CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Cost of Living Amoiig Wage Earners Anthracite Region of Pennsylvaniaxi February, 1922 SPECIAL REPORT NUMBER 21 AprU, 1922 National Industrial Conference Board Cornell University Library HD6993.P4 N27 Cost of living among wage earners anthr oiin 3 1924 032 460 465 National Industrial Conference Board 10 EAST 39th street, new YORK CITY BRANCH OFFICE southern building, WASHINGTON, D. C. 'T^HE National Industrial Conference Board is a co-operative * body composed of representatives of national and state in- dustrial associations, and is organized to provide a clearing house of information, a forum for constructive discussion, and ma- chinery for co-operative action on matters that vitally affect the industrial development of the nation. Frederick P. Fish Chairman LoYALL A. Osborne Vice-Chairman Albert G. Duncan Treasurer Magnus W. Alexander Managing Director AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS American Cotton Manufacturers' Association American Electric Railway Association American Hardware Manufacturers' Association American Malleable Castings Association American Paper and Pulp Association Electrical Manufacturers' Club Institute of Makers of Explosives Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the U. S. National Association of Cotton Manufacturers National Association of Farm Equipment Manufacturers National Association of Finishers of Cotton Fabrics National Association of Manufacturers National Association of Sheet and Tin Plate Manuf'rs National Association of Wool Manufacturers National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Inc. National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association National Electric Light Association National Erectors' Association National Founders' Association National Industrial Council National Lumber Manufacturers' Association National Metal Trades Association Rubber Association of America, Inc. The American Pig Iron Association The Railway Car Manufacturers' Association The Silk Association of America Tobacco Merchants' Association of the United States Associated Industries of Massachusetts Associated Industries of New York State, Inc. Illinois Manufacturers' Association Manufacturers' Association of Connecticut, Inc. THE COST OF LIVING AMONG WAGE EARNERS ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA FEBRUARY, 1922 Special Report Number 21 April, 1922 National Industrial Conference Board 10 East 39th Street New York City H:l) Copyright, 1922 National Industrial Conference Board Foreword THE National Industrial Conference Board has published seven reports on the cost of living among wage earners in representative industrial centers in the United States. This report on the anthracite region of Pennsylvania is the eighth. The purpose of these investigations is to determine the min- imum cost of maintaining a fair American standard of living for representative wage earners and their families in selected communities, and also changes in the cost of maintaining the same standard of living within a given period of time. These studies of the actual cost of living among wage earners in specific localities are to be distinguished from the Board's broader surveys of changes in the cost of living in the country as a whole, which deal only with percentages of change and not with prevailing prices. Although each report portrays the minimum cost of main- taining a fair American standard of living for a given group of industrial workers in a definite locality, the means available for realizing a fair standard necessarily vary from place to place and thus affect the cost. Moreover, in periods of changing prices the cost of living among the same persons in the same place may not be the same for any considerable period of time. For these reasons, comparisons of the results of these investi- gations in different communities must be made with extreme caution. The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032460465 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Method of the Investigation 1 The Anthracite Region and the Mine Workers. . . 2 I. Cost of Living for Families in February, 1922 6 Food 6 Shelter 8 Clothing . . J 13 Fuel and Light 17 Sundries 20 The Complete Budget 26 II. Cost of Living for a Single Man in February, 1922 30 Room and Board 30 Clothing 31 Sundries 31 The Complete Budget 33 III. Changes in the Cost of Living between July, 1920 AND February, 1922 34 For a Family 34 For a Single Man 39 Conclusion 41 LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1: Minimum Food Budget for One Week for a Man, Woman, and Three Children under 14 Years of Age in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania in February, 1922 7 Table 2: Minimum Clothing Budget for One Year for a Man, Woman, and Three Children under 14 Years of Age in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania in February, 1922 14 Table 3: Average Minimum Cost of Sundries for a Man, Woman, and Three Children under 14 Years of Age in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania in February, 1922 25 Table 4: Average Cost of Maintaining a Fair Minimum American Standard of Living for Families of Different Sizes in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania in February, 1922 27 Table 5: Average Cost of Maintaining a Fair Minimum American Standard of Living for a Single Man in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania in February, 1922 32 Table 6: Average Percentages of Change between July, 1920 and February, 1922, in the Cost of Maintaining a Fair Minimum American Standard of Living for a Family in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania. . 38 Table 7: Average Percentages of Change between July, 1920 and February, 1922 in the Cost of Maintaining a Fair Minimum American Standard of Living for a Single Man in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania 40 The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania February, 1922 INTRODUCTION The present investigation was undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining the actual cost of maintaining a fair minimum American standard of living among anthracite mine worliers in Pennsylvania, according to conditions actually existing in February, 1922, and of estimating the change which took place between July, 1920 and February, 1922, in the cost of main- taining that same standard. The earlier date represents the high point in the cost of living for the country as a whole, and also the date of the negotiation of the latest agreement between mine workers and operators in the anthracite field. Method of the Investigation The investigation covered a period of nearly four weeks in the month of February, 1922, and 35 cities and smaller com- munities in the anthracite region were visited. Family budgets were not collected, since earlier studies' have shown that it is possible to obtain a very fair picture of the cost of living by getting current retail prices of the principal items entering into the cost of living of all families, from those with whom they actually trade, and applying these prices to basic budgets se- cured in previous investigations. This method is simple and the results give a very fair presentation of the facts, since the basic budgets are readjusted to conform with the prevailing stand- ard of living. Any such study, however, is a compilation of ■National Industrial Conference Board. Research Report No. 22, "The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners, Fall River, Massachusetts, October, 1919"; Research Report No. 24, "The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners, Lawrence, Massachusetts, November, 1919"; Special Report No. 7, "The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners, North Hudson County, New Jersey, January 1920"; Special Report No. 8, "The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners, Greenville and Pelzer, South Carolina, and Charlotte, North Carolina, Janu- ary and February, 1920"; Special Report No. 13, "The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners, Cincinnati, Ohio, May, 1920"; Special Report No. 16, "The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners, Worcester, Massachusetts, June, 1920"; Special Report No. 19, "The Cost of Living Among Wage Earners, Detroit, Michigan, September, 1921." averages, and should be regarded as representative of general conditions rather than of specific cases. Information regarding the standard and cost of living was obtained from a large variety of sources.' Leading merchants furnished data about tastes and needs in the different commu- nities visited; credit a'ccounts were studied for facts about actual expenditures; social workers, clergymen, union officials, bankers and real estate brokers were consulted about housing and gen- eral living conditions. Mine workers themselves were inter- viewed in their homes, at their places of recreation and at work. Twelve coal companies employing approximately 100,000 mine workers furnished general information concerning company houses, company stores, prices for coal sold to employees, insur- ance, medical care and other pertinent subjects. The Anthracite Region and the Mine Workers Anthracite operations in the United States are confined to an area of less than 500 square miles in eastern Pennsylvania.' Of the nine counties which contain the coal, five, i.e., Lacka- wanna, Luzerne, Schuylkill, Northumberland and Carbon, produce