' . /A ' «, «v ja^ - ,■% '^ "^ ,'* ^ /" « >. ^ ,». J*. (Hmmll Uttivmitg Jittatg 6603 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 4 453 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924083814453 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEEIOR, CENSUS OFFICE. BTJA.WCIS A.. ■WAJLKBR, Superintendent, Appointed April], 1870; resigned November 3, 1881. CHAS. TV. SEXTON", Superintendent, Appointed November 4, 1881. HISTORY AND PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS OF THE UlSriTED STATES, WITH A CATALOGUE OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE CENSUS YEAR. BY S. ItT. ID. isroi^Tn, SI»353CI^i:. A.GrKNT. WASHINGTOIf GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE. 18 8 4. ^ DIVERSITY LIBRARY^ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Map ov thb Uottbd States, showing the keiation between the newspapers published and the population... Frontispiece. Maps showing the number and classes op newspapers and periodicals: No. 1.— Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Masaachuaetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania . No. 2.-^Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois No. 3. — South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Miasisaippi, Louisiana No. 4.— Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa No. 5. — Misaouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Indian territory No. 6.— Texas No. 7. — ^Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and part of Montana - No. 8. — Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona : No. 9. — ^Nevada, California - No. 10. — ^Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and part of Montana 167- TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pago. Letter or transmittai, v, vi FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. Introduction of printing in America 1-6 Mechanical difficulties attending the introduction of printing in America 6,7 Small demand for books and newspapers '. 7, 8 The first stimulus to printing in America 8,9 The religious and the political pamphlet 9,10 The first newspapers 10-13 The Massachusetts colonial press 13-15 The colonial press or Pennsylvania ' 15 The colonial press of New York 16-18 The colonial press elsewhere 18,19 Politics of the colonial press 19-21 Colonial newspaper typography 21 Devices 21,22 Prices of colonial newspapers 22,23 Influence of the revolutionary war upon the press ' 23 Constitutional guarantees of a free press 23-26 The existing laws of libel 26 The press during the revolution 26,27 SECOND PERIOD: 1783-1835. The press after the revolution 31 Political parties and the press 31,32 The alien and sedition laws 33-36 Db Tocqueville on the American press 36 The typical newspapers op the period '. 36-38 Becord of the early press 38-47 General statement for 1810 45 Statistics of the press from 1776 to 1840 47 THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. Previous Federal and State censuses op the newspaper press 51,52 Defects of previous censuses op the press .' : 52,53 Plan op the present inquiry : 53,54 Almanacs and annual publications 55 The press schedules 56-58 Number and division of the newspaper and periodical press 58 Comparative rate of newspaper increase 58,59 Suspension and consolidation of newspapers ^ 59,60 The half-century press 60-64 The law of newspaper growth 65-72 List of the counties and towns in the several states and territories in which daily newspapers were published, with the population and number of papers in each 66-72 The location op the daily newspaper press 72 73 The localization op the American press 73,74 The circulation of newspapers 74-76 The relation of circulation to population „ ..„ 77,78 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pag* Capital, grobs products, and raw materials 78,79 Capital invested in newspapers 79,80 The cost op ink and paper 80-82 Wages 82,83 Editorial employs 83,84 Amount of type set ' '. 84,85 Advertisements and sales 85,86 The development op newspaper advertising 86-68 The cost op advertising 88,89 The prices of newspapers 89 The penny press 89-91 The influence of the penny press - 91 The tendency to increased expense in daily newspapers 92 Prices and characteristics op weekly papers 92,93 Causes of the overdevelopment op the weekly press 93,94 The co-operative papers 94-96 Conditions governing the value of newspaper property 96,97 The personal and political elements 97,98 The origin and value of great newspapers 98-100 The development of printing presses and apparatus 100-102 Newspaper stereotyping 102 The perfecting press 102-104 Type-setting and distributing machines 104,105 The transmission of news 105-110 Journalistic differentiation m the United States » 110,111 As TO FREQUENCY OP ISSUE 111,112 The PROVINCIAL daily press 112,113 Morning and evening newspapers 113,114 Semi-weekly AND tri-weekly papers 114 Class and special journalism 115 The monthly magazines ." 115,116 The weekly literary press 117-119 The religious press » 119-121 Sunday-school and children's periodicals 121 The agricultural press 181,122 The educational press 122,123 College journalism , 123,124 The Sunday newspaper 124 The professional and the trade press 125 Illustrated newspapers 125,126 The FOREIGN PRESS— German-American newspapers - 126-128 The French-American press 128,129 The Welsh-American press K9, 130 The American press in other languages 130,131 The nomenclature of American newspapers 131 United States vs. English journalism 131-136 The cihculation op newspapers in New York, London, and Paris : 136,137 The relations of the United States Post-Office Department to the newspaper press 137-159 Circulation outside the mails 159 The existing postal laws relating to newspapers and periodicals 160-162 Newspaper files i. i - 162-164 Conclusion 164,165 Appendix A. — Statistical tables 167-196 Appendix B.— Catalogue op periodical publications 197-355 Appendix C. — Chronological historx of the newspaper press of the United States 357-426 Appendix D 427-436 Index 437-446 )T THt _jriTTAi V^"^ SrI'll' LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Utioa, S". Y., October 1, 1881. Hon. PEANOIS a. WAIiKEE, Superintendent of Census.- Sib : I transmit herewith a Eeport upon the Kewspaper and Periodical Press of the United States for the Tenth Census. The collection and preparation of the statistics of this branch of inquiry were intrusted to my care, as a special agent of the Census Offtce, on May 21, 1880. The report is divided into four parts, as follows: I. A history of the newspaper and periodical press from 1639 to 1880. n. Statistical tables. m. A catalogue of periodical publications issued during the census year. rV. A chronological history of the newspaper press of the United States. The tables separately submitted are fifteen in number, and embody the essential facts and figures bearing upon the number, the character, the circulation, the earnings, the manufacture, and the comparative growth by census decades of the newspaper and periodical press. A number of minor tabular statements, illustrative of several of these features, are included in the body of the report. The first portion of the report is an attempt to briefly sketch the history of newspaper and periodical publication in the United States, which was suggested by you as a proper complement to a report upon the present condition of this interesting industry. Private ventures in the direction of such a history have been few and unsatisfactory. The most important is Isaiah Thomas' History of Printing, which brings the subject down to the year 1810, covering ,in a very complete manner the history of printing in the United States up to that date. It was republished in 1875, with many valuable foot-notes and additions, by the American Antiquarian Society, of Worcester, Massachusetts, of which Mr. Thomas was the founder. Journalism in the United States from 1690 to 1872, by the late Frederic Hudson, of the New York Herald, preserves in desultory and unchronological form a great mass of important data relating to the subsequent development of the American press. In addition to the information supplied by these sources, much has been added from pamphlets, occasional addresses, scattered gazetteers, newspaper files, and personal correspondence. Notwithstanding the paias taken to complete the historical record, this portion of the work is at points incomplete and unsatisfactory; but care has been taken to supply all the statistics of any moment heretofore published respecting the publication of newspapers in the United States, and the groundwork here exists upon which hereafter may be constructed the full and complete history of the American press. This history naturally divides itself into three periods, namely, the colonial, which carries the American newspaper to the close of the war of the revolution ; the transitional, which brings the history down to that point of time when, by the perfection of printing machinery, the establishment of telegraphs and railroads, and the operation of other causes, the American press took on its present distinguishing characteristics, inaugurating the third period. In considering the development of the press in this third era I have chosen to treat the historical data in direct association with the statistics elicited by the Tenth Census, and this consideration forms the third section of the report. The chronological method of treating such a topic is so unsatisfactory that it has been avoided, and iu an appendix to the report has been gathered together, in chronological onder, such data respecting the origin and growth of the press in each state and territory as was attainable. The second portion of the report consists of a series of statistical tables. VI LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. The third section of the report, being the catalogue of the American press in the census year, has been prepared directly fi-om the schednles forwarded to the Census Offlce by the several publishers, and is submitted in the belief that it is valuable, not only for current reference, but as an historical record. A complete file of the newspaper and periodical press as it existed in the census year was also collected at your suggestion, arranged alphabetically by states and territories, and also by classes, and has been deposited in the Library of Congress, ■where it wiU be properly bound, and remain a unique memorial of the periodical literature of the census year. It has not seemed fit, in a report of this character, to enter into any disquisition upon the character, the po'wer or the influence of the press as a factor in American civilization. The data for deductions of that nature are supplied for the use of others. Neither has it seemed proper to color an official report with allusions to the personal services of any of the distinguished gentlemen who have done so much in the past, and who are doing so much at present, to buUd up the press, to develop its resources, to extend its usefulness, and to elevate its general character and influence. In conclusion, permit me to express the obligation I am personally under to yourself and the chiefs of the several divisions of the Census Oflce for unvarying courtesies and facilities daring the progress of this investigation. Mr. Benjamin M. Lewis, of TJtica, New York, who has served as assistant agent from the beginning of the investigation, is entitled to especial praise for the zeal, care, and intelligence with which he has forwarded the work. Acknowledgment is also due of the services of many private gentlemen, and especially to the corresponding secretaries of several historical societies, and to Dr. Henry A. Homes, the accomplished librarian of the New York state library, for valuable assistance in the collection of data. Very respectfully, yours, S. N. D. NORTH, Special Agent. THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. THE NEWSPAPEE AND PERIODICAL PRESS OF THE UOTTED STATES. FIRST PERIOD. INTEODUCTION OF FEINTING IN AMERICA. The history of the United States of America is contemporaneous with the real development of the art of printing. The first known specimen of printing in the English language, the presumable handiwork of William Caxton, bears the date 1471, less than a quarter of a century before the discovery of America. The progress of the art in England and on the continent was quite as slow as the progress of discovery and ^''f development of settlement in America. The popular demand for the services of the printing press was not ouBwittthatof America. marked until after the publication at Antwe;^ in 1526 of Tyiidale's translation of the Testament, and of Luther's Bible, which followed it, in 1534. There is positive evidence that a printing press was established in Mexico as early as 1540, (a) and John E. Bartlett alludes to the fact that "readers familiar with early books relating to Mexico have seen mention of a book printed there as earlyas 1535". (a) He continues that in the year 1532 the viceroy, D. Antonio de Mendoza, carried printing to Mexico. The first Printing in Mexico. printer was Juan Pablos, and the first book printed in the New World was that written by St. John Climacus, entitled Spiritual Ladder to Ascend to Heaven. (6) He adds the titles of ninety-three books printed in Mexico prior to and including the year 1600, and of seven books printed in Peru before 1600. These books were mostly on religious subjects, the governments strictly prohibiting printing without license ; but the list also includes many works which treat of history, morals, and classics,' as well as grammars and dictionaries for the use of the aborigines. A royal printing house was established in Port au Prince, on the French part of the island of Santo Domingo, as early as 1650, and several other presses existed in neighboring towns at dates more recent, but previous to the eighteenth century. There was also printing in Portuguese America previous to the opening of the eighteenth century. Gazettes were also printed in both Mexico and Peru at a very early date ; but whether anterior to the first New England newspapers is a matter of some doubt, although the probabilities favor that view. Several authorities state that they existed before t&e close of the seventeenth century. Dr- pbto™ "^ ®""°™ Eobertson thus describes the contents of the Gazetta de Mexico for the years 1728, 1729, and 1730, printed in quarto : It is filled almost entirely with accounts of religious functions, with descriptions of processions, consecrations of chnrches, beatifications of s.iints, festivals, auto dafis, etc. Civil or commercial affairs, and even the transactions of Europe, occupy but a small comer of this monthly magazine of intelligence, (c) Even such a gazette, it should be added, was superior to anything published in the colonies until near the time of the revolution, a Thomas' History of Printing, Appendix A. The references in this report are to the second edition of Isaiah Thomas' History of Printing in America, published in 1874 as volumes V and VI of ..the lyansactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Sooiety, of Worcester, Massachiisetts, under the joint editorial supervision of Samuel F. Haven, Nathaniel Paine, and Joel MunseU. 6 Ibid., vol. i, p. 367. c In Spanish America the first newspaper was founded in ChiU in 1712. * » » * In Mexico the oldest newspaper is JJZ /SijZo XTX, which is published daily, and supports liberal principles. * • * * In the present British-American colonies the credit of establishing the earliest newspaper belongs to the island of Barbadoes, where Keimer founded the Barladoes Gazette in 1731. Thirty-one years afterward, in 1762, appeared the Barhadoes Mercury, which continued till 1845. In the other British West India islands newspapers were introduced as follows : Grenada, 1742 ; Antigua, 1748 ; St. Kitts, 1748 ; Dominica, 1765 ; St. Vincent, 1784. In July of the latter year the Bermuda Gazette was founded. In Canada the Quebec Gazette appeared in 1765, and the Montreal Gazette in 1775. In Nova Scotia the Halifax Gazette appeared in 1751, but was not firmly established till 1760. In New Brunswict two or three newspapers were published at St. John in 1782. — ^Appleton's American Cyolopmdia. 3 4 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. The founders of the colony of Massachusetts arrived at Salem in 1628, and in January, 1639, the first printing was done in what is now the United States, (a) Previous to the establishment of this first press at Cambridge a number of manuscripts originating in the colonies had been sent to England for publication, chuseus!'™^^ '" ''°'"' ^^^ there is evidence that this practice continued for some eighty years al'tertvard. (&) Moses Coit Tyler makes the first book written in America Captain John Smith's True Relation of Such Occurrences as might have Happened in Virginia, etc., which was composed in 1607 and published in London the following year. The second book written in the colonies was Smith's letter to the English proprietors, and the third his Map of the Bay and the Rivers, which was not printed until 1612, at Oxford. In 1610 the colonies/^" ™ ^ Sir Thomas Grates wrote A True Repository of the WracTc and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, which he sent to England to be printed. George Sandys, also of Virginia, wrote a translation of Ovid, which was sent to London for publication in 1626. There are records of a number of other volumes, chiefly of a religious character, which were written in this country and sent to England for publication prior to the establishment of the first press at Cambridge, in 1639. Thomas says in his History of Printing in America that " from a variety of causes it happened that many original works were sent from New England — Massachusetts in particular — to London to be printed. Among these causes the principal were : 1, the press at Cambridge had generally full employment; 2, the printing done there was executed in an inferior style; 3, many works on controverted points of religion were not allowed to be printed in this country". As a matter of fact, up to this period, and for a long time after, there was almost no demand for printed matter in the colonies, and very few London publications of any character were sold in this country. The first regular bookseller of whom there is any account was Hezekiah Usher, who is not known to have been in business earlier than 1652. The British books that found their way to the colonies were generally kept in shops with other wares. Benedict Arnold sold drugs and books. Later in the development of the colonies the occupations of printer, bookbinder, and bookseller were generally combined in one. Although there was considerable culture and learning among the early settlers of Virginia, and several of them were book writers, as we have seen, the feasibility of doing their own printing does Printing in Virginia, not appear to have occurrcd to any one in the colony until 1681, seventy-four years after the first settlement was made. Some explanation of the delay clearly lies in the celebrated declaration of Sir William Berkeley, governor of the colony, in his answer to the inquiries of the Lords of the Committee for the Colonies in 1671 : I thank God we have not free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these hundred years ; for learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the government. God keep us from both. The pious protest of the governor against "free schools and printing" nearly forty years after the founding of Harvard university and the establishment of the first printing press in the younger colony of Massachusetts has been held to illustrate the difference between the cavalier civilization of Virginia and the Puritan civilization of Few England. When the first printing press was introduced into Virginia, in 1681, its adventuresome proprietor, one John Buckner, (c) was promptly called before the governor and council and ordered to enter into bond "not to j)rint anything hereafter until his majesty's pleasure shall be known". This was an actual suppression of the press, and thus differed materially from the regulation of it by the appointment of licensers, which had in the meanwhile been sanctioned by law in Massachusetts. But it was simply the carrying out of royal instructions, and therefore not a test of Virginia civilization. The licensing of printing was still in vogue in the mother ing t thtcoiofiel ^™'' country, nor was it formally abandoned there until 1694, on the accession of William and Mary. It continued, even after the revolution of 1688, to be assumed by the crown as one of the rights of the prerogative in all the American colonies, as claimed and exercised under the Stuarts. The royal governors a The funds for the purchase of this press in England were contributed or collected by the Rev. Joseph Glover, a wealthy dissenting clergyman. The press appears to have been particularly provided for the benefit of the academy then founded there, and also for Harvard college, which was founded soon after. The records of the latter institution contain this entry : " Mr. Joss Glover gave to the college a font of printing letters, and some gentlemen of Amsterdam gave toward furnishing of a printing press with letters forty-nine pounds, and something more." Mr. Glover died on the voyage across the Atlantic in 1638, and the press was set up and managed for ten years by one Stephen Dayc, who was employed by Mr. Glover in England to come to this country and serve in the capacity of a practical printer. The first press remained at Cambridge "upward of sixty years", and for about thirty years printing in the British North American colonies was exclusively conducted in this town. The first publication from this press was The Freeman's Oath, which bears the imprint 1639; the second was an almanac ; and the third, printed in 1640, was The Psalms in Metre, Faithfully Translated for the Use, Edification, and Comfort of the Saints in Publick and Private, e^eeially in New England, crown 8vo., 300 pages. Thomas gives a list of nine books or pamphlets known to have been published from this press while it continued under the management of Daye. He adds that "many others were printed by Daye, but no copies of them are now to be found". , 6 Thomp,B' History of Printing, vol. i, p. 15. c Ibid., vol. i, p. 331. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 5 of the American colonies under William and Mary were vested with the censorship over the press, (a) The instructions to these governors read as follows, as quoted from the commission of a Kew York governor: And foraismuch as great inconvenience may arise by the liberty of printing -within our province of New York, you are to provide by all necessary orders that noe person keep any press for printing, nor that any book, pamphlet, or other matters whatsoever bee printed without your especial leave and license first obtained. (J) Mr. Bancroft insists that, in spite of these instructions, "the press generally was as free in America as in any part of the world." To accept this view we must be convinced that the imposition of a license does not work a greater comparative repression in a country crude and unsettled, without expert mechanics, and with few ambitious of the printer's honors, where the art of printing has not yet obtained a footing, than in countries where, under even severer discipline, it had yet made steady headway for more than a century. At the same time it is to be borne in mind that the press sprang up in several of these colonies while these instructions were yet nominally in force, and in practical defiance of them. Yet, as long as the British authority remained unchallenged, there was continual interference with the press on the part of the government, and notably in the three colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York, where it had taken hardiest root. No single event in the colonial annals of the continent attracted more general attention, both in America and England, than The trial of zenger. the trial of John Peter Zenger, publisher of the New York Gazette, in 1735 — thirty years later than the establishment of the first American newspaper — ^for the publication of "false, scandalous, malicious, seditious libels" against the royal government of the colony of New York; a trial in which the government persisted, by information, after the grand jury had refused to indict; a trial in which all the authority of the crown, all the weight of the court, and all the power of the English common law of libel failed to coerce a verdict of guilty from the jury. The trial of Zenger was the first real struggle of the colonial press for freedom of speech against the government, and laid the deep and broad foundation of the liberty of the press in America. But it was twenty years later (January i!5, 1755) that the Eev. William Smith, first and last provost of the College of Pennsylvania, was arrested by order of the Pennsylvania assembly and sent to jail, where he remained six months, for translating and publishing in one of the German newspapers a pamphlet reflecting on the government. It was in 1771 that Thomas was annoyed by the Massachusetts governor and council very much as Zenger had been in New York, except that he was not imprisoned, and the attempt to proceed against him by information was abandoned on account of the popular opposition ; and in 1769 G-eneral Alexander McDougall, of New York, reputed to be the author of a pamphlet, privately printed, which the assembly of that colony resolved to be a "false, seditious, and infamous libel on the government", was arrested, imprisoned from December to April, when the grand jury found an indictment against him, and was finally brought before the assembly and required to answer whether he was guilty or not. McDougall refused to answer, on the ground that he was under indictment for the alleged offense and was entitled to an unprejudiced trial before a jury of his peers. He was finally adjudged guilty of a breach of the privileges of the house, and committed again to prison, where he remained several months. The annals of the colonies are full of somewhat similar instances of the severity with which the authorities of this country, in imitation of those of Great Britain, dealt with the printers and those who participated in political discussion through the instrumentality of the newspaper or printed page. The only direct legislation of Great Britain against the colonial press was the stamp act of 1765, aimed quite as much against other pursuits as against printing, but more direct in its influence upon the newspaper press than upon any other colonial enterprise. A considerable number of the newspapers, particularly in the south, were driven to suspend publication until the stamp act was repealed. More opulent The stamp aotof i765. but equally cautious publishers, when the act was to take effect, dressed their journals in mourning, and for a few weeks omitted to publish them. Others, less cautious, but apprehensive of the consequences of publishing newspapers without stamps, omitted the titles altogether, or altered them as an evasion. Those publishers who continued to print without reference to the stamp took a risk which proved how thoroughly imbued they were with the spirit out of which grew the revolution. The stamp act was but a temporary check to newspaper growth ; but it must be regarded as the manifestation of a spirit which these early printers knew to be ever present, the spirit to coerce the press into more circumspect allusion to the causes of friction between the colonies and the mother country. The colonial governments in the colonies of Massachusetts and New York also resorted to stamp acts as a means of raising revenue. Such an act was passed in coiomai stamp acts. Massachusetts in 1755, and a similar act by the assembly of New York in 1756, which was continued until January, 1760. During this period the papers then published in that colony sometimes appeared with stamps and sometimes without them. These acts were plainly modeled upon the English parliamentary law, which then bore so heavily upon the press of the mother country. The fact that there were but two, and that they lasted so short a time, may be accepted as the evidence that the American colonists early recognized the press as an instrument of popular education and civilization, which was entitled to exemption from the burdens of taxation. _ — — — ■ J u, Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii, p. 279, edition of 1876. 6 Documents relating to Colonial History of Neio Fork. See Instructions to Governors Dongan, Sloughter, Fletcher, Bellomont, and Hunter, 1686 to 1709. 6 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. It is worthy of remark that since the revolution only two American states have attemi^ted a direct tax upon the products of the press. In 1785 the legislature of Massachusetts passed an act imposing duties upon licensed vellum, parchment, and paper, and laid a duty of two-thirds of a penny upon newspapers and a penny upon almanacs, which were to be stamped. This act became at once so odious that it was repealed before it went into effect, but in the July following another act was passed which imposed a duty on all advertisements inserted in the newspapers of the commonwealth. This latter enactment was denounced by Isaiah Thomas, then publisher of the Worcester Spy^ and by many of his contemporaries, as placing an improper restraint upon the press, and in consequence of it he discontinued the publication of the Spy during the two years in which it was in operation. One of the sources of revenue in the state of Virginia as recent as 1848 was a tax on newspapers, the revenue from which in that year amounted to $355. [a) MECHANICAL DIFFICULTIES ATTENDING THE INTEODUCTION OP FEINTING IN AMEEIOA. It is dif&cult at this distance in time to realize the mechanical obstacles which retarded and embarrassed the introduction of printing in colonial America. Everything in the shape of materials was of necessity imported from the mother country, at an outlay which must be made at the lisk'of small and doubtful Printing presses, retum. The earliest printing press known to have been manufactured in this country was made for Christopher Sower, jr., the Germantown printer, in 1750 ; but it was not until the eve of the revolutionary war that good printing presses were manufactured as a business in the colonies. In 1775 such presses were made in Hartford, Philadelphia, and elsewhere, modeled almost wholly on the English press ; and after that date the importation of hand presses gradually ceased. Thomas says that the great improvements perfected by Adam Eamage in the prevailing press led to the entire cessation of importation as early as 1800; (6) but, as a matter of fact, the Eamage presses, while they were superior to anything previously built in this country, were wholly inadequate for satisfactory newspaper work, and his early presses were so small that only one-half of one side of a sheet of the ordinary dimensions of that period could be printed at one time, and four distinct impressions were necessary to print both sides of a small newspaper, (c) It was not until the beginning of the present century that iron was substituted for wood as the principal material in the eonstruction of American presses. The most successful of these later inventions was the Columbian press, invented by George Clymer, of Philadelphia, about 1817, which certainly indicated the greatest improvement ever shown in one machine for hand printing, and many hundreds of which, with important later modifications, are still in use throughout the United States. Self- acting or machine printing presses were totally unknown before the present century; and, for many years after their invention and use in England, all that were used in this country were imported from Great Britain. Paper was also of necessity wholly imported until 1700, and chiefly imported for nearly one hundred years thereafter. The first paper-mill in the colonies was built in 1690, by William Eittenhouse, at Paper. German towu, Pennsylvania, with the assistance of William Bradford, then the only printer in the colonies southward or westward of New England. Ten years later this little miU.was carried away by a freshet, and the stone mill, erected in its stead soon after, continued to manufacture paper until 1798, under the auspices of the same family. How far in the enterprise of paper -making William Bradford was in advance of the country generally may be inferred from the fact that the first paper-mill in New England — a region which was settled by the English a half century before Pennsylvania — to wit, that at Milton, Massachusetts, was not erected until 1730, about forty years after the one in Pennsylvania, [d) The whole history of this first paper-mill has been carefully collected by Horatio Gates Jones in his Historical Sketch of the Bittenhome Paper Mill. In 1770, according to Munsell, (e) there were forty paper-mills in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, paper-miUs at the wMch wcrc supposcd to make £100,000 worth of pdper annually. At the breaking out of the reTointion. rcvolutiou there were three small paper-mills in Massachusetts, and one in Ehode Island out of repair. (/) The paper these mills could make fell far short of the demand, and much of it was miserably manufactured, it being often taken from the mills wet and unsized. Eags were scarce, and were collected and transported with great difficulty. The manufacture of paper was farther checked by the great diflculty of finding skilled workmen to carry it on. The paper-makers, like the printers, were long in increasing, because the uncertainties attending the business were so great as to deter men from undertaking it, either as a trade or with a view to the investment of capital. StiU more important, as a repressive influence, was the cost and difficulty of securing type for printing enterprises. It was not until 1772 that a regular type foundry was established in America, although there Type. had been at least two previous unsuccessful efforts in that direction — one in Boston, about 1768 by a Mr. Michelson, from Scotland, and one in Connecticut, a few years later, by Abel, Buell. (g) a Munsell's Typographieal Miscellany, Albany, 1850. 6 Mistory of Printing, vol. i, p. 36. c Cyclopedia of Printing, p. 359. d John William Wallace on Bradford. e Munsell's Chronology of Paper Making, p. 30. / Munsell's Chronology of Paper Making p. 31. g I have yet to notice an exceedingly interesting fact in regard to the history of newspapers and printing in Connecticut — a fact which seems not to he widely known. It is, that the first metallic type cast on this continent was the work of an ingenious citizen of this FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 7 Christopher Sower, jr., already mentioned as the first manufacturer of a printing press in America, established a type foundry at Germantown in 1772. This was eighty-four years after the first venture of the father, on the same spot, in the manufacture of paper. The materials for this foundry were ^^ e rs ype imported from Germany, as well as a workman to make use of them. The first font cast here was a German pica for the printing of a Bible, afact significant in more ways than one. About the time the revolution broke out a second type foundry was established at Germantown by one Jacob Bey, who had been a workman in the original American foundry. The type foundry established by Benjamin Franklin in 1775 was the third in the colonies, and the last until the close of the revolutionary war. It was under the management of B. P. Bache, Franklin's son-in-law, and was equipped with all the materials needed for making Greek, Hebrew, or Eoman type ; but the small demand for types led to its practical abandonment before it contributed substantially to the supply of types in the country at the time the revolutionary war was in progress. It was a number of years after the conclusion of that war before the United States was able, from its own manufactories, to supply the better part of the increasing demand for types, (a) The printing ink used in this country for many years was almost wholly imported from Europe. Thomaa records that Eogers & Fowle, of Boston, who were engaged in the book and newspaper printing business in 1750, were the only printers in the colonies who at that time could make good ink. He adds that " in the first stages of printing printers made their own ink and types ; but the manufacture of ink. types and ink soon became separate branches of business. Most of the bad printing in the United States, particularly in New England, during the revolutionary war was occasioned by the wretched ink and more wretched paper which printers were then under the necessity of using ". (6) These were the mechanical and material obstacles in the pathway of the rapid introduction of the art of printing in the American colonies. They were of a character to check and restrain a movement in that direction, which during the entire century previous to the American revolution had been undergoing remarkable acceleration in Great Britain. The people of that country were just beginning in this century to discover the possibilities and the capabilities of the printing press. Books were multiplying, periodical publications were becoming an accepted element in the current civilization, and the masses of the people were beginning to get the benefits of the art that has done more than all other arts to level and destroy the distinctions of class and caste. SMALL DEMAND FOE BOOKS AND NEWSPAPEES. It is an accepted fact that the development of printing in England and on the continent during the three- ■quarters of a century preceding the American revolution was marvelous in degree and in kind, notwithstanding repressive and increasing government taxation, and found no counterpart on this side of the ocean. The purely mechanical obstacles which have been summarized were the least important causes of this slow progress. They were obstacles which the inventive enterprise of the colonists would have ^i^* ooioniBta not a reading people. overcome if the effort in that direction had been stimulated by the promise of adequate reward, but (Middlesex) county ; I mean Abel Buell, of Killingwortli. He petitioned the general assembly in 1769 for aid to establish a foundry, for the reason that he had discovered the art of letter founding, whicBhe said in his Memorial was known but to few in Europe. He astedfor assistance, " either by lottery or in some other way." He added that, as a specimen of his abilities, he had caused his Memorial to the general assembly to be impressed with types of his own manufacture. This document, thus impressed, maybe seen in the state library at Hartford. It is a very excellent specimen of typography, and but little inferior to the best of the present day. A committee of the assembly took the subject into consideration, and reported, in regard to Buell's invention, that they " are fully convinced that he hath discovered the art of letter founding ". They proposed to let him have £ 100, " provided he doth not depart from this ■colony to inhabit elsewhere." Buell was required to give bonds in the sum of £200 that he would return the money loaned by the general assembly after the lapse of seven years. It does not appear, however, that the foundry was ever erected. In the Yale college library, in connection with this subject, are letters from Benjamin Yale, of KUling worth, of the date of Buell's petition to the legislature, addressed to President Stiles, the head of the •college. Yale solicits the assistance of President Stiles in behalf of Buell, for the reason that he has " done a great thing for his country in learning the art of compounding type metal and casting type ". He oaations that literary functionary not to let the secret communicated be known or hinted. He adds : " If you want to have a set of types, you must either procure him some old types — or if you could get a poiind or two of bismuth — I think all the metals of which types are composed are to be had in America, unless it be bismuth, and I very much suspect that is likewise." He also informs President Stiles that there were at the time (1769) "near 40 presses in America; that a set of types cost £300 sterling, and they do not last more than seven or eight years. The saving to America [he continues] will bo considerable annually". — Address delivered before the Connecticut Editorial Association, June 20, 1855, by James F. Babcock, of theNew Haven Palladium. a David Bruce, in a history of type founding in the United States, says : The history of type founding as a bnsineas dates no farther back in this country than 1798, strictly speaking. It is true the introduction of various parcels and portions of type-founding implements dates almost coeval with the introduction of the earliest printing establishment, simply for the purpose of supplying sorts t» particular offices ; but type founding, as a self-sustaining business, did not exist in this country prior to the date above given, when Messrs. Binney & Konaldson established themselves successfully in Philadelphia. Their struggle for existence in the then limited condition of printing in the TTnited States was indeed rerj severe, and had not the state of Pennsylvania generously donated them the sum of $5,000 it is doubtful if they could have survived the difficnlties they enoountereil i The paper and ink used by John Foster, "thefirstprinter of London" (as he is designated on the stone which marks his grave in the Dorchester bnrying-ground), have stood the test of time much better than the materials used by our printers a century later. Some of Ms -«lecti« n sermons may be called elegant specimens of printing. Like impressions would do no discredit to our best printing concerns. — JHunsell. 8 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. that promise was altogether lacking. The colonists were not a reading people. Franklin bears striking testimony to this fact in his autobiography : At the time [he -writeH] I established myself in Philadelphia— 1723— there -was not a good bootseller's shop in any of the colonies to the southward of Boston. In New York and Philadelphia the printers were indeed stationers, but they sold oidy paper, almanacs ballads, and a few common school-books. Those who loved reading were obliged to send for their books to England. They were far removed from the incentives and the influences which contributed to make a demand for books and newspapers in a thickly and thoroughly settled country like England, and they were not only isolated, but they had a greater concern and interest in what was going on in the mother country than in the affairs of a neighboring colony. Thus it happened that long after the making of books had begun in the colonies those few among the settlers who cared at all for books continued to prefer the volumes manufactured in England and sent across the seas, at prices at least as reasonable as those for which the American printers could afford to vend the products of their presses. It was with newspapers as with books. Those who cared for them at all preferred the sheets which came across the water, and were wholly taken up with the details of English and European politics. The early American newspapers, exhibiting that instinct which judges so accurately of the wants of the masses, ifewspapera. and is to-day a striking characteristic of the newspaper publisher of the United States, were almost wholly filled with the details of foreign happenings. The people of one colony heard from England with greater frequency, and generally with greater interest, than they heard from another colony. We need no further explanation than is conveyed by these facts of the constant complaints of the early New England editors that their efforts to supply the colonists with the latest news were rewarded by the failure to receive in return the money expended to that end. The circulation of an American-made book, pamphlet, or newspaper was necessarUy limited almost wholly to the town in which it was published. Mails were infrequent and irregular ; communities were widely separated as well as sparsely settled ; and to venture into the printing business under such circumstances was to be a devotee or a fanatic, and there were not many such among the men and women who laid the foundations of the American republic. The scarcity of practical printers among the colonists has attracted the attention of historians. Those who knew the trade had learned it in England, and for years after printing presses were introduced it continued to be necessary to send across the waters for printers to man them. When Governor Fletcher tempted Bradford to New York, in 1693, he did it because he could find no printer in all that city, (a) and there were several instances in which rewards were offered to tempt printers into the southern colonies. THE FIRST STIMULUS TO PRINTING IN AMERICA. As the questions out of which the revolution sprang began to engross the attention of the colonists the conditions we have related underwent a rapid and complete revolution. It came to be seen that the several colonies had a common cause, and that the fate of that cause transcended in interest and poTutonofthrpres" *^^ importance anything that might happen on the other side of the water; that the press was a most valuable and indispensable auxiliary of this common cause, and that it was the instrument most potential to secure unity of opinion and concert of action among the colonists. Men not printers, and not identified with the business in any way, were brought into closest relations with the press by this political excitement and printing thus had the advantage of an artificial stimulus during the years preceding the outbreak of the revolution, patriotism taking the place of profit as an incentive to new enterprises. The American people had just begun to realize the significance and importance of the press as the revolution broke upon them. They found themselres at war with the country upon which they had relied for everything in the shape of printed matter and printing materials, with no adequate provision for supplying .p^fAmtricanpriDtin™ thcmsclvcs with the instrumentalities for producing their own printed matter. The specimens of the art which came from the colonial presses during the continuance of the war gave abundant evidence of the primitive appliances and the crude and unskillful workmanship. But the revolution was of incalculable service to the art in this country in two ways. It educated a generation of readers, and it evolved a generation of mechanics ready to supply those readers and quite as skillful as any of their English rivals in the invention of improved processes and the execution of good work. For a long period after the termination of the revolutionary struggle the lot of the American printer, in whatever department it was cast, was not an easy one. Those who could afford to buy books in any quantity still preferred the book of English manufacture, and venture after venture in the making of books of a higher grade than ordinary met with disastrous failure. The constituencies of the few newspapers which proved their right to live, by surviving the cruel ordeal of the war, continued to be small and unresponsive, and the utility of the periodical press as a medium for advertising had not yet been discovered. a The following entry appears on the council minutes of the province of New York : Besolved in Council, That if a Printer mil come and settle in the city of New Tork for the printing of our acts of Assemhly and Publick Papers he shall bo alloTved the sum of £40, current money of New Tork, per annum for his salary, and have the benefit of his printing besides what serves the publick. March 23, 1693.— Council minutes, vi, 182. Arriving in New York, Bradford was immediately appointed royal printer. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. ^ The prices paid for paper and printing material continued to be ruinously high, and men who had passed the bcjtter part of their lives in the business were compelled to confess that the result was complete failure in the pecuniary sense, and that it had been a life of hard work, constant anxiety, unnumbered embarrassments, and scant rewards.. Of course there were occasional exceptions. In his autobiography, Benjamin Franklin, discussing the circumstances which induced him to establish a new newspaper in Philadelphia, speaks of the only journal then existing in that city, which was Andrew Bradford's, as " a paltry thing, wretchedly managed, and yet profitable to him". Tbe well-known antipathy between the two great Pennsylvania printers must be remembered in considering the import of this criticism. The fact that Bradford had found the printing business profitable is established. Franklin speaks of him later on as " rich and easy, and caring little for the business". He undoubtedly made the greater portion of his money out of the general printing business rather than out of the newspaper. Franklin himself,, notwithstanding the adverse circumstances under which he began the business for himself in Philadelphia, by rigid economy and indomitable industry very soon succeeded in paying for his establishment and amassing a fairly comfortable competence. But even Franklin turned very early from the exclusive attention to his printing office- to supplement his earnings by the office of clerk of the colonial legislature, and later by that of postmaster. These aud some other exceptions to the general rule do not alter the truth of the statement that the occupation was one of hardship and penury, " the business of the printer," to quote from Franklin's autobiography again, "being generally regarded as a poor one." THE EELIGIOUS AND THE POLITICAL PAMPHLET. The characteristic literature of the early colonial period, indeed, was neither the book nor the periodical, but that intermediary form known as the pamphlet. The pamphlet form was still a popular though no longer a prevailing method of publication in England, and it was natural, in a new and rude country, for the literature to take this fragmentary and transient shape. The colonists were not equal to ej^tare'*' pampUet iit- book writing or book making, and they had no need for newspapers. Their demands upon the printing press were few, and were made at distant intervals for the most practical of purposes. Thus, while the pamphlet met their wants and constituted the bulk of their literature, its most common appearance at the beginning was in the shape of the almanac. The second issue from the first Cambridge press was an almanac, and there are more almanacs than all other classes of pamphlets combined, excepting only sermons, in the bibliography of colonial literature. Some of these almanacs met with enormous sales for that day, sixty thousand copies of Ames^ famous almanac, printed by John Draper, being annually sold in the New England colonies, (a) The bibliography of the epoch (6) reveals the fact that the great bulk of the publications of the early printing presses, other than almanacs, were in pamphlet form ; that is to say, they were rude, unbound publications, of less than one hundred pages each, generally not more than twenty-five to fifty, and they arrange themselves into two grand groups — the religious and the political tract or pamphlet. In the earlier days of colonial settlement the religious pamphlet naturally predominated ; it was in line with the prevailing tendencies of the colonial mind, and consisted of the publication of a famous sermon or a contribution to some of the many prevailing religious controversies, an exhortation to severer living, a denunciation of some prevalent vice, or a tract or waif sent out upon its proselyting mission. There exists a list (c) of three hundred and eighty-two of the publications of Cotton Mather (believed to be far from complete), nearly all of which were single sermons, controversial letters, or tracts of a theological complexion. The list of the publications of Increase Mather includes eighty-five titles, principally sermons or similar tracts. The fecundity of these celebrated divines was exceptional, but the direction of their efforts was not exceptional. As the colonies progressed toward their political destiny the religious pamphlet, while it continued important^ was relegated to the secondary position, and the tract became the most common method of intercommunication among the men who were profoundly concerned in the problem of the political destiny of the American colonies. These tracts or pamphlets usually took the form of letters, and were signed by fictitious names. They formed, indeed^ the great bulk of the colonial literature immediately preceding the revolution, and are almost the only feature of it which is worthy of recognition as forming a distinctive colonial literature. Miscellaneous writing continued to be either a faint reflection of the cultivation of the old world or nondescript in its 'character and utterly unworthy a Thomas, i, 126. 1> The second edition of Thomas' Sistory of Printing In Amei-ioa contains in an appendix a catalogue of puhlications prior to the revolution in what is now the United States. There are in the list 7,683 entries of titles, of which number nine-tenths, at least, are of pamphlet or tract puhlications. This catalogue was the work of Dr. Samuel F. Haven, jr., of Worcester, Massachusetts, one of America's most accomplished antiquarians. The work of compiling this catalogue of titles, starting from the basis of memoranda left by Isaiah Thomas, was not completed at the time when Dr. Haven dropped his antiquarian work in response to the call of his country, in whose cause he sacrificed his life. The editors of the second edition of Thomas' History published the catalogue just as Dr. Haven had left it. Thus it happens that the late Joseph Sabin, in his Bibliography of American Bibliography, describes this list of ante-revolutionary publications as being " far from complete ", and adds, with truth, that ' ' a reference to Sabin's Dictionary of Books relating to America would have furnished many titles now entirely omitted". Careful comparison of the entries in this list and iu Sabin's Dictionary reveals several hundred titles omitted iu the former.- As a rule, they are of the tract or pamphlet order, and of iTupretentious character. Life of Cotton Mather, by his son, Samuel Mather. Boston, 1729f 10 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. in its attempts at originality, a conclusion to be drawn after considering the industrious efforts of Moses Coit Tyler to rescue early American literature from oblivion and elevate it to permanent dignity, {a) The type of fragmentary literature represented by the political pamphlet was not only developed out of all proportion to every other form of literature except the religious in colonial America, but exhibits in its best aspects the tendencies and peculiarities of the American mind, and at the time took immediate rank with the cultured writing of European statesmanship. This was before an American book, outside of politics, had ever been read or heard of on the other side of the Atlautic. (6) The pamphlet era of colonial literature has been spoken of as the formative one. This form of publication was not chosen for the reason that it was the best, but because it was the only form available. As the newspaper developed in importance the pamphlet slowly but surely made way before its onward march. The burden of the publication of the pamphlet rested solely upon the author, and he could not, and did not, look for reimbursement by sales. Its circulation was correspondingly limited, and it was, moreover, necessarily accidental, as it was without organized and regular methods of reaching the hands of those to whom it was addressed. These methods the newspapers at once supplied, and the amalgamation of the political pamphlet and the newspaper became speedily complete, adding to the importance of each. .They gave publicity to the views of the political writers of the time without involving either them or the newspaper publishers in expense on account of them, and came in time to be an expected and a distinguishing feature of the periodical press. The latter crowded the pamphlet out of the field, and has held its own against it ever since, as it is right and natural that it should. Undoubtedly the pamphlet, with its popularity, stimulated the printing industry of the colonial epoch, and was a great instrumentality in preparing the way for the more rapid establishment of newspapers. As the colonies approached the verge of the revolution the number of political writers increased rapidly, but their writings found circulation almost entirely through the medium of the periodical press. THE FIRST NEWSPAPERS. The first Bnghsh newspaper printed in America was issued from a Boston press in 1690. It is a significant commentary upon the subsequent rank growth of periodical literature in the United States that this pioneer paper was immediately suppressed by the authorities of Massachusetts. It was entitled Publick PuUick ocmrrtmcts. Occurrauces, hofh Foreign and DomesticTc, and, for 'the reasons named, never reached the dignity of a second number, (e) It is doubtful, therefore, whether the real date of the birth of American journalism is not fourteen years later, as given by Thomas, because of the establishment of the Boston News-Letter on April 4, 1704. {d) It is worthy of attention that it was during the series of years in which the printing press was gradually getting foothold in the American colonies that the determined and finally successful effort to a A Sistory of American Literature, 2 vols., 1676-1765. By Moses Coit Tyler: 1879. 6 la the early schools of the colonies the American mind was soon educated to a point in the science of politics much in advance of the contemporary culture of Europe, and it produced, along with this intellectual progress, a literature the vigor and even sometim« elegance of which became' the admiration of some of the first puhlicists and statesmen of England. Of course the remains of this early literature are very scant. Before the revolution of 1776 few books were printed in America, and most of the school-books came from England. The political literature of the colonial era was necessarily or conveniently tractarian, taking the form of pamphlets and letters and other comparatively light and perishable forms of the press; yet many of them were perishable only in the conventional sense, and the controversial pamphlets of colonial politics, the prints of Franklin and Witherspoon and Price, the tracts of Adams, the Farmer's Letters of Dickinson, and the Common Sense of Paine take rank with a literature that in more modern times has been thought worthy of preservation in the best boards of the binder's art, and illuminates the libraries of our scholars. It would be interesting to collect these productions of the colonial period, in a sense more extraordinary than that of reclaiming strays and fugitives in the general literature of our country. The form of literature, so far as print and paper are concerned, is very insignificant, and in some sense the distinction between the pamphlet and book is merely mechanical ; yet this minor literature (using the comparative term as only that of the printer's art) attaches some peculiarities which give it frequently a character sui generis. This is remarkably so in one form of literature even lesser, mechanically, than the pamphlet, and one whicl) was formerly much in fashion in our politics. The modern facilities of the press and the multiplication of its uses have been the occasion of the decay of what at one time figured largely in the communication of ideas, andespecially those concerning political affairs. We refer to the elaborate letter, or epistle, in times wherein the means of miscellaneous print were less abundant and men were wont to compose long dissertations in communications to their friends, designed, perhaps, to go the rounds of a circle of acquaintances. » * • * Beyond the letters of Franklin but little has been rescued from what was almost the exclusive department of our literature in colonial times. Much of it must have been destroyed in the perishable form of manuscript, or has passed beyond the ret^ion of discovery. * * * * It is to be observed that America has reversed that order which has commonly been observed in the productions of a nation's genius. As a general rule of history, the poet precedes the statesman , or, in more general phrase, the arts are anterior to political science. This rule we see remarkably reversed in the intellectual development of America.— Tyjer's History of American Literature. c Considerable doub!; has been expressed regarding the genuineness of the only copy of this paper known to be m existence, which is in the State Paper office in London. That such a paper was actually published at the date given would seem to be estr.blished beyond peradventure by the references to it in the colonial annals of Massachusetts. d The second newspaper printed in the colonies was a republication of an English gazette in 1696 in New York by older of th« royal governor. The circumstance is thus detailed by Governor Fletcher in a letter to the lords of trade, dated May 30, 1690: "A ship belonging to this place from Madera happily met at sea that vessel which had your Lord's packet for Virginia, & brought mo a Gazett which gave me an account of that horrid conspiracy against His Majesty's Sacred person. I caused it to be reprinted here, & proolamatioM was issued for thanksgiving thro'out the inovmce."— Documentary Sistory of New York, iv, 150. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 11 secure tbe abolition of the censorship of the press was in progress in the mother country, (a) The general system of •censorship was established in England by a decree of the star chamber, dated June 11, 1637, which remained in force during the civil war, and was confirmed by act of parliament in 1643. censorsUp of the prew. It was against this act that Milton wrote his Areopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing. The act expired in 1679, and thereafter any person might print, at his own risk, a history, a sermon, or a poem without the previous approbation of any public ofilcer. But the courts continued to hold that this liberty did not extend to gazettes, and that by the common law of England no man not authorized by the crown had a Tight to publish political news. This view of the common law was accepted without dispute in the colony of Massachusetts. Pour days after the appearance of the Publiek Oceurrances it was spoken of in the general court as a pamphlet which came out "contrary to law, and contained reflections of a very high nature", (6) and it thereupon •strictly forbade " anything in print without license first obtained from those appointed by the government to grant the same".(e) This short-lived pioneer of the American press was published by Benjamin Harris "at the London -coffee-house", and was printed for him by Richard Pierce on three pages of a folded sheet, one page being blank, two columns to a page, and each page being 7 by 11 inches. It was intended to appear monthly, and the journalistic notions of its projector were fully set forth in the following prospectus : It is designed that the Countrey shall he furnished once a month (or if any Glut of Occurrences happen, oftener) with an account of such considerable things as have arrived unto our Notice. In order hereunto, the Publisher will take what pains he can to obtain a Faithful EeIai;ion of all such things ; and will particularly make himself beholden to such Persons Prospectus of the in Boston whom he knows to have been for their own use the diligent Observers of such matters. That which is "Publick Oceurrances." herein proposed is, First, That Memorable Occurrents of Divine Providence may not be neglected or forgotten, as they too often are. Secondly, That people everywhere may better understand the Cironmstances of Pnblique Aifairs, both abroad and at home; which may not only direct their Thoughts at all times, but at some times also to assist their Business and iJ^egoceations. Thirdly, That some thing may be done toward the Caring, or at least the Charming of that Spirit of Lying, which prevails among ns, wherefore nothing shall be entered, but what we have reason to believe is true, repairing to the best fountains for our Information. And when ther» appears any material mistake in any thing that is collected, it shall be corrected in the next. Moreover, the Publisher of these Occurrences is willing to engage, that whereas, there are many False Eeports, maliciously made, and spread among us, if any well minded person will a The newspaper press cannot be said to have had an existence in England until the expiration of the law which subjected the press to a censorship. May 3, 1695. Within a fortnight Harris announced that the Intelligence, Domestic and Foreign, suppressed fourteen yearg before by tyranny, would again appear. Ten days later was printed the first number of the English Courant. Then came the Packet Boat from Holland and Flanders, the Pegasus, the London Newsletter, the London Post, the Flying Post, the Old Postmaster, the Postboy, and the Postman. These first English newspapers were not superior typographically to their humble imitators across the Atlantic, and hardly superior in a literary point of view. On these points Lord Macaulay says in hia History of England: "At first these newspapers were small and mean-looking. Even the Postboy and the Postman, which seem to have been the best conducted and the most prosperous, were wretchedly printed on scraps of dingy paper, such as would not now be thought good enough for street ballads. Only two numbers came out in a week, and a number contained little more matter than may be found in a single column of a daily paper of our time. What is now called a leading article seldom appeared, except when there was a scarcity of intelligence, when the Dutch mails were detained by the west wind, when the Eapparees were quiet in the 'Bog of AUen, when no stage-coach had been stopped by highwaymen, when ne nonjuring congregation had been dispersed by constables, when no ambassador had made his entry with a long train of coaches and six, when no lord or poet had been buried in the Abbey, and when, consequently, it was difficult to fill up two pages. Yet the leading articles, though inserted, as it should seem, only in the absence of more attractive matter, are by no means contemptibly written.'' 6 Buckingham's Meminiscences. c In 1662 some religious pamphlets were published by the colony, which the general court or some of the ruling clergy judged rather too liberal and tending to open the doors of heresy, .and regular licensers of the press were therefore appointed at that time. The ancient records of the colony show that Major Daniel Gookin and the Eev. Jonathan Mitchell were the first appointees under this regulation. A year later, May 27, 1663, the regulation was rescinded and the general court " ordered that the printing presse be at liberty, as formerly, until this court shall take further order, and the late order is hereby repealed". The effect of this repeal seems to have been a return to the publication of somewhat free-spoken pamphlets. The government immediately became alarmed again, and the following rigid edict was subsequently passed : At a General Court called by order from the Govemonr, Deputy Governour, and other magistrates, held at Boston 19th of Ootoher, 1664. For the preventing of Irregolarytiea and abuse to the authority of this Country, by the Prmting Presse, it is ordered by this Court and the authority thereof, that theeir shall no Printing Presse be allowed in any Towne within this Jurisdiction, but in Cambridge, nor shall any person or persons presume to print any Cople but by the allowance first iad and obtayned under the hands of such as this court shall from tjme to tjme Impower; the President of the CoUedge, Mr. John Shearman, Mr. Jonathan Mitchell and Thomas Shepheard, or any two of them to survey such Copie or Coppies and to prohibit or allow the same according to this order ; and in case of non-ohserrance of this order, to forfeit the Presso to the Country and be disabled from Vsing any such profession within this Jurisdiction for the (jme to Come. Provided this order fihaU not extend to the obstructiou of any Coppies which this Court shall Judge meete to order to be published in Print. At the same time a law was passed that "no printing should be allowed in any town within its jurisdiction except in Cambridge". This was subsequently so modified as to permit the use of a press at Boston, and a person authorized to conduct it. The government not only required conformity to this law, but even exercised a power behind and above it, as on an occasion when the licensers had permitted the republication of a book written by Thomas S. Kempis, entitled Imitation of Christ, etc. This treatise was presented to the court in the session of 1667 as heretical, and immediately the following order was passed : " This court being Informed that there is now in the presse reprinting a book that imitates of Christ, or to that purpose, written by Thomas Kempis, a popish minister, wherein is contained some things that are lesse safe to be infused amongst the people of this place, Doe comend to the licensers of the pressa the more full revisale thereof, and that in the meane tjme there be no further progresse in that work." Daniel Fowle, one of the best printers and the best known men in New England in that time, was arrested in 1754, on an order from the house of representatives, and taken before that body, on suspicion of having printed a pamphlet entitled The Monster of Ministers, by ' Tom Thumb, jr., which reflected on some of its members. 12 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. be at the pains to trace any suoli false Report, so far as to find out and Convict the First Raiser of it, he will in this Paper (unless just Advice be given to the contrary) expose tbe Name of such person, as A malicious Raiser of a False Report. It is supposed that none will dislike this Proposal, but such as intend to be guilty of so villanous a Crime. Harris is spoken of by Thomas as the fifth printer in Boston, and previous to and after his journalistic venture he was engaged in printing, chiefly for the booksellers. Two years after the suppression of his Pullick Oceurrances he was appointed by Governor Phipps "Printer to his Excellency the Governor and Council", and printed the acta and laws of Massachusetts in 1692 and 1694. There was nothing significant about this first journalistic venture, except the manner of its sudden demise. It was an enterprise conceived by a printer lately from London, and modeled after the sheets which were at that time beginning to be of comparative frequency in the British capital. The second American journal appeared April 24, 1704; it was printed by Bartholomew Green, (a) and published and edited by John Campbell, then postmaster of Boston. It was called the "Boston News-Letter,. published by authority", and was issued every Monday. Its beginning was nearly contemporaneous with the appearance of the first Scottish gazette, and it appears to have been the natural outgrowth of Beaton News-Letter. a scrlcs of news-lcttcrs (modeled after the similar letters that had long previously been sent regularly from London into the provinces), which Campbell, by virtue of his official character as postmaster, had been in the habit of preparing and sending to the governors of the several If ew England provinces. Nine of these letters have been ' preserved. (6) They embody, in concise form, a digest of the most recent news received from across the water and the events in Massachusetts bay, with occasional Postmaatera as editors, political or Other Suggestions; and they doubtless conveyed the first intelligence of these events- to the distant points whither they were sent. It was a function which a postmaster, as a center of intelligence, naturally assumed ; and it is not surprising that, for a long period after John Campbell established his Neios-Letter, a newspaper was regarded as a natural adjunct of a post-office, (c) The second paper in the colony was established in 1719 by William Brooker, immediately upon his appointment to succeed Campbell as postmaster of Boston, and was called the Boston Gazette. Four postmasters in succession conducted the Gazette, and the post- office m ay fairly be called the godfather of American journalism. ( for hii Club, Ibcr ai Honeur, than 0\e Publidc b iDfLgf rhLirAmbiEioQ tnr&nbtr Proof 01 DcpRriaiation of iIk Maiicr. ' No niMroiu tmd imnaiiaj Peironiliun ran blime ibe prereDCVmlenakiii^, wrilch i< Jtllnnnl minlr for tbc DIi-r. 1™ and Mtmnicni t>( [Jie RraJtr. Piccct of Pln&ncy and Afinh hiie arntR Ctana in iliem 10 aU» ibe Uuu ' n ftnnf^ Power to s rercnc ood hirth Difiinltn of ifw So Jf, 1 plariil filaie of Mmd. /riicwofn Deljpiof IbiiWwlJrPaptr will belDcnui' ' ""■ ■ -» - -■^ladiidlvcnrnfflncWau VwiWiUnof ~ 1m wajiibig of Hnmaiiif lift/whiii 'in"ib l"^t a iTcrlil Eici ioi;iliinil„iePopn.wi[b B Eraiifiil IrtCTijmion oF man J*™! "'"■"''' r^'fi" "-l" I*'""™ («™ 'V- mot luilicnwt udaddPimoFLirE. ' A»fo; ibe Aothor.lhatiiiro unt QutH,on. Botibo' iTc pnrfclJi nur fclin toAj to oblige irie inKcoiuu intl cour- ■eaui Ktjdur f.iih moll Somof InielJ.gtnce, jct Uen \n b*? I Rcfiw Nor mil it b. of nny jSu™, of Ad™nE5 .lil,» lolbcn.orralh«\}'n.™,ih.t (Iic.r .uuiif%n««ld fc pubjjutd, u,i A,„t^„ in ,1,0 MaHtr .« Jtlirr Ibr £a.0Dr of >m 10 rgir« IB 10 hold our Tonpm, -Wliiih iW it (hiiTimt^rSitii nuy found l.lLon vcrrunranmion Rc- J««li, yei il jnotHib Irun tht vei> lUani of your Iliunble BvibnTimcibe Gndcr prirdici ihitmcir ihinoHaR- tBEigtd ,n ilir piffrnt UmlrrtiliinE. YttmbmoncPtiv fcn, ID Inliih.UD[ nl dm foBii of SiJtm, «l.am »o konoui MA DiKiui in ihc Crulf, or a jwip^njl d'Ijioi TheSmalrlijd drfiBn'Jlo I'l.ffflt rhrl'i,bli{k i.-.ih bj fffeits but ihar ih( l.nm.., m ntaan lir i.ai nrfftiiml (ur N,n„„ r .a,„„i ,„ L fi.t, n-w .haS "" tiCfM-tli m -n» llgnnnc V,h,, btloT, «|„ch to .belli; C)iriftiad,ii die CoBatij '■■ ol guild Tiinper, caumain at nil grraur JlappiitH^nf maJcioTino-,.b«li™(bc ble^ dffim'w'ff^ Sij'^"X Cuur^nt«r™wCr. and alirayi will be ific Kiadm humble Scnant P. S. Goiile Reidtr., Bcdrtij^ nri cr li In a Pa«r pj. nithoui!. liiln MoHo il »t wn ]««ib;y ,„:k ow iinHtbil. nmnaCliann in ii lu iJie Vuf^jr, and fhc l.-amd^uIoiK WoiIITuX °^[5^[[";'"K- Wr n,Wd b;i« obiiEcd Ibe oarUultJrculv ' lUt MnirJI/, spH,h I, ,/„ Parnaml, Oaober ■■. Zyft^r"^" -"^' "•"'^'" '■/- ^^' His MAJESTY'S nioll Gracious SPEECH to both Houfes of Parliametic, an Thurs- day Oflobcr II. 1722, Kj Lirili ait J Gnillinan, Conrpiiat^ bi. for (on» lime fonneJ. a^ i, flill ranvrn-w (Sainlt my Periiia »oJ CiovciDiucnt, in Fivour of i Pupidi The CiltorttiM I ba.e Di«Ie here, (be InfjnnjIiM,. I Mvertwittd tram idv MunDcn jbroid, ai*I ibolmrlbsincn I bare bid frorn ibe I'o.feii in Allonee itiiJi pw, iikI lodnl rnnnmoft|«rnof Euro™, line Kiven iiie- iwUl mnple-ud eumnc Pioog of iIiU niiked Dtlim. "^ nie Crmfuinu,,, l.a.e, 1., i^, FinuCi,^ „aCt nr Oraneeft Inlf.nco for A 111 Ha nfe fo-i.- For«En Pk«en,biH mTedilaBpoiniBlinihi,rL>pc:ijrign.i lla«icf,(ant&ie tn iheir Humbert arid not SifcouriKnl U, tlicir fom« iH Suereft, iber iifol.«l(on« more, iii-un ihti t.in atiBWli, w BiiempT the fubvcrlion ot n)y CurcAimrut TotUo eivl i!iivpro..ilcl (onfiJenible Simu of Momj, enpE"^ smt NuinlKi of on«e™ ftoin abroad, t^.uril biee Qi.iaflliue» of Ann. and Aramonilion, and Ihoirebl 'wn "i'"!l '"d'r"' "!'"'""''''''" ^'■'' """l-CoarjHmj ri '■> I'lic (in ihr»hul'N"Non',™nd' pili'itl Ijit-.ilopri. in>ol>id In Uleod Biul Con'mii^ "' ' ' ■ " "Ii",b/ibemtn;ii2cf Go-I.Mlh- ibt, LcfaR lort/llieCitr-Bf d the elumwroiiiP-liSihi < tirebejj.nali-a.i L- >■ Ml, Fuller (inttn. ii i..cni>(il„Kiylii,c.vnere|ft,,luri dran) liare Imn W.ieIh ovir I ill ilm '.'n'f''!'Jh't!ll^ C00lld.ol.l0 rS? ;:;ii"heth:;; ''H»p,«i.,of.b.^r ihcir Vas jiu] tkirumr. Gome of ilu: L'tniniliaion lia'vd 1 "lien spiodiinRili Endcaifsunan.uieLirsc.appi^' iuie otben. ffXarJiaaii henduie otbi hffXarJiai Miving tbL .„ , ,. . prercor tSmlpiraryrfmnlllLire Mrj-our Cot^fijt ** proper inoDmffirf to be done Fur i ' in general hid bcfoie ywi ihe State of 'ijii icrr rmufl iLire iD-)twrCor^(iJer:Ulor, iiliu iroper and Dmffirf to be done Fur i!ic tjuiet aud Gaftly of r Kinplain. I e?ilnut but l>,li«-e, lliat the linpa and Mebcllion ■ Had I, fillet my orn IniHIr EH: .._.. .. ibcTliioiw.eTe —laldiniiJ RfllRKBi 1 iuil I, .,. -.., .,-. aiuhnec, iimdol the Liben/ and i'njiKity of my Sulyci'lf,' I IboiUd lea -mniti n any Eaia^oiin lo alM.-ne ibe JU- IcfliuiKul i>inl\'.pl', 3:,d'rn» rhdi and Ciifi. a™; iaineMindi of my K-vpU , nbirb our Ewiuia im- Iiiorc tf ibcir orni AclTaniaEc, liy (niiuiiH I'lwji They depiLijieall Pnijicny ihit uvetiL-din the I'uhliik Fumti and ili.-ii cumphiiiuf till! lu.r Stan: of Crediii '|-h^inake an Khcri'an; ot Ihi NaiioiEil liipems nco;11iry,3iiLl tllel^ I, tbf MUchicb'sud pdaiullk^ wbich ihcy alone ciealeluid occiruin. ' I mill lor nothing itinn; ihiu to foe I'-i Puldick Eanencn leilencd, and tile en.-ii Xatiutnl Debt |ku into a Method of bnag cradiDlIf luluccdaod 'liiaui^; vrilh a Qrict KegacJ tolailumientary Faiibi And a njow Svourabls OppooanJIy couU never baM tmn boiwl Fur ibm the Glan ot nrDfuumI Vi'areivhkh w now luvoy wlih all our NeichboBrfc JUuC . Fubhcfc Crcdi- rdU ajreiji laDsiulh imdet IhiT/ AfaltM aud ApprehenCoiB oE PubEcfc Daarcri aod,ai tncBn^uaof our peace lare IwcD able to biiag thi) immcdias Mifrhief uinn ID, notbini; car. prevent thein Ftoni continubz to IuIh •^■'- "- •"--. ando,nfiant;);ir™ll«andfii.tnirrt :a] and Tijjoroia Relolutii^'aF 'ttaii ^^ip^'^ 1, by tonlendinK. It ■ oriuyKcUmi tfaendal McalbrB of ailoq latlm, OaA. it. Ttra Unmble AddndTei Af bMll llnjd'nor Arliamcnl.nnd that of the Convoraiion orCan- (crijuiv, futl (if loyally and Dirty, have been puFenTcd Id kbjMajrilyr ivhith AddnfiU hs MaKV «^ PleaAd't^ rcrtirevciyf^rioufly. And 'liinocdmibinl butthefieiilr BllicTvno. ol (be ftirfiament n«l Clergy, »o lii< Msje(ly% fVrfun ami Gove;niuent, will put sn ETJ to_ihe TnyleroS iiibpa iif [Iwfe-ivbo are Enemlato lwlh.> - /inJ«u, a?oi. ji. Tr. fiW Ihot a Scheme or Dranfcht .of a Cuuj'j,rnac7 wai fbonil amrmfe Coanlillor lai'\ PitKO^ r.TsJ wiin hiT-timrHniiilrwheftWrihBlTa'iwr ini to laie lK5i.fir.'t Ha-J, llic ftlwfor St/jh'riHciV Fvl on F.ttjana Cftiin JX-fpcnJoo 10 De at hand, who, under nnitiife uf V?'=a^a AITilhinn;, irat to hare ranrdctM hii MaJcHyt and rM' .1 rcry pnt Niunber oF dUadeflcd pertua were to be iil]i' ndilcil in Liiicojn'i Inn-Fieldi, to ppt UieToivn iiniiK< dialily iaia rbej^'Uat QmfuGoD. iVi fti. IT. l^tl Wnb iltfi Tleitr.-nil Mr. Oram, Mlnifier of ihe Ep i.-cjol Cbqrth at JlAhJ.canK frtoil lieuM with a lYli- tioii fnwi Twiitr of ha IL-arvn, (ivho arc impriliincd Eir Mi;uDiig to jety Raici lo llie JWlnrtttian Mlnifio oF nrillttf) lu the Li.iit, (jovimaur, nh^wiiS tlic Advieo oE the Cliun- ri[,-|inn.:L.M Mr, Unim lo ule Lir Inlirreft for their Itdief in tlw FKit MiiiinK oflbtOriKral AnLnibly,lb« Men bd» iiraiilun'd by Virtue of ibcLansoflhs/VoviHi-e. - WchavcAilc.RfnTniiheJkin'nanliibat keoMen,undei tlie romnisal dF C^p:. Ilannrai, an: i;Dne to iJotigimicI:, ia qoitc of ih« Ir.di9ns aul i» to ftnobliM, iualcr oninajd nF Co). WeObiMfc. Tttlulaaoilierpaily dr toinictu \ cIlcMay Momlnic atont 6 of clocl:, A FIr linkc out at' Mr.BluliriWDri.-huu-E in Cuididl, which burnt a conlUi (lU leut oF Ihe ItMf bcFoKic ws talingiSIIiBL le Nam It tie ' ^ Cyjju Pint, fi(7«. Bnfred Inirenlj. Sanlel Jjv-tfm Inm KeiT-IIaimjffliire, Jonolhaji C mjunin for Souib Camlliu, Charley Wb it FuJdTtosi Nl Cti/HuaefiitHnlfr: Llia.von!Liedtl«An you, of the enrjordiiur Siunah.T, for iheWen; m.iv,juImEoifier,. , -.larle^WhifFuJdtrgai' NUitU ipSaiafi Aoml.andoa, ^alniianl AurJit Antoi FWcher for Maryland, ja:.... ..._ . {olin Trobridm for Noah amlna, J, . adaup and laid bcibttf of the enrjoidiiury Chirp: ihac liai bun ineumxl iha ibebcfcnreandlureiyoFihe Kincdun) and' ahfoluray otxif^.I jacsh Hih^"lW"i*i«ton:' ..i.jituiuiinni;iiiiij.L-. HI i= pliion.ll an I biubeKite r the Serrnre of ibi V.arftruinKi AnJlllopc the proviEom wiiich theTn-afunaldc |irjfl.'« ot r - "■— iro made ntvdfiuy for ou; Canucon Safety, I rugabty, ai vei? little to exceed ForNeivIondon.-'Wiirj I lull yuu of what inlin'u Conceni it iito ihe ce and Tianquijlty of ibcKuwdum, ilui Ihir'li^iauxnt olil, upun Ibii Oitrallon, euit uufoCdvd wiib a more than on!insry!i.al anil Vimor^ Aneniine Unity nmonj all that Eanr.lyn.Ui»i:ll tuilH:pn.ii.ul Uiabti/linieiit ii now uecaine- ablbluiely ncodliry Our EncniiLi birc loo^ Iube laLen Advaniam fnjni yarn DilTtiMinid Dineniiomf, teiit b: Anon-a ihjcih^ Spirit of l*o|x:ry, whirii boUa r.otliin^ but ConruConiothiiCitil and Kclii.'Kiui Ri[;kUDf a Pisnota.-it 'i and Kiogiken I (however abandoned Ibfnc few may Let iliD \v^^ fei:, iLat IliD ^general ilii-ioli- {aiwo it nu luviuitiuu id a Fsruii^ Po^ki to inh and Kiogikeni (however abandoned wncfewmay indeFpitc of allObligaiwni Divine[3nd Iluivne) liu fo far podl-fi'd my paMiic utojuakctliem ripe fur iueh a fpHG bell nnv i^hlLtddphia ToHn-bouIIcd Fbmr, to Iw ■'' fokl I^ Mr. Willioin Oak in MiidHiiV Hon, at Tivent]'-tlgiit Sliillinnpcr RDndied. A Senruii Btrtt Tune far4.Yisu>ta1xdUJiDfidof, Bb '^ ia oboQt id Venit of Aee, out can keep AeeoaimtJ Eujalic DC ibe Slue Bail in Umm Sticet, and luKnv fiuucr< ■t • TZr J Ptifcr /vKJi^ff nM 'wlf& Jb geatrpi na Aer^aart inlKJia nal Ciieary, Bi lo r.^:area Jarj^rcalir tfasAtrgi IbfTiitbitc-kirJiiiatiUnii rflbt aier pidJiefP^ifrti xvxritvAt'ditxilriiii i,i^c PcUiji.T l&ali pnttr l» gtvr itii pailicl ivhii iirf oaf Asve peialaJ lit :^c PcU!/i.T I • /jtfTwri^fHTe* y imjt tvm uJiriiJ in ila taUic PrlalK :L jkl, l>,T^m..ii a Wfrrvrf BOSTON. Friiitcd aud fclil by Dekjamik 1?ranki.im in Qioccu Street, wJuJi; AdvcrdTcniciilf an takiai in. »• « jBumo. I. TheBoftoftNewj-Lettef: «f our Gncraoi Soveraign the Quta ^utiUBfjeti bj Slutljontp. From ^anHa; AprU 17. to ^QtlDa^ April 2+. 1704.. tmtm flfiapP^ fma Dtamt. jJ U 4/i. 1703. LEitcn fiom Saibnd bring fi the Cupy of I Sheet laulr Piintod there, Inftimtcd, A fl^MMl Almrm fir Scodand. h m L,t flim a Gnliiman Im ihi Oilf, t* Sii FriaJ ihi CnaiiTj, aiutniiii£ ihtjnfmt Dmtir 1/ MiM ihi OaaitTj, , ... 'k KiMiitm and tf iht Pnif/Iani RiBpu. This I,cUer talcei Notice, Tluu PapiOi rvrarni in tbac NaDon, that they mffiett moic avowedly thin fahnerlf. It that of late aaaj Scoict of Frielti and JcfuitEi anr coma thither fram Fnnce, and gone to •the NortlijtD ihe Hiohlandi tc other placet of the "Conntrr. Thu the Miniftcn of the Highland! and , Nonti pra fn- large Liili'of ibes to t^ Comraip tee of Ibe Geneiol AOemblr, ID be bid beliue the frivy-Council. Il likewifs ohferrei, due ■ gn^t Nnmber of o- ther DJ-aSe&d pcrfoni are come ovei rram Frma, imder pictcnce of accepting her MijeQy'i GiacioDi IndemnKr 1 bur, in reaiii^, to increile OiviliDni in tho NaiKHi, and 10 enierain' 1 CoirelixuKlence with Ftma: Tim llieir ill lateoliiuii an evident from iheii lalkiiw b!^ their owaii^ the IdccrII of the pietcnded Kiif Jamai VIIL (heir lixRi Cabab, and their bnjniig up of Anu ud Ammpnition, nherever thep can fiml them. To ihi* he add* the lite VViitiwi ud Affinga af lORie dijiffedcd peifom, aaaj of whom are lor that Ptnendcr, that ftveral of Uiem hare decltr'd they bad rather embrace Faper)> than conform to the prrfeot GovenimenEj that the^ lefufi ta pi — ht the Qaccn, bat ufe ibe imbipioiit »ord Soi nign, and (bote of them pnr in expicK Woidi be Ule King and Rojal' Family 1 and the chiriublc ■nd Bcneroui Prince who hai Ihsw'd them (o much Kiniuc&. He ILkewife takn oolice of Leilera nc hxif; tto bond in Cypher, and diicAed id Perion uieljr come thither fiata St Gtnaaau, He Eijn ihn the greacell JocoUtct, who will no ^ualifie themrelvei by talcing the Ojths to Her Ma jefty, do now triih the Papifli and their Compani on* from St. GenBAni fee up fur the Libenjr of th Sabjeft, connaiy to their awo Pdndplet, bui meer- 1* to lieep up a Divilion in ihe Nation. He addi, Ual ihej igraram cbofr thiaea which ihe People complain o^ ai la Svlanfi routing, u> illei* ihem A freedom ^ Trade, &c. and do all the;' can to Fo- it Divilion) betwixt the Nationt, 1 Redccb of thoTe tbingi compt The Jacobitet, he £iyt, do all theya Proieflant in bii Heair, while under ihe Power of Fraaeti (hat he !i ac- quiincEd with the UiKakei of fan Fubcr'i Go- vemmeai, will goveiD ui more according to Law, and endear bioilclf to hll Subjefli. Thoy mignifii the Strength of ibeir own Party, pnd the Weakneli and DiviIidis of the other, in mdci 10 ficiliiaie and haften ihor Undenaking ^ Ihey aigue themfelvci out of iheic Fcut, ind into Iht hIgtitftjJutance of acooaudiOiing their puipoTe. I ASDance fn>m i _ be To impudent; .and lie.^vei ReaFoiii (or bit Ap- prehenlioni Ihal the Frituli King may fend Troop* thither thii Winter, 1. Bccaufe the SagEfi i^ Daub will not then be at Cea 10 oppole ihcm. 3. He can then beft Tpare them, ihe Scafoii of Aftioa beyond Sea being over. 3. Tho Expeftatiun given him of a coniiderable number 10 joya ihem, uiay iocour^ge him to the undertaking with fewer Men if he can but CcoA over a fuficienc number of OScen wult Armi and Ammunition. He endeavours in the rell of hii Letten lo an- Fwer the fDolilh Prciencei of the Pretender's being a ProtcAani, and ihoc he will govern ua according to Law. He fayi, that being bted up in the ReU- aian and Politicks of Fraan, be i» by Education a ftaied Enemy 10 our Liher^ and Religii-i. That the Obligiiioni which he and bit Faimly owe ID ibe Friaib King, mutt neceflardy make him to be wholly at hit Devotion, and to follow hit ^mptet that iT be fit upon the Throne, die three Nattoni mud be oblig'd id pay the Debt which he own the Frtatb King (ot the EducatiDn ol himielf, and for Entertaining hii fuppofed Father and hit Family, And Gncc the King mud relWe him by hb Troopi, if ever he be reltoied, be will fee to fecure hit own Debt befiire tbofe Troopi leave Britain. The Preinuler being ■ good ProGcioit in the Frtaci and Rmijl, Schooli, he will never think hunTdf fufficiently avenc'd, bur by the utter Ruinc of hit Protedant SubJI^^ bach ai Herclickt and Traiton, The late Queen, hn pretmded Mother, who in cold Blood when Ihe wu Sana if Britain, adviled to lum tbf Weft of SruLaid into a hunting FieldJ will be then for doing lb by the grcateft part of the Nation ; and, no doubt, it ai Paini to have her pre- tended Sod educued to her own Mind : ThciefbfB he laya, it weie a grear Madnelt in the Nation n> take 1 Prince bied up in the horrid School of Ingra- titude, Perlecunon and Cruelty, and filled with R;ige and Envy. The jFattiila, fae fiyt, both in StMaad and ac Sti Gtriauat, are impatient under their preleni Straiti, and knowing their Gircun>- llancet caniiot be much woile than they are, at prefeac, are the more inclinable to the Undemking. He addi. That the Fmui Kin^ knows there cannot be a more eScfiual way for himfelf la a/nve at the UnivcrTal Monarchy, and to ruine the Piotellant Interell, than by fetting up the Pretender upon ihe Throne of Great Brilala, he will m all probibilicy ml 'A I and ihi]' he fliouU be perTwadcd that Delign would inifearnr'm the clofe, yet he can- but reap fame Advamige by imbroiling the three Nationt. all ihn the Author condudei it 10 be the if the Nation, 10 pnnide fbr Self defence ; and by], ihac ai niny have already taken the Alarm, and are Fur.iilbtng themFeKci with Amu and Ammunittan, h'; hopet the Goreniment wiO H only allow it, bjt encoiuage it, Cncc the Kati- 1 oufht all ID ippeu ai one Man la the Defeacc DiHSm, Nio. 17. A Speech wal aaJe by a Mcmbt were becinnin 10 form ihemfelvet into Bodict, and to plunder th FRKcdanCi of their Armi and Mincy. And Ihi the dif "-^ed hero held a Curirfpoiidencc wii ihoTc in EagUaa, and were jk'. Out of. bogfi of tc flonng Ibe pretended Prince oF lyala. There's no doubt but there it a Dtlign amon-' Ute Papilb 10 do milehief, and it may be juflly laiS they have begun already [ for Letlert yefterday fay that a Body of Papidi had got together in the County of Llaurui, had marched in a hoftile man- ner through the fcvenl Towns, particularly Aflilting. and had Plunder'd and ditjrm'd fcverJ Ptotcflanti, and killed one Crua, a ProieQani, for appeanng as a Wimeft in the firll Court of Claims' againll one 2H .§»«, an Irlfi, Pamft. It", Jiid^ere are feveral more" little Paruet of Irifi up in Ihac Coun- S, wiilch put the ProeeOaiiB in a mighty nnemation. ZiM'fuT Gazitli Dttini. 16, It ao(4. 1703, If^r^itiiafirr, Dtemtir. 17. HEc Majelly came tbii day m the Honfc of Peen, iitended with a ufual Solemnity- 1 and being heated on the Thtone in Her Ffoval Robet. Sir DmiS ^(tWGentlLinaii Ulher oF the Blact R^l, w» Fait wiihaMeflige lo iho Houfe of Commons, requir.og their A.iendjQcc in the Houfe of Peen, whither ihey ume «co.dingly j And Her Majefty was pleafcd 10 Ei/e Ihe Royal AITcit to jfa 411 fir Graaliag aa A.J f, %r Ata,,Ji, *y a Uad Tajr, u i, raifij ia lb. r«r, Oa, ihufiaifratakaadrtJaadfiar. . ^^'"r. ^'^"'^ "" *lajefty made the follow- ing mad Gcacioui Speech to both Houfet. My Lordi and Gentleman, ^ Tbal I liaat bad Ua,a,m,aUu hf^auutml ,} «r, ilt PralVf., bW i,/«„ „rr!r/ >« i„ Scol- land *; J^aijar,,, fr«a I- ranee, luitVi „ighl bn. paatd ^tra^,:, D„„g,r„„V ib,f, k,„(d^,, 01 j,a win fi. bj lb. Pa»;„laT,, ■u>b;b /hall b. laid brftr. jta a, fx,H ai ibc fivn-al HaaaiaaiiiKi rilaliai U ibii Maliir can- b. fuUj ptrfinii aad mad. failici viilbiat Prijadirr- la lb. Mnn liau, I mat. a, Dsatl, *j,r bt ibii Sm- fiaatlt D.finirj / fiuU I, atU ta ,h. fiab J}i- nilwu f«-Oar S,a.rily, a, will Bjfinaallj Pr.. K-r anj til aafiga.a«Jrm ibrfi Prrai^rut Difig^,. Geoilemen of the Houfe of Commoni, ■ .1^" ^ ?'"-'!?'' "■'"■'"^ r«" Ria£a,f, aad Aff,a.n fir Ih, P„Uici Srrvir., tj Fr^„,f„s Mi fi.arl.j in lb. S.p-^, ^i,b a aafiirrkhl, Por' ' Safpn,,; i d,p,ad nalr,h «,. ™, P. mtb lb. fim. ZaI i> d'■'■■ '*■"■ 'ja-tf "'""7' b. fiflaal and Carrfal^ kai f„ ,b,ir prtfial Fr.- f.rsaMa, and fir ibtfrfitar, Snarilj. ' B>J», April r8 Acnved Cap,' Sill fram Jamacia abo« 4 Weeks Pallige, Cyi, ihey enntmue th^ie very •alcb lb. Rjmaiada^ ,f 'rtfartd Is rltir lb. [ti.~ ,aaj I, dffiat lb, na- a herjoft The Honourable Cot. Mi/i»«r/JB,/>« Efq- it Conv. ■- "'—J- millioiied Judge of the Admirally foT'the Pravincci o( Maffmhaftth-Bai, tlni)-J[imffi.iri, ani/Rbid-IJIaad. And T^sriTnuriNEb. Judge-Deputy ftrt-thcCalanr at Ma^atb,f.lU.Ba,.