be herbs, stones, minerals, &c. all proper to this humour. For as there be divers distinct infirmities, continually vexing us, AuTCjuarot ^oiToia-i, huko. OvtiroXiri ^spoutrat Siy^, Ittei ^{tivhv e^eiXeto ^tjTiETct Zsuj. Diseases steal both day and night on men, For Jupiter hath taken voice from them : SO there be several remedies, as ^he saith,^r eacA disease a medicine, for every humour ; and, as some hold, every clime, every country, and more than that, every private place, hath his proper remedies growing in it, peculiar almost to the domineering and most frequent maladies of it. As ' one discourseth, wormwood grows sparingly in Italy, because most part there they be misaffected with hot diseases ; but henbane, poppy, and such cold herbs : with us in Germany and Poland great store of it in every waste. Baracellus, Horto Geniali, and Baptista Porta, Physiognomicce,lib. 6. c. 23, give many instances and examples of it, and bring many other proofs. For that cause, belike, that learned Fuchsius of Nuremberg, '^when he came into a village, considered always what herbs did grow most frequently about it, and those he distilled in a silver limbeck, making use of others amongst them as occasion served. I know that many are of opinion our Northern simples are weak, unperfect, not so well concocted, of such force, as those in the Southern parts, not so fit to be used in Physick, and will therefore fetch their drugs afar off: Senna, Cassia, out of Egypt, Rhubarb from Barbary, Aloes from Zocotora, Turbith, Agarick, Mirabolanes, Hermodactils, from the East Indies, Tobacco from the West, and some as far as China, 1 Hesiod. Op. [102-104.] "^ Heurnius, prsef. pra. med. Quot morborum sunt ideffi, tot remediorum genera variis potentiis decorata. ^ Penottus, denar. med. QuKcunque regio producit siniplicia, pro morbis regionis. Crescit raro absynthium in Italia, quod ibi plerumque morbi calidi, sed cicuta, papaver, et herbse frigidae; apud nos Germanos et TOlonos ubique provenit absynthiurn. 1 Quum in villam venit, consideravit quse ibi crescebant medicamenta simplicia frequentiora, et iis plerunque usus distillatis, et aliter, alimbacum ideo argenteum circumferens. 246 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IV. Hellebore from the Anticyrcs, or that of Austria which bears the purple flower, which Mathiolus so much approves, and so of the rest. In the Kingdom of Valencia in Spain ^Maginus commends two mountains, Mar tola and Renagolosa, famous for simples;" Leatider Albertus, "Baldus^ a mountain near the lake Benacus,' in the territory of Verona, to which all the herbalists in the Country continually flock : Ortelius one in Apulia, Munster Mons Major va.- Histria : others Montpelier in Fra?ice. Prosper Alpinus prefers Egyptian simples, Garcias ab Horto Indian before the rest, another those of Italy, Crete, &•€. Many times they are overcurious in this kind, whom Fuchsius taxeth, Tnstit. I. i. sect. i. cap. i, ^that they think they do nothing except they rake all over India, Arabia, /Ethiopia, for remedies, and fetch their Physick from the three quarters of the World, and from beyond the Garamantes. Many an old wife or country wotnan doth often more good with a few known and common garden herbs than our bombast Physicians with all their prodigious, sumptuous, farfetched, rare, conjectural medicines. Without all question, if we have not these rare Exotick simples, we hold that at home which is in virtue equivalent unto them; ours will serve as well as theirs, if they be taken in proportionable quantity, fitted and qualified aright, if not much better, and more proper to our constitutions. But so 'tis for the most part, as Pliny writes to Gallus, ''we are careless of that which is near us, and follow that which is afar off, to know which we will travel and sail beyond the Seas, wholly neglecting that which is under our eyes. Opium in Turkey doth scarce offend, with us in a small quantity it stupifies ; cicuta (or hemlock) is a strong poison in Greece, but with us it hath no such violent effects. I conclude with J. Voschius, who, as he much inveighs against those exotick medicines, so he promiseth by our European a full cure, and absolute, of all diseases ; d, capite ad calcem, nostrce regionis herbce nostris corporibus magis conducuni, our own simples agree best with us. It was a thing that Femelius much laboured in his French practice, to reduce all his cure to our ^ Herbae medicis utiles omnium in Apulia feracissimse. 2 Geog. ad quos magnus herbarioram numerus undique confluit. Sincerus, Itiner. Gallia. ' Bal- dus mons prope Benacum herbilegis maxime notus. \} M. Baldc] [^ Now Lago Di Garda.] ^ Qui se nihil efFecisse arbitrantur nisi Indiam, ^thiopiam, Arabiam, et ultra Garamantas, k tribus mundi partibus exquisita remedia corradunt. Tutius ssepe medetur rustica anus una, &c. ' Ep. lib. 8. [cap. 20.] Proximorum incuriosi longinqua sectamur, et ad ea cognoscenda iter ingredi et mare transmittere solemus ; at qu£e sub oculis posita negligimus. MEM. I. SUBS. III.] MEDICINAL PHYSIC. 247 proper and domestick Physick: so did ^ Janus Comarius, and Martin Rulandus, in Germany, T. B. with us, as appeareth by a treatise of his divulged in our tongue 1615, to prove the sufficiency oi English medicines to the cure of all manner of diseases. If our simples be not altogether of such force, or so apposite, it may be, if like industry were used, those far fetched drugs would prosper as well with us as in those Countries whence now we have them, as well as Cherries, Artichokes, Tobacco, and many such. There have been divers worthy Physicians, which have tried excellent conclusions in this kind, and many diligent, painful. Apothecaries, as Gesner, Besler, Gerard, &'c. but amongst the rest, those famous publick Gardens of Padua in Italy, Nuremberg in Germany, Leyden in Holland, Montpelier in France, (and ours in Oxford now in fieri, [being constructed] at the cost and charges of the Right Honour- able the Lord Danvers, Earl of £>anby), are much to be com- mended, wherein all exotick plants almost are to be seen, and liberal allowance yearly made for their better maintenance, that young students may be the sooner informed in the knowledge of them : which, as ^Fuchsius holds, is most necessary for that exquisite manner of curing, and as great a shame for a Physician not to observe them as for a workman not to know his axe, saw, square, or any other tool which he must of necessity use. SuBSECT. 3. — Alteratives, Herbs, other Vegetals, S^c. Amongst those 800 simples, which Galeottus reckons up, lib. 3. de promise, doctor, cap. 3, and many exquisite HerbaUsts have written of, these few following alone I find appropriated to this humour : of which some be Alteratives; ^ which by a secret force, saith Renodeus, and special quality, expel future diseases, perfectly cure those which are, and many such incurable effects. This is as well observed in other plants, stones, minerals, and creatures, as in herbs, in other maladies, as in this. How many things are related of a man's skull ! What several virtues of corns in a horse's leg, *of a wolfs liver, &c. of divers ^excrements of beasts, all good 1 Exotica rejecit, domesticis solum nos contentos esse voluit. Melch. Adamus vit. ejus. 2 Instit. 1. i. cap. 8. sec. i. ad exquisitam curandi rationem, quorum cognitio imprimis necessaria est. 3 Quk cseca vi ac specifica qualitate morbos futures arcent. lib. i. cap. 10. Instit. Phar. " Galen, lib. Hepar lupi hepaticos curat. ^ Stercus pecoris ad epilepsiam, &c. 248 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. 11. SECT. IV. against several diseases ! What extraordinary virtues are ascribed unto plants ! ^Satyriutn et eruca penem erigunt ; vitex ef nymphcBa semen exstinguunt, ^some herbs provoke lust ; some again, as Agnus Castus, waterlily, quite extinguish seed; poppy causeth sleep, cabbage resisteth drunkenness, &c. and that which is more to be admired, that such and such plants should have a peculiar virtue to such particular parts, ^as to the head Aniseeds, Foalfoot, Betony, Calamint, Eye-bright, Lavender, Bays, Roses, Rue, Sage, Marjoram, Peony, &c. for the lungs Calamint, Liquorice, Enula Campana, Hyssop, Horehound, Water Germander, &c. for the heart Borage, Bugloss, Saffron, Balm, Basil, Rosemary, Violet, Roses, &c. for the stomack Wormwood, Mints, Betony, Balm, Centaury, Sorel, Purslain ; for the liver Darthspine or Chamce- pitys, Germander, Agrimony, Fennel, Endive, Succory, Liverwort, Barberries ; for the spleen Maidenhair, Finger-fern, Dodder of Thyme, Hop, the rind of Ash, Betony ; for the Kidnies Grumel, Parsley, Saxifrage, Plantain, Mallow ; for the womb Mugwort, Pennyroyal, Fetherfew, Savine, &c. for the joints Camomile, S. John's wort. Organ, Rue, Cowslips, Centaury the less, &c. and so to peculiar diseases. To this of Melancholy you shall find a Catalogue of Herbs proper, and that in every part. See more in Wecker, Renodeus, Heurnius, lib. 2. cap. 19, &"€. I will briefly speak of them, as first of Alteratives, which Galen, in his third book of diseased parts, prefers before diminutives, and Trallianus brags that he hath done more cures on melancholy men *by moistening than by purging of them. In this Catalogue Borage and Bugloss may challenge the chiefest place, whether in substance, juice, roots, seeds, flowers, leaves, decoctions, distilled waters, extracts, oils, &c. for such kind of herbs be diversely varied. Bugloss is hot and moist, and therefore worthily reckoned up amongst those herbs which expel melancholy, and 'exhilarate the heart, Galen, lib. 6. cap. 80. de simpl. tned. Dioscorides, lib 4. cap. 123. Pliny much magnifies this plant. It may be diversely used; as in Broth, in °Wine, in Con- serves, Syrops, &c. It is an excellent cordial, and against this malady most frequently prescribed : an herb indeed of such 1 Priestpintle, rocket. [N.B.— Pintle = Penis. A corruption of Pendulum.] 2 Sabina fetum educit. 3 Wecker. Vide Oswaldum Crollium, lib. de internis rerum signaturis, de herbis particularibus parti cuique convenientibus. * Idem Laurentius, cap. 9. B Dicor Borago, gaudi.i semper ago. 6 Vino infusum hilaritatem facit. MEM. I. SUBS. III.] MEDICINAL PHYSIC, 249 sovereignty that, as Diodorus, lib. 7. MM. Plinius, lib. 25. cap. 2.et lib. 21. cap. 22, Plutarch, Sympos. lib. i. cap. i, Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap^ 40, Calius, lib. 19. c. 3, suppose, it was that famous Nepenthes of Homer, which Polydamna, Thon's wife, (then King of Thebes in ■^gypf), sent Helen for a token, of such rare virtue that, if taken steept in wine, if wife and children, father and mother, brother and sister, and all thy dearest friends, should die before thy face, thou couldst not grieve or shed a tear for them. Qui semel id patera mistum Nepenthes laccho Hauserit, hie lacrimam, non si suavissima proles. Si germanus ei cams, materque paterque Oppetat, ante oculos ferro confossus atroei. Helenas commended bowl to exhilarate the heart had no other ingredient, as most of our criticks conjecture, than this of Borage. Melissophyllon, Balm, hath an admirable virtue to alter Melan- choly, be it steeped in our ordinary drink, extracted, or otherwise taken. Cardan, lib. 8, much admires this herb. It heats and dries, saith ^Heurnius, in the second degree, with a wonderful virtue comforts the heart, and purgeth all melancholy vapours from the spirits, Matthiol. in lib. 3. c. 10, in Dioscoridem. Besides they ascribe other virtues to it, ^as to help concoction, to cleanse the brain, expel all careful thoughts and anxious imaginations. The same words in effect are in Avicenna, Pliny, Simon Sethi, Fuchsius, Leobel, Dllacampius, and every Herbalist. Nothing better for him that is melancholy than to steep this and Borage in his ordinary drink. Matthiolus, in his fifth book of Medicinal Epistles, reckons up Scorzonera, ^ not against poison only, falling sickness, and such as are vertiginous, but to this malady ; the root of it taken by itself expels sorrow, causeth mirth and lightness of heart. Antonius Musa, that renowned Physician to Ccesar Augustus," in his book which he writ of the virtues of Betony, cap. 6, wonderfully commends that herb, animas hominum ei corpora custodit, seairas de metu reddit, it preserves both body and mind from fears, cares, griefs, cures falling-sickness, this and many other diseases ; 1 Odyss. [iv. 221-230.] 2 Lib. 2. gap. 2. prax. raed. Mira vi Isetitiam prsebet, et cor confirmat ; vapores raelancholicos purgat i spiritibus. 3 Proprium est ejus animum hilarem reddere, concoctionem juvare, cerebri obstructiones resecare, soUicitudines fugare, soUicitas imaginationes tollere. ^ Non solum ad viperarum morsus, comitiales, vertiginosos ; sed per se accommodata radix tristitiani discutil, hilaritatemque conciliat. p See Sueton. Divus Augustus, capp. 59, 81.] 2 so ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IV. to whom Galen subscribes, lib. 7. simpl. med. Dioscorides, lib. 4. cap. I. Ss^c. Marigold is much approved against Melancholy, and often used therefore in our ordinary broth, as good against this and many other diseases. Lupulus, Hop, is a sovereign remedy; Fuchsius, cap. 58. Plant. Hist, much extols it; ^ it purgeth all choler, and purifies the blood. Matthiol. cap. 140, in 4. Dioscor. wonders the Physicians of his •time made no more use of it, because it rariiies and cleanseth : we use it to this purpose in our ordinary beer, which before was thick and fulsome. Wormwood, Centaury, Pennyroyal, are likewise magnified and much prescribed (as I shall after shew) especially in Hypochon- driack Melancholy, daily to be used, sod in whey : and, as Ruffus Ephesius, ^Areiceus, relate, by breaking wind, helping concoction, many melancholy men have been cured with the frequent use of them alone. And because the spleen and blood are often misaffected in Melancholy, I may not omit Endive, Succory, Dandelion, Fumitory, &c. which cleanse the blood : Scolopmdria, Cuscuta, Ceterach, Mugwort, Liverwort, Ash, Tamarisk, Genist, Maidenhair, &c. which much help and ease the spleen. To these I may add Roses, Violets, Capers, Fetherfew, Scor- dium, Stoechas, Rosemary, Ros Solis, Saffron, Ocyme, sweet Apples, Wine, Tobacco, Sanders,' &c. that Peruvian Chamico, monstrosd. faculiate, (Sfc. Linshcosteus Datura; and to such as are cold the * decoction of Guiacum, China, Sarsaparilla, Sassa- fras, the flowers of Carduus Benedictus, which I find much used by Montanus in his consultations, Julius Alexandrinus, Lalius, \d. Fonte\ Eugubinus, and others. 'Bemardus Penottus prefers his Herba Solis, or Dutch-Sindaw, before all the rest in this disease, and will admit of no herb upon the earth to be comparable to it. It excels Homer's Moly,° cures this, falling-sickness, and almost all other infirmities. The same Penottus speaks of an excellent Balm out of Aponensis, which, taken to the quantity of three drops in a ' Bilem utramque detrahit, sanguinem purgat. 2 lj^. 7. cap. g, Lset. Occid. Indise descript. lib. lo. cap. z. P = Sandalwood.] * Heurnius, 1. 2. consil. 185. Scoltzii, consil. 77. ^ Prasf. denar. med. Omnes capitis dolores et phantasmata tollit ; scias nuUam herbam in terris huic comparandam viribus et bonitate nasci. [« Homer, Od. x. 305.] MEM. I. SUBS. IV.J MEDICINAL PHYSIC. 25 1 cup of wine, ' will cause a sudden alteration, drive away dumps, and cheer up the heart. Ant. Guianerius, in his Antidotary, hath many such. "Jacobus de Dondis, the Aggregator, repeats Ambergrease, Nutmegs, and Allspice amongst the rest. But that cannot be general. Amber and Spice will make a hot brain mad, good for cold and moist. Garcias ab Horto hath many Indian Plants, whose virtues he much magnifies in this disease. Lemnius, instit. cap. 58, admires Rue, and commends it to have excellent virtue, to ^ expel vain imaginations. Devils, and to ease afflicted souls. Other things are much magnified by * writers, as an old Cock, a Ram's head, a Wolf's heart borne or eaten, which Mercurialis approves ; Prosper Alpinus the water of Nilus, Gomesius all Sea water, and at seasonable times to be sea-sick : Goat's-milk, Whey, &c. SuBSECT. 4. — Precious Stones, Metals, Minerals, Alteratives. Precious Stones are diversely censured ; many explode the use of them or any Minerals in Physick, of whom Thomas Erastus is the chief, in his Tract against Paracelsus, and in an Epistle of his to Peter Monavius. ^That stones can work any wonders let them believe that list; no man shall persuade me, for my part I have found by experience there is no virtue in them. But Matthiolus, in his Comment upon ^ Dioscorides, is as profuse on the other side in their commendation ; so is Cardan, Penodeus, Alardus, Rueus, Encelius, Marbodeus, dr'c. ''Matthiolus specifies in Coral, and Oswaldus Crollius, Basil, chym. prefers the salt of Coral. 'Christoph. Encelius, lib. 3. cap. 131, will have them to be as so many several medicines against melancholy, sorrow, fear, dulness, and the like. " Renodeus admires them, besides they adorn Kings' Crowns, grace the fingers, enrich our household- stuff, defend us from enchantments, ^ Optimum medicamentum in celeri cordis confortatione, et ad omnes qui tristantur, &c. 2 Rondoletius. Elenum quod vim habet miram ad hilaritatem, et multi pro secreto habent. Sckenkius, observ. med. cen. 5. observ. 86. 3 AfBictas raentes relevat, animi imaginationes et Daemones expellit. * Sckenkius, Mizaldus, Rhasis. ' Cratonis, ep. vol. i. Credat qui vult gemmas mirabilia efficere ; mihi, qui et ratione et experientia didici aliter rem habere, nuUus facile persuadebit falsum esse verum. ^ l. de gemmis. ' Margaritse et corallum ad melancholiam pr^cipue valent. ^ Margaritae et gemmae spiritus confortant et cor, melancholiam fugant. ' Prasfat. ad lap. prec. lib. 2. sect. 2. de mat. med. Regum coronns omant, digitos illustrant, supellectilem ditant, a fascino tuentur, raorbis medentur, sanitatem conservant, mentem exhilarant, tristitiam pellunt. 252 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IV. preserve health, cure diseases, they drive away grief, cares, and exhila- rate the mind. The particulars be these. Granatus, a precious stone so called, because it is like the kernels of a Pomegranate, an unperfect kind of Ruby, it comes from Calicut ; ^ if hung about the neck, or taken, in drink, it much resisteth sorrow, andrecreates the heart. The same properties I find ascribed to the Jacinth and Topaz, ' they allay anger, grief, diminish mad- ness, much delight and exhilarate the mind. 'If it be either carried about, or taken in a potion, it will increase wisdom, saith Cardan, txpelfear; he brags that he hath cured many mad men with it, which, when they laid by the stone, were as tnad again as ever they were at first. Petrus Bayerus, lib. 2. cap. 13, veni mecum, Fran. Rueus, cap. 19, degemmis, say as much of the Chrysolite, * a friend of wisdom, an enemy to folly. Pliny, lib. 37, [5. 20.] Solinus, cap. 52, Albertus, de lapid.. Cardan, Encelius, lib. 3. cap. 66, highly magnifies the virtue of the Beryl, ° it much avails to a good under- standing, represseth vain conceits, evil thoughts, causeth mirth, &'c. In the belly of a swallow there is a stone found called Chelidonius, ' which, if it be lapped in a fair cloth, and tied to the right arm, will cure lunaticks, mad men, make them amiable and merry. There is a kind of Onyx, called a Chalcedony, which hath the same qualities, '' avails much against phantastick illusions which proceed from melancholy, preserves the vigour and good estate of the whole body. The Eban stone, which Goldsmiths use to sleeken their gold with, borne about, or given to drink, ^ hath the same properties, or not much unlike. Lavinus Lemnius, Institut. advit. cap. 58, amongst other Jewels makes mention of two more notable. Carbuncle and Coral, ^which drive away childish fears. Devils, overcome sorrow, and, hung about the neck, repress troublesome dreams, which properties almost Cardan ' Encelius, 1. 3. c. 4. Suspensus vel ebibitus tristitise multum resistit, et cor recreat. . 2 Idem, cap. 5. et cap. 5. de Hyacintho et Topazio. Iram sedat, et animi tristitiam pellit. * Lapis hie gestatus aut ebibitus prudentiam auget, nocturnes timores pellit ; insanos hac sanavi, et, quum lapidem abjecerint, erupit iterum stultitia. * Inducit sapientiam, fugat stultitiam. Idem Cardanus, lunaticos juvat. " Confert ad bonum intellectum, comprimit malas cogitationes, &c. Alacres reddit. * Albertus, Encelius, cap. 44. lib. 3. Plin. lib. 37. cap. 10. Jacobus de Dondis : dextro brachio alligatus sanat lunaticos, insanos, facit amabiles, jucundos. ' Valet contra phantasticas illusiones ex melancholia. 8 Amentes sanat, tristitiam pelUt, iram, &c. » Valet ad fugandos timores et Daemones, lurbulenta somnia abigit, et noctumos puerorum timores compescit. MEM. I. SUBS. IV.] MEDICINAL PHYSIC. 253 gives to that green coloured ' Emmetris, if it be carried about or worn in a Ring ; Rueus to the Diamond. ' Nicholas Cabeus, a Jesuit of Ferrara, in the first book of his Magnetical Philosophy, cap. 3, speaking of the virtues of a load- stone, recites many several opinions ; some say that, if it be taken in parcels inward, si quis per frusta voret, juventutem restituet, it will, like viper's wine, restore one to his youth, and yet, if carried about them, others will have it to cause melancholy ; let experi- ence determine. Mercurialis admires the Emerald for his virtues in pacifying all affections of the mind ; others the Sapphire, which is the '^ fairest of all precious stones, of sky -colour, and a great enemy to black choler, frees the mind, mends manners, &'c. Jacobus de Dondis, in his Cata- logue of Simples, hath Amber- Grease, os in corde cervi, ^the bone in a Stag's heart, a Monocerot's horn, Bezoar's stone, (* of which elsewhere), it is found in the belly of a little beast in the East Indies, brought into Europe by Hollanders and our Countrymen Merchants. Renodeus, cap. 22. lib. 3. dement, med. saith he saw two of these beasts alive in the Castle of the Lord of Vitry at Coubert. ^ Lapis Lazuli and Armenus, because they purge, shall be men- tioned in their place. Of the rest in brief thus much I will add out of Cardan, Renodeus, cap. 23. lib. 3, Rondoletius, lib. i.de Testat. c. 15, cS-^. ^ that almost all Jewels and precious stones have excellent virtues to pacify the affections of the mind, for which cause rich men so much covet to have them: ^ and those smaller Unions'' which are found in shells amongst the Persians and Indians, by the consent of all writers, are very cordial, and most part avail to the exhilaration of the heart. Most men say as much of Gold, and some other Minerals, as these have done of precious stones. Erastus still maintains the opposite part. Disput. in Paracelsum, c. ^.foL 196, he confesseth of Gold ^that it makes the heart merry, but in no other sense but as 1 Somnia Iseta facit argenteo annulo gestatus. ^ Atrse bi)i adversatur, omnium gemmanim pulcherrima, coeli coloretn refert, animum ab errore liberal, mores in melius mutat. * Longis mceroribus feliciter medetur, deliquiis, &c. ^ Sec. 5, Memb. i. Subs. 5. ' Gestamen lapidum et gemmarum maximum fert auxilium et juvamen ; unde qui dites sunt gemmas seoum ferre student. 8 Margaritse et uniones, quae k conchis et piscibus apud Persas et Indos, valde cordiales sunt, &c. r? z= pearls.'X * Aurum Isetitiam gtaierat, non in corde, sed in arcd virorum. 254 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IV. it is in a miser's chest: at mihi flaudo simul ac nummos contemplor in and,, as he said in the Poet;' it so revives the spirits, and is an excellent receipt against Melancholy. ^For gold in physic is a cordial. Therefore he loved gold in special. Awum potabile^ 'he discommends and inveighs against it, by reason of the corrosive waters which are used in it, which argu- ment our Dr. Guin urgeth against D. Antonius. ^Erastus con- cludes their Philosophical stones and potable gold, &c. to be no better than poison, a mere imposture, a non ens; digg'd out of that broody hill, belike, this goodly golden stone is, ubi nascetur ridiculus mus.° Paracelsus and his Chemistical followers, as so many Promethei, will fetch fire from Heaven, will cure all manner of diseases with Minerals, accounting them the only Physick on the other side. '' Paracelsus calls Gcden, Hippocrates, and all their adherents, infants, idiots, Sophisters, &c. Apage sis istos qui Vul- canias istas Metamorphoses sugillant, inscitice soboles, supince per- tinaccR alumnos, *f. not worthy the name of Physicians, for want of these remedies ; and brags that by them he can make a man live 1 60 years, or to the world's end; with their 'Alexipharmacums, Panaceas, Mummias, Unguentum Armarium, and such Magnetical cures, Lampas vitce et mortis. Balneum Dianie, Balsamum, Electrum Magico-physicum, Amuleta Martialia, &c. What will not he and his followers effect? He brags moreover that he was primus medicorum," and did more famous cures than all the Physicians in Europe besides ; '° a drop of his preparations should go further than a dram or ounce of theirs, those loathsome and fulsome filthy potions, heteroclitical pills, (so he calls them), horse medicines, ad quorum aspectum Cyclops Polyphemus exhorresceret}^ And, though some condemn their skill, and Magnetical cures, as tending to Magical superstition, witchery, charms, &c. yet they admire, stiffly vindicate nevertheless, and infinitely prefer them. But these are [1 Hor. Sat. i. i. 66, 67.] 