Tt- 
 
 m 
 
Cornell 
 SF 907.D73 
 
 Horse-shoeing as it is and as it should 
 
 3 1924 000 962 641 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
 THE 
 
 iFlomet H^tPdnarg Etbrarjj 
 
 FOUNDED BY 
 
 ROSWELL P, FLOWER 
 
 for the use of the 
 
 N. Y. State Veterinary College 
 
 1897 
 
y - 
 
 The date shows when this volume was takeiu 
 
 teAri 25 V^iit. 
 
 All books not in use 
 for instruction 'or ■ re- 
 
 MAR 
 
 HIGHSMITH #46112 
 
IIV a<Bz. 
 
 
 ^M 
 
TWO FIGURES OF THE HORN BOX THAT COVERS THE FOOT. 
 
 A 
 
 FIG. A. FLAT, THIN HOOF WITH WEAK, LOW HEELS ; HORN THICK AT THE TOE. 
 FIG, B. VIEW OF THE INTERNAL CAVITY OF THE HOOF. 
 
The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000962641 
 
HOESE-SHOEING AS IT IS 
 
 AS IT SHOULD BE 
 
HORSE-SHOEINa AS IT IS 
 
 AS IT SHOULD BE 
 
 WILLIAM DOUGLAS 
 
 (Late) 10th Royal Hussars 
 
 ' Whoever hath charge of a horse's feet, has the care of his whole body." 
 
 Old Saving 
 
 LONDON 
 
 JOHN MITEEAY, ALBEMARLE STEEET 
 
 1873 
 
v\^ 
 
 9 07 
 
 -fi^-G:%~^ , 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 ^vy 
 
 ,RY 
 
 Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinhurgh. 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 Passing down Ludgate Hill one day, my atten- 
 tion was directed to the pitiful condition of a 
 horse in the shafts of a large waggon. The poor 
 animal was not drawing the load, but was being 
 driven down the descent by the crushing weight 
 behind, and, utterly unable, from the manner in 
 which it was shod, to withstand this pressure, it 
 had gathered its hind legs well under, and its 
 fore legs well in advance of its body, in a helpless 
 struggle to avert the fall, which it too evidently 
 knew was at hand. Never did I witness such a 
 picture of powerless terror as that horse presented, 
 as with eyes starting, body shaking, and limbs 
 stiffened, it was carried downwards against its 
 will, until the fore and hind feet slipping in the 
 same direction, it came down upon its left side 
 with a crash. 
 
 The thought of what agony that poor beast 
 must have suffered even before it fell has haunted 
 me ever since, and knowing if the horse had but 
 been able to use the supple elastic cushion nature 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 has provided its feet with to prevent their slip- 
 ping — namely the frog — it could have easily con- 
 trolled the pressure from behind, I resolved if 
 possible to direct public attention to the present 
 cruel and unwarrantable system of shoeing horses, 
 believing it is only necessary for owners of horses, 
 etc., to understand something of the anatomy and 
 structure of the horse's foot to cause a more 
 humane and sensible method to be adopted. 
 
 The aim of this book, therefore, is to show 
 that horse-shoeing is no mystery, and that masters, 
 and owners of horses, and grooms, may effectually 
 avert injury to the horse and suffering to the 
 animal, by knowledge of a few simple rules. 
 
 WILLIAM DOUGLAS. 
 
 5 Peaeson Street, Batteksba, 
 London, S.W. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Injurious Effects of bad Shoeing— Good Qualities of the Horse— The 
 danger and uselessuess of Bearing-reins — Similarity between their 
 use and the Farrier's customary Shoeing tactics — Disadvantages 
 of heavy Horse Shoes — The benefit which light Shoes confer — 
 " An ounce at the Heel tells more than a pound on the Back " — 
 Knowledge of Shoeing generally possessed by Grooms and Farriers 
 — Mischievous System of giving discount to Servants — Power for 
 good and evil which must remain in the hands of Grooms and 
 Coachmen — How Owners of Horses are treated if they attempt to 
 interfere in the Stable management — Lord Pembroke's opinion on 
 this point — Remarks of Xenophon, Vii'gil, and Vegetius on the 
 natural Hardness of Horse's Hoofs — The great antiquity of Horse- 
 Shoes questioned — Reprehensible practice of Horses standing on 
 litter during;the day — Strengthening Qualities of Cold "Water, the 
 only natural application for Cooling, Cleansing, and promoting the 
 Growth of Horn — Pernicious Habit of applying Grease or Tar to the 
 Horse's Hoof, and results Pages 1-17 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE FOOT OF THE HOESE — ITS EXTERIOR. 
 
 The "Horn-box," and how, as a rule, the Farrier treats it— The vari- 
 ous parts of the Foot, their Functions, and what part requires 
 protection or armour — How the Growth of the different parts go 
 on — Description of the fibrous nature of the Crust— Uses of the 
 Frog, Sole, and Bars, their Shape, Elasticity, etc. — More about the 
 Crust— The Interior of the " Horn-box "—Plain Reasons for not 
 Cutting away any parts of the Frog, Sole, or Bars— The structure 
 of the Frog, and its many uses further explained — Semi-vaulted 
 form of the Insensitive Sole, and what it protects — Is a Horse's 
 
■VUl CONTENTS. 
 
 Foot half-cloven ? — Advantages of its Shape — Which part of the 
 Hoof requires to be protected? — Width of Web and Weight of 
 Shoes — Disinclination of Farriers to changes — The porous nature 
 of Horn — Necessity of the pores in it being left open in order not 
 only to permit Air to enter, but to allow Moisture from the interior 
 of the Foot to pass out — Age to which Horses ought to reach — 
 Bad Shoeing the greatest shortener of a Horse's existence 
 
 Pages 18-34 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 Sensitive portions of the Horse's Foot — Resemblance in this respect 
 between these and the parts under the human Toe and Finger-nails 
 — The process of change continually going on from the interior to 
 the outward part of the Horse's Foot — Shape and Uses of the 
 different Bones considered — Action of the back and front Sinews — 
 Production and spring-like uses of the Laminae — Injurious Effect 
 of compression upon the Interior parts of the Foot — How the Frog, 
 when healthy, acting as an Expander, neutralises Contraction, 
 besides acting as a preventer of Concussion — The Evils which 
 result from Contraction — Effect of Grease upon the Horn, etc. — 
 Derivation of the word Frog — How the ordinary Shoeing-smith 
 prepares the Foot for Shoeing^-More about the Frog ; Heel-calks 
 and Wide-webbed Shoes — Cure of Thrush and Dropsole — Mr. 
 Greaves' experience Pages 35-45 
 
 CHAP TEE III. 
 
 THE PRESENT METHOD OF PREPARING THE HORSE'S FOOT 
 FOR SHOEING. 
 
 English and French system of Shoeing — Charges for Shoeing in 
 Gloucestershire, Cheshire, and London — Farrier's Costs and Profits 
 — How the Shoes are usually removed from the Horse's feet — 
 — Contrast between Healthy and Unhealthy Frogs hafon and after 
 the knife — Fitting and Nailing on of the Shoe — Importance of the 
 varnish-like substance that covers the outside of the Crust — In- 
 jurious consequences of Rasping .... Pages 46-55 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 THE PROPOSED METHOD OF PREPARING THE FOOT FOR 
 THE SHOE. 
 
 Natural form of a Horse's Foot — Old -writers, names of, who have 
 advocated Frog-pressure — The different functions of the various 
 parts of the Horse's Hoof — Natural progressive movement of a 
 Horse's foot when at a Walk or at a Trot — Illogical reason for the 
 Farrier's thickening Iron, thinking therehy to decrease the "Wear 
 — Effect quite the reverse : the Wear increased — Absurdity of con- 
 sidering the man who makes the Shoe superior to the one who 
 prepares the Foot for Shoeing and nails the Shoe on — How a ' 
 Farrier should proceed to Shoe a Horse — Figure of a nearly perfect 
 Foot prepared for Shoeing — How Frog-pressure may be attained, 
 illustrated by two iigures — Destructive Effect of applying a red- 
 hot Shoe to the Foot, instanced by the case of Mr. Sevan's Horse 
 " Hue and Cry " — How to obtain a Level-bearing without Burning 
 the Shoe into its place — How the Shoe should be Nailed on ; 
 number of Nails necessary, etc. — Heel-calks, and what they 
 lead to — Examples — Eesponsibility of Owners — Mr. Lawrence's 
 opinion « . . . Pages 56-71 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 farriers' TOOLS AND THEIR SEPARATE USES. 
 
 Pages 72-76 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 THE PRESERVATION OF THE HOOF. 
 
 How essential Cleanliness and Coolness are to keep the Hoof in a sound 
 healthy state— Detrimental Effect of Tar or Grease upon Horn — A 
 Groom's argument for applying grease to the Hoof— Cow-dung 
 injurious as an application to " stop " Horse's feet with, being of 
 a Heating instead of a Cooling nature — Some old ineffective pre- 
 scriptions for Softening the Horn— Water the only Improver- 
 Heating properties of Bedding, its injurious Effect upon the Horn 
 of the Hoof— Cavalry troop Horses that are not bedded down 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 during the" day enjoying better Health than Officers' Chargers that 
 have their Stalls carpeted with Straw — "What Lord Pembroke 
 stated on this subject a century since — Advantages of good 
 Ventilation Pages 77-82 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEING. 
 
 Contraction the principal cause of Corns : the Remedy, Frog Pressure 
 — Cure of the Horse " Captain " — Thrush and Greasy Heels ascrib- 
 able to the same cause that produces Corns — Cure to be sought for 
 by similar Means — The fatal Consequences of Rasping illustrated in 
 a Malformed Hoof, shown at the International Exhibition of 1871 
 — Perfect and Imperfect Hoof described — Remarkable specimen of 
 a Section of a Malformed Hoof — Progressive Growth of the Horn — 
 Natural action of the different parts of a Horse's Foot described — 
 More about the evil Consequences which Contraction promotes — 
 Mutilation of the Frog the true cause of Navicular Disease — Mis- 
 chievous Consequences of Contraction upon the Bones of the Foot 
 — The necessity of detecting the first Symptoms of Contraction of 
 the Horn, and an easy Method for Grooms to discover when the 
 Shape of a Horse's Foot begins to alter — Brushing, Overreaching, 
 and Speedy-out ; their Cause and Cure — Dangerous as well as 
 useless Contrivance, namely, thickening one Side of the Shoe, to 
 obviate Cutting or Brushing, etc. — Shoeing perfectly level the only 
 Remedy — Laminites, or Founder, what chiefly due to, etc. 
 
 Pages 83-100 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 SOME SUGGESTIONS HOW A SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE 
 HOESE'S foot could best be ACQUIRED BY FARRIERS. 
 
 The dislike to a change of System which most Farriers feel, they pre- 
 ferring to let things remain as they are and have been — What con- 
 stitutes a good Shoeing-smith' — What is considered by the Trade 
 generally to do so — The Farrier Foreman of the Veterinary College, 
 Glasgow, feat in Shoe-making, etc. — The too prevalent Ignorance 
 of the Physiological parts of a Horse's Foot among Farriers — The 
 
CONTENTS. xi 
 
 specific, Education — Intelligence no drawback to any good Work- 
 man, but the contrary — Why should the Farrier who puts the 
 iron Shoe into shape be better paid than his Fellow who has to 
 prepare the Foot and nail the Shoe to it ? — Knowledge the best 
 means for getting Farriers to feel a true interest in their Work 
 and the Animals they have to shoe — The consequent Importance 
 of knowing what has to be shod — The beauty and usefulness of 
 every part of a Horse's Foot commented upon — Drunkenness the 
 cause of much Ignorance as well as Cruelty among Farriers — The 
 establishment of a Horse Shoe Company that would shoe on 
 humane common-sense principles, and who would only employ 
 Abstainers from alcoholic Drinks, advocated . Pages 101-111 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 ABOUT HOKSE SHOES, OLD AND NEW. 
 
 Prejudice of Farriers against New Shoes — Sir W. Hope on the Panton 
 Shoe— Description of M. La Fosse's "Lunette" Horse Shoe— Mr. 
 Osmer's " seated " Shoe, Mr. Colman's Shoe — Question, does the 
 Horse's Foot expand or contract when in motion, or does it do 
 neither the one nor the other ? — Horse Shoes made from time to time 
 to admit of expansion, namely, Mr. Bracey Clarke's jointed Shoe, 
 and Messrs. Rotche, Harris, and Lanty's Expanding Shoes— Their 
 Failure and Cause— Sir John Rogers' Screw Shoe— Description of 
 Messrs. Woodin, Palmer, and Gray's patent Horse Shoes — 
 Colonel Fitzwygram and Mr. Haycock's proposed Fore Shoes, 
 having them made at the Toes to resemble old Shoes— Non-likeh- 
 hood of them answering— Mr. Fleming's Shoe, and its resemblance 
 to the Shoe Mr. Coleman recommended long ago— Mr. Fleming's 
 Remarks about Coleman's ability— Farrier's Expenses for Iron, 
 Labour, etc. etc., to shoe a Horse all round, and what it ought to 
 cost the Customer— Difficulty of getting Farriers in the Army- 
 Examples of this, even TaUors turning Shoeing-smiths— Lord 
 Napier of Magdala's remarks, and Exti'act of a Letter from the 
 Principal Veterinary Surgeon of India, upon the Incompetency of 
 Army Farriers — Extract from the Veterinarian to the same purpose 
 —Advantages of Machine-made Horse Shoes for the Army, as their 
 introduction into the Service would not only lessen the difficulty, 
 but be a saving to the Country of over £40,000 per annum 
 
 Pages 112-142 
 
XU CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE CHAUSSflE HOESE SHOE. 
 
 The prevention of Slipping one of the chief things striven for in nearly 
 all Horse Shoes — This insured in the Chaussee Horse Shoe by the 
 insertion of an Elastic Substance in the Groove or Fuller of the 
 Shoe — The mere act of putting the Shoe on the ground not the 
 chief cause of Wear, but the Slipping — Advantages of the 
 Chaussee Horse Shoe in lessening Concussion, the prolific cause 
 of Ringbones, Spavins, and Splints — Being a Machine-made Shoe 
 it would be cheaper than a Hand-made one, while the gutta- 
 percha fixed in the groove would add much to its Wear and little 
 to its Weight Pages 143-148 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF KINDNESS UPON HORSES. 
 
 The Result that kind Treatment has upon the Horse — His Intelligence, 
 and the Afi'ection he displays towards those who use him kindlj^ — 
 What Ill-usage and Neglect causes him to become, namely. Slow 
 of Pace, Stupid, and Spiteful — Description of a good Groom — The 
 — frequent barbarous Treatment of young Horses on being fii-st 
 Shod — The Tyranny and Cruelty often practised by Carmen and 
 Coachmen — How different Asiatics and Arabs use their Horses — 
 The Simplicity and Timidity which are characteristics of all young 
 Horses — How to replace Simplicity by Intelligence, and Timidity 
 by Trustfulness in the Animals — Conclusion Pages 149-157 
 
 Index ........ 159 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 I. Section of a Horse's Foot . . .1 
 
 II. Two figures of the Horn Box tliat covers the Foot ' 
 
 1-2. Two figures of Frogs (1) before ; (2) and after the Knife pciye 49 
 
 3. A nearly perfect Foot prepared for shoeing . . 63 
 
 4-5. Two figures, showing Feet shod, with Frogs down . 64 
 
 6. Some Farriers' Tools . . . . . 75 
 
 7. Remarkable specimen of a section of a Horse's Hoof . 90 
 
 8. To illustrate the CharUer Shoe and system . . 126 
 
 9. Do. do. do. . . . 128 
 
 10. To illustrate the Goodenoiigh Shoe and system 132 
 
 11. The Chaussee Horse Shoe, with section thereof . 145 
 
INTKODUCTION. 
 
 Philip Astley, in Ms now almost forgotten book on 
 Horsemanship, very justly remarks, " Certainly he that 
 prevents disease does more than he that cures," and 
 whoever has had the opportunity of observing the dis- 
 eases which render horses unserviceable, must feel con- 
 vinced of the apphcability of this maxim to the present 
 subject. It is well known that three-fourths of those 
 ailments are due to some defect or injury to the feet, 
 which could in many instances be traced to bad shoeing ; 
 and it is a matter for censure, as well as regret, that evils 
 in our method of shoeing should flourish at the present 
 day nearly as much as they did two centuries ago. 
 
 It certainly seems strange, that while the structure 
 of the human hand has at all times been a subject for 
 much and deserved admiration, the foot of the horse 
 from a similar point of view has failed to become an 
 equal subject for wonder. And when we recall the 
 notably noble qualities of the animal, the courage, speed, 
 strength, endurance, and docility of this incomparably 
 best friend of man, our astonishment must materially 
 increase. Combining the courage of the lion with the 
 fleetness of the stag, the strength of the ox with the 
 docility and affection of the dog, he daily and hourly 
 
 ^ 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Tingnidgingly performs such unselfisli services to his 
 master, as should call forth the gratitude of all, who, 
 either as owners or servants, have to do with him. 
 Surely, then, it ought not only to be a duty but a 
 pleasure for us to make such a wUling slave as happy 
 and comfortable as it is in our power to do ; and feel- 
 ing in the performance that we could not do too much 
 for one so deserving of the utmost sympathy and kind- 
 ness at our hands. But I am sorry to say that, so far 
 from this being the case, it is too often quite the reverse ; 
 and stranger to add, he frequently suffers as much from 
 ill-advised kindnesses as he does from cruelty. With 
 the wrongly perverse idea that he needs holding up to 
 his work, his head is tied to his collar by a long strap, 
 termed " a hearing rein," which is so adjusted, that if he 
 makes but one false step, he must fall helplessly to the 
 ground. Ignorant selfish humanity will not perceive 
 that from a horse's head to the tip of his tail is a series 
 of joints, every one of which, when the horse is in 
 motion, requires to have free play ; and that it is as 
 necessary for a horse to turn his head, neck, and tail, 
 when in active motion, as it is for ourselves to have the 
 use of our arms when walking or running. 
 
 By somewhat similar tactics we cover the bottom 
 of his feet with wide thick pieces of circular iron, so 
 constructed as to give "good cover" to a part that nature 
 has sufficiently protected. Nature, who never errs, has 
 placed at the extremities of horses' legs pillars of horn 
 for the animal to stand upon ; that being a substance 
 which, possessing the two essentials of lightness and 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 strength, is peculiarly well adapted for the purpose. That 
 lightness is an essential of paramount importance at the 
 end of a long lever like a horse's leg, is a fact most people, 
 I should imagine, will readily admit, and yet, despite this 
 fact, we allow the light but strong protection to be cut 
 away and replaced by a wide piece of iron, often weighing 
 five pounds, and in some instances as much as seven. 
 
 But the heaviness of the metal attached to do duty 
 for much of what has in most instances been ignorantly 
 removed, is not the only evil " The horny substance on 
 the feet of animals," as Sir Thomas More termed the 
 hoof, is, when healthy, largely endowed with the property 
 of elasticity, and this being the case we can easily imagine 
 how much the natural play of the foot is impeded when 
 a wide iron shoe is attached to it. If this much is granted, 
 we have only to keep in miad that the horn is not only 
 an elastic but an expanding substance, in so much as 
 there is going on a continual growth of horn, while the 
 metal shoe, in its cold hardened state when attached to 
 the foot, remains in form unchanged, to be aware that one 
 or the other must give, when our common sense tells us 
 it will be the horn. 
 
 That shoeing, from the nature of our roads, is a neces- 
 sity, I will at once concede, but at the same time I feel 
 bound to state that the evil should be kept within cer- 
 taiu limits, so far as the width, length, and weight of 
 horse shoes are concerned. It is a common but delusive 
 idea that heavy horses require much heavier shoes in pro- 
 portion to their size than what light horses do. Now if 
 we only remember that cart and other large horses have 
 
4 INTEODUCTION, 
 
 feet in every way proportionate to their bodies, we at once 
 perceive the absurdity of making a dray horse drag about 
 with him shoes weighing five or even seven pounds a- 
 piece, while a shoe that weighs ten or twelve ounces is 
 considered sufficiently heavy for a riding horse to be shod 
 with. Why should there not be a limit to the weight of 
 iron every description of horse had to carry on his feet 
 seems a natural question to ask, a limit when exceeded 
 that ought to be punishable with a penalty for every 
 offence. The scale might be as follows : — 
 
 Pony shoes to ■weigh from 6 oz. to 10 oz. 
 Nags „ „ 10 „ 14 
 
 Carriage horses 
 
 „ 16 
 
 „20 
 
 Cab „ „ 
 
 „ 18 
 
 „22 
 
 Light draught „ 
 
 „ 22 
 
 „30 
 
 Heavy do. „ 
 
 „ 30 
 
 „40 
 
 It does not follow because a dray horse is twice the 
 weight of a hunter, that the former requires shoes seveiRL 
 times heavier than the latter, in fact, as the horn on 
 their hoofs is of strength in proportion to the relati i/g 
 size of the animals, their shoes need only be made 1 Y) 
 strength and thiclaiess according to a similar ratio. In 
 my opinion a heavy shoe helps to wear itself out, as a 
 horse so overweighted must travel much harder than he 
 would do if he wore a lighter description of shoe. To 
 show, however, that I am not advocating what is practi- 
 cally impossible, I will relate a case in point. The 
 directors of one of our railway companies, being desirous 
 of testing the truths which the behevers of shoeing on 
 natural principles assert, had some truck and van horses 
 
INTEODUCTION. 5 
 
 shod witli narrow webbed shoes. In this experiment 
 the frogs, soles, and bars, were left in their entirety, none 
 of the horn being removed by the farrier's knife, except 
 that portion of the crust which had grown since the 
 previous shoeing. The old set of shoes when taken off 
 weighed 17 lbs. 14 oz., while the new narrow-webbed 
 ones put on, weighed only 10 lbs. the set ; therefore we 
 may easily assume that the original weight of the one 
 set of shoes was at least double that of the other. And 
 what was the result ? Why, that the light shoes wore 
 longer than the heavy ones had done ; the average wear 
 of the former being four weeks and five days each shoe, 
 while the latter wore but three weeks on an average. 
 But it is not the wear of iron so much as the wear of 
 horse-flesh that I am anxious to direct attention to now. 
 It will be seen, as the shoes that were taken off must 
 have weighed 5 lbs. a-piece when new, those horses 
 were at once benefited by having 10 lbs. less iron each 
 to carry about with them. I will not attempt to 
 calculate what difference 2| lbs. of metal placed at the 
 end of a lever two and a half feet long would be equi- 
 valent to, but win simply look at it as 10 lbs. extra 
 weight carried by each of these animals. A horse when 
 walking lifts his feet aU round about thirty times a 
 minute, and if we allow his day's work to last eight 
 hours, the difference in favour of the lighter shod 
 animals is over 64 tons, as under ; — 
 
 30X10= 300 lbs. per minute. 
 
 300 X 60 = 18,000 „ „ hour. 
 18,000 X 8 = 144,000 „ „ day of 8 hours = 
 above, 64 tons — ^to be lifted unnecessarily. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Another noticeable improvement was observable in the 
 step of the horses, who, with the lighter shoes on, lifted 
 their feet much higher and more gracefully than ever 
 they had been known to do before. This, however, only 
 proved the truth of the old saying, that " An ounce at 
 the heel tells more than a pound on the back." 
 
 Before going further, I must state that this essay is 
 not intended for the instruction of veterinary surgeons, 
 who, of course, know more of the subject than I can tell 
 them. My object is simply to initiate owners of horses 
 in the system not only of shoeing from the common- 
 sense points of view, but likewise to give them some 
 idea of the structure, conformation, and proper functions 
 of the different parts of the horse's foot. Therefore, in 
 following out tliis purpose, I shall endeavour to avoid as 
 much as possible technical language, depending on the 
 more simple words to explain my meaning, in the hope 
 that an elementary style wUl be easier understood by 
 those for whose benefit this treatise has principally been 
 written, i.e., for all who own or have the care of horses. 
 
 There are two classes of men who, from their re- 
 spective avocations in being always connected with 
 horses, are credited by the public generally with having 
 a considerable amount of knowledge as to the ailments 
 of these animals, and yet who generally know but little ; 
 therefore it wiU not be out of place perhaps for me to 
 mention them first. I refer to grooms and farriers, the 
 majority of whom, beyond being able to teU a horse's 
 age up to a certain period, have, as a rule, in other 
 respects, notably foot diseases and the principles of 
 
INTKODUCTION. 7 
 
 shoeing, but a limited amount of knowledge. Ignorance 
 is presumably at the root of these evils, and until it is 
 incumbent on shoeing-smiths, coachmen, etc., to learn 
 more about the physiological study of a horse's foot, it 
 is to be feared matters will not much improve. Farriers, 
 as a class, are not an exceptionally well-informed one, 
 and it has often seemed to me a surprising thing that 
 this should be so. Possibly they have a complete 
 answer to my remark on their lack of knowledge of 
 matters connected with their own particular province, 
 and I should be glad to .learn they have. To my idea 
 the man who only pursues his trade or profession from 
 no higher motive than to satisfy his appetite, and sup- 
 ply himself with lodging and clothing, is a man much 
 to be pitied, for I consider nothing ennobles the mind 
 more, or makes existence more delightful, than the feel- 
 ing of being a necessary portion of the community, a 
 portion that if removed it would be difficult to replace. 
 Now, whoever has to do with horses may be in this 
 position if they chose only to be kind and attentive to 
 the animals they have in their charge. I have known 
 men in the army refuse promotion because that would 
 have separated them from their steeds, their tried 
 companions for years. It was not of themselves they 
 thought, they could have borne the separation, but 
 what they feared was, that their old chargers would 
 not fare so well with new masters as they had done 
 with them, the old ones. Doubtless grooms and coach- 
 . men may be found who have refused better situations 
 for precisely similar reasons, and if so, such men are 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 very valuable. The prevalent idea, however, is, that 
 grooms, coachmen, and farriers, are usually neither kind 
 enough nor forbearing enough to horses under their 
 care. Yet the latter are the very men to whose tender 
 mercies and judgment we are obliged to entrust the care 
 of our horse's health, for in the words of the old saying, 
 placed on the title-page of this essay, " Whoever hath 
 charge of a horse's feet has the care of his whole body." 
 
 This nescience in many grooms and coachmen of horse- 
 shoeing is much to be regretted, while the mischievous 
 system of farriers giving a p^centage to servants on 
 shoeing-bOls is a matter even more to be deplored, as it 
 is the bad tradesmen who give most discount. Perhaps, 
 as is alleged, some gentlemen do not pay those who 
 have the care of their horses sufficiently, for the very 
 reason that they, the masters, know their coachmen 
 and grooms add to their wages by demanding contribu- 
 tions from the tradesmen who shoe or forage the horses, or 
 supply coaches, saddlery, and harness. In such instances, 
 however, I believe it would be found more economical 
 to raise the wages upon the direct understanding with 
 both tradesmen and servants that no discount was either 
 to be offered or received, the penalties being the with- 
 drawal of custom on the one hand and instant dismissal 
 on the other. Under such regulations the prices now 
 charged, I believe, would fall, when released from the 
 percentage impost, proportionally far lower than it 
 would be necessary to augment the groom or coach- 
 man's wages. 
 
 The power for good or evil, which to a great extent 
 
INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 must always remain in the hands of servants who have 
 charge of horses, renders it all the more necessary they 
 should be made to understand that the welfare of their 
 four-footed friends depends quite as much upon these 
 being shod on humane common-sense principles as upon 
 good feeding and grooming. And from Englishmen 
 being naturally fond of horses, I feel convinced if 
 coachmen and grooms can be but made to understand 
 — and no reason exists why they should not — how 
 essential it is for a horse's foot to be allowed to remain 
 in as near its natural state as possible, they wOl become 
 as anxious as their masters in a cause which at present 
 they regard with distrust, if not dislike. 
 
 And if it is imperative for grooms to understand 
 something of the farrier's art, it is more binding upon 
 owners to acquire a like information, because it affects 
 their interests more. A gentleman should be able not 
 only to tell whether any complaint made by his groom 
 against the farrier was correct or not, but also to detect 
 anything wrong in the shoeing, which an idle or an un- 
 principled servant might wish to conceal. Unfortunately, 
 all gentlemen have not the time to look after their stud 
 strictly, and some who have ventured to interfere with 
 this — their servant's particular province — have not been 
 veiy successful. With a certain description of grooms 
 and coachmen any attempt by their master of this 
 kin d is met with by a regular system of annoyance, or, 
 as this class terms it, Mistering, which soon tires the 
 master out. For instance, if a gentleman changes his 
 farrier without this sort of groom's sanction, or ventures 
 
10 INTKODUCTION, 
 
 to insist upon having his horses shod in any particular 
 way, the blister is applied at once. " Erom early morn 
 till dewy eve " nothing but accidents are reported, such 
 as "The chestnut was down again this morning, sir ; can't 
 stand on his legs with them new shoes ;" or it is, " The 
 bay mare is cutting frightfully behind, told you how it 
 would be, sir, if you got So and So to shoe for you ;" or 
 else it is, " The dun cob's gone as lame as a cat since he 
 was shod yesterday;" and so the blister is applied until 
 the gentleman, for the sake of peace and quietness, tells 
 his groom or coachman to take the horses to Jericho, 
 and have them shod how and by whom he likes. 
 
 If this was a mere matter of pounds, shillings, and 
 pence to owners, as regards the shoeing of their horses, 
 I should have been loathe to speak so plainly as I have 
 done ; but when I think of the immense suffering that 
 those best friends of man endure, daily and hourly, 
 perhaps through the ignorance of dependants, I feel 
 that in the interests of humanity I must not only speak, 
 but speak plainly, and I herewith appeal to all owners 
 of horses to assist in putting down the present state of 
 things. There is really nothing, it will be seen, in 
 horse-shoeing or horse-management which any one 
 could not acquire a better knowledge of in six months 
 than some farriers and grooms now possess ; and when 
 really masters, by knowledge as well as by position, 
 owners will find themselves to have acquired by this 
 knowledge not only a greater amount of respect from 
 their servants, but that their horses' health and condition 
 have improved as well. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1 1 
 
 I do not wisli it, however, to be supposed that these 
 sentiments of mine are at all novel. A hundred years ago 
 the Earl of Pembroke drew public attention to the same 
 facts : " "Whoever," his lordship wrote, " lets his farrier, 
 groom, or coachman, even mention anything more than 
 water-gruel, a clyster, or a little bleeding, and that too 
 very seldom, or pretend to talk of the nature of the 
 feet, of the seat of lameness, sicknesses, or their cures, 
 may be certain to find himself very shortly and very 
 absurdly quite on foot. It is incredible what tricking 
 knaves most stable-people are, and what daring attempts 
 they will make to gain an ascendant over their masters, 
 in order to have their own foolish projects complied 
 with. In shoeing, for example, I have more than once 
 known that, for the sake of establishing their own 
 ridiculous and pernicious system, when their masters 
 have differed from it, they have on purpose lamed 
 horses, and imputed the fault to the shoes, after having 
 in vain tried, by every sort of invention and lies, to 
 discredit the use of them." 
 