^ » f J- _ I The 10 the R'd. Mr. Fmhrln Preach'd an E«- cclleiit Sermon on I Thti. 4. 1 1. And'dtmr'ta,* bafi- Ktfi: Exhotiing all Ranks & Degreei of Perfont to do their own wort, in order to a REFORMATION: which Hit Excellency has ordered to be Printed. , The ai. Hit Excellency QilTulvcd theGca. AGcmbTr. Rhtdi-ljlmd aa. The Rd. Mr. Ltilm dyed on Thun. lift. . Capt. Siaairilb hat taken Five Prize* olT of Carrafi, one of which it cume in to Rbtd.- Ifiaad- moftly Loaden with C«H, Ttiaia, Li- jam .Uq. She it a Can-afi Trader, as nil the reft ivere. One of the Five wai one Zerrm a Frmb-mm, a^loop of S Gum & P Patiera* ro'i 76 Men, Fouglit him Board and iBoard three GlalTos i Captain Lariw was lill'd, and ao of hit Men kdl'd Ic wounded : Ciat. Tuiafr.lU wounded ilira' -the Body, anif .five of hit men, but none kill'd, he 'had but 40 Fighling Men, when he took Larew. '- The iG Currant, came in a Sloop to tbi* Port r™m /'7rf.V=,.the M.iffcr. informed Gover- nour Craaflm Efq. he wai ChaTifd hf a Toplol Shallop 0^ oF BIkI Iflaad, x-bich be JudKcd 16 be a Fr.acb Priiatecr, and Ihai ther^ ^ two other VelTeli in her Company, which he judoed er Prizec, Whereupon bit Honour lieiiw ig for ibe Puhlick Weal nod S=fiy of Her Mjjcltici good Subji.as, immediaicly caufed the Drum 10 btac for Voiunticn, under the Command of Capt. lyar.lea, and in 3 or fuur fioura lime. Fitted and ,^lan'd a I).-igani>ne, wiili 70 brilk ymag men well Arm'd, whb Saii'd ihc foiinwing 'Nighe; re- lumed lift Evenin", and pve hit Honour an Ac- count, that tiicy lound, the aForcGuii Shallop, with one other, and a Ketch at TarptHan Cove, who iwre all Fifliihg VclTcls belonging n. .MarUfbtad oc Saltai, who were FiDiing off of Blub-lfiand, one of iliem was a Frinch built Sh::ll.;p wiih a TopOil, ivhich gave the Bccit fuFplcian that they were Eiieiiiict. Ai'«ihIVri,.,d>r;/. 17. Bvaliarquefion>™t™(laa ftom.fiannwii.yWeektPaCa^e.jCijstbeiewatanl'n- baigu in ibacllland feveral Monih<, occsfiMjied by New* ihey hadofadelign ihe FrincbU Spaaiardi had, to nuke adefcent upon them : She came o-Jt *iih ine Homeward bauildijiirfjHFI«I,whoarc gone bon'c without Convoy. Capti?aiiJ/iB in Ihe Eagle Gaily, Sidet for ia,^ in a Month, (l the Virginia Fleet llayj lo long, he in- lei:di ro kcEp them Comjuny Home, if nut, to run for it, b.-ing Built (or that Service. FbilaJtIpbia, April, 1^. An Accoant that the J)/'a^ ■flifrif Man of War was Arrived in H^taad. S. ZcadaiAfril, 111. The Adventure, A Ve/Tcl Go or a Months lime, aDSecttgCHient.. Sicaly. Mr. Nalbana.! Olhicr, place dyed April ij & w London, in three Weekl So^n; Printed by fl. Crat Sold bj Alriiiii Ba«,, « hii 51 THit Nets-Lelter i* to be condnuBd WeeLyf and all Perfont who have ainr Houlet, Land*, Tencmeutt, farmt, Shipt, VeffeU, Goods, WatM w Merchaudixes, &c. to be Sold, or Let] or Servant* Run-away, .or Goods Stole or Loft; may have ihc "■--- 'ifcrted at a Rcifiinable Rate, Imm Taiht 1 /km Sbi/Hngi, and not to exceed : Wl>o may agree with ^si- Caapt.l Pori-mafter of Btfta. All Perfont in Toan and Cuonny, may have &>d Ncws-Lcttcr every \Veek, Ye*riy, upo^ rcalonahla terms, agreeing with Jiba Caaipid, PoSHnaflcr far ir the Old Ueem^Houie. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 13 This extract from the autobiography undoubtedly tells the real secret of the great tendency of postmasters to become the editors of the colonial newspapers, as well as of the great advantages they derived from the oflce in the matter of distribution. For fifteen years Campbell's News-Letter continued to be the only newspaper printed in the colonies. He met with innumerable difficulties throughout this entire period, and received but little encouragement from any source. The population of Boston was 8,000 when the first number of the News-Letter ^^'^^^t,^, *''° ^''*' appeared ; and in August, 1719 — fifteen years later — Campbell declared, in one of his frequent appeals through his paper for a better support, that he ''can not vend three hundred at an impression, tho' some iguorantly concludes he sells upwards of a thousand ; far less is he able to print a sheet every other week, without an addition of four, six or eight shillings a year, as every one thinks to give quarterly, which wUl only help to pay for press and paper, giving his labor for nothing. * * * * It is afforded by the year, or by the piece or paper, including the difference of money, far cheaper than in England, where they sell hundreds, nay thousands of copies to a very small number vended here". Such proportions between circulation and population reveal at a glance the inhospitable field in which this pioneer labored. Neither the times nor the people were well adapted to the creation of a new want of this character. The settlers had lived along without newspapers, and continued to so live after the latter were at hand. There were few stirring events going on in their own midst of which they required the periodical chronicle, and the news from England and Europe interested them only in a general way, and therefore they were content to know it by word of mouth, at second or third hand, whenever it should happen to fall to their lot to hear it. The newspaper was of no aid to them in their respective business, and there was not the remotest probability of the News-Letter containing any first announcement of an event which affected the value of their properties, or even worked a rise or fall in the markets. The marvelous development of the later-day journalism is due not more to the increased popular intelligence or the greater energy and enterprise of its conductors than to the fact that the changes in business and in business methods have made our whole commercial life dependent upon the informiition which is conveyed from continent to continent, from city to city, from interest to interest, from individual to individual, through the medium of the public pre^s. This contrast can be made more striking by glancing at the contents of Campbell's paper. At one time he expressed his regret that he found himself "thirteen months behind in giving the news from Europe". When he did give it, it was in the shape of transcripts from the London Gazette, the ofBcial organ of the British government, which never contained anything the publication of which was not sanctioned by the government. Issue after issue of the News-Letter was almost wholly filled with the formal proclamations, the verbose addresses of deputations, and other like official matter, which then, as now, was very dull reading, especially when "thirteen months late"- There were rarely advertisements in the paper; and it was not until after the revolution that the newspaper came to be generally recognized as the most natural and direct method of business communication with the public. Campbell's powers of composition were limited, and in the matter of home or colonial news he generally confined himself to the record of the arrival and departure of vessels and an occasional brief account of a fire or the death of a citizen. The dreary monotony of the files of the News-Letter {a) during the entire period in which it was the only American journal affords a sufficient explanation of its admitted failure in a financial point of view. Mechanically, it was more creditable to America, in comparison with similar work then done in England. It was printed sometimes on a half-sheet folio, sometimes on a full sheet of post paper with a small-pica type, and occasionally one of the four pages would be left blank. There were a number of weekly papers published during the last census year in the United States, and specimen copies of which are contained in the census file, which in mechanical appearance and in the quality of paper used compare unfavorably with the Boston News-Letter. THE MASSACHUSETTS COLONIAL PEESS. Upon the removal of Campbell from the post-office, in 1719, he met with his first opposition, his successor founding the Boston Gazette. The serene temper displayed in the journal for fifteen years was for the first time ruffled by this opposition, and the chagrin of the editor was not concealed from the public. The Gaaette was owned and conducted by five persons, all of them successive postmasters, between 1719 and 1739, when it was merged with the New England Weekly Journal, a paper that had been established in 1727. A day later than the first issue of the Gazette^ the third newspaper in the colonies, and the first outside of Boston, was founded in Philadelphia, the American Weekly Mercury, " Printed and sold by Andrew Bradford, at the Bible, in the Second street, and John Capson, in the High street, 1719-'20." Bradford was then the postmaster of Philadelphia, and the son of William Bradford, who established the first colonial printing office out of New England. In 1721 the fourth paper appeared in Boston, its first issue dated August 7. It was called the New England Courant, and was established by James Franklin, who had recently lost the work of printing the News-Letter for Campbell. The father and many friends of Franklin are said to have been inimical to his project, "supposing that on^ newspaper was enough for the whole continent, and apprehending that J^^^ ^^ England another must occasion absolute ruin to the printer." (6) Nevertheless it had been left for Franklin f — . a A complete file of the Boston News-Letter for the seventy-two years of its existence is preserved in the collections of the New York Historical Society. "b Thomas' History of Printing. 14 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. first to introduce into journalism that versatility which now began to create something of a public demand for thi&^ weekly vehicle of intelligence. He began by denouncing the News-Letter as "a dull vehicle" and continued by attacking the government of the province and its principal agents, the clergy and private individuals in a free-handed manner entirely out of consonance with the spirit of the age. The controversy witli the clergy grew out of a difference of opinion respecting inoculation for the small-pox, a practice which the Courant opJ)osed by argument and by ridicule. The Mathers — father and sou — were lampooned with a virulence seldom seen in the press of the present day, and the result was an Address to the PuhlicTc, by Dr. Increase Mather, James Franklin and ^^ ^j^-^j^ ^j^^ (Joy^^f^^^^ ^^g denounced as " a wickcd libel", and the wrath of God was called down the colonial goTernment. ' upon the head of its editor. This controversy was followed by repeated attacks upon the government, which, in 1722, received the notice of the general council. A committee was appointed to consider- and report on the subject, which found as follows : The tendency of said paper is to mock religion and bring it into contempt, that the Holy Scriptures are therein profusely abused, that the reverend and faithful ministers of the Gospel are injuriously reflected upon, His Majesty's government affronted, and the peace and~ good order of His Majesty's subjects of this province disturbed, by said Courant; and for precaution of the like offense for the future the committee humbly propose that James Franklin, the printer and publisher thereof, be strictly forbidden by this court to print or publish the New England Courant, or any other pamphlet or paper of the like nature, except it be first supervised by the secretary of this province, (a) The next issue of the Courant appeared in the name of Benjamin Franklin, and for three years thereafter, and probably until the suspension, the younger brother was the nominal publisher, although he does not appear to have remained with the paper during that period. The device was suflBcient to elude the supervision of the government,, and the Courant continued, with hardly less freedom than before, its rough and frequent criticisms upon the institutions of the province. But the effect of governmental opposition was fatal to the Courant. The contributors- to whom it had been indebted gradually dropped away; the paper ceased to interest the public, and finally perished for lack of support. The Philadelphia Mercury, at the time the only newspaper in the colonies out of Boston, commented with just severity upon the re-establishment of a censorship in Massachusetts; but in the way of liberty the publisher of that paper had little to boast. Ifot a year before, on account of some offensive article, he had been summoned before the governor and council and compelled to make a humble apology, receiving at the same time an intimation " that he must not presume to publish anything relating to the affairs of "this or any other of His Majesty's colonies without the permission of the governor or secretary", (b) During the nine years of its existence the Courant received and published communications on a variety of topics from a number of persons, the friends of its publisher. Thus it set a fashion that soon became a prevailing one in the colonial papers, and opened the way for a larger and higher field for journalism than that which Campbell had marked out in the News-Letter. When Green succeeded Campbell as the publisher of the News-Letter, in 1723, he announced that he proposed! to extend his publication to the "history of nature among us, as well as of all foreign and ■ cokiSirjoumaiisni^ " Political affairs, and, agreeable to this design, he desires aU ingenious gentlemen, in every part of the country, to communicate the remarkable things they observe ; and he desires them to send their accounts post free, and nothing but what they assuredly know ; & they shall be very gratefully received & published. So that this paper may serve for the philosophical transactions of New England, as well as for a political history; & the things worthy of recording in this as weU as in other parts of the world may not sink intO' eternal oblivion, as they have done in all the past ages of the aboriginal and ancient inhabitants". Green followed the example of Franklin in this respect. This was the beginning of the outside communication to the press, which soon developed into its most prominent feature, involving the contributions of public men to the discussion of the current political questions, and for several years before the revolution many communications from able writers on the side of the government and some of its first of&cers, under various signatures, appeared in the Boston News-Letter. tofSyT/Jr/af °°' ^'^^'^ Thomas Fleet took possession of the Boston WeeUy Rehearsal, in 1733, he blocked; out a field of literary usefulness for his journal in the following ambitious announcement : The Gentleman who first set up and has hitherto been interested in this Paper, having now resigned all his Eight and Interest therein into the hands of the Subscriber, the Subscriber thinks himself obliged to give publick Notice thereof, and informs all such as have ' taken, or may hereafter take it, that as he has settled a Correspondence with Gentlemen in London, and most of the principal Towna within this and the neighbouring Governments, and is favoured with the acquaintance of many intelligent Persons in Boston, he doubts- not but he shall be able to make the Sehearsal as Useful and entertaining as any of the Papers now published. And the better to effect it, requests all Gentlemen in Town or Country who may be possessed of anything new or curious, whether in the Way of News or Speculation worthy the publick View, to send the same to him, and it will be gratefully received and communicated for the Entertainment of the Polite and inquisitive Part of Mankind. The publisher of this paper declares himself of no Party, and invites all Gentlemen of Leisure- a In Council, July 5th, 1722. Whereas in the paper called the New England Courant, printed Weekly by James Franklin many passages have been published boldly reflecting on His Majesty's Government and on the Administration of it in this Province the Ministry, Churches and College ; and it very often contains Paragraphs that tend to fill the Eeaders' minds with vanity to the Dishonor of' God, aud disservice of Good Men. Resolved, That no such Weekly Paper be hereafter Printed or Published without the same be first perused and allowed by the Secretary, as has been usual. And that the said Franklin give security before the Justices of the Superior Court in the Sum of 1001. to be of the good behaviour to the End of the next Fall Sessions of this court. Sent down for Concurrence. Bead and Non-Concurred. 6 Hildreth's SUtory of the United States, ii, 395, first series. The Connedicut Courant. U N D A Y, \ OcTOUH J 3^ '. iT^f HAR TT.O R D: PAwd by ThohailGkiih, «ibe Heut and.Crawn. neai the 'hoidi->leetinB-Houfc^ Ibnjiri. oaoa ifit, 170^, OF il i)» Am "ilth bxn hen uiirjdif J «»«» tfinltfitrir ine ainioa| Koa^NioR.'Bid «^r<9 • ift R',;ntil<] ud hif.pr unne ippiu lot p^Kf AJ.iaiue -lua Uui Bl.piiDcm. En hOAj A< Fwca. (kmA if irl^jn.Mi'Vjiioaf.liriaKlipJilKirilit iKaeitof liini« UaaiOm- Wnb nlor ibe Ti^ n SnU M Irit il o'tl loibdr IfUcui ^ lU iMi mUo Somraaa ■UcIl die AadcM IviUi An, Mm lio bnufhi loinilnlca mlb ckIi mlur, iLasih atia fa rnwu.a u Ap^rSinuM) rt^hnopM n^, ihc MuKn, Gmuiud NUr oF ill NiUos ud CMntiki i^ ahtiMlr (nBTmiuihciii la FoOnll*'— Uai s« ■H, t-ijii DpiDi u; Ufdiilntli [Iriba AitlntucTil, iFluclkmiillUBtiviggitBererf One,«aorgThi>il»iinilirliiIteiuJva. TV Anlcln nf Nemlmn iheBulciiiK Pipa ((UcKnDiill racrin nnj SUiriir, (no ilie nei^Iiavia Fndteut -A-'ft.ii igirni 01 m. ID be msu uiheniic inJ Incrdliiij Dull iliiirt be cucrelliF InliReili inldui Ore Hill be tiLn ID mllctr Inm Tmui u Tom •!■ domeltie Ocainmci, ihii en iir«ih|> Ihe Nmn at ilio ?abCieti bi obieb.M bin •hnrl be oUlcnl 10 mf el our CsudjKmdciu, ndun iitu|b koMkdtc iltc)r m/hippai^ TV CONSeCTlCUT COURANT, h Spenima oT-Aifl^ die VnSiEdreni uw ptttpmJ .ilk) i«3), e« a« E» BKUruKU be mumiial' iktt Mmdir. bcpimLiif as Moaili^ i^ 'Jib cT NenfiiKf. Hcr Ivbxfc.tsaimfitnieiii «c b«e 11 Jtliivc, br I culliiii Eldemai u nitlci ihii Fipfr eUiiL ul nitnunii^ lat aif n ■ Ctuicl lot Haa, >ia i^uil u ill TbeTe nba DUf bin OcoIhii CB Euka tie er.Uu u AJicniTeb n^bTnipioiu [er lUl ^Dn> will be uta Id *ii be Priulia-OBct, Dar 'Iko Nsnb-Mectliit'Ttaile, In Hollgfl BOSTON." CKUibcr I. IT D 114V 1UI ^r CUhlop ip pal 00 mAiniln^ or itir (oe Barcft rcb^ioji, ahtcb will iiike a itiv^ to ImKnloT b (D be hnpaied n n In &a, due at fercn? of ibe k I. afiAmtkra, Nihktii ^^And due Urme co h pmjnu la rctmi^boarulnrsBiill c ip f Bttl, tibDp Wf hrn dw t/ kDrAuat IHi to Ckiblill aujKlTCL ndier ibm bn inrtn n le f^^ < - _ b &ul nenfiiiT «' >" ebuiii itiiA, . We bni ibiiihf Uudiblo pnZI'iccef liiEiliiv Iinairbin>- The pmlinii 'ulenllti biTe (call nmjb, nlallihc Irnre 4woi HltJf ID ill iliD DciEaliBuritig in™, jMd II sere la be 'i>n BK.uJibcpraboodUcDccoblmed Id rcbikn wihtifiiP CnQ adcn u> tliR cfleO, ™~ j-iirto.Ji n fudied dai Ibere ne Ibeie Cnioui iffdn on dii ^'i;''/! Ji Hii Mjjeflf la Ctimn wn ti'i d>r ttaU ejircij ud lAe iiiDitlo,u dieniui h ajpticaiioj iu fncn " ™". ™' ™ F^daimafc «likll Kisdi noiWi » t> lia i«] liDd, end Oun of war m b^uie la iH die Tloildir dw i&h of ibn iabu Aoiult, Ouga'belbnhei jjidiof ibclb^lom lidi si-n iidooi duoncT. BcUb, pnRKacd 10 Toeldjr, obe ;odi af Oflober Den. - ,v..> ... . — i.»r. 1 ftmirn Miol- f'/w} "■ ^^' »Tiirili!il>'iiv63ni(d, liiiioaiiBmiB il«.ieri,i>b« f ?'= ■ ofcrtm ftioajJ, nUcntd Ae oaxffiiY e* renal- - ■ ■ , „ irj 1^ cjdei sn, u 1: SIS Rimii, «beb U i^osbr •iQ .. ., , liir M tScSuSy iCDHxnl mt Iefii», ■ aomms loacn of .„. ,-.. . ,. „ die .Me erame^lnn IbnD- "Wnwo md fpaitaa biiiij ggitid rj.oS ill dicir it. nl bei«tea n.o coons one nf uhab, bf man of irf eea- "™n 1" beadLieg iliii h^dn beidcil ranSa oai of oT Clter. li^ now In ibe bandi br.& it (jENOA, Jnlf jS Hu RovjI lUdiDeA die Dole of ^f;."'""'"'? Ihujeia h=i3jdeof it^ Vwl«medhenih«n™«iiiiperrtilal!h. M'-B cf d« EoDn orci wllK^ ihe^&n^ uny wen - Iln no)il lli;)inefi >u tonrluDctiird b^ ibcpmnmru aUiml 10 poll in dx liie tctt if Miniucil, in mv lenl- b( Ninlios of riMa de Millie D) fi.or, ilie Pneie of I'tcdmoni, iiid .ifae °™ Mnuillr.En InOicDclneciUiely unrrd rnvEpm Poll of Chibtiii, ind ihe J.r follMuQ ba H^ Hlgt- CrrOit idrKc bu been leecn^, dut ijic lj>e ifponef Mijrif, Thr torn i>i^i lunn| coded NAr-Oricm 10 the Spauudi, b nqniEcot bppn aaa iETHilall wire men iidiePeite, eoroelf wnimi fiMnbueo. • hxb bn Ronl lliihcdi ocespni end no dniifier, die Aeeeriu^ lo ds Ul idneei Ihxn Ni;4c, ibc i 'nm fl CuitUD. >bo ws In ibe iouebt Cliitn isJii " '"" >>f'«3 lui ilindr iiDiiiuited id' bcneen iF . . . I from dimee 10 ftf hit refpetb 10 , „ liD RoTil |]n>iiK(>, ikham be inriied id dioe aiib bin ^ '?'" ' II kli bcudS fell of Ruou) B^irn be Ekevila uted • ^' J^|^', UBiber of diB iDofl CB9f|W00iii of die [ ' dioaluid pcD|^, Jn Three ipnilbEiDioii loll, ■lueb eb — '^ - ■ 'lia,bribeUsdei^SlindrorM ^ foiiiia rbi ,. dilwe Eumec ifndbaiib fteid.id P^-C'K^liitaiibJJa^ilJsbrufjntit'a^aABL cf Kmgaadjaili'JaiJji^lfii.ja.a/mimadB/.'^ J JiaSaaJjoil6ficiJjUII' '"..''^;::: — 'W wiiie Gboi Uibon, dm aamiicn at ciwJiili ttimeB HdiGUE. Tbef wnic fim Midnd, dui dui Coon dajlf enter dier^m ibeie, la jcrrg « bond Ui M^ tiepniuuleicalindieiJlhvoi Lilboa'ieaDQnaiijIoiniur Futbfiil Miiefll^ Odh ol' wii; tW Amtcd la>ii^ ii] .upiKWuc lUr la and lud Moodir died B Wliacn, IkTiUkxi, Ik Hso. Col hite), •bit'i BcUher tbe Coan of Snn nor ibit of Fiisre Oiwif, In die TSdi jen of bb ik on fee silboia > jolooi rjre. efjiceiill. n die FouBMii ,f.™/;ii. A.tponii pienyemTem n die EldendirikB ftcm polhi dcToirl in tbe nitidl of die Conn ef Giai Imni. lEu ■ eernin cm pax peitwage lllll)' opieed' ■ Biioift miL Hhoni thej Ljie DOi hiag fiDct coccloded i ddire tbit ibe inponiiiiia of Fieoeh isimi&aaRi might be turn, jma bi eonrequcDee of >bilb ibe Conin of, Mldnd Aide ftlonj fx oat IDetUPe of die Pirfameill. inJ duC ■nd VnbiVa biTc Bfnxd lo coaDtcnn dm vf Fonggd, ia die a mm of ibc' mioaiilt uiicle Qwsld >■■>" be feed a rile [be Iboidd aiumfi agf lbia| Bgiuid tbu nsauii lup fum, « osridbDed Ei oKsdii. jk-^A ,„«„„„ We ba, iJh, ibieecoUeEnbitmdllBMiBt.j^'J* !il,Jafa'i,7idft\. In uf«i n die'iRR^uaan nude Tbe pmesded' Pnrce of Aisoli, it Pua pnm ra be u brboMpdlrtAndiiC-danilteConcitfMidrrf, oponibe bnpaftor. and wil ibcnHbre ulen op, larinz muler diet ^,e-lmd«boB«flhe„^..eGo1,e^larS^J«om.a«db■ afc title. ™i«ied drf- ». lirp ™S. ,n fcpp« r 1. .L. »...,. ..L, -aatKaaic UebidbRD^leinBttoeg Irdk fnxrc&Bff mdi liie.BiuilL ubjecii coploTed Id n ,■e^!a^?l, »« wii loj tt\nt In ^ bie FcbeBjn Is Ses- b^d 1:1 die y'tir 1^45, and a Ciico feriVJ m h'm-i Tha 'CSc^i'Tr d InduR'ie lud ^e*y prejer ue', he nu eoi ■ Tie SiDowlnj •! ll'" igiin YctI loi KiJ. . ef Coifici. Aiibeoeu ^iihbBiiir^ n drep efihrclv three lerr nuteiul pnjseeaiiou igimd loo'c luenoJDfliTaefihePnHi. A„.-e}i. We m inbrmrd Mr. Pill ml 10 be in louca Eira>df7 rtcnkng In conEeiienCB of fboe difpaicbei fesi on Vtiinf till WednehUy c« pwiralii boat bi the eiiy, ii b fj 1 lUd OBt 6ofiOci, b die public fiindf, nlikh.alorg bici^ e ihTr^ due tbe^ ci Ic'c 3 peoftt o nine my fnb- f'-dfLnp duffii to enybod^, or clK [ aouid mkA iheia the Oik ef itt Crnilin^ Canal hii brAighi laro Coyn ■ En«ltr. tidiiliesmiToiiinf TcienbMiJ. 1^ Tideliiiea ud other OSetn ore id fu'peDda], od -Bvrajniof die lute quaattiiei of Modi due aeie fiijeicd tit be euned ^ DuK u DlaekinlL T>>cie II now I ulk ibai ga old &> gun (bip b to be ftuioaed fcr dim fcin la ibe pilf* of Hondaia Uie H lo nde Cctamdo^, asd ac: a> 1 gaarJ .Qup to die Irgwoodcouen itu^i/i n./ Tbef niic frpeo Cadn/oT ibe inh bIc. dm the iGien of Biibuy of bie luf e ben eery uoubieJome oa T nni ^ dial Bay are In dinger of being i In Alieriae Gdboi ii ukcn I y iba Spu I CifthsAuii, after a Qiirp aeuoi^ In i m BCit tilled, and 11 woaud.-d. , rhgle pri^ienT J dui iind of zanwtf/ ii eaid la omouai to loni bad pounJl Aeibn^ Snnelciicnjon Reared from Mr. WdtetlDpiua, liiB grzidk- muifl ibofe Gmdeoun bbo ere (jil 10 hire bid cDoriicTaUc bciu of hji f;wcd^ meni lo Bugbndi o hoc die teaJl mentioD b nude.iD any of dicni of focb a deign. We can lOuic Ibc Pubbe, that dirre Dadier li, Dor eicr nu, any fcbcme piapolcd let ippolniing ii Aicb biOiop, or jdor thin four BiHiDpi, in oar AoicricsD PUDUtioAij or for plac- ing ihcm cUcaKeiE dun In rbe epilcopil edooiet, or fcr Jiii (iJillop»dlt>ep«inc.ifiEan.lolherunlierei-' A ■jra.t Bumber of SHSDcmiCw an enUiUag ii Urei- lc b Cid fer^ ioipo.^ Ac RDoie ihej- enrS ib.i dicir diTpbit Mdi ihe Coon of Fdi-upl wd] be £ioD- lermbuied. [£oREh die taediidon idpbuilii iny Ann. of oioDcr eapmW Jh gcncniBlly br CKil-Biiialn, in tbe dodddg ind luiiiieniDciror dielr pit uwdlaiurledacaiaaDuc Iteelrcd of ibe lo£ fellilned br Mr. BlidD. loprood e„,™, ihe lime .« to be I,anfai„a mwfne, that ibcir b BOi all did laKle wiilicoi l^ome fin TU piice of mfunoee of Oiippior lo ihe Welt Indin. wn OD Gimrday mcrmng odraoetd nao ai half per ccdi- above die eCul prcmiaTii. By Ibe. Cniucndca Eift-Indafflu. Cirilin Bonier, fniB Beogd IK lors. i^i Muulh b nor jei delireied tp lo ib< Efdnardi, owiagv the Ibip hinr^ tafllm pmage dui'irfa diffouhcd iherc. An erpenoKflt vai Dnde in FieidiFr, on Sanirdif, by cvc Milrei of Franer, in order lo nute rbeir Gae fbip wfarch li iffi^eii Rooeaj ind.'as they foeretd,! bi^ ScdF-hoJeb K^n lo be eieQcd to earn ou ilui mieala^tuir. Tfiey ante Ufa Lipbdc. ibii (be chapter of Q'tti-tf, htl Cear curolu leuen |}I ortt Germany, (onlkiM ibe diOt^ CDeeBiihihciefcoef of Hanovn- iboui iheir Bif&p ll b laid dial a bill mil b: brought in ncn Sd£ooi, lo at ude 1 dcfcDJoni 10 damagea and colli, lo eilb of fabc Ieh ■INTELLICENCE 'EXTRAORDINAItV. Dr^, Jiilys^. We bale (be flUibi'liDa of inlbmmig Ibr pobbe, ibic (be Libeay, Jchn WilLo, Efq; vbo ins rrponed bbim over m tut call by a riekm nerlliolF triad, vhlcb pnKeeded from die bigblaadi of Stoiliad i lod in in pilDge Jul door gitai dimagn dm Itde i>ic Tweed We bear dK Uiip Itlr,- Icmpll and DeinnQiirT, (nheb iffiai.oihilM 1 b DOW IcuPbie hi^ illiie ' tbdc liiFaJuie ilaayi ' ibnogbldie ukeSnfftliL An itrTparalTlc dcl^d bit bcai diKDTerEd DP baud ibe Dorr Capt Sniin, I furrry being mido apa i her by oleio'l cwjr die Ii ordaid op 10 Toner abui; ipJ u hcr bnd n i rer curloqi piece of (vorbnanlhlp, U o lo be iilm nS acid pbcc^ ham good Prcmiuai for fueb IntelU^eoeri ai there erefooic few of ibeChldrcn ef die Gcndniinnirai hi PovcrllilluD- VIlAltLESTOIf'.V, ISca/^CiriJ-wf Stpirmttr ij. The eommlAioDen of Sb Mnj^Oy'J collDini hiio aroint ed Mtp Robcn LIghilboc lo be collcltor of rho coitoon at Uie taim md portorDtaaforE, Pon Royal. Id tliii pioviocc, Wilfaail'f'S, (in Ctr^wn) irfl/mhr 14. Ellriulriib ill ei- TcdidoD II die lennl yacdi, and liteivlfe norci of ill kuidi tn diem( u duipielcDi nuoidiy Omni 10 be delennliinl, ii aD erenu Vf bare dlan put inio a ptrqw Bale fru die (b feneij bat ll b a qaelLon nbeiher diey wiU be leidy f) J" foon a ibey an winicd, cjpeciilly fn-wux of fnnicB. " The Ulraii Caaiu cfAnpal 14, Infonm bi. due In ibe P laB ConTemiee Mr. Pill bid widi Ui MijeOy, he cmcny " TTcded fa die remcitloD of Ihe hue m on cyder ind nen/t " Bm ihcT do tm uliapon dietniUiy whit rtginl UiBli. ■" jdli pitd 10 d-j (bUciuihni. "^ P" OoeSnlierudicBzllcBai^Ihe tun bufold ootwidi- " fcibbmtk ibora 40g^i»L la limdi, by commit fina MtWilIetb Brae too Piril la ftAiiine, in onJcr to pii down, coih^uded by ivKiic Mca, 41io have lived wiifi ihe In^ dtlDI, BDd turned BI lanige oi ibey t but fueb Difpoildenl ai^ DulieibriidhiDgand InEeitcTHlniiheDii ibarh b hoped iht)! will nor hare in OpfonLJEiUy of rmnniiiine any Ouinit' Sr \V-druni lobKa kai foK feme tfonhem laJaai u Hn Fill, lo redaim die Ohio lajluu, and • gtncrd Face a fan HBW-YORK, OaOlrl. RxlnSef aLrUirfnrwtEnelmi.^alrd Jalv \*, 1761- -Thcnbare bctnTeienl diingi befuro mir (lo^to/Coa linous Id AnuHcai fame hiK been dopv , .be clptnco your defcncfl bii eijfl ihB niL«i(_i.nS an you bliiDc ihco] for fuch I condufiou J [1 It 'i ' r^M- nl to lafec it Amlhe Praoibl'* ZTKialhtfgrrl.^'trttJ tf BV cm piaJigaliiix ha ai art amUtt^fi^'i aia . Theyin '^'hA'r -1 bi been muuUied la the lorelBi fmc Chnlliuli,— Thii Hxpe Cogulu uunui fninlcd die oeit wHlooi 0) puluQ^cai, 10 ll . on the ctult cf .Nenrouodund, Lilnidor an HudEon'i bay ^ tncy Old nrard ibii )i Jjii;e bl ' ' ab'd lb the feUowlr [0 vcD ifiiprorttt by able vi vi finiiin; and u ibcre arc Icreie xodliei loctjn'd apoa car- Tuddiy Vong ihccp Of ^oaJ liiHn EL^lan^^Thie the Scorch aie 10 tjicir jirad m, rbic place. Dnjcla by iDC addiiioD ol^hlao 10* waidi to (lien oimck. 01 HDCnile can oeifuidc ibeir bcoich D^ibrta Oiden ■bai ir-c) ^rc 0/ mat llngdeeL^ rue ihe aoD-uieiiuaTKe of indiei, m J laruui nobl' peer nfeoide^tietiec 11 eixn, iDo' lent lor ] tween im Ciaa, rmien araDamOcd the o^fiiy-— 1*^1 ibe icaioa of a to jrelin fdddcD tntaa of I eertain ptai pcrfeaage to E.iflaDf , *ia 'in UHd'ute Dnwwn ibe tva conlcDdinc panio. tawwn un-'IeT the dtle of milonif ud nunoiitu.-tl^i in inliitf 10 ihe Bn- 1 •01114 be Ip Gdicry A Oup mtb (<» Ucnnao Pmcaana I. i.._ --m-mftnijiniJiBEabcin I'aniol dm A Isje Sbip Wond to PhdsdcIphB UapcMc „. the KcT. Mr. SaidiBu, bid 10 be the E Lciiin OB the Rer. Ml. UaiTiy^ ThcRB and ihe Kconett of lercril petlona Ik'hai i*'ice di& poUJc hlannri'it MabnlHiU'ni diuTonj nigh ID bcnxDc Frafdyin to bu Tepeu. Oa - "P, bidl'Kn^lh ppen and trtien biuy Id ralbog rccinitL and oe! ID be Elifpaleh^l bi "re ctxry imi*-" — mail for ihe n t9- bpiDiaAb mbA n I Mpeil'y A&tncan liil^e^ 1 aM ihc poru in the aeaird iCliida cniirclc Inc. Tbe HercJimy I'ri-c Stadt Holder, »iiS the Pule of " " MaiOill nf ihl Duieh iircti, oniEcd placei id hoUuelticxt Qsp nf-wu It oae M ih.- I ,. Uisdi to be abandooBj en iHaadl in die WeH-lDdiei, I KI1.1U leDnn every dung ihrfem id ibe Fire "r^JiOi Iblpa Bridi too Fibtme paflengeia- I ll uB the 1ft of JODT uD, and to male Dcn an. iilditn. palled ibc Nccdlea Sir PbiJidrtphB iniga Bbkh my dT bu Milenri nlbjEtb Cbniplilnii fnun Ncir kngbod, ibii snieti the avi luUaiKd ID conlnienice of lite lul em (0 Ihcii ..-IT kngbdd, iL ImpratUcaMc. P^' bmlul r.inout pajiog fucn Urye . 1 Ihe bpatuudt>- (dui cSkI ileide- lobe had. u it o Bip^? therawei ktlred-pope Di m to inreiEDien Eor diipt nf m-cr in Ec.diBd.-No 1 -oripunlen on ihe Ainoai m ih ibe apinardi boi ibe L— -^.^ liaviDi, beiDg DepurNl Giuog OBt ^ D/ ut [umcniiH Dinn uiiuii>, f iiiul oluai jlorinerTI Idppbo, OoT lift I III ftlig'a to aprlT 10 die rrcnh lOaDdi Ibi nie fgMHcim of diied the il ,__. _. , ._. 4hai Duiaerow oegij ^ rfhicp hn made Spinllh gnld lod and irne cncmijwd Qo Uie aiher Bdc^near'niiibgTg. Elreiio bf plcnir ii Mininimlbi fcme rnoBiurall. — Till Col BuJiSreet «(b die inny an'- " It n laid ihi.dieWeR-lDdiei wnrd oocfaelbe onlyquancr Hill 11 5c Duity, ninug fa die if VlliiEd^ ibe Dienol aw Cuing out lu the dillereai para of execute die vnclool icconur-'" bne bngdom ; u ihe Den at Sfiihcid, wlicn Joined miib ibofc laied icnnL^fhe lodlud hi a Uiiaibini Hill conGRof nloe &u 'of itie Bnei and 1 qi IC3 rcadcmaiif a Vlymoai - and dunt. if they eai LK" ^ppieal tnr CDUII la pa Iftc iraii^bont Id ll 10 gee Q diTir vioter Bold, apd niioiB aninll ibfm uB ihe lo- re pmnndofv. jod ihi on b plt^iod all our UTcnIire , ... ^ -oh. piinfal Icrrleei of ibe year ituder*d enuiely olclcfiL FeBiialun uLoM'Ybrh, aho lutton ater fuffmog the moB prnvdhiog and emd cf|irt1BDD " dI their imidacaidc mliec diai ihcy could pofibiv lorcp^ _T, — ||_L^ j.^ .1 r^_ _- r. u jj,^ g^^j ijjji -fiuT'bJ"^ 11 ID the Tbe Lord Hrde packei. Capi. ^Mdiid. m in of fema FahsDgUi. beliirdCipi- Godoata lided fnm ihtuec ... ... ..tj-p, _. . ifaudt— Tb If. ll IDC I IMUlDlcillut^lb re cDalidff- Yearofberi HARTFORD, October 10. Id pie 1 idnjelut. deraned ihu Lde, [n die XI(Vih rBfberAge,lnn.GARAhLORiyi:bnl«in>Mr.Geoi>> I ol thn ToBU, Meichui. and lio uly Chdd of i$i ie left ll ine Engldta 11 Hnoouni amauna iKD. Dinlel Ednardi, EAl ~ ki Ibaoa lofinoo. — ThatiBobie LaB aumdir fe'oighi, lad'd frgai N 1 1 my high cninoer |o a neigh- the '" ""^ - — ■■ — ' -'-■—>- - _ _ ^.^.. u lent Bttk dif[q[eba af die BIOK r>iri^ncnce to Ihc Lirl of hirQeid It t'anL— rihil fd b£ a liuhl of lotieb naiucal 1 Cool J and rhii acemiB noDje ».- -«-f-w... . — _— ..^ -^- — — ,, — -.- -- ---^ . -. Thai It na eompuird itan by cianpiiw i^ie indo Wilh did : /'m./, ^Jj-oyifc and /.vrriy of ihc P.-upIc; anj (wDtfclhcljnii.luiJ(xrcjrLdbyllictikcDt[irrct, ihe Teople tuvc dcp^ncmal into nrr, Vnmj gU^Sihirj, > E^t and fhtaj are iIk ramril Strnio-or Liinif. and where ihel'c abaund, t4in>*i and [he lit>tnlAntl1fiurilhi Nfolt of ^KdiliwitkGovtnimcnMDf thcWorid Iiavc cf iii>^, tiid,conrEqucnEly Aiiik iiiMtheiiiDlt poij Sate of Iparmct. , Cunftta Shvirj it indeed 1 Siaie at Hitinj, catafttci with.ihat 'vhlchpiCTailiinibcoihcr ibrce DivilioniDr .Ac World, becaufe ibcrc aic M.-n Tanioui for IKaowlnlgc and Learning, nnd rumeot ilual _Jfi*Hj und Cariftfluitti arc tUc iWO Brerf .teanxiofXwBrfnftMh-'"-'-'-'--'- ■ ■ won- -Edncarion or-ClillJrtn, (in a minncrj (Iprrci PuriiTiij, and dcfraudt our Coiimrv of ihofc I'erfori), whoiriiliduc Caie imphr n'sld •ncminciiiMguicin ihtlrjcriutU of How-mucfi our roHcritf flrc like to Xc beholden lo ui for our Caic in ihn Maicrr fTimc will diftovcr : We hive Wifely indscd, BpublicL Laws u!:tn Care of ilw lirecJ of orki.-anj inall LndnvnunnciolKucroiu; KliiJi of Frui^ llur, Uwri Miimi /limmU Gnuii ■ N«i*Ta diam rH gum [m latgg, [.itmi i.i WhatiiihrreinNaiure fodnraiaMin'i ,own Children tohim?-ii all iht Uclteihon X IhallatPfcfcnimakcninhuri'uJioaicNtBliccnE or Criid ill ihc liducalion'ol il«™. " Mr. Bradfonl [ rUafl niiictTI ibtfill.ii'irfXjiitnuhCiuiij .SBBitxtefKanvlBfit, llleUfcfulncftor which, kill ibe Flcirure and I'crrcftian ir civei.tbc Willi, eSSt inly .\ It II, ihac Tuch fout „ _ -j3vcne!,b»whichM£=in« .nlccingibcttippincl) pr tiich glnmc^ LiTc, in3 Improving by chcir Coavcrruion, . tmiiacand rodeavour lo fiiriuft-one anoiher/ . (ill 1 Country iifilkd with sliaccof Wifcai^ Undirdanding Men. There r> indeed a ccrFain Soft in evi/ry Mind, lowordi Knowledge^ vhich nay be improved and Ilrcnglhncd oy '-ilia--- VrDpcr Applii mlidcri, nhumanSnulffiihoult .Muu-ion, like Marble, in a-Qiiany, ivhicb Jhcwi none of il'i inherent Bauiin, ii[| the Skill of ihc Pohflicr fL-ichei. que the Colouri,' , Bttktt the Surface fliinej and diftovcis every > viramental Cloud and Spnc diacrunc thro' the liodyoriCi CducaltDn nrier the fame Manner, ^bcn It worki upon a noble Mind, dni\Tt out :to View every latent Vcmio and Pcrfedlionj vtlich vilhout iuch Hclpi arc severable to 5 ike ilinr Appearance: whu Sculpture it to a IpckofMublc, llduciibnutoa human Soul. TKc I'h'roloplicr, (he Wife, ilieGood. or the Oicn Mun, very often lie hid concealed in a ■ CotUR'-, which a proper Educaiion might havp .VouBfutoLigbc. Jlod FtncU, obrcnr^.-tlie irc of Ttafc iM Erdnniv'' ■»• 'I -".cor Airirilm, ihuijoiiaoBrXHrfTOf,!,, ,00 nil Ciua. u hul. .. ill nil ind f J: j,n, Ane H-ili Oanai faf j'uni' M.n K. Iu> biTu, iDjHjtici (jniniodiiri at Ji'l n-jKi Tea,, w rBint.h(r5 .mfc, fcr ioy Sn of Mm •luiOK, lOpifimJiQnuJiiiCimnKjof [|. l{jtm,Mr, iKilE Silnr, ,ili.e/. vniiJ jr.(,Lm.ii-Dir<;raijiD„. Mt DJilmn.lw .Mtrduhfiie l« Ijfccwiri ikcil diH^iiu plBcl,- 17, wniiiii'tiiiiiiMir.rHansrftninrfrirtilinM.ll^nfiAB brati W< kiKwRnilin ip IwA.^ iii lUlt/ ntWe u IbunCnmnnliiKiiniDiLIii ■M U^ «4rtfolufpiiB,, — hive tjigiQHUuiiJnaf i/ff'/UidKCobKiji i>TOiimKJi4 IwEV jorf^vf DUf klfpilb ro^niikriCdrKnirflf liar.ltoW .fc.rt =*• -«'::» >ni>l' u 1 iuK 1 M -lU ll|-(^ Wilniirf «t T'vn tcf wUbp^f ■« Ulknci I So ^Bcj, tbj Juir VA Hu^ wUlyf^u «;:ai»|1 ' fl.-ir CfQir. itiIrfido«(ft4nJwrhci?p*nAcTcliieii ^I.lVfrnvs.Ui,lin,- .l»-J)ri>y ■• f'J IraftiA (a Jul EivrW"' j-ifraiit iiniiuiE ttrTT-nrinan iu tClMncTkesrialnsiiJi, ikI M. eiUt Ij*. Vr-.y ^■■■llD lie i' he ^'i-.-iTiU or 'Li i.^ Ik '"> '-7 «• Di|''l'/iiir "'1 UMUaaoll 7)>. .^.7 ./ ^ki^Ib (/ I' I Sum Central rf itt United PrDiiDccs, <# ti» Trrti/ tf P<«f, t-mlidid birsttn lie /."wci «f Great flrilain, j:r.it:ec vd;ip4m, 4ni /T^a'd dj ^cviUe, Nov.p. ITTHcmi therr mifl Serene Milr"i«. Ihd W ifw^ff:"-"*""" "tit .V |) r*r,,l.« ^-.19, andrbeCflWKtA'ir], »i Hill ioi toi'tinj; »o-eihcr Ihe Tiw oi chat nii:i Union mhuh fdblifti btinetn tncoi, at for '^e Secrirv or theifOitnKin^doniand l)wtii:iii-<, i-. likc- TTife Tor Ihe PreTtiviiioiof tic r;Mi:kr;;ce ird Tranquilitv, hi«c ihooghl Tit to ir fwiTllrfiiCT TirThn5!nrt?KnjiK*n ',nn i.-fftTj |uin»1mtf,in furfuaMc ol l*D*il!i(» W i^itn]u,Qn'b)ririei4ihAitii:tct And *?[itie»(iiii f^ij i.a^„biSia„ra>rX Iv.rciiwjy. (iij J r,a«re Ocfire (o (nntinue ai4 llrciipihcn incRnoa inltll(«nre and 1 nrn.lDi.n w ticiatuDcj KiJe the Hooour (i> lire mill 111. It Iju-obucP, ^irfC6-iSijr,indC*ilij.'i tM^„3.,r, a»tl ai the, ,!c;,te to eonirmne a. u, a. k dCiicirtjupontliPiniowjrds ihei'reftTvaliinl £lt*bl.iiinicit o| the I'ejcc and ivibhutf (imti, nuuout nhk^ l^3Ior chit K,,tl,iuk cni-ufc hcireutc; ineyareveryAqfrureot uieoll'Jn? And aiihc AniMecamong oihci I-ndt h« thai ol Eftahhlhinj; ae entire Confidence be- tu'ccn the conrr^^inc Ritiicr, >ne .'Mo tii nir;* Icppofc, that (He Allionill muiiultr eonimnni. ciie to la^b other, in all ContHencr, ihcir Tti-iuehn, ai to (he Wayi and Aiun »hpch niiilhcjHdgo) the moll EflVnual rn earcof SreJ. to prerervc and nuiutJin all PilIiditiTi «t Hi_mi ibovc-'nentionediniheTrearTheie before infr- led, ajnrilwithrclpeStoConin'ercc.Jscjiliin |WU) niihin Einfi, and WiilToue it. •'■ And ivhereai in ihc hrm PerJ.iailnn afil C-'Oi firtence, tnat thii li the mic Aim and Intrnnod of ihciTfjldMjrliie^'thc fnd L.i l< •■ i SiJiil t—titi, K ciTt aB-mlUnci.ot tii-.ii tA'.n w Dnr:e thcmf.lvei clolctywitti ihcm, anil of IM '>l^^ E''rtm the/ tovc foi intir hricndfhi^ sna AliiJicc, have nrqlvnl to aeecde » the U;r- fr in titi( Manner oblige: himulf. and on ibo III Cnn'i.lfritioii, to cnlci Into al) (he larn; t i.;V'illci"i " I'WB S' '"^ lull lit etFmiitunU (.,e.l (o liiin, nhien ibe fiid /.** ih ."ijhi t jT-id jirinnile In do within iBe hpJte ol ibrw r-biih*, (n lie icckoned iruin (be LJiy o ti\e £■ ■ nini; ibii [Ircfcnt.Tuiti'i oi fuofiCLit tl he /(I.''flt ihf SuCMiirt ^h'eh ■n-'Tr' 'W^ft /.'i.-ifjii-f I aic (n fUi SnC'reof Nciil,'co'ild (I .V Rail iM AC'S fiot anil >coi Hnrlc. IK Hn«ll ifi tne hi-ti a hL^fft, and, to oidet ilwir Trade to be iW , ePiblilhnl an.-inliui;io fnrmeiTieltifl. TMir /ll'i flFj-ii-'IJi enn.-B in liVc Manner W ni(iiheGiiem>ecMoberedrtM ivhi hthcre R.. beonthepjiiof huCiiJut .1/j)<^'j r'w.t- cltln[wnlre">et( and il, m the [■tjmination o: inc abovcNid I leatie* IMrc Ibalt hi lonnd D lti;ii|:icnvhicli eanrni hJagretd. riiCjttjJ.it fUrllf aiHl tlieii //i-h Ml;(ii'mf,i IhJll name t-m-niSirietfitiMiorthcm OTtt^efimt I-ooe ai ilie Conmifraliet of tt>e otMr poaeif arc fctltd bv Ihe Sib ana 7i,h Afticiejoi ibe Treaty , r II It liinnl.l hapiKO ihat hii CarMlct M-il,1< flnnl.l think fit to Ri« 3r iitclear, or KKi;tci, eiLber nii.-ilkkly or hv fctrei Con- Kniioni, new llighii or Adi'antaFes to any fawtT Binailotwr with iclpcfl to Traic, the 4inTe Ri''lit^ 01 Adi'iitH" Ihah immcdiiecly li-cnnic,1inrM(i.M;f .l/i.'SrTrJ-. anltoitieir Sj'j'fl-. ivbilhill btirtaieilin ctttyThmp :s ,l^'^fLPt I'l-NniQi t!ic niofl faiwrc-Ji ai it ii ll,-iMtiiiv the Ibrner I reafici. *'(. T.i[ /^rfi ibf n,i,tnt'^il^3f\n7 re- I"«lrni(-I, ihJl there nii»fnp[Kn certain Cil", n'-trtinihc/maT.outpf Haiit'l lot tUir ■^^'■• f 1.1 fi;it.l(hnDa>.- be aturkM oi ir^imicl > 1 1 1(> Miiiier. thii tiicv murboWi,:'^ tinive Ir -'lii-e Ktcniiric tn Afirn lit tnfit D:Icp«, aid iiTjt m r.Teh Cile Ihc 1 1-"": netellary 'm "ftnrfirllieSitcelilUbtOli.Ti. rfhiyi"-ay h- (b;,neiniihveil. ami iltct nhieh.iMlJIbcir A',' t! ate nbhced to furn.ni tHem with the bnc- - ■'. ftiixiuinl iiv the id Anlelc o( thit ptrfent Tt'w, may he the O^canin ol a e^nndc-JKe r-.| ,dLe to ilicm. and leaw tl^eoi Mnor.d to ft -mil Bl-nrnut AitJek' .-vWriTir the SiWOJTt of trir"Mnwl r.aJdric. L:rJ 1, tn'jiTjii. Wehwrlh]tt!icDi:ie» on iojn aiil C.ndtet Kill bi lercncd, and m hfwdic.crf. a'l lm,-v,ri cf ic/, ftr ^■,. ivillbe laid ona'Mycncr.iUiil;i,^Chaiioit • AiiJ I9f t"-^"- Ol eitcu |-ci(an wearingj S\-u(J JO Ci-farK.rn'.t 'leOlTieedol the Array, Kjiy'aiJ Frain'd Di". Ji ^ !• cicepifd. > And litiaUeJ thii i Djd of %, wjl] be Ijid on on ejcry Pj.i ,/ Ct-di, and one Cuinc* uinn every fum; Bin, which, if it bcirar, will \k 0* f 'e« Mrvlea to oMny Thoufands of h'j Maully tSibitai, «adin ptticiilaT thole of i™ Rank, by prevenlini!, ih a ftrcac Mealurr, tne cvcefliTC Gamuip, whitS i" los finj gently p-riilife I by f'icb Pttfoni, whofi Faniilm many TlTl'li'LinilcraMcS.lffcrtT'ih'-'rh'.. \\'c hear thii Mr If mi of Hji? "■^. famoao forhilfoppiT Hiif-pencc, Iijji I-" Daji kgo, iKiKioned hii.Mijcdy lor hi. K 07.1. Clutter, lo- carry o-i bil V\'cikt to mane Irci MTiiicni ler fupiJythiiKlBEitom; fra CiaiSnifi SFF.ECir filtCmttT AHiaiJf pui ji Anitny a Ncw-Jeiliy, lif Jift J)-'Jjf T^lay, 1750 Cpelrmev ; If 11 wiihETMiriearirtTnierfwrilitniTtAti fcnibly, U,cjiils 11 mvciini anf )p|innuni;y 111 convmcins )0u jnj yii'irCinlliiiinm,iliJt 1 ha«tlK:l'r..1;KT«» of Am^J-T/f, fini-enlT ac iHcan, a.-Idf;ivci>ouaii()«iafiunof (Kpiifling ■vour j/>}alty, Fidcliiy and Giatiiudc w llic jKftofKing.. HiiMijcil)', n'1in8urin;;t1ie'w1io1eCourld pf Ills Riijjii, liai ihiu-n u conllant. and un- iMe:iricd Caic to promutc tlic lisfe and Har?'-' ii.liof hii Sui>j:t(% and a ten Jcr Concern r<-i'.nin-Jcd iiclnliivc a llnfl Repml fur all %ouc Ity'iw and Pnvilrgci, and hat full) uv Ji-tucctJ life 10 cuBcni wiih'vou in every ilimR iiiii. It fiirili; rdal Good and AJvaniagcof the Proi lacc, patiioilarly ihccncoutagmg of your Ti^c anJ Nfinuf^iirct. He expcv^ on your Pif, tlia you will fup. J r:T Ins Guirmnieni by filling upon b'ln a K^-.tnueinatamplsa Manner, jnil frratlnnjj a rimcaifoinicrAllcniblisl-avc given ittobii I'icdcccffon r ! docanKdlydelirevonlofiicwnn ihisOc. oGonfuch'TcropersnJL'oanimitvatiibcrom- ■j g ih: Reprifeniatn'Cs of Jo confiderihlc 1 J'l^plc; that Will certainly b: 'he nioH tfT.c- tuil Wav of fcn-lnp yourCountrv. and of fe- commcnSinByour fclvcs to his Majenj'i Rov-al and r!ia!;i rill lire:!; not H Ajf, 'TirfTiTTTTW I'ln they repeat theitOrdcH Inr b.llerlnp Ilie Kecriiili in all tlic tkTu!i(ary (/luirri.^ imd inorccfpceiallyibcPjynicaiof ilicSnlifidic! Pie ibecnfuingyear; fixiet Intimaiion luvmp, Iwcn ivcn wlierc Bivcn lo the Slatet, tlwi Iho Sulii;. (iies hiilicrto fuid Iw die KInp, it .^A wilt Hut only ceafe, liutiliac hi< Imin-rral Majelly liai nacTCaE lleafon loniomile liinifcll (omucli at >he Aircara. ac\Uii'-j)i D^ti!:mi Later IniBiCwfro/p 11, MJIet /rem «'i>jlul. tbinlov. V.Mital.-i.Wan'-inrTft linn tinfl.'riUr CK^J™.5jufcjM.rh;m',irCj.f, lullcif.Tli-iiiJ- fjtSjHiB-j fialerior/i.jrriij.le»a(iir JiiJua.Jli?' piril'aifor luJn. iir-irlfcal. nita fa tiwt-rfiMi, Ma.(intn Ciri r'-':"!'. ])¥!•. bCoMlnu-p-MIn CintirRftCiultr lo; ictJa: Jtiomarelor *'ijl«i Ti«irji'«frin«/j,, e^j< tot KnfttsJUtJ , (JriVxItr^imlii. /auiaaalac ruff(m.//Wf, Kl'tJ'llbii, frt'ii Imail. ihip rro:*rt joai A!i laitrete fnra Utiu. %at^ T1ti=r knft, J reiki si fminii-.fli,* nrmi jImiT.yin, Marital fraiaJr-KIm, Fjiji R-ih VejJiD ITuilja liw ^I'Xi. i-'.p ivntiin. JamcCXn'H frcTi l.ui,,. annpEiiriirien'l J«1(0I'.u»(hi SlmBiTier.B Hh+J 'iff. tjo: ti Lliijbcita Jriia llanbttn J. MONrCOAfESrE. Ffciftrr, rea-v ij ^Ve are idcircd (ronl riiSncni Qaartcri:, rH-t jikiiia' inj and 10 or --S"uadron!are to mar^li i.iil-with fromtiic £mKTOt'i Hereditary Countrict to /m>-, and atatif any Tisobtalhonldarifcinihit Country, sV.cy willbrfjlloncdby fome (hoafindi moreof if-pciialifli and AE»ili3ii« in the Spring, ■m' Tlie Court of Aaiii, OH (he Apr'i""^ "' O-rDClion to the lotrodnflion ol !:;a<^Jra;i inVo [li'j, iJ taVcn op with Ptepanlioni for dc^poniai; ihit Ptojeft by Force of Arm<, in Cs'feot Seeeiniy. BsCT, 7(6m'j9 We learn Iron Tms/>b and Jlfjt/[iftf,th!itihcy''"*T^'riJ'''''''"'> "'■''"'' T.crible Dilipenee. a large %jidron of Men of -WaraEdCallics wbiehan tti convoy the Tianf- T-jit) with JCMCtfriM snd the 5/*ri,liTrcsfT to Italy. ■ *ar(,jrio, , 'Ii"I''p:r1iirl.A Wrn»-rlinrE.lli»(H1ilitflDlroIlMe 7 we. rrren i^ilM, ieogacr 71niu> aolNaiT. Ir-JuJkla \G.fn'a1.«tt S' 'ifi"-":' :f ',;x':f-;iJ. tm.nie&rjw. " • ■ai„MJh.l Alvotifimtnt. Jt,maJcf\t Calx-' i-i r:i!M-r.T •' ^rtt'uM. A Mnsi/: (ffrjiri f-.iTil rmri (■ illi TJpi u uyiifn iM th-rilTttrW'a Ma: 'ttlTf ••t'a^nt'Jut-inWi New -York Weekly JOURNAL Cotnaining the freptejl Mviceij Foreign^ apd Vomeftick, MUNDAT Dccemocriy, 1735, .Mr. ZcDger ) f^A^ >*M tefJ mf ESeauragtiiieHt Sr / ^ **" ^^ f"'' """^tJyii'r Ex- Jg ^*i^pllaim,lbBlsi)uIjave fold off S?TA"#S "''"I'^ tbm Edtt'mt of (am h all fubliek Pifpirs treat Regard it tc Tit iaJ 10 Truth i but 'mr ' No. V. Jr' ttfie Vcw-Yock, Dec. 31J, tulurf h ti faid. That the Inhabitants of CapcfinHMn wac dillitutc of Froviiloiis, and that to JTupply the Wantoflhcni the Sloop Lt Cs- fai waa (enl hither, did not meet vjhh itt- lire Credit?, leeaufe it was fupfoffd ta te tahu jroii! th Kliv-Tort Gazette, N, 411. 'iubifb, if 1 am ri^Mj infermeJ, ii a Pa- ■ftr knawa la ie under the DireHioa of tie Gntrnmeht, in which the' Printer, of it it ntlftiffered to infer! atij^higbuf:'>bat bis Supiriori approve of, tffider the- Penally of lifivg 50 L- r=r aiuiUtn Salary, and tie ^file of The King's Piinter for the Pro- vince of New- York. / -xant pretend to t've tbeReafant why that Paragraph viai Jut into the Now-yotk Gazette leavm/^ that la thoft -xLo dire^td it .- But if Credit fflrtr he given la Ibefo/loaingAffida'sili, that Paragratb it fur fnm true. I ^ave hetn fawiired with the- following Depafitiont ssheh'I fend you toilbfiis to make pu^liei, Vricb 1 htjiete will be idndh reeei-^edby your Readerf. I bare concealed ibe Name ef the Mttgifirate- before nhom ibeyaitre laKert, becaiife,. it being eommolt taiake /*/- fid^i'^a.-fithoalriadUigtbeiii, he migbt be igssrjiiU of their Caatenti. W'i ttli, fhit fomeTlmein Sifltmicr lifi rrom lhfl)n, tarupcfrif/iuRin ChcSlwpfive Eco- then, aiidarrivclaluUtIhc4tAorO£tgt.-r'ieCips BrilKnui, Amiti ttijftraay wii then Miiljr of (he Sloop, wbDraldlhefi!l£loDptonitrJ'(£ey,riya xhitii\laitT\int'ae-«isiiCi^Sriltn-i,\iihati. ornoSHriItyofProvlfiorj^,tho'Iiew»Jafii4ire»t tsaiiirari* ev«y Hiy, until the Tijne Ih:/ were coming iwiy, andtbuitney b»rd it o=l/ from tbe GentlerDcn ml PtonlE Ihit cimE alorewlifi thiin in (btVcIEEl.irhldi VelTcI is the (ild Sloop F!vi Bntkcrs, by ihc N»mo of Lf Cafin iful rifl- ed tbi( Oiy r.'oa Nfa-Vfik ; Si't, be vtiWr he- lieve: tbere wu no Scarcity of Frcivillona thrre, HQtonlv bcczufe he burdnotbtoeof it iaLtwit- ivi)i t but SSo vbile be nta tbtre, there uin« a Shlpuil i-Sn^atiat frcm-fir-'i'Vci.-icida.ScacBEE ftoip pltaiim^j, wiih ProTlllonii aoiuAsjr verccoDinR out they fpoke with ■ Slao|iud« Briganllne front fi/ia-'.-.-aajioing iotoiraiiftiJi*, which Hk verily believet were ariyli^ ?r«vifi- OBv, bcdufE h: f>» live Stock catbej)ftk«f ibsSloo^, and pinfnlirly • luge Quint ity of Shnp. And i> to the Ecieinlinc, Die bclngdcep Willed,' he fiv not vhit -aisoa ibeXlKk, bin ttv 3iy on the Quiiter-Ifcck. ■ fiv:, tharfie hc.ird LiaSihtiba be;nflrongly fortiGcil by three Fonstdhicd.nh: eomingin of VeiTelt. Sly*, IhcErflorthereForlsthe)' e*Die wiibiti iweiuy Ynrdaof boih in gain; in and coining cat, and bn heard that VelTcli muft cono within let Ibiu one Hcndied Vurdi ofSt, and ihinlu that Fort ia flble to fint iriy TclTel tbit tin nuerapt ta go in. The three Forlshe hard were csmplnri'i, and« W^tr IsnoffbuitdingtcrorstbcNectof l^iioa vhich LiBiiJw; tliaSi, ind ttil it wsoied ab^uc One Hundred Yardi inlenelh of fccing Enilted, Si vS,Th«t during the Voysge from Cipe Bnilaua hlibsr, ■ GGEtlenun, vho.he bi^jd w3i.cill;d JUrti-wuvery bufy KithaCbartiOr Mip; iai fujs, Ihidihev nude the Land about Stmiiay incoonngliLtWj and tbit tie Lcid -wis l^pl hh inB'froaaboucTen ic»E.!i« from the Land ttll Ihcj- eoineup lo the City of A'tin-Hirt, Siyi That IhcTj! wiE one Jaaiir,!, wis FLlot and Un. GuiOetrnimCapcSrifniUiaiiEMtd, wbofheae^ jTHhe M"k. Incoming np to'tfie fild L>r'd and Ihe City ol J^«o-K.ri, "d iheVc Ihes- came lo.nAnchor. Tliat Ihe Pilot that W-J>t, "Ith the FriAlk Genllemn. on Eoird, e™eui.totheCity. Siyi, that Afternoon In lurnl.Kbctween St^llia Ijl^-d fni the City, Mr, L^ri,, obferved the View of the City ani Iho E I -■, and n»r iht Steclflct of Ihe City, """l 1''= TI , lilf of Ibf Fort, and a very good PtofpeR of the Town fet doim by him on the Mapp. !ay», ibBn:T-o"r«nejt' Morning Mr. hypiiciim ■bo ,fd (0 pilot Ihe Vcffel up, (^tnihe lliying O" ShorOmdthentxtlJay camo up to rhc Harbour. |EelIe«ilhc faifl -J-niUit Id ^cry nood Pilot liilo GhilCity, fo.- lh»t b" lo'S Ibi' Dcpoeent that Vtvi-rtrk wai hii nitural Place, •«(! that he hid tf'iird out ■ Mite from Nra-Ytrii, and bccjv.fc Ihpy turned ulibln Hit Hook m (he N iRht Tioio, and c.mc not to in Anchor Hut MI[',bt till nine o' th: Clock It mebl, and bcciufe he Ihcired Lan« klllhcMarkt, which he fjld wcie Uirefliojw In 'comlncup. &)■«, Thit mooftheOcntlemcnon eo-td, he heirt, •ere OpHUit in tlie Und Ser- klccoflhe King of Traill at ioK.'i*.'i, and llli.i tvti olheti vrert licntlemen dderi in Ihe nd Ser»lce, In Eipttl.lion of Pfefermejil there. u! there verea Serjeant and three prluale Sol- era, none of which concernca ihemrelvei in the I-. iwliKKoflbe Sloop, there being fourteen o- ■iiicts who ntiiplrf Ihe VclTcl, whereof two were liMo Fnolh Pilule, who were very carefull in ob- feminKe'^eryThingin coming In aiwell tsLMrm. eft. That ihefe two Pilota wereiiHen Ir.Bftec hey hid MIed from I-z^ti"^ about twelae Xasaoi andfjyai Mr, taroBinaoneof the Ca- dets uenL BlhoTc lo hrlni; ihem iboird. Siyf, he Jiesrdoreof th:m fjy, rial iivii vill^i^'iUI- el vlli ill i!:i Fjjtir<, "Hi^r. Saji, he heard (he SlMp hJf failed for IF.,;(f Sliai to Day, In order ta ii bick ihrouth the Sound. S>ya, ih:l before In c.TC from Cape Hrlltion, he hetrd that there |«ii t'O Sloapa cipedcd from N'tvtirn, near ttilJj'ji with Ptanfi o.'U. JUif^herrailhMt, ViUimlltai^ In ih: abtvt AIEJavlcaoarayiii the OTSWHJitir Uutl In Ihc above Affidavit hu fdld, and refer* to a.inlbor Sheet whit for firihet be can' fay, itiuia what the faid Willlmm L/^r hai depofed to;, Svurs tilf TvaHj "BglSi Day e/Nosemb Hefirr • °:l II (Gent, being duly rKornoniholuUv Ennfcms, on hli Oath faith. Hue abo'4t Ifit IJ"* of -MJJ '"^ ^' "="' '"'■'"° -*'• ian for Cmin. with a Pafa that had been grint- cd bv the tlovernout Qer-cral Saftara/j about two YcjTS before ; and about the 4tt of Jua biarriir, edat *tic(Hjl and wailed dfi tbeGoi'er;iour (■eBC ral, ana requeued LtaeeloOiy for fona Time ta icirn Ihe L ncuate, to which he gave no direa Anfwer. but did not deny it. That the Depo- :ommendcdlo "" Mcrchan val 1 t thrci Tnlt rwWfl rtia T-atlj FJtili J}^ jfKovtmber, i7;j S i^lOKNGASDHtR ofB*/!™, Marlnn-.oe: -f- nibo'.it 2i Vnra, beln^ dar* fuern on Ihe «/ holy Evanetl"**- on hia Oirh did dnlire, ^hit he halb ■ Wife ind Children at Bijhi, f'crebia Houfe I). Tlut on or about th« i4fA y ft Shc» Gavcrcour Oiiiy waa' lifl at jIUjij, he told h,m of the StrlElnefs of the FriBih, canccrninB Ej:>l.fi Men being in Cigarfi, andparlicuiarlv orhil on Trcatisent, and be- llevet. but cansat Ue polii'.e, he told him of J)»v/5B. Ana Ihe Dfi«ncul farther f.^i, That ,whsn he ca ihsDcpor nad the Pang. («F,ofMW« .lout to Dav t farther favl ph In the tbi ling DfLofini and fj 'E« hefaw that iJair/Jaai J; , and bg told the Dfponent lo Ihe Purpofe Piirasrapji fet forth, which tbit Dcpoi !ly beliavtj-- ' -- - "-" ■■—■--' 8 be true And firtbcr faith Cwtrnura/LoulibarEhtes-irffiti.riliPii Ct/l/'i, BnitlluC-itdantf luFrencb It Mr E-Eli »;« ai lily m, SImt luSasiiin ear Bjtimri, vlrwlct tar FiTliJLillvn, ndttt i).a3r^'i Trijistf Imij iiivt Tiiimit brt liki rnmjt tj vial -ai tmivt in Ca- ""' -\imMaataUiv "/» »/'" Dlfiavirlci Iki, mait t Q. 11- Oinniikiyrrnla iawitiafifriwnVit' Q. 14. WaillpniliattaJafffTlhimlafa/iliniiik E'll[;>le,afli( alfandlfioviT lUtlWaj ofMs'ft la la I Q 11. l/aFrenchCawTMiirWMlrrfaiiEn- (lllli IJx/i j.. „r ,1,. r;»i, „r Ann- irabla Governcur, and Suiveyor and Searcher J,ljl.nv'a"Cuftom«of thePoreofMv^JW* The Honoarable Antltald ICmiih, Efq; Bii Majefiv'i Itecelvtr Gensril of the Provlnu of Nna-yark, and Col ieitoc of Bia Majetly'f CiiIliiiDa for Ihe faid Province. The Banouribie y.m. Da Un.j, Efqt lately iDide Chief lulllce of tbic Provinea, in the Rnul of Inalf Marrll, Efp} dlfplaced. The HDr,ourablo ila-iW HarfmaKtic, Zfqi • Genllenun laieiv come to ihiiPfo'vrnce, Aid mora lately bv Hii Eieellency n " Ma jcfly 'a Council; having jlril been, and (11 U IS. Ji-« ia« lraniaritjliiyiSlddvltt,lierfaai 'lyaf Frasljiiaiiai tj thtLstltrfnmki of Hii jnillha ._, _ ._ of Hla BTCellency^ Coua;ll In HiiSulE In the Klng'a Name a^alnfi. the yoaouobleL Slg r^fl Dam, EPq;. ,Tho Honounble tbiaj Taar, Erqr'TCCaai* Wendtdnnd appointed al Mr, Htrfmatdta. ■ ■ - -« MrlntelllBence.HouIloiiin, li DOIfogooduto he ablo taiafnUL^'au jbitOSce Ju jtijift Jul. VeHdea 1 Sundry otheri oFine Gmlemtn of fheCoonllla who have no Oflicet, norciipeA any, livealfalii Town I hut few of them have often the Honoue orbeing fummoned Id Council ; and one of thein. It la lalkt, hag not been once fummoncd fines Kvniiir lyji, tho' It li faid, he baa been In Town nt the Time of eveiY one of the Council* Ence :. But aa lire do make il Ruanai, and wheti five do mcci', the iiaprily of Ibem do detelniinE the Pflbt la CDtflioo^ ic would ftea^ that It la Vnonght, Ihere'tnoN'i'iorillBrs r^hiHO we'ber ■We to Clin INOrflCIQUS GEtJTLLMPH DP THE COUNCIL, fcniniyaiiiniEhiflEuiate ^ WeamirBiLtetolientd. sir ■ JflUn-jrii'rl'i-pnfrr JlfwarJ -f.Tlriar^ ati mivi Uv: difr'jrt^inf If-ltr Ciaair, ai^it lalCrmimtriH, , II nsi ii-a£iiitff p"iai''Jii^^ HaotttriuK tu ihiiHoBftifliittlieGllBormf hilliwla^ CO £ieuJ If't'Ki °1D of Ihe.Merchtntf apcmfllKi far tne NomiMtlDi »n AecntmrinW BruflneeeiihS&ori onCrrJi'BrJriaiaj- telling Bthlmja-niuft .appolptonoff'rr/yin.ar be would Uniarau an)" TTarnnt to pav him". 'ThaOurilljjB ibdnj put; ffftjiirr JiCW) 0/ itnl/iur ftom* tifst ilidnj pur; yraiur a vm 07 t»at !ftr7 _AJ!'iKi, itttheAffimi Fo-(h^U6nBitrte. ^acoL-Clrr.; ^.-liartSf^P/frt-; Zrrmaif, Aoijlatr, ntTi Wrtli, ]unr. jt-^amta-ClaKint. /lihn fau'lar. For Ihe Megitlve; Tatanir ImI, * Vlikari Mi'Tlie, Vaauirl Hmrhl/ii, fgrrdi'U fiarriitfi jV«u-£gri2)rMi. 171 J. Mr, irtftrl Veit-e InCompanv yeher night, on iciilllgyaur (lO jnurnal, No-Vf fame of IhoCompany aiKid ■nd Bidsthare Quenionc »il OOfrnatlow; and fi'HutoiUhe-Pariftaphof WfW-1'i'KII/e. "o. - i What ii.mtHl hv ftylne, Vi arralpin* IhtOif. It nor /o brat If tbo Author or Authors of that Ttiii £riph mean, the Tiriircnl (Tuvernor'did Dot draw tmt Adoritb. Iron hliot their Intlnutr Acquain- tance wllh hloi, the7--mi/ be perfeniy wellit: ^lredbedldnDt, - Arid wethe Reidarr, lln thiE Point, maf; I Ih Ink j Safely' bel IC^elChem'f But If ihcy meini'ttatil-uidinaltra'liif In raao; dKann 1 «i- are nol'fo cr'OulBQa, In that Point- Ibfwc UO vr.rv much mlflhFocpied, itn late'Addrtff in S ■eriiin QoTenimefttffiiin not brainht inw' fl ccr-j tain t-ouncll may xo be ^IGticd. before any pre- .vfflut Motion tner'ti-ror IVictLhditro'^. And tbca ■a Call lu'lhc latter Parrbf- ! dnn't think thai Men-ot^ an' r lg[k cipibfe or being InUue ihan iwra,tiut''w'er(lherntftheini Btciufo liXe ^^ureajj^vojienanlly like "" " -miil.Jji iiririila--!it.eaufeifJ.I,aS^fpla/i4wt Wfirtaf Gavtrtmroi -thtaaraarr tf. QrtcT it lit- III. aititiitnf MISMANlftEMENT irfat, fe tilTC idt C&ld brt [fhuet Jill Fuaa ir. IhlsJ • Tray tTai*Bei.^J»w« rwre hillt O'^tt ani i,riafM\C~ maoageiiient 1 . Tbidlbimaifc thofB aiolt coDcern- M,;irBtin£mo(lllkel>' to tellhim.' Efitone ia tbeComEanv bTd.lina doai Trtvci)erx''nrc to do Bbottrtlie Wiv, ajK even Bost' he'iiadi;liero.' loivcSJipoil tmrcr^Asl Ttujpe InlbmeqF jrotu Fapei'ioknavtbesucc^CDf hia Inquiry. "T-uIbim HoiIteNew-Vork Inwatd Entne*. ■ -i ^Loop Albanya ]ohn Divu ftoiir. SL Cbriltoa 1/bat, Seaooer Lamt, Henty-TlickneFk from ja- nutca.Sblp George. iQorge'QofliDld IroO Ctfia UiPart St, Uariei. OutK'ard Entrlei, filop'Speeawell, Jphn Paynret for LeMi'Sn pelaware,, Sloop Jobnand Mary,' Jaha.Vaapele fflrWCitOlloi; B'le.Hoce, John Eedford^foi; Jamaica. 'Brig, Cainarlo, IhoBui Vatu'Toc CocifoCkr created for Dlpiriure: Snow Anne.an&Eettr, Tolin CrnaketO Antlgoi Jhig SutfflatH "Wllliiiti Ciitkfio to Jamaica,. Sloop Maty," ToTii* Smith t« Baibidoi," Erj^i 5llEphen«lf it W.-CtiolLtt. AD VER.TISEMEKTS ^y*atlft\t:-MUrt^h Itit tfGrupJ, ItiyS^ I tmhi btr. GotueZ 'tta ' Afr. Johi' Blaka' ^ rfoafaTiiax ■■ tn "itoirt, Eallerty ^ Fan. $^altSulitTlj tJana a Htlf,-!' Lilitf Wiffirr Siaait Balftti Briilli tfcTikrrlfn-^ faef. qi^ B-Ca-Dw .M Pa«, rti!»;-it-eiu n tki JiTi/",;^ tvsmi lU iviliai limfi a-U Slcrt-Biafi af ta ^ Ja^iifllake;^ U^irridf Mr CUIQanlier. JIitikB£; .AnennMluuiUierlald, Vi»tii'^-KiaBligff ne iizaaSVJfirim Laitrf -Jtr /eW lPor*i-a«itS'n-. U(>IilA.CUDi foiiuvltl't ifi.-fftal.ft>i't'I'farlix ff/Ht. RE AS thim tat Sityt-«»> '» Mf K«*s. YY Yo^k,G«Mleof-a^fB■n«o/J^(f^,»■,i/n3 tf in Bisivtlnr I^idl, n ilr fiiard Tirjlm Jo December eraft; iat Jitnf in frir.iipai 2na,r^ (l,T. ha^i U'lti'Un 'ew York before and during the war of the revolntiou respecting their title to the present territory of Vermont. Munsell.. " " e I K I If .a T t> n I N E W - Y O K K S^^ii^&I^SS* GAZETTEER: CDHNbCTICUT. W E E K. L Y H E 7'J M K fl I n /All !t. u B a B a ADVERTISER ni CCH 10 H. ^ M w '■ tiiLvni twi> i^Ju ^»- i*»-y *w 'f.'^f*' ■.'■Tr*^'?' j^^JT'lf^riJS '"■T'l!;^"'™^'"'' ' fS^S ^■^J^*^ k nlw. tain. 1 v~ affi.-sssarrKrric igll^ S«iS5^ '"^iSzx. -,-s-;;'STTrJa. 't}'E\£z, -sr^Ti*^ ^'^^^brjrlt.if .".'S-HiSSiV.t^ ''■"kS. aiSSS^ S'Sr;^! £Ss5SS !s:rr,^Bnliaaa-,2: WJlr »*» liyl Tiiiiifd Wm, WATCHES R I s'h T 1 N B N S, THEATRE. A KEW COMSDV, B; M r, Mil R P K y, rllE W*V TD KEEP HI^ Suivaa't D^t, 6fe, rO TUB FUDLia WILLIAM BAYLUy. ctitvaoji^ji iKu. PUDLIC AUCTIOK-i L K 1 !i H L I N L Mf VIl^LEfnlFEALISE.' teStjS^ koBERT.O. LIVISOSTO KtSiwSsS sSSSSsiffiS |-,',^gi^____^_ .. _ _^ _^ TB iTii FDIDQ 2:= sill a#lsai§^ It n HI 9 mt An Mm -|-^;^ri^JB^ i;" T*"-^ f^i^limi'^ ?1rji£!^!^:"ri= riauiTDLi>«r4[kn» iWJitr'U.Tihtrft^^ Advcrtifemcnt, lit "Eiilgc ,ht/c AJfOtiftmenn jltairacl)urnt6&^g:0f, TheWBmz&n^a^cttt. Vol. XX.] /yO RCEHTEIi. rlIi;R.S01.y. Mj>»c» 34,1791, [Mb. rijS. -J E^fTccUantcs. '^ "* '^''njiiilfe'^'^'^ ^^5?^"^^sE5S*^ _r~»3S(^ lu.'^i.aV'. jr£ji^'^ Oao iHD WHALER FISHERIES. i^^^^^Sj^^^ JHE ji_i__!_J_ s-'-=-=-=--""-" 1^ 4 ^'F! = nT-Ij?I""'J'5?;i-^ t^"^ 12 ;(.,rf,L,„;„,;,,;i=i 1- lpihi!!;;i:iiiiiinl fii ii ijniinrrcniihiirHi if =;.=.== -.«..-=!. J23. ■wri5 E^Hfifrrillll r-,B A ™™. ^iiill hSilininiil 11 '-• ijiiilt UuiimUii! « ■■■ sc?S£^j^!^H ;wr.^^rs?-= C onarelllpnataff alra. FLOCLCCINGS. Columtiiiu: ^nttmi Osngnu. r-;K5:^.s;i^.-"iU^^ £uroDcnn3lllflltE. .^''»".-f&',:^. -. glnttcpigoiLiinbtn. N^J^^-L AJ^=L";.^^'„^^-^ gChlLME uf.«£nih!l CliS AS?MiS *"^^'»'^'**^hrs&i'i-m3i bmiincil IN 11,1c luulUi DANCING schodlT ^ :s-jitL-*''-'-i^^ 'J'HEfJwnrniEnKii jimi«ad a-.3SSH^ .^^A^^:^^^: ".■;4!.w,s ^^^rftSS^'S CrtVAUlY UBDERS. "•m CaaimiDunLii ). ■.ffTTUBUCK vtNtlUE, ^otaCi-Fi™ M01 ICbiiKiA) uWi, Uu i'lSUB.I'SS ?nnitd u WORCESTER, i-Afj^wiB/dfiJ bjrlSAMH THOMAS, I'rinicr, Bookfilln and SniiooCT. tBlHTINa,roimBV;(l07,jufmKj»HllC.ll,Nt«ii*liH^niUlaT- •.- A Nn«>Lllwii»ii'i of BOOKS lia STATION BfcYOwnmtSllSl FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 1& which either the record or the visible evidence remains. Of these, one was in Georgia, four in South Carolina, two* in North Carolina, one in Yirgiuia, two in Maryland, five in Pennsylvania, eight in New York, four in Connecticut^ three in Rhode Island, two in New Hampshire, and eleven in Massachusetts, (a) In the ten years just previous ta the Eevolution the number multiplied faster than in any previous epoch of like length, but still not so fast as one,, looking back from this point, would naturally expect. During the seventy-one years embraced between 1704, the year of Campbell's venture, and 177S, seventy-eight dififerent newspapers were printed in the British-American colonies. Of this number thirty-nine were discontinued, either occasionally or permanently, and but thirty-nine were actually in process of publication 1 1 ■ -1 1 mi n - I 1 otllitlStiCS 01 prGss pic- at the commencement of the war. These figures, which are supplied by Thomas, furnish the Tious to the revolution. only correct basis upon which to found an estimate of the influence of the newspaper press in the colonies, and of its share in producing the state of public feeling which culminated in the Declaration of Independence. In the first place, it is obvious that thirty-nine newspapers, all of them, or nearly all of them, published weekly, and none oftener, was a very small allowance for the three millions of people existing in the colonies in 1775. it is evident, from an abundance of testimony, that none of these papers had a circulation that would now be regarded as even respectable in point of size. Its average was even smaller, in proportion to population, than the average circulation of the far western newspaper of to-day, which encounters a rival at nearly every village. We have already quoted Campbell's testimony to the effect that he printed but three newspapers. hundred copies of the News-Letter per week during the years in which he had the field absolutely to himself. The Neics-Letter existed seventy-two years, its plucky proprietors carrying it through the gathering storm of the revolution with tory principles. It was the only journal printed in Boston during the siege, and it only surrendered when the British evacuated the city. But, notwithstanding their pertinacity, its proprietors never made a profit out of it, and it may be questioned if a thousand copies of a single issue were printed during the entire seventy-two years. Franklin's Courant was frozen out, after a hard and brilliant struggle of seven years, by want of suflicient support. From 1747 to 1759 there were but two weekly papers, Parker's Gazette and Gaine's Mercury, printed in New York city. Eivington, of the New York Gazetteer, informed his readers in 1773 that each impression of his Weekly Gazetteer amounted to 3,600 copies. A census of New York was taken in the same year, which showed its population to be 21,876 people. It is probable that Eivington was guilty of the more New York. modern device of exaggerating his circulation. November 1, 1780, Thomas, in his "Worcester Massachusetts Spy, issued an appeal for more , . , , . 1 Massachugetts Spy. generous support, in which he said: For twelve months past the number of customers for this paper has been so small as to be by no means adequate to its support, by which means the printer has absolutely sunk money by its p ublication. Books, schools, and newspapers are become too mnch neglected, and of consequence the rising generation will be great sufferers thereby if these necessary things, which tend to learning, are not more encouraged. It further appears from this notice (6) that the subscribers were in the habit of stopping their subscriptions in the winter time, and Thomas threatened to accept a proposal to remove his establishment to another town if more subscribers, who would continue through the winter months, were not forthcoming. Mr. Thomas puts the average circulation of the four newspapers which were printed in Massachusetts (all in Boston) in 1754 at 600 from each press. The total list of subscribers to his Massachusetts Spy in 1771, on the occasion of its conversion from a semi- weekly to a weekly paper, upon his own authority, was less than 200, although it increased rapidly from that time, until in two years "its subscription list was larger than that of any other paper in New England". The great mortality among the colonial press— just one-half of the whole number established suspending before 1775 — is the conclusive evidence of small and unprofitable circulation, although the high cost of materials, especially paper, the stamp acts in Massachusetts and New York, and the oppressive supervision of the authorities, must also be taken into consideration in accounting for this mortality. POLITICS OP THE COLONIAL PEESS. Then not all the press was political, and not all the press that was political was whig. Several journals permitted the revolution to break over their heads without alluding to the causes which were in operation to bring it about, and a number occupying relations with the government authorities through their acceptance of the public printing were neutral in their attitude or violently hostile to the to^'^^re^r*'^ ™* *^^ patriot cause, (c) In his History of American Loyalists Sabine makes a definite statement of the political division of the colonial press. He says : Of the thirty-seven newspapers which were published in the colonies in April, 1775, seven or eight were in the Interest of the crown, and twenty-three were devoted to the service of the whigs. Of these thirty-seven, however, one on each side had little or no part in discussing the great questions at issue, as they were established only in the preceding month of January, and of those which a Tyler's History of American Literature. b Hudson's History of Jotimalisw, p. 131. u Speaking of the Williamsburg Gazette, established in 1766, Thomas Jefferson wrote: "Till the beginning of our revolutionary disputes we had but one press, and that, having the whole business of the government, and no competitor for public favor, nothing disagreeable to the governor could find its way into it. We procured Rind to come from Maryland to publish a free paper." 20 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. (licl participate in those discussions and maintain the right no less than five went over to the loyalists in the course of the war. Of the- number first named, two V9 ere printed in German and English ; and, as another of the thirty-se%'eu was commenced in April , there were, in fact, but thirty-one newspapers in the vernacular tongue at the close of 1774. Up to the beginning of the strife printing had been con- fined to the principal towns, but hostile deeds, interfering with all employments, caused the removal of some of the journals to places more remote, and were the means of interrupting or wholly discontinuing the publication of others. Those that existed at the period of which we are speaking were very unequally distributed ; thus, Maryland, Virginia, the two Carolinas, and Georgia, taken together, had but eno more than Pennsylvania, and but three more than Massachusetts. In New Hampshire the Gazette was alone, while Rhode Island had both a Gazette and a Mercury. Of the editors and proprietors who originally opposed the right or became converts to the wrong several sought refuge in Nova Scotia and Now Brunswick, where they established newspapers, which were the first published in these colonies. The individual responsibility for the position and utterances of the newspaper made it naturally conservative — a follower rather than a leader. The real contribution of the printing press to the revolutionary cause was through the medium of the occasional tract or pamphlet, to which allusion has already been made. Let us not, however, underestimate the services to the patriot cause rendered by the few journals which did what they could in that cause, and did it with boldness, zeal, and disregard of consequences. At the head of this class of colonial journals stand the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, founded by Benjamin Ed6s th^r^votatJiary'oauBe" ^^^ ^^hn Gill, April 7, 1755, and the Massachusetts Spy, founded by Isaiah Thomas, August 7, 1770. The Spy was started shortly after the suspension of the Boston Chronicle, which had , been founded in 1767, and had rendered itself obnoxious to the whig element of the community by assailing the citizens who differed with the advocates of the British administration. Four other papers were in the meanwhile regularly published once a week in Boston, viz, the News-Letter, the Evening Post, the Oazette, and the Weelcly Advertiser and Post Boy. Of these the News-Letter and the WeeMy Advertiser and Post Boy were conducted in the interests of the government. The Gazette was warmly enlisted for the whig cause, and the Evening Post was apparently neutral or indifferent, paying little or no attention to political controversy and a great deal to religious controversy. Under these circumstances there appeared to be great need for another journal devoted to the patriot cause, while there was very little to encourage the hope of its financial success. In 1768 the Boston Chronicle had set the fashion of a semi- weekly publication, it being the first newspaper published oftener than once a week in ISTew England. It increased its issue from once to twice a week without any addition to the cost to the subscriber, which was six shillings and eight pence — "but a very small consideration," according to Thomas, "for a newspaper on a large sheet and well executed." Mr. Thomas proposed to publish his paper three times a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and did so publish it for three months, giving his readers a quarter-sheet twice a week and a half-sheet once a week. At the end of that period the tri-weekly was replaced by a semi- weekly, which ran for three months longer, when, that also proving unprofitable, the enterprise was started anew, on March 7, 1771, as a weekly. This was printed on a whole sheet, royal size, folio, with four columns, and was a larger paper than any that had thus far been published on the continent. Thei'e are few weekly newspapers now published in the United States which do not contain from three to twenty times the amount of reading matter for which there was room in the columns of the Massachusetts Spy. The Spy was supplied with communications from the ablest political writers of the day. It began by admitting controversial articles upon both sides of the great question, but its leanings were so clearly whig that the loyalist element gradually withdrew altogether from its subscription lists, and the Spy thereafter devoted its entire energies to the furthering of the patriot cause. Some of the contributions in its columns were powerful and effective specimens of argument and invective, notably those signed "Oentinel", "Leonardas," and "Mncius Scsevola". In the meanwhile John Adams, Josiah Quincy, jr., and other patriots only less distinguished, were regularly contributing to the columns of Edes & Gill's Gazette and Country Journal the series of papers on political questions which produced the most marked influence in shaping and stimulating the public opinion of the time. In the columns of this newspaper " every innovation upon the chartered privileges of the colonies was examined, reviewed, reprobated, and condemned with a freedom which knew no fear and a severity which despised all control ". {a) It was in January, 1775, that John Adams began the publication in the Gazette of the celebrated series of papers signed "Novanglus", in reply to the contributions of Jonathan Sewell, published in the News-Letter, and signed " Massachusettensis". Mr. Adams' series ran through several months of the most exciting period just prior to the outbreak of hostilities. They often filled two or three pages of the Gazette, and their singular clearness of reasoning and vigor of style gave them a wide circulation, and made them, on the whole, the most cogent expression of the case for the revolutionists which found the light of the types in the colonies. The contribnisions of Josiah Quincy, jr., to the Gazette were hardly less powerful and eloquent, and certainly no less bold, than those of John Adams. They were published over a variety of signatures, and it is probable that the whole number of them are not identified as from his pen. These and other writers who had begun their criticisms upon the measures of the government almost from the first establishment of the Gazette, in 1755, continued their fire, with increasing directness and indignation, at each successive obnoxious act of government — the stamp act, the massacre, the tea tax, and the closing of the port of Boston — until the plucky publisher (&) was driven by a Buckingham's Bcminiscenoes, vol. i, p. 167. 6 Gill was not concerned in the publication of the Gazette after April, 177;'). In 1776 he began the publication of a new paper, called the Continental Journal. After the war the Gazette was surpassed by many rivals, and lingered along, without any distinguishing features, until 1798, when the venerable publisher published his valedictory and the paper died. • The Spy continued to be published in Worcester, where it met with sundry difficulties which occasioned temporary suspensions, but, reckoning from the date of establishment, it is now the oldest journal in Massachusetts. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 21 tlie commencement of hostilities to remove his press from Boston to Watertown, where, after a brief suspension, the Gazette continued to be published until the evacuation of Boston perir.'tted his return. Mr. Thomas, in the same way, moved the Massachusetts Spy to Worcester. Massachusetts was almost unique in the possession of these journals, so wholly and earnestly enlisted in the cause of the colonies against Great Britain; and in estimating their influence it is proper to compare the revolutionary feeling existing in that colony, where it had these exceptional stimulants, with the same feeling in other colonies, which were largely without such stimulants. The PrommenoeoftheMas- umerence was not sufficiently marked to justify us in assigning any exceptional influence to the periodical press in bringing about the revolution. This conclusion is further justified by the fact that Massachusetts was the scene of the most aggressive measures of the government, as well as of the first bloodshed, and that the revolutionary spirit was precipitated there by a certain priority of events. COLOiflAL NEWSPAPER TYPOGRAPHY. In their mechanical construction and typographical appearance the journals of the colonial epoch differed from those of the present era quite as widely as in their contents and functions. Until about 1770 they were generally printed on half sheets of varying shapes and sizes ; the earlier size was ordinarily 7 by 9 or 10 inches. The Bostou News-Letter of 1704 was printed on a half sheet 7 by 13 inches. This Mechanical and typo- was the size of Franklin's ITew England Gourant, the New England Journal, and several other of «ie ooionia™re™ '"' papers of the era between 1720 and 1770. Frequently the publisher of these and other journals varied the size of their periodicals. They would print on a half sheet folio or quarto of different sizes, as they found it convenient, most of the paper used in America before the revolution being imported from England, and it often being impossible to obtain uniform jjaper. Sometimes an enterprising publisher would give his readers an occasional whole sheet. This practice was first inaugurated by the Boston Gazette of 1719, but it frequently happened on such occasion^ that one entire page would be left blank. About the year 1760 it became the custom with all or most of the Boston journals to print a whole sheet (crown) regularly. A calculation of the number of ems of type in these journals shows the average to have been: for the half sheets, from 3,000 to 7,000, according to the size of the type ; for the whole sheets, 0,000 to 14,000, or about the contents of from one to two columns of the New York Herald of to-day. tr™' "^ ""'^"^ ' ' ^ matter. There were generally two columns, three-inch measure, to a page, although it occasionally happened that one broad column sufficed, or one column occupied the first page and two columns the others. The colonial journals varied as widely in their typography as in their size. Many varieties of type were brought into use : pica, small pica, englisli, roman, brevier, great primer, and long primer, the latter being the size and style more commonly used. It was not often that more than one style of type was put to use on one paper, except in the matter of head lines. Eeading matter and advertisements were all printed alike. The latter were rarely " set off'" from the literary contents in the early newspapers by rules, and the two-line letter does not appear in advertisements until near the revolutionary epoch. At that time it began to be customary to use great -primer flowers between the letters. Frequent use was also made of illuminated letters for capitals. The composition on these early papers was generally accurate, and the orthography compares favorably with that of the English press of the same date. In both countries the capital letter was used with an extraordinary and unaccountable freedom, the general custom being to capitalize all nouns, and as many other words as possible. The press-work was also good, considering the character of the wooden presses upon which it was executed. The captions of the colonial journals were uniformly plain, and quite as uniformly contained for a. secondary line the now obsolete legend, " Containing the Freshest Advices, Foreign and Domestick;" and many of the first papers added the expression, " Published by authority," by way of indicating that the approval of the authorities to the enterprise had been obtained. DEVICES. A distinguishing peculiarity was the device of the caption. These devices first appeared in the Boston Gazette of 1719, which was adorned with a cut of a ship on the right and one of a postman on the left of the title. These devices were frequently changed. The Gazette, above referred to, which was discontinued in 1752, had at one time devices of a postman on horseback (Fig. 1), a pine tree, and a news- Allegorical devices, carrier holding a copy of the paper in his hand. They were of the rudest possible workmanship, and often quaintly inartistic in design and ludicrously unsymmetrical in proportion. At first these devices appear to have been used merely by way of embellishment or as distinguishing marks. The successor to the Boston Gazette, above mentioned, displayed a cut which had been designed to accompany one of ^sop's fables. Mr. Fowle, after establishing the New Hampshire Gazette, appears to have luckily fallen in witli a series of cuts made to illustrate an edition of Jisop, and from time to time he enlivened his caption by substituting one for another of them. After a while these embellishments came to have either a journalistic or a political significance. William Bradford's New York Gazette (1725) was adorned with badly-executed cuts of the arms of New York, supported by an Indian on either side, with a crown for the crest. Andrew Bradford's Philadelphia Mercury (1719) had a small 22 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. figure of Mercury, bearing his caduceus. Guts of tlie king's arms were frequently used, several tory journals continuing to display them down to and into the revolution. The devices were frequently accompanied by mottoes, often in Latin, and sometimes bristling with the vehemence of the Massachusetts Spy^s "Americans ! Liberty or Death! Join or Die". The Constitutional Oourant, one issue of which was published at Burlington, New Jersey, in 1765, had in its title a device representing a snake, divided into eight parts, each part denoting a section or colony the head and neck representing New England, and the body the middle and southern colonies, and under it the motto, "Join or Die" (Fig. 2). There was no mistaking the significance of this device. Mr. Thomas <. " L... JOIN or DIE Fig. 1. Pig. 3. afterward adopted a modification of it for his Spy. He was also fruitful with his own devices. He originally used a cut of the goddess of liberty, seated upon a pedestaL A still later one in the Spy (Fig. 3) is thus explained »n its full allegorical significance by Mr. Thomas himself: The device on tiie left is a figure representing America, an Indian holding the cap of Liberty on a staff with the left hand, and in the right aspear, aimed at the Biitish Lion, which appears attacking her from the opposite shore. That on therightisachain of thirteen links, with a star in each link, representing the union of the thirteen states; the chain is placed in a circular form, leaving an opening for the arras of France, to which the ends of the chain are attached. Above the arms are two hands, clasped, and directly over them a sword, with its hilt resting on the clasped hands. Other devices, like that of the Independent Ledger and American A dvertiser of Boston, in 1778 (Fig. 4), were symbolical of the union of hand and purpose on the part of the thirteen colonies. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. These devices, indicating with varying intensity of allegory the convictions and principles of the journals adopting them, began to disappear from the captions after the revolution and with the disappearance of the causes which created the political feeling in the colonies. The American press, so far as it has not discarded these titular emblems altogether, is now content with miniature printing presses, occasional portraits of Benjamin Franklin, or goddesses of liberty, which, from an artistic point of view, are not more deserving of praise than the devices which disfigured the colonial press. PEIOBS OF COLONIAL NEWSPAPEES. The colonial newspapers were sold at prices which varied according to the location and the currency of that location. The latter fluctuated so frequently in value that it is not always possible at this date to determine precisely the sum that the publisher regarded himself entitled to receive from his patrons ; J)ut Prices. there is sufflcient reason to believe that this sum was a nearly uniform one in the respective colonies, and that it did not vary greatly in any one colony from the standard established in aii the others. John Campbell, when he founded the News-Letter in 1704, may be said to have established for his owa FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 23 and for subsequent generations the prevailing price of the weeldy newspaper. He received the equivalent of $2 of our present currency, but did not think it worth while to advertise his price of subscription in the paper itself. This was a neglect to take advantage of an opportunity which found several imitators in the subsequent colonial newspapers. The Boston Gazette and Weekly Journal (1719) was sold for 16s. a year, and 20s. when sealed, payable quarterly, and at the value of currency at that time this was equivalent to $2 30 in our present money. The American Magazine, a monthly periodical of 50 pages, founded in 1743, was sold for 3s.j new tenor, a quarter, being at the rate of 50 cents, or $2 per annum. The Rehearsal, founded in 1731, was sold originally for 20s., but was reduced from that price to 16s. when Fleet took possession of it in 1733. The Boston Advertiser was sold for 5s. M. "lawful money", and the Boston Chronicle (1767) for 6s. 8one. CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES OF A FEEE PEESS. When the Constitution of the United States was framed there was no provision included in it regarding the freedom of the press, the general convention having left this subject to the common understanding and established opinion of the people. It is true that Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina, on May 29, 1787, laid before the convention a draft of a plan of federal government which he had tio^ld the^re^™^'"" prepared, in which was included a provision declaring that "the legislature of the United States shall pass no law touching or abridging the liberty of the press", (a) and that on August 20 of the same year Mr. a Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, as reported by James Madison, revised and newly arranged by Jonathan EUiot, p. 131. Washington: 184.5. 24 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Pinckney submitted to the convention, for reference to the committee of detail, a series of propositions, in which was included the declaration that "the liberty of the press shall be inviolably preserved". Neither of these propositions having been incorporated in the Constitution, the first Congress, by way of amendment to the Constitution, resolved that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting^ the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances "- But previous to the adoption of this amendment to the federal Constitution there had been express provision made in the constitutions of each of the several states which adopted new constitutions to prevent an abridgment of the liberty of the press. It is interesting to recall these provisions, and to observe how state constitutions and garefuUy they havc been preserved in all the subsequent constitutional modifications of the original states and incorporated in the constitutions of those states which have since been admitted to the federal union. The constitution of New Hampshire (1784), article XXII, declares that "the liberty of the New Hampshire. p^ggg jg esscutial of frccdom in a state; it ought, therefore, to be inviolably preserved". This provision was identically preserved in' the constitution of 1792, which is stilHn force in that state. Massaohnsetta. lu Massachusctts the declaration of rights prefixed to the constitution of 1780 declares that "the liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom in a state; it ought not, therefore, to be restrained in this commonwealth"; and this declaration of rights remain* unaltered and in full force The convention which framed the constitution of New York (1777) contented itself with 2^6^ York. declaring, ordaining, and determining that "such parts of the common law of England, with the statutes adopted and the acts of their own legislature, as together did form the law of the colony in 1775, shall continue, subject to the alterations of the legislature"- They regarded the freedom of the press. as established by the common law. But the second constitution of New York (1821) contained this explicit declaration (article VII,. section 8) : Every citizen may freely write, speak, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and no law shall be passed to restrain the liberty of speech or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libels the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted ; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. This significant declaration was introduced into the organic law of New York as a direct consequence of the- large number of libel suits which had resulted from the exciting politics of the previous years — suits in which a variety of constructions of the existing law were adopted and the press was held to have suffered unjustly. The provision of 1821 still remains in the constitution of New York. The state of Pennsylvania was more explicit than New York on this subject in its second ennsyvania. constitution (1790). The provisiou rcads : That the printing press shall be free to every one who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the legislature or any branch of the government, and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of man, and every citizen may freely write and print on any subject, being responsible for th& abuse of that liberty. In the prosecutions for publications of papers investigating the official conduct of officers or men of public capacity, or where the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libels the jury shall have a right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the courts, as in other cases. — Article 9, section 7. This provision was retained in the constitution of 1838, and also in the existing constitution of 1873, with an important modification of phraseology, to wit : No conviction shall be had in any prosecution for the publication of papers relating to the official conduct of officers or men in public capacity, or to any other matter proper for public investigation or information, where the fact that such publication was not maliciously or negligently made shall be established to the satisfaction of the Jury. Provisions almost identical with the original Pennsylvania clause quoted above were incorporated in the first constitutions of the states of Arkansas, Alabama, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas. South Carolina, in her original constitution (1776), committed the privilege to the keeping of the common law as understood by the people, but the constitution immediately thereafter adopted (1778) contain* Sontii Carolina. the declaration "that the liberty of the press be inviolably preserved". This declaration disappeared in the constitution of 1790, and did not again appear in that of 1865 ; but in th& constitution of 1808, sections 7 and 8, article I, there appears the following : All persona may freely speak, write, and utter their sentiments on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and n* law shall be enacted to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the official conduct o f officers or men in public capacity, or where the matter published is proper for publication, the truth thereof may b& given in evidence ; and in all indictments for libels the jury shall be the judges of the law and the facts. (See Pennsylvania. ) The Georgia constitution (1777) declared that " the freedom of the press and trial by jury shall remain, inviolate", and this provision remained intact in the constitutions of 1789 and 1798. In the- Georgia. declaration of rights of the constitution of 1865 was the following : Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are inherent elements of political liberty. But while every citizen may freely speak, write, or print on any subject, he shall be responsible for the abuse of the liberty. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 25 The same phraseology remaias in the constitution of 1868. The North Carolina constitution (1776) declared "that the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and therefore ought never to be restrained". The constitution of 1868 retained this phraseology, with the proviso added that "every individual should be held responsible for the North Carolina. abuse of the same", and thus it stands in the constitution of 1876. In the bill of rights which accompanied the Virginia constitution of 1776 is the declaration "that the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments". This declaration of rights was re-enacted with the constitutions of 1830, 1850, Virginia. 