2 Chaucer. rCanterbury Tales. Prol. 445, 446.] P Potable gold.] * Aurura non aurum. Noxium ob aquas rodentes. " Ep. ad Monavium. Metallica omnia in universum, quovismodo parata, nee tutd neo commod^ intra corpus sumi. [« Hor. A. P. 139.] ' In parag. Stultissimus pilus oocipitis mei plus scit quam omnes vestri doctores ; et calceorum meorum annuli doctiores sunt quam vester Galenus et Avicenna ; barba mea plus experta est quam vestrae omnes Academise. 8 Vide Ernestum Burgratium, edit. Fra- •iaker.8vo.i6ii. CroUius and others. [' The first of doctors.] 1° Plus proficiet gutta mea quam tot eorum drachmae et uncise. [U At the sight of which the Cyclops Polyphemus would shudder.] MEM. I. SUBS, v.] MEDICINAL PHYSIC. 255 both in extremes, the middle sort approve of Minerals, though not in so high a degree. Lemnius, lib. 3. cap. 6, de occult nat. mir. commends Gold inwardly and outwardly used, as in Rings, excel- lent good in medicines, and such mixtures as are made for melan- choly men, saith Wecker, antid. spec. lib. i, to whom Renodeus subscribes, lib. 2. cap. 2, Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 19, Fernet, melh. med. lib. 5. c. 21. de Cardiacis, Daniel Sennertus, lib. i. part 2. cap. 9, Audemacus, Libavius, Querceianus, Oswaldus Crollius, Euonymus, Rubeus, and Matthiolus, in the fourth book of his Epistles, Andreas a Blawen, Epist. ad Matthiolum, as commended and formerly used by Avicenna, Arnoldus, and many others. ^Matthiolus in the same place approves of Potable Gold, Mercury, with many such Chemical Confections, and goes so far in approbation of them, that he holds ° no man can be an excellent Physician thcit hath not some skill in Chemistical Distillations, and that chronick diseases can hardly be cured without mineral medicines. Look for Antimony among purgers. SuBSECT 5. — Compound Alteratives ; censure of Compounds, and mixt Physick. Pliny, lib. 24. c. i, bitterly taxeth all compound medicines. 'Men's knavery, imposture, and captious wits, have invented these shops, in which every maris life is set to sale : and by and by came in those compositions and inexplicable mixtures, far fetcht out of India and Arabia ; a medicine for a botch must be had as far as the Red Sea, dr'c. And 'tis not without cause which he saith, for out of question they are much to * blame in their compositions, whilst they make infinite variety of mixtures, as ^Fuchsius notes. They think they get them- selves great credit, excel others, and to be more learned than the rest, because they make many variations ; but he accounts them fools; and 1 NonnuUi huic supra modum indulgent, usum etsi non adeo magnum, non tamen abjiciendum censeo. ^ Ausim dicere neminem medicum excellentem qui non in hac distillatione chymica sit versatus. Morbi chronici devinci citra metallica vix possint, aut ubi sanguis corrumpitur. ' Fraudes hominum et ingeniorum capturae officinas invenfire istas, in quibus sua cuique venalis promittitur vita ; statim compositiones et mixturse inexplioabiles ex Arabia et India, ulceri parvo medicina 3. Rubro Mari iraportatur. * Arnoldus Aphor. 15. Fallax medicus qui, potens mederi simplicibus, composita dolosfe aut frustra quasrit. ^ Lib. i. sect. i. cap. 8. Dum infinita medicamenta miscent, laudem sibi comparare student, et in hoc studio alter alterum superare conatur, dum quisque, quo plura miscuerit, eo se doctiorem putat ; inde fit ut suam prodant inscitiam, dura ostentant peritiam, et se ridiculos exhibeant, &c. 256 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IV. whilst they brag of their skill, and think to get themselves a name, they become ridiculom, bewray their ignorance and error. A few simples, well prepared and understood, are better than such an heap of nonsense, confused compounds, which are in Apothecaries' shops ordinarily sold ; in which many vain, superfluous, corrupt, exolete things out of date, are to be had (saith Cornarius) a cotnpany of barbarous names given to Syrops,- /ulifs, an unnecessary company of mixt medicines ; rudis indigestaque moles} Many times (as Agrippa taxeth) there is by this means ^ more danger from the medicine than from the disease, when they put together they know not what, or leave it to an illiterate Apothecary to be made, they cause death and horror for health. Those old Physicians had no such mixtures ; a simple potion of Hellebore in Hippocrates' time was the ordinary purge ; and at this day, saith ^ Mat. Riccius, in that flourishing Commonwealth of China, their Physicians give precepts quite opposite to ours, not unhappy in their Physick : they use altogether roots, herbs, and simples, in their medicines, and all their Physick in a manner is comprehended in an Herbal : no science, no •school, no art, no degree; but, like a trade, every man in private is instructed of his Master. ' Cardan cracks that he can cure all diseases with water alone, as Hippocrates of old did most infirmi- ties with one medicine. Let the best of our rational Physicians demonstrate and give a sufficient reason for those intricate mixtures, why just so many simples in Mithridate or Treacle, why such and such quantity ; may they not be reduced to half or a quarter? Frustra fit per plura (as the saying is) quod fieri potest per pauciora ; ° 300 simples in a Julip, Potion, or a little Pill, to what end or purpose ? I know not what 'Alkindus, Capivaccius, Montagna, and Simon Eitover, the best of them all and most rational have said in this kind ; but neither he, they, nor any one of them, gives his reader, to my judgement, that satisfaction which he ought ; why such, so many simples ? Rog. Bacon hath taxed many errors in his tract de graduationibus, explained some things, but not cleared. Mercurialis, in his book de composit. medicin. gives instance in Hamech, and Philonium Romanum, which Hamech f Ovid, M. i. 7.] 2 Multo plus periculi k raedicamento quam k morbo, &c. 3 Expedit. in Sinas. lib. i. cap. 5. Prsecepta medici dant nostris diversa, in medendo non infelices ; pharraacis utuntur simplicibus, herbis, radicibus, &c. tota eorum medicina nostrse lierbarias praeceptis continetur ; nullus Indus hujus artis ; quisque privatus 4 quolibet magistro eruditur. * Lib. de Aqua. p 'Tis vain to do in large quantities what can be done in small.] « Opuso. de Dos, MEM. I. SUBS, v.] COMPOUND ALTERATIVES. 257 an Arabian, and Philonius, a Roman, long since composed, but crassV- as the rest. If they be so exact, as by him it seems they were, and those mixtures so perfect, why doth Fernelius alter the one, and why is the other obsolete ? ° Cardan taxeth Galen for presuming out of his ambition to correct Theriachum Andro- machi, and we as justly may carp at all the rest. Galen's medicines are now exploded and rejected; what Nicholas Meripsa, Mesne, Celsus, Scribanius, Actuarius, &c. writ of old, are most part con- temned. Mellichius, Cordus, Wecker, Quercetan, Renodeus, the Venetian, Florentine, states have their several receipts, and magistrals : ' they of Nuremberg have theirs, and Augustana Pharmacopoeia peculiar medicines to the meridian of the City : London hers, every City, Town, almost every private man, hath his own mixtures, compositions, receipts, magistrals, precepts, as if he scorned antiquity, and all others, in respect of himself. But each man must correct and alter, to shew his skill, every opinionative fellow must maintain his own paradox, be it what it will ; Delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi : * they dote, and in the mean time the poor patients pay for their new experiments, the Commonalty rue it. Thus others object, thus I may conceive out of the weakness of my apprehension ; but, to say truth, there is no such fault, no such ambition, no novelty, or ostentation, as somasuppose : but as ° one answers, this of compound medicines is a most noble and profitable invention, found out, and brought into Physick with great judgement, •wisdom, counsel, and discretion. Mixt diseases must have mixt remedies, and such simples are commonly mixt, as have reference to the part affected, some to qualify, the rest to comfort, some one part, some another. Cardan andPrassavola both hold that nullum simplex medicamentum sine noxA, no simple medicine is without hurt or offence ; and, although Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Diodes, of old, in the infancy of this Art, were content with ordinary simples, yet now, saith ° Aetius, necessity compelleth to seek for new remedies, and to make compounds of simples, as well to correct their harms if cold, dry, hot, thick, thin, insipid, noisome to smell, to make them savoury p Dully.] 2 Subtil, cap. de scientiis. [' Sovereign recipes.] [* Hor. Epp. i. ii. 14.] ° Quercetan. pharmacop. restitut. cap. 2. Nobilissimum et utilissimuni inventum summa cum necessitate adinventum et introductum. ^ Cap. 25. Tetrabib. 4. ser. 2. Necessitas nunc cogit aliquando noxia quasrere remedia, et ex simplicibus compositas facere, turn ad saporem, odorem, palati gratiam, ad correctionem simplicium, turn ad futures usus, conservationem, &c. U. S 258 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IV. to the palate, pleasant to taste and take, and to preserve them for continuance by admixtion of sugar, honey, to make them last tnonths and years for several uses. In such cases compound medicines may be approved, and Arnoldus in his i8th Aphorism doth allow of it. ' if simples cannot, necessity compels us to use compounds; so for receipts and magistrals, dies diem docet^ one day teacheth another, and they are as so many words or phrases, Qucr nunc sunt in honorevocabula, si volet usus,^ ebb and flow with the season, and, as wits vary, so they may be infinitely varied. Quisque suum placitum, quo capiatur, habet : every man as he likes ; so many men, so many minds ; * and yet all tending to good purpose, though not the same way. As arts and sciences, so Physick is still perfected amongst the rest. HorcB Musarum nutrices, ^ and experience teacheth us every day ° many things which our predecessors knew not of. Nature is not effete, as he saith, or so lavish, to bestow all her gifts upon an age, but hath reserved some for posterity, to shew her power, that she is still the same, and not old or consumed. Birds and beasts can cure themselves by nature, '' naturce usu ea plerumque cognosamt, quce homines vix longo labore et doctrina assequuntur, but men must use much labour and industry to find it out. But I digress. Compound medicines are inwardly taken, or outwardly applied. Inwardly taken be either liquid or solid: liquid &rt fluid or con- sisting. Fluid, as Wines and Syrups. The wines ordinarily used to this disease are Wormwood-wine, Tamarisk, and Buglossatum, wine made of Borage and Bugloss ; the composition of which is specified in Arnoldus Villanovanus , lib. de vinis, of Borage, Balm, Bugloss, Cinnamon, &c. and highly commended for its virtues. V/ drives away Leprosy, Scabs, clears the blood, recreates the spirits, exhilarates the mind, purgeth the brain of those anxious black melancholy fumes, and cleans eth the whole body of that black humour by urine. To which I add, saith Villanovanus, that it will bring 1 Cum simplicia non possunt, necessitas cogit ad composita. p Cf. Publius Syrus, " Diseipulus est prioris posterior dies.'T [s Her. A. P. 71. Which come in and go out.] ['' Ten Ph. ii. iv. 14.] p Time is necessary for knowledge.] Lips. Epist. ' Theod. Prodromus, Amor. lib. 9. 8 Sanguinem corruptum emaculat, scabiem abolet, lepram curat, spiritus recreat, et animum exhilarat. Melancholicos hamores per urinam educit, et cerebrum k crassis, asrumnosis melancholias fumis purgat ; quibus addo dementes et furiosos vinculis retinendos plurimum juvat, et ad rationis usum ducit. Testis est mihi conscientia, quod viderim matronam quamdamhincliberatam, quae frequentids ex iracundia demens, et impos animi dicenda tacenda loquebatur, adeo furens ut ligari cogeretur. Fuit ei prsestantissimo remedio vini istius usus, indicatus 4 peregrino homine mendico, eleemosynam prae foribus dictas matronae implorante. MEM. I. SUBS, v.] COMPOUND ALTERATIVES. 259 mad men, and such raging Bedlams as are tied in chains, to the use of their reason again. My conscience bears me witness, that I do not lie, I saw a grave matron helped by this means, she was so cholerick, and so furious sometimes, that she was almost mad, and beside herself, she said and did she knew not what, scolded, beat her maids, and was now ready to be bound, till she drank of this Borage wine, and by this excellent remedy was cured, which a poor foreigner, a silly beggar, taught her by chance, that came to crave an alms from door to door. The juice of Borage, if it be clarified, and drunk in wine, will do as much, the roots sliced and steeped, &c. saith Ant. Mizaldus, art med. who cites this story verbatim out of Villanovanus, and so doth Magninus, a Physician of Milan, in his regimen of health. Such another excellent compound water I find in Rubeus, de distil, sect. 3, which he highly magnifies, out of Savanarola, ^for such as are solitary, dull, heavy or sad without a cause, or be troubled with trembling of heart. Other excellent com- pound waters for melancholy he cites in the same place, '^ if their melancholy be not inflamed, or their temperature over hot. Euonymus hath a precious Aquavitce to this purpose for such as are cold. But he and most commend Atirum potabile,^ and every writer prescribes clarified whey, with Borage, Bugloss, Endive, Succory, &c. of Goat's milk especially, some indefinitely at all times, some thirty days together in the Spring, every morning fasting, a good draught. Syrups are very good, and often used to digest this humour in the heart, spleen, liver, &c. as Syrup of Borage (there is a famous Syrup of Borage highly commended by Laurentius to this purpose in his Tract of Melancholy) de pomis of King Sabor now obsolete, of Thyme and Epithyme, Hops, Scolopendria, Fumitory, Maidenhair, Bizantine, &c. These are most used for preparatives to other Physick, mixt with distilled waters of like nature, or in Julips otherwise. Consisting are conserves or confections ; conserves of Borage, Bugloss, Balm, Fumitory, Succory, Maidenhair, Violets, Roses, Wormwood, &c. confections. Treacle, Mithridate, Eclegms, or Linctures, &c. Solid, as Aromatical confections ; Hot, Diambra, Diamargariium calidum, JDianthus, Diamoschum dulce, Electuarium de gemmis, Icetiftcans Galeni et Rhasis, Diagalinga, Diacimynum, Dianisum, Diatrion piperion, Diazinziber, Diacapers, Diacinna- 1 lis qui tristantur sine causa, et vitant amicorum societatem, et tremunt corde. ' Modo non inflammettir melancholia, aut calidiore temperamento sint. [^ Potable gold.] 26o ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART IL SECT. IV. monum : cold, as Diamargaritum frigidum, DiacoroUi, Diarrhodon Abbatis, Diacodion, ^'c. as every Pharmacopoeia will shew you, with their tablets^ or losings^ that are made out of them; with Condites, and the like. Outwardly used as occasion serves, as Amulets, Oils hot and cold, as of Camomile, Staechados, Violets, Roses, Almonds, Poppy, Nymphaea, Mandrake, &c. to be used after bathing, or to procure sleep. Ointments composed of the said species. Oils and Wax, &c. as Alablastritum Populeum, some hot, some cold, to moisten, procure sleep, and correct other accidents. Liniments are made of the same matter to the like purpose : emplasters of herbs, flowers, roots, &c. with oils and other liquors mixt and boiled together. Cataplasms, salves, or poultices, made of green herbs, pounded, or sod in water till they be soft, which are applied to the Hypo- chondries, and other parts, when the body is empty. Cerotes are applied to several parts, and Frontals, to take away pain, grief, heat, procure sleep. Fomentations or sponges, wet in some decoctions, &c. epithemata, or those moist medicines, laid on linen, to bathe and and cool several parts misaffected. Sacculi, or little bags, of herbs, flowers, seeds, roots, and the like, applied to the head, heart, stomack, &c. odoraments, balls, perfumes, posies to smell to, all which have their several uses in melancholy, as shall be shewed, when I treat of the cure of the distinct species by themselves. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Purging Simples upward. Melanagoga, or melancholy purging medicines, are either Simple or Compound, and that gently, or violently, purging upwards or downwards. These following purge upward. "Asarum, or Asara- bacca, which, as Mesue saith, is hot in the second degree, and dry in the the third ; ii is commonly taken in wine, whey, or, as with us, the juice of two or three leaves, or more sometimes, pounded in posset-drink, qualified with a little Liquorice, or Aniseed, to avoid the fulsomeness of the taste, or as Diaserum Fernelii. Brassi- vola, in Cathart. reckons it up amongst those simples that only P Tablets, cakes, (as cakes of soap).] p =Lo2anges.l > Heurnius. Datur in sero lactis, aut vino. MEM.II. SUBS. I.] PURGING SIMPLES. 26l purge melancholy, and Rtiellius confirms as much out of his experi- ence, that it purgeth ' black choler, like Hellebore itself. Galen, lib. 6. simplic. and ^ Maithiolus ascribe other virtues to it, and will have it purge other humours as well as this. Laurel, by Heumius, Method, ad prax. lib. 2. cap. 24, is put amongst the strong purgers of melancholy j it is hot and dry in the fourth degree. Dioscorides, lib. 11. cap. 114, adds other effects to it.' Pliny * sets down 15 berries in drink for a sufficient potion : it is commonly corrected with his opposites, cold and moist, as juice of Endive, Purslane, and is taken in a potion to seven grains and a half. But this, and Asarabacca, every Gentlewoman in the Country knows how to give, they are two common vomits. Scilla, or Sea-Onion, is hot and dry in the third degree. Brassi- vola, in Cathart. out of Mesne, others, and his own experience, will have this simple to purge " melancholy alone. It is an ordinary vomit, vinum Scilliticum, mixt with Rubel in a little white wine. White Hellebore, which some call sneezing-powder, a strong purger upward, which many reject, as being too violent : Mesne and Averroes will not admit of it, " by reason of danger of suffocation, ''great pain and trouble it puts the poor patient to, saith Dodonaus. Yet Galen, lib. 6. simpl. med. and Dioscorides, cap. 145, allow of it. It was indeed ^terrible in former times, as Pliny notes, but now familiar, insomuch that many took it in those days, ^that were students, to quicken their wits, which Persius, Sat. i. [50, 51,] objects to Accius the Poet, Ilias Acci ebria veratro. ^°Jt helps melancholy, the falling-sickness, madness, gout, dt'c. bm not to be taken of old men, youths, such as are weaklings, nice, 01 effeminate, troubled with headache, high-coloured, or fear strangling, saith Dioscorides. ^^Oribasins, an old Physician, hath written very copiously, and approves of it, in such affections, which can other- wise hardly be cured. Heurnins, lib. 2. prax. med. de vomitoriis, will not have it used, "^«/ with great caution, by reason of its strength, 1 Veratri modo expurgat cerebrum, roborat memoriam. Fuchsius. 2 Grasses et biliosos humores per vomitum educit. 3 Vomitum et menses ciet ; valet ad hvdrop. &c. [1 See N. H. xvii. ii.] " Materias atras educ.t. * Abfrte ideo rejiciendum, ob periculum suffocationis. 'Cap. i6. Magna vi educit, et molestia cum summa*. ^ Quondam ternb.le. [N H. xxv 31.] » Muh, qtudiorum gratia ad providenda acrius quas commentabantur. [Ibidem. J i" Medo- tur comitialibus, melancholicis, podagriois ; vetatur senibus, pueris, mollibus, et effaeminatis " CoUect. lib. 8. cap. 3. in aifectiombus us qu« difficulter curantur, Helleborum damus. ^^ Non sine summa cautione hoc remedio utemur ; est enim validissimum ; et quum vires antimonii contemnit morbus, m auxilmm evocatur, raodo valide vires efflorescant. 262 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. IV. and then when Antimony will do no good, which caused Hervw- fhilus to compare it to a stout captain (as Codronchus observes, cap. 7. comment, de Jlelleb.} that will see all his soldiers go before him, and come Jiost principia,^ like the bragging soldier,^ last himself. ^ When other helps fail in inveterate melancholy, in a desperate case, this vomit is to be taken. And yet for all this, if it be well prepared, it may be * securely given at first. ' Matthiolus brags that he hath often, to the good of many, made use of it, and Heurnius, '^ that he hath happily used it, prepared after his own pre- script, and with good success. Christophorus d Vega, lib. 3. c. 41, is of the same opinion, that it may be lawfully given ; and our Country Gentlewomen find it by their common practice that there is no such great danger in it. Dr. Turner, speaking of this plant in his Herbal telleth us that in his time it was an ordinary receipt among good wives to give Hellebore in powder to ii'' weight, and he is not much against it. But they do commonly exce&d, for who so bold as blind BayardV and prescribe it by ]iennyworths, and such irrational ways, as I have heard myself market folks ask for it in an Apothecary's shop : but with what Euccess God knows ; they smart often for their rash boldness and folly, break a vein, make their eyes ready to start out of their heads, or kill themselves. So that the fault is not in the Physick, but in the rude and undiscreet handling of it. He that will know therefore when to use, how to prepare it aright, and in what dose, let him read Heurnius, lib. 2. prax. med. Brassivola, de Cathart. Godefridus Stegius, the Emperor Rodolphus' Physician, cap. 16, Matthiolus in Dioscor. and that excellent Commentary of Baptista Codronchus, which is instar omnium^ de Helleb. alb. where he shall find great diversity of examples and receipts. Antimony, or Stibium, which our Chemists so much magnify, is either taken in substance, or infusion, &c. and frequently pre- scribed in this disease. It helps all infirmities, saith '^Matthiolus, which proceed from black choler, falling-sickness, and hypochondricual [1 Livy, ii. 65.] p An allusion probably to Pyrgopolinices in the Miles Gloriosus of Plautus.] 3 Aetius, tetrab. cap. i. ser. 2. lis solum dari vult helleborum album, qui secus spem non habent, non iis qui syncopem timent, &c. * Cum salute multoram. 5 Cap. 12. de morbis cap. « Nos fa'cillime utimur nostra prseparato helleboro albo. p A Proverb as old as Chaucer. See Nares' Glos- sary.] [8 Cic. Brut. SI. 191. Worth them all.] 9 In lib. ^. Dioscor. cap. 3. Omnibus opitulatur morbis, quos atra bills excitavit, comitialibus, iisque presertim qui hypochondriacas obtinent passiones. MEM. 11. SUBS. I.] PURGING SIMPLES. 263 passions ; and for further proof of his assertion he gives several instances of such as have been freed with it : ' one of Andrew Gallus, a Physician of Trent, that, after many other essays, imputes the recovery of his health, next after God, to this remedy alone; another of George Handshius, that, in like sort, when Other medicines failed, "^was by this restored to his former health, and which, of his knowledge, others have likewise tried, and by the help of this admirable medicine been recovered ; a third of a Parish Priest at Prague in Bohemia, ^that was so far gone with melan- choly, that he doted, and spake he knew not what, but after he had taken 12 grains of Stibium, {as I myself saw, and can witness, for I was called to see this miraculous accident^, he was purged of a deal of black choler, like little gobbets of flesh, and all his excrements were as black blood (a Medicine fitter for a Horse than a Man) : yet it did him so much good, that the next day he was perfectly cured. This very story of the Bohemian Priest Sckenkius relates verbaiim, Exoter. experiment, ad Var. morb. cent. 6. observ. 6, with great approbation of it. Hercules de Saxonid calls it a profitable medi- cine, if it be taken after meat to 6 or 8 grains, of such as are apt to vomit. Rodericus a Fonseca, the Spaniard, and late Professor of Padua in Italy, extols it to this disease, Tom. 2. consul. 