over 90% of the total output. The concentration of coal operations in this small area accounts in great measure for the dense population in certain sections of the region. The anthracite deposits of Pennsylvania lie in the Wyoming or northern field, the Lehigh or eastern middle field, and the Schuylkill district, which comprises the western middle and the southern fields. In studying living conditions and prices, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre and fifteen other communities were taken as representative of the northern field; Hazleton, Freeland and four other places as representative of the middle field; and •The following organizations and individuals were consulted, among others for general information regarding living conditions: chambers of commerce in Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton, Pottsville and Carbondale; Board of Trade in Scranton; tax collectors in several cities and boroughs; social service organizations, including American Red Cross, Family Welfare Bureau, Associated Charities, Methodist Home Missionary Association, Young Men's Christian Association, Young Women's Christian Association, Visiting Nurses' Association, head of the House of Detention, probation officers ; County Poor Board ; coal com- panies; union officials; school superintendents and school principals; bankers; Catholic and Protestant clergymen. In addition to supplying specific facts as to the prices of different items entering into the cost of living, public service corporations, retail merchants and others furnished general information con- cerning the special needs and tastes in their own communities. n!"here are small anthracite deposits in other states but they have not yielded coal in commercial quantities for a number of years. 2 Shenandoah, Shamokin, Pottsville and nine other places as representative of the southern field. The northern field, in Lackawanna and Luzerne counties, extends in a continuous chain of mining towns from Forest City at the north to Shickshinny at the south; Scranton and Wilkes-Barre are the two large business centers. Scranton had a population of 137,783 in 1920,i of whom approximately 15,000 are mine workers. The population of Wilkes-Barre was 73,833, and the two counties had a total population of 677,302 people. In the middle field, Hazleton, with a population of 32,277 in 1920, is the center of a group of small mining communities in a more rural setting and with steadily increasing population. With the exception of those living in Hazleton, Freeland and possibly McAdoo, south of Hazleton, most of the mine workers in the middle field live in company towns and "patches" or settlements near the collieries. The population of the southern field is engaged almost exclu- sively in the production of anthracite. Pottsfille, with 21,876 people, while not in itself a mining town, is the center of large mining interests. It is the business and trading center for the eastern end of the field. Shenandoah with 24,726 and Sham- okin with 21,204 population are west of Pottsville and condi- tions in those cities are typical of the central and western parts of the southern field. In addition to the coal mines, there are in the anthracite region a large number of foundries and machine shops, and the families^ of the male wage earners in these furnish abundant female labor for the silk, button, cotton, woolen and knitting mills, and clothing factories which are also located here. Coal mining is, however, the dominant industrial influence in the region. In some places in the middle and southern districts, mining operations have crowded the towns very closely and there is little available space for dwellings. The country is charac- terized by small towns huddled together in the valleys or on the mountains, surrounded on all sides by mammoth culm banks and coal breakers. The tunneling of the land for min- ing operations has robbed the surface of much of its natural 'Figures showing the population of various places in Pennsylvania, unless otherwise cited, are taken from United States. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census, Vol. I, Population. Washington, 1921, pp. 285-291. 3 water supply and cultivation of the soil is difficult and ex- pensive. Official reports show that the foreign born and their children of the first generation furnish a large percentage of the labor in the anthracite fields. According to the 1920 Census, the population of Lackawanna, Luzerne and Schuylkill Counties is respectively 23%, 23% and 16% foreign born. If the native born of foreign parents are included in the grouping, the pro- portion is much greater, showing Lackawanna County with 58% either foreign born or native born of foreign parents; Luzerne County, 58%; and Schuylkill County, 41%.' The gradual replacement of Anglo-Saxon mine workers by Slavs has had a significant influence on the standard of living in the anthracite region. In the early days of the in- dustry, labor for the most part was supplied by English, Welsh, Scotch and Irish miners who brought with them the mining customs and traditions of the older country. Subsequent years saw this group gradually replaced by Slavs and southern Euro- peans who came in large numbers from Poland, Lithuania, European Russia, -Hungary arid the Black Sea country. Throughout the mining district, they have settled in groups according to nationalities. They are an endogamous people, many of them are illiterate,^ and most of them attend foreign churches. As a natural result, the majority of them are in- completely Americanized, and their standard of living is lower than that maintained by the average American family. A large part of the hard, manual labor of underground mining is performed by Poles, Lithuanians and Russians; Italians and Americans predominate in the work of the breakers. Data are not available to show the size of representative wage earners' families in the anthracite region in relation to the sources of their support.' The results of the present 'Fourteenth Census of the United States, op. cit.. Bulletin, Population: Pennsylvania, pp. 14-15. *In the counties visited, from 27% to 33% of the foreign-born population and from 8% to 10% of the total population were illiterate. 'Records of one coal company, employing more than 25,000 workers at collieries in various sections of the region, show that, late in 1921, 58.4% of their employees were married, 38.4% were single, 2.9% were widowed and 0.3% were divorced. Another company, with 631 company-owned houses, reported that there were in them a total of 2,133 children or an average of 3.4 children to a house. The children under 16 years of age averaged 2.8 to a house, but data are not available to show the average number of children under 14 years of age. investigation have been presented, therefore, to show condi- tions as they apply to famihes with one to four children, and also as they apply to a single man.' In order to determine what difference, if any, there was in the cost of living in the various sections of the anthracite region, data collected for this investigation were analyzed for each of the three large districts separately. In addition, the northern field was further subdivided so as to bring out any differences which might exist between the cities of Scranton and Wilkes- Barre on the one hand and the smaller towns and the rural area on the other. In combining these to get the total for the northern field, the data were weighted approximately in accord- ance with the number of miners living within and without the cities. To obtain the figures for the anthracite region as a whole, the simple average of the three separate fields was taken. 'In Research Report No. 41 of the National Industrial Conference Board, a careful study was made of the size of American wage earners' families and the conclusion was reached that the data at present available do not warrant a positive statement regarding the home responsibilities of adult male workers. Such evidence as there is indicates that average families have more than one source of support, but that where there is only one breadwinner, his children under 14 years of age average two rather than three per family. In an investigation made in representative anthracite mining communities by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1908, it was ascertained that in Hazleton, of 58 families that had children leaving school within a year to go to work, the average size was 6.4 persons, with 3.5 children either at school or at home and 3.1 wage earners per family; in Plymouth, 82 families averaged 6.5 persons, with 3.9 children at home or in school and 2 . 9 wage earners. United States. 61st Congress, 2nd Session. Senate Document No. 645. Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage-Earners in the United States. Vol. VII, "Conditions under which Children Leave School to Go to Work," Washington, 1910, p. 75. I COST OF LIVING FOR FAMILIES IN FEBRUARY, 1922 Food The cost of food in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania was determined for families of various sizes, since, as pointed out in the preceding chapter, data are not available to deter- mine with accuracy the size of the typical wage earners' family. For comparative purposes, a family of five was taken as the basis for calculating the cost of food for larger and for smaller families, and the food budget for one week contained in Table 1 aims to list an amount and variety of food sufficient to meet the requirements of such a family. ^ It is understood, of course, that tastes and purchasing habits vary greatly among different races and in different sections of the country, and that no one group of foodstuffs would be universally acceptable. The object of this food budget is to list such items and quantities as will provide a diet which, if followed, will furnish ample nourishment and variety. If other tastes require different foods, they may be substituted for those included here, as, for example, less milk and more meat; more butter and less cheese; more bread and less beans, etc., etc. The cost of the food listed in Table 1 was obtained by aver- aging the quotations secured from representative stores in the various cities and towns visited. These included 20 stores in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, 37 stores in the northern field, exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, 13 stores in the middle field and 46 stores in the southern field. Some are so-called company stores,'' some are neighborhood stores and many are units of the numerous chain store systems found in this section; all of them are extensively patronized by wage earners. To- gether, the quotations represent about 450 stores of all types in the region. 'Since the work of the mine laborer is heavier than ordinary factory labor, more food has been provided for him in this budget than has been allowed in preceding food budgets prepared by the Board. ^Mine companies are forbidden by law to own and operate stores at their collieries. They do in many cases, however, collect the accounts of their em- ployees at stores independently owned and popularly called company stores, by deducting from the payrolls the amounts due. TABLE 1: MINIMUM FOOD BUDGET FOR ONE WEEK. FOR A MAN, WOMAN, AND THREE CHILDREN UNDER 14 YEARS OF AGE IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA IN FEBRUARY, 1922 (National Industrial Conference Board) Cost in February. 1922 Northern field Middle field Items and amount Scranton and Wilkes- Barre Exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes- Barre Entire northern field Southern field Meat and fish 4 lbs. roast pork $1.08 .36 .31 .23 .17 .12 .19 .39 .42 .07 .12 .29 1.96 .68 .10 .31 .16 .17 .13 .11 .11 .45 .12 .16 1.05 .10 .06 .08 .19 .24 .19 .13 .12 .14 .07 .07 $1.05 .36 .25 .20 .17 .14 .19 .39 .43 .07 .13 .29 1.96 .67 .11 .28 .16 .17 .13 .10 .10 .41 .12 .16 1.14 .11 .05 .09 .22 .28 .18 .14 .11 .15 .07 .07 $1.06 .36 .27 .21 .17 .13 .19 .39 .43 .07 .13 .29 1.96 .67 .10 .29 .16 .17 .13 .10 .10 .42 .12 .16 1.12 .11 .06 .09 .21 .26 .18 .14' .11 .15 .07 .07 $1.24 .37 .37 .28 .24 .14 .28 .46 .47 .08 .13 ,30 1.96 .67 .14 .33 .14 .17 .11 .12 .12 .39 .13 .18 1.00 .10 .04 .09 .20 .29 .19 .14 .13 ..15 .08 .07 $1.22 .38 2 lbs. flank beef .33 .27 1 lb. hamburg steak. . . . .25 .15 .23 Dairy products • .49 1 lb. butter .50 }4 lb. lard .08 14 lb. butterine 1 lb. cheese .14 .32 1.86 Vegetables \y2 pks. potatoes .72 .14 .34 3 lbs. cabbage .23 2 lbs. dried beans 1 No. 2 can tomatoes. . . Fruit .19 .11 .12 4 bananas .12 .40 !/<" lb. raisins .12 .18 Bread, cereals, etc. 12 lbs. bread 1.07 2 lbs. flour .11 .04 1 lb. rice .10 .21 3 lbs. rolled oats 3 lbs. susar .31 .19 .10 Tea, coffee, etc. ^ lb. tea .12 14 lb. cofl^ee .15 i^ lb. cocoa .08 .08 Total weekly cost. . $10.65 $10.65 $10.65 $11.30 $11.45 In pricing the foodstuffs listed in the budget for mine workers and their families, an attempt was made to secure quotations for articles of a satisfactory grade but of moderate price. Goods to be bought in bulk were chosen where possible instead of package goods, and where two or more distinct grades were found, as, for example, fresh eggs vs. storage eggs; pink salmon vs. red salmon, quotations for the popular medium-price goods were secured. In many stores, however, only one grade was carried and the price of this was, therefore, secured. The cost of food is based on the assumption that each family buys all of the articles listed in the budget. For the most part this is true, but in some of the more rural areas, gardens are common, and chickens, cows and pigs are also frequently kept. Game hunting and fishing are popular during the season and the wild huckleberries which abound in this region are a locally recognized means of reducing necessary expenditures for fruit. Among many miners' families, therefore, the cost of supplying an adequate diet is probably less than the amounts given here. The cost of food was lower in the northern field than in either of the other two, due largely to the character and selling policies of the stores themselves, and to the type of goods they carried. The annual cost of a fair minimum allowance of food for an anthracite mine worker's family of different sizes in the separate fields and in the region as a whole, in February, 1922, is summarized below: Average annual minimum cost ot man, woman, and — food for a Locality One child Two children Three children Four children Northern field" Middle field $371.04 393.70 398.92 $387.89 $462.42 490.65 497.16 $483.41 $553.80 587.60 595.40 $578.93 $645.18 684.55 Southern field 693 64 Anthracite region $674 46 a Although, the cost of separate items of food varied between the cities and the more rural area of the northern field, the cost of the combined list was the same jn both sections and they are not shown separately. Shelter Between 30% and 50% of the mine workers are said to own their own homeSj but the proportion differs from town to town and in different sections of the region. In Scranton, Wilkes- Barre and vicinity, ample opportunity has been afforded mine workers to buy or lease lots on which to build. Here the coal companies have frequently held the rights to the surface as well as the mines, and land has been either leased to the tenant for a fixed sum a month, or sold on the instalment plan. Very little land in the mining districts is in the hands of real estate brokers. In some towns in the middle field, mine workers have built homes, and in the South the number of home owners is increasing. In the southern field particularly, however, coal operations have crowded the towns very closely at some points, and the ground available for building lots is limited. The coal companies here have not been so ready to sell or lease for private building operations on account of the ever present danger of land subsidence. The housing shortage in the anthracite fields was acute in February, 1922. The rapid industrial growth of the region had brought a large increase in the working population, at the same time that building operations were curtailed. Competi- tion for houses had, therefore, caused large advances in rents. The typical mine worker's house in the cities and nearby districts of the anthracite region is a detached, two-story dweUing without bathroom, and with an outside toilet. For such a house or an apartment in a two-family house in Scranton or Wilkes-Barre, rents varied from J12 a month upward, with ^16 as the prevailing rate for satisfactory minimum accommo- dations. Such a house generally has running water and elec- tricity but no bath. Houses with baths rented for about $5 a month more. Although it is highly desirable that any allow- ance for a fair minimum standard of living should be sufficient to provide a bathroom, the average mine worker's house does not contain one, and for this reason $16 a month is consid- ered a reasonable minimum rent allowance for a four-room house in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre in February, 1922. Rents of houses in the outlying districts of the northern field were considerably lower. A fair average for four rooms prob- ably would be about JIO a month in the northern field outside the larger cities. Weighting the minimum of J16 a month rent for houses in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre and the |10 min- imum in the smaller localities in the northern field by the number of mine workers in each, the average rent for non- 9 conipany-owned houses in the northern field, as a whole, is found to have been J11.75 a month in February, 1922. As representative of the middle field, rents were obtained in Hazleton and Freeland, the two largest communities. In Hazleton, the minimum rent for decent accommodations was found to be between $12 and ?15 a month. Houses in Free- land rented for $10 to $\S a month. Inasmuch as rents in smaller communities were known to be even lower than this, $12 a month has been allowed as a fair minimum for the middle field. In the southern field, as in the North, rents vary according to the locality. Shenandoah is greatly overcrowded because of the impracticability of building beyond certain limits. Two- story houses built on twelve-foot lots often house two or three families. Houses are built facing the alleys and sometimes even in the center of the block. Sanitary conditions in these crowded spots are frequently deplorable. In Mahonoy City, the housing situation, although acute, is somewhat better. Here, many four-room houses were renting for |10 and $12, while in the valley below rents were lower. In St. Clair, a town where there are both railroad and mining interests, decent houses could be had for $10, and houses with conveniences for $14. In Frackville, small houses rented for $12 to $14 a month; in Minersville for $6 to $9. In the western section of the southern field, rents were about the same. Mt. Carmel had small houses renting for $10 and $12 a month; Williamstown, for $8 to $10. Taking these facts into consideration, $11 a month has been estimated as a reasonable minimum rent for mine workers' houses in the southern field in February, 1922. The figures just given for rents in different sections of the anthracite region are in all cases exclusive of the water rate, which is customarily paid by the tenant. These rates varied greatly between the different communities visited, and only an average figure for each section can be given, based on rates in representative localities. In the northern field, the minimum charge for water in a mine worker's house, in February, 1922, has been placed at $9.33 a year; in the middle field $13.15 was necessary and in the southern, $6.97. These costs, added to the rents described above, constitute the necessary outlay for shelter at a minimum American standard in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania in February, 1922. 