 Having pointed out these serious evils, I will now 
 proceed with my subject, and after giving a short de- 
 scription of horse-shoeing in early times, point out how 
 essentially necessary a proper shoe and style of shoeing 
 is to the natural spring and action of the horse's foot, 
 for upon these facts the whole matter rests. 
 
 The most careful investigation into the past history 
 of horse-shoes leads me to believe that farriery as an art 
 has but little claim to antiquity. Horse shoes, ap- 
 parently, were unknown to the Greeks, and if to them. 
 
12 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 to all other nations of earlier ages. Xenophon, who 
 wrote the most complete work on horsemanship of his 
 day, makes no mention of horse-shoes, while, on the 
 other hand, he is particnlarly explicit as to the means 
 to be taken to harden and toughen horses' hoofs. 
 Specially for this purpose is a particular kind of stone 
 pavement recommended, the advantages of which he 
 has thus described : " It will cool, harden, and improve 
 a horse's feet merely by his standing upon it, while the 
 same benefit will result to his hoofs as if he were made 
 to travel on stony roads every day." Another writer, 
 Vegetius, holds forth in a similar strain, informing us 
 "That the floor of the stable should not be made of 
 soft wood, but of solid hard'oak, which will make the 
 horses' hoofs as hard as rocks." The testimony of Virgil 
 is to the like effect, when he writes " Cavatque tellurem 
 et solido graviter sonat ungula cornu,'' or, as we may 
 freely translate it, "The horse by the hardness of his 
 horn hoofs, causes the ground to re-echo when he paws 
 it in his strength." 
 
 Coming down to later times, the earliest record we 
 have of iron shoes being used for horses is in the de- 
 scription of a shoe said to have belonged to the horse of 
 Ohilderic, who lived A.D. 481. Mr. Beranger, in his in- 
 teresting book about horses, mentions that an account of 
 this shoe is preserved in " Montfaucon's Antiquities of 
 France;" and from the drawing which accompanies the 
 description it perfectly resembles the shoes used at 
 present (1768) in that country. The same writer in- 
 forms us "That the Kalmuck horses are never shod. 
 
INTEODUCTION. 13 
 
 nor does it appear " says he " that shoes are necessary ; 
 the climate being very dry and the soil hard, the hoof is 
 likewise so solid and indurated that nothing can hurt 
 it." Farther on he writes, " the antients did not shoe 
 their horses ; that is to say they did not nail upon their 
 hoofs any pieces of iron, or of other metal in the form 
 and shape of the vnodern horse-shoes, but when they in- 
 tended to defend them from anything that might annoy 
 them in travelling, or the hardness of the ground, they 
 fastened upon their feet, by means of straps and liga- 
 tures, a sort of sandal stocking, or what we call boots. 
 These were made of sedges twisted together Like a mat, 
 or else of leather, and were sometimes strengthened 
 with plates of iron, and adorned by rich and ostentatious 
 people with silver and gold, as in the instances of Nero 
 and Poppsea. In the collection of the late Baron Socks' 
 pastes of, antique stones, there is one which represents a 
 soldier binding or tying on this sort of shoe." 
 
 Shoeing of horses has therefore been apparently only 
 a necessity for the last few centuries, from which it may 
 be concluded that the horse has been trained to have 
 feet so tender and fragile as to make the use of iron as 
 a protection to the horn compulsory. And with such 
 facts before us, we might easily conclude that iron horse- 
 shoes, only used at first to protect the feet of horses 
 where the horn was unnaturally weak, had from this 
 partial introduction gradually extended to aU. But 
 even now, in the Orkneys, in the mountains of Wales, 
 the wilds of Exmoor and Dartmoor, many parts of 
 the continent of Europe, and in a considerable por- 
 
14 INTBODUCTION, 
 
 tion of the rest of the globe, horses and ponies run 
 about over rocks, through ravines, and up precipitous 
 ridges unshod. Yet this is all done without difficulty 
 and to the evident advantage of their hoofs, for these 
 animals never suffer from contracted feet, or from corns, 
 sand-cracks, etc., until they have become civilised, and 
 been shod. Yet we continue cutting away more and 
 more horn, and putting on more and more cover — how I 
 detest that word — ^without ever perceiving that when 
 doing so we are acting in direct opposition to nature. 
 Goats do not suffer from navicular disease or contracted 
 feet, yet I firmly believe that if the experiment of 
 shoeing with iron was but tried upon them, in a very 
 few generations they would be as great sufferers from 
 those diseases as horses are now. 
 
 It is precisely the same ignorant system carried out 
 in close stables, carpeted with straw at all times, that 
 now-a-days makes our horses so sensitive to every 
 change in the weather, although in a state of nature 
 no animal — not excepting the dog even — can stand cold 
 of the utmost severity so well. The system of hot 
 stables, and the horses always standing upon bedding, 
 bears influenza as its fruit. This tells equally against 
 the growth of healthy horn on the horses' hoofs, which 
 being intended to carry them over hard roads or rocky 
 paths in safety, — we, to ensure this, from the moment a 
 horse is foaled, keep him either in grass fields soft to 
 tread upon, or in warm, stables standing on soft straw, 
 and then we are surprised that his hoofs should become 
 dry and brittle, instead of keeping moist, tough, and hard. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 It is a remarkable fact that cavalry troop horses, which 
 are not bedded dowti during the day, never suffer so 
 much from corns, contraction, thrush, and grease, as the 
 officers' chargers do, which have straw to stand upon 
 whenever they are in the stable. We may depend that 
 whatever has a tendency to heat the horn is injurious 
 and leads to contraction, that most prolific of foot dis- 
 eases ; and therefore straw-carpeted stalls are hurtful to 
 the animals, which the coldest flooring of stables can 
 never be. 
 
 Water, again — and too much of it cannot be applied 
 to the feet and legs — is far before any other treatment 
 for most diseases affecting those parts ; because, being 
 the natural appliance to horses' hoofs, and at the same 
 time cooling to the legs and strengthening and bracing 
 to the muscles, its action on those parts must always 
 prove beneficial The practice of washing down horses' 
 legs, therefore, with cold water when they come off a 
 journey or from work not over severe cannot be suffi- 
 ciently commended, proAdded that the legs are well 
 rubbed afterwards, when they will soon dry. Grooms 
 use warm water and b&ndages ; but as warm, water only 
 relaxes the sinews, in most instances already overstrained 
 by exertion, the very coldness in the legs and feet are 
 produced which the warm water and the bandages are 
 intended to prevent. I am aware that Colonel Fitzwyg- 
 ram, in his otherwise excellent book upon horse-shoeing, 
 objects to washing down, under the impression that this 
 treatment produces cracked heels ; but so far from this 
 being the case it is found practically to be quite the 
 
16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 reverse. In India, for instance, horses are exposed to 
 heavy rains for weeks together, without taking any ill 
 effects and in the finest of weather there, the ghorou- 
 wallahs use little other means to keep their horses clean 
 than washing them down daily all over. 
 
 In regard to horse-shoeing, I am confident that one- 
 half of the difficulty would immediately disappear if 
 owners of horses would but bestow the same careful 
 attention to the work of the farrier that they do to 
 grooming and other matters. In the interests of 
 humanity alone an alteration has become imperative, for 
 however necessary it may be to protect the hoofs of 
 horses by rims of iron, it is certainly scandalous to first 
 destroy the horn by rasping, paring, and burning, and 
 afterwards nail on great wide and heavy shoes to sup- 
 ply the defect or want of that substance which had 
 been ruthlessly destroyed. 
 
 A reference to the " contents " at the beginning will 
 show how the subject will be treated. In the first 
 chapter, for instance, I will endeavour to point out that 
 most of the diseases to which horses' feet are Hable may 
 be traced to the inconsiderate method commonly 
 practised in shoeing them, combined with the hurtful 
 treatment the hoofs are subjected to in the stables. 
 Farriers in general are so desirous to excel in neat work, 
 and grooms in having the neatness done to pattern, 
 which, when combined with the pernicious habit of 
 greasing the horn to make it shine, that the wonder is 
 not only that one-third of our horses become lame in 
 consequence of this treatment, but that the. whole of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 them are not incapacitated hj it for work. If a horse's 
 foot is dry and brittle, the groom covers it with grease 
 or bees'-wax, destroying the vitality of the horn thereby ; 
 and the farrier, not to be behind hand in his share of the 
 punishment, covers the foot with a heavy iron shoe. 
 A very little knowledge of the structure of a horse's 
 foot would inform these men that grease, by stopping 
 the pores in the horn, prevented the air from acting bene- 
 ficially upon its surface, and that the foot, which before 
 could scarcely carry itself, would be quite unable after- 
 wards to carry so much additional weight of iron. 
 
 The remedy remains in the hands of gentlemen who 
 own horses ; let theirs be the study how a horse should 
 be shod, and how cared for ; and then, being able to in- 
 struct their grooms and farriers — they, the owners, wiU 
 earn the rich reward of having prevented much suffering 
 from being inflicted upon these noble animals ; besides 
 keeping them not only ia better condition for work but 
 m better health as well. 
 
18 THE FOOT OF THE HORSE : 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE FOOT OF THE HOESE — ITS EXTEEIOE. 
 
 Befoee entering upon the subject of shoeing, it would 
 be desirable perhaps to describe what has to be shod. 
 This is the hoof; a part of the foot which, to the super- 
 ficial observer, presents but little scope for study, — simply 
 a horn box to cover the interior parts and protect them 
 from injury ; its structure — whether fibrous or otherwise, 
 is seldom inquired into, even by those whose whole 
 study it ought to be to do so. A farrier picks up a 
 horse's foot preparatory to shoeing, not for the purpose 
 of detecting any malformation, and then striving to put 
 on a shoe that will remedy existing defects, but only to 
 look at the size, and see if he has a set of shoes ready- 
 made which will answer. If he has not the exact 
 article he either cuts down a larger or draws out a 
 smaller shoe to the requisite size, burns it into its 
 position, and nails it on, without ever considering it a 
 subject for reflection whether the horn will not be in- 
 jured by the application of strong heat, or if contraction 
 of the foot will not necessarily follow when an ill-formed 
 or badly adjusted shoe is thus attached to it. 
 
 Now, as the great art in shoeing is to preserve the 
 foot in the best condition for work at all times, it stands 
 to reason that the best means of doing so is to follow 
 
ITS EXTEKIOK. 19 
 
 nature as near as possible. The horse walks upon the 
 lower edge of the crast (or wall of the foot), the frog, sole, 
 and bars — upon that portion of the foot which comes in 
 contact with the ground. Now, as the frog, sole, and 
 bars can take any amount of wear if left in their 
 natural state, without injurj^, while the crust, from its 
 more brittle nature, will not do so, it is evident that 
 it is only the latter which needs protection ; therefore 
 it follows that the mechanical difficulty of fitting the 
 shoe to the foot simply means the placing of a rim of 
 iron round the portion likely to be damaged, in a way 
 which would least annoy the animal. The foot of a 
 horse is so formed that every part may be said to be 
 constructed with direct reference to two important 
 objects — viz. great firmness and great elasticity ; the 
 former to sustain the heavy weight, and the latter to 
 diminish the pressure of that weight when subjected 
 to the impulse of rapid and vigorous action. The 
 principal parts of the foot are known by the following 
 names : — 
 
 TliR (hoof or) outer •portion. The inner portion. 
 
 The crust or wall. The laminas. 
 
 The bars. The oofSn bone. 
 
 The frog. The smaller pastern bone. 
 
 The cleft of the frog. The navicular bone. 
 
 The horny sole. The coronary ligament. 
 
 The heels. The sensible frog. 
 
 The coronet. The sensible sole. 
 
 The quarters. The extensor tendon or front 
 
 sinew. 
 The perforous tendon or back 
 
20 THE FOOT OF THE HOESE : 
 
 There are other ligaments, tendons, bloodvessels, and 
 nerves that enter into the construction of the foot, hut 
 the above-named will be sufficient for such general 
 information as is required by those for whose instruction 
 I am writing. 
 
 The hoof is that casing which includes and protects 
 all the rest of the foot, and is in its nature similar to the 
 nails of the human body, each growing or proceeding 
 from the cutis or true skin. Where the true skin begins 
 to change to horn, as at the coronary band, the hoof is 
 extremely soft, thin, and white, becoming harder and 
 thicker as it grows downwards. We therefore find the 
 hoof, hard and horny as it is externally, constantly 
 undergoing reformation, the new hoof progressing from 
 the hair downwards in a similar manner to the human 
 nail. In fact the crust or wall of the forefoot corre- 
 sponds in a remarkable degree with the finger-nail, not 
 only in its constant reproduction, but in the gradual 
 thickening of the horn from its root to its extremity. It 
 is hardest and thickest in the middle, in consequence of 
 which any force is better exercised from that part than 
 from the sides, where it is softer and thinner. Again, 
 if the finger nail is attentively examined, it wiU be found 
 very thin and teuder where it leaves the skin, and, 
 though it becomes gradually thicker as it advances tO' 
 the top of the finger, the sensitive or quick part 
 continues as long as it adheres to the flesh below. 
 When the adhesion ceases, the horn at its extremity 
 becomes so callous that we can pare it with scissors 
 almost without knowing we are doing so, far less feeling 
 
ITS EXTERIOR. 21 
 
 pain. It is precisely the same -with the crust or wall of 
 the foot, for where it joins the skin, that is at the point 
 where the hair terminates, it is very thin, and this thin 
 portion is called the " coronary ring " ; the " coronary 
 ligament " being a thick folding of the skin immediately 
 covered by this thin part of the crust. The term " liga- 
 ment" here, I should remark, is scarcely properly 
 applied, as it is a mere covering to a mass of blood- 
 vessels that supply the foot, having neither the sub- 
 stance nor the use of that organ which by anatomists is 
 termed a ligament. The coronet is a circular line 
 which marks the union of the pastern with the hoof 
 
 The crust, though horny, is not solid, but fibrous in 
 its texture ; the design of it being twofold — first, to 
 protect the sensitive foot from blows, and, second, by its 
 elasticity, to prevent injury from concussion when the 
 limb descends to the ground. If the crust was solid it 
 would bind the foot like a tight bandage, and consequently , 
 would allow of no expansion when the weight of the body 
 pressed the coffin-joint downwards ; being fibrous, how- 
 ever, it yields to the extension of the foot at every step. 
 In the forefoot, the hoof being thickest at the toe, admits 
 of an elasticity, the point of the toe being as it were the 
 fulcrum of the spring when the horse is most violently 
 exerted, going at full speed or drawing a heavy weight. 
 This elasticity, commencing at the frog, is continued 
 from the quarters to the toe, the strongest and hardest 
 part. The fibres here are consequently more numerous, 
 and as their position is also nearly perpendicular, they are 
 best adapted for bearing the shock or strain of a horse 
 
22 THE FOOT OF THE HORSE : 
 
 when, it is in motion. This uprightness in the fibres 
 takes, however, a more slanting form as they get towards 
 the heels, which, being assisted by the frog and bars, 
 do not necessarily require to be of equal strength as at 
 the toe, while the thinness of horn at that part permits of 
 a slight expansion there when the weight of the horse 
 pushes the flexor tendon down upon its natural cushion 
 — the frog. What is termed the bars of the foot are form- 
 ed by an involution of the crust on either side of the foot 
 before it reaches the heels, at the parts which are called 
 the quarters. They enclose the extremities of the cartil- 
 ages, and act in a similar manner in the contraction and 
 expansion of the foot ; for when the ground is struck 
 the elasticity of the bars helps to push open the heels, 
 which, as they rise in the air, contract immediately 
 again when the quarters are relieved from the pressure 
 upwards and outwards to which they had been sub- 
 jected. 
 
 The frog, which is properly but a continuation of 
 the coronary band, returns from the heels inwards and 
 forwards like a dart, or the shape of the letter V . It is 
 enabled to yield to the expansion of the foot by having 
 a cleft or opening in the middle, which thus expands and 
 contracts as it presses upon or recedes from the ground. 
 Though the frog is thicker than the parts from which it 
 proceeds it is less compact in its texture, although the 
 fibres of which it is composed are finer than the other 
 portions, the difference being in their substance as wool 
 is to horse hair. 
 
 If the crust is closely examined by aid of a micro- 
 
ITS EXTEEIOE. 23 
 
 scope, its structure will be found to consist of a number 
 of bristle-like iibres standing on end, but bearing dia- 
 gonally towards the ground. From the particular 
 longitudinal construction of the fibres, it follows, as 
 already explained, that they M-ill bear a great amount of 
 weight so long as they are kept in their natural state. 
 The crust so viewed resembles a number of small tubes 
 bound together by a hardened glue-like substance. 
 "Whoever has seen a mitrailleur or volley gun, with its 
 numerous barrels all soldered together, can form a very 
 good idea of the peculiar structure of the crust, especially 
 if they were likewise to imagine the tubes to be filled 
 with a thick fluid, the use of which is to nourish and 
 preserve them. If we pass our hand slowly down the 
 horse's leg from the knee, we will find that the skin is 
 connected to the hoof by a band about three-quarters of 
 an inch in width, which being thicker than the skin and 
 more pliant than the horn is the connecting link between 
 the two. This, as I have already mentioned, is termed 
 the coronary band, and can be easily distinguished after 
 a horse has been out in the rain, or standing in water for 
 any time. Of a bluish colour, and closely resembling in 
 appearance a thin band of vulcanised india-rubber, it is 
 not only the bond of union between the skin and the 
 hoof, but from it comes the secretion of horn that sup- 
 plies the crust, as well as the fluid which covers the 
 crust like a varnish, to enable it to retain the natural 
 moisture necessary to its well-being. A still closer in- 
 spection of the fibres will show they possess a peculiar 
 retentive quality, being in structure or shape much like 
 
24 THE FOOT OF THE HOESE : 
 
 ears of barley. This conformation has its advantages 
 and disadvantages, these being, that while it offers a 
 resistance against foreign matter descending through the 
 fibres, it assists the passage of anything upwards. 
 Therefore it is that the nail, which fastens on the shoe 
 to the foot, can be driven in with less force, and holds 
 firmer when in, than if the substance was of a different 
 nature ; an advantage undoubtedly. On the other hand, 
 however, as this peculiarity facilitates the passage of 
 grains of sand, which once in the horn cannot get back 
 again, and as they are the cause of sandcracks, the dis- 
 advantage will be equally apparent. 
 
 In order that the hoof may be strongest where the 
 greatest strain comes, the toes of the fore feet and the 
 quarters of the hind feet are the thickest and hardest 
 parts of their respective walls. In the former we find 
 the crust, thickest at the toe, becomes gradually thinner 
 at the quarters, and weakest at the heels ; while in the 
 latter the reverse is the case, the crust there being 
 thicker at the heels than at the toes. Curiously enough 
 the human nails are similar in their construction, the 
 finger nails being thickest in the centre, while the sub- 
 stance in the toe nails is thickest at the sides. Another 
 noteworthy fact is, that the horn of horses' hoofs is 
 generally thinner on the inside than on the outside 
 portions, a peculiarity which I shall have to refer to 
 further on, when pointing out the injury which rasping 
 inflicts. If the fibres composing the horn are closely 
 observed, it will be discovered that at the toe in each 
 hoof they are nearest to the perpendicular, a quality 
 
ITS EXTERIOE. 25 
 
 ■which gives them greater strength to resist the shock 
 which the foot meets each time it is placed upon the 
 ground, whether the horse is galloping at full speed, or 
 drawing a heavy weight at a slow pace. Internally the 
 hom is a laminated substance, but outwardly, as it con- 
 tinues towards the quarters, it turns more and more 
 aslant, by which, especially in the fore feet where it is 
 thinnest, it obtains a still greater power of yielding to 
 the shock, and power of expansion, when the weight of 
 the horse descending upon the frog causes that to press 
 upwards and outwards at each step the animal takes. 
 
 At the extremity of each heel the crust is found to turn 
 inwards and forwards towards the point of the frog, and 
 in this new form and duplicate position it is termed 
 " the bars." The usual name for these among the old 
 school of farriers is " the binders," from an erroneous idea 
 that they bind or hold the heels together, thus preventing 
 expansion. To obviate this, ignorant individuals cut the 
 bars away, in order, as they fondly imagine, to open the 
 heels. Of course this causes the heels to close, and so 
 insures the very contraction that their removal is in- 
 tended to remedy. Besides, it ought to be plain to every 
 one that this reduplication of the crust must be of service, 
 as it secures a double bearing to the shoe at the heels, 
 and thus prevents any undue pressure upon "the seat of 
 corn." Again, this laminated substance at the heels, on 
 its return as bars, although its positions are nearly 
 horizontal, yet lie edgeways, and consequently are well 
 adapted to bear pressure on their edge, as well as to 
 permit of lateral expansion, an effect that continues to 
 
26 THE FOOT OF THE HOESE : 
 
 the extremity of the bars. Therefore whatever descrip- 
 tion of shoe is used, if parts that are essential to the 
 natural economy of the foot be not preserved, or if por- 
 tions that are useless be allowed to remain, all shoeing 
 must prove a failure ; not so much probably from any 
 fault in the shape of the shoe, but from the objectionable 
 manner in which the foot has been prepared to receive 
 it. Nature having provided the protections I have men- 
 tioned, any artificial covering, further than to that part 
 which is liable to fracture, is certainly not only un- 
 necessary but highly injurious, as the mutilation of the 
 horn in any way only tends to take away friction and 
 moisture, the two greatest preventatives of contraction. 
 In figure B, Plate II., I give a drawing of the horn 
 box which covers the horse's foot, and it will be seen 
 from this, that the crust and sole, and frog and bars, 
 which are respectively smooth, concave, and convex, on 
 their outsides, are laminated, convex, and concave within. 
 The crust, with its mushroom-like interior surface, is a 
 most noticeable structure ; and when we are aware of the 
 importance of these ridges, their peculiar appearance 
 becomes still more interesting. A reference to Plate I., 
 shows a section of the foot, and the reader will at once 
 easily understand that the laminae to be seen there 
 covering the cofiBn bone, corresponds with, and com- 
 pletely fits into, the ridges in the interior of the crust at 
 every step the horse makes. Being, as has been stated 
 already, perfectly elastic, these sensitive laminae at each 
 movement of the horse fill up or recede from the in- 
 sensitive horny laminae in the interior of the hoof ; so. 
 
ITS EXTEKIOE. 27 
 
 opening and closing at each step, they act as elastic 
 springs, assisting to prevent concussion each time the 
 foot comes to the ground, as well as helping to sustain 
 the weight of the animal. 
 
 As every portion of the foot acts together in unison, 
 
 it will be easily understood how necessary it is that the 
 
 different portions should be allowed to remain unmuti- 
 
 lated. I have explained how, when the foot leaves the 
 
 ground, the laminated springs relax hold of their horny 
 
 bed, and resume it again as the foot returns to the earth. 
 
 And it is here that the uncut frog becomes of service, for 
 
 although itself insensible to pain or feeling, it has the 
 
 power, to a slight degree, of conveying sensation to the 
 
 sensitive parts it protects. This is one reason why it is 
 
 so important that the frog should touch the ground at 
 
 every step, for when it is cut away or lifted out of action 
 
 by the shoe, the horse is entirely unconscious of contact 
 
 with the ground until the wall of the foot receives the 
 
 blow through the shoe. When the frog is as near, if not 
 
 nearer to the ground than the iron, the nervous sensation 
 
 it conveys causes the muscles of the leg and the laminae 
 
 of the foot to be prepared for each concussion as it comes. 
 
 On the other hand, when the frog is not permitted to act 
 
 as nature intends it to do, the animal must either keep 
 
 the muscles of the leg and foot in a state of tension much 
 
 longer than is necessary, or be liable to slip or stumble, 
 
 through their being relaxed at the moment when the foot 
 
 reaches the ground ; either way being hurtful to the 
 
 horse. 
 
 The frog, in reality, is only a continuation of the 
 
28 THE FOOT OF THE HOESE : 
 
 coronet, and from its wedge-like form, and nearly total 
 insensibility to feeling, proves that it is meant to take a 
 bearing upon the ground where it is useful to the animal 
 either in action or in repose. In the former it acts as a 
 buffer, preventing concussion, while its hold upon the 
 smoothest surfaces prevents slipping. In the latter case 
 it becomes a support and a rest, as the horse whose frogs 
 reach the ground can ease the weight of his body from 
 any leg on to the other three, by allowing the pressure 
 to increase or diminish upon the different cushions on 
 which he is standing. Again, when a horse walks upon 
 his frog, it, by his weight, is pressed into the ground, 
 pushing itself as it were into the inequalities it may 
 happen to come in contact with ; and thus the animal 
 gains a stronger adherence to the road he is travelling 
 over, combined with a greater feeling of security wherever 
 he goes, than he could otherwise possess. 
 
 In structure this portion of the foot may be compared 
 to horse-hair in the compressed state as used for stuffing 
 sofas, and if we can imagine this hair to be mixed with 
 a fatty adhesive substance, we shall form a fair idea 
 what the tough elastic frog resembles when under 
 microscopic inspection. Though thicker than the parts 
 from which it proceeds, the frog is less compact in its 
 texture, and therefore being more elastic it expands and 
 contracts whenever it touches or leaves the ground. 
 The more, therefore, we investigate the form and particular 
 functions of the frog, the more must we feel convinced 
 that its true use is to prevent the horse from slipping, 
 the heels from contracting, the legs from the evil effects 
 
SECTION OF A FOOT. 
 
 A.A. CRUST OR WALL. 
 
 B.B. INSENSITIVE LAMIN/E. 
 CO. SENSITIVE LAMIN/E. 
 
 D. INSENSITIVE SOLE. 
 
 E. SENSITIVE SOLE. 
 F.F. INSENSITIVE FROG. 
 
 G. SENSITIVE FROG. 
 
 H. CORONARY BAND. 
 
 I LARGE PASTERN BONE. 
 
 K. SMALL PASTERN BONE. 
 
 L. COFFIN BONE. 
 
 M. NAVICULAR BONE. 
 
 N.N. FLEXOR PERFORANS TENDON. 
 
 O. SEAT OF NAVICULAR DISEASE. 
 
ITS EXTEEIOE. 29 
 
 from concussion, as well as to serve as an elastic spring 
 for the horse when in motion, and a point d'appui for 
 him when he is at rest. 
 
 The sole of the foot, unlike the frog, recedes from the 
 ground ; proof sufi&cient, from its semi-vaulted shape, 
 that it is not meant by nature to sustain much of the 
 horse's weight. Mrmly attached to the skin which 
 covers the under surface of the foot-bone, it is joined to 
 the hoof's inside edge by the mere force of cohesion. 
 Its uses, which its construction points to, are principally 
 to protect the sensitive sole which it covers, and by its 
 concavity to act in soft ground like a break, when the 
 laminiB lengthening beneath the weight of the animal, 
 causes the sole to descend, by which means the force of 
 concussion is decreased. Over its surface there is no 
 external glazy-gluey-layer to preserve its moisture, as in 
 the crust ; while its fibres, stretched like strings, layer 
 over layer, are as unlike the wooUy oJy substance of 
 the frog as the horn of the crust differs from the bones 
 which it covers. In one respect the sole resembles the 
 frog, which is, that the outer layer of fibres in each be- 
 comes dead and falls off in flakes, the growth down- 
 wards of the new horn pushing off the old in turn. 
 There is little difficulty in perceiving how the sole 
 cannot bear so much pressure upon it as the frog, for it 
 is only above the sole that the foot-bones are placed ; and 
 as between them and the horn beneath the sensitive sole 
 lies, any pressure must bruise and injure the tender 
 flesh between these two hard substances. Its concavity, 
 very slight at its junction with the crust, gradually 
 
30 THE lOOT OF THE HOESE : 
 
 increases as it advances towards the centre of the foot, 
 a form of construction which admits of the web of the 
 shoe resting a little upon the sole, without any fear of 
 injury. This fact most farriers, however, will not per- 
 ceive, and jumping to the opposite extreme, pare away 
 the important thickness of the sole in order that the 
 shoe may not touch it ; then when sand, etc., works in 
 between iron and thin horn, they are astonished to find 
 the horse so shod go lame, to relieve which they apply 
 remedies equally if not more injurious. 
 
 From the foregoing the reader will learn that a 
 horse may be said to have a foot half cloven, that is to 
 say, a foot having the power of expansion at the clefts 
 of the heel, but confined at the toe. Defended in front 
 and sides by the crust, and underneath by the frog, sole, 
 and bars, the horse's foot in its natural state, and shod 
 upon natural common sense principles, is nearly invul- 
 nerable. "Where the foot is weakest, namely at the heels, 
 the thick, tough, and elastic frog supplies the necessary 
 support, acting as a cushion for the weight above to rest 
 upon when the front tendons have been overworked. Then, 
 as the sole is not meant to bear much pressure, the 
 crust or wall, from its vertical position, strength, and 
 substance, is not only the great bearing portion, but the 
 only part which will allow nails being driven into it in 
 a vertical direction. Possessing the last quality, it is 
 therefore upon the crust that any protection or armour 
 for the foot must be fixed, as upon the wall and the frog 
 the horse's weight may be said exclusively to fall ; and 
 while the former, from its hard brittle nature needs 
 
ITS EXTERIOR. 31 
 
 something to guard it from fracture or too rapid wear, 
 the latter, if unmutilated, from its toughness and 
 elasticity, and capability of rapid reproduction, requires 
 no artificial defence whatever. 
 
 This being the case, one would naturally suppose 
 that to insure good shoeing all that was requisite would 
 be to guard the part of the foot that wanted protection. 
 Common sense dictates which portion this should be, 
 and if governed by correct principles, there is attached to 
 the crust a light iron shoe of the exact shape of the horn, 
 and the eighth of an inch wider. I am confident it would 
 be found to answer, providing the shoe was perfectly 
 level, and the foot had been prepared properly. The 
 shoe must not be too narrow, for it will break or twist 
 unless of a certain width, and if too wide it will not only 
 be too heavy and probably press upon the sole, but will 
 have no hold upon the convex stones over which it has 
 to journey. As already mentioned, I believe that the 
 sole at its junction with the crust may and ought to 
 carry some portion of the weight, but that portion is 
 small and should not be exceeded. 
 
