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Natural History of Volcanos and Earthquakes. 281 
 
 country, which is principally composed of masses of igneous 
 origin. We shall pass over the consideration of the question, 
 whether this original elevation took place in a fluid or solid state, 
 that is, whether in earlier times these masses rose suddenly and 
 continued to rise more and more slowly as they gradually cooled, 
 or whether this gradually decreasing ratio has always existed. 
 We may, however, be allowed the remark, that the slow eleva- 
 tion which still continues when the operation of the vapor, as an 
 elevating power, has long ceased, may be regarded, according to 
 what has been stated above, as the result of an expansion pro- 
 duced by the caloric disengaged from the vapor during its con- 
 densation. For example, let us assume that the solid crust of 
 the earth in Scandivavia was 139,840 feet thick, that the ex- 
 pansion of this crust by heat takes place in the same ratio as in 
 earthern ware ; then, an average increase of heat of 2°.9 R. du- 
 ring the space of 1000 years, would be stifficient to effect an ex- 
 pansion of 4.26 feet in a stratum of the above-mentioned thick- 
 ness. And this is the average ratio of the rising of that country. 
 
 Be the cause of the elevation of Scandinavia what it may, 
 this circumstance is remarkable, that in the southern part of Swe- 
 den, where the country, according to Nilson's statement, sinks, 
 secondary formations, viz. chalk, occur in great abundance, while 
 in the north of Sioeden, as well as in Finland, the gneiss-granite 
 formation predominates. We must not, however, attach too 
 much importance to the connexion which appears to exist be- 
 tween the elevation of the northern part of Sweden and the prev- 
 alence of the latter formation, as Nilson* says, the chalk also lies 
 on gneiss, and less frequently on greywacke. It is neverthless 
 remarkable that the granite island of Bornholm, which is situated 
 opposite to the sinking coast of (Sc/iowew, is still in the act of 
 rising, according to the observations of Forchhammer above allu- 
 ded to. 
 
 As regards the sinking of countries, there is no difficulty in re- 
 garding it as the result of an elevation of neighboring countries. 
 Yet we can imagine many causes, independent of such elevations, 
 which may produce depressions. It does not, however, lie within 
 the scope of these remarks to enumerate these causes. 
 
 • Petrificata Suecana Form. Crctacoae, &c. 1827, p. 81. 
 Vol. XXXVI, No. 2.— April-July, 1839. 36 
 
282 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 It remains to consider the elevations of whole systems of rocks, 
 events which must have taken place prior to the existence of our 
 records. There is doubtless no difficulty in also explaining these 
 phenomena through the agency of steam. Elie de Beaumont,* 
 however, is of opinion, that these elevations are a consequence of 
 the inequality between the cooling of the interior and exterior 
 of the earth. We shall examine this subject, after pointing out 
 the laws that prevail during the cooling of large masses of fused 
 matter. 
 
 To be continued. 
 
 Art. III. — Desciiptive Catalogue of the Noj-th American Insects 
 belonging to the Linncean Genus Sphinx in the Cabinet of 
 TiiADDEus William Harris, M. D., Librarian of Harvaid Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 The insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera have peculiar 
 claims to our attention. In the adult or winged state they are 
 among the most beautiful, and in their previous or caterpillar state 
 are the most injurious of insects. Living while young principally 
 on the leaves of plants, they are at all times more or less exposed 
 to our observation, and too often obtrude themselves on our no- 
 tice by their extensive ravages. While it is comjiarativcly easy 
 to discover these insects and observe their transformations, the de- 
 termination of their names and their places in a scientific arrange- 
 ment is rendered in many cases impossible, and in all exceedingly 
 difficult, to the American student, from the want of suitable de- 
 scriptive works on this branch of entomology. Having overcome 
 these difficulties myself only at a great expense and much loss of 
 time, it has occurred to me that a descriptive catalogue of our 
 Lepidoptera might be useful to others, while it would serve to 
 confirm the names given to these insects in my cabinet, and 
 transmitted in return for specimens to my friends. My own col- 
 lection has now become quite extensive, and contains a large 
 number of undescribed species from various parts of the United 
 States. Passing by our Butterflies, nearly all of which have been 
 
 * Poggendorff's Annal. vol. xxv, p. 53. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 283 
 
 figured and for the most part described in Dr. Boisduval's "His- 
 toire et Iconographie des Lepidopteres de I'Amerique Septentrio- 
 nale," I propose, at tiie present time, to offer for publication 
 descriptions of the native insects in my collection belonging to 
 the second grand division of the order Lepidoptera, comprising 
 the Sphinges of Linnaeus. Should these be favorably received, 
 they may hereafter be followed by descriptions of our Phalaense 
 or moths. The larva3 or caterpillars of many of the species are 
 described partly from my own observations, and partly from the 
 figures given by Mr. Abbot in his great work, on the Lepidoptera 
 of Georgia, edited by Sir James E. Smith. My obligations to 
 the gentlemen who have favored me with specimens will be 
 found recorded on almost every page of this catalogue, and I beg 
 leave to tender to them my most grateful acknowledgments, and 
 to solicit from them, and from others, a continuation of similar 
 favors. 
 
 Linnffius v/as led to give the name of Sphinx to the insects in 
 his second group of the Lepidoptera, from a fancied resemblance 
 which some of their larvas, when at rest, have to the Sphinx of 
 the Egyptians. The attitude of these larvas is indeed very re- 
 markable. Supporting themselves by their four or six hind-legs, 
 they elevate the fore-part of the body, and remain immovably 
 fixed in this posture for hours together. In the winged state the 
 true Sphinges are known by the name of humming-bird moths, 
 from the sound Mdiich they make in flying, and hawk-moths, 
 from their habit of hovering in the air while taking their food. 
 These humming-bird or hawk-moths may be seen during the 
 morning and evening twilight flying with great swiftness from 
 flower to flower. Their wings are long, narrow, and pointed, 
 and are moved by powerful muscles, to accommodate which 
 their bodies are very thick and robust. They delight most in 
 the honeysuckle and scarlet Bignonia, from the tubular blossoms 
 of which they extract the honey, while on the wing, by means of 
 their excessively long maxilla) or tongue. Other Sphinges fly 
 during the day-time only, and in the bright sunshine. Then it 
 is that our large clear-winged Sesioe make their appearance among 
 the flowers, and regale themselves with their sweets. The fra- 
 grant Phlox is their especial favorite. From their size and form 
 and fan-like tails, from their brilliant colors, the swiftness of their 
 flight, and the manner in which they take their food, poised upon 
 
284 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 rapidly vibrating wings above the blossoms, they might readily 
 be mistaken for humming-birds. The iEgeriae are also diurnal 
 in their habits. Their flight is swift, but not prolonged, and they 
 usually alight while feeding. In form and color they so much 
 resemble bees and wasps as hardly to be distinguished from them. 
 The Smerinthi are heavy and sluggish in their motions. They 
 fly only during the night, and apparently take no food in the 
 ■winged state, their maxillte or tongues being so short as to be 
 useless for this purpose. The GlaucopididfE, or Sphinges with 
 feathered antenna;, fly mostly by day, and alight to take their 
 food like the -S]geria», to which some of them bear a resemblance, 
 while others have nearly the form of Phalaena; or moths, with 
 which also they agree in their previous transformations. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA. 
 
 It was not my intention originally to give here the characters 
 of the genera, but to refer the student for them to the works of 
 Latreilie and other entomologists. Upon further consideration, 
 however, I have thought that the labor of determining our Sphin- 
 ges by means of the catalogue would be much abridged, if a sy- 
 nopsis of the families and genera were to be prefixed to it. 
 
 Class Insecta. 
 
 Animals with jointed bodies, breatliing tlirougli lateral holes or spiracles, pro- 
 duced from eggs; while growing subject to a transformation of three stages ; in 
 the first stage called larviE, caterpillars, grubs, or maggots; in the second piipte, 
 nymphs, or chrysalids; in the third stage provided with wings, a body composed 
 of three distinct parts, the head, thorax or trunk, and the abdomen, and having 
 two compound eyes, two antonna>, from two to six palpi or feelers, and six legs. 
 
 Order Lepidoptera. 
 
 The young, called larvne or caterpillars, are provided with jaws, and from ten to 
 sixteen legs. They feed principally upon vegetable substances. The pupa; take 
 no food, are incapable of moving about, are apparently without legs, these parts 
 with their other members being folded up and firmly soldered to the body. In the 
 third stage they are, with few exceptions, provided with four wings, which, with 
 the body, arc more or less i:ovcrcd with little colored branny scales, lapping over 
 each other like the scales of fishes; their jaws are transformed to a tongue, more or 
 less long, and, when not in use, spirally rolled and concealed between the palpi. 
 
 Section I. — Papiliones. 
 
 Antennce threadlike and knobbed or thickened at the end. Wings not confined 
 by a bristle and hook ; all of them, or the first pair at least, elevated perpendicu- 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 285 
 
 larly, and turned back to back when at rest. Only one pair of spurs to the hind- 
 legs in the greater number. Thorax moderate ; abdomen rather slender. Flight 
 diurnal. Larva; with sixteen feet; transformation in the open air. Pupae angu- 
 lated, and fastened by silken threads, or ovoid, and enclosed in an imperfect co- 
 coon. 
 
 Section II. — Sphinges. 
 
 Antennee thickened in or just beyond the middle, tapering at each end, and 
 most often hooked at the tip ; more rarely slender and nearly setaceous, with a 
 double row of slender teeth or hairs on the under side in the males. Wings con- 
 fined by a bristle or bunch of stiff hairs on the front edge near the shoulder of each 
 hind- wing, which is retained by a hook on tlie underside of each fore-wing ; when 
 at rest liorizonial, or inclined on the sides of the body, the fore-wings covering and 
 concealing the hind pair. Two pairs of spurs to the hind-legs. Thorax thick and 
 robust; abdomen mostly- conical. Flight of some in the morning and evening 
 twilight, of a few nocturnal, and of others during the day. Larva; with sixteen 
 legs ; transformation in or upon the ground, or in a silken cocoon. Pupoe elonga- 
 ted ovoid. 
 
 Section III. — Phalaense. 
 
 Antennae (never knobbed at the end or thickened in the middle) slender and ta- 
 pering to a point, in some pectinated or feathered, in others simple or bristle-formed. 
 Wings confined together by bristles and hooks, the first pair covering the hind- 
 wings and horizontal or sloping when at rest. Two pairs of spurs to the hind-legs. 
 Flight for the most part nocturnal. Larva; with from ten to sixteen legs, transfor- 
 ming in a silken cocoon or in the ground. Pupa; ovoid. 
 
 The Sphinges may be divided into two tribes. 
 
 ■'iec-' .. Tribe I. — Sphinges legitimse. 
 
 Larvae colored, naked, for the most part horned on the tail, and feeding on the 
 leaves of plants; or whitish, slightly hairy, not horned, and living on woody mat- 
 ter within the stems of plants. Antennae of the winged insects tipped with a mi- 
 nute bristly tuf>.* Palpi (except in the .lEgeriadte; with the third joint minute 
 and indistinct. 
 
 Tribe II. — Sphinges adscitae. 
 
 Larvae always colored, more or less hairy, never horned, feeding on leaves, and 
 transforming in a silken cocoon, which is fastened to the plants on which they live. 
 AntenniE of the winged insects not tuf\ed at the end. Palpi distinctly three-jointed. 
 
 Tho first tribe, or Sphinges legitima;, may be divided into three families. 
 
 Family I. — Sphingiadae. 
 
 AntenniB fusiform and prismatic ; ending in a hook, and, in the males, trans- 
 versely biciliated beneath; or, more rarely, curved, and, in the males, bipectina- 
 
 ' This little tuft is o))8olete or wanting in the Smerinlhi. 
 
286 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 ted beneath. Palpi pressed close to the face, short, thick, and obtuse, with the 
 'bird joint minute and concealed. Body thick ; abdomen conical and not tufted at 
 the end. Flight crepuscular. Larvic colored, naked, with a caudal horn, which 
 's sometimes obsolete and replaced by a callous spot; they devour the leaves of 
 plants, and go deep into the earth to transform, or conceal themselves upon the 
 surface, under leaves, in an imperfect cocoon. 
 
 The North American genera in this family are six. 
 
 Genus I. — Smerinthus. 
 
 Wings more or less angular and indented, the front margin of the hind-wings 
 projecting beyond the upper or fore-wings when at rest. Antcnna> short, prismat- 
 ical and fusiform, arcuated or curved near the tip, transversely biciliated or bipec- 
 tinated beneath in the males. Tongue obsolete. Larvic granulated, with the head 
 triangular, horned on the tail, obliquely banded on eacli side, and transforming in 
 the earth. 
 
 - , M^'i'y /"Genus II. — Ceratomia. 
 
 Wings entire. Antonnee elongated, abruptly ending in a short and slender hook, 
 transversely biciliated beneath in the males. Palpi horizontal and nearly cylin- 
 drical. Tongue moderate. Abdomen longitudinally striped. Larva; willi horns 
 on the foro-part of the body, a row of little teeth on the back, a long caudal horn, 
 and oblique bands on each side ; it transforms in the earth. 
 
 Genus III. — Sphinx. 
 