10 In addition, there are several thousand houses which are owned and rented to their employees by the coal companies. Based on figures obtained from companies employing about 100,000 workmen, it is estimated that 2% to 3% of the mine workers in the northern field, 20% to 25% in the middle field, and 8% to 10% in the southern field live in company-owned houses. Originally company houses were built in isolated spots, where new collieries were developed and where the means of shelter available was insufficient for the large number of workers required. The number of houses has not increased in recent years proportionately to the growth of the anthracite industry, and many of the existing houses are very old. In the northern field, it is no longer necessary, except in special cases, to build company houses, since not only are the workmen more Americanized and independent than in the other fields, but the character of the land and the wide dis- tribution of the coal deposits gives ample opportunity for home building in the towns and in outlying districts. In the southern and middle fields, the mining operations are more generally isolated from the towns, and company houses are often necessary. The old company-owned houses are mostly of the two-story, two-family type, without conveniences, except, possibly, for electric light and water, and are not attractive either in archi- tecture or setting. In the isolated districts, water frequently has to be carried from a central pump, although some of the houses have running water, at least in the kitchen. The newer company houses are often more attractive. Some in the northern field are built of brick and concrete, with all modern conveniences. In the South are a large number of well con- structed frame dwellings having electric lights and running water in the house, and garages or stables in the rear. Com- pany-owned houses are rented for half or less than half of what non-company-owned houses of the same type in the same neighborhood are bringing and are much in demand for that reason. Company houses generally rent at a fixed rate per room, varying from $1 to $2.50 a month. In the northern and middle fields, rents are slightly higher than in the South. Accordingly, $5 in the first two groups, and $4 in the third, have been taken as average minimum rents per month for four-room company- owned houses. Larger houses are proportionately more in 11 price and smaller accommodations may be had for less. There is usually no extra charge for water in company houses. Fair minimum costs for rent and for water rates and for rent and water rates combined, for houses such as are usually occupied by mine workers and their families in the anthracite region, are given below for families of various sizes in different sections of the field, and in the anthracite region as a whole in February, 1922.' Average annual minimum cost of shelter for a man, woman, and — Locality One child Two, three or four children Non- company houses Company houses Non- company houses Company houses Rent Northern field Scranton and Wilkes-Barre Exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre $144.00 90.00 106.20 108.00 99.00 $.104.40 $9.33 9.33 9.33 7.40 6.97 $7.90 $153.33 99.33 115.53 115.40 105.97 $112.30 a $45.00 45.00 45.00 36.00 $42.00 a b b b b b a $45.00 45.00 45.00 36.00 $42.00 $192.00 120.00 141.00 144.00 132.00 $139.00 $9.33 9.33 9.33 13.15 6.97 $9.82 $201.33 129.33 150.33 157.15 138.97 $148.82 a $60.00 60.00 Middle field 60.00 Southern field ... 48.00 Anthracite region $56.00 Water Northern field Scranton and Wilkes-Barre Exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre a b Entire northern field b Middle field b Southern field b Anthracite region b Total shelter Northern field Scranton and Wilkes-Barre Exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre a $60 00 Entire northern field 60 00 Middle field ■. . . . 60 00 48.00 Anthracite region . . $56 00 o There are practically no company-owned houses in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. h Water rate included in rent of company-owned houses. ■As explained on page 5, the total for the northern field was obtained by weighting figures for the two sections thereof according to the number of mine workers employed; the figure for the anthracite region as a whole is the simple average of figures for the three separate fields. 12 Clothing Clothing used by families of mine workers in the anthracite region does not differ materially from the average in other industrial districts. Budgets developed by the Board for use in previous local investigations have, therefore, been used as the basis for estimating the cost of clothing for mine workers and their families. The atmosphere in the mines, however, is cold both in summer and winter and the ground is often wet. Accordingly, certain additions have been made to the man's clothing budget, such as heavy wool shirts, wool socks and rubber boots, to cover the special necessities of mine workers in connection with their work. The underground mine em- ployee who may chance to work in a place where the ground is rough and sharp wears out many pairs of boots in the course of a year. Considering the fact, however, that at least one- third of the employees are surface or outside workers, three pairs of boots and one pair of shoes a year is a sufficient average allowance for footwear. The price of boots and of shoes is very nearly the same, so that an extra pair of shoes may be sub- stituted for one pair of boots without changing the total cost of the budget. Children in the anthracite region are accus- tomed to go without shoes and stockings during the warm months, hence the allowance for these items in the budget is probably somewhat higher than actually is necessary. Prices for the various articles listed in the clothing budget were obtained from 91 representative stores in the three coal fields. Owing to the fact that some of the establishments were branches of three chain store systems, the total number of schedules obtained may be said to be representative of approximately 130 stores selling various articles of yard goods and wearing apparel in the anthracite region. In every case, stores were visited where wage earners were known to trade, with no discrimination against places where prices were either high or low. Bargains or special sale prices were excluded, and the quotations were obtained on the basis of the least expensive fair grade of merchandise in regular stock. No prices were obtained from the foot and wagon venders, of which there are large numbers in the region, particularly in the outlying districts. The average cost of these articles in February, 1922, in the 13 TABLE 2: MINIMUM CLOTHING BUDGET FOR ONE YEAR FOR A MAN, WOMAN, AND THREE CHILDREN UNDER 14 YEARS OF AGE IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA IN FEBRUARY, 1922 (National Industrial Conference Board) Items and amount Man 1 suit M overcoat 1 pair heavy trousers ]/2 sweater 2 shirts 3 work shirts 3 pairs overalls 3 pairs boots 1 pair shoes Repair of shoes 4 pairs wogl hose. . . . 4 pairs cotton hose. . 3 union suits 2 nightshirts 4 collars 3 ties Yi felt hat 1 straw hat 1 cap Gloves Sundries All items Woman 1 coat or suit Yi dress a 1 cotton skirt 2 waists 2 house dresses a . . . . 3 aprons a 1 Yi pairs shoes 1 pair overshoes Repair of shoes 6 pairs stockings 2 pairs corsets 4 union suits 3 chemises a 2 petticoats^ 3 nightgowns a I straw hat 1 velvet hat Gloves Sundries All items Cost in February, 1922 Northern field Scranton and Wilkes- Barre Exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes- Barre $30.00 10.00 10.48 5.31 2.75 1.28 1.12 3.35 2.24 .80 2.29 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.23 2.25 $93.27 $19.75 3.07 3.49 4.04 1.97 1.00 7.93 1.00 .10 .76 .54 .48 .66 .69 .44 .83 3.67 1.84 2.50 $71.76 $27.52 9.78 3.62 3.01 3.40 4.68 4.51 12.22 .16 .75 .76 .11 .33 .93 .80 2.02 1.50 2.40 1.41 1.38 2.25 $97.54 $21.33 3.63 3.29 2.62 1.86 1.09 6.71 .98 2.10 2.08 3.24 4.81 1.77 1.75 2.60 3.50 3.50 1.57 2.50 $70.93 Entire northern field $27.90 9.82 3.26 2.95 3.20 4.39 4.34 11.64 5.20 2.75 1.66 1.11 3.34 2.65 .80 2.12 1.48 2.25 1.39 1.33 2.25 $95.83 $20.61 3.39 3.34 3.16 1 1 7 91 05 15 98 2.10 2.37 3.34 4.70 1.72 1.73 2.53 3.10 3.58 1.66 2.50 $70.92 Middle field $33.86 11.43 3.54 2.83 3.38 3.82 4.42 16.20 5.35 2.75 2.40 1.45 3.57 2.57 .80 2.70 1.46 2.33 1.36 1.49 2.25 $109.96 $21.58 2.78 50 39 13 06 68 10 2.10 2.93 4.67 5.48 1.81 1.64 2.67 2.83 3.99 2.56 2.50 $77.40 Southern field $28.35 9.52 3.76 2.50 3.52 4.65 4.48 13.88 5.49 2.75 2.08 1.12 3.30 2.62 .80 2.35 1.68 2.86 1.32 1.31 2.25 $100.59 $31.42 3.18 1.95 3.24 2.03 1.07 7.55 1.01 2.10 2.33 1.86 1.89 2.73 2.83 3.99 2.25 2.50 $81.48 a Materials from which garments are made. b Material for one; one bought ready to wear. 14 TABLE 2:. MINIMUM CLOTHING BUDGET FOR ONE YEAR FOR A MAN, WOMAN, AND THREE CHILDREN UNDER 14 YEARS OF AGE IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA IN FEBRUARY, 1922 — continued (National Industrial Conference Board) Items and amount Boy, age 13-14 H mackinaw H sweater 1 suit 1 pair trousers 3 shirts a 3 union suits 2 nightshirts a 8 pairs stockings 2 pairs shoes Repair of shoes 1 pair overshoes 1 pair mittens 2 caps 3 ties Sundries All items Boyy age S-6 ^ coat K sweater '. . . 