 Weight is also a most important consideration, which 
 I have previously noticed, for the iron shoe put on any 
 horse or pony should never exceed certain limits in 
 length, width, or thickness, lest the artificial covering, by 
 its superior weight and hardness, break and wear away 
 the natural protection it is meant to preserve,- and so the 
 remedy prove worse than the disease. 
 
 Unfortunately, farriers cannot be persuaded to look 
 at the subject in this light. Pretending, seemingly, to 
 
32 THE FOOT OF THE HOKSE : 
 
 prefer rather " to bear those ills they have, than fly to 
 others that they know not of," they decline to change 
 the system which suited so well their sires and grand- 
 sires before them. Eesembling the farmer who weighed 
 and sold his butter by a stone weighing considerably 
 over a pound, simply because his father had used the 
 stone for the same purpose, and made money by doing 
 so, he refused to change the weight, as it would never 
 answer, he said, for him to wish to appear wiser than his 
 father. The farriers offer precisely similar reasons for 
 continuing their highly objectionable method of shoeing, 
 as they refuse also to be wiser than their ancestors. 
 And such is the constitution of things, that some kinds 
 of businesses are carried on, and occasionally with 
 success, upon quite erroneous principles. It is not so 
 many years back since horses in Ireland were harnessed 
 by their tails, and it took ages to convince the people 
 there that it would probably be more convenient for the 
 animals, and better for the owners, if the former were 
 allowed to draw with their shoulders. 
 
 The reader must bear in mind that the hoof, being a 
 continuation of the skin towards the extremities, is con- 
 tinually growing downwards from its roots at the coronet, 
 and it is this which replaces any damage the horn 
 suffers from wear or from accidents, and as nothing 
 intervenes between the cof&n-bone and the horn but the 
 laminae, the adhesion between these two parts is a very 
 close one. I refer here to that portion of the foot from 
 the front to the quarters, to which the points of the 
 coffin-bone reach ; but as from there to the heels is 
 
ITS EXTEEIOE. 33 
 
 principally composed of cartilaginous substance, it will be 
 readily admitted that this is the part which will most 
 easily allow of either contraction or expansion. Then 
 as the horn of the crust, and especially of that of the 
 fore feet, narrows in width and thins off gradually 
 towards the heels, until it is lost in the skin of the coro- 
 nary back band, this portion of the hoof is exceptionally 
 weak, and but for the protection which even a wasted 
 frog affords, the heels would be always in danger. The 
 whole substance of the hoof, especially the sole and frog 
 is of an open porous nature, which not only draws in air 
 and moisture eagerly from without, but sends forth from 
 within a continuous insensible perspiration. This per- 
 spiration can be easily observed however, if, when the 
 frog is newly pared, the foot is held in the sunshine, 
 when it shows like dew upon the fresh cut surface. 
 Nature having therefore given such guards as the crust, 
 frog, sole, and bars, to the sensitive interior parts of the 
 foot, it seems incomprehensible that men should be found 
 ready and willing not only to cut away these important 
 parts, but actually to declare that what they do, so far 
 from being an injury, is actually a benefit to the animal. 
 Blinded by ignorance and prejudice they cannot or will 
 not see that when the frog is permitted to remain sound 
 and whole, the more it comes in contact with either 
 gravel stones or even sharp flints, the firmer, tougher, 
 and more healthy it becomes ; whUe, on the contrary, 
 when cut with a sharp instrument, allowing the 
 moisture which is its life to escape, it dries up, hardens, 
 cracks, and becomes highly susceptible to every impres- 
 
 D 
 
34 THE FOOT OF THE HOESE : ITS EXTERIOE. 
 
 sion, as well as diseased ; in fact anything but a cushion 
 to the inner sensitive parts of the foot. 
 
 A horse in health should have a term of existence 
 from thirty-five to forty years. All authorities now ad- 
 mit that animals should live five times as long as it 
 takes them to reach maturity. A dog, which is at its full 
 growth when between two or three years old, is very 
 aged at twelve years. Horses do not, unless their 
 growth is forced, reach their full prime until they are 
 seven or eight years old, which by the same law leaves 
 them to live some thirty years longer. When these 
 facts are kept in mind, together with these other facts 
 that three-fourths of our horses die or are destroyed under 
 twelve years old, that horses are termed aged at six, old 
 at ten, very old when double that number of years, and 
 that few of them but are laid up from work a dozen times 
 every year from lameness caused by bad shoeing, the 
 viciousness of a system which entails such misery and 
 destruction of life cannot surely be too strongly com- 
 mented upon. Bad shoeing has affected owners 
 pecuniarily to a far greater degree than ever "bishoping" 
 did ; yet, while the one is a crime, severely punishable by 
 law, the other is regarded as a matter of so little con- 
 sequence as almost to be considered an impertinence to 
 mention ; but it is really the worse offence of the two 
 to owners, whether it is looked at from a humane or a 
 monetary point of view. 
 
THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 35 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 In the human frame the gums are the least sensitive 
 parts, and under the finger and toe nails the most sensi- 
 tive parts of the v?hole body. It is precisely the same 
 with the horse, as beneath the horn the parts there are 
 so susceptible of pain, that if a nail only presses upon 
 the laminae in the interior, the animal becomes lame 
 at once. The excessive pain which most of us have 
 felt, at one time or another of our lives, through having 
 a splinter of wood run under a finger nail, will enable 
 any one to form some conception of what a horse suffers 
 when he is pricked by an incompetent or drunken 
 farrier. Like ourselves, the animal suffers little, com- 
 paratively, when the foreign body is at once extracted, 
 and water applied plentifully to the wound ; but if 
 allowed to remain even for a single day, it soon festers, 
 and, from being only a slight wound, rapidly becomes 
 a serious sore. 
 
 The interior portions of the foot, therefore, are en- 
 dowed with great sensibility, while, to such a degree of 
 nicety is it adapted to the cavity in the hoof, that it 
 completely fiUs it without suffering in the least degree 
 from pressure. By this every person should perceive 
 
36 THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 that whatever tends to decrease the size of the horn box, 
 must imperil the parts which it covers. The internal 
 portions are composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments, 
 muscles, tendons, blood-vessels, and nerves, which, by 
 an insensible but gradual process of natural development, 
 are continually undergoing changes. The sensitive frog 
 slowly but surely becomes the insensitive one, while a 
 similar transformation is going on in a similar manner 
 in all the other parts of the foot. The process of this, 
 in the aggregate, is truly a wonderful one, as, for instance, 
 the horn of the sole which does not touch the ground, 
 when each portion has done its duty, falls off in flakes, 
 while the frog wears off the used parts, when permitted, 
 by friction with the ground ; conditions which all tend 
 to keep the foot sound and healthy. 
 
 The bones of the foot are known as the cof&n-bone, 
 the navicular bone, and the lower pastern bone. The 
 first is so named from being, as it were, hurled iu the 
 foot, and is the principal bone in the hoof, which in 
 shape it somewhat resembles, being of a vaulted form 
 from the ground, broad in front, and tapering gradually 
 towards the heels. Strongest and thickest at the upper 
 part, where a hoUow cavity in it, together with a portion 
 of the navicular bone, forms a socket for the bottom part 
 of the lower pastern bone to rest on, the coffin-bone 
 being kept free from pressure, is of material consequence 
 to the whole limb. The concave and arched under sur- 
 face of this bone allows the blood to pass unimpeded 
 through the numerous veins below it, and being of an 
 open porous nature, it receives a greater number of veins 
 
THE INTEEIOE PAETS OF THE FOOT. 37 
 
 and arteries than any other bone of its size in the whole 
 body. The very concavity in the shape of the under 
 portion of the cofiBn-bone is an advantage, as it allows 
 whatever weight descends upon it to faU. upon the outer 
 edge or strongest part, besides helping to obviate any 
 fll effects from concussion in other parts, through 
 jumping, etc. 
 
 The small bone behind, generally known now as " the 
 navicular," is likewise thickest at the middle, with sharp 
 pointed extremities, and is of a harder and more compact 
 nature than the coffin-bone, upon which, however, it is 
 partly supported. If the reader refers to Plate I., which 
 shows a section of a horse's fore foot and fetlock, he will 
 have no difficulty in discovering how the three foot bones 
 are situated ; and if he looks closer he must observe 
 the back sinew {flexor -perforans tendon) passing under 
 the navicular bone like a roller. I wish this to be 
 particularly noticed, as, when I come to speak of " navi- 
 cular disease," its prevention or probable cure will be 
 more readily understood. The back sinew is enclosed 
 in a sheath, and this being shown open in the plate, the 
 tendon, or tendons rather, which united under the one 
 membrane, can be seen to insert themselves into the 
 back and beneath the lower part of the cofiSn-bone, the 
 one entering and the other covering the concave or 
 arched under surface, until they eventually become the 
 fleshy sole, which, as I have already remarked, in turn 
 becomes the horny and outward sole. The extensor 
 tendon, or front sinew, passes down the fore part of the 
 leg into the foot, under the annular or circular ligament. 
 
38 THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 and ultimately inserts itself into the front part of the 
 coffin-bone. It is from the front sinew that the laminse 
 spring, which surround the coffin-bone on all sides, and 
 by fitting in to the horny laminse of the crust, become 
 by their muscular action of so much importance in all 
 movements of the horse. I may also remark, as the 
 action of the back sinew is to lift the foot upward and 
 backward, while the front sinew controls the forward 
 motion of the limb, it follows that flexion or bending of 
 the leg must always precede extension ; the first being 
 necessary to lift the foot from the ground, without which 
 it of course could not be advanced. Movement being 
 therefore entirely due to the action of the back sinew in 
 each leg, the importance of the flexor jperforans tendon 
 will be at once recognised. 
 
 It will be seen from Plate I. that the blood-vessels 
 within the hoof are very numerous, more particularly 
 two large arteries which run along the outside of the 
 coffin-bone. These, from their exposed situations, are 
 very liable to compression, and therefore injury, from 
 any contraction of the hoof Accompanying the blood- 
 vessels are nerves which, dispersing throughout the foot, 
 secure a tenderness to the sensitive portions of the foot, 
 that enables the horse to tell, even through the thick 
 horn, whether the ground he passes over is strong enough 
 to carry his weight. Hence the carefulness with which 
 we find horses approach wooden bridges or other structures 
 which vibrate under their feet ; and when this is all thought 
 of, the sin and folly of cutting away any portion of their 
 organs of touch must be more and more apparent. A 
 
THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 39 
 
 reference to Plate I. will also inform the reader that the 
 bottom of the internal foot is formed by the sensitive 
 frog and sole, the former resembling in shape the horny 
 frog that covers it, the concavities of the one nicely fit- 
 ting the convexities of the other, all being united to the 
 outer portion by two elastic cartilages, which in a great 
 measure are protected by the heels and quarters of the 
 crust that cover them. To realise some of the advantages 
 which frog-pressure obtains for the horse that is shod on 
 natural common sense principles, one has only to imagine 
 the foot coming to the ground at each step. Then every 
 time the horny frog touches the ground and receives the 
 pressure of the horse's weight, the sensitive frog above is 
 forced upwards and outwards, causing an expansion of 
 the heels, as well as counteracting the concussion of the 
 blow. It will therefore be seen that however much the 
 foot may be predisposed to contraction from over-dryness 
 of the horn, contraction cannot well take place with such 
 a neutralising agency continually at work to prevent it. 
 The gradations from the extreme sensitiveness of the in- 
 terior parts to the utmost callousness of the exterior 
 parts, are so slight, that it would be impossible to describe 
 properly where the one terminates and the other begins. 
 Of this, however, we may be certain, that the extent of 
 the latter will depend much upon the thickness of the 
 horn coveriag by which the foot is encased. If the crust 
 is thinned by rasping, the sole or frog by paring, then 
 the sensitiveness of the whole foot must be augmented, 
 while, on the other hand, if those parts are notunnecessarily 
 interfered with, the callousness is proportionably secured. 
 
40 THE INTERIOE PARTS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 I cannot too often impress uponthereader thenecessity 
 of keeping these facts continually in his mind, as well 
 as, that whatever injury by contraction, corns, thrush, or 
 sand-cracks, the horse's foot may suffer from, the remedy 
 must be sought for more often internally than externally. 
 Water being the natural appliance, wiLL cause the horn 
 of the hoof to grow faster by the moisture reaching the 
 inner parts, but it is quite an erroneous idea to suppose 
 that the application of tar or grease would have a 
 similarly beneficial effect. What would our opinion be 
 of a gardener who applied manure to the dead leaves 
 instead of to the roots of a plant, in order to renew its 
 growth ? Would we not be justified in concluding that 
 he knew nothing at all about his business ? Yet this 
 is just what many sensible people do to their horses' feet. 
 They apply tar and other unguents to the hoofs, so as to 
 cause a more healthy growth of horn, evidently losing 
 sight of the fact, that, as the insensible sole derives its 
 existence from the sensible sole above it, and the crust 
 or wall being in like manner the production of the 
 coronary band, and of the sensitive laminae within, 
 neither the sole nor the crust could be beneficially 
 affected by any applications to the bad horn outside. 
 Why we should term the elastic cushion of the horse's 
 foot a frog is one of those eccentricities of our language 
 difficult — even upon the supposition that it is a cor- 
 ruption of fncsh, i.e., the fourche of the French — to 
 account for. The German equivalent is gabel, not frosh, 
 their bona fide "jumping frog." If the term is a corrup- 
 tion of the French frush, we are indebted to the same 
 
THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 41 
 
 word for thrush, a designation for a particular form of 
 running sore that discharges from the frog. 
 
 Having endeavoured to describe the necessity that 
 exists for obtaining frog pressure, I wiU now try to 
 represent the sadly hurtful results which follow its 
 mutilation. 
 
 In preparing the foot for the shoe, the blacksmith 
 ought only to cut away as much of the crust as has 
 grown from the last time the horse was shod, for the iron 
 rim preventing the wear of horn here, if it was not 
 reduced it would soon get so high as to inconvenience if 
 not lame the animal. But the farrier not only lowers 
 the crust with his knife, he also carves at the frog, and 
 scoops out the sole, until the horn thereon from being a 
 thick, elastic, insensitive substance, has become thin, 
 inelastic, and so susceptible, that if the animal treads on 
 a stone he is seriously and often permanently injured. 
 This method of treatment raises the frog completely from 
 its sphere of action, and so long as it remains in this 
 position the heels are deprived of that pressure which 
 nature has so wisely provided them with, in order to 
 keep the crust in a state of expansion and the whole 
 foot healthy. The consequence of the evil habit of paring 
 away the horn protection beneath can be easily imagined, 
 for the sole being cut away until it springs or bends 
 beneath the pressure of the farrier's thumb, it follows 
 whenever the animal treads upon any thing harder — and 
 even a blacksmith's thumb is not so hard as a pebble 
 or piece of granite — the poor creature "falls suddenly 
 lame," or drops to the ground as if "he had been shot," 
 
42 THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 — ^phrases, unfortunately, too -well understood to need 
 explanation. This is only one of the miseries which 
 the horse has to contend against from ignorant and 
 prejudiced workmen. By the bars being cut away, with 
 the erroneous idea that the heels will have more room to 
 expand or open, quite the contrary effect invariably 
 ensues — the heels contract. Then the frog, that large 
 elastic pad, intended by nature for the horse to rest on 
 when not in action, and as a spring or fulcrum when in 
 motion, is ruthlessly sliced away, until the sensitive parts 
 are exposed ; and when this has all been achieved, high 
 heel calks are attached to the shoes of the hind feet, and 
 leather soles to those in front, to keep the now tender 
 frog from injury. It appears surprising that many 
 farriers should fail to see all this, as well as that the 
 pressure from the horse's weight upon a padless foot, 
 combined with the resistance supplied by the outer edges 
 of wide iron shoes, forces the heels together, when the 
 whole foot begins to contract, and, if persevered in, per- 
 manent lameness follows as a result. But even this is 
 not half the mischief which ensues from such treatment, 
 as it is well known now that navicular disease, ringbone, 
 corns, thrush, and greasy heels, are the common conse- 
 quences of such insane treatment. In another chapter 
 I will give full details as to how these mischiefs are 
 gradually nurtured and developed, and at the same time 
 will show how opposite treatment has an opposite and 
 directly healthy and beneficial effect. At present I will 
 simply relate what the ordinary farrier does in all cases 
 with the feet, which his mismanagement — to use the 
 mildest term — has made tender. 
 
THE INTEKIOK PARTS OF THE FOOT. 43 
 
 When the sole has been pared thin, the horse becomes 
 naturally afraid to put his foot upon the ground, so the 
 blacksmith then supplies what he is pleased to term 
 " cover." This cover, a wide webbed shoe, " nicely dished 
 out" is a wonderful looking affair, very suggestive 0/ a 
 broken frying pan, but known to farriers as "the hox-seated 
 shoe^" and regarded by the trade as an infallible remedy 
 for tender feet. However, as might be expected from the 
 shape and weight of the article, it only increases the evil. 
 This is especially to be seen in drop-soles or pumice feet, 
 the result in ninety-nine cases in a hundred of close 
 paring, when ignorance, blindly ignoring common sense, 
 proceeds to pare the horn of the sole still thinner, while 
 the shoe put on becoming more and more box shaped, 
 the whole foot eventually slips down out of the hoof, and 
 the horse is irrevocably ruined. Common sense clearly 
 shows, when the sole of the foot becomes convex instead 
 of concave, that the sole must be too weak, as it cannot 
 bear the pressure from above ; and who but a lunatic, 
 most people will inquire, would ever attempt to lessen 
 the thickness in order to gain additional strength ? yet 
 that is exactly what some of our practical farriers pro- 
 ceed to do with feet of this description. 
 
 I will add but little more, at this part of my treatise, of 
 the cruelty, I may say sinfulness, of treating horses in so 
 truly barbarous a manner. All cruelty generally origin- 
 ates from some paltry contemptible source, and the 
 cruelty in many cases, of shoeing horses with shoes far 
 too heavy for them to carry, is due often to the saving 
 of a paltry sixpence monthly per horse for shoeing. In 
 
44 THE INTERIOR PARTS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 contracts this is notoriously the case, the farrier over- 
 loading the horse's feet with iron, so that the shoes may 
 last longer, he being quite careless as to the injury the 
 poor animal receives from the inhuman treatment ; 
 treatment, as I have shown, there is not the least neces- 
 sity for. 
 
 If there be no need, then, for such heavy shoes, and 
 no benefit to be derived beyond the paltry saving in the 
 cost of putting them on, surely owners ought no longer to 
 allow their valuable animals to be thus sacrificed. The 
 progress of disease in the foot is so insidious, and the 
 development of lameness so gradual, that, when combined 
 with the natural courageous fortitude of the generous 
 animal, the injury is often not discovered until it is too 
 late for remedy. The noble beast, bearing pain day after 
 day, without flinching, for perhaps months, having to 
 succumb at last, the owner is dumfounded when he learns 
 that his horse is incurably lame. Everything is blamed, 
 usually, but the true one, namely the shoeing. It is said 
 to be rheumatism, a sprain, shoulder lameness, etc. etc., 
 and then the faithful animal, through no fault of its own, 
 is either ordered to be destroyed, or reserved for a worse 
 fate, namely, the shafts of a " fourwheeler." 
 
 In May 1869, Mr. Greaves, a florist in Bayswater, 
 showed me a horse of his which had suffered so much 
 from drop-sole and thrush in the fore feet that he thought 
 he would have to get rid of it. Happening to hear how 
 injurious it was to the hoof to rasp, cut, and pare it, he 
 got his farrier to shoe his horse on a more sensible system, 
 and with the most gratifying results. By leaving alone 
 
THE INTEEIOE PARTS OF THE FOOT. 45 
 
 the frog, sole, and bars, the drop-sole began to disappear 
 and the thrush to grow out, and in less than three months 
 Mr. Greaves informed me the horse was as well as ever, 
 it had been. 
 
46 THE PRESENT METHOD OF PREPARING 
 
 CHAPTEE III 
 
 THE PRESENT METHOD OF PREPARING THE HOESE'S FOOT 
 FOR SHOEING. 
 
 Farriers are divided into two classes of workmen — viz. 
 firemen and doormen ; the duty of the former being to 
 fit the shoes to the horse's feet, and that of the latter not 
 only to prepare the foot for receiving the shoe, but also 
 to nail it on after it has been fitted. From this it will 
 be seen that usually it takes two men to shoe a horse, 
 although one fireman is supposed to fit out enough shoes 
 to keep two doormen at work. I may remark here, how- 
 ever, that though it is supposed "they manage most 
 things better in France," yet, as it takes three men there 
 to make and put on a shoe, the saying quoted above 
 may be considered not to apply to farriery, which must 
 be one of the exceptions that, it is said, go to prove all 
 rules. Like us, the French have their fireman and door- 
 man, but they have in addition another man, whose duty 
 is, by aid of strap and strength to hold up the horse's 
 foot while the doorman operates upon it, nailing on the 
 shoe in a similar style that a carpenter would, had he 
 to fasten one on to a door. This method, to Englishmen, 
 has a clumsy look, besides involving the services of an 
 extra man, who even then must stand greatly in the 
 
THE HOESE'S foot FOE SHOEING. 47 
 
 otlier's way. As the buttress is still used abroad, and 
 every evil there practised that we are accustomed to 
 here, it is not desii'able to say any more about Prench 
 horse-shoeing. 
 
 Before going further into details, I trust that it may 
 not be considered out of place for me to refer to the 
 prices charged in London and elsewhere for putting on 
 shoes. In towns, as a rule, farriers are well paid for 
 their work ; but in country villages the prices given are 
 often perfectly ridiculous. For instance, in Cheshire and 
 Gloucestershire, two shillings and half-a-crown are com- 
 mon charges for shoeing a horse all round ; and when 
 the shoeing is contracted for by the year, as is done in 
 many cases, the charges are stUl less. Now low prices 
 mean heavy shoes and bad work, which bring forth 
 lameness as their fruit ; so, eventually, the farrier gains, 
 as these worthies will tell you plainly that the shoeing 
 never pays them, hut the doctoring does. A farrier near 
 Gloucester told me not long since, when I questioned 
 him on this subject, that " the doctoring paid always a 
 heap better than the shoeing." Whether it would not 
 be more to the owners' (not to say the horses') benefit to 
 pay more for shoeing and less for physic, is an interro- 
 gation I need scarcely put. In London, however, the 
 price is five shOlings, which, in my opinion, is nearly as 
 much in excess of what it ought to be as two shillings 
 is under the fair price for such work. 
 
 Let us see what it costs in London to put on four 
 shoes, I mean what it costs the farrier. Two men make 
 60 horse-shoes for a day's work, and in the same time 
 
48 THE PRESENT METHOD OF PREPAEING 
 
 are supposed to put on 32 shoes ; so, if we consider that 
 two men in three days make the shoes for, and put them 
 on to, 16 horses, that will be an average approximation. 
 As the daily wages of these men would be 9s., the 
 labour employed in shoeing 16 horses would be £1 : fe., 
 and if to this we add 4Jd. per shoe for the price of iron, 
 nails, etc. — £1 : 4s. in all — ^the matter assumes this form : — 
 
 Cost of shoeing 16 horses at 5s. each £4 
 Prime cost to the farrier 2 11 
 
 Profit £19 
 
 rather too much, in my opinion, either for owners of 
 horses to pay or farriers to charge. A fair price for all 
 parties would be 43. or 4s. 6d. per horse, in large towns, 
 for shoeing, which would leave a profit of from 20 to 25 
 per cent on the outlay, — enough to satisfy any respect- 
 able tradesman. In the country, where labour and every- 
 thing else is proportionally cheaper, from 3s. to 3s. 6d. 
 per set would be ample payment ; but no horse ought 
 to be shod for less. 
 
 When a horse is taken to the forge to be shod, the 
 first act the farrier does is to take up the near fore foot 
 between his legs, and then, with the assistance of the 
 shoeing-hammer and buffer, to knock off the clenches 
 from the nails that hold on the old shoe. This is effected ■ 
 by a smart blow of the hammer on the back of the chisel- 
 like point of the buffer, which, thus cutting off each 
 clench in succession, leaves the shoe at last only fastened 
 to the foot by a few stubs. After this the workman, by 
 means of his pincers, wrenches off the shoe and nails by 
 
THE horse's foot FOE SHOEING. 
 
 49 
 
 a couple of strong twists, a proceeding, however, seldom 
 performed without inflicting some injury to the crust, 
 more or less serious in results. In the next operation 
 the rasp is brought into play, being applied lightly over 
 
 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 
 
 the sole and round the edge of the crust, in order to re- 
 move the ragged pieces of horn or injured parts of the 
 wall, — ^the usual upshot of pulling off the shoe in such 
 a manner. 
 
 Under the erroneous impression that if the sole was 
 allowed to remain unpared it would become so hard as 
 to press injuriously upon the sensitive parts that it 
 covers, the farrier removes it with his drawing-knife 
 until the horn is so thin that it bends — or, in technical 
 language, springs — beneath the pressure of his thumb. 
 The bars are next cut away, and as these were the stay 
 of the back part of the foot, the consequence is that the 
 heels narrow and the foot begins to contract. The frog 
 now comes to be performed upon, when, under the vigor- 
 ous application of the knife, this mainstay of the foot 
 soon becomes but a wretched caricature of its former self. 
 
 E 
 
50 THE PKESENT METHOD OE PEEPAEING 
 
 Eesembling, -when in a healthy state, Fig. 1, by cutting it 
 is speedily dwarfed down to the resemblance of Fig. 2 ; 
 when the whole assumes the appearance of what certain 
 grooms and farriers are pleased to term "a clean foot!' 
 
 By the time the doorman has taken the shoe off, the 
 fireman has selected one about the required size from 
 the stock of ready-made shoes hanging on the wall round 
 him, and, by looking at the old shoe, proceeds to convert 
 the other into as close a resemblance of the one taken 
 ofp as possible. Before iron can be altered in shape it 
 has to be heated, and therefore the new shoe is placed 
 in the iire until it has attained a proper degree of heat, 
 when it is taken out with the tongs and placed upon 
 the anvil. Usually the first thing done now is to raise 
 a clip at the toe, to prevent the shoe slipping backwards 
 when it is attached to the foot. Half-a-dozen blows 
 with the turning-hammer are sufficient to rise and finish 
 the clip ; and when the shoe is altered to the size re- 
 quired, by being made wider or narrower on the horn of 
 the anvil, or shorter or longer by cutting off or drawing 
 out the heels, and being made perfectly level, it is in 
 this hot state taken on the point of a pritchel to be 
 fitted. 
 
 The foot, which by this time has been got ready by 
 the doorman in the manner described, is now in turn 
 picked up by the fireman, who, placing the hot shoe on 
 the horn, proceeds to fit it by pressing it into the foot 
 until the nearly red-hot iron has burned itself into a 
 level foundation. When the smoke permits him to see 
 the foot, the only thing the farrier looks to is, that the 
 
THE HOESi'S FOOT FOB SHOEING. 51 
 
 shoe fits round the inside quarter closely, and the crust 
 generally. Having with difficulty satisfied himself on 
 these points, and cut away the parts of the hUstered 
 horn that had boiled Tip at the sides of the shoe from 
 the heat, the foot is dropped, and the shoe taken back 
 to have the nail-holes opened. This is done by what is 
 styled technically baek-pritchelling, or opening the nail- 
 holes from the inner or foot surface of the shoe. This 
 is far from being a commendable practice, as it not only 
 leaves a jagged sharp piece of iron in the middle of the 
 nail-hole, but it makes the hole of a false and objection- 
 able shape. This is the form \/ that a section of a nail- 
 hole should be, and here is the shape )( that back- 
 pritchelling makes it. The disadvantages are evident, 
 as the nail head, in the first place, can only fit close about 
 half-way through the shoe, for the hole, after a certain 
 point, becomes wider instead of narrower ; and secondly, 
 the sharp jagged edge here of the iron, together with 
 the play allowed to the nail, soon wears the latter out, 
 or weakens it to such a degree that it breaks easily. A 
 block of lead is all that is required to render back-prit- 
 chelling unnecessary. 
 
 When the holes have been opened, and the shoe 
 cooled and rasped round, it is turned over to the door- 
 man to nail on. While the fitting has been doing the 
 doorman has either been getting another foot ready, or 
 pointing naUs ready for the next part, the attaching of 
 the shoe to the foot. Every farrier is supposed to point 
 his own nails, for those craftsmen have not only each a 
 peculiar method of making horse shoes, but likewise of 
 
52 THE PKESENT METHOD OF PEEPAEING 
 
 putting them on and pointing the nails. This is so 
 well known to be the case, that in a shop where there 
 are a dozen or more men employed, each could pick out 
 horses that any of the others had shod ; and it is quite 
 a common occurrence for a horse to be shod so long by 
 the same man that it goes lame eventually. When this 
 occurs, it is found, as a rule, that shifting the man effects 
 a cure — only for a time, however, — as it is ten to one 
 the new man will make the same mistake the old one 
 did. Many gentlemen will recognise the truth of my 
 statement here if they will but call to mind how, on 
 many occasions, their horses had been lamed by one 
 farrier, and when they sent them to another to be shod, 
 an improvement would result from the change, in con- 
 sequence of the very reasons I have stated. They will 
 perhaps also remember how short-lived was the im- 
 provement, as the compression had not been removed — 
 only shifted. The horse or horses would again fall lame, 
 when the owner, driven from farrier to farrier, is at last 
 driven to despair, or into the belief of the theory promul- 
 gated by some, that contracted feet and their concomi- 
 tant evils, run in the breed of the horses so affected. 
 That this is rank nonsense any intelligent man who has 
 given the subject his attention will at once assert, for 
 it might, with as much semblance of truth, be said 
 that " wooden legs run in some families," as to assert 
 that the progeny of a mare whose feet are contracted 
 will be foaled with contracted feet also. 
 
 The shoe now being all ready for fastening on, the 
 foot is taken up in the usual manner again, the shoe 
 
THE horse's foot FOE SHOEING. 53 
 
 placed properly in its position, and the first nail driven 
 in. This is always one at the toe, and from this the 
 others are driven in in succession outward. When the 
 naUs are driven home, each in turn has its point twisted 
 off with the pincers, and then " drawn up," i.e., ham- 
 mered as close to the foot as possible, when, by a 
 change of position, the farrier gets the foot resting 
 downwards on his knee, and after having rasped down 
 and under the clenches, and round the foot, the clenches 
 are fastened down into the horn. Another rasping all 
 over completes the operation. Each foot having been 
 similarly treated, the finishing touch is given by a tar 
 brush or greasy rag being passed round the hoof, when 
 the horse is supposed to have been skilfully and scien- 
 tifically shod. 
 