85 ; so doth Lod. Mercatus, de inter, morb. cur. lib. i. cap. 17, with many others. Jacobus Gervinus, a French Physician, on the other side, lib. 2. de venenis confiit. explodes all this, and saith he took three grains only, upon Matthiolus' and some others' commendation, but it almost killed him ; whereupon he concludes, ''antimony is rather poison than a medicine. Th. Erastus concurs with him in his opinion, and so doth ^lian Montaltus, cap. 30. de melan. But what do I talk ? 'tis the subject of whole books, I might cite a century of Authors pro and con. I will conclude with ^ Zuinger, antimony is like Scanderbeg's sword, which is either good orbad, strong or weak, as the party is that prescribes or useth it; a 1 Andreas Gallus, Tridentinus Medicus, saluteiri huic medicamento post Deum debet. ^ Integras sanitati brevi restitutus ; id quod aliis accidisse scio, qiii hoc mirabili medicamento usi sunt. ^ Qui melancholicus factus plan6 desipiebat, multaque stult^ loquebatur, huic exhibitum 12. gr. stibium, quod paulo post atrani bilem ex alvo eduxit, (ut ego vidi, qui vocatus tanquam ad miraculum adfui testari possum), et ramenta tanquam carnis dissecta in partes : totum excrementum tan- quam sanguinem nigerrimum repraesentabat. * Antimonium venenum, non medicamentum. ' Cratonis ep. sect, vel ad Monavium ep. In utramque partem dignissimum medicamentum, si recta utentur, secus venenum. 264 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IV. worthy medicine, if it be rightly applied to a strong man, otherwise poison. For the preparing of it look in Euonymi Thesaurus, Quercetan, Oswaldus Crollius, Basil. Chim. Basil. Valentius, &'c. Tobacco, divine, rare, superexcellent Tobacco, which goes far beyond all their panaceas, potable gold, and philosopher's stones, a sovereign remedy to all diseases. A good vomit, I confess, a virtuous herb, if it be well qualified, opportunely taken, and medicinally used, but, as it is commonly abused by most men, which take it as Tinkers do Ale, 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health, hellish, devilish, and damned Tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul. SuBSECT. 2. — Simples Purging Melancholy downward. Pdypody and Epithyme are, without all exceptions, gentle purgers of melancholy. Dioscorides will have them void flegmj but Brassivola, out of his experience, averreth that they purge this humour; they are used in decoction, infusion, &c. simple, mixt, &c. Mirabolanes, all five kinds, are 'happily prescribed against melancholy and quartan agues, Brassivola speaks out ^of a thousand experiences; he gave them in pills, decoction, &c. Look for peculiar receipts in him. Stcechas, Fumitory, Dodder, herb Mercury, roots of Capers, Genista or broom, Pennyroyal, and half-boiled Cabbage, I find in this Catalogue of purgers of black choler. Origan, Fetherfew, Ammoniack ' Salt, Salt-petre. But these are very gentle, Alypus,* Dragon root, Centaury, Ditany, Colutea, which Fuchsius, cap. i68, and others take for Senna, but most distinguish. Senna is in the middle of violent and gentle purgers downward, hot in the second degree, dry in the first. Brassivola calls it ° a wonderful herb against melancholy, it scours the blood, illightens the spirits, shakes off sorrow; a most profitable medicine, as " Dodonceus terms it, invented by the Arabians, and not heard of before. It is taken divers ways, in powder, [in] infusion, but most commonly in the 1 Mcerores fugant ; utilissimfe dantur melancholicis et quaternariis. 2 Millies horum vires expertus sum. 3 Sal nitrum, sal ammoniacum, dracontij radix, dictamnum. [^ Greek aXunroq, or aXi/n-op.] ^ Calet ordine secundo, siccat primo ; adversus omnia vitia atrse bilis valet ; sanguinem mundat, spiritus illustrat, moerorem discutit herba mirifica. " Cap. 4. lib. a. MEM. II. SUBS. II.] COMPOUND PURGERS. 265 infusion, with Ginger, or some cordial flowers added to correct it. Actuaritts commends it sod in broth, with an old Cock, or in whey, which is the common conveyer of all such things as purge black choler ; or steeped in wine, which Heurnius accounts sufficient, without any further correction. Aloes by most is said to purge choler, but Aurelianus, lib. 2. c. 6. de morb. chron. Arculanus, cap 6. in 9. Rhasis, Julius Alex- andrinus, consil. 185, Scoltz. Crato, consil. 189. Scoltz. prescribe it to this disease, as good for the stomack, and to open the Hsem- rods, out of Mesne, Rhasis, Serapio, Avicenna. Menardus, ep. lib. I. epist. I, opposeth it; Aloes "^doth not open the veins, or move the Hsemrods, which Leonhartus Puchsius, paradox, lib. i, like- wise affirms ; but Brassivola and Dodonceus defend Mesue out of their experience ; let ^ Valesius end the controversy. Lapis Armenus and Lazuli ax& much magnified hy Alexander,' lib. I. cap. 16, Avicenna, Aetius, and Actuarius, if they be well washed, that the water be no more coloured, fifty times some say. * That good Alexander (saith Guianerius) puts such confidence in this one medicine, that he thought all melancholy passions might be cured by it; and I, for my part, have oftentimes happily used it, and was never deceived in the operation of it. The like may be said of Lapis Lazuli, though it be somewhat weaker than the other. Gar das ab Horto, hist. lib. i. cap. 65, relates that the ° Physicians of the Moors familiarly prescribe it to all melancholy passions, and Matthiolus, ep. lib. 3, ° brags of that happy success which he still had in the administration of it. Nicholas Meripsa puts it amongst the best remedies, sect. i. cap. 12. in Antidotis ; ''and if this will not serve (saith Rhasis) then there remains nothing but Lapis Armenus, and Hellebore itself Valescus unA Jason Pratensis much commend Pulvis Hali, which is made of it. James Da- mascen. 2. cap. 12, Hercules de Saxonia, &c. speak well of it. Crato will not approve this ; it and both Hellebores, he saith, are no better than poison. Victor Trincavellius, lib. 2. cap. 14, found it, - 1 Recentiores negant ora venarara resecare. 2 An aloe aperiat ora venanim. lib Q cont 3. 3 Vapores abstergit k vitalibus partibus. ^ Tract. 15. c. 6. Bonus Alexander tantam lapide Armeno confidentiam habuit, ut omnes melan- cholicas passiones ab eo curari posse crederet ; et ego inde s^pissime usus sum, et in ejus exhibitione nunquam fraudatus fui. ^ Maurorum medici hoc lapide nlerumque purgant melancholiam, &c. « Quo ego saepe feliciter usus sum, et magno cum auiilio. ' Si non hoc, nihil restat nisi helleborus, et Lapis Armenus. Consil. 184. Scoltzii. 266 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. IV. in his experience, ' to be very noisome, to trouble the stomack, and hurt their bodies that take it overmuch. Black Hellebore, that most renowned plant, and famous purger of melancholy, which all antiquity so much used and admired, was first found out by Melampus, a Shepherd, as Pliny records, lib. 25. cap. 5, 'who, seeing it to purge his Goats when they raved, practised it upon Elige and Calene, King Frcetus' daughters, that ruled in Arcadia, near the fountain Clitorius, and restored them to their former health. In Hippocrates^ time it was in only request, insomuch that he writ a book of it, a fragment of which remains yet. Theophrastus,^ Galen, Pliny, Caliics Aurelianus, as ancient as Galen, lib. i. cap. 6, AretcBUs, lib. i. cap. 5, Oribasius, {lib. •]. collect.) a famous Greek, Aetius, ser. 3. cap. 112, et 113, P. ^gineta, GalerHs Ape, lib. 7. c. 4, Actuarius, Trallianus, lib. 5. cap. 15, Cornelius Celsus ovUy remaining of the old Latins, lib. 3. cap. 23, extol and admire this excellent plant, and it was generally so much esteemed of the ancients for this disease amongst the rest, that they sent all such as were crazed, or that doted, to the Anticyrce, or to Phocis in Achaia, to be purged, where this plant was in abundance to be had. In Strabds time it was an ordinary voyage; Naviget Anticyram ;^ a common pro- verb among the Greeks and Latifis to bid a dizzard or a mad man go take Hellebore; as in Lucian," Menippus to Tantalus, Tantale, desipis, helleboro epoto tibi opus est, eoque sane meraco ; thou art out of thy little wit, O Tantalus, and must needs drink Hellebore, and that without mixture ; Aristophanes in Vespis^ " Drink Helle- bore" &c. and Harpax, in the ' Comedian,* told Simo and Ballio, two doting fellows, that they had need to be purged with this plant. When that proud Menecrates 6 Zeue,' had writ an arrogant letter to Philip of Macedon, he sent back no other answer but this, Consulo tibi ut ad Anticyram te conferas,^° noting thereby that he was crazed, atque helleboro indigere, [and] had much need of a good purge." ^'Lilius Geraldus saith that Hercules, after all his mad pranks upon his wife and children, was perfectly cured by a purge oi Hellebore, which an Anticyrian administered unto him. They 1 Multa corpora vidi gravissim* hinc agitata, et stomacho multum obfuisse. » Cum vidisset ab eo curari capras furentes, &c. s Lib. 5. simpl. med. [* Hor. Sat. ii. iii. 166.] P Dial. Mort. xvii. § 2.] [« 1489.] 7 Pseudolo, Act. 4. [sc. 7. 89.] Helleboro hisce hominibiis opus est. [s Plautus.] [» See Athenssus, vii. p. 289.] po I advise you to goto Anticyra.] [" Of hellebore.] f" .^lian, Var. Hist. xii. 51.] "• MEM.II.SUBS.il.] COMPOUND PURGERS. 267 that were sound commonly took it to quicken their wits (as Ennius of old, '^ Qui -non nisi potus ad arma — prosiluit dicenda, and as our Poets drink Sack to improve their inventions). I find it so regis- tered by A. Gellius, lib. 17. cap. 15. Carneadcs, the Academick, when he was to write against Zeno the Stoick, purged himself with Hellebore first, which '^ Petronius puts upon Chrysippus. In such esteem it continued for many ages, till at length Mesue and some o\}mx Arabians began to reject and reprehend it, upon whose authority for many following lustres it was much debased and quite out of request, held to be poison, and no medicine ; and is still oppugned to this day by ^Crato and some Junior Physicians. Their reasons are because Aristotle, I. i. de plant, c. 3, said Hen- bane and Hellebore were poison ; and Alexander Aphrodisimus, in the Preface of his Problems, gave out that (speaking of Helle- bore) '^quails fed on that which was poison to men. Galen. I. 6, Epid. com. 5, Text. 35, confirms as much : ° Constantine the Emperor, in his Geoponicks, attributes no other virtue to it than to kill mice and rats, flies and mouldwarps, and so Mizaldus. Nicander of old, Gervinus, Sckenkius, and some other Neotericks that have written of poisons, speak of Hellebore in a chief place. '^Nicholas Leonicus hath a story of Solon, that, besieging I know not what City, steeped Hellebore in a spring of water, which by pipes was conveyed into the middle of the Town, and so either poisoned, or else made them so feeble and weak by purging, that they were not able to bear arms. Notwithstanding all these cavils and objections most of our late writers do much approve of it. '' Gariopontus, lib. i. cap. 13, Codronchus, com. de helleb. Fallopius, lib. de med.purg. simpl. cap. 69. et consil. 15, Trinca- vellius, Mont anus, 239, Frisemelica, consil. 14, Hercules de Saxo- ni&, so that it be opportunely given. Jacobus de Dondis, Agg. Amatus, Lusit. cent. 66, Godef. Stegius, cap. 13, Hollerius, and all our Herbalists subscribe. Femelius, meth. med. lib. 5. cap. 16, confesseth it to be a '^ terrible purge, and hard to take, yet well given to strong men, and such as have able bodies. P. Forestus and Capi- vaccius forbid it to be taken in substance, but allow it in decoc- 1 Hor I Epp i 19. 7, 8. Who never wrote his Poems but when well whittled.] 2 In Satyr [cap 88.] ' Crato, consil. 16. 1. 2. Etsi multi raagni viri probent, in bonam partem accipiant medici, non probem. ^ Vescuntur veratro coturnices quod hominibus toxicum est. = Lib. 23. c. 7. 12. 14. « ^^ ™'': •"='• 7 Corpus inculume reddit, et juvenile efficit. s Veteres non sine causa usi sunt. DifficiUs ex helleboro purgatio, et terroris plena, sed robustis datur tamen, &c. 268 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT, IV. tion or infusion, both which ways P. Monavius approves above all others, Epist. 231. Scotzii; Jacchinus, in 9 Rhasis, commends a receipt of his own preparing ; Penottus another of his chemically prepared, Euonymus another. Hildesheim, spicil. 2. de mel. hath many examples how it should be used, with diversity of receipts. Heurnius, lib. "]. prax. med. cap. 14, calls it an ^innocent medicine howsoever, if it be well prepared. The root of it is only in use, which may be kept many years, and by some given in substance, as by Falopiics and Brassivola amongst the rest, who ^brags that he was the first that restored it again to his use, and tells a story how he cured one Melatasta a mad man, that was thought to be possessed, in the Duke of Ferrara's Court with one purge of black Hellebore in substance : the receipt is there to be seen ; his excrements were like ink, 'he perfectly healed at once; Vidus Vidius, a Dutch Physician, will not admit of it in substance, to whom most subscribe, but, as before in the decoction, infusion, or which is all in all, in the extract, which he prefers before the rest, and calls suave medicamentum, a sweet medicine, an easy, that may be securely given to women, children, and weaklings. Baracellus, Horto Geniali, terms it maximce prxstantics medicor mentum, a medicine of great worth and note. Quercetan, in his Spagir. Phar. and many others, tells wonders of the extract. Paracelsus above all the rest is the greatest admirer of this plant, and especially the extract; he calls it Theriacum, terrestre Balsa- vmm, another Treacle, a terrestrial Balm, instar omnium^ all in all, the ^ sole and last refuge to cure this malady, the Gout, Epilepsy, Leprosy, dfc. If this will not help, no Physick in the world can but mineral, it is the upshot of all. Matthiolus laughs at those that except against it, and though some abhor it out of the autho- rity of Mesue, and dare not adventure to prescribe it, ^yet T (saith he) have happily used it six hundred times without offence, and com- municated it to divers worthy Physicians, who have given me great thanks for it. Look for receipts, dose, preparation, and other 1 Innocens medicamentum, modo rite paretur. 2 Absit jactantia, ego primus praebere coepi, &c. 3 in Cathart. Ex una sola evacuatione furor cessavit, et quietus inde vixit. Tale exemplum apud Sckenkium et apud Scoltzium, ep. 231. P. Monavius se stolidum curasse jactat hoc epoto tribus aut quatuor vicibus. [< Cic. Brut. 51. 191. Worth them all.] = Ultimum refugium, extremum medi- camentum, quod CEetera omnia claudit ; qusecunque cseteris laxativis pelli non possunt ad hunc pertinent ; si non huic, nulli cedunt. 6 Testari possum me sexcentis hominibus Helleborum nigrum exhibuisse, nullo prorsus incomraodo, &c. MEM. II. SUBS. III.] COMPOUND PURGERS. 269 cautions concerning this simple in him, Brassivola, Baracellus, Condronchus, and the rest. SUBSECT. 3. — Compound Purgers. Compound medicines which purge melancholy are either taken in the superior or inferior parts : superior at mouth or nostrils. At the mouth swallowed or not swallowed: if swallowed, liquid or solid: liquid, as compound wine of Hellebore, Scilla, or Sea- Onion, Senna, Vinum Scilliticum, ITelleboratum, which * Quercetan so much applauds for melancholy and madness, either inwardly taken, or outwardly applied to the head, with little pieces of linen dipped warm in it. Oxymel Scilliticum, Syrupus Helleboratus major and minor in Quercetan, and Syrupus Genistce for Hypo- chondriacal Melancholy in the same Author, compound Syrup of Succory, of Fumitory, Polypody, &c. Heurnius his purging Cock-broth. Some except against these Syrups, as appears by ' Udalrinus Leonorus his Epistle to Matthiolus, as most pernicious, and that out of Hippocrcites, cocta movere, et medicari, non cnida, no raw things to be used in Physick; but this in the following Epistle is exploded, and soundly confuted by Matthiolus ; many julips, potions, receipts, are composed of these, as you shall find in Hildesheim, spicil. 2, Heurnius, lib. 2. cap. 14, George Sckenkius, Ital. med.prax. &fc. ■ Solid purgers are confections, electuaries, pills by themselves, or compound with others, as de Lapide Lazulo, Armeno, Pil. Indce, of Fumitory, &'c. confection of Hamech, which though most approve, Solenander, sec. 5. consil. 22, bitterly inveighs against, so doth Rondoleiius, Pharmacop. officina, Fernelius, and others ; Diasena, Diapolypodium, Diacassia, Diacatholicon, Wecker's Electuary de Epithymo, Ptolemy's Hierologadium, of which divers receipts are daily made. Aetius, 22. 33. commends Hieram Puffi. Trincavellius, consiL 12. lib. I, approves of Hiera ; non, inquit, invenio melius medica- menttim, I find no better medicine, he saith. Heurnius adds piL aggregat. pills de Epithymo, pil. Ind. Mesue describes in the 1 Pharmacop. Optimum est ad maniam et omnes raelancholicos affectus, turn intra assumptum, turn extra, secus capiti cum linteolis in eo madefactis tepide admotum. ^ Epist. Math. Ub. 3. Tales syrupi nocentissimi, et omnibus modis extirpandi. 270 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. H. SECT. IV. Florentine Antidotary, Pillula sine quibus esse nolo, Pillulm Cochics cum Helleboro, Pil. Arabica, Fmtida, de quinque generibus mira- balanorum, Ss^c. More proper to melancholy, not excluding, in the mean time, Turbith, Manna, Rhubarb, Agarick, Elescophe, &c. which are not so proper to this humour. For, as Montaltus holds, cap. 30, and Montanus, cholera etiam purganda, quod atrce sit pabulum, choler is to be purged, because it feeds the other: and some are of an opinion, as Erasistratus and Asclepiades main- tained of old, against whom Galen disputes, ^that no Physick doth purge one hu7nour alone, but all alike, or what is next. Most therefore in their receipts and magistrals^ which are coined here, make a mixture of several simples and compounds to purge all humours in general as well as this. Some rather use potions than pills to purge this humour because that, as Heurnius and Crato observe, hie sulcus a sicca remedio cegrl trahitur, this juice is not so easily drawn by dry remedies; and, as Montanus adviseth 25. cons. alP drying medicines are to be repelled, as Aloe, Hiera, and all pills whatsoever, because the disease is dry of itself I might here insert many receipts of prescribed potions, boles, &c. the doses of these, but that they are common in every good Physician, and that I am loth to incur the censure of Forestus, lib. 3. cap. 6, de urinis, '' against those that divulge and publish medicines in their mother tongue, and lest I should give occasion thereby to some ignorant Reader to practise on himself, without the consent of a good Physician. Such as are not swallowed, but only kept in the mouth, are Gargarisms,° used commonly after a purge, when the body is soluble and loose. Or Apophlegmatisms, Masticatories, to be held and chewed in the mouth, which are gentle, as Hyssop, Origan, Pennyroyal, Thyme, Mustard ; strong, as Pellitory, Pepper, Ginger, &c. Such as are taken into the nostrils, Errhina, are liquid, or dry, juice of Pimpernel, Onioiis, &c. Castor, Pepper, white Hellebore, &c. To these you may add odoraments, perfumes, and suffumi- gations, &c. ' Purgantia censebant medicamenta non unum humorem attrahere, sed quem- cunque attigerint, in suam naturam convertere. p Sovereign recipes.] * Religantur omnes exsiccantes medicina;, ut Aloe, Hiera, pilulas qusecunque. * Contra eos qui lingua vulgar! et vernacula remedia et medicamenta praescribunt, et quibusvis communia faciunt. p = Gargles.] MEM. III.] CHIRURGICAL REMEDIES. 27 1 Taken into the inferior parts are 'Clysters strong or weak, Suppositories of Castilian soap, honey boiled to a consistence ; or stronger of Scammony, Hellebore, &c. These are all used, and prescribed to this malady upon several occasions, as shall be shewed in his place. MEMB. III. Chirurgical Remedies. In letting of blood, three main circumstances are to be con- sidered, '■who, how much, when 1 That is, that it be done to such a one as may endure it, or to whom it may belong, that he be of a competent age, not too young, nor too old, overweak, fat, or lean, sore laboured, but to such as have need, and are full of bad blood, noxious humours, and may be eased by it. The quantity depends upon the party's habit of body, as he is strong or weak, full or empty, may spare more or less. In the morning is the fittest time : some doubt whether it be best fasting, or full, whether the Moon's motion or aspect of Planets be to be observed, some affirm, some deny, some grant in acute, but not in chronick diseases, whether before or after Physick. 'Tis Heurnitis' Aphorism, d, Phlebotomia auspicandam esse curationem, non a pharmada, you must begin with blood- letting and not Physick ; some except this pecuUar malady. But what do I ? Horatius Augenius, a Physician of Padua, hath lately writ 17 books of this 5v!o]Qct, Jobertus, &c. Particular kinds of blood-letting in use "are three, first is that opening a Vein in the arm with a sharp knife, or in the head, knees, or any other part, as shall be thought fit. Cupping-glasses, with or without scarification, ocissiml com- pescunt, saith Femelius, they work presently, and are appUed to several parts, to divert humours, aches, wind, &c. Horse-leeches are much used in melancholy, applied especially to the Hsemrods. Horatius Augenius, lib. 10. cap. 10, Platerus de mentis alienat. cap. 3, Altomarus, Piso, and many others, prefer them before any evacuations in this kind. 1 Quis, quantum, quando. 2 Fernelius, lib. e. cap. 19. 272 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. V. ' Cauteries or searing "with hot irons, combustions, borings, lancings, which, because they are terrible, Dropax and Sinapismus are invented, by plasters to raise blisters, and eating medicines of pitch, mustard-seed, and the like. Issues still to be kept open, made as the former, and applied in and to several parts, have their use here on divers occasions, as shall be shewed. SECT, v.— MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Particular Cure of the three several kinds of Head- Melancholy. The general cures thus briefly examined and discussed, it remains now to apply these medicines to the three particular species or kinds, that, according to the several parts affected, each man may tell in some sort how to help or ease himself. I will treat of head- melancholy first, in which, as in all other good cures, we must begin with Diet, as a matter of most moment, able oftentimes of itself to work this effect. I have read, saith Laurentius, cap. 8. de Mela?ich. that in old diseases which have gotten the upper hand or an habit, the manner of living is to more purpose than whatso- ever can be drawn out of the most precious boxes of the Apothe- caries. This diet, as I have said, is not only in choice of meat and drink, but of all those other non-natural things. Let air be clear and moist most part : diet moistening, of good juice, easy of digestion, and not windy : drink clear, and well brewed, not too strong nor too small. Make a melancholy man fat, as ^Hhasis saith, and thou hast finished the cure. Exercise not too remiss, nor too violent. Sleep a little more than ordinary. 'Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature ; and, which Fernelius enjoins his Patient, consil. 44, above the rest, to avoid all passions and perturbations of the mind. Let him not be alone or idle (in any kind of melancholy) ; but still accompanied with such friends and familiars he most affects, neatly dressed, washed and combed, according to his ability at least, in clean sweet linen, spruce, 1 Renodeus, lib. 5. cap. 21. de his MercurialiS lib. 3. de composit. med. cap. 24. Heumius, lib. i. prax. med. Wecker, &c. 2 Cont. lib. i. c. 9. Festines ad impinguationem, et cum impinguantur, removetur malum. s Beneficiura ventris. MEM. I. SUBS. II.] BLOOD-LETTING. 273 handsome, decent, and good apparel ; for nothing sooner dejects a man than want, squalor, and nastiness, foul or old cloaths out of fashion. Concerning the medicinal part, he that will satisfy himself at large (in this precedent of diet) and see all at once the whole cure and manner of it in every distinct species, let him consult with Gordonius, Valescus, with Prosper Calenus, lib. de atra bile ad Card. Ccesium, Laurentius, cap. 8, et 9, de mela. y^lian Montaltus, de mel. cap. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, Donat. ab Altomari, cap. 7. artis med. Hercules de Saxonia, in Panth. cap. 7. et Tract, ejus peculiar, de melan. per Bolzetam edit. Venetiis 1620, cap. 17, 18, 19, Savanarola, Rub. 82. Tract. 8. cap. i, Sckenkius in prax. curat. Ital. med. Heurnius, cap. 12. de morb. Victorius Faventinus, pract. Magn. et Empir. Hildesheim, Spicil. 