1 suit 1 pair trousers 3 blouses a 3 union suits 3 underwaists 2 nightgowns a 6 pairs stockings 2 pairs shoes Repair of shoes 1 pair overshoes 1 pair mittens 2 caps 1 Windsor tie Sundries All items Cost in F e b r u ar y , 19 2 2 Northern field Scran ton and Wilkes- Barre $2.06 .89 7.48 1.23 1.41 2.31 1.16 2.31 6.00 1.75 .98 .42 1.75 1.20 .75 $31.70 $24.84 Exclusive of Scran ton and Wilkes- Barre $2.59 .97 6.64 1.36 1.35 2.91 1.26 2.14 6.34 1.75 .91 .39 1.59 1.33 .75 $32.28 $1.77 .96 5.10 .88 .90 2.29 .97 .94 1.43 4.68 1.25 .73 .33 1.00 .38 .40 $24.01 Entire northern field $2.37 .94 6.99 1.31 1.38 2.71 1.22 2.20 6.23 1.75 .93 .40 1.65 1.28 .75 $32.11 $1.87 .79 5.05 .98 .92 2.25 1.12 .91 51 4.69 1.25 .74 .35 1.07 .39 .40 $24.29 Middle field $2.25 1.00 6.75 1.74 1.51 2.70 1.30 2.65 7.08 1.75 1.06 .45 1.79 1.50 .75 $34.28 $2.16 .68 5.64 1.44 02 28 28 98 76 66 25 .89 .43 1.06 .48 .40 $27.41 Southern field $2.28 1.00 9.36 1.57 1.45 2.63 1.34 2.42 6.63 1.75 1.00 .48 1.75 1.38 .75 $35.79 $2.11 .70 5.67 1.22 .97 2.17 1.05 1.00 1.36 4.73 1.25 .80 .41 1.50 .39 .40 $25.73 a Materials from which garments are made. three separate fields of the anthracite region, is itemized in Table 2, The quantities in every instance are the annual replace- ments. Moreover, it has been assumed that certain articles of women's and children's clothing are made at home, and the cost 15 TABLE 2: MINIMUM CLOTHING BUDGET FOR ONE YEAR FOR A MAN, WOMAN, AND THREE CHILDREN UNDER 14 YEARS OF AGE IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA IN FEBRUARY, 1922 — continued (National Industrial Conference Board) Cost in February, 1922 Northern field Middle field Items and amount Scranton and Wilkes- Barre Exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes- Barre Entire northern field Southern field Girl, age 8-9 $2.28 1.02 3.53 2.52 .34 .85 2.38 1.21 1.07 2.43 5.43 1.25 .85 .44 1.74 1.75 .40 $2.87 1.05 4.23 2,54 ,36 .91 2.52 1.22 1.15 1.71 6.02 1.25 .82 .36 2.50 2.75 .40 $2.61 1.04 3.93 2.53 .35 .89 2.47 1.22 1.11 1.94 5.81 1.25 .83 .39 2.05 2.15 .40 $2.46 1.00 3.16 2.80 .37 .89 2.45 1.41 1.18 1.88 6.25 1.25 .89 .44 2.49 2.49 .40 $2.37 .84 1 wool dress a 2 cotton dresses a 1 white petticoat a 2 pairs bloomers a 3.66 2.54 .38 .90 2.30 1 19 1.22 1 49 5.73 1 25 85 .34 1 felt hat 2.20 2.02 Sundries .40 $29.49 $32.66 $30.97 $31.81 $29 68 a Materials from which garments are made. allowed is the cost of the materials. If every article called for in the budget were bought ready to wear, the total cost of clothing for the family would be greater, whereas the manu- facture of more garments at home would materially reduce the cost. From the table it is seen that the cost of a fair minimum allowance of clothing varied slightly in the different localities studied. How these differing costs would affect the necessary annual minimum outlay for clothing by families of different sizes maintaining an American standard of living in different sections of the anthracite region is shown in the following summary: 16 Locality Average annual minimum cost of clothing for a man, womani and — One child Two children Three children Four children Northern field Scranton and Wilkes-Barre Exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre $193.71 198.12 195.87 218.53 212.44 $208.95 $222.39 227.77 224.99 249.70 242.83 $239.17 $251.06 257.42 254.10 280.86 273.23 $269.40 $279.74 287 07 Entire northern field Middle field 283.22 312 03 Southern field . . 303 62 $299.62 The cost of the clothing listed in the budgets is a liberal allowance for a fair minimum American standard in the anthra- cite region, since no account has been taken in it of bargain sales, or of purchases from the foot and wagon venders or of the fact that the children in the region normally go barefoot in the summer. As a matter of fact, most families in the region probably spend less than the amounts allowed for clothing both on these accounts and also because the un-Americanized foreign women are accustomed to far simpler garments than are allowed in the American woman's budget. Fuel and Light The average family in the anthracite region uses coal for both heating and cooking, the year around. A four-room house is gpnerally heated from the kitchen range, although sometimes there is a second stove in a front room to provide additional warmth. Coal is furnished at the mines to company employees for approximately half the retail price paid commer- cially in the same vicinity, and an enormous amount of it is burned, due largely to the fact that it is cheap and that the houses, often poorly built, are frequently unusually exposed to the weather. The use of coal for cooking during the summer months also adds to the amount annually consumed. Whereas the Fuel Administration in 1918 frequently allowed four tons of anthracite for heating a four-room house, it was reported that miners often purchase from eight to twelve tons a year. It is known that some of this coal is not used by the mine workers themselves and their houses are notoriously overheated. 17 Such being the case, an allowance of seven tons a year is un- doubtedly ample to meet the minimum needs of, an anthracite mine worker's family in a four-room house. Prices charged miners for their coal were obtained from twelve coal companies operating several times that many col- lieries in the three fields studied. For pea coal, the rates varied, in February, 1922, from $4.40 to $6 per gross ton; for chestnut, from $5.65 to $8.15. The average prices per net ton were $4.68 and $6.25, respectively. In the budget, allowance has been made for two tons of pea coal and five tons of chestnut, at a total annual cost of $40.61. Contracts for hauHng the coal are given to individual team- sters at fixed rates, and the price varied, according to the dis- tance, from 50 cents to $2 per gross ton in February, 1922. The average cost of hauling has been placed at $1 per gross ton, or $6.23 for seven net tons per year. Kindling wood could be obtained free at most of the collieries, or for the cost of hauling. A large quantity of small wood is also gathered by the children in the family. The mine workers rarely buy wood for kindling, and therefore no provision for the cost of this item has been made in the budget. Gas companies distribute in the larger towns, but gas is not commonly burned in the homes of anthracite mine workers. Possible use of gas would reduce somewhat the amount and cost of coal used. Electricity is generally employed for lighting purposes in wage earners' houses in the anthracite region, except in the rural sections where kerosene lamps are sometimes used. Rates for electric lighting were obtained in a njamber of localities and were the same in all districts, except in Pottsville and vicinity in the southern field, where the rate was sHghtly higher and where there was an additional service charge. Electric light companies in a number of towns reported that the average monthly bill was about $1.50. In Pottsville, the bill for the same amount of electricity would be considerably higher. The electricity bills of many families were said not to exceed the minimum charge. Kerosene oil cost from 15 cents to 17 cents a gallon in February, 1922. For lighting purposes, one gallon a week is sufficient for a small family. In estimating the cost of light in the middle field, allowance has been made for the use of kerosene by many of the families living in company- owned houses. 18 In the southern field, in company-owned houses, a reduction was made from the commercial cost of lighting to take account of the fact that a number of coal companies in this section provide electricity to their employees at less than the commercial rate. These estimates of the annual cost of fuel and light for a four-room house would be reduced somewhat for a house with fewer rooms. The cost of coal, hauling, electricity and kero- sene in February, 1922, and the cost of all combined to get the total annual cost of fuel and light for a mine worker's family living at a fair minimum American standard in the anthracite region, is itemized in the table below. Locality Northern field''. Middle field... Southern field. Coal Anthracite region , Hauling Northern field" Middle field Southern field Anthracite region. Electricity Northern field" Middle field Southern field Anthracite region. Kerosene Northern field" Middle field Southern field Anthracite region. Fuel and light combined Northern field" Middle field Southern field Anthracite region. Average annual minimum cost of fuel and light for a man. woman, and — One child Non- company houses $35.93 35.93 35.93 $35.93 $5.34 5.34 5.34 $5.34 $15.00 15.00 16.56 $15.52 $56.27 56.27 57.83 $56.79 Company houses $35.93 35.93 $35.93 b $5.34 5.34 $5.34 b $7.50 13.44 $11.98 b c $1.47 b $53.19 54.71 $54.72 Two, three or four children Non- company houses $40.61 40.61 40.61 $40.61 $6.23 6.23 6.23 $6.23 $18.00 18.00 19.92 $18.64 $64.84 64.84 66.76 $65.48 Company houses b $40.61 40.61 $40.61 b $6.23 6.23 $6.23 b $9.00 16.20 $14.40 b $4.42 c $1.47 b $60.26 63.04 $62.71 a Conditions in both sections of the northern field were identical and are not shown separately. 