 Now, if we but consider the importance of the crust, 
 its thinness at best, its fibrous nature, and the enormous 
 weight it has almost alone to sustain, a more danger- 
 ous practice than rasping round the crust at all could 
 scarcely be attempted. I am well aware that many 
 horses have what is termed " stong feet," in which the 
 horn, being thicker than usual at the heels, causes the 
 feet to contract. In such cases the plan is to rasp the 
 hoof down, so as to enable it to expand a little ; and 
 as this does ease the feet for a short time, farriers take 
 to themselves great credit for the skiU they bring to 
 bear on each case. A little reflection, however, might 
 have enabled them to foresee that the very rasping 
 would eventually but aggravate the evil, for horn, like 
 many other growing substances, always, grows more 
 
54 THE PEESENT METHOD OF PEEPAEING 
 
 rapidly by being cut or rasped. The consequence is, 
 that the hoof of a horse gets thicker after each rasping, 
 and of course the interior sensitive portions of the foot 
 inevitably become more and more compressed, until 
 nearly total lameness results. The fact is, that weak 
 feet might benefit by rasping, if the horses could be 
 spared from work for some time afterwards, until the 
 horn had grown again ; but for strong feet to be so 
 treated is the most ridiculous thing that can be well 
 imagined. 
 
 I have previously drawn attention to the structure 
 or wall of the foot, and pointed out how tenderly it 
 should be always treated ; the importance of the gluey, 
 superficial layer that covers the hoof; how this is 
 necessary to a healthy foot, and how its removal must 
 prove prejudicial. I likewise called attention to the 
 tube-like fibres of which the horn is composed ; how 
 they can only retain their strength and elasticity while 
 the outer covering is left untouched ; giving the reason, 
 that as each tube is filled with an oil-like substance, to 
 the presence of which the crust owes its toughness ; that 
 if this is allowed to escape, the chief virtues in the 
 natural horn escape also. Having stated all this and 
 more, it appears strange that, merely for the sake of 
 show, rasping, which not only removes the natural var- 
 nish, but, thinning the fibres, permits the nutritious 
 moisture inside of them to escape, should for one hour 
 be allowed in any civilised country. The mischief it 
 entails is not confined to brittleness — ^bad enough aU 
 must allow ; but it is a law of nature that when any 
 
THE horse's foot FOR SHOEING. 55 
 
 living structure is deprived of moisture, it becomes 
 heated, and horn, when heated, is a substance that 
 contracts. 
 
 Then, again, rasping under the clenches injures 
 them in the first place, and rasping over them after 
 they have been hammered down weakens them in the 
 second place, for, being rasped above and below, their 
 breaking is more likely to occur than otherwise, and we 
 all know when the clench breaks the nail becomes use- 
 less. I will now try to describe how a horse should be 
 shod. 
 
^6 THE PROPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 THE PROPOSED METHOD OF PREPARING THE FOOT FOR 
 SHOEING, ETC. 
 
 If we notice the feet of young horses before they have 
 been shod, we find them for the most part wide and 
 open at the heels, and with a crust of sufficient thick- 
 ness and strength to admit of nails being driven with 
 safety near the heels even of the fore-feet. The shape 
 of such feet approaches nearly to a circle, but from the 
 animals having only been running in grass fields, where 
 the wear and tear was not equal to the growth of horn, 
 the crust or wall of the feet will be found, as a rule, 
 more luxuriant than the other parts, and consequently 
 they wUl be rather ragged looking, and perhaps a little 
 out of proportion. If, however, the feet of unshod young 
 horses, running in pasture lands, are looked to once 
 a-month, and the superabundant horn of the crusts 
 removed, so as to bring the frogs well on to the ground, 
 the feet will need no further attention then. Where the 
 ground is hard, stony, and rocky, this cure can be dis- 
 pensed with, as the animals will always take exercise 
 enough to keep their feet in good condition. 
 
 In what follows I make not the least pretence to 
 having discovered a new thing, for the system I advo- 
 
PEEPAEING THE FOOT FOE SHOEING. 57 
 
 cate has been described by nearly every veterinary 
 writer of importance for the last four centuries. Fiaschi, 
 an Italian, called attention four hundred years ago to 
 the same cruelties practised by farriers in those days, as 
 I do now ; and Osmer in 1766, Clark in 1799, Lord Pem- 
 broke in 1761, and many others more recently, have 
 been repeating the same story, with unfortunately too 
 little effect. I do not in this treatise aim to tell more 
 learnedly what more able men have related before : I 
 only strive to make what others have written more 
 clear to the multitude, for it is a subject that concerns 
 all, — not a few. I present myself, therefore, simply as 
 one in the crowd, who, sympathising sincerely with the 
 suffering horses are made to endure through ignorance 
 or misdirected ability, is eager to assist in breaking 
 down the wall of prejudice that at present surrounds 
 the shoeing of those noble animals ; and in this en- 
 deavour I do not at all despair of ultimate success. 
 Most persons will doubtless allow that the hoof or box 
 of horn, when of a circular form, and in a healthy state, 
 is entirely filled by the sensitive parts of the foot, and 
 that the hoof itself is composed of horny, callous fibres, 
 known by the names of crust, sole, bars, and frog ; 
 likewise that those parts differ in substance according 
 to the work each has to perform, as weU. as that all of 
 them depend upon one another for assistance in carrying 
 out each their separate functions. 
 
 As I have already stated, the great art in horse- 
 shoeing is how to preserve the foot always in the best 
 condition for work, and that the best means for doing 
 
58 THE PEOPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 SO is the preservation of the crust in its natural shape, 
 substance, and thickness. 
 
 The sole, concave externally, adheres by its edge to 
 the lower part of the crust, principally through pres- 
 sure, just in the same way as the end remains in a 
 barrel by the tightness of the hoops which gird it. 
 Similarly, if we were to plane the end of a barrel down 
 until it became as thin as pasteboard, the weight or 
 pressure of the liquor inside would cause the end to 
 bulge outwards, in the same way that a " pumice " or 
 " dropsole " appears to do in a horse's foot. Common 
 sense would surely suggest in the latter case that the 
 sole being thin, required strengthening ; but not so 
 with our farriers, who pare the weak sole still thinner 
 when they attempt to cope with this disease, ignoring 
 altogether the fact that the chief use of the sole is to 
 protect, by its thickness, the sensitive portions above it 
 from injury. 
 
 This is but one sample of the prevailing ignorance 
 that exists among farriers ; another is, their destroying 
 the bars by cutting them clean out of the foot. Now 
 the bars externally " a double purpose serve," as they 
 prevent in a considerable degree contraction of the 
 hoof; while, being a reduplication of the crust, they 
 form a strong support to the heels, just where the crust 
 is weakest. As already explained, the uses of the frog 
 are many ; for whUe it acts as a buffer in preventing 
 concussion, it also, by its wedge-like figure, obviates 
 slipping, and by its elasticity acts like a spring,. easing 
 every movement of the foot when in action, whUe it 
 
PKEPAEING THE lOOT FOE SHOEING. 59 
 
 serves as a cushion for tlie horse to rest upon when he 
 is standing still. After backing, for instance, if the 
 frog is in a healthy, perfect state, the horse relaxes the 
 strain upon the back sinew, permitting his weight to 
 fall down upon this natural cushion to the foot, which, 
 thus compressed by the ground, wiU, india-rubber-like, 
 resist all forward motion. So, moving or at rest, the 
 horse, by the aid of the frog, can adjust the pressure upon 
 the wall of the foot by increasing or diminishing the 
 weight thrown upon the elastic pad beneath ; and it 
 would be impossible to imagine anything more perfect 
 than is this admirable provision for a firm foot-hold 
 possessed by the horse ; which, however, is too often 
 ruthlessly destroyed by ignorant persons, in order to 
 make room for their clumsy contrivances. In short, it 
 not only breaks the force of the blow when the foot 
 reaches the ground, but it assists it off again ; while, 
 either in pulling up or when at rest, the animal, by 
 allowing its weight to fall on its heels, attains its pur- 
 pose and secures ease by the same means. 
 
 The bars, as I have already observed, being simply a 
 continuation of the crust, extending from the heels to 
 the point of the frog, should be left in their entirety, as 
 they help by a mutual resistance from within to dilate 
 and prevent contraction at that part. The crust itself 
 is so hard, tough, and callous, that the touch of a feather, 
 or the blow from a hammer, upon a healthy foot, would, 
 be equally unnoticed by the animal. When a horse is 
 made to move forward at a walk, we observe that the 
 movements of the fore and hiud feet differ, the latter 
 
60 THE PEOPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 being as it were pushed forward surely and quietly, 
 while the former are thrown boldly out to the front, 
 with a kind of pawing motion, which, when they reach 
 the ground seem to clutch at it, as if to pull themselves 
 onwards. The hind feet therefore appear to push and 
 the fore feet to grasp, when the horse is in motion. 
 When about to move, the horse bends its fore leg at the 
 knee, causing the heels to leave the ground gradually, 
 and the foot to become more and more elevated, until the 
 toe, which is the last part that leaves the ground, is 
 lifted for the moment that the foot is suspended. The 
 base of the foot just as it is leaving the ground is nearly 
 perpendicular, a position it retains until the knee is 
 bent to its fullest extent. Then the foot is thrust for- 
 ward, describing in its progress nearly a semicircle, the 
 toe gradually rising and the heels falling, until the 
 ground is again reached, now hy the heels first. The 
 hind foot leaves the ground at once, being lifted straight 
 up and then forward by the action of the front sinew, 
 and is placed down nearly flat, and just behind where 
 the fore foot had been. 
 
 From the foregoing it will be perceived that horses 
 ought not to wear their shoes out more in one part than 
 in another. Experience, however, tells us that they 
 mostly do, while common sense whispers that such a 
 defect must be attributed more to artificial than to 
 natural causes. And common sense is right, for if an 
 unequal bearing is thrown either upon the heels, the 
 toe, the inside or the outside of a shoe, that portion will 
 wear away much quicker than the other parts. Farriers, 
 
PREPARING THE FOOT FOE SHOEING. 61 
 
 ■when they find this to be the case, thicken the part 
 affected by putting in a bit of steel ; only to find the 
 undue wear continue as much as before, because the 
 friction by the thickening of the parts had been increased 
 and not diminished. This, however, is not discovered ; 
 the thickening goes on until the horse is completely 
 ruined. Now when an engineer finds any two parts of 
 his machinery unduly in contact, does he thicken those 
 parts to prevent their wearing out ? Decidedly not ; he 
 eases them, and thus gets rid of both the friction 
 and its cause together. Not that the shoe should be 
 thinned but the crust of the foot lowered gradually 
 to and from the part upon which the undue pressure 
 faUs. 
 
 The two things to be attended to in horse-shoeing of 
 all kinds, good, bad, or indifferent, are to cut the hoof 
 and apply the shoe ; and three points to be considered, 
 namely — the previous preparation of the foot, the form 
 of the shoe, and the manner of fastening it on. Now I 
 have always considered that the preparer of the foot and 
 nailer on of the shoe is a man of more importance than 
 his fellow who receives higher wages for simply pre- 
 paring the shoe for the foot. But men, nearly from time 
 immemorial, have paid more attention to the shoe than 
 to the foot which it has to be fastened to. Therefore 
 we find that the man who can turn out the nicest-look- 
 ing piece of hammered iron, is considered worthy of 
 much higher remuneration than he who may have made 
 the anatomy of the horse's foot his study — who knows 
 
G2 THE PEOPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 to a hair's 'breadth where to drive a nail, and how much 
 horn may with safety he removed from the hoof.* 
 
 This error, this striving for appearance to the sacri- 
 fice of utility, has done more mischief to veterinary art 
 than aught else, for the best formed shoe ever turned 
 out of hands, if nailed to a foot improperly prepared, 
 would do far more injury than the most ill-shapen, ill- 
 made piece of circular iron could ever do, so long as it 
 was fastened carefully to a hoof that had been prepared 
 with judgment. 
 
 When a farrier has a horse to shoe, his first duty is 
 to examine all the four feet, one by one ; noting, in turn, 
 any peculiarity of each as regards signs of threatened 
 contraction, etc., in the feet, and the existence of undue 
 or unfair wear in the shoes, making up his mind what 
 steps to take so as to remedy the evils. 
 
 When he had done this, he would pick up his 
 shoeing hammer and buffer, and, taking hold of the 
 near fore-foot, and placing it between his knees, pro- 
 ceed, with the help of those tools, to knock off the 
 clenches. Then taking up his pincers, using them as a 
 lever, and the sole of the foot as a fulcrum, he should 
 gently loosen the shoe by laying hold of it at each heel 
 in succession, so as to draw it clear of the foot about 
 half-an-inch. If the shoe is then struck with the pincers 
 sharply, back to its place on the foot, the nail-heads will 
 
 * This was proved at a Cattle Show in the West of England, 
 held in June this year, when a hoy of 1 5 took the first prize for 
 horse-shoeing, simply because he had turned out the nicest-look- 
 ing shoe. 
 
PREPAEING THE FOOT FOE SHOEING. 63 
 
 remain clear, when each of them can be drawn out 
 separately. By this means the horn of the crust would 
 not be injured through the removal of the shoe, and if 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 A NEARLY PERFECT FOOT PREPARED FOR SHOEINa. ' 
 
 A A A. — The sole of the foot. 
 
 B B. — The Bars. 
 
 c 0. — The Frog. 
 
 D D. — The Seat of Corn. 
 E E E. — The part on which the shoe is placed. 
 
 a a. — The Crust or Wall of the foot. 
 
 b b. — ^The junction of the sole and crust. 
 
 necessary, the new nails could perhaps be driven into 
 the old nail-holes, without detriment either to the crust 
 or to their holding powers — ^points of more than ordinary 
 importance. 
 
 With an animal that had never been shod previously, 
 the lowering of the crust all round would be the princi- 
 pal matter for the farrier to attend to, his first object 
 undoubtedly being to get the frog upon the ground ; the 
 
64 
 
 THE PROPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 heels would require to be lowered if possible until that 
 end was fully attained. Then, shortening the toe suf- 
 ficiently, the horn at the quarters would next be removed 
 until there was a complete level bearing all round the 
 crust, — the seating to be no wider than the web of the 
 
 Kg. i. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 shoe. It would be requisite to remove as much of the 
 crust as would be replaced by the shoe, so that, when 
 the shoe was on, the frog would still take a full bearing 
 upon the ground. If this could not be quite managed 
 in consequence of the foot being over fleshy, the shoe 
 could be drawn out gradually, or thinned, from the 
 quarters to the heels, until the constant pressure and 
 wear of the frog upon the ground had induced a fresher 
 and fuUer growth of the frog, when the tapering off of 
 the shoe heels could be discontinued. (See Fig. 5.) 
 
 I have given here two examples of what I refer to. 
 Figure 4 shows the hoof shod with a narrow webbed 
 shoe, and the heels lowered so as to admit of frog pres- 
 sure. Figure 5 is shod with a shoe drawn out thin at 
 
PKEPAEING THE FOOT FOE SHOEING. 65 
 
 the heels, so as to induce frog pressure when the crust 
 could not be lowered any further. 
 
 If the width of the shoe had to be regulated by the 
 width of the crust, shoeing would be a still more diffi- 
 cult process for the farrier to becoine master of than it 
 is at present ; but fortunately such is not the case, as 
 the sole, from its concave form, is able at this part to 
 take a small portion of the weight, but that portion, as 
 already stated, is but smaU, and must not be exceeded. 
 No regular width can be given, as so much depends 
 upon the nature and shape of the foot ; a horse with a 
 flat or pumice foot, for instance, could not be shod with 
 so wide a webbed shoe as one whose foot was more 
 hollow. As a rule, however, the web should be about 
 one-third wider than the crust, the size of the horse 
 determining what the former may be, as a pony might 
 only require a shoe f of an inch wide in the web, while 
 a carthorse would need one three times as broad. 
 
 Having got the foot prepared ready for the shoe, the 
 fitting of the shoe follows, which, in my opinion, can 
 always be done when the iron is cold better than when 
 hot. rU allow that heating the shoe is the quicker way, 
 but it is also the more barbarous one. The mischief 
 done at times by this custom was exemplified some years 
 ago in the case of Mr. Bevans' celebrated trotting horse, 
 " Hue-and-Cry," which lost both his fore feet through the 
 shoes having been fitted red hot ; and many animals, both 
 before and since, have suffered like misfortunes from the 
 same cause. The whole matter simply resolves itself 
 into a question of some ten minutes longer being re- 
 
 F 
 
66 THE PEOPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 quired to shoe a torse in the humane way than in the 
 other, and surely that will not be allowed as a sufficient 
 reason for the continuance of such brutality as burning 
 an iron shoe into a foot undoubtedly is. I am aware 
 that farriers assert they can fit a shoe much closer to the 
 foot by burning it into its place, which is feasible enough, 
 and if this was managed with care there would not be 
 much harm done ; but the red hot shoe is oftener used 
 as a means to remove superfluous horn, than to bed the 
 shoe, and it is then the injury is accomplished. 
 
 When the crust has been sufficiently lowered with 
 the knife, and rasped round level, and the shoe is seen 
 to be perfectly level also, from having been tested on the 
 flat part of the anvil, a very little more trouble wiU en- 
 sure a fit quite as perfect as the burning-on process. 
 The farrier has only to rub some lamp black or red ochre 
 round the web of the shoe, and place it to its place on 
 the foot, holding it there for a second, and when he re- 
 moves it the parts where undue pressure fell will be 
 marked enough for him to judge how much has to be 
 rasped off, and as he will have both hands to hold the 
 shoe with, instead of having it balanced on the point of 
 the pritchel, like a muffin at the end of a toasting-fork, 
 he will in a short time be able to fit a shoe far better by 
 the new plan than the old. Hot shoes likewise shrivel 
 up the horn, causing it not only to shrink but to become 
 dry, hard, and brittle. When a horse is shod for the 
 first time, it may be requisite to keep the shoe warm, so 
 as to make any alterations, as there would not be the 
 old shoe for a guide ; this, however, need only be the 
 
PfiEPAEING THE FOOT FOE SHOEING. 67 
 
 exception not the rule. The shoe being fitted correctly, 
 all that remains now to .be done would be to nail it on. 
 If the nail-holes have been punched 'coarse, as it is 
 technically termed — i.e., in the centre of the web, they 
 ought also to be punched straight through, that is, 
 brought out in the centre of the web on the other side. 
 I ought perhaps to remark that what I state here has 
 reference to the shoes I recommend — ^viz. narrow 
 webbed ones. As a rule, however, farriers generally 
 punch the nail-holes much too near the outside, for fear 
 of pricking the horse, but with feet that a rasp never 
 touched, nor had been even mutilated in other respects, 
 there would be no such danger. I consider five or six 
 nails are sufficient to hold any shoe, if they are not 
 enough, twenty would not be too many. Although 
 there is most horn at the toes of the fore feet, nails 
 should never be put too far forward, as the leverage at 
 the toe breaks them, besides the chance of the nail-head 
 being worn off from the greater friction at that part. I 
 need scarcely add that nails should not be driven any 
 way near the heels of the fore feet either, more especially 
 the inside, the crust there being exceptionally thin. 
 
 I have purposely refrained until now from mentioning 
 heel-calks, considering them as I do the fruitful source 
 of much of the misery the horse has to endure. Cer- 
 tainly, next to the cutting away of the frog, the elevation 
 of the foot from the ground is the most prolific cause of 
 disease. Wearing heel-calks on a plain surface, a horse's 
 foot is always thrown forward on the toe, out of its pro- 
 per bearing, which is very liable to make the horse 
 
68 THE PEOPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 stumble. There are only two arguments that their 
 most strenuous supporters can urge for heel-calks to 
 remain in .use, and these are — they prevent a horse from 
 slipping when he is going down hill, and they assist 
 him to back. With regard to the first, I am of opinion 
 that it would be far more preferable for a horse to slip 
 a foot or two forward when going down hill, than, with 
 a heavy load behind him, to be pulled up suddenly, 
 through the calks getting caught in the pavement, and 
 thus strain the muscles of his back or the back sinews 
 in his legs ; and with respect to backing, there is noth- 
 ing can be more complete than the admirable provision 
 he has in the frog for such a purpose. When the foot 
 is in a perfect state the horse, after backing, relaxes the 
 strain on the back sinew, and lets the weight down on 
 the cushion of the foot, and so retains a far firmer hold 
 of the ground than any iron projection from the shoe 
 could give him. Nothing in art can be so perfect as 
 the natural firm foothold which the frog provides for the 
 horse ; and certain am I there is no more painful sight in 
 London for man to look at, than is to be seen daily in 
 Ludgate Hill, when horses, any way heavy laden, are 
 coming down it. The mute helpless appeal the poor 
 animals make from their eyes to us their masters, as 
 with legs rigid, and feet held close together, they allow 
 the weight behind to push them on — slipping, sliding all 
 the way, is far beyond power of mine to depict. I can 
 only raise my voice against such cruelty, and hope that 
 soon a different and more humane system of shoeing 
 win have become general, so that one may pass through 
 
PEEPAEING THE FOOT FOE SHOEING. 69 
 
 the streets of our large cities and see horses at work 
 without being subjected to an agony of pain by wit- 
 nessing the concentrated misery these animals have at 
 present to undergo. 
 
 It is even worse in Lancashire and other parts of the 
 north of England, where horses are propped up, as it 
 were, on short stilts, having calks both at toes and heels. 
 Without taking into consideration the extra weight 
 which the horse has to carry, anyone can imagine how 
 insecure the animal must feel when walking on these 
 tripods. We can easily fancy how we should feel our- 
 selves if compelled always to walk about in pattens, and 
 yet I doubt whether we should feel more miserable 
 than those horses do who are treated so ; we should at 
 least know the reason, whether it was fashion or folly 
 that had ordered the affliction, a sort of satisfaction that 
 these poor creatures are debarred from ever iinding out. 
 Some may think I express my feelings too strongly on 
 this subject, but it is ever before my eyes ; for I cannot 
 move out of doors without being obliged to witness horses, 
 on all sides of me, in suffering either from bearing reins 
 or bad shoeing ; and if the poor creatures, when in pain, 
 squalled as cats do, when hurt, legislation would soon 
 step in to stop the noise, by making it compulsory for 
 farriers to know their business properly, and the use of 
 bearing reins a crime punishable by law. The very day 
 I penned these lines — when going down Cannon Street 
 I saw a horse fall so suddenly that the pole of the 
 vehicle in rear passed through the back of the four 
 wheeler he was drawing. The poor animal never tripped, 
 
70 THE PROPOSED METHOD OF 
 
 his legs flew from under him to the right, and he fell 
 upon his left side, the wheels of the cab only being 
 stopped by the horse's body. The number of the cab 
 was, I think, 9689, and the horse was shod with shoes 
 that had high-heel calks, which, as the pavement runs 
 cross-ways only, assisted the poor creature to fall. This 
 is no solitary instance ; on the very Friday previous, 
 when walking from Holborn Circus to Newman Street, 
 Oxford Street — about a mile, I saw no less than five 
 cab-horses down, all of them falling — as if they had been 
 shot dead — on their sides. The streets, after being 
 watered, or a slight shower having fallen, are as slippery 
 as if they were covered with soft soap, and horses with 
 high heel-calks and wide webbed shoes are quite help- 
 less upon the granite pavement. Those I saw fall could 
 not get up until rugs had been spread in front of them, 
 so that they could get a foothold and keep it ; they 
 would never have got up unless. Would they have 
 fallen at all had they been shod on humane and common 
 sense principles ? I think not. It appears strange that 
 there should be so many ridiculous and absurd methods 
 of shoeing, when a little reflection iipon the structure 
 of a horse's foot, with the aid of common sense, would 
 surely suggest the proper one. 
 
 In concluding this chapter, I cannot do better than 
 quote the words of John Lawrence, who, seventy-seven 
 years ago, urged upon gentlemen the necessity of them- 
 selves acquiring the knowledge they are now content to 
 leave to their servants — far too important a trust I con- 
 sider to be confided to them. " There are some toils " (lie 
 
PEEPAEING THE FOOT POK SHOEING. 7l 
 
 writes) "to which even the rich must submit. True 
 knowledge is not to be acquired, or the acquisition to be 
 enjoyed, by deputy : and if gentlemen and large pro- 
 prietors of horses are desirous to avoid the difficulties, 
 and dangers, and cruelties, perpetually resulting from 
 prejudice, ignorance, and knavery combined, they must 
 embrace the resolution of making themselves so far 
 masters of the subject as to be able to direct those 
 whom they employ." 
 
72 ABOUT THE TOOLS FAERIERS USE. 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 ABOUT THE TOOLS FAEEIEKS USE. 
 
 Since the days of Tubal Cain down to the present hour 
 there has been but little improvement in the primitive 
 tools employed by the smith in his special industry. 
 Then, as now, doubtless a pair of bellows, an anvil, and 
 a hammer formed the furniture of a forge, and unques- 
 tionably then, as now, there was plenty of room for 
 improvement, not only in the few appliances but in the 
 workmen themselves. 
 
 It is not, however, within the scope of these observa- 
 tions to speak much of the past, their object being to 
 describe things as they are at present, and to hope for an 
 improvement of those matters in the future. Having 
 premised this much, I will now endeavour to give an 
 account of the different tools used in the making of 
 horse-shoes, and in fixing those shoes on the horses' 
 feet. 
 
 Iron, from its cheapness, ductility, and durability, has 
 been the substance used certainly for four hundred 
 years as the artificial protection to the hoof of the horse, 
 and this having to be fashioned to a certain shape and 
 thickness, a hammer, anvil-pincers, and a fire, are neces- 
 sary to convert the iron into the requisite form to cover 
 
ABOUT THE TOOLS FAEEIEKS USE. 73 
 
 the foot. There will be no necessity, however, for my 
 entering into the process gone through of making a shoe, 
 nor yet to describe a common bellows, an anvil, a sledge- 
 hammer, tongs, pincers, rasp, etc., as nearly everybody 
 connected with horses has in their time seen hundreds 
 of shoes made as well as put on. I will therefore confine 
 myself to giving a short description of each tool used, 
 and supply drawings of. the more important ones, the 
 names of which will be found on Fig. 6. 
 
 The tools and appliances used by farriers are as 
 follows, viz. — 
 
 The anvil. The heel-cutter. 
 
 The vice. The toeing knife. 
 
 The sledge-hammer. The drawing knife. 
 
 The turning hammer. The searcher. 
 
 The shoeing hammer. The pincers. 
 
 The stamp. The huffer. 
 
 The pritchel. The rasp. 
 
 The bellows. The tongs. 
 
 The bench. The toolbox. 
 The water-trough. 
 
 If to these I add an apron, hone for sharpening the 
 knives, and the block for pointing the nails, I believe I 
 have named everything that a farrier needs in his way 
 of business. The anvil is used to beat out and turn the 
 shoe upon when in a hot state, this being done by two 
 men (or three) one using the sledge and the other the 
 turning hammer, the latter holding the hot iron all the 
 time with the tongs. When the shoe has been put 
 into shape, the stamp, a short-looking chisel with a 
 willow-rod fastened round it, is used to punch the nail- 
 
74 ABOUT THE TOOLS FAKEIEES USE. 
 
 holes. Sometimes a groove is first let in with a short, 
 wide chisel, this is termed fullering, but is thought by 
 some to weaken the shoe. After the stamp has been 
 used the pritchel is brought into play — which is only a 
 longer chisel with a point the size and shape of the 
 heads of the horse-nails. In using this tool back- 
 pritchelling should be avoided, as it is apt to "neck 
 the nail." The pritchel should always be inserted from 
 the ground side, but this is seldom done, for, as in other 
 matters, farriers are not easily made to change their 
 ways, even when it is evident to themselves that their 
 method is radically wrong. The shoe is finished and 
 fitted out with the turning hammer, the side part of 
 which is used for raising a clip at the toe or sides of the 
 shoe. The vice is used to hold the shoe when it is 
 being filed up previous to its being put on, etc. The 
 water-trough is to cool the shoes in previous to being 
 nailed on, as well as to cool the tongs if they should get 
 too hot to hold through being used. The shoeing hammer 
 is to point the nails, and nail the shoe on, and level down 
 the clenches. The pincers to pull off the shoe and 
 draw up the nails previous to their being clenched. 
 The use of the buffer is to knock off the clenches with 
 the wide part, and to knock out any old stubs in the foot 
 with the other. The heel-cutter, which fits into a hole 
 in the anvil, is, as its name implies, for cutting off the 
 heels of the shoe. The toeing knife, usually made out 
 of an old file, is intended for shortening the toes, and, 
 when used with circumspection, is very serviceable for 
 lowering the crust at the heels, and for opening the heels. 
 
ABOUT THE TOOLS FAEEIEKS USE. 
 
 75 
 
 "The drawing knife"* is used in lowering the crust, 
 and opening the heels, while " the searcher" is principally 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 faekibe's tools. 
 A. — The Buffer used to knock off the clenches, previous to removing 
 
 the Shoe from the Foot. 
 B. — The Searcher. 
 c. ands. — Drawing Knives for lowering the Crust. 
 E. — Toeing Knife. 
 F. — Turning Hammer. 
 
 meant for cutting out the foot when diseased, or when it 
 has been pricked, or to search for corns, etc. The rasp 
 
 * I have given figures of two drawing knives, they are both 
 used, some farriers preferring the one, and some the other. 
 
76 ABOUT THE TOOLS FAERIERS USE. 
 
 is used for levelling the seating for the shoe, and like- 
 wise after the old shoe has been pulled off. It is also 
 greatly but injuriously applied to the clenches, rasping 
 them down as it is termed, as well as over the outside 
 of the crust, with an erroneous idea that it is an improve- 
 ment. 
 
 The fuller — as its name implies, is for fullering or 
 making a groove round the edge of the shoe for the naU- 
 heads to fit into. The Eodway shoe and some of Gray's 
 are fullered shoes.' The alleged objection to fullering is 
 that it weakens the shoe, a fact that most authorities 
 disagree upon. Some assert if the groove is cut deep 
 the iron is liable to crack in the outward edge of the 
 fuller, and if it is superficial it affords no security to the 
 head of the nail, the only reason for its being made. 
 Others assert the contrary. The fuller, however, if filled 
 up as I recommend in the last chapter but one, becomes 
 a source of strength instead of weakness. 
 
THE PEESEKTATION OF THE HOOF. 77 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 THE PRESERVATION OF THE HOOF. 
 
 Hating described what the farrier's duty ought to he as 
 regards his treatment of the hoof, I now wish to discuss 
 what the groom's obligations are, so far as stable attention 
 to the feet of the horse is concerned. 
 