2. de man. et mel. Fel. Plater, Storkerus, Bruel, P. Bayerus, Forestus, Fuchsitis, Capivaccius, Rondoletius, Jason Pratensis, Sallust. Salvian. de re med. lib. 2. cap. i, Jacchinus, in 9. Rhasis, Lod. Mercatiis, de inter. morb. cur. lib. i. cap. 17, Alexan. Messaria, pract. med. lib. i. cap. 21. de mel. Piso, Hollerius, &'c. that have culled out of those old Greeks, Arabians, and Latins, whatsoever is observeable or fit to be used. Or let him read those counsels and consultations of Hugo Senensis, consil. 13, et 14, Renerus Solinander, cons. 6. sec. I. et consil. ^. sec. 3, Crato, consil. 16. lib. i, Mentanus, 20, 22, 229, and his following counsels, LcbUus & Fonte Eugubinus, consult. 44, 69, 77, 125, 129, 142, Fernelius, consil. 44, 45, 46, Jul. Ccesar Claudinus, Mercurialis, Frambesarius, Sennertus, dt'c. wherein he shall find particular receipts, the whole method, preparatives, purgers, correctors, averters, cordials, in great variety and abun- dance : out of which, because every man cannot attend to read or peruse them, I -will collect, for the benefit of the Reader, some few more notable medicines. SuBSECT. 2. — Blood-letting. Phlebotomy is promiscuously used before and after Physick, commonly before, and upon occasion is often reiterated, if there be any need at least of it. For Galen, and many others, make a doubt of bleeding at all in this kind of head-melancholy. If the malady, saith Piso, cap. 23, et Altomarus, cap. 7, Fuchsius, cap. 33, 11. T 274 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. H. SECT. V. 'shall proceed primarily from the misaffected brain, the Patient in such case shall not need at all to bleed, except the blood otherwise abound, the veins be full, inflamed blood, and the party ready to run mad. In immaterial melancholy, which especially comes from a cold distemperature of spirits, Hercules de Saxoni&, cap. 17, will not admit of Phlebotomy ; Laurentius, cap. 9. approves it out of the authority of the Arabians ; but as Mesue, Rhasis, Alexander appoint, ^especially in the head, to open the veins of the fore-head, nose, and ears, is good. They commonly set cupping-glasses on the party's shoulders, having first scarified the place ; they apply horse-leeches on the head, and in all melancholy diseases, whether essential or accidental, they cause the Haemrods to be opened, having the eleventh Aphorism of the 6th book of Hippocrates for their ground and warrant, which saith that in melancholy and mad men the varicous tumour or hosmorrhoides appearing doth heal the same. Valescus prescribes blood-letting in all three kinds, whom Sallust. Salvian follows. ^ If the blood abound, which is discerned by the fulness of the veins, his precedent diet, the party's laughter, age, &'c. begin with the median or middle vein of the arm : if the blood be ruddy and clear, stop it ; but if black in the spring time, or a good season, or thick, let it run, according to the partes strength : and some eight or twelve days after, open the head vein, and the veins in the forehead, or provoke it out of the nostrils, or cupping- glasses, dfc. Trallianus allows of this, ^if there have been any suppression or stopping of blood at nose, or hemrods, or womeris months, then to open a vein in the head or about the ankles. Yet he doth hardly approve of this course, if melancholy be sited in the head alone, or in any other dotage, ^except it primarily proceed from blood, or that the malady be increased by it ; for blood-letting refrigerates and dries up, except the body be very full of blood, and a kind of ruddiness in the face. Therefore I conclude with AretcBus, 1 Si ex primario cerebri affectu melancholici evaserint, sanguinis detractione non indigent, nisi ob alias causas sanguis mittatur, si multus in vasis, &c. frustra enira fatigatur corpus, &c. 2 Competit iis phlebotomia frontis. 3 si sanguis abundet, quod scitur ex venariun repletione, victfts ratione prsecedente, risu aegri, astate, et aliis, tundatur mediana ; et si sanguis apparet clams et ruber, suppri- matur ; aut si vere, si niger aut crassus, permittatur fluere pro viribus eegri, dein post 8 vel 12 diem aperiatur cephalica partis magis alfectae, et vena frontis, aut sanguis provocetur setis per nares, &c. * Si quibus consuetae suae suppresssa sunt menses, &c. talo secare oportet, aut vena frontis, si sanguis peccet cerebro. 5 Nisi ortum ducat k sanguine, ne morbus inde augeatur : phlebotomia refrigerat et exsiccat, nisi corpus sit valde sanguineum, rubicundum. MEM. I. SUBS. III.] PREPARATIVES AND PURGERS. 275 ^before you let blood, deliberate of it, and well consider all circum- stances belonging to it. SuBSECT. 3. — Preparatives and Furgers. After blood-letting we must proceed to other medicines; first prepare, and then purge, Augece stabulum purgare^ make the body clean, before we hope to do any good. Gualter Bruel -would have a practitioner begin first with a clyster of his, which he prescribes before blood-letting : the common sort, as Mercurialis, Montaltus, cap. 30, is'c. proceed from lenitives to preparatives, and so to purgers. Lenitives are well known, Electuarium lenitivum, Dia- phanicum, Diacatholicon, dfc. Preparatives are usually Syrups of Borage, Bugloss, Apples, Fumitory, Thyme and Epithyme, with double as much of the same decoction^or distilled water, or of the waters of Bugloss, Balm, Hops, Endive, Scolopendry, Fumitory, &c. or these sod in whey, which must be reiterated and used for many days together. Purges come last, which must not be used at all, if the malady may be otherwise helped, because they weaken nature, and dry so much ; and in giving of them ^we must begin with the gentlest first. Some forbid all hot medicines, as Alexander, and Salvianus, &■€. ne insaniores inde fiant ; hot medicines increase the disease *by drying too much. Purge downward rather than upward, use potions rather than pills, and, when you begin Physick, persevere and continue in a course ; for, as one observes, ^movere et non educere in omnibus malum est ; to stir up the humour (as one purge commonly doth) and not to prosecute, doth more harm than good. They must continue in a course of Physick, yet not so that they tire and oppress nature, danda quies naturce, they must now and then remit, and let nature have some rest. The most gentle purges to begin with, are ^ Senna, Cassia, Epithyme, Myrabolanes, Catholicon : if these prevail not, we may proceed to stronger, as the confection of Hamech, Pil. Indce, Fumitories, de Assaieret, of Lapis Armenus and Lazuli, Diasena. Or, if pills be too dry, 'some prescribe both Hellebores in the last place, amongst 1 Cum sanguinem detrahere oportet, deliberatione indiget. Aretaeus, lib. 7. c, 5. P Sen. Apocol. 7. J.] * A lenioribus auspicandum. (Valesous, Piso, Bruel) rariusque medicamentis purgantibus utendum, ni sit opus. * Quia corpus exsiccant, morbum augent. ^ Guianerius, Tract. 15. c. 6. « Piso. ' Rhasis, sspe valent ex Helleboro. 276 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. V. the rest Aretceus, ^ because this disease will resist a gentle medicine. Laurentius and Hercules de Saxonia would have Antimony tried last, if the '^ party be strong, and it warily given. " Trincavellius prefers Hierologodium, to whom Francis Alexander in his Apol. rod. 5. subscribes, a very good medicine they account it. But Crato, in a counsel of his for the Duke of Bavaria's Chancellor, wholly rejects it. I find a vast Chaos of medicines, a confusion of receipts and magistrals,* amongst writers, appropriated to this disease; some of the chiefest I will rehearse. 'To-be sea-sick, first, is very good at seasonable times. Hellebonsmtis Matthioli, with which he vaunts and boasts he did so many several cures ° / never gave it (saith he) but, after once or twice, by the help of God they were happily cured. The manner of making it he sets down at large in his third book of Epist. to George Hankshius, a Physician. Gualter Bruel and Heurnius make mention of it with great approbation ; so doth Sckenkius in his memorable cures, and experimental medicines, cen. 6. observ. 37. That famous Helleborism of Montanus which he so often repeats in his consultations and counsels, as 28, pro melan. sacerdote, et consil. 148, pro Hypochondriaco, and cracks'' to be a most sovereign remedy for all melancholy persons, which he hath often given 7vithout offence, and found by long experience and observation to be such. Quercetan prefers a Syrup of Hellebore in his Spagirica Pharmac. and Hellebore's Extract, cap. 5, of his invention likewise {a most safe medicine^and not unfit to be given children) before all remedies whatsoever. Paracelsus, in his book of black Hellebore, admits this medicine, but as it is prepared by him. ° // is most certain (saith he) that the virtue of this herb is great, and admirable in effect, and little differing from Balm itself, and he that knows well how to make use 1 Lib. 7. Exiguis medicamentis morbus non obsequitur. 2 Modo caute defur et robustis. ^ Consil. lo. 1. i. [« Sovereign recipes.] ' Plin. 1. 31. c. 6. Navigaliones ob vomitionem prosunt plurimis morbis capitis, et omnibus ob quos Helleborum bibitur. Idem Dioscorides, lib. S- cap. 13. Avioenna tertia imprimis. 6 Nunquam dedimus, quin ex una aut altera assuraptione, Deo juvante, fuerint ad salutem restituti. ' Lib. 2. Inter composita purgantia melancholiam. 3 Longo experimento a se observatum esse, melancholicos sine offensa egregife curandos valere. Idem, responsione ad Aubertum, veratrum nigrum, alias timidum et periculosum, vini spiritu etiam et oleo commodum sic usui redditur, ut etiam pueris tuto admmistrari possit. 9 Certum est hujus herbse virtutem maximam et mirabilem esse, parumque distare k balsamo. Et qui n6rit eo recte uti plus habet artis quam tota scribentium cohors, aut omnes doctores in Gerraania. MEM. I. SUBS. III.] PREPARATIVES AND PURGERS. 277 of it hath more heart than all their books contain, or all the Doctors in Germany can shew. .Mlianus Montaltus, in his exquisite work de morb. capitis, cap. 31. de mel. sets a special receipt of Hellebore of his own, which in his practice '^ he fortunately used; because it is but short, I will set it down. 5i Syrupi de pomis 5.ij. aquae borag. giiij. EUebori nigri per noctem infusi in ligatura 6 vel 8 gr. mane facta cola tura exhibe. Other receipts of the same to this purpose you shall find in him. Valescus admires Pulvis Hali, axid Jason Pratensis after him : the confection of which our new London Pharmacopoeia hath lately revived. '^Put case (saith he) all other medicines fail, by the help of God this alone shall do it ; and 'tis a crowned medicine which mmt be kept in secret. 5i. Epithymi semunc. , Lapidis Lazuli, agarici ana 5y- Scammonii, 3ji Chariophillorum numero zo: pulverisentur Omnia, et ipsius pulveris scrup. 4. singulis septimanis assumat. To these I may add Arnoldi vinum buglossatum, or Borage wine before mentioned, which ^Mizaldus calls vinum mirabile, a wonder- ful wine, and Stockerus vouchsafes to repeat verbatim amongst other receipts : Rubeus his * compound water out of Savanarola : Pinetus his balm ; Cardan's Pulvis Hyacinthi, with which, in his book de curis admirandis,^ he boasts that he had cured many melancholy persons in eight days, which " Sckenkius puts amongst his observable medicines : Altomarus his Syrup, with which, 'he calls God so solemnly to witness, he hath in his kind done many excellent cures, and which &^«i/4w, cent. 7. observ. 80, mentioneth, Daniel Sennertus, lib. i. part. 2. cap. 12, so much commends; Rulandus' admirable water for melancholy, which, cent. 2. cap. 96, he names, spiritum vitce aureum, Panaceam, what not ? and his absolute medicine of 50 Eggs, citrat. Empir. cen. i. cur. 5, to be taken three in a morning, with a powder of his. ^ Faventinus, 1 Quo feliciter usus sum. ^ Hoc posito quod aliae medicinas non valeant, ista tunc Dei misericordi^ valebit, et est medicina coronata quae secretissime teneatur. s Lib. de artif. med. * Sect. 3. Optimum remedium aqua composita Savanarolae. (6 On wonderful cures.] « Sckenkius, observ. 31. ' Donatus ab Altomari, cap 7. Testor Deum, me multos melancholioos hujus solius syrupi usu curasse, facta privis purgatione. ^ Centum ova et unum, quolibet mane sumant ova sorbilia, cum sequenti pulvere supra ovum aspersa, et contineant quousque assumpserint centum et unum, maniacis et melancholicis utilissimum remedium. 278 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. V. prac. Emper. doubles this number of Eggs, and will have a hundred and one to be taken by three and three in like sort, which Sallust Salvian approves, de re med. lib. 2. c. i, with some of the same powder, till all be spent, a most excellent remedy for all melancholy and madmen. 5i- Epithymi, thymi, ana, drachmas duas, sacchari albi unciam unam, croci grana tria, cinnamoni drachmam unam ; misce, fiat pulvis. All these yet are nothing to those ^Chemical preparatives of Aqua Chelidonia, quintessence of Hellebore, salts, extracts, dis- tillations, oils, Aurum potabile^ (sfc. Dr. Anthony, in his "book de auro potab., edit. 1600, is all in all for it. ^And though all the Schools of Galenists, with a wicked and unthankful pride and scorn, detest it in their practice, yet in more grievous diseases, when their vegetals will do no good, they are compelled to seek the help of minerals, though they use them rashly, unprofitably, slackly, and to no purpose. Rhenanus, a Dutch Chemist, in his book de Salt I puieo emergente, takes upon him to apologize for Anthony, and sets light by all that speak against him. But what do I meddle with this great Controversy, which is the subject of many volumes ? Let Paracelsus, Quercetan, Crollius, and the brethren of the Rosy Cross defend themselves as they may. Crato, Erastus, and the Galenists oppugn Paracelsus. He brags on the other side he did more famous cures by this means than all the Galenists in Europe, and calls himself a Monarch, Galen, Hippocrates, infants, illiterate, &c. As Thessalus of old railed against those ancient Asclepiadeanwdtexs, '^he condemns others, insults, triumphs, overcomes all antiquity (saith Galen, as if he spake to him) declares himself a conqueror, and crowns his own doings. ^ One drop of their Chemical preparatives shall do more good than all their fulsome potions. Erastus and the rest of the Galenists vilify them, on the other side, as Hereticks in Physick; ''Paracelsus did that in Physick which Luthei in Divinity. ''A drunken rogue he was, a base fellow, 1 Quercetan. cap. 4. Phar. Oswaldus Crollius. \} Potable gold.] ' Cap. I. Licet tola Galenistarum schola mfneralia non sine impio et ingrato fastu A sua practica detestentur ; tamen in gravioribus morbis, omnivegetabilium derelicto subsidio, ad mineralia confugiunt, licet ea temere, ignaviter, et inutiliter usurpent. Ad finem libri. ^ Veteres maledictis incedit, vincit, et contra omnem antiquitatem coronatur, ipseque a se victor declaratur. Gal. lib. i. meth. c. 2. 6 Codronchus, de sale absinthii. ' Idem Paracelsus in medicina quod Lutherus in theologia. ' Disput. in eundem, parte 1. Magus ebrius, illiteratus, dsemonem praeceptorem habuit, dasmones familiares, &c. MEM. I. SUBS. IV.] AVERTERS. 2/9 a Magician, he had the Devil for his master. Devils his familiat companions, and what he did was done by the help of the Devil. Thus they contend and rail, and every Mart write books pro and con, et adhuc sub judice lis esf;^ let them agree as they will, I proceed. SUBSECT. .4. — Averiers. AvERTERS and Purgers must go together, as tending all to the same purpose, to divert this rebellious humour, and turn it another way. In this range Clysters and Suppositories challenge a chief place, to draw this humour from the brain and heart to the more ignoble parts. Some would have them still used a few days between, and those to be made with the boiled seeds of Anise, Fennel, and bastard Saffron, Hops, Thyme, Epithyme, Mallows, Fumitory, Bugloss, Polypody, Senna, Diasene, Hamech, Cassia, Diacatholicon, Hierologiodum, Oil of Violets, sweet Almonds, &c. For without question a Clyster, opportunely used, cannot choose in this, as most other maladies, but to do very much good ; clysteres nutriunt, sometimes Clysters nourish, as they may be prepared, as I was informed not long since by a learned Lecture of our Natural Philosophy ^ Reader, which he handled by way of discourse, out of some other noted Physicians. Such things as provoke urine most commend, but not sweat. Trincavellius, consil. 16. cap. I, in head melancholy forbids it. F. Bayerus and others approve frictions of the outward parts, and to bathe them with warm water. Instead of ordinary frictions. Cardan prescribes rubbing with Nettles till they blister the skin, which likewise *Basardus Visoiitinus so much magnifies. Sneezing, masticatories, and nasals, are generally received. Montaltus, c. 34, Hildesheim, spiciL 2.fol. 136 and 138, give several receipts of all three. Hercules de Saxonid. relates of an Empirick in Venice, ''that he had a strong water to purge by the mouth and nostrils, which he still used in head-melancholy, and would sell for To open months and Hemroids is very good Physick, "«/ they fi Hor A P. 78. and the matter is yet unsettled.] = Master D. Lapworth. s Ant Philos. cap. de melan. Friotio vertice, &c. * Aqua fortissima purgans os, najes ' quam non vult auro vendere. ^ Mercurialis, consil. 6. et 30. Hsemorrhoidum et mensiura provocatio juvat, modo ex eorum suppressione ortum habuent. 28o ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART IL SECT. V. have been formerly stopped. Faventinus would have them opened with horse-leeches, so would Hercul. de Sax. Julius Alexandrinus {consil. 185, Scoltzii) thinks Aloes fitter: 'most approve horse- leeches in this case, to be applied to the fore-head, ''nostrils, and other places. Montaltus, cap. 29, out of Alexander and others, prescribes ^cupping-glasses, and issues in the left thigh. Aretceus, lib. 7. cap. 5, "Paulus Regolinus, Sylvius, will have them without scarification, applied to the shoulders and back, thighs and feet. ^Montaltus, cap. 34, bids open an issue in the arms, or hinder part of the head. ^Piso enjoins ligatures, frictions, suppositories, and cupping-glasses, still without scarification, and the rest. Cauteries and hot irons are to be used ''in the suture of the crown, and the seared or ulcerated place suffered to run a good while. Tis not ainiss to bore the skull with an instrument, to let out the fuliginous vapours. Sallust. Salvianus, de re medic, lib. 2. cap. i, ^becaicse this humour hardly yields to other Physick, would have the leg cauterized, or the left leg below the knee, ' and the head bored in two or three places, for that it much avails to the exhalation of the vapours. "I saw (saith he) a melancholy man at Rome, that by no remedies could be healed, but when by chance he was wounded in the head, and the skull broken, he was excellently cured. Another, to the admiration of the beholders, '^^breaking his head with a fall from on high, was instantly recovered of his dotage. Gordonius, cap. 13. part. 2, would have these cauteries tried last, when no other Physick will serve. "7%« head to be shaved and bored to let oy,i fumes, which without doubt will do much good. I saw a melancholy man wounded in the head with a sword, his brain-pan broken ; so 1 Laurentius, Bruel, &c. ^ p. Bayerus, 1. 2. cap. 13. naribus, &c. 3 Cucur- bi'.ute siccas, et fontanellse crure sinistra. * Hildesheim, spicel. 2. Vapores 4 cerebro trahendi sunt frictionibus universi, cucurbitulis siccis, humeris ac dorso affixis, circa pedes et crura. ^ Fontanellam aperi juxta occipitium, aut brachium. *» Ealani, ligaturas, frictiones, &c. '' Cauterium fiat sutura coronali ; diu fluere permittantur loca ulcerosa. Trepano etiara cranii densitas imminui poterit, ut vapcrlbus fuliginosis exitus pateat. ^ Quoniam difficulter cedit aliis medicamentis, ideo fiat in vertice cauterium, aut crure sinistro infra genu. ^ Fiant duo aut tria cauteria, cum ossis perforatione. i*^ Vidi Romae melancholicum qui, adhibitis multis remediis, sanari non poterat, sed cum cranium gladio fractum esset, optime sanatus est. " Et alterum vidi melancViolicum qui, ex alto cadens, non sine astantium admiratione liberatus est. 12 Radatur caput et fiat cauterium in capite ; procul dubio ista faciunt ad fumorum exhalationem ; vidi melancholicum k fortuna gladio vulneratum , et cranium fractum ; quamdiu vulnus apertum, curatus optime ; at, cum vulnus sanatum, reversa est mania. MEM. I. SUBS, v.] ALTERATIVES. 28 1 long as the wound was open, he was well, bui when his wound was healed, his dotage returned again. But Alexander Messaria, a Professor in Padua, lib. i. pract. med. cap. 21, de Melanchol. will allow no cauteries at all; 'tis too stiff an humour, and too thick, as he holds, to be so evaporated. Guianerius, c. 8. Tract. 15, cured a Nobleman in Savoy, by boring alone. Heaving the hole open a month together, by means of which, after two years' melancholy and madness, he was delivered. All approve of this remedy in the suture of the Crown ; but Arcu- lanus would have the cautery to be made with gold. In many other parts these cauteries are prescribed for melancholy men, as in the thighs, {Mercurialis, consil. 86,) arms, legs. Idem, consil. 6, et 19, et 25, Montanus, 86, Rodericus cL Fonseca, Tom. 2. consult. 84. pro hypochond. coxd dextrd, &'c. but most in the head, if other Fhysick will do no good. SuBSECT. 5. — Alteratives and Cordials, corroborating, resolving the Reliques, and mending the Temperament. Because this Humour is so malign of itself, and so hard to be removed, the reliques are to be cleansed, by Alteratives, Cordials, and such means ; the temper is to be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and brain, ^which are commonly both affected in this malady, and do mutually misaffect one another : which are still to be given every other day, or some few days inserted after a purge or like Physick, as occasion serves, and are of such force that many times they help alone, and as 'Arnoldus holds in his Aphorisms, are to be preferred before all other medicines, in what kind soever. Amongst this number of Cordials and Alteratives I do not find a more present remedy than a cup of wine or strong drink, if it be soberly and opportunely used. It makes a man bold, hardy, cou- rageous,* whetteth the wit, if moderately taken, (and, as ^Plutarch saith, Symp. 7. quast. 12.) it makes those, which are otherwise dull, to exhale and evaporate like frankincense, or quicken (Xenophon adds) 1 Usque ad duram matrem trepanari feci, et per mensem aperta stetit. ^ Cordis ratio semper habenda, quod cerebro compatitur, et sese invicem officiunt. 8 Aphor. 38. Medicina theriacalis prte cseteris eligenda. * Galen, de temp, lib. 3. c. 3. Moderate vinum sumptum acuit ingenium. ^ Tardos aliter et tristes tburis in modura exhalare facit. 282 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. V. 'as oil doth fire. "^ famous cordial Matthiolus in Dioscoridem calls it, an excellent nutriment to refresh the body, it makes a good colour, a flourishing age, helps concoction, fortifies the stomach, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, drives out excrements, procures sleep, clears the blood, expels wind and cold poisons, attenuates, con- cocts, dissipates, all thick vapours, and fuliginoiis humours. And that -which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away fear and sorrow. s Curas edaces dissipat Euius. It glads the heart of man, Psa. 104. xe„ hilaritatis duke seminarium^ Helen's bowl,-the sole Nectar of the Gods, or that true Nepenthes in ^Horner, which puts away care and grief, as Orebasius, 5. Collect, cap. 7, and some others will, was naught else but a cup of good wine. It makes the mind of the King and of the fatherless both one, of the bond and free-man, poor and rich ; it tumeth all his thoughts to joy and mirth, makes him remember no sorrow or debt, but enrich- eth his heart, and makes him speak by talents, Esdras, 3. 19, 20, 21. It gives life itself, spirits, wit, &c. For which cause the Antients called Bacchus, Liber pater d, liberando, and " sacrificed to Bacchus and Pallas still upon an Altar. ' Wine measurably drunk, and in time, brings gladness and cheerfulness of mind, it cheereth God and men, jfudges, 9. 13 : Icetitice Bacchus dator^ it makes an old wife dance, and such as are in misery to forget evil, and be° merry. Bacchus et afflictis requiem mortalibus aflfert, Crura licet duro compede pulsa sonent.^o Wine makes a troubled soul to rest, Though feet with fetters be opprest. Demetrius in Plutarch, when he fell into Seleucus' hands, and was prisoner in Syria, ^^ spent his time with dice, and drink that he might so ease his discontented mind, and avoid those continual cogitations of his ^ Hilaritatem, ut oleum flammam, excitat. [Sympos. cap. vii.] '^ Viribus retinendis cardiacum eximiura, nutriendo corpori aJimentum optimum, setatem floridam facit, calorem innatum fovet, concoctionem juvat, stomachum roborat, excrementis viam parat, urinam movet, somnum conciliat ; venena, frigidos flatus dissipat, crassos humores attenuat, coquit, discutit, &c. s Hor. Lib. 2. Od. 11. [17, i8. Bacchus dissipates corroding cares.] [^ Varr. ap. Non. 28, 22.] ° Odyss. [Iv. 221-226.] 