6 There are practically no company-owned houses in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. c Kerosene is not in general use. 19 Sundries The average cost of sundries in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, as elsewhere, is difficult to estimate because of the variety of goods and services included in this item, charges for which in many instances differ from place to place. In the estimate given below, an attempt has been made to aver- age the figures obtained in the several communities visited, weighting them approximately in accordance with the number of mine workers affected. The results for each of the three fields, and for the region as a whole, represent amounts sufficient to provide for the sundries needs of famihes living at a fair minimum America.n standard in February, 1922. Although, for comparative purposes, the basis of the estimates is a family of five persons, the summary table gives figures for all of the items combined for families of various sizes. Carfare. In the northern field, the towns are connected by an extensive system of steam and electric railways, the use of which varies according to the distances involved and the hous- ing facilities available in the different communities. The size and crowded condition of the cities hmits, somewhat, the num- ber of suitable homes which can be found near the collieries, but in the smaller places, the majority of homes are within walking distance of the mines. In many places the coal com- panies provide transportation to and from work, either free or at special rates, and "miners' trains" or "miners' cars" leave a definite point at a regular hour each day for this purpose. In Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, carfare was paid at the rate of eight cents for one zone, or thirty cents for four. In the sys- tem of the Scranton Electric Railway Company there were seven zones from Forest City at the north to Pittston in the center of the northern field. This railway serves a very large territory, but the average use of the system per person is small. Carbondale and Pittston are smaller shopping centers visited by famihes in their vicinity, and there is frequent travel in and out of Wilkes-Barre and Scranton from all the small surround- ing towns. It was estimated by several authorities that about one-third of the mine workers in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre ride to work. In the outlying districts, probably only 20% or fewer use the 20 cars. On the basis of the average number of working days in a year in the anthracite industry,' an allowance of 25 cents a week, or $13 a year for carfare is sufficient in the budget for Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. The majority of families live within walking distance of shops and motion picture theatres and the children usually walk to school. Provision is made, however, for one extra round trip ride for the entire family once in two weeks, for shopping or recreation. In the northern field, exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes- Barre, provision for carfare is made in the budget on the assump- tion that 20% of the mine workers ride to work; and that for shopping and recreation more must be spent for the longer ride necessary to reach the cities than is required for carfare in the cities themselves. In the middle field many of the collieries are in isolated places, with a surrounding village in which the mine workers live, and where there is little need for the expenditure of car- fare by employees in getting to and from work. On the other hand, near Hazleton is a colliery, 25% of the employees of which live in the city. The company paid the fare of the employees one way, and since the carfare was paid for on a zone basis, many workers walked part way and rode part way. Mine workers living in Freeland for the most part walked to work. Taking these facts into consideration, allowance for carfare to work in the middle field is made on the assumption that 20% of the workers ride one zone to work each way each day. For shopping and recreation, however, a relatively larger allow- ance is necessary, inasmuch as many of the collieries in this field are ifi rural places from which travel, although less fre- quent than in the North, is more expensive, even with lower rates, because of the greater distances to be covered. In' the South, as in the middle field, a large number of mine workers live near the collieries. Rates of carfare here vary among the different transportation companies. On the trol- leys at the western end of the field, fares were seven cents a zone. In Pottsville and Shenandoah, the fare was ten cents a zone. Specific fares were charged between towns. Tickets on special trains, run for miners between the towns and mines, were sold 'The number of working days in the anthracite industry varies from year to year; the average for the last ten years was approximately 260 days, although in some of these years, as many as 293 and as few as 230 days have been worked. 21 to the workers at low rates. Taking into account this reduc- tion in rates, the average carfare of the mine workers is esti- mated to be sixteen cents a day. Fewer than 20% of the workers, however, need to include this item in their expendi- tures. For general travel of the mine workers' families in the southern field, the average ride cost probably between 15 and 20 cents, and allowance has been made on this basis. Recreation. In Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, recreation is available through public parks, libraries and motion picture theatres, as well as a municipal swimming pool. Admissions to the theatres varied in price from 10 cents and 15 cents for children and adults, respectively, in the neighborhood houses, to a maximum of 50 cents downtown. In the small mining towns, the motion pictures are the principal public amusement. Admissions were generally 15 cents to 25 cents for adults and 10 cents to 15 cents for children. Audiences are made up largely of children and English speaking adults; the foreign population are not frequent attendants. The allowance in the budget for recreation permits every member of the family to attend a neighborhood theatre once a week, or, of course, to spend a similar sum on some other more desired diversion. In the larger towns, the Young Men's Christian Association and the Knights of Columbus provide a certain amount of recreation for the people, but their field is necessarily limited. There are a large number of national and church societies which are social in character, in addition to carrying life, accident, and sickness insurance for their members. Outside these means of entertainment, the neighborhood wedding or funeral, the dances, the saloons and- the gambling places are the chief forms of relaxation from work in the mining towns of the anthracite region. Reading material. Daily newspapers published in the an- thracite districts generally sold for two cents a copy during the week and five cents on Sunday. Subscription rates by mail were 25 cents to 35 cents a week. Weekly papers often were the only ones read. Many of these papers are published in Polish, Slovak, German or Italian. The amount allowed in the budget for reading material will provide a daily local paper and a small additional amount of reading matter, or weekly publications which give similar news. 22 Church and charity. In the mining districts where persons of foreign birth or descent predominate, there are churches for almost every nationahty and faith. Ninety per cent or more of the Slavic races and Italians in the region are reported to be CathoHcs, and in the towns are separate church edifices for Irish, German, Slovak, Polish, Greek, ItaHan and Lith- uanian congregations. There are even more Protestant churches. The Catholic parishes, however, are character- istically larger, with from 900 to 1,800 members in a parish, while among the Protestant parishes the average membership is from 300 to 500. It is usual in the anthracite region for married men to pay from ^6 to $15 yearly toward the support of the church, ac- cording to the custom in the parish and the financial status of the parishioner. Unmarried men pay about half these sums. This is in addition to the silver collections. An allowance has been made in the budget to cover contributions for church support and such small charitable donations as are usual. Insurance. Information obtained from insurance companies and social organizations in the anthracite region indicates that the majority of mine workers carry life insurance policies averaging $500 to $1,000 and are protected against industrial accidents by the state workmen's compensation law. Several of the insurance companies write miners' insurance at the rate of $35 a thousand when taken by a man of thirty-five, or $48 for a 20-year endowment policy. A large amount of sickness and "burial" insurance is also carried, not only in the insurance companies, but also in national and church societies. Owing to the high cost of insurance for the man, the allowance for insurance in the anthracite mine workers' budget is somewhat higher than is usually made. It is designed to provide protec- tion through a straight hfe policy for the man, and small burial pohcies for the wife and children. Slightly more is included for insurance in the northern than in the middle and southern fields because of the fact that, in addition to the accident compensation allowed by law, several of the large coal com- panies in the latter make specific provisions for the health of their workers. The amount that the worker himself must pay to obtain comparable protection is therefore considerably reduced. 