 There are two essentials, and very important ones, to 
 be attended to in the treatment of the feet by grooms — ■ 
 which are, cleanliness and coolness ; for unless the hoofs 
 are kept clean and cool, the pores in the horn will get 
 clogged up from the first cause, and it will become hard, 
 dry, and brittle, from the second. Now, as the rules to 
 obviate these are simple in the extreme, any one who 
 neglects to follow them must either be guilty of gross 
 mismanagement or of equally culpable ignorance. 
 
 The two rules for keeping horses' feet healthy, and 
 preserving the horn, are, " use nothing hut water to the 
 hoofs — either as a cleanser or an ornamenter ; and never 
 allow horses to stand in the stalls upon litter during the 
 day." 
 
 I have already observed that the hoofs of horses are 
 porous, and that imperceptible perspiration is carried on 
 through these pores, in precisely the same way and 
 
78 THE PEESEKVATION OF THE HOOF. 
 
 according to the same laws as take place in other parts 
 of the body. Now it is a well known fact that if oil is 
 applied to the human skin perspiration is prevented, 
 and in the east, and other parts of the world, where oiling 
 the skin is practised by the inhabitants, the practice is 
 frequently attended with fatal consequences. The same 
 holds good with respect to horses' hoofs, for grease or tar, 
 by shutting up the pores in the horn, prevents the natu- 
 ral moisture from reaching the surface outwardly, and 
 the air from circxilating inwards, — consequences which 
 act upon the horn with ruinous results. 
 
 If you tell a groom what is sure to happen from this 
 pernicious habit, he will triumphantly inquire — how oil 
 or grease, which softens leather, can harden horn ? and 
 when you explain to him the difference between the 
 nature of the two substances — pointing out the distinc- 
 tion that exists between the dead and living parts of 
 animals ; how the latter having juices, etc., necessary for 
 their nourishment and support, require no applications 
 to prevent them from drying, decaying, or rotting, as the 
 former do, he wiU either refuse to listen to your argu- 
 ments, or laugh at them, as being the height of absurdity. 
 
 Another equally baneful habit is the stuffing, or 
 "stopping of horse's feet" (as it is termed), with hot greasy 
 mixtures or cow-dung, under the idea of softening or 
 cooling them. Of the various prescriptions recommended 
 for this purpose it wiU be needless to give more than one 
 example, which I take from a very recent book,* — where 
 
 * Horses, how they ought to be shod, p. 45. Published 1869. 
 
THE PRESERVATION OF THE HOOF. 79 
 
 it states one of the best compositions we have found, for 
 the purpose of applying to the feet, is the following — 
 
 Tar . . 2 lbs. 
 
 Bees wax . li lb. 
 
 Honey . . 1 lb. 
 
 Suet (Beef or Mutton) 2 lbs. 
 Whale oil . 4 lbs. 
 
 The above ingredients to be mixed and slowly melted 
 together in a hot water bath. It should be applied 
 freely to the sole and wall of the foot by means of a 
 small brush, at least once or twice a-week. Now, I have 
 no hesitation in saying that if this advice was followed 
 strictly, and instead of the "at least once or twice a-week" 
 it was applied daily to the feet of any horse, that that 
 horse would in six months scarcely have a morsel of 
 sound horn to nail a shoe to. The prescription given 
 above has not much originality about it, as Sir William 
 Hope, in his translation of Solysell's Perfect Farrier, 
 recommends a mixture of "honey, tar, and tallow"* 
 mixed together, as an "effectual and cheap remedy" to 
 make the hoof soft and tough. One hundred years ago 
 Bartlett recommended as an ointment for the hoofs — 
 
 " Bees wax . . 2 oz 
 
 Lard . . . 6 „ 
 
 Tar . . . 1 „ 
 
 and as mucb neat's-foot oil as will make it the consistence of a 
 smooth ointment." t 
 
 All such appliances are injurious in the extreme, and 
 
 * Perfect Farrier, p. 280. Published 1717. 
 + Gentlemen's Farriery,-^. ZOO. Published 1770. 
 
80 THE PEESEKVATION OF THE HOOF. 
 
 cow-dung, from its well-known restringent qualities, not 
 only drys the horn but rots the frog. If plenty of water, 
 and water only, be applied to the hoofs, and the farrier 
 be debarred from using the rasp and cutting the horn 
 away, I will guarantee that the hoofs will be preserved 
 in their sound natural state. In this way a free and 
 equal perspiration would be kept up, by which the 
 natural nourishment of the hoof, not being interfered 
 with, that constant cohesion of the parts which con- 
 stitute a firm, sound, and tough hoof, must follow. 
 
 i now come to the too common custom of keeping 
 horses constantly standing upon dry litter in the stable 
 during the daytime, which, as it overheats the hoofs and 
 legs (these being found always to agree best with cool- 
 ness and moisture), the treatment is exceedingly hurtful. 
 If there was any advantage in keeping horses littered 
 down, such as that they needed every moment's rest 
 which could be afforded them, I should be very loathe 
 indeed to interfere, but knowing as I do, and as every- 
 body else does, that horses require no more ease than 
 their natural rest at night gives ; that in fact this 
 bedding-down by day is either for display in well- 
 regulated establishments, or else as a screen for dirt and 
 a premium on laziness in situations where orderliness 
 is less thorough, I am the more astonished at its con- 
 tinuance. If it was not well known to all, that horses 
 while they are running in the fields have their hoofs in 
 a better condition than those that are kept hot and dry 
 in the stable, we would not be surprised so much at the 
 continuation of this reaUy mischievous practice, but with 
 
THE PKESEKVATION OF THE HOOF. 81 
 
 such facts before us, it is certainly as wonderful that 
 these valuable animals should be made to injure them- 
 selves by standing on hot litter, as it is that greasing 
 their hoofs should be permitted, with the insane view 
 of improving the horn. 
 
 No better example could be given as to the advan- 
 tages the animals gain from viot being treated so, than 
 what is given by our cavalry horses, where grease being 
 difficult to be procured, and the horses are not allowed 
 to be bedded down during the day, diseases of the feet 
 are much rarer among the troopers' than among the 
 ofiicers' chargers, where the entirely opposite system is 
 carried out. 
 
 "Water, and no stint of it, to the horses' legs and feet, 
 with clean swept out well- ventilated stables for them 
 to stand in during the day, wUl find its reward in the 
 increased health of the animals, as well as in the whole- 
 some soundness of their hoofs. 
 
 Lord Pembroke's words upon this subject are so much 
 to the purpose that I willingly quote them : " Standing 
 on litter," he said, " is a bad custom ; the constant use of 
 it heats and makes the feet tender, and causes swelled 
 legs ; moreover, it renders the animal delicate. Swelled 
 legs may frequently be reduced to their proper natural 
 size by taking away the litter only, which, in some 
 stables, where ignorant grooms and farriers govern, would 
 be a great saving of bleeding and physic, besides straw. 
 I have seen, by repeated experiments, legs swell and un- 
 swell by leaving litter, or taking it away, like mercury 
 in a weather glass." 
 
 G 
 
82 THE PEESEKVATION OF THE HOOF. 
 
 In proof of tlie advantage good ventilation confers, I 
 need only mention that when horses are, as at Aldershot 
 each summer, put into canvas stables, their health is far 
 superior while there than what it was previously to 
 going into and subsequently leaving that description of 
 shelter. With respect to the common opinion that 
 washing down a horse's legs gives them cracked heels, 
 I can only state that I have known horses sent on pro- 
 vost duty in that camp with very bad cracked heels, 
 who yet never failed to get well in a fortnight, although 
 out tiU midnight, and exposed to aU weathers. The 
 treatment, so successful in their cases, was being rode 
 into a pond, up to their girths, every night on coming off 
 duty, fed, and left to dry. 
 
DISEASES ATTRIBUTABLE TO SHOEING. 83 
 
 CHAPTEE VII. 
 
 OE DISEASES THAT MAT BE ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEING. 
 
 Here I wisli to mention only those diseases wliicli I 
 consider could be prevented either by preparing the foot 
 for the shoe on natural and common sense principles, or 
 by applying a shoe suitable for the hoof to carry ; and 
 when I mention that not only corns, thrush, quittor, cut- 
 ting, sand-cracks, ringbone, greasy heels, and contracted 
 feet, come within this category, but also navicular dis- 
 ease, and drop-sole or pumice feet, it will be perceived 
 that something like three-fourths of the complaints that 
 horse-flesh now appears to inherit are in reality prevent- 
 ible ; the importance of the matter will be at once con- 
 ceded. 
 
 Corns in horses' feet are not always due to bad shoe- 
 ing. On the contrary, their cause can mostly be traced 
 to that pregnant evil — contraction of the horn ; for when 
 contraction has set in, the hard hoof presses upon the 
 points of the coffin-bone, and it is this pressure which, 
 in my opinion, produces corns. Doubtless pressure upon 
 the heels, from the shoe being improperly put on, will 
 cause corns, as what produces them in the one. case 
 produces them in the other. In the first instance they 
 are a consequence of pressure of the sensitive part of the 
 
84 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 foot that lies between the points of the coffin-bone and 
 the horn, and in the second instance they result from 
 the pressure of part of the sensitive sole between the iron 
 shoe and the points of the coffin-bone. In Pig. 3 I 
 have marked the seat of corn, and I may add that they 
 are nearly always to be found afflicting the fore feet, and 
 are to be met with generally at the inside heels of the 
 fore feet. Now, as the horn of the fore feet is not only 
 thinnest at the heels, but is usually thinner inside than 
 what it is at the outside heel, my theory as to the cause 
 of corns will be readily understood, the thin horn being 
 the most liable to contract. In the hind feet, where the 
 -horn is thickest at the heels, we rarely find corns, which 
 is another proof of my assertion ; but as an ounce of 
 fact is worth a pound of theory, I will give a case in 
 point as evidence of the truth of my statement. 
 
 I should, however, before going further, explain how 
 they can be prevented. I have already drawn attention 
 -to the necessity existing for frog pressure as a preventa- 
 tive to contraction ; and if we remember that it is the 
 ■thinness of the horn at the heels of the fore feet which 
 makes contraction there so easy a matter, it stands to 
 reason that this very slimness wiU help the heels to 
 open if frog pressure is permitted. Therefore if the frog 
 is allowed to take its bearing upon the ground, every 
 step of the horse will assist to open the heels, and conse- 
 quently lessen the pressure upon the points of the coffin- 
 bone, when the bruised part would soon get well after 
 the cause ceased to exist. 
 
 Now for my ounce of fact. On the 15th of February 
 
ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEING. 85 
 
 1870 I saw a horse named "Captain," belonging to 
 Messrs. Jarvis and Haggar of the Berkshire Brewery, 
 Windham Eoad, Camberwell Eoad, London, which had 
 come in the previous night very lame on both fore feet, 
 and had lain down as soon as it got into the stall. "When 
 I arrived the horse was still lying down, and, finding the 
 feet very hot, I sent for the farrier — a man named Nor- 
 ris, of the Camberwell Eoad, a painstaking clever work- 
 man — and had the fore shoes taken off, and, as I expected, 
 found a bad corn at the inside heel of each fore foot. 
 Fortunately the horse had goodish frogs, and not over- 
 fleshy flat feet ; and so I had the heels well lowered, the 
 corns cut out and dressed, the bearing of the shoes re- 
 moved off the heels, — in fact the whole weight made to 
 fall upon the frog, which, when the shoes were fastened on 
 again, was a good quarter of an inch nearer to the ground 
 than they were. Mark the result :' this very horse 
 (" Captain "), that had been troubled with corns for a 
 long time previously, has never suffered from them since 
 — now going on three years ; but that is not all, — his 
 feet, which were formerly of an oval shape, have now 
 got circular, and. the horse's appearance and health alto- 
 gether have improved in like proportion. In horses that 
 have flat low heels, corns may arise from too great a 
 pressure upon the sole, in consequence of a too wide 
 webbed shoe, or from its not having been fitted level. 
 In such a case the bearing must be taken off the tender 
 part, and, if possible, the heels lowered more, in order 
 to get the fi-og nearer to the ground, when the corns 
 would speedily disappear. 
 
86 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 "Thrush and greasy heels" are likewise, in my opinion, 
 attributable to the same causes, — contraction, and 
 standing upon litter in the stable, although this is not 
 every one's idea I allow. Some people even consider 
 that there are horses which running thrushes and grease 
 benefit, as drainage does marshy lands, carrying off the 
 bad humours in the blood. I have been told often that 
 grease if cured in one place must break out again in 
 another, and probably assume a more dangerous form ; 
 and, therefore, that the discharge at the heels should be 
 rather encouraged than otherwise, so long as it did not 
 prevent the horse from working. It is very sad to have 
 to listen to such arguments, as the pain and torture the 
 poor animals must suffer from such credulous ignorance 
 cannot be imagined, far less described. 
 
 I will speak first of the evil effect standing on hot 
 litter has upon the legs. It is well known that while 
 heat attracts or draws the blood to any part, cold has 
 an opposite tendency, as, for instance, when we have a 
 Turkish bath, cold water is usually douched over the 
 head, to prevent an overflow of blood to that part from 
 the extra heat the body is subjected to. Litter has the 
 former effect upon horses, its constant use effectually 
 heating the feet and making them tender. Swelled legs 
 may frequently be reduced to their proper size by taking 
 away the litter only ; and it has been seen by experiments 
 made that "legs would swell and unswell, by leaving 
 litter or taking it away, like mercury in a weather-glass." 
 
 Contraction sets in in various ways, occasionally by 
 both heels drawing near together, driving the frog into 
 
ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEING. 87 
 
 the foot, which, losing shape, eventually becomes as large, 
 if not larger, roimd the coronet than at the base. Then, 
 again, one heel (generally the inner, in consequence of its 
 thinness) contracts more rapidly than the outer, when 
 corns at that part become inevitable. In other cases 
 the contraction begins at the coronet, when the form of 
 the foot gets entirely changed, becoming either rapidly 
 wider and more of a bell shape as it grows downwards, 
 or it gets long and narrow, the horn obtaining a gxeat 
 thickness towards the toe, and having a tendency often 
 to turn upwards. In the last-named instances the hoof 
 assumes a grooved appearance, resembling an oyster-shell 
 a good deal (see Plate II, Kg. A, Frontispiece) ; and when 
 feet have reached that state their chance of recovery has 
 got to be very small indeed.. Visitors to the International 
 Exhibition of 1871 may recollect seeing there an expand- 
 ing horse-shoe. It is not of the shoe I am going to speak, 
 but of a natural hoof which lay alongside this patent 
 horse-shoe, and was intended to show the description of 
 contracted feet the shoe was supposed to remedy. The 
 poor animal to which the hoof belonged had evidently 
 "cut" or "brushed" in travelling, and the farrier, to 
 prevent this, had rasped so much away of the inside horn 
 that it actually was no thicker at that part than a piece 
 of cartridge paper. The result was, that the inner half 
 of the foot folded over, or rather under, the outer half, 
 in a very remarkable way, which I can only describe by 
 comparing it to the human hand, if a person was to try 
 to cover up the palm of his hand by squeezing the lower 
 part of the thumb and the outer edge together. The 
 
88 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 lower part will then project across the palm as one half 
 of this horse's foot did. What must that poor creature 
 have suffered before death put an end to its misery ? 
 
 In Plate II. {Frontispiece) I have shown a perfect crust 
 and an imperfect one. The former, marked B, is nearly- 
 circular in shape, the crust perfectly smooth and regular, 
 the frog resting upon the ground as well as the shoe, the 
 sole concave, the coronary band even and decided in form, 
 and the ruggae into which the sensitive laminae expand or 
 contract from, at every step of the horse, can be plainly 
 perceived. The latter, marked A, is of a scoop-like form, 
 the crust being rough, and with irregular rings projecting 
 outwards and downwards, the coronary band scarcely 
 perceptible, great disparity in the thickness of the horn, 
 which, unnaturally thin at the heels, is in proportion 
 more immoderately thick at the toe, the sole convex in- 
 stead of concave, the whole, in short, being as unlike 
 what it should be as can be well imagined. 
 
 The hoof, I need scarcely repeat, consists of the wall 
 or crust, the sole, the frog, and the bars. When we 
 examine one that has been recently separated from the 
 foot, as shown in Plate II., a great number of small per- 
 forations may be observed in the groove inside of the 
 coronary band. Into these pores flow the secretions 
 which supply the homy matter, while at the same time 
 a thinner substance descends, and covers the whole of 
 the external surface of the crust, and this, by preventing 
 undue evaporation, keeps the hoof cool and moist. The 
 crust, therefore, grows from the coronet, taking as it de- 
 scends a conical shape, so as to cover correctly the bones, 
 
ATTEIBUTED TO SHOEING, 89 
 
 nerves, and muscles teneath it. In a healthy foot, as 
 shown in the plate, the crust is much wider at the base 
 than at the coronet, the frog large and well developed, 
 and the sole strong and arched. 
 
 This describes only the healthy foot. To make the 
 hoof take another shape we have only to remove the bars, 
 cut away the frog, and pare the sole, when, according to 
 the work the horse has to do, his feet will take their 
 formation. A ridiag-horse, doing easy work, would, under 
 such treatment, soon suifer from contracted feet ; while 
 the feet of a heavy draught-horse would not only become 
 narrow at the heels, but flat-soled, or, as it is termed, 
 "pumice" or "convex" footed. In certain cases the 
 crust loses its proper form, becoming flatter, besides the 
 horn growing unnaturally thick at the toe, and in time 
 assumes the scoop-like shape marked A in the plate. 
 
 It is so difficult from any written description to real- 
 ise what bad shoeing and bad stable treatment wiU bring 
 a horse's foot to resemble, that I have given a drawing 
 (Fig. 7) here of a pumice foot which belonged to a horse 
 once the property of the London and South-Western 
 Eailway Company. Its dimensions are given in the 
 plate, and, if compared with any healthy foot, it wiU be 
 at once perceived that the interior sensitive parts of the 
 foot must have shrunk, from the compression of the horn, 
 to less than one-half their original size, while the form 
 of it, from the same cause, had outrageously altered. 
 The horn at the toe got to be simply a solid 3-inch block, 
 while at the heels it was not ^th of an inch in thickness. 
 As an example of what bad treatment of the horse's foot 
 
90 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 will often culminate in, this is a very good specimen, wHle, 
 iinfortunately, it is no rarity,— the foreman farrier of the 
 railway company having several specimens similar to 
 the accompanying drawing. 
 
 D 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 SECTION OF A HOESE's. HOOF — EEMARKABLE SPECIMEN. 
 
 A B. — Length, 74 inches. 
 D E. — Depth, %\ inches. 
 
 In this specimen the growth of horn at the toe is something extraordinary, 
 while the almost total disappearance of the interior ridges, into which 
 the sensitive laminse should expand, is equally remarkable. 
 
 If farriers would but reflect that the horse's hoofs 
 are constantly growing, — the crust being produced by 
 the coronary ring, the horny sole by the sensitive sole, 
 and the homy frog by the sensitive frog, — that all these 
 are elastic, and have motion, — and that whatever in- 
 jures the outer parts must injuriously affect the inner 
 portions, — they would surely be more careful and cir- 
 cumspect in their treatment of horses' feet. They 
 know, or should know, that the weight of the horse is 
 sustained by the internal and superior part of the crust, 
 the laminae connecting the coffin-bone to it in such a 
 manner that the principal portion of the horse's weight 
 is thus suspended to the inside of the hoof. 
 
ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEING. 91 
 
 A reference to Plate I. {Frontispiece) will make my 
 meaning perhaps more easily understood. From that it 
 will be perceived, when the weight of the horse, falling in 
 turn from the lower pastern bone upon the cof&n and 
 navicular bones, pressing them downwards, that the la- 
 minae lengthen, forcing the crust downwards at the same 
 moment ; and as these bones descend the horny sole also 
 descends slightly, and flattens, compelling, with the up- 
 ward pressure from the frog, the heels, quarters, and bars 
 to expand or open outwards. When the weight is re- 
 moved by the animal being in motion, these parts again 
 contract as the foot leaves the ground, thus producing 
 contraction and expansion alternately. Now, as the ex- 
 tent of this motion depends on the thickness and power 
 in the crust to sustain the weight of the horse, the differ- 
 ence between a strong hoof and a weak one wOl soon 
 teU. The former, so long as it is treated on sound prin- 
 ciples, will continue to present a regular slope from the 
 coronet to the lower part ; whereas the other, treated 
 differently, becomes hoUow, wrinkled, and flattened at 
 the sole, as is shown in Fig. A, Plate II. {Frontispiece), 
 which represents an indented distorted hoof, instead of 
 a perfect pillar of horn, as it should be. 
 
 Contraction, then, has a remarkably iU effect upon 
 the horn of the horse's feet. In cases of thrush and of 
 grease, it, by stopping the free circulation of the blood, 
 causes humours to collect, for which there is no vent 
 save through the fibres of the wasted frog, or by the thin 
 porous skin above the heels. In thrush the contraction 
 prevents a sufficient supply of blood from reaching the 
 
92 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 sensitive frog that produces tlie insensible frog, and so, 
 it becoming useless for the purpose nature intended it, 
 instead of coming to horn it oozes out a noxious-smelling 
 fluid. With grease the evil is caused by the accumula- 
 tion of blood from the arteries, which the contraction of 
 the hoof prevents the veins from carrying back to the 
 heart, occasioning thereby the swelling at the heels, 
 which eventually becomes the collection of cankered 
 sores which we know under the name of " greasy heels." 
 The only preventative and cure for these is frog pressure, 
 standing on cool pavement, and plenty of cold fomenta- 
 tions. Thrush and frog pressure cannot exist together, 
 as the frog, if allowed to bear upon the ground, grows 
 rapidly, when the disease effectively cures itself by grow- 
 ing out. 
 
 Sand-cracks, concave and convex soles, will aU suc- 
 cumb to the same treatment ; and as for navicular disease, 
 the fact of its being unknown in countries where the frog 
 is left as nature intends it to be, is, I should say, proof 
 sufficient of what this disease is due to. It may, how- 
 ever, be as well to explain the ca^se of navicular disease, 
 and how it best may be prevented or remedied. 
 
 If the reader will again refer to Plate I. (Frontispiece) he 
 will observe an " " marked beneath the navicular bone, 
 which is the seat of this disease. The cause of the disease 
 is from that portion of the weight which falls from the 
 lower pastern bone upon the navicular bone, pressing upon 
 the bursal sheath of the back sinew. If the frog took a 
 bearing upon the ground — that, the natural cushion of the 
 foot, would act as a support to the back sinew when, the 
 
ATTEIBUTED TO SHOEING. 93 
 
 part of the weight of the horse came upon it ; but in con- 
 sequence of the absence of frog pressure, the strain or 
 overtax upon the tendon at the ankle, where it makes its 
 bend round the navicular bone, causes inflammation of a 
 bursa, and the first stage of this disease has been reached. 
 In the second stage the navicular bone, becoming affected 
 by the neighbouring inflammation, rots, and when the 
 disease has got thus far it is deemed to be incurable. 
 In rare instances the rotting of the bone has stopped 
 from frog pressure having been restored ; still the bone 
 never becomes thoroughly sound. A little reflection on 
 this important subject will show how very important 
 frog pressure is, as, even when the horse is resting as he 
 stands in the stall, some portion of his weight must fall 
 from the lower pastern bone upon the navicular bone, 
 which rests upon the back sinew, and which last should 
 in turn receive support from the sensitive and insensitive 
 parts of the frog underneath it. How much more then 
 must this necessary support be needed when the animal 
 is in motion, especially if at a fast gallop, or landing on 
 hard ground after being leapt over a hedge. If the frog 
 is there to receive the shock, the horse, lands on his feet 
 with all the ease and comfort that a cat does upon -her's 
 after a jump, but when the frog has been ruthlessly cut 
 away there is nothing to break the fall, and, as is often 
 the case, the animal is ruined by the jar having brought 
 on irritation of the sheath which covers the back sinew, 
 and inflammation sets in. If we, jumping from a height, 
 light upon the ground with our heels first, instead of 
 upon our toes, we feel shaken all over, and a horse 
 
94 OF BISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 suffers the same sensation when he lands upon feet that 
 have had their natural cushions removed. La Fosse 
 describes this action as a " compression," fitly comparing 
 the process of the lower pastern bone squeezing the nut 
 bone (navicular bone) on the top of the tendon, to the 
 action of " the hammer upon the anvH." 
 
 In examining, after death, the feet of horses that 
 have been diseased in the manner I have described, it 
 will be found generally that the laminae (or elastic 
 membranes that unite the coffin-bone to the hoof) have 
 been destroyed, the form of the coffin-bone altered, and 
 its size diminished (or the side cartilages changed to 
 bone), and the whole of the interior part of the foot 
 disarranged, or rather displaced. This shows the neces- 
 sity of attending to horses' feet more than is commonly 
 done, and grooms should be instructed to take the measure 
 of their horses' feet at every shoeing, so that the slightest 
 tendency to alteration would be observed in time. There 
 is no difficulty in doing this ; a piece of paper having 
 only to be placed under each foot, and a pencil run 
 round the outsides, when the sizes would be exactly 
 given. These would only have to be cut out, and 
 marked near fore or off hind, as the case might be, date 
 of shoeing, with the horse's name on each paper, and 
 put away for future use. A reference to these at any 
 time would always show whether the feet were retain- 
 ing their proper shape, or had got longer in form with 
 narrower heels, when, if the latter case threatened, 
 means could at once be taken to stay the contraction. 
 
 If there is one thing more than another to be ascribed 
 
ATTKIBUTED TO SHOEING, 95 
 
 to bad shoeing, it certainly is what are termed cutting 
 and overreaching. Not but what there are some horses 
 predisposed to brush, or interfere by the malformation 
 or position of their feet (the toe of a fore foot, for instance, 
 instead of being in a line with the point of the shoulder 
 inclining either inward or outward), but they are in 
 number few in comparison with the thousands which 
 are continually under treatment for cutting and clicking. 
 As a rule horses oftener interfere behind than in front, 
 but in the latter case, when it assumes the character 
 of "speedy cut," the injury falling inside the leg, just 
 below the knee, it becomes the more serious evil. 
 
 Speedy cut most commonly happens in horses with 
 high action, and in others that carry their heads up, and 
 in fretful impetuous animals generally. Farriers usually 
 assume that the foot which interferes is too large, and 
 regarding it as but a block of horn, rasp off as much of 
 the crust as they think will permit it to pass the leg 
 without touching, and if that does not answer, the foot 
 is raised higher on one side than the other by thickening 
 the shoe. The cause, however, is often from the shoe 
 projecting, a clinch rising, or, more frequently, from the 
 animal not being shod level and true. 
 
 In " speedy cut," the first thing to be ascertained, 
 in order to effect a cure, is what part of the foot or 
 shoe strikes the leg. When any doubt exists about 
 this, it may easily be set at rest by wrapping a pipe- 
 clayed bandage round the part struck, when a mark 
 will be left on the part that strikes it, which must then 
 be altered, but no cure can be sought for until the swell- 
 
96 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 ing from the blow or blows has entirely disappeared. 
 Generally a horse cuts with the inside fore part of the 
 foot, and not with the inside heel, as is commonly sup- 
 posed. However, it should be remembered that horses 
 often cut merely from fatigue, or what is styled " leg 
 weariness," and with such cases rest is only needed to 
 cause a cure. 
 
 The usual method adopted to cure a horse from cutting 
 is to rasp down the horn of the hoof that interferes, and 
 apply a peculiarly formed shoe to the foot. This shoe, 
 for a fore foot, is seated out on the foot surface, the 
 inside half of the shoe being made considerably thicker 
 than the outer half, so as to tilt the foot on one side ; 
 the inside edge of the shoe is also bevelled off so much 
 as to give the shoe the appearance of passing right under 
 the foot, and in consequence of the hoof being rasped 
 down so thin that there is no room for a nail to hold, 
 the shoe is only fastened to the toe and to the outside. 
 I have in another place called attention to what this 
 treatment leads to, so I will not again refer to what 
 must appear so plain to even the most prejudiced mind. 
 The hind shoe, "to prevent cutting," is made with a 
 clip at the toe, and flat on the foot surface, being usually 
 secured (like the other) by six or eight nails attached to 
 the outside half of the foot, with one or two at the toe. 
 No nails, from the same reason — rasping the crust so 
 thin — can be driven inside, but of course that does not 
 prevent the shoe being made so thick at this part as to 
 tilt the foot outwards in the same manner that the fore 
 shoe is fashioned. When it is found that both rasping 
 
ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEING. 97 
 
 and tilting the foot outwards, has only tended to develope 
 more fully the animal's power to injure itself, the thick- 
 ening is applied to the outer edge of the shoe so as to 
 tilt the foot inwards, and when this equally results in 
 failure, the farrier gives it up, and declares a boot must 
 be worn, the horse being incurable. 
 
 There is far more reason in the latter idea, namely, 
 tilting inwards, than in the former one ; for when a horse 
 is at rest he supports his weight equally on both feet, 
 but in motion, and having the inner heels and quarters 
 raised above the outer ones, when one foot is elevated 
 he must have a tendency to fall outwards, and as the 
 only way for him to counteract that inclination would 
 be to bring the moving foot nearer the supporting one, 
 the two must come in contact, thus causing the very 
 injury the form of the shoe is meant to prevent But 
 when the foot by the shape of the shoe is made to lean 
 inwards, the tendency of the horse will be to fall in that 
 direction, to counteract which he would naturally swing 
 the moving foot outwards or farther away from the 
 supporting foot, and thus avoid striking. This last 
 theory seems feasible enough until practically tested, 
 when it is found that in nearly aU cases the " cutting " 
 continues as before, nor is it difficult to discover the 
 reason. If, in any muscular effort, for instance, to lift a 
 weight from off the ground, a man places himself in an 
 unnatural position, the moment action ceases, to ease 
 the strained muscles his body will at once bend itself 
 in quite an opposite direction. In proof of this I need 
 only refer to a particular class of tradesmen — tailors, who. 
 
98 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 being obliged to sit while at work with their backs 
 greatly bent, are particularly distinguishable from all 
 other men, when walking, by the hoUowness of their 
 backs. They, as soon as they get released from a sitting 
 posture, relieve the muscles of their backs by bending 
 them as much as possible inwards; and by the same reason, 
 if a horse's foot is raised on one side it either causes him, 
 if it tnts outwards, to move it in the opposite direction, 
 or if tilted inwards he is unable to lift his feet otherwise 
 than by a circular motion in the same direction — either 
 way being alike disastrous. 
 