6 Pausanias. ' Siracides, xxxi. 28. [8 Virg. ^n. '• 734.] ' Nanatur et prisci Catonis Ssepe mere caluisse virtus. [Hor. Odes. iii. 21. II, 12.] [1" TibuUus, i. 7. 41, 42.] 11 In pocula et aleam se praecipitavit, et lis fere tempus traduxit, ut segram crapula mentem levaret, et conditionis praesentis cogitationes quibus agitabatur sobrius vitaret. [Plut. Vit. Demetrii, § 5a] MEM. I. SUBS, v.] CURE OF HEAD-MELANCHOLY. 283 present condition wherewith he was tormented. Therefore Solomon, Prov. 31. 6, [7,] bids wine be given to him thai is ready to ^perish, and to him that hath grief of heart ; let him drink that he forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more. Sollicitis animis onus eximit^ it easeth a burdened soul, nothing speedier, nothing better : which the Prophet Zachary perceived, when he said, that in the time of Messias they of Ephraim should be glad, and their heart should rejoice as through wine? All which makes me very well approve of that pretty description of a feast in " Bartholomceus Anglicus, when grace was said, their hands washed, and the Guests sufficiently exhilarated, with good discourse, sweet musick, dainty fare, exhilarationis gratid,, pocula iterum atqueiterum offeruntur ; as a Corollary to conclude the feast, and continue their mirth, a grace cup came in to cheer their hearts, and they drank healths to one another again and again. Which (as_/. Fredericus Matenesius, Crit. Christ, lib. 2. cap. 5, 6, et 'j), was an old custom in all ages in every Common-wealth, so as they be not enforced bibere per violen- tiam, but as in that Royal Feast of ^Assuerus which lasted 180 days, without compulsion they drank by order in golden vessels, when and what they would themselves. This of drink is a most easy and parable remedy, a common, a cheap, still ready against fear, sorrow, and such troublesome thoughts, that molest the mind ; as brim- stone with fire, the spirits on a sudden are enlightened by it. No better Phy sick (saith ^ Rhasis) for a melancholy man : and he that can keep cotnpany, and carouse, needs no other medicines, 'tis enough. His Country-man Avicenna, 31. Doct. 2. c. 8, proceeds further yet, and will have him that is troubled in mind, or melancholy, not to drink only, but now and then to be drunk ; excellent good Physick it is for this and many other diseases. Magninus, Reg. san. p. 3. c. 31, will have them to be so once a month at least,'' and gives his rea- sons for it, ^because it scours the body by vomit, urine, sweat, of all manner of superfluities, and keeps tt clean. Of the same mind is Seneca the Philosopher in his book de tranquil, lib. i. c. 15, non- 1 So did the Athenians of old, as Suidas relates, and so do the Germans at this day. P Hor. Epp. i. 5. 18.] P Zachariah, x. 7.] ^ Lib. 6. cap. 23. et24. de rerum proprietat. ^ Esther, i. 8. ^ Tract, i. cont. 1. i. Non est res laudabilior eo, vel cura melior ; qui melancholicus utatur societate hominum et biberia ; et qui potest sustinere usum vini non indiget alia medicina, quod eo sunt omnia ad usum necessaria hujus passionis. |7 Cf. Silvius, Montaigne's Essays, Book ii. ch. 2.] ' Tum quod sequatur inde sudor, vomitio, urina, k quibus superfluitates S corpore removentur et remanet corpus mundum. 284 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. V. nunquam, ut in aliis morbis, ad ebrietatem usque veniendum ; curas deprimit, tristitia niedetur, it is good sometimes to be drunk, it helps sorrow, depresseth cares, and so concludes his Tract with a cup of wine : habes. Serene carissime, quce ad tranquillitatem anima ■pertinent. But these are Epicureal tenents, tending to looseness of life, Luxury and Atheism, maintained alone by some Heathens, dissolute Arabians, profane Christians, and are exploded by Rabbi Moses, Tract. 4. Guliel. Placentius, lib. i. cap. 8, Valescus de Taranta, and most accurately ventilated by Jo. Sylvaticus, a late writer and Physician of Milan, med. cont. cap. 14, where you shall find this tenent copiously confuted. Howsoever you say, if this be true that wine and strong drink have such virtue to expel fear and sorrow, and to exhilarate the mind, ever hereafter let's drink and be merry. 1 Prome reconditum, Lyde, strenua, CEecubum, Capaciores affer hue, puer, scyphos, Et Chia vina aut I^esbia. Come, lusty Lyda, fill's a cup of sack. And, sirrah dTawer, bigger pots we lack. And Scio wines that have so good a smack. I say with him in ''A. Gellius, let us maintain the vigour of our souls with a moderate cup of wine, " Natis in usum Isetitiae sc5rphis, and drink to refresh our mind; if there be any cold sorrow in it, or torpid bashfulness, let's wash it all away. Nunc vino pellite curas : so saith * Horace, so saith Anacreon^ MsQvoVTct yap f/.s Kiia^a.1 Tltihh HpeiiriTov n 9av6vra.^ Let's drive down care with a cup of wine : and so say I too, (though I drink none myself) for all this may be done, so that it be modestly, soberly, opportunely used : so that they be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess, which our ''Apostle forewarns ; for, as Chrysostom well comments on that place, ad IcRtitiam datum est vinum, non ad ebrietatem, 'tis for mirth wine, but not for madness ; and will you know where, when, and how, that is to be under- stood ? Vis discere ubi bonum sit vinum i Audi quid dicat Scrip 1 Hor. [Odes, iii. 28. 2, 3.] 2 Lib. 15. 2. noct. Att. Vigorem animi moderato vini usu tueamur, et calefacto simul refotorjue animo, si quid in eo vel frigidee tristitise, vel torpentis verecundiae fuerit, diluamus. a Hor 1 i Od 27 i. * Od. 7. lib. I. 31. [5 Ode 48. 9, 10.] 6 Nam prsestat ebrium' me' au'am mortuum jacere. ' Ephes. v. 18. ser. 19. in cap. 5. MfiM.I.SUBS.V.] CURE OE HEAD-MELANCHOLY. 285 iura, hear the Scriptures, Give Wine to them that are in sorrow,^ or, as PaMl bid Timothy drink wine for his stomach's sake/ for con- coction, health, or some such honest occasion. Otherwise, as ° Pliny telleth us, if singular moderation be not had, nothing so pernicious, 'tis mere Vinegar, blandus dcemon, poison itself. But hear a more fearful doom, Habac. 2. 15, and 16. Woe be to him that makes his neighbour drunk, shameful spewing shall be upon his glory. Let not good fellows triumph therefore, (saith Matthiolus), that I have so much commended wine ; if it be immoderately taken, in- stead of making glad, it confounds both body attd soul, it makes a giddy head, a sorrowful heart. And 'twas well said of the Poet of old, * Wine causeth mirth and grief, ° nothing so good for some, so bad for others, especially as ° one observes, qui a causa calida mall habent, that are hot or inflamed. And so of spices, they alone, as I have shewed, cause head-melancholy themselves, they must not use wine as an ' ordinary drink, or in their diet. But to determine with Laurentius, c. 8. de melan. wine is bad for mad men, and such as are troubled with heat in their inner parts or brains ; but to melancholy, which is cold (as most is), Wine soberly used may be very good. I may say the same of the decoction of China roots, Sassafras, Sarsaparilla, Guaiacum. China, saith Manardus, makes a good colour in the face, takes away melancholy, and all infirmities pro- ceeding from cold ; even so Sarsaparilla provokes sweat mightily, Gttaiacum dries, Claudinus consult. 89, et 46. Montanus, Cappi- vaccius, consult. 188, Scoltzii, make frequent and good use of Guaia- cum, and China, * so that the liver be not incensed, good for such as are cold, as most melancholy men are, but by no means to be mentioned in hot. The Turks have a drink called Coffee (for they use no wine) so named of a berry as black as soot, and as bitter (like that black drink which was in use amongst the Lacedcemonians, and perhaps the same), which they sip still off, and sup as warm as they can suffer; they spend much time in those Coffee-houses, which are somewhat like our Ale-houses or Taverns, and there they sit chat- [1 Prov. 31. 6.] P I Tim. v. 23.] ' Lib. 14. 5. Nihil perniciosius viribus, si modus absit ; venenum. ■* Theocritus, Idyl. 13. Vino dari Ixtitiam et dolorem. ' Renodeus. ^ Mercurialis, consil. 25. Vinura frigidis optimum, et pessimum fei-ina melancholia. ^ Femelius, consil. 44 et 45, vinum prohibet assiduum, et aromata. ' Modo jecur non incendatur. 286 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. V. ting and drinking to drive away the time, and to be merry together, because they find by experience that kind of drink so used helpeth digestion, and procureth alacrity. Some of them take Opium to this purpose. Borage, Balm, Saffron, Gold, I have spoken of; Montaltus, c. 23, commends Scorzonera roots condite. Garcius ab Hbrto,plant. hist, lib. 2. cap. 25, makes mention of an herb called Datura, ^which,if it be eaten, for 24 hours following takes away all sense of grief , makes them incline to laughter and mirth : and another called bang, like in effect to Opium, which puts them for a time into a kind of Extasis, and makes them gently to laugh. One of the Roman Emperors had a seed, which he did ordinarily eat to exhilarate himself. ^ Christophorus Ayrerus prefers Bezoar's stone, and the confection of Alkermes, before other cordials, and Amber m some cases. ^ Alkermes comforts the inner parts ; and Bezoar stone hath an especial virtue against all melancholy affections, ^it refresheth the heart, and corroborates the whole body. ^ Amber provokes urine, helps the body, breaks wind, &c. After a purge, three or four grains of Bezoar stone, and three grains of Amber-Grease drunk, or taken in Borage, or Bugloss water, in which gold hot hath been quenched, will do much good, and the purge shall diminish less (the heart so refreshed) of the strength and substance of the body. !^. confect. Alkermes g ff lap. Bezoar. 3j. Succini albi subtiliss. pulverisat. 3jj. cum Syrup, de cort. citri ; fiat electuarium. To Bezoar's stone most subscribe, Manardus, and "many others, it takes away sadness, and makes him merry that useth it ; I have seen some that have been much diseased with faintness, swooning, and melancholy, that, taking the weight of three grains of this stone in the water of Oxtongue, have been cured. Garcias ab Horto brags how many desperate cures he hath done upon melancholy men by this alone, when all Physicians had forsaken them. But Alchermes many except against ; in some cases it may help, if it be good and 1 Per 24 horas sensum doloris omnem toUit, et ridere facit. ' Hildesheim, spicil. 2. 8 Alkermes omnia vitalia viscera mire confortat. * Contra omnes melancholicos affectus confert, ac certum est ipsius usu omnes cordis et corporis vires mirum in modum refici. " Succinum vero albissimum confortat ventriculum, ilatum discutit, urinam movet, &c. ^ Garcias ab Horto, aromatum lib. i. cap. 15. Adversus omnes morbos melancholicos conducit, et venenum. Ego (inquit) utor in morbis melancholicis, &c., et deploratos hujus usu ad piistinam sanitatem restitui. See more in Bauhinus' book de lap. Bezoar c. 45. MEM. I. SUBS, v.] CURE OF HEAD-MELANCHOLY. 287 of the best, such as that of Montpelier in France, which ^Jodocus Sincerus, Itinerario Gallia, so much magnifies, and would have no traveller omit to see it made. But it is not so general a medicine as the other. Fernelius, consil. 49, suspects Alchermes, by reason of its heat ; ^ nothing (saith he) sooner exasperates this disease than the use of hot working meats and medicines, and would have them for that cause warily taken. I conclude therefore of this and all other medicines, as Thucydides of the plague at Athens ; no remedy could be prescribed for it, nam qtiod uni profuit hoc aliis erat exitio : ' there is no Catholick medicine to be had : that which helps one is pernicious to another. JDiamargaritum frigidum, Diambra, Diaboraginatum, Electu- arium IcBtificans Galeni &• Rhasis, de Gemtnis, Dianthos, Diamos- chum duke df* amarum, Electuarium Conciliatoris, syrup. Cydo- niorum de pomis, conserves of Roses, Violets, Fumitory, Enula campana, Satyrion, Lemons, Orange-pills condite, &c. have their good use. * ^. Diamoschi dulcis et amari, ana 3y. Diabuglossati, Diaboraginati, sacchari violacei, ana gj. misce cum syrupo de pomis. Every Physician is full of such receipts ; one only I will add for the rareness of it, which I find recorded by many learned Authors, as an approved medicine against dotage, head-melancholy, and such diseases of the brain. Take a "Ram's head that never meddled with an Ewe, cut off at a blow, and, the horns only taken away, boil it well skin and wool together, after it is well sod, take out the brains, and put these spices to it, Cinnamon, Ginger, Nutmeg, Mace, Cloves, ana g ss, mingle the powder of these spices with it, and heat them in a platter upon a chafing-dish of coals together, stirring them well, that they do not burn; take heed it be not overmuch dried, or dryer than a Calves brains ready to be eaten. Keep it so prepared, and for three days give it the patient fasting, so that he fast two hours after it. It may be eaten with bread in 1 Edit. 1617. Monspelii electuarium fit pretiosissimum Alcherm. &c. 2 Nihil morbum hunc aeque exasperat ac alimentorum vel calidioram usus. Alchermes ideo suspectus, et quod semel moneam. caute adhibenda calida medicamenta. [S Thuc. ii. 51.] * Sckenkius, 1. i. Observat. de Mania, ad mentis alienationem, et desipientiam vitio cerebri obortam, in manuscripto codice Germanico, tale medicamentum reperi. ^ Caput arietis nondum expert! venerem, uno ictu amputatum, cornibus tantum demotis, integrum cum lana et pelle bene elixabis ; tum aperto cerebrum eximes, et addens aromata, &o. 288 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. V. an egg, or broth, or any way, so it be taken. For fourteen days let him use this diet, drink no wine, &c. Gesner, hist, animal, lib. i.pag. 917, Caricterius, pract. cap. 13. in Nich. de metri. p. 129. latro : Wittenberg, edit. Tubing, pag. 62, mention this medicine, though with some variation ; he that list may try it, ' and many such. Odoraments to smell to, of Rose-water, Violet flowers, Balm, Rose-cakes, Vinegar, &c. do much recreate the brains and spirits, according to Solomon, Prov. 27. 9, they rejoice the heart, and, as some say, nourish : 'tis a question commonly controverted in our schools, an odores nutriant ;^ let Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 18, decide it,' many arguments he brings to prove it : as oi Democritus, that lived by the smell of bread alone, applied to his nostrils, for some few days, when for old age he could eat no meat. Ferrerius, lib. 2. meth. speaks of an excellent confection of his making, of wine, saffron, &c. which he prescibed to dull, weak, feeble, and dying men, to smell to, and by it to have done very much good, aquh ferl profuisse olfaciu et potu, as if he had given them drink. Our noble and learned Lord * Verulam, in his book de vitd, et morte, commends therefore all such cold smells as any way serve to refrigerate the spirits. Montanus, consil. 31, prescribes a form which he would have his melancholy Patient never to have out of his hands. If you will have them spagirically ° prepared, look in Oswaldus, Crollius, basil. Chymica. Irrigations of the head shaven, ' of the flowers of water-lillies, lettuce, violets, camomile, wild mallows, wether's head, dt'c. must be used many mornings together. Montan. consil. 31. would have the head so washed once a week. Lalius d, fonte Eugubinus, consult. 44, for an Italian Count troubled with head-melan- choly, repeats many medicines which he tried, ''but two alone which did the cure; use of whey made of goaf s milk, with the extract of Hellebore, and irrigations of the head with water-lillies, lettuce, violets, camomile, 6-^. upon the suture of the crown. Piso \ Cinis testudinis ustus, et vino potus, melancholiam curat, et, rasura cornu Rhinocerotis, &c. Sckenkius. p Whether adornaments nourish.l ^ instat in matnce, qu6d sursum et deorsum ad odoris sensum prsecipitatur. 4 Viscount St Alban s. [6 =Chemically.] 6 Ex decocto florum nymph^^, lactuc^, violarum! chamomilEe, althes capitis vervecum, &c. ^ Inter auxilia multa adhibita duo visa sunt remedium adferre, usus serf caprini cum extracto Hellebori et irngatio ex lacte nymphasae, violarum, &c. suturae coronali adhibita ; his remediis sanitatem pristinam adeptus est. iciucuui. MEM. I. SUBS, v.] CURE OF HEAD-MELANCHOLY. 289 commends a ram's lungs applied hot to the fore part of the head, ' or a young lamb divided in the back, exenterated, &c. All acknowledge the chief cure to consist in moistening throughout. Some, saith Laurentius, use powders, and caps to the brain, but, forasmuch as such aromatical things are hot and dry, they must be sparingly administered. Unto the heart we may do well to apply bags, epithemes, oint- ments, of which Laurentius, c. 9. de Melan. gives examples. £i-uel prescribes an epitheme for the heart, of bugloss, borage, water- lily, violet waters, sweet wine, balm leaves, nutmegs, cloves, &c. For the Belly, make a Fomentation of oil, " in which the seeds of cummin, rue, carrots, dill, have been boiled. Baths are of wonderful great force in this malady, much admired by ' Galen, ^Aetius, Rhasis, &•£. of sweet water, in which is boiled the leaves of mallows, roses, violets, water-lilies, wether's head, flowers of Bugloss, Camomile, Melilot, &c. Guianer. cap. 8. Tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they come forth of the Baths, their back bones to be anointed with oil of Almonds, Violets, Nymphsea, fresh Capon-grease, &c. Amulets and things to be borne about I find prescribed, taxed by some, approved by Renodeus, Platerus, {amuleta, inquit, 7wn negligenda), and others ; look for them in Mizaldus, Porta, Albertus, &'c. Bassardus Visontinus, ant. philos. commends Hypericon, or S. John^s Wort gathered on a ° Friday in the hour oi Jupiter, when it comes to his effectual operation if hat is about the full Moon in July) : so gathered, and borne or hung about the neck, it mightily helps this affection, and drives away all phantastical spirits. ''Philes, a Greek Author that flourished in the time of Michael Palceologus, writes that a Sheep or Kid's skin, whom a Wolf worried, ' Haedus inhuman! laptus ab ore lupi, ought not at all to be worn about a man, because it causeth palpitation of the heart, not for any fear, but a secret virtue which Amulets have. A ring made of the hoof of an ass's 1 Confert et pulmo arietis, calidus agnus fjer dorsum divisus, exenteratus, admotus sincipiti. ^ Semina cumini, rutse, dauoi, anethi cocta. ' Lib. 3. de locis affect. ^ Tetrab. 2. ser. i. cap. 10. ^ Cap. de mel. coUectum die Vener. hora Jovis cum ad Energiam venit, i.e. ad plenilimium Julii, inde gesta et collo appensa hunc affectum apprime juvat, et fanaticos spiritus expellit. « L. de proprietat. animal. Ovis i lupo correptse pellem non esse pro indumento corporis usurpandam, cordis enim palpitationem excitat, &o. 1 Mart. [x. 48. 14.] 11. U 290 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. V right fore-foot carried about, &c. I say with ^ Renodeus, they are not altogether to be rejected. Peony doth cure Epilepsy, precious stones most diseases, 'a Wolf's dung borne with one helps the Cholick, a " Spider an Ague, &c. Being in the Country in the vacation time not many years since at Lindley in Leicestershire, my Father's house, I first observed this Amulet of a Spider in a nut-shell lapped in silk, &c. so applied for an Ague by * my Mother ; whom, although I knew to have excel- lent Skill in Chirurgery, sore eyes, aches, &c. and such experi- mental medicines, as all the country where she dwelt can witness, to have done many famous and good cures upon divers poor folks, that were otherwise destitute of help, yet, among all other experi- ments, this methought was most absurd and ridiculous, I could see no warrant for it. Quid aranea cum febre 1 For what Anti- pathy ? till at length, rambling amongst authors (as often I do) I found this very medicine in Dioscorides, approved by Matthiolus, repeated by Aldrovandus, cap. de aranea, lib. de insectis, I began to have a better opinion of it, and to give more credit to Amulets, when I saw it in some parties answer to experience. Such medicines are to be exploded that consist of words, characters, spells, and charms, which can do no good at all, but out of a strong conceit, as Pomponatius proves; or the Devil's policy, who is the first founder and teacher of them. SuBSECT. 6. — Correctors of Accidents to procure Sleep. Against fearful Dreams, Redness, (s^c. When you have used all good means and helps of alteratives, averters, diminutives, yet there will be still certain accidents to be corrected and amended, as waking, fearful dreams, flushing in the face to some, ruddiness, &c. Waking, by reason of their continual cares, fears, sorrows, dry brains, is a symptom that much crucifies melancholy men, and must therefore be speedily helped, and sleep by all means pro- cured, which sometimes is a sufficient ' remedy of itself without any other Physick. Sckenkius, in his observations, hath an example of a woman that was so cured. The means to procure it are inward Ulysses Aldrovandus de aranea. 4 Mistress Dorothy Burton, she died 1620. " holo somno curata est citra medici auxilium, fol. 154. MEM. I. SUBS. VI.] CURE OF HEAD-MELANCHOLY. 29! or outward. Inwardly taken, are simples, or compounds ; simples, as Poppy, NymphEea, Violets, Roses, Lettuce, Mandrake, Henbane, Nightshade or Solanum, Safifron, Hemp-seed, Nutmegs, Willows with their seeds, juice, decoctions, distilled waters, &c. Compounds are syrups, or Opiates, syrup of Poppy, Violets, Verbasco, which are commonly taken with distilled waters. '^. diacodii gj. diascordii 3ff aquae lactucas giij.fi mista fiat potio ad horam somni sumenda. Requies Nicholai, Philonium Romanum, Triphera magna, PilulcR de Cynoglossa, Dioscordium, Laudanum Paracelsi, Opium, are in use, &c. Country folks commonly make a posset of hemp-seed, which Fuchsius in his Herbal so much discommends, yet I have seen the good effect, and it may be used where better medicines are not to be had. Laudanum Paracelsi is prescribed in two or three grains, with a dram of Dioscordiwn, which Oswald. Crollius commends. Opium itself is most part used outwardly, to smell to in a ball, though commonly so taken by the Turks to the same quantity 'for a cordial, and at Goa in the Indies ; the dose 40 or 50 grains. Rulandus calls Requiem Nicholai ultimum refugium, the last refuge, but of this and the rest look for peculiar receipts in Victorius Faventinus, cap. de Phrenesi, Heurnius, cap. de Mania, Hildesheim, spicil. 4. de somno et vigil. Ss'c. Outwardly used, as oil of Nutmegs by extraction or expression, with Rose-water to anoint the temples, oils of Poppy, Nenuphar, Mandrake, Purslain, Violets, all to the same purpose. Montan. consil. 24 and 25, much commends odoraments of Opium, Vinegar, and Rose-water. Laurentius, cap. 9, prescribes Pomanders and nodules ; see the receipts in him ; Codronchus, ''wormwood to smell to. Unguentum Alablastritum, Populeum, are used to anoint the temples, nostrils, or, if they be too weak, they mix Saffron and Opium. Take a grain or two of Opium, and dissolve it with three or four drops of Rose-water in a spoon, and after mingle with it as much tluguoitum Populeum as a nut, use it as before : or else take half a dram of Opium, Unguentum Populeum, oil of Nenuphar, Rose-water, Rose-vinegar, of each half an ounce, with 1 Bellonius, observat. lib. 3. cap. 15. Lassitudinem et labores animi toUunt ; inde Garcias ab Horto, lib. i. cap. 4. simp. med. 2 Absinthium somnos allicit olfacttt. 