1864, and 1870, in the latter instrument the clause being added : " And any citizen may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that Uberty." The Maryland constitution (1776) in the "declaration of rights" asserted "that the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably preserved". This clause is repeated in the declarations prefixed to the constitutions of 1851 and 1864, the same qualification quoted in the case of Virginia being Maryland. added in the last instrument. The original cc^istitution of New Jersey (1776) contained no declaration regarding a free press, but that of 1844 contains this explicit provision — the most explicit in reference to the rights of publishers in libel cases which had been incorporated in the fundamental law of any state up to that time: New Jersey. Every person may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives .and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted, and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. Substantially this provision, commanding verdicts for defendants where the truth of the statements complained of is proven and the motives of publication are justifiable, is now incorporated in the constitutions of New York, Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Ehode Island, Wisconsin, "West Virginia, Maine, Ohio, Iowa, Nevada, and Colorado. In other states, where the phraseology of the Pennsylvania constitution is the model, this provision is limited in its application to publications relating to the ofQcial conduct of public officers or men ia public capacity. The first constitution of Vermont (1777) declared as follows : The people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing and publishing their sentiments concerning ennont. the transactions of government, and therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained. This phrase reappeared in the constitutions of 1786 and 1793, which latter remains the organic law of the- state. New constitutions were not formed in the states of Ehode Island and Connecticut upon the declaration of independence, the former state continuing to be governed under its original charter, granted by the English government in 1663, until this charter was superseded by the constitution of Ehode island. 1842, in which the declaration took this form : The liberty of the press being essential to the security of freedom in a state, any person may publish his sentiments on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty ; and in all trials for libel, both civil and criminal, the truth, unless published from malicious motives, shall be sufficient defense to the person charged. This constitution remains unchanged, except by minor amendment. The Connecticut charter of 1662 made way for a constitution in 1818, in which appeared a more explicit declaration than had yet been given place in any organic law, giving the right to freely speak, write, or publish, forbidding the passage of any law at any time to curtail or restrain the liberty Connecticut. of speech or of the press, and finally providing that " in all prosecutions or tudictments for libel the truth may be given in evidence, and the jury shaU have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court". The second constitution of Delaware (1792) provided as follows: The press shall be free to every citizen who undertakes to examine the official conduct of men acting in a public capacity, and any citizen may print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of th.at liberty. In prosecutions for publications investigating the proceedings of officers, or where the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence ; and in aU indictments for libels the jury may determine the facts and the law, as in other cases. This section is retained without change in the constitution of 1831, and provisions practically identical with one or the other of those quoted above appear in every one of the thirty-eight state constitutions as they exist to-day. The constitution of West Virginia contains one of the exceptional organic clauses relating .. =. West Virginia. to the freedom of the press, as follows : No law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press shall be passed; but the legislature may, by suitable penalties, restrain the puWication or sale of obscene books, papers, or pictures, and provide for the punishment of libel and defamation of character, and for tho 26 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. recovery, in civil actions, by the aggrieved party of suitable damages for such libel or defamation. In prosecutions and civil suits for libel the truth may be given in evidence, and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and vras published ■with good motives and for justifiable ends, the verdict shall be for the defendant, (a) THE EXISTING LAWS OP LIBEL. These provisions of the organic law, which guarantee to the press of the several states the sacred right of free speech, and accompany the responsibility for the exercise of that right with the privilege of trial by jury upon the law and the facts, are supplemented in each state by statutory provisions regarding actions for libel, civil and criminal. Everywhere it is established in our jurisprudence that the guarantee of free speech does not involve the freedom from those restraints which regulate that speech to the requirements of public decency and public order and to the protection of private character. The abuse of the freedom of the press has made the United States more prolific of libel suits than any other country in the world. The law offers every facility to the individual for such redress for defamation of character as pecuniary damages can bring; and if the experience of the country is that juries are not prone to award heavy penalties in such cases, the fact remains that every publisher, Newspaper libel suits, after every issue of his newspaper, is at the mercy of any person who majj regard himself as aggrieved by some publication therein, and that many publishers have become involved in expensive and annoying litigations in consequence of the courageous consecration of their press to the exposure' and extirpation of public wrongs. While there is no decrease in the universal feeling that public and private rights demand full legal protection from the malicious publisher, there is an increasing feeling, on the other hand, that the publisher should be better protected from the malicious prosecutor. The uncertainty of the result in an action -against the proprietor of a newspaper for libel deters many from attempting to pursue this method in the vindication of their character. This distrust, it will be conceded, does not arise from any indeflniteness or uncertainty in the law, or in the method of its expounding by the courts. On the other hand, there is an increasing tendency, observable of late years, to resort to the law for purposes which may be described as nearly akin to blackmail and intimidation. From the standpoint both of the public and the publisher, therefore, the existing libel laws of the United States are capable of modifications that will better adapt them to the purposes for which they are devised, and it is not to be expected that journalism will ever outgrow the tendencies which rendei* it necessary to throw these legal restraints around the free press of the United States. In a country where the establishment of a newspaper is such a common and easy affair it is to be expected that some newspapers will always exist whose conduct is not regulated by that scrupulous regard for private rights which has long distinguished the better class of American journals and is developed to a most admirable degree in the press of England. The nature of our political institutions and the fierceness of our party politics have always developed in the press a greater freedom of personal reference, accompanied by bitterness and vindictiveness of criticism, than is seen elsewhere. Of this, however, it is safe to say that there is much less than existed in the early history of American newspapers, while the gross and vulgar intrusion into private affairs, merely for the gratification of a prurient public taste for sensationalism and scandal, has long been confined to publications of no recognized standing in the community. THE PEESS DUEING THE REVOLUTION. The American press, emerging from the revolution with the great advantage of free utterance guaranteed in the organic law to compensate it for the trials of that ordeal, was compelled to pay to the full the penalty which war imposes upon all classes of society and all elements of material wealth. It had not yet made Newspaper circulation itsclf a ucccssity, for its issues Were still but once a week, and were therefore, as a rule, behind notincreasedbytherevo- ^-^^^ news which the pcoplc wcre eager enough to learn, but which they found themselves learning- more expeditiously by word of mouth than from the printed page. For this reason there was no such unusual increase in the circulation of the existing newspapers as ordinarilj^ accompanies the outbreak of a war. The information they did convey was necessarily meager, owing to the lack of facility and ability to print or to obtain details. Journalistic enterprise, as we understand that phrase in these days, was an undeveloped element, and. the cost and difficulties of publication were inordinately increased. Paper was extremely scarce, and toward the close of the revolutionary war piteous appeals to the people to save their rags for the paper-mills, which necessity had established in several colonies, beg.an to appear in the prints. Skilled printers were few in number, and there had ceased to be any fresh arrivals from England and the continent, and worn-out types could not be replenished except at a cost which was ruinous. These causes prevented that rapid multiplication of newspapers in the sections not actually involved in the war, such as is usually seen in such times. At the headquarters of the press, in the cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, other difQculties of an even a The constitutions of the states and of the United States use the word press as descriptive of the free communication of ideas and sentiments by the art of printing. By the freedom of the press they undoubtedly intended an unrestrained use and free improvement of the privilege of writing and printing in the communication of sentiments and opinions on matters of public concernment, governmental measures, and political procedures ; not a licentious and destructive abuse of the privilege in such a manner as that wicked and malicious men should gratify their resentment, malevolence, and revenge to the overthrow of family reputation and the ruin of their neighbors* ■charactei'. — James Sullivan's Dissertation. FIRST PERIOD: 1639-1783. 27 •more serious nature interfered with progress. With the successive occupation of these several cities by the British troops there was nothing for the publishers of patriotic newspapers to do but to pack up their accouterments as best they could and make their escape to other points, whence they could not suspension of the Bos- supply their regular subscribers nor command their ordinary facilities, and frequently they found it a^elpMapresses^ necessary to suspend publication altogether for weeks and months. The most notable cases of removal were those of Thomas' Massachusetts Spy, which went from Boston to Worcester ; Edes' Gazette, removed from Boston to Watertown, whence it returned after the evacuation; the Newport Mercury, from Newport to Attlebury, Massachusetts; and the New York Journal, to Kingston (Bsopus), and thence, upon the approach of the British, to Poughkeepsie. The patriot newspapers printed in Philadelphia at the outbreak of the war were suspended altogether during the period that the British remained in possession of that city. The royalist papers published in these cities at the outbreak of the revolution continued to print, generally under the protection and encouragement of the British authorities ; but their difficulties were hardly less than those of their expelled contemporaries, as the citizens, sympathizing with the cause of independence, refused to patronize them, and the meager support remaining compelled several of them to suspen d. The royalist press. Eivington's New Yorjj; Gazetteer, which had "a very extensive circulation" in the principal towns surrounding from the supporters of the government, was descended upon by a body of armed men in 1775, which •destroyed the press, pied the type, and effectually stopped its publication. Eeturning to England, Eivington supplied himself with a new printing outfit, and was appointed king's printer for New York. Coming again to that city when the British gained possession, he re-established the Gazetteer, under the title of Eivington's Loyal New YorJc Gazette, " Published by James Eivington, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty." This paper naturally suspended for want of support shortly after the close of the revolution, although its editor, by discarding the royal arms and pledging himself to print an impartial and complete newspaper, struggled hard to live down the prejudice excited by his conduct in the war. The list of newspapers which were in existence in the colonies in the year 1775, as compiled by Thomas, is probably nearly, if not quite, accurate. It shows them to have been thirty-seven in number, of which one was located in New Hampshire, seven in Massachusetts, two in Ehode Island, four in Connecticut, four in New York, nine in Pennsylvania (including three established in the early part of that year), two in Maryland, two in Virginia, two in North Carolina, three in South Carolina, and one in Georgia. The complete list is as follows : The press of 1775. Titles. Towns. Publishers. Titles. Towns. Fnhllsheis. NEW HAMPSHIKK. * New Hampshire Gazette MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts Grazette and News-Letter. Boston Evening Post Boston Gazette Massachusetts Gazette and Fost.Boy * Massachusetts Spy Essex Gazette Essex Journal Portsmouth... Boston ....do -.-do ...do ...do Salem Newbnryport BHODE ISLAND. *Newport Mercury , * Providence Gazette OONNBOTICUT. * Connecticut Journal * Connecticut Gazette * Connecticut Couraut Norwich Packet Newport Providence . - New Haven . New London. Hartford Norwich UBW TOEK. New York Mercury New York Journal New York Gazetteer Albany Post-Boy FENNSTLVANIA. 'Pennsylvania Gazette — New York . ....do ...do Albany Philadelphia. Daniel Powle. Margaret Draper. T.&J.Fleet. Edes & GUI. Green & Bussell. Isaiah Thomas. S. & E. Hall. Lunt &. Tinges. Solomon Southwick. John Carter. T. & S. Green. Timothy Green, Ebenezer Watson. Bobertson & Trumbell. Hugh Gaine. John Holt. James Bivington. A. & J. Bobertson. Hall & Sellers. PENNSYLVANIA— continued. Pennsylvania Journal * Pennsylvania Packet t Pennsylvania Ledger t Pennsylvania Evening Post J Pennsylvania Mercury H. Miller's German Paper C. Sower's German Paper English and German Paper MAETLAND. Maryland Gazette Maryland Journal VIEGnjlA. Virginia Gazette Virginia Gazette Philadelphia.. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Germantown.. Lancaster Annapolis ... Baltimore Williamsburg. ...do NOBTH CABOLINA. North Carolina Gazette Cape Fear Mercury SOUTH CAEOLINA. South Carolina Gazette South Carolina and American General Gazette. South Carolina Gazette and Country JoumaL Georgia Gazette . New Berne — Wilmington .. Charleston. - . ....do GBOBGIA. ...do Savannah. W. & T. Bradford. John Dunlap. James Humphreys. Benjamin Towne. Story & Humphreys. Henry Miller, Christopher Sower. Lahn, Albright & Stel. ner. Fred. & Sam'l Green, William Goddard. Pnrdie & Dixon. William Bind. James Davis. Adam Boyd. Peter Timothy. Eohert WeHs. Charles Crouch. James Johnston. A star (*) prefixed indicates that they were continued in 1812. Those marked thus (t) commenced in January, 1775 ; those marked thus (}) in April, 1775. Of these journals eight only were in existence in 1810, when Thomas' list was first published, many of them having suspended during the progress of the war, borne down by the circumstances upon which we have dwelt. Five additional papers, not here enumerated, were established during the first year of the war. An attempt has been made to estimate the number of copies annually printed of the thirty-seven newspapers of 1775, which places the figure at 1,200,000. The aggregate is reached by the simple process of assigning to each of the papers an average weekly circulation of about 600 copies. This average is probably amply high, and calls for an average weekly issue of all the existing journals of less than 23,000 ^/^^"^ probable circuia- papers for a population of 2,800,000, in round numbers, or a paper once a week for every 122 individuals. Any value which these figures may be supposed to possess must be qualified by the fact that the great bulk of the revolutionary papers was circulat«d in the three cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and iheir immediate vicinity. SECOND PEEIOD: 1783-1835. SECOND PERIOD. APTEE THE EEVOLUTION. The close of the revolutionary war began the second era in the history of the American press, or the transitional era, as I have designated it. Up to this time it had taken firm root indeed, but in a soil which was sterile, where it survived as an exotic. The United States now entered upon an entirely different condition of affairs, the tendency of which was directly to stimulate the establishment of new journals in transT^narOTa"' °* *^° all the settled parts of the country and to supply them more adequately with the means of subsistence and growth, if not of large profits. As business enterprises, newspapers continued to be for many years uncertain and unattractive; and the circumstances which drew many men into the business, and tended to the continual multiplication of newspapers, were not of a kind to broaden their financial basis, (a) POLITICAL PAETIES AND THE PEESS. With the establishment of independence and the prolonged and exciting discussion which preceded the adoption of the federal Constitution the people of the United States divided quickly into groups upon issues which concorned altogether their own internal affairs, and engrossed the public mind in controversies, soon to become warm, which everywhere demanded methods of public The press and politics, expression and intercommunication. To this political stimulus may be directly traced the immediate multiplication of newspapers, and the fact that they rapidly attained a degree of influence hitherto- unknown in America, and probably not previously paralleled in the world. (&) They were born of the friction generated by intense political feeling, and were very often established, under circumstances which foredoomed them to failure as business fenterprises, by men carried away by intensity of political opinion or prompted to the venture by other men, who desired to make use of public prints for political purposes. The neutral and colorless journal, which had been so frequent before the revolution and during its progress, almost entirely disappeared, and of the three hundred and sixty-two papers which Thomas found in existence in 1810 all but seventeen were classified by him as attached either to the federalist or the republican party, most of the exceptions being either agricultural journals or periodicals of a literary character. The political opinions of a newspaper not only offered an inducement to subscribers of its manner of thinking, and thus spread the circulation among many who would not otherwise have taken it, but offered certain other advantages, such as the petty patronage in printing which political parties are able to supply and the favor, and frequently the sustenance, of politicians who were in positions of more or less power. Hence it happened that these early newspapers were divided in their political opinions very nearly in accordance with the well-known geographical distribution of politics in that era. Eleven only of the thirty-two journals published in Massachusetts in 1810 were republican in politics, only one of a An episode in the life of Joel Munsell, of Albany, New Yoik, affords illustration of the prevailing methods of newspaper publication even as late as 1827. In that year he was settiug typo on a weekly periodical, the Masonic Becord, and to occupy the time when not thus employed young Munsell determined on issuing a newspaper himself. In one day along the principal business street he procured 150 subscribers. He purchased a small font of types and prepared for business. This paper was called the Albany Minerva, and was published semi-monthly on a half sheet folded as a royal octavo. The composition was done by Munsell in the back room of a bookstore, the use of which was paid for his attendance on customers while the clerk was absent at dinner. The paper was worked off at night on a Ramage press, with balls, in the Becord office, and the next morning the editor himself delivered it at the doors of his subscribers. The labor involved in writing, type-setting, and press-work, all of which Munsell did himself, was so great that only eight numbers were issued, the first of which appeared January 1, 1828, when Munsell had not reached his twentieth year. — George E. Howell's Memoir of Joel Munsell. Of the newspapers and periodicals printed or published by Mr. Munsell at various times there were, in addition, Tlie Microscope, 1834, a weekly journal, which had for some time a considerable circulation, in the publication of which he was associated with Henry D. Stone ; a daily whig campaign newspaper in 1840; a Lady's Magazine in 1843, edited by E. G. Squier; The Northern Star and Freeman's Advocate (1840) ; The Spectator (1844), a weekly religious newspaper, edited by Dr. William B. Sprague, which during the few years of its survival exercised a large influence in that portion of the state ; The Guard (1S45), an Odd Fellows' journal, of which C. C. Burr and John Tanner were editors ; and, in subsequent years, The State Begister, daily ; The Typographical Miscellany, one of the earliest periodicals devoted to printing; The Netc York Teacher, the Albany Morning Express (1854), and the Albany Daily Statesman. Mr. Munsell was one of the committee appointed by the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Massachusetts, to edit and supervise the second edition of Thomas' History of Printing, published in 1874. 6 The newspapers of that day exercised an individual influence over the minds of their readers very far beyond that of the so much abler journals of our times. The power and influence of the press as a whole, and even the importance of the press as a political agent, have indeed greatly increased, but the effect which any individual journal can produce has very greatly diminished. In those days the Aurora, for instance, penetrated to many localities in which no other printed sheet ever made its appearance. There were many who never saw any other newspaper, and its falsehoods and calumnies produced all the effect natural to an uncontradicted statement of fact. At present the mischief that can be done by falsehood and misrepresentation is comparati velv limited, detection and exposure following too close. — Hildreth's History of the United States, second series, vol. ii, p. 229. 31 32 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS the twelve papers in Connecticut, and correspondingly few in the rest of the New England states, throughout which the federalist party was strong. In Pennsylvania the political division of the newspapers at Goographicai diatTiira- ^.jjj^j. y jjjg ^^as verv nearly even, while in Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, tion of the political preas. ./ . 7 -j a ? 107 .77 Tennessee, and Ohio the federalist journals were as scarce as republican journals m New England. At an earlier date, and when these geographical party lines were more marked, this peculiarity was even more noticeable. At a date still later the fact that a federalist or republican newspaper existed in a certain town, either with or without being able to make a comfortable living there, was apt to prove the sufficient provocation for the establishment of another journal of the opposite politics. And thus they went on multiplying at a much more rapid rate, considering the relative population, the relative number of readers, and the facilities for distribution, than they have multiplied at any later date in the history of the country. In Kew York city especially journal after journal was established daringtheflrstquarter century after the revolution whose sole mission apparently was to adx'ance the interests of one or another political faction existing there, and whose life went out when the faction disappeared, if indeed it did not cease before, and this process went on, only in less degree, in the other well-settled parts of the country. The early journalism of this country, therefore, owes much, in one sense of the word, to politics, which may be said to have been the chief stimulus to its rapid spreadfor the first fifty years after the close of the revolutionary war, and until the close of the second era. It was natural that there should have been every inducement to Multiplication of news- rcp ay the debt, and that politics should thus early have occupied the chief attention of the editors-. causes. ' "^ '"' "" ^^ ^"'^^ ^ State of things which brought into the ijrofession a class of men widely different from those who had been chiefly conspicuous in it during the colonial epoch. The majority of the latter were men of merely mechanical skill, more intent upon making a living out of their trade as printers than of consecrating their energies to a public cause. We have seen how the greater part of the writing ^nd era^ ^°^^° " ^'"'' done iu the colonial press, either for or against the principle lying at the root of the revolution, was the work of outside contributors — of men who were themselves neither editors nor printers, but rather the leaders of opinion in their several communities, who were glad to embrace the opportunity the press afibrded for influencing the public mind. The editor, in the sense that we now use the word, was not a frequent ■character, even in such newspaper towns as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, and this was one chief reason why the pamphlet, rather than the newspaper, was so vital a literary force in the revolutionary epoch. The tracts of Thomas Paine attained a wider circulation throughout the colonies, and were more potent in the crystallization of public opinion, than all the issues of the periodical press. It was often the case that Benjamin Franklin, who is conceded to have been the best writer directly connected with the colonial press, while actively engaged in the publication and pushing of his journal, put the compositions he regarded as of the most importance in pamphlet tbrra, in contempt of the claims of the journal which brought him his bread and butter, but whose files bear little evidence of his literary and intellectual characteristics. This was because he knew that he thus secured for them a wider circulation. The letters composing the Federalist, on the other hand, were supplied by their distinguished authors to the newspapers of New York city, and in these columns first exerted their powerful influence in behalf of the federal Constitution. The post-revolutionary editors were frequently not printers at all, or they were printers who were also politicians. Some of them were men of conceded ability, whose writings were terse, pointed, and scholarly ; others were men who made their points bluntly, and not always with that respect for the amenities of discussion which we are learning to regard as essential to the printed page. There were among them no trained journalists in the modern sense, and very few bold and strong intellects capable of dealing adequately with the large issues precipitated upon the young republic. THE ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS. It is an historical fact that the men who were chiefly influential in giving its turn and tone to the American journalism of the period with which we are dealing were educated in other countries, and came to the United States without the training in American political affairs which native-born citizens had received Foreign-bom editors, by rcasoii of the trials and restraints of the revolution, and without that respect for our young institutions which inured to the native, (a) William Cobbett was an English refugee; James Thompson Callender, of theEichmond Examiner, was an exile for seditious publication in Scotland; and William Duane, a The apology for the sedition act was the unquestionable licentiousness of the press, which at that time was chiefly conducted by refugees and adventurers from Great Britain and Ireland. — Appleton's Cyclopedia, xvi, 162. At the time of the passage of the alien and sedition acts there were about two hundred newspapers published in the United States. Of these about one hundred and seventy-five were supporters of the national administration ; the remainder were chiefly under the control of aliens. Although there were eight daily papers inPhiladelphia and Ave or six in New York, it was seldom that any one had an editor .distinct from the printer and publisher. One of the first papers established on that plan in New York was The Mineroa, a daily paper set up in 1704, of which the name had been lately changed to The Commeroial Advertiser. It was the ablest paper in the country on the federal «ide, and was edited by Noah Webster, afterward the lexicographer. Out of New England the publishers of newspapers were principally foreigners. They were wielding a powerful influence by being vehicles for communication with the people by such raen as Hamilton Jay Madison, King, Ames, Cabot, and many others ; and in the lialf century between 1765 and 1815 this peculiar literature of America is to be found in its newspapers, sometimes coarse and vulgar, but always vigorous. From 1790 to 1800 the political newspapers — and thev were nearly all such — teemed with scandalous personal attacks. Chief Justice McKean, iuhis charge in a libel case in which Cobbett was concerned, said in 1798: "Every one who has in him the sentiments either of a Christian or a gentleman cannot but be highly offended at the envenomed scurrility that has raged in pamphlets and newspapers printed in Philadelphia for several years past, insomuoli that libeling has become a national crime, and distinguishes us not only from all the states around us, but from the whole civilized world. Our satire has been SECOND PERIOD: 1783-1835. 33 the editor of the famous Aurora, the anti-federalist organ in Philadelphia, then the national capital, had made a fortune once as the publisher of an English journal in India. Suppressed by the government, and petitioning in vain for redress, disgust and despair drove him to seek a new professional career in America, where he became, perhaps, the most violent and unseemly of the partisan editors. No epithet was so opprobrious that his types shrank from its use, and no federalist was too high to escape his constant and denunciatory attack. The republican principles of the elder Joseph G-ales involved him in trouble with the English government, and he came to Philadelphia in 1793, w;here he became proprietor of the paper which formed the nucleus of the famous National Intelligencer -when the capital was removed to Washington, (a) Cheetham, Gray, and Carpenter,New York journalists, were English immigrants since the revolution. There were enough of these foreign-born journalists among the editors of the period to give them prominence as a class, and the violence of their newspaper writing, while it was often equaled by that of the native writers, whether connected with the federalist or the anti-federalist press, was sufficient to occasion the agitation which culminated in 1798 in the passage of the alien and sedition laws.(&) While these laws were not nominally directed against the press, their enactment j^^^^ "^'^^ ™'* sedition was largely due to the circumstances we have been relating, (c) and at once created a nothing but ribaldry and billingsgate; the contest has been who could call names in thegreatest variety of phrases; ■who could mangle the greatest number of characters, or who could excelin the magnitude of their lies ; hence the honor of families has been stained, the highest posts rendered cheap and vile in the sight of the people, and the greatest services and virtue blasted." — Lossing's Cyclopaedia of United States History. a The National Intelligencer was founded at Washington by Samuel Harrison Smith, and was first issued as a tri-weekly on October 31, 1800. Joseph Gales became connected with it in 1807, and continued its editor until his death, in 1860. In 1812 he took into partnership his brother-in-law, William W. Seaton, by whom the journal was edited until 1865. It was issued as a daily from 1813 to 1869, when it was discontinued. b The influence upon American politics exercised at this moment (1812), and for nearjy twenty years previously, by a small body of educated and enthusiastic foreigners was indeed very remarkable, and may well serve as a caution to the nations of Europe. The demand for printers and editors, especially in the middle states, could not be supplied from domestic sources, and as many of these political exiles had been connected with the press at home, many of them, indeed, having been driven into exile in consequence of publications prosecuted by the government as libelous or seditious, they had adopted the same calling in America. Converted thus into mouthpieces of the democratic party, they obtained and exercised an iniiuence out of all proportion either to their number or their talents. Eandolph complained that almost every leading press in favor of war was conducted by men who had but recently escaped from the tyranny or the justice, whichsoever it might be, of the British government. He gave as instances the Aurora and the Democratic Press, the leading papers at Philadelphia, edited, the one by Duane and the other by Biuns; the Whig, at Baltimore, conducted by Baptiste Irving, and the Intelligencer, at Washington, by Joseph Gales. — Hildreth's History of the United States, second series, iii, p. 217. The second section of the sedition act, as embodying the only legislation of the Congress of the United States which can be said to have been directed against the liberty of the press, is here reproduced : And be it further enacted. That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or proctire *o he -written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and wilUngl.y assist or aid iu writing, printing, uttering, or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congi'ess of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defam'e the said government, or either house of the said Congreas, or the said President, or to bring tbem, or either of them, into contempt or disrepute ; or to excite against them, or either or any of them, the hatred of the good people of the United States, or to stir up sedition within the United States, or to excite any unlawful combinations therein, for opposing or resisting any law of the United States, or any act of the President of the United States done in pursuance of any such law, or of the powers in him vesied by the Constitution of the United States, or to resist, oppose, or defeat any such law or act, or to aid, encourage, or abet any hostile designs of any foreign n'ation against the United States, their people or government, then such person, being thereof aUlLmlia ---^'JW''^•M•'f^»■ riLUJM UlUAY,^ k 1. idn tf •) ft-iMlMjm. !'.?^'^r?'^-'f_-"i^y: rub ••.•^> M ol U< f-f^^ iy^o.«~iu»w --«2 „^,uP,c»crS lliO&n»«ei3B(iiEfi<. 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S. =^ ^:ai^f klih Ka fu L-r-yfeB en Cf-CKWTIKEL ■^QCTiadi' Higrfttf -hi ,e596«tf53?Scn).f tte UiiK'J'!-d:i sf AsbEs. e-r'JiJ aitltti^t-'ftiTmrr. f-o^.-j ./!-• ....^Zn /,^. t'lJl^. >^ ."J™ rrf, Oh. w V 'n Ik/hI A' Imt^ Ai. I, im.Blftr'l/'Ar'jitiUiiB'.tK miy»Jn3'fltiaJftrfi'>. . C*ni iM^irt niiar •!iU B-f Fa lUr Jn /rq7>K nr ra£m ai>a alUk •! laSjiui ib.- .fUiiai^l ll'jU^in.ih triu, tSitltit tntAJJi'im.pti fitmni.fi^foji].''' C,f yrf^.fiJn, III tail 1, (1 all! lr», h)U tilC^M m^-i'i'nJ,a''' ' -' '' " *U if C.-.iu n»;«™ ftlol>a(iirib>Snix^7^'lii . ...B ucowKaJrlMastm Bl Ib> AI7Bii%:C^.tlLliifilx c™ ri.^nwT, r»ina*niwilmK— ^.':fe,xfl>M«iMNrHil»orAUC;Ujr «■/;,".'>! •>nMcJ iti piLf r iTcMsc B imi ■naimiWiki Uuini Su-jm vM [•ijitt J iliEii to ,-• ' — ' ' ■sMlH Fn^h RE7^UB,b>laicJ 'sj\ laiw Jiurf ,b>3 cJ r-m Hit l&Ii ETUI fA^ii/ibeU- Sam hit rg»Irt ■- 1 K^f>iw fo &i 'rVa»iMi A mndiuM fo mnBiliatf Im, ^ j| f an — _.„, Tr'_T~; ui^«ui««pta S^'S." tau m^i. lu f^ ll5^S:?.'~iEr!l?',J^T'™ ?LATT,. ' "^'■' °" ■ :F0R SALE, E.^3'^-3/ OS CREDIT. ' SsSi^its^c;^';:^ SECOND PERIOD: 1783-1835. 37 employed under Thomas Jefferson in the State Department. In New Tork the leading republican newspapers were GreenfieWs New York Journal, a continuation of Holt's ante-revolutionary Journal, and rechristened about the beginning of the century the American Citizen, when it was edited by James Cheetham ; the Morning Chronicle, established in 1802 by the friends of Aaron Burr, and edited by Dr. Peter Irving ; while in Boston there was the Gazette that Bdes and Gill had founded, the chief pillar of the revolutionary cause in New England, but espousing the losing side in the debate upon the Constitution and expiring in 179S; the Independent Chronicle, established in Boston in 1776, in the midst of the revolution, and until the close of the century the leading New England organ of the Jetfersonian school of politics ; and the Boston Patriot, established in 1809, consolidated with the Independent Chronicle in 1817, and published as a daily until its absorption in the Boston Advertiser in 1831. The Eichmond Enquirer, founded in 1804 by Thomas Eitchie, was a potential organ throughout the South. Of all these journals Eussell's Gentinel may be accepted as the best type of the early political newspaper of the United States. During the greater part of its existence the Centinel was meager, fragmentary, and ill-arranged in its news and trivial and provincial in its original matter; but its blows were steady and heavy. Eussell delighted in ingenious devices to attract attention, and pictures, curious unsseU's OcntineJ. mechanical arrangements of type, reckless displays, capitals and punctuation marks, and extravagant allegories and travesties in prose and verse were his constant resort to supplement his argument. After the election of Washington to the presidency the Centinel grew steadily in position and influence, and in spite of its constant and disgraceful personalities won great prosperity, and deserved it. Eussell drew around him the most eminent federalist writers of America, and during the later years of his proprietorship his paper became an epitome of the history of the world. Mr. Buckingham is probably not too strong in praise when he says of it : As a vehicle of useful and accurate iutelligence the Centinel secured to itself a reputation superior to that of any other American newspaper. Eussell had a peculiar mode of condensing and arranging the contents of foreign journals and presenting in the most readable shape all the incidents then (1790-1815) agitating Europe. Through the whole of this period, and for some years afterward, the Centinel was an indispensable source of news for the country printers, every one of whgm relied upon it for matter to fill up the news department of his paper. Subscribers in the country also increased beyond all precedent. It was everywhere known and everywhere read, and if industry in collecting and fidelity in republishing information that was important to be known are worthy of credit never was popularity more honestly earned, ia) One of the most praiseworthy journalistic ventures of this era — the one which, on the whole, has been of greatest service to the history of the country — was Niles' Register, established as a weekly at Baltimore in 1811 by Hezekiah Niles, who published it until 1836. The Register was from week to week and year to year a < repository of the documentary and political history -of the country, reported with an impartial mu»' stguter. fidelity which modern journalism may emulate but cannot surpass, and it attained a national circulation, because it supplied, with a degree of fullness not attempted by the local journals, the details of the political progress of the country. Niles^ Register is now the most frequently quoted periodical in the works of writers upon American history, and its value as a reference record was so well understood at the time that Mr. Niles republished the series in thirty-six volumes. This publication was continued by his son, W. O. Niles, until June 27, 1849, making a series of seventy-six volumes in all. A journal just like the Register would not be a successful undertaking in these days, for the functions peculiarly its own have been absorbed by the daily and weekly press, and are by them discharged with the same, fidelity. The Register finally disappeared, not because its usefulness was ended, but because the service it rendered was discharged by other journals, which also did other service to which it could not attain. Partisanship and personality continued in the American press throughout the entire second era in its history, and continue to-day, constantly breaking out in assaults upon personal character and motives as malignant and disgraceful as anything that degraded the files of the earlier journals. The great mass of the newspapers of the United States continued to be conducted in the interests of one or the other The partisan press. of the existing political parties, and still continue to be so conducted, and they will so continue for an indefinite time to come. It is neither unnatural nor improper that this relationship should exist. The free press is the vehicle through which the public seeks and finds its political expression, and the undue partisanship which is the inevitable result of such close association is largely counteracted by the nearly equal division of the American press in its political associations. As journals grow stronger in their financial basis they come to be conducted as business enterprises of other kinds are conducted. The dependence upon political connection ceases to be essential to existence, and thereafter ceases to work the unfortunate results which undoubtedly attended the first establishment of this relationship. With the development of the country other functions of the newspaper began to have at least an equal importance with its partisanship, and so, imperceptibly almost, to modify the character of the journalism of the United States. There came an extraordinary increase of business, and the fi,eld of the newspaper expanded correspondingly, its columns being more and more sought as a medium of business j,^)^'^^"^ ^^^^ of jonr- communication and announcement. As their numbers increased the newspapers felt the vitalizing a Buckingham's Reminiscences, ii, 77. 38 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. influence of competition and began to rival eacli other in tlie promptness and fullness with which they gathered the news of the day. The first daily newspaper made its appearance. This was the Americcm FiratdaUynewBpapera. Daily Advertiser, of Philadelphia, in 1784. (a) The second daily newspaper, the New York Daily Advertiser, appeared in New York the year following. Boston followed with a daily, the Polar Star and Boston Advertiser, in 1796, and it failing, with the Federal Gazette and Daily Advertiser in 1798. The names adopted by these first experiments in daily journalism were significant of an early recognition of the important field for money-getting which lay all undeveloped in the matter of advertising. Up to this time the advertisements of all existing papers had been a wholly minor feature of their columns. On the other hand, the attention given to maritime and commercial intelligence was slight and fitful; but soon after the revolution advertisements began to be an equal source of revenue with subscriptions, and s^lvlLn"^"^"^'^^^* "^ *^^ prices charged for them increased correspondingly. The development of this feature of American newspapers was so sudden and extensive that British journals commented with surprise upon the comparatively extensive advertising patronage of the journals printed in the large cities of the United States. It is true of the early publishers that they dedicated their earnings to the improvement of their publications, so that both in typography and in the amount and character of the reading matter published they steadily improved. EECOED OF THE EAELY PEESS. It is impossible to trace the growth of newspapers during this second period with anything like statistical accuracy, owing to the failure of the journals of that era to record this development in their columns and of any one else to make record of it. Mr. Thomas, who preserved the greater part of the data we statistics of this era. posscss regarding the colonial press, brought his record nominally down to the year 1810, in which his History of Printing was published. The one hundred and fifty journals of whose existence he was aware in 1800 had increased in these ten years to three hundred and sixty-six, or more than double — a ratio of increase quite as remarkable at that time as the ratio discovered in the last census year, when more papers were established and more died than the whole number in existence in 1810. His list of American journals in 1810 is here reproduced, as the most important contribution that has or can be made to the literature of the journalism of that period. It has been supplemented, so far as possible, with a record of the subseqjient history of the journals enumerated by him: Record of tlie American press in 1810. NEW HAMPSHIRE (12 papers). [/. Federal republican ; r. republican, opposed to the federalists ; n. neutral; w. weekly; s.w. semi-weekly; t.w. tri-weokly; *published before the revolution.] Titles. Towns. Subsequent history. T. !New Hampshire Gazette, *w f. Portsmouth Oracle, vj /. Intelligeneer, w 7i. Sun, w /. Farmers' Museum, w •«. Farmers' Cabinet, w /. Dartmouth Gazette, w /. Concord Gazette, w 7-. iNew Hampshire Patriot, w. . f. K"ew Hampshire Sentinel, w. /. Coos Couiier, w /. Constitutionalist, w Portsmouth . do do Dover Walpole Amherst Hanover Concord do Keene Haverhill Exeter Kow published as weekly ed. of Daily Gbronicle. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Still published. Since suspended. Do. Do. Still published Since suapendea Do. MASSACHUSETTS (32 papers). /. Columbian Centinel, e.w ■r. Independent Chronicle, g.w .. /. Wew England Palladium, s. w . r. Boston Patriot, s. w /. Boston Gazette, s.w /. Repertory, s.w n. Fredonian,M) /. Massachusetts Spy, *v} T, National .3ilgi3, «; /. Salem Gazette, s. «; T. Essex Eegister, s.w , / IsTewburyport Herald, s.w r. Independent Whig, w /. Merrimack Intelligencer, w — Boston do do do do do ......do Worcester do Salem do Newburyport- do Haverhill Northampton . /. Hampshire Gazette, w a This paper {);rew out of the Pennsylvania Paclcet, or General Advertiser, established in 1771 be pablishef] until 1837. These journals all disappeared at various dates • in the foundations of the present Boston Daily and Weekly Advertiser. Still published daily and weekly. Now published as weekly ed. of Evening Gazette. Still published. Do. Still published daily and weekly. Since suspended. Do. Still published. The American Advertiser continiied to SECOND PP]RI0D: 1783-1835. MASSACHUSETTS— Continued. 39 Titles. Subsequent history. T. Anti-Monarchist, w ... / Greenfield Gazette, «J / Hampshire Federalist, w . . f. Farmers' Herald, w r. San,w /. Berkshire Eeporter, w /. Political Recorder, w /. New Bedford Mercury, w. T. Old Colony Gazette, w /. Portland Gazette, w -. Eastern Argus, to /. Freeman's Friend, w /. Gazette of Maine, w /. Eagle, w T. Amcricau Advocate, w ... /. Herald of Liberty, w / . "Weekly Yisitor, w Northampton Greenfield Springfield Stockbridge Pittsfield *do , Leominster New Bedford — , do Portland (now Maine) do do Buckstown (now Maine) . . Castiue (now Maine) Hallowell (now Maine) Augusta (now Maine) Kennebunk (now Maine) Since suspended. Now Gazette and Courier. Since suspended. Do. Still publiabed. Since suspended. Do. Stni published daily and weekly. Since suspended. Afterward cbangedtoAdvertiser; still published. Still published; now daily, weekly, andtri-weekly. Since suspended. Afterward consolidated with Adverti.ser. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. RHODE ISLAND (7 papers). /. Newport Mercury, *w T. Khode Island Republican, w — f. Providence Gazette, *w r. Columbian Pho3nix,-if; f. Rhode Island American, s.w ... f. Herald of the United States, w , r. Bristol County Register, w Newport — do Providence . do do "Warren do Still published. Suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. CONNECTICUT (12 papers). /. Connecticut Gazette, *m . . . /. Connecticut Journal, *'MJ... /. Connecticut Herald, w /. Connecticut Courant, *io .. r. American Mercury, w /. Connecticut Mirror, w ■Ik. Norwich Courier, w /. Connecticut Intelligencer, i /. Win dham Herald, w /. Bridgeport Advertiser, w.. /. Bridgeport Gazette, «; /. Middlesex Gazette, w New London . New Haven ,, do Hartford do do Norwich Danbury "Windham Bridgeport — , do Middletown . . Since suspended. Still published. Since suspended. Still published. Since suspended. Do. Now published as weekly ed. of Morning Bulletin Suspended. Do. Since suspended. VERMONT (15 papers). /. "Vermont Journal, w f. "Vermont Republican, w /. "Washingtoniau, w r. Green Mountain Farmer, w . f. Reporter, w /. "Vermont Centinel, w /. Vermont Courier, w r. Rutland Herald, «; /. Green Mountain Patriot, w . . T. North Star, w /. Champlaiu Reporter, w /. "Watchman, «f T. Freeman's Press, M r. "Weekly "Wanderer, w /. Middlebury Mercury, w . "Windsor do do Bennington . . Brattleboro' . . Burlington — Rutland , do Peacham Danville Saint Albans. Montpelier . . do Randolph . . . Middlebury. Still published. Suspended 1834. Suspended after 1813. Since suspended. Merged into the Brattleboro' Messenger in 1826. Suspended 1680. Suspended May 30, 1810. Still published ; now daily and weekly. Since suspended. « Still published. Susiieudod 1811. Now published as Vermont Watchman and State Journal. Suspended 1816. Suspended 1810. Since suspended. 40 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YORK (67 papers). Titles. Towns. Snbsequeut history. /. New York Gazette and General Advertiser, daily. /. New York Evening Post, daily - /. Now York Herald, s.w 7i. American Citizen, daily n. Eepublican Watch. Tower, s.w /. Commercial Advertiser, daily /. Spectator, s.w r. Public Advertiser, daily r. Now York Journal, s.w 7 . Columbian, daily Columbian, s. W) n. Mercantile Advertiser, daily Price Current, w /. Wasbington Eepublican, s.to /. Albany Gazette, s.w. r. Albany Eegister '. /. Balance and New York State Journal, s.w r. Suffolk Gazette, w r. Long Island Star, w Saratoga Gazette, w American Eagle, w r. "Westchester Gazette, w — /. Somers Museum, w , r. Orange County Gazette, w- f. Spirit of Seventy-Six and Patriot, •■ T. Political Index, w A Ulster Gazette, w r. Plebeian, w r. Political Barometer, w /. Poughkeepsie Journal, w /. Northern Whig, w r,' Bee, w /. American Eagle, w , r. jOatskill Keoorder, to /. ' LansingbuT'gh Gazette, w /. Troy Gazette, w ■f . Farmers' Begister, w n. Northern Budget, w /. Northern Post, w , r. Washington Eegister, w r. American Monitor, w /. Waterford Gazette, w r. Advertiser, w /. Independent American, w /. Mohawk Advertiser, w r. Cabinet, w /. Montgomery Eepublican, «J r. Montgomery Monitor, w r. Bunker Hill, w /. American, w f. trtica Patriot, w T. Columbian Gazette, w Chenango Patriot, w Hemisphere, w r. Pilot, W /. Freeholder, w /. Manlius Times, w /. Ontario Eepository, w r. Genesee Messenger, w. T. Cornucopia, w /. Geneva Gazette, w. T. Otsego Herald, w /. Cooperstown Federalist, w . n. American Farmer, w... /. True American, w r. American Herald, w r. Eepublican Messenger, '. New York . . do do do *....do do do do do do do , do do do Albany ,---- do do Sag Harbor . Brooklyn — Saratoga -.■-., Watertown.. , Peekskill... Somers Goshen do Newburgh ...^- Kingston do Poughkeepsie. - do Hudson do Catskill do liansingbnrgh. . Troy. do do Salem do Plattsbnrgh ... Waterford Ballston do Schenectady . . . do :.. Johnstown do Herkimer do Utica do Oxford Watertown Cazenovia Peterborough . . Manlius Canandaigna . . . .do . Batavia . Geneva . Otsego Cooperstown . Owego Schoharie.. do.... Sherburne . Suspended 1840. Still published. Since suspended. Established 1806; suspended 1810. Established 1806; since suspended. Still published. Established 1798; suspended. Established 1807; suspended 1812. Established 1810 ; suspended. Established 1810 ; siace suspended. Do. Established 1809 Since suspended, Bo. Established 1782 Established 1788 Established 1808 suspended. suspended 1845. suspended 1817, suspended 1811. Established in 1791 as Long Island Herald ; sot* ponded 1811. Established 1809; suspended after 1850. Suspended 1816. Since suspended, TJo. Do. In 1813 changed to Independent Eepublican; still published. Now published as Goshen Democrat. Suspended after 1850. Established 1798 ; since suspended. Established 1805 ; since suspended. Established 1802; since suspended. Now called Poughkeepsie Eagle, daily and weekly. Suspended 1824. United with Columbia Eepublican in 1822. Suspended 1810. Still published. Do. Suspended before 1818. Suspended 1832. Still published as a Sunday paper; Suspended after 1850, Established in 1802 and published several years. Established in 1807 and published a short time. Suspended 1816. Established 1804; suspended 1815. Now called Ballston Journal. Published only in 1810. Suspended 1857. Established 1806 ; suspended 1836. Established 1808 ; removed. Established 1810; suspended 1812. Grew out of above; suspended 1813. f Still published ; now Utica Morning Herald and J Gazette, Established 1807; suspended 1811. Since suspended. Established 1808 ; suspended 1823. Established 1808; suspended 1813, Established 1808 ; suspended 1829. Established 1803; suspended 1856. Afterward revived, and still published as Eepository and Messenger. Established 180G; consolidated with Eepository January, 1862. Suspended 1811. Established 1797; suspended 1836. Eevived in 1845, and still published. ^ Established 1705 ; suspended 1821. Established in 1808 as Observer; still published as Freeman's Journal. Now called Owego Gazette. Established 1809 ; suspended 1812. Suspended soon after 1812. Since suspended. . SECOND PERIOD: 1783-1835. NEW JERSEY (8 papers). 41 Titles. TOWDB. Snbaeqiieiit history. /. Trenton Federalist, w.. r. Tme American, w r. New Jersey Journal, w , Trenton do Elizabethtown. / G-uardian, or New Brunswick Advertiser, r. Republican Herald, w T. Palladium of Liberty, w /. G-enius of Liberty, w T-, Centinel of Freedom, w New Brunswick . do Morristown do Newarl^. Since suspended. Do. Now published as weekly edition of Daily Jom nal, Elizabethtown. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Now published as weekly edition of Daily Ad- vertiser. PENNSYLVANIA (73 papers). /. Pennsylvania Gazette,* w /. American Daily Advertiser, daily /. True American and Commercial Advertiser, daily.. /. Gazette of the United States, daily /. Gazette of the United States (for the country), s. w. f. Philadelphia Gazette, daily r. Aurora, daily '/-. Aurora (for the country), a.w /. Political and Commercial Register, daily /. Freeman's Journal, daily /. Freeman's Journal (for the country), s.w T. Democi-atic Press, daily r. Democratic Press (for the country), t.w T. Democratic Press (for the country), w r. Pennsylvania Democrat, w r. Evening Star, daily /. Amerikanischer Beobachter, German, w Hope's Philadelphia PriCQ Current, w Literary Reporter, occasionally r. Another German Paper, w Der Wahre Amerikaner, German, w /. Der Volksfreund, German, w /. Lancaster Journal, w r. Intelligencer and "Weekly Advertiser, w /. Pennsylvania Correspondent," w /. Luzerne Federalist, w f. Susquehanna Democrat, w n. Cumberland Register, w /. Carlisle Herald, w r. Carlisle Gazette, w r. Unparteiische Amerikaner, German, w /. Pittsburgh Gazette, w /. Tree of Liberty, w. T . Commonwealth, w r. "Western Star, w /. Der Standhafto Patriot, German, w /. "Weekly Advertiser, w T. Readinger Adler, German, w r. Reading Eagle, w r. Genius of Liberty, MJ /. Chester and Delaware Federalist, w T. American Republican, w /. Bedford Gazette, w n. People's Instructor, German and English /. Der Northampton Correspondent, German, w /. Pennsylvania Herald, w T. Northampton Farmer w / Mirror r. Dauphin Guardian, w ■ /. Oracle of Dauphin, w^ n. The Times, w Harriaburgher Zeitung, German, w ■ /. Norristown Herald, w r. "Weekly Register, w /. Centinel, w /. Gettysburg Gazette, w r. Brownsville Gazette, w 71. "Western Repository, w Philadelphia . . . do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Lancaster do do do Doylestown — "Wilkesbarre . - . do Carlisle do do do , Pittsburgh .-.. do do Lewistown Reading do do do Union "Westchester.. Downingtown. Bedford Easton do do do Presquelsle ... Harris burg do do do Norristown — do Gettysburg — do Brownsville do Since suspended. Now published as North American, d. and t. w. Consolidated with North American. Do. Do. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Still published. In 1839 merged in the Intelligenoer. Still published as Intelligencer, daily and weekly. Now published as Bucks County Intellii;encer. Suspended 1818. Suspended about 1835. Since suspended. Still published. Since suspended. Do. Now published as Commercial Gazette, d. aad w. Since suspended. Do. Now published as Gazette. .Since suspended. Do. Still published ; oldest German newspaper. Since suspended. Stm published. Still published daily and weekly. Since suspended. StUl published. Do. Do. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. StUl published. Do. Still published; now Star and Sentinel. Since suspended. Do. Do. 42 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. Titles. Towns. Subsequent history. /, Torlt Eecorder, w '. Expositor, w Farmers' Register, w /. Crawford "Weekly Messenger, w /, Franklin Eepository, w r. Kepublican, w Minerva, w r. Eagle, w / Hxmtiugdon Gazette, w - T. Republican Argus, w /. Sunbury and Northumberland Grazette, w . /. TVestem Corrector, w /. "Western Telegrapbe, w 1 . Reporter, w York do G-reensburgh Meadville Chambersburg . . . , do Beavertown Huntingdon do Northumberland . do "Washington do , do T. "Weekly Messenger, w- . Erankf ord . Now published as Republican. Since suspended. Do. Still published. Suspended 1828. Since suspended. Do. Do. Suspended in 1816 or 1817. Suspended 1819. Since suspended. Do. Now published as weekly edition of Daily Re- porter. Since suspended. DELAWARE (3 papers). r. Ameiican "Watchman, b -r. Delaware Gazette, e. w . Delaware Fi'eeman, w .. Wilmington . do do Since suspended. Still published ; now daily and weekly. Since suspended. MARYLAND (21 papers). Maryland Gazette,* w Maryland Republican, s.w Federal Gazette and Baltimore Advertiser, daily Federal Gazette and Baltimore Advertiser (for the country), (.m "Whig, daily "Whig (for the country), t. w Federal Republican and Commercial Gazette, dally Federal Republican and Commercial Gazette (for the country), t w. . Evening Post, daily '. Evening Post (for the country), tto American and Commercial Advertiser, daily American and Commercial Advertiser (for tiie country), t.w Recorder, w Frederickstown Herald, w Republican Gazette, w Hornet, or Republican Advocate, w Der Westliche Correspondent, German, w Hagerstown Gazette, w , Maryland Herald, etc., w Republican Star, w. People's Monitor, w Annapolis do Baltimore do do , do do do do do , , do , do do Frederickstown . , do , do Hagerstown do do Easton do Still published. Do. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Still published daily and weekly. Not now published. Since suspended. Since suspended. Do. Do. Still published. Since suspended. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (6 papers). r. National Intelligencer, t.w T. XTniversal Gazette, w r. Monitor, «. w n. Spirit of Seventy-Sis, s.w /. Independent American, t.w /. Alexandria Daily Advertiser, daily. Washington . do do do Georgetown.. Alexandria ,. Suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Now published as Gazette, d. & 1. 1 VIRGINIA (28 papers). /. Tirginia Patriot, s.vj T. Enquirer, s.w /. Virginia Argus, «. w /. Norfolk Gazette, t.w n. Norfolk Herald, s.w r. Petersburg Intelligencer, ».M. r. Kepublican, fi. M /. Tirginia Herald, M /. Eepnblioan Constitution, w... /. Centinel, M Eichmond do do Norfolk do Petersburg do Fredericksburg . ■Winchester , do Suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Da SECOND PERIOD: 1783-1835. VIEGmiA— Continued. 43 Titles. Towns. Sabseqnent history. /. ■Winchester Gazette, w r. Democratic Lamp, w I . Lynchburg Star, w r. Lynchburg Press, w T . Staunton Eagle, w 7-. Republican Farmer, w /. "Waehingtonian, w T. Republican Press, w r. Republican Luminary, vj 7-. Holstein Intelligencer, w f. Virginia Telegraphe, w . . T. Monongalia G-azetle, M... r. Farmers' Register, w "Winchester... do Lynchburg . . . do Staunton , do Leesburg do Wythe C. H. Abingdon Lexington — Morgantown . . Charlestown . . Suspended. Do Do. In 1818 changed to Virginian ; still pnbUshed. Suspended. Do. Still published. Since suspended. Do. Do. Xow published as Gazette. Since suspended. Do. NORTH CAROLINA (10 papers). /. Wilmington Gazette, w /. Raleigh Minerva, w. 76. Star, w T. Raleigh Register, etc., w -. /. Carolina Federal Republican, w. r. True Republican, w /. Edenton Gazette, w n. ^Nortb Carolina Joumfil, w /. Fayetteville Intelligencer, w — T. Elizabeth City Gazette, w "Wilmington . . . Raleigh do do New Berne do Edenton Halifax FayetteviUe . . . Elizabeth City. Since suspended. Do. Do. Suspended after 1856. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. SOUTH CAROLINA (10 papers). r. City Gazette, daily r. Carolina Gazette, w /. Times, daily /. Ch.arle8ton Courier, daily /. Carolina Messenger, w 71. Strength of the People, e.w n. Brazen Face, w f. Georgetown Gazette, 8.10 . . South Carolina State Gazette, w . r. Miller's Weekly Messenger, w... Charleston... Georgetown . do Charleston... do Georgetown . Charleston . . - do Columbia Pendleton — Since suspended. Do. Do. NowpublishedasNewBandCourler,d., t. w., &w. Suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. GEORGIA (13 papers). /. Columbian Museum, a.w r. Republican and Savannah Ledger, 1 1 r. Public Intelligencer, s. w Mirror of the Times, w /. Augusta Herald, w Columbian Centinel, in r. Augusta Chronicle, w r. Louisville Gazette, w r. Georgia Argus, w T. Georgia Journal, w Milledgevillc InteUigenoer, w /. Monitor, «J T. Georgia Express, w Savannah . do... do... Augusta.-. do ... do ... do--.. Louisville MilledgevUle.. do do Washington . . Athens Since suspended. Suspended after 1829. Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Now published a& Chronicle and Constitutionalist, d., t. w., and w. Since suspended. Do. Afterward removed to Macon. Since suspended. Suspended after 1820. Since suspended. KENTUCKY (17 papers). Kentucky Gazette, v> . Lexington Reporter, w Western World, lo.. Guardian of Freedom, w Argus of Western America, w . Palladium, w Candid Review, w Globe, M Auxilliary, w Dove, w Farmers' Library, le Lexington .-- do Frankfort do do do Bardstown . . . Richmond ... "Washington . do Lonisville Published nearly 75 years. Consolidated with Observer in 1832 Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Uo. Do. Do. 44 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. KENTUCKY— Continued. Titles. Tftwne. Subsequent hiatory. /. Loniaville Gazette, «?. r. Farmers' Friend, w — T. Miri'or.w Political Theater, w.. r. "Western Citizen, 'W... r. Informant, to Louisville ... Kussellville . do Lancaster. .. Paris Danville Since suspended. Do. Do. Do. Still published. Suspended. TENNESSEE (6 papers). , Knox villo Gazette, «J "Western Centinel, w , Tennessee Gazette, w — , Review, w , Carthajre Gazette, w :' United States Herald, w . . Kjioxville.- do .... Nashville . . . do Carthage ... ClarksTiUe . Suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Now published as Chronicle. OHIO (U papers). /. Supporter, w /. Scioto Gazette, w r. Fredonian, w r. Independent Republican, to . r. Whig, w r. Liberty Hall, w n. Advertiser, w r. Muskingum Messenger, w . . T. Ohio Gazette, w /. Commentator, w ^ . . . Ohio Patriot, w "Western Herald, w r. Impartial Expositor, w *-. "Western Star, w Chillicothe do do do Cincinnati do do Zanesville Marietta do Lisbon Steubenville ... . Saint Clairsville. Lebanon Since suspended. StUl published. Since suspended. Do. Do. Now published as Gazette, d., a. w., and w. Since suspended. Do. Now published as Marietta Register. Since suspended. StiU published (now New Lisbon). Still published daily and weekly. Since suspended. Still published. Michigan Essay, w . TEREITORY OF MICHIGAN (1 paper). I Detroit Established 1S09 ; published but a short time. INDIANA TERRITORY (1 paper). "Western Sun, w . Saiot Vincennes . Still published ; now daily and weekly. MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY (4 papers). f. "Weekly Chionicle, w Mississippi Messenger, w . r. Natchez Gazette, w Mississippian, w Natchez . do .. do.. do .. Suspended. Do. Do. Do. TERRITORY OF ORLEANS (10 ptipers). /. Orleans Gazette, English and French, daily. . . /. Orleans Gazette (for the country), ly /. Louisiana Gazette, daily /. Louisiana Gazette (for the country) , s.w r. Louisiana Courier, English and French, t.w.. Telegraphe, English and Frencli, t.w /. Friend of the Laws, English and French, (. w . Monileur de lii Louisiane, French, t.w El Mississippi, Spanish, «. w The Messenger Now Orleims. , do do do do do , do do do , do Suspended. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do, Do. Do. Do. LOUISIANA (1 paper). Missouri Gazette, w . Saint Louis. Suspended. SECOND PERIOD. 1783-1835. GENERAL STATEMENT FOE 1810. 45 states. t >2 1 1 i 1 1 No. of copies circnlated annually. 12 1 1 10 17 23 10 51 8 12 10 14 57 6 6 6 16 15 1 1 4 1 1 12 6 3 13 17 32 21 *67 8 12 10 14 t73 7 10 6 23 15 1 1 4 •10 1 657, 800 41, 600 166,400 707, 200 618, 800 2,873,000 1, 903, 200 4, 139, 200 332, 800 624, 000 416, 000 473, 200 4, 542, 200 3, 332, 800 842, 400 171, 600 1, 289, 600 582,400 15, 600 District of ColtimTjia 1 3 1 2 2 1 9 1 8 5 7 5 North Carolina Ohio 9 1 3 1 2 3 1 6 "Vermont TEEKITORIES. ■ 83, 200 748, 800 15, 600 2 4 2 Total 27 15 37 282 366 24, 577, 400 *1 period of issue not given included in total. 1 1 occasionally and 2 period of issue not given included in total. The untrustworthiaess of these figures for circnlation in 1810 will be seen from an analysis of New York. There were seven dailies printed in that city in that year, and if we assign to them the entire 4,139,200 given the state as an annual circulation we reduce their average daily issue for 310 times a j^ear to 1,907 and leave not a sheet for the sixty other papers then printed, of which eight were semi-weekly. Indiana is given one paper, with 15,000 issues, which means, apparently, 288 papers a week for fifty-two weeks. This list omits, of course, a large number of periodicals which were established in the interval since the close of the war, and which had ceased to exist in 1810. Of this class of journals there were quite as many, in proportion to the whole number, as there have since been at any period. Quite a large list of them might be given, but inasmuch as it must be incomplete the effort has not been made. Dailies, weeklies, semi-weeklies, and tri- weeklies were constantly being started, especially in cities like New York and Philadelphia, during this period. Leaving out of the account all that failed or were absorbed by more successful enterprises, we find that there were in 1810 seven dailies in New York city, nine in Philadelphia, five in Baltimore, Daily press of i8io. two in Charleston and one in Georgetown, South Carolina, two in New Orleans, and one in Alexandria, making tAventy-seven dailies then published. "We can trace through other sources the upward progress of the daily press in New York city in the years immediately subsequent, and the figures given below indicate the proportions of circulation to population, not only for that city, but with Daily press of Ne-w comparative accuracy for each of the other large cities of the United States. They are obtained '^^l\g^^ ™ ^^^^' ^^^°' from the I^ewspaper Eecord, compiled by Lay & Brother, of Philadelphia, with the assistance of W. T. Coggeshall, then state librarian of Ohio, in 1856, a work which is not only valuable as supplying the only connecting link with Thomas' history, but noteworthy also as being the first" attempt to publish a complete newspaper directory of the United States : NEW YOEK CITY DAILY NEWSPAPERS IN 1860. Circulation. Mercantile Advertiser 2,000 Gazette 1,750 Evening Post 1,600 Commercial Advertiser 1,200 Courier Columbian National Advocate . 920 825 875 Total 9,170 46 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YOEK CITY DAILY NEWSPAPERS IN 1820. Circnlatian. Mercantile Advertiser 1,000 Gazette 1,500 Evening Post 2,000 Commercial Advertiser 2,000 Columbian 800 National Advocate 1,200 Daily Advertiser 1,300 American - 1,000 Total 10,800 NEWSPAPEES IN NEW YOEK STATE IN 1832. Dally Semi-'weekly "Weekly. Semi-monthly Monthly Total in New York city., Out of the city Total in the state ITumber. 13 12 33 3 64, 194 258 Number of copies. 18, 200 19, 200 56, 000 3,000 2,000 98, 400 Issued annually. 5, 032, 800 3,995,800 2, 912, 000 72, 000 24,000 10, 037, GOO * 5, 400, OOO' 15, 437, 600 * Estimated. NEWSPAPEES IN NEW YOEK STATE IN 1850. Daily Semi- and tri-weekly. Weekly Sunday Semi-monthly Monthly Total New York city. Other places. TotaL 14 42 56 7 8 15 58 268 326 8 1 9 5 8 13 14 11 25 106 338 444 At the date when these figures begin there were undoubtedly more daily newspapers circulated in London than in New York city, but the difference closed up rapidly with the lapse of years, until in New York and London j^ggQ ^j^^ number printed and sold in New York had grown to be nearly double the number in daily press. ^ <= ./ London. While the daily press of the large cities was thus developing the weekly newspaper was pushing itself throughout the country wherever the stalwart enterprise of the period blocked out new villages and settlements, (a) These weekly newspapers partook largely of the characteristics of the earlier weekly papers of Development of the ^j^g metropolis, and were modeled after them in appearance and contents. The first newspaper provincial press. ' .i-, i. in the Mississippi territory had appeared in 1779. In 1793 the Gentinel of the North- Western Territory was started in Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first newspaper and the first printing ofilce beyond the Ohio river. Nathaniel Willis, a Boston printer, established the Scioto Gazette in Ohillicothe in 1796, and in 1799 the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette was issued. The first periodical publication in Indiana territory appeared at Vincennes in 1808, ^nd in the same year the Missouri Bepublican was founded at Saint Louis, then a Small trading-post. Kentucky had seen her first newspaper in 1787 at Lexington, under the auspices of John Bradford, and in 1809 Michigan had a small paper, published half in English and half in French, at Detroit. The record of the establishment of these and other pioneer papers is given in detail, so far as obtainable, in the appendix to this report, containing a summary statement of the development of the press in the several states of the United States. The daily newspaper began to make its appearance in the larger provincial towns between 1815 and 1830, the Albany Daily Advertiser being founded in 1815, and the Rochester Daily Advertiser in 1826. In 1832 there were in New York state, outside of the metropolis, but seven daily papers, (b) three of which were printed in Albany, a The publication of this paper commenced witbin less than thirty months after the first blow was struct in laying out our. village of Moscow. The place was then a thicket of wood, without a human habitation. At present we have a flourishing settlement, in which many useful arts and professions are exercised, and three schools established, at which the number of scholars is nearly eighty. — Geneaee (iV. r.) Farmer, 1817. b Coggeshall in Newspaper Record, 1856. SECOND PERIOD: 1783-1835. 47 two in Troy, and two in Eochester. In 1824 there were eleven daily papers in Philadelphia and twelve in New York, with a circulation varying from 1,000 to 4,000 copies. In 1828 the whole number of the American press had increased to 863, with a yearly issue of 68,117,798 copies. In 1830 the number was estimated at 1,000, while the census of 1840 returned 1,403 newspapers and periodicals, with a yearly issue of 195,838,673 copies. The following table, also compiled by Mr. Coggeshall, conveys at a glance the progress of the American press from 1776 to 1840, at which latter date the third era of journalism in this country may be said to have been well under way: states. 1776. 1810. 1828. 1840. Maine 29 78 17 21 24 33 161 22 185 4 37 9 34 20 16 18 2 10 6 9 8 23 66 17 2 4 6 1 36 91 27 30 16 33 245 33 187 6 45 14 51 27 17 34 10 28 30 34 40 38 123 73 32 43 35 9 6 4 7 1 32 12 14 7 11 66 8 72 2 21 6 23 10 10 13 1 Vermont 2 4 4 Conneoticnt PfiTinflylvfi.iiia 9 2 Viiginia 2 2 3 1 Florida 4 10 6 17 14 Ohio Illinois Total 37 359 861 1,403 THIED PERIOD: 1835-1880. 4 PB 49 THIRD PBEIOD. PEEVIOUS FEDEKAL AND STATE CENSUSES OF THE NEWSPAPEE PRESS. This sketch of the rise and development of the American newspaper has now reached the period of time which marks the commencement of the third and present era in its history. It is not possible to assign the beginning of this era to any particular year or event, its coming being due to a variety of causes, which may be enumerated in the following order : First, the establishment of the penny press ; second. Causes of the present ^1, A , i * -1 J f ^.^, A- ^. -x, ^.■ f A \. ■ ■ developmentoftheAmer- the development of railroads as a means for the distribution of newspapers, the transmission ioan press. of news reports, and the reduction of heavy postage rates; third, the discovery of telegraphy, and its immediate application to the purposes of journalism; and fourth, but not less important than other causes, the improvements of the printing press, which have rendered it possible to print large editions of newspapers in a short time. The contrast between the primitive journalism of the United States and that which may be taken as typical of its present development is wholly in keeping with the general growth of the country. It has passed from a desultory and haphazard pursuit into a well-organized, thoroughly-equipped, and largely- remunerative business and profession combined, which employs the best brains, reaps the ne^ssit^"^^^ " ^'^^^ amplest rewards, and exerts an influence somewhat vague perhaps in its character and of disputed potency as compared with other mediums of influencing public opinion, but still a force recognized in every quarter as of the highest importance in the political, social, and material progress of the country. Considered merely in its statistical aspects, the condition of the American newspaper press at this culminating period in the third era of its history indicates a growth which has no parallel in any other country in the world, and is hardly paralleled by that of any other phase of industrial development in the United States. The significance of these statistics is immensely enhanced by the peculiarly intimate relation the periodical press bears to every other field of development in our civilization. It has made itself the exponent and the reflex of every other industry and profession. There is now no field of thought or labor which does not command its special organs of opinion and information, adapted to the varying conditions of different latitudes and conflicting interests. Underlying this remarkable development of the press we cannot fail to recognize, as a self-evident proposition, the necessary dependence of the community upon the newspaper press for the discharge of certain functions which society requires at certain hands, and upon the discharge of which the well-regulated daily life of the people depends. The conditions of this daily life require some general medium of communication between man and man. Thus, notices of marriages and deaths, business announcements of every conceivable description, official publications and notifications required by law, an infinite variety of details, of both public and private character, relating to the mails, the trains, the churches, the schools, etc., all these have come to depend upon the periodical press for publicity. The expedients of primitive society for supplying the place of this press were many and unique, but were confessedly inadequate, even in a primitive society. The press has thus wound itself around the very pillars of our institutions, and its own growth is an inseparable consequence of growth in every other direction. Quite as much to this necessary and increasing relation of the periodical press to the development of the country as to either of the four causes enumerated above must be assigned the explanation of the important and interesting condition in which the newspaper is found at the Tenth Census. The influence of the various causes enumerated in the rapid growth of newspapers in this country will be considered in their turn in the presentation of the statistics elicited by the Tenth Census in reference to the newspaper press, and in the elucidation of these statistics it will frequently be necessary to reach backward and pick up the scattered threads of history which underlie the present condition of puh of the discussion. the American press. But the year 1880 finds both the newspaper and the periodical press in the fullest development of the characteristics of this third era, and the various features of newspaper growth for the past forty years can therefore be most advantageously traced in connection with the statistics now to be discussed. A large part of the information presented in the series of tables submitted herewith has never before been gathered, either in a census or in any other form. Cognizance was first taken of the newspaper press as a sulyect of specific investigation in the federal census of 1840, the census of that year containing an enumeration of the newspapers and periodicals then published, with an approximation of their Am^m"^^" °^*'"' circulation. Subsequently there was some effort on the part of private individuals to gather in a rough form the number of papers published in the United States, their characteristics, and their approximat« circulation, and these figures have been gathered together in this report, with a view to showing the gradual development of the American press. Several of the states in their state censuses ®***° censuses and th* have made a special feature of the statistics of the press; but comparatively so few of them have any state census at all, and of those which do so few have devoted any attention to this branch of 51 52 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. investigation that it has been found impossible to make any general use of their figures by way of illustrating this development. The census of New York taken in 1866 contained an alphabetical list New York, 1865. of all the newspapers and periodicals published in that year in the state, together with a summarized estimate of their circulation ; and the next and last census, that of 1875, ignored the press altogether as a subject of investigation. The Massachusetts census of 1875 gave a list of all the newspapers published in that state in the year previous, with a series of accompanying tables, which indicated their number, their character, and their circulation by periods of issue. The report of the secretary of the state of Ohio, published in 1877, contained a fuU list of all the newspapers, serials, and other periodicals published in that state in the year previous, but Maasacliasetts, 1875. Ohio, 1877. Wisconsin. without any statistical data accompanying it. The Wisconsin "Blue-Book", of annual ^Cichigan. Indiana, 1879. Value of press statis- tics. publication, contains each year a list of the.newspapers and periodicals of that state; so also does that of Michigan. The first annual report of the bureau of statistics of the state of Indiana (1879) contains the most complete attempt yet made by the authorities of any state to compile the statistics of its newspaper press. The figures obtained from these various state reports are summarized in the appendix to this report. The first biennial report of the board of agriculture of the state of Kansas (1877-'78) contains a carefully-prepared history of the newspapers published in the several counties, without statistical data regarding them. The data given include the number, circulation, politics, and general character, number of employes, and amount paid in wages of all the newspaper establishments in the state. The above includes all that has been done, so far as I am able to discover, by any of the states toward the collection of the statistics of the newspaper press. It is a field of inquiry so easily covered, and the statistics to be elicited are subject to such constant and interesting variation, that it seems proper to suggest that in all state censuses hereafter attempted special attention should be given to this subject of investigation. Accurate lists of the newspapers published in the several states are of great value to many individuals for a variety of purposes ; and they constitute, beside, a very material element in the history of the state. The newspapers have come to rank side by side with the schools, the churches, and the libraries as an educating and elevating influence in society, and differ from these civilizing institutions only in the sense that they are private enterprises. But they are alike dependent upon public support, sustaining an oflBLcial relation to the civil institutions, and attaining in every locality the character and the influence which make them, all things considered, the best possible index of the real character of the communities they represent. DEFECTS OF PREVIOUS CENSUSES OF THE PRESS. In the two decades intervening the methods of inquiry concerning the press by the federal census mainly followed the plan adopted in the census of 1850. The statistics were gathered by the regular enumerators in the course of their collection of population and industrial statistics, and included only the Method of censuses of ^ ^.^^ ^^ ^j^g uumbcr of periodicals, their circulation, the character of the several publications, 1840, 1850, 1860, and 1870. r- 7 ; r j and the perigds of issue. The census of 184U had a series of tables devoted to the printing and binding industry. The statistics of the newspaper press, as regards number and periods of issue, given in that census have been reproduced elsewhere. In addition to these figures, the census of 1840 gave 447 binderies, and to these and 1,552 printing oflces (which included the newspaper establishments) assigned 11,523 hands employed and $5,873,815 capital invested. There was no attempt to estimate the value of the gross product, although this was done for other industries, and there has been no effort in subsequent censuses to estimate the amount of capital invested. In the Eighth and Ninth Censuses there were given in the tables of the manufacturing statistics approximate figures for the printing industry in bulk, embracing newspapers, book and job printing, under separate heads, in the Eighth Census, and grouping aU branches, with the addition of photographic albums, in the Ninth Census, (a) The most casual examination of these tables, either in the Eighth or the Ninth Census, shows them (a) STATISTICS OF PRINTING ACCOEDING TO CENSUS OF 1870. No. of estahlish- ments. Steam en- gines. Water wheels. Hands employed. Capital. Wages. Materials. Horse- power. No. Horse- power. No. All. Hales above 16. Females above 15. Tonth. Prodncta. Printing and pnhlishing (not specified).* 311 40 1,199 609 2,698 458 3,135 1,440 187 28 302 174 20 1 10,668 1,390 13, 130 5,555 8,718 920 11,343 4,458 1,231 352 718 499 719 118 . 1,069 698 $16,839,993 2,128,993 14, 947, 887 6, 007, 354 $7, 156, 332 760, 27B 8, 168, 515 2, 710, 234 $11,398,131 1,525,773 8,709,632 2,966,709 (28, 995, 214 3, 568, 823 25,393,029 8, 511, 934 Printing, newspaper 74 15 9 4 2,159 7,731 691 109 14 30, 743 25,439 2,800 2,504 39, 924, 227 18,796,856 24,600,245 66, 469, 000 Pi-inting and puhUshing, cen- sus of 1860. 1,666 20,159 1 17, 826 t2,3S3 19,622,318 7,588,996 12,844,288 t 31, 063, 898 ' Includes photograph albums. f Total number males and females. X Value of products in 1850, $1] , 686, 549 ; increase 1860 over 1860, 168 per cent. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 53 to be unreliable as an indication of the real status of the printing industry in the years covered. The value of the newspaper product in 1860 was placed at $20,653,371, which was claimed to be an increase from $11,352,705 in 1850; and the total value of all the printing products enumerated above, as grouped ue^pr^fstustL"* ^^'' ill the Ninth Census, was returned as $66,469,000, as against a total by the Eighth Census, exclusive of photograph albums, of $39,678,043. If the figures for 1860 were abnormally small, as the importance of the combined industry at the time would indicate, those given for 1870 were utterly inadequate to determine the dimensions of the printing business at that time. The present inquiry has discovered the value of the gross product of the newspaper establishments alone to be $87,441,132 22, and if to these figures is added the value of the products of all the book publishing establishments and job-printing offices in the United States the grand aggregate would approximate $150,000,000. Great as has been the advancement in all the industries relating to printing, it can ■hardly be pretended that, except in the single branch of newspapers, the value of their product has doubled in the ten years. PLAlSr OP THE PEESBNT INQUIEY. In enlarging the field of inquiry the aim has been to gather all the facts in relation to the press which will aid in determining its proper rank among the various industries which invite the investment of American brains, capital, and enterprise ; which will be of service to the craft itself in studying the conditions of business success; which will afford the parties who supply the material wants AimoftMsmqniry. of the publishers — the paper manufacturers, the press-makers, and the type-founders — a correct knowledge of the quantity of those supplies in use or likely to be used hereafter; and which, finally, may be required to estimate something of the educational influence of the press of the United States as a steadily progressing medium of intercommunication and self-education between and for the masses of the people. The pursuit of several inquiries to this end has been attended with numerous and perplexing difficulties, and some illustrations of these difficulties may be given. The great majority of the newspapers of the United States are published in connection with a job-printing office, upon which the publishers rely as an equal source of revenue. This is invariably the case with the weekly local newspapers, which constitute tgj^a*"""'** enconn- the bulk of the American press of to-day. As a rule, the publishers of these newspapers keep no separate accounts of the outgo and income from these two sources of revenue. Many of them, in filling out the schedules sent them for the statistics of their newspaper publication, returned to the Census Office the figures for the newspaper and the job-printing industry combined, and to detect when this had been done, and to make the proper separation when necessary, was a delicate and difficult undertaking. ''"^ prmting and news The task can be somewhat simplified in future censuses by consolidating every inquiry which relates in any manner to the printing and publishing business under one investigation and arranging the schedules sent out, with a view to assisting the party making answer in the classification of the details of his double industry. Another difficulty arising in the preparation of these statistics was to draw a clearly-defined and intelligible line between publications of a permanent character and those which are in their nature ephemeral and unjournalistic. There is an immense number of publications in the United States of the latter character, hundreds of presses constantly producing them for a myriad of purposes. It may be said, in a wo Ephemeral paWica- that they have been rigorously excluded from this enumeration, as they embrace all the dev of advertisers to push their wares by incorporating in their advertising sheets a certain amount of attractive reading matter and emitting them at regular dates, like hona-fide periodicals. There is not a city in the United States which does not possess more or less of this class of periodicals, and in drawing the line between them and those which should be enumerated the rule adopted was to exclude all publications which are not sold at a stated subscription price. Publications which are distributed gratuitously to ^""^ "^^ °' exclusion whoever will take them are not newspapers or periodicals in the real sense of the word, because ^ their purpose is the business advantage of the publisher in other than journalistic fields, their continuance being dependent upon his caprice, rather than upon any fixed rule of periodic appearance. These include all such issues as theater programmes, the bulletins of large mercantile houses, transient political campaign sheets, and the large fashion quarterlies of ladies' furnishing houses, of which latter there are many which would seem, under any other rule, to properly belong in the census enumeration. Publications of the kiad indicated are in the nature of things ephemeral. They appear and disappear with an intermittent regularity which defies enumeration, and confuses the real and important character of the American press. The census of 1870, in speaking of this difficulty, said : The law requires this report of newspapers and periodicals, on account of their relation to the moral, social, and intellectual condition of the people. To swamp this class of statistics by inconsiderately admitting hundreds of prospectuses, circulars, and advertising sheets which can possibly have no such relations, would be undoubtedly an abuse. At the same time this subject has been treated liberally and every periodical has been admitted to these tables which could establish a reasonable claim to be considered as within the purview of the census act. "54 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. The rule of exclusion adopted in this inquiry is founded upon the rulings of the Post-Office Department of the United States, which excludes all publications not here enumerated from mad-matter of the second class, and includes newspapers or periodicals mailed from a known ofBce of publication, (a) The rule of the The ruling of the Post- Pogt-Office Department is based upon reason and eqiuty. It would have been possible, by- including in this enumeration the publications which the Post-Office excludes from second-class mail, to swell the volume of American newspapers fully one-third above the figures given in this report. They add largely to the importance and the revenue of the printing business as such, but they add nothing to the influence of the press in its capacity as a medium of news communication, and cannot rightly be permitted to enter into an inquiry of this character. a The following general rules, published by the Post-Office Department for the purpose of obtaining uniform decisions in regard to the character of publications entitled to be mailed at the second-class rate, indicate the principles upon which the department bases its definition of a periodical: DOUBTFUL PUBLICATIONS. 