23 Medical care. Scranton and Wilkes-Barre are well equipped with hospitals, clinics and dispensaries. In the smaller places, the general dependence for medical care is on the local doctor. A few of the towns provide medical inspection and nurses for their school children, and there are many visiting nurses in the region, but not enough to give extensive service. The coal companies are required by law to provide surgical and hospital care for employees hurt in the course of their employment, and they also have, among their employees, trained "first-aid" squads who take care of injured men until a doctor can be summoned. A few companies provide nursing service which extends to the employees' families. Two companies which were visited employ doctors who regularly look after the health of the families of their employees. A charge of $1.50 to $2 per month is made the married men for this service, while single men pay $\. Physicians in different localities reported fees in private practice varying from $\ to $2 for office visits, and $2 to $3 for house calls. The rates were higher in the cities and larger towns than in the small towns of the out- lying districts. The allowance for medical care and sick benefit made in the budget takes account of the facilities available and their cost in the different communities visited. Organizations. As already noted, there are in the anthracite region a large number and variety of social organizations formed on the basis of church or racial affiliations. The majority of the anthracite miners are also members of labor organizations to which dues and assessments must be paid. The amounts allowed in the budget for organization dues will provide adequately for minimum needs. Taxes. Every adult in Pennsylvania, regardless of his economic status is supposed to pay a personal tax based on occupation, to help meet the expenses of upkeep for schools, roads, and other specific local and county needs. These taxes vary from one community to another, but rates for mine laborers and women, secured in a number of places in separate sections of the anthracite region, have been used as a basis for estimating the amounts included in the budget. Other items. The cost of a minimum allowance of household furnishings and supplies, of candy, soft drinks and tobacco, for which provision is made in the budget, was estimated 34 < w OS u a fe; & la u B< o J H-l w o u w nl (N tN 0^ Q T-H ^ ^ < > Pi < o u ■s h la < g < l-H S; Cs O --i to ^o . IP a\coi-Hooo»o(Mco^ou-i.- ■< \o gf> coCOC^i-Hi-HU-icJco^-- CO c 60. t«. < :xclusive Scranton d Wilkes- Barre O O O O O O O O O O oo oo Ci OOOCS'OTf'OOOOOO^O-^ (N O) r^ On ^H oo o "o cs o CO »o fs r^ JU CO CO (N ^ ^»0 cs CO ^ i-H ^ fN g Wm- C w. m- 2 O BJ = s O MID O O O O O O O O O ^D lis O r-. C^ MD -^ ^O O CN O ^ OO r-i COOn-— 'OOO'J'iCS'— tON«or-~ ■^ •-H^COCS'-H^u-iCOCO^ VO "s w. s rt o m a 1? vo O O ^ O 0»J-iO O O rJ loo S >— ia\'0^ocscor^-ocNcoasT^\Dcor- ON TJU T3 8 g« t«. ^ C 3 isS^ QOinO'oOOOLoooOc^ CO OJ --i^o^o»ocscoo-^^coc- ^ 13 s [ ' ' ' lo c w. (ft. _o C! 1 1 Ih 5, Exclusive Scranton d Wilfces- Barre tj-i'J-iO^OOOO'oO^ TjH 1— it^\0'-O(Nc0O'^^0c0O W-1 )h o W- '^ ««. W^ ts •z. O C3 u-iooOtoOOOO^O»J- oo IP csco^o'ocNcoo''Or--cO'- o ^ " " ' «J-l w. (A ! ci : o . '13 . « . !u . n »■ ■ it, ■ _ bb Carfare To work For shopping and Recreation Candy, tobacco, sof Readine material _ >j. c 3 u u T3 c 3 u OJ c n c a n o <- It 'c c ja Si 3 c K '5 o X c 1 lU c f2 25 on the basis of apparent requirements in the different sections of the anthracite region and prevailing prices. In Table 3 are summarized the results of the calculations just described as they apply to a family of five persons which was used as the basis for all estimates. In the tabulation below, the combined cost is shown, on a yearly basis, for families of different sizes in the same sections of the region and also in all combined. These figures indicate that, due to differing local conditions, the total cost of sundries for families of identical size and composition varied in the separate fields and that the average for the entire region is nearly midway between the highest and lowest estimates. Average annual minimum cost of sundries for a man, woman, and — Locality One child Two children Three children Four children Northern field Scran ton and Wilkes-Barre Exclusive of Scranton and $214.24 213.20 213.72 203.32 193.26 $203.43 $239.20 240.24 240.24 229.84 223.51 $231.20 $264.16 267.28 266.76 256.36 253.76 $258.96 $289.12 294 32 Entire northern field 293 28 Middle field 282 88 284 01 Anthracite region $286.72 The Complete Budget The total cost of maintaining a fair minimum American standard of living for a mine worker's family in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania in February, 1922 is shown on both a yearly and a weekly basis in Table 4, for families of different sizes and in different fields. As explained in preceding pages, the figures for rent, fuel and light, and sundries in the two sections of the northern field were weighted according to the number of mine workers affected, to obtain the total; food costs averaged the same in both sections and the cost of cloth- ing in the entire northern field was obtained by averaging all quotations obtained in that section for each item. The es- timated cost of living in the anthracite region as a whole was obtained by averaging the figures for each of the three separate fields. 26 u n fit? < C «! 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CD 00 00 eg .-1 Oeirt-rHUS 'tj* 00 Tt; » Cv 1 <^' e^ c 5 toq to* 1 to* to* to* 2 >, C M ■*h-^C0O 1 c OiOOOiOtN 05 loioiraio-* -"*! OioegiocD 1 00 c as r-HOOOOO'-l c 00 .-1 CO eg CD <> cW U 2; 'w O J] &» cP T}<^^OOC -* oioiooiocq c lOcniOio-* 1 00 ooiegioco eg riOlCCO — c 00-^COCSICC CC COTf OSC! o^ ^csvOTf(Sr^O-^^"; ^" S^ 5-& O j OVO »j^(nc^cSr-(T-i^cs^r-l^ Si <» cs CO ^ t«. w. oo 'it^OOOOO-^OOO"* (S >. o — 00CS^0TjH(N0000TfO'^"O ■^ •o VOTf THoou-io^^r-^ooo'OOfO ,_t J3 ^ (O > Cft >. O oo r-u-iooo'j^r^ooor^ CT\ O ^n ^OfOCOfNi-H^f-iCSiJ^CSO ■* c8 Si oo cs m ■s M. o o '•OOOOO^-^OOO^O rsj >. 0"^ vncs^O'^csroco'^O'^r^ OVO r-.oou-iO'^a\cooMDO'0 •j-i oo > CO ^ ^O («. t«. :§ s 0(N riu-iOOOoot^OOOn oo >J^ oo »— ( 01 r-(N tn o & ^ w ^ VOOOOOOOOO'OOO •j-i >. OJ^ vncs\0-*(NTroo-*uoT^cio '— ' (U trj (Nr-- r--oow-io^j^oasor--oi>- en -f^ T^ (N cs o'^ > '^fi — r-. C tf*. *A n •SB w5 O >i O O co*jnOOOOOsOf^Ow-) — H u-,^ >^COCOCNW(N^CSW->CS^ On i« § (U oo (N CO ^ Cft- W oc ■^OOOOO-^OOOOJ O >> o o V0(N'OTt"CS't"00T^O-*O —J •o g >< vO o 0NG0»^O^^O00O^0O00 a\ o "Si -CM s- oo r-u-ioooor^ooovo •J-l >i2= J! O^l vnr-jcocs^cs^cs'oc^^ ^ 2 WtH^ oo cs CO ^ <«. w. oo oooooooooo-^ -<*^ >. OOtN^CT^CS-^O-^CSTtHcS CO q^ Ooo»^0*^0f00'-'0'0 vO St cm O J, Sid > W >, oo\ O^r^OOOO^J-tOOOfN _, 2 = O c- ■^nncs^tNcsc^vocM^ CO *^ a> 1 o cs w-> (A w ii : >. e (Li o £ en c (UJ 3 J3 •a ecreation obacco, c eading m lurch an isurance. edical ca oilet arti -Si; E 0. 8i cuPsSHOiUhiJ^HJOli < p:;c^ OT 1 32 The Complete Budget The total minimum cost of room and board, clothing and sundries for a single man living at a fair American standard, apart from a family group, in the anthracite region in February, 1922, is shown in Table 5 to amount to J796.34 yearly in Scran- ton and Wilkes-Barre, and ?699.40 in the vicinity of the two cities. The average cost in the combined northern field was J723.15. In the middle field, the total cost was $685.22 a year, due, mainly, to the slightly lower rate for room and board. In the southern field, the cost per year was $701.42. In the anthracite region as a whole, the minimum amount annually necessary for a single man to maintain a fair American standard of living at prices prevailing in February, 1922 was $703.96. Except for insurance, these sums make no provision for saving, which is almost a necessity for a single man, in order to permit him to start a home or, having no children on whose support he can count in his later years, to enable him to provide for his old age. It is, therefore, socially desirable that at least $2 a week or $104 a year be added to the actual cost of living of the single man to permit him to provide for the future, which in the case of the married man with children is potentially taken care of. 33 Ill CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING BETWEEN JULY, 1920 AND FEBRUARY, 1922 For a Family Food. A number of stores furnishing food prices in February, 1922 had records of prices charged for identical articles in July, 1920. On the basis of these comparative prices, it appears that during the interval between the period of highest prices and February, 1922, there was a decrease of 27.2% in the average cost of food for a family living at a minimum American standard in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. In the vicinity, the decrease amounted to 25.7%; in the combined northern field, to 26%. The middle field showed a greater decline