 Wings entire. Antenna; long, abruptly ending in a short and slender hook, and 
 transversely biciliated beneath in the males. Palpi rising and enlarged at the 
 end. Tongue long. Abdomen spotted or transversely banded at the sides. Larvie 
 with oblique bands on the sides and a caudal horn, and transforming in the earth. 
 
 Genus IV. — Philampelus. 
 
 Wings sinous. Antenna; long, attenuated at the end, with a long terminal hook, 
 and transversely biciliated beneath in the males. Tongue moderate. Abdomen 
 not transversely banded or spotted at the sides. Larva short, thick, with tho head 
 and first three segments rather small and capable of being drawn more or less 
 within the fourth segment; when young with a long, slender, recurved caudal 
 horn, which subsequently disappears and is replaced by a callous spot ; sides with 
 oblique spots sloping backwards and downwards; transforms in the earth. 
 
 Genus V. — ChQ3rocampa. 
 
 Wings sinous or angulated. Antenna; rather short and slender, generally arcua- 
 ted, tapering, and ending in a long hook ; more rarely straight, with a siiort termi- 
 nal hook ; transversely biciliated beneath in the males. Tongue moderate. Ab- 
 domen immaculate, or longitudinally striped, but never transversely banded at the 
 sides. Larva; elongated, the fore-part of the body tapering and retractile; with 
 from one to three eye-like spots, or a series of oblique bands on each side ; caudal 
 horn short, sometimes obsolete and replaced by a callous spot ; transforms on the 
 surface of the ground, under leaves, in an imperfect cocoon. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 287 
 
 Genus V^I. — ^Deilephila. 
 
 Wings entire, upper ones acute. Antennsj rnllier short, straight, gradually thick- 
 ening nearly to the end, which suddenly terminates in a small and short hook ; 
 in the males transversely biciliated beneath. Tongue moderate. Abdomen con- 
 ical, pointed, and transversely banded al the sides. Larva elongated, not tapering 
 before, and the liead and first three segments not retractile, with a series of nine or 
 ten round spots on eaqli side, and a long caudal horn ; transforms in the earth. 
 
 Family II. — MacroglossiadeE. 
 
 Antenna: fusiform, prismatic, ending with a hook, and transversely biciliated 
 beneath in the males. Palpi pressed close to the face, with the third joint minute 
 and concealed ; short, thick, and obtuse at the end in some ; slightly elongated 
 and subacute in others. Body short and thick, or flattened a little; abdomen tufted 
 at the end. Flight diurnal. Larva; colored, naked, with a caudal horn, which is 
 sometimes obsolete and replaced by a callous spot ; they devour the leaves of 
 plants, and enter the earth to transform, or conceal themselves upon the surface in 
 an imperfect cocoon under leaves. 
 
 In this family we have three genera, Ptcrogon, Thyreus, and Sesia. 
 
 Genus VII. — Pterogon. 
 
 Wings angulated and indented. Antennas long, arcuated, tapering at the end, 
 
 with a long, terminal hook. Tongue as long as the body. Abdomen short 
 
 and conical. Larvm attenuated before, with a series of spots, on each side, sloping 
 obliquely backwards and downwards, and a caudal horn, which is frequently ob- 
 solete and replaced by a callous spot : they transform in an imperfect cocoon un- 
 der leaves. 
 
 Genus VIII.— Thyreus. 
 
 Wings angulated and indented. Antenna; long, and ending with a long hook. 
 Palpi short, thick, and obtuse at the end. Tongue moderate. Abdomen ovoid. 
 Larva) elongated, not attenuated before, longitudinally striped on the back, 
 obliquely banded at the sides, with a long and straight caudal horn : they trans- 
 form in the earth. 
 
 Genus IX. — Sesia. 
 
 Wings entire, nppcr ones acute, all of them transparent in the middle. An- 
 tenna; short, straight, gradually thickened towards the end, with the terminal 
 hook obsolete, and obliquely biciliated beneath in the males. Palpi somewhat 
 elongated, subacute, and forming a conical beak. Tongue long. Abdomen short 
 ovoid, slightly flattened. Larvoa not attenuated before, longitudinally striped on 
 the back, with a short, slightly recurved caudal horn : they transform in an imper- 
 fect coc(M>n under leaves on the surface of the ground. 
 
 -•> 0? ^ /'^. -- / VlFamily III.— ^geriada). 
 
 Antenna arcuated ; cither thickening to beyond the middle, attenuated and 
 curved hut not hooked at the end, and biciliated beneath in the males ; or very 
 slightly fusiform and almost threadlike, and simple in both sexes. Palpi elonga- 
 ted, slender, distinctly three-jointed, prominent, separated and not pressed close to 
 the head, nearly cylindrical, covered with very small scales and almost naked ox- 
 
288 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 cept at the base, which is hairy, and pointed at the tip. Wings more or less trans- 
 parent. Abdomen with a caudal tuft. Flight diurnal. Larva, wliitish, soft 
 slightly downy, living within the stems of plants, and generally transforming in a 
 cocoon made of fragments of wood and bark cemented by a gummy matter. Pupie 
 with the edges of the abdominal segments armed with transverse rows of small 
 teeth. 
 
 The American species in this family may be disposed in the genera Trochilium, 
 iEgcria, and Tliyris. 
 
 Genus X. — Trochilium. 
 
 Wings narrow, entire, all of them, or the hind-pair at least, transparent. An- 
 tenniE short, stout, arcuated, gradually thickened nearly to the end, which is curved 
 but not hooked ; underside generally fringed with a double row of very short bris- 
 tles in the males. Tongue very short. Body thick; abdomen slightly tufted at 
 tlie end. 
 
 Genus XI. — ^iEgeria. 
 
 Wings narrow, entire, all of them, or the hind-pair at least, transparent. An- 
 tennre mostly elongated, sometimes short, arcuated, grrulually thickened nearly to 
 the end, which is curved but not hooked ; underside generally fringed with a dou- 
 ble row of short bristles in the males. Tongue long. Body slender; abdomen 
 nearly or quite cylindrical, ending with a. Hat or trilobed tuft. 
 
 Genus XII.— Thyris. 
 
 Wings broad, subtriangular, more or less angulated and indented, opaque, with 
 small scmitransparent spots. Antenna) fusiform, hut slender and only slightly 
 thickened in the middle, arcuated, and simple in both sexes. Tongue moderate. 
 Body short and thick; abdomen conical, and tufted at the end. 
 
 Tribe II. — Sphinges adscitas. 
 
 The species described in this catalogue may be disposed in three families, Aga- 
 ristiada;, ZygoeuiadsB, and Glaucopididae. 
 
 Family IV. — Agaristiadas. 
 
 Antenna; straight, slightly thickened in or beyond the middle, and curved at the 
 tip. Palpi elongated, slender, not pressed to the face, hairy at base, with the ter- 
 minal joint cylindrical, .scaly or almost naked. Wings broad, subtriangular. Tail 
 hairy or tufted. Flight diurnal. Larva; elongated, cylindrical, or enlarged a little 
 behind, slightly hairy, transversely banded or spotted, and without a caudal horn. 
 
 Genus XIII. — Alypia. 
 
 Wings broad, subtriangular, entire, and opaque, with large whitish spots. An- 
 tennce somewhat elongated and slender, thickened very gradually from beyond the 
 middle nearly to the tip, which is slightly curved, obtuse, and not tufted. Palpi 
 long, porrect, separate, with the first two joints very hairy, and the third joint cy- 
 lindrical, scaly, and obtuse. Tongue moderate, and spirally rolled. Abdomen 
 somewhat elongated, nearly cylindrical, fringed at the sides and tip with short 
 hairs. Anterior and intermediate tibia; thickly clothed with hairs. Posterior tibiaj 
 with two pairs of pretty long unequal spurs. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 289 
 
 Family V. — Zygseniados. 
 
 Antenna; arcuated, abruptly tliicltened and curved beyond the middle. Palpi 
 generally elongated, somctimca short, not pressed to the face, hairy at base, with 
 the terminal joint scaly or almost nalted. M'ings narrow, opaque, often spotted, 
 the liind-pair rather small. Abdomen more or less cylindrical, obtuse, and not 
 tufted at the end. Flight diurnal. Larva? short, contracted, variegated with spots, 
 slightly hairy, and not horned on the tail. 
 
 Genus XIV. — Mastigocera. 
 
 Wings long, narrow, entire, opaque, the biud-pair quite small. Antennoe simple 
 in both sexes, filiform at base, suddenly thickened and fusiform beyond the middle, 
 very much attenuated towards the tip, and ending in a long curved point. Labial 
 palpi somewhat curved, extending considerably beyond the clypeus, separated, 
 well covered with liairs beneath the base; the penultimate joint longest, cylindri- 
 cal, and scaly ; the last joint also cylindrical, obtusely rounded at the end, and cov- 
 ered with small, close scales. Maxilla; (tongue) nearly as long as the body. Ab- 
 domen nearly cylindrical, obtusely rounded at the end, longitudinally grooved at 
 the sides before, with the basal segment strongly marked, and swelling on each 
 side into a little tubercle. Legs long and slender ; posterior tarsi laterally com- 
 pressed, and liairy on the outside, in the males. 
 
 Family VI. — Glaucopididas. 
 
 Antenna; slender, almost setaceous, or very slightly thickened in the middle, and 
 distinctly bipectinatcd beneath in the males. Palpi slender, more or less elongated, 
 not pressed to the face. Wings sometimes narrow, and sometimes widened, en- 
 tire, and for the most part opaque. Abdomen nearly cylindrical, and frequently 
 tufted at the end. Flight diurnal. Larva) cylindrical, hairy, without a caudal horn. 
 
 Genus XV. — Procris. 
 
 Wings narrow, elongated, opaque, and immaculate. Antennte slender, tapering 
 at each end, and bipectinatcd beneath in the males. Palpi small, short, pendent, 
 and nearly naked. Tongue short, but distinct, and spirally rolled. Abdomen 
 slender and nearly cylindrical in the males, thicker in the females, and tufted at 
 the end. Spurs of the liind tibia; two in number, and very minute. 
 
 Genus XVI. — Glaucopis. 
 
 Wings narrovir in some, broad in other.s, entire, for tlio most part opaque, and 
 with the body more or less glossed with blue, sometimes spotted or partially trans- 
 parent. AntenniE feathered or bipectinatcd in both sexes, tbo pectinations elon^a- 
 ted in the males, "and short in the females. Palpi more or less elongated and re- 
 curved. Tongue moderate, spirally rolled. Caudal tuft minute or wanting in the 
 greater number. Posterior tibia; with three or four spurs of moderate size. 
 
 From this Synopsis it will be seen that the divisions and ai-rangemcnt which I 
 have adopted, diller somewhat from those of the entomologists of the present time. 
 The affinities or resemblances of the Lopidoptora, in their different states, are so 
 various, that it is impo.ssiblc to preserve a natural connection between them in a 
 linear series. After repeated trials, I have concluded still to adhere to the views 
 of our great masters in Entomology, Linna;us and Fabricius, especially as modern 
 entomologists are by no means agreed upon the limits of the larger divisions of the 
 Lcpidoptera, and the order of the genera. 
 
 Vol. xxxvi, No. 2.— April-July, 183!). 37 
 
290 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. L. 
 
 SPHINGES. L. 
 
 Crepuscularia. Latr. Clostcrocircs. Dameril. Heteroceres. 
 Boisduval. (Part.) 
 
 Tribe I. SPHINGES LEGITIME. L. 
 
 Family I. SPHINGIADiE. H. The Sphingians. 
 
 <5> Alis angulatis. L. 
 
 Genus I. Smehinthits. Latr. 
 
 * AntcnncB transversely bidliated beneath in the males. 
 
 1. (S". exccecata. Smith-Abbot. 
 
 Fawn-colored ; fore-wings deeply scalloped and toothed on the 
 outer edge, clouded and banded with brown ; hind-wings rose- 
 colored in the middle, with a large round eye-like black spot, 
 having a pale blue centre, near the anal angle ; fringes narrow, 
 white ; thorax with a central lance-shaped chestnut-colored spot, 
 the point of which extends upon the head. Expands two and a 
 half to three inches and a half. Larva granulated, apple-green, 
 with two short pale lines before, seven oblique yellowish white 
 lines on each side, and a bluish caudal horn. It feeds upon the 
 leaves of the apple-tree, and upon those of Rnsa CuroUna also, 
 according to Abbot, who (in his Insects of Georgia, p. 49, pi. 25,) 
 has represented a variety of the larva of a yellow color, and green- 
 ish at the sides, which are obliquely banded with yellow, and 
 have two longitudinal rows of rust-red spots upon them. It en- 
 ters the earth to undergo its transformations. Pupa chestnut- 
 brown, with a short obtuse anal spine. 
 
 2. /S. Astylus. Drury. = integerrima. H. Catalogue Ins. 
 