1. Trade journals which are manifestly not devoted to the general interests of the whole trade which they assume to represent, and do not admit all reputable firms or houses upon equal terms to their advertising columns, but publish the price-list or other advertisement of one house, to the practical exclusion of all others in the same line of business, must be regarded as primarily designed for advertising purposes, and hence should be excluded from the pound rate allowed to second-class mail-matter. 2. When, however, the owner of a publication of this character can offer satisfactory evidence to the postmaster at the office of publication that it possesses sufficient value in the opinion of the public to induce a large enough number of subscriptions by persons who do not advertise in it and have no interest in the advertisemeuts therein as to make the publication self-sustaining and a sourca of profit, independent of the benefits conferred upon the business, either of the proprietors, when they are riot regularly engaged in the sole business of printing and publishing, or of the houses whose price-lists or other advertisements are published therein, then th« department holds that, in the judgment of the public, the publication is originated for the dissemination of iiLforoiation of a public character, and the presumption against it being thus removed, it may be admitted to entry as second-class mail-matter ; but this evidence must be submitted in detail to the First Assistant Postmaster-General for his ruling as to its sufficiency. 3. Publications asserted to be issued in the general interest of printers and publishers cannot be admitted to entry as second-class mail-matt«r when it appears that the number of their paid subscriptions is so insignificant In comparison with their exchange lists as to demonstrate that the primary object of the publishers is to advertise their own business and that of others by means of a free circulatioa. among other publishers and printers. The assumption by the proprietors of such publications that they are entitled to the pound rat« doubtless originated in a misunderstanding of the effect of the acts of June 23, 1874, July 12, 1876, and March 3, 1879. Under the act of June 8, 1872, it was enacted : Sec. 184. That the following mall.matter shall he allowed to pa-sa free in the mail: ********* Seventh. Newspapers, periodicals, and magazines, reciprocally interchanged between pablishers, and not exceeding sixteen ounces in weight, to he confined to a single number of each publication. The act of June 23, 1874 (section 5), prohibited free exchanges, and fixed the rate of postage upon " all newspapers and periodical publications mailed from a known office of publication or news agency, and addressed to regular subscribers ornews agents ", at two cents per pound when published once a week or ofteuer, and at three cents per pound when published less frequently. This was modified by the act of July 12, 1876 (section 15), which provided: That transient newspapers and magazines, regular publications designed primarily for advertising pnrpoaes, or for free circulation, or for circulation at nominal rates, shall be admitted to and transmitted in the mails at the rate of one cent for every two ounces or fractional part thereof, and one cent for each two additional, ounces or fractional part thereof. The act of March 3, 1879, frhich fixed a uniform second-class rate of two cents per pound, contains the following proviso to section 14 : Provided, however. That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to admit to the eecond-class rate regular publications designed primarily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation, or for circulation at nominal rates. The rate of two cents per pound does not cover the cost of transportation, but was agreedto by Congress in accordance with the uniform policy of the United States government from the first inception of the postal system, which has been to favor the diffusion of intelligenc* among the people by throwing upon the general public a large portion of the cost of carrying legitimate newspapers and periodicals to subscribers. The acts of July 12, 1876, and of March 3, 1879, show, however, that it was not the intention of Congress to permit the liberal rates of postage, given for the purpose of encouraging the diffusion of intelligence by legitimate publications, to be abused for the mailing of mere advertising sheets atthe expense of the public; and there is nothing in the lawto induce the belief that Cpngress proposed that advertising agents, type-founders, press-builders, and dealers in printers' supplies should enjoy the privilege of distributing their advertisement* regularly among their customers or prospective patrons at the pound rate, while it prohibited a wholesale grocer from sending a publication descriptive of his goods in, the same manner and at the same rate to all retail dealers. 4. The rule just indicated for the exclusion of so-called printers' publications, designed primarily for the purpose of free exchanging, should also be applied to so-called "amateur" publications, and the same evidence of a self-sustaining subscription-list required of theim as of trade journals before admission to entry as second-class mail-matter. 6. The list of legitimate subscribers to entitle a publication to entry as second-class mail-matter must be composed of those persons only who themselves make and pay their subscriptions. * » » » 7. The regular sale to news agents of the whole or greater part of the issue of any publication is sufficient evidence that it has a legitimate list of subscribers. 8. After a publication has been admitted to entry as second-class mail-matter, the regular mailing by the publisher of sample copies in quantities exceeding the number sent to regular subscribers, as well as the continuous mailing of such copies to the same person, will ba taken as evidence that it is primarily designed for free circulation, and its transmission at the second-class rate should be discontinued. 9. If one number of the current issue of a publication which has been admitted to the second-class rate be so changed as to assume the character of an advertising sheet within the intent of the statute, and be fraudulently mailed as second-class mail-matter, or presented for mailing at the pound rate, the right of the publication to the second-class rate is thereby destroyed, as it cannot be said to " regularly be issued at stated intervals ". It cannot again be admitted to the pound rate until its regularity of publication as second-class mail-matter is re-established. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 55 ALMANACS AND AlOUAL PUBLICATIONS. For the same reason no effort has been made in this inquiry to make a record of the annual publications im the United States. Such an effort was made in the censuses of 1850 and 1860, and abandoned in that of 1870. The census of 1850 reported four annual publications, with a circulation of 47,500; that of 1860 sixteen annuals, with a circulation of 807,570. Exactly what kind of periodicals these were Annnai pubUcatioiw. it is impossible now to discover ; but it is obvious from the large figures given for circulation that they were in the nature either of literary or holiday annuals, of which there have been at various times many and excellent ones published in the United States, or of almanacs, of which there always have been, and stiU are, very many more. The literary annuals, once so popular, can be more properly classified as books, which in fact they are, and they appear once," twice, or oftener, as they are profitable or otherwise. Of the almanacs there are an immense number and variety in the United States, which are sold at a stated price, beside the innumerable quantity published by individual enterprise for gratuitous distribution Almanacs, as a successful method of advertising. These almanacs, and particularly those of a political character, like the New York Tribune Almanac, the Albany Evening Journal Almanac, and the Philadelphia Ledger Almanac, as well as those of a religious character, published either by religious organizations or newspaper^ are in the nature of serials, but they are for a purpose and of a character apart and distinct from the character and purpose of periodical publications, and to admit them into the enumeration would therefore have simply beem confusing. Another reason for not admitting them appeared in the impossibility of obtaining, with the resources at the command of the Census Office, an accurate enumeration of the whole number of these almanacs now published in the United States and sold at a stated price. New enterprises of this character constantly appear and disappear again after a single publication. The history and statistics of almanacs in the United States offer an inviting field of investigation, but not in connection with the statistics of the newspaper press, (a) a The annals of almanacs in America begin with the first introduction of printing in the new world north of Mexico. In 1639 appeared at Cambridge An Almanac Calculated for New England, by Mr. William Pierce, Mariner. This was printed by Stephen Daye, and no copy of i t has been preserved. It was the first book printed in the colonies, preceding by a twelvemonth the famous Bay Psalm Book, or New England Version of the Psalms, published by the same printer at Cambridge in 1640. Cambridge continued to issue almanacs almost every year, and ix 1676 the first Boston almanac was printed by John Foster, who published the same year the first book ever printed in Boston. The first Philadelphia almanac was put forth in 1686, edited by Daniel Leeds and printed by William Bradford. New York followed with its first almanac in 1697, by J. Clapp. Samuel Clough issued his first almanac in Boston in 1700, which was continued nntil 1708, under the title of the New England Almanac, a copy of which for 1703, a dingy little book of twelve leaves, measuring three and a half inches by five and. ■a half, is before us. The title is as follows : " The New England Almanac of the Tear of our Lord MDCCIII. Being Third after Leap Year, and from the Creation, 5652, discovery of America, by Columbus, 211, Eeign of our Gracious Queen Anne (which began March 8, 1702), the 2 year. Wherein is Contained Things necessary and common in such a Composure. Licensed by his Excellency the Govemour. Boston, printed by B. Green and J. Allen, for the Booksellers, and are to be sold at their Shops. 1703." The second page bears the traditional and repulsive wood-cut professing to show what parts the moon governs in man's body, corresponding to the twelve signs of the zodiac. Th» weather predictions are curious. For April 26 is foretold "misling weather mixt with somedripling showers". The eclipses of the year 1703, "in the judgement both of Divines and Astrologers," are supposed to portend " great alterations, mutations, changes, and troubles t« come upon the world"- The "Comet or Athereal Blaze" seen in 1702 is said to have led to "bloodshed, droughts, clashing of armies, ■and terrible diseases among men ". Of almanacs which have been published in long series in this country the following list embraces some of the more notable: Nathaniel Ames' Astronomical Diary and Almanac, started at Boston in 1725, and continued more than half a century, about 60,000 copiea of which were sold annually ; Titan Leeds' American A Imanac, Philadelphia, 1726 ; T. Godfrey's Pennsylvania Almanac, begun in PhUadelphi» in 1729 ; Poor Bichard's Almanac, by Richard Saunders (Benjamin Franklin), continued by others as Poor Richard Improved, Philadelphia, 1733-1786; Father Abraham's Almanac, by Abraham Weather wise, Philadelphia, 17.59-1799; Nathaniel Low's Astronomical Diary or Almanac, Boston, 1762-1827; Isaiah Thomas' Massachusetts, Connectiout, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont Almanac, Worcestei^ Massachusetts, and Boston, 1775-1822; R.B.Thomas' Farmers' ^Zmanao, Boston, 1793-1877; the Massachtisetts Register and Almanac, BoatOTi, ■established by Mein and Fleming, 1767-1877 ; Webster's Calendar, or the A Ibany A Imanac, 17 84-1877, the oldest family almanac continuously published extant in the United States; Bickerstaff's Boston and New England Almanac, 1768-1814, continued as Bickerstaff's Rhode Island Almanac, Providence, 1815-1877; Poor Will's Almanac, Philadelphia, 1770 to 1840, or later; the Virginia Almanac, Williamsburgh and Richmond, 1751 to 1829, and later; the South Carolina and Georgia Almanac, Charleston, 1760 to 1800, and later; North American Calendar, WUmington, Delaware, 1796 to 1844, and later; Dudley Leavitt's New England Almanac, Exeter and Concord, New Hampshire, 1797 t» 1877; Thomas Spofford's Farmers' Almanac, Boston, 1817 to 1845; John Gruber'a Tmon and Country Almanac, Hagerstown, Maryland, 1822 to 1877 ; the Maine Farmer^ Almanac, by D. Robinson, Hallowell, 1818 to 1877; Daboll's New England Almanac, New London, Connecticut, 1777 to 1877; and Allen's New England Almanac, Hartford, 1806 to 1833, or later. Many of these almanacs are preserved in privat* Jamilies, though but few are to be found in our public libraries. It was an early habit in New England to preserve the almanacs &om year to year, carefully stitched together, and to annotate them frequently with family records or current events. The generally worthies* oharacter which has been attributed to the English almanacs of the last century must be modified as regards some of the American family almanacs. Benjamin Franklin, the illustrious printer and statesman, is justly declared by a French encyclopaedist to have put forth the first popular almanac which spoke the language of reason. In truth, the homely maxims and pithy, proverbial counsels of Poor Richard, although not all originated by Franklin, constitute to this day a breviary of life and conduct admirable in some respects for th» use of the young. In the later days of the American revolution the almanacs put forth by Nathaniel Low at Boston, price "4 coppers single", contained political articles vigorously defending the liberties of the people, and exerting a great influence at the New England firesida in inspiring young and old with the love of fteedom. Virginia was early in the field with Warnefs Almanac, printed at Williamsburgh in 1731. -The first almanac printed in Connecticni 56 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. THE PEESS SCHEDULES. In arranging for the collection of aU the information desired regarding^the newspaper and the periodical press it was decided to send out but two sets of schedules, one of which was prepared with especial reference to the daily press and papers published adjunct thereto, and the other for all classes of publications of a The sohednies adopted, periodic character, (ft) The daily press, notwithstanding its comparatively small number, is such an enormous interest — equal nearly in its gross product to the product of all the other was issued at New London in 1765 by T. Green. The first Rhode Island almanac was issued at Newport in 1738 by James Franklin, and the first Providenoe almanac by Benjamin West, in 1763. The first in Maryland of which we have any trace appeared at Annapolis in 1763. Of agricultural and medical almanacs, the latter an outgrowth of the present century, the name is legion. Comic almanacs appear to have been first published in the United States about 1834, and have had an enormous circulation. Of the religious or denominational almanacs, the Church Almanac of the Protestant Episcopal church was begun in 1830 ; the Catholic Almanac and Directory (continued under various names to the present time) in 1833; the Methodist Almanac in 1834; the Universalist Begister in 1836; the Baptist Almanac in 1842; the Congregational Almanacinl8i6 ; the American Unitarian Begister and Tear-Bookin 1846; the Preaiyieria/n Historical Almanacia. 1858 ; and the Family Christian Almanac in 1831. Most if not all of these are still continued annually. The class of political almanacs, or almanacs issued by public journals, began with the first Whig Almanac, issued by Horace Greeley in 1838, continued since 1855 as the IHiwne Almanac. The chief feature of this publication has been its full tables of election statistics. The World Almanac was first issued in 1868, and the New York Herald Almanac in 1872. The Evening Journal Almanac, of Albany, date* from 1860, and the Public Ledger Almanac, Philadelphia, from 1870. Many other journals, east and west, publish annual almanacs. Of more extensive publications, under the name of almanacs, published in this country the National Calendar, edited by Peter Force, was the prototype. This work was published at Washington from 1820 to 1836 (with a three-years interval from 1825 to 1827, when na calendar was issued), and was a useful official register of the government, with abstracts of public documents and other valuable information. The American Almanac and Bepository of Useful Knowledge, first published at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1830 (two years after the first issue of the British Almanac), was continued annually under various editors and publishers till the year 1861, when the publication ceased. This carefully-edited publication embodied much astronomical and meteorological information, that department frequently extending to ons hundred pages. The official statistics of Congress and the general government and of the various states, with a chronicle of events and obituary notices, made up the remainder of the work. The United States Almanac, or Complete Ephemeris, edited by John Downes, appeared at Philadelphia for the years 1843, 1844, and 1845. It was nearly one-half made up of astronomical matter and tables, valuable chiefly to those versed in the higher mathematics. The National Almanac and Annual Becord for the years 1863 and 1864 w^as published at Philadelphia by George W. Childs, and contained a vast amount of useful and thoroughly-digested information. The American Year-Booh and National Begister, edited by David N. Camp, appeared from the Hartford press for the year 1869 in an octavo of" 824 pages, and was the most extensive attempt to combine a work of general information and reference with" the calendar which the country has seen. It has not been continued. Many almanacs are printed in this country in foreign languages. The pioneer of the Gterman almanacs was issued by Sower, of Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1738, and continued by him and his successors to the present day. Franklin's Poor Bicha/rd's Almanac was- translated into German by A. Armbruster, who was in partnership with Franklin from 1754 to 1758. German almanacs are now printed and circulated in large editions in nearly all the middle and western states of the Union. In French, the Almanack Frangais des jStats Unis, established in 1848 in New York, is still published. — Ainsworth K. Spofiford, in the American Almanac for 1878. a These schedules were as follows : (1) DAILY JOURNAIS, INCLUDING WEEKLY, SEMI-WEEKLY, OR TRI-WBEKLY PAPERS CONNECTED WITH THEM. [The publisher will please send to the Superintendent of Census, in inclosed wrapper, one copy of the daily paper, and one copy of weekly or other journal connected therewith, of date nearest to July 4, 1880. The journals received in response to this request will be classified, bound, and deposited in the Smithsonian Institution, to constitute a complete and permanent memorial of the newspaper pres* «f the United States.] 1. Name of journal and place of publication, with the county and state. 2. State whether morning or evening. 3. State whether a Sunday edition is published. 4. State if a weekly, semi- weekly, or tri- weekly paper is published i;i connection with the daily. 5. State the general scope and character of the journal. 6. If published in a language other than English, indicate what language. 7. Date of original establishment of the journal. 8. Names of the journals, if any, merged or consolidated with it since its original estabUshment. 9. Subscription price of daily, ; weekly, ; semi- weekly, ; tri- weekly, . 10. Price of each paper per single copy. 11. The average circulation per issue of the daily during the census year ending June 1, 1880 : Of the weekly, ; of the semi- weekly, ; of the tri-weekly, . 12. Aggregate number of copies printed and circulated during census year: Of the daily, ; weekly, ; semi-weekly, ; tri-weekly, . 13. State the percentage of the circulation of each which is sold within the city or town of publication. 14. "Value of the annual products in dollars, . 15. Total number of persons employed in manufacture : Male, ; female, . 16. Number employed in editorial and reportorial work, . 17. Amount annually paid in wages, . 18. State the percentage of receipts from advertising and from subscriptions : From advertising, percent. ; from snbsoriptioib. per cent. 19. Average number of ems of type set to each issue of daQy. 20. Number of pounds of type required for uses of the journal. ; THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 57 periodicals in the United States combined— that the distinct and separate inquiry regarding itwas wholly jastifled, and it was rendered necessary in the acquisition of accurate figures by the fact that from the greater number of daily newspaper establishments there issued other papers, adjunct thereto gaj.^?^* 1,6 dauy^ees* (weeklies, semi-weeklies, and tri- weeklies), constituting a class of papers of peculiar features, never before separately reported in a census. The general inquiries relating to all other periodicals were of such uniform character as to warrant the belief that the single schedule would suffice for the weekly village newspaper and the staid metropolitan quarterly, leaving the separation into classes to be done in the Census Office proper. The results of the inquiry have shown that this belief was well founded, the simpler method avoiding much confusion and mistake. Both classes of schedules sent out were returned with remarkable promptness and fullness from nearly every section of the Union, and if the information given was not always accurate, the error was generally obviously due to the lack of definite information on the part of the publisher, and experience in handling the returns enabled revision to be easily and accurately made. 21. Number of presses in use, witli names, olaaraoter, and capacity of each. 22. Horse-power of engines. 23. Size of sheet and number of pages. 24. Average number of pounds of paper used for each edition of daily, ; weekly, ■ -; semi-weekly, ■ - ; tri.- weekly, - number reams for each, . 25. State if stereotype plates are used in printing. (2) JOURNALS Am) MISCELLANEOUS PERIODICALS OTHER THAN DAILY. [The publisher will please send to the Superintendent of Census, in inclosed wrapper, one copy of his journal or periodical of date nearest to July 4, 1880. The newspapers and periodicals received in response to this request will be classified, bound, and deposited in the Smithsonian Institution, to supply a complete and permanent memorial of the periodical press of the United States.] 1. Name of publication. 2. Town, county, and state in which published. 3. How often published. 4. State the general purpose and character of the publication. The following classification is suggested, with the expectation that periodicals not properly coming under either head will indicate their scope and character specifically under (18) Miscellaneous. 1. News and family reading. 2. News and politics. 3. Keligion and theology, with denominational relations, if any. 4. Agriculture, horticulture, stock-raising, dairy, etc. 5. Commerce and finance. 6. Trade journals generally. 7. Insurance, railroads, etc. 8. General literature, including monthly and quarterly magazines. 9. Sunday newspapers. 10. Medicine and surgery. 11. Law. 12. Science and mechanics. 13. Freemasonry, odd fellowship, temperance, etc., including the publications of societies. 14. Education and history, including the periodicals of educational and historical societies. , 15. Society, art, music, and fashion. 16. College and school periodicals. 17. Children's periodicals, includihg Sunday-school papers. 18. Miscellaneous. '' - per cent. ; from eabscriptions, - 5. Date when the periodical was established. 6. Give the names of periodicals, if any, consolidated with it since original establishment. 7. Average circulation per issue during census year ending June 1, 1880. 8. Aggregate number of copies printed during census year. 9. What percentage of the circulation is sold within city or town of publication. 10. Subscription price. 11. Price per copy. 12. State the percentage of receipts ftom advertising and subscriptions: From advertising, — per cent. 13. Gross value of the annual product in dollars. 14. If published in a language other than English, state what language. 15. State if the periodical is regularly illustrated. 16. State whether the publishers do their own printing, in whole or tn part. 17. If so, the name, character, and number of presses in use. 18. Nature of power employed, and what horse-power. 19. Average number of ems of type set to each issue. 20. Number of pounds of type required for uses of the periodical. 21. Size of sheet or page, and number of pages. 22. Average number of pounds of paper used to each issue, ; number reams, . 23. State whether stereotype plates are used. 24. Number of persons employed in manufacture : Male, ; female, . 25. Number of persons employed solely in editorial work. 26. Amount paid annually in wages. 27. If publishers do not do their own printing, please state name and address of printing-house employed. Publishers of weekly newspapers, in responding to the inquiries of this schedule, wiU confer a favor by adding, in the space below, th» names of any periodicals that may have been established or suspended within the town or immediate vicinity during the CMisns year ending June 1, 1880. 58 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Some defects in the method of inquiry other than as noted above have been suggested during the preparation of these statistics; but 'there seems good reason to believe that by the results obtained the way has been prepared and the basis established upon which it will be possible hereafter to present in complete and intelligible form all the details in regard to the decennial progress of the newspaper press which it will be of 4idvantage to know. NUMBER AND DIVISION OF THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. The first of the tables submitted with this report shows that there actually existed during the census year 11,314 periodical publications of all kinds in the United States. Of these, 971 were daily newspapers; 8,633 were weeldy newspapers and periodicals, of which number 804 were weekly editions of daily journals; .ons3ue°'^*'''*'^^°"'^^ ^^^ '^®^® semi-weekly newspapers, of which 41 were connected with daily newspapers; 73 were tri- weeklies, of which 41 were connected with dailies; 40 were bi-weekly publications; 1,167 were monthly periodicals; 160 were semi-monthly periodicals; 2 were tri-monthly periodicals; 13 were bi-monthly periodicals; 116 were quarterly periodicals; and 6 were semi-annual periodicals. The division of these publications into their several classes, as weU as the division by periods of issue, is indicated in this table; and in this regard attention is called to the fact that all journals which, in strict phraseology, are newspapers are grouped under the general heading of those devoted to Newspapers devoted to "news, politics, and family reading". To this group belongs the entire daily press, all of news, poUtics, and famUy ,. ,' -, \ :, ■ ., ^ xi t ■ j.- 'i xi, tx- t • i a reading. which was devotcd primarily to the dissemination of the news, political, commercial, and general, with varying specialties in a number of cases, as also the great bulk of the weekly publications, whose mission it is to supply their readers with the local news of their several communities, a rSsumS of the general news of the world for the current week, with other departments of miscellaneous or family reading matter. The majority of these weekly newspapers are identified with one or the other of the existing political parties, and all of them discuss i)olitical questions more or less, though in many cases from the standpoint of a neutral or independent journal. All the semi- weekly and tri- weekly newspapers belong in this group, -as do a few of the bi-weeklies, semi-monthlies, and monthlies. None of the remainder have any title to be regarded as newspapers, being classed as periodicals, magazines, and other publications, which appear Division into news- ^^ stated pcriods, and are concerned with other interests than the mere publication or papers and penouicals. -*r 7 -i:^ discussion of the news. This distinction between the newspaper and the periodical is drawn sharply in the English press directories, and is a just and proper one to be made by the census. Dividing the American jiress in accordance with it, the 11,314 publications reported resolve themselves into 8,863 newspapers and 2,461 periodicals. The latter are classified in Table I according to their general purposes. The periodical press. and have been divided for convenience into the following fourteen classes: Religious journals (553 in number) ; agricultural (173) ; commercial and trade, which includes market journals (284); financial journals (25); insurance and railroad journals (54); general literature, which includes not only the monthly and quarterly magazines, both literary and critical, but also the weekly family story papers, etc. (189) ; medical and surgical journals (114); law journals and digests (45); journals relating to science and Classes of periodicals, mechauics (68) ; journals which advocate temperance, or are the organs of organizations like the freemasons, odd fellows, etc. (149); educational journals, including college and school publications (248); journals devoted to society, art, music, and fashion, including ladies' journals (72); children's periodicals, including Sunday school papers (217); and miscellaneous, under which latter head were grouped a heterogeneous assortment of papers (260 in number) too infinitely subdivided in their objects to warrant separate classification, and covering almost every phase of life, study, or pursuit not embraced in the above classes. The 481 illustrated papers reported are included in one or another of the above classes, as are also the newspapers or periodicals published in the German or other languages than the English. It is evident that the development of periodical literature in the United States has not been less remarkable than that of the newspaper proper. COMPARATIVE RATE OF NEWSPAPER INCREASE. Table XI has been prepared with a view to showing at a glance the actual number of newspapers published At the time of the taking of each of the four last censuses, the increase between 1870 and 1880 being enormous, reaching almost 100 per cent. It has long been evident to those who have given the matter Extraordmarydeveiop- attention that the last dccade has been exceptional, not only in the history of the United pre"s. " " "*''°^*''™ states, but of the whole world, in the multiplication of printing presses. It has witnessed the rehabilitation of the newspaper press in the southern states, as well as a healthy rate of growth there, and an almost reckless audacity among the pioneer printers of the great and growing West. Even in long THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 59 and thickly -settled states like New York and Massachusetts the increase is quite as remarkable, being in the former nearly one-third, and in the latter nearly one-half. The most notable increase reported is in the direction of the weekly newspaper press : an increase which was in such rapid i)rogre8s at the time this census was taken that it was difficult, and indeed impossible, to trace all the new •est ablishments that properly belonged in the enumeration of the census year. The actual number ■of new journals reported of all classes as established within the census year is given at 1,127, ^j^bUB^^'^ratto^o/IT- whichislOpercent. of the whole number. Deducting from this number the 833 suspended papers, crease. we find the net increase of the year to be 294. This increase in the census year is 2.60 per cent, •of the total number of papers published in 1880. The actual increase in the number of papers published in th« census year over those published in 1870 is 92.71 per cent., and the increase in their circulation in 1880 over that reported in 1870 is 52.48 per cent. The rate of increase indicated in previous comparative rate of ia- ^ crease in numoer ana oir- •censuses was as follows : - enlation. Per cent. Increase in number, 1870 over 1860 44.93 Increase in number, 1860 over 1850 60.37 Increase in circulation, 1870 over 1860 .52.54 Increase in circulation, 1860 over 1850 165.71 As a basis for estimating the future growth of the American press, the increase given for the census year, namely, 2.60 per cent., may be safely taken as the lowest ratio of annual increase that will prevail during the •ensuing ten years. SUSPENSION AND CONSOLIDATION OF NEWSPAPBES. The statistics of the establishment and suspension of new publications have such an important bearing upon "the stability of the American press that they have been made the basis of a special table (VII), in which the existing press is grouped by decades in respect to age. It appears from this table that 5,429 of the 11,314 journals of 1880 were established between 1870 and 1880, 1,731 between 1860 and 1870, ^^^l^^tZ^lvTveT' ■903 between 1850 and 1860, 1,216 in all previous years, and 117 with no date given. A simple calculation will show that, of the 5,871 journals reported in the census of 1870, 1,904 must have since suspended publication, and by comparing this number with the number of journals that suspended in the census year 1880 (833) we can form some idea of the large number of newspapers that must have been both established and ■suspended during the course of the decade, no record of which appears in either census. One column in Table VII reports 1,640 as the number of consolidations represented in existing journals, and sheds light upon an important aspect of journalistic development in the United States. The consolidation of rival newspapers and periodicals in fields that prove not sufficiently nutritive for both is ■constantly in progress. As a rule, the stronger absorbs the weaker, and, as the latter may y^*^''"''" """'"■i"**- frequently be the journal of earlier establishment, it happens that many existing papers claim a date of establishment much earlier than that which witnessed the first publication under their titular designation, the titles of the absorbed papers being frequently retained as a secondary caption, more especially if they indicate an •earlier date of establishment. There are a numberof existing journals each of which represents all that remains of from half a dozen to a dozen periodicals, (a) a The history of the Boston Daily Advertiser is such a curious illustration of the fact in question that it is here reproduced complete, as recently stated in the columns of that journal. There is some confusion in regard to several lints in the chain, owing to the carelessness ■with which early files have been preserved, but the following is as accurate as it can be made : 1. The Essex Gazette, founded in Salem August 2, 1768, by Samuel Hall, was moved to Cambridge in the summer of 1775. Mr. Hall continued the publication there, under the title of the New England Chronicle or the WeeMy Gazette. The following year, 1776, at the close of the siege, the place of publication, with the press and types, was moved across the river. The property and good-will was bought by fowara & Willis, who changed the title in November of that year to — 2. The Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser. The new publishers disposed of their interest in 1783 to (Thomas) Adams & Nourse, who continued the Chronicle semi-weekly until May, 1800. It then became the property of (Abijah) Adams & Ehoades, the latter being the editor until his death, in 1819. The Chronicle was then sold to Ballard & Wright, and united with — 3. The Boston Patriot, established in 1809 by Everett & Monroe, a supporter of Madison's administration and of the war of 1812. The two papers being united, were published daily under the title of the Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot until 1831, when they were bought by Nathan Hale and merged with the Daily Advertiser. 4. The Columbian Centinel, started as the Massachusetts Centinel and Bepublican Journal in March, 1784, was owned by Mayor Benjamin Enssell, publisher and editor from 1766 to 1828, when he retired, disposing of the property to (Joseph T. ) Adams & Hudson. Two years latter, 1830, the new proprietors bought — 5. The New England Palladium, and continued its publication, the two papers containing nearly the same reading matter. The Palladium, started as the Massachusetts Mercury in 1793, had had a brilliant career of its own for nearly forty years, under the management •of Alexander Young and Thomas Minns. In 1836 the proprietors of the Centinel and Palladium bought and absorbed — 6. The Boston Gazette, the fourth newspaper in Boston bearing that name, started as the Boston Price Current and Marine Intelligencer in September, 1795, and known for some years subsequently as Russell's Gazette. Four years later, 1840, the owners, oppressed by their 60 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. The number of these consolidations given in the table does not represent the actual number typified in existing newspapers, which I assume to be much larger. Many of these absorptions and consolidations have ocrairred in the past, of which the present proprietors of the surviving journals have no knowledge and made no report;, in other cases the failure to report was by accident or by design; and it has frequently happened that the elimination of a rival newspaper has occurred by purchase outright of good- will and appurtenances, the rival disappearing, leaving no sign. Such a suspension is in the nature of an absorption, and no suspensions of this cla§s are represented in the figures given. The most stable press in the world is that of Great Britain. In proportion to the number of newspapers published in the United Kingdom, there is among, them a greater average longevity than the press of any other country can show. The press of the United States stands second to that of Great Britain in Comparative stabiuty stability, and what it lacks in this respect may be said to be due to its prematurity alone. In pres"'^ " ' every state and every city of the Union it has advanced faster than the comlnunity itself, overleaping its field, so to speak; and it has suffered the consequences in a remarkable and uninterrupted mortality. In this tendency to anticipate American journalism presents one of its chief points of contrast to that of every other country. It is a tendency largely due, in the first instance, to the total freedom from all government tax and supervision — a freedom such as the press now enjoys nowhere else in the world, save in Great Britain, and has but briefly enjoyed there. Everywhere on the continent of Europe the right to regulate the utterances of the press is claimed to inhere in the government, and is frequently exercised, even to the total- suppression of offending journals of character and long standing, and it is impossible, where the conditions of existence are so totally different, to make any effective comparison with the press of the United States, and none has been attempted in this report. The causes of the instability observable in the continental press differ as widely from those in operation in the United States as do the spirit and character of the governments of these nations. THE HALF-OBNTUET PEESS. To complete the record under this topic I have prepared a list of the existing newspapers in the United States which have been in existence for fifty years or longer. This list includes a number of daily newspapers which have- grown out of weekly establishments, and which are therefore entitled to the antiquity belonging, Haif-oentnry newspa- ^^ ^j^^ Jitter, and is made up from the schedules returned by the publishers themselves. Several' journals are included in it about whose title to the date of establishment claimed there may be a reasonable question raised, as they are built upon the foundations of earlier newspapers which expired, or are revivals of newspaper enterprises which were suspended for a longer or shorter period. Even including all such,, the list embraces but 370 establishments, and is as enumerated on the following pages, (a) repeated acquisitions and responsibilities, transferred the entire property and good-will of these several newspapers to Mr. Hale, and they also became from that time a part of the Daily Advertiser. 7. The Beperiory, first published in Boston iu the antnmn of 1803, in the senate chamber of the old state-house, and afterward at the Exchange coffee-house, by William W. Clapp, was united with the Daily Advertiser at the outset, and the name was for a time a part of the title. Its separate publication was continued weekly under Mr. Hale's direction some time longer. 8. The Boston Weekly Messenger, established in 1810, of which Mr. Hale was one of the editors, formed a closer alliance with the Daily Advertiser in 1815, and Mr. Hale was soon after announced as the publisher. It was printed " for the country ". and contained much of the reading of the Daily Advertiser until its separate identity was lost altogether. The Philadelphia North American, which traces its origin to the Pennsylvania Packet and General Advertiser, established in 1771, represents the following nine papers, which disappeared in it at the dates given : American Daily Advertiser, 1784 ; Gazette of the United States, 1789; Evening Advertiser, 1793; United States Gazette, 1804; True American, 1820; Commercial Chronicle, 1820; The Union, 182fr- Commercial Herald, 1840 ; and North American, 1839. ct There is a long-standing controversy as to which is the oldest American newspaper now published in the United States. Munsell claimed in 1869 that this honor belonged to the New Hampshire Gazette (now the weekly edition of the Portsmouth Daily Chronicle), founded at Portsmouth by Daniel Fowle in August, 1756. This claim was disputed by the Newport Mercury, which James Franklin founded upon being driven from Boston, the first number appearing June 12, 1758. The proprietors of the Mercury dispute the claim of the New Hampshire Gazette to be the oldest paper, on the ground that the Gazette, having suspended publication for several months in 1861, it was, when revived, a different and distinct newspaper. But this argument is fatal to the claim of the Mercury, since, it is a fact that there is a similar episode in its own history. Solomon Southwick, who owned the Mercury in 1776, discontinued it in December of that year, fearing that the British, who were preparing to land, would destroy his types and press. Its publication was not resumed until- January 1, 1780, when Henry Barber became its publisher. On the other hand, the Hartford Courant, whose predecessor, the Connecticut Courant, was first regularly brought out by Thomas Green November 19, 1764, claims to be the oldest living newspaper in the United States, on the ground that i t has been regularly continued without interregnum or change of name from that day to this ; a statement which is not true in reference to any existing papers which bear a prior date of establishment. The Maryland Gazette, which was first founded ia 1745, keeps that date at the head of its columns, and would appear, therefore, to be the oldest existing newspaper. All the evidence however, tends to the conclusion that the Gazette which was established in the year named ceased to exist in 1839. The fact is so stated in Eidgsly's Annals of Annapolis, and the corresponding secretary of the Maryland Historical Society, John W. M. Lee, writes that there are no files in the collections of that society later than the date named. The Maryland Journal, which commenced August 20 1773 ceased publication July 1, 1797, with No. 3,429. The American and Daily Advertiser commenced with volume 1, No. 1, on May 14, 1799 and has continued to the present date without break as the Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 61 MASSACHUSETTS. Salem Gazette, s. w,, Salem 1768 "Worcester Spy, d. and w., Worcester (d. 1845) 1770 Hampshire Gazette, w. , Northampton 1786 Gazette and Courier, w., Greenfield 1792 Newburyport Herald, d. and w.,Newhijryport (d. 1832) 1793 Haverhill Gazette, 2 dailies and w. , Haverhill (d. 1877) ; (Even- ing Telephone, 1879) 1798 Pitt8fieldSun,w.,Pittsfield 1800 Salem Register, s. w., Salem ■ 1800 Worcester Gazette, d. and w. , Worcester (d. ISiS) 1801 Baptist Missionary Magazine, m., Boston 1803 Missionary Herald, m. , Boston 1804 New Bedford Mercury, d. and w. (d. 1832) 1808 Boston Daily Advertiser, d. , w. , and s. w . , Boston 1813 Norfolk County Gazette, w., Hyde Park 1813 Congregationalist and Boston Recorder, w. , Boston 1816 Christian Leader, w. , Boston 1819 Watchman and Reflector, w., Boston 1819 Inquirer and Mirror, w. , Nantucket 1820 Bristol County Republican, w. , Taunton 1821 Christian Register, w., Boston 1821 Old Colony Memorial, w. , Plymouth 1822 New England Farmer, w., Boston 1822 Salem Observer, w., Salem 1823 Zion's Herald, w., Boston 1823 Springfield Republican, d.,s., and w., Springfield (d. 1844), (s. 1878) 1824 Lowell Journal, d. and w., Lowell (weekly edition Dajly Courier, 1845) 1824 Evening Traveler, d.,w.,and8. w.,Boston(d. 1845) 1824 Boston Courier, w., Boston 1824 Fall River Monitor, w., Fall River 1826 Berkshire County Eagle, w. , Pittsfield 1827 Youths' Companion, w., Boston 1827 Amesbury Villager, w.,Amesbnry 1828 Medical and Surgical Journal, w. , Boston 1828 Evening Transcript, d. and w. , Boston ( w. 1856) 1830 Barnstable Patriot, w. , Barnstable 1830 Investigator, w., Boston 1830 RHODE ISLAND. Newport Mercury, w., Newport v 1758 Providence Journal, 2 dailies, s. w., and w., Providence (w. 1824, d. 1829 ; Evening Bulletin, 1863) 1820 Gazette and Chronicle, w. , Pawtuoket • 1825 CONNECTICUT. Hartford Courant, d. and w., Hartford (d. 1836) 1764 ■Connecticut Herald and Journal, w., New Haven (weekly edition Daily Journal and Courier, 1832) 1766 Republican Farmer, w., Bridgeport (weekly edition Even- ing Farmer, 1854) 1790 Norwich Courier, w., Norwich (weekly edition Morning Bul- letin, 1857) 1796 Norwalk Gazette, w., Norwalk 1800 Columbian Register, w., New Haven (weekly edition Daily Register, 1840) 1812 Hartford Times, d. and w., Hartford (d. 1841) 1817 American Journal of Science and Arts, m., New Haven. . 1818 Christian Secretary, w., Hartford 1822 Sentinel and Witness, w., Middletown 1823 Litchfield Enquirer, w., Litchfield L 1826 New Haven Palladium, d. and w. , New Haven 1829 Stamford Advocate, w., Stamford 1829 NEW HAMPSHIRE. New Hampshire Gazette, w., Portsmouth (weekly edition Daily Chronicle, 1852) 1756 Cheshire Republican, w., Keene 1793 Portsmouth Journal, w., Portsmouth 1793 New Hampshire Sentinel, w., Keene 1799 Farmers' Cabinet, w., Amherst 1802 Independent Statesman, w.. Concord (weekly edition Daily Monitor, 1864) 1823 Argus and Spectator, w., Newport 1823 Nashua Gazette, d. and w., Nashua (d. 1872) 1826 Morning Star, w., Dover 1826 Dover Enquirer, w., Dover 1828 NEW YORK. Hudson Gazette, w., Hudson (weekly edition Daily Regis- ter, 1866) 1784 Poughkeepsie Eagle, d. and w., Poughkeepsie (d. 1860) 1785 Catskill Recorder, w., Catskill 1792 Gazette, w., Utica (weekly edition Morning Herald and Ga- zette, 1847) 1793 New York Commercial Advertiser, d.. New York 1794 Shipping and Commercial List, and New York Price Current, s. w.. New York 1795 Washington County Post, w. , Cambridge 1798 Lansingburgh Gazette, w., Lansingburgh 1798 Northern Budget, w., Troy 1798 Ballston Journal, w., Ballston Spa 1798 Goshen Democrat, w., Goshen 1800 Evening Post, d., w.,and8. w., New York 1801 Ontario Repository and Messenger, w., Canandaigua 1803 Freeman's Journal, w., Coopersto^vn 1808 Geneva Gazette, w., Geneva 1809 -Commercial Patriot and Journal, w., Buffalo (weekly edi- tion Daily Commercial Advertiser, 1835) 1810 Republican Advocate, w., Batavia 1811 Plattsburgh Republican, w. , Plattsburgh 1811 Independent Republican, w., Goshen 1812 Homer Republican, w.. Homer 1813 Albany Argus, d., s., s. w., and w., Albany (d. 1825) 1813 Owego Gazette, w., Owego 1814 Steuben Farmers' Advocate, w., Bath 1815 North American Review,, m.. New York 1815 Ithaca Journal, d. and w., Ithaca (d. 1872) 1815 Chenango Union, w., Norwich 1816 Union and Advertiser, d., w., and s. w., Rochester (d. and s. w. 1826) 1816 Observer, d. and w., Utica (d. 1848) 1816 Penn Yan Democrat, w., Penn Yan.. 1817 Spirit of the Times, w., Batavia 1818 Oswego Palladium, d. and w., Oswego (d. 1863) 1819 Delaware Gazette, w., Delhi 1819 Long Island Farmer, w., Jamaica 1819 Saratoga Sentinel, w., Saratoga 1819 Schoharie Republican, w., Schoharie 1819 Poughkeepsie Telegraph, w., Poughkeepsie (weekly edition Daily Press, 1850) 1820 Allegany County Republican, w., Angelica 1820 Cherry Valley Gazette, w. , Cherry Valley 1820 Columbia Republican and Star, w. (weekly edition of Daily RepnbUcan, 1817) 1820 62 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YOEK- Ithaea Democrat, w., Ithaca 1820 Niagara Democrat, w., Lockport (weekly edition Daily Union, 1860). 1821 Fredonia Censor, w., Fredonia 1821 I Madison Observer, w., Morrisville i 1821 Lyons Republican, w., Lyons 1821 Broome Republican, w., Binghamton (weekly edition Daily Republican, 1672) 1822 Wayne Democratic Press, w. , Lyons 1822 Sag Harbor Corrector, w.. Sag Harbor 1822 Examiner and Chronicle, w.. New York 1823 New York Observer, w., New York 1823 Sandy Hill Herald, w., Sandy Hill 1823 Yates County Chronicle, w., Penn Yan 1823 Christian Intelligencer, w.. New York 1823 Ee-Union, w., Watertown (weekly edition Morning Despatch, 1872) 1824, Orleans American, w., Albion 1824, Morning Standard, d. and w., Syracuse (d. 1848) 1825 EonghNotes, w., Kinderhook 1825 Princeton Review, bi-m.. New York 1825 Jamestown Journal, d. and w., Jamestown (d. 1870) 1826 Elmira Gazette, d. and w., Elmira (d. 1859) 1826 -Continued. Le Roy Gazette, w., Le Eoy 182& Christian Advocate, w.. New York 1826 Waterloo Observer, w., Waterloo 1826 Republican Watchman, w. , Greenport 1826 Eepublican Watchman, w. , Monticello 182& Auburn Journal, w., Auburn (weekly edition Daily Adver- tiser, 1844) 1827 Journal of Commerce, d., s. w., and w.. New York 1827 Gourrier des Etats Unis, d. , and w. , New York 1828 Home Missionary, m.. New York 1828 Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend, m.. New York 1828 Orleans Eepublican, w., Albion 182S Otsego Republican, w.jCooperstown 1828 Semi-Weekly Telegraph, s. w., Norwich 1829 Evening Journal, d., w., and s. w., Albany 1830 Saint Lawrence Republican, w., Ogdensburgh (weekly edition Daily Journal, 1855) 1830 Catskill Examiner, w., Catskill 1830 Journal and Republican, w.,LowviUe 1830 Quarterly Review, q.. New York 1830 New York Evangelist, w.,New York... 1830 Hempstead Inquirer, w., Hempstead 1830 NEW JERSEY. New Jersey Journal, w., Elizabeth (weekly edition Daily Jonrnal, 1871) 1779 State Gazette, d. and w., Trenton (d. 1847) 1792 New Brunswick Times, d. and w., New Brunswick (d. 1865).. 1792 Sentinel of Freedom, w., Newark (weekly edition Daily Ad- vertiser, 1832) 1796 True American, d. and w., Trenton (d. 1838) 1801 Fredonian, d. and w.. New Brunswick (d. 1855) 1811 Sussex Eegister^ w., Newton . 1813 Bridgeton Chronicle, w., Bridgeton 1815 New Jersey Mirror, w.. Mount Holly 1813 National Standard, w., Salem 1819 West Jersey Press, w., Camden 1820 Monmouth Inquirer, w.. Freehold 1820 Somerset Messenger, w., Somerville 1822 Advocate and Times, w., Eahway 1822 Belvidere Apollo, w., Belvidere 1824 Mount Holly Herald, w.. Mount Holly 1826 Jerseyman, w., Morristown 1826 New Jersey Herald, w., Newton 1829 PENNSYLVANIA. North American, d. and fc. w., Philadelphia (d. 1784) 1771 Commercial Gazette, d. , w. , and s. w. , Pittsburgh 1786 York Eepublican, w., York 1789 Franklin Eepository, w., Chambersburg 1790 Intelligencer, d. and w., Lancaster (d. 1864) 1794 Die York Gazette, w., York (German) 1795 Beading Adler, w., Reading (German) 1796 Herald and Free Press, w. , Norristown (weekly edition Daily Herald, 1869) 1799 Sentinel, w., Gettysburg (consolidated with Star [established 1828] 1867; now Star and Sentinel) 1800 Carlisle Herald, w., Carlisle 1800 Register and Montgomery County Democrat, w., Norristown.. 1800 Gazette, w., Williamsport (consolidated with Bulletin f es- tablished 1860] 1869 ; now Gazette and Bulletin, d. and w.). 1801 Northampton Correspondent, w., Easton (German) 1801 Bucks County Intelligencer, w. , Doylestown 1804 Poet, d. and w., Pittsburgh (d. 1842) 1804 Bedford Gazette, w., Bedford 1805 Genius of Liberty, w., Unioutown 1805 Herald, w., Greensburgh (consolidated with Tribune [estab- lished 1870] 1872 ; now Tribune and Herald) 1807 American Eepublican, d. and w., West Chester (d. 1878) 1808 Washington Eeporter, w., Washington (weekly edition Daily Evening Eeporter, 1876) 1808 Der Volksfreund und Beobachter, w., Lancaster (German) 1808 Chester County Village Eecord, w.. West Chester 1809 Easton Sentinel, w., Easton 1809 Hanover Citizen, w., Hanover 1810 tJnabhaengiger Eepublikaner, w. , AUentown (German) 1810 Lcwistown Gazette, w., Lewistown 1810 Western Press, w., Mercer 1811 Messenger, w., Wajnesburgh 1813 PresbyteTiwi Banner, w., Pittsburgh 1814 American Volunteer, w., Carlisle Wahrer Demokrat, w., Lebanon (German) Examiner, w., Washington (consolidated with Eeview [es- tablished 1851] 1865; now Eeview and Examiner, w.) York Gazette, w., York Berks and Schuylkill Journal, w., Eeading, (weekly edition Daily Times and Despatch, 1857) Doylestown Democrat, w. , Doylestown Columbia Spy, w., Columbia Miltonian, w., Milton Gettysburg Compiler, w., Gettysburg Argus, w., Beaver (consolidated with Eadical 1868; now Argus and Eadical) Westmoreland Democrat, w. , Greensburgh Gazette, w.,Erie Lebanon Courier, w., Lebanon American Journal of the Medical Sciences, q., Philadelphia. .. Saturday Evening Post, w., Philadelphia Episcopal Recorder, w. , Philadelphia Selin's Grove Times, w., Selin's Grove Child's World, B. m., Philadelphia Miners' Journal, d. and w., Pottsville (d. 1869) Evangelical Repository and Bible Teacher, m., Pittsburgh Bauern Freund und Demokrat, w., Pennsburg, (German) Sunday School World, m., Philadelphia Union Free Press, w., Kittaning American Journal of Pharmacy, m., Philadelphia Argus, d. and w., Easton (d. 1879) Der Pennsylvanier, w. (German), Lebanon Lutheran Observer, w., Philadelphia Journal of the Franklin Institute, m., Philadelphia Bucks County Express and Reform, w. (German), Doylestown. Clearfield Republican, w., Clearfield : Republican Standard, w., Uniontown 1814 1814 1815 1815 1816 1816 1816 1815 1818 1818 1818 1820 1820 1820 1821 1822 182a 1823 1824 1824 1824 1824 1825 1825 1.826. 1826 1826 1826 1827 1827 1827 THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 6a' PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. Danville Intelligencer, w., Danville 1827 Commercial List and Price Current, w., Philadelphia 1827 Friend, w., Philadelphia 1827 Messenger, w., Philadelphia 1827 Somerset Herald, -w., Somerset 1827 Examiner, w., Lancaster (consolidated with Express 1843 ; now Examiner and Express, d. and w.) 1828 Bedford Inquirer, w., Bedford 1828 Millheim Journal, w., Millheim 1828 Philadelphia Inquirer, d. and t. w., Philadelphia 1829 Coal Gazette, w., Mauch Chunk Ii329 Columbia Courant, w., Columbia 1829- AUentown Democrat, w., Allentown 1830 Monroe Democrat, w., Stroudsburg 1830' Germantown Telegraph, w. , Germantown 1830 Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine, m., Philadelphia 1830' Monongahela Valley Republican, w., Monongahela city 1830' DELAWARE. Wilmington Gazette, d. and w., Wilmington (d. 1872) 1784 MARYLAND. Maryland Gazette, w., Annapolis. '. 1745 American and Commercial Advertiser, d. , w. , and s. , Baltimore . 1773 Easton Star, w., Easton 1800 Frederick Examiner, w., Frederick 1803 Maryland Republican, w., Annapolis 1809 Herald and Torchlight, w. , Hagerstown 1814 Eaflton Gazette, w., Easton 1816 American Farmer, m., Baltimore 1819 AUeganian, w., Cumberland (weekly edition Daily Times, 1876) 1820 Cambridge Chronicle, w., Cambridge 1823- Kent News, w., Chestertown 1825 Republican Citizen, w., Frederick 1826 Hagerstown Mail, w., Hagerstown 1828 VIRGINIA. Alexandria Gazette, d. and t. w., Alexandria 1800 Lexington Gazette, w. , Lexington 1804 Washingtoniau, w., Leesburg 1805 Shenandoah Valley, w., New Market 1806 Virginian, d., w., and t. w., Lynchburg 1808 Shenandoah Herald, w., Woodstock 1817 Spectator, w., Staunton 1822 Rockingham Register, w. , Harrisonburg 1822 Richmond Whig, d., w., and a. w., Richmond 1824 Religious Herald, w., Richmond 1828 Farmville Mercury, w., Farmville 1829 Durham Recorder, w., Durham 1820 Greensboro' Patriot, d. and w., Greensboro' (d. 1880) 18;;1 NORTH CAROLINA. Southerner, w., Tarboro' „ 1822 SOUTH CAROLINA. Georgetown Times, w., Georgetown 1802 News and Courier, d., w., s., and t. w., Charleston 1803 Enterprise and Mountaineer, w. , Greenville 1824 Camden Journal, w., Camden 1827 Charleston Mercury, d. and w., Charleston (d. 1876) 1830' GEORGIA. Chronicle and Constitutionalist, d., w., and t. w., Augusta... 1785 'Southern Banner, w., Athens (weekly edition Daily Banner, 1879) 1815 Union and Recorder, w., Milledgeville 1819 Christian Index and Southern Baptist, w. , Atlanta 1819 Telegraph and Messenger, d. and w. , Macon 1826 Enquirer-Sun, d., s., and w., Columbus (d. 1858) 1828 VERMONT. Vermont Journal, w., Windsor 1782 Herald and Globe, d. and w., Rutland (d. 1861) 1794 Sentinel, w. , Burlington (now Democrat and Sentinel) 1801 Vermont Watchman and State Journal, w., Montpelier 1805 North Star, w., Danville 1807 Patriot, w., Montpelier (consolidated with Argus 1850; now Argus and Patriot) 1819 Vermont Chronicle, w., Montpelier 1825 Free Press, w., Burlington (weekly edition Daily Free Press and Times, 1847) 1828 KENTUCKY. ■Western Citizen, w., Paris -. 1809 j Weekly Eagle, w., Maysville 1819 Christian Observer, w., Louisville 1813 | TENNESSEE. ClBrksvillo Chronicle, w., Clarksville 1808 || Tribune, d. and w., KnoxviUe (d. 1867) 1816 American, d., 8. w., and w., Nashville 1812 || Review and Journal, w., Franklin 1825 OHIO. Cincinnati Gazette, d., s. w., and w., Cincinnati 1793 Seioto Gazette, w., Chillicotho 1800 Marietta Register, w.. Marietta 1801 gteubenville Herald, d. and w., SteubenvlUe (d. 1847) 1806 Western Star, w., Lebanon 1806 Empire and Democrat, w., Dayton (weekly edition Daily Democrat, 1874) 1808 Dayton Journal, d. and w., Dayton (d. 1840) 1808 Herald of Gospel Liberty, w., Dayton 1808 Ohio Patriot, w.,New Lisbon 1808 64 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. OHIO— Continued. Ohio Eagle, w., Lancaster 1809 Ohio State Jonmal, d. and w., Columbus (d. 1840) 1811 Western Reserve Chronicle, w. , Warren 1812 Saint Clairsville Gazette, w. , Saint Clairsville 1812 Belmont Chronicle, w. , Saint Clairsville 1813 Telegraph, -w., Hamilton (weekly edition Daily News, 1879) .. 1814 Springfield Republic, d., t. w., and w., Springfield (d. 1854). .. 1814 Butler County Democrat, w. , Hamilton 1814 Canton Repository, d. and w.. Canton (d. 1878) 1815 Cadiz Republican, w., Cadiz 1815 Eaton Register, w., Eaton 1816 Union Herald, w., Ciroleville 1817 Gallipolis Jovirnal, w., Gallipolis 1817 Hillsboro' Gazette, w.,Hillsboro' 1818 Mansfield Herald, w., Mansfield 1818 EicMand Shield and Banner, w. , Mansfield 1818 Delaware Gazette, w., Delaware 1818 Cleveland Herald, d., t. w., and w., Cleveland (d. 1835) 1819 Tuscarawas Advocate, w. , New Philadelph,ia 1819 Zanesville Courier, d. and w., Zanesville (d. 1846) 1820 Newark Advocate, w., Newark 1820 Sandusky Register, d., t. w., and w., Sandusky (d. 1844) 1822 Painesville Telegraph, w. , Painesville 1822 Salem Republican, w., Salem 1824 Coshocton Age, w., Coshocton 1824 Guernsey Times, w., Cambridge 1824 Athens Messenger, w., Athens 1825 Lancaster Gazette, w., Lancaster 1826 Wayne County Democrat, w., Wooster 1826 Holmes County Farmer, w. , Millersburg 1828 Marion Independent, w., Marion 1828 Clermont Sun, w., Batavia 1828 Star in the West, w., Cincinnati 1828 Columbus Times, d. and w., Columbus (d. 1852) 1829 Chillicothe Advertiser, w. , Chillicothe 1829 Fremont Journal, w., Fremont 1829 Standard of the Cross, w., Cleveland 1830 Norwalk Reflector, w., Norwalk 1830 Weekly Examiner, w., Bellefontalne 1830 Republican-Democrat, w. , Ravenna 1830 LOUISIANA. New Orleans Price Current, 8. w., New Orleans 1822 || L'Abeille, d. and w., New Orleans (French) 1827 INDIANA. Western Sun, d. and w., Vincennes (d. 1879) 1804 Vevay Reveille, w., Vevay 1817 Indianapolis Journal, d. , s. , and w. , Indianapolis 1823 Indianapolis Sentinel, d. and w., Indianapolis 1824 La Fayette Journal, d., s., and w.. La Fayette 1829 MISSISSIPPI. WoodviUe Republican, w., Woodville 1826 FLORIDA. Weekly Floridian, w., Tallahassee 1828 ALABAMA. Huntsville Advocate, w., Huutsville 1815 Florence Gazette, w., Florence I8I9 Mobile Register, d., s. , and w.. Mobile (d. 1830) 1820 Huntsville Democrat, w., Huntsville 1823 Morning Times, d. and w., Selma 1825 Moulton Advertiser, w., Moulton 1827 Advertiser and Mail, d. and w. , Montgomery 1828 MAINE. Portland Advertiser, d. and w., Portland 1785 Eastern Argus, d., w., and t. w., Portland (d. 1832) 1803 Whig and Courier, d. and w., Bangor (d. 1834) 1815 Eastport Sentinel, w., Eastport 1818 Christian Mirror, w., Portland 1822 American Sentinel, d. and w., Bath (weekly edition of Daily Times, 1862) 1822 Kennebec Journal, d. and w., Augusta (d. 1870) 1825 Zion's Advocate, w., Portland 1828 Republican Journal w., Belfast 1829 MISSOURI. • Missouri Republican, d., t. w., and s., Saint Louis, (d. 1830) 1808 ARKANSAS. Arkansas Gazette, d. and w.. Little Rock ; 1819 MICHIGAN. Monroe Cominercial, w., Monroe 1825 || Post and Tribune, d., w., and t. w., Detroit..... 1830 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. African Repository, m., Washington 1825 WEST VIRGINIA. Virgmia Free Press, w., Charlestown 1821 || South Branch InteUigeneer, w,, Eomney , 1830 THIRD PERIOD: 183;'^-1880. 65 THE LAW OF NBWSPAPEE GEOWTH. To the questionwhether the remarkable growth of the newspaper and periodical press indicated in these tables is natural and healthy and likely to continue indefinitely in a somewhat corresponding ratio I can only make answer jes. and then indicate certain limitations which have suggested themselves in the course of the investigation. The more newspapers there are in a locality the more thrifty, intelligent, and is it a healthy growth! enterprising that locality is found to be. Except in metropolitan districts, however, there is a well-defined limit, having its due relations to population and the character and pursuits of that population, where too many newspapers become an impediment to the prosperity, and therefore to the usefulness of each other. There is a law of supply and demand in the matter of newspaper publication which asserts itself in due progress of time, to the control of the natural tendency to overdo newspaper printing, gjo^jj*^" °®^^p*''" and it is under the operation of this law that we have the extraordinary record of newspaper suspensions during the census year — a record we have seen to be not peculiar to that year. A well-established and healthy journal lives upon the evidence it is able to give in each issue of the fact of its healthfulness, and the rivals which are constantly springing up must give and maintain equal evidence of such fact to become permanent. When that is given, without taking from the similar condition of the earlier established sheet, the evidence is complete that the field is large enough for both or all. It is, however, a question which in many cases can only be tested by actual experience, and is being constantly tested in large and small towns at the cost of the experimenters, the law of the survival of the fittest prevailing with constantly increasing uniformity in the development of the newspaper press. Thus this investigation has demonstrated the fact ^^^^ snmvni of the that the overwhelming proportion of the newspaper suspensions of the census year were journals of recent establishment, quite frequently journals which had not yet completed a year of existence, and the exceptions to this law occur in cases where a particular newspaper is established for a particular purpose, political or otherwise, and is sustained, not from its earnings, but from the contributions of interested parties. Instances of this kind, I am led to believe, are becoming rarer as the functions of the newspaper and the conditions of financial success are more widely understood. Accepting the rule defined as the true one, it follows that the longer a journal has been established the greater is its chance for holding its own against any and all comers. A theory of this kind cannot be demonstrated by statistics ; and yet it may be somewhat fortified by the figures in Table VII, which show that 1,216 of the papers existing in 1 880 were established previous to 1850, in which year the total number of periodicals was 2,526. It is a fair inference that almost precisely half of the newspapers and periodicals in existence in 1850 are still alive, but many circumstances may intervene to create exceptions to the rule of a character which it is not necessary to elaborate. In determining the question whether this growth of newspapers is an abnormal one I know of no better rule to adopt than that laid down by the late Horace Greeley in his interesting testimony before a parliamentary committee of the English commons, appointed in 1851 to inquire into the la^of^ew^Ti^ "^wth" expediency of the repeal of the stamp duty in Great Britain on newspapers and the duty on advertisements. Mr. Greeley was asked, "At what amount of population of a town in America do they first begin the publication of a weekly newspaper, and also a daily newspaper?" He answered the question as follows: With regard to newspapt d, the general rule is that each town will have one. In all tte free states, if a county has a population of 20,000 it has two newspapers — one of each party. The general average is about one local journal in the agricultural counties for 10,000 inhabitants. A county containing 50,000 has five journals, which are weekly papers ; and when a town grows to have as many as 15,000 inhabitants, or thereabout, then it has a daily paper. Sometimes that is the case when it has as few as 10,000. It depends much on the business of the place, but 15,000 may be stated as the average at which a daily paper commences. At 20,000 they have two, and so on. In ceutval towns, like Buffalo, Eochester, Troy, and such towns, they have from three to five daily journals, each of which prints a weekly or semi-weekly journal. As a general statement of the case Mr. Greeley's diagnosis is nearly as accurate for to-day as it was thirty years ago. "Each town will have one" about as soon as it concentrates sufficient business to keep a respectable job-printing office alive, (a) In the agricultural counties the county-seatis generally the location of two weekly papers, which make it a point to collect the vicinity news of such other outlying As to weetiies. towns as are in the county. The location at the county-seat has certain advantages in the way of official and other printing which make it always the first point in a newly developing locality for the establishing of newspapers unless there are commercial reasons which tend to carry population and business away from the county-seat, such as the location on a railroad or navigable stream. The number of weekly journals rarely gets above three in a town without the appearance of a daily there, and it is As to dailies. the competition of the weekly papers which frequently supplies a town with two dailies before it has amassed sufficient nutriment for the sustenance of one. a, There are numerous notable exceptions to this statement, as may be illustrated by the returns from Massachusetts. The town of Chicopee, in that state, with a population of 11,286, has no newspaper. Maiden, with a population of 12,017, has but one newspaper, a weekly. 0^ the other hand, Berlin, with a population of 977, Bolton, with a population of 903, and Shrewsbury, with a population ot 1,500, each had a weekly newspaper, which was printed in another town, however, in the case of Berlin and Bolton. Ayer, with a population of 1,881, and Yarmouth, with a population of 2,173, each had two newspapers. Andover, Blackstone, Montague, Millbury, West Springfield, and North Bridgewater, with over 4,000 population each, had no weekly newspapers. Qiiincy, Weymouth, and Milford, with over 9,000 population each, had but one weekly newspaper each. 5 PR 66 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Geographical and commercial configurations have much to do with these things. There are many towns in the United States of from 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants which are still without a daily newspaper, and it is to be observed that they are almost invariably located in the eastern or middle states. Striking mfroMhSSLn"^™"" iUustrations are Pittsfield, Massachusetts, with 13,364 population; Gloucester, Massachusetts, with 19,329; Holyoke, Massachusetts, with 21,915; Hoboken, JTew Jersey, with 30,999; Watervliet, Kew York, with 22,220; Norwalk, Connecticut, with 13,956; Chelsea, Massachusetts, with 21,782; Pawtucket, Ehode Island, with 19,030, and Tonkers, New York, with 18,892. These large towns without daily newspapers generally belong in one or the other of two categories : they are given up to aatuir '"^^ "^'*''"i>* manufacturing chiefly, or they are places of suburban residence for the population of large contiguous cities. Very frequently the manufacturing towns are immediately abutting large cities, from which they obtain their daily papers quite as early as they are distributed in the city of publication, and of much better quality than home enterprise can supply. This is the case in all the towns of suburban residence. This class of towns is rare in the western states, the towns there being more widely separated in distance as well as in interests, and not accessible to early editions of the better newspapers of the large cities. In the interval since Mr. Greeley made his estimate the size of the town in which a daily will make its appearance on the average has been very considerably decreased. This fact is illustrated in detail by the following table, prepared for that purpose. It is a table which shows every city and town, with its population, in which one or more daily papers were printed in the census year: Different conditions in the western states. A LIST OP THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES IN WHICH DAILY NEWSPAPERS WERE PUBLISHED, WITH THE POPULATION AND NUMBER OF PAPERS IN EACli. Note. — In contrast witli the facts presented in this table, the following prediction, from James Grant's History of the English Newspwpcr Press^ published in 1872, is suggestive: "I look forward witn complete conMenceto the publication, within the next ten years, throughout the British kingdom of daily papers in every town containing a population of 20,000." Mr. G-rant's prediction, it is proper to add, is in no danger o'f verification, notwithstanding the fact that since he wrote the weekly provincial press of England has continued to develop rajiidly into twice-a-week papers, and from twice-a-week papers into dailies. At the time Mr. G-rant wrote'there were still very many large provincial English towns without dailies. Portsmouth, for instance, with a population of 120,000, was served by one semi-weekly and one weekly paper, it had in 1880 one daily (evening), established in 1877, and two semi-weekly papers. The city of Dover, Kent county, England, population 30,000, had no daily at that time. It possessed but five weeklies in 1872, and in 1880, still without a daily, it had but four weeklies. Hastings, Sussex county, witk a population of 30,000, supports no less than nine weeklies (most*of them published either on IMday or Saturday) and no daily. Southampton, population 58,000, had in 1880 nine weeklies, one semi-weekly, and no daily. (See post, list of thirty-six English towns, with populations exceeding 20,000, in which no daily is published.) In somewhat singular contrast to Mr. Grant's prediction is his statement elsewhere, in referring to the establishment of the Brighton Daily News in 1868, that "it was a bold experiment to seek to establish a daily paper in a town whose population at the time did not much exceed 70,000, and for the first two or three years it appeared doubtful whether it would succeed". Location. AT.ARAMA . Dallas counti Selma Mobile couhty Mobile MOSTGOMEEY COUNTT. Montgomery Total Mabicopa county. Phoenix Pima county Tombstone Tucson TAVAPAI COUNTr. . . Prescott AEIZONA. Total. Garland county- Hot Springs.-. Phillies county. . Helena , Pulaski county. - Little Eock--. ARKANSAS. Total.. Alameda county.. Oakland Humboldt county Eureka. Los Angeles county.. Los Angeles Mono county Bodie CALIEOENIA. Population. 48, 433 7, 529 48, 653 29, 132 52, 356 16, 713 6,689 1,708 17, 006 973 7,007 5,013 1,836 9,023 3,554 21, 262 3,652 32, 616 13, 138 62, 976 34, 555 15,S12 3,639 33, 381 11, 183 7,499 2,712 Location. CALIFOENIA— Continued. Napa county !Napa City , Nevada county Grass Valley , Nevada City Saceamento county Sacramento San Bernardino county San Bernardino San Diego county San Diego , San Eeancisco county San Francisco San Joaquin county Stockton , Santa Barbara county Santa Barbara Santa Clara county San Jos6 Solano county Tallej o Sonoma county.'. Santa Eosa Tehama county Eed Bluff Yolo county Woodland Tuba COUNTY Marysville Total. Arapahoe county. Denver... COLOEADO. Population. Not 13, 235 3,731 20, 823 separated. 4,022 34,390 21, 420 7,786 1,673 8,618 2,637 233, 959 233, 959 24,349 10, 282 9,513 3,460 35, 039 12, 567 18, 475 5,987 25, 926 3,616 9,301 2,106 11, 772 2,257 11,284 4,321 38,644 15, 629 '"'3 -IS. 4 1 2 21 2 1 4 1 ~68 THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 67 A LIST OF THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN WHICH DAILY NEWSPAPEES WERE PUBLISHED, ETC.— Contmued. Location. COLOEADO— Contmued. Custer COUNTY Silver Cliff. El Paso coukty Colorado Springs Gilpin county Central City Iake county Leadville Las ANIMAS county Trinidad Pueblo county Pueblo Total comracTicuT. Faikpield county Bridgeport -Haktfokd corariY Hartford New Haven COUNTY JVleriden New Haven Waterbory "New London county New London Norwich Total Burleigh county . Bismarck ■Cabs county Pargo Lawbence county. Central Deadwood Lead City Yankton county . . . Yankton DAKOTA. Total. DELA"WAEB. New Castle county. "Wilmington DISTEICT OF COLTTMBLi. "Washington rLORLDA. Duval county Jacksonville ;BlBD county Macon ■ Chatham county Savannah -Clakke county Ath&ns Dougherty county . Albany Floyd county Home Fulton county Atlanta " "Muscogee county. . . Columbns ElCHMOND COUNTY. . . Augusta ■ Spalding county Griffin GEOEGIA. Total. Population. 8,080 5,040 7,949 4,226 6,489 2,626 23, 563 14, 820 8,903 2,226 7,617 3,217 112, 042 27, 643 125, 382 42, 015 156, 523 16,540 62, 882 17, 806 73, 152 10, 537 15. 112 3,24C 1,758 8,998 2,693 13,248 1,008 3,777 1,437 8,390 3,431 77, 716 42, 478 19, 431 7,650 27, 147 12, 749 45, 023 30, 709 11, 702 6,099 12, 622 3,216 24,418 3,877 49, 137 37, 409 19, 322 10, 123 34, 665 21, 891 12, 685 3,620 1 16 Location. ILLINOIS. Adams COUNTY Quincy Alexander county. . Cairo COLEB COUN"TY Mattoon Cook county Chicago DeKalb county Sycamore Hancock county "Warsaw Jo Daviess county . . Galena Kane county Aurora Elgin Knox county Galesbnrg La Salle county Ottawa Logan county Lincoln McLean county Bloomington Macon county Decatur Madison county Alton Morgan county Jacksonville Pborla county Peoria EocK Island county. Moline Rock Island Saint Clais county .. Belleville Sangamon county Springfield Stephenson county. . , Freeport Vermilion county Danville "Will county Joliet "Winnebago county... Eockford Total J.. Allen county , Fort "Wayne Bartholomew county Columbus Cass county Logansport Clark county Jeffersonville - Delaware county Muncio Elkhart county Elkhart , Floyd county New Albany Jackson" county Seymour , PopulAtioB. 59, 135 27, 268 14, 808 9,011 27, 042 5,737 607, 524 503, 185 26,768 3,028 35, 337 3,105 27, 528 «,451 44,939 11, 873 8,787 38,344 11, 437 70, 403 7,834 25, 037 5,639 60, 100 17, 180 30, 665 9,547 50, 126 8,975 31,614 10, 927 55, 355 29, 259 38, 302 7,800 11, 669 61, 806 10, 683 62, 894 19, 743 31, 963 8,616 41, 588 7,733 63,422 11, 667 30, 606 13, 129 64,763 26,880 22, 777 4,813 27, Oil 11,198 28,610 9,357 22, 926 5,219 33,464 6,963 24,590 16,423 23,050 4,250 68 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. A LIST OP THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN WHICH DAILY NEWSPAPERS WERE PUBLISHED, ETC.— Continued. Location. INDIANA— Continned. jBFFEltSON COUNTY Miidison J0HK80K COUKTT Franklin KSOX COUNTY Yiuceniies Marion county ludianapolis MOSTGOMEUY COUNTY . . Crawfordaville Saint Josbvh county . . Sontli Bend Shelby oouHTY Slielbyvme TlTPBCANOB COUNTY La Fayette Vandbebuiigh county . Evansville TiGO COUNTY Torre Haute ■Wayne county Richmond Total. Cass county Atlantic CLffiTON county Clinton DBS MoiSEs county Burlington DUBUQUB county Dubuque ^.. Hbnby county Mount Pleasant Johnson county Iowa city iBE COUNTY Keokuk IiINH COUNTY Cedar Bapids Lucas county Chariton IfAESHALL COUNTY Marshall Muscatine county Muscatine Polk comiTY Des Moines Pottawattamie county . Council Bluffs Scott county Davenport "Wapello county Ottumwa ■Woodbury county Sioux City Total lO'WA. Atchison county . . Atchison Bourbon county. . . Fort Scott Cheeokee county. Galena Cowley county ■Wlnfleld KANSAS. Population. 25,977 8,945 19, 537 3,116 26, 321 7,680 102, 782 75, 066 27, 316 6,251 33, 178 13, 280 25, 257 3,745 35, 966 14, 860 42, 193 29, 280 45, 658 26, 042 38, 613 12, 742 763 052 099 450 410 429 123 859 117 237 104 530 977 752 240 170 295 395 408 850 063 266 831 285 004 996 see 26, 668 15, 105 19, 591 5,372 21, 905 1,463 21, 538 2,844 o ra cm ■5^ 2 40 1 30 Location. KANSAS— Continued. DouGtAs county Lawrence Psanklin county Ottawa Leavenworth county . Leavenworth Lyon county Emporia Sedgwick county Wichita Shawnee county Topeka Total KENTUCKY. Payette county Lexington Peanklin county . . . . Prankfort Jefferson county . . . Louisville Kenton county Covington McCracken county., Padncah Total. LOUISIANA. Caddo parish Shreveport East Baton Eouge fabish Baton Eougo Oeleans parish New Orleans Total . MAINE. Androscoggin county. Lewiston Cumbbeland county . . . . Portland Kennebec county Augusta Penobscot county Bangor Sagadahoc county Bath York COUNTY Biddetbrd Total MAETLAND. Allegany county Cumberland Anne Aeujidel countt Annapolis Baltimore city PREDERICK COUNTY Prederick "Washington county Hagerstown Total MASSACHUSETTS. Bristol county PallEiver New Bedford , Taunton Population. 21, 700 8,510 16, 797 4,032 32, 355 16,540 17, 326 4,631 18, 763 4,911 29, 093 15, 452 29, 023 16, 656 18, 699 6,958 146, 010 123, 758 43, 983 29, 720 16, 262 8,036 26, 296 8,009 19, 966 7,197 216, 090 216, 090 45, 042 19, 083 86, 359 33, 810 53, 058 8,665 70, 476 16, 856 19, 272 7,874 62, 257 12, 651 38, 012 10, 693 , 28, 526 6,642 332, 313 50, 482 8,659 38, 561 6,627 139, 040 48, 061 26,845 91, 213 THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 69 A LIST OP THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN WHICH DAILY NEWSPAPEES WERE PUBLISHED, ETC.— Continued. Location. MASSACHUSETTS-Conttnned. Essex COUNTY Haverhill Lawrence Lynn Newburyport Hampden oouBTY Springfield Middlesex conHTT Cambridge Lowell Plymouth county Brockton Suffolk COUNTY Boston ■Worcester COUNTY Fitcliburg "Worcester Total . MICHI&Air. Bay COUNTY Bay Berrien county Saint Joseph Calhoun county Battle Cr^ek Marshall Casb county Dowagiao lOKIA county louia Jackson county . Jackson Kalamazoo county. Kalamazoo Kent county Grand Rapids — Lenawee county . . . Adrian Montcalm county . . Greenville Muskegon county . . . Muskegon Saint Clair county. , Port Huron SagiSaw county East Saginaw — Saginaw Wayne county Detroit Total . Hennepin county . Minneapolis . . . Eambey county . . . Saint Paul "Winona county. . . "Winona MINNESOTA. Total. Adams county . Natchez Lauderdale county.. Meridian "Warrkn county Tickshnrg Total MISSISSIPPI. Popnliition. 244,535 18, 472 39, 151 38, 274 13, 538 104, 142 33, 340 317, 830 52, 669 59, 475 74, 018 13, 608 387, 927 362, 839 226, 897 12,429 58, 291 38, 081 20, 693 36, 785 2,603 38, 452 7,063 3,795 22, 009 2,100 33, 872 4,190 42, 031 16, 105 34,342 8,057 73, 253 32, 016 48, 343 7,849 33, 148 3,144 26, 586 11, 262 46, 197 8,883 59, 095 19. 016 10, 525 166,444 116, 340 67, 013 46, 887 45, 890 41, 473 27, 197 10, 208 22, 6J9 7,058 21, 601 4,008 31, 238 11, 814 1^ si I Location. MISSOTTRL AUDEAIK county ... Mexico City — Buchanan county. Saint Joseph — Cole-county Jefferson City... Greene county ... Springfield Jackson county — Kansas City Jasper county Carthage Joplin Johnson county ... Holden Warren sbnrg . - Marion county — , Hannibal Newton county ... Neosho Pettis county Sodalia Eandolph county. Moberly Saint Louis city. . - Saline county Marshall Total MONTANA. Deer Lodge county Butte City Lewis and Clarke county Helena Total NEBRASKA. Cass county Plattsmonth Dodge county Fremont Douglas county Omaha - Hall county Grand Island _ Lancaster county Lincoln Otoe county Nebraska Total. Elko county 'Elko Tnscarora Eureka county Eureka Humboldt county. Winnemucca . . . Lander county. . . . Austin City Ormsby county Carson City' Storey county — Gold Hill , Yirginia City. . . Washoe county.. - Eeno NEVADA. Population. 19, 732 3,835 49, 792 32, 431 15,515 5,271 28, 801 6,522 82, 325 55, 785 32, 019 4,167 7,038 28, 172 2,014 4,049 24,837 11, 074 18, 947 1,631 27, 271 9,561 22, 751 6,070 350, 518 29, 911 2,701 8,876 3,363 6,521 3,624 Total. 16,683 4,175 11, 263 3,013 37,645 30, 518 8,572 2,9G3 28, 090 13, 003 15, 727 4,183 5,716 752 1,364 7,086 4,207 3,480 763 3,624 1,679 5,412 4,229 16,115 4,531 10,917 5,664 1,302 =3 • IS ® , si 70 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. A LIST OF THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN WHICH DAILY NEWSPAPERS WERE PUBLISHED, ETC.— Continued. Laeation. TSTEW HAMPSHIEB. HlLLSBOBOUQH COUHTT. Manchester Nashua HBRBIM^CK COUHTT Concord , EOCKISGHAM COUHTT..., Portamontli StBAFFOBD COUHTT Dover Total. ITEW OTEESEY. CaMDBN COUHTT Camden CUMBBBLAMD COUHTT Bridgeton Vineland , £bsbx COUHTT Ifewark HUDSOH COUHTT Jersey City MBBCBB COUHTT Trenton Middlesex couhtt KewBmnswick PaBSAIO COUHTT Fassaio Paterson TJHION COUHTT Elizabeth Plainfield Total.. NE"W MEXICO. Sah Miguel couhtt Las Yegas SAHTA Fi COUHTT Santa ¥6 Total NEW TOEK. Ar.lSAXY COUHTT Albany , Coboea Become couhtt /. Bingham ton CATTAEAUGUS COUHTT Olean CATUOA COUHTT , Auburn Chautauqua couhtt , J amestown Chemung couhtt Elraira Columbia couhtt Hudson Duchess couhtt Poughkeepsie Erie county Buffalo Gehesee couhtt Batavia Gheene couhtt CatsklU , JBFFESBON COLim "Watertown * KiHoa county Brooklyn Population. 75, 634 32, 630 13, 397 46, 300 13,843 , 49,064 9,690 35, 558 11, 687 62, 942 41, 659 37, 687 8,722 2,519 189, 929 136, 508 187, 944 120, 722 58, 061 , 29,910 52, 286 17, 166 68, 860 6,632 51, 031 55, 571 28, 229 8,125 20, 638 Not separated. 10, 867 6,635 154, 890 90, 758 19, 416 49,483 17, 317 65, 806 3,036 65, 081 21, 924 65, 342 9,357 43, 065 20,541 47, 928 8,670 79, 184 20, 207 219, 884 155, 134 32, 806 4,845 32, 695 4,320 66, 103 10, 697 599, 495 566, 663 a a 1 10 1 27 Location. NEW XOEK— Continned. MOHEOB cobhty Eochester MOHTGOMEBY COUHTT Amsterdam New Yobk couhty New York Niagara county Lockport Oneida couhtt Utica Onondaga couhty Syracuse Obange county Middletown Newburgh Port Jerris Oswego couhtt Oswego Queens couhtt Flushing Long Island city Eensselaee couhtt Troy Saint Lawebnoe couhty . Ogdensburg Saratoga county Saratoga Springs Sohenectadt couhtt Schenectady Steubeh couhtt Homellsville Tioga COUHTT Owego , Tompkins county..., Ithaca tfLSTEB COUNTY , Kingston Sangerties , .. Warren county Glen Falls Washington county Granville --. Total., NOETH CAEOLINA. Cbaveh couhty New Berne Guilford county Greensboro' Halifax county Weldon , Mecklenbubo county Charlotte New Hasoveb couhty Wilmington . Pasquotank couhty Elizabeth City Wake COUHTY Baleigh Total. Belmont county ... Bellalre Butler county , Hamilton Champaign county. Urbana OHIO. Popnlation. 144, 903 89, 366 38, 315 9,466 206, 299 206, 299 54,173 13,522 115, 475 33, 914 117,893 51, 792 88, 220 8,494 18, 049 8,678 77, 911 21, 116 90, 574 6,683 17,129 US, 328 56, 747 85, 997 10, 341 55, 150 8,421 23, 538 13, 655 77, 586 8,195 32, 673 5,625 34,445 9,105 85, 838 18,344 3,923 25, 179 4,900 47, 871 1,071 19, 729 6,443 23, 686 2,105 30, 300 932 34,175 7,094 21, 376 17, 350 10, 369 2,315 47,989 9,265 4a 638 8,025 42,579 12, 123 27,817 6,252 THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 71 A LIST OF THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN WHICH DAILY NEWSPAPEES WERE PUBLISHED, ETC.— Continued. Location. OHIO— Continned. GLABKii COUNTY Springfield Cuyahoga county Clerelanfl DeLawake county ... Delaware EiiiE county Sandusky Franklin county Columbua Hamilton county CincinnatL jEFFEliSOK COUNTY Steubenville Lucas county Toledo MABONrao county Youngstown MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. Dayton Muskingum county... Zanesville Seneca county Tiffin Staek county Canton Summit county Aljron Total. Clatsop county Astoria Mahion county Salem Multnomah county . Portland OEBGON. Total. PENHSYLTAITLA.. Allegheny county Allegheny McKeesport Pittsburgli Berks COUNTY • Keadiug Blair county Altoona Bradford county Towanda Cambria county Johnstown , C HESTER CO UNT Y Westchester Clinton COUNTY Lock Haven Crawford county Meadville TitnsTille Dauphin county '. Harrisburg Delaware county Chester Erie county Erie Franklin county ._ Chauibersburg - .. Lackawanna county Scranton , Population. 11, 20, 196, 160, 27, 6, 32, 15, 86, 51, 313, 255, 33, 12, 67, 50, i% IS, 78, 38, 49, 18, 36, 7, 64, 13, 43, 16, 948 730 943 146 381 894 640 838 797 647 374 139 018 093 377 137 871 435 550 678 774 113 947 879 031 258 788 512 7,222 2,803 14, 576 2,638 25,203 17, 577 355, 78, 8, 156, 122, 43, 52, 19, 58, 3, 46, 8, 83, 7, 26, 5, 68, 8, 9, 76, 30, 56, 1*. 74, 27, 49, 6, 89, 45. 682 212 389 597 278 740 710 54] 814 811 380 481 046 278 845 607 860 046 148 762 101 997 688 737 855 877 269 850 3 •W IS o m 66 Location. PEiraSyLVASTLA- Continued. Lancaster county Lancaster Lawrence county New Castle Lebanos county Lebanon Lehigh county Allentown LUZEEN~E COUNTY Hazleton Pittston "Wilkesbarre Lycoming county "Williamsport ». McKban county Bradford Mercer county Sharon Montgomery county Norristown Pottatown Northampton county Bethlehem Easton Uohthumbeeland county . Milton Sunbury Philadelphia county Philadelphia Schuylkill county PottsviUe Venango county Oil City Washington county Washington York county York Total. EHODE ISLAND. Newport county Newport Providence county : Providence Woonsocket - Total SOUTH CAEOLINA. Charleston COUNTY Charleston GREENVILLB COUNTY Greenville ElCHLAND COUNTY Columbia Total. Davidson county . Nashville Hamilton county. Chattauooc;a .. Knox county Knoxvillo Madison county. . Jackson Shelby COUNTY ..- Memphis Total TENNESSEE. Population. 139,447 25, 769 33, 312 8,418 38, 476 8,778 65, 969 18, 063 133, 065 6,935 7,472 23, 339 57, 486 18, 934 42, 565 9,197 56, 161 5,684 96, 494 13, 063 5,305 70, 312 5,193 11, 924 63, 123 2,102 4,077 847, 170 847, 170 129, 974 13, 253 43, 670 7,315 55, 418 4,292 87,841 13, 940 24,180 15, 693 197, 874 104, 857 16, 050 102, 800 49,984 37, 496 6,160 28, 573 10, 036 79, 026 43, 350 23,642 12, 892 39,124 9,693 30, 874 5,S77 IS.. 430 33, 592 US ta S A 72 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. A LIST OF THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN WHICH DAILY NEWSPAPEES WERE PUBLISHED, ETC.— Continued. Location. TEXAS. BBXABCOnuTT Ssm Antonio Cameeok county Brownsville COOKB COUNTY G-ainesville Dallas county Dallas Galvebton county . . G-alveston Gbayson county Denison Sherman HAKKI6 county Houston McLennan county. . . "Waco Marion county Jefferson Taekant county Fort "Worth Teayis county Austin "WABHmOTON county. Brenham Total. Salt Lake county. Salt Lake City . Wbeee county Ogden TTTAH. Total- CnrrTENDEN county. Burlington Feanklin county - Saint Albans . . EOTLAND COIOTTY . Butland VEEMONT. Total. Alexandeia county. Alexandria Campbell county . . Lynchhurg DiNWIDDIE county - Petersburg Heneioo county Eichmond VIEGINIA. Population. 