 To remedy or to cure a horse of brushing or over- 
 reaching he must in the first place be shod perfectly 
 level. We can never expect to gather grapes from 
 thistles, neither need we ever anticipate curing a horse 
 of cutting by the very means we should adopt if we 
 were striving to make him strike the fetlock joint of one 
 leg with the foot of the other. We might as well expect 
 to cure one broken leg by breaking another, as to cure 
 interfering with the shoes our blacksmiths use for that 
 purpose. Next to shoeing level endeavour to alter the 
 horse's style of going ; for instance, if his heels are high, 
 lower them as much as possible ; if the toes of the foot 
 are long, shorten them well, and I will guarantee that 
 any horse that interfered before being thus treated will 
 not do so afterwards, provided he is not deformed about 
 the knees or feet. 
 
 Overreaching, or clicking, is more uncomfortable for 
 the rider to hear than dangerous to the animal itself 
 To cure this the farrier fastens on a shoe that does not 
 
ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEINW.' 99 
 
 reach the toe of the hind foot by half or three-quarters 
 of an inch, so that, although the forging may continue 
 as bad as ever, yet by the toe thus hanging over the 
 shoe the clicking sound is only deadened, not removed. 
 Now we have only to consider what causes " clicking," 
 to find the remedy. A horse clicks because his hind 
 feet overtakes his fore feet, that is, the hind feet in their 
 stride either reach too far, or the stride of the fore feet 
 is not great enough to get clear from the hind ones. If 
 such a thing was ever required as to shorten a horse's 
 stride, all that would have to be done would simply be 
 to shorten the toes, and allow the heels to grow high, 
 and soon a very perceptible change in his length of pace 
 would be observable. In my experience I have mostly 
 found horses with high fore heels to be clickers, and 
 have also found that lowering the heels of the fore feet 
 as much as those would permit of, together with putting 
 lighter shoes on in front than behind, invariably effected 
 a cure. 
 
 Laminites or foundered feet is, in my opinion, trace- 
 able likewise to the pernicious habit of paring away the 
 sole and mutilating the frog. All authorities agree as 
 to the symptoms of the disease and the effects they 
 afterwards produce in the fore feet, while they equally 
 agree that it is caused by violent exercise. A horse 
 attacked with this disorder pushes forward his hind 
 feet almost under his shoulders, so as to ease the fore 
 feet as much as possible from the weight of that part of 
 the body above them. The hoofs, at the same time, are 
 so hot that if water is thrown over them they dry 
 
100 OF DISEASES THAT MAY BE 
 
 instantly, while the intense pain the animal suffers is 
 evident by his quick breathing, his heaving flanks, and 
 groans at the least attempt to move him. 
 
 Now we have only to suppose a horse in wide webbed 
 
 shoes to be driven rapidly over a hard road, to recognise 
 
 the fact that the blow and friction each time the feet 
 
 come to the ground would produce a certain amount of 
 
 heat in the iron shoe, which would increase according to 
 
 the length of the journey and the rate the horse was 
 
 being driven. If, in addition to being shod with wide 
 
 webbed shoes, we also suppose the horse's feet to have 
 
 been mutilated in the usual manner, we — iron being such 
 
 a good conductor of heat — can easily imagine how hot 
 
 and inflamed those feet must become. Between this 
 
 state of the feet and that of laminites or founder, the 
 
 difference is but a slight one. But if a horse was shod 
 
 with narrow webbed shoes, and had his feet left in their 
 
 natural state, except the necessary lowering of the crust 
 
 previous to shoeing, I feel confident that however fast he 
 
 was driven over any kind of road, his feet would not 
 
 only keep comparatively cool, but he would finish the 
 
 journey almost in as good order as when he started, and as 
 
 free from founder as he would be from that which causes it. 
 
 It is unnecessary for me to go further into the matter 
 
 of diseases of the feet, having, I believe, said sufficient 
 
 to direct attention to what I have perhaps too strongly 
 
 urged. If I have done so, I can only state in excuse 
 
 that, in the matter of suffering horses, I feel strongly, 
 
 and what I have written does not in most instances fully 
 
 express those feelings ; I can, however, honestly add, that 
 
ATTRIBUTED TO SHOEING. 101 
 
 beyond the desire of benefiting these noble creatures, I 
 have no wish for my feelings or my opinions to be 
 known, far less that they should be detrimental to any 
 person or persons whatever. 
 
102 HOW FAKKIEKS CAN BEST ACQUIEE A 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 SOME SUGGESTIONS HOW A SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF 
 THE horse's FOOT COULD BEST BE ACQUIEED BY 
 FAEEIEES. 
 
 That farriers should possess an intimate acquaintance 
 with the anatomy of the horse's foot, is a matter of the 
 present time that will admit of no argument to the con- 
 trary, as it might with equal truth be advanced that 
 knowledge of an engine was not required by an engine- 
 driver, of a watch by a watchmaker, or that navigation 
 was too useless a study for the captain of a ship ever 
 to trouble his head about. 
 
 Hitherto tradition and routine have been permitted 
 to guide farriers in their wondrous ways of horse-shoeing; 
 consequently, it is a question whether, in following the 
 customs and manners of their forefathers, they are more 
 to be blamed than the general public — often too prone 
 with abuses to adopt Lord Melbourne's plan, " let them 
 alone" — for not insisting upon a change. There has 
 been certainly from time to time prizes offered at 
 agricultural shows for the best description of horse-shoe, 
 but as that was only a question of neat workmanship 
 being put into the neatest glass-case, neither horses nor 
 the public have benefited much from these exhibitions. 
 
KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOESE'S FOOT. 103 
 
 I remember at the agricultural show held at Manchester 
 in 1869, that although three prizes were offered for dif- 
 ferent kinds of horse shoes, there were only the same 
 number of competitors, who, of course, got a prize each ; 
 thesebeing awarded more, apparently, according to the get- 
 up of the shoe, than to any genuine value in their particular 
 shape or other ex cellence. If prizes are given — and I think 
 they ought to be — at agricultural meetings, they should 
 be awarded to the horse-shoers who could best give a 
 verbal description of how to fit out and put on a shoe, 
 in preference to men whose sole merit is being able to 
 use the turning hammer deftly. Some time ago the 
 foreman at the Glasgow Veterinary College made a re- 
 markable number of horse shoes in an hour — some 
 dozens if I remember rightly — and for having performed 
 this feat he is looked upon as being the best farrier iu 
 the three kingdoms. I should, however, be more inclined 
 to award that honour to a man who was able to answer 
 questions correctly relative to the formation and func- 
 tions of the different parts of a horse's foot, and after- 
 wards practically carry out what he had explained 
 verbally, than to a man who could make seventy dozen 
 shoes in an hour. Perhaps the foreman at Glasgow is 
 even more clever at describing how shoes should be put on 
 than at making them ; if this is the case, it is a pity 
 that his being so was not mentioned as well. Agricul- 
 tural show prizes, discriminately bestowed, would doubt- 
 less do much, but there is a specific superior yet to them. 
 This remedy — education — will at once appeal to 
 everyone as the solution of the difficulty, but we all 
 
104 HO"Wr FAERIEES CAN BEST ACQUIRE A 
 
 know that a horse can be taken to the water by one 
 man, while twenty men could not make him drink, and 
 in the instruction of farriers a similar obstacle might 
 arise — they may refuse to drink at the fountain of know- 
 ledge, preferring, of course, what they have been most 
 accustomed to — a draught from the waters of ignorance. 
 'Now, as we never find a generally intelligent man the 
 worse workman for his intelligence, but always the 
 reverse, we know until farriers can be made to see 
 that it is their interest to become educated to a certain 
 degree, we shall never be able to get them to acquire 
 knowledge or to become more humane than they are 
 at present. In this matter, therefore, it is the public and 
 the veterinary surgeons who must take the initiative, 
 the former by refusing — after a certain time has elapsed 
 — ^to employ any farriers but those who can produce a 
 certificate of competency from the veterinary college 
 nearest to them, and the latter by throwing open schools 
 of instruction for shoeing-smiths in every town, deliver- 
 ing in them annual courses of lectures upon the horse, 
 his feet, and the diseases belonging to them, and how 
 they should be shod, in plain every-day language, that 
 all might understand. 
 
 Then farriers, finding their advantage was to study, 
 would do so ; and then, also, they could be judged and 
 classified by the standard of educational abilities and 
 their knowledge of the animal given to their care, instead 
 of as at present, when the test is merely workmanship. 
 We give now the highest wages to the man who can 
 turn out the neatest-looking shoe in the least time, while 
 
KNOWLEDGE OF THE IIORSE'S FOOT. 105 
 
 the more particular parts, the preparation of the foot for 
 the shoe, and the subsequent operation of attaching the 
 shoe to the foot, is recognised as only an ordinary matter, 
 ■which any one can do, and is paid for accordingly. 
 Here a piece of manual dexterity receives the principal 
 reward; but, as I have observed already, a horse will 
 suffer less by having an ill-made shoe attached to his 
 foot on sound common sense principles, than he would 
 do from a shoe, however mathematically and correctly 
 finished, that was fastened on without a due regard to 
 the physiological formation of his foot. 
 
 If my suggestion of classes of an evening for farriers 
 was acted upon, we would soon find a superior staff of ' 
 workmen spring into existence ; a class, I will venture to 
 say, that would not allow trades' unions to lead them by 
 the nose. We should then have men able to think 
 and act for themselves, for knowledge ennobles the mind 
 as well as cultivates the understanding. And confident 
 am I, that if farriers can only be induced to make the 
 foot of the horse their study, they will find in it so much 
 that is entertaining and edifying, that what was first 
 taken to as a toil, would soon become a work of pleasure, 
 I might say a delight. How could it be otherwise ? for 
 every hour they studied would they not learn something 
 new and grand, of which before they had not the slightest 
 conception ? Their work, which hitherto had been only 
 regarded as the means of earning a bare living, would 
 now be elevated to an art, as well as a means of 
 subsistence ; in short, a profession akin to that of the 
 engineer and the physician. 
 
106 HOW FAEEIEES CAN BEST ACQUIEE A 
 
 Let US try to fancy a farrier of the prevailing type 
 existing among us, attending evening classes, with the 
 wish for improvement, without which all would be futile. 
 Imagine him learning how those hard horn pillars grew 
 downwards continuously from day to day, the old 
 materials being pushed off by the new, and having his 
 attention drawn to the beautiful junction of the hair to 
 the horn at the pastern, by a gradual and imperceptible 
 change from skin to a substance resembling gutta-percha, 
 and as the growth advanced from the coronary band to 
 the crust, how, this continuing, supported the great 
 weight of the animal, with a iirmness and precision all 
 as astonishing to the learner as it would be gratifying. 
 Pursuing his studies, he would find, hid up inside of these 
 horn pillars, a mass composed of bones, of blood-vessels, 
 of cartilages, of muscles and of sinews, all working in 
 their natural state, and each performing their distinct 
 parts so well, and in such harmony, that, when allowed 
 by such as him, one portion never interfered with 
 another. He would find, when looking at the fore leg of 
 a horse, that it was something of far greater importance 
 than ever his wildest flights of fancy supposed it to be. 
 He would remember how, at one time, he had looked at 
 it without awe, because he had regarded it without 
 understanding ; but now, looking at it with other eyes, 
 he would see in it nothing but what was a cause for his 
 admiration and wonder. He would perceive how the 
 splint bones were joined to the cannon or shank bone, 
 and how that last formed, with the upper pastern bone, 
 the knee joint ; how the two pastern bones joined at the 
 
KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOESE'S FOOT. 107 
 
 fetlock, and how in turn the lower pastern bone rested in 
 a socket which was made for it hy the coffin and navi- 
 cular bones, both inside of the foot. Going back to the 
 top of the fore leg and in front of it he would observe 
 that the front sinew (extensor tendon) passed down the 
 leg until it entered the foot and buried itself in front of 
 the coffin bone. At the back of the leg he would notice 
 a number of sinews and ligaments known by different 
 names, the one nearest the splint bone being termed 
 the superior sesamoidal ligament, which, dividing one 
 part branching off at the knee, passes over the pastern 
 bones, and enters the foot along with the extensor pedis 
 tendon ; the other part inserting itself into the sesamoid 
 bones. The flexor tendons (perforatus and perforans) 
 and metacarpal ligament he would observe behind the 
 sesamoidal, in the inverse order to what I have them 
 here, and these are the passive agents or ropes by which 
 the leg is raised upwards whenever the horse is in motion. 
 All of them are joined together before the continuation, 
 as it is termed, of the flexor perforans inserts itself into 
 the lower side of the os pedis. In the foot the farrier- 
 student would find a still greater field of instruction, the 
 shapes of the coffin and navicular bones affording in 
 themselves subject enough for months' thoughtful atten- 
 tion. The former he would find in form something like 
 the hoof that covered it, being semicircular in shape, 
 wide and thin at the base, but getting stronger and thicker 
 towards its upper part, which leaves its under surface 
 arched and concave, a wonderful provision of nature to 
 prevent the body from receiving too great or too sudden a 
 
108 HOW FAEKIEES CAN BEST ACQUIKE A 
 
 shock in leaping or moving at speed. Before, when tin- 
 acquainted with the anatomy of the horse's foot, he would 
 naturally have supposed that the internal parts of the 
 hoof were simply enclosed by the horn casing, which, by 
 its hardness, served to protect them from the blows and 
 pressure to which they would otherwise be constantly 
 exposed, but now how different would his thoughts be 
 as every portion was placed plainly to his view, and the 
 uses and qualities of each fully interpreted in turn ! He 
 would have explained to him how the parts of the inter- 
 nal foot are so nicely adapted to the cavity of the hoof, 
 that while they completely fill it, there is not the 
 slightest inconvenience from pressure, until the treat- 
 ment he had formerly practised was applied ; when, what 
 with the mutilation he had of the frog, sole, and bars, 
 and fitting on a heavy shoe red hot, caused in time the 
 hoof to contract and the cavity to diminish, when the 
 nerves and blood-vessels being compressed, and the cir- 
 culation of the blood impeded, inflammation and lameness 
 as a consequence ensued. 
 
 Coming to the internal foot, the bottom of it, formed 
 by the sensitive frog, sole, and bars, would be exposed to 
 his view, from which he would see how the convexities 
 of the first were so nicely adapted into the concavities of 
 the horny frog. The sensitive sole and bars he would in 
 like manner recognise, as also their special functions in 
 providing horn for their external parts. He would per- 
 ceive that it was for this purpose the numerous blood- 
 vessels were supplied, as likewise enabled to account 
 now for thrush, and the rottenness of frog which accom- 
 
KNOWLEDGE OF THE HORSE'S EOOT. 109 
 
 panies that disease. He would now understand how, 
 when the sensitive frog was compressed and inflamed by 
 a contraction of the heels, it became incapable of per- 
 forming its principal function — providing the horn — 
 because the blood intended for that purpose was expend- 
 ing itself in forming that offensive matter discharged in 
 thrushes. Next, he would be studying the connection 
 between the horny wall and the more sensitive parts, the 
 sole and frog, learning why the latter consisted of a dif- 
 ferent kind of horn from that of which the crust is 
 formed, being scaly at one part, and soft but elastic at 
 another ; its very concavity enabling the horse to tread 
 more firmly on the ground, while the convexity of the 
 tough elastic frog prevents the foot from slipping. Be- 
 tween the two parts, the sensitive and the insensitive, 
 he would discover two cartilages or elastic bodies, covered 
 in a great measure by the heels or quarters of the crust, 
 but belonging to the latter, which would tend to keep 
 the heels open, and not only that, for when the frog 
 comes in contact with the ground and receives the pres- 
 sure of the horse's weight, the sensitive frog is forced 
 upwards and rendered wider, at the same time the 
 cartilages are forced upward and outward, thereby ex- 
 ■panding the heels and quarters, as well as preventing 
 concussion. 
 
 And when he had thus observed how beautiful each 
 part of the foot was constructed, and how impossible it 
 could be for the most skilful and humane of workmen 
 to make an iron shoe that could be worn for four weeks 
 comfortably, even if the foot was left as near its natural 
 
110 HOW FAEEIEES CAN BEST ACQUIRE A 
 
 shape as could be done, lie would at once make it his 
 sole aim and study to render shoeing horses as little 
 of a hardship, far less torture, to those animals as he 
 could ever possibly do. 
 
 Before concluding this chapter I may be permitted 
 to speak of an evil existing among shoeing-smiths, to 
 which, I fear, much of the ignorance and brutality they 
 are accused of might be traced — I refer to drink. To the 
 inordinate use of strong liquors farriers, from time almost 
 immemorial, have been addicted ; and putting entirely 
 aside all the misery and misfortune drink brings upon 
 themselves, I will only draw attention to the injuries 
 daily inflicted by men under the influence of liquor 
 upon the poor dumb animals turned over to their care 
 and protection. Here, in London, wherever there is a 
 farrier's shop, within fifty yards, often next door, will 
 be found a public-house ; and as it is the custom for all 
 the men to drink together, a score is run up- hourly, 
 which it takes a good portion of their collective pay to 
 settle weekly. Horses, through the drinking, are often 
 struck with hammers and pincers, and cruelly kicked, 
 because their terror makes them endeavour to escape 
 further torture. If they continue to struggle against the 
 ill-usage, they are beaten with twitch sticks preparatory 
 to the twitches being put on their lips and ears, and 
 screwed up often so tight that the skin either gives way 
 or the blood springs out ; and I can confidently assert 
 that while I have seldom, if ever, seen a horse ill-treated 
 by a man who was perfectly sober, I never saw one in 
 drink use a horse quietly. Having had to do with horses 
 
KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOESE'S FOOT. Ill 
 
 since 1843 in all parts of the world, my experience has 
 been both an extensive and varied one. 
 
 At the same time, I am far from being one who 
 thinks that drinking is the fruitful source of every crime 
 and cruelty committed under the sun, for I believe that 
 there are many people who, if restricted as to the par- 
 taking of stimulants, would suffer in health from the 
 restriction ; but from my long and intimate intercourse 
 with farriers, I feel confident that if they could all be 
 persuaded to turn tee-totallers to-morrow, the gain to the 
 public in general, and to the men themselves, and to the 
 horses in particular, would be incalculable. 
 
 There have been of late years many public companies 
 started into existence, some of which have met with 
 misfortune and others with success, but I am certain 
 none of the latter ever had such a chance of succeeding 
 as an English Shoeing Company would have, if it opened 
 shops throughout the kingdom to shoe horses on humane 
 and common sense principles, and only employed far- 
 riers who were abstainers from drink. 
 
 Perhaps temperance should be tried upon them before 
 education ; anyway, the two would go well hand-in-hand, 
 when the satisfactory result to be anticipated could not 
 for a moment remain in doubt. A shoeing company, 
 however, that only employed men who w:ere abstainers, 
 and who could, induce their men as well to attend even- 
 ing lectures upon the horse's-foot, givan by veterinary 
 surgeons, would, I am confident, have a great and de- 
 served success. 
 
112 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 ABOUT HORSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 Although I have headed this chapter with the word 
 " Old " in connection with horse shoes, it is not my in- 
 tention to rake up old iron from remote ages to illustrate 
 this part of my essay, being assured in my own mind 
 that I can find enough, within the last two centuries, to 
 answer my purpose. 
 
 As a rule our horse-shoers are content with the old 
 system of shoeing, as well as the old form of shoe, so if 
 a shoe is simply termed " new," that would be enough 
 in many instances to ensure, at their hands, its con- 
 demnation. Men of this stamp are difficult to convince ; 
 they think they can stand, as it were, with their backs 
 against the door of the world, in order to prevent 
 novelties which might interfere with their opinions 
 from coming in. But the world's walls are wonderful 
 ones, and its side-doors numerous, so while these 
 opposers of progress manage to keep the main gate 
 closed, the truth contrives to scale the walls or slide in 
 by side-doors tha same as if no obstacle existed. Now 
 for a description of some old shoes. 
 
 Sir William Hope, in his Perfect Farrier, published 
 in 1717, is in raptures with the Panton shoe, which 
 
ABOUT HOKSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 113 
 
 were shoes made with straight spunges, and thicker in 
 the inside edge than the outer, and so formed that the 
 sloping or thick parts of the spunges may enter within 
 the corns of the frog. This shoe was made flat at the 
 toe, where it was pierced for the nails, and considered to 
 be the remedy for pumice, or flat-footed horses. A 
 modification of it, termed the half-Panton shoe, was also 
 in much request at the time, but neither of them 
 answered the purpose for which they were intended, 
 and now they are never heard of. 
 
 "We owe to M. La Fosse much for his treatise on 
 shoeing, as he, striking at the root of the disease, advo- 
 cated that " neither the sole nor frog should be pared at 
 all, for neither will ever become too large for its growth ; 
 but in proportion as each grows it wiU dry, scale, and fall 
 off in flakes ; that the edge of the hoof, if thought too 
 long, should be taken down as usual, and then a shoe, 
 in form of a half-moon, set on, reaching the middle of 
 the hoof i the heels might be thinned, and the shoes 
 made a little longer for such horses as have weak hoofs." 
 The " lunette shoe," as it was termed, met with consider- 
 able success, for it was found to suit all but very weak 
 heeled horses. Its principal fault was in its number of 
 nail-holes — eight — which, being so close together, broke 
 away the crust, and in their position at the toe, where 
 the leverage is greatest, all combined with the wear at 
 the part, was against their ultimate success. The prin- 
 ciple of shoeing was however excellent, and M. La Fosse 
 commands our gratitude for having introduced his shoe 
 and system to the notice of the public. 
 
 I 
 
114 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 The seated shoe was introduced many years ago into 
 this country by Mr. Osmer, as being much superior in 
 principle to the shoe then in use, but, like everything 
 else likely to be an improvement in farriery, it made 
 but little way. This shoe is of an equal thickness, 
 quite flat, and parallel from the toe to the heel, deviating 
 in width according to the necessity of the case, and 
 similar to the ordinary shoe with regard to the fullering, 
 nailing, etc. The foot surface of the shoe differs in 
 having a narrow plaia rim, about the width of the crust, 
 all round the outward edge of the shoe, except at the 
 heel, which for about an inch is a flat surface, the 
 whole width, and the remaining part of the shoe being 
 bevelled out from the inward edge of the seating. The 
 only advantage this shoe had over others was, that the 
 crust rested on a flat surface instead of on an inclined 
 plane. 
 
 We next come to the shoe recommended by Mr. 
 Coleman, which places the level of the shoe upon the 
 ground-surface, in order to secure to the horse a better 
 foot-hold. Its most remarkable peculiarity is in its 
 being three times thicker at the toe than at the heels, 
 which, if meant to induce frog pressure, had an advan- 
 tage, I believe, in that respect, but in no other. Such 
 a shoe, however, would not answer for going uphill, as it 
 would cause an over-strain upon the back sinews, while 
 the tendency to trip would be much increased in a horse 
 predisposed that way. The merits of the shoe are its 
 narrowness of web, and the bevel on the ground-surface, 
 which must afford greater security to the animal when 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 115. 
 
 travelling over tlie eonvex-sliaped stones witli •whicli 
 our streets are paved. 
 
 The elasticity or expansive power in the foot has 
 given rise to much discussion from time to time, and 
 we have had shoes specially adapted ia order to give 
 the hoof full play, should it have any inclination to open 
 out between the periods of shoeing. There has always 
 been a difference of opinion among authorities whether 
 the horse's foot contracts or expands, or does neither the 
 one nor the other, when it comes to, or leaves, the ground. 
 For my part, I am inclined to believe that it is claw-like, 
 and tries to grasp the ground each time it is put down ; 
 that when it reaches the ground the grasp is relaxed, 
 when the weight of the horse falling upon the frog (if it 
 is there) causes the whole foot to open towards the heels, 
 leaving the ground again with something like a bound, 
 and thus the heels have a small degree of contraction 
 and expansion at every tread which the horse makes on 
 the ground. 
 
 But whether the foot expands or contracts, or does 
 neither, jointed shoes have always proved to be failures, 
 and the cause is not difficult to determine. Mr. Bracey 
 Clarke invented a shoe with a joint at the toe, which he 
 called a "great discovery" in his day, adding that it 
 would form "a basis for the repose of the profession." 
 He claimed for it the power to relieve the feet from the 
 restraint of the shoe and naQs, by permitting the natural 
 expansion of the hoof, and averting thus all the evils of 
 the common system of shoeing. The cause of failure was 
 simple enough, and had the inventor taken the trouble to 
 
116 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 fix his invention upon tlie model of a hoof that allowed of 
 expansion, he would soon have discovered that the nails 
 held the shoe as securely as if there had been no joint 
 there, and that all expansion in the hoof was by them 
 prevented. If the nails could have about a quarter of an 
 inch play either way, then a jointed shoe would have 
 some chance ; as it is, there is none for it whatever. 
 
 A Mr. Eotche took out a patent in 1816 for another 
 shoe, similar in principle to Mr. Clarke's. This shoe, 
 consisting of three or more pieces, attached to leather by 
 rivets, was found utterly useless for the purpose of 
 allowing the foot to expand. Since then we have had 
 Harris's (of Shiffnal Salop) expanding shoe, which was 
 patented in 1841, — and Lanty's shoe, to allow of expan- 
 sion, prevent concussion, wearing out of nails, and to 
 prevent slipping — patented 1865. All of these at- 
 tempted step-mothers , of nature have been failures, 
 proving that no amount of art can ever replace the 
 proper preventer of contraction, concussion, and slipping 
 — viz. the frog. 
 
 Prom time to time several screw shoes have appeared, 
 each in turn affecting to be the cure for contraction, but 
 in every case the boasted efficacy of the contrivance 
 turned out to be quite imaginary. Sir John Eogers in- 
 troduced a shoe with a claw to it, intended to resist any 
 closing at the heels, but, like the others, it was found not 
 to answer. The screw shoe was made with a joint at 
 the toe, having the screw at the heels passing across the 
 foot from side to side. The foot was kept in water to 
 soften the horn, and every day the screw was slightly 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 117 
 
 turned by a key, the hoof apparently opening wider at 
 the heels by the interior lengthening action of the screw. 
 But it was soon found that no proper expansion took 
 place, it being either the nails that gave, or the crust 
 that split. So ended the theory of the screw shoes, 
 which could never have been looked into properly, as 
 they would not have stood the test of common sense 
 investigation an hour. We have only to imagine that if 
 the nails did not give, nor the crust split, while the shoe 
 was forced wider apart, this result must follow— viz. the 
 wall of the foot would be torn away from the sole, and 
 the laminaa at tlje heels ; a much more serious con- 
 sequence than the contraction could ever have produced. 
 Of shoes to prevent slipping there have been several 
 patented, but I will only refer to three — viz. Woodin's, 
 patented in 1845, Palmer's, patented in 1867, and Gray's, 
 patented in 1869. Woodin's is a double-bevelled, widish- 
 webbed shoe, with teeth or notches on the inside rim, as 
 a preventative to slipping, the nail-holes being outside of 
 these in a kind of fullered groove. Being made of cast 
 iron it never could have answered, even had its con- 
 struction been faultless, which it was not by a long way. 
 Palmer's fore shoes are simply a copy of Woodin's, but 
 the hiad shoes differ in there being a blade at the quarters 
 instead of teeth ; in fact the hind shoes so much resemble 
 skates that one cannot help fancying, when he sees them, 
 that they are meant to assist a horse to slip, instead of 
 being a prevention against slipping, as they pretend to 
 be. These are made in a tool, and cost six shillings a 
 set with putting on. Gray's are steel shoes, made by 
 
118 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 machinery, and are simply ribbed and grooved bars, from 
 an inch and a quarter to an inch and three-quarters in 
 width, turned round in the shape of horse shoes. Their 
 price, which was from two shillings and sixpence to four 
 shillings a set would be a sufficient obstacle against them 
 ever coming into general use, irrespective of their 
 liability to fracture their width of web, and the peculiar 
 advantage their form gives for slipping sideways, which 
 no other shoe I ever saw possessed to a quarter of the 
 extent that those do. After they had been worn smooth 
 at the toe, I am sure that no horse could keep his feet, 
 shod with Gray's shoes for forty yards m London streets 
 any day after a slight shower, as the grooves run parallel 
 (except at the toes), with the paving-stones over which 
 the animal would have to travel. 
 
 Colonel Fitzwygram,of the 1.5th Hussars, recommends 
 a shoe turned up at the toe for the fore feet, as does 
 likewise Mr. Haycock of Manchester, for roadsters and 
 harness horses. That the arguments brought forward 
 by Colonel Pitzwygram in favour of this shoe deserve 
 more than a passing notice I am bound to admit, and I 
 will endeavour to fulfil the responsibility. Starting from 
 the point that horses wear their shoes most at the toes, 
 and that they invariably go better when the toe has been 
 worn down a little, the Colonel proceeds to draw atten- 
 tion to the fact that the coffin-bone of the horse's foot 
 has likewise this rounded form at the toe, and putting 
 all these facts together, infers that the shoe should be 
 made to follow this design. At first sight this aU appears 
 both feasible and' logical, but when we begin to reflect 
 
ABOUT HOKSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 119 
 
 that surely nature could never intend one-fourth of a 
 horse's fore foot to turn upwards from the ground, at 
 the very part she has supplied most bountifully with 
 horn, as if a more than usual bearing, instead of a less, 
 was to take place here, we begin to perceive the weak- 
 ness of the Colonel's position. And when we like- 
 wise remember that the fore feet of a foal at birth show 
 no more sign of a turn up at the toe than at the hind 
 feet, that horses so shod could keep but an indifferent 
 hold of the ground, and that when galloping they would 
 be rocking in front until there was a danger of them fall- 
 ing, we then are sensible that this theory will not stand 
 the test of practice. 
 
 Mr. Fleming, in his recent work on Horse Shoes and 
 Horse Shoeing, recommends that the old common 
 seated shoe, introduced years ago into this country by 
 Mr. Osmer, requires simply to be turned over — the 
 ground surface becoming the foot surface, and vice versa, 
 to form the most perfect shoe that he knows of Although 
 it savours a little too much of legerdemain, this turning 
 over of the shoe that Mr. F. advocates, something that 
 reminds one too forcibly of Herr Cobbler's style, as if he 
 was addressing us with " Here gentlemen, in my hand 
 you will perceive a common horse-shoe, an old affair, so 
 very old that our grandfathers could not remember its 
 introduction if they were alive, and were I to venture to 
 say how many thousand horses this sort of shoe has ruined, 
 you would not only be amazed, you would be horror- 
 stricken; look well at this sh.oe, presto, I have but turned 
 it over gentlemen, when it has become the most perfect 
 
120 ABOUT HORSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 horse shoe in existence." Yet I should certainly credit 
 Mr. Fleming with the discovery, simple as it is, had not 
 Professor Coleman, about the end of last century, recom- 
 mended a similar change to be made in the very same 
 shoe. In his Observations on the Foot of the Sorse, and 
 the Principles and Practice of Shoeing. Mr. Coleman, at 
 page 88, thus writes, " The best form for the external sur- 
 face of the shoe is a regular concavity, that is the common 
 shoe reversed. This shoe leaves the hoof of the same 
 figure when shod as before its application. And it is 
 evident that a concavity has more points of contact with 
 pavement and other convex bodies than a flat or convex 
 surface, and that the horse is consequently more secure 
 on his legs. A shoe that is flat externally may preserve the 
 hoof equally well in health ; but this form is not so 
 well calculated to prevent the horse from slipping, as a 
 concavity." 
 