 Mass.* 
 
 Cinnamon-colored; fore-wings angulated but entire, tmged 
 with rosy white at base, with whitish wavy bands near the tip, a 
 bluish mark along the inner margin, and a tawny yellow spot on 
 each outer angle ; hind-wings tawny yellow at base, with a 
 round black eye-like spot, having a pale blue centre, near the anal 
 angle ; middle of the thorax cinnamon-red, shoulder-covers paler 
 
 • Catalogue of the Insects of Massael.usctts, by T. W. Harris ; appended to 
 Prof. Hitchcock's Report on the Geology, &o. of Massachusetts. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 291 
 
 with a rosy white tinge, and a brown edge above ; abdomen with 
 a longitudinal dorsal brown line. Expands from two and a half 
 to two inches and three quarters. 
 
 My specimens, a male and a female, were captured at Cam- 
 bridge on the Azalea viscosa. 
 
 3. <S'. Myops. Smith-Abbot. = Rosacearum. Boisd. 
 Chocolate-brown ; fore-wings siiuiated and angulated on the 
 
 outer edge, varied with wavy whitish and brown bands, with a 
 white Z at tip, and a tawny yellow spot on each of the outer an- 
 gles ; hind-wings with abbreviated whitish and brown bands 
 upon the front edge, ochre-yellow next to the body, with around 
 black eye-spot having a pale blue centre near the anal angle ; 
 head and shoulder-covers glossed with bluish white ; a rusty 
 brown stripe in the middle of the thorax ; abdomen with a few 
 tawny yellow spots on each side. Expands from two inches and 
 three lines to two inches and six lines. Larva, as figured by Ab- 
 bot, (Ins. Georg. p. ol, pi. 26,) apple-green, the head margined 
 with yellow, and two rows of rust-red spots with six oblique yel- 
 lowish bands on each side of the body. Abbot says that it eats 
 the leaves of the wild cherry-tree, and buries itself in the ground 
 to undergo its transformations. Pupa deep brown. 
 
 M. Boisduval has named and figured but has not described this 
 species, in the first volume of his Species General des Lepidop- 
 teres, pi. 16, fig. 4 ; moreover the name given by him is subse- 
 quent to that of Sir J. E. Smith, which is an additional reason 
 why it cannot be adopted. 
 
 * * Antcnnoi pectinated on both sides in the males. 
 
 4. S. geminata. Say. 
 
 Rosy ash-gray ; fore-wings angulated and with a sinuous outer 
 margin, varied with transverse wavy rosy gray and brown lines, 
 a brown spot and angulated band near the middle, and a deep 
 brown semioval spot at tip; hiud-wings rose-colored in the mid- 
 dle, with a large semioval black spot including two pale blue 
 spots near the anal angle ; thorax with a large central semioval 
 brown spot. Expands from two and a quarter to more than two 
 inches and a half. 
 
 I am indebted to the Rev. L. W. Leonard, of Dublin, N. H., 
 for my specimens, both of which are males. The figure of (S. 
 ocellatus Jamaiccnsis, in Drury's Illustrations, Vol. II, pi. 25, fig. 
 2, 3, very nearly resembles the geminata, but it has only one blue 
 pupil in the eye-spot of the hind-wings. Mr. Kirby's aS. Cerisii, 
 
292 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 (Faun. Bor. Amer. IV, p. 301, pi. 4, fig. 4,) is probably identical 
 with Drury's species. 
 
 * * * Antennoi, in the males, with the joints distinct and doubly 
 bipectinated. 
 
 5. S. Jiiglandis. Smith-Abbot. 
 Rosy gray, drab, or dusky brown ; wings indented on the outer 
 edges ; fore-wings with a dusky outer margin, a short brownish 
 dash near the middle, and four transverse brown lines converging 
 behind and enclosing a square dark brown spot adjacent to the 
 middle of the inner margin ; hind wings with two narrow trans- 
 verse brown lines between two brownish bands ; thorax with a 
 central brown line ; abdominal segments plaited and prominent 
 at the sides. Expands from two and a quarter to three inches. 
 The females are much larger and of a lighter brownish gray color 
 than the males, with the square spot on the fore-wings less dis- 
 tinct. Larva with the head small, and the body attenuated be- 
 fore and behind, pale blue-green, with a long caudal horn, and 
 seven oblique white bands on each side. When disturbed it 
 makes a creaking noise by rubbing together the joints of the fore- 
 part of its body. It eats the leaves of the black walnut, and en- 
 ters the earth to undergo its transformations. Mr. Abbot (Ins. , 
 Georg. p. 57, pi. 29) has figured a remarkable variety of the larva, 
 which is of a crimson color, with the fore-part of the body and 
 the oblique b.ands yellow. Pvpa deep chestnut-brown, granula- 
 ted, with six little tubercles on the head-case, a transverse row of 
 acuminated granules on the hinder edges of the abdominal seg- 
 ments, the last three of which segments are flattened beneath and 
 angularly dilated at the sides, with the tip broad, truncated, and 
 externally bidentate. 
 
 The antennas of the males of this species differ from those of 
 the preceding in having the joints distinct to the naked eye, and 
 each joint furnished with two teeth or short pectinations on each 
 side. Mr. Doubleday presented me with specimens, from Flor- 
 ida, which differ from our northern specimens only in being of a 
 darker color. 
 
 * # # * Antenna, in the males, . 
 
 6. )S. modesta. H. 
 
 Drab-colored; fore-wings scalloped, with a transverse dusky 
 band before the middle ; hind-wings purplish-red in the middle, 
 deeper red next to the base, and with a blackish spot near the 
 anal angle. Expands four inches and one quarter. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 293 
 
 I have never seen but one specimen, which was much rabbed 
 
 before it came into my possession. It is a female, with a very 
 
 thiclc and robust body, and simple antennsE, and probably is the 
 
 North American representative of S. Tilice and Qwercus. 
 
 ^ Alis ititegris, ana simjplid. L. 
 
 Genus II. Ceratomia. H. 
 
 I have been induced to propose a new genus for the reception 
 of a single species, presenting characters, in the larva and winged 
 state, which do not allow it to be included in the genus Sphinx 
 as now received. The larva of this species, in the possession of 
 horns on the fore-part of the body, exhibits a peculiarity which 
 hitherto appears to have been unnoticed or undescribed among 
 the Sphinges. The name of the genus, derived from niqaia, 
 fiorns, and &/tin, the shoulder, alludes to this peculiarity. An 
 analogous and still more imposing form is found in the larvae of 
 the PhalcriKP, belonging to the genus Ceratocampa. 
 C. quadricornis. H. ' . ? j' ', 
 
 Light brown ; fore-wings with zigzag and wavy brown and 
 whitish bands, dusky in the middle to the inner margin, the an- 
 terior edge M'hitish, and a large white dot near the middle ; hind- 
 wings with three dusky transverse bands, and a broad blackish 
 hind-border ; fringes dotted with white ; head and a broad line 
 on each side of the thorax to the shoulders white ; shoulder- 
 covers with three and abdomen with five longitudinal brown 
 lines. Expands four and a half to nearly five inches. Larva 
 pale blue-green, longitudinally wrinkled, with a pair of short 
 denticulated horns on the second segment, a similar pair on the 
 third, two parallel series of little teeth on the first four segments, 
 a dorsal row of larger teeth extending to the tail, a long bluish 
 caudal horn, and seven narrow oblique white lines on each side 
 of the body. It feeds upon the leaves of Ulmus A?nericana, 
 and transforms in the earth. 
 
 Genus III. Sphinx. L. 
 
 * Tongue-case of the pupa detached from the breast. 
 1. S. dngulata. F, = Convolvuli. Smith-Abbot. 
 
 Dark ash-gray, variegated with brown, body beneath white ; 
 middle of the hind-wings pink, with three or four black bands ; 
 fringes of the wings spotted with white ; and five pink-colored 
 spots separated by short transverse black lines on each side of 
 
294 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 the abdomen. Expands about four inches. Larva, as represent- 
 ed by Abbot, (Ins. Geog. p. 63, pi. 32) dark brown, with a dou- 
 ble chain-like rust-red dorsal line, a paler lateral line, a series 
 of eight hook-shaped yellowish spots on each side enclosing the 
 spiracles, and a short curved horn on the tail. Eats the leaves of 
 the sweet potato [Convolvulus batatas,) and enters the earth to 
 undergo its transformation. Pupa with a long hooked tongue- 
 case spirally recurved at its extremity. Inhabits the Middle and 
 Southern States. 
 
 I am indebted to Dr. J. E. Holbrook, of Charleston, S. C, for 
 a specimen. 
 
 2. iS. Carolina. L. . • 
 Ash-gray ; fore-wings with blackish wavy lines ; hind-wings 
 
 whitish in the middle, with four black bands, the two central 
 ones narrow and jagged ; fringes spotted with white ; five orange- 
 colored spots encircled with black on each side of the abdomen ; 
 and the tongue excessively long. Expands about five inches. 
 Larva apple-green, transversely wrinkled, with seven oblique 
 white lines on each side, and a rust-colored caudal horn. Com- 
 monly known by the names of potato-worm and tobacco-worm, 
 from the plants on which it is found ; transforms deep in the 
 earth. P^ipa with a long tongue-case, curved near the head, 
 straight and touching the breast only at the end, representing the 
 handle of a vase. 
 
 3. S. Drupiferarum. Smith- Abbot. 
 
 Pale reddish-gray ; fore-wings with a dark brown band ex- 
 tending from the inner margin to the tip, and crossed by slender 
 black lines between the nervurcs ;* hind-wings with two trans- 
 verse blackish bands ; thorax dark chestnut, with the sides and 
 the head white; abdomen dark brown above, with a slender 
 dorsal black line and about five whitish lateral spots margined 
 with black. Expands three and a half to four inches. Larva, 
 according to Abbot, (Ins. Gcog. p. 71, pi. 36) apple-green, with 
 seven oblique lateral bands, which are violet above and white 
 below, a line on each side of the head and the caudal horn vio- 
 let. Feeds on the leaves of the Ccllis and plum, and is trans- 
 formed in the earth. Pupa, like that of S. Ligustri, with a short 
 tongue-case detached from the breast. 
 
 • The veins, or elevated and branching lines on the wings of insects, are called 
 nei-vurcs by Mr. Kirby. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 295 
 
 4. S. Kalmice. Smith-Abbot. 
 
 Rusty-biifl'; fore-wings streaked with light brown, and with a 
 narrow whitish band near the outer nnargin ; hind-wings with a 
 narrow central and a broad marginal blackish band ; fringes 
 brown spotted with white; shoulder-covers white edged with 
 brown; abdomen with a slender dorsal black line and short 
 transverse bands alternately black and white at the sides ; be- 
 neath dull reddish white. Expands three and a half to four and 
 a quarter inches. Larva, according to Abbot, (Ins. Georg. p. 73, 
 pi. 37) pale green, with seven oblique yellow bauds, edged above 
 with violet, on each side, the caudal horn and a line on each side 
 of the head blue, and the hinder pair of legs yellow. Feeds on 
 the leaves of Kahnia latifolia, and transforms in the earth. Pu- 
 pa with a short detached tongue-case. 
 
 5. (S. Gordius. Cramer. 
 
 Brownish ash-gray ; fore-wings streaked with black between 
 the nervures, with the anterior and inner margin dusky-brown, a 
 white dot near the middle, and a large gray spot at base ; fringe 
 spotted with white ; hind-wings with a narrow central and a 
 broad marginal dusky brown band, and a white fringe ; thorax 
 deep chestnut, with the sides and the head above whitish ; ab- 
 domen with a central black lino, and the sides ash-white trans- 
 versely banded with black. Expands three to three inches and 
 a half. Larva apple-green, with seven oblique white lateral 
 bands, slightly edged above Avith violet, a rust-red caudal horn, 
 and a brownish line on each side of the head. It lives on the 
 apple-tree, and enters the earth to be transformed. Pupa with a 
 very short detached tongue-case. 
 
 6. S. dnerea. 11. 
 
 Ash-gray ; fore-wings long, narrow, and entire, with five short 
 oblique lines between the nervures ; hind-wings with two black- 
 ish bands ; slioulder-covers slightly edged with black above ; ab- 
 domen with a narrow dorsal black line, and short alternate bands 
 of black and dirty white on the sides. Expands four and a half 
 to five inches and a quarter. 
 
 The specimens from which this description is taken were 
 raised many years ago from larva;, which, at the lime, I neglect- 
 ed to figure and describe. To the best of my recollection, these 
 larva} were found on the lilac, and, with the pup;u, corresponded 
 very nearly in form, color, and size, to those of the European aS. 
 
296 Catalogtte of North American Sphinges. 
 
 Ligiistn. The present species is remarkable for the length and 
 sharpness of the wings, which are of a fine neutral gray tint, and 
 for the prominence of the head and palpi. 
 
 * * Tongue-case of the pupa not detached, but hiried, and sol- 
 dered to the breast. 
 
 7. S. sordida. H. 
 
 Dark gray ; fore-wings variegated with dark brown, dashed 
 with a few blackish lines, and with a whitish dot near the mid- 
 dle ; hind-wings with a blackish basal spot, and two broad black 
 bands ; a dark brown line on each shoulder-cover ; abdomen with 
 a dorsal black line, and alternate black and light gray bands on 
 the sides. Exppinds two inches and three quarters. 
 
 Although the" larva and pupa of this species are unknown to 
 me, I judge from analogy that it belongs to this division of the 
 genus Sphinx. 
 