30, 470 20, 650 14, 959 4,938 20, 391 2,667 33, 488 10, 358 24,121 22,248 38, 108 3,975 6,093 27. 985 16, 513 26, 934 7,295 10, 983 3,260 24,871 6, 6«3 27, 028 11, 013 27, 565 4,101 31, 977 20, 768 12, 344 32, 792 11, 365 30, 225 7,193 41, 829 7,502 17, 546 13, 659 36, 250 15, 969 82, 870 21, 656 82, 703 63, 600 1 O to 2 30 Location. TIRGINXA— Continued. NOKFOLK COUNTY Norfolk Portsmouth Pittsylvania county . Danville Total. WASHnfGTON. King county Seattle PlEECE county Tacoraa ■Walla Walla county Walla Walla Total. WEST VIRGINIA- Ohio county.. Wheeling . Total. . . . WISCONSIN. BUOWN county Green Bay DArrE county Madison EAU OLAIEE COUNTY Eau Claire EoND Du Lac county EondduLac Geeen county Monroe LaCeosbe county La Crosse Milwaukee county Milwaukee Eacine county Eacine EOCK county Janesville Winnebago county Osbkosh Total. WYOMING. Albany county... Laramie ... . Lakamie county. Cheyenne Total Population. 58, 657 21, 966 11, 390 52, 589 7, 526 6,910 3,533 3,319 1,098 8,716 37, 457 30, 737 34, 078 7,464 53,233 10, 324 19, 993 10, 119 46, 859 13, 094 21, 729 4,195 27, 073 14, 605 138, 537 115, 587 30, 922 16, 031 38, 823 9,018 42, 740 15,748 4,626 2,696 6,409 3,466 THE LOCATION OF THE DAILY NEWSPAPER PEESS. It appears from the preceding table that the 971 daily newspapers of the census year were published in 389 towns or cities, which makes an average of 2 J to each of these towns or cities. The strange anomaly is here discovered of towns of less than 4,000 inhabitants where two and sometimes three daily papers were Average number of py]t)iis]jg^, The Smallest town in the United States in which a daily paper was published was Elko, Nevada, with a population of 752. The smallest town in which two daily papers were published was Tombstone, Arizona, with a population of 973. The enterprising publishers of the latter town are doubtless confident that it will grow up to their stature. In California the town of Eureka, population 2,639, had three daily papers, and tlie town of Eed Bluff, population 2,106, two daily papers. Galena, Kansas, had one daily for a population of 1,463; Greenville, Michigan, two dailies for a population of 3,144; Olean, New York, one daily THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 73 for a i)opulation of 3,036; Winnemucca, Nevada, cue daily for a population of 763; and Milton, Pennsylvania, one daily for a population of 2,102. These are the most striking instances of daily publications in small towns. The table may be taken as establishtag another conclusion, reached el&ewhere in this report: that the tendency is not to the increase in the number of daily newspapers as the size of the city increases, but rather to the increase in the circulation of those already existing. Thus, Kansas City, with 55,785 inhabitants, had six daily papers in the census year, which is one more than Louisville, Kentucky, with 123,758, sustained. It is not necessary to add that in every instance where a city is overstocked with daily newspapers the fact is at once evident upon an inspection of the issues that come from their presses and a comparison of their character, contents, and appearance with those of the newspapers printed in towns of equal size, where the number is confined to one or two. These conditions of development in the newspaper press are the incidents of our civilization, and disappear as this civilization takes on its maturer forms, the journals of every locality being more or less an accurate type of the character, condition, and pursuits of the people of that locality. For the eastern manufacturing and suburban towns without dailies, to which allusion has been made, the weekly press performs very much the sameserviceasthat rendered by the London local press, so called. The latter, however, is a distinctive feature of English journalism, such as can only come in the United States with large segregations of population about a common center. This London local press has grown up TheLondoniocaipress. .entirely within the past twenty-five years. In the first issue of the London Press Directory •^(1846) there was but one of these journals recorded, the South London Press. There are now no less than 104 local papers published in the several outlying districts of London, including several dailies and semi-weeklies, most •of them conducted in a creditable manner, and some of them reaching a high i^oint of excellence as well as great financial prosperity. («) The success of these journals may be ascribed to the necessity, long felt by the residents ■ of the metropolitan boroughs, for some sort of representation in the press. The vestries dispose annually of revenues greater than those of many German principa^ties, and the annual budget of the metropolitan board of works has for many years ■ exceeded that of at least one European kingdom; yet the daily and weekly press of London, occupied with the affairs of imperial policy, abstained from reporting the proceedings of the Vestries, and chronicled the doings of the board of works in small type and obscure paragraphs, {b) The fact that these local weekly sheets can thrive under the very nose of the mammoth newspapers of the capital and do a good work in ■ every considerable London borough is given as a reason for believing that there are certain functions of the local press which cannot be absorbed by the metropolitan dailies, and that the prosperity of one class of journals will •continue to increase in the same ratio, though in the smaller sphere, with that of the other. For one purpose the Boston dailies serve the people of the New England towns with better success than dailies of their own can ever do; •but they can never supersede the local press, whose mission it is to record and preserve the chronicles of the parish. THE LOCALIZATION OF THE AMEETCAN PEESS. It is the remarkable localization of the American newspaper press which distinguishes it particularly from 'that of any other country and constitutes what may be regarded as one of its best characteristics. The press of the United States is not concentrtlted, like that of other countries with a well-developed journalism, but is localized; and its tendency has been, and continues to be, constantly toward minuter localization. Every hamlet has its .-mouthpiece through the printing press, and every city is independent of every other city for its daily news supply. Here is the first condition met of a healthy and progressive national journalism ; and it is the condition which will .always keep the American press what it now is : the freest, the most self-reliant, the most loyal to home and ■vicinity interest, in the world. Tables XII and XIV of this report afford striking evidence of this localization. The latter table shows that of 'the 2,605 counties into which the forty-six states and territories are subdivided newspapers are published in 2,073 of them. In sixteen of the thirty-eight states there was at least one newspaper published in every county within its limits. An analysis of the table shows that these sixteen states are the only ones in which it can be claimed that civilization has progressed to every county within their borders. They include all the states ordinarily classified as belonging to the New England group, and all the states which, under the like classification, are grouped as middle states. Missouri presents the most noteworthy instance of a large state of comparatively recent colonization in which a newspaper was published in every county — an instance rendered the more noteworthy from the fact that there are 114 counties within its limits, a number exceeded by only three states in the Union. The sixteen states which made the same showing were Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ehode Island, and Vermont. -It is plain that these are the only states regarding which it can be claimed that settlement in all parts has reached mature limits. By a comparison of Tables XII and XIV.it will be seen that a striking similarity of figures is presented by both. The sixteen states in which every county has a newspaper of its own are those in which the average area for a The Clertenwell Times is the most striking illustration of this statement. 1) Francis Hitchman, in London Quarterly Bevieiu, October, 1880. 74 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. each publication in square miles is the smallest, and they are also the states in which the aggregate number o be seen from Table XIV that in a. majority of the counties of the northern states in which one newspaper was published there were two or more.. It also shows that there were in the census year 2,459 towns and villages in the country in which one newspaper was published, 1,026 towns and villages in which two newspapers were published, 375 towns and villages with; three newspapers only, 209 with four newspapers, and 329 in which five or more newspapers and periodicals were- published, showing a total number of 4,398 cities, towns, and villages in which the 11,314 publications of all kinds, were printed. These are statistics not duplicated nor approached anywhere in the world, and they bring out in the most striking light what may be called the distinguishing peculiarity of the American press. Literally, as Oarlyle says, " a preaching friar has erected his palpit in every village." The majority of these journals are allied to one or the other of the existing political parties, and to that extent they are sui generis; but each has one particular interest closer than its politics. Each one is the champion and representative of its particular locality, and is concerned, first of all, in whatever relates to the honor and material advancement of that locality. The closer home to the daily routine of the people the newspaper comes, the greater is the power it exerts. It is the local newspaper in this sense that distinguishes American journalism above that of all other countries, and is, on the whole, the most admirable product of the printing press in this country. THE OiECULATION OF NEWSPAPEES. The tables of circula- tion. Tables II and III contain the important statistics relating to the general circulation of newspapers and periodicals- in the United States during the census year. The details respecting the circulation of particular- classes of periodicals, ag the religious press, the agricultural press, etc., are given in the body, of this report without tabular statement. In regard to the circulation of newspapers and periodicals, some difficulty was experienced in a number of 14 In verification of this statement, and for the general purpose of supplying a basis of comparison in number and circulation between. Haven, from his Newspaper and Bank Directory of the World (1881), is given : Conntriea. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 39 ^0 42 43 44 45 46 I 47 ■ 48 49 United States Britisli America Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulcraria Uenmark France German Empire England Scotland Ireland Wales Greece Italy Netherlands Sweden Norway Portugal Koumania Russia Spain Switzerland Turkey British India Chinese Empire Hong.Kong Japan Malay Archipelago Algeria , Egypt South Africa West Africa Mexico Central America West Indies Cuha Argentine Eepublic BoUvia Brazil Chili Ecuador , Peru Uruguay , United States of Colombia Venezuela Australia Tasmania New Zealand Polynesia Population. 50, 183, 015 4, 515, 933 37, 741, 413 5, 476, 668 1, 859, 000 1, 989, 464 39, 066, 372 45, 194, 172 24, 608, 391 3, 734, 370 5, 159, 839 1, 359, 895 1, 679, 775 27, 769, 475 3, 866, 456 4, 568, 900 1, 806, 900 4, 432, 050 5, 073, 000 85, 426, 142 16, 625, 860 2, 846, 102 19, 990, 000 193, 596, 603 400, 000, 000 139, 144 34, 338, 304 30, 187, 829 2, 867, 626 5, 517, 627 1, 406, 496 1, 598, 070 10, 000, 000 a, 650, 000 4, 600, 000 1, 608, 761 2, 500, 000 2, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 1,350,000 2, 700, 000 450, 000 3, 000, 000 1, S82, 236 2, 743, 256 115, 600 489, 500 303, 985 Daily publications. 4, 314, 249 237, 788 928, 535 730, 215 "127,395 3, 887, 650 3, 577, 799 3, 250, 875 477, 065 210, 998 36, 000 23, 900 630, 600 182, 760 69, 400 57, 550 147, 600 27, 100 404, 024 619, 359 217, 950 57, 600 51, 458 23, 670 5,300 428, 000 38, 200 2,700 26, 000 23, 500 1, 346, 045, 688 74, 189, 856 290, 631, 455 228, 557, 295 102, 826 17, 660 85, 200 76, 700 34, 300 2,500 151, 950 60, 290 3,600 16, 400 37, 400 9,500 28, 950 135,000 7,000 104, 850 1, 216, 1,119, 1, 017, 149, 66, 11, 7, 197, 59, 21, 18, 46, 8, 94, 193, 68, 18, 16, 7, 1, 133, 11, 874, 635 834, 4.50 851, 087 523, 875 321, 345 042, 374 268, 000 480, 700 377, 800 457, 480 722, 200 013, 150 108, 800 482, 300 089, 248 859, 367 218,350 028, 800 096, 354 408, 710 658, 900 964, 000 956, 600 845, 100 138, 000 355, 500 c P. bflO ^ 4,447 3,549 6, 19(1 9,015 32, 184, 538 26, 667. 600 6, 527, 6S0 24, 007, 100 10, 785, 900 782, 600 33,271,900 18, 870, 770 1, 120, 800 5, 133, 200 11,706,200 2, 973, 500 9,061,350 ! 42, 255, 000 2, 191, 006 32, 818, 050 2,235 10, 709 4,145 21, 109 21, 684 10, 549 9,000 1,493 4,260 4,686 6,309 2,877 5,089 1,694 4,591 2,815 3,515 1,920 1,470 2,959 757 5,156 2,387 1,350 2,363 3,917 2,508 1,706 1,813 2,018 3,118 1,250 2,234 942 1,800 1,093 2,077 050 1,930 3,000 1,750 2,330 Publications less frequent than dailies and more frequent than wee lilies. 175 33 180 15 6 1,848 127 18 32 6 13 88 115 97 61 14 1 37 29 160 27 15 P ^1 m 277,410 42, 004 210, 840 76, 800 3,800 679, 260 2,595, 531 1,137, 664 105, 000 159, 023 82,600 13, 000 131, 770 277, 666 107, 760 45, 850 14, 480 1,40» 44, 050 51, 690 282, 650 24, 600 12, 062 £3 a as 31, 499, 572 5, 107, 960 25, 539, 020 9,656,400 395, 200 85, 949, 240 341, 721, 224 123, 850, 584 11, 996, 400 21, 198, 788 8, 590, 400 1, 352, 000 18, 024, 240 33, 364, 864 12, 942, 800 5, 740, 800 1, 862, 120 218, 400 6, 117, 800 4,598,640 15, 708, 680 2,698,800 1, 502, 072 42, 500 6,050 21, 000 500 28, 250 34, 360 8,000 21, 200 1,400 1,750 600 18, 325 14, 600 7,800 3,000 2,000 4,300 4,150 88, 000 3,502 31, 550 1,000 4, 604. 000 624, 000 3, 418, 480 130, 000 4, 219, 800 4, 498, 000 1, 248. 000 2, 529, 000 166, 400 264, SOO 93, 600 1, 939, 600 1, 622, 400 811, 200 312, 000 208, 000 447, 200 396, 400 10, 656, 000 457,912 3,84.6, 400 104, 000 •gp. .a o g H 3 <( 1,685 1,272 1,171 5,120 634 1,769 1,404 8, 9.^8 5,833 4,969 13, 766 1,000 1,497 2,416 1,111 751 1,034 1,400 1,190 1,782 1,766 911 804 1,090 337 1,105 500 1,765 1,226 8.000 623 350 219 600 833 1,123 1,300 1,500 286 1, 433 1.037 1,000 875 870 1,000 Weekly publications. 8,674 444 584 373 3 4 1,606 1,335 1,563 170 139 70 49 450 267 74 42 113 2 131 389 166 53 183 7 2 19 10 14 11 47 6 146 32 88 17 19 24 166 15 o a to ai 20, 467, 676 921, 345 728, 401 1, 480, 050 2,100 37, 000 4, 186, 870 3, 799, 136 12, 144, 308 1, 222, 600 709, 026 301, 956 21, 350 780, 230 556, 953 191, 600 84,160 109, 612 4,200 326, 732 863, 766 260, 780 6d, 780 128, 868 2,857 1,500 33, 500 2,960 12, 240 33, 900 63, 860 2,050 174, 630 57. 675 74, 870 21, 650 6,150 5,860 104, 725 21,000 6,800 0,550 22, 400 57,250 236, 700 5,150 101, 925 15,645 i-2 n 1,064, 47, 37, 76, 1, 217, 197, 631, 63, 36, 15, 1, 40, 28, 9, 4, 5, 16, 44, 13, 2, 6, 319, 152 909, 940 876, 852 962, 600 109, 200 924, 000 717, 240 665, 072 504, 016 575, 200 869, 352 701, 712 110, 200 671, 960 9QI, 666 963, 200 376, 800 699, 824 218, 400 990, 064 915, 260 560, 560 640, 560 701, 136 148, 5^ 78, 000 742, 000 163, 920 636, 480 762, 800 252, 600 106, 600 080, 760 999, 100 893, 240 125. 800 319, 800 304, 720 565, 700 092, 000 363, 600 490, 600 1, 164, 800 2, 977, 000 12, 308, 400 267, 800 5, 300, 100 813, 540 ■3P, o d C=H ■ gas « 2 m 2,359 2,075 1,246 3,968 700 9,250 2,781 " 2,845 7,769 7,191 5,100 4, 314 435 1,733 2,085 2,589 2,003 !'69 2,100 2,475 2, 220 1,671 958 704 408 750 1,763 296 874 3,081 1,330 342 1,196 1,803 860 1,273 324 244 992 1,400 1,360 353 1, 867,- 7:i4i 900 1,287 1, 671 , 1,117, THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 75 quarters in securing accurate figures, owing to the natural repugnance of proprietors to reveal an item which it is to their benefit to have regarded as larger than it actually is. The well-known tendency of newspaper publishers to exaggerate circulation has revealed itself in several instances during the course of ao^Mlte" garL!^*"™"^ this inquiry. It is proper, therefore, to state that this brd>nch of the statistics submitted has been subjected to thorough revision, in which all the collateral evidence at command has been brought to bear to test and frequently to revise the figures supplied in each case. Conscious that no such statement can be absolutely accurate, I believe the methods adopted have secured a closer approximation to the truth than has ever before been reached, and that, as indicative of the volume of the regular circulation of the American press, these figures afford substantial grounds upon which to base an estimate of its influence. In the first of the tables relating to circulation, the subject is treated by the average and in the aggregate by the several states and territories. ' In treating the statistics of aggregate circulation there has been no difQculty beyond that above stated. There was an aggregate circulation per issue of 3,566,395 daily newspapers, 3,961,057 weekly newspapers issued from the offices of daily newspapers, 15,962,353 weeklies Aggregate, oironiation, not connected with dailies and all other than monthlies, and 8,139,881 monthlies — making an "dirX.^^^''*™ ™ ^^" aggregate circulation per issue (including 150,000 not separately reported) of 31,779,686. These aggregate circulations per issue culminate in an aggregate total number of copies printed annually of 1,100,607,219 daily newspapers, 202,244,024 weekly newspapers connected with dailies, 663,543,866 of other weeklies, semi- weeklies, etc. (excluding only monthlies), 94,853,100 monthly periodicals, and a grand aggregate for all classes and kinds of newspapers and periodicals (including 6,600,000 not separately reported) of 2,067,848,209 — figures whose significance may be comprehended more easily by comparing them with the statistics of the national debt. The daily newspapers, whose circulation per issue is smaller than that of any other class, defining them by periods of issue,, represent in the grand aggregate of copies printed in the census year more than one-half of the total number. The aggregate circulation per issue, both for dailies and weeklies, if not for monthlies, is the largest attained anywhere in the world, (a) and shows an increase of 52.48 per cent, over the aggregate of 1870, while the percentage the press of the United States and that of other countries of the globe, the following table, kindly furnished by H. P. Hubbard, of Ne^' Fnblications less frequent than weeklies and more frequent than monthlies. MontUy publications. Bi-monthlleB and quarter- lies. Half-yearlies, annuals, and ocoasiqnals. Aggregate of all classes. 1 P a li IS ^ if wo ^ i 'A li ..tJ.S H ii lis •I 1 li •If r ■3 11 H ■Sft ■4 So,; 29s 1 i gg H u *3 11 i| r ^ i 5.2 s 1 II ■3 ft ■1 . 1 ' Is f 174 17 432 25 1 1,016,937 163,591 482,735 201,100 ■ 500 25,423,425 4,089,775 12,723,700 4,826,400 12,000 5,844 9,623 1,117 8,044 500 1,121 60 338 92 1 7,623,367 258,672 326,314 349,480 400 91,480,404 3,104,064 3,916,768 4,193,760 4,800 6,800 4,311 966 3,799 400 86 3 53 1 939,132 3,000 37,715 1,500 3,820,328 16,000 196,060 9,000 10,920 1,000 711 1,600 7 35,000 45,000 5,000 11,207 624 1,803 591 11 61 3,265 8,529 3,460 271 227 103 89 1,174 486 303 181 179 19 454 760 512 121 373 22 14 251 51 54 26 72 8 283 71 213 81 39 27 279 95 8 26 57 40 117 451 19 170 21 34,673,771 1,626,400 2,769,775 2,856,145 6,800 164,396 11,593,535 20,499,566 25,594,905 2,479,477 1,204,822 636,856 66,800 2,357,660 1,070,844 594,550 253,300 306,142 32,700 1,177,169 1,702,316 941,360 145,530 288,399 38,127 10,900 666,000 52,410 48,240 62,100 122,800 2,600 378,096 101,500 211,930 113,600 42,500 8,960 363,950 102,390 11,400 29,200 50,650 51,800 102,025 536,700 26,152 268,375 20,905 2,562,633,569 134,417,595 371,101,575 324,222,466 521,200 41,798.635 1,557,211,299 1,748,086,209 1,86], 191,319 232,570,289 125,588,714 36,915,712 10,045,100 269.426.360 122,660,660 48,271,150 29,042,950 54,520,144 8,919,100 123,824,408 46,463,155 100,122,870 23,533,760 25,573,286 7,693,174 1,799,600 143,730,000 12,805,120 5,048,460 10,069,400 14,905,900 119,800 46,779i868 10,146,840 33,552,900 25,605,000 11,317,700 1,180,820 44,214,200 21,663,170 1,938,000 5,834,600 12,431,200 4,920,500 12,670,550 66,067,400 3,042,112 42,345.350 962,460 1 0, 66 4 55,235 17,000 219,720 17,000 837 4,250 3 4 229 391 '^^ 1 696,550 1,852,838 138,412 1,000 3,500 15,694,500 44,437,032 3,321,888 24,000 84,000 3,041 4,738 3,295 1,000 3,500 674 517 1,034 66 31 22 10 256 5? 45 12 1,636,305 1,675,857 6,776,600 619,412 114,075 111,300 8,500 438,520 36,800 66,400 50,400 11,660 19,036,666 20,110,284 81,306,000 7,432,944 1,368,900 1,335,600 102,000 6,262,240 441,600 796,800 604,800 139,800 2,850 3,241 6,652 11,061 3,679 6,069 860 1,713 12,266 1,328 1,120 971 " 2,183 1,402 1,545 1,256 633 1,841 117 219 171 3 3 1 "e 204,760 688,680 411,198 54,000 5,700 5,000 ' 16,500 984,100 4,474,610 1,686,260 220,000 22,800 20,000 "68,000 1,750 3,144 2,404 18,000 1,900 6,000 "2,75b 91 366 369 1 1 302,150 6,309,725 1,736,948 400 2,600 396,100 19,936,900 1,998,696 400 2,500 3,320 17,734 4,707 400 2,500 7 8 9 10 11 1 18 3 17 50 46,300 3,000 6,700 200 104,200 12,000 25,700 50 2,672 1,000 394 11 208 8 19 12 10 313,740 13,465 108,600 12,360 21,800 8,017,920 323,160 2,696,400 296,400 619,200 1,508 1,683 5,716 1,029 2,180 U 36 1 44,100 3,000 224,050 12,000 1,260 3,000 16 1 1,000 1,000 1,000 1S -\f) 38 60 39 2 27 64,490 79,387 47,960 1,250 17,546 3,119,560 2,099,088 1,284,640 30,000 443,024 1,697 1,588 1,229 625 649 119 57 65 9 103 269,793 79,925 100,420 11,300 65,285 11,050 3,117,516 959,100 1,206,040 136,600 783,420 132,600 22 1 16 49,500 2,000 17,000 288,000 12,000 87,200 2,250 2,000 1,062 19 4 14 28,580 6,200 14,600 102,220 19,700 58,400 1,604 1,550 1,043 20 21 22 10 1 1 6 "3 13,180 550 700 8,000 "1,700 57,280 3,300 4,200 36,000 "'9,20b 1,318 550 700 1,600 ""566 '1 91^ 3 "67 1 2 2 2,200 88,000 250 1,000 1,300 57,200 2,592,000 6,000 24,000 33,800 733 1,313 250 500 650 1 1,200 1,200 1,200 ''fi 38 7 14 1 2 66,000 6,100 9,600 400 4,600 792,000 61,200 116,200 4,800 54,000 1,737 743 4,800 400 2,250 2 850 3,400 425 28 in 1 4,000 24,000 4,000 SI 2 24 16 15 7 1 550 18,890 12,765 9,260 3,560 300 13,200 462,960 306,360 233,160 89,300 7,200 275 787 798 617 507 300 40 12 24 13 45,300 6,400 18,600 9,200 543,600 64,800 222,000 110,400 1,132 450 770 707 2 1,300 6,800 650 2 8,000 3,200 400 33 2 2 1,000 1,000 6,000 6,000 500 60O 3 1,900 1,900 633 35 V 19 4 8,000 234,000 2,000 12 3 14,900 - 6,500 178,800 78,000 1,241 2,166 7 6,050 24,200 864 10 io 41 .4 5 4 2 46 6 25 2 3,000 1,700 3,700 4,200 69,000 8,550 28,300 2,560 36,000 20,400 44,400 50,400 828,000 102,600 339,600 30,720 750 340 925 2,100 1,500 1,426 1,132 1,280 .ii 11 7 S 1 2 1 11,900 6,675 4,000 950 1,600 600 290,600 180,600 104,000 22,800 41,600 13,000 1,082 953 800 950 800 500 44 1 4 800 4,000 4,800 16,000 800 1,000 4'> 46 47 1 3 160 1,200 600 1,200 150 400 48 49 76 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. ^f increase in poijulation in the decade was 30.08 per cent. The difference between these percentages may be taken as indicating the increase in the newspaper-reading habits of the American people. It is, however, worthy of note that the average circulation of all the periodicals published in 1880 is not as large as that indicated in other United States censuses. The average circulation of the 2,526 publications reported in 1850 was 2,036; that of the 4,051 publications reported in 1860, 3,373; that of the 5,871 publications reported in 1870, 3,550; while the average circulation of the 11,314 publications reported in 1880 is but 2,809. A large part of this difference, it is believed, is due to the much more rigid scrutiny to which the statistics of circulation were subjected in 1880. The largest aggregate daily circulation of any state occurs in New York, where f.96,5Gl copies are printed ■daily, which is 27.94 per cent, of the entire daily circulation of the country, while only 11.84 per cent, of the entire number of daily papers are published in that state. The statistics of New York thus forcibly -york°daUy°ne-wspapOTa!' illustrate the fact that the aggregate circulation of newspapers is not dependent in any degree upon the number of those newspapers. The fact may be shown in the same way with respect to weekly newspapers and periodicals of all classes of issue. Pennsylvania shows the second largest aggregate daily circulation, Massachusetts the third, Illinois the fourth, Ohio the fifth, and California the sixth. Excluding the territories, Florida shows the latim bfortterXtor"" Smallest aggregate daily circulation, with West Virginia second, Vermont and Mississippi third, ^and Arkansas fourth. New York also shows the largest aggregate circulation of weekly newspapers, the figures being double those -of Pennsylvania, which comes next in order. Illinois stands third, Ohio fourth, Massachusetts fifth, and Missouri sixth. The states in which the aggregate weekly circulation is the smallest are, in newl^peiTbyBtlu^^ ^ their Order (excluding the territories again) : Nevada, Delaware, Florida, Ehode Island, Oregon, South Carolina, and Colorado. New York shows the largest aggregate circulation of monthly periodicals, Pennsylvania being second, Maine third, Ohio fourth, and Massachusetts fifth. Maine is brought into this prominence by the great Derwrcit""" °^™'"'*''''^ success that attends the publication of several magazines devoted to family reading in Portland and Augusta. Thfi figures localizing the average circulation of the several classes of newspapers have a certain value, but they may easily- mislead. In a town where two newspapers are published, one with a circulation of 10,000 and the other of 2,000, it is correct to say thab the average circulation of the papers published in that town is Table in. 6,000; but in so saying we are not giving a true conception of the division. In order to avoid the misconceptions which may thus arise a table (No. Ill) has been prepared, which further .classifies the press of the United States by the volume of circulation. Nine groups were made, as follows : I. Periodicals having a circulation of 50,000 or over. II. Periodicals having a circulation of 25,000 and under 50,000. III. Periodicals having a circulation of 15,000 and under 25,000. IV. Periodicals having a circulation of 10,000 and under 15,000- V. Periodicals having a circulation of 5,000 and under 10,000. VI. Periodicals having a circulation of 3,000 and under 5,000. VII. Periodicals having a circulation of 1,000 and under 3,000. VIII. Periodicals having a circulation of 500 and under 1,000. IX. Periodicals having a circulation of less than 500. Group VIII was found to contain the largest number of weeklies, and Group VII the largest number of daily newspapers. The fact indicated in Table II, that the daily newspapers of the United States will average a larger circulation than the weekly press, was thus verified. In the last class, that of journals by^vSume of cklSr "^^^^ ^ circulation of less than 500, are included 86 dailies, 1,216 weeklies, and 188 publications of all other periods of issue. Missouri boasted the largest number (14) of these dailies of meager issue, California the second largest number (12), and Ohio the third largest number (7). These were generally dailies which had been established in the census year or immediately previous to it, and were incidental to the crude civilization of newly-founded towns. There were but 268 daily journals with a circulation of 3,000 and over, and the largest group of these (112) was under 5,000 in average daily issue. A circulation dauy ckraiauon.''''^'^'''^^ "^'^^^^ ^^^ ^^ regularly maintained between these figures is rightly regarded as a healthy and profitable one, where undue competition is not the reason for failure to reach higher figures and expenses can be kept down to a corresponding ratio. The greater portion of the daily journals whose circulation is placed at 1,000 and under 3,000 are profitable pieces of property on the more limited scale. Receipts from advertising bear an intimate relation to circulation, and the journals which run from 10,000 to 15,000, and from these figures upward, are the ones which enjoy large returns from the capital and labor invested. Their number is limited, there being but 84 in the whole country. Of these, 34 have a daily circulation of 10,000 and less than 15,000, 25 have a circulation of 15,000 and less than 25,000, 18 have a circulation of 25,000 and less than 50,000, and 7 have a circulation of. 50,000 and over, 3 of the latter number exceeding 100,000 in their daily issue. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 77 THE EELATION OF CIECULATION TO POPULATION. The relation of the circulation of daUy newspapers to population offers an interesting and perplexing field of inquiry. The daily journal is of course read regularly to any marked extent only in sections of country that are thickly settled or can be promptly reached by rail from the cities.- The entire aggregate circulation of the daily papers of the mammoth state of Texas (30,297) is less than that of the daily journals of little Ehode Island (41,402). No conclusions as to the relative intelligence of a people or their alertness in public affairs can justly be based upon such statistics ; nor is it possible to make comparisons between cities with a view to like deductions. This is the conclusion to be drawn from the following table, which gives the number and circulation of the 232" daily journals published in twenty-six of the principal cities of the United States, with the uaiiy circulation m. population of each city and the number of inhabitants to each copy issued daily: twenty-six cities. Circulation of daily newspapers as related to- population. Number of daily papers pul)lished in the city of^ New York, New York Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,. Brooklyn, New York Chicago, niinois Bftston, Massachusetts Saint Louisa, Missouri BaUimore, Maryland Cincinnati, Ohio San Prancisco, California (two papers publish morning and evening editions) Now Orleans, Louisiana Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Buffalo, New York Washington, District of Columbia Newark, New Jersey Louisville, Kentucky Jersey City, New Jersey Detroit, Michigan Milwaukee, Wisconsin Providence, Khode Island Albany, New York Indianapolis, Indiana Charleston, South Carolina Saint Paul, Minnesota Atlanta, Georgia Springfield, Massachusetts Aggregate circula- tion per issue. 765, 843 375, 274 48,637 220, 577 221, 315 99, 364 128, 643 117, 549 143, 232 37, 565 48, 730 111, 001 26, 100 34, 500 18, 300 22, 215 11, 176 41, 533 24, 300 29, 900 32,842 35, 587 6,300 19, 893 8,800 18,464 Population or city. No. of inhabit- ants to each copy issued. 1,206,299 1.58 847, 170 2.26 566, 663 11.67 503, 185 2.28 362, 839 1.64 350, 518 3.52 332, 313 2.58 265, 139 2.17 233, 969 1.63 216. 090 5.76 160, 140 3.29 156, 389 1.41 155, 134 5.94 147, 293 4.27 136, 508 7.46 123,7.58 5.67 120,722 10.80 116,340 2.80 115, 587 4.76 104, 857 3.51 90, 768 2.76 .75, 056 2.11 49, 084 7.93 ■ 41,473 2.08 37,409 4.25 33, 340 1.81 Hank. 2 9 26. 10- 4- 16 11 21 14 1 22 18 23 20 25- 13 19' 16 12^ 7 24 The number of papers published in these twenty-six cities is considerably larger than the total number (72) with a circulation of 5,000 and less than 10,000, while included among them are a large number which belong in the class with circulations of less than 3,000, and even in the class below. There are not, however, a dozen cities in the United States, not included in this twenty-six, which sustain daily journals with circulations regularly kept between 5,000 and 10,000. In these cities such a circulation is obtained by exceptional facilities for supplying a thickly^ettled surrounding country with daily papers. ifThe average number of inhabitants to each daily paper printed iu these twenty-six cities, taking them together, was 3.48, and, accepting this average for any city of 50,000 inhabitants, the aggregate circulation of all its daily papers would be but 20,161. The fact that seventeen of the twenty-six cities in the table show a larger ratio of daily circulation to population is simply evidence that they have superior facilities over the other nine for Analysis of the table. outside circulation, the ratio "being increased correspondingly. New Orleans, which is an isolated city in this respect, averages one copy to every 5.76, and Washington, District of Columbia, which is situated in like manner, averages one copy to every 4.27, which is an extraordinary average for a city thus situated and with so large a colored population. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with an average of one copy to every 4.76, is the best illustration on this point afforded by a northern city. On the other hand, Brooklyn, with an average of 11.67 to every daily paper printed there, and standing lowest in the list, doubtless has as many newspaper readers in proportion to population as any city in the Union, the low average being explained by the fact that the newspapers of New York city are circulated there simultaneously with those of its own manufacture and share with the latter the favor of the reading public. Newark, New Jersey, which ranks twenty -third, and Jersey City, which ranks twenty-fifth, are accoanted for in the same way. It is to be noticed that the latter city, with a population of 78 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. 120,722, has a smaller aggregate circulation of daily newspapers published in its midst than the aggregate we have estimated as a fair average circulation for a city of 50,000. The city of Springfield, Massachusetts, has been introduced into this table for the purpose of illustrating the relations of newspaper circulation to the geographical and commercial situation of a town. With a population of 33,340, three Springfield newspapers circulated daily 18,464 copies (nearly 75 per cent, of which circulation was in the towns and villages within prompt railroad reach, the Bepuhlican penetrating every morning into four states), which was over a hundred more than Newark, New Jersey, circulated with its population of 136,508. On the other hand, the daily journals printed in Newark, New Jersey, were largely confined in circulation to that city, being met on the east by the more pretentious papers of New York and on the west by those of Philadelphia, while thousands of copies of the newspapers of these two cities were sold every day in Newark. Table Xll has shown us that the aggregate circulation per issue of the press of the United States is equivalent to one copy regularly sent to every 1.58 inhabitants returned by the Tenth Census. It may be assumed that every paper published and circulated is read by an average of at least two persons, the majority of those issued penetrating into families numbering from three to four persons. In other words, newspapers enough are now printed to supply every person of a reading age with a journal to read as often at least as once a week. Of course we havie many adults who never read a newspaper, but it is not, as elsewhere, for the lack thf^tedStetS^^'""*" ^^ them; and as the years pass the diffusion of the American newspaper is growing more penetrating and minute. The newspaper diffusion of the United States, due to its minute localization, as already considered, reaches adegree unattained in any other country, and warrants the claim in its behalf of an exceptional influence upon the opinions of the people of the whole country. The average number of inhabitants to circulation in the several states, as shown in Table XII, is subject to certain qualifications, which ' reduce the disparities exhibited in that table very largely. There are certain cities which are known as "newspaper centers", from which are issued every day, week, and month thousands of newspapers and periodicals which are circulated outside the states in which the cities of publication are located. Table XV is an exhibit of the press statistics of the ten principal cities of this character, viz. New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Baltimore, Saint Louis, San Francisco, New Orleans, and Louisville. It will be observed that the ten states in which these cities are located reach in Table XII the smallest average number of inhabitants to "the aggregate tjirculation, excepting only Maine, in which case the small average is accounted for by the publication of a number of family story papers, which circulate all over the Union. On the other hand, the states showing the largest average are those situated most remotely from these and the minor centers of periodical publication, such as . Alabama, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, and the territories, {a) While the ten or eleven states named do not wholly deserve the high rank, in respect to the newspaper reading propensities of their inhabitants, assigned them in these tables, it is worthy of attention that the other states which take the lowest rank in the same tables are the same states in which the educational statistics of the Tenth Census indicate the same relative rank of popular intelligence in the population. The limitations suggested upon the natural conclusions to be drawn from these tables do not in any sense destroy this relative rank in the matter of newspaper and periodical diffusion among their inhabitants, but simply guard against a too violent contrast, by indicating that the disparities, while undoubtedly existing, may be somewhat softened by a due consideration of the collateral circumstances. It is undoubtedly true of the United States, in a larger degree than of any other country, that the comparative degree of newspaper circulation among the people is regulated and limited by the facilities which attend the extension of that circulation. CAPITAL, GEOSS PEODUCTS, AND EAW MATERIALS. Table IV shows the total amount paid in wages and the total gross products of newspapers and periodicals j)ublished in the United States during the census year, with the percentage of wages paid by daily, weekly, and ^ther periodicals, the percentage of receipts fro;n advertisements and from subscriptions, the Table IV. number of hands employed in printing and publishing periodicals, and the number of persons employed in editorial work. This table contains, therefore, the chief statistics gathered Tespecting the financial or material condition of the American press. No effort was made to gather statistics as to the amount of capital invested in the newspaper or periodical business, all queries of this character being omitted from the press schedules,1n accordance with the opinion expressed by the Superintendent in the Ninth Census that the inquiry is one which ought never Capital invested. to bc embraced in the schedules of the census, and that " the census returns of capital invested in manufactures are entirely untrustworthy and delusive". It was felt that this conclusion would apply to the printing business, as connected with the publication of newspapers and periodicals, with greater force than to almost any other industry, for the reason that the product of the newspaper printing press is altogether out of proportion to the usual calculations by which relations between wages paid and materials used to that product are reached. The value of a newspaper or a periodical is largely determined by the character of the brain labor a It is noteworthy that this difference between northern and southern states has existed from the very beginning of newspaper publication in this country. Noah AVebster in 1785 ascertained that the circulation of newspapers in the single New England state of Coiiueeciout was equal to that of the whole American territory south of Pennsylvania. — Webstei-'s Essays, pp. 338-360. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 79 placed therein. More than 50 per cent, of the gross product, on the other hand, is found to be derived from a source of revenue the intrinsic value of which depends upon other conditions altogether than the capital invested, the labor employed, or the material used. This is the advertisement, the rates received by the several newspaper establishments being governed by considerations which throw these elements ca^MtT roduct"" "^ of cost entirely out of the calculation. The cost of putting into type an advertisement of a certain length and character does not vary largely in any of the newspaper establishments where payment for composition is made by the piece; but certain newspapers will receive in payment for the same advertisement double, treble, or quadruple the price received by other newspapers which have been to the same outlay in preparing it for publication. The cost of the white paper upon which an advertisement is printed will not vary largely in a multitude of cases, and never varies in anything like the ratio of the money received for its publication. Neither is there any corresponding ratio of variationin the cost of the original plant, the value of the gross products of the newspaper press clearly bearing no definite and determinable relation to the amount of capital invested in the establishment. The Superintendent declared in the Ninth Census that " no man in business knows what he is worth ; far less can he say what portion of his estate is to be treated as capital". CAPITAL INVESTED IN NBWSPAPEES. I believe this statement applies more accurately to the newspaper press than to any other branch of industry in the United States, and for the reasons given. There are a number of establishments in the United States to-day the annual income of which is many thousands of dollars in excess of all the capital which has been actually invested in the shape of plant and its repair since the establishments were first founded, often without any capital at all beyond the bare cost of that plant. The plant itself of a newspaper, it will be understood from what has been said on the subject elsewhere, is the smallest part of the value of a successful journal, the real value being dependent upon what is somewhat indefinitely described as the " good- will", the value of which, in turn, depends largely upon location. Good- will is something which may properly be considered as an element of capital, and always is the chief element in newspaper transfers ; but it is an element which ^jg^f °f ^'J^'^J "' ^ *'*' cannot be estimated in dollars and cents, either by the Census Ofi&ce or by the parties making return to the Census Office on its' schedules. The gross receipts of a newspaper depend altogether on this good- will, and not at all upon the size or character of the plant or the paper itself ; not at all, in other words, upon the ataount of capital actually invested or employed in the carrying on of the establishment. The impossibility of framing a definition of manufacturing capital which shall fit a business governed entirely by such circumstances does not need argument. I will not undertake to say, therefore, that the $89,009,074 of gross product returned for the newspaper and periodical press bears any tangible relation to the amount of capital which is invested in this business in the United States. On the other hand, it can be said that there is no business which shows such ^ » -. , ^ ■ r„ .. . . Large proauct from large gross receipts, with so small an actual investment of capital behind them. This interesting small capital invented, fact may be better understood by a reference to the discussion of the conditions determining the value of newspaper property in the subsequent pages of this report. Another fact of importance is that, taking the gross product of newspapers, as given for 1880 and comparing it with figures of previous censuses^ the increase has been enormous ; and it may well be doubted if any other branch of census inquiry will reveal either so large a ratio of increase in the proa„* t.™°"*^* *" ^°" number of establishments or so large and corresponding an increase in the gross earnings. On pages 51 and 52 of this report the statistics of the previous federal censuses, relating to the capital invested, amount of materials used, wages paid, and the value of the gross product of the newspaper and periodical press of the United States, have been summarized. The difficulties in the way of using those figures for comparison with the statistics now supplied are there broadly hinted at. If we accept them as a basis, we find that between 1870 and 1880 the number of hands employed in the newspaper offices of the whole country has increased from 13,130 to 65,015 ; the amount of wages paid has increased from $8,168,515 to $28,559,336 38 ; the value of materials used in manufacture has increased from $8,709,632 to $15,385,303 84, excluding from the latter figures all, account of tools, machinery, and everything, in short, but the bare cost of ink and paper; and that the value of the gross product has increased from $25,393,029 to $89,009,074. Every deduction to be drawn from these figures sustains the conclusions of this report. They show that while the value of materials used has not doubled, the value of the gross product has increased nearly 3.60 times. The amount paid in wages has increased in nearly the same ratio as the increase in the value of the gross product; and if an attempt were to be made to estimate the amount of capital now invested in newspaper Enterprises, it would bring us inevitably to the conclusion that it would show an increase corresponding with th« increase in wages paid and in gross product. The Ninth Census reported the capital employed in newspaper enterprise at $14,917,887. On the basis of calculation indicated the capital now cenZ.""'""'^"'^'''* so employed would approximate $53,000,000. On the basis of the intrinsic valuation, as determined by the net earnings, these figures would be indefinitely increased. Mr. Hudson states that the amount of capital represented in the New York daily press of 1872, on the basis of valuation, has been estimated at 80 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. $8,000,000; and he adds, what is obvious, that they do not represent more than one-sixteenth of that sum in origina> investment. The money value of the great majority of the newspaper establishments of to-day is a self-created value, and therein it differs from the capitalization represented in the general statistics of the Tenth Census. THE COST OP INK AND PAPER. The only raw materials which can properly be said to enter into the composition of the newspaper or periodical are the ink and the paper used in printing it. Of these two materials the former is an insignificant element of the cost. Ink is purchased by the publisher at rates which vary from 6 to 10 cents per pound, Ink, value of. according to the quantity, quality, and location where used. Experience shows that a pound of ink, as it is ordinarily used, is sufftcient t.o work from 600 to 700 imi^ressions of an ordinary sized newspaper. So that, knowing the total number of the newspaper impressions of the census year to be 2,067,848,209, it is easy to calculate that the total value of the ink used in newspaper printing was in the neighborhood of $253,700, or only about three one-thousandths of the total gross product reported. The remaining raw material (paper) is a much more important element of cost, and pains were taken to secure full returns of the amount used in the census year. To make the results as accurate as possible publishers- were asked to return the figures not only in reams, but in pounds, and by comparing the figures thus- paper nacd """^ ^^^^ °* given with the circulation reported the Census Office had a check upon both classes of statistics- Wherever the returns under the heads of paper used and copies printed failed to correspond pains were taken to discover which figure was right, and in this way the aggregate circulation reported by the several publishers was considerably reduced in the end, and is given with confidence that it is very close to the actual fact. The total number of copies of new.spapers and periodicals printed in the census year is given as 2,067,848;209 and the total number of reams of paper used as 4,308,012, which is 2,067,845,760 sheets. The weight of the paper used in printing newspapers and periodicals in the United States Weight of paper used, varies according to the size and the character of the periodical. De Vinne gives the following table of the regular sizes of American papers prevalent in New York : IncheB. . Inches. Medium 10 by 24 Royal, 20 by 24, or. 20 by 25 Super-royal 22 by 28 Imperial 22 by 32 Medium and half medium 24 by 30 Small double medium 24 by 36 Double medium 24 by 38 Double royal 26 by 40 Double super-royal 28 by 4'2 Double super-royal 29 by 43 Broad twelves 23 by 41 Double imperial 32 by 46 Of these sizes the most prevalent in use were found to be the 24 by 36, which is estimated to weigh 30 pounds to one ream of 480 sheets; 28 by 42, which was, estimated to weigh 40 pounds to the ream; and 30 by 46, which was estimated to weigh 45 poupds to the ream. These estimates were reached by careful comparison of the figures returned by the several publishers and by inquiries among the paper-makers. The other sized papers in use were estimated in like manner, pains being taken in all cases to conform the figures finally accepted as nearly as possible to the returns made by Tabiovi. the publishers themselves. The result is shown in Table YI. The average number of pounds of paper used by the daily newspapers of the country was 338.47, and by weekly newspapers and all other periodicals 281.86. The latter average is brought to its high figure by the fact that it includes the Ijaper used by the monthly magazines of large circulation, as well as by the story papers and miscellaneous weekly publications of large circulation. The aggregate pounds of paper used per issue by the daily press was 291,764.95^ being 7,430.18 reams, the equivalent to an issue of 3,566,486 issues per day from this press. The average weight per ream of the paper used in the daily press was therefore 39.27 pounds per ream. The newspapers and periodicals- of every other character and description than diurnal used an aggregate of 2,624,354.92 pounds of paper, representing 58,797 reams, the average weight of which was 44.63 pounds per ream. The average weight of the paper ordinarily used in local weekly papers will not exceed 30 pounds to the ream. By these averages ib is possible to approximate very closely to the actual cost of the paper used in newspaper and periodical printing during the census year. The price of paper is very fluctuating, and the great difference- in its quality makes it impossible to apply a certain average price to the value of the paper Price of paper. uscd by any particular class of newspajjers; but I am told by paper-makers that if the general average cost of all the paper used for these purposes in the census year is placed at 8 cents per pound I shall be within the reasonable trade limits. The total pounds of paper used were 189,145,048, and their value on this basis was $15,131,603 84. , We have thus reached an approximation of the cost of all the raw material used in the manufacture of the- American newspaper and periodical. The value of the paper used is 17 per cent, of the total gross product of the the newspaper offices. Adding thereto the cost of printing ink, the percentage of the raw Percentage of coat of material to the gross product is increased to 17.29 per cent., the total being $15,385,303 84. dnot" ^™^° ^'^° Perhaps this percentage is larger than it ought to be, to be properly classed in the first group above mentioned, but it is not large enough to warrant its classification in either of the othei THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 81 groups enumerated. By the Ninth Census the value of materials represented in $100 of product in class one was $10 07 ; in the manufacture of newspapers, by the Tenth Census, it is $17 29. In the second class, by the Ninth Census, the value of materials represented in $100 of gross product was $43 86 ; in the third class, $34 28; in the fourth class, $56 62 ; and in the fifth class, $84 10. It follows that the cost of the raw materials used in newspaper manufacturing is less than that in any other class of manufacturing, and only $6 41 more than the cost of these materials in the mining and fishing industries. It is obvious, under these circumstances, that a certain class of newspapers make enormous profits upon the capital invested and the expenses incurred. To succeed in newspaper publication is to earn large dividends on small outlay. On the other hand, the failures are as costly in capital, care, and labor squandered as the successes are lucrative. Before adva.ncing to the discussion of other phases of this inquiry, it should be added that the relations between the manufacture of paper and the publication of newspapers are extremely intimate, the two industries being mutually dependent to a degree which is perhaps not sufficiently brought out by the figures above presented. Upon the price of paper depends the multiplication of newspapers in this .J^^^ ^"'^^^ *''°^'' ""* country as in no other country of the world, for here, as nowhere else, it is not so much a question as to whether readers can be found as whether they can be supplied at a cost for raw material which permits of profitable publication. The years that have been marked by high prices of printing paper are those which witness the least advance in the number of newspapers. It was not until within the census decade ending with 1880 that the capacity of the paper-mills of the United States began to bear its proper economic relations to the demand, and in consequence there were frequent marked fluctuations in price, which bore most heavily upon the publishers, discouraged new newspaper enterprises, and were accompanied by a long death-roll of suspensions. The period of the civil war was that during which the press suffered most severely from the short production and the high price of printing paper, but there was constant recurrence of such suffering at earlier periods. In 1810 the number of paper-mills in the United States was estimated at 185, and they produced annually 50,000 reams of news paper, valued at $3 per ream ; 70,000 reams of book paper, valued at $3 60 ; 111,000 reams of writing paper, at $3 ; and 100,000 reams of wrapping paper, at 85 cents. In 1828 the newspapers consumed 104,400 reams, costing $500,000, and the total value of all the paper made was nearly $7,000,000. In 1850 the annual product of paper was valued at $17,000,000. In Munsell's Chronology of Paper and Paper Making is the following entry for the year 1854 : There were 750 paper-mills in the United States in active operation, having 3,000 engines, and producing annually about 250,000,000 pounds of paper, averaging about 10 cents a pound. This required 405,000,000 pounds of rags, costing 4 cents a pound, for which our seamen had to scour every quarter of the globe. The cost of labor was estimated at IJ cents a pound ; the cost of labor and stock united would be nearly $20,000,000. The total cost of manufacturing |27,000,000 worth of paper was supposed to be |23,625,000. The demand, however, still exceeded the supply, so that the price was advanced 2^ cents a pound. Since the date of this entry the increase in production has come about not so much by reason of a multiplication of the mills as by the improvement of their processes and the use of new and cheaper raw materials. The census of 1870 reported 669 paper-making establishments, with products PapermiUs of the world. valued at $48,676,985. The following table of the number of paper-mills in operation in the census year shows that the United States stands at the head of the paper-making countries : Germany - 545 Austria-Hungary 160 Belgium 29 United States 960 Denmark 18 France ....539 Great Britain , 650 Australia 4 Canada 20 Italy 206 Portugal • 16 Holland 16 Koumania 1 Greece 1 Switzerland 15 Russia 160 Sweden and Norway 25 Spain 63 Japan , 6 Cuba 1 The United States of America is not only the greatest paper-producing country in the world, but in bulk and per capita it is the greatest pa.per-consuming country. A report upon the capacity of the paper-mills of this country, prepared for and submitted to the fourth annual meeting of the American Paper Makers' Association, in Saratoga, in July, 1881, by Howard Lockwood, the editor of the Paper Trade Journal, of New York, shows an aggregate daily capacity of upward of 5,000,000 pounds of paper of all kinds and descriptions, more than six times the capacity reported by Munsell in 1854. During the past two years there has been an increase in the capacity of American paper-miJls of about 1,000,000 pounds. In this period the increase in writing paper was about 33J per ceut., and the increase in book and news paper 25 per cent., these figures representing the capacities and not the actual output of the mills. Two years ago 10 per cent, of the mills were reported idle, and many of them were running on short time. In the year past only 4 per cent, of the mills were idle, and it is fair to presume that the actual production of all the mills during the census year was largely in excess of the increase reported in capacity. It is worthy of attention that a stiU larger increase in the producing capacity of the paper-mills of the United States is observable as this report goes to press. New mills are being built and projected, old miUs PR 82 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. remodeled and enlarged and new materials introduced, while all materials are becoming cheaper, machinery is being simplified and perfected, and everything points to a continuous increase in product. Mr. Lockwood's estimate of the capacity of the American mills in the manufacture of book and news paper combined, allowing 300 working days to the year, would result, under full pressure, in a product of 417,015,000 pounds per annum. Deducting from this aggregate the 189,145,048 pounds of paper found by ComparatiTe quantity ^jj^ census to be cousumcd by the newspaper and periodical press, there were left 227,869,952 the periodioaT pTMs. ^ pounds to be cousumed in the manufacture of books and pamphlets and in the innumerable varieties of miscellaneous printing which is constantly emanating from thousands of job -printing offices all over the country. The newspapers and periodicals actually cousumed, therefore, 45.36 per cent, of all the book and news paper manufactured, which comprised more than one-quarter of the total paper manufacture of the country, including writing, blotting, wrapping, board, card, hanging, and all the varieties of paper. The remarkable reduction in the cost of printing paper has been spoken of elsewhere as one of the chief causes of the rapid growth of the newspaper and periodical press of the United States during the census year and the census decade. An annual circulation like that reported in 1880 would have been cost''o/printing^^''^er°'^ imposslblc tcu years ago, because there were not in the country mills enough to produce the paper now annually consumed. Neither is there any likelihood, that the price of paper will ever be higher to any repressive degree than that which now prevails. There are manufacturers who maintain that the country will yet be astonished at the still lower price that paper will touch when certain new inventions now in process of introduction shall liave come fully into operation, but there seems to be no probability that the demand will again outstrip the supply. Mr. Lockwood argues that the recent multiplication of newspaper circulations is exceptional, and says : The newspapers are increasing in number and circulation, but the same percentage of increase that has obtained during the past two or three years in connection with the press will not in all probability continue. The marked increase of late years has been very largely owing to the law which allows publishers to send through the mails at pound rates all of the speciiuen copies that they choose to mail. This has in a measure regulated itself, and for this and other reasons I draw the conclusion as stated. The practice to which Mr. Lockwood refers as a cause for the great recent increase in the number of newspapers printed is a practice which is as certain to continue, with the continuance of the post-office regulation in question, as the publication and competition of newspapers continue. It is a practice more likely to increase than to diminish. At the same time it is not to be questioned that the present capacity of the paper-mills of the United States is equal to the home demand. That the manufacturers themselves realize the fact is indicated by a concerted movement among them to increase the export of American paper. It is already demonstrated that news paper of a medium grade can be laid down with a profit in London, and there are to-day several Scotch and English journals regularly printed on American-made paper, (a) The chief cause of the reduction in the price of news paper is the successful use, first, of Straw, and more recently of wood pulp, as ingredients of manufacture. There are not rags enough obtainable to manufacture the paper now annually consumed in the United States. Wood pulp is now mixed with rag pulp in proportions which vary from 15 to 60 per cent., according to the quality of the paper desired. In the great Wood-pniij paper. bulk of the paper now used by the American press there is from 40 to 50 per cent, of wood pulp. The paper thus manufactured is not as durable as the all-rag paper, and does not retain its color as long, but it answers the transient purpose for which it is employed as well as the higher-priced paper which the press was compelled to use for lack of a cheaper quality before American skill and enterprise brought the manufacture of wood pulp to its present state of perfection, (b) WAGES. The relation of wages to the gross product remains to be considered. The statistics of wages paid in the making of newspapers and periodicals are given in detail in the same table with the gross product (Table IV). The amount paid annually in wages by all the newspaper establishments in the census year was Wages. $28,559,336 38, of which $17,813,053 38 was paid by the daily establishments and $10,746,283 by all others, the percentage for the United States being 62.37 for dailies and 37.63 for all other a As the trade of the world increases, so does the newspaper press. It is estimated that there are from 32,000 to 35,000 newspapers ■printed and published in all countries. This country is credited with about 11,000 to 12,000. The remainder are mostly European, and the chances of supplying them with American paper may be small ; but the press of South America and the colonies is by no means insignilioant. This is especially the case with many journals published in the Australian colonies. As possibly of some interest to the manufacturers of news paper who may be present, I have with me some copies of foreign papers. I do not think that any paper-maker present would object to receive a contract for such papers as the Melbourne Argus, Sydney Serald, etc. — Howard Lockwood, before American Paper Makers' Association. 6 In regard to the average price of printing paper given in the text, itmay be stated that in the latter part of tie year 1880 the average ])rice paid for paper by twenty of the leading dailies of New York city was 7-^ cents per pound, the highest price — 9 cents — ^being paid by the Daily Graphic, which requires for its illustrations an extra fine paper, and the lowest price paid, 6} cents. The paper used on the New York dailies is a better average paper than that generally used by American newspapers, but the large quantities in which it is purchased allow of better contracts as to price than can generally be made. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 83 classes. The average wages paid by each establishment was $20,105 03 for the dailies and $1,476 75 by the publications of every other description, the gross amount being paid to 71,615 persons, of whom 51,140 were males and 3,875 were females, 16,600 of whom were employed in editorial work. Persona employed. The average wages paid to each individual were $398 79 per annum, the value of wages for each $100 of gross product was $32 09, and the product per capita, gross, was $1,242 88. In comparing these results with the relations of wages to product in industries of the first group (as determined by the Ninth Census) I find the dollars in wages paid for each $100 of gross product to be considerably lower than it then was in industries of this group ($51 30), while the product per capita, gross, in the same comparison is much higher, the figures given in the Ninth Census for this latter proportion being $843 51. This difference is the more striking from the fact that the labor employed in the printing business is skilled labor, capable of earning in large establishments, under favorable conditions frequently arising, large wages by piece-work, while the salaries paid to editors naturally average much higher than the earnings of mechanics or laboring men in any field of industry. Some criticism, indeed, may rightly lie against these statistics, because they include among the employes the persons engaged in editorial work upon the newspaper press and include their earnings in the amount of wages paid. The difiQculty, however, is one which was found to be unavoidable in the compilation Editorial employes, of the statistics. It is the rule in nearly all the newspaper establishments of the United States to include the compensation for editorial work upon the regular pay-roll, and any separation, had it been asked for, could not have been secured with approximate accuracy. Another difliculty also appeared in the fact that in a large number of the local newspaper establishments of the United States the editorial work and portions of the mechanical work are performed by the same persons. Bearing this fact in mind, it will be seen that the total of 16,600, which is given as the number of persons engaged in editorial writing in the United States, includes many who are printers as well as editors. EDITORIAL EMPLOYES. Any attcQipt to average the number of editors employed to the number of newspapers published would be misleading. Upon the local weekly press above spoken of the entire editorial work is usually performed by one individual, and the fact that so large a proportion of these journals were founded and are owned by practical printers, whose entire education has been at the case, is suflcient explanation of the low order of literary work which characterizes a large number of these papers. They are the work of practical printers, and not of educated and trained editors, the more prosperous weekly journals, which are well located for business, employing one or more men or women for the conduct of their editorial work. The editorial force employed upon the daily newspaper press varies in size according to circumstances. Upon many of the smaller dailies of provincial towns two or three persons are sufficient to accomplish all the work that is. done, one of whom generally devotes his entire attention to the local columns. As the towns and the journals increase in size and character, the editorial force increases correspondingly, and its ^iiitoriai force of daily '^ ' • X. o ^ J newspapers. number generally bears some ratio to the circulation. Thus dflily journals which circulate from five to ten thousand find it necessary to employ editorial assistants varying from six to twelve in number. In the metropolitan newspaper offices the forces are divided more distinctly into editorial and reportorial, and the men in each division are engaged exclusively upon their distinctive kind of work. ' The reportorial force of a metropolitan newspaper frequently numbers fifty men, many of whom are educated and skillful writers. The work of the editorial force proper is divided between editorial writing, exchange reading, the condensation and preparation of news, the editing of telegTaphic news and correspondence, etc. ! Much of the work upon our best newspapers is done outside of their offices by trained experts in special topics of comment or discussion, who are paid for their contributions by the piece. It has long been the habit, however, to secure for editorial work men who have education and experience, and are capable of doing the best literary work that money will pay for; and journalists of established reputation receive salaries as generous as are paid in any profession in the United States. Much of the editorial work of the modern newspaper is paid for by the piece, even when done by editors regularly employed, and this is more frequently the case with those engaged in the purely reportorial duties of the newspaper. This wage table reveals the fact that only in the states of California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ehode Island, Tennessee, and Texas did the daily press equal or exceed in gross receipts the earnings of the periodicals of other periods of issue. In the District of Columbia and the territories of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming the same fact appears. In most of these states the population is largely congregated in cities, particularly in Delaware, Connecticut, and Ehode Island; iq others the population is so widely scattered and so sparse that it is only in the cities and large villaiges that there is any great opportunity for newspaper publication, as is the case with Louisiana, Colorado, Missouri, and Tennessee. Nevertheless the aggregate earnings of the dailies (which necessarily includes the earnings of all the weeklies, etc., connected with the dailies) are less than two million dollars behind those of all other classes of publications. In connection with this comparison, it should be observed that the daily establishments pay out in wages the sum of $17,813,053 38 annually, against $10,746,283 paid out for wages annually by newspaper and periodical establishments of every other class. This apparent discrepancy is easily explained by the fact that in a very 84 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. large proportiou of the local weekly newspaper establishments the proprietor is himself a practical printer and makes no account of his own labor in his return of the amount of wages paid annually. From a large number of these establishments it was reported to the Census OfiQce that no wages were paid, as was verily the case, the proprietor himself setting all the type and doing all the press-work needed to publish a newspaper, with the aid of the co-operative sheets or patent outsides. In other cases members of the proprietor's family, sons, and frequently daughters, set the type and did the work without pay; and in still other cases, and of these the proportion was still larger, the wages reported would average as low as $75 to $150 per annum, the only assistant required to make the paper being an apprentice, whose board and lodging may have been added to the above cash remuneration. In this way it has turned out that in a total wages of $28,559,336 38 paid annually the daily establishments paid 62.37 per cent, and the weekly and other periodicals 37.63 per cent., while the latter earned 50.90 per cent, of the total gross receipts. It will be observed that the states in which the amount paid out annually in wages by the weeklies exceeded in amount the wages paid by the dailies were Alabama, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, Vermont, and "West Virginia. There are therefore left thirteen states, viz, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, ITebraska, Ifew Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, and Wisconsin, in which the weekly press, while earning larger aggregate gross receipts than the daily press, nevertheless paid out less money annually in wages. AMOUNT OF TYPE SET. Table V shows the average and aggregate ems of type set per issue in the publication of newspapers and periodicals in the United States during the census year. These figures require some discussion in connection with the subject of wages. In all piece-work book and newspaper composition is counted by ems in Table"™ " ^^^ *^* *^® United States, the American system differing in this respect from the English and French systems, which aim, although by somewhat imperfect methods, to base composition on the exact number of letters set up. {a) The em, it will be understood, is the square of the body of a type, and as a basis of computation arrives at substantially the end sought for in the other systems, whUe it tation"™"" ^^^ compu- g^a^j^g agaiust inequalities by extra charges for composing unusually lean letter or letter of inconvenient sizes, or matter set in unusually narrow measures. It is an almost uniform rule that the composition upon the daily press in this country is paid for by the piece, while upon the weekly and periodical press the prevailing custom is to pay weekly wages where the work is done by journeymen printers, whose time is also occupied with making up, imposing, and with the job-work, wliich forms so large an item in the business of country newspaper offices. The rates paid for composition Bates for composition, for piccc-work Vary largely in different parts of the United States, and are in accordance with fixed standards for work on morning and evening newspapers — the latter, which is day work, being uniformly lower than the former, the price paid for type-setting running all the way from 20 and 25 to 60 cents per thousand ems. The lower rates are paid in some localities to female compositors, the employment of whom has been gradually increasing of late years. No data were obtained by which the true average can be indicated, and it is suggested as a feature of the investigation which may properly be added in the preparation of the press schedules for the n&xt federal census. The chief purpose of these statistics of the number of ems of type set is to convey an accurate- idea of the actual amount of reading matter newly prepared and submitted with each issue of the American press. The average amount of type set per issue-of the daily press was 74,147 ems, and the aggregate set each day by Amountof reamngmat- ^^^ ^^^^j^g ^^^, ^gg ^j ^j^g country was 66,140,266 cms. The significance of these statistics can tersupplied by the press. ^ ^ ./ 7 7 o be indicated to those not familiar with the details of newspaper publication by some comparisons. The average number of ems set per issue by the daily press (74,147) is equal to twenty-nine pages of an ordinary octavo book set in brevier type, or to a volume of 48|f pages set in long primer type. I have used these two styles of type in illustration because they are commonly employed in book composition. It may Sizes of type nsed. be added that, while much brevier and considerable long primer are still used on the daily newspaper press of the United States, the tendency for many years has been toward the smaller fonts, and minion is the style now most generally used in the large newspaper offices for ordinary reading matter, advertisements, and frequently other matter, being set in nonpareil or agate. The average number of ems set per issue on weekly, monthly, and other publications (57,197) is equal to twenty-two octavo pages of brevier and thirty-seven of long primer. It should be added that this average is slightly higher than it would have been for the weekly press alone, by reason of its including the type set in the publication of the several monthly magazines, which print a large quantity of reading matter. The aggregate number of ems set per issue by the daily newspaper press of the United States (66,140,266), that is to say, the amount of type set daily by all the daily newspapers in the country, is equal to 25,907 octavo pages in brevier type, or 43,179 pages in long primer type. The aggregate set per issue by all the other periodicals of the country (490,753,756 ems) is equal to 193,897 pages of brevier type and 320,754 octavo pages of long primer type. a American Cyclopedia of Printing. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 85 In other words, the total amount of reading matter contained in one issue of all the newspapers and periodicals published in the United States is equal to the contents of a library of from 1,000 to 1,200 volumes. To set this amount of reading matter there were in use in the several newspaper establishments 6,689,878 pounds of type (Table V) of all varieties. This aggregate does not include the type used in the composition of a considerable number of periodicals which did not do their own printing, Pounds of type used. but let it by contract to job-offtces. The quantity of type in use in the newspaper of&ces hq,s never before been calculated. When in constant, use, type will last, under the process of replenishing known as ''sorting up", for a longer or shorter period, according to the use that is made of it, but in the average local weekly newspaper office a font of type is made to do service for au indefinite number of years. Much of the type whose impression is seen in the census newspaper file for 1880 is as worn and dirty as any that appeared in the colonial press of the United States, when the cost of new supplies was much greater than now, and was still further increased by the risks of importation. The average daily newspaper, printing from 2,000 to 5,000 copies per issue, will exhaust a font of type ordinarily in from six to ten years, and the larger the edition regularly printed the greater the wear and tear and the sooner the replenishing must come. This remains true until we come to newspapers and periodicals whose forms are stereotyped. The pracess of stereotjrping saves the type from the jam and friction of the press, keeps it uniform, and permits a newspaper to maintain its cleanly and handsome appearance for many years without restocking, beyond the occasional " sortingup". ADVERTISEMENTS AND SALES. Strictly speaking, there are but two sources of newspaper revenue: subscriptions, or sales, and advertisements One of the most interesting and valuable of the inquiries in this department was to determine the true proportion of the receipts of newspaper publishing from these two sources. Estimates have frequently been made, which, however, have been based upon the experience of individual concerns, and ^"^^ ^^° ^°"™^^ "^ ' ■ ' x- X- 7 newspaper revenue. have differed from the present Results. It is believed that the figures now supplied are accurate. They show that of the total gross proceeds of $89,009,074, 56.03 per cent, were from sales of papers. The following figures, which are compiled from the data presented in Table IV, indicate in detail the comparative receipts from &om™snbscriptionrM>d the two sources for daily journals, for publications of all other classes, and for the aggregate: advertisements. DAILIES. Eeceipts from advertising (49.17 per cent.) 121,487,676 Receipts from subscription (50.83 per cent.) 23,214,437 WEEKLIES AND ALL OTHERS. Receipts from advertising. (38.95 per cent.) 17,648,630 Receipts from subscription f61.05 per cent.) 37,658,331 AGGREGATE. Receipts from advertising (43.97 per cent.) 39,136,306 Receipts from subscription (56.03 per cent.) 49,873,768 By multiplying the total aggregate circulation of the daily newspapers (3,566,395) by the average subscription price of all the dailies ($7 27) we reach a total of $25,927,691 65, which would be the actual receipts of the daily press from sales if the total editions printed were uniformly disposed of for cash. The diflerence between this sum and that arrived at by the other method of calculation ($22,214,437), based ^^'"^^^ ^™" ^"^" upon the division of the reported gross product between advertisements and sales, may be taken as representing, first, the actual loss to publishers on circulation growing out of the free lists, including exchanges, the tear and waste, and the papers remaining unsold ; and in the second place, the margin of profit to the middle men, the news agents and companies and newsboys, for the handling of the papers, the compensation of the latter being thp difference between the wholesale and the retail price of the papers they vend. It is to be borne in mind that a considerable percentage of the total daily circulation is disposed of at retail by the single copy through street and stand sales. While the average cost to the annual subscriber to the daily newspaper was 2J cents per copy, the average retail price, not indicated in the tables, was found to be nearly 4^ cents for the whole country. The actual sum paid out annually for daily newspapers by the people of the United States is therefore more nearly the larger than the smaller of the totals given above. The receipts of publishers for sales of papers and periodicals of all other periods of issue than daily were $27,658,331, representing the income derived from the yearly issue of 28,213,291 jiapers and periodicals printed. The total receipts were therefore $49,872,768, a sum considerably less than that actually paid out by the people of the United States in the census year for their periodical reading matter. The American public contributes nearly as large a sum to the support of the newspaper and periodical press in the way of advertisements as for the papers themselves. 86 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. By referring to Table IV it will be seen that the proportion paid for subscriptions and for advertisements varies in the several states, and as between the daily newspapers and all other classes of periodicals; but in the main the figures hover closely to the even proportions. It is noticeable that the percentage of receipts Comparative receipts from advertising averages somewhat higher for daily papers in the western than in the eastern suteoripttonr"™ ° ^ states, and particularly in the territories, where the sparseness of population reduces the volume of circulation in a slightly larger ratip than it does the price charged for advertising. Attention is directed to the fact that the averaging of advertising receipts is misleading, because of the great disparity in the advertising patronage of diflerent publications in the same localities. Thus, in the making of the average for publications other th'dp. daily, many periodicals appear which print no advertisements at all. Business of this kind runs in certain channels, which accord with the public judgment of the value to be received from the expenditure involved. The value of an advertisement to an advertiser depends not more upon the number of persons who are likely to read it than upon the supposed character, occupation, or wants of those readers. It long since became an accepted rule that advertising rates may vary in proportion as the circulation of the journal is large or small, and that journals which circulate Nature of adTertising. Chiefly among a particular class of people, or among people engaged in a paa'ticular line ol business, may secure higher rates from that line of advertisers accordingly. Averaging of advertis- ing receipts misleading. Tlie incomC'tax on ad- vei-tiaements. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEWSPAPER ADVEETISING. There are no statistics in previous censuses which afford a basis for comparison with those now given as to the receipts of the newspaper press from either of its two sources of revenue. Some indication of the great increase in the value of newspaper advertising may be gained from a comparison of the figures now given with those obtained from the income tax on advertisements in the years 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, and 1867. The tax was imposed at the rate of 3 per cent., and the income derived by the government from this source in the several years was as follows : 1863 $40,628 59 1864 133,315 11 1865 227,530 21 In 1867 the tax paid on advertisements was on receipts which amounted to $9,600,323, as against receipts aggregating $39,136,306 in 1880. By way of indicating the growth in advertising patronage in the several states the following table has been prepared from the returns of the internal-revenue office for 1867 and the returns to the Tenth Census: 1S66 $290,605 31 1867 288,009 80 States and Territories. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia . Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Indian territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky IjOnisiana Maine Maryland : Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi 1867. $52, 819 33^ 340, 336 00 80, 717 00 1, 448 00 164, 170 33i 526, 871 33i 48, 244 00 22, 716 33i 199, 990 33i 458, 061 66S 45, 454 334 220, 964 33i 839, 990 66! 105, 836 66J 37, 228 00 58, 182, 2, 150, 567, 460, 128, 91, 225, 66, 468, 19, 3, 179", 1, 057, 2, 1, 150, 691, 671, 617, 214, 859, 2, 512, 1, 002, 524, 211, States and Territories. Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire . New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Bhode Island South Carolina . . . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia , Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total , $449, 016 00 23, 546 00 46, 187 33i 3, 318, 415 66! 687, 153 66| 28, 494 33^ 1, 311, 456 33} 64, 525 00 100, 767 66| 175, 657 00 3, 069 00 6, 451 00 77, 754 00 22, 344 00 97, 622 00 9, 600, 323 331 1880. $1, 710, 241 84, 130 391, 825 215, 139 179, 015 694, 157 35,883 8, 674, 173 178, 324 2, 460, 642 177, 095 4, 218, 770 244, 155 145. 907 373, 450 570, 089 81, 270 102, 619 356, 204 48, 840 169, 280 754, 920 32, 050 39, 136, 306 The defective character of the internal-revenue returns is sufficiently evident from an inspection of the above figures; and the comparison, while it is the best that can be made, does not give accurate indication of the growth of this source of newspaper revenue. The increase has, however, been sufficiently large to excite attention, and it speaks for the increasing confidence of the American business public in the utility of printers' ink. Another great aggregate of money, not, however, as large as this, is G-rowth of newspaper advertising. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 87 expended every year iu the printing of advertising circulars and hand-bills for gratuitous distribution and posting. Various attempts have been made at different times to estimate the actual number of newspaper advertisements published within a given period, but the inutility of such an inquiry has deterred from any attempt in that direction, and no accurate calculation can be based upon the aggregate of cost. The advertisements inserted vary in price all the way from five cents for one-line advertisements in country newspapers to enormous contracts, for a longer or shorter period, at prices varying from $100 to many thousands of advertiXg" "^^^^*^®'' dollars. The Ifew York Herald has stated that the charge for a column advertisement on its iii'th page for one year is $109,500, and single advertisers have been known in certain instances to make contracts involving the expenditure of half a million dollars in advertising in a year. The following statement of the number of advertisements inserted in the Sunday issues of five New York papers on a single day during the census year will give an indication of the variety and extent of the individual patrons of this department of the newspapers : Papers. Number of col- umns of adver- tisements. Number of adver- tisements. Average per column. Times 22 lOi 13 92 570 352 443 356 4,229 26 33i 30J 27 46 Sun World 6 Dollars Rewarci. RAH 21f ly foim the rab- .fetibtr. DDlhcislhof novcmber/iftiiNegronian. uamedTOHtiboaia^ynrs tiigei Tifiug 5 feet.hfgbiis TDucti narlccd « iih ibe fnull g1wzi rpukt flgHlh A Low ^Duiclii wofe may ud lock witlihrnTahiownbteiaeraitlicairiBrcar* »t jic&et^olin colaaMd irtlni GrKcbci. Tjina a roaa'd fell. bBt'»bB [iTayi on the fidr ilie. Tiaiiiimnm'dJBdill.kufaaaTi blvcblTHMin bs paid tor-wliUMr nilL tabe.up'Mlq Keffo tad reciuff BjB Id bii: tBiQcr; efSeatt bhs !■ uyjait ia ^ak biaoliUrcail batabiin agaio^ Dccembet wi I79(r' ins MiB, Siiid.Negrll hafSWlffflfld UaV- If u iGKicoiiad MuapBoTcdbfiiiJiut:- lA^aoaaiUuiprftn Fig. 1. Evolution of newspaper advertising. Objectionable advertis- ing methods. The business of newspaper advertising has been in a process of evolution from the founding of the American press — a process still in continuance. Its simplest form was that which. first appeared: the few short advertisements of the colonial i)ress, of wants, of runaway slaves, of shiiis to sail, and the like. Oompetition between advertisers was to come with the competition between newspapers. It had begun before the revolution in the modest recital by merchants of the character of their goods. As this advertising increased it gradually sought out unique methods of attracting attention, such as rude illustrations with wood-cuts of ships, houses, horses, stage- coaches, animals, and frequent allegorical pictures, such as cuts of the Muses. The cut shown in the illustration (Fig. 1), was very frequently seen in northern newspapers about the beginning of the century. With these illustrations came type display, the use of large and unusual letters to rivet attention, and finally the resort to every variety of linguistic ingenuity in the wordiu : of the announcement to be made. The American press has not yet outlived either of these advertising characleris ics, which have reached in the United States a fecundity of form and manifestation undreamed of in the press of o her countries. The free use of stereotype plates, and the cheapness with which they can be indefinitely duplicated, has been powerful to spread the pictorial advertising and to develop the use of monstrosities in the shape of enormous and suggestive cuts, which defy the requirements of the typographic art and of journalistic taste. But there are many American journals, both daily and weekly, which have long refused to laden their columns with these devices of the advertiser to get undue advantage over fellow advertisers. They have refused on the two grounds that they are iu defiance of the requirements of typography and a detriment to the interests of other advertisers. As a rule, these same journals refuse any extravagant or grotesque display of advertisements. They are the only class of American newspapers which can be compared in typographic character to the average newspaper, daily or weekly, published in England, and it is to be regretted that their number is not larger. They are steadily increasing, however, and this rule in regard to advertisements already applies to practically all the better class of newspapers which have become independent in their financial condition. Arbitrary circumstances frequently determine the direction of special advertising. Thus, in l^Tew York city, at one time the auctioneers, who were appointed for partisan considerations, were in the habit of sending all their advertisements to a particular paper of their political faith, where the ijublic quickly learned to find them. In the course of time the journal in question ceased to be of that particular Arbitrary determina- ^ tion of advertising values- party, and the auctioneers ceased to be appointed by law; but the same journal continued nevertheless to have a practical monopoly of the auction advertisements, because to that paper all those who bought or sold at auctions were looking for this class of information. In 1843 the New York Courier and Enquirer was benefited by an official order requiring all notices of proceedings in bankruptcy under the bankrupt act of 1842 to be printed in its columns, nominally on the ground that it had the largest circulation, although in reality there were at that time at least two New York dailies each with a circulation of more than double that of the Courier and Enquirer. The struggle for the official advertising is constant and intense in many cities and counties, and the partisan considerations which frequently determine its award are one of the chief reasons of the close connection that has always existed between parties and the press in this country, as well as an obstacle to the development of an independent and self-reliant journalism. 