 Mr. Fleming's words (after describing the objects to 
 be gained by shoeing) are, "The simplest method of 
 doing this is merely changing the bevel on the foot sur- 
 face of the ordinary shoe to its ground surface, making 
 what is now concave plain, and the flat slippery ground 
 surface concave. The effect is almost magical." — {Horse 
 Shoes and Horse-Shoeing, p. 664.) Now, as Mr. F. 
 quotes largely from Mr. Coleman's "book," it would 
 be superfluous to imagine that he had not read the 
 extract, from his work that I have given, yet, so far 
 from acknowledging that he derived the idea of the 
 reversed shoe from Mr. C.'s book, Mr. Fleming rather 
 speaks slightingly of both the author and his produc- 
 tion. Here is what appears in Horse Shoes and Horse- 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 121 
 
 Shoeing, p. 518, and headed "Coleman's Opinions." 
 " Every allowance must be made in criticising many of 
 Coleman's notions with regard to shoeing. Though 
 a most promising surgeon before joining the Veterinary 
 College, his opportunities for studying comparative 
 pathology, and especially the subject under consideration, 
 must have been rare. Medical men, it must be remem- 
 bered, unless they study these matters as carefully as 
 they have done those connected with their own profes- 
 sion, are apt to commit very grave mistakes, their special 
 knowledge being at times more liable to mislead than 
 to guide them." And again, he continues, "Coleman 
 repeats the statement as to the evil influences of paring 
 and bad shoeing ; and, owing to his exaggerated notions 
 of the elasticity and expansive properties of the foot, 
 adopted almost entirely La Fosse's ideas as to the 
 manner in which it ought to be shod." Certainly these 
 are very cool remarks of Mr. Fleming's ; after having 
 adopted the credit of introducing a form of shoe that Mr. 
 Coleman had recommended so long ago, would it not 
 have shown better judgment in Mr. Fleming not to have 
 noticed Mr. Coleman's book at all ? 
 
 At the " Workmen's International Exhibition," held 
 two years ago in the Agricultural Hall, London, there 
 were several exhibitors of horse shoes, one or two of 
 which are deserving of notice. Mr. Pringle of London 
 exhibited what he terms* "a cone-jointed horse shoe," 
 
 * Mr. Pringle's shoes were also in the International Exhibi- 
 tion of 1871, his and the Goodenongh Horse Shoe being the 
 only ones that were shown there. 
 
122 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 which, like others of its class, has no merit beyond some 
 originality in design. Mr. Priagle also shows "An 
 improved clog for roughing," which I fear is too cum- 
 brous and costly ever to receive much patronage. It is 
 meant to be attached to the shoe in frosty weather, and 
 is a double section-plate with clips, which fasten on to 
 the shoe at the toe and heels. It opens or closes by 
 the action of a screw in the centre, and has four claws 
 (moveable) to prevent slipping on the ice. This clog 
 might answer the purpose intended, but is open to 
 objection on account of its extra weight, and the 
 chances of one or more claws breaking or coming out, 
 whUe the frog in its natural state is far before any arti- 
 ficial preventative there is or ever can be made against 
 slipping. Mr. Coles, an optician of Birmingham ex- 
 hibited a shoe and model. This is a method of attaching 
 the shoe without naihng, by taking advantage of the 
 slope of the hoof it fits all round the crust in the same 
 manner as a clip. It is in two parts, which are united 
 at the heels by a double joint that fixes under the frog, 
 the whole fastening in front like a bracelet, only that it 
 is a screw which secures it instead of a clasp. This, 
 however, is only the frame of the shoe, which also, in 
 two parts, is fastened on to the lower plate by screws, 
 and so those can be replaced when necessary. Some 
 considerable ingenuity is here shown, but as the frog 
 has to be cut in order to fix the shoe on, while it would 
 have to fit very tight, I am afraid a shoe of this de- 
 scription would be the cause of more contraction than 
 any other now in use. Certainly there would be the 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 123 
 
 axivantages of no nails nor rasping, while it could be 
 taken off at night ; but the expense, the necessity to cut 
 the frog, together with its liability to break, will prevent 
 it from ever becoming anything more than a curiosity. 
 
 The india-rubber frog, which has been patented by 
 . an Edinburgh Company, answers as a preventative 
 against slipping better than any other thing of the 
 kind I have seen, but as it is at best but a substitute for 
 the natural frog against slipping, and can never act as 
 an expander of the foot, it can only be recognised as 
 a make-shift. Like leather soles, it is also of a heating 
 nature, and therefore likely to prove injurious. The 
 frog itself, answering all purposes as an impediment to 
 slipping, is far preferable to any artificial inventions 
 meant to take its place. 
 
 I now come to narrow webbed shoes, the only shoes 
 in my opinion worthy of being adopted as the general 
 shoe for every description of horse. I hold that there 
 is no more mistaken idea than that which permits of a 
 particular formation of shoe for every class of horses, 
 and for every degree in each class. Not only — does 
 this idea say — shall cart-horses have different shaped 
 shoes from van-horses, carriage-horses from cab-horses, 
 hunters from hacks, and ponies from all the other six, 
 but that each lot should be again sub-divided into low 
 heels and high heels, convex and concave shaped soles, 
 feet disposed and indisposed to contraction, besides the 
 various kinds of shoes to prevent cutting and forging. 
 
 Now if we refer to the writings of every author on 
 the subject of horse-shoeing, from Blundevill, who lived 
 
124 ABOIJT HORSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, down to the most recent 
 authority of our own time, the number who recommend 
 a particular shoe for every kind of horse might be easily 
 reckoned on the fingers of one hand. Lord Pembroke, 
 in his treatise, writes, " Prom the race-horse to the cart- 
 horse the same description of shoes and system of shoeing 
 should be observed ; the size, thickness, and weight of 
 them only should differ, the shoe of a race-horse must 
 of course be lighter than that of a saddle-horse, that of 
 a saddle-horse lighter than that of a coach-horse, and 
 this last more so than a cart-horse." I might give 
 other authorities, but believing that all reasonable 
 people will, upon consideration, perceive that as all 
 horses have hoofs of a strength proportionate to their 
 bodies, they only need shoes the strength and thickness 
 of which is in a corresponding ratio ; and therefore the 
 same description of shoe, if it benefits hacks, hunters, or 
 ponies, will prove equally beneficial to draught-horses 
 of every kind. 
 
 Lord Pembroke was a great advocate for narrow- 
 webbed shoes ; broad-webbed shoes, he said, were most 
 " absurd things," adding, " Nothing more is wanted than 
 iron enough to protect the outward crust of the foot, 
 and to prevent its breaking." His idea was a narrow 
 iron bar, bent round, having the same thickness through- 
 out ; it is certainly far preferable to the wide webbed 
 shoe, which overloads the foot and gives no firm hold 
 upon the ground. Professor Coleman's shoe might be 
 styled a narrow webbed shoe, as also one or two others, 
 which need not be described, being now out of date. 
 
ABOUT HORSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 125 
 
 The two shoes and systems of shoeing which have 
 most occupied the public mind are the " Charlier " and 
 the " Goodenough," and I cannot conclude this chapter 
 better than by endeavouring to analyse the merits and 
 faults in each of these. The first is known as the pre- 
 planter or French shoe — its inventor being a Frenchman ; 
 but before entering into a description of this method of 
 shoeing, I will give the grounds upon which M. Charlier 
 bases his theory. 
 
 Accepting as a fact that the unnatural work horses 
 are subjected to upon artificial roads is too much for the 
 hoof to stand, while the present system of putting on 
 heavy wide shoes after removing the constantly renew- 
 ing horn from the sole is a remedy worse for the foot than 
 any injury the hardest road could inflict — M. Charlier 
 thought that a thin light piece of iron let in round the 
 lower part of the crust, similar to a ferrule on a walking- 
 stick, would not only prevent the horn of the hoof from 
 breaking, but would prove a sufficient obstacle against 
 the wear of the hard roads. He therefore decided upon 
 the following plan of shoeing, from which, and the ac- 
 companing illustrations, the reader will doubtless be able 
 to understand what the merits of the contrivance are. 
 
 Using an instrument something like a square gouge 
 (Fig. 8, a), with a guide to prevent its cutting beyond the 
 required depth (b), the farrier scoops a rectangular 
 groove from the outer circle of the horse's foot (c 
 D and e). Into this groove is fitted an iron band, 
 measuring rather more than the thickness of an ordinary 
 horse-shoe, with less than half its width (Fig. 9, f and g) ; 
 
126 ABOUT HORSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 TO ILLUSTEATE THE CHAELIBB SHOE AND SYSTEM. 
 A. — Square gouge for cutting groove in hoof. 
 B. — Guide to prevent the gouge cutting too deep. 
 0. — Bottom view of foot prepared for shoeing. 
 D. — Side view of foot prepared for shoeing, 
 i:. — Section of foot prepared for shoeing. 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 127 
 
 tliis is secured by five or seven nails. The shoe being 
 thus sunk into the crust, the sole of the foot, which is 
 never pared, and the frog, are brought on the ground. 
 The shock of the constant concussion of the iron shoe 
 on the hard road is thrown into the wall of the foot, 
 and not into the softer parts of the foot, which are pro- 
 tected by the tough and elastic horn of the sole ; the frog 
 being also brought on the ground, allows the animal to 
 feel, and as it were to grasp, the earth in slippery places. 
 The shoe being thin and narrow, is said to have a certain 
 amount of elasticity about it, and, after a few days' use, 
 adapts itself to the natural shape of the foot, expanding 
 with its movement, and developing the frog, bringing the 
 whole foot into action. 
 
 Another advantage claimed by the inventor is, hav- 
 ing the holes into which the nails are driven made oval 
 instead of square, by which a rectangular naU, when 
 driven in, takes its shape, and so acquires a firmness of 
 hold that it would not otherwise have. I expect, 
 however, that the true cause of this departure from the 
 form of the old nail-holes is, that the extreme narrow- 
 ness of the web of the shoe will not permit the holes to 
 be punched in the usual manner, and therefore they are 
 obliged to be drilled through. 
 
 That M. Charlier has shown a considerable deal of 
 originality in the conception and in carrying out the 
 design of his shoe, no one will, I think, attempt to deny. 
 To me, his idea of a ferrule kind of horse shoe seems to 
 be a particularly happy one. But this, which should be 
 the strongest point — being the basis — ia the Charlier 
 
128 
 
 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 shoe, is unfortunately the weakest. Could the shoe have 
 been made to encircle the hoof, in the same manner as 
 the ferrule girds the stick, then its principal fault would 
 never have existed ; but as the thin iron band only reaches 
 
 TO ILLUSTKATE THE CHAKLIBK SHOE AND SYSTEM. 
 
 F. — Bottom view of foot shod with the Charlier Shoe. 
 G. — Side view of foot shod with the Charlier Shoe. 
 H. — The Charlier Shoe. 
 I. — Iron hand it is made from. 
 
 the heels, and as it is an indispensable condition in all 
 horse shoes to possess a certain width of web, otherwise 
 
ABOUT HOKSE SHOllS — OLD AND NEW. 129 
 
 they will twist, or spread aud break, the Charlier shoe, 
 through lacking this condition alone, would prove a 
 failure. 
 
 There are, however, other objections against its com- 
 ing into use, and these are, first — the difficulty of ever 
 getting farriers not only clever enough, but having 
 patience enough, to put the shoe on, a more than ordinary 
 obstacle, as the most casual observer will readily per- 
 ceive. The second objection is, that from the manner 
 the shoe must be fitted, just flush with the bottom of the 
 foot, that the sole will have to bear more of the horse's 
 weight than it is able to take. Third, the danger of the 
 groove for the shoe being cut so deep as to injure the 
 sensitive parts of the foot. Lastly, the difficulty, in the 
 event of a horse losing a shoe at a distance from home, 
 of having it replaced. These are all serious objections, 
 but I consider the most serious one of all is the liability 
 of the shoe to twist, break, and carry away with the 
 broken parts the portions of the crust to which they 
 had been attached. 
 
 Determined, however, not to be convinced by any- 
 thing less than satisfactory proo^ I made inquiries if any 
 of our cavalry regiments had ever used the Charlier shoe, 
 and learned that my old corps, the 10th Eoyal Hussars, 
 had tried it four years ago at Aldershot, where they had 
 been stationed for nearly twelve months, I therefore 
 made a point of seeing Colonel Baker, whom I met at the 
 Army and ISTavy Club, St. James' Square, when I asked 
 him how the Charlier shoe had answered ? In reply, he 
 said, " Not at all. I had six horses per troop shod with 
 
 K 
 
130 ABOUT HOKSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 the Charlier shoe when the regiment was at Aldershot, 
 -and the experiment proved a failure. They broke so 
 frequently that the horses' hoofs were nearly ruined in 
 consequence. I had to give it up after it had a fair trial 
 for six months," adding, "I like the system much, or 
 rather the principle, but the shoe is a failure." 
 
 Since then I learned that the Charlier shoe had been 
 tried in India with the 5th Lancers, my informant being 
 an old farrier-major of that corps, named Eichard Kemp, 
 who was discharged from the army in 1870. By his 
 account the Charlier shoe was so liable to twist or 
 break that the nail-holes were made in the sides of the 
 shoe, the nails being driven crossways through the sole, 
 and clenched ia the middle of the foot. It was an 
 extreme measure to keep the shoe on the foot, and, 
 like all extreme measures, it proved a failure, the acci- 
 dents being as numerous as before. 
 
 The " Charlier," in my opinion, has failed in conse- 
 quence of its inventor attempting too much. With 
 perhaps one horse in a score the Charlier will be a 
 great success, but not from any virtue or specialty in 
 the shoe, but simply from these horses having pecu- 
 liarly well-constructed feet, A horse with an excep- 
 tionally thick crust to his hoofs, good frogs, and soles 
 to match in substance, will wear a set of Charlier shoes 
 for three months, but the other nineteen would pro- 
 bably not wear them as many days. 
 
 So much for the Charlier, and now I will refer to 
 the Goodenough horse shoe. If this shoe had been 
 worthless in itself, instead of being quite the reverse. 
 
ABOUT HOKSB SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 131 
 
 the patentees who introduced it to the English public — 
 viz. Frederic Eobinson, Esq., and Edward Cottam, Esq., 
 deserve the gratitude of all who take an interest in the 
 humane treatment of man's noblest servant, the horse. 
 I know that, great as the existing ignorance of horse- 
 owners stOl is as regards the shoeing of these animals, 
 this ignorance was tenfold greater before that account 
 of the Goodenough shoe appeared in the " Times " some 
 four or five years since. The attention it called to its 
 assistance, and the consternation it caused among the 
 trade of farriers, would be difficult to describe. Un- 
 fortunately, here again, too much was hoped for, too 
 much attempted. The shoeing-smiths, as it threatened 
 their means of subsistence, were against the shoe to 
 a man, while many of the veterinary surgeons were 
 equally hostUe from other motives. The latter gave 
 the shoe a bad name, and the former took care to put 
 them on the horses' feet in such a way that they either 
 came off or broke. Had the patentees simply tried to 
 preserve the fore feet of horses, and only turned out 
 fore shoes, the hostility of the smiths would, in my 
 opinion, have never assumed one-third the proportions 
 it did ; while the masters — that is, the veterinary sur- 
 geons — would have found employment for their men, 
 when they were not shoeing, in making hind shoes. 
 Still, as I have already remarked, immense good accrued 
 from the introduction of the Goodenough horse shoe into 
 this country. 
 
 The chief merits claimed for the Goodenough shoe 
 were its calks, its double bevel, and its narrow web. 
 
132 ABOUT HOKSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE THE GOODENOUOH SHOE AHD SYSTEM. 
 
 A. — ^Foot prepared for shoeing. . 
 B. — Foot with shoe on. 
 C. — Goodenough Shoe — ground surface. 
 D. — Goodenough Shoe — foot surface. 
 
ABOUT HOKSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 133 
 
 The calks or projections, as will be seen from the 
 accompanying plate, were five in number, two nail- 
 holes being between each calk. As these projections 
 did not usually last over a week, while they took up 
 space which would have been better employed for fresh 
 naU-holes, when the crust had broken away, from any 
 cause, elsewhere, I think the calks were no advantage 
 to the shoe. The narrow web and its other advantages 
 I need not again refer to ; but the double bevel hav- 
 ing not been touched upon to a like extent, I will give 
 a short account of its merits. The bevel towards the 
 foot-surface prevents, in the opinion of many profes- 
 sionals, any unnecessary pressure upon the sole, and 
 old farriers even now carry out this principle to an 
 outrageous extent, when they, by what is technically 
 termed, "dish out the shoe.^' In my opinion, the bevel 
 inside is not of so much consequence as the bevel on 
 the ground-surface is. The latter prevents the picking 
 up of stones, as the sloping insides of the shoe on the 
 ground-surface afford no hold for foreign substances to 
 lodge in. The same peculiarity keeps, to a great extent, 
 snow or mud from hailing between the sole and the 
 iron, besides taking a better grip of the convex tops of 
 the stones with which the middle of our streets are 
 usually paved. The frog, by the Goodenough prin- 
 ciple of shoeing, is not allowed to be pared away. As 
 many of the streets are now laid with asphalte, and 
 others with wood-paving, the advantage of frog pressure, 
 in enabling horses to travel safely over such compara- 
 tively smooth surfaces, wiU be at once apparent. 
 
134 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 That a strong objection exists among farriers to put 
 on machine-made shoes I will not attempt to deny; 
 but at the same time I feel confident these shoes must 
 ere long come into general use. I would suggest, how- 
 ever, that ironmongers should become shoeing-smiths. 
 By some means the men, when not employed putting on 
 shoes, could be working at other branches of the smith's 
 business instead of making shoes. I have drawn atten- 
 tion elsewhere to the ridiculous custom which assigns 
 to the horse-shoe maker a pre-emiuence much above his 
 mate, who has to do the more particular part, namely, 
 fastening the shoe on to the foot. With machine-made 
 shoes this pre-eminence would disappear, as the "nail- 
 ing on " will then, and justly too, become the important 
 part. Another advantage horses would derive from 
 being shod with machine-made shoes is, that such 
 shoes cannot be tampered with in the same manner as 
 hand-made shoes are constantly done. An ordinary 
 shoe, when it has been worn nearly out at the toe, is 
 not always cast on one side, — far from it ; a fresh piece 
 of iron or steel is welded on the toe, the shoe gets a 
 fresh hammering, and on it goes again as a new shoe. 
 A farrier told me that this lack of adaptability would 
 always be against his adopting machine-made shoes. 
 
 But the benefit of machine-made shoes does not end 
 here ; they would ensure uniformity of weight, of con- 
 struction, and last, though not least, of price. At present 
 each farrier follows a particular fancy of his own, both 
 in making of shoes and putting them on, which, in most 
 instances, is injurious to the animals he shoes. And 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 135 
 
 this may be plainly traced to the fact thatj there having 
 been no system of shoeing in this country which has 
 shown its pre-eminence over others, every smith has 
 been at liberty to follow his own ideas, which, generally 
 being prompted by self-interest, so the plan which allowed 
 him most profit was usually adopted. Accordingly, 
 with cheap iron, cheaper workmen were introduced — 
 men perfectly incompetent often, for the duties they 
 had to perform. Then followed that the making of, or 
 putting on, a certain number of shoes was to constitute 
 a day's work, all above which was to be paid for as over- 
 time. Consequently shoe making and shoe fixing are 
 now merely questions of turning iron bars into a certain 
 circular shape, without reference to the form of feet they 
 are to go on, in the first case ; and in the second, it re- 
 solves itself simply into being able to nail on a shoe 
 without pricking the horse. • 
 
 On the other hand, had there been all along a correct 
 shoe and a specific plan for shoeing before the public, 
 the self-interest of farriers would have driven them to 
 become acquainted thoroughly with the plan, as every 
 owner of horses would, among other things, be able to 
 see that an old shoe had not been put on again for a new 
 one ; a proper fair price for shoeing would likewise 
 sj)eedily become general, and the incompetent and knav- 
 ish workmen would soon be forced out of the positions 
 they now occupy. At present, if the nails but clear the 
 quick, and the horse moves sound out of the forge, that 
 piece of iron which can be shaped and put on the soonest 
 is adopted, without the slightest consideration of what 
 
136 ABOUT HORSE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 the ultimate consequences may be to the animal — a very 
 sad state of things, to say the least, which we have to 
 contend against. 
 
 There are not many horse-shoe factories in the United 
 Kingdom ; but the shoes turned out from all I have seen 
 are very creditable. Messrs. Shanks of Glasgow make 
 a shoe, the merit claimed for which is its durability. 
 This is attained by great pressure, the fibres in the iron 
 being driven so close together by the force of a Naysmith 
 steam-hammer, that the metal, when thus compressed, is 
 said to wear double the usual time. If this is the case, 
 of course lighter shoes could be made ; but those I saw 
 at Glasgow last year were wide clumsy affairs, that did 
 not contrast favourably with the hand-made ones I was 
 shown at the same time. 
 
 There are two or three factories where horse shoes 
 are made jiear Wolverhampton ; but I believe that the 
 Horse Shoe and Foundry Company, at Wellington Eoad, 
 Battersea, London, turn out shoes superior to any others 
 in the trade. Only one description of horse shoe is, how- 
 ever, made here ; but, as it is of an extraordinary good 
 description, I wiU give a short account of it. It is a ful- 
 lered shoe, having not only a bevel on the foot surface, 
 but on the ground surface as well. Machinery does 
 everything, — ^roUs the bars of iron, cuts these bars into 
 lengths, puts the fuller in, turns the shoes to proper 
 shape, punches the nail-holes, and turns them out ready 
 for use. I do not know the prices of them now, but 
 previous to the increase in the price of iron the cost of 
 these shoes ranged from Id. to 4d. apiece, at which they 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES— OLD AND NEW. 137 
 
 were in great demand, not only at home but in India, 
 Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, and on the Contiaent 
 of Europe. 
 
 Supposing, however, the average price now of a set 
 of four shoes to be Is. 4d., and allowing 3d. for naUs, and 
 Is. 3d. for putting a set of shoes on, the cost to the far- 
 rier wiR be 2s. lOd. ; and, if we allow him 20 per cent 
 profit, the cost of a set of machine-made shoes should 
 only be about 3s. 6d. to the customer. I have not here 
 taken into consideration the value of the old horse-shoes, 
 but which can be safely put down at 2d. the set, to sell 
 for old iron, when their profits would, of course, be so 
 much more. 
 
 From a military point of view, machine-made shoes 
 would prove a great benefit to the service. The difficulty 
 of getting good farriers in the army has been always, to 
 say the least, a very serious one ; for year after year the 
 difficulty has been increasing, and to this cause alone I 
 attribute the short period our cavalry and artUlery horses 
 apparently serve. And if we reflect that troop horses 
 are purchased when they are only 4 years old, or even 
 younger ; that their forage is excellent in quality, and 
 sufficient ia quantity ; that their work is light, being but 
 common exercise for them ; and that they are selected 
 by thorough good judges, assisted by practical men, such 
 as the "Army Veteriaary Surgeons," it certainly ought 
 to surprise us to be told that cavalry horses only last, on 
 an average, between 7 and 8 years. Out of the army 
 a horse works for 12 or 16 years, and, properly, should 
 be in working condition for double that period ; for, by 
 
138 ABOtJT HOESE SHOES— OLD AND NEW. 
 
 natural laws, as a horse does not cease growing until he 
 is 7 or 8 years old, his life should extend till he is aged 
 35 or 40 years. A horse the Shah of Persia brought 
 over with him to England was declared to be over 50 
 years old ; and in India I was shown, in 1853, a grey 
 Arab, in a fort near Poonah, that had been ridden by 
 one of our ofiBicers at the battle of Kirkee, nearly half a 
 century before. With such facts before me, is it a won- 
 der I should blame the bad shoeing-smiths of the army 
 for much, if not most, of the mischief ; to the once tailors, 
 haberdashers, colliers, and clodhoppers, but now farriers, 
 who &st lame the horses until they are unable to walk, 
 and then are cast and sold for a few pounds. In my 
 own regiment, the 10th Hussars, just before it went out 
 to India, out of 15 farrier-sergeants and shoeing-smiths, 
 there were only the farrier-major and two others that had 
 been farriers before they joined the army. One of the 
 remaining 12 had been bred a tailor, and, as a tailor, had 
 worked for the regiment. A second had been a collier, 
 a third a groom, and so on through the dozen. No 
 less an authority than Lord Napier of Magdala, in 
 a circular .dated from Simla, late in the year 1870, 
 directed attention to the incapacity of a large number 
 of army farriers and shoeing-smiths. And Lord Napier's 
 is no solitary opinion, as the following extract from a 
 letter written by the principal Veterinary Surgeon in 
 India wUl testify, the reason the letter was written being 
 as foUows — Colonel Eyves, of the Bengal Cavalry, having 
 written a useful little work upon horse-shoeing, some one 
 suggested that a copy of the book should be supplied to 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 139 
 
 every shoeing-smith in a mounted corps. To this the 
 principal veterinary surgeon replied in these words : 
 " My experience of the farriers of the army is, that they 
 are, generally speaking, men entirely without education, 
 save of a mechanical description, and that, consequently, 
 they are incapable of understanding or appreciating even 
 the most rudimentary instruction in veterinary matters. 
 The simplest language in which such information could 
 be conveyed to them would be a mystery to the majority ; 
 and I believe I am within the mark when I assert that 
 not one-haE of the shoeiag-smiths in the Bengal Army 
 can read their own language or write it legibly. With- 
 out good primary education, it is an impossibility to 
 convey technical language to any man, therefore I can- 
 not concur in the suggestion," etc. 
 
 Another veterinary surgeon, under the assumed name 
 of " Hippogriff, K. H. A." described so weU, in a paper he 
 contributed to the Veterinarian of November 1870, 
 the characteristics of different farriers he had come in 
 contact with, that I beg to quote some of his opinions : 
 " In all farriers," this writer tells " there is an absence of 
 method in conducting their duties when they extend 
 beyond the forge ; in some there is a want of confidence 
 in themselves, although (as he rather sarcastically adds) 
 never of presumption and self-conceit. Few possess 
 education enough to comprehend the simplest forms and 
 phases of disease, nor can the contrary, he thinks, be 
 expected, so long as no proper institution exists for 
 their instruction." In the sketches Hippogriff gives of 
 the farriers of whom he has had personal experience, he 
 
140 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 describes most of them as being " unfit even for shoeing- 
 smiths. Prescriptions, written in plain English, they do 
 not understand ; the weights and measures in use are 
 unknown to them ; the common names of the most 
 ordinarily used medicines are not remembered by them ; 
 compounding is to them an impossible perplexity ; the 
 administration of medicine is a difficulty ; their notions 
 of disease and lameness are curiously vague ; whilst 
 their method of procedure in the sick-box shows that 
 they look upon the equine patients as neither deserving 
 nor reqvAring careful nursiug." 
 
 Now with such facts before us it appears a difficult 
 matter to understand why this state of things should be 
 allowed to exist; why the authorities have not taken 
 steps long ago, either to get a better class of workmen 
 in the service, or educated the men they have up to the 
 required standard of technical knowledge. As the re- 
 cognised difficulty is being unable to get men who can 
 turn out a properly made horse shoe, the purchase of 
 machine-made horse shoes would solve half the hindrance 
 to the attainment of greater perfection among our army 
 farriers. Again, as the introduction of such shoes would 
 release one-half of these men to their duty, and as the 
 "worst workmen would go, it would be comparatively easy, 
 then, for veterinary surgeons to carry on their duties. 
 The saving to the country would be likewise great, for 
 as there are about 500 farriers in the army at home, 
 any cause which would release half of them to their 
 duties in the ranks would prove an immense gain to 
 the State ; for less farriers means either so many more 
 
ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 141 
 
 efficient men in the ranks, or so many less to he provided 
 for. If the former, the nation benefits by having 250 
 more cavalry men at home (and about the same number 
 abroad) to do duty, vi^hile the expenditure would be de- 
 creased by £4000 per annum ; and if the latter, as aU 
 the attendant expenses for themselves and their horses 
 would be saved, the gain would not be less than £40,000 
 yearly. In this I have not taken into account the ad- 
 vantage the horses would derive from being shod with 
 weU-made shoes and by a better class of workmen, but 
 there can be no doubt, however, of the result being alike 
 beneficial to the health of the animals and to their 
 longevity. 
 
 Again, how the hands of commanding officers, and 
 of veterinary surgeons would be strengthened, as they 
 would not have to contend against half the evils which 
 bad-made shoes now inffict upon the horses, while there 
 would be an exact regulated pattern of shoe for the whole 
 army. The present regulation horse shoe in the service 
 is of faulty construction, as it has a calkin on the outside 
 heels of hind shoes, whUe the inside heels are drawn out 
 to a point similar in shape to the tail of a fish, a fashion 
 which makes a kick from horses so shod doubly dangerous. 
 I have elsewhere drawn attention to the injury that aU 
 calkins effect, so I need say no more here upon that 
 subject, except to point out that if hind and fore shoes 
 were made alike, that is, the latter without heel-caulks, 
 it would be quite an easy matter to make a fore shoe, by 
 a few strokes of the hammer, serve for a hind shoe, and 
 vice versa; when, instead of having to carry a spare set 
 
142 ABOUT HOESE SHOES — OLD AND NEW. 
 
 of shoes, as at present our dragoons are obliged to do, 
 they would only require to have one pair attached to 
 their saddles, a matter of more than ordinary consequence 
 on a campaign, when every ounce of extra weight tells 
 upon their horses. That there are many deserving and 
 good soldiers among our army farriers I should be the 
 last to deny, but of really skilled shoeing-smiths in the 
 ranks, the number is decidedly a limited one ; and while 
 I allow that a man may be taught in the army the for- 
 mation of a horse's foot and how to fasten a shoe to it 
 in a proper manner, yet I doubt if a man, after he is 
 fully grown, ever learns to make a horse shoe properly. 
 In the British service there are schools of musketry, of 
 music, of fencing, and even of cookery, yet, strange to 
 say, there are no schools of farriery. In France, in Ger- 
 many, and even in Belgium, schools of farriery form a 
 part, and an important one, of the schools for cavalry in 
 these countries, and it is one of the most striking illus- 
 trations of the inconsistency of our military system, that 
 while it provides the best horses for the cavalry and 
 artillery that money can purchase, and spares no expense 
 afterwards for feeding and stabling them, yet in the im- 
 portant matter of shoeing, the poor animals are subjected 
 to tortures from being operated upon by unskilful work- 
 men, that renders them unfit for service although stiU. 
 young. 
 