 8. iS. Hylmts. Drury. =Pmu. Smith-Abbot. 
 
 Rusty brown ; fore-wings mottled with white, banded with 
 jagged dark brown lines, with a white dot near the middle, and 
 a spot of the same color at tip ; hind-wings whitish with a nar- 
 row indented brown band across the middle, and a broad one on 
 •the outer margin ; fringes spotted with white ; a whitish hue 
 above the eyes extending on each side of the thorax ; two lon- 
 gitudinal rows of white dots on the top of the abdomen, and a 
 series of short narrow white bands on each side. Expands two 
 and a quarter to two inches and three quarters. Larva pea- 
 green, with six or seven oblique lateral whitish bands edged 
 above with pink, a purple caudal horn, and a pale blue line on 
 each side of the head. It feeds on the leaves of Priiios glaber 
 and various species of Vacdniwm, and enters the earth to be 
 transformed. 
 
 This insect is much like the Brontes of Drury, which, how- 
 ever, is a much larger species, more distinctly banded with 
 white, &c. 
 
 9. S. Plcbeja. F. 
 
 Gray ; fore-wings with a white dot near the middle, and five 
 or six short oblique blackish lines between the nervures ; hind- 
 wings sooty black, dirty white at base ; fringes white, spotted 
 with dark brown ; abdomen with three black lines, one dorsal, 
 and two on each side, the latter enclosing a longitudinal series of 
 dirty white spots. Expands three inches. Inhabits the Southern 
 States. 
 
Catalogue of North Amencan Sj)hinges. 297 
 
 The only specimen which I have seen was taken by Prof. 
 Hentz ill North Carohiia, and now belongs to the Boston Soci- 
 ety of Natural History. 
 
 10. S. Coriiferurum. Smith-Abbot. 
 Gray; fore-wings with about tliree narrow and indented 
 brownish bands, a spot near the middle, one or two streaks be- 
 yond the middle, and the nervures near the outer margin brown ; 
 hind-wings dusky or blackish gradually fading into gray towards 
 the base; fringes spotted with brown and white; abdomen gray 
 with brownish incisures. Expands one inch and three quarters 
 to two inches and three quarters. Larva, as figured by Abbot, 
 (Ins. Georg. p. 83, pi. 42,) chequered with brown and white spots, 
 with a dorsal whitish line, and a short caudal horn. It eats the 
 leaves of various kinds of pine, and enters the earth to transform. 
 Mr. Leonard informs me that the tongue-case of the Pupa is 
 short, and buried so as not to rise above the leg-cases. 
 
 For my sj)ocimen I am indebted to the Rev. L. W. Leonard, 
 who raised it from a larva found on the pine in Burlington, Vt. 
 In the cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History there is 
 a larger specimen, which was taken in North Carolina by Prof. 
 Hentz ; the bands on the wings in the latter are less distinct than 
 in my sjieciinen. 
 
 11. aS. Ello. L. 
 Gray; fore-wings slightly indented on the outer margin, with 
 a few irregularly scattered black dots, and a blackish stripe ex- 
 tending from the base to the tip; hind-wings rust-red, with a 
 broad black hind-border; thorax with five longitudinal black 
 lines, and abdomen on each side banded with black. In the fe- 
 male the blackish stripe on the fore-wings and the lines on the 
 thorax are usually wanting or indistinct. Expands three and a 
 quarter to four inches. Inhabits the Southern States, the West 
 Indies, and South America. 
 
 In the cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History there 
 is a specimen of-this tropical insect, which was captured by Prof. 
 Hentz in the interior of North Carolina, where eventually the spe- 
 cies may become common. According to Madam Meriau (In- 
 sectes de Surinam, page and plate Gl) the larva, in Surinam, 
 lives on the leaves of a species of Psidmm or Guava, is of an ob- 
 scure brown color, with a black dorsal line, some small irregular 
 white spots on the sides, and the head and caudal horn purple. 
 Vol. XXXVI, No. 2.— April-July, 1839. 38 
 
298 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 The tongue-case of the pupa, from the figure, seems to be short 
 and soldered to the breast. From the shape of its body and 
 whigs, this insect must belong to a very distinct group in the 
 Linnean genus Sphinx; but, without knowing more of the larva 
 and its transformations, I do not feel authorized to separate it 
 from the present genus. 
 
 Genus IV. PuiLAftrPELUs. H. 
 The insects belonging to this genus cannot with propriety be 
 included in the genus Chosrocarnpa of Duponchel, or Mdopsilus 
 of Duncan, to which they approach the nearest ; and, therefore, 
 I have considered it proper to institute a new genus for their 
 reception. They, indeed, seem to form a characteristic and typi- 
 cal group, peculiar to the New World, being found only in the 
 United States, Mexico, the West Indies, and the tropical parts of 
 South America. The larvas feed chiefly on the vine and the 
 plants allied to it, which suggested the name of the genus, de- 
 rived from (fiUui, I love, and iiuTieloi, a grape-vine. In those spe- 
 cies whose transformations have passed under my own obser- 
 vation, the larva; when young were furnished with a long slen- 
 der caudal horn, recurved over the back like the tail of a dog ; 
 when about half grown, the caudal horn is shed with the skin, 
 and is replaced by a prominent, eye-like, polished spot. The 
 oblique spots on the sides of these larva; slope downwards and 
 backwards ; this is also the direction of the bands in the larvas 
 of Pterogon ; but in those of all the other Sphinges the oblique 
 lateral bands slope upwards and backwards. The pupa is elon- 
 gated, attenuated at the fore-part, with a pretty long, robust, 
 rough, anal horn, notched at the tip ; the tongue-case is buried 
 and soldered to the breast, and slightly longer than the wing- 
 cases; and the fore-part of the abdominal rings is roughened 
 with deep punctures. In the perfect state, the fore-wings are en- 
 tire, acute, slightly emarginated below the tip in the males, and 
 almost falcated, with a sinous inner margin, and well-marked 
 hind-angle ; the outer margin of the hind-wings is undulated or 
 slightly crenated ; the shoulder-covers are large ; and the abdo- 
 men is short, thick, conical, and usually immaculate. Madame 
 Merian in her Insectes de Surinam, plates 34 and 47, has repre- 
 sented the transformations of three species of this genus; and 
 two aie also figured by Mr. Abbot in the Insects of Georgia, plates 
 40 and 41. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 299 
 
 1. P. Vitis. L. 
 
 Grayish flesh-colored ; fore-wings, except the anterior and 
 outer margins, dark oHve, with a broad stripe from base to tip, 
 crossed by another from the middle of the inner margin, a small 
 hook-shaped spot near the middle, and the nervures behind, of a 
 pale flesh-color ; hind-wings pale green at base, with the inner 
 and hinder margins rose-red, a black spot near the middle and a 
 black transverse band behind ; a longitudinal line on the head 
 and thorax, the shoulder-covers, two broad stripes on the abdo- 
 men, and a round spot on each side of its base of a dark olive 
 color. Expands about four inches. Larva, as represented by 
 Abbot, (Ins. Georg. p. 79, pi. 40,) pale pea-green, longitudinally 
 striped on the top of the back and transversely at the sides with 
 brown, and with seven oval, obliqne, cream-colored spots on each 
 side. According to Linnajus and Mad. Merian, it lives on the 
 grape-vine ; but Blr. Abbot has represented it upon Jussicea erecla. 
 Inhabits the Southern States, South America, &c. 
 
 This insect fades very much by age, which changes the flesh- 
 colored portions to a pale reddish buff" or nankin color. My spe- 
 cimens were received from Dr. J. E. Holbrook, of Charleston, 
 S. Carolina.* 
 
 2. P. Satellilia. L. = Licaon 7 Cramer. 
 
 Light olive, variegated with dark olive ; fore-wings with an 
 abbreviated band beyond the middle, an oblong patch on the ba- 
 sal half of the hind margin including a square darker spot, a semi- 
 oval spot near the tip, and a triangular one near the hind angle, 
 of a dark olive color, and two approximated brownish dots near 
 the middle ; hind-wings with a black spot near the middle of the 
 inner margin, and a transverse blackish baud behind, obsolete 
 near the anal angle and ending there in a few small black spots; 
 
 * I have received from Dr. H. B. Hornbeck, King's physician, in the island of 
 St. Thomas, W. I., a species which is closely allied to P. Vitis ; and, as it is not 
 described in any of my books, I am happy to describe it liere under the name of 
 
 P. Hornbechiana. 
 
 Above olive gray ; fore-wings dark olive, with two silvery white stripes crossin" 
 each other in the middle of the wing, the longest stripe toothed near the b.ise of 
 the wing and obsolete thence to the middle, three of the nervures and a band on 
 the outer margin whitish, and two approximated black dots near the middle ; hind- 
 wings on the inner margin pink, with a large square olive-colored spot, dusky be- 
 hind with a black transverse band ; an olive-colored line on the head and thorax; 
 the shoulder-covers and first segment of the abdomen olive, bordered with white; 
 upper part of the abdomen olive, with a central gray lino ; outer sides of the legs 
 and antenniB white. Expands about four inches. Inhabits St. Thomas, VV. I. 
 
300 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 a slender line on the head and thorax, the shoulder-covers, and a 
 transverse patch on the top of the first abdominal segment, dark 
 olive. Exfiands from four to four inches and three quarters. 
 Larva, when young, pea-green, with a slender recurved caudal 
 horn, and of the same color or of a clear light brown and without 
 a tail afterwards, with six oblique broad oval cream-colored spots 
 on each side of the body ; feeds on the leaves of indigenous and 
 exotic grape-vines, and on those of Ampelopsis hederacea, and 
 enters the earth to transform. 
 
 3. P. Achcmon. Drury. = Crantor ? F. 
 
 Red-ash colored ; fore-wings with a few short transverse brown 
 lines, and shaded with brown from the middle to the hind mar- 
 gin, with a square spot near the middle of the inner margin, an- 
 other near the tip, and a triangular spot near the hind angle, of a 
 deep brown color ; hind-wings pinic, with a deeper red spot near 
 the inner margin, a dusky hind border, and a transverse row of 
 small black spots ; palpi and a large triangular spot on each shoul- 
 der-cover deep brown. Expands from three to four inches. Larva 
 pea-green with a slender recurved tail when young, of the same 
 color or light brown and without a tail subsequently, with six 
 oblique oblong oval scalloped crcam-colorcd spots on each side. 
 It eats the leaves of grape-vines and of the common creeper or 
 Ampelopsis. 
 
 This and the preceding species, in the larva state, are very in- 
 jurious to our cultivated grape-vines. 
 
 Genus V. Chcerocampa. Duponchel. 
 Metopsiliis. Duncan. DeilepMla. (section.) Boisduval. 
 This genus was established, in 1835, by M. Duponchel,* to 
 receive certain European Sphinges the larva; of which have the 
 head and fore-part of the body retractile, the head being very 
 small, and the first three segments abruptly diminishing in size 
 from the fourth, which gives to the fore-part of the body a re- 
 semblance to the head and snout of a hog. Hence the French 
 name of these larva;, cochonncs, and the generical name proposed 
 by Duponchel, which is derived from x"H>"?' « hog, and xii/jmi, a 
 caterpillar. This peculiarity in the form of the larvas seems to 
 have suggested to Linnauis the names that he has given to two 
 
 * Godarl and Duponchel. Lcpidoptiros dc France. Supplferaent. Tome II, p. 
 159. (1835.) 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 301 
 
 of the species, to wit, porceUus, the pig, and Elpcnor, the name 
 of one of the companions of Ulysses, who was clianged to a hog 
 by Circe. In the year 1836, Mr. Duncan,* probably not aware of 
 the previous establishment of this genus, pointed out its charac- 
 ters under the name of Metopsilus, derived from ,uiiomoi', the 
 front, and i/nldg, slender, in allusion to the form of this part of the 
 larva. These naturalists, in separating this new group from the 
 genus Sphinx, or rather from Deilcphila, seem to have had only 
 European insects under consideration ; but in America there are 
 several species, which, so far as similarity of form and habits, in 
 all their states, indicates a natural affinity, ought certainly to be 
 included in the same generical group, from which, however, they 
 will be excluded unless the characters of the genus are somewhat 
 modified to receive them. Believing the genus to be a good pne, 
 and susceptible of modification, I have changed the characters of 
 it in the synopsis prefixed to this catalogue, so as to admit our 
 American species. In C. Pampinatri.v, Chwriliis, and versicolor, 
 the antennas are rather short and slender, arcuated, and end in a 
 very long slender hook ; the fore-wings have the outer and inner 
 margins sinuous, so as to exhibit prominent outer and hinder an- 
 gles ; the hind-wings have a sinuous hind-margin, and a promi- 
 nent angle near the tail ; and the abdomen is rather short, and 
 conical at tip. The larvtr. of the first two of these species have 
 the eleventh segment conically prolonged above, forming a base 
 for a very short slighdy curved caudal horn, and the sides of the 
 body are marked with oblique bands sloping upwards and back- 
 wards. They transform above ground, under fallen leaves, or 
 slightly covered with grains of earth, connected by a few threads, 
 so as to form a loose imperfect cocoon. The pupa is short, thick, 
 obtusely rounded before, with the tongue-case imbedded, indis- 
 tinct, and nearly as long as the wing-ca.ses ; the tail is rather 
 blunt, and ends in a long, slender point, which, under a mag- 
 nifier, is found to be rougli, and notched at the tip. 
 1. C. Pampinatrix. Smith-Abbot. 
 Light olive-gray above, shaded with olive ; fore-wings with a 
 dot near the middle, a transverse band near the base, a broader 
 band beyond the middle and a large triangular spot adjacent to 
 each acute angle and almost forming a third band, of an olive 
 color ; hind-wings rust-colored, dusky behind, and gray next the 
 
 * Jardine's Naturalist's Library. Entomology. Vol. iv, p. 154. (1836.) 
 