88 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. At one time the London daily press was distinguished for its different lines of advertisements, of which Stuart wrote: " In 1802 and afterward particular newspapers were known to possess particular classes of advertisements: the Morning Post, horses and carriages; the Public Ledger, shipping and sales of wholesale foreign merchandise; the Morning Herald apd Times, auctioneers; the Morning Chronicle, books." (a) There is in London to-day a paper of immense dimensions, and believed to be unique, which is wholly and exclusively devoted to the publication of cheap advertisements about individual wants, sale and barter, etc., and this paper, with a trifling circulation, secures the greater part of that class of cheap advertising in London, chiefly because it has come to be known as the natural place to look for it. THE COST OF ADVERTISING. The cost of advertising varies with all these varying conditions. In the colonial press it was rarely that a newspaper made any publication of advertising rates, it being customary to announce, instead, that advertisements would be "taken in" at "reasonable rates" or a " moderate price". The inference is fair that Cost of advertising. the early printers were glad to get what they could for this kind of business, and it is certain that no such thing as a fixed standard of advertising rates was ever arrived at among them. Some illustrations may be given : The Virginia Gazette announced that " advertisements of moderate length would be inserted for 3 shillings the first week and 2 shillings each week after". The Maryland Gazette promised to publish "advertisements of moderate length for 5 shillings the first week and 1 shilling each time after, and long- ones in proportion". The New Jersey Gazette, as late as 1777, inserted "advertisements of moderate length for 7 shillings pence for the first week, 2 shillings 6 pence for every continuance, and long ones in proportion ". Only in Philadelphia before the revolution was advertising a source of considerable profit to rate's™'''^ advertising pQi^ijgiigrg, j^ both Bradford's and Franklin's papers it became such. It was a long struggle in later years to bring it to a point of large remuneration. Space for advertisements in the "blanket sheets" of the earlier daily journalism of New York city was not only sold at very low rates, but was often given away. Thirty-two to forty dollars per year, with a copy of the paper thrown in, would secure for the advertiser as much space as he demanded, (b) and advertisements would often appear many days after they were out of date. As the volume of advertisements increased prices increased with them, and the existing system of classification in publication gradually grew up. The business of newspaper advertising has grown to be so enormous that its negotiation has become a separate and profitable business. There are more than fifty firms in the United States engaged in the advertising-agency business, and these agencies secure a basis of discount from the regular rates of many newspapers Advortising agencies, all ovcr the couutxy. With this advantage they are able to negotiate the business of large and systematic advertisers to the profit of the latter as well as of themselves, and frequently carry out contracts involving an expenditure of a million dollars in printers' ink. I have elsewhere described the manner and extent to which the business of co-operative newspaper printing is connected with this system of extended advertising, (c) The value of an advertisement to the party interested depends upon the number and character of the persons whose eyes it is likely to reach through the chosen medium, and rates of charges are determined in accordance with the reputed circulation of the several journals. A certain class of trade journals may charge Considerations govern- ajj increased rate, not proportionate to their actual circulation, because they reach a particular adverti^ng" "^^^'^^^"^ class of readers, interested in the trade to which the journal is devoted. Bates are also adjusted so that the advertiser for a long period of time gets the benefit of a regular discount on each separate insertion. Different prices are charged for insertion in different portions of the paper, the rate varying according to the conspicuousness of the position assigned. The willingness of advertisers to accept all the advantages which may accrue in this manner has led to a very general habit among journals of a certain class of selling any portion of the paper, including the regular news columns, and not infrequently the editorial a Hunt's Fourth Estate, vol. ii, p. 118. S Hudson's History of Jonrnalism, p. 408. c It was under the auspices of these advertising agencies that the publication of newspaper directories began in the United States. The first known publication of this kind in the United States was Tlie Netospaper Record, containing a complete list of newspapers and periodicals in the United States, Canadas, and Great Britain, by Lay & Brother, Philadelphia, 1856. In 1846 C. Mitchell began in Loudon the publication of his Newspaper Directory of Great Britain, which has continued annually ever since. In 1869 George P. Eowell & Co., of New York, began the publication of the American Newspaper Directory, the first regular publication of the kiud in the United States, and they have since continued it annually. S. M. Pettengill & Co., New York, have published several annual editions of a Nmospaper Directory and Advertisers' Hand-Book. H. P. Hubbard, of New Haven, Connecticut, began in 1879 the publication of Hubbard's Eight-Hand Record and Beady Reference, being a directory of United States and Canadian newspapers, with their circulation, the population of the towns in which published, etc. In 1881 Mr. Hubbard greatly enlarged and improved his directory, including in it carefully collected statistics of all the newspapers published in the world. N. W. Ayer &. Son, Philndelphia, began in 1880 Tlic American Nmospaper Annual, and C. A. Cook & Co., Chicago, The United States Newspaper Directory. There are a number of minor publications of like character in the United States. The special agent of the Census Ofiace iu charge of the statisiics of the press is under obligation for much information a.nd many courtesies to Mr. H. P. Hnbharrl, of New Haven, and George P. RowoU & Co., Now York. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 89 indorsement, for a price. This habit is recognized as one of the distinct evUs which detract from the otherwise high character of the American newspapers, and it is not tolerated in the offices of prosperous and wealthy journals, which occupy a position that enables them to dictate terms to their patrons, or in the offices of many smaller establishments, whose proprietors prefer the slightly smaller gain to the imputation of willingness to sell their columns and their opinions for money. THE PEIOES OP IJfEWSPAPEES. The prices at which newspapers are published in the United States vary in accordance with certain conditions which are coming to be well defined, there having been marked variations since they first became a common institution. When they reached the point where they could be considered profitable establishments they were, as a rule, sold for 6 cents per copy, or $10 per year. This was the "^ariabioprioesofne'nrs- case with the old blanket sheets that preceded the newspapers of the present sizes and shapes in the metropolis,' such as the Morning Courier, afterward the well-known Courier and Enquirer (which passed into the ^yorld by absorption in 1861), and the Journal of Commerce, still in existence. Both of these papers were established in 1827, and after a while came to be regarded as the leading dailies of the metropolis, their circulation, which was regarded as large for that time, varying between 4,000 ^^^^43^'^"^™"^^^^°'^°' and 5,000 daily. They were folio sheets, 24 by 35 inches at first, and afterward 35 by 59 inches. In 1850 the Courier and ^wgwire*'- published a sheet which contained 1,881 square inches, and in 1853 the Journal of Commerce reached a size of 2,057 square inches. Both journals boasted that they published the largest papers then printed in the world, and a calculation has been made which shows that either one of them at that time printed nearly half as much more reading and advertising matter, measured by ems, as the London Times. The daily composition on one of these "blanket" sheets, as they were appropriately called, often exceeded 700,000 ems — a large composition for one of the most enterprising newspapers of the present day. These journals were known as the " six-penny" papers, and the evening papers printed in New York at the time were sold at the same price. There is no question that, in consideration of the amount of reading matter they contained, they were cheap papers for the money; but they were not cheap in the other sense, and their contents were not of a kind to attract the general public to their reading. Being largely given over to advertisements, mainly contracted for by the year, the reading matter was adapted to the mercantile taste of the metropolis, as their circulations were confined very closely to the counting-rooms, and the great average public did not read them. THE PENNY PEESS. It was the realization of this fact, and the belief that it was possible to print a paper which should be cheap enough to find purchasers among the laboring classes and contain reading matter enough to make it worth their while to buy, without at the same time costing more than its income, which led to the conception of the penny newspaper. The first of these in New York was the Morning Post, which was The penny press. established January 1, 1833, by Horatio David Shepard, with Horace Greeley and Francis V. Story as partners, printers, and publishers. The penny newspaper had been previously undertaken in England, where the Orange Postman, which sold for one cent, was founded as early as 1706. At the time of its first establishment in New York city the penny newspaper was beginning to make decided headway against the larger and expensive London dailies. The London Illustrated Penny Magazine, which BngUsh penny papers had been started in 1830, was meeting with a phenomenal success, although it had none of the ■ characteristics of a newspaper, and it was even imported and sold in large quantities in New York city. One or two spasmodic efforts to start penny dailies had also been made in Boston and Philadelphia previous to the appearance of the Morning Post in New York, but both efforts speedily failed, (a) Such, indeed, was the fate which overtook the Morning Post, whose projectors and partners combined could only gather together capital enough to keep it afloat for about a month. In September of the same year the Sun was f^.. ^V' ^'"^^ *"" established by Benjamin H. Day, (6) a practical printer, who promised in his prospectus to a As late as 1845, when the I^aveller, a two-cent daily, first appeared, all the Boston dallies were six-cent papers, and none were sold by newsboys on the streets. J At a banqnet in New York, in 1851, Mr. Day said, in response to a toast : " It is true I originated the Sun, the first penny newspaper in America, and, as far as I have known, the first in the world ; but I have always considered the cironmstanoe as more the result of accident than of any superior sagacity of mine. It was in 1832 that I projected the enterprise, during the first cholera, when my business as a job printer scarcely afforded a living. I must say I had very little faith in its success at that time, and from various causes it was put off. In August, 1833, I finally made up my mind to venture the experiment, and I issued the first number of the Sun September 3. It is not necessary to speak of the wonderful success of the paper. At the end of three years the difficulty of striking off the large edition od a double-cylinder press in the time usually allowed to daily newspapers was very great, in 1835 I introduced steam-power, now so necessary an appendage to almost every newspaper office. At that time aU the Napier presses in the city were turned by crank-men, and as the Sun was the only daily newspaper of large circulation, so it seemed to be the only establishment where steam was really indispensable. But even this great aid to the speed of the Napier machines did not keep 'jp with the increasing circulation of the Sun. Constant and vexatious complaints of the late delivery could not be avoided up to the time that I left the establishment and until the invention of the press which permitted the locking of the type upon the cylinder." 90 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. publish all the news of the day at the price of one penny per copy, or $3 a year, and he kept his promise. The first number was a folio of twelve columns, with about 10 inches to the column, its contents being largely confined to brief accounts of local happenings. It was not at the beginning edited with special ability, tact, or expenditure, and its success, which dated from the first issue, may therefore be said to be due to the fact that it had discovered a positive want on the part of the people, which it did much to meet. The success of the Sun led to the founding of numerous other penny papers, so that in 1835 the dailies of that city consisted of New York daily press gcvcn six-penuy momiug papers, four six-penny evening papers, and five penny papers — fifteen Heraid established. ^ ^^^- (<*) The Herald was established on May 6 in that year by James Gordon Bennett, (6) and thereafter the Sun and Herald ran a race for the support of the masses. The Sun continued to be published at the rate of one cent a copy until the outbreak of the war, when the sudden increase in prices compelled the proprietors to increase the price to two cents a copy, where it has since remained. Since that time there have been a number of penny newspapers started iu New York, one of which, the Daily News, now boasts of an enormous circulation, but the most of them have died. Beside the Herald, the Tribune, Times, and World began at one cent, but as these expanded in circulation and increased in mrat popuSr™ "" '""^^'^ rcsources they advanced their price to accord with their advancing value. Penny papers have been and are published in other large American cities ; (c) but the tendency of the public, for an obvious reason, has been somewhat away from so cheap a journal, {d) The penny papers continue to be inferior to their higher-priced competitors in a degree which is hardly in proportion to the difference in price. They are small and poorly printed, and their news is meager; and such must, of necessity, continue to be the case, except where the circulation can be run up to a figure which none of them have yet been able to. reach in this country. The two, three, and four cent papers, on the other hand, with their added revenue from sales, are able to publish journals which are not only typographically excellent, but contain a wide range of well-digested reading matter, and thus become marvels of cheapness, offering so much more for the money that the public daSet ^^^^^ priced generally comcs to look upon the difference in prfce as of Icss importance. Four cents is now the ruling price for a daily newspaper in most of the larger cities of the United States, and it is rare in any eastern city that more than five cents per single copy is charged. Frequently in cities where one or more five-cent papers are published there may be found a three-cent paper existing in prosperity by their side. The annual subscription price of these papers varies from $6 to $10, and the average annual price of daily papers in the country has been found by this inquiry to be $7 27. (e) The penny press had its origin in the energy and enterprise of practical printers, who were- generally men without capital and without political connection. Their career has, as a rule, been a short one ; for even in the earlier days of journalism it was the exception and not the rule when a metropolitan daily, started without capital, was able a The names of the New York dailies at this time were as follows : Six-penny morning papers: New York Gazette and General Advertiser, Mercantile Advertiser and New Yorlc Advocate, New York Daily Advertiser, Morning Courier and New York Enquirer, New York Journal of Commerce, New York Times, Business Reporter and Merchants' and Mechanic^ Advertiser. Six-penny evening papers : New York Commercial Advertiser, Evening Post, New York American, Evening Star. Penny papers: Sum, Transcript, Man, Jeffersonian. 6 The first issue of the Morning Herald, " James Gordon Bennett & Co.,'' publishers, appeared in New York May 6, 1835, price one cent. It was a four-page paper, 30 by 24, and therefore not much larger than the ante-revolutionary papers. It contained four columns to the page, closely set in minion, and four of its sixteen colunms were given over to advertisements, which the publishers announced their purpose of printing at the rate of $30 a year per square of 16 lines, or 50 cents for one insertion per square. In the modest editorial salutatory the editor declared his intention to print an independent newspaper for the masses with a prophetic quotation from Ophelia : " We know what we are, but know not what we may be." He added that " there are in this city at least 150,000 persons who glance over one or more newspapers every day. Only 42,000 daily sheets are issued to supply them. "We have plenty of room, therefore, without jostling neighbors, rivals, or friends, to pick up at least 30,000 or 40,000 for the Herald, and leave something for others who come after us. By furnishing a daily paper for the low price of f 3 per year, which may be taken for any shorter period at the same rate, and making it at the same time equal to any of the high-priced papers for intelligence, good taste, sagacity, and industry, we expect to reach this end". In a notice of a directory just published the first Herald alludes to the fact that in New York "we have 35 daily papers, 16 of which in the city issue 17,000 large sheets daily and 25,000 small, the best large morning daily being the Courier and Enquirer, and the best small one the Herald, to say nothing of the good old wine of the Star". This first diminutive and unpretentious Herald contained, besides this directory notice, a column of European news from the steamer St. Andrew, from Cork, which arrived on the evening previous, and "brought dates to the 8th of April", nearly a mouth previous to the date of its publication. There were two or more columns of city intelligence, and the first and last pages were embellished with sketches, a poem or two, and other miscellaneous reading matter. The contrast between it and the earlier dailies was marked enough, but nothing like the comparison with a Herald of to-day. c The first penny newspaper issued in Philadelphia was the Daily Transcript, commenced in 1835 by W. L. Drane & Co. — Colton. d A conspicuous exception to this tendency is seen in the success which has attended the journalistic enterprises of the Scripps Publishing Company, of Detroit, Michigan. This company now publishes five penny newspapers, one in Detroit, established in 1873 ; one iu Cleveland, Ohio, established in 1868 ; and one in each of the cities of Saint Louis, Missouri, Buffalo, New York, and Cincinnati, Ohio, which were established in the census year. By duplicating a large share of the special news supply of each to the other papers the publishers are able to largely reduce expenses. Several of the penny papers of the Scripps Company have attained large circulations. e The prevailing price for a single copy of a daily paper in the territories and also in the Pacific states is 10 cents. The Eureka (Nevada) Daily Leader sells for 25 cents a copy; the Bodie (California) Daily Free Press for 12^ cents a copy. The weekly edition of the Bodie Daily Standard-News ooata 25 cents a copy. The Daily Courrier de San Francisco (French) has a subscription price of |24 a year; the weekly edition, $10; the semi-monthly edition, $6. The weekly edition is sold at 50 cents a copy. The subscription price of the Helena (Montana) Daily Independent is $24 a year. MORNING HERALD. aSOB31!7G IffiHKAM?. !;;^.r.^^:^^^ TIIOHHBKt iaBaiM.g. .£iC^rs,;tf^&B^ —" --r^ji'SEsaSS S^ ^Stnc-V ^ !si^^F^^ iirtiifiiii iiii fi.iniiiiif - ^iTi r I. ~r]n ^^^^M Tr^ J" • ' -—]■■■■ — bl>.i£^ ^^ .. ^^ ■£?:a'KSj-sss3SSB^ THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 91 to create for itself a foothold. When they succeeded, success brought with it the ambition to enlarge the scope and the usefulness of the paper, and an increase in the price was the natural consequence. The tendency in American daily journalism is not toward the penny press, for the self-evident reason Present tendencies as that all journals are so cheap that the poorer one, at a less price than the one very much better, cannot expect the patronage accorded them at the time when they entered a field occupied exclusively by high- priced journals, which were also ill adapted to popular reading. THE INFLUENCE OF THE PENNY PEESS. But the American penny press has served other good purposes beside bringing down the average, cost of the newspaper; and it was a natural consequence of the character of the men who generally founded them, and of the surrounding circumstances, that these papers were not identified with political organizations. Growing in strength, they maintained and fortified their independence. Up to the time of ^^o service of the their appearance the daily press of the United States had been entirely a partisan press, all of ?^™'' ^"^'^ *° joumai- the successful journals being warmly enlisted in the cause of one or the other of the existing parties, as they had been since the adoption of the federal Constitution. The penny newspaper subordinated politics from the start, because, in the first place, its founders were not politicians and had no political connections, and, in the second place, they expected to find their readers among the poorer classes of all political parties — the men and women who wanted to know what the news of the day was, and wanted to get it in as cheap a form as possible. It is an undoubted fact, as asserted by Frederick Hudson in his History of American Journalism, that when these new and dangerous engines of public opinion first made their appearance and began to be hawked through all the streets and by-ways of the great cities they met with the determined opposition of the professional politicians, who saw in them the leverage by which in time their firm grip upon the press of the country was to be unloosed. There was an interval of ten years, during which time, by the sheer force of its superior circulation, the penny press exerted the most powerful newspaper influence that was felt in the United States, and during this interval its beneficial influence was the most apparent. It taught the higher-priced papers that political connection was properly subordinated to the other and higher function of the public journal — the function of gathering and presenting the news as it is, without reference to its political or i8^fnt™^nH;ed st™^. other effect upon friend or foe. The emancipation of the American press from the thralldom to party, under which it struggled for so many years — years in which its growth and usefulness seemed to stagnate — has not yet been accomplished to the degree that is desirable, but it has been fairly inaugurated, and even the avowedly partisan journals of the day which exert any considerable influence upon the public mind now regulate their loyalty to party by subordinating it to this higher function. For this great advance we are more indebted to the penny press than to any other cause. The advent of the penny press concluded the transition period in American journalism, and had three effects that are easily traceable : It increased the circulation, decreased the price of daily newspapers, and changed the character of the reading matter published. The most important of these effects was the cheapening of newspapers. The maximum price per copy of the daily papers in the smaller cities is now five ^^^^«™8""»°^p«"°y cents, a figure which was settled upon during the civil war, when the cost of paper and the wages of labor went up enormously, followed by a universal increase in the subscription price of daily newspapers. With the exception thus occasioned the price of the larger dailies has been tending slightly downward, under the influence of the penny press, notwithstanding the fa ct that the character and cost of these j ournals have been constantly improving and increasing. Papers like the metropolitan dailies of to-day li^"^™^^ ™a*ere ^^^ might undoubtedly be printed and sold at a profit for less money than is now received for them, but they are not likely to be, because of this constant irresistible tendency to an increase in the cost of producing them. Every year the ramifications of the news agencies become more extended, and the sums expended for editorial and reportorial service grow more generous. No metropolitan journal can long hold its own which permits its rivals to constantly and perceptibly excel it in the expenditure of money for the collection and presentation of news. The single item of telegraphic bills, which has been added to the cost of publishing a newspaper since the days of the blanket sheets and the founding of the first penny papers, has made a difference of quite one-sixth in the cost of publication of a representative paper, and in the meanwhile, and notably since the war, there has been a decrease in the cost of mechanical production, (a) a The penny press in England has developed to a degree and in directions unknown in the United States. Leaving newspapers out of the questibn, the weekly and monthly publications issued for a. penny in London present one of the phenomena of the age, a great number of them attaining circulations almost fabulous. It is no exaggeration to say that between five and six millions of this class of publications are circulated in London alone every week. Many of these journals are of a semi-religious character, like the Christian World, published twice a week, with a very large circulation, and consequently in great favor with advertisers ; The Chrisnan, The Christian Age, Christian Glohe, and Christian Union. Francis Hitchman states {MacMillan's Magazine, March, 1881) that eight of these semi-religious penny periodicals published in London enjoy between them an average circulation of between a million and a quarter and a million and a, half copies a week. One of the evidences of their great circulation is the large number of costly advertisements they contain. Of the purely secular penny press of London, the most successful specimens are The Family Herald, founded in 1844 ; The London Journal, founded in 1846 ; The London Reader, founded in 1864, and Bow Bells ; all of which closely resemble Robert Bonner's New York Ledger in contents and character, and are remarkably successful. Literature for hoys is an important and not commendable feature of the London penny press, fifteen papers of this class being published in London every week, with a total circulation of a million and 92 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERipDlCAL PRESS. THE TENDENCY TO Il^GEBASED EXPENSE IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS. On this point of the comparative cost of printing and publishing a newspaper in accordance with the modern expectations some valuable data are given in an address delivered by Whitelaw Eeid, of the New York Tribune, in 1879. Mr. Eeid directs attention, first, to the greater cheapness with which printing paper Whitelaw Keid on the jg supplied, to the reduccd telegraphic rates, to the more perfect machinery, dispensing increasing cost of puh- -., f, • „ j ^. ^t, , ^j. j, ■ a ■ li- ixi. lishingadaiiynewspaper. With the serviccs of many men, and to the larger profits from increased circulation and the corresponding increase in the value and cost of advertising, as causes which naturally tend, under the constant pressure of strong competition, to force down the price of newspapers to a point still cheaper than at present, the present price not being so cheap, on the average, as that which prevailed before the war, when paper cost more than now and machinery was far less perfect. On the other hand, there is to be considered, fljst of all, the constant tendency to increase in the amount of reading matter of all kinds daily expected and furnished, which drives journals into the constant publication of supplements, extras, double sheets, quadruple sheets, and for the sum of three or four pennies supplies the reader with an amount of reading matter equivalent to the contents of a thick book, casting one dollar or more, and collected and printed at a cost tenfold what the book's contents cost. In the second place, it is to be noted that the profits of newspapers do not increase in the same ratio as the circulation, especially in the case of those which devote large portions of their space to advertisements, which bring so much profit, and no more, whether the number of copies printed on a certain day is 10,000 more or 10,000 less than on a certain other day. In the third place, and it is the real consideration in the case, the actual inetease in the cost of preparing the contents of a great newspaper of this day renders a reduction in the price at which they are furnished to subscribers out of the question. In illustration of this fact, Mr. Eeid supplies in juxtaposition the comparative cost of publishing the New York Tribune in 1859 and in 1879. In 1859 the total outlay for news, editing, type-setting, printing, and publishing, dau"™^wr'a' OT "uhiicl^ including the accounts of the editorial department, composing-room, press-room, publishers' tion in 1869 and 1879. department. Correspondence, and telegraph, was $130,198. In 1879 the outlay of the year in the same departments was $377,510, or nearly three times greater. Comparing the years 1859 and 1874, Mr. Eeid indicated the division of this increase between the several departments of the paper as follows: Telegraphic expenses of 1859, $11,679; of 1874, $51,728 88; composing-room bills of 1859, $42,256; of 1874, $125,883 28. The total expenses of the editorial department in 1859 were $43,125, including correspondence; in 1874 these same expenses had increased to $188,829 45. In reply to an anticipated criticism that this exhibit is deceptive, because receipts have increased proportionately with expenses, Mr. Eeid continues : To this criticism the balance-sheet affords the answer. On a hnsiness of half a million in 1859, as a two-cent paper, the Triiune made a net profit of $86,000. At the beginning of 1879 we found that on a business of nearly three-quarters of a million, as a four-cent paper, it had made $85,588. The fluctuations in the interval had been at least sufficient to show that in a matter of such magnitude it was not wise to hunt for any more risks than we already had. In times of great excitement, presidential years and the like, the volume of business of course runs up. I have myself been able to report a net profit of $155,000 on a business of $974,000, and on the smaller business of $941,000 a profit of $171,049; and I have also had to report on a business of $925,465 a net loss of $96,690. Or, to rid the statement of figures, we have made $85,000 as a two-cent paper; have spent a half more, and made only the same sum as a four-cent paper. In the interval we have sometimes spent twice as much to make only twice as much, whilfe at other times on a like expenditure we lost as much. The New York Sun in 1876 published a detailed statement of the current expenses of its publication, which confirms and illustrates the conclusions reached by Mr. Eeid. The number of persons then employed in that oflce as 249. The expenses of the establishment for the week ending March 11, 1876, were $15,817 17, the If e^ Yo^rk^siw!^ '"^ ^^^ itcms of which wcrc as follows: Editorial expenses, including salaries, telegrams, etc., $3,826 83; publication salaries, $429 51; mail-room, $197; composition, $1,486 91; stereotyping, $296; press-room salaries, $940 47; press-room expenses and supplies, $100; ink, $138 72; paper, $7,074 55; coal and gas, $176 50; steam-power, $70; postage, $330 68; general expenses, $750. Dividing this amount by seven, it gives a daily average of $2,259 59 as the outlay incurred for the direct benefit of every person purchasing the jjaper, who secures the results of it all for two cents. PRICES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEKLY PAPERS. The price at which weekly papers are furnished in the United States has varied very little since the days of the colonial press. The early rates established were low enough to prevent their proprietors from growing rich, and they have been kept low enough since to accomplish the same ijurpose. The standard price for n^m^™r °^ ^^^^^^ an average weekly newspaper may be said to be $2, although the average for this class of journals will be found to be slightly lower, (a) The country weeklies suffer severely from the competition of the weekly editions of the daily papers. The latter, made up from the type which is set from day a There is no such uniformity in the price of the weekly provincial press of England as in that of the United States. Like the English dailies, they are generally sold at a certain price per copy, instead of at an annual subscription price, this price varying from 4d. (and at rare intervals 5(J.) to "i^d., Zd., 2d., and Id., with an occasional half-penny sheet. Taking 2d. as a fair average price, their annual cost would be $2 08 per annum, or slightly above the average for the United States ($1 75). Of late years the steady tendency of the weekly English press has been toward a lower price per copy. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 93 to day for the daily edition and selected and condensed throughout the week, involve an additional expense upon the publishers of but little more than the cost of the white paper used and the press-work and ink. They are therefore able to furnish them at a comparatively greater profit than that which can be obtained by the country newspaper proprietor, who must set and pay for all the matter he prints in his aa%n"w8pa^ra°°' one weekly edition. The publisher of the weekly edition of the daily paper can also furnish his readers with a much larger and more varied supply of reading matter at a figure that enables him to make money^ while his rural competitor, if he furnished the same amount, would find it necessary to speedily suspend. These weekly editions of the daily papers are frequently supplied at the rate of $1 50 per annum, a.nd in some cases as low as $1 a year, and they naturally attain to large and widely diffused circulations. There are several of these editions which circulate thousands of copies in excess of the daily editions.and penetrate into nearly all the states of the Union. These papers can be sold at a price but little in excess of the actual cost of tlie white paper used upon them, the proprietors relying for ample profit upon the money ^^ekiy^omMutm."" "" obtained for advertisements inserted therein. Under the increasing competition thus engendered the price of the country weeklies has a tendency to decline, while their character does not, as a rule, improve in the same degree that has been noted in the daily newspapers of the United States. CAUSES OF THE OYEEDEVELOPMENT OF THE WEEKLY PEESS. The local newspaper as it is frequently seen in the United States presents the most primitive aspect of journalism. Following fast on the heels of the railroad into the heart of the wilderness, with a sublime faith in the conquering power of printers' ink which challenges admiration, it welcomes fields of itidustry not more promising or less painful than those which found the fathers of American ^^^^^^^^ "^ overdeveiop- joumalism ready to bear and to suffer all things. Hundreds of newspapers report to the census a circulation of 500 or under, at from $1 60 to $2 each, and an advertising patronage in proportion. They are hardly to be reckoned among the tangible evidences of wealth, springing up in a night-time, and being liable to disappear as quickly. During the brief period of this investigation some newspapers which existed when it began had ceased to exist before its conclusion. They are frequently established by men of a migratory disposition, who sound a town, and, after a few months of unsuccessful endeavor, pack their types and press and appear with a new name and a cheerful flourish in some other locality equally unpromising, (a) They are the ignis fatuus of the press, and elude the most careful attempt to give them a local habitation and a name in census reports. This migratory tendency is especially noticeable in the frontier towns of the West, and the territories naturally present more instances of this tendency than any single state. Yet it is a fact worthy of record that the oldest settled communities, which in other respects offer few signs of variation from one census to another, are subject to this spasmodic journalism. New papers are constantly appearing in the little towns of New England and the middle states, and as constantly disappearing. Sometimes they live, and after a hard struggle, and by virtue of the most pinching economy, become an element of value in the community and a source of meager livelihood to a proprietor who is willing to be man of all work. Three causes tempt to such ventures. First among the causes is to be reckoned politics, every new political movement hatching its brood of papers. The most recent illustration is aftbrded by the greenback party, upward of a thousand papers being established throughout the country to advocate the principles of that party, more than half of which died before they could establish a foothold in this report, being born of a temporary flurry and dying with its subsidence. The extent to which journalism is dependent upon politics in this country may be judged from the fact that the decadence of the greenback movement carried down a large proportion of its press organs. If it had The political cause. flourished longer, their lives would have been longer; if it had become one of the great and permanent controlling forces in this country, a large proportion of its press would have likewise become a permanent force. From the revolution down newspapers hiave flourished or languished according to the same rule. A second cause of this overdevelopment is the prevalent belief that newspaper publishing is an easy method of making a livelihood, and the resultant disposition of men unfitted by training and qualification to enter it. A large portion of the class of newspapers we are now considering is owned and managed by men whose sole education has been picked up at the case as apprentices or journeymen requirement. ^*'"'''*'°'^^ printers, and who bring to their calling only this mechanical training. Some of the schedules returned from newspaper oflces in response to the inquiries of the special agent reveal a degree of ignorance over the publisher's own signature which must largely afl:'ect the character and influence of the paper whose columns are thus presided over. The comparative cheapness of the materials necessary to start a newspaper, and tbe fact that in this class of journals the mechanical training is indispensable, has led to the establishment of many papers which cultivate barren fields mth dull instruments. An ambition altogether laudable is behind these enterprises, and the early history of the press in all parts of the country is filled with instances of beginnings equally humble a Samuel Pike, who established the Peru Forester at Peru, Indiana, is said to have established more newspapers than any other man in the United States. 5>4 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. and unpropitious. The contrast between the great metropolitan journals of to-day, with their large and trained staffs, their wonderful mechanical facilities, their immense resources, and these struggling, Ameriirn^jo^lirsm^™ Starving, ragged -edged sheets offers the most inspiring point of view from which to estimate the achievements and the possibilities of the American newspaper press. The United States shows the primitive and the fully-developed journalism in closest juxtaposition, and in the humbler and the narrower field the work done and the influence exercised are often worthy to be ranked with those of other more fortunate exponents of a powerful and potent press. A third cause of the prolific appearance of the local newspaper is the influence of the device known as co-operative publication. THE CO-OPEEATIVE PAPEES. The constant tendency in daily newspapers, especially in the large cities, to an increase in regular expenditures is a conspicuous feature of American journalism, which is offset, on the other hand, by the Contrivancesforoheap- many coutrivauces for cheapening the publication of weekly newspapers, and thus rapidly cning newspaper pubU- n/- , ■ xi ■ i x, x x' x? x- • x- ■ il ■ il x x- t,i cation. multiplying their number, that oi the co-operative printing companies being the most noticeable. This has grown to be so striking a feature of our newspaper press that it has seemed wise to gather a special line of statistics relating to it. In the return made to the Census Office on the special schedule sent them twenty-one of these establishments reported that 3,238 periodicals were supplied with half-printed sheets (3,089 weeklies and 149 of other periods of issue, including 32 daily papers), employing in their manufacture 533 males and 29 females, and The co-operatiTo print- paying out annually in wages $286,147, an average of $13,626 to each establishment. These m„ oompamee, s a la ics gg^g^]^jyg}j^jjjgjj^g reported the value of their annual product at $1,037,929, an average of $49,425 to each, and an aggregate of 2,976,000 ems of type set to each half sheet printed, an average of 141,714 ems. In their work they used 175,127 pounds of type, an average of 8,339 pounds to each establishment, and 64 presses, all of which were driven by steam. Eight of these establishments printed their half sheets from stereotyped plates, and thirteen printed directly from the type. The business of printing co-operative sheets is simply the supplying to a variety of papers in different localities of a half-printed sheet to the number of their respective circulations, leaving to the home ofilce tiTO^'prtatl^g"^ co-opera- ^^^ j^^^^. ^^^ gxpeuse of Setting the type and doing the press-work of the other half. It has been estimated that the sum of $2,000,000 annually is saved to the publishers by this contrivance. These co-operative papers are known among the printers as "patent insides" or "outsides", as the case may be. The establishments furnishing theih buy their paper in large quantities, at prices which enable them to sell it again to the local ofBces, half printed, at a figure but little a.bove what the cost of the white paper would be to the latter. The reading matter furnished on the half sheets being the same to all the oflices supplied, the cost of type-setting is comparatively small. The size of these sheets varies, some of the larger houses printing half a dozen different sizes of folio and quarto sheets, to fit as many different presses. The chief profit to the co-operative printing-houses arises from the privilege of inserting a certain quantity of advertisements in the reading matter, for which they make contracts at advantageous rates, on the ground that the large number of copies printed for all the papers supplied makes it the cheapest kind of advertising. . The publisher who adopts the co-operative form surrenders all control over one-half of his paper. It being obvious that no one would do this who can make an advantageous use of that half by controlling it for his own business, it follows that the co-operative papers are invariably located in the small 8 ^^^^^"^'"^^^ °* *'"' towns, or are the weaker competitors in the larger ones, and that their average circulation is limited. The figures given in the text are supplied by the co-operative establishments themselves, are printed just as supplied, and show an average circulation for these papers of 608 copies, which is considerably smaller than the average for the country. It does not speak well for the ti^T^erf""^"""'^^™ general prosperity of weekly journalism in the United States to find that no less than 3,238 of these papers use either the patent inside or the patent outside, their aggregate circulation being given at 2,066,922, which is over a million and a half copies per week less than that of the weekly papers — ' 804 in number — connected with the daily press of the United States. Another fact brought out by this special inquiry is that the twenty-one co-operative printing firms, with a single exception, reported that there had been an increase in the number of newspapers supplied with half sheets in the census year over any previous year, the highest increase being 90 per cent., by Increase in thennmber ^^ establishment which suppUcd 75 papers in the census year, and the lowest 5 per cent., by an establishment which supplied 425 papers weekly with 304,920 half-printed sheets. A noticeable fact regarding these co-operative sheets is that no less than 70 per cent, of them are supplied to papers published in the western states, and all the percentage of increase in the census year Co-operative siieets in ^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ Wcst, the statcs in wMch the largest number was supplied being Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, and S^ew York. An examination of the papers themselves reveals the further fact that they are nearly all of comparatively recent date of establishment. Engliali origin of these devices. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 95 It is fair to infer, therefore, that this device for facilitating and cheapening the publication of newspapers has been an extremely important factor in the abnormal development of this class of journals. The first establishment of this kind of which I have been able to get any clew appeared in Milwaukee in 1864, and it was followed the next year by one in Chicago. The remaining establishments were all organized origin of the system between 1870 and 1880, and the impetus they have contributed must be held in large part responsible for the remarkable increase in the number of newspapers between the two censuses of those years. Another somewhat similar device for cheapening the cost of printing the local newspaper was found to have come into much more general use than is supposed — that of printing one paper for two or more contiguous towns with a change of name and a substitution of several columns of local news of one town for that of the other in the different editions ; and in this way one establishment frequently ekes °^ mation newspa- out an income sufficient to maintain itself by drawing tribute from several small towns. There are some cases where as many as half a dozen of these local papers are furnished from one ijrinting press, all of tliem alike except in the feature indicated. This method of publishing local sheets is quite as prevalent in the East as in the West, one instance being discovered where an office in Providence, Ehode Island, supplied the papers for towns located in three different states. Of the 279 local weeklies published in Massachusetts, 25 were not printed in the towns where they were published. Medway had two weekly newspapers, both of them printed elsewhere. Both of these methods of cheapening the cost of printing newspapers may be said to be of English origin, although the co-operative system has never developed there quite in the manner or to anything like the extent that it has in the United States. In London there are a number of establishments which carry on a large business of a kinjl practically unknown here. These establishments are known as "The Central Press", "The Central News," "The Provincial News Supply Association," "The Loudon Associated Eeporters," and so on. The first of them in date of origin is the Central Press, founded in 1863. This establishment early took advantage of the art of stereotyping y^^ hou^e™'^™ ™"^*'" by means of papier macM molds, and by this method produces as many stereotype copies of the matter prepared in its office as it can find customers for among the provincial newspapers. It employs a literary staff for the preparation of its news and miscellaneous reading matter, and possesses all the mechanical resources for preparing it directly for the press. By the middle of each day from ten to twelve columns of newspaper reading matter are written, selected, or condensed from the London morning papers, set in type, corrected, and stereotyped, and sent by the evening trains to customers in the provinces. The matter thus produced is made up to suit the requirements of the purchasers, and consists of one or more leading articles, a summary of the morning news, a column giving "the spirit of the press", a monetary article, a London letter, and occasionally book reviews, etc., and appears the next morning in half a dozen or more provincial papers, located in Newcastle, Plymouth, Hull, Manchester, etc. This system of co-operation in the publishing of daily newspapers is thus far without any considerable imitation on this side of the water, and is not likely to have any, in this generation at least, owing to the greater distances which separate the daily newspaper towns. These London agencies also prepare in the same manner columns of news in stereotype for the weekly country journals, and this practice has developed into the supply of printed half sheets as it exists in this country. Mr. William Eglington, of Bartholomew Close, is credited with having originated this plan of partially printed sheets. There are several similar establishments in the provincial cities of England, which do a large and profitable business, the principal of these being that of Tillotson& Sons, of Bolton, in Lancashire. This firm started the Bolton Evening News thirteen years ago at a half-penny, the first newspaper of the kind published in the United Kingdom ; and to it must also be assigned the credit of originating the system of publishing several newspapers from the same types and press, of which mention has been made above regarding its success in the United States. Their combination newspaper is known as the Bolton Weehly Journal series, and is a set of half a dozen reprints of the same paper adapted to different localities within a small radius, {a) While very few of the co-operative papers are in any sense a credit to the press of the country, it may be said of them that they are better for their localities than none at all, and that the co-operative features are the swaddling- clothes which healthy newspapers will in time outgrow, none of them preserving the patent outsides after they reach a point where they are able to do their own printing. It is notorious ^ eraXo''^a era **"* "" ,that among the weekly newspaper publishers which do not use the co-operative sheet there is a bitter feeling against it and a constant effort to dissuade from its use. They find them to be not only discreditable to the craft, but as having a tendency to create competition by cheapening publication in towns and villages where there is not legitimate room for such an increase. From this point of view the system has undoubtedly been vicious, enabling printers to run a newspaper as a mere adjunct for a small printing office, all the stock in which can be supplied for $500 or less. And they make a showing which is quite as discreditable from a literary a Mr. W. E. Baxter, of Lewes, proprietor of the Sussex Agricultural Press, was in 1872 the proprietor of no less tlian twenty-four of these papers, published in several counties, but all printed, wholly or in part, in Lewes. — Grant. 96 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. as from a mechanical point of view. While the co-operative papers number 3,238 in a total for the entire country of nearly 12,000, they do not represent one twenty-fifth of the earnings, and even less of the circulation ; and it is therefore proper to set them altogether aside in any estimate of the real worth and character of the American press. They are a fashion of the day, and are due quite as much to the excessive advertising of the country as to anything else. To these causes may be attributed the continued failure of the weekly press of the United States to equal in character the same press of Great Britain. That it does not equal it will hardly be questioned by any one familiar with the average of these papers in the two countries. There is now in progress in England The American weeHy ^ perceptible dcoadcnce of the old-fashioned, high-priced, and ponderous weekly provincial jingiiaii. newspaper which attained such power and prestige in the last half-century. It was published on the market day in the shire-town, and served its readers for a week, supplying them with a resmn6 of all the news of the previous seven days, and discussing the politics and diplomacy of the continent with considerable force and influence. The field of this peculiar type of journal has been largely circumscribed in England by the increasing facilities for bringing the daily papers of the provincial towns within easy reach of all parts of Great Britain. One of the most prosperous of these typical journals is the Hereford Times and General Advertiser, now in its forty -ninth year, the proprietors of which boast, not without reason, that "it is the largest newspaper published in the world". It is printed on two full sheets, covers sixteen pages of seven columns each, and is not unfrequently extended by gratuitous supplements from 112 to 126 columns per week. The paper has a large circulation, and, being published at the comparatively high price of 3Jd, is one of those papers which pass from hand to hand and from family to family throughout the whole of the extensive agricultural region of which Hereford is the center. Its advertisements are also a source of great profit. The circulation of papers of this type is fast becoming more limited, and their proprietors are often recognizing the fact by supplementing them with daily issues. Precisely such a paper as the Hereford Times and General Advertiser has never appeared in the United States, nor does it seem likely that it ever will, if indeed it continues in England. Notwithstanding the disadvantages under which the weekly local newspaper labors in the United States, it has a firm hold upon the public esteem — a hold which certainly increases from year to year. The weekly edition of the metropolitan daily contains none of the local intelligence, so widely sought for everywhere, and Value of the weekly ^j^^ rurally-printcd papers therefore make it a rule to devote the larger portion of their energies to the gathering of vicinity news, thus frequently attaining large circulations, even in localities that are promptly reached by the daily papers from neighboring cities. Their price is invariably lower than that w:hich the same class of paper is able to command in the rural towns of Great Britain. As a rule, they are not as well printed as the English weekly journals, although there are some conspicuous exceptions. The cost of the semi- weekly and tri -weekly papers of the United States varies more widely than that of the weeklies, the semi-weekly ranging in price from $2 50 to $4 per annum, and the tri-weekly from $3 to $5. For reasons indicated elsewhere in this report, neither class of papers is increasing in number or reaches a large average circulation. CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE VALUE OF NEWSPAPER PEOPEETT. The conditions determining the value of newspaper property in the United States have already been hiuted at in the discussion of the circumstances under which they are born, to live or to die. They have undergone a complete transformation since the colonial and post-revolutionary eras, and now widely differ in different localities and differing circumstances. It cannot be said that the newspaper field presents the same The investment of capi- jnc[ucements for the investment of capital and brains as are offered by the generalitv of tal m newspapers. - ./ o ,; businesses in this country, immense sums of money having been frequently sunk in the attempt to establish journals which never paid expenses. Whether such investments are to ultimately prove profitable or not depends in a larger degree than ordinary upon the intelligence and tact displayed in the management of the establishment. The field for a new newspaper enterprise can often be created where no room for it seemed to exist by the superior enterprise and capacity of those engaged in it ; but it is a fact, which long and frequent experience has demonstrated, that even under the most favorable circumstances, in communities where existing journals have the field, the establishment of a new daily newspaper is an undertaking requiring an outlay of money which will continue to be larger than the receipts for a period more or less indefinite. There are several cases among the daily journals reported in this census where large sums of money have been regularly sunk for many years in the unsuccessful effort to secure a remunerative hold upon public favor. In the large cities the inauguration of new newspaper enterprises is of such hazardous and doubtful success, that these unsuccessful attempts are frequently carried along from year to year at annual loss, because suspension involves the loss of all the money already expended, while the existing nucleus, with its franchises and good-will, under more favorable circumstances, may some time be made a valuable property. It follows that what is known as the "good- will" of a newspaper establishment is a real and substantial capitalization, and that the value of successful newspaper property is immensely greater than the actual cost of supplying and maintaining the plant, and cannot even be accurately measured by the amount of dividends paid on the investment. Where newspaper property is capitalized for the formation of stock companies, as is now a common practice, due regard is paid to this value of an established THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 97 good-will. The newspaper which is once successful in reachihg a paying basis is not easily disturbed, and it may be said of it, as it may be said of any other undertaking, that ordinary business discretion and editorial intelligence will render it permanently valuable, just as the continued lack of these things will inevitably in the end work its ruin. THE PERSONAL AND POLITICAL ELEMENTS. I am led to dwell on this point in view of the prevalent belief that there are personal and political elements which enter largely into the conditions of newspaper stability and must be considered in a reckoning of values. The case of Horace Greeley, whose individual personality had so much to do with the building up of the New York Tribune, is often cited as an illustration to this end. There have been Personal and pouticai numerous other instances of a similar character in the journalistic history of the United stowiity. ° "^^^'"^^"^ States, and among them may be enumerated Frank P. Blair, of the Washington Olobe; Gales & Seatou, of the National Intelligencer; Henry J. Raymond, of the New Tork Times; James Gordon Bennett, of the New York Herald; and Samuel Bowles, of the Springfield Republican. The list might almost be extended to include the whole category of the early successful editors of the country, but the further we carry the illustrations the more convincing becomes the evidence that the personality of no one man is essential to the permanent success of newspaper enterprise. It is not to be denied that the personal element frequently adds to the popularity of such enterprises, as it is sometimes the chief explanation of their successful establishment in the beginning ; but there is positively no case of a well managed newspaper declining in business success solely or chiefly because of the .death or withdrawal of the man to whose personality or political writings it owed its original success. In testimony of this fact, the tendency in American journalism is more and more toward the impersonal editorial work. The great bulk of the editorial writing on all successful journals has loug been done by clever and educated men, whose names are unknown to the readers, but whose services are none the less valuable on that account. So long as it is possible to hire the best brains for the conduct of a newspaper in, ^rsonlr o^au^'^^ its cash value as a business enterprise can be maintained, because its intrinsic value as a public newspaper can also be maintained. Nfeither is the political connection essential to the value of the newspaper. In the smaller cities it is an important element, oq account of the ofQcial patronage it naturally brings with it. We have seen that the early history of the American press is mainly the record of the establishment of newspaper organs for the several political parties, and this fact has led to the belief that success is dependent upon '^*^"^. "^ ^^^ p"''*'"'^ such a connection. The Washington newspapers, which were universally recognized as the personal organs of successive administrations, were cases of this kind, but their ultimate failure and disappearance were not so much due to the loss of executive patronage and favor as to the gradual loss of prestige through the springing up of journals as good or better in other parts of the country. It is not to be denied that many readers subscribe for a particular newspaper on account of its opinions ; and it may be set down for a fundamental condition of newspaper success that its editorial management must be able to keep it in line with public opinion in some one of its marked developments if its income is to be maintained unimpaired. The journal whose management is able to do that is able to survive the fall of political parties and to outlive successive organizations whose interests it champions as they pass. The neutral paper will rarely, if ever, succeed in this country on any extended basis, but the independent journal is the one which, on the whole, presents in nearly a^errfto^aa*™*"^™ every large city of the United States to-day the most conspicuous illustration of journalistic success. The explanation is simple : it is patronized not so much for its opinions as for its news, and in almost every instance its success may be ascribed directly to its superior enterprise in the collection and presentation of the news. Frequently it has been claimed otherwise, and the success of the independent journal in the United States has been instanced to prove that the larger portion of the average newspaper-reading community prefers a journal, which is professedly not in alliance with any political party. But such a constituency is necessarily a meager one in e\ ery locality, however superior it may be in average intelligence. On the other hand, the constituency which will subscribe for the best and most enterprising journal, without reference to its political expressions, is limited only by the reading capacity of a community, as has been shown wherever the experiment has been fairlj^ tried; and it is this fact which promises for American journalism its most important and valuable development in the future. If these conclusions regarding the unimportance of the personal and political elements in the success of newspaper enterprises are correct, they eliminate from the conditions of newspaper success the two main causes which are supposed to make these conditions different from those governing in any and all other business enterprises. The man who manufactures the best goods, and who maintains from year to year the same standard, or a better one, suffers from competition only when his rivals equal or surpass the quality of his goods; and it is precisely so in journalism. The chief difference between this business and any other, in considering the conditions of success, resides in the circumstances which surround the original Conditions governing establishment of a newspaper. To these it is necessary to briefly recur. Few of the valuable mentof daily newlp^apers newspaper properties in th^ United States are yet half a century old ; stUl fewer newspapers have lived to be a century old, and more of them die than live. These are striking and conspicuous facts, but they 7 PK 98 THE NEWSPAPER Ai^D PERIODICAL PRESS. are facts not more patent in the history of newspapers than of anj^ other kind of business, and in reference to journalism have simply been more a matter of record and public notoriety. Notwithstanding the element of precariousness- which, it must be admitted, enters very largely into newspaper establishments, the business is becoming more and more permanent in its character, and it may safely be assumed of most of our existing great daily journals that they have come to stay. Each year that passes renders them more invincible to the competition of new rivals, for it fortifies their hold upon an established and increasing constituency, renders more tangible what is known as their good- will, and continually crowds to the wall the weaker rivals. In striking testimony are such facts as these: In Boston, in 1846, there were fourteen daily papers published ; now there are but eleven, and these eleven have a circulation five times greater than that of the fourteen papers of 1846. In 1840 eighteen daily papers were published in New York city, with an aggregate circulation of 60,000, and in the interval 110 new papers have been established ; to-day there are but twenty-nine in existence there, but they enjoy an aggregate circulation of 705,743., In 1847, when the population of New Orleans was about 116,000, there were nine daily papers printed in that city ; in 1870, when the population was 191,418, there were but five daily papers printed there ; and in 1880, when the population had reached 216,090, there were ten daily papers, or one more than in 1847, and the aggregate of daily circulation had more than doubled. The history of daily journalism in nearly every large American city is a repetition of this record. The cost of publishing a modern newspajier is constantly on the increase, and involves an outlay which can only be returned by large business. Thus the advantage of those which occupy the field continually becomes more secure. The temptation to invest the requisite amount of capital in a newspaper enterprise,. lisSBrdaUvnewspa^OTs '^'li^h must cro,wd its Way with slow and difficult steps against well-fortified opposition, is npt* the same as that which leads continually to like investments in ordinary business ventures, because the advance toward success cannot be made by gradual steps on a scale of expenditure proportionate to the ratio of income. To succeed, such an enterprise must at once present itself as the equal, if not the superior, of those it finds occupying the field, and must continue to hold its own in this respect until it has thoroughly convinced the constituency that slowly gathers around it of its permanent excellence, all the time submitting to a daily outgo largely in excess of the iucome. X3apital is further deterred by the fact that even under these circumstances„where , the ability to wait for pecuniary return is abundant, the experiment may in the end prove a failure and the capital sunk in the foundations be irretrievably lost. THE OEIGIN AND VALUE OF GEBAT NEWSPAPERS. It is to be observed of most of the existing large newspaper establishments that they were not the outcome of the investment of capital, but sprang from small and obscure beginnings, after long reverses, attaining their present strength, influence, and value as the result of brains and energy rather than of money. Humble ongin of great ^^^ ^^.^ legacies to this generation of the transitional era in American journalism, coming into successful being under the operation of circumstances which have disappeared in the modified conditions of a journalistic era no longer transitional. The New York Herald, Sun, and Tribune, and tjie Boston Herald are striking illustrations of this fact, while the New York Times and the Philadelphia Times are perhaps the most conspicuous instances to be found of the success of newspaper ventures which began with ample pecuniary support. The New York Times was conceived at a most fortunate moment^ just as the transitional journalistic era had closed. It started under auspices which gave it immediate prestige, and none of the daily journals established in the metropolis since have been able to achieve a similar feat. The most noticeable later instance of the successful investment of large capital for the establishment of a daily newspaper is the case of the New York Graphic, whose projectors discovered a unique and attractive field for daily journalism, and may attribute the success of their enterprise to that fact. Since the year 1833 there have been no less than 146 (a) different daily a As a matter of record, the names of these journals, in the chronological order of their establishment, are appended: Morning Post 1833 Sun 1833 Jeffersoniau 1834 Man 1834 Democratic Chronicle 1834 Transcript 1834 Morning Star ._ 1834 Daily Bee .' 1834 Herald; 1835 True Sun 1835 Serpent 1835 The Light 1835 Morning Star 1836 Express 1836 Union 1836 Democrat 1836 New Era 1836 Rough Hewer VSHiy Daily "Whig 1837 Evening Chronicle 1837 New Times 1837 Examiner 1837 Morning Chronicle 1838 Daily Conservative 1838 Censor 1838 Daily News 1838 New York Chronicle 183& Times and Commereial Intelligencer 1838 Cersair 1839 Planet ., 1839 Evening Signal 1839 Eeformer ? 1839 THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 99 newspapers started in New York city, of which the existing 29 are all that are left. It is not a fact that many of these ventures were backed by any considerable amount of capital. The possession of it might perhaps have made Evening Tattler 1839 Morning Dispatch , 1839 New Era 1839 Hudson's Express •- 1839 New York Whig 1839 Eveniog Times 1840 Democratic Press ; 1840 True Sun 1841 Tribune 1841 Aurora 1842 Morning C hronicle and Penn y-a-Line Advertiser 1842 Plebeian 1842 Morning Post 1842 Washingtonian Daily News 1842 Morning Star 1842 Union 1842 Evening Herald 1842 Native Ariierican Democrat 1842 Daily Gazette 1843 True Sun 1843 Arena 1843 Cynosure and Chronicle 1643 American Eepublican 1843 Union 1843 Republic 1844 Evening Mirror 1844 National Reform , 1844 Morning News 1844 Democrat 1844 American Ensign 1844 Citizen and American Republican 1844 People's Rights 1844 Ladies' Morning Star 1844 Penny Daily Gazette 1844 Evening Gazette 1845 Major Downie's Advocate 1845 The Mechanic 1845 Sachem 1845 Morning Telegraph 1845 New Yorker Zeitung 1845 Staats Zeitung 1845 Advertiser 1845 American Flag 1845 Independent Press 1845 The Irishman 1845 Daily Globe 1845 HumanRights 1845 The Woman .• 1845 Constitution 1845 The Crisis 1845 Humorist 1845 Splinificator '. 1845 Citizen and True Sun 1845 Subterranean 1845 TheOlio 1845 Irishman's Advocate , 1845 Workingmen's Advocate 1845 American Advocate 184& New Yorker Demokrat 184& Evening Ledger 1846 New Yorker Allgemeine Zeitung 1846 Merchants' Ledger 1846 The Globe 1847 Daily Statesman 1848 Day Book 1849 Abend Zeitung 1850 National Democrat 1850 Courrier des £tats Unis 1851 Daily Times * 1851 Skandenavisk Post 1851 True National Democrat 1852 Le Progres 1853 The Citizen 1855 Daily News 1655 The Age 1856 State Register 1857 Le Messager Franoo-Am^ricain 1!;59 The World 1859 Commercial Bulletin 1865 New Yorker Journal 1866 Evening Gazette 1866 Evening News 1867 Evening Telegram 1867 Democrat - . Ib67 Evening Mail 1867 Star 1868 The City 1868 Evening Republic 1869 Evening Free Press 1869 Standard 1870 Evening Commonwealth 1870 New Yorker Tages Nachrichteu 1870 Evening Globe 1870 Evening Leader 1871 Morning Ray 1871 Daily Witness 1871 Daily Register 1871 New York Financial Record and Investors' Manual 1871 Graphic , 1873 New Yorker Presse 1873 City Record 1874 LasNovedades 1876 Delnicke Listy 1877 Hotel Reporter 1877 Indicator 1877 New Yorker Volks Zeitung 1878 American Exchange 1878 Truth , 1879 Wall Street News 1879 Mining News 1880 Handels Zeitung (date unknown). L'Eco d'ltalia (date unknown). New York Family Courier (date unknown). City and National Intelligencer (date unknown). The New York Gazetteer for 1860 contains the names of 771 newspapers and journals, of ail classes and periods of issue, which have been established and disappeared in the city of New York subsequent to the revolution and up to the year 1860. In that year 250 newspapers and periodicals were published in New York city. There were 582 in 1880. It is altogether probable that since 1860 the number of newspapers and periodicals established and suspended in New York city has doubled upon the numher reported in 1860. The Journal of Commerce, established by Arthur Tappan in 1827, is the only survivor of the morning newspapers in existence in New York at that time. The New York Evening Poet and New York Commercial Advertiser are the only surviving evening newspapers which have a date ot establishment equally remote. 100 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. either one of them a successful competitor for the places now occupied by existing journals, only four of which were started previous to 1833; but the chance of occupying one of those places grows less with the increasing wealth .of existing dailies and the increasing cost of publication, and capital is less and less inclined to seek it. The newspaper properties which were thus built up out of nothing, as it were, are variously estimated in value according to their surroundings, and these values are liable to fluctuate at times to a marked degree. Immense fortunes have been made as well as lost in newspaper enterprises in this country, and there are The pecnniary value of g, number of well-authenticatcd instances of the private or public sale of newspaper property ■eniea. whlch indicate the estimates publicly put upon their value where all the conditions are healthy. The Morning Call, of San Francisco, at a private sale some years ago, brought $100,000, and the "Cincinnati Times was sold at auction in 1870, on the death of its proprietor, for $138,550, for the purpose of consolidating it with a new competitor, the Chronicle, established in 1868, with a capital of .:troted sata of news- |i5o QOO. The Times had been established in 1841 by Calvin W. Starbuck and two other paper property. ' «^ practical printers on a borrowed capital of $200. His associates were soon discouraged, but Mr. Starbuck continued the undertaking, gradually making the Times one of the greatest journalistic successes of the West. Shortly before his death Mr. Starbuck refused an offer of $225,000 from the parties who subsequently purchased the property at auction for $138,550. The history of this particular paper still further illustrates the peculiar conditions surrounding the value of newspaper property. In 1871 it met with damaging competition from the Star, and after nine years these two journals were consolidated. Here, then, is the evidence that the value of newspaper property is not always what it is thought to be, or rather, perhaps, that it can be depreciated by determined opposition. In a statement of its financial history, published on the thirtieth anniversary of its establishment, April 10, 1871, the New York Tribune said that the total cost of its production during the first week of its existence was $525, and that it had then reached an average cost of $20,000 per week, with a constant tendency to increase. When this journal was turned into a stock concern its shares were placed at $1,000 each, and sales were made at $3,500 per share. At present the shares of this journal, like those of the Kew York limes, organized on a like basis, are not in the market at any price. The l^ew York Sun was sold in 1849 for $250,000, while yet a penny paper, and "very cheap", {a) Either on the basis of the dividends regularly paid or the intrinsic value of several newspaper properties in New York their market price, if they were now, through any cause, to reach the market, would be among the millions. The sale at public auction of the Saint Louis Democrat in 1872 gave another indication of the market value of newspaper property, it being disposed of to one of the former proprietors for the sum of $456,000. Commenting upon this sale, one of the Saint Louis journals remarked at the time : This is the first direct public sale of a large and well-estahlished newspaper that has taken place in this conutry for many years, and the price paid affords some indication of the cash value of such a journal. It has been held a difficult matter to accurately estimate the worth of such an institution, on account of the varied properties that make it up. The actual material in the Democrat establishment would be valued at a comparatively small proportion of the price paid for the journal, but this material comprises only a small proportion of the real value of the establishment. The attributes of age, of established character, political views, advertising patronage, public influence, and subscription list, all grouped usually under the head of "good-will", constitute the substantial elements of value in an established journal. They are of a moral nature, and to a certain extent indestructible. That these large values assigned to certain newspaper properties are not fictitious is well determined by the incomes they are known to yield to their proprietors. THE DEVELOPMENT OP FEINTING PEESSES AND APPAEATUS. The advent of the third era in the history of American journalism was due, as has been seen, to certain changed conditions in the publication of newspapers, which were of somewhat gradual development, and had reached what seemed to be full fruition at the time when this census of the press was taken. The commencement of this era may be dated from the establishment of the first penny paper, in 1833, and with it the cheapening of newspapers to a point that brought them within the reach of all classes of society, and correspondingly increased their Fastprintmgneoessary circulation. But the Cheapening of newspapers was only made possible by the invention of to cheap newspapers. xo j-j. •/ •. ^ u machinery which permitted of rapid multiplication, which was the condition-precedent to large sales at a low price, (h) a Horace Greeley before the English parliamentary committee. h In considering the development of journalism during the past thirty years there is one cause of its prosperity and increase which is often overlooked. The cultivation of the peculiar kind of talent required for the best newspaper work, the general recognition of the calling of an editor as a liberal and responsible profession, the increase in popular culture, and the consequent demand for a better order of periodical literature — these influences upon the character of the press are fairly estimated. Everybody understands also what enormous •changes have been made in the newspaper business by the invention of the telegraph and the iniprovements in the railway and postal service. But these things would have been of slight avail had not the ingenuity of inventors of printing machines kept pace with the increasing wants of the public and the publishers. With such mechanical facilities as even the best offices could command thirty years ago a great newspaper of the present style would have been impossible, we might almost say inconceivable. The fast printing press has. done as much for journalism as the telegraph and the railroad.— John E. G. Hazzard, The Wonders of the Press. New York, 1878. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 101 Up to the revolution the newspaper printing presses had all been built on one general plan — a flat platen, impressing against type arranged on a flat bed. (a) In the earlier fornas of this press the necessary pressure was obtained with a screw, and fifty impressions an hour was about its maximum capacity. The substitution of a lever motion for the screw increased the capacity to about 250 per hour. This ^^^ *™* printing- I '- •' r presses. modification obtained its greatest perfection m the Washingtoa press, which was patented in 1829 by Samuel Eust. The first great advance upon the primitive lever was made in 1810, when Frederick Koenig-, of London, succeeded in substituting the revolving impression cylinder for the platen, and a thousand impressions per hour thereafter became easily obtainable. (6) This press was first set . ^"enig's revoiving-cyi- up in the London Times of&ce. In the issue of that paper for November 29, 1814, Mr. Walter thus described it : Our jcrnal this day preseuts to the public the practical results of the greatest improvement connected with printing since th» discoverj' of the art itself. A system of machinery, almost organic, has heen devised and arranged, TPhich, while it relieves the hum«a frame of its most laborious efforts in printing, far exceeds all human powers in rapidity and dispatch. That the magnitude of the invention may be justly appreciated by its effects, we may inform the public that after the letters are placed by the compositors and inclosed in th» "form", little more remains for man to do than to attend upon and watch this unconscious agent in its operations. The machine is then merely supplied with paper. Itself places the form, inks it, adjusts the paper to the newly-inked type, stamps the sheet, and gives it forth, to the hands of the attendant, at the same time withdrawing the form for a fresh coat of ink, which itself again distributes, to meet the ensuing sheet now advancing for impression, and the whole of these complicated acts are performed with such velocity and simultaneousness- of movement that 1,100 sheets are impressed in one hour. In lb27 Cowper & Applegarth, of London, builta double-cylinder press for the London Times, which superseded Koenig's complicated and cumbrous machihery and printed 2,000 impressions per hour, and in 1833 they followed it with a four-cylinder, which could, under pressure, print 5,000 sheets per hour. Up to 1835 all the papers in the United States were printed by hand-power, the double-cylinder presses then used by the daily journals being turned by crank-men, and their circulation was still so moderate that it was possible in this way to supply the demand without serious inconvenience. The l^Tew York Sun, which was founded in 1833, discovered, two years later, that it was impossible to work off the edition, ^"^s* "^e "^ ^t^**" "» '--., ,1 .,„ ™, . 1 ■ J! L American newspaper for which there was then a ready demand, without the aid oi steam. 'Ihis paper, and m tact printing. most of the daily journals of that day, was then using a Napier press, the product of an English inventor, who had proved especially successful in adapting his machine to newspaper work. He obtained English patents dated 1827 and 1830, and up to 1835-'36 they were used with success in American offices. In 1828 E. Hoe & Co., of New York, made two of the Napier presses, the first for the New York Commercial Advertiser and the second for the Philadelphia Daily Chronicle. These presses were not of Hoe's presses. sufficient speed to supply the demands of daily journalism, then rapidly developing, and inventors everywhere applied themselves to the task of devising a press which should accomplish three objects at once, namely : First, print with extraordinary rapidity; second, print both sides of a sheet at once, or a perfecting press ; third, dispense with feeders, or supply the sheets to the press by machine '^^'^^^ steps in the de- instead of hand labor. The achievement of these three results has been in the nature of an p^ttag°pres°es. ™° *™ evolution, one step growing naturally out of the other, by the extension of the principle of rotary action for the reciprocating movement of the primitive presses. Long before these achievements had been secured rapid printing had been accomplished by Eichard M. Hoe in his "lightning press", patented July 14, 1847. The essential feature of this press was a simple one, being the principle that columns of type can be securely held on the surface of a rapidly revolving cylinder by means of wedge-shaped column rules, with their thin edges toward the axis of rotation. The Hoe cylinder press, themselves kept in place by projecting tongues sliding in rebated grooves cut in the cylinder, and the whole form firmly locked or screwed together in the usual way. With this revolving type cylinder, and from two to ten impression cylinders arranged around it, from ten to twenty thousand impressions can be struck off in an hour. One person is required at each impression cylinder to supply the sheets of paper, which are taken at the proper moment by gripers, and after being printed are conveyed out by tapes and piled in heaps by self-acting flyers. For each impression cylinder there are two inking-rollers, receiving their suj^ply of ink from the distributing surface of the main cylinder, which rise and ink thefoim as it passes under them, then again fall to the distributing a A few attempts were made in the United States during the last century to improve the common press. Benjamin Dearborn, publisher of the S'ew Hampshire Gazette, about the time of the revolution invented what was called the wheel [iress, which possessed the new and desirable quality of impressing the whole side of a sheet at one pull of the lever, and this press was used for a time at Newburyport. A citizen of Connecticut also took out a patent for a power-press. But these efforts led to no general improvement. — American Cyclopedia of Priniing. h My own first acquaintance with a printing office was in Eochester, New York, in the year 18'23. There was no iron press known ther» at that time. That used was composed chiefly of two upright wooden posts, a cross-heam, and platen, the latter suspended from a screw, which was operated by a long iron bar inserted into a wooden handle. The types were inked by deer-skin balls, the skins being filled with sheep's wool and nailed to wooden handles. Iron presses began to get into general use in this country in 1825, 1826, and 1827, especially in the larger cities. As late as 1829 I saw the then large edition of the New York Courier and Enquirer in the process of printing on a single iron hand-press, with a roller-boy behind it for inking the types. — J. F. Babcock, before Connecticut Editorial Association, 1855. 