292 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. V. as much virgin wax as a nut ; anoint your temples with some of it, ad horam somni^ Sacks of Wormwood, "Mandrake, ' Henbane, Roses, made like pillows and laid under the Patient's head, are mentioned by * Cardan and Mizaldus, to anoint the soles of the feet with the fat of a dormouse, the teeth with ear-wax of a dog, swine's gall, haris ears: charms, &c. Frontlets are well known to every good wife. Rose-water and Vinegar, with a little woman's milk, and Nutmegs grated upon a Rose-cake applied to both temples. For an Emplaister, take of Castorium a dram and half, of Opium half a scruple, mixt both together with a little water of life, make two small plaisters thereof, and apply them to the temples. Rulandus, cent. i. cur. 17. cent. 3. cur. 94, prescribes Epithemes, and lotions of the head, with the decoction of flowers of Nymphsea, Violet-leaves, Mandrake roots. Henbane, white Poppy. Here, de SaxoniA, stillicidia, or droppings, &c. Lotions of the feet do much avail of the said herbs : by these means, saith Laurentius, I think you may procure sleep to the most melancholy men in the world. Some use horse-leeches behind the ears, and apply Opium to the place. ° Bayerus, lib. 2. c. 13, sets down some remedies against fearful dreams, and such as walk and talk in their sleep. Baptista Porta, Mag. nat. I. 2. c. 6, to procure pleasant dreams and quiet rest, would have you take Hippoglossa, or the herb Horse-tongue, Balm, to use them or their distilled waters after supper, &c. Such men must not eat Beans, Pease, Garlick, Onions, Cabbage, Venison, Hare, use black wines, or any meat hard of digestion at supper, or lie on their backs, &c. Rusticus pudor, bashfulness, flushing in the face, high colour, ruddiness, are common grievances, which much torture many melancholy men, when they meet a man, or come in ° company of their betters, strangers, after a meal, or if they drink a cup of wine or strong drink, they are as red and fleet,' and sweat, as if they [' At bed-time.] 2 Read Lemnius, lib. her. bib. cap. 2. of Mandrake. » Hyoscyamus sub cervicali viridis. ^ Plantain pedis inimgere pinguedine gliris dicunt efficacissimum, et, quod vix credi potest, dentes inunctos ex sorditie 'W'i™..'^^'"^ somnum profundum conciliare, &c. Cardan de rerum varietaL »!;I /j)'^"' "''P' rf 'A . . fl y " V '"^''S'" "''•■, * ^"' =' 1'"d incautius exoiderit, aut, &c. [' ya. "flush"? see Par-. 4.] MEM. I. SUBS. VI.] CURE OF HEAD-MELANCHOLY. 293 had been at a Mayor's 'Feast, prcesertim simetus accesserit,\X exceeds, Mi^ ff '"^ ^^^^^ ™^° observes, takes notice of it : and fear alone will effect It, suspicion without any other cause. Sckenkius, observ. med. lib. i, speaks of a waiting Gentlewoman in the Duke of Savoy's Court, that was so much offended with it, that she kneeled down to him, and offered Biarus, a Physician, all that she had to be cured of it. And 'tis most true that ^Antony Lodovicus saith m his booky^ Pudore, bashfulness either hurts or helps; such men I am sure it hurts. If it proceed from suspicion or fear, ^Felix Plater prescribes no other remedy but to reject and contemn it : id populus curat scilicet,'' as a 'worthy Physician in our town said to a friend of mine in like case, complaining without a cause, suppose one looked red, what matter is it ? make light of it, who observes it ? If it trouble at or after meals, (as ^Jobertus observes, med. pract. I. I. c. 7,) after a little exercise or stirring, for many are then hot and red in the face, or if they do nothing at all, especially women ; he would have them let blood in both arms, first one, then another, two or three days between, if blood abound, to use frictions of the other parts, feet especially, and washing of them, because of that consent which is betwixt the head and the feet. ' And withal to refrigerate the face, by washing it often with Rose,' Violet, Nenu- phar, Lettuce, Lovage waters, and the like : but the best of all is that lac virginale, or strained liquor of Litharge. It is diversely prepared ; hy /obertus thus ; ^ lithar. argent, unc: J. cerussa candi- dissimce 3 JJJ- caphurce, "Qjj. Dissolvantur aquamm solani, lactucce, et nenupharis ana unc. jjj. aceti vini albi, unc. jj. Aliquot haras restdeat, deinde transmittatur per philt. Aqua servetur in vase vitreo, ac ea bis terve fades quotidie irroretur. 'Quercetan, spagir. phar. cap. 6, commends the water of frogs' spawn for ruddi- ness in the face. 'Crato, Consil. 283, Scoltzii, would fain have them use all Summer the condite flowers of Succory, Strawberry- water, Roses, (cupping-glasses are good for the time), consil. 285, 1 Nam qua parte pavor simul est pudor additus illi. Statius. ^ Olysipponensjs Medicus ; pudor aut juvat aut laedit. ' De mentis alienat. [* Ter. And. i. ii. 14.] * M. Doctor Ashworth. ^ Facies nonnuUis maxime calet rubetque, si se paululum exercuerint ; nonnuUis quiescentibus idem accidit, fseminis praeser- tim ; causa quicquid fervidum aut halituosum sanguinem facit. ' Interim faciei prospiciendum ut ipsa refrigeretur ; utrumque prsestabit frequens potio ex aqua rosarum, violarum, nenupharis, &c. ' Ad faciei ruborem aqua spermatis ranarum. ^ Recte utantur in sestate fioribus cichorii saccharo conditis ve' saccbaro rosaceo, &c. 294 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. V. et 286, and to defecate impure blood with the infusion of Senna, Savory, Balm-water. ^Hollerius knew one cured alone with the use of Succory boiled, and drunk for five months, every morning in the Summer. ^ It is good overnight to anoint the face with Hare's blood, and in the morning to wash it with strawberry and cowslip-water, the juice of distill'd Lemons, juice of cowcumbers, or to use the seeds of Melons, or kernels of Peaches beaten small, or the roots of arum, and mixt with wheat bran to bake it in an oven, and to crumble it in strawberry-water, ° or to put fresh cheese curds to a red face. If it trouble them at meal times that flushing, as oft it doth, with sweating or the like, they must avoid all violent passions and actions, as laughing, &c. strong drink, and drink very little, * one draught saith Crato, and that about the midst of their meal ; avoid at all times indurate, salt, and especially spice and windy meat. 'Crato prescribes the condite fruit of wild rose to a Nobleman his Patient, to be taken before dinner or supper, to the quantity of a chestnut. It is made of sugar, as that of Quinces. The decoction of the roots of sow-thistle before meat by the same Author is much approved. To eat of a baked Apple some advise, or of a preserved Quince, Cumminseed prepared with meat instead of salt, to keep down fumes : not to study, or to be intentive after meals. !^. Nucleorum persic. seminis melonum, ana unc, 3n aquas fragorum 1. ij. misce, utatur mane. ° To apply cupping-glasses to the shoulders is very good. For the other kind of ruddiness which is settled in the face with pim- ples, &c. because it pertains not to my subject, I will not meddle with it. I refer you to Crato's Counsels, Arnoldus, lib. i. breviar. cap. 39. I, Rtdand, Peter Forestus, de Fuco, lib. 31. obser. 2, to Flaterus, Mercurialis, Ulmus, Randoletius, Heurnius, Menadous, and others, that have written largely of it. 1 Solo usu decocti cichorii. 2 Utile imprimis noctu faciem illinire sanguine leporine, et mane aqua fragorum, vel aqua floribus verbasci cum succo limonum distillato abluere. s utile rubenti faciei caseum recentem imponere. < Consil. 21. lib. Unico vini haustu sit contentus. 5 Idem consil. 283. Scoltzii. Laudatur conditus rosas caninse fructus ante prandium et coenara ad magnitudinem castanere Decoctum radicum sonchi, si ante cibum sumatur, valet plurimum. « Cucurbit ad scapulas appositse. MEM. II.] CURE OF MELANCHOLY OVER ALL THE BODY. 295 Those other grievances and symptoms of head-ache, palpitation of heart, vertigo, deliquium, &=€. which trouble many melancholy men, because they are copiously handled apart in every Physician, I do voluntarily omit. MEMB. II. Cure of Melancholy over all the Body. Where the melancholy blood possesseth the whole body with the Brain, '^it is best to begin with blood-letting. The '^Greeks pre- scribe the Median, or middle vein, to be opened, and so much blood to be taken away as the Patient may well spare, and the cut that is made must be wide enough. The Arabians hold it fittest to be taken from that arm on which side there is more pain and heaviness in the head : if black blood issue forth, bleed on, if it be clear and good, let it be instantly suppressed, ^because the malice of melancholy is much corrected by the goodness of the blood. If the party's strength will not admit much evacuation in this kind at' once, it must be assayed again and again : if it may not be con- veniently taken from the arm, it must be taken from the knees and ancles, especially to such men or women whose hemrods or months have been stopped. * If the malady continue, it is not amiss to evacuate in a part in the fore-head, and to virgins in the ancles, which are melancholy for love-matters ; so to widows that are much grieved and troubled with sorrow and cares : for bad blood flows in the heart, and so crucifies the mind. The hemrods are to be opened with an instrument, or horse-leeches, &c. See more in Montaltus, cap. 29. Sckenkius hath an example of one that was ' cured by an accidental wound in his thigh, much bleeding freed him from melancholy. Diet, Diminutives, Alteratives, Cordials, Correctors, as before, intermixtas occasion serves; ^ all their study must be to make a melancholy man fat, and then the cure is ended. Diuretica, or medicines to procure urine, are prescribed by some in this kind, hot and cold : hot where the heat of the liver doth 1 Piso. " Mediana prse caeteris. ^ Succi melancholic! malitia 4 sanguinis bonitate'corrigitur. ^ Perseverante malo, ex quacunque parte sanguis detrahi debet " Qbservat. fol. 154. Curatus ex vulnere in crura ob cruorem amissura. » Studium sit omne ut melancholicus impinguetur : ex quo enim pingues et carnosi, illico sani sunt. 296 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. IL SECT. V. not forbid ; cold where the heat of the liver is very great. 'Amongst hot are Parsley roots, Lovage, Fennel, &c. cold. Melon-seeds, &c. with whey of Goat's-milk, which is the common conveyer. To purge and ' purify the blood use Sowthistle, Succory, Senna, Endive, Carduus Benedictus, Dandelion, Hop, Maidenhair, Fumi- tory, Bugloss, Borage, &c. with their juice, decoctions, distilled waters, syrups, &c. Oswaldus CrolUus, Basil. Chym. much admires salt of Corals in this case, and Aetius, tetrabib. ser. 2. c. 114, Hieram Archigenis, which is an excellent medicine to purify the blood ^^ all melan- choly affections, falling sickness, none to be compared to it. MEMB. III. SuBSECT. I. — Cure of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. In this cure, as in the rest, is especially required the rectification of those six non-natural things above all, as good diet,which Montanus, consil. 27, enjoins a French Nobleman, to have an especial care of it, without which all other remedies are in vain. Blood-letting is not to be used, except the Patient's body be very full of blood, and that it be derived from the liver and spleen to the stomack and his vessels, then ' to draw it back, to cut the inner vein of either arm, some say the salvatella, and, if the malady be continuate, *to open a vein in the forehead. Preparatives and Alteratives may be used as before, saving that there must be respect had as well to the Liver, Spleen, Stomack, Hypochondries, as to the heartand brain. Tocomfort the "Stomack and inner parts against wind and obstructions, by Aretceus, Galen, Aetius, Aurelianus, (s'c. and many latter writers, are still prescribed the decoctions of Wormwood, Centaury, Pennyroyal, Betony sod in whey, and daily drunk : many have been cured by this medicine alone. Prosper Alpinus and some others as much magnify the water 1 Hildesheim, spied. 2. Inter calida radix petrosellni, apii, fenieuli ; inter frigida emulsio seminis melonum cum sero caprino, quod est commune veliiculum. 2 Hoc unum prfemoneo, Doraine, ut sis diligens circa victum, sine quo ceetera remedia frustra adhibentur. 3 Laurentius, cap. 15. Evulsionis gratia venam internam alterius brachii secamus. * Si pertinax morbus, venam fronte secabis. Bniell. » Ego maximam curam stomacho delegabo. Octa. Horatianus, lib. 2. c. 5. MEM. III. SUBS. I.] CURE OF HYPOCHONDRIA. 297 ofMVus against this malady, an especial good remedy for windy melancholy. For which reason belike Ptolemmus Philadelphus, when he married his daughter Berenice to the King oi Assyria (as Celsus, lib. 2. records) magnis i?npensis Nili aquam afferijussit, to his great charge caused the water of Nilus to be carried with her, and gave command that during her life she should use no other drink. I find those that commend use of Apples in splenetick and this kind of melancholy (Lambswool some call it) which, how- soever approved, must certainly be corrected of cold rawness and wind. Codronchus, in his book de sale absin. magnifies the oil and salt of Wormwood above all other remedies, ' which works better and speedier than any simple whatsoever, and much to be preferred before all those fulsome decoctions, and infusions, which must offend by reason of their quantity ; this alone, in a small measure taken, expels wind, and that most forcibly, moves urine, cleanseth the stomach of all gross humours, crudities, helps appetite, &'c. Amoldus hath a Wormwood wine which he would have used, which every Pharma- copoeia speaks of. Diminutives and purgers may "be taken as before, of hiera, manna, cassia, which Montanus, consil. 230, for an Italian Abbot, in this kind prefers before all other simples, ^ and these gnust be often used, still abstaining from those which are more violent, lest they do exasperate the stomack, dfc. and the mischief by that means be in- creased ; though in some Physicians I find very strong purgers. Hellebore itself, prescribed in this affection. If it long continue, vomits may be taken after meat, or otherwise gently procured with warm water, oxymel, &c. now and then. Fuchsius, cap. 33, pre- scribes Hellebore ; but still take heed in this malady, which I have often warned, of hot medicines, * because, (as Salvianus adds), drought follows heat, which increaseth the disease : and yet Baptista Sylvaticus, controv. 32, forbids cold medicines, ° because they increase obstructions, and other bad symptoms. But this varies as the parties 1 Citius et efficacius suas vires exercet, quam solent decocta ac diluta in quantitate multa, et magna cum assumentium molestia desumpta. Flatus hio sal efficaciter dissipat, urinam movet, humores crassos abstergit, stomachum egregie confortat, cruditatem, nauseam, appetentiam minim in modum renovat, &c. 2 Piso, Altomarus, Laurentius, c. 15. ' His utendum ssepius iteratis : a veheraentioribus semper abstinendum, ne ventrera exasperent. * Lib. 2. cap. i. Quoniam calidi- tate conjuncta est siccitas, quae malum auget. ° Quisquis frigidis auxiliis hoc morbo usus fuerit, is obstructionem aliaque symptomata augebit. 298 ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. [PART. II. SECT. V, do, and 'tis not easy to determine which to use. ' The stomack most part in this infirmity is cold, the liver hot ; scarce therefore (which Montanus insinuates, consil. 229, for the Earl oi Montfort) can you help the one, and not hurt the other: much discretion must be used; take no Physick at all, he concludes, without great need. Lalius \d, Fonte\ Eugubinus, Consil. 77, for an Hypochondriacal German Prince, used many medicines, but it was after signified to him in ' letters, that the decoction of China and Sassafras, and salt of Sassafras, wrought him an incredible good. In his io8th consult. he used as happily the same remedies ; this to a third might have been poison, by overheating his liver and blood. For the other parts look for remedies in Savanarola, Gordonius, Massaria, Mercatus, Johnson, &'c. One for the spleen, amongst many other, I will not omit, cited by Hildesheitn, spicil. 2, pre- scribed by Mat. Flaccus, and out of the authority of Benevenim. Antony Benevenius in an hypochondriacal passion ' aired an ex^ ceeding great swelling of the spleen with Capers alone, a meat be- fitting that infirmity, and frequent use of the water of a Smith's Forge ; by this Physick he helped a sick man whom all other Physi- cians had forsaken, that for seven years had been Splenetick. And of such force is this water, * that those creatures that drink of it have commonly little or no spleen. See more excellent medicines for the Spleen in him and ^Lod. Mercatus, who is a great magnifier of this medicine. This Chalybs praparatus, or steel-drink, is much likewise commended to this disease by Daniel Sennertus, I. 1. part. 2. cap. 12, and admired byy! Ceesar Claudinus, Respons. 29; he calls steel the proper "Alexipharmacum of this malady, and much magnifies it ; look for receipts in them. Averters must be used to the liver and spleen, and to scour the Meseraick Veins ; and they are either to open, or provoke urine. You can open no place better than the Hemrods, which if by horse-leeches they be made to flow, ' there may be again such an excellent remedy, as Plater 1 Ventriculus plerumque frigidus, hepar calidum ; quomodo ergo ventriculum calefaciet, vel refrigerabit hepar, sine alterius maximo detrimento ? ' Significatum per literas, incredibilem utilitatem ex decocto Chinas, et Sassafras percepisse. s Tumorem splenis incurabilem sola cappari curavit, cibo tali segritudini aptissimo : soloque usu aquas, in qua faber ferrarius saspe candens ferrum extinxerat, &c. •* Animalia quae apud hos fabros educantur exiguos habent lienes. ® L. i. cap. 17. 6 Continuus ejus usus semper felicem in aegris finem est assecutus. ' Si Hasmorrhoides fluxerint, nullum prsestantius esset remedium, quae sanguisugis admotis provocari poterunt. Observat. lib. pro hypoc. leguleio. MEM. III. SUBS. I.] CURE OK HYPOCHONDRIA. 299 holds. Sallust. Salvian. will admit no other phlebotomy but this • and by his experience in an hospital which he kept he found all mad and melancholy men worse for other blood-letting. Laurentius, cap 15, calls this of horse-leeches a sure remedy to empty the spleen and Meseraick Membrane. Only Montanus, consil. 241, is against it ; to other men (saith he) this opening of the hcemrods seems to be a profitable remedy; for my part I do not approve of it, because tt draws away the thinnest blood, and leaves the thickest behind. _ Aettus, Vidus Vidius, Mercurialis, Fuchsius, recommend Z>/«rd. Five Lectures on Shake- speare. Trans, by Julia Franklin. 3J. (>d. BROWNE'S (Sir Thomas) Works Edited by Simon Wilkin. 3 vols. 3;. dd. each. BUCHANAN'S Dictionary of Science and Technical Terms used in Philosophy, Literature, Professions, Commerce, Arts, and Trades, bs. BURKE'S Works. 6 vols. 3^. bd. each. I, — Vindication of Natural So- ciety — Essay on the Sub- lime and Beautiful, and vtirious Political Miscel- lanies, II. — Reflections on the French Revolution — Letters re- lating to the Bristol Elec- tion — Speech on Fox's East India Bill, &c. Burke's Works continued. III. — Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs— On the Na- bob of Arcot's Debts — The Catholic Claims, &c. IV. — Report on the Affairs of India, and Articles of Charge against Warren Hastings. V. — Conclusion of the Articles of Charge against Warren Hastings — Political Let- ters on the American War, on a Regicide Peace, to the Empress of Russia. VI. — Miscellaneous Speeches — Letters and Fragments — Abridgments of English History, &c. With a General Index. Speeches on the Impeach. ment of Warren Hastings ; and Letters. With Index. 2 vols. 3J. bd. each. Life. By Sir T. Prior. 3^. bd. each. BTTRNEY'S Evelina. By Frances Burney (Mme. D'Arblay). With an Introduction and Notes by A. R. Ellis, y. bd. Cecilia. With an Introduc- tion and Notes by A. R. Ellis. 2 vols. y. bd. each. BURN (R.) Ancient Rome and its Neighbourhood. An Illus- trated Handbook to the Ruins in the City and the Campagna, for the use of Travellers. By Robert Burn, M.A. With numerous Illustrations, Maps, and Plans. •js. bd. BURNS (Robert), Life of. By J. G. Lockhart, D.C.L. A new and enlarged Edition. Re- vised by William Scott Douglas, y. bd. Contained in Bohn's Libraries. BURTON'S (Robert) Anatomy of Melancholy. Edited by the Rev. A. R. Shilleto, M.A. With In- troduction by A. H. BuUen, and full Index. 3 vols. 3^. 6d. each. BURTON (Sir R. F.) Personal Narrative of a Pilgrtmage to Al-MadinatL and Meccah. By Captain Sir Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G. With an Introduction by Stanley Lane- Poole, and all the original Illustrations. 2 vols. y. 6d. each. •,* This is the copyright edi- tion, containing the author's latest notes BUTLER'S (Bishop) Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature ; together with two Dis- sertations on Personal Identity and on the Nature of Virtue, and Fifteen Sermons. 3^. 6rf. BUTLER'S (Samuel) Hudlbras. With Variorum Notes, a Bio- graphy, Portrait, and 28 Illus- trations. 5^. or, further Illustrated with 60 Outhne Portraits. 2 vols. S-^- each. C.ffi!SAR. Commentaries on the Gallic and CivU Wars, Trans- lated by W. A. McDevitte, B.A. OAMOENS' Luslad ; or, the Dis- covery of India. An Epic Poem. Translated by W. J. Miclile. Sth Edition, revised by E. R. Hodges, M.C.P. 3^- ^d. GREENE, MARLOWE, and BEN JONSON. Poems of. Edited by Robeit Bell. 3^. 6d. GRIMM'S TALES. With the Notes of the Original. Translated by Mrs. A. Hunt. With Intro- duction by Andrew Lang, M.A. 2 vols. 3^. (>d. each. Gammer Grethel; or, Ger- man Fairy Tales and Popular Stories. Containing 42 Fairy Tales. Trans, by Edgar Taylor. With numerous Woodcuts after George Cruikshank and Ludwig Grimm, y. dd. GROSSI'S Maroo Visoontl. Translated by A. F. D. The Ballads rendered into English Verse by C. M. P. 3^. 6rf. GUIZOT'S History of the Origin i of Representative Government in Europe. Translated by A. R. Scoble. y. 6d. History of the English Re- volution of 1640. From the Accession of Charles I. to his Death. Translated by William Hazlitt. 3^. 6d. History of Civilisation, from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution. Trans- lated by WiUiam Hazlitt. 3 vols. 3^. 6d. each. HALL'S (Rev. Robert) Miscel- laneous Works and Remains. y. 6d. HARDWICK'S History of the Articles of Religion. By the late C. Hardwick. Revised by the Rev. Francis Procter, M.A. Sj. HAtfFP'S Tales. The Caravan — The Sheik of Alexandria— The Inn in the Spessart. Trans, from the German by S. Mendel, y. 6d. HAWTHORNE'S Tales. 4 vols. y. 6d. each. I.— Twice-told Tales, and the Snow Image. II.- Scarlet Letter.and the Hou.se with the Seven Gables. III.— Transformation [The Marble Faun], and Blithedale Ro- mance. IV. — Mosses from an Old Manse. HAZLITT'S Table-talk. Essays on Men and Manners. By W. Hazlitt. 3J. 6d. Lectures on the Literature of the Age of EUzabeth and on Characters of Shakespeare's Plays y. 6d. Lectures on the English Poets, and on the English Comic Writers, y. 6d. The Plain Speaker. Opinions on Books, Men, and Things. y.6d. Round Tab e. y. 6d. Sketches aid. Essays. y.6d. The Spirit of the Age ; or. Contemporary Portraits. Edited by W. Carew Hazlitt. 3^. 6d. BEATON'S Concise History of Painting. New Edition, revised by Cosmo Monkhouse. J/. HEGEL'S Lectures on the Philo- sophy of History. Translated by J. Sibree, M.A. HEINE'S Poems, Compleit Translated by Edgar A." Bowring, C.B. y. 6d. Travel-Pioiures, including the Tour in the Harz, Norderney, and Book of Ideas, together with the Romantic School. Translated by Francis Storr. A New Edition, revised throughout. With Appen- dices and Maps. y. 6d. HELP'S Life of Christopher Columbus, the Discoverer of America. By Sir Arthur Helps, K.C.B. 3-f- 6d. 12 An Alphabetical List of Books HELP'S Life of Hernando Cortes, and the Conquest of Mexico. 2 vols. 3j. td. each. Life of Pizarro. 3j-. td. Life of Las Casas the Apostle . of the Indies. 3J. dd. HENDERSON (E.) Select His- torical Docxunents of the Middle Ages, including the most famous Charters relating to England, the Empire, the Church, &c., from the 6th to the 14th Centuries. Translated from the Latin and edited by Ernest F. Henderson, A.B., A.M., Ph.D. 5J. HENFEEY'S Guide to EngUsh Coins, from the Conquest to the • present time. New and revised Edition by C. F. Keary, M.A., F.S.A. bs. HENRY OF HUNTINGDON'S History of the English. Trans- lated by T. Forester, M.A. 5^. HENRY'S (Matthew) Exposition of the Book of the Psalms. 5^. HELIODORUS. Theagenes and Chariolea. — See Greek Ro- mances. HERODOTUS. Translated by the Rev. Henry Cary, M.A. 3^. dd. Notes on. Original and Se- lected from the best Commenta- tors. By D. W. Turner, MA. With Coloured Map 5^. Analysis and Siumnary of. By J. T. Wheeler. t,s. HESIOD, CALLIMACHUS, and THEOGNIS. Translated by the Rev. J. Banks, M.A. 5^. HOFFMANN'S (E. T. W.) The Serapion Brethren. Translated from the German by Lt. -Col. Alex. Ewing. 2 vols. 3J. (sd. each. HOGG'S (Jabez) Elements of Experimental and Natural Philosophy. With 400 Wood- cuts. 5j. HOLBEIN'S Dance of Death and Bible Cats. Upwards of 150 Subjects, engraved in facsimile, with Introduction and Descrip- tions by Francis Douce and Dr. Thomas Frognall Dibden. 5^. HOMER'S Iliad. Translated into English Prose by T. A. Buckley, B.A. Si. Odyssey. Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice. Translated into English Prose by T. A. Buckley, B.A. Is. See also Cowper and Pope.' HOOPER'S (G.) Waterloo: The Downfall of the First Napo- leon: a History of the Campaign of 18 15. By George Hooper. With Maps and Plans. 3^. bd. The Campaign cf Sedan: The Downfall of the Second Em- pire, August - September, 1870. With General Map and Six Plans of Battle. 3J. dd. HORACE. A new literal Prose translation, by A. Hamilton Bryce, LL.D. 3 J. dd. HUGO'S (Victor) Dramatic Works. Hernani — Ruy Bias-— The King's Diversion. Translated by Mrs. Newton Crosland and F. L. SIous. 