302 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 anal angle ; head and shoulder-covers dark olive ; and a white 
 line on each side of Ihc thorax at the origin of the wings. Ex- 
 pands two and a half to two inches and three quarters. Larva pale 
 green, with a longitudinal series of six triangular orange-colored 
 spots on the top of the back and a darker green lateral line ; sides 
 below this paler, almost white, s])rinkled with rusty dots, and 
 with six oblique green bands ; caudal horn short, bluish green. 
 It varies in being of a clear light brown color, with the back 
 bounded on each side by a darker longitudinal line, meeting at 
 the origin of the caudal horn, the sides tinged with i)ink, and 
 obliquely banded with brown. Feeds on the leaves of the grape- 
 vine. Pupa clay-colored, sprinkled and punctured with black, 
 and with the incisures of the abdomen black. 
 
 Mr. Abbot, on jjlate 28 of his Insects of Georgia, has represen- 
 ted this larva with the caudal horn too long and loo much curved, 
 and the eleventh segment not so much produced behind as it 
 ought to be. This species, in the winged state, comes very near 
 to Cramer's Sphinx Myron, which, from the figure, seems to 
 want the spot in the middle of the fore-wings, and, according to 
 Cramer, has a very short tongue, a character that does not apply 
 to the Pampinatrix. The larva, above described, is one of the 
 most injurious to our cultivated grape-vines ; for, not satisfied 
 with devouring the leaves, it nips off the fruit-stalks when the 
 grapes are not more than half grown. I have gathered under a 
 single grape-vine above a quart of unripe grapes which had been 
 detached thus during one night by these larvcE. 
 
 2. C. Chwrihis. Cramer. = Azalere. Smith-Abbot. 
 
 Rust-colored ; fore-wings rusty gray tinged with blue, with a 
 dot near the middle, a few spots between it and the base, and a 
 very broad band beyond the middle, rust-colored ; hind-wings 
 rust-colored, dusky near the anal angle, with a whitish fringe ; a 
 spot at the sides and a slender line on the top of the thorax, the 
 edges of the shoulder-covers and of the abdominal segments 
 white. In the male the broad band of the fore-wings is marked 
 by a pale and a dark zigzag line so as nearly to divide it into two 
 bands. Expands two and a half to three inches. Larva, as rep- 
 resented by Abbot, (Ins. Georg. p. 53, pi. 27,) varying in color, 
 being either pale green, with a narrow dusky dorsal line, a green- 
 ish line on each side, a blue-green caudal horn, and the sides 
 obliquely banded with green ; or clear pale red, with the lines 
 and bands brownish, and the horn chestnut-colored. Mr. Abbot 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 303 
 
 says that it lives on Azalea midijlora, and that it spins itself up 
 in a thin web on the leaves. Pupa like that of C. PampinairiM. 
 
 3. C. versicolor. H. 
 
 Light olive, variegated with olive-green and white ; fore-wings 
 with narrow curved bands of white and olive-green, and a zigzag 
 white line at tip; hind-wings rust-colored, with the inner and 
 hind margin olive-green ; tips of the palpi, a line on each side of 
 the head above the eyes, a longitudinal dorsal line from the front 
 to the tail, and the edges of the collar and of the shoulder-covers, 
 white ; two spots on the metathorax and the abdominal segments 
 on each side of the dorsal line tinged with dark buff. Expands 
 about three inches. 
 
 Although the larva and pupa of this species are unknown to 
 me, I have ventured to jilace it in the genus Chcerocampa. The 
 palpi are rather thicker towards the ti[) than those of the two pre- 
 ceding species ; the fore-wings are not quite so much emarginared, 
 and consequently, their angles are not quite so prominent. The 
 under-side is quite as prettily variegated as the upper-side; that 
 of the fore-wings being pale olive, tinged with deep buff near the 
 hind-angle, with rust-red in the middle, and mottled and streaked 
 with olive-green and white ; that of the hind-wings olive-green, 
 banded with white, dark olive, and bnlf. My specimen was taken 
 silting upon the leaves of Azalea viscosa ; it was quite fresh, and 
 seemed to have been recently transformed. 
 
 Dr. Hornbeck has presented to me a species, from St. Thomas, 
 resembling the versicolor very nearly in color and form ; but the 
 palpi are more prominent, the antennas are not so much arcuated, 
 and the terminal hook is much shorter. It evidently leads to the 
 genus Deilephila. 
 
 4. C. tersa. L. 
 
 Grayish olive above ; fore-wings streaked from base to tip with 
 numerous narrow dusky and pale lines, and with a minute black 
 dot near the middle ; hind-wings black, paler round the edges, 
 with the anal angle and the fringe cream-colored, and a trans- 
 verse row of small wedge-shaped cream-colored spots near the 
 hind-margin; a reddish white line on the sides of the head and 
 thorax ; shoulder-covers slightly edged above with rust-red ; sides 
 of the abdomen, and the body and wings beneath, rusty buff, 
 streaked and sprinkled with dusky olive-gray. Expands two and 
 three quarters to three inches. Larva, according to Abbot, (Ins. 
 Georg. p. 75, pi. 38,) pea-green or brown, with seven white eye- 
 
304 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 like spots having a red centre and a black margin and connected 
 by a longitudinal white line, on each side of the body, and a red 
 caudal horn. It lives on Spermacocce Hyssopifolia, and, like the 
 other species, is transformed in an imperfect cocoon which it spins 
 above ground. Pupa clay-colored, freckled with dusky spots. It 
 inhabits the Southern States, the West Indies, and South America. 
 I am indebted to Dr. J. E. Holbrook of Charleston, S. C, and 
 to Dr. II. B. Hornbeck, of St. Thomas, W. I., for specimens. 
 The antennas are straight, with a shorter terminal hook than in 
 the three preceding species ; the outer margin of the fore-wings 
 is not so sinuous, and the abdomen is much more elongated, slen- 
 der and pointed. It may be necessary, hereafter, to institute a 
 new genus for the reception of this and several other closely al- 
 lied West-Indicin and South-American species. 
 
 Genus VI. Deilephila. Ochsenheimer. 
 1. D. lineata. F. = Daucus. Cramer. 
 
 Olive-brown ; fore-wings with a pale buff-colored stripe from 
 the base of the inner margin to the lip, crossed by six white lines 
 on the nervures, tiie outer margin ash-gray, the fringe and edge 
 of the imier margin white ; hind-wings rose-pink, with a white 
 spot near the inner margin, a black band at base, another near the 
 hind-margin, and the fringe, white ; a white line on each side of 
 the head above the eyes, and six lines, of the same color, placed in 
 pairs, on tlie thorax ; two rows of small black spots and a slender 
 dorsal white line on the top of the abdomen, the sides reddish, 
 with a short transverse black band on each side of the first ab- 
 dominal segment, and a white band behind it, followed by a lat- 
 eral series of alternately black and white spots. Expands from 
 three to four inches. Larva pea-green, with a longitudinal series 
 of nine or ten orange-colored oval spots encircled with black, on 
 each side, and an orange-colored caudal horn. Feeds upon the 
 leaves of the purslane and turnip, and of various other humble • 
 plants, and buries itself in the ground to undergo its transforma- 
 tions. Pupa light brown. 
 
 Contrary to what is usual among our Sphinges, there are two 
 broods of this species in the course of one summer. This is the 
 true Sphinx lineata of Fabricius, described by hmi as an Am^eri- 
 can insect in his " Systema Entomologia;." His description of 
 the thorax, " striis tribus albis duplicalis," apjAics exactly to our 
 insect, and not to the Livornica of Europe, with which it is often 
 
Catalogxic of North American Sphinges. 305 
 
 confounded, and which has only four white hues instead of six, 
 on the thorax. The larva of the latter, moreover, differs frona 
 that of our lineata. Dr. Hornbeck has sent to me from St. 
 Thomas, W. I., specimens which vary a little, but are not speci- 
 fically distinct from the lineata of the United States. 
 
 2. D. Cliamfenerii. H. = Epilobii. H. (Catalogue.) 
 
 Olive-brown ; fore-wings with a sinuous buif-colored stripe, 
 indented before, beginning near the base of the inner margin and 
 extending to the tip, and a dark olive-brown tapering stripe behind 
 it, a black spot at base, a while dash and a diamond-shaped black- 
 ish spot before the middle ; hind-wings dark brown, with a trans- 
 verse rose-colored band, including a white spot near the body and 
 a deep red one before the anal angle ; imier edge of the fore-wings 
 and fringe of the hind-wings whitish ; palpi white below ; a 
 white line above each eye extending on the sides of the thorax, 
 where it is bounded above by a black line ; abdomen with a dor- 
 sal series of white dots, two black and two allernating white 
 bands on each side of the base, and two narrow transverse white 
 lateral lines near the tip; segments beneath edged with white. 
 Expands from two and three quarters to three inches. Larva 
 green, somewhat bronzed, dull red beneath ; with nine round 
 cream-colored spots, encircled with black, on each side, and a dull 
 red caudal horn. It lives on the Epilobiimi angiistifoHum, and 
 (as Mr. Leonard informs me) transforms in the ground, without 
 making a cocoon. Inhabits New Hampshire. 
 
 The larva very closely resembles that of D. Galii, as figured 
 by Roescl, III, Tab. VI, Fig. 1, 2. For a specimen of it, and 
 for the insects in the winged state, I am indebted to Mr. Leonard, 
 by whom they were raised. This species is the American rej> 
 resentative of D. Galii, and is also allied to several other Euro- 
 pean species, such as D. Epilobii, Esulrv., Amelia, Tithymali, 
 Dahlii, Euphorbi(r, &c. ; but I am satisfied that it is perfectly dis- 
 tinct from all of them ; and the long description which I have 
 given of it will render it easy to discover in what respects it diflfers 
 from them. Moreover it is a legitimate species, which is more than 
 can be said of all of the above-named European insects, some of 
 which are now admitted to be hybrids. Mr. Kirby (Fauna Bo- 
 reali-Amcricana, IV, p. 302,) describes a North American species, 
 under the name of D. intermedia, which, according to him, has 
 the stripe on the fore-wings of a pale rose color, and wants the 
 
 Vol. xxxvi, No. a.— April-July, 1639. 39 
 
3U6 Catalogue of North Amm-ican Sphinges. 
 
 dorsal series of white dots on the abdomen ; in other respects it 
 seems nearly allied to the Chamn.nerii. When my Catalognes of 
 the Insects of Massachusetts were pnblished I was not aware that 
 the specific name Epilobii had been previously ai)i)ro[)riated ; for 
 the species to which I then applied it I have now substituted 
 that of Chamanerii derived from Tournefort's name for the genus 
 Epilobium. 
 
 ^ Legitima. ano barbato. L. 
 
 Family II. MACROGLOSSIAD^. H. The Maa-oglossians. 
 
 SesiidcB. Stephens. SesiadcE. Kirby. 
 
 * Wings angtdatcd and indented; aniennoi tapering at the end, 
 with a long tei-ininal hook. 
 
 Genus VII. Pterogon. Boisduval. 
 
 P 7 inscriptitm. H. 
 
 Ash-gray ; wings angularly indented ; first pair with two dusky 
 bands near the base, connected on the inner margin by a blackish 
 line, a few undulated and zigzag transverse lines beyond the mid- 
 dle, a dusky outer margin, a half-oval brown spot at tip, and a 
 small deep brown patch including a white I near the tip; hind- 
 wings reddish gray, with a dusky hind-margin ; collar edged 
 with brown ; abdomen with two dorsal series of black dots. Ex- 
 pands two inches. Inhabits Indiana. 
 
 Of this species I have seen only two individuals, both females, 
 having rather long slender and simple antennse, attenuated and 
 curved so as to form a hook at the end. In the shape of the 
 wings and distribution of the colors this insect nearly resembles 
 some species of Smerinthiis, from which genus it is excluded by 
 the length of the tongue, which nearly equals that of the body. 
 Pterogon Guunc, which I suppose to be the only legitimate .spe- 
 cies of the genus that has yet been discovered in the United 
 States, is known to me only by Mr. Abbot's figure. 
 
 Genus VIII. Thykeus. Swainson. 
 