102 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. surface. Tlie speed of these machines is limited only by the ability of the feeders to supply the sheets. The four- cylinder press can be run at the rate of 10,000 impressions au hour, the six-cylinder at 15,000 an hour, the eight- cylinder at 20,000, and the ten-cylinder at 25,000 per hour. The largest cylinder press is a gigantic machine, standing 18 feet in height and 31 feet in length, and is the largest size to which the printing press has attained, for the perfecting presses, which came after, are much more compact in build and movement. The first Hoe rotary press was erected in the Philadelphia Ledger oflQce in 1847, and the machine came into general use in the offlces of large journals by 1850. The first six-cylinder press was constructed for the Ifew York Tribune in 1852, and the ten-cylinder press came into use shortly afterward. The lords of the privy council of England, in granting an extension |;o the patent of this press, characterized it as " one of the greatest steps ever made in the printing art ". NEWSPAPER STEREOTYPING. Even at that time, however, the Hoe press was not sufficient for the growing demands of journalism without a duplication of type, which not only largely increased the cost, but involved a loss of valuable time. The limitation of press capacity compelling the newspapers of tbe largest circulation to go to press before their neighbors, they could not print the latest news or make early sales, nor could they extend their out-of-town circulation. It was the effort to overcome this dif&culty which led to the discovery of the ^Newspaper stereotyp- ppQ^ggg Qf newspaper stereotyping, which is now in vogue in many of the offices with great circulations. The recent introduction of the papier macM process in book stereotyping led to a series of experiments, which reached a successful result about the same time in this country and in England, the London Times using a stereotype process which was the invention of two Swiss mechanics,' and the New York Tribune, in 1861, utilizing an invention of Mr. Charles Craske, of that city. His process was successful from the first, and it came into use in American newspaper offices at the time when the outbreak of the war increased suddenly and enormously the demand for newspapers. By this process a newspaper was enabled to multiply its forms indefinitely and with great rapidity, and might therefore put in use as many rotary presses as its sales would warrant. The application of stereotyping to newspapers was important in another respect, as it overcame the main obstacle in the way of the successful manufacture of the perfecting press. The census inquiry revealed the fact that in 1880 there were 45 daily journals in the United States printed from plates made by the process of rapid stereotyping. These were located in the following states : California, 2 ; Illinois, 6 ; Indiana, 1; Kentucky, 1; Maryland, 2 ; Massachusetts, 2; Michigan, 1; Missouri, 2; Minnesota, Ij Newspaper stereotyp- -^ Jersey, 1; New York, 9; Ohio, 6; Pennsylvania, 10; Wisconsin, 1. The Louisville mg m the oensns year. -n i 77 77 -i 77 7 (Kentucky) Courier-Journal is printed from stereotype plates 30 by 48 inches, which are claimed to be the largest stereotype plates made in the world. The Boston Herald is printed upon four Bullock web-perfecting presses, each with a capacity of 15,000 an hour, which can be forced to 18,000, and tt is claimed that in this office the quickest time in the world is made in the manufacture of stereotype plates, two perfect plates having been made in seven minutes from the time the forms were received by the stereotypers. [a) Beside the daily journals which are stereotyped, a large proportion of the weekly and other periodicals having large circulations are printed from stereotype plates. This is true of most of the monthly magazines and of the literary weekly papers. The process of stereotyping is found to be profitable, both in respect to saving the wear and tear of type and in the saving of time in reaching the public with the paper, when the circulation attains 15,000 and upward. Thus in 1880 there were 52 daily journals the circulation of which was over 15,000, and 45 were then printing from stereotype plates, several of the latter reporting their circulation under 15,000 and over 10,000. THE PERFECTING PRESS. By the invention of Hoe's "lightning press" it became possible to supply the demand for papers of the largest circulation of that day within an hour or two after going to press; but stiU there were deficiencies even in this, which came in time to be especially annoying to the evening papers in large cities. It often happens that a demand for one, two, or ten thousand extras comes upon a newspaper in the afternoon without warning, in a The forms for the morning edition of the London Standard come down to the foundery at intervals, commencing at 12 o'clock, midnight, the last form, with the latest parliamentary and o'ther important intelligence, being received in the foundery at 2.30 to 3 o'clock. The eight plates are all produced and handed to the press-room in thirty-three minutes. The Evening Standard is published in four separate editions, the number of plates that are required varying according to the news that is received. The whole Morning Standard is printed in one hour and fifty minutes, and the Evening Standard, second edition, in fifteen minutes, the third edition in thirty minutes, fourth edition in twenty minutes, and the special edition ia forty-five minutes. To accomplish this the Standard uses eight machines, seven of which run at the rate of 14,000 an hour. There are also six machines in reserve in another building, and also a complete font of type, to guard against accidents by fire or otherwise. The steam-power used is a pair of 45 horse-power engines in each building, and likewise two 60 horse-power boilers of the multitubular type, for auxiliary machinery, in the bill-room, foundery, and for working the lifts and machinery in the engineer's shop, where all repairs are carried out. The amount of paper used during the j'ear 1880 for the Morning Standard was 3,412 tons, equal to a length of 36,609 miles, and for the Evening Standard 865 tons, equal to a length of 13,377 miles, making a total of 4,277 tons of paper, or 49,986 miles — an average of over 13 tons, or 160 miles per day.— Joseph Hatton, in Marper'a Magazine. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 103 ■which case, the regular edition of the first side having been already printed, it is necessary to bring the form of that side back from the composing-room to the press, and meanwhile the public is kept waiting for its news. This ■delay at a time when moments are precious was largely overcome by the invention of the perfecting press. Where this machine is in use the entire paper is upon the press at one time, The perfeotinjr press. aud, whatever the demand, it can be, supplied to the last copy without confusion, loss of time, ov the waste of a single sheet, at a varying speed of from 8,000 to 15,000 copies an hour. By the use of stereotype plates the number of forms can be multiplied to supply an indeflnite number of perfecting presses, so that practically there is no limit to the number of copies of an issue which may now be supplied by a newspaper thus equipped within an almost incredible space of time after the first impression leaves the press. With the perfecting press came the further rotary mechanism, by which the feeding of the paper was accomplished automatically and the services of a dozen or more pressmen dispensed with. Tiiis machine, which is called the web-perfecting press, on account of its printing from a web of paper, has two main cylinders, instead of one, both forms, now rendered comparatively light and#manageable by means of erftotta'*Te°^*^^^^'* stereotyping, being put upon the press at once. Instead of piles of sheets cut to a uniform size, a roll of paper several miles in length hangs in bearings above. The end of this roll being introduced into the press, the paper is drawn through it at the rate of 50,000 feet an hour, a speed which must be seen to be appreciated; is printed on both sides, cut into lengths by knife-bearing cylinders, and finally is laid down, fifteen thousand completed papers in an hour. Finally, by a last and crowning invention, a rotary folding-machine has been added to the press, by which the papers as they come, all cut, upon the tapes, are caught, folded, and delivered ready for the mailing. The honor of bringing the printing press into this state of perfection belongs almost wholly to American inventors. The first web-iierfecting press ever built was the invention of Sir Eowland Hill, the well-known advocate of cheap postage in England. It was patented in 1835, but never came into practical use, partly ■owing to the inconvenience of the conical type employed upon it, but mainly because of the i„^„y™" "^ Amencan difficulty of disposing of the sheets as fast as they were printed. The idea at the bottom of the machine had, however, previously occurred to several American inventors, who were at work upon it, and it grew up out of steady adherence to the principle of press making which Mr. Hoe had first put to practical purpose, and which had been at the bottom of all previous improvements — the substitution of the rotary for the reciprocating action. Mr. Hoe's first perfecting press was built about 1857, but it required a much tougher and stronger paper than American journals could afibrd to use, and was therefore not a success. The Buiiock press. William H. Bullock, of Philadelphia, in 1861, succeeded in making a web-perfecting press which worked with better satisfaction than any that had thus far appeared. Bj' subsequent improvements Mr. Bullock ■overcame one difficulty after another, until, by 1870, he had a press which could deliver from 8,000 to 10,000 <;ompleted papers an hour. The Walter press, constructed in the workshops of the London Times, is much like the Bullock in general construction and capacity. It is worthy of note in The waiter press. this connection that the first fast printing presses used in either England or France were the work of American inventors. In 1849 Mr. Hoe built a rotary press for the Paris daily journal. La Patrie. The first Hoe press in London was built some years later for Lloyd's WeeMy Newspaper, and its success led the ■proprietor of the London Times, in 1857, after a series of disa^rous experiments with a clumsy vertical rotary press, ■constructed by Augustus Applpgarth, to order two ten-cylinder Hoe presses. Previous to this time the London Times had been duplicating everything in type, in order to be able to keep two presses running simultaneously. In 1875 six of Hoe's web-perfecting presses were ordered by the London Standard and eight by the London Baily Telegraph, and in other establishments, both in London and the provincial cities, American- built presses are now largelj' used and give the most complete satisfaction. The largest of these perfecting presses yet made, and believed to be the most perfect and rapid printing machine in the world, has been recently erected In the press-room of the Missouri Republican, of Saint Louis. This press has a capacity of 30,000 perfect papers per hour, printed, cut, folded, and pasted, ready for delivery, is known as the Hoe double web-perfecting press and folding-machine, and prints and folds two perfect papers at a single operation. The final development of the web-perfecting press, which reached successful operation in the census year, is a machine that prints from the types instead of from stereotype plates, and which promises to be of incalculable service to that increasing class of daily papers which print an edition of from 7,000 to 15,000 papers — hardly large enough to warrant the additional cost of stereotyping, and yet so large . ^''^ *^® web-perfect _ that it is diiBcult to handle it with sufficient rapidity by the aid of the cylinder press. In general construction it is not unlike the type-revolving presses, the forms of type being locked in curved beds or " turtles ". If the machine is for printing an eight-page paper, the four outside forms are placed on the large central type cylinder in a group, with their heads toward each other, and the inside forms are placed similarly, diametrically opposite to the outside forms. These forms occupy one-half of the circumference of the type cylinder, and the space i)etween the groups is used as an ink-distributing surface, receiving the ink in the usual manner. The type cylinder 104 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. is surrounded by and connects with the impression cylinders. The machine is equipped with four or eight impression cylinders, according as one or two rolls of paper are used, double the capacity being obtained by the use of double rolls, and its capacity is from 10,000 to 20,000 perfect impressions per hour. The first of these type-perfecting presses manufactured by the Messrs. Hoe was erected in the office of the New York Gommercial Advertiser in the census year. Intimately connected with the improvement of the printing press are the inventions for the rapid handling of the printed sheets by machinery. About the time of the introduction of the Hoe cylinder press folding-machines were employed, to which the sheets were transferred as they came from the presses. To the chhiel^^"^'''^^"^'^'"^"'' ^^*®^ printing presses are attached improved folding apparatus, over which the sheets pass in * continuous motion as they leave the impression cylinders, emerging finally ready for delivery. This machinery has reached such perfection that in the case of eight-page papers the sheets are not only cut in their passage through the press, but are securely pasted at the back. These attachments are now generally made to the web-perfecting presses, and it would geem that the perfection of the printing apparatus cannot go much further. TYPE-SETTING AND UISTEIBUTING MACHINES. While all these improvements have been following each other in the printing and delivery of newspapers, the ingenuity of man has not yet invented a substitute for the setting of type by hand, the method of composition ' remaining precisely the same as it was when printing was first invented; As the newspapers trib^hi^^mlchtars^ ''" grow larger, as' they spread out into supplements, extras, double sheets, quadruple sheets, and so on, every individual letter used has to be separately handled by the type-setter, not only in the composition, but again in the distribution t)f the type. The process of type-setting is the most laborious feature in the manufacture of a newspaper. The average compositor will set from 800 to 1,000 ems of type an hour, rapid printers reaching an average of 1,200 and even 1,500, but the latter figure can rarely be maintained continuously. Table V shows the average ems of type set per issue on the daily press to be 74,147, but on several of our largest daily journals the average runs as high as from 400,000 to 500,000 ems, and sometimes exceeds these figures. The only method of increasing the speed of getting large volumes of reading matter into type is to increase the force of compositors. The aggregate ems of type set per issue on all the newspapers and periodicals of the United States reaches 556,894,022 ; and, bearing in mind that each of these figures represents two or more separate and distinct handlings of as many type, the immense importance of the successful invention of a type-setting machine to the periodical press may be imagined. In full appreciation of this importance, a number of the wealthiest newspaper establishments have devoted largely of tueir surplus earnings to experimenting with the various devices for the mechanical setting and distribution of type that have been brought to public attention from time to time. The London limes, in addition to its great services in the development of the printing press, has expended large sums of money in the encouragement of inventors who have sought for a successful type-setting aj)paratus, and the Chicago Times began a series of experiments with 6ne of the latest of these machines during the census year. The first machine of the kind patented in Great Britain was the invention of William Church, the date of the patent being 1822. Frederick Eosenburg secured the first American patent in 1840, and since then there have been more than forty additional patents granted by the United States government, while the objects sought for seem as far beyond reach as ever. There is no difficulty in devising machines which will work automatically in the assortmen t of the types; but the difficulty arises in the necessity of devising a machine which will facilitate the composition of every conceivable variety of type and combination of letters, thickly interspersed with capitals, italics, arbitrary signs, etc. A great increase in the rapidity of composition is necessary to warrant the substitution of type-setting machinery for manual labor. Human supervision is of course necessary at every point in the operation of such a machine, and no machine can be invented that will compose type faster than an intelligent operator can read the copy. The character of the manuscript which appears in newspaper offices is so variable, often so nearly illegible, that the average compositor can set it bj' hand as rapidly as his eye is able to decipher its contents. The exact justification of every line of type as it is set is an operation which requires the exercise of a human intelligence, and no machine can be made to perform ail operation which in no two lines is governed by precisely the same conditions in respect to spacing, the division of words, etc. It is claimed in behalf of a number of machines that they have conquered the problem of justification by providing for exactly the same distance between all the words in every line j but in practical operation the justification remains a source of apparently insurmountable difficulty. Any machine which shall be capable of automatically discharging with great rapidity an infinite number of slightly-differiug^ operations, none of which recur with uniformity in the infinite variations which distinguish orthography, to say nothing of the variations of type — any such machine must necessarily be one of expensive and complicated arrangement and liable to frequent derangement. Type-set:ting machines for book composition have long been in successful operation in several establishments- in this country. The conditions governing their use in this kind of work are, however, widely different from those prevailing in newspaper offices, and nothing has as yet been devised which promises in the manufacture of a daily newspaper to reduce the cost or shorten the time required for composition. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880 105 Table V contains the statistics of the number of presses used in the printing of newspapers and periodicals. From these statistics all presses, whether hand or power, used for job printing only, or for other purposes than the printing of newspapers and periodicals, were excluded, and no account Nnmber of presses was taken of the presses used to print the large number of periodicals whose publishers did not periodical Trork!^'"' ^"^ do their own printing, but contracted with job printers. These latter instances were chiefly in the large cities, where it is the rule, except in large establishments, like those of Harper & Brothers and D. Appleton & Go., for the publishers of periodicals not of a news character to contract for their printing. In the offtces of the newspapers and periodicals 8,048 presses were found, of which 4,873 were hand presses, 148 were run by water-power, and 3,027 by steam-power. There were only 122 instances of daily newspapers whose presses were worked by hand, and New York, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Ehode Island, and Connecticut were the only states in which more steam than hand presses were found. In Mississippi, where 123 journals are published, only five steam presses were found, and North Carolina, witli 142 journals, returned but five. The development of the mechanism of printing has created a revolution in journalism, and has robbed the great newspapers of the third era of many of the peculiarities which distinguished them in the days when they printed but few in number and sold them at a high price. To no cause quite as much as to this one can we justly attribute the wonderful development which has attended the American press within the last quarter of a century. But it is observable that the perfecting of the fast printing press has been going on at the same time that the extension of railroads and the multipUcation of telegraph lines have enabled the great newspapers to keep pace, in the character of their publication, with the increasing facilities for making them, the railroads, with the improved mail service conducted by the government in connection with them, having made it possible for the morning journals of a great city to be delivered at the breakfast-tables of people living hundreds of miles away, while the use of the telegraph, which began to become general among newspapers by 1850, put the news of the continent within the reach of enterprising publishers for immediate publication, and was a stimulus to activity and enteiprise on their part such as had been seen in the management of none of the earlier newspapers. The resources of great journals grew rapidly after the problem of furnishing them cheaply, by furnishing them in large numbers, had been successfully solved, and the increase in circulation brought with it, of course, a corresponding increase in advertising patronage. The improvements in the printing press had largely reduced the cost of producing a newspaper; but what was saved in this manner — and very much more in many instances — was expended thereafter in meeting the requirements of the widening scope of journalism. Telegraphic tolls, an entirely new element of newspaper expense, increased constantly with the increase of the service deemed necessary, and are still increasing. More and better men were employed in editorial and reportorial service, and there came in the public mind a general recognition of the importance and the responsibility of the calling of the editor and publisher of a newspaper ; and as this recognition appeared, the cultivation of the peculiar kind of talent required for newspaper work brought into the profession large numbers of educated and talented men, the country demanding that thoSe who were to instruct them as to the daily progress of the world's affairs should be men of at least as high a standard of intelligence and culture as that which was coming to prevail among the people themselves. THE TRANSMISSION. OP NEWS. The general use of the magnetic telegraph for the transmission of news to the daily press has eliminated from the business much of the exciting and characteristic enterprise which marked the career of the daily journals in existence just previous to the successful introduction of telegraphy. Many Bffect of the telegraph and ingenious were the devices of rival journals to anticipate their neighbors in the publication of important intelligence, and when the event was one expected and prearranged this enterprise at first took shape in the flj'ing of carrier-pigeons, (a) the equipment of pony expresses, with relnys of spirited ho-.-ses, and nfterward in the chartering of special locomotives and steamboats from distant points. The achievement of Mr. Henry J. Eaymond, then a reporter of the New York Tribune, in the first publication of a speech of Daniel Webster's, delivered in Boston, is a fair illustration of the methods adopted by oue journal to surpass its rivals. He wrote out his notes of the speech while journeying back to New York on the boat, and as fast as he transcribed them the copy was passed over to printers, whose type and cases had been brought on board for that purpose. When the vessel arrived in New York the speech was in type and ready for instant publication. It was in order to anticipate its rivals that the New York Herald first became possessed of a swift sailing yacht in New York harbor for the prompt collection of the shipping news. With the advent of the telegraph all the journals which were able to pay the expenses of transmission were placed on precisely the same footing, with respect to priority, in the receipt and publication of news, and the ingenuity and expense formerly incurred to outstrip each other became a matter of the past. The principle underlying the associated collection of- news had been recognized as valuable before the use of the telegraph, and several of the New York journals combined some years previous and jointly paid the cost .^i^® associated coUeo- of running a pony express from Washington with the latest congressional reports for their several o The flying of carrier-pigeons from Halifax to Boston and New York, with condensations of the news from English newspapers just arrived, ^^as a practice for some time successfully pursued. — Maverick's Life of Senry J. Raymond. y 106 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. use. (a) Similar associations existed between journals both in New York and Boston for the collection of marine news. These associations were the owners of several fast-sailing news schooners, built on the pilot-boat plan. The importance of the telegraph as an instrument for the instant transmission of news was at once recognized by the press upon the opening of the first line from Washington to the city of Wilmington, Delaware, in 1844, and they immediately made use of this limited line, and ^s immediately found themselves in dif&culty, owing to its incapacity to meet the large demands upon it with the requisite promptness, (b) As the telegraph spread its lines to more distant points this difficulty increased constantly; and it was the annoyance and delay thus arising that led to a meeting of the proprietors of the principal New York daily newspapers of that day (1848-'49) — the Journal of Commerce, the Courier and Inquirer, the Tribune, the Herald, the Sun, and the Hxpress — ^for the purpose of Organization of tho As- forming an Organization, or combination, to obviate the individual competition which destroyed the usefulness of the new discovery to all alike, (c) Here originated the Associated Press, and the a The first combination was in 1H46, during tlie Oregon excitement, resulting in dispatching a pilot-hoat across the Atlantic especially for news, and in two expresses (one from Halifax and one from Boston), costing the combined papers $5,000 for tbe pilot-boat, $4,000 for the Halifax express, and |1,000 for the Boston express — very large sums to spend for news in those days. — Hudson's History of Journalism. b When the first battles were fought on the Rio Grande, the magnetic telegraph extended from Washington to Wilmington, and soon after to Jersey City. Efforts were made to reach the southern telegraph office first. Sometimes the Herald would succeed, and sometimes the Sun. Frequently the messengers of these journals would enter the office together. The exclusive use of the wire could not be given to either. They were therefore allowed fifteen minutes each. Not many lines of news could be transmitted in that brief space of time ^ver poor lines, with miserable insulation and inexperienced operators. It was in consequence of this diiiSculty that the New York Herald, in connection with the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun, established the successful express between Montgomery and Mobile. — Hudson's History of Journalism. c The idea of the associated collection of telegraphic news had an earlier conception and a successful execution in the interior of New York stajte. The telegraph was completed from Albany to Utica, New York, January 31, 1846; from Baltimore to Philadelphia, June 5; from New York to Boston, June 27, and from New York to Buffalo, September 9. The first state associated press originated in Utica, New York, and was & necessary sequel to the fact that the first telegraphic line was opened to general business at that point. Mr. Alexander Seward, a vice-president of the Oneida Historical Society at Utica, and formerly editor of the Utica Daily Gazette, in a paper read before that society December 31, 1878, gives the following interesting account of the organization of this first associated press : " Those gentlemen who, being then connected with the press, were obliged to invent a system for availing themselves of the advantages offered by the telegraph, cannot claim any special merit for a contrivance which would doubtless have suggested itself to •others similarly situated. But Mr. J. D. Eeid, in his valuable history of the telegraph in America, has made a statement so inaccurate on this point that it is a duty to truth to correct it. Mr. Keid says : ' ' On the 4fcli of July, 1846, the line having been completed between Albany and BufiFalo, tbe idea of a state associated press waa practically bom by a call from President Faxton for a meeting of editors, by telegraph, in the various offices at that time open. This started the idea of a federation for the supply of telegraphic news. The first daily reports to the press of the state were sent January 1, 1847. There was deposited with this society, about three months since, a volume containing the correspondence with the proprietors of the Utica Daily Gazette relative to the formation of this associated press. This collection had passed the 'Ordeal of two fires and escaped the greater peril of tbe paper-mill. It contains about a hundred letters from those who represented the daily newspaper press of the state from Albany to Buffalo thirty-three years ago, and it may become of some historic value two generations hence, when the memories of Croswell, Ten Eyot, Lacy, Northway, Smith, Oliphant, Dawson, Butts, Jerome, Foote, Jewett, Clapp, Stringham, &c., have been further mellowed by age. " The telegraph was completed between Utica and Albany, as before stated, on Saturday, January 31, 1846. The first news dispatch — not ' a few words', but nearly a column — appeared, in the Utica Daily Gazette of February 3, 1846. The correspondence relative to the associated press begins contemporaneously, and continues till the association is fully organized and in complete operation from Buffalo to Albany. The cause of the organization is also apparent. Necessity was the mother of this invention, as of many others. News dispatches, chiefly brief summaries of congressional proceedings, had been telegraphed from Washington to Baltimore long before. But that government telegraph, like most government operations, was not a paying institution. The New York and Buffalo telegraph was conducted on strictly business principles from the start. It offered great benefits to the local newspapers, but it required a compensation which in their then feeble condition they were unable single-handed to pay. Hence the idea and the subsequent fact of the associated press. The daily newspapers in the state west of Utica mostly agreed to contribute to the expense of collecting and telegraphing the news from Albany to Utica, at which latter place it was printed in slips and forwarded by express in advance of the mails. Beside the proceedings of the legislature, which were telegraphed as they occurred, and the Albany market, the dispatches consisted of a summary of news made up from the New York papers as soon as they arrived in Albany. When the telegraph was completed to Syracuse, June 1, 1846, the receipt and forwarding of telegraph dispatches were transferred to the papers of that city. A meeting of the editors from Utica to Buffalo was held there to arrange matters May 28. " The meeting of July 4, which Mr. Eeid mentions, was in pursuance of the following invitation : " T. S. F.'s compliments to the editors of all the daily papers between Albany and Buffalo : Will be happy to meet them and their friends at the different telegraph stations on the 4th, between the hours of 4 and 5 p. m., for the purpose of interchange of sentiments. " Thus it appears that this meeting was a social gathering, of President Paxton's happy invention, to celebrate the day and the accomplishment of instantaneous communication, by the electric fluid, between lake Erie and the Hudson river. Twenty-one years before the water connection between the two had been magnificently celebrated, and the event telegraphed by cannon from Buffalo to New York. The Gazette of July 4, 1846, thus announced the more wonderful fact : "The Hudson Talking To Lake Ekib! — The lightning flashed through from Albany to Buffalo, 325 miles by railroad, this morning at 8J o'clock. Th» telegraph now spans the Empire State ! The events transpiring at the capital, at one end, are made known at the other extremity in ' less than no time ' — from twenty minutes to half an hour before they happen. This is the longest line of telegraph in the world. The swift messengers, upon whose wings -messages are sent along the copper track, are bred in a large galvanic battery in the loft of Dudley's triangle, in this city. The fluid there generated makes a circuit of 650 miles. The only object it has in view is to get from one end of the battery into the other, like a carrier-dove returning to the spot where it was trained. This fiery steed, whose speed surpasses the imaginings of tales of the genii ; this mighty agent, whose sports are in the -volcano and tornado ; this weapon of the ancient king ef heaven, forged in the infernal regions ; the utilitarian of our day approaches and says; 'I'll trouble you with aline.' "A two-column account of Mr. Faxton's novel party was given in the next Gazette, entitled, ' Electro-Magnetic Drama, or a Lightning Sociable,' consisting of ' single act without change of scene, as these necessities of the drama do not appertain to electro-magneti* performances'. In other words, time and space were annihilated. " On the 5th of August the editors, from Albany to Buffalo, met in this city and extended and perfected their association, preparatory to the opening of the line to New York city, on September 9, 1846." THIRD PERIOD: ,1835-1880. 107 -organized transmission of telegraphic news for the use of all these journals jointly. Arrangements had previously been made (in 1837) by the Courier and Inquirer, the Journal of Commerce, and the Hscpress for the associated collection of the shipping news of the harbor of Kew York, and a steam vessel had been purchased and equipped for that purpose. About 1841-'43 the Tribune and Sun were added. The Associated Press was practically an outcome of this association, and after being reorganized in its present form, in 1851, very rapidly developed into an institution of great resources and wonderful ramifications. Contracts were made with the telegraph company for the transmission of news at rates much below those charged to Individual customers, and great advantage was gained in this way, as well as by the division of expense, over journals not members of the association and which were not permitted to purchase its news. The Associated Press appointed its local agents in the principal cities of the Union, and made contracts with similar associations in England. After a period of time, during which its eflciency and importance had been demonstrated in connection with the continued development of the telegraph lines, it began to sell its news to newspapers in other cities and states, receiving therefor an income which went a good distance toward reimbursement for the enormous expenditure incurred in the transmission of elaborate accounts of important events all over the United States. In 1872 the Associated Press of New York, city served over 200 daily papers in the United States with its telegraphic news and paid out yearly over $200,000 for bable telegrams alone. In 1880 the Associated Press served 30 theTBsootted'prsr "^ per cent, of all the daily newspapers in the United States with the domestic and foreign news of the day, and expended in the main oflce alone the sum of $500,000 a year for salaries, rents, agents, and incidental expenses, not including the cost of telegraphic transmission from the points of concentration to the numerous distributing points. For this latter service the Western Union Telegraph Company received the sum of $392,800 08 in 1880. The Census Office is under obligation to J. M. Somerville, then the press agent of the Western Union Telegraph Company, for a detailed statement of the amount of business done "by that •company for the newspapers connected with the Associated Press during the census year ending June 1, 1880. The total number of newspapers to which dispatches were sent was 355, of which eervioe of the weste™ number 228 were morning issues and 127 evening publications. These figures are significant Union Telegraph com- of the greater strength and character of the morning newspapers of the United States, of ^™'^' which there are 438, there being 633 evening dailies. The actual number of words transmitted by the company to all newspapers during the census year was 611,199,930, which is equivalent to 1,877,256,934 ems of type, [a) It is to be borne in mind, however, that this statement of the number of words transmitted by telegraph includes the special dispatches to a large number of newspapers. The telegraph company supplies the following tabular statement, showing the distribution, by states and territories, of the daily newspapers regularly receiving the Associated Press dispatches over its lines : states and territories. Alabama Arkansas California ■Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia. . Florida Georgia Idaho niinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky -. .. Lonisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Morning papers. 10 6 4 12 Evening papers. Total. 19 11 9 1 2 4 3 16 13 17 10 i 6 8 14 11 5 16 States and territories. Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire . New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. . - Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Khode Island South Carolina.. - Tennessee Texas , Utah Vermont Virginia 1 Washington West Virginia . . » Wisconsin Wyoming Total Morning papers. 1 30 4 14 1 21 1 3 S 8 3 1 7 228 Evening papers. 15 1 11 1 Total. 1 45 S 20 1 32 2 3 7 13 5 3 11 3 359 a The British post-ofEoe, in its report for 1 he year ending in March of the United States census year, shows that the numher of words delivered to the newspapers of the United Kingdom in the year was 313,500,000 — a trifle more than one-half the total number of word* sent by one company in the United States during the same period of time. 108 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. In an address on the history and the methods of the Associated Press, delivered in 1880, Mr. J.,W. Simon ton,- then the general manager, described the business character of the organization as follows : Ah^'T^^ organmitioii The Associated Press is a simple copartnership, having for articles of agreement a series of written rules to govern its operations. It is not incorporated, derives no prestige or power from any special legislation or privilege, and is dependent, for every element of influence, strength, or success upon its own money-capital and the intelligently applied efforts of those who estahlished and have controlled it. The association is composed of several journals, and not of the individuals who own or control them ; and so the proprietorship or policy of a journal may change without affecting its position in the partnership. The New York city association may be called the clearing-house of a dozen different and sectional associations, which it supplies- with news hy contract, and from which it receives news in return. These several kindred associations exist for' °*'°°'^ t a'p" °' ° those sections of the country which have a community of interest and a geographical relation ; thus there is a New York state association, which serves the journals of the state outside of New York city and Brooklyn ; a New England association, a Pennsylvania association, a western states association, a southern states association, a Canadian association, and a Pacific coast association, besides minor associations which provide for sections of territory out of the line of those above mentioned.. These kindred associations have their agents in New York city, who have access to all the news received by the city association's agent, and cull from it such and in such quantity as in their judgment is desirable for the journals of each section of the country. Thus, the western association holds toward New York relations similar to those of the New England association. It operates the territory from the lakes to the Ohio river, south to Memphis and Louisville, and west to the Missouri. Interchanging local news among its own fifty-six voting members, and eighty or more press customers who are not members, it delivers a copy of said local news to an agent of the New York association placed at Cincinnati,, who forwards thence whatever in his judgment — guided by general instructions — New York requires, (a) It also reports anything within its territory which may be needed in addition to the collections for western .press use ; and New York is under similar and reciprocal obligations to the West ; but neither association can serve any competitor or encroach upon the territory of the other. The news of the great plains, stretching from the Missouri river to the Eocky mountains, and thence to the Pacific, including California, Oregon, Colorado, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Wyoming, together with the news of the Sandwich Islands, Japan, China, and Australia, coming by way of the Golden Gate, is collected by agents of the- New Yorli association. In all sections other than those already named the parent association makes its own collection of news; that is to say, in New Jersey, Pennsylvania (except Pittsburgh, Erie, and the oil region), Delaware, Maryland, Washington, and all points south to Texas; in Mexico, the West Indies, Canada, Southern and Central America, and Europe. Though it pays for much of its service the same rate as- the general public, it brings the news of the Old World as liberally as the interest will justify from day to day. Confining itself to nO' arbitrary limit, its daily cable tolls are rarely less than |300, are not infrequently $500, and are sometimes even quadruple that sum. Its' London offices are never closed. By means of a double corps of agents the news of Europe, chiefly concentrated at the British capital, is forwarded at all hours, as rapidly as received. By contracts with the great European news agencies, including the well-known Renter Company, the Associated Press receives their news collections from every part of civilized Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. In sparsely-settled districts, where news items are too infrequent to warrant appointments of regular agents, the telegraph companies, in order to earn the tolls, as well as for public accommodation, permit operators to act ex officio as agents for the press. So, too, the telegrapher's assistance is sought to improvise competent agents or reporters to visit scenes of sudden public calamity, disturbance, oi other excitement at points beyond telegraphic lines, to gather the facts, carry them to the nearest station, and forward by wire. Until! quite recently the Associated Press has relied entirely upon the Western Union Telegraph Company for transmission of its messages to and from all points in the United States ; but now it has leased from that company, for its own special use, a wire between New York,. Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and employs its own operators to work it directly between Associated Press offices in the several cities named. This proves exceedingly convenient, though it would not be economical except for the very large amount of telegraphic service (18,000 to 20,000 words daily) required by the Associated Press over that particular circuit. At Cincinnati, Detroitr Chicago^ Saint Louis, Milwaukee, and Memphis condensed abstracts, known as pony reports, are made from the full one and promptly forwarded to smaller towns or outlying places in the respective districts whose journals cannot afford to share the cost of the longer one» The cost of the news, laid down where published, every charge paid, ranges from $15 to $250 per week to each journal, with the exception, of those of New York city, who rarely find their bills as low as $300, while sometimes they run up, to $1,500. Thus, by its various ramifications, the Associated Press reaches to every section of the United States where daily papers are published, and, by an arrangement which is mutually beneficial, receives every day all the intelligence afloat in all the states of the Union. This association has been well described by Mr. Simonton as an independent co-operative union of newspaper publishers f6r their mutual benefit, the immense advantages it confers upon the newspapers which partake of its privileges being too obvious to need exemplification. It gives each one of these newspapers the advantage of all the news possessed by every other one ; so that they can present in each day's issue the news of the whole country at a cost that is trifling when compared with the value of the service or the expense that would be entailed in an effort to collect it individually. This news is sent by the telegraph company, on circuits, and is dropped at office after of&ce on the line of transmission to the most distant point in a single sending, thus greatly reducing the cost of telegraphic service to all and bringing the news within the reach of scores of the poorer papers, which, under any other conditions, would find it a burden too great for their income. Bach of the collateral associations belonging to the Associated Press makes its own rules and regulations for the admission of new members, as well as its own separate contracts with the Kew York city lateral M^^Xtions''''™^ prcss and the telegraph company, and the advantages enjoyed in consequence are so obvious and far-reaching that membership has come to be highly prized, and has a well-defined financial value, which the journals belonging to the association hold to be an intrinsic element of their cash value. The theory of the association has grown to include the idea of protection as well as mutual benefit- To protect the members of the association from constant competition, a fixed price is established by some of the a The Western Associated Press paid $175,000 in tolls to the Western Union during the census year. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 109 associations as the initiation fee which new journals must pay before they can receive the benefits of the organization, and this price is generally regulated on the basis of the actual sums which the journals in the particular locality where the new publication is started have contributed to the maintenance of the system. In some cities the positive right ot veto upon the admission of any new paper to the privileges of the association is accorded to each journal in that city. In New York city admission to the parent association by any new aspirant has long been regarded as impossible, and the franchise of membership is roughly estimated to be worth one quarter of a million of dollars. This feature of the Associated Press has given rise to much complaint on the part of new newspaper enterprises excluded from its benefits, and undoubtedly has acted as a check upon the establishment ■of new papers. It led some years ago to the organization of a similar association, served at first by a different telegraph company whose obligations were assumed by the Western Union upon consolidation. In this rival organization the sole condition of membership is the payment of the weekly dues for the collection and transmission of news ; and it numbers in its membership most of the daily journals which have been founded in the last ten years, excepting always those which are founded upon the remains of preceding journals and inherit their Associated Press franchise. Many of the journals which receive their news through the new association are in a prosperous condition. The advantages of these associations to the newspaper are obvious ; they also convey obvious advantages to those who read the newspaper. Such a central responsible organization is of inestimable benefit as a guarantee of the correctness of the news received through its agency. The gr^tj^TOssLBodatfon membership of the association is composed of journals which advocate the principles of both political parties ; and one of the earliest rules formed for its guidance, as well as one that is of necessity most j-igorously enforced, is that which requires all news transmitted through the Associated Press to be absolutely free from partisan bias. So well understood is this rule by the public, and so carefully is it observed, that the world has learned to regard the intelligence conveyed through this agency as uniformly trustworthy. This system of co-operative news-gathering was the invention of Julius Eeuter,(a) whose European news agency now supplies the New York Associated Press with all its foreign intelligence. This agency was first organized in 1850 to supply the British newspapers with the latest continental intelligence newlgttheri^" "^^'^''*'^'' by telegraph. It has established agents in all places of importance on the continent, who forward to the central ofQce in London prompt and succinct reports of all happenings. From comparatively small beginnings the Eeuter agency has grown into one of the most gigantic of business enterprises, and there is hardly a spot iu the civilized world to which their agents have not penetrated. Connected with Eeuter's company, with which it has a contract for the exclusive supply of the news of that company throughout the United Kingdom (London only excepted), is the Press Association, a limited company, whose shareholders are the proprietors of the principal provincial daily jodati™""* ^™*' ^* journals published in Great Britain, and is nearly counterpart to the Associated Press of the United States. This association was organized in 1868, and its operations are conducted on a scale not so extensive, but quite as thorough, as those of the Associated Press of New York. The cost of telegraphic service in Great Britain is, considerably more to the newspapers than in the United States, the fact of government control of the telegraph there preventing the Press Association from making large contracts on a basis as advantageous as that which the competition of telegraph companies has made possible in this country. Large as are the sums which our newspapers pay out annually for telegraphic service, they are exceeded by the cost of this service to newspapers of equal character in Great Britain. Admirable as is the service rendered by the Associated Press and the American Press Association, the leading newspapers of the day regularly supplement their reports from all important news centers in the United States with special telegraphic reports, which are prepared by their own correspondents, ^^^^l"^ ^™°^ '''^" and are their exclusive property. These special dispatches do not, as a rule, traverse the news of the Associated Press, but are primarily sought for, for the purpose of imparting to it that color which the non-partisan character of the associated news compels it to omit. These specials are thus in the nature of a supplement or commentary upon the news which comes by the co-operative channel. Thus, from the national capital, where all the principal daily journals of the country employ regular correspondents, the work of transmitting the proceedings of Congress from day to day is left exclusively to the Associated Press and kindred associations, while the special reports are occupied with comments upon those proceedings, with descriptions of a day's debate, current criticism and comment, and such news and opinion as may be picked up outside of the regular channels through which comes the news of the Associated Press. This feature of special telegraphic service has grown to such great proportions of late years that it surpasses in cost the tolls paid by the Associated Press. The total tolls received a Mr. K&uter, now called Baron Eeuter, was the founder of the Eeuter Telegram Company (limited). It was first established as a private agency, abou#thirty years ago. When the British government purchased the telegraph lines, the Eeuter agency was transformed into a limited-liability company. Baron Eeuter remained at its head as managing director until 1876, when the control was transferred ' to his son, Herbert de Eeuter, who now fills the position of managing director of the company. no THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. by the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1880 for the transmission of press reports was $1,085,655 35, {a) of which amount "$690,855 27 was paid for special dispatches and $392,800 08 for Associated Press dispatches. In comparing these figures, it is to be borne in mind that the telegraphic company received one rate for the Associated Press dispatches sent to all the papers in each circuit, while it received a separate rate for specials from each individual newspaper sending them, so that the greater sum i)aid for specials is not an indication that the Associated Press dispatches were less in amount of words than those specially sent. On the contrary, they many times exceeded the latter in volume. The largest amount paid by any single newspaper for press dispatches during the year was $70,006 31. In recent years a number of the leading newspapers have leased telegraphic lines to the national capital, of which they have the exclusive use, transmitting large volumes of matter for publication through the agency of special operators in their employ. The growth of this branch of newspaper enterprise, which has assumed its great proportions in comparatively recent years, is one of the chief elements of the increasing cost of daily newspaper publication. The time has long since passed when news of any importance can be intrusted to the slower carriage of the mails, and the cost of telegraxjhing eats up the ijrofl^ts of many thousands of copies of papers sold, the effect of the telegraph upon journalism having been to revolutionize its method and its character, and to add immeasurably to its capability for aiding and serving the public. The influence of the telegraph upon the journalism of the United States has been one of equalization. It has placed the provincial newspaper on a par with the metropolitan journal, so far as the prompt transmission of news — the first and al ways to be chiefest function of journalism — is concerned, and thus it has compelled the assertion of superiority on the jjart of individual newspapers, by the employment of more and better brains and the making of a better journal in all those features where brains tell. More than any other cause, the use of the telegraph has thus tended to raise the standard of journalism, while it has immeasurably increased the value of the press to the business and other interests of the country. « JOURNALISTIC DIFFEEENTIATION IN THE UNITED STATES. The most striking feature of the history of the newspaper press during the past decade has been its- multitudinous differentiation, the press of the United States, to a marvelous degree not ^ journaUstic differentia- .^yj^,jgggg(j jjj ^ny other couutry, accommodating itself to the several conditions and pursuits of the people. In its early development all papers were established on the same plan, and discharged the single function of conveying at regular but infrequent intervals the news of the day. The first variation was one of party , to fit the different lines of popular thought, and this was accompanied by the introduction of editorial opinion. Thus began, long previous to the American revolution, the first grand division of the American secular press upon party lines, (b) This division, as has been seen, was rendered more marked and intense subsequent to the revolution by the fierceness of the partisan feeling which characterized the early years of national existence under the Federal Constitution, and partisanship stimulated the growth of the press, and claimed nearly every publication among its- votaries. Publications that were purely literary in their character had, it is true, made their appearance long prior to the revolution, and continued to appear and disappear at regular intervals ; but the main peculiarity of the American press, as we find it reflected in the files for the first half century after its secure Political character of ggtablishment, was its division on party lines and its reliance upon partisan feeling for Amenoan jonmalism ' . ,/. t, , nutriment. Naturally this characteristic, which was the first to develop, continues to be the most important down to the date of this report. Two-thirds of all the publications in the United States to-day are known as political papers, and are devoted in their editorial columns to the advocacy of the fortunes of one or another of the existing political parties, and the activity and intensity of our political life continues to contribute to the rapid development of the American press, notwithstanding the marked decadence of the old-fashioned party "organ", which has come in company with larger resources and greater independence. By way of illustrating the reflex relationship between politics and the press, it may be stated that several years ago, The greenback party ^jjg^ j]jg go-callcd national greenback party first began to effect an organization in the several states, new papers followed everywhere in its wake, incited to existence by the fervor of a In 1866 tlie total receipts of the telegraph companies for press dispatches were |521,509, and tlie yoliime of service has very much more than doubled in the interval, however, as the lesser rates now charged indicate. The average cost of press telegrams in 1866 was 3i cents per word ; but under the operation of contracts, it has now been reduced far below that figure, even for special telegrams. 6 For many years, however, this distinction remained vague and intermittent. William C. Bryant illustrates this fact by the following examples : "In the New York Evening Post, during the first twenty years of its existence, there was much less discussion of public questions by the editors than is no w common in all classes of newspapers. The editorial articles were mostly brief, with but dccasioual exceptions ; nor does it seem to have been regarded, as it now is, necessary for a daily paper to pronounce a prompt judgment on every question of a public nature the moment it arises. The annual message sent by Mr. Jefferson to Congress in 1801 was published yfi the Evening Post of the 12th of December without a word of remark. On the 17th a writer, who takes the name of Lucius Cassiu8,'begins to examine it. The examination is continued through the whole winter, and finally, after having extended to eighteen numbers, is concluded on the ith of April. The resolutions of General Smith for the abrogation of all discriminating duties, laid before Congress in the same winter, was published without comment; but a few days afterward they were made the subject of a carefuUy- written animadversion, continued through several numbers of the paper."— i?eminMcence« of the First Salf Century of the New Torh Evening Post: New York, 1851. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. Ill propagandism, and reflecting, in their varying fortunes, the unpropitious fortunes of that organization; and in some of the western' states, where the greenback movement was the strongest, it brought into existence papers which found sufiQcient nutriment to live, and which will continue to live, without reference to the future of that organization^ But, as a rule, the journals which were born with that mission only (and their name was legion) have already ceased to exist. In forcible illustration of the instability of newspaper enterprises, it may be mentioned that there were one or two journals established in large cities, as the central "organs" of this political organization, which reached for a time weekly circulations exceeding one hundred thousand copies, but have already passed out of existence; and the whole story of American journalism is a similar evidence that partisanship, which brings so- many papers ipto the world, is not a safe, stable, or sufficient basis for journalistic prosperity. Hence it happened that with the lapse of time the political principles advocated by existing journals came to be an incident of their being rathCT than a raison d^etre. Alliance with one or the other of the political parties is still generally looked upon as essential both to the character and the success of the average newspaper, but it is less and less regarded as a sufficient mission or a guarantee of success. For this reason, as well as for others which naturally suggest themselves in connection with an official government inquiry, no attempt was made, in getting these statistics, to effect a political classification of the American press. ^j^" ^j^^^^^ pirsT^It- tempted. AS TO FREQUENCY OF ISSUE. The second natural differentiation in the development of the American press had relation to the time of publication and the convenience of the public in its supply with freshest news. For many years the weekly issue was all that American enterprise dared to attempt. In 1729 the first semi- ^^'^^^ ^^""^^ differentia- weekly paper was attempted by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, and semi-weekly issue, were frequently attempted in that city, as well as in Boston {a) and E"ew York for a number of years previous to the- revolution. The infrequency of mail communication with the old country and the irregularity of news advices from the neighboring colonies made the semi-weekly issue, however, more of an ^^rT^nniel^ newspa- undertaking than the times warranted, and, as a rule, they were not successful. In 1770, when Thomas began the publication of the Massachusetts Spy, he undertook to issue it three times a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, twice a week to be printed on a quarter sheet and once on a half sheet. " When published in this way," as Mr. Thomas himself wrote in describing the enterprise, " news was conveyed fresh to subscribers, and the contents of a Spy might with convenience be read at a leisure moment." Three months only the Spy ran as a tri-weekly, and but three months longer as a semi-weekly; and when it appeared March 7, 1771, as a weekly, it was a concession that all the energy and enthusiasm of the most energetic and enthusiastic printer of colonial times could not succeed with a more frequently published paper. With the stirring times of the revolution, when news of public concern was hourly expected and received, a natural device was adopted to meet the public demands without incurring too great an expenditure on the part of individual publishers. In the large cities, where several weekly papers were regularly published, they appeared upon successive days of the week, and were thus made supplementary bo each other. By this expedient New York was furnished with a daily paper during the greater part of the revolutionary war, an arrangement having been entered into by the publishers of the four existing papers by which Eivington's Royal Gazette was to be issued on Wednesday and Saturday, Gaine's Mercury on Monday, Eobertson, Mills & Hicks' Boyal American Gazette on Thursday, and Lewis' New York Mercury and General Advertiser on Friday. These papers were all issued under the sanction and authority of the British commander-in-chief. It was the excitement of the war which led to the founding of the first daily newspaper in the United States. This was the American Daily Advertiser, published in Philadelphia in 1784, eighty-two years after the first daily had been attempted in London, and seven years later than the first establishment '^^ ^"* '^^^^^ of the Journal de Paris ou Poste du Soir, the first daily paper regularly attempted in Paris. Notwithstanding their difficulties and struggles, these first dailies met a want of the larger cities to which they appealed for support ; and they grew stronger with the growth of the cities and were rapidly followed by others, which also lived, relying for support largely upon the patronage of the cities themselves, in the absence of means for rapid communication with the rural districts. It was nearly a quarter of a century thereafter before the smaller cities of the United States began to enjoy the privileges of daily newspapers; for while they were unfolding their resources they were content with the weekly issues that had marked the early history of the metropolitan cities. (&) Spreadofdailyjonraaa- All of the twenty-seven daily newspapers in existence in 1810 were printed in the seven cities of Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, New Orleans, Alexandria, Virginia, and Charleston and Georgetown, a At the commencement of the second year of publication of the Boston Chronicle, the paper was changed from a weekly to a semi- weekly, and published Mondays and Thursdays, without an increase in price. It was published for a year and a half. b The newspaper of that day (1787-1815) was a very diiferent commodity from that which is now spread before the country every hour of every day in the year. It was small, rusty in appearance, generally in some kind of a fight, and, of course, without the benefit »f steamships, telegraphs, lightning expresses, or any of the complicated agencies by which news is now collected and dispatched 112 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS South Carolina, Boston, Providence, Albany, Wilmington, Annapolis, Washington, Eichmond, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Savannah being still served by weekly and semi-weekly papers, with an occasional tri-weekly in Washington, Savannah, and Norfolk. The first daily newspaper in Albany, New York, the Daily Advertiser, appeared in September, 1815, and Eochester followed with a Daily Advertiser in 1826. Semi- weeklies had preceded the first Albany daily in 1788. The first Cincinnati daily, the Commercial Register, appeared in 1826. As the western cities, of marvelous suddenness of municipal development, sprang into being, one after another, the daily newspaper always made its prompt and confident appearance in the field. The 27 daily papers of 1810 had increased to 138 by the census of 1840, 254 by 1850, 387 by 1860, 574 by 1870, and 971 by 1880. The first attempt to estimate the number of copies of daily newspapers printed annually was made in the census of 1850, when the aggregate was put at 235,119,966. The census of 1860 placed the circulation of daUy newspapers at 1,478,435, but neglected to give the anntial aggregate of copies printed, while that of 1870 placed the total circulation at 2,601,547, and the number of copies annually printed at 806,479,570, The census of 1880 shows a daily circulation of 3.566,395, and an annual aggregate issue of 1,100,607,219, the increase in the number of daily newspapers between 1870 and 1880 having been 69 per cent., while the increase in their circulation has been but 37 per cent. THE PEOVmCIAL DAILY PEBSS. In no direction has the development of American journalism been so gratifying and significant as in the growth of what may be called the provincial daily press, for the want of a better designation. This The provincial daUy growth has been Stimulated by both the railroad and the telegraph — perhaps chiefly by the IJ^^tgg latter. The use of the telegraph enables the newspapers published hundreds of mUes away from the commercial and news centers to supply their readers with the latest information of events therein contemporaneously with its publication in the metropolitan dailies, and the effect has been to confine the circulation of the journals of a particular city within clearly defined radii, determined by the nearness to another city in which a daily journal is published. The same tendency has been strikingly illustrated in England through the operation of the same causes, and a recent authority, dwelling on this phase of the subject, has declared that "the English provincial press is now fairly on a level with its London competitors", the Manchester, Leeds, Hull, Liverpool, and Edinburgh journals no longer leaving room in their respective towns for the London Times and Telegraph. Until the railroad and the telegraph came to the assistance of publishers in interior towns,' both in England and the United States, all the latest intelligence, inaccessible to them, centered in the metropolitan towns, and there remained until the great dailies gathered it up and scattered it through the country. The provincial press was impotent to cope with them, because it lacked facilities to supply what the newspaper reader wants first and chiefly — the news ; and, behind in that, it naturally remained behind in everything else, and became a servile imitator in tone, temper, and opinion. But different localities have different and often conflicting interests, and growing communities, as they yearly become more closely connected by wire and rail with the commercial centers, sever their reliance and dependence in other particulars. So the provincial newspaper, representing interests which its metropolitan contemporary does not reach, becomes, first, a home necessity; second, an independent, self- reliant necessity; and, third, the rival, if not the peer, of the great sheets that issue from the metropolitan press. Thus the scope of the more prominent individual journals in the United States— journals which have lost none of their prosperity or their ability — is becoming less and less national and more and more merely metropolitan. This change in journalism is simply one illustration from many of a change which reaches all departments and phases of national life, and it has gone on hand and hand with the growth of great interior cities like Chicago, Saint Louis, and Cincinnati. We find to-day in these cities newspapers which are in no sense inferior to those published in New York, and, in some particulars, in individual cases, their unmistakable superiors. The newspapers of Chicago, regarding them as a whole, are the equals of the New York press in the lavishness of their expenditure for the collection of news of every description, and in the ability and discretion with which they present it. A given number of newspapers in Chicago print regularly more reading matter, on larger sheets, than the same number of papers in New York. The same statement is probably true of the Cincinnati dailies. In all the larger interior towns of the United States there have grown up newspaper establishments which are eapable of supplying all the newspaper wants of their busy and commercial population; and to this kind of development must be attributed the decadence of certain journals which at one time or another have instantaneously over the civilized world. The great event of the close of the last century, the death of Washington, was unknown in Boston until eight days after its occurrence. The latest news from Philadelphia on the morning of the 1st of January, 1800, was six days old, and from many of the towns of Massachusetts was hardly better. • * * Many worthy persons thought even this sleepy method was much too rapid. John Pickering, the uncle of Timothy, was made very unhappy when, in 1796, the Salem Gazette, which had been printed weekly till that time, began to appear twice a week. "It never had been printed but once a week," he said, "and that was often enough. It was nonsense to disturb the people's minds by sending newspapers among them twice a week, to take their attention from the duties they had to perform." — Delano A. Goddard's Newspapers and Newspaper Writers in New England : Boston, 1880. THIED PERIOD: 1835-1880. 113 exercised so marked an influence upon American affairs. The best illustration of this class is the National Intelligencer, which existed for so many years at Washington, and, under the able management of Gales & Seaton, exercised an influence upon the politics of the United States which was truly national, as its circulation extended into every state of the Union. Its decadence was due to no fault of its own, but to the development of the provincial press. In like manner it is not to be expected that hereafter any single newspaper, like Horace Greeley's Log Cabin of 1840, will ever be able to attain an influence commensurate with that which this lively campaign sheet briefly enjoyed. The power of the press has been inflnitesimally subdivided by this development, and the dangers which some of our earlier statesmen foresaw in the growth of a newspaper infl„encfof the"reM*'"' aristocracy, by the concentration of the influence of the press about a comparatively few journals advantageously located in commercial or political centers, have long since ceased to be even imagined. The press of the United States now voices the varying views of thousands of minds, and represents the often conflicting and competing interests of many sections and of all the states. Its whole history since the close of the second or transitional era has been one of decentralization of influence as to individual journals, while it has witnessed at the same time the strengthening and consolidation of the resources of a comparatively small number of the existing newspapers. Both of these tendencies in growth will be generally recognized as natural, healthy, and in accordance with the genius of our institutions, (a) MORKING AND EVENING NEWSPAPEES. The secondary differentiation of period of the frequency of publication in connection with the daily press has arisen in connection with morning and evening editions and frequent editions during the course of the business day. The first daily papers were all published in the afternoon. The Daily ^ ^•'^"s »°d "«°^°g •^ ^ x^ 1^ ^ 3 daily newspapers. Minerva, which was started in New York by Noah Webster, the lexicographer, in 1793, as an organ of the Federal administration, appeared, according to its own statement, " every day, Sundays excepted, at four o'clock, or earlier, if the arrival of the mails will permit." With the Minerva was connected a semi-weekly paper, called the Herald, the contents of which were " lifted " from the daily forms and arranged for country circulation. The name of the Minerva was changed to Commercial Advertiser very shortly, and it still exists, under the management of Hugh J. Hastings, the oldest paper in the metropolis. The afternoon or evening papers, as the present statistics show, continue to exceed in number the morning publications. This is natural, and may be ascribed to the comparative cheapness of the afternoon publication. Night service, whether on a newspaper or elsewhere, is more expensive than day companaonof moming ■^ ° ' IT jT J XT ./ and evening newspapers. service J and the afternoon journal is able to publish with less expense for the collection of news and with ii smaller editorial force for the same amount of work than is required for the morning issue. This is more strikingly the fact to-day than it was in the earlier history of the daily press of the United States. The morning metropolitan journal is expected to publish full accounts of the happenings of the previous day up to the moment of going to press, and this requires in large cities a large force for evening work, including frequently stenographers and special correspondents at different points. All the information gathered by the morning press in this way is accessible to the afternoon journals of the same day from the printed copies, and may be condensed or rearranged by a comparatively small editorial force. The fact that the great majority of these latter journals go to press while the business of the day is yet in progress makes it possible for them to gather the news with comparative ease and with a corresponding curtailment of expenditure, and the same causes operate to give the morning journals, although fewer in number, a considerably larger aggregate circulation than that enjoyed by the afternoon or evening journals. The census of 1880 is the first one in which the daily newspapers have been separated into morning and evening classes, and no data therefore exists for determining the .comparative rate of increase in the two classes. The demand of thickly-settled communities for frequent information has led to the multiplication of editions, especially on the part of the journals issued in the afternoon. Except for the purpose of catching early trains with mails to outside points, it is not the custom for morning journals ^^^ mnitipiication of to issue more than one edition, which they have ready for the public at the early breakfast hour; but it is frequently the case that one establishment will publish both morning and evening editions, (6) and a The same influences have woiied. the same results in Great Britain. Mr. James Grant, in his History of ike Newspaper Press speaking of the present status of the provincial press of that country, says : " Neither mechanically nor intellectually will the provincial press suffer in the sUghtest degree from a comparison with the London metropolitan press. They exercise a mighty power over the puhlic mind in the various localities where they are published. In this way the provincial press is rapidly trenching on the power and the prerogatives of the London journals ; and, as the former continue to multiply in number, and weekly journals are rapidly becoming twice-a-week papers, and these, in turn, are becoming daily papers, it is my firm persuasion that before ten years have elapsed we shall see onr provincial journalism exercising an influence on the public mind even mightier than that which is exercised by the metropolitan 6 In 1796 a small paper, half a sheet medium, quarto, entitled the New World, was published at Philadelphia every morning and evening, Sunday excepted, by the ingenious Samuel H. Smith, afterward the editor of the National Intelligencer, published at Washington. The novelty of two papers a day from the same press soon ceased ; it continued but a few months. This paper was printed from two forms on the same sheet, each form having a title, one for the morning and the other for the evening ; the sheet was then divided, and one-half of it given to the customers in the forenoon and the other in the afternoon. 8 PB 114 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. from three to four separate editions of the latter. This inquiry discovers twenty such establishments in the United States: one located in each of the states of Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, New Hampshire, and Vermont; two in Louisiana and in Rhode Island; three in Ohio and in Pennsylvania; and four in Massachusetts. The morning and the evening newspaper from the same establishment being in every essential respect distinct newspapers, they have been so enumerated and counted in this report. The evening papers and the evening editions of the morning papers are accustomed to put out a first publication early in the afternoon, and to follow it at intervals of an hour or oftener, according to the importance of the current news, until six o'clock — the later editions being identical with the earlier, except in the addition of the later telegraphic and other news, {a) These later editions are generally sold on the streets by newsboys and at stands^ and are rarely distributed to regular subscribers. The experiment of noon papers has been frequently tried in the United States, and five such journals were published in the census year. One noon paper was published in Pennsylvania, two in New Noon newspapers. York, and iu California noon editions of two evening newspapers were published; but as a rule this is not an hour when the news of the morning journals can be sufficiently supplemented to create a demand for such issues, or when the public is in a mood for newspaper reading. The daily journals- which are published at that hour are chiefly of a commercial character. This inquiry has developed the fact that 725 of the 971 daily papers publish weekly editions in connection with the daily issue, 41 publish semi-weekly editions as well as weekly, and 41 ijublish tri-weekly w^eeMy and other edi- editions, generally in connection with weekly and semi-weekly editions, although it is commonly tions of dauy newspa- ^j^^ ^^^^ ^j^^^ ^j^^ tri-wcckly is Substituted for the semi-weekly. The custom of pubUshing a weekly edition in connection with the daily began with the earliest daily journals in this country. They were for the benefit of subscribers beyond the limits of the city of publication an d only reached at that time by infrequent mails, and have grown to be one of the most lucrative features of the business. As a rule, the matter which appears in the several daily issues is selected and rearranged for the weekly sheet, so that the cost of publishing the latter is very largely reduced. These weeklies are formidable competitors of the weekly press proper, because, while furnished at the same price, or frequently at a less price, they contain a larger and better amount of reading matter than the latter can afford to supply. The aggregate circulation of the 804 weeklies connected with dailies is nearly one-quarter that of the remaining 7,829 weekly newspapers and periodical* of all classes and descriptions. Some of these weekly reprints of the daily journals reach a circulation almost phenomenal, extending from the cities of New York and Chicago into most of the states of the Union. Where these large editions are published, it is found profitable to add largely of reading matter, which is prepared especially for the weekly issue, and appears nowhere else. SEMI-WEEKLY AND TBI- WEEKLY PAPERS. The semi-weekly and triweekly papers are not common in this country, the census revealing only 133 of th& former class and 73 of the latter in the United States, including those which are published in Semi-weekly and tn- connection with the daily prcss. It is worthy of particular notice, as an evidence of the conclusion weekly newspapers. '^ ^ ti r 7 arrived at regarding papers of these periods of issue, that 41 of the 133 semi-weeklies were connected with dailies and 41 of the 73 tri- weeklies — more than half — were likewise connected. Except as an adj anct. to the publication of dailies, experience has not proved either class to be profitable ; and as a rule the circulation of these semi- weekly and tri-weekly papers is uniformly smaller than that of the weeklies of the same grade. The difficulty appears to be that, while the frequency of issue is not sufficient to enable these journals to- serve as a substitute for the daily paper, it does not give sufficient advantage over the weekly issue to compensate the average reader of the latter for the added cost. This is especially true of the tri-weekly press, in the establishment of which there have been more failures in proportion to the number of successes than with any other- class of periodic issues. Both the semi- weekly and the tri-weekly journals necessarily publish news which is more or less stale in localities that are accessible to the daily press, and in that respect they have but little advantage over the weekly. In all other localities they are found, as a rule, to be the basis of daily establishments, or after a brief experiment they are likely to revert again to the weekly period of publication. As evidence of the accuracy of this conclusion, it will be noticed that the number of semi- weeklies published in 1870 (115) had only increased to 133 in 1880, while the number of tri-weeklies actually decreased from 107 to 73^ The circulation of semi- weeklies was 247,197 in 1870, and had only increased to 258,652 in 1880, while the circulation of tri-weeklies decreased from 155,105 in 1870 to 72,910 in 1880. An examination of the schedules returned has convinced me that the great majority of the papers returned as tri-weeklies in 1870 are reported as dailies in 1880^ where they continued to exist. a The BostOB Evening Traveller regularly publishes five editions every aflemoon, except Sunday, and there are several other papers, which do the same. The usual number of editions, however, is three or four. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 115 CLASS AND SPECIAL JOURKALISM. The next process of differentiation that has been conspicuous in the development of American journalism concerns wholly the periodical press, and has been in the direction of class and special publications. Here the range has been wide, indeed, and is continually growing wider. This cIms j^rn^nsm^""^""* special or class journalism, as it may properly be called, originated in England, and has reached a development there which is only exceeded by that observable in the United States. It had its origin in this country with periodicals devoted to literature and literary topics, of which there were a number founded in Massachusetts previous to the revolution, none of which met with any marked degree Colonial periodicals. of financial success, or were able to perpetuate themselves beyond the first few years of experiment. One of the first of these, if not the first, was the Boston WeeMy Magazine, founded in 1743, but existing only for four weeks, in which were reproduced extracts from the London magazines, original poems, and miscellaneous reading matter. The American Magazine and Historical Chronicle, founded at the same place in the same year, lived for three years and four months, and was a very creditable imitation of the London Magazine. It published "dissertations, letters, essays, moral, civil, political, humorous, and polemical", together with a variety of miscellaneous reading matter, including summaries of the current news of the previous month. The New England Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, containing sixty pages, 12mo, did not survive, in 1758, its fourth monthly number. Isaiah Thomas also made a venture in this class of periodical in 1774, which he named the Royal American Magazine, or Universal R^ository of Instruction and Amusement. Each number contained three sheets of letter- press and two copperplate illustrations, and it is believed to have been the first illustrated journal published in this country. There were only six numbers of this magazine issued, the revolutionary war compelling the suspension of such an ambitious venture. A similar experiment was made in New York in 1752, entitled The Independent Reflector, printed weekly, and containing moral and political essays, but no news. It was sustained for two years by a society of the cultured gentlemen of that city, who contributed to its contents, but were not able to make it ^^^^^ ''^^^ ^"'^^ ^*"" a profitable venture. A Netv American Magazine, monthly, with forty pages, octavo, by James Parker, was begun at Woodbridge, New Jersey, in 1758. It was a publication of marked merit, but although there was then but one similar periodical in the whole of the colonies, it was discontinued at the end of twenty-seven months for lack of support. The one similar contemporaneous magazine was The American Magazine, or Monthly Chronicle, published in Philadelphia-, which was established the year previous to the New Jersey journal, and died the same year. There were several similar ventures in Philadelphia previous to ■^.™i?' , ^^""^yi'™!'' •^ ■*■ -^ periodicals. the revolution which met with the same fate, with which the names of Benjamin Franklin and William and Andrew Bradford were connected, either as publishers and printers, or both. The most celebrated of these, the Pennsylvania Magazine, owed its repute chiefly to the frequent contributions of Thomas Paine. The field may therefore be said to have been well tested, and proved unprofitable. The present century opened somewhat more auspiciously for periodicals of this class, the first number of the famous Portfolio making its appearance in January, 1801, and this was followed in 1803 by the Monthly Anthology. This latter periodical, which drew its contributions from a volunteer corps of cultured Boston gentlemen, inspired in New England a literary taste and a love for letters which have beeu estimated very highly among the educating influences of the period; but it had been discontinued for several years before the influences which had become associated through it led to the establishment of the North American "^^^ ^''"'** American Review, founded in 1815 by William Tudor. This magazine was originally published every two months, in numbers of 160 pages each, and included in its contents, beside reviews, the variety of miscellaneous and poetical articles usually found in this class of periodicals ; and in the course of a few years it passed into the control of an association of literary gentlemen, who met regularly in their editorial capacity. The North American Review passed through other changes in its earlier years, and many men directed its pages, but with a singularly uniform regard for the best standards of literary taste. The Review has contained many articles which entitled it to even rank with the higher class of the English reviews, and its files afford the best collocation of the American critical, literary, political, and scientific thought for the last seventy years. The zeal of a few individuals has kept this periodical alive through several crises, which gave evidence that the tastes of the American people were not responsive to their efforts. THE MONTHLY MAGAZINES. Publications of the severely critical class, never very popular in the United States, have been rendered even less so by the marked success of the popular monthly magazines. The magazine literature of the United States, taken all in all, is perhaps the most distinctive and creditable feature of our entire publishing interests. This interest has grown in a ^he magazine utera- ^ ° ° tureofthe United states. comparatively brief period to equal, both m volume and variety, the magazine literature of Great Britain, and includes several types of what may be properly styled the purely American magazine — types wbicti are not even imitated elsewhere, and are not rivaled by the best products of the English periodical press. 