 In the next chapter I give a short description of the 
 " Chausfe Horse Shoe," an idea of my own, which, I 
 believe, will be found worth the reader's attention. 
 
THE CHAUSEE HOESE SHOE. 143 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 THE CHAUSEE HOKSE SHOE. 
 
 The prevention of slipping has determined, more or less, 
 the shape of nearly aU horse shoes of modern times, and 
 therefore I am not diverging from the beaten track, when 
 I submit this new form of shoe to the consideration of 
 the general public. My idea is to combine an elastic 
 substance like gutta-percha with the iron shoe, which in 
 this way will, by its configuration and construction, be 
 specially adapted to prevent either slipping or concus- 
 sion — matters of more than ordinary importance in such 
 an invention ; which, however, although often striven for 
 previously by others, have never yet been to my know- 
 ledge, so fully obtained. The " Chaus^e Horse Shoe," 
 like the " Goodenough " will be narrow webbed and 
 double bevelled, though, at the same time, I may mention 
 I do not attach so much importance to the bevel on the 
 foot surface, considering that in a narrow webbed shoe 
 it is not a point of such essential importance as the bevel 
 on the ground surface is. The chief peculiarity of the shoe 
 will be a groove, wider at the bottom than the top, into 
 which a wedge of gutta-percha can be inserted after the 
 shoe has been fastened to the foot in the ordinary 
 manner. 
 
144 THE CHAUSEE HOESE SHOE. 
 
 The union of an elastic substance with the metal, 
 after the shoe has been attached to the horse's foot, has, 
 so far as I can learn, never been attempted before, but 
 the advantages of such a combination are, in my opinion, 
 so evident, that they scarcely need mentioning. It is 
 well known that the mere act of a horse putting his 
 metal shod feet to the ground does not wear out the iron 
 to any great extent ; what does cause the extraordinary 
 rapid wear is the slipping of the shoes upon the stones 
 with which the streets are paved. But for this slipping 
 even a light set of shoes would last for three months, 
 consequently, when the extra friction is removed, the 
 necessity for any description of heavy shoes would dis- 
 appear as well. 
 
 In the horse shoe I recommend there will be two 
 substances, that differ not only in their densities and 
 weights, but also in other and more important particu- 
 lars. While the one is heavy and the other light ; the 
 former hard and capable of takiag a high polish, the 
 latter comparatively soft and lustreless ; the iron 
 slippery, the gutta-percha the reverse ; yet it is only 
 in such opposite qualities wherein we may hope to find 
 a prevention to . slipping and concussion, the prolific 
 causes of so many injuries and diseases, of strains to the 
 muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the joints, as well as 
 of ringbones, splints, and spavins — all attributable to the 
 two causes named above. 
 
 The gutta-percha wedge in the "Chausde" shoe 
 would effectually prevent slipping, as it would always 
 be flush with the iron rim on each side of it ; so the one 
 
THE CHAUSEE HOESE SHOE. 
 
 145 
 
 substance would assist the other ; the iron preventing 
 the too rapid wear of the softer gutta-percha, and that 
 would in turn, hy its adhesion to the ground, assist the 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 THE CHAUSfe HOESE SHOE. 
 
 A B. — Line of section. 
 A. — Upper part of groove. 
 B. — Lower .part of groove, 
 c. — Bevel on foot surface. 
 D. — Bevel on ground surface. 
 
 other to wear longer, besides enabling the horse to lift 
 his feet up and put them down again without sliding 
 about, as he is only too often obliged now to do with the 
 ordinary shoe. 
 
 The evil effects of concussion, — of the firm hard blows 
 from the ground, striking through the iron up a horse's 
 leg that is being driven fast along the road, cannot be 
 
 L 
 
146 THE CHAUSEE HOESE SHOE. 
 
 over-estimated. Sucli common results as splints, spavins, 
 and ringbones, I have already referred to elsewhere, as 
 well as to another and more fatal disease known as 
 foundered feet, due to the same cause — concussion. I 
 have read somewhere that the meaning of the word 
 foundered is hoof-molten, the name probably having 
 arisen, from an idea held by old farriers, that the disease 
 was owing to the melting of the fat in the horse's body, 
 and thus falling downwards into the feet. I may also 
 mention that there are two diseases of foundering to 
 which horses are liable, the one affecting the chest and 
 shoulders, the other the fore feet ; the last of which, how- 
 ever, I will only refer to here. 
 
 It is allowed that the cause of this disease proceeds 
 from too violent exercise over hard roads, and that young 
 horses are most liable to it ; of course all combined with 
 heavy wide webbed shoes, fastened on to mutilated feet. 
 We have only to imagine a horse so shod being driven 
 at a fast pace along a turnpike road, to recognise the 
 ruinous results which must follow. Iron, is, we all know, 
 a rapid conductor of heat ; and if we wished to make 
 it hot, except we put it into a fire, no better plan could 
 be adopted than constantly hammering it, — the very plan 
 carried out when a horse is driven rapidly over the hard 
 stones of our streets and roads. The fast pace alone 
 would cause a more than ordinary determination of 
 blood to the feet, and when this is supplemented by hot 
 heavy shoes, and soles pared so thin that the heat must 
 pass readily upwards, can we, or ought we, to expect any 
 other conclusion than that the internal parts of the 
 
THE CHAUSEE HORSE SHOE. 147 
 
 horse's feet should suffer from inflammation, or, as it is 
 termed, " foundered ?" 
 
 Narrow webbed, light, and elastic, the Chaus^e 
 horse shoe would, if put on as I have recommended, 
 effectually obviate all the ill effects of concussion, besides 
 securing a foothold for the animal that no other shoe could 
 give. Meant to be machine made, it would be attached 
 to the foot by nails in the usual way. The groove, 
 widest below, would still be large enough to admit the 
 heads of the nails within it, and after the nails had been 
 aU driven, drawn up, and clenched, a strip of softened 
 gutta-percha would be taken and laid in the groove in 
 precisely the same manner that a glazier applies putty 
 to a window frame when he is fixing in a pane of glass. 
 Some cold water then, thrown over the foot, will suffi- 
 ciently harden the gutta-percha, previous to which, 
 however, the farrier will have cut away with his knife 
 any portions that protruded beyond the edges of the iron 
 groove. 
 
 The gutta-percha would effectually prevent the shoe 
 from slipping, and when supplemented by frog pressure, 
 a horse so shod could be galloped over an ice-field with 
 safety. The elastic substance, preventing concussion, 
 would prove likewise an immense benefit to all horses 
 that from hard work, etc., had got shaky, or, as we term 
 it, "groggy," on their fore legs. 
 
 The foot of the horse being formed on the principle 
 of combining great firmness with great elasticity, and as 
 the common iron shoe partly nullifies the latter, it will 
 be easily seen how much this will be obviated by the 
 
148 THE CHAUSEE HOESE SHOE. 
 
 use of the Chaus^e shoe. We put on iron to adapt the 
 foot for a harder surface than the horse finds in his 
 natural pastures, and so far we may have acted wisely ; 
 but it is evident we should interfere as little with his 
 natural action as the necessity of the case requires. As it 
 ■ is, the iron must, to a considerable degree, bind the foot 
 and deprive it of not only expansion but much elasticity, 
 and therefore the gutta-percha comes here to the assist- 
 ance of nature, helping to recover the lost elasticity 
 which the iron shoe had subverted. 
 
 When it is considered how great the weight is that 
 the feet of a powerful horse has to sustain, and how 
 violent must be the concussion at every step the horse 
 takes upon the ground when rapid velocity is added 
 to this weight, common sense must teL. us that elasticity, 
 in every part procurable, is the only quality which can 
 combine ease, protection, and security, with great power 
 of speed ; and as this will be all afforded by the new 
 shoe I here recommend, its many advantages wiU. be 
 apparent to aU. 
 
BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF KIND TKEATMENT. 149 
 
 CHAPTEE XL 
 
 BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF KIND TKEATMENT UPON HORSES. 
 
 Before closing this essay I would fain say a few words 
 more, not so mucb with regard to horse shoeing, hut 
 more respecting the horse himself and his treatment. 
 In an experience of this noble and affectionate com- 
 panion of man, now extending considerably over a quarter 
 of a century in three parts of the known globe, I have 
 found him at all times and in all places especially sensi- 
 tive to kindness, having never had occasion to use any 
 other treatment even with the most vicious animals, 
 and I pity that man who can regard his horse with any 
 other feeling than one of affection ; for the person that 
 treats him as a friend finds a delight in his work, that 
 others destitute of the like consciousness can have no 
 idea of. As the companion of man and his faithful 
 friend, the horse ranks with the dog or the elephant. 
 He certainly may not evince the attachment to his 
 master that the former does, nor perhaps can instances 
 be given wherein he has ever exhibited the sagacity of 
 the latter, but the fault is not his. Were he as assidu- 
 ously waited upon by his groom as the mahout attends 
 to his charge — never absent from it day nor night, the 
 horse would in all likelihood become as docUe and 
 
150 BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF 
 
 intelligent as the elephant, and if his master petted and 
 caressed him as much as he did his dog, and was as long 
 and as often in his company, doubtless the attachment 
 between them would become as great. As it is, when a 
 horse expresses his pleasure at the fineness of the 
 weather or the elasticity of the turf on which he treads 
 by a kick or a gambol, the feeling is promptly repressed 
 by the application of whip and spur ; for what is play 
 in a dog, in a horse is regarded as vice. And if we but 
 reflect how harshly often this best of animals is treated 
 by mankind, how severely he is worked, and frequently 
 how badly fed, it is a wonder as a rule the horse has not 
 sunk as low as the ass. To the latter we attach an idea 
 of slowness, stupidity, and degradation ; but if we go to 
 the East we shall find there that the ass is regarded as the 
 type of bodily strength and vigour. In the Scriptures 
 Jacob compares Issacher "to a strong ass,"* while in 
 the Proverbs we are told, " a whip for the horse, and a 
 bridle for the ass."f According to our ideas this last 
 should read, " a bridle for the horse, and a whip for the 
 ass ;" but in the Eastern countries, where he is treated 
 well, the ass goes as free, if not more freely, than the 
 horse. The cause of this difference is not difficult to 
 discover ; ill-usage and neglect would in time have the 
 same effect upon the horse as it has had upon the ass ; 
 it would make him slow; stupid, and degenerate. 
 
 When a horse is tenderly and kindly looked after, it 
 is difficult to form any conception of how interesting 
 and intelligent he becomes, watching his groom's every 
 
 * Genesis xlix. 14. t Proverbs xxvi. 3. 
 
KIND TEEATMENT UPON HOESES. 151 
 
 movement in the stable, day after day, and week after 
 week, until he knows as well as the man himself what 
 is next to be done. How patiently such a horse will 
 stand to be cleaned or saddled, and how eagerly will he 
 turn round to have his head groomed, or to be bitted, 
 and how grateful is he for but a crust of bread, a hand- 
 ful of oats, a mouthful of hay, or even a kind word, 
 when spoken in a kindly tone by his master. When 
 such a man enters the stable the horse receives him with 
 a neigh of welcome, pawing the ground with his fore- 
 foot until the master is alongside of and pats him on 
 the neck encouragingly. As good masters make good 
 servants, so do good kind grooms make good and affec- 
 tionate horses. I do not mean the man who makes the 
 horse's coat shine like satin, for drugs will give him a 
 glossy coat while they undermine his constitution. I 
 refer to the groom who, in addition to the lustrous look 
 of the animals in his care, is never heard yelling at 
 them to " stand over," or " come round," who is assi- 
 duous in his attentions upon them ; who, recognising in 
 them the possession of virtues and passions, and but 
 scarcely less reasoning powers than he possesses him- 
 self, will never even commit an outrage upon their feel- 
 ings, far less deny them merciful treatment. 
 
 Tarriers, from the trouble they occasionally have 
 with a young horse the first time it is shod, come to 
 look upon all horses as being stupid to an extent which 
 they think puts the animals completely beyond the pale 
 of either kind or considerate treatment, and such is the 
 deadly stupifyiag influence of custom, that these men. 
 
152 BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF 
 
 perhaps not naturally inclined to acts of barbarity, yet 
 live insensibly in the constant commission of the most 
 cruel actions, without being apparently aware of their 
 conduct. So it is not imcommon to find them wilfully 
 torturing poor horses, who, having suffered ill-treatment 
 often in a forge, shrink fearfully away from any one 
 that wears a leather apron. Like the Neapolitan 
 peasant, who lived in a village noted for robberies and 
 murders, when he went once to confession, and having 
 told the priest that on a certain fast-day he had 
 swallowed a draught of milk, assuring the father he 
 could recollect the commission of no other sin. "What ! " 
 said the confessor, "have you never assisted in the 
 robbery and murder of travellers in the hollow road ? " 
 " Oh ! yes, certainly," was the peasant's unabashed reply, 
 "but then that is so common with us that we don't 
 make it a point of conscience." As I was remarking, 
 the farriers may be compared to this peasant, for with 
 them cruelty comes to be regarded more as a thing for 
 the display of mirth than of sorrow. One of these, 
 more brutal, doubtless, than his fellows, when reproved 
 for twitching a horse till the blood sprang from its 
 nostrils, replied with a couple of oaths, that "you are 
 making as much bother as if the horse was a Christian." 
 The most fruitful source of misery to cart-horses, is 
 their being committed into the hands entirely of their 
 drivers, the majority of whom are the most brutal and 
 ignorant of that class of society to which they belong. 
 You will see these men — for the brutal mind is always 
 prone to tyranny — glutting their vindictive disposition 
 
KIND TREATMENT UPON HORSES. 153 
 
 upon the poor animals under their charge, whenever 
 they themselves are found fault with, or even should 
 they be out of temper with something else. 
 
 These fellows further indulge their petty vanity and 
 conceit upon their poor horses, and if one of them, for- 
 sooth, be offended at the figure or condition of the horse 
 he drives, he will first endeavour by lies to set his 
 master against the animal, by declaring, falsely of course, 
 day after day, that the horse falls down, or that he won't 
 back, or any other complaint equally plausible. I 
 know a man, now, who having a horse given to him 
 which he did not approve of, not only over-drove it, but 
 gave the poor animal so little to eat that he actually 
 feU down in the street from excessive labour and want 
 of sustenance. Feeling confident that the rascal was 
 starving his horse, I went early one morning, after the 
 horse had just been fed, and found that the manger was 
 filled with chopped straw. When I spoke to the fellow 
 about it, he coolly assured me that the horse preferred 
 it this way, adding, " whenever I give him any oats with 
 the chopped straw, he leaves nearly all the oats at the 
 bottom of the manger." What can be done with such 
 men ? Is horsewhipping not too good for them ? 
 
 There is another cruelty horses are subjected to, 
 especially in London, where there are so many bridges that 
 toll has to be paid at. To make sixpence or a shilling, 
 to be spent probably in driak, carmen wiU drive their 
 horses miles round, and as they may have to be at their 
 destination by a certain time, the horses with their 
 heavy loads are driven at a pace far beyond their 
 
154 BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF 
 
 strength, in order to make up the time lost in going the 
 greater distance. 
 
 With coachmen, again, how frequently do we see one 
 of them whipping one of his horses the whole length of 
 a street ; * and for what ? simply because the horse may 
 have trod in a hole and stumbled, or slipped with his 
 wide webbed shoes on the greasy pavement, in either 
 case a misfortune for pity, not a fault for punishment. 
 
 How pleasant it is to turn from these disagreeable 
 details of the treatment of horses in our own land, to the 
 manner of usage which Asiatics in general, but particu- 
 larly the Arabs, bestow upon their horses, never using 
 whip or spur, but by caresses and talking, treat them as 
 if they were animals largely endowed with reasoning 
 qualities ; and weU is this repaid by the superior docility 
 and affection shown by these steeds for their riders. The 
 question is, could not as much care be bestowed on our 
 young horses if the gain is so great ? I think so, and 
 will endeavour to tell how. 
 
 There is probably no animal gifted with greater 
 simplicity, and yet naturally so timid as a young horse. 
 Whether it is the system of over-isolation, when keeping 
 it in the meadow at first apart from mankind, that is 
 the principal cause of this, is a subject that need not be 
 entered upon here ; so, contenting myself that the fact 
 exists, I will endeavour to point out why the simplicity 
 
 * The case, the other day, of Lady Abinger's coachman is one 
 in point, — he brutally flogged his horses because her ladyship had 
 spoken to him sharply ; thus venting his spleen upon the backs 
 of the animals he was driving. 
 
KIND TREATMENT UPON HOESES. 155 
 
 should be cultivated and tlie timidity subdued. A colt 
 or filly that has never been away from the stable wherein 
 it was foaled, or the grass field in which it was reared, 
 is not likely to acquire either the vice of kicking, rearing, 
 or bolting when there, and as its only probable inter- 
 course with man has been when it was caught and 
 haltered for some purpose or other, its timorousness in- 
 stinctively increased. We find it, therefore, when pur- 
 chased by the dealer, to be very foolish in its ways, and 
 very fearful of strange things ; but as it is also gifted 
 with great trustfulness, it is no sooner made to believe 
 that the person or the thing seen will not harm it, than 
 the timidity lessens and soon entirely disappears. 
 
 Working upon this knowledge therefore, we have 
 only to use caution and kindness to make the young 
 horse fearless, gentle, and confident, and it is at the com- 
 mencement of the tuition where the greatest care, tender- 
 ness, and thoughtfulness are required. The young horse 
 does little at first, and it is during these few weeks' in- 
 action in loose stalls that much can be done in getting 
 . it to understand what it is required to do in simple 
 things, such as giving its feet up to be washed out, 
 lowering its head to be groomed or the collar taken off, 
 to stand over in the stall, or to come round in it when 
 spoken to, and such like. It should always be spoken 
 to in going to stables and when leaving them, and called 
 by some particular name, the shorter the better, by the 
 use' of which it will quickly learn who is meant. A 
 horse soon learns to know its master's voice ; and, child- 
 like, prefers a gentle firm tone to a rough bullying one. 
 
156 BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF 
 
 The harsh command or oath of an ill-tempered man 
 grates as much on the sensitive ear of a young horse as 
 it would on the ear of an infant. The latter would show 
 its displeasure by squalling out ; the former, most likely, 
 by lashing out with both heels at the person who had 
 terrified it ; but you cannot speak to it too much if you 
 do so kindly ; whether it be to give you up its feet, to 
 come round, or to stand over, let the voice be used, ac- 
 companied by a wave of the hand indicating the direction 
 meant. Whenever it does what is wanted, it should be 
 " made much of," by patting it on the neck, for it likes , 
 being caressed, and will endeavour .to deserve such 
 treatment. 
 
 When the young horse has been taught thus much, 
 it should next be taught to allow its collar to be taken 
 off and put on quietly. All horseSi and especially young 
 ones, are particularly sensitive about the ears, and the 
 slightest hurry or rough usage at first, done through a 
 moment's forgetfulness, may take months to undo. 
 When the collar is wanted to be taken off it should be 
 opened to the fullest extent, and getting the horse's head 
 as low as possible, the collar should be then passed over 
 very gently, and if this can be done without touching 
 the ears so much the better, and the same care is to be 
 taken when putting it on. If this is managed skilfully 
 for two or three weeks, the worst of that part of the 
 business is over, for the animal, finding that it has noth- 
 ing to fear, will confidently push out its nose either to 
 have the collar taken off or put on. 
 
 At the first, second, and third shoeings, equal, if not 
 
KIND TREATMENT UPON HOESES. 157 
 
 greater care must be taken, and I would advise every 
 owner, when possible, to be present himself on these 
 occasions, for I can assure him the trouble will be amply- 
 repaid. 
 
 I shall now conclude with the sincere wish that as 
 education extends among the human family, the regard 
 and esteem for the horse may also increase, so that, before 
 long, it will be the duty, heartfelt in all men, to strive to 
 lessen the toil and make life as pleasant as possible to 
 man's best friend, the horse. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 Age of horses, 34 
 
 Agricultural shows, prizes for 
 
 shoeing, 62, 103 
 Aldershot Camp, the value of 
 
 ventilation, 82 
 Astley, Philip, remark of, 1 
 
 Back SrwEW, or Flexor perforans 
 tendon, 22, 37, 69 
 
 Baker, Colonel, opinion of, 129 
 
 Barrel, compared to a horse's foot, 
 58 
 
 Bars, the, 22, 25, 26, 33, 42, 49, 
 67, 58, 59, 89 
 
 Bartlett's prescription, 79 
 
 Bearing reins, the danger of, 2 
 
 Bedding horses down in the day- 
 time, ill effects of, 14 
 
 Beranger, remarks of, 12 
 
 Bevaus', Mr., horse "Hue and 
 Cry," 65 
 
 Binders, see Bars. 
 
 Blundeville's opinions, 124 
 
 Brushing, or Cutting, 83, 96, 97 
 
 Buttress, 47 
 
 Calkins, injurious eifects of, 67, 
 
 70 
 Carmen, tyranny of, 1, 52 
 Cattle shows, 62, 103 
 Cavalry horses, 81 
 Charlier horse shoe, description 
 
 of, 125-130 
 Chausde horse shoe, description 
 
 of, 143-148 
 Clark, Mr. , opinions of, 57 
 Clarke's, Bracey horse shoe, 
 
 115 
 Clean foot, a, what is meant by, 
 
 50 
 
 Clenches, injurious effect of rasp- 
 ing the, 55 
 
 Clicking, or Overreaching, 98, 99 
 
 Coachmen and Grooms, 6, 8, 9, 78- 
 164 
 
 Cofian-hone, 32, 36, 38, 84, 91, 94 
 
 Coleman's horse shoe and opinions, 
 114, 120-122, 124 
 
 Coles' patent horse shoe, 122 
 
 Concussion, 1, 45 
 
 Contraction, 14, 55, 83, 86, 91 
 
 Coolness and cleanliness, import- 
 ance of, 77, 92 
 
 Corns, cause and cure of, 42, 83, 
 84, 85 
 
 Coronary hand, 23 
 
 Cottam, Mr., 131 
 
 Cover for the horse's feet, 2 
 
 Cow-dung, use of, injurious, 78, 
 80 
 
 Cruelty to horses, 2, 43 
 
 Crust or wall of the horse's foot, 
 21, 23, 25, 26, 30, 33, 53, 64, 
 57, 59, 88, 89, 90 
 
 Cutting, cause and cure, 83, 96; 
 97 
 
 Dropsole, causes of, etc., 43, 83, 
 89, 90, 92 
 
 ExTENSOE Tendon, front sinew, 37 
 
 FAEKiEKS,their general knowledge, 
 6, 32 ; how they should be in- 
 structed, 102, 111 ; charges, 
 52 ; fees, 8 ; day's work of, 48 ; 
 fitting shoes, 18 ; firemen, 46, 
 50, 105 ; doormen, 46, 50, 105 ; 
 tools, 73 ; 
 
 FaiTiers in France, 46 
 
160 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Feet of young horses, 56 
 
 Fiaschi, 57 
 
 Fitzwygram, Colonel, opinions of, 
 15,118 
 
 Fleming, Mr., shoe of, and opinions, 
 119, 120 
 
 Flexor perforans tendon, back- 
 sinew, 22, 37, 59 
 
 Foot, action of, 27, 60 ; descrip- 
 tion of, 30, 68 
 
 Foot of the horse, component 
 parts of, 19 ; interior parts of, 
 35 ; section, description of, 26 ; 
 
 Foreman of Glasgow Veterinary 
 College, 103 
 
 Foundered feet, or Laminites, 99, 
 100, 146 
 
 Frog, the, its uses, 21-22, 27, 30, 
 33, 39-42, 49, 57-59, 84, 89-91, 
 93 ; drawing of healthy, 49 ; 
 drawing of unhealthy, 49 ; 
 sensitive, 36, 39, 90 
 
 Front sinew, or Extensor tendon, 37 
 
 Glasgow Veterinary College, 
 
 foreman of, 103 
 Goodenough horse shoe, 131-133 
 Gray, Mr., shoe of, 76, 118 
 Grease, injurious effects of, 17, 78 
 Greasy heels, cause of, etc., 42, 
 
 83, 86, 91, 92 
 Greaves, Mr., experience of, 44 
 Groom, to measure a horse's feet 
 
 after each shoeing, 94 
 Grooms and coachmen, 6, 8, 9, 
 
 78, 154 
 
 Haeeis, Mr., horse shoe of, 116 
 Haycock, Mr., horse shoe of, 118 
 Heel-calks, injurious effects of, 
 
 67-70 
 "Hippogriff," extract from paper 
 
 in Veterinarian, November 
 
 1870, 39, 139 
 Hope, Sir William, Perfect Farrier, 
 
 79, 112 
 
 Horn, its elasticity, 3 
 
 Horn of the hoof, importance of 
 
 the natural varnish that covers 
 
 it, 54 
 Horse, intelligence of, 150, 154- 
 
 156 
 
 Horse's foot, curious malformation, 
 87, 89, 90 
 
 Horse's foot, description of, 1, 17, 
 84, 89, 108-109, 110 
 
 Horse's hoof, 2, 26, 82, 38 
 
 Horse Shoe Company, Battersea, 
 136 
 
 Horse shoe shewn at the Inter- 
 national Exhibition, 87 
 
 Horse shoes, their antiquity, 12 ; 
 see also Shoes 
 
 Horses taken good care of, 7 
 
 "Hue and Cry," Mr. Bevans' horse, 
 65 
 
 Indiaeubbbe frog, 123 
 Interfering, or Cutting, cause and 
 
 cure of, 83, 96, 97 
 International Exhibition, 87 
 
 Jarvis and Haggae, Messrs., cure 
 of their horse " Captain," 85 
 
 La Fosse, M., opinions of, 94, 
 
 113, 121 
 Laminae, 32, 38, 90-91, 94 
 Laminites or founder, cause of, 
 
 etc., 99, 100, 146 
 Lanty, Mr., horse shoe of, 116 
 Lawrence, Mr., opinions of, 70, 71 
 Litter, injurious for horses to 
 
 stand upon, 80, 86 
 London and South-Western Rail- 
 way Company, remarkable 
 specimen of hoof procured 
 from, 89, 90 
 Lunette shoe, the, 113 
 
 Machine-madb horse shoes, ad- 
 vantages of, 133-136 
 
 Military horse-shoeing, 137-138, 
 140-141- 
 
 More, Sir Thomas, 3 
 
 Napiee, Lord, of Magdala, re- 
 marks of, 138 
 
 Nailing on of horse-shoes, 51-53, 
 62, 96 
 
 Nails, pointing of, 51 
 
 Navicular bone, the, 37, 91, 93 
 
 Navicular disease, cause of, etc., 
 14, 42, 83, 93 
 
 Norris, Mr, 85 
 
INDEX. 
 
 161 
 
 OsMEE, Mr., shoe of, and opinions, 
 
 57, 114, 119 
 Over-reaching or clicking, 98, 99 
 Owners of horses, duties of, 9, 
 
 16,17 
 
 Palmee, Mr., horse shoe of, 117 
 Panton, horse shoe, 112 
 Pastern-bone, lower, 91, 93 
 Pembroke, Lord, opinions of, 11, 
 
 57, 81, 124 
 Perfect Farrier, Sir "W. Hope's, 
 
 79, 112 
 Persia, horse of Shah of, 138 
 Pringle's horse shoe and claw, 121 
 Pritchelling, back- 51 
 Pumice feet, cause of, etc., 43, 83, 
 
 89, 90, 92 
 
 Qualities of the horse, 1 
 Quittor, its cause, etc., 83 
 
 Railway Co., L. & S.-W., remark- 
 able specimen of hoof procured 
 from, 89, 90 
 
 Rasping, bad effects of, 53-55, 87, 
 96 
 
 Ringbone, its cause, etc., 42, 83 
 
 Robinson, Mr. F., 131 
 
 Rodway's horse shoe, 76 
 
 Rogers, Sir John, screw shoe of, 
 116 
 
 Rotche, Mr. , patent horse shoe of, 
 116 
 
 Ryve, Colonel, book on horse- 
 shoeing, 138 
 
 Sandceacks, cause of; etc., 83, 
 
 92 
 Shoe, width of web, 65; box-seated, 
 
 43 ; fullered, 76 
 Shoeing, bad, 1 
 Shoeing, French system, 46 
 Shoeing horse, 31, 41, 43, 48, 50, 
 
 57, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66 
 Shoeing, price of in country, 47, 
 
 48 ; price of in London, 47, 48 ; 
 ' to farrier, 48, 
 Shoes, fitting, 51 ; fitting red hot 
 
 65 
 
 Shoes, temporary advantage by 
 changing the farrier, 52 
 ,, patent, La Fosse, 113 
 ,, „ Bracey-Clarke, 115 
 
 „ „ Oharlier, 125-130 
 
 ,, ,, Coleman, 114 
 
 „ „ Coles, 122 
 
 „ „ Col. Fitzwygram, 
 
 118 
 „ „ Fleming, 120, 121 
 
 „ „ Goodenough, 131- 
 
 133 
 ). » Gray's, 118 
 
 ,, ,, Harris, 116 
 
 „ ,, Lanty, 116 
 
 „ ,, Osmer, 114 
 
 ,, „ Palmer, 117 
 
 „ Pringle, 120-121 
 ,, „ Rotche, 116 
 
 ,, ,, Sir J. Rogers, 117 
 
 „ "Woodin, 117 
 ,, machine-made, 133-136 
 
 Shoes, horse, wide and heavy, 4, 
 S, 42, 44 
 
 Sole of horse's foot, 28, 33, 36, 
 49, 57-58, 91 
 
 Solysells' Perfect Farrier, 79 
 
 Speedy-cut, its cause, etc., 95 
 
 Tab, its inutility, 40, 78 
 Thrush, its <:ause, etc., 41, 42, 
 
 44, 83, 86, 91-92 
 Tools farriers use, 73 
 
 Vbgetius, remarks of, 12 
 
 Veterinarian of November 1870, 
 extract from, 139 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon {chief in 
 India), opinion of military far- 
 riers, 139 
 
 Virgil, remarks of, 12 
 
 "Wall of the foot, or Crust, 21, 23, 
 25, 26, 30, 33, 53, 54, 57, 59, 88- 
 90 
 
 Water, the great gain by using 
 plenty of, 15, 40, 77, 80-81 
 
 Woodin's patent horse shoe, 117 
 
 Xenophon, remarks of, 12 
 
 M 
 
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