in average food prices, with a decrease of 28.4%. In the southern field, where actual .prices were highest, the largest decrease was re- ported, 28.6%. The decline in retail food prices for the anthra- cite region as a whole, between July, 1920 and February, 1922, was 27.7%. While differences in season account for some of these differences in cost, there were increases as well as decreases reported for separate articles of food, and the entire budget in each case represents total cost on the two dates. Shelter. Information concerning changes in rents and water rates between July, 1920 and February, 1922 was obtained from various agencies closely in touch with the housing situation and property values in the localities visited. Such estimates as were obtained were checked by inquiries among wage earners living in rented houses in the same localities, and social and religious workers who come in close contact with the lives of wage earners. It is estimated that rents in Scranton had increased 25% to 30% between 1920 and 1922. In Wilkes-Barre, the increase was put at 20% to 25%. In the vicinity, the average increase was approximately 18%. Everywhere cases were reported of rents which had not changed in years; and other instances where landlords had taken advantage of the housing shortage to raise rents excessively. Taking all facts into consideration, an increase of about 20% represents fairly the average change 34 in rents in the northern anthracite field between July, 1920 and February, 1922. Water rates in Scranton increased 11% between July, 1920 and February, 1922. There was no change in water rates in Wilkes-Barre during the period under consideration. The companies operating these two systems supply a large part of the water used in the northern field. In the middle field, rents had been raised approximately 25% between July, 1920 and February, 1922. There had been no change in water rates. House rents in the southern field increased about 20% within this period. Water companies in several towns reported no increase in rates; one company in this section, supplying about 2,600 families, increased its rates 50%. This had but slight effect, however, on the average situation. Thus, including the cost of water with rents, there is found to have been a total increase of 22.1% in the cost of shelter in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre between July, 1920 and February, 1922; 16.7% in the northern field exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre; and an average increase of 18.9% for the northern field as a whole. The average increase in the middle field in the same period was 22.4%; in the southern field, 21.7%. For the entire anthracite region, the cost of shelter, based on changes in rents and the water rates was found to have increased 21% between July, 1920 and February, 1922. These figures are for commercially owned and rented houses. For company houses, some increases for the larger places were reported, but these were few, and apparently the rents of houses of three and four rooms, company-owned, were the same in February, 1922 as they had been in July, 1920. Clothing. A large number of the stores which furnished prices of men's and women's clothing in February, 1922 also gave quotations for articles of identical type and quality in July, 1920. While these comparable prices were obtained for adults' clothing only, other studies have shown that the general change in cost thus indicated is equally applicable to prices of children's clothing and, therefore, of clothing for the entire family. An average of clothing prices obtained in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre shows a total decrease of 28.2% between July, 1920 and February, 1922. In the vicinity of these two 35 cities, the average cost of clothing declined 33%. In the northern field as a whole there was a decrease of 30.8% in the cost of clothing for a family between July, 1920 and February, 1922. In the middle field, the decHne was 33.8%; and in the South, 32.2%. The total decrease in the cost of clothing for a family in the anthracite region as a whole was 32.3%. Fuel and light. Several mine companies furnishing prices of coal in February, 1922 also gave prices for July, 1920. Com- paring the average cost of coal, plus the charge for hauling on the latter date, with the cost of coal and the charge for hauling in February, 1922, it appears that there was, within the period, an increase of 22.2% in the yearly cost of coal required by a wage earner's family in the anthracite region. No change was reported in the rates for electricity for domestic use between July, 1920 and February, 1922. The price of a gallon of kerosene declined approximately 32% during the same period. Combining the total cost of fuel and light in July, 1920 and February, 1922, and comparing them, it is found that for specified identical amounts there had been an increase of 12.9% in the northern field. In the middle field the increase was 12.9% in non-company-owned houses, and 9.7% in company- owned houses; in the southern field, in non-company-owned houses the increase was 12.4%; in company-owned houses, 13.3%. For the anthracite region as a whole, the combined cost of fuel and light increased 12.7% in non-company-owned houses and 11.9% in company-owned houses between July, 1920 and February, 1922. Sundries. Close analysis of changes in the cost of the sundry items in the minimum budget of families in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania reveals but small variations between July, 1920 and February, 1922. Carfare in Scranton, which in July, 1920 was at the rate of four rides for 25 cents, in February, 1922 was four rides for 30 cents. No change in carfares was reported in Wilkes-Barre or in Hazleton. In the southern field, one company had raised its rates from 7 cents to 10 cents a zone. The average price of admission to motion picture theatres for the most part had not changed between July, 1920 and Feb- ruary, 1922. The cost of tobacco did not change much between 36 July, 1920 and February, 1922. Candy prices declined con- siderably and the government tax on soft drinks was removed in January, 1922. Newspaper prices were the same in February, 1922 as in July, 1920. The cost of medical care did not change materially, but the prices of household furnishings and supplies declined appreciably. In February, 1922, it was possible to carry less life insurance to obtain the same relative protection as in July, 1920 and the amounts necessary for church and charity were also reduced. Organization expenses had increased. The change in the amount of personal taxes to be paid varied between different cities and boroughs. In Scranton, the tax paid by men had not changed, but the tax paid by women had advanced 14 cents. In Wilkes-Barre and Hazleton, the increase reported is due to the fact that women paid no personal tax in 1920. In Pottsville, there was no change in either tax, but there seemed to be a tendency everywhere to increase the assessment slightly. Combining these items on the basis of their distribution in Table 3, the decrease since July, 1920 in the total cost of sundries for a family living at a fair minimum American stand- ard, was found to have been 11.5% in Scranton and Wilkes- Barre, 9% in the northern field exclusive of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, a total decrease of 9.6% in the combined northern field. The total decrease in sundries costs in the middle field was 9.6%; in the southern field, 8.7%. For the anthracite region as a whole, the decrease in the cost of all sundries combined, between July, 1920 and February, 1922, was 9.3%. The complete budget. Average percentages of change between July, 1920 and February, 1922, in the cost of each of the major items entering into the budgets of families living at a fair minimum American standard of living in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania and in each of the principal sections thereof, are summarized and combined in Table 6. The decreases in the cost of living as a whole varied from 18.1% for families living in non-company-owned houses in Scranton^ and Wilkes- Barre to 24.2% for families living in company-owned houses 'The decrease between June, 1920 and March, 1922 in the cost of living in Scranton as reported by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics was 20.5%. 37 o o H O tw tjJ o S u H >. C M t-- ". o\co C^l fexr~- "a (s -.' ON CO 4> '^ oi n rt CN 0J= O 1 l + l 1 S2i < CMS o ftg o z a o CN 8-« l + l + l 1 C en vc cs cor^ oo 2 ti S5aJ <3 cs c) oo (T) ° cs n -H (N 1 a^ 1 l + l 1 >, 1 NOI^ tS -.ft-- CO 2; a ° cs S^ l + l + l 1 C CO • § gas ^S'S'Sd'^ c (J cs K l + l + l 1 ^ c o >. U B m c4 * HH C - c fg O C7\ 00 ^NO '— < .2 B e5 w fc§No' OO O (S CT\ cr\ (J *^ CM — 'cn« •T3 l + l + l T >. •s B M t^ OONO o y3 i*,^) w aS2 fc^u-* "a n c^ C7\ cs B o c t: ^ CS CO ^ cs 0) J3 0) ts rt > cm cS^ 1 l + l 1 O ^ 1 c «! r^r^ooNO o Wc^& c S M o Qb ^WNNO rocs a\ o 2M ° CM — ICO-H t c K c «S a« CS -HCS ONVn ,—1 cm O L S^Piasdn OO ^ 01 ?! S 2= o o c-« l + l + l T o z s ^ 6 pages. May, 1921. $1.00 Research Report No. 38. Experience with Trade Union Agreements — Clothing Industries 135 pages. June, 1921. $1.50. PUBLICATIONS— continued Research Report No. 39. Changes in the Cost of Living: July, 1914— July, 1921. 25 pages. August, 1921. 75 cents. Research Report No. 40. Wages in Great Britain, France and Germany. 113 pages. 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