3J. dd. Poems, chiefly Lyrical. Trans- lated by various Writers, now first collected by J. H. L. Williams. 3^. dd. HUMBOLDT'S Cosmos. Trans- lated by E C. Ott6, B. H. taul, and W. S. Dallas, F. L. S. S Vols. 3^. dd. each, excepting Vol. V. 5^. Personal Narrative of his Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America during the years 1799- 1804. Translated by T. Ross. 3 vols. 5j. each. Views of Nature. Translated by E. C. Ott6 and H. G. Bohn. Contained in Bokn's Libraries. 13 HUMPHREYS' Coin Collectors' Manual. By H. N. Humphreys. With upwards of 140 Illustrations on Wood and Steel. 2 vols. 5^. each. HUNGARY : its History and Re- volution, together with a copious Memoir of Kossuth. 3^. 6a?. HUTCHINSON (Colonel). Me- moirs of the Life of. By his Widow, Lucy : together with her Autobiography, and an Account of the Siege of Lathom House. y. 6(/. HUNT'S Poetry of Science. By Richard Hunt. 3rd Edition, re- vised and enlarged. 5;. INDIA BEFORE THE SEPOY MUTINY. A Pictorial, De- scriptive, and Historical Ac- count, from the Earliest Times to the Annexation of the Punjab. With upwards of 100 Engravings on Wood, and a Map. Sj-. INGULPH'S Chronicles of the Abbey of Croyland, with the Continuation by Peter of Blois and other Writers. Translated by H. T. Riley, M.A. 5^. IRVING'S (Washington) Com- plete Works. 1 5 vols. .With Por- traits, &c. y. 6d. each. I.— Salmagundi, Knicker- bocker's History of New York. II.— The Sketch-Book, and the Life of OHver Goldsmith. III.— Bracebridge Hall, Abbots- ford and Newstead Abbey. IV. — The Alhambra, Tales of a Traveller, v.- Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, Legends of the Conquest of Spain. VI. & VII. — Life and Voys^es. of Columbus, together with the Voyages of his Com- panions. VIII. — Astoria, A Tour on the Prairies. Irving's Works contirvued. XI — Life of Mahomet, Lives of the Successors of Mahomet. X. — Adventures of Captain Bon- neville, U.S.A., Wolfert's Roost. XL — Biographies and Miscella- neous Papers. XII.-XV.— Life of George Wash- ington. 4 vols. Life and Letters. By his Nephew, Pierre E. Irving. 2 vols. 3;. (td. each. ISOCRATES, The Orations of. Translated by J. H. Freese, M.A. Vol. I. is. JAMES'S (G. P. R.) Life of Richard Coeur de Lion. 2 vols. y. 6d. each. The Life and Times of Louis XIV. 2 vols. 3^. 6rf. each. JAMESON'S (Mrs.) Shake- speare's Heroines. Character- istics of Women: Moral, Poetical, and Historical. By Mrs. Jameson. y. ()d. JESSE'S (E.) Aneodotes of Dogs. With 40 Woodcuts and 34 Steel Engravings. f,s. JESSE'S (J. H.) Memoirs of the Court of England during the Reign of the Stuarts, including the Protectorate. 3 vols. With 42 Portraits. 5.^. each. Memo-rs of the Pretenders and thek Adherents. With 6 Portraits, y. JOHNSON'S Lives of the Poets. Edited by Mrs. Alexander Naipier, with Introduction by Professor Hales. 3 vols. y. 6d. each. JOSEPHUS (Flavius), The Works of. Whiston's Translation, re- vised by Rev. A.R. Shilleto, M.A. With Topographical and Geo- graphical Notes by Colonel Sir C. W. Wilson, K.C.B. J vols. y. 6d. each. 14 An Alphabetical List oj Books ' JOYCE'S Solentlflo Dialogues. With numerous Woodcuts. <,s. JUKES-BROWNE (A. J.), The Building of the British Isles : a Study in Geographical Evolu- tion. Illustrated by numerous Maps aiid Woodcuts. 2nd Edition, revised, "js. 6d. Student's Handbook of Physical Geology. With nu- merous Diagrams and Illustra- tions. 2nd Edition, much en- larged, 7j. 6d, The Student's Handbook of Historical Geology. With nu- merous Diagrams and Illustra- tions. 6s. JULIAN, the Emperor. Contain- ing Gregory Nazianzen's Two In- vectives and Libanus' Monody, with Julian's extant Theosophical Works. Translated by C. W. King, MA. S^. JUSTIN, CORNELIUS NEPOS, and EUTROPIUS Translated by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. JUVENAL, PERSIUS, SUL- PICIAandLUOILIUS. Trans- lated by L. Evans, M.A. $s JUNIUS'S Letters. With all the Notes of Woodfall's Edition, and important Additions. 2 vols. ■^s.^d. each. KANT'S Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by J. M. D. Meikle- john. 5j. — *- Prolegomena and Meta- physIcarFoundatioD s of Natural Science. Translated byE. Belfort Bax. p. KEIGHTLEY'S (Thomas) My- thology of Ancient Greece and Italy. 4th Edition, revised by Leonard Schmitz, Ph.D., LL.D. With 12 Plates from the Antique. KEIGHTLEY'S Fairy Myth- ology, illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of Various Coun- tries. Revised Edition, with Frontispiece by Cruikshank. 5^. LA FONTAINE'S Fables. Trans- lated into English Verse by Elizur Wright. New Edition, with Notes byJ.-W. M. Gibbs. 3.?. 6rf. LAMARTINE'S History of the Girondists. Translated by H. T. Ryde. 3 vols. 3^. 6d. each. History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France (a Sequel to the History of the Girondists). 4 vols. y. 6d. each. History of the French Re- I volution of 1848. 3.r. (>d. LAMB'S (Charles) Essays of Ella and Eliana. Complete Edition. y. bd. Specimens of English Dra- matic Poets of the Time of Elizabeth. 3^. 6a. Memorials and Letters of Charles Lamb. By Serjeant Talfourd. New Edition, revised, by W. Carew Hazlitt. 2 vols. y. 6d. each. LANZI'S History of Painting In Italy, from the Period of the Revival of the Fine Arts to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Translated by Thomas Roscoe. 3 vols. 3^. 6d. each. LAPPENBERG'S History of England under the Anglo- Saxon Kings. Translated by B. Thorpe, F.S.A. New edition, revised by E. C. Ott^. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each. LECTURES ON PAINTING, by Barry, Opie, Fuseli. Edited by R. Wornum. y. LEONARDO_DA VINCI'S Contained in Bohn's Libraries. 15 lated by T. F. Rigaud, R.A., With a Life of Leonardo by John William Brown. With numerous Plates. 5j. LELAND'S Itinerary. Edited by Laurence Gomma, F.S.A. Vol. I. [In the Press. LEPSIUS'S Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and title Peninsula of Stnal Translated by L. and J. B. Horner. With Maps. 5^. LESSING'S Dramatic Works, Complete. Edited by Ernest Bell, M.A. With Memoir of Lessing by Helen Zimmern. 2 vols. ■ 3j. dd. each. Laokoon, Dramatic Notes, and the Bepresentatlon of Death by the Ancients. Trans- lated by E. C. Beasley and Helen Zimmern. Edited by Edward Bell, M.A. With a Frontispiece of the Laokoon group. 3^. (>d. LIIjIiY'S Introduction to Astro- logy. With a Grammar of Astrology and Tables for Cal- culating Nativities, by Zadkiel. 5j. LIVY'S History of Bome. Trans- lated by Dr. Spillan, C. Edmonds, and others. 4 vols. S^. each. LOCKE'S Philosophical Works. Edited by T. A. St. John. JZ vols. 3 J. dd. each. Life and Letters: By Lord King. 3^. dd. LOCKHART (J. <3c)—See Burns. LODGE'S Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain, with Biographical and Historical Memoirs. 240 Portraits engraved on Steel, with the respective Bio- graphies unabridged. 8 vols. Sj. each. LONGFELLOW'S Prose Works. With 16 full- page Wood Engravings. 5j. LOUDON'S (Mrs.) Natural History. Revised edition, by W. S. Dallas, F.L.9. With numerous Woodcut Illus. t,s. LOWNDES' Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature. Enlarged Edition. By H. G. Bohn. 6 vols, cloth, 5^. each. Or 4 vols, half morocco, 2/. 2s. LONGUS. Daphnis and Chloe. — See Greek Romances. LTJCAN'S Pharsalla. Translated by H, X- Riley, M.A. t,s. LUCIAN'S Dialogues of the Gods, of the Sea Gods, and of the Dead. Translated by Howard Williams, M.A. 5^. LUCRETIUS. Translated by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. 5j. LUTHER'S Table-Talfc. Trars- lated and Edited by William Hazlitt. y. 6d. Autobiography. — See MiCHELET. MAOHIAVELLI'S History of Florence, together with the Prince, Savonarola, various His- torical Tracts, and a Memoir of Machiavelli. y. 6d. MALLET'S Northern Antiqui- ties, or an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religions and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature, of the Ancient Seandi- navians. Translated by Bishop Percy. Revised and Enlarged Edition, with a Translation of the Prose Edda, by J. A. Black- well. 5j. MANTELL'S (Dr.) Petrifactions and their Teachings. With nu- merous illustrative Woodcuts. 6s. Wonders of Geology. 8th Edition, revised by T. Rupert Jones, F G.S. With a coloured Geological Map of England, Plates, and upwards ol 200 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Js. 6d. each. I6 An Alphabetical List of Books MANZONI. The Betrothed: being a Translation of ' I Pro- messi Sposi.' By Alessandro Manzoni. With numerous Wood- cuts. 5j. liIAEOO POLO'S Travels; the Translation of Marsden revised by T. Wright, M.A., F.S.A. Is. MARRYAT'S (Capt. R.N.) Masterman Ready. With 93 Woodcuts. 3j. bd. Mission ; or, Scenes in Africa. Illustrated by Gilbert and Dalziel. 3J. td. Pirate and Three Cutters. With 8 Steel Engravings, from Drawings by Clarkson Stanfield, R.A. y. 6d. — — Prlvateersman. 8 Engrav- ings on Steel, y. 6a Settlers In Canada. 10 En- gravings by Gilbert and Dalziel. 3s, 6d. Poor Jack. With 16 Illus- trations after Clarkson Stansfield, R.A. 3i. 6d. Peter Simple With 8 full- page Illustrations. 31. 6d. Midshipman Easy. With 8 full-page Illustrations, y. 6d. MARTIAL'S Epigrams, complete. Translated into Prose, each ac- companied by one or more Verse Translations selected from the Works of English Poets, and other sources. 7^. 6d. MARTINEAU'S (Harriet) His- tory of England, from 1800- 1815. 3s. 6d. History of the Thirty Years' Peace, a.d. 1815-46. 4 vols. 3j. 6d. each. See Comte^ s Posiiivt Philosophy. MATTHEW PARIS'S EngUsh History, from the Year 1235 'o 1273. Translated by Rev. J. A. Giles, D.CL. 3 vols. ^s. e"-^ MATTHEW OP WESTMIN- STER'S Flowers of History, from the beginning of the World to A.D. 1307. Translated by C. D. Yonge, M.A. 2 vols. 5^. each. MAXWELL'S Victories of Wel- lington and the British Armies. Frontispiece and 5 Portrstits. <,s. MENZEL'S History of Grermany, from the Earliest Period to 1842. 3 vols. 3^. dd. each. MICHAEL ANGELO AND RAPHAEL, their Lives and Works. By Duppa and Quatre- mere de Quincy. With Portraits, and Engravings on Steel, y. MICHELET'S Luther's Auto- biography. Trans, by William Hazlitt. With an Appendix (no pages) of Notes. 3s. 6d. History of the French Revo- lution from its earliest indications to the flight of the King in 1 791. 3s. 6d. MtaNET'S History of the French Revolution, from 1789 to 1814. 3s.6d. MILL (J. S.). Early Essays by John Stuart Mill. Collected from various sources by J. W. M. Gibbs. 3s. 6d. MILLER (Professor). History PhUosophioally Illustrated, from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution. 4 vols. 3s. 6d. each. MILTON'S Prose Works. Edited by J. A. St. John. 5 vols. 3^. 6d. each. Poetical Works, virith a Me- moir and Critical Remarks by James Montgomery, an Index to Paradise Lost, Todd's Verbal Index to all the Poems, and a Selection of Explanatory Notes by Henry G. Bohn. Illustrated with 120 Wood Engravings from D.rawings by W. Harvey. 2 vols. 3^. 6d. Contained in Bohn's Libraries. 17 MITFORD'S (3VE1S3) Oui VlUage Sketches of Rural Character and Scenery. With 2 Engravings on Steel. 2 vols. y. 6d. each. MOIiIEBS'S Dramatic Works. A new Translation in English Prose, by C. H. Wall. 3 vols. 3^. 6d. each. MONTAGU. The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Edited by her great- grandson, Lord Wharncliffe's Edi- tion, and revised by W. Moy Thomas. New Edition, revised, vidth 5 Portraits. 2 vols. 5J. each, MONTAIGNE'S Essays. Cotton's Translation, revised by W. C. Hazlitt. New Edition. 3 vols. 3^. 6d. each. MONTESQUIEU'S Spirit of Laws. New Edition, revised and corrected. By J. V. Pritchard, A.M. 2 vols. 3^. 6d. each. MOTLEY (J. L.). The Rise of the Dutch Republic. A History. By John Lothrop Motley. New Edition, with Biographical Intro- duction by Moncure D. Conway. 3 vols. y. M. each. MORPHY'S Games of Chess. Being the Matches and best Games -played bythe American Champion, with Explanatory and Analytical Notes by J. Lowenthal. 5 J. MUDIE'S British Birds ; or. His- tory of the Feathered, Tribes of the British Islands. Revised by W. C. L. Martin. With 52 Figures of Birds aind ^ Coloured Plates of Eggs. 2 vols. NEANDER (Dr. A.). History of the Christian Religion and Church. Trans, from the German byj. Torrey. 10 vols. 3i-.6rf. each. Life of Jesus Christ. Trans- lated by J. McClintock and C. Blumenthal. V- 6^- NEANDER (Dr. A.). History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles. Translated by J. E. Ryland. 2 vols. y. dd. each. Lectures on the History of Christian Dogmas. Edited by Dr. Jacobi. Translated by J. E. Ryland. 2 vols. 3^. 6d. each. Memorials of Christian Life in the Early and Middle Ages ; including Light in Dark Places. Trans, by J. E. Ryland. y. 6d. NIBELUNGEN LIED^ The Lay of the Nibelungs, metrically translated from the old German text by Alice Horton, and edited by Edward Bell, M.A. To which is prefixed the Essay on the Nibe- lungen Lied by Thomas Carlyle. NEW TESTAMENT (The) in Greek. Griesbach's Text, with various Readings at the foot of the page, and Parallel References in the margin ; also a, Critical Introduction and Chronological Tables. By an eminent Scholar, with a Greek and English Lexicon. 3rd Edition, revised and corrected. Two Facsimiles of Greek Manu- scripts. 900 pages. 5j. The Lexicon may be had sepa- ■ rately,' price zs. NICOLINI'S History Of the Jesuits : their Origin, Progress, Doctrines', and Designs. With 8 Portraits. 5J. NORTH (R.) Lives of the Right Hon. Francis North, Baron Guild- ford, the Hon. Sir Dudley North, and the Hon. and Rev. Dr. John North. By the Hon. Roger North. Together with the Auto- biography of the Author. Edited byAugustus Jessopp.D.D. 3vols. y. 6d. each. NUGENT'S (Lord) Memorials of Hampden, his Party and An Alphabetical List of Books Times. With a Memoir of the Author, an Autograph Letter, and Portrait. 5^. OCKLEY (S.) History of the Saracens and their Conquests in Syria, Persia, and Egypt. By Simon Ockley, B.D., Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge. 3^. 6d. OMAN (J. C.) The Great Indian Bpios : the Stories of the Rama- YANA and the Mahabharata. By John Campbell Oman, Prin- cipal of Khalsa College, Amritsar. With Notes, Appendices, and Illustrations, v- dd. OEDERICUS VITALIS' Eoole alastloal History of England and Normandy. Translated by T. Forester, M.A. To which is added the Chronicle of St. EVROULT. 4 vols. 5^. each. OVID'S Works, complete. Literally translated into Prose. 3 vols. S-T. each. PASCAL'S Thoughts. Translated from the Text of M. Auguste Molinier by C. Kegan Paul. 3rd Edition. 3^. 6d. PAULI'S (Dr. a.) Life of Alfred the Great. Translated from the German. To which is appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version OF Orosius. With a literal Translation interpaged, Notes, and an Anglo-Saxon Grammar and Glossary, by B. Thorpe. s.r. PAtrSANIAS' Description of Greece. Newly translated by A. R. Shilleto, M.A. 2 vols. 5^. each. PEARSON'S Exposition of the Greed. Edited by E. Walford, M.A. SJ. PEPYS' Diary and Correspond- ence. Deciphered by the Rev. J. Smith, M.A., from the original Shorthand MS. in the Pepysian Library. Edited by Lord Bray- brooke. 4 vols.' With 31 En- gravings. 5^. each. PERCY'S Rellques of Ancient English Poetry. With an Essay on Ancient Minstrels and. a Glos- sary. Edited by J. V. Pritchard, A.M. 2 vols. 3^. 6cl. each. PEBSIITS.— j^w Jdvenal. PETRARCH'S Sonnets, Tri- umphs and other Poems. Translated into English Verse by various Hands. With a Life of the Poet by Thomas Campbell. With Portrait and 15 Steel En- gravings. 5^. PHILO - JUD.S!US, Works of. Translated by Prof. C. D. Yonge, M.A. 4 vols. 5j. each. PICKERING'S History of the Races of Man, and their Geo- graphical Distribution. With An Analytical Synopsis of the Natural History of Man by Dr. Hall. With a Map of the World and 12 coloured Plates, ^s. PINDAR. Translated into Prose by Dawson W. Turner. To which is added the Metrical Version by Abraham Moore. 15J. PLANCHE. History of British Costume, from the Earliest Time to the Close of the Eighteenth Century. By J. R. Planche, Somerset Herald. With upwards of 400 Illustrations. i;.r. PLATO'S Works. Literally trans- lated, with Introduction and Notes. 6 vols. 5^. each. I. — The Apology of Socrates, Crito, Phsedo, Gorgias, Pro- tagoras, Phsedrus, Theaetetus, Euthypbron, Lysis. Trans- lated by the Rev. H. Carey. II- — The Republic, Timseus, and Critias. Translated by Henry Contained in Bohn's Libraries. 19 Plato's Works continued. Iir. — Meno, Euthydemiis, The Sophist, Statesman, Cratylus, Parmenides, and the Banquet. Translated by G. Burges. IV. — Philebus, Charmides. Laches, Menexenus, Hippias, Ion, The Two Alcibiades, The- ages. Rivals, Hipparchus, Minos, Clitopho, Epistles. Translated by G. Burges. V The Laws. Translated by G. Burges. VI.— The Doubtful Works. Trans- lated by G. Burges. Summary and Analysis of the Dialogues. With Analytical Index. By A. Day, LL.D. 5^. PIiATJTUS'S Comedies. Trans- lated by H. T. Riley, M.A. 2 vols. 5^' e3.ch. PLINY'S Natural History. Translated by the late John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., and H. T. Riley, M.A. 6 vols. 5^. each. PLINY. The Letters of PUny the Younger. Melmoth's trans- lation, revised by the Rev. F. C T. Bosanquet, M.A. Sf. PLOTINUS, Select Works of. Translated by Thomas Taylor. With an Introduction contammg the substance of Porphyry's Plo- tinus. Edited by G. R. S. Mead, B.A., M.R.A.S. S^- PLUTABOH'S Lives. Translated by A. Stewart, M.A., and George Long, M.A. 4 vols- Zs.6d.e3.ch. , Morals. Theosophical Essays. Translated by C. W. King, M.A. Ss. Morals. Ethical Essays. Translated by the Rev. A. R. Shilleto, M.A. S^- POETRY OF AMERICA. Se- lections from One Hundred American Poets, from 1776 to 1876. By W. J. Linton. 3^ 6d. POLITICAL CYCLOPJBDIA. A Dictionary of Political, Con- stitutional, Statistical, and Fo- rensic Knowledge ; forming a Work of Reference on subjects of Civil Administration, Political Economy, Finance, Commerce, Laws, and Social- Relations. 4 vols. 3s. f)d. each POPE'S Poetical Works. Edited, with copious Notes, by Robert Carrutbers. With numerous lUus trations. 2 vols. 5^. each. Homer's Iliad. Edited by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. Illustrated by the entire Series of Flaxman's Designs. Ss. Homer's Odyssey, with the Battle of Frogs and Mice, Hyinns, &c. , by other translators. Edited by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. With the entire Series of Flax- man's Designs, ^s. Life, including many of his Letters. By Robert Carruthers. With numerous Illustrations. 5^. POTJSEKIN'S Prose Tales: The Captain's Daughter— Doubrovsky — The Queen of Spades — An Amateur Peasant Girl — The Shot —The Snow Storm— The Post- master — The Coffin Maker — Kirdjali- The Egyptian Nights- Peter the Great's Negro. Trans- lated by T. Keane. 3^. 6d. PROPERTIUS. Translated by Rev. P. J. F. Gantillon, M.A., and accompanied by Poetical Versions, from various sources. 3/. 6d. PROVERBS, Handbook of. Con- taining an entire Republication of Ray's Collection of English Proverbs, with his additions from Foreign Languages and a com- plete Alphabetical Index; in which 20 An Alphabetical List of Books are introduced large additions as well of Proverbs as of Sayings, Sentences, Maxims, and Phrases, collected by H. G. Bohn. 5^. PROVERBS, A Polyglot of Foreign. Comprising French, Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Danish. With English Translations & a General Index by H. G Bohn. t,s. • POTTERY AND PORCELAIN, and other Objects of Vertu. Com- prising an Illustrated Catalogue of the Bertial Collection of Works of Art, with the prices at which they were sold by auction, and names of the possessors. To which are added, an Introductory Lecture, on Pottery and Porcelain, and an Engraved List of all the known Marks and Monograms. By Henry G. Bohn. With numerous Wood Engravings, 5^. ; or with Coloured Illustratinns, \os. td. PROTJT'S (Father) Reliques. Col- lected and aiianged by Rev. F. Mahony. Copy i ight edition with the Author's last corrections and additions. New issue, with 21 Etchings by D. Maclise, R.A. Nearly 600 pages. 5f .' QUINTILIAN'S InsUtutes of Oratory, or Education of an Orator. Translated by the Rev. S. Watson, M.A. z vols. 5^. each. RACINE'S (Jean) Dramatic Works. A metrical English ver- sion. By R. Bruce Boswell, M.A. Oxon. 2 vols. y. 6d. each. RANKE'S History of the Popes, their Church and State, and epps- cially of their Conflicts with Pro- testantism in the l6th and I7lh centuries. Translated by K. Foster. 3 vols. Ss, td. eaci:. History of Servia and the Servian Revolution. With Account of the Insurrection in Bosnia. Translated by Mrs. Kerr. 3^. 6d. REUMONT (Alflred de). See Carafas. RECREATIONS in SHOOTING. By ' Craven.' With 62 Engravings on Wood after Harvey, and 9 Engravings on Steel, chiefly after A. Cooper, R.A. 5*. RENNIE'S Insect Archlteotiire. Revised and enlarged by Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A. With 186 Woodcut IlFustrations. ^s. REYNOLD'S (Sir J.) Literary Works. Edited by H. W. Beechy. z vols. 3^. 6d. each. RICARDO on the Principles of Political Economy and Taxa- tion, Edited by E. C. K. Conner, M.A. $5. RICHTER (Jean Pavd Friedrich). Levana, a Treatise on Education: together with the Autiobiography (a Fragment), and a short Pre- fatory Memoir, y. 6d. Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces, or the Wedded Life.Death, and Marriage of Firmian Stanis- laus Siebenkaes, Parish Advocate in the Parish of Kuhschhappel. Newly translated by Lt. - Col. Alex. Ewing. y, 6d. ROGER DE HOVEDEN'S An- nals of English History, com- prising the History of England and of other Countries of Europe from A.D. 732 to A. D. I20I. Translated by H. T. Riley, M.A. 2 vols. 5.r. each. ROGER OP WENDOVER'S Flowers of History, comprising the History of England from the Descent of the Saxons to a.d. lz35,formerly ascribed to Matthew Paris. Translated by J. A. Giles, Contained in Bohn's Libraries. 2T ROME in the NINETEENTH CENTURY. Containing a com- plete Account of the Ruins of the Ancient City, the Remains of the Middle Ages, and the Monuments of Modern Times. By C. A. Eaton. With 34 Steel Engravings, 2 vols. 5r. each. , See Burn and Dyer. ROSOOE'S (W.) Life and Ponti- ficate of Leo X. Final edition, revised by Thpmas Roscoe. 2 vols. 3^. 6a'. each. Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called ' the Magnificent.' With his poems, letters, &c. loth Edition, revised, with Memoir of Roscoe by his Son. Js. M. RUSSIA. History of, from the earliest Period, compiled from the most authentic sources by \yalter K. Kelly. With Portraits. 2 vols. y. (>d. each. SALLUST, FLORUS, and VEL- LEIUS PATERCULUS. . Translated by J. S.Watson, M.A. SCHILLER'S Works. Translated by various hands. 7 vols. ^s. 6d. each : — I. —History of the Thirty Years' War. II._History of the Revolt in the Netherlands, the Trials of Counts Egmont and Horn, the Siege of Antwerp, and the Disturbances in France preceding the Reign of Henry IV. in._Don Carlos, Mary Stuart, Maid of Orleans, Bride of Messina, together with the Use of the Chorus in Tragedy (a short "Essay ). These Dramas are all translated in metre. Schiller's Works continued. IV.— Robbers ( with Schiller's original Preface), Fiesco, Love and Intrigue, De- metrius, Ghost Seer, Sport of Divinity. The Dramas in this volume are translated into Prose. V Poems. , VI. — Essays, /Esthetical and Philo- sophical. VII.— Wallenstein's Camp, Pic- colomini and Death of Wallenstein, William Tell. SCHILLER and GOETHE. Correspondence between, from A.D. 1794-1805. Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. 2 vols. y. 6d. each. SCHLEGEL'S (P.) Lectures on the Philosophy of Life and the Philosophy of Language. Trans- lated by the Rev. A. J. W. Mor- rison, M.A. 3s. 6d. Lectures on the History of Literature, Ancient and Modern. TranslatedfromtheGerman. y.6d. Lectures on the Philosophy of History. Translated by J. B. Robertson. 3s. 6d. Lectures on Modern History, together with the. Lectures entitled Csesar and Alexander, and The Beginning of our History. Trans- lated by L. Purcell and R. H. Whitetock. 3^. 6d. .Esthetic and Miscellaneous Works. Translated by "E. J. Millington. 3^. 6d. SCHLEGEL (A. W.) Lectures on Dramatic Art andLlterature. Translated by J. Black. Revised Edition, by the Rev. A. J. W. Morrison, M.A. 3s. 6d. 22 An Alphabetical List of Books SCHOPENHAUER on the Four- fold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and On the Will in Nature. Translated by Madame Hillebrand. 5j. Essays. Selected and Trans- lated. With a Biographical Intro- duction and Sketch of his Philo- sophy, by E. Belfort Bax. 5^. SCHOTTW'S Earth, Plants, and Man. Translated by A. Henfrey. With coloured Map of the Geo- graphy of Plants. 