 1. T. lugubris. L. 
 Brown ; wings sinuated and slightly angulated on the outer 
 edge ; first pair with an oblique streak and an eye-like dot before 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 307 
 
 the middle, and a large triangular brown patch near the tip ; hind- 
 wings with two or three obscure transverse brown lines ; male 
 with a triple-tuflcd tail. Expands two and a half to three 
 inches. Inhabits the Southern States. Larva pale green, with 
 three darker longitudinal dorsal lines, nine oblique yellowish 
 bands on each side, and a long, slender, nearly straight caudal 
 horn. Mr. Abbot, from whose figure (Ins. Geog. p. 59, pi. 30) 
 this description of the larva is taken, says that it feeds on Virgin- 
 ian creeper, Ampelopsis Hederacea, and that it enters the earth to 
 transform. The pupa is elongated, chestnut-brown, with a short 
 anal point. 
 
 My specimen of this insect was presented to me by Dr. J. E. 
 Holbrook. It is closely allied to several South American species, 
 figured by Cramer, such as his Fegeiis, Gorgon, (fcc. ; and, in- 
 deed, the Fegeus may prove to be identical with it. 
 
 M. Boisduval (Iconcs Hist, des Lepidopteres d'Europe nou- 
 veaux, Vol. II, p. 15) refers the Gorgon of Cramer [?] to his genus 
 Ptcrogon ; but, in my opinion, the genus Th.yreus of Swainson, 
 besides having the priority in point of time, is entitled to rank as 
 a distinct genus. Is the European Gorgon of Esper, Hiibner, 
 and Ochsenhcimer, quoted in Mr. Children's Abstract of the 
 Characters of Ochsenhcimer's Genera (Philos. Mag. N. S. Vol. V, 
 p. 37), the same as the Surinam species named Gorgon by Cra- 
 mer ? And if not, is M. Boisduval's citation of Cramer's name 
 correct ? 
 
 2. T. Ahhotii. = Ahhottii. Swainson. 
 
 Chocolate-brown ; wings very much indented on the outer 
 edge ; first pair with wavy and oblique blackish brown streaks, 
 and a black dot near the middle ; hind-wings yellow, with a 
 broad blackish brown hind-border : edge of the collar and a trans- 
 verse stripe across the thorax black ; abdomen banded with black 
 at base, tufted at the sides of the hinder segments, and terminated 
 by a triple-tufted rust-colored tail. Expands from two and one 
 third to nearly three inches. Larva, as figured by Abbot, 
 (Swainson's Zoological Illustrations, Part I, pi. 60) pea-green, 
 with narrow dorsal brown lines, nine lateral oblique yellowish 
 bands broadly bordered above with brown, and a long slender 
 slightly curved caudal horn. It feeds on the grape-vine. Pupa 
 chestnut-brown, with two yellowish abdominal incisures. 
 
308 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 This species is not uncommon in the Southern States, emd I 
 have one specimen which was taken in Cambridge, Mass. 
 3. T? Nessiis. Cramer. 
 
 Dark brown ; fore-wings with a sinuous and angular outer 
 edge, a blackish brown band across the middle, another near the 
 outer margin, and a small rust-red spot near the tip; hind-wings 
 rust-red, with a dark brown hind-border ; abdomen with two 
 pale yellow bands behind the middle, four rust-red spots on each 
 side, and a triple-tufted tail. Expands from two to two inches 
 and a quarter. 
 
 Of this species I have seen only females, in which the antennae 
 are similar to those of the same sex in T. Abbotii. The palpi, . 
 however, are more acuminated, and approach in form to those of 
 Sesia Pclasgus, &c. It ought, perhaps, to be included in a new 
 genus, which, without a knowledge of the larva and pupa, I shall 
 not venture to propose. 
 
 * * Wings entire ; antennoi thickened towards the end, with 
 a mimite terminal hook. 
 
 Genus IX. Sesia. F. (Syst. Gloss.) 
 
 1. /S. Pelasgus. Cramer. 
 
 Wings transparent and iridescent, with a broad purple-brown 
 border and nervures ; antennas and palpi, above, blue-black ; 
 head and thorax olive ; breast and legs eream-white ; abdomen 
 purple-brown below, ochre-yellow above, with the two middle 
 segments and a spot behind them purple-brown, and three lateral 
 white spots ; tip with a central fan-shaped brown tail, and two 
 black tufts on each side of it. Expands from two to two inches 
 and one quarter. 
 
 2. P. diffinis. Boisduval. = fudformis. Smith-Abbot. 
 Wings transparent and iridescent, with a narrow blackish bor- 
 der and nervures, and a rust-red spot at tip ; antennas and palpi 
 black above ; thorax and breast covered with pale yellow hairs ; 
 abdomen black above, with two longitudinal patches of yellow 
 hairs, the two middle segments black, the next two covered with 
 yellow hairs, and the tip with a fan-shaped tail, which is yellow 
 in the middle and tufted with black on each side. Expands from 
 one inch and three quarters to two inches. Larva, according to 
 Abbot, (Ins. Georg. p. 85, pi. 43.) pale pea-green, reddish beneath, 
 with a longitudinal dorsal line, a lateral pale yellow stripe, and a 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 309 
 
 short recurved caudal horn. In Georgia, it feeds upon the Ta- 
 bernmmontana Amsonia, and forms an imperfect cocoon on the 
 surface of the ground. Pupa brown with the abdominal incisures 
 ochre-yellow. 
 
 My specimens were presented to me by Mr. Leonard, who cap- 
 tured them in New Hampshire, where the Tabernamontana does 
 not grow. The larva must, therefore, be sought upon some other 
 plant ; perhaps it may be found upon the Apocynum. M. Bois- 
 duval has named and given a figure of this species in his Hist. 
 Nat. des Insectes Lepido[)teres, Vol. I, pi. 15, fig. 2; and, as it is 
 evidently distinct from the European /«a/or?ms, I have retained 
 the name proposed by M. Boisduval, although he has not estab- 
 lished a claim to it by any description of the insect. Mr. Kirby's 
 S. ruficaudis (Faun. Bor. Amer. IV, p. 303,) is evidently different 
 from this species, and comes nearer to the Pclasgus, to which, 
 however, the description does not very well apply, in many 
 respects. 
 
 Family III. iEGERIAD^. H. 'i'he JEgerians. 
 
 Genus X. Trochilium. (Scop.) Stephens. 
 
 Sesia. F. (Entom. Syst.) Latr. Boisd. JSgeria. F. (Syst.Glossat.) 
 
 1. T. marginatum. H. 
 
 Black ; wings transparent ; first pair with a broad border, the 
 tip, and a transverse band beyond the middle pale brown ; hind- 
 wings with a broad black fringe ; antenna! black ; two longitu- 
 dinal lines on the thorax, hind margins of the abdominal seg- 
 ments, orbits, palpi, and legs, except at base, yellow. Expands 
 rather more than one inch and a quarter. 
 
 This insect was taken in New-Hampshire, and presented to me 
 by the Rev. L. W. Leonard. 
 
 2. T. tibiale. H. 
 
 Brownish ; wings transparent ; first pair with a narrow border 
 and an abbreviated band beyond the middle pale brown ; hind- 
 wings with a narrow brownish fringe ; antenna black ; orbits, 
 two lines on the thorax, edges of the abdominal segments, and 
 tibiae yellow ; hindmost tibias thickly covered with yellow hairs. 
 Expands one inch and a half The yellow bands on the abdo- 
 men are much narrower and less bright than in the marginatum. 
 
 Found in New-Hampshire on the Populus candicans, and pre- 
 sented to me by Mr. Leonard. 
 
310 Catalogue of Noi'th Ameiican Sphinges. 
 
 3. T. denudatum. 
 
 ChestniU-browii ; fore-wings opaque, with a large triangular 
 transparent spot adjacent to tiie outer hind-angle, a rust-red spot 
 at base and another near the middle ; hind-wings transparent, 
 with the margin and fringe brown, and a rust-red costal spot ; 
 orbits, edges of the collar, incisures of the abdomen, tibiaj, and 
 tarsi dull yellow ; antciuia^ brownish above, rust-yellow at tip 
 and beneath. Expands from one inch and a quarter to more than 
 one inch and a half The transparent spots at the tips of the 
 fore-wings have the appearance of being caused by the removal 
 of the colored scales. 
 
 The specimens, from which the descriptions of these three spe- 
 cies are drawn up, had become somewhat oily, and it is possible 
 that some of their characteristic markings may have become ob- 
 literated. 
 
 Genus XI. jEgeria. F. (Syst. Glossat.) 
 
 Sesia. F. (Entom. Syst.) Latr. Boisd. Trochilium. Scopoli. 
 
 1. yE. tricincta. H. (Catalogue.) 
 
 Blue-black ; fore-wings opaque ; hind-wings transparent, with 
 the border, fringe, and a short transverse line near the middle 
 black ; palpi at tip, collar, a spot on each shoulder, and three 
 bands on the abdomen yellow ; antennaj short, black ; four pos- 
 terior tibia; banded with orange ; tarsi yellow, tipped with black ; 
 tail flat, with two longitudinal yellow lines. Expands from one 
 inch to one inch and two lines. 
 
 This species seems to come near to the European Asiliformis ; 
 but the male has only three yellow abdominal bands; while in 
 the Asiliformis there are five bauds in the male sex. The an- 
 tenna} are shorter and thicker than in the following species, and 
 are furnished beneath with a double row of short pectinations or 
 teeth, which are thickly fringed with hairs. The sexes were 
 captured together upon the common tansy. 
 
 2. jE. Cucurbiloi. H. (New-England Farmer.) 
 Fore-wings opaque, lustrous olive-brown ; hind-wings transpa- 
 rent, with the margin and fringe brown ; antennas greenish black ; 
 palpi pale yellow, with a little black tuft near the tip ; thorax 
 olive ; abdomen deep orange, with a transverse basal black band, 
 and a longitudinal row of five or six black spots ; tibia3 and tarsi 
 of the hind-legs thickly fringed on the inside with black, and on 
 
Catalogue of North Amerirmi Sphinges. 311 
 
 the outside with long orange-colored hairs ; spurs covered with 
 while hairs. Expands from thirteen to fifteen lines. Larva, 
 similar in form and color to those of other species of the genus, 
 lives in the pith of squash and pumpkin vines, which it leaves at 
 the root, and forms in the ground a cocoon composed of grains of 
 earth cemented by a gummy matter. Pupa, by the aid of the 
 abdominal denticulations, almost entirely excluded from the co- 
 coon during the last transformation. 
 
 The sudden death of the squash-vines, during midsummer, is 
 occasioned by the ravages of the larva of this insect. For further 
 particulars relating to it, a communication, by the author, in the 
 New-England Farmer, Vol. VIII, p. 33, for 1828, may be con- 
 sulted. This species seems to be closely allied to, but sufficiently 
 distinct from the tibialis of Drury, and the Bombiliformis of 
 Cramer. 
 
 3. ^. cavdaia. H. = fulvirornis. H.* (Catalogue.) 
 Brown ; male with the fore-wings transparent from the base to 
 
 the middle; hind-wings transparent, with a brownish border, 
 fringe, and subcostal spot ; antennas, palpi, collar, and tarsi tawny 
 yellow ; hind-legs yellow, end of the tibiaj and first tarsal joint 
 fringed with tawny yellow and black hairs; tail slender, cylindri- 
 cal, nearly as long as the body, tawny yellow, with a little black 
 tuft on each side at base. The female differs from the male in hav- 
 ing the fore-wings entirely opaque ; the hind-legs black, with a 
 rusty spot in the middle of the tibice, and fringed with black ; cau- 
 dal tuft of the ordinary form and size. Expands from one inch 
 to one inch and three lines. Larva inhabits the stems of our 
 indigenous currant, Ribes Floridum. 
 
 The Zygana candata, of Fabricius, has a somewhat similar 
 tail, but does not belong to the genus JEgeria. 
 
 4. ^. Syringfc. H. 
 
 Brown ; fore-wings with a transparent line at ba.se ; hind-Avings 
 transparent, with a brown border, fringe, and subcostal s[iot ; an- 
 tenna;, palpi, collar, first and second pairs of tarsi, and middle of 
 the intermediate tibiae rust-red ; middle of the tibia; and the tarsi 
 of the hind-legs yellow. Expands one inch and two lines. Larva 
 lives in the trunks of Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac. 
 
 • Credite.1 fo Mr. Say, in the Catalogue of the Insects of Massachusetts, bv 
 mistake. ■' 
 
312 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 5. ^. exitiosa. Say. 
 
 Steel-blue ; male with the wings transparent, the margins and 
 fringes, and a band beyond the middle of the first pair steel-blue; 
 palpi, collar, edges of the shoulder-covers and of the abdominal 
 segments, two bands on the tibiae including the spurs, anterior 
 tarsi, and lateral edges of the wedge-shaped tail pale yellow ; 
 female with the fore-wings opaque ; the hind-wings transparent, 
 with a broad opaque front-margin and the fringe purple-black ; 
 antennae, palpi, legs, and abdomen steel-blue, the latter encircled 
 in the middle by a broad saffron-colored band. Male expands 
 from nine to thirteen lines ; female from fifteen to seventeen lines. 
 Larva inhabits the trunks and roots of the peach and cherry 
 trees, beneath the bark. 
 
 The larva is the well-known peach-tree borer, which annually 
 injures to a great extent or destroys numbers of these trees. For 
 the means of preventing its ravages, see Say's Entomology, Vol. 
 II, and my communication in the New England Farmer, Vol. V, 
 p. 33. The insects above described, though very dissimilar, are 
 really the sexes of one species. I have raised many of them from 
 the larva;, and have also repeatedly captured them, in connection, 
 on the trimks of peach and cherry trees. 
 
 6. jE. fulvipcs. H. (Catalogue.) 
 
 Blue-black ; wings transparent, margin and fringes, and a trans- 
 verse band beyond the middle of the first pair blue-black ; anten- 
 na black, yellowish at the end ; palpi beneath, a spot on the tho- 
 rax under the origin of the wings, intermediate and liindmnst 
 tibisR, all the tarsi, and the basal half of the underside of the ab- 
 domen orange-colored ; hindmost tibiae somewhat thickened by a 
 covering of tawny hairs. Expands thirteen lines. 
 
 7. ^. Tipidiformis. L. 
 
 Blue-black; wings transparent, with the margin and fringes 
 blackish ; the first i)air with a transverse bine-black band beyond 
 the middle, and a broad one at tip streaked with copper-color ; 
 antenniE black ; palpi beneath, collar, upper edges of the shoulder- 
 covers, a spot on each side of the breast, three narrow rings on 
 the abdomen, ends of the tibiae and the spurs pale golden yellow ; 
 tail fan-shaped, blue-black. The male has an additional trans- 
 verse yellow line between the second and third abdominal bands. 
 Expands from seven and a half to nine inches. Larva lives in 
 the pith of the currant-bush. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 313 
 
 This destructive insect is not a native, but has been introdu- 
 ced from Europe with the cultivated currant-bush. 
 
 8. ^. scitula. H. 
 
 Purple-black ; wings transparent, with the margins golden yel- 
 low ; the first pair with a narrow purple-brown band beyond the 
 middle and a broad one at the tip ornamented with golden yel- 
 low lines ; fringes blackish ; front and orbits covered with silvery 
 white hairs ; antennas black ; palpi, collar, upper edges of the 
 shoulder-covers, a narrow band at the base of the abdomen, a dor- 
 sal spot behind it, a broad band around the middle, the lateral 
 edges of the fan-shaped tail, anterior coxje, sides of the breast, 
 tibiae and tarsi except at the joints, with the spurs golden yellow. 
 Expands about eight lines. 
 
 This beautiful little species is easily distinguished by the prev- 
 alence of yellow on the under-side of the body and legs. 
 
 9. Y*;. Pyri. H. (New-England Farmer.) 
 Purple-black ; wings transparent, with the margins, a narrow 
 
 band beyond the middle of the first pair, and a broad one at tip 
 purple-black, the latter streaked with brassy yellow ; antennae 
 blackish ; palpi beneath, collar, edges of the shoulder-covers, a 
 broad band across the middle of the abdomen, a narrow one be- 
 fore it, an indistinct transverse line at base, the posterior half of 
 the abdomen beneath, the sides of the breast, anterior coxs, legs 
 except the joints of the tibiae, and the lateral edges of the wedge- 
 shaped tail golden yellow. Expands six lines and a half. Larva 
 lives under the bark of the pear-tree. 
 
 For some further particulars respecting this species, see my 
 communication in the New-England Farmer, Vol. IX. p. 2, 1830. 
 
 Mr. Edward Doublcday presented me with a new species of 
 Mgcria which he captured in Florida, and Dr. J. W. Randall has 
 still another which was taken in Massachusetts. To these gen- 
 tlemen belongs the right of first naming and describing these spe- 
 cies which they have discovered, and I do not feel myself author- 
 ized to anticipate them. 
 
 Genus XII. Thyris. lUiger. 
 
 T. macnlata. H. (Catalogue.) 
 Brownish black, sprinkled with rust-yellow dots; hind-mar- 
 gins of the wings deei)ly scalloped, with the edges of the inden- 
 tations white ; each of the wings with a transpai-ent white spot, 
 
 Vol. xxxvi, No. 2.— April-July, 1831). 40 
 
314 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 which in the fore-wings is nearly oval and slightly narrowed in 
 the middle, in the hind-wings larger, kidney-shaped and almost 
 divided in two; palpi heneath, a spot before the anterior coxae, 
 the tips of the tarsal joints above, and the hind-edges of the last 
 three or four abdominal segments white. Expands from six to 
 eight lines. 
 
 This species comes very near to the fenestrata of Europe, but 
 is sufficiently distinct from it. 
 
 Mr. Doubleday has presented to me a much larger species of 
 Thyris, which was captured by him in Florida, and was new to 
 my collection. There is a figure of it in M. Boisduval's Hist. 
 Nat. Ins. Lepidopt. Vol. I, pi. 14, where it is named T. lugiibris. 
 This name has not yet received tha proper sanction of a descrip- 
 tion ; but, taking into consideration the circumstances under 
 which this nondescript came into my possession, I do not think 
 proper to describe it myself at this time. 
 
 Tribe II. SPHINGES ADSCITiE. L. 
 
 Family IV. AGARISTIAD^. H. The Agaristians. 
 
 Hesperi-Sphinges. Latr. Agaristides. Boisd. Zygcenidm. Kirby. 
 
 Geaus XIII. Alypia. (Hiibner.) Kirby. 
 
 Zygana and Sesia. F. Agarista. Latr. 
 
 A. octomacutata. F. 
 
 Black; with two sulphur-yellow spots on the fore-wings, and 
 two while ones on the hind-wings; shoulder-covers and front 
 sulphur-yellow ; first and second pairs of tibiaj thickly covered 
 with orange-colored hairs. Expands from eleven to fifteen lines. 
 Larva, as represented by Abbot, (Ins. Georg. p. 8, pi. 44,) cylin- 
 drical, elongated ; yellow, with transverse rows of black points, 
 slightly hairy, and without a caudal horn. It lives on the grape- 
 vine, and encloses itself in a cocoon in the earth. 
 
 In some individuals there is a white spot near the end of the 
 abdomen, and the inner white spots of the hind-wings are en- 
 larged and cover the wholi- base of the wings. Mr. Kirby (Fauna 
 Bor. Amer. IV, p. 301, pi. 4, fig. 5,) has described another species 
 of Alypia, a native of Nova Scotia and Canada, and names it A. 
 MacCuUochii. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 315 
 
 Family V. ZYG^NIAD^. H. The Zygcenians. 
 ZygcenidcB. Stephens. Zygenides. Boisd. 
 Hitherto I have not met with any insects in the United States 
 belonging to this family ; but Dr. Hornbeck has sent to me, from 
 St. Thomas, a species which not only seems to be undescribed, 
 but must constitute a new genus, the characters of which are 
 given in the Synopsis, and those of the species in the note below.* 
 
 Family VI. GLAUCOPIDID^. H. Tfie Glaucopidians. 
 
 Proaides and Zygenides. Boisd. Zygceniadce. H. Cat. Cte- 
 nuchidcB. Kirby. CallimorphcB. Westwood. 
 
 Genus XV. Procris. F. 
 Ino. Leach. 
 P. Americana. = Aglaope Americana 7 Boisd. = dispar. 
 H. (Cat.) 
 
 Blue-black ; with a saffron-colored collar, and a fan-shaped, 
 somewhat bibbed, black caudal tuft. Expands from ten lines to 
 one inch. Larva, according to Prof Hentz, hairy, green, with 
 black bands. It is gregarious, and devours the leaves of the 
 grape-vine, and undergoes its transformations in an oblong-oval, 
 tough, whitish cocoon, which is fastened to a leaf. 
 
 * Genus XIV. Mastigoceba. H. 
 
 From fiijcijTiS, «■ '"'"/' "'■ ''«0"S'i "nJ xlqa, horns; the antennas being thickened 
 in the middle and tapering at each end like a whip lash. In the West Indian 
 insect to which I have applied this name, the antennae agree, in the main, with 
 those of JEgocera, as described by Lalreille and other authors; but most of its 
 other characters disagree, and it has an entirely diflerent form from that of the 
 type of the genus. These characters are so very striking, that I have ventured to 
 propose this new genus, allhough the transformations of the species are unknown 
 to rac. 
 
 M. vespina. II. 
 
 Light rust-brown ; wings immaculate ; collar, first abdominal segments above, 
 third below, and a triangular spot on each side, while ; head, thickened part of 
 the antcnnw, edge of the thorax behind the collar, and a large triangular spot on 
 each side of the second abdominal segment, black; breast black, spoiled with 
 white; first and second pairs of thighs, except at base, middle of the hind-pair, 
 and extremity of the tibiae, black. Expands from one and a half to one inch and 
 three quarters. Inhabits llic island of St. Thomas, W. I. 
 
 The Zi/sana. Eunolplms of Fubricius, and the Pretus of Cramer are probably 
 congenerical and closely allied to this species. 
 
316 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 This insect appears to be the same as the one figured in Gne- 
 rin's Iconographie and in Griffith's Cuvier, under the name of 
 Aglaope America7ia, Boisduval ; but it is not an Aglaope, for it 
 has a distinct, spirally-rolled tongue. 
 
 Genus XVI. Glaucopis. F. 
 The insects which, at present, I refer to this genus, belong to 
 Zygaiia of the Entomologia Systematica of Fabric] us ; whose 
 Z. Glaucopis, if it was not actually the type, furnished the ge- 
 nerical name which this author gave, in his last work, the Sys- 
 tema Glossaiorum, to this group of his former Zyganoi. Sev- 
 eral of the insects, which Mr. Westwood, in his edition of Drury's 
 Illustrations, refers to the geims Callimorpha, without doubt be- 
 long to the family Glaucopididce. Mr. Kirby has placed one spe- 
 cies, after Lithosia, in a family which he names Ctennchidoi. 
 These insects seem to me much more nearly allied to the Sphin- 
 ges adscita tlian to the PhahmtB of Linnajus, with which also 
 they agree in their diurnal flight, and in their transformations, so 
 far as the latter are known. Although they do not appear to be 
 strictly congenerical, I prefer to arrange them, for the present, un- 
 der the genus Glaucopis, in groups or subgenera, which, when 
 the larvas and their transformations are better known, it may be 
 proper to raise to the rank of independent genera. 
 
 Subgenus Sijntomtida. 11. 
 Antennae hipeclinated, tapering ut each end. Tongue moderate, spirally rolled. 
 Palpi short, not extending beyond the clypeus, slightly curved and hairy at base, 
 covered with short close scales ; terminal joint somewhat aouminated. Wings 
 elongated, hind-pair small, with the discoidal cell closed behind by an acute-an- 
 gled nervurc, the anterior branch of which crosses the subcostal nervure and ends 
 near the tip of the wing. Body cylindrical, rounded and not tufted behind, and 
 with a rounded tubercle on each side of the first abdominal segment. Spurs of the 
 posterior tibia four, small, and approximated. 
 
 1. G. (S.) Ipomxcc. = Sesia Ipomace. (Emler, in letters. 
 Fore-wings greenish black, with three yellowish white dots 
 near the front margin and two others close together beyond the 
 middle ; hind-wings violet-black, with a transparent colorless spot 
 at base ; body tawny orange ; antennae and head black, the latter 
 spotted with orange ; a broad stripe on the shoulder-covers, a 
 transverse spot on the thorax behind, and the incisiues of the ab- 
 domen, black ; legs violet-black ; coxa; beneath, and a spot on 
 the thighs, orange-colored. Expands one inch and three quarters. 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 317 
 
 I received this species from Dr. A. G. (Emler, of Savannah, 
 Georgia, and have adopted the specific name that he gave to it, 
 and from which it is to be presumed that the larva Uves upon the 
 Ipomaca. The Melanlhus and Nycieus of Cramer resemble it 
 somewhat, and are probably congenerical with it. 
 
 Subgenus Cosmosoma. IlUbner. 
 Antennae long, very much attenuated at the end, and with a double row of very 
 short pectinations beneatli. Tongue moderate, spirally rolled. Palpi long, curved 
 upwards, and extending beyond the clypeus; the joints cylindrical, covered with 
 gmall scales, a little hairy at base, and obtuse at tip. Wings elongated, hind pair 
 rather small, and with the discoidal cell and ncrvures as in Sijnlomdda. Body 
 cylindrical, rounded and not tufted behind, and with a small tubercle on each side 
 of the first abdominal segment. Spurs of the hindmost tibia; four and of moderate 
 size. 
 
 2. G. (C.) Omphale. Hiibner (according to Say). = ^ge- 
 ria Omphale. Say. 
 
 Scarlet ; wings transparent, veined and bordered with black, 
 the first pair with a small black subcostal spot, and the black bor- 
 der very much widened at tip; head azure-blue ; antennas black, 
 with the tips white ; two terminal joints of the palpi, and a line 
 on each shoulder-cover black ; four azure-blue dots in a transverse 
 row on the fore-part of the thorax ; last four segments of the ab- 
 domen black, with four azure-blue spots on each side, and a dor- 
 sal black line extending from the middle of the second segment 
 including in it seven azure-blue spots ; belly and outside of the 
 second pair of tibiaj black. Expands one inch and a half or more. 
 Inhabits Florida. 
 