5^. SCHUMJUSTN (Robert). His Life and Works, by August Reissmann. Translated by A. L. Alger, y. 6d. Early Letters. Originally pub- blished by his Wife. Translated by May Herbert. With a Preface by Sir George Grove, D.C.L. 3s. 6d. SENECA on Benefits. Newly translated by A. Stewart, M.A. 3s. dd. Minor Essays and On Clem- ency. Translated by A. Stewart, M.A. 5^. SHAKESPEARE'S Dramatic Art. The History and Character of Shakespeare's Plays. By Dr. Hermann Ulrici. Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each. SHAKESPEARE ("William). A Literary Biography by Karl Eke, Ph.D., LL.D. Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. 5^. SHAEPE (S.) The History of Egypt, from the Earliest Times till the Conquest by the Arabs, A.D. 640. By Samuel Sharpe. 2 Maps and upwards of 400 Illus- trative Woodcuts. 2 vols. Ss. each. SHERIDAN'S Dramatic Works, Complete. With Life by G. G. S. 3s. 6d. SISMONDI'S History of the Literature of the South 01 Europe. Translated by Thomas Roscoe. 2 vols. 3^. 6d. each. SIX OLD ENGLISH CHRON- ICLES: viz., Asser's Life of Alfred and THBCiiRONicLESOF Ethblwerd, Gildas, Nbnnius, Geoffrey of Monmoijth, and Richard of Cirencester. Edited by J. A. Giles, D.C.L. 5^. SYNONYMS and ANTONYMS, or Kindred Words and their Opposifes, Collected and Con- trasted by Ven. C.J. Smith, M.A. Revised Edition. 5^. SMITH'S (Adam) The Wealth of Nations. Edited by E. Belfort Bax. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each. Theory of Moral Sentiments ; with his Essay on the First For- mation of Languages ; to which is added a Memoir of the Author by Dugald Stewart. 3s. dd. SMYTH'S (Professor) Lectures on Modem History; from the Irruption of the Northern Nations to the close of the American Re- volution. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each. Lectures on the French Re- volution. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each. SMITH'S ( Pye ) Geology and Scripture. 2nd Edition. 51. SMOLLETT'S Adventures of Roderick Random. With short Memoir and Bibliography, and Cruikshank's Illustrations. 3s. 6d. Adventures of Peregrine Pickle, in which are included the Memoirs of a Lady of Quality. With Bibliography and Cruik- shank's Illustrations. 2 vols. 3s.6d. Contained in Bohn's Libraries. 23 SMOLLETT'S The Expedition of Humphry Clliiker. With Bibliography and Cruikshank's Illustrations. 35. 6d. SOCRATES (sumamed 'Soholas- ticus'). The Ecclesiastical His- tory of (a.d. 305-445). Translated from the Greek. 5^. SOPHOCLES, The Tragedies of. A New Prose Translation, with Memoir, Notes, &c., by E. P. Coleridge. 5^. The Oxford Translation. 51. SOUTH EY'S Life of Nelson. With Facsimiles of Nelson's writ- ing. Portraits, Plans, and upwards of 50 Engravings on Steel and Wood. ^s. Life of Wesley, and the Rise and Progress of Methodism. 5j. Robert Southey. The Story of his Life written in his Letters. With an Introduction. Edited by John Dennis. 3^. dd. SOZOMEN'S Ecclesiastical His- tory. Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324-440. Translated from the Greek. To- gether with the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, as epitomised by Photius. Trans- lated from the Greek by Rev. E. Walford, M.A. SJ. gPINOZA'S Chief Works. Trans- ■ Iated,withIntroduction,byR.H.M. Elwes. 2 vols. SJ. each. STANLEY'S Classified Synopsis of the Principal Painters of the Dutch and Flemish Schools. By George Stanley. 5^. STARLING'S (Miss) Noble Deeds of Women ; or. Examples of Female Courage, Fortitude, and Virtue. With 14 Steel Engrav- ing>!. 5' STAUNTON'S Chess -Player's Handbook. A Popular and Scien- tific Introduction to the Game. With numerous Diagrams. 5^. Chess Praxis. A Supplement to the Chess-player's Handbook. Containing the most important modern improvements in the Open- ings ; Code of Chess Laws ; and a Selection of Morphy's Games. Annotated. <,s. Chess-player's Companion. Comprising a Treatise on Odds, Collection of Match Games, and a Selection of Original Problems, y. Chess Tournament of 1851. A Collection of Games played at this celebrated assemblage. With Introduction and Notes. 5^. STOCKHARDT'S Experimental Chemistry. A Handbook for 'the Study of the Science by simple experiments. Edited by C. W. Heaton, F.C.S. With numerous Woodcuts. New Edition, revised throughout, y. STRABO'S Geography. Trans- lated by W. Falconer, M.A., and H. C. Hamilton. 3 vols. 5j. each. STRICKLAND'S (Agnes) Lives of the Queens of England, from the Norman Conquest. Revised Edition. With 6 Portraits. 6 vols. 5^. each. Life of Mary Queen of Soots. 2 vols. y. each. Lives of the Tudor and Stuart Princesses. With Portraits. 5^. STUART and REVETT'S Anti- quities of Athens, and other Monuments of Greece; to which is added, a Glossary of Terms used in Grecian Architecture. With 71 Plates engraved on Steel, and numerous Woodcut Capitals. (,5. 24 An Alphabetical List of Books SUETONIUS' Lives of the Twelve Osesars and Lives of the Gram- marians. The translation of Thomson, revised by T. Forester. SULLY. Memoirs of the puke of, Prime Minister to Henry the Great. Translated from the French. With 4 Portraits. 4 vols. 3^. (>d. each. SWIFT'S Prose Works. Edited by Temple Scott. With a Bio- graphical Introduction by the Right Hon. "W. E. H. Lecky, M.P. With Portraits and Facsimiles. II vols. 3^. dd. each. [ Vols. I.-IV. &• VIII. ready. I.— Edited by Temple Scott. With a Biographical In- troduction by the Right Hon. W. E. H. Lecky, I M. P. Containing : — A Tale of a Tub, The Battle of the Books, and other early works. II.— The Journal to Stella. Edited by Frederick Ryland, M. A. With 2 Portraits of Stella, and a Facsimile of one of the Letters. III.& IV. — ^Writings on Religion and the Church. Edited by Temple Scott. V. — Historical and Political Tracts (English). Edited by Temple Scott VIII. -Gulliver's Travels. Edited by G. R. Dennis. With Portrait and Maps. The order and contents of the remaining volumes will probably be as follows : — VI, &VII.— Historical and Political Tracts (Irish). IX.— Contributions to the 'Ex- aminer,' ' Tatler,' ' Spec- tator,' &c. X. — Historical Writings. XI. — Literary Essays and Biblio- graphy. STOWE (Mrs.H.B.) Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life among the Lowly. With Introductory Remarks by Rev. J. Sherman. With 8 full- page Illustrations. t,s. 6d. TACITUS. The Works of. Liter- ally translated. 2 vols. 5^. each. TALES OF THE GENII; or, the Delightful Lessons of Horam, the Son of Asmar. Translated from the Persian by Sir Charles Morell. Numerous Woodcuts and 12 Steel Engravings. $s, TASSO'S Jerusalem Delivered. Translated into English Spenserian Verse by J. H. Wiffen. With 8 Engravings on Steel and 24 Wood- cuts by Thurston. 5^. TAYLOR'S ( Bishop Jeremy ) Holy Living and Dying, with Prayers containing the Whole Duty of a Christian and the parts of De- votion fitted to all Occasions and furnished for all Necessities. 3J. 6d. TEN BRINK.— iie Brink. TERENCE and PH.a!DRUS. Literally translated by H. T. Riley, M. A. To whichis added. Smart's MeTRICALVeRSION of PHiEDRUS. THEOCRITUS, BION, MOS- CHUS, and TYRT.S:US. Liter- ally translated by the Rev. J. Banks, M.A. To which are ap- pended the Metrical Versions of Chapman. 5^. THEODORET and EVAGRIUS. Histories of the Church from A.D. 332 to A.D. 427 ; and from A.D. 43 1 to A. D. 544, Translated from the Gre^k. 5^. THIERRY'S History of the Conquest of England by the Normans; its Causes, and its Consequences in England, Scot- land, Ireland, and the Continent. Translated by William Hazlitt. 2 vols. V. td. each. Contained in Bohn's Libraries. 25 THUCYUIDES. The Pelopon- nesian War. Literally translated by the Rev. H. Dale. 2 vols. 3^. dd. each. An Analysis and Summary of. With Chronological Table of Events, &c. By J. T. Wheeler. THUDICHUM (J. L. W.) A Trea- tise on Wines: their Origin, Nature, and Varieties. With Prac- tical Directions for Viticulture and Vinification. By J. L. W. Thudi- chum, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Lond.). Illustrated. 5^. URE'S (Dr. A.) Oottoii Manufac- ture of Great Britain, systemati- cally investigated. Revised Edit, by P. I.. Simmonds. With 150 original Illustrations. 2 vols. 5^. each. Philosophy of Manufaotures. Revised Edition, by P. L. Sim- monds. With numerous Figures. Double volume. Is. 6d. VASAEI'S Lives of the most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Translated by Mrs. J. Foster, with a Commen- tary by J. P. Richter, Ph.D. 6 vols. 3^. 6il. each. VIRGIL. A Literal Prose Trans- lation by A. Hamilton Bryce, LL.D., F.R.S.E. With Portrait. 3^-. 6d. VOLTAIRE'S Tales. Translated by R. B. Bosvifell. Vol. I , con- taining Bebouc, Memnon, Can- dide, L'Ingenu, and other Tales. y. 6d. WALTON'S Complete Angler, or the Contemplative Man's Re- creation, by Izaak Walton and Charles CottcMi. Edited by Ed- ward Jesse. To which is added an account of Fishing Stations, Tackle, &c., by Henry G. Bohn. With Portrait and 203 Engravings ,on Wood and 26 Engravings on Steel, ss. Lives of Donne, Hooker, &o. New Edition revised by A. H. BuUen, with a Memoir of Izaak Walton by Wm. Dowling. With numerous Illustrations. 5^. WELLINGTON, Life of. By ' An Old Soldier.' From the materials of Maxwell. With Index and 18 Steel Engravings. S^- Victories of. See Maxwell. WERNER'S Templars in Cyprus. Translated by E. A.M. Lewis. 3J. 6d. WESTROPP (H. M.) A Hand- book of ArohsBology, Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan, Roman. By H. M. Westropp. 2nd Edition, revised. With very numerous Illustrations, ss. WHITE'S Natural History of Seltaorne, with Observations on various Parts of Nature, and the Naturalists' Calendar. With Notes by Sir William Jardine. Edited by Edward Jesse. With 40 Por- traits and coloured Plates. 5^. WHEATLEY'S A Rational Illus- tration of the Book of Common Prayer, y. 6d. WHEELER'S Noted Names of Fiction, Dictionary of. Includ- ing also Familiar Pseudonyms, Surnames bestowed on Eminent Men, and Analogous Popular Ap- pellations often referred to in Literature and Conversation. By W. A. Wheeler, M.A. S^- WIESELER'S Chronological Synopsis of the Four Gospels. Translated by the Rev. Canon Venables. 3^. 6d. 26 Alphabetical List of Books in Bohn's Libraries. •WILLIAM of ]fflALICESBXJRY'S Chronicle of the Kings of Eng- land, from the Earliest Period to the Reign of King Stephen. Translated by the Rev. J. Sharpe. Edited by J. A. Giles, D.C.L. 5j. XENOPHON'S Works, trans- lated by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A., and the Rev. H. Dale. In 3 vols. 5^. each. YOUNG (Arthur). Travels in France during the years 1787, 1788. and 1789. Edited by M. Betham Edwards. 3^. 6d. YOUNG (Arthur). Tour in Ire- land, with General Observations on the state of the country during the years 1776-79. Edited by A. W. Hutton. With Complete Bibliography by J. P. Ander- son, and Map. 2 vols. 3.^. 6d, each. YULE-TIDE STORIES. A Col- lection of Scandinavian and North- German Popular Tales and Tra- ditions, from the Swedish, Danish, and German. Editedby B.Thorpe. S-f- ( 27 ) NEW AND FORTHCOMING VOLUMES OF BONN'S LIBRARIES. THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT. Edited by Temple Scott. With an Introduction by the Right Hon. W. E. H. Lecky, M.P. In ii volumes, y. dd. each. Vol. I.—' A Tale of a Tub,' ' The Battle of the Books,' and other early works. Edited by Temple Scott.. With Inttoduction by the Right Hon. W. E. H. Lecky, M.P. Puitrait and Facsimiles. Vol. II.— 'The Journal to Stella.' Edited by F. Ryland, M.A. With a Facsimile Letter and two Portraits of Stella. Vols. III. and IV. — Writings on Religion and the Church. Edited by Temple'Scott. With portraits and facsimiles of title pages. Vol. V. —Historical and Political Tracts (English). Edited by Temple Scott. With Portrait and Facsimiles. Vol. VIII —Gulliver's Travels. Edited by G. R. Dennis. With the original Maps and Illustrations. THE LAY OF THE NIBELUNGS. Metrically translated from the Old German text by Alice Horton, and Edited by Edward Bell, M.A. With the Essay on the Nibelungen Lied by Thomas Carlyle. t,s. GRAY'S LETTERS. Edited by the Rev. D. C. Tovey, M.A., author of 'Gray and his Friends,' &c., late Clark Lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge. Vol. I. \,Shortly. CICERO'S LETTERS. The whole extant Correspondence. Trans- lated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, M.A. In 4 vols. 5^. each. [ Vols. I. and II. eady. THE ROMAN HISTORY OF APPIAN OF ALEXANDRIA. Translated b^ Horace White, M.A., LL.D. With Maps and Illus- trations. 2 vols. 6^. each. GASPARY'S HISTORY OF ITALIAN LITERATURE. Trans- lated by Hermann Oelsner, M.A., Ph.D. Vol. I. [/» the press. THE GREAT INDIAN EPICS. The Stories of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. By John Campbell Oman, Principal of Khalsa College, Amritsar. With Notes, Appendices, and Illustrations. New Edition, revised, y. bd. LELAND'S ITINERARY. Edited by Laurence Gomme, F.S.A. In several v61ume.s. ^^Preparing. 28 ) ROYAL NAVY HANDBOOKS. BDITBD BY COMMANDER C. N. ROBINSON, R.N. Profusely Illustrated. Crown 8vo. ^s. each. Myw Ready. 1. NAVAL ADMINISTRATION. By Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton, G.C.B. With Portraits and other Illustrations. 2. THE MECHANISM OF MEN-OF-WAR. By Fleet-Engineer Reginald C. Oldknow, R.N. With 6i Illustrations. 3. TORPEDOES AND TORPEDO-VESSELS. By Lieutenant G. E. Armstrong, late R.N. With 53 Illustrations. 4. NAVAL GUNNERY, a Description and History of the Fighting Equipment of a Man-of-War. By Captain Yi, Garbett, R.N. With 125 Illustrations. The following Volumes are in preparation. c THE ENTRY AND TRAINING OF OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE ROYAL NAVY AND THE ROYAL MARINES. By Lieutenant J. N. Allen, late R.N. 6. NAVAL STRATEGY AND THE PROTECTION OF COM- MERCE. By Professor J. K. Laughton, R.N. 7. THE INTERNAL ECONOMY OF A MAN-OF-WAR. 8; NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 9. DOCKYARDS AND COALING STATIONS. 10. NAVAL TACTICS. 11. NAVAL HYGIENE. 12. THE LAWS OF THE SEA. PRESS OPINIONS. 'Commander Robinson, whose able work, "The British Fleet," was reviewed in these columns in November, 1894, has now undertaken the editing of a series of handbooks, each of which will deal with one particular subject connected with that great creation, the Royal Navy. Our national literature has certainly lacked much in this respect. Such books as have heretofore been produced have almost invariably been of a character too scientific and echnical to be of much use to the general public. The series now being issued is intended to obviate this defect, and when completed will form a description, both historical and actual, of the Royal Navy, which will not only be of use to the professional student, but also be of interest to all who are concerned in the maintenance and efficiency of the-Navy.' — Broad Arrow. ' The series of naval handbooks edited by Commander Robinson has made a most hopeful beginning, and may be counted upon to supply the growing popular demand for information n regard to the Navy, on which the national existence depends.' — TiTties. ' Messrs. Bell's series of " Royal Navy Handbooks " promises to be a very successful enterprise. They are practical and definitely informative, and, .though meant for the use of persons closely acquainted with their subjects, they are not so discouragingly technical as to be useless to the lay seeker after knowledge,' — Bnoktnan. ( 29 ) New Editions, fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. each net. THE ALDINE EDITION BRITISH POET.S. *TliiB excellent edition of the English classics, with their complete texts and scholarly introdnctions, are something very different from the cheap volumes of extracts which are jnat now so much too common.' — St. Jwmei's Qaiette. ' An excellent series. Small, handy, and complete.'— Saturday Reoimo. Akenslde. Edited by Bey. A. Cyoe, Beattie. Edited by Bev. A. Dyoe. »Blake. Edited by W. M. Boaaetti. •Bums. Edited by G. A. Aitken, 3 vols. Butler. Edited by B. B. Johnson. 2 vols. Campbell. Edited by His Son- in-law, the Rev. A. W. HiU. With Uemoir by W. Allingham.. Chatterton. Edited by the Bev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 2 vols. Chaucer. Edited by Dr. B. Morris, with Memoir by Sir H. Nicolas. 6 vols. Chuxohlll. Edited by Jas. Hannay. 2 vols. "Coleridge. Edited by T. Aahe, B.A. 2 vols. Collins. Edited by W. Moy Thomas. Cowper. Edited by John Brcoei F.S.A. 3 vols. Dryden. Edited by the Bev. B. Hooper, M.A. 5 vols. Falconer. Edited by the Bev. J. Mitford. Goldsmith. Beviaed Edition by Austin Dohson. With Portrait. *Gray. Edited by J. Bradshaw, LL.D. Herbert. Edited by the Bev. A. a. Grosart. •Herrlok. Edited by George aaintsbnry. 2 vols. •Keats. Edited by the late Lord Houghton. • These volumes may also be had bound Tueae v ^^^ ^^^ ^ Gleeaon White, Elrke White. Edited, with a Memoir, by Sir H. Nicolas. . MUton. Edited by Dr. Bradshaw. 2 vols. Pamell. Edited by G. A. Aitken. Pope. Edited by G. E. Dennis, With Memoir by John Dennis. 3 vols. Prior. Edited by E. B. Johnson. 2 vols. Raleigh and sWotton. With Se- lections from the Writings of other COURTLY POBTS from 1540 to 1650. Edited by Yen. Archdeacon Hannah, D.C.L. Bogers. Edited by Edward Bell, M.A. Scott. Edited by John Dennis. 5 vols. Shakespeare's Poems. Edited by Rev. A. Dyoe. Shelley. Edited by H. Buxton Forman. 5 vols. Spenser. Edited by J. Payne Col- lier. 5 vols. Surrey. Edited by J. Teowell. Swift. Edited by the Bev. J. Mitford. 3 vols. Thomson. Edited by the Bev. D. 0. Tovey. 2 vols. Vaughan. Sacred Poems and Pious Bjaoulations. Edited by the Rev. H. Lyte. Wordsworth. Edited by Prof. Dowden. 7 vols. Wyatt. Edited by J. Yeowell. Young. 2 vols. Edited by the Rev. J. Mitford. in Irish linen, with design^in gold on side and gilt top. 3s. 6d. eacb net. ( 30 ) THE ALL-ENGLAND SERIES. HANDBOOKS OF ATHLETIC GAMES. The only Series Issaed at a moderate price, by Writers who are In the first rank in their respective departments. * Ttie best instruction on games and sports by tbe best authorities, at the lowest prioes.* — Oxford Magazine. Small 8vo. cloth. Illustrated. Price Is. each. Fencing. By H. A. Colmobk Dunn. Wrestling. By Walteb Abm- STEONG ('OrosB-bnttocker'). Broadsword and Singlestick. By E. G. Allansoh-Wihh and 0. Phil- LIPPS-WotLET. dymnastics. By A. P. Jenkin. Double vol, 2s. Gymnastic Competition and Dis- play Exercises. Compiled by P. Gbap. Indian Clubs. By G. T. B; Oob- BETT and A. P. Jenkiit. Dimib-bells. By P. Gkae. Football — Hugby. Game. By Haeey Vassam.. Football — Association Game. By 0. W. Algock, Revised Edition. Hockey. By P. S. Ceeswelij. (In Paper Cover, 6d.) Skating. By Douglas Adams. ^ith a Chapter for Ladies, by Miss L. Cheetham, and a Chapter on Speed Skating, by a Fen Skater. Dbl. vol. 2s. Baseball. By Newton Crane. Bounders, Fieldball, Bovrls, Quoits, Curling, Skittles, &o. By J. M. Walker and 0. C. Mott. Dancing. By Edward Soon. Double vol. 2s. Cricket. By the Hon. and Kev. B. Ltttelton. Croquet By Lieut.-Col. the Hon. H. C. H'eedham. Lawn Tennis. By H. W. W. WiLBERFOitcB. With a Chapter for Ladies, by Mrs. Hilltard. Tennis and Rackets and Fives. By Jttlian Marshall, Major J. Speks, and Rev.- J. A. AauAH Tait. Golf. By W. T. LiNSKiLL. Rowing and SouUlng. By W. B. WOODOATE. Sailing. By E . P. Knioht, dbl.vol. 2s. Swimming. By Martin and J. Racster Cobbett. Camping out. By A. A. Maodon- ell. Double vol. 2s. Canoeing. By Dr. J. D. Haywabd. Double vol, 2s. Mountaineering. By Dr. Claude WlLBOK. Double vol. 2s. Athletics. By H. H, Griffin. Riding. By W. A. Kerr, V.O, Double vol. 2s. Ladles' Riding. ByW.A.KEBB.V.C, Boxing. By E. G. Allanson-Winn. With Prefatory Note by Bat Mullins. Cycling. ByH.H,GRiFEiN,L,A.C,, N.C.U., C.T.O. With a Chapter for Ladies, by Miss Agnes ■Wood. THE CLUB SEKIES OF CARD AND TABLE GAMES. ' No well-regulated club or country house should be without this useful series of books. Small 8vo,, cloth, Illusti-ated. Price Is. eac'i, Qloha. Whist. By Dr. Wm, Pole, P.E.S. Solo Whist. By Eobbbt P, Green. Bridge. By Robert P. Gbeen. [In the press. Billiards. By Major-Gen, A. W, Dbavsoh, F.B.A,S. With a Preface by W, J, PeaJl. Chess. By Eobebt F, Gbeen, The Two- Move Chess Problem. By B. G. Laws. Chess Openings. By I. Gunbbebq, Draughts and Backgammon. By * Bbbeelbt,' Reversi and Go Bang, Ttv ' Bkbttht.wv • Dominoes and Solitaire, By ' Berkeley.' B6zicLue and Crlbbage. .By ' Berkeley,* Eoart6 and Euchre, By * Berkeley.' Piquet and Rubicon Piquet By ' Berkeley.' Skat, By Louis Diehl. *#* A Skat Scoring-book, Is, Round Games, including Fokei, Napoleon, Loo, Vingt-et-un, &o. By Baxter- Wray. Parlour and Playground Games., ^7 Mrs. Lattrehob GtouME. BELL'S CATHEDRAL SERIES. JllU8ttate& ^onograpbs in TbanOg Sf^e. EDITED BY GLEESON WHITE and E. F. STRANGE. In specially designed cloth cover, croivn 8vo. is. 6d. each. Now Ready. CANTERBURY. By Hartley Withers. 3rd Edition, revised. 37 Illustrations. CARLISLE. By C. K. Eley. 30 Illustrations. CHESTER. By Charles Hiatt. znd Edition, revised. 35 Illustrations. DURHAM. By J. E. Bygate, A.R.C.A. 44 Illustrations, EXETER. By Percy Addleshaw, B.A. 2nd JEdition, revised. 35 Illustrations GLOUCESTER. By H. J. L. ). Mass6, M.A. 49 Illustrations. HEREFORD. By A. HUGH FiSHER, A.R.E. 40 Illustrations. LICHFIELD. By A. B. Clifton. 42 Illustrations. LINCOLN. By A. F. Kendrick, B.A. 2nd Edition, revised. 46 Illustrations. NORWICH. By C. H. B. Quennell. 38 Illustrations. OXFORD. By Rev. Percy Dearmer, M.A. 2nd Edition, revised. 34 Illus- trations. PETERBOROUGH. By Rev. W. D. Sweeting. 2nd Edition, revised. 51 Illustrations. , ROCHESTER. By G. H. PALMER, B.A. and Edition, revised. 38 Illustrations. ST. PAUL'S. By Rev. Arthur Dimock, M.A. 39 Illustrations. SALISBURY. By GLEESON White. '2nd Edition, revised. 50 Illustrations. SOUTHWELL. By Rev. Arthur Dimock, M A. 37 Illustrations. WELLS. By Rev. Percy Dearmer, M.A. 43 Illustrations. WINCHESTER. By P. W. Sergeant. 2nd Edition, revised. 50 Illustration YORK. By A. Clutton-Brock, M.A. 41 Illustrations. • Preparing. RIPON. By Cecil Hallett, B.A. ST. DAVID'S. By Philip Robson, A.R.I.B.A. ELY. By Rev. W. D. Sweeting, M A. WORCESTER. By E. F. Strange. BRISTOL. By H. J, L. J. Mass4, M.A. ST. ALBANS By Rev. W. D. Sweeting. CHICHESTER. By H. C. Coelett», A.R.I. B.A. ST. ASAPH and BANGOR. By P. B. Ironside Bax. GLASGOW. By P. Macgregor Chal- mers, I.A., r.S.A.(Scot.). Uniform tuith aiirve Series. Now ready. ST MARTIN'S CHURCH, CANTERBURY. By the Rev. Canon Routledge, M.A.. F.S.A. BEVERLEY MINSTER. By Charles Hiatt. WIMBORNE MINSTER and CHRISTCHURCH PRIORY. By the Rev. T. TE-WKESBURY ABBEY AND DEERHURST PRIORY. ByH. J. L. J. Mass^, M.A. WESTMINSTER ABBEY. By Charles Hiatt. {Preparing. ' The volumes are bandy in size, moderate in price, well illustrated, and written in a scholarly spirit. The history of cathedral and city is intelligently set forth and accompanied bv a descriptive survey of the building in all its detail. The illustrations are copious and well selected and the sene.s bids fau: to become an indispensable companion to the cathedral tourist in England.' — Tifnes. ' We have so frequently in these columns urged the want of cheap, well-illustrated and well written handbodcs to our cathedrals, to take the place of the out-of-date publications of local booksellers, that we are glad to hear that they have been taken in hand by Messrs. George Bell & Sons.'— J/, fattiest GazetU. 32 ) WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 2118 Pages. 3500 Illustrations. PRICES: Cloth, i/. lis. 6d.; half calf, 2/. 2s.; half russia, 2/. S^-; full calf, 2/. 8j.; full russia, 2/. 12s.; half morocco, with Patent Marginal Index, 2/. 8^. ; full calf, with Marginal Index, 2/. 12s. Also bound in 2 vols., cloth, i/. 14X. ; half calf, 2/. I2J. ; half russia, 2/. 18^. ; full calf, 3/. 3^. ; full russia, 3/. I5.r. The Appendices comprise a Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World, Vocabularies of Scripture, Greek, Latin, and English Proper Names, a. Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction, a Brief History of the English Language, a Dictionary of Foreign Quotations, Words, Phrases, Proverbs, &c., a Biographical Dictionary with 10,000 names, &c., &c. ' We believe that, all things considered, this will be found to be the best existing English dictionary in one volume. We do not know of any work similar in size and price which -can approach it in completeness of a vocabu- lary, variety of information, and general Jbsefulness.' — Guardian, ' The most comprehensive and the most useful of its kind.' National Observer, 'We recommend the New Webster to every man of business, every father of a family, every teacher, and almost every student — to everybody, in. fact, who is likely to be posed at an unfamiliar at half-understood word or phrase.' -5<. James's Gazette. Prospectuses, with Specimen Pages, on Appliceitipn, THE ONLY AUTHORISED AND COMPLETE EDITION. LONDON : GEORGE BELL &= SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. S. & S. 4.00.