 For a specimen of this beautiful insect I am indebted to Mr. 
 Doubleday. It cannot belong to the genus jEgeria, to which it 
 was referred by Mr. Say, in his American Entomology, where it 
 is figured. As Hilbner's works are not accessible to me, I have 
 drawn up the characters of the subgenus Cosmosoma from the 
 specimen of the Omphale in my possession. Zygrrna Androm- 
 acha of Fabricius and the Caunus of Cramer probably belong to 
 the same subgenus. 
 
 Subgenus Lycomorpha. H. 
 
 Antenna; rather short, curved, toothed or with very short pectinations on each 
 side, which give to the joints, when seen from beneath, a cordate or bilobed appear- 
 ance. Tongue about half as long as the body, spirally rolled. Palpi short, hardly 
 extending beyond the clypeus, nearly horizontal and but slightly curved at base, 
 and covered with largo and rather loose scales. Wings not elongated, rounded at 
 tip; discoidal cell of the hind pair long, extending nearly to the hiud-raargin, and 
 
318 Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 
 
 closed by an oblique nervure. Body rather short, nearly cylindrical, not tufted 
 behind. Spurs of the hind-legs three, two at the end and one beyond the middle 
 of the tibicE. 
 
 3. G. (L.) Pholus. Drury. 
 
 Blue-black, or deep indigo-blue, wings at base and shoulder- 
 covers orange-colored. Expands fourteen or fifteen lines. Larva, 
 according to Mr. Leonard, pale green, with yellowish spots run- 
 ning into the green (in a specimen preserved in spirit, pale green 
 mottled with red ;) head black, covered with a few short whitish 
 hairs; body sparingly clothed with rather long hairs, which are 
 white at the sides and black on the back, the hairs arising singly 
 from minute tubercles, those on the third segment the longest 
 and with the others before them directed forwards. It eats the 
 lichens on stone heaps and walls in shady places, and undergoes 
 its transformations in a thin silky cocoon. 
 
 This pretty species is often seen flying in considerable numbers 
 in the fields, throughout the day, and at first sight would be mis- 
 taken for a species of Lycus. 
 
 Subgenus. Ctenucka. Kirby. 
 Antenna; pectinated on both sides in the males, thickened in the middle with 
 extremely short pectinations in the females. Tongue moderate, spirally rolled. 
 Palpi slender, rising beyond the clypeus, nearly cylindrical and obtuse, covered 
 with small close scales, and somewhat hairy at base. Wings in some rather nar- 
 row, in others widened and rounded at the tip ; discoidal cell of the hind pair 
 closed by an angulatcd nervure. Body nearly cylindrical, enlarged a little behind 
 in the females, with a few minute tufls at the sides of the segments, obtuse and 
 slightly tufled at tip; first abdominal segment with a conspicuous tubercle on each 
 side. Spurs of the hind-legs small, four in number, two terminal, and two beyond 
 tho middle of the tibis. 
 
 4. G. (C.) scmidiaphana. H. 
 
 Slate-colored ; wings rather narrow and subacute ; first pair 
 brownish slate, with the anterior edge clay-colored ; hind-wings 
 semitransparent in the middle ; head and antennae black ; collar, 
 front edge of the breast, and base of the palpi, orange-colored. 
 Expands fifteen to sixteen lines. Inhabits the Middle and South- 
 ern States. 
 
 Dr. Charles Pickering, several years ago, gave me specimens of 
 this insect, which he captured near Philadelphia; there are also 
 specimens of it, in the cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural 
 History, taken in North Carolina by Prof Hentz ; and I have re- 
 cently received several individuals, in fine preservation, which 
 were found by Mr. Doubleday in Florida. This species some- 
 
Catalogue of North American Sphinges. 319 
 
 what resembles, in form and color, the Thetis of Linnaeus and 
 Driiry. 
 
 5. G. (C.) Latreillana. = Ctenucha Latreillana. Kirby. 
 Fore-wings dusky drab, with a silky lustre, and the anterior 
 
 edge clay-colored ; hind-wings rusty black ; fringes of all the 
 wings white, interrupted with black in the middle ; top of the 
 head, orbits behind, base of the palpi, front of the breast, and a 
 spot on the fore-part of each shoulder-cover orange-colored ; tho- 
 rax, abdomen, and coxas, glaucous or greenish blue with a silky 
 lustre ; belly and legs light brown. Expands almost two inches. 
 Inhabits New-Hampshire and Maine, and, according to Mr. Kirby, 
 Canada and Nova-Scotia. 
 
 I am indebted to the Rev. L. W. Leonard for one specimen, 
 taken by him in New-Hampshire, and to Dr. J. W. Randall for 
 another from Maine. Although they are rather smaller than Mr. 
 Kirby's Latreillana, and do not exactly agree with the descrip- 
 tion in the Fauna Bor. Amer. Vol. IV, p. 305, I think that they 
 must be referred to his species. This insect has precisely the 
 same antennae and nearly the same form as the Glaucopis of 
 Drury and Fabricius, stated by the latter author to be a native of 
 Carolina, and is, without doubt, generically allied to it, and prob- 
 ably also to several other American species, such as the Pylotis 
 and collaris of Drury. The following species, from the figures 
 given of them, seem also to belong to the same generical group; 
 viz. Glauca, Celadon, Circe, Caslestina, Asterea, Cephise, Aleo- 
 ion, Cassandra, and Porphyria of Cramer. 
 
 Subgenus Psychomorpha. H. (Catalogue) ^ Callimorj/ha. Westwood. 
 Antennae in the males pectinated on both sides, the pectinations rather short, 
 setaceous in the female, according to Drury. Tongue moderate, spirally rolled. 
 Palpi slender, nearly horizontal, extending a little beyond the clypeus, covered 
 with loose hairs so as to conceal the joints. Wings short, somewhat triangular, 
 with the outer margins rounded ; discoidal cell of the hind pair short, closed by a 
 sinuous nervurc. Body slender, hairy at tip. Legs short, hairy ; spurs of the hind 
 tibise three, slender, nearly concealed by the hairs. 
 
 6. G.{P.) Epimenis. Drury. = Psychomorpha maculata. 
 H. (Catalogue.) 
 
 Brownish black ; fore-wings sprinkled in spots with light blue 
 scales, which form a narrow band near the hinder margin, and 
 marked with a large yellowish white patch beyond the middle; 
 hind-wings with a broad dark orange-red band behind the mid- 
 dle. The white spot of the fore-wings is indented towards the 
 
320 American Amphibia. 
 
 middle of the wing, and on the under side there is a small trian- 
 gnlar spot near the base of the wing, and a short transverse one 
 beyond it which unites behind with the angular projection of the 
 large white patch. Expands ratlier more than one inch. 
 
 I captured this beautiful insect on the wing at midday, in Mil- 
 ton, Mass., and have since seen it flying among the shrubbery at 
 Mount Auburn, Cambridge. There is also a broken specimen, 
 among Mr. Say's insects, which was taken in Indiana. My spe- 
 cimen is a male, as is also the one in Mr. Say's cabinet, and they 
 have the anal organs very large and hairy. Drury's specimen 
 seems to have been a female, for he says the anteimjE are seta- 
 ceous. It is possible that this insect is not one of the Sphinges 
 adscita; but I place it here on account of its diurnal habits, and 
 a certain resemblance, more easily seen than described, which it 
 bears to some of the Glancopidida:. It does not agree generically 
 with the types of Latreille's genus Callimorpha. When my 
 Catalogue of the Insects of Massachusetts was published, I had 
 not seen a colored copy of Drury's Illustrations, and failed to re- 
 cognize this insect in the uncolored one which I used. 
 Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 1, 1839. 
 
 Art. IV. — On Am.erican Amphibia; by Abm. Sagek, M. D. 
 
 Detroit, (Midi.) March 5, 1839. 
 
 TO PROr. SILLIMAN. 
 
 Sir — If the following observations upon some of the American 
 Amphibia, and description of some new ones, appear worthy of 
 publication, you will confer a favor by inserting them in your val- 
 uable journal. 
 
 The structure and arrangement of the teeth, are of acknowl- 
 edged classific importance in distributing animals in a natural 
 series, and like most other characters are of variable importance 
 in different classes, depending upon the constancy and generality 
 of their existence, structure and arrangement. In the Class Am- 
 phibia, Lat., Order Batrachia, Brongn., they are generally regarded 
 as of generic value, (and here let me say that I have frequently 
 verified the truth of the observations of Drs. Davy, Weber and 
 others with regard to the biauriculate structure of the heart in this 
 
Amei-ican Amphibia. 321 
 
 class, by which the ordinal character of M. Brongn. is invalida- 
 ted,) thus Raiia and Hyla are distinguished from Bufo, by the 
 presence of teeth in the upper jaw, and in two tranSverse processes 
 of the palate, generally anterior to the internal nares, sometimes 
 between, but never behind them, the toads being quite destitute 
 of both. The Salamandrae possess not only teeth in both jaws, 
 but also palatines, which according to most authors, are arranged 
 in two longitudinal rows. This character does not agree with 
 my observations u])on our Salamandrae. Indeed so varied is the 
 arrangement of the palatine teeth in those American Salamanders 
 which have fallen under my observation, that if much importance 
 be attached to this character, they might be divided into several 
 sub-genera. My observations have not been sufficiently exten- 
 sive, to enable me to determine whether a classification founded 
 upon agreement in the general dental arrangement of the pala- 
 tines in this class, would be natural or coincident with one based 
 upon a general correspondence in all the generic characters. Fu- 
 ture investigation may settle that point. At all events it is believ- 
 ed that the modifications in the arrangement of the palatine teeth 
 from their constancy will be found to be of essential importance 
 in determining species, the more so from the admitted fact that 
 the color of these animals (a character much employed for this 
 purpose) is extremely variable. I shall content myself by sub- 
 mitting the result of my investigations. The palatine teeth of 
 the Salamandra erythronota, Raf , are arranged in two longitudi- 
 nal palatine rows, slightly diverging as they proceed backward. 
 This is the only species that agrees generically with the description. 
 The Sal. interrupta, Gr., has two longitudinal patches of palatine 
 teeth, each composed of several rows, nearly in juxta-position cen- 
 trally. In the Sal. agilis, there is but a single longitudinal patch 
 of palatines composed of several rows so arranged as to form very 
 acute angles pointing forwards. The Sal. variolata. Gill., has be- 
 side an armation of the longitudinal palatine ridge similar to the 
 last, two partial rows on the transverse palatine ridge, interrupted 
 in the middle, curved backward and joined to the longitudinal 
 ■i^tch. Those of the Sal. maculata, Gr., are similar to the last, 
 'but the longitudinal patch has fewer rows. The palatines of the 
 Sal. rubriventris, Gr., differ only from the Sal. variolata in having 
 the transverse and longitudinal rows separate. The Sal. bilineata, 
 has no longitudinal rows, and the straight transverse row has a 
 
 Vol. XXXVI, No. 2.— April-July, 1839. 41 
 
322 American Amphibia. 
 
 wide central interruption. The Sal. lurida, has an nninterrnptod 
 transverse palatine row forming an obtuse angle directed forward. 
 The Sal. subviolacca, Bart., corresponds with the last in having 
 but a transverse row, but may easily be distinguished by this row 
 being undulating with a slight central angle. The palatine teeth 
 in all are ciuved backward and very acute. It will be perceived 
 that these nine species may be divided somewhat into three groups, 
 founded upon the possession of longitudinal or transverse teeth 
 only, or both combined. In nearly all, the general structure of 
 the tongue is similar to that of the Ranae, but is more closely 
 bound down ; the sides and the posterior extremity which is quite 
 short and rounded, are free but not capable of being projected 
 from the mouth as in the Ranae. 
 
 In the Sal. lurida and subviolacea, it is almost perfectly bound 
 down all its length. I would here remark that the expression, 
 " tongue not attached at the bottom of the gullet but to the edges 
 of the jaw," found in the works of the most eminent authors, 
 when applied to the Ranae, conveys an erroneous idea. I believe 
 in all the species of the restricted genus Rana, the tongue is com- 
 posed of two muscles a hyo-glossus and genio-glossus, the former 
 attached to the horns of the hyoid cartilage, the other to the an- 
 gle of the lower jaw. Such is the structure in all the species 
 of Rana, Bufo and Salamandra I have examined. In the male 
 Bufo Americaiuis, Le Conte, as well as in the Hylae, there is a 
 sac beneath the tongue opening by an orifice on each side of 
 it ; a fact not mentioned in any of the books to which I have had 
 access. In the works of some of our American Herpetologists, 
 the fact of the existence of the external branchiae in the early 
 penod of the development of the young tadpole, appears to be 
 doubted. I possess many specimens illustrative of this fact, as 
 well as the development of the anterior extremities of the tadpole 
 of the Ranae, previous to their protrusion. 
 
 The following appear to bo nondescript species: 
 Sal. agilis, Nob. Palatine teeth an oblong patch, composed of 
 several rows so arranged as to form very acute angles pointing for- 
 ward ; curved backward ; length 2% in. ; head ^ in. ; tail 1^ in. ; 
 fore legs J in. ; hind legs ^ in. ; head oval, flattish ; snout obtuse ; 
 nostrils lateral, small, round ; eyes prominent ; body and tail round, 
 the last terete, pointed ; toes minute, four anterior, five posterior. 
 Color of the head, back and tail above testaceous or lateritious. 
 
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