116 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Their peculiarity consists of the somewhat heterogeneous character of their contents, and the commingling in their pages of prose and verse, fiction, description, historical papers, moral or amusing essays, summaries of current events, literary criticism — all supplemented of late years by the best class of illustrations, which have come, in the end, to be their most attractive feature, amd the one which chiefly marks them in comparison with similar periodicals now published in England on the same model. The best types of the distinctively American magazine are Harper's Monthly and Scribner's Monthly — the latter now known as The Century. The former was established by the Messrs. Harper in 1850. It was at first, and for a considerable period, chiefly an eclectic magazine, containing the choicest articles from the English periodical press, with occasional original contributions. There had previously been popular periodicals without nuniber projected in the United States, most of which lived but a brief life, and did not appear to meet a public want. The most notable exception to this rule was the Kniclcerboolcer Magazine, established in New York in 1832, and crowded out of existence in 1860 by younger rivals, which succeeded better in meeting the requirements of the popular taste. Putnam's Magazine (1853-'57) was another early venture of this character which enlisted many of the best writers of the country, and was an admirable type of the higher periodical magazine. Harper's Magazine very soon abandoned its purely eclectic character, enriching its columns with the productions of the best American authors, including more especially sketches of travel, fiction, science, history, and poetry, and it added immensely to its prestige and popularity by the profuse and elegant illustrations which adorned its pages. At one time or another nearly every well-known author in the United States has contributed to the columns of Harper's Magazine, and the foremost English novelists have regularly supplied it with stories contemporaneously with their publication at home, receiving therefor the same remuneration given by the home publishers. The success of Harper's Monthly has been commensurate with the enterprise, good taste, and ability uniformly displayed in its management. Its sixty volumes, extending uninterruptedly over the thirty years that have marked the development of American literature and the stalwart growth of the American periodical press, are today an unsurpassed monument of the publishing interest in the United States. Scribner's Monthly, projected by James Gr. Holland and Eoswell B. Smith in 1870, is a younger but no less distinctive example of the best American periodical literature. Its success, like that of n^'""^ «-Jfo»(AZj/Jifop. harper's Magazine, may be attributed largely to the cosmopolitan character of its contents, and it has succeeded marvelously in striking the average taste of the American reading public, while refusing to pander in the least degree to the vicious or the sensational. In its typographical and artistic features Scribner's Monthly presents a model of excellence which is believed to be unrivaled by any European magazine of like character. The features of these two magazines which may be said to have determined their success are of American ■ conception, and do not find their parallel on the other side of the water, and it is not surprising that they should both command large sales in England as well as in the United States. It may be said of them generally that they are light without being frothy, and that by the variety of their contents they supply healthy nutriment for the varied tastes of the entire family circle. In this respect, as well as by their illustrations, they present their chief contrast to the leading periodicals of Great Britain, and more especially to the quarterly and latterly to the monthly reviews, which hold the first place in English periodical literature. Much the same degree and quality of praise is due to Lippincott's Magazine, Appleton's Journal, and several younger but sturdy monthlies which have been born during the census decade in both eastern other American maga- ^^^ -^^estern citlcs. The Atlantic Monthly, founded in Boston in 1857, has enriched our literature with a class of criticism, fiction, and poetry higher and more enduring than that which has marked the contents of any other American magazine, and the influence of this periodical in popularizing the best reading matter cannot be easily overestimated. It has become the recognized function of the American magazine to occupy a clearly-defined middle ground between the newspaper press and. book literature. The newspaper press aspires to absorb all the functions of the magazine by dealing in criticism, in fiction, in historical study, in sketches of travel, and in the presentation and discussion of social and moral questions ; but The magazine and the ^^.^^ j^g ^ nature it cau ucvcr crowd the latter out of its acknowledged field. Journalistic newspaper. ^ '^ work in these fields is necessarily cursory, and is too often slipshod. On the other hand, the magazine is coming to be more and more accepted by every class of writers in the United States, as well as in England, as the proper and desirable medium for the first introduction of their writings to the public. Nearly if not quite a majority of American books of the popular or untechnical character now appear first in the magazines, •either serially or by piecemeal, as in the case of fugitive poetry, essays, and critiques. This custom has given a dignity and importance to the periodical press of the nation which it struggled in vain to reach in the earlier half of the present century. The circulation of the purely literary magazines of the class we have been describing is shown by the census inquiry to have reached 548,552 copies per issue in the census year, (a) a Tlae best summary of the successive literary periodicals of the United States is that in Appleton's American Cycloptedia, which, by " the courtesy of the publishers, is here reproduced : •" Eeversing the rule which had prevailed in the Old World, the United States, as was natural in a new country where scholars and THIRD PERIOD: 183-1880. 117 THE WEEKLY LITERARY PRESS, The attempt to establisli weekly papers of a literary aud critical character has been constantly made for a half century iDast, and the outlay of capital, brains, and enterprise has generally been attended with disaster. Experiments of this character have become more rare of recent years, chiefly "w^««wy penodicai because of the omnivorous methods of the daily press in covering all ihe varieties of reading matter which in the old days were regarded as the peculiar province of the journals of which I am now speaking. institutions of learning were as yet few, had its journals of entertainment long before its journals of erudition appeared. The date of the first literary periodical is 1741. In that year Franklin issued the General Magazine and Historical Chronicle, at Philadelphia, on the plan of the Gentleman's Magazine; but it existed only half a year, while of the American Magazine, begun in the same year and city by Webbe, two numbers only were published. The other issues of the kind prior to the revolution were mostly short-lived. They were the American Magazine and Historical Chronicle (Boston, October, 1743, to December, 1746); the Boston Weekly Museum (4 numbers, 1743); the Independent Reflector (New York, 1752-'54), which numbered among its contributors Governor Livingston and the Rev. A. Burr; the New England Magazine (Boston, 1758), which ceased after the appearance of a few parts ; the American Magazine (Philadelphia, October, 1757, to October, 1758), published by Bradford ; the North American Magazine (Woodbridge, New Jersey, 1758-1766), by S. Nevil ; the American Magazine (Philadelphia, 1769), by Nicols; the Boyal American Magazine (Boston; 1774-'75); and the Pennsylvania Magazine (Philadelphia, 1775), commenced with articles by Thomas Paine and others, but interrupted by the war. After the conclusion of peace, and before the end of the century, camo the Columbian Magazine (Philadelphia, 1786-'89), edited at first by Carey, who abandoned it to undertake the American Museum (1787-1797), a compilation from the newspapers and other journals of the time of much historical value ; the Massachusetts Maja0ine (Boston, 1789-1796); the New York Magazine (1790-1797); the Farmers' Jf useum (Walpole, New Hampshire, 1793), edited fi'om 1796 until near the close of the century by Dennie ; the United States Magazine (Philadelphia, 1796), by Brackenridge ; the American Universal Magazine (Philadelphia, 1797) ; and the Monthly Magazine and American Review (New York, 1799-1800), founded by the novelist C. B. Brown, but carried on afterward as the American Review and Literary Journal (1801-1802). " It would hardly be possible to give a complete list of the numerous literary miscellanies which have been undertaken since 1800 in the principal cities of the Union. A large majority of them never succeeded in obtaining anything like success or permanence. Among them were the Portfolio (Philadelphia, 1801-1825), by Dennie, the first American periodical which reached an age of over ten years ; Ihe Literary Magazine (Philadelphia, 1803-1808), by C. B. Brown; the Monthly Anthology (Boston, 1803-1811), containing articles by Tudor, Buckminster, Thacher, Kirkland, J. S. J. Gardiner, J. Q. Adams, and G. Ticknor; the Literary Miscellany (Cambridge, 1804-1805); the General Repository (1812-1813), at the same place; the Mirror of Taste (Philadelphia, 1810-1811), by Carpenter, who paid much attention to dramatic matters; the Monthly Register (Charleston, 1605), the first southern periodical; Literary Miscellany (New York, 1811),- by Baldwin ; theAnaleetie Magazine (Philadelphia, 1813-1820), designed especially for officers in the navy, and edited in 1813-1814 by Irving ; the New York Weekly Museum {1814-1817 ); the Portico (Baltimore, 1815-1819); Buckingham's iVew England Magazine (Boston, 1831-1835) ; the American Monthly Magazine (New York, 1817-1818); the Literary and Scientific Repository (New York, 1820-1821); Atkinson's Casket (Philadelphia, 1821-1839), displaced at last by Graham's Magazine, which from 1840 to 1850 was the best of its class in America; the Atlantic Magazine (New York, 1824-1825), by Sands, continued until 1827 as the New York Review; the Southern Literary Gazette (1825) ;. the New York Mirror (1823), begun by Morris and Woodworth, the latter being succeeded by Fay, who gave place to Willis, from which time till 1842 Morris and Willis successfully conducted it; the Illinois Monthly Magazine (Vandalia, 1830-1832), the earliest literary publication in the West, edited by J. Hall, who superseded it by the Western Monthly Magazine (Cincinnati, 1833-1836) ; the Amtrican Monthly Magazine (New York, 1833-1838), established by Herbert and Patterson, and subsequently edited by Park Benjamin ; the Gentleman's Magazine (Philadelphia, 1837-1840), by W. E. Burton ; the Dial (Boston, 1840-1844), edited during its first two years by Margaret Fuller, and afterward by E. W. Emerson, the organ of the school of New England transcendentalists ; Arcturus (New York, 1840-1842), by C. Mathews and E. A. Duyckinck; the Magnolia (Charleston, 1842-1843); the International Magazine (New York, 1850— 1852), under the editorial charge of E. W. Griswold. Much more prominent and successful than any of these were the Knickerbocker (founded by C. F. Hoffman at New York in 1832, and continued chiefly under the editorship of Louis Gaylord Clark till 1860) and Putnam's Monthly (New York, 1853-1857, and again 1867-1869). These two were the best of the lighter American magazines of the past. "The present periodical literature of the United States includes several monthlies of a high class. The Atlantic Monthly, founded in Boston in 1857, successively edited by J. E. Lowell, J. T. Fields, and W. D. Howells, and sustained by the frequent contributions of Longfellow, Holmes, Whittier, and other leaidiug writers of America, is prominent among these. Harper's New Monthly Magazine (New York, 1850) is the most widely circulated of the American monthlies; and others of a similar class more recently established in New York are Scribner's Monthly, edited by J. G. Holland', and the Galaxy. Lippincott's Magazine (Philadelphia) and the Old and New (Boston) are monthly publications of like character. The Overland Monthly is published in San Francisco, and the LaJceside Monthly at Chicago. All the early magazines drew largely from English sources, but in 1811-1812 appeared at Philadelphia the Select Views of Literature, solely devoted to reprints from the foreign periodical press ; it has been followed by the Saturday Magazine (Philadelphia, 1821 ) ; the Museum of Foreign Literature (Philadelphia, 1822-1839), the Select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature, edited by A. Norton and C. Folsom, (Boston, 1833-1834), and by two existing publications, Littell's Living Age (Boston, 1844), and the Eclectic Magazine (New York, 1844). A multitude of magazines filled with light reading, and designed more particularly for circulation among the women of America, has been published, the earliest of which were the Ladies' Magazine (Philadelphia, 1799) and the Ladies' Weekly Miscellany (New. York, 1807-1808); later ones were the Lowell Offering (1841), chiefly written by female operatives in the New England factories ; the Ladies' Companion (Nevr York, 1820-1844) ; the Columbian Magazine (New York, 1844-1848) ; the Union Magazine (New York, 1847), by Mrs. Kirkland, afterward published at Philadelphia as )Sartei»'s Magazine; Arthur's Magazine (FhilaAelT^hia); Miss Leslie's Magazine (Philadelphia); and the still issued Godey's Lady's Book and Peterson's Magazine, of Philadelphia. Magazines for children appear to have originated with the Young Misses' Magazine (Brooklyn, 1806), and have been published since in great numbers. Eather historical than literary have been the American Register (Philadelphia, 1806-1810), and periodicals of the same name by Walsh (Philadelphia, 1817), and by Stryker (Philadelphia and New York, 1848-1851), as well as the American Quarterly Register (Andover, 1829-1843), by Edwards. The New England Historical an^ Genealogical Register (Boston, 1852), by Drake, and since by John Ward Dean and others, the Historical Magazine (New York, 1857), by Folsom, and the New York Genealogical Record (1869) are also filled with American historical and biographical matter. "The review literature of the United States begins with the American Review of History and Politics (Philadelphia, 1811-1813), by Walsh ; but the ablest and most permanent publication of this sort has been the North American Review (Boston, 1815), -which has been anccessively edited by Tndor, E. T. Channing and E. H. Dana, Edward Everett, Sparks, A. H. Everett, Palfrey, Bowen, Peabody, Lowell, 118 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. The New York Weeldy, with which Horace Greeley began his editorial experience, and the Rome Journal, made famous in its early days by the pens of N. P. Willis and others, are illustrations of a style of publication honestly and thoroughly tried and unmistakably determined not to be profitable. The Home Journal has survived from 1849, and is still in a flourishing condition, owing to the fact that its original features have been largely changed and its character assimilated to that of a modern society journal, for which species of publication the American taste seems to offer a more promising field. On the other hand, the success of the Kew York Nation, a journal of high critical and literary ability, proves that a grade of periodical which attains remarkable success in Great Britain is neither unappreciated nor necessarily unremunerative in the United States. Ten years of successful publication by the Boston Literary World, and for a shorter period by the Critic, of New York, demonstrate that periodicals of criticism and literary intelligence are able to gain a foothold here by wtue of merit, and promise important and valuable additions to our periodical literature as culture becomes more general and the popular intelligence more exacting. While the daily press has temporarily interfered with the success of this class of periodicals by its enterprising intrusion into their field, it is all the while stimulating a public taste which must in time demand and sustain a hebdomadal journalism in this country less crude and less superficial in its judgments. The long list of failures which marks the history of this class of periodical literature in the United , States is suggestive of the presence of men among us whose courage and ideals have been ahead of their times. Cliarles Eliot Norton, and Henry Adams, and has constantly maintained a Mgh character both for style and critical ability. Th^ American Quarterly Beview (Philadelphia, 1827-1837) ; the Southern JBeinew (Charleston, 1828-1832), by Elliott and Legar(5 ; the Western Beuiew (Cincinnati, 1828-1830), by Flint ; the New York Beview (1837-1842), established by Hawks, and subsequently edited by J. G. Cogswell and C. S. Henry; and the Southern Quarterly Beview (Charleston, 1842-1852), were well conducted, but were short lived. The Democratic Beview (New York, 1838-1852), afterward the United States Beview (1853-1855), and subsequently revived by Florence and Lawrence as the National Democratic Quarterly Beview ; the American Whig Beview (New York, 1845-1852), by Colton and Whelpley"; the Massachusetts Quarterly Beview (Boston, 1847-1850), by T. Parker; and the New YorTc Quarterly Bevieio (1852-1853), were also of short duration. The New Englander began at New Haven in 1843, and the National Quarterly Beview at New York in 1860. The International Beview was begun at New York in 1874. Minor critical journals have been the Literary Beview (New York, 1822-1824), followed by Bryant's New York Beview and Athenaeum Magazine {ISih), and its successor, the United States Beview and Literary Gazette (1826-1827) ; and several periodicals in imitation of the London literary weeklies have been attempted, such as the New York Literary Gazette (1834-1835 and 1839) ; the Literary World CSew York, 1847-1853), edited by Hoffman and the Duyckincks ; Norton's Literary Gazette (New York, 1854-1855) ; the Criterion (New York, 1855-1856) ; the Bound Table (1865-1868), and the Citizen (1864-1873). The Literary World, founded in Boston, 1870, by S. K. Crocker, and Appleton't Journal (New York, 1869), are successful literary weeklies ; the former a critical periodical, the latter general. The Nation (New York, 1865), edited by E. L. Godkin, though more properly a weekly newspaper and political review, holds a high place in literary criticism, and has proved successful. "The periodical religious literature of the country dates from the closing years of the last century. Omitting the notice of weekly ournals, only those periodicals can here be mentioned which are of recognized importance in connection with the national theological literature. Of these the following is nearly a complete list: The Theological Magazine, bi-monthly (New York, 1796-1798); the New York Missionary Magazine, bi-monthly (1800-1803); the Connecticut Evangelical Magazine (New Haven, 1800-1814); Monthly Anthology (Boston, 1803-1811,) followed in the exposition of Unitarian sentiment by the General Bepository (1812-1813), the Christian Disciple (1813-1819), the Christian Disciple and Theological Beview, new series (1819-1823), and the Christian Examiner, bi-monthly (1823-1870), edited at various times by Palfrey, Jenks, Walker, Greenwood, Ware, Ellis, Putnam, Hedge, and Hale; the Panoplist, Boston, commencing in 1805 (edited by Jeremiah Evarts), absorbing in 1809 the Missionary Magazine, and about ten years later taking the name of the Missionary Herald, which is still issued as the organ of the American Board of Missions, but succeeded as a theological publication by the Spirit of the Pilgrims (1828-1833), conducted by E. Pond; the Christian Magazine (1807-1811), edited by Dr. John M. Mason; the Christian Serald (New York, 1816), transforuwd in its eighth volume, four years later, into the Sailors' Magazine, still published; the Christian Spectator (New Haven), Congregationalist, issued monthly from 1819 to 1828, and quarterly from 1829 to 1838, and succeeded after an interval of five years by the New Englander (1843) ; the Christian Advocate, monthly (Philadelphia, 1822-1834), Presbyterian ; the Princeton Btview, commenced as the Biblical Bepertory, by Hodge, in 1825, in 1871 united with the Presbyterian Quarterly Bevieio, when the titles of the two were combined ; the American Biblical Bepository (New York), issued quarterly from 1831 to 1850, when it was united with the Bibliotheca Sacra (Ahdover, 1844), with which the Christian Beview (Baptist), commenced at Boston in 1836, and afterward published at New York, has been united, and which also in 1871 absorbed the Theological Eclectic, established at Cincinnati in 1865 ; the American Quarterly Observer of Edwards (Boston, 1833-1834), united with the Biblical Bepository; the American Quarterly Begister (Andover, 1829-1843); the Literary and Theological Beview (New York 1834-1839); the Universalist Quarterly (BoBton, 1843); the Universalist Quarterly Beview, by G. H. Emerson (1844); the Methodist Quarterly Beview (1841), commenced as the Methodist Magazine, 1818 ; Brownson's Quarterly Beview (Boston and New York, 1844-1864, revived in 1873), begun as the Boston Quarterly Bevieiv, 1838 ; American Quarterly Church Beview (Episcopal), commenced at New Haven, 1848, and subsequently transferred to New York ; Neiv Englander (New Haven, 1843) ; the Theological and Literary Journal (New York, 1849-1851), preceded by Views in Theology, published in occasional numbers (1824-1833) ; Evangelical Quarterly Beview, Lutheran (1850-1870) ; Beligious Magazine and Monthly Bevieiv (Boston, 1848), transformed in 1875 into the Unitarian Beview, which is also published monthly at Boston ; the Presbyterian Quarterly (Philadelphia, 1853-1862), by Wallace, united with the American Theological Beview, founded by H. B. Smith in 1859, and after the union known as the American Presbyterian and Theological Beview, till 1871, when, in conjunction with the Princeton Beview, it took the name of the Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Beview, by which it is now known ; the Free Will Baptist Quarterly (Dover, New Hampshire, 1853-1866) ; Mercersburg Beview (1854), the new series dating from 1867 ; the Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Beview (1854) ; the New Brunswick Beview (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1854-1855) ; Congregational Quarterly (Boston, 1859) ; Presbyterian Magazine (Philadelphia, 1851-1860), succeeded after an interval by a similar publication first issued at Cincinnati and subsequently transferred to Philadelphia; the Catholic World, a prominent Eoman Catholic monthly (New York, 1865); the Baptist Quarterly (Philadelphia, 1867); the Beformed Church Monthly (Philadelphia, 1868) ; the Southern Beview, commenced in 1867 at Saint Louis under the auspices of the Methodist Church South, and still continued at Baltimore ; and the Quarterly Beview of the Evangelical Lutheran church (1871), succeeding to the Evangelical Quarterly Beview." THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 119 The most notable successes attained by American publications not of a purely news character are found in a type of periodical of which Eobert Bonner, of the New York Ledger, may be said to have been the fortunate discoverer. Mr. Bonner purchased the Ledger in 1851, and shortly thereafter converted ^''* p°i"^'^ ^^^ it from a commercial sheet, devoted largely to the dry-goods trade, into a family newspaper, excluding from its contents everything relating to the business and news of the day, and substituting therefor a series of continued and short stories, not generally of the highest class of fiction. But he attracted public attention to his venture by engaging the best known literary and public men of the country to write for the Ledger over their own signatures. Among the contributors who thus assisted to make the Ledger widely known and read were Mrs. Sigourney, Fanny Pern, Edward Everett, William 0. Bryant, Horace Greeley, Mrs. Stowe, and Henry "Ward Beecher, and under the impetus afforded by these names it rapidly rose to an enormous circulation, which at times has reached as high as 400,000 per issue. The Ledger may be said to have been the original of that class of literary publications which has met with the greatest success both in this country and in England. There are in London nearly a dozen publications of this character, none of which, however, are ^^' ^™°°'' ^ ^'^'^■ conducted on as high a level as that for which the Ledger set a worthy example. These English story papers circulate in enormous quantities all over the kingdom. The imitations of the Ledger in the United States have been numerous, and frequently their publication has been attended with great pecuniary success. The lapse from a journal of the kind which Mr. Bonner started to the lower grades of sensational reading matter is very easy, and has been found in the United States, as in every other country, one of the most profitable fields of journalism. The country is weekly flooded with poorly printed sheets, whose crowded columns are the receptacle for vilely written stories of exciting adventure and prurient tendency, and whose eager purchasers are the servant girls and the shop boys. Some of these journals hover ^ ^^'^^^ "*"* ^'^''°°' close upon the borders of decency; and the general effect of this class of periodical literature is far from healthy or advantageous. It has come to have a circulation proportionately larger than that of any other class of journals, although it is still true that periodicals of this kind do not yet meet with the tremendous sale in this country which attends their publication in London. It is due to the enterprising publishers of the weekly class of papers to add that there are a number of them, now in a flourishing condition, which are devoted to what is described as family reading, which do possess a healthy moral tone, while they strive to fill their columns with matter which will *""' '' ^^°^ p»p»"- prove entertaining to all elements in the community. These family story papers are now published in larger or smaller numbers in most of the chief cities of the United States. The aggregate circulation per issue of the weekly and monthly periodicals of this class, including all describing themselves as "literary" periodicals, is 1,910,855 copies. THE RELIGIOUS PEESS. The next most striking differentiation of the American periodical press suggested by the census inquiry has been the establishment and successful conduct of what is known as the religious press. In 1850 there were 191 religious newspapers and periodicals ; in 1860 the number had increased comparative statistics *^ ^ ' of the religiOUB press. to 277, an increase of 47 per cent. No attempt was made to estimate the circulation of the religious press until the census of 1870, when there were reported 407 religious papers, with an aggregate circulation of 4,764,358. The Tenth Census reveals this number increased to 553, with a correspondingly increased circulation. The religious periodicals of the United States comprise among their number many of our oldest and most successful journalistic enterprises. In tracing the origin of this class of periodicals it is interesting to recall that when Bartholomew Green assumed the management of the original Boston News-Letter, in 1723, he gave it a semi-religious character, somewhat in consonance with the prevailing tendencies of public thought at that period and in that section of the country. In his "advertisement from the publisher" he declared "because this is a country that has yet, through the mercy of God, many people in it that have the state of religion in the world very much at heart, and would be glad, if they knew how, to order their prayers and praises to the great God thereon, I shall endeavour noyr and then to insert an article on the state of religion". Somewhat similar announcements were made by the publishers of other early newspapers, (a) Over the honor of the establishment of the first religious periodical, distinctively of that character, in the United States there is a long-standing controversy, which this report will not undertake to decide. TheBostoni?ecorarate use, are not "attached permanently " to such periodical ■within the meaning of the preceding section, and when so inserted will subject the periodicals in which they are found to the rate of one cent for each two ounces, or fraction thereof; but this must not be held to apply to bills, receipts, and orders for subscription to such periodicals, which are permitted by the proviso to section 233. Sec. iill. Detention of suspected second-class matter. — When the postmaster at the post-office of mailing shall have reason to believe that any publisher or news agent has violated the provisions of section 209 by depositing third-class matter in any post-office, for transmission through the mails as matter of the second class, he may, at his discretion, retain the suspected matter, notifying the publisher or news agent at once of his action, and report the facts to the Postmaster-General. If such third-class matter shall by inadvertence reach its destination, the postmaster at the post-office of destination must collect the postage due thereon as prescribed by law. Sec. 212. Foreign puhlicaiions admitted as second-class matter. — Foreign newspapers and other periodicals of the same general character as those admitted to the second class in the United States may, under the direction of the Postmaster-General, on application of the publishers thereof or their agents, be transmitted through the mails at the same rates as if published in the United States. Nothing in this act shall be so construed as to allow the transmission through the mails of any publication which violates any copyright granted by the United States. (Act of March 3, 1879, §15, 20 Stat., p. 359.) Sec. 213. Examination of foreign puhlications. — Agents of foreign publications, who may desire to secure the benefits of the second class rates of postage for the transmission of such publications in the domestic mails, should make application to the postmaster at the post-office where they desire the same to be mailed, and if the postmaster is of opinion, after an examination of the publications submitted, that they are in their essential features similar to domestic publications transmitted in the mails at the second-class rates, he will, upon their complying with the provisions of section 200 and filing an affidavit that the publications submitted come within the first and second conditions of section 185, and that they have a legitimate list of subscribers in the country where they are published, admit them to the mails on the same terms as domestic publications. Sec. 236. Manner of presenting second-class mailer for mailing. — In mailing publications of the second class they should in all cases be properly dried, folded, and addressed. It is certainly no part of the duty of a postmaster or his assistants to fold newspapers so that they can be placed in the boxes, &c., for delivery; and in case a publisher persists in sending them without being properly folded, after being notified to put them up so that they can he promptly assorted and delivered, the postmaster would be justified in not distributing them with the regular mail. Sec. 239. Free county piijylications. — Publications of the second class, one copy to each actual subscriber residing in the county where the same are printed, in whole or in part, and published, shall go free through the mails; but the same shall not be delivered at letter- carrier offices, or distributed by carriers, unless postage is paid thereon at the rate prescribed in section [190]: Provided, That the rate of postage on newspapers (excepting weeklies) and periodicals not exceeding two ounces in weight when the same are deposited in a letter-carrier office for deljvery by its carriers shall be uniform at one cent each ; periodicals weighing more than two ounces shall be subject, when delivered by such carriers, to a postage of two cents each, and these rates shall be prepaid by stamps affixed. (Act of March 3, 1879, $25, 20 Stat., p. 361.) Sec. 240. Postage on second-class matter at free-delivery post-offices. — Mailable matter of the second class deposited in a letter-carrier post-office for local delivery shall be delivered through boxes or the general delivery on prepayment of postage at the rate of two cents per pound, but when delivered by carriers the following jates must be prepaid by postage stamps affixed:' On newspapers (except weeklies), one cent each without regard to weight ; on periodicals not exceeding two ounces in weight, one cent each ; on periodicals exceeding two ounces in weight, two cents each. The rate on weekly newspapers of the second class deposited by the publisher in a letter- carrier post-office for local delivery is two cents per pound, whether the same are delivered by carriers or through boxes or the general delivery. Sec. 241. Second-class matter at free-delivery offices, how separated. — Second-class matter for city delivery, where the carrier system is established, should be separately made up at the office of publication — that for delivery by the carriers of a post-office being put in one package or bundle, each article of mail matter therein properly stamped, and that for delivery through the boxes of the post-office by itself. If the separation is not made at the office of publication, each paper or periodical not properly stamped must be placed in the boxes or at the general delivery for delivery therefrom. Sec. 242. Free comity puhlications must be mailed ty tJiemselves. — When a publisher of a newspaper sends in the mails a package of his papers, a portion intended for subscribers residing withiu the county in which the paper is printed (in whole or in part) and published, and the remainder intended for subscribers residing in another county, he must pay postage on the entire package at the pound rates. The publisher should make two packages, one for the subscribers residing in the county and one for those out of the county, the former to go free under section 239. Sec. 243. Publications with offices in two counties free in neither.— No publication of the second class claiming more than one office of publication in different counties is entitled to pass in the mails free in either county unless the publisher elect which office he will regard as his office of publication. In that event the publication shall, go free in that county only. The postmaster at the post-office thus selected should uotify the postmaster at the other post-office of such selection. The provisions of this section are not applicable, however, to publications claiming or having more than one office of publication which do not claim free county circulation. Sec. 244. Sample copies of free county publications subject to postage. — Nothing in the act of March 3, 1879, can be so construed as to permit ' ' sample copies " of any pubhoation to be mailed free in the county where the same is printed or published ; they must be prepaid at the rate of two cents for each pound. NEWSPAPER FILES. At the suggestion of the Superintendent, a request -was sent with the press schedules to the publishers of the newspapers of every class for a specimen copy of the journal, for which a franked wrapper was papers'^nrperiod/cais^^ iuclosed, with a vicw to making a complete collection of the issues of the periodical press of the census year for permanent preservation in the Congressional Library. A very general response was made to this request, and all publications not found in the file at the conclusion of the inquiry were again sent for, and were, with hardly an exception, received. The publishers were asked to send the issue of their publication nearest in date to July 4, 1880, and, with some exceptions among journals received in response to the last request, the file represents the press of the United States as it stood on the national anniversary in the census year.. The specimen journals, as they were received, were checked and filed, with respect to newspapers, THIRD PERIOD: 1836-1880 163 alphabetically by towns and cities of publication in the several states, and as the file for each state was completed the papers were deposited in portfolios, and the collection passed into the custody of the Librarian of Congress. The periodical press, including the magazines, trade and professional journals, etc., was arranged in groups, the law journals, the medical journals, the scientific journals, the literary journals, etc., each forming a group by themselves, and each arranged by states. A similar effort was made at the census of 1850 to form a file of the newspaper press of the United States as it then existed, (a) The Superintendent of that Census, in his report, spoke of this effort as follows : All effort was niiido to secure at least one copy of every journal published in the United States in 1850, and the assistant marshalu wore intrusted with the matter. It has been attended to hut i^artially, and the papers obtained fall very far short of the actual nu ruber returned by uame. This is to be regretted, as such a file, complete in everj' respect, properly bound and placed aw.ay in the Library of Congress, would be a great national curiosity, and be of great interest to the future antifjuarian. No such criticism can be made respecting the file of the American press which the Tenth Census contributes to the literary archives of the nation. It is felt that all the value assigned by Superintendent De Bow, and much more, attaches to this file. It conveys a much more vivid picture of thpi actual character, typographical, literary, mechanical, intellectual, and moral, of the press of to-day than can be conveyed by a report, and supplies a more complete understanding of the immense development of the press than can be pictured by cold statistics- It admits of ready comparison between the press of all the states and the journals of all classes and descriptions. In comparison with a similar file, made ten or twenty years hence, it will offer a more exact standard for measuring the degree and the nature of the progress of the intervening years than any figures can afford. In this connection, it is proper to add that there has been, and still continues to be, in every American state a failure to appreciate the importance of preserving files of the newspapers of each locality. The newspaper in itself is of necessity a matter of transient interest. It appears, it serves its purpose, se^w"ne4* pTpe" files" it is superseded by another of later date, and ceases to be regarded as of importance or value ; but there is no issue of the humblest paper in all the land in which there does not appear something which will some time prove of real historic value. The newspaper, of necessity, bears an intimate relation to the ofBcial history of the corporation in which it is published. Whether or not it be designated as the repository of the official proceedings of the corporate authorities, it nevertheless contains them, and thus becomes a method of record which, in point of regularity and fullness, is unsurpassed. The historians of the colonial era find no better clew to the feeling, the events, and the character of those times, or of the personages who figured in them, than is; contained in the files of the newspapers then published, and it is their constant source of grievance and annoyance that they are not only few in number and diiflcult of access, but are far from comfi-lete. Even in later days files of newspapers which in their time were repositories of the current history of important localities, and which exercised a marked influence upon public opinion, are few in number and imperfectly preserved. Hundreds of newspapers have been born, have lived a brief space, and chronicled their share of history, yet no trace of them remains anywhere. Such files as we now possess of the journals of the past are due almost entirely to private appreciation of their value as the sources out of which history is to be wrought. I'hey are in the possession of historical societies and private individuals, and are prized among the choicest of their collections. All told, they do. not represent one tithe of the actual pubhcations which have emanated from the American press. I can learn of no. town, city, or county which makes it one of the duties of its officers to preserve files of the newspaper press of the locality, and there is no state which keeps a regular file of the ^j^^'^f ^^"gpapor mes" newspapers printed within its limits and regularly supplying the most complete record of its history attainable. (&) ^ot even the newspapers themselves are as careful in the matter of files as pride and self- a The first known attempt to make a file of American newspapers was that of the late Joel MunseU, of Albany, New York — a gentleman who did as much as any man who ever lived in this country to advance and promote the art of typography and to preserve its annals — iu 1828. The papers in Mr. Munsell's files were generally single specimens, the first issues, where they could be obtained, or copies that contained something of more than ordinary interest. Taken as a whole, the collection satisfactorily illustrated the character and condition of the American press at the time. It was bound in 100 volumes, which are now deposited in the New York state library. 6 The Maine legislature, at its session in 1849, directed the clerks of the county courts to purchase, bind, and preserve, for the use and at the expense of the couuty, a copy of the newspapers published therein, not to exceed three in number, commencing with the year 1849, and giving preference to those papers abounding ip historical and other information valuable to the public. — Munsell's Typographical Miecellani/. While no one library, however large and comprehensive, has either the space or the means to accumulate a tithe of the periodicals that swarm from a productive press, there are valid reasons why more attention should be paid by librarians to the careful preservation of a wise selection of all this current literature. The modem newspaper and other periodical publications afford the truest, the fullest, and on the whole the most impartial image of the age we live in that can be derived from any single source. Taken together, they afford the richest material for the historian or the student of politics, of society, of literature, and of civilization in its various aspects. What precious memorials of the day even the advertisements and brief paragraphs of the newspapers of a century ago afford us! While iu a field so vast it is impossible for any one library to be more than a gleaner, no such institution can afford to neglect the collection and preservation of at least some of the more important newspapers from year to year. A public library is not for one generation only, but it is for all time. Opportunities once neglected of securing the current periodicals of any age in continuous and complete form seldom or never occur. The principle of selection will, of course, vary in different libraries and localities. While the safest general rule is to secure- the best and most representative of all the journals, reviews, and magazines within the limits of the fund which can be devoted to that purpose, there is another principle which should largely guide the selection. In each locality it should be one loading object of tlici 164 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. * interest would seem to require. There are many of the long established newspapers which have no complete files of their publication. The accident of fire frequently destroys the file accumulations of years, and as a rule they cannot be duplicated, and the frequent changes in the proprietorship of newspapers is apt to lead to a break in the files. All these contingencies serve to emphasize the importance of the suggestion that the local and the state authorities of the United States should take the steps necessary for permanently and completely preserving the newspaper records of their several sections. OONCLTJSIO]^. I have now concluded this report on the past history and development and the present condition and statistics of the newspaper and periodical press of the United States. Conciasion. The rcview of a progress -so remarkable, and in some respects so unique as this has proved to be, might be accompanied by some attempt to estimate the influence of the newspaper press upon the commerce, the society, the politics, the morals, the education, and the happiness of the people. I have preferred, however, to leave deductions of that character to others, who may find herein i!he materials upon which to found them. The American press has been the recipient of much eulogy, and much condemnation as well, at the hands of many whose words are entitled to respectful consideration. To both those who eulogize and those who condemn it must present itself, in the light of the statistics which form the basis of this report, as a factor in our civilization which is unsurpassed by any other in the energy, the enterprise, and the success of those who are engaged in its conduct. The earnings of the newspaper press represent a large portion of the wealth which the census of 1880 reveals in the United States. The men and women employed in it, both mechanically and professionally, are no mean proportion of our citizenship, and their rate of earnings is not inferior to that of any class of laborers, either mechanical or professional. The rate of increase, both in the number and the circulation of the newspapers, is perhaps the most remarkable of any revealed in the Tenth Census. The relations of the press to the public, in the character of a servitor and assistant, are sufdciently indicated, not principal library to gather within tts walls the fullest representation possible of the literature relating to its own state and neighborhood. In every city and large town the local journals and other periodicals should form an indispensable part of a public library collection. Where the means are wanting to purchase these, the proprietors will frequently furnish them free of expense for public use ; but no occasion should be lost of securing, immediately on its issue from- the press, every publication, large or small, which relates to the local history or interests of the place where the library is maintained. This collection should embrace not only newspapers, magazines, etc., but a complete collection of all casual pamphlets, reports of municipal governments, with their subdivisions, reports of charitable or benevolent societies, schools, etc., and even the prospectuses, bulletins, catalogues, etc., of real-estate agents and tradesmen. Every library should have its scrap-books (or series of them) for preserving the political broadsides and fugitive pieces of the day which in any way reflect or illustrate the spirit of the times or the condition of the people. These unconsidered trifles, commonly swept out and thrown away as worthless, if carefully preserved and handed down to the future, will be found to form precious memorials of a bygone age. While the filesof the journals of any period furnish unquestionably the best instruments for the history of that epoch, it is lamentable to reflect that so little care has ever been taken to preserve a fair representation of those of any age. The destiny of nearly all newspapers is swift destruction ; and even those which are preserved commonly survive in a provokingly fragmentary state. The obvious causes of the rapid disapjjearance of periodical literature are its great volume, necessarily increasing with every year the difficulty of lodging the files of any long period in our narrow apartments, and the continual demand for paper for the uses of trade. To these must be added the great cost of binding files of journals, increasing in the direct ratio of the size of the volumes. As so formidable an expense can be incurred by very few private subscribers to periodicals, it is so much the more important that the public libraries should not neglect a duty which they owe to their generation as well as to those that are to follow. These poor journals of to-day, which everybody is ready to stigmatize as trash not worth the room to store or the money to bind, are the very materials which the man of the future will search for with eagerness, and for some of which he will be ready to pay their weight in gold. These representatives of the commercial, industrial, inventive, social, literary, political, moral, and religious life of the times should be preserved and handed down to posterity with sedulous care. No historian or other writer on any subject who would write conscientiously or with full information can afford to neglect this fruitful mine of the journals, where his richest materials are frequently to be found. The life-long devotion of a late American collector, Peter Force, of Washington, to the same historical spirit resulted in amassing a large and rich library of manuscripts, newspapers, books, pamphlets, maps, broadsides, etc., mainly illustrative of American history. This invaluable collection, which no amount of money could have reassembled, was fortunately not permitted to be scattered, but was secured during the lifetime of the possessor for the Library of the United States. In the absence of a great library of journals, or of that universal library which every nation should possess, it becomes the more important to assemble in the various local libraries all those ephemeral publications which, if not thus preserved contemporaneously with their issue, will disappear utterly and elude the search of future historical inquirers. And that library which shall the most sedulously gather and preserve such fugitive memorials of the life of the people among which it is situated will be found to have best subserved its purpose to the succeeding generations of men. Not less important than the preservation of newspapers is that of reviews and magazines. In fact, the latter are almost universally reckoned as far more important than the more fugitive literature of the daily and weekly press. Though inferior to the journals as historical and statistical materials, reviews and magazines supply the largest fund of discussion upon such topics of scientific, social, literary, and religious interest as occupy the public mind during the time in which they appear. More and more the best thought of the times gets reflected in the piiges of this portion of the periodical press. No investigator in any department can afford to overlook the rich stores contributed to thought iu reviews and magazines. These articles are commonly more condensed and full of matter than the average books of the period. While every library, therefore, should possess for the current use and ultimate reference of its readers a selection of the best, as largo as its means will permit, a great and comprehensive library, in order to be representative of the national literature, should possess them all. — Hon. A. R. Spoft'ord, Librarian of Congress. THIRD PERIOD: 1835-1880. 165 only by the official connection wbioh newspapers bear to state, municipal, and other public corporations, but by the quickness and the accuracy with which they supply private individuals with the information upon which their own private concerns are dependent; and their value as conservators of historical material is put beyond dispute by the records of history itself. Their potency as an educating and informing medium is conceded by the preachers, teachers, politicians, and philanthropists who seek their agency as affording a wider method of intercommuniation than any other agency of civilization. As all these multiform public functions come to be more widely understood by both public and publishers to reside in the press, its tone and character and influence cannot fail to improve and increase in a degree that shall correspond more nearly than now with its numerical and material increase of the American press. Its development has been traced through three distinct eras of progress in the history of this country, each succeeding era indicating extraordinary advancement over the one just previous. Nevertheless, the newspaper press of the United States must still be described as in the formative state. It has but reached the point where its possibilities are within the grasp of realization. In the future its progress promises to be rapid and upon a constantly broadening basis. Ko field of American industry and energy, combined with American intelligence and the national spirit, opens to those who embrace it more glorious opportunities. J'EFARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR i-5>B MAINE, UF"^' HAMPSHIRE W.BM01TT IvfASSA^CHU SETTS EHO] TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ml- xiv'a--,T'.t;'F -'vFV>- terSEY, 1-EriNsnv.ANlA Julius Pien fifoLitli DEFAE'.TMENT np THE IWrERMjEL. SKe I;ELAWAP,E , MAP'^ ''""■' "'^ -"^ tttop^tt.tta atttd -;tm r a ^ ^^qj 9 £=1 o 'I'EUrK CENSUS OF THE TJNITEJI STATES mi ILL'ilTA, ILLINOIS JuiiusBiei) i-CoLith 3 DEPA tiTMEI-lT JF THE VKTEPJOB. s^Ti e ^ L MAP ^'' OF A POiri'lOX OK THE UNITED STATES .SHDUIN-G TTIK .\L\\[JiER AM) CLyVSSKS OF NEWSPAPERS AND PERI01)IC;\I.S JPUllUSHED LN BACH COfNTY ns' nm (I'IN'SI'S YKAFl.lUB(h P[V||;UT.1 l<, iUuslrato [ti,. r-<-|,orl „C S N I) XOICrH SPKl'IAl, A(.l'A-r 10™ CESSUS- lied L' f'aprr.w IIUic 3 If 10 l'i' S.X.D XDRTH SPEC LU, AOVJfl 10™ CESSITS. JuliusRien it CoIiUi DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOK SJie f|-^'*^"EVENS 1 ^.^^,5^ ! . j _1^; L A R K-jA^J-'XCHE,, ,,„,„ ^'i''^'-^^^ j ^*^ >g. M x\ P OF A PORTION OF THE UNITED STATES SHO^nxG THE ^x•^^3Kr^ and classes or NEWSPAPERS ANl) PPRIODIC.XI.S PUHLISllia) LV K,\C-H Cmr>iTY IX TITF. CKN'STS TKARJOHII. Pri'patTtl to iUiisLralo the rv\iuri(ji' S.X D NOKTll SI-'t:CI.\L AfVKN'l 10™ CEXSrS- LKC.KNl) i;/^m I I'npcr. lied 2 Papers, [tine :i tf 10 Orrm 11 50 I'lirpl^- uA'iy'ji' DUMfJSTIr. DiiilT- ■ Weekly.* Pctiodical k. t^UHIJltGN Dailv- □ WccHvO Periuilical. A MIS3CUPJ, AUKTATNTSAS TENl'H CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATEi Jii.no Kitu .■; rL.Liil fS. fe.- A-PPIDISTDIX A.. STATISTICAL TABLES. 167 ^FFEISTDIX A.. SUBJECT-MATTER OF TBE STATISTICAL TABLES. Table I is a statement of the total number of newspapers and periodicals published in the United States during the census year, grouped first by periods of issue, and second by classes or characteristics, and enumerating separately the number published in English and in other languages. Table II is a statement showing the average and the aggregate circulation per issue of newspapers and periodicals, by states and territories, for daily newspapers, weekly newspapers connected with dailies, weeklies not connected with dailies, and all other than monthlies, and also for monthly publications j showing the aggregate number of copies of the same issued or printed during the census year, and also the average subscription price of daily newspapers, of weekly newspapers connected with dailies, and of all others. Table III is a further analysis of the circulation per issue of newspapers and periodicals by the volume of individual circulation, classified as before by periods of issue. The entire press of the United States is here arranged in nine groups, indicating, respectively: (1) the number of journals in each state and territory with a circulation of 50,000 copies per issue and over; (2) with a circulation of 25,000 and under 50,000; (3) with a circulation of 15,000 and under 25,000; (4) with a circulation of 10,000 and under 15,000; (5) with a circulation of 5,000 and under 10,000; (6) with a circulation of 3,000 and under 5,000; (7) with a circulation of 1,000 and under 3,000; (8) with a circulation of 500 and under 1,000; and (9) the number of journals having a circulation of less than 500. Each of these nine groups is arranged by periods of issue. Table IV is an exhibit of the amount paid annually in wages and the total gross value of the annual product, in dollars, of all the newspapers and periodicals published in the United States, by states and territories, with the percentage of total wages paid by daily newspapers, the percentage paid by weekly newspapers and all other periodicals, and the average wages paid by each establishment, shown by dailies and by weeklies and all other periodicals. This table also exhibits the percentage of receipts from advertisements and subscriptions or sales by the dailies, weeklies, and all other periodicals. It also exhibits the number of hands employed, male and female, in the manufacture of newspapers and periodicals, and the number of persons employed in editorial work. Table V is an exhibit of the average ems of type set per issue by the daily newspapers of the several states and territories, and also by the weekly newspapers and periodicals of all descriptions, followed by the aggregate number of ems per issue set by both classes of publications. These statistics are accompanied by an exhibit of the aggregate number of pounds of type used by all the newspapers and periodicals, the number of presses owned and used in newspaper manufacture, and with the number driven by steam-, water-, and hand-power, respectively. The table concludes with an exhibit of the number of papers printed on the co-operative plan in each of the states and territories. Table VI is an exhibit of the amount of printing paper consumed by the newspaper and periodical press of the several states and territories in the census year, calculated both in pounds and reams, showing also the average and aggregate amount of paper consumed per issue by the daily, weekly, and the periodical press, and also the aggregate amount consumed by the entire press, in the year, calculated in pounds and reams. Table VII indicates the total number of daily and weekly newspapers and periodicalSj of all periods of issue, which were established and suspended during the course of the census year. It also shows the number of consolidations or mergeres which are represented in existing newspapers and periodicals, and the number of existing journals of all classes and kinds which were established in the decade between 1870 and 1880, the number established between 1860 and 1870, the number established between 1850 and 1860, and the number established prior to the year 1850. Table VIII exhibits in complete shape the statistics of the various newspapers and periodicals published in the German language in the United States. Table IX makes a similar exhibit of the statistics of the newspapers and periodicals published in the Bohemian, Catalan, Chinese, Danish and Scandinavian, French, Dutch, Indian, Irish, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Welsh languages in the United States. 168 STATISTICAL TABLES. 1G9 Table X is an exhibit, by states and territories, of the religious press of the United States, classified by twenty-five denominations and as unsectarian. Table XI is a comparative exhibit of the leading statistics of the newspaper press of the United States as elicited by the four Federal censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880. This table first shows the number of papers of all classes in' existence at each census, their aggregate circulation per issue, and the number of copies annually printed. It then presents the same line of statistics upon a division of the newspaper press into classes by periods of issue at the four censuses, the number, the aggregate circulation per issue, and the copies annually printed of dailies, tri-weeklies, semi-weeklies, weeklies, bi-weeklies, semi-monthlies, monthlies, bi-monthlies, and quarterlies for 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880. Table XII is a comparison of the number of newspapers and periodicals published, and their aggregate circulation per issue, with the area in square miles and the population of the several states and territories, as shown by the Tenth Census. The areas here given are the land surface in each case. The table exhibits the average number of inhabitants to the aggregate circulation per issue and the average area in square miles for each publication in the several states and territories. Table XIII is an attempt to localize the American press, by showing, first, the number of counties in each state and territory in which newspapers are published, compared with the actual number of towns ; and, second, the number of cities, towns, and villages, in each state and territory, in which one paper is published, the number in which two are published, the number in which three are published, the number in which four are published, and the number in which five or more papers or periodicals are published. Table XIY is a statement showing the language and number of daily, weekly, and all other newspapers and periodicals published in the several states and territories in the United States during the census year. Table XV and last is an exhibit of the press statistics of the cities of Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Saint Louis, and San Francisco, being the ten cities in which the press, both newspaper and periodical, had attained its most remarkable development in the census year. 170 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table I.— TOTAL NUMBEE OF NEWSPAPEES AND PEEIODICALS PUBLISHED m THE STATES AND TEEEITOEXES. The United States Alabama Arizona Arlcangas Callfomia Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia . . . Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Indian territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana IN"ehraska NeTada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia "Washington "West Virginia "Wisconsin "Wyoming 11, 314 125 17 117 361 87 139 67 26 44 45 200 10 1,017 467 3 569 347 205 112 123 143 427 464 223 123 530 18 189 37 87 215 18 1,411 142 774 74 973 44 81 193 280 22 82 194 29 109 340 11 PERIODS OF ISSUE. Number published daily. 438 Number pub- lished weekly. 16 115 13 56 a; g '^ o id "J a. a o o 804 15 28 28 9 4 40 3 11 6 9 17 4 104 7 53 6 69 5 5 10 27 1,633 109 11 104 250 63 99 57 20 23 40 163 7 758 390 3 600 310 160 94 90 111 279 397 205 109 415 14 165 22 66 163 15 892 113 5S4 59 674 31 69 154 231 8 72 124 23 96 283 8 Number published semi- weekly. ?.a 41 Number published, tri-weeklv. do S.3 10 41 11 12 40 13 1,167 118 27 282 7 90 14 4 13 13 ly 21 a Including one connected with a daily. STATISTICAL TABLES. 171 UNITED STATES DUEING THE CENSUS TEAE, BY TEEIODS OF ISSUE AND CLASS. 1 " CIIARACTEIt OF PUBLICATIONS. "ti) M .9 1 p. 1 3 o a i 1 deTotetl to nowa, politics, aud family reading. 1 1 1 2 9" S h r § a %^ 1 a5 i 1 -a a C3 o « . 1 a) n s . if §1' o a >l g ■a •3 3 o > o 1 o p IS 11 5 ig- *a So II || 11 .3 2 rT3r3 ^.9 •s i £ .2=5 = ■1 ^1 -^3 i 1 O rS a> V •3 . •as 5.2 - II " p, Nninber Sunday newspapers, and included in pre- ceding columns. 13 H ■g.3 'g'g 1 1 t4 1 1 !2! fi 11 a 1 Is a M r I2i (.4 1 1 1 a 1 ■a a 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 33 34 33 36 37 38 8,863 553 173 284 25 54 189 114 45 68 149 248 217 72 260 481 113 252 10, 515 799 114 17 106 270 5 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 8 125 16 116 328 1 1 33 1 o 5 12 2 7 1 4 1 3 3 1 3 1 16 4 15 ^ 17 8 2 7 6 8 5 4 78 110 67 24 20 41 177 2 3 1 4 1 2 1 1 5 1 11 1 2 1 3 1 5 84 134 65 25 41 45 199 3 5 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 fi 7 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 11 2 q 7 2 4 3 1 5 1 4 1 7 n 10 10 !'-» 736 49 15 65 1 10 9 8 5 5 13 19 47 7 38 56 7 13 920 97 13 422 13 7 2 1 2 2 6 9 3 5 7 12 435 32 14 3 619 1 523 2 46 ll 15 4 2 1 1 7 15 1 4 3 1 1 18 322 162 4 13 5 6 2 3 1 4 3 3 5 1 5 6 1 2 6 2 4 334 194 13 11 4 3 19 96 7 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 93 19 1ft 91 105 9 10 4 5 1 3 8 3 2 1 3 3 4 3 4 11 3 2 7- 123 134 9 *)() 2 2 1 6 ■^1 281 30 6 14 1 4 20 2 2 5 6 15 14 10 17 36 3 6 422 5 22 413 11 5 3 , 1 7 2 5 9 2 3 3 13 3 439 ?5 9^ 207 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 4 4 202 21 "1 1 2 425 28 7 14 3 5 8 3 2 9 11 2 13 12 8 9 494 36 26 17 1 X 18 175 n-j 178 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 14 Ofl 35 74 194 17 816 2 37 87 196 14 1,280 19 3 ' 3 1 97 1 1 5 3 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 3 ?1 4 131 f^O 29 98 12 15 77 38 6 28 16 35 39 28 77 180 22 50 33 12 57 2 2 1 2 1 1 .S76 12 21 3 2 11 4 4 12 19 37 7 9 32 11 26 683 91 35 60 075 5 75 1 13 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 72 2 ?fi 29 3 9 18 13 13 3 15 23 50 5 29 57 11 36 884 89 37 39 68 147 254 15 74 135 3 2 4 2 1 9 2 1 4 2 2 42 80 19'> 1 1 19 5 ?S 10 14 ' 14 4 3 11 3 1 5 3 6 1 4 '10 2 1 2 6 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 5 261 22 82 189 41 1 2 2 15 2 4 (Jl 2 1 2 2 1 4 6 2 5 6 2 44 28 100 ' 301 11 1 3 7 29 107 287 11 2 53 1 2 1 7 2 8 2 3 2 6 4 5 1 1 1 7 3 47 172 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table II.— AVEEAGE AJSD AGGREGATE GIEOULATION PER ISSUE OF NEWSPAPERS AND THEIR AVERAGE SUB STATES AND TBEEITOEIES. The Unitecl States . Alabama. . Arizona ... Arkansas . California- Colorado. - Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho minoia Indiana Indian territory . Iowa Kansas Kentucky . Louisiana.. Sfaine Maryland Massachusetts . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire . New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island . . South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin Wyoming AVERAGE CIBOniATION PEE ISSUE. Dailies. 4,137 1,932 720 1,006 8,288 1,884 2,968 562 3,950 9,125 1,300 2,141 3,955 1,913 1,479 1,528 3,045 3,460 1,894 9,472 7,789 2,167 3,562 840 3,228 304 1,653 1,225 907 2,116 667 9,059 793 4,507 1,581 6,285 5,175 1,937 3, 099 1,262 1,937 1,050 1,892 367 2,050 1,856 Weeklies connected ■with dailies. Weeklies not con- nected with dailies and all others than month lies. 5,317 2,530 1,525 1,900 2,907 1,726 3,653 850 1,667 5,000 725 3,332 7,008 2,228 3,643 2,554 5,292 3,831 3,906 8,627 8,238 5,403 8,645 962 6,674 1,380 2,450 767 4,801 1,790 377 9,989 1,698 8,762 3,004 5,228 2,216 1,380 3,971 2,219 3,233 3,000 1,681 1,181 3,200 4,402 900 2,125 770 1,039 1,344 821 1,229 593 789 5,327 685 628 1,802 1,351 2,030 837 762 1,970 822 1,731 1,445 3,622 1,071 593 753 1,222 1,753 648 457 1,656 1,078 461 5,398 823 3,429 4,183 1,809 873 1,524 740 1,550 1,310 1,129 637 768 1,148 475 Monthlies 7,834 500 3,064 2,475 2,683 1,000 4,747 3,706 4,463 2,410 1,990 1,871 1,272 476 60, 953 1,976 7,870 1,958 5,030 2,033 3,418 2,173 500 5,614 1,811 11, 040 1,125 7,880 2,555 10, 926 1,013 555 2,385 5,504 1,525 17, 107 2,363 961 1,814 AGGBEGATE CIRCULATION FEB ISSUE. Total of all classes. 31, 779, 686 93, 073 13,550 103, 501 640, 026 95,744 237, 660 36, 943 34, 425 213, 923 27, 332 a 269, 066 6,650 b 2, 421, 275 661, 111 4,060 547, 340 280, 729 397,564 131, 630 1, 214, 460 414, 693 2, 012, 929 620, 974 222, 074 87,904 965, 285 20,827 154, 570 27, 745 185, 968 249, 478 6,356 9, 374, 134 105, 501 3, 093, 931 85, 786 5, 031, 061 97, 121 60, 902 293, 288 263, 289 36, 175 130, 192 256, 471 16, 751 86, 958 436, 676 5,686 Dailies. 3, 566, 395 3,600 5,030 157, 814 26, 375 47, 490 4,500 16, 800 36, 500 2,600 27,830 Weeklies connected with dailies. 270, 923 72, 698 38, 456 21, 396 33,492 38, 065 18, 940 132, 613 280, 399 62, 839 28, 493 4,200 122, 660 912 18, 630 17, 155 9,070 50, 776 2,000 996, 561 7,934 216, 336 11, 070 678, 227 41, 402 7,750 30, 995 30, 297 7,950 4,200 32, 172 1,100 4,100 33, 400 1,986 10, 120 6,100 7,600 104, 637 24, 170 62, 100 3,400 5,000 5,000 1,450 39, 990 455, 627 89, 140 94,706 43, 424 68, 800 26, 820 31,250 129,400 230, 654 146, 883 60, 614 3,850 253, 608 4,140 26, 050 4,600 43,212 25, 058 1,130 928, 966 8,490 420, 566 18, 024 345, 076 11, 082 6,900 35, 740 55,489 9,700 9,000 20, 172 3,544 6,400 71, 875 1,800 Weeklies not connected with dailies and all others than month- lies. 15, 962, 353 66, 243 3,860 90, 371 279, 636 35, 29d 97, 070 29, 043 12,626 101, 212 23,282 117, 896 5,650 1, 193, 179 439, 023 4,060 362, 439 189, 717 266, 017 65, 795 128, 070 132, 920 927, 338 378, 959 107, 917 73,754 435, 217 15, 775 95, 950 5,490 94,386 157, 344 3,225 4, 645, 080 82, 327 1, 834, 498 41, 362 2, 501, 685 41, 697 54,142 202, 703 127, 963 13, 960 65, 492 133, 225 12, 107 70, 652 296, 019 1,900 Monthlies. 8, 139, 881 7,050 500 98, 040 9,900 31, 000 1,000 71,211 33, 350 401, 646 60,250' 61, 740 26, 192 29, 265 950 1, 036, 200 19, 760 574, 538 33, 293 25, 150 6,100 153, 800 13, 040 500 39, 300 16, 300 2, 903, 527 6,750 622,631 15,330 1, 606, 073 3,040 1,110 28, S.'iO 49,540 4,675 61, 500 70, 902 4,806 36, 282 a Includes 1 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly (Simday-school papers), not separately reported, having a circulation of 60,000, and copies annually printed 600,000. b Includes 4 weeklies, 13 monthlies, and 12 quarterlies (Sunday-school papers), not separately reported, having a circulation of 100,000, and copies annually printed 6,000,000. STATISTICAL TABLES. 173 PERIODICALS, BT STATES AND TEEEITOEIES, PUBLISHED EN THE FKITED STATES, WITH SCRIPTION PEICE. AGGREGATE NUMBER OF COPHSS PRINTED IN CENSUS TEAR. AVERAGE SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. Total for all classes. Dallies. "Weeklies connected with dailies. 'Weeklies not connected ■witlidailiesandall others than monthlies. Monthlies. Dailies. "Weeklies connected with dailies. All others. > 2,067,848,209 1, 100, 607, 219 202, 244, 024 663, 543, 866 94, 853, 100 $7 27 $2 06 $177 6,778,544 2, 994, 600 485, 840 3,225,404 72, 700 10 00 1 62 1 70 1 1, 413, 600 4,990,595 938, 000 1, 452, 800 292, 000 395, 800 183, 600 3, 140, 495 8 83 4 60 4 60 2 1,500 9 92 1 80 1 62 3 72,861,836 50, 593, 910 7,245,700 13,993,646 1, 028, 580 9 09 2 94 8 12 4 8, 877, 831 7,083,875 1, 045, 240 619, 816 128, 900 9 56 2 56 2 15 5 20, 366, 449 12, 068, 500 3, 254, 640 4, 677, 549 365,760 7 09 1 76 1 60 6 2, 739, 014 5, 172, 998 148, 200 259, 200 2, 590, 814 11 71 3 00 2 04 7 4,246,490 655, 308 12, 000 3 50 1 67 1 43 8 15, 874, 432 11, 105, 000 250, 000 3,653,936 865, 496 6 00 2 00 1 69 9 2, 086, 644 > a 20, 994, 549 744, 000 11, 145, 560 75, 800 2,004,280 1,266,844 6, 886, 809 7 33 1 67 1 82 10 267, 900 7 27 1 62 1 73 11 367, 600 6174,696,505 367, 600 6 45 12 82, 271, 568 23, 389, 255 58, 322, 572 4,713,110 6 61 1 60 1 63 13 44, 908, 191 24, 007, 100 4,401,060 15, 758, 631 741,400 6 66 1 48 1 45 14 210, 200 35, 747, 302 210, 200 18, 879, 155 1 33 15 11, 313, 035 4, 869, 012 686, 100 8 33 1 60 1 68 10 18,589,223 6,398,307 2, 306, 638 9, 516, 880 367, 400 6 81 1 46 1 64 17 25,332,423 9, 852, 160 3, 513, 120 11,617,243 349, 900 7 71 177 1 73 18 16, 602, 320 10, 201, 900 1, 116, 840 4, 272, 980 10, 600 10 69 2 11 3 44 19 25, 661, 345 5,315,360 1, 619, 600 6,289,285 12,437,100 6 60 1 99 1 60 20 50, 115, 182 37, 422, 600 6,318,100 6, 138, 332 236, 150 5 55 1 22 1 58 21 149, 319, 973 87, 154, 551 9, 108, 248 46,665,318 6, 391, 856 6 32 1 38 1 89 22 46, 659, 470 20, 110, 482 7, 538, 100 18, 616, 488 394,400 6 30 1 45 1 49 23 18, 097, 781 9,493,750 1, 618, 708 6,692,423 292, 900 8 15 1 31 1 76 24 5,293,418 1,306,500 195,400 3, 721, 818 69,700 7 40 1 62 2 09 25 79, 265, 309 41,678,917 13, 177, 576 22, 550, 938 1, 857, 878 7 72 1 31 1 65 26 1, 280, 480 11,717,103 264, 600 5, 417, 816 215,280 1, 472, 380 800, 600 17 50 5 00 4 50 27 4,607,027 219, 280 7 86 1 64 1 69 28 5, 820, 575 5,348,025 241, 200 228, 860 2,500 10 21 3 34 3 41 29 9, 635, 410 2,824,950 2,246,424 4, 074, 106 489, 930 5 60 1 40 1 30 30 22, 150, 095 11,887,510 2,286,434 7,828,451 147, 700 5 25 171 1 64 31 838, 860 577,755,819 617,000 309, 461, 658 108, 400 48,141,113 113, 460 10 00 3 50 2 61 32 187, 116, 678 33, 036, .370 7 14 1 75 2 04 33 6, 819, 383 2, 337, 528 438, 240 3, 954, 114 89, 600 4 58 1 53 1 67 34 152, 579, 380 67,478,961 21, 901, 858 55, 801, 393 7, 397, 168 7 23 1 61 1 56 35 8, 578, 213 5,788,940 904, 200 1, 695, 253 189,820 6 86 2 60 S 21 36 297, 559, 892 182, 410, 996 17, 498, 312 78,472,237 19,178,347 5 57 1 71 1 64 87 14, 496, 498 11, 261, 116 965, 688 2, 234, 144 35, 550 5 50 2 10 2 07 38 5, 774, 415 2, 433, 600 549, 200 2, 778, 895 12, 720 7 75 1 90 1 94 39 18, 293, 872 8, 728, 850 1, 856, 480 7, 444, 292 264,260 7 38 1 15 142 40 19, 883, 792 9, 756, 534 2,776,428 6, 745, 330 605. 500 9 51 2 06 1 86 41 3,867,500 2,429,600 416,400 990, 200 31, 300 10 30 2 83 3 04 42 5, 681, 464 1, 317, 000 411, 000 3,360,464 693, 000 6 80 2 00 1 71 43 18,422,845 10, 042, 260 1,048,644 6, 523, 666 808, 375 5 33 1 52 1 66 44 1, 062, 103 4, 903, 466 326, 000 1,277,200 180, 288 555, 815 3, 244, 566 11 34 2 67 2 82 45 332, 600 49, 100 8 00 1 50 1 55 40 27, 901, 051 9,682,450 3,441,500 14, 365, 741 411, 360 8 53 1 76 1 73 47 803, 260 615, 660 93, 600 94, 000 10 00 2 50 3 00 48 a Inolndes 1 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly (Sunday-school papers), not separately reported, having a circulation of 50,000, and copies annually printed €00,000. b Includes 4 weeklies, 13 monthlies, and 12 qnarterlies (Sunday-school papers), not separately reported, having a circulation of 100,000, and copies annually printed «.000.000. 174 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table III.— STATEMENT OP THE OIECULATION OP NEWSPAPEES AND STATES A2^D TEEEITOKIES. Total. CIBOULATION PEK ISSDE. 50,000 and over, (a) 25,000 and less than 50,000. i i i i 1 CO f .2 a 1 o i 1 1 1 a •a H 03 § s 3 f 1 1 i 1 ! H 1 1 3 1 1 .a g i 1 1 1 11, 314 7 30 31 7 6 18 49 29 3 .... 1 2 .... 1 125 17 117 361 87 139 67 26 44 45 6200 10 c 1,017 467 3 569 347 205 112 123 143 427 464 223 123 530 18 189 37 87 215 18 1,411 142 774 74 973 44 81 193 280 22 82 194 29 109 340 11 ? s 4 2 1 1 f\ R 7 H q 1 10 Florida 11 I'' Idaho n Illinois .... 2 3 5 2 14 1*1 ifi Iowa 17 1R 1 1 19 ?0 5 ^1 1 1 3 4 1 '?.'> 1 3 1 2 4 ?3 ?4 ?»> ?« 1 1 3 1 ?7 ^R ?9 flO ?1 ^9 ^S 4 18 15 1 2 .... 7 17 11 1 1 .... rt4 S'S Ohio 2 2 3 1 .... 1 6 1 2 SO S7 2 3 6 2 3 .... 2 7 8 1 1 .... SR r1f» 40 1 41 Texas 1 49 4S 1 44 4*^ 'Iff 47 4H i ■■■■| a Included in this classification are 34 journals whose circulation exceeds 100,000, divided, according to periods of issue, as folloTrs: Bailies 3, weeklies 11, monthlies 15, semi-monthlies 1, quarterlies 4. Of these, Maine has 4 monthlies; Massachusetts, 1 weekly; New York, 3 dailies, 7 weeklies, 6 monthlies, 1 quorteilyt Ohio, 1 monthly, 1 quarterly ; Pennsylvania, 3 weBklies, 4 monthlies, 1 semi-monthly, 2 quarterlies. b Included in grand total and not separately reported: "Weekly 1, monthly 1, semi-monthly 1. < Included in j;rand total and not separately reported : Weeklies 4, monthlies 13, quajterlies 12. STATISTICAL TABLES. PBEIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY PEEIODS OF ISSUE. 175 CIRCULATION TEU ISSUE — Continued. 16,000 and less than 25,000. 10,000 and leas than 15,000. 5,000 and less than 10,000. i e a n (A 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 0) 1 1 g 1 CO a 3 Pi o a i j 1 1 i 1 GO •a .2 in 3 1 t f S i 00 S •c H 1 § e si 1 ,3 i 1 i a 'i 4) 3 S 1 8 8 a 1 u 63 1 oi 1 •a S la ■3 a B 1 CD 1 25 75 2 40 7 3 -=- 34 85 4 ^^ 1 67 7 .... 1 6 1 72 270 8 1 1 130 18 1 15 1 = = = =?= 1 j^ 1 ... 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 1 4 1 6 ff 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 6 9 1 2 1 4 1 n 4 13 2 2 1 1 11 1 6 1 2 2 31 4 2 21 4 4 3 IT .... ii 1 1 1 3 2 8 3 4 4 21 10 1 3 2 1 Iff 17 1 1 ... 1 6 1R 1 3 5 1 1 2 8 2 ?0 1 4 3 1 2 1 17 2 6 6 2 1 8 1 1 3 1 .... 9? 1 ?T 1 1 *>'! 1 4 05 1 3 1 1 4 3 1 4 13 1 2 1 ''fl 07 OS •>i> 1 2 1 2 2 3 flO 1 .... 2 1 SI S9 4 23 2 18 2 1 .... 5 22 1 .... 1 24 3 .... 1 1 1 15 60 2 41 5 5 1 R» ^•1 2 9 1 1 5 8 10 1 8 6 1 11 2 1 2 1 27 2 33 3 1 12 4 3 T> Sfl 3 1 G .... 9 1 1 ... 12 13 1 1 1 20 2 3 .... ^^7 SR Sft 1 5 1 1 3 4 40 41 4? 1 1 'Irt 1 1 1 6 ^-l '1'i 40 .... 1 1 ... ... .... 3 1 1 6 1 1 47 4R 176 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table III.— STATEMEI^TT OF THE CIECULATIOIf OP NEWSPAPEES AND PEEIODIGALS STATES AlfD TBEEITOEIES. CIECULATION PER ISSUE— Continued. 3,000 and less than 5,000. 1,000 and less than 3,060. 1 1 S 1 CO S 1 H i 1 1 1 1 g a •a H § 1 i .1 R 1 1 1 % ■a 1 i I .i g a EC 1 .s o a S 1 30 •a I 2 112 373 7 .... 4 119 17 .... 1 11 .... 272 2,313 56 27 12 339 51 1 4 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 14 5 5 13 4 19 57 18 39 7 5 9 4 20 1 182 134 ... 2 2 •> ^ 2 14 2 9 1 2 ^ 7 2 6 6 1 1 13 1 4 2 s ., R 1 1 1 1 7 R 2 1 1 1 5 9 District of Columbia ■ 2 1 5 1 1 in Florida » 1 7 11 Georgia 2 1 2 6 1 ^•> Idaho 11 Ulinois 5 3 32 12 1 10 7 7 4 5 8 22 7 8 2 1 9 3 5 2 18 10 7 1 3 1 1 31 7 6 3 1 2 1 n IS Indian territory ifi 5 2 2 3 2 1 1 / 1 .... 7 6 2 1 6 129 57 48 11 33 33 106 90 36 22 73 6 19 1 30 62 ] 9 5 14 1 1 1 .... .... 17 1 4 18 1 1 1 19 ?n 1 3 9 1 4 3 14 9 2 1 .... ?,i 4 09 5 1 3 1 1 14 11 4 1 5 9 2 3 1 2 ... 7S 2 1 f14 ?,fi . ?0 jMissouri 4 12 1 2 5 1 1 6 1 17 1 .... 2 ?7 ?R 3 2 3 2 3 3 9 1 42 4 16 30 2 1 1 fl 1 1 12 2 ?') Nevada nn New Hampshire 3 5 1 5 ni 4 2 1 .... :i'> 31 New Xork 12 79 4 22 1 39 4 4 5 5 2 6 6 3 1 45 1 12 1 9 6 4 291 22 228 15 276 8 15 29 29 1 23 35 6 16 50 1 13 2 5 78 1 29 11 2 4 13 1 .14 as Ohio 6 1 1 2 4 1 2 .... SR Oregon XJ 14 3 1 ... 2 3 1 51 1 6 HR Tlhode Island 30 40 4 1 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 6 1 41 Texas 1 ' 1 3 ... .... n Utah 1 1 43 Vermont 1 1 .... 44 Virginia 1 3 ... 1 .... 1 1 .... 45 Washington 4f! West Virginia 1 3 3 10 1 5 2 5 1 47 Wisconsin 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 48 . .. -_. STATISTICAL TABLES. PUBLISHED m THE UNITED STATES, BY PEEIODS OF ISSUE— Continued, 177 cmcULATiON PEK ISSUE— oontinned. 500 and less than 1,000.' iTumber of journals having a oironlatlon less than 500. Number of jonmals suspended, consolidated, and giving no data. 1 1 1 1 1 1 a J 1 J 1 i a 1 a 1 1 i n ! 1 i 1 ■a i 1 ^ i 1 1 § a 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 i a •»9 1 1 •si a a 1 . 232 3,283 35 28 12 145 29 1 3 13 1 86 1,216 12 12 1 10 120 15 2 16 1 113 934 9 5 .... 113 5 3 1 3 1 U 4 1 7 1 4 30 14 11 6 5 1 2 5 5 8 2 8 5 8 7 7 2 18 3 5 3 13 1 3 11 3 2 1 8 2 51 5 37 94 32 28 27 11 2 18 84 5 291 146 1 239 132 61 25 25 39 57 183 72 49 196 3 81 10 19 49 6 245 52 194 27 192 10 32 64 118 3 18 54 10 55 128 3 2 27 29 45 3 6 19 3 1 1 1 1 10 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 15 2 17 31 8 11 4 1 4 7 22 1 1 1 2 12 1 1 7 1 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 .... 1 4 H 2 1 1 1 .... 3 A 1 7 R 1 2 1 1 4 10 24 1 102 55 in 3 1 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 1 n in 2 9 4 2 1 5 2 2 2 10 6 1 1 6 2 85 36 49 48 22 10 10 9 24 34 21 12 46 2 11 4 6 15 6 84 18 42 8 60 S 8 23 39 1 23 11 2 9 26 2 15 2 13 .... 1 .... 14 15 2 2 3 2 7 3 68 64 12 41 10 13 29 69 66 26 64 1 50 7 4 -' 29 3 53 17 47 6 45 1 10 24 35 1 1 17 5 13 59 2 1 1 1 10 3 4 1 3 2 e 1 1 4 6 5 1 1A 17 2 1 .... 1 18 3 2 1 3 4 2 19 1 1 1 2 7 2 1 fO 1 3 .... 1 n 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 .... ... ... 1 2 1 n 1 6 ?3 1 24 2 14 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 25 » 2 1 7 2 5 1 3 5 2« 27 1 1 1 1 Sfl 1 2 1 9,9 1 2 1 2 2 30 2 1 1 2 3 2 4 31 32 2 2 1 2 2 21 2 7 1 25 2 2 1 3 6 2 2 .... 2 4 2 2 7 1 4 1 1 10 2 6 3 12 6 4 8 1 1 19 1 11 1 33 .... 2 1 34 3 1 2 ... 1 1 Rr. 36 1 1 1 1 .... 2 1 1 1 7 11 37 1 3R 1 .... 1 1 1 .... 2 1 « 5 1 39 2 2 4 1 2 2 6 1 1 3 1 1 40 1 .... 5 1 1 41 4^ .... 1 5 1 1 4B 2 4 .... 1 2 3 10 1 3 2 1 44 45 1 1 1 .... 2 7 1 1 .... 1 1 1 5 46 1 1 2 3 47 4A 12 PR 178 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table IV.— iiMOIINT PAID ANIJUJALLY IN WAGES AND TOTAL GEOSS VALUE OF PEODUGTS OP TOTAL WAGES PAID, EEOEIPTS PEOM ADVEETISING AND SUBSCEIPTIONS, NUMBEE OF STATES AND TBEKITOBrES. The TJnited State* Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticnt Dakota Delaware District of Colombia . . . Morida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana .1 Indian territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine ' Maryland Massaohnsetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada , New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio , Oregon Pennsylvania Bhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah , , Vermont , Virginia "Washington West Virginia , "Wisconsin Wyoming Amount paid annually in wages. Total. $28, 659, 336 38 110, 083 00 45,828 00 119, 048 00 1, 300, 139 86 838, 345 00 378, 566 00 112, 185 00 55, 278 66 205, 924 00 43, 253 00 331, 327 00 18, 000 00 2, 736, 717 42 745, 850 00 3, 000 00 647, 407 12 335, 437 86 272, 136 00 411, 616 00 317, 006 00 486, 958 00 2, 074, 749 00 729, 673 00 390, 161 00 109, 036 00 1,284,83100 66,700 00 250, 732 00 162, 338 00 119, 203 00 454, 633 00 31, 292 00 6,460,071 00 119, 809 00 1, 761, 038 00 128, 430 33 2, 913, 162 00 206, 525 63 110, 081 00 265, 456 50 772, 059 00 88, 580 00 92, 959 00 261, 362 00 34, 975 00 99,671 00 531, 903 00 25,900,00 Dailies. $17, 813, 053 38 52, 300 00 37, 228 00 63, 500 00 941, 122 36 270, 090 00 287, 792 00 65, 500 00 41, 061 66 134, 282 00 16, 000 00 190, 137 00 1, 480, 435 42 403, 443 00 277, 009 12 140, 833 86 75, 000 00 330, 835 00 95, 257 00 373,236 00 1, 342, 782 00 385, 048 00 226, 521 00 40, 220 00 913, 154 00 30, 500 00 138, 808 00 144, 500 00 62, 950 00 241, 784 00 23, 760 00 4, 227, 716 00 49, 070 00 1, 082, 455 00 86, 822 33 1, 932, 818 00 161,158 63 54, 900 00 156, 496 DO 617, 486 00 76, 080 00 29, 000 00 162, 350 00 15, 700 00 " 31, 772 00 283,841 00 20, 300 00 Weeklies and all others. $10, 746, 283 00 57, 783 00 8, 600 00 55, 548 00 359, 017 50 68, 255 00 90, 774 00 46, 685 00 14, 217 00 71, 642 00 27, 253 00 141, 190 00 18, 000 00 1, 256, 282 00 342, 407 00 3, 000 00 370, 398 00 194, 604 00 197, 136 00 80, 781 00 221, 749 00 113, 722 00 731, 967 00 344, 625 00 163, 640 00 68, 816 00 371, 677 00 36, 200 00 111, 924 00 17, 838 00 56, 253 00 212, 749 00 7, 532 00 2, 232, 356 00 70, 739 00 678, 583 00 41, 608 00 980, 344 00 45,367 00 55,18100 108, 960 SO 154, 573 00 12, 500 00 63, 959 00 09, 012 00 19, 275 00 67, 899 00 248, 062 00 5,600 00 Percentage of total wagea paid. Dailies. 62.37 47.51 81.23 53.34 72.39 79.83 76.02 58.39 74.28 65.21 36.99 57.38 54.10 54.09 42.79 41.99 27.56 80.37 30.05 52. 77 58.06 71.08 45.73 55.36 89.01 52.81 63.19 75.93 65.44 40.96 61.47 67.60 66.35 78.03 49.87 58.95 79.98 85.89 3L20 62.12 44.89 31.88 53.36 78.88 Weeklies and all others. 37.63 52.49 18.77 46.66 27.61 20.17 23.98 41.61 25.72 34.79 63.01 42.62 100. 00 45.90 45.91 100. 00 57.21 58.01 72.44 19.63 69.95 23.35 35.28 47.23 41.94 63.11 28.92 64.27 44.64 10.99 47.19 46.81 24.07 34.56 59.04 38.53 32.40 33.65 21.97 50.13 4L05 20.02 14.11 68.80 37.88 55.11 68.12 46.64 2LS2 Average wages to each estab. Uahment, Dailies. $20, 105 03 10,460 00 6,204 66 10, 683 33 18, 822 44 16,887 64 17, 987 00 9, 357 14 10, 265 42 33,570 50 5, 333 33 12, 675 80 21,465 58 10, 086 07 10, 259 69 7,412 30 8, 333 34 33,083 50 9, 526 70 28, 710 46 40, 690 36 12, 420 90 28, 315 12 8, 044 00 21,741 76 10, 166 66 10, 677 53 10, 321 42 6,994 44 10, 074 33 7, 920 00 88, 087 S2 5, 462 22 22, 551 14 12,403 14 20,133 52 26, 859 77 13,725 00 15, 649 60 22, 053 07 19, 020 00 », 666 66 8,544 74 5, 233 33 15,886 00 14, 939 00 <,7Se«6 Weeklies and all others. $1,476 75 642 03 1, 720 00 760 93 1, 813 22 1,664 76 1,334 91 1,061 02 836 30 6, 970 16 879 13 967 05 2, 671 43 1,764 44 1,116 33 1,500 00 798 27 787 87 1, 332 00 1, 091 03 2, 956 65 1, 277 78 2, 927 87 1, 063 65 956 95 739 96 1, 102 90 4, 022 22 888 29 1, 189 20 1,081 79 1,447 27 1, 076 00 2,972 51 760 63 1,275 63 904 62 1,704 95 1, 972 48 951 40 893 12 1, 250 00 1,254 09 925 34 1, 070 83 798 SI 996 23 1,400 N STATISTICAL TABLES. 179 NEWSPAPEES AKD PEEIODlCALS PUBLISHED IF THE UNITED STATES, WITH PERCENTAGE OP HANDS EMPLOYED IN MANUEACTUEE, AND NUMBEE EMPLOYED IN EDITORIAL WOEK. Gross valne of annual products. Eeoeipts ftom adver- tising. Receipts from subscrip- tion. Percentage of receipts from advertising. Percentage of receipts from sahscriptiou. Number of persons employed in manu- facture. Number employed in edi- torial ■work. Dailies. WeekUes and all others. Total. Bailies and weeklies connected. "Weeklies and all otliers. Dailies and ■weeklies connected. "Weeklies and aU otliers. Dailies and weeklies connected. Weeklies and all others. Dailies and weeklies connected. "Weeklies and all others. Males. B^emales. $43, 702, 113 $45, 306, 961 $89,009,074 $21,487,676 $17, 648, 630 $22,214,437 $27,658,331 49.17 38.95 50.83 61.05 51, 140 3,875 16, 600 194, 400 229, 511 423, 911 95, 900 124, 765 98, 500 104,746 49.33 54.36 60.67 45.64 334 3 143 1 71, 500 24,200 95, 700 45, 900 12, 100 25, 600 12, 100 64.20 50.00 35.80 60.00 72 12 23 2 145, 200 194,903 340, 103 71,933 110, 268 73, 267 84, 635 49.54 56.58 50.46 43. 42 337 21 130 B 2, 596, 158 1,340,080 3, 936^ 238 1,555,096 595,831 1, 041, 062 744, 369 59.90 44.46 40.10 65.54 1,645 137 667 4 789, 220 225, 890 1, 015, 110 415, 745 151, 697 373, 475 74, 193 52.68 67.16 47.32 32.84 473 17 127 5 640,480 299, 002 939,482 314, 855 145, 315 325, 635 153, 787 49.16 48.57 50.84 51.43 618 45 243 6 109, 500 125, 551 235, 051 52,700 75, 336 56, 800 50,225 48.13 60. 00 51.87 40.00 230 9 76 7 114, 988 41, 100 156,088 67, 913 24,070 47, 075 17, 030 59.06 58.93 40.94 41.07 146 8 36 8 324, 143 246, 514 669,657 161, 386 74, 542 173, 757 170, 972 46.70 30.36 63.30 69.64 231 14 98 9 32, 600 84,200 116, 700 16, 250 50,409 16, 350 33,791 50.00 59.87 60.00 40.13 134 2 46 10 488, 771 459, 858 948, 629 267, 078 211, 433 231, 693 248, 425 52.60 45.98 47.40 64.02 827 21 236 11 38,000 3,813,428 38, 000 7,264,585 19, 190 1,690,253 18,810 2, 223, 175 50.50 49.50 21 2 9, 12 3,451,167 1,589,701 1, 861, 466 46.06 41.70 63.94 58.30 4,708 491 1,384 la 880, 314 1, 166, 799 2,036,113 469, 194 588,494 411, 120 567, 305 53.30 60.93 46.70 49.08 1,978 115 633 14 6,300 1,332,497 6,300 2, 088, 17U 2,990 767,431 3,310 47.46 52'. 54 11 3 15 755,673 383, 376 372, 298 565, 066 50.74 67. .59 49.20 42.41 1,881 169 697 16 327,693 679, 107 1,006,800 191, 844 399, 879 136, 849 279, 228 58.64 58.88 41.46 41.12 1,051 83 366 17 834,412 634, 205 1,468,617 381, 636 290, 248 452,776 343,957 46.74 45.77 54.26 54.23 1,046 14 297 18 820, 595 310, 060 1, 130, 656 491, 904 126, 358 328, 691 184, 702 59.95 40.43 40.05 69.67 694 2 190 19 222, 423 1, 014, 039 1, 236, 4«1 92, 436 121, 958 129, 986 892,031 41.50 12. 03 58.44 87.97 517 367 152 20 1, 122, 160 445,733 1, 567, 893 632, 366 227, 491 . 489, 804 218, 242 56.35 51.04 43.65 48.96 873 19 271 21 3, 033, 267 3,834,493 6,367,760 1,426,556 1,085,967 1, 606, 712 2, 248, 526 47.03 32.57 52.97 67.43 2,148 430 848 22 979, 270 1, 078, 168 2,057,438 468, 527 533, 565 510, 743 544, 603 47.84 49.49 52.16 60.51 1,669 172 598 23 424, 060 522, 943 947, 903 226, 088 298,452 198, 872 224,491 53.20 57.07 46.80 43.93 871 46 261 24 77, 200 303, 693 380, 893 41, 800 170, 134 35,400 133, 559 64.15 56.03 46.35 43.97 330 10 128 25 2, 234, 565 1, 344, 356 3, 578, 921 1, 084, 512 625,729 1, 150, 053 718, 627 48.53 46.64 61.47 63.46 2,413 161 651 £8 68, 000 109,750 177, 760 31, 200 62, 930 36, 800 66, 820 45.88 48.23 54.12 61.77 64 3 27 27 339, 698 372,846 712, 544 171, 753 220, 072 167, 945 152, 774 50.56 59.02 49.44 40.98 516 34 213 28 283, 500 55, 300 338,800 183, 570 31, 569 99, 930 23, 731 64.75 57.09 35.25 42.91 151 7 44 29 184, 709 175, 150 359, 859 94,766 84,249 89, 943 00, 901 61.31 48.10 48.69 51.90 262 54 96 31 577, 825 697, 190 1, 176, 015 333, 352 S60, 805 244, 473 336, 385 57.69 60.42 42.31 39.68 1,016 63 285 31 62, 372 18, 600 70, 972 26, 288 9,596 36, 084 9,005 50.19 61.59 49.81 48.41 57 2 20 32 10,412,991 13, 853, 920 24, 266, 911 4, 667, 986 4, 003, 188 5, 745, 006 9, 847, 732 44.83 28.93 55.17 71.08 8,646 519 3,237 3i 89, 900 254, 232 344, 132 46,220 132, 104 43, 630 133, 138 61.41 51.90 48.59 48.04 360 2 140 34 3, 182, 295 2, 937, 163 6, 109, 448 1, 321, 003 1,139,639 1, 861, 292 1, 787, 614 41.51 38.93 .58.49 61.07 3,995 237 1,081 35 169, 174 198, 015 367, 189 77, 210 99,885 91, 964 98, 130 45.64 60.44 54.36 49.56 334 17 93 36 4^819, 396 4,600,101 9,319,497 2, 551, 613 1, 667, 167 2,267,783 3,833,944 53.94 37.05 47.06 62.95 6,399 209 1,630 37 333,425 117,301 455, 726 184, 703 59,453 153, 722 57, 849 64.58 50.68 45.43 49.32 340 24 79 38 141, 100 168, 138 309, 238 70, 039 75, 868 71, 061 92,270 49.64 45.13 60.36 54.87 386 8 99 39 415,890 368, 191 784, 081 216, 848 157, 602 200, 042 210, 589 51.90 42.81 43.10 57.19 660 21 320 4» 595, 986 .604,309 1,100,295 313, 961 256, 128 282, 026 248, 181 52.68 50.79 47.32 49r21 1,048 61 348 41 146,708 30, 350 177, 058 68, 395 12, 875 78, 313 17, 475 46.62 42.42 53.38 57.68 136 7 35 42 63,400 199, 319 262, 719 30, 900 71, 719 33, 500 127, 600 48.74 35.98 51,26 64.02 216 82 73 43 324, 540 374, 286 698, 826 179,365 176, 839 145, 175 197,447 55.27 47.25 44.73 53.76 682 17 262 44 29, 700 57, 700 87, 400 16, 890 31, 950 12,810 25, 750 56.87 55.37 43.13 44.63 72 10 27 45 83, 656 217, 855 301,411 44, 556 124,724 39, 000 93, 131 53.32 57.25 46.68 42.75 392 6 114 46 077, 900 9U, 826 1, 589, 725 308, 550 446,370 369, 350 465, 455 45.52 48.95 54.48 51.05' 1,416 162 412 47 34, 500 12,800 47,300 24,825 8,125 9,675 4,676 71.96 63.48 28.04 3a 52 36 1 9 4S 180 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table v.— AVEEAGE AND AGGEEGATB EMS OP TYPE SET PEE ISSUE ON THE NBWSPAPEE8 AND PEEIODIOALS OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH AGGEEGATE POUNDS OP TYPE AND NUMBEE OP PEESSES IN USE, AND THE NUMBEE OP PAPEES PEINTED ON THE CO-OPEEA- TIVE PLAN. ' STATES AND TEEEITOEIES. Average ems of type set per issne. Dailies. Weeklies and all others.' Aggregate ems of type set per issne. Dailies. ■Weeklies and all others. Aggregate pounds of type in use. Knmber of presses owned and nsed in newspaper work. Hand- power. Water- power. Steam- power. Knmberof co-operative papers. The United States. Alabama . . Arizona . . - Arkansas-. GaJifomia. Colorado .. Oonnecticnt Dakota Delaware District of Golnmbia . Florida Georgia Idaho XUinois Indiana Indian territory . Iowa Kansas Kentucky - liOoisiana . Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi — Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico ... New York North Carolina. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania .. Hhode Island. . . South Carolina . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont "Virginia Waahington. West Virginia. Wisconsin Wypming ...-., 74, 147 57,197 66, 140, 266 490, 753, 766 6, 689, 878 4,873 47,000 41, 750 29, 167 66, 150 70,663 35, 714 58,924 92,500 46,667 66,400 67,894 58,525 68,130 47, 142 90,982 140, 100 66,700 136, 854 94,470 53, 531 100, 875 34,400 81,648 36, 667 53, 000 38,286 39, 000 55,354 29, 867 102, 341 34,750 108, 262 49, 286 80, 282 78, 587 63, 000 66, 450 52, 093 55, 750 60, 000 49, 395 32,000 85, 000 69,717 41,333 35, 263 44,000 45, 368 55, 415 54, 142 50, 957 37, 058 47, 116 95, 353 39, 053 40, 652 41, 875 50, 072 51, 929 41, 666 49, 633 45,845 57,954 36, 470 67, 518 46,535 63, 073 48, 862 40, 592 42, 880 53, 757 59,444 42, 472 40, 941 53,154 59, 514 35, 250 94, 332 45, 695 48, 180 51, 857 68, 578 72, 487 52, 423 43,721 45, 886 46, 750 74, 844 45,471 42, 150 50, 662 47, 069 32,000 235, 000 250, 500 175, 000 3, 307, 500 1, 137, 000 1, 201, 264 250, 000 235, 698 370, 000 140, 000 996,000 4, 752, 600 2, 341, 000 1, 839, 500 853,950 1, 000, 800 1, 401, 000 667, 000 1, 642, 250 3, 117, 500 1, 713, 000 807,000 172, 000 3, 429, 200 110, 000 689, 000 536, 000 390, 000 1, 328, 500 89, 600 11, 564, 555 278, 000 5, 196, 566 345, 000 7, 466, 253 628, 700 252, 000 664, 500 1, 510, 700 223, 000 180, 000 938, 500 96, 000 170, 000 1, 324, 630 124,000 3, 596, 900 220, 000 4, 309, 956 13, 188, 774 2, 544, 700 4, 739, 000 1, 890, 000 800, 972 3, 242, 009 1, 288, 760 5, 935, 155 335, 000 39, 106, 362 18, 538, 648 125, 000 23, 377, 312 12, 148, 884 9, 156, 792 3, 027, 000 6, 076, 600 4, 839, 676 20, 372, 659 17, 736, 935 7, 509, 600 4, 331, 910 21, 019, 051 535, 000 6, 498, 250 696, 000 3, 136, 100 9, 462, 800 282, 006 102, 161, 983 4, 752, 310 29, 341, 803 2, 644, 708 51, 639, 149 1, 812, 186 3, 250, 240 6, 208, 328 9, 498, 432 467, 500 3, 817, 033 6, 411, 384 843, 000 4, 812, 914 12, 896, 990 128,000 48, 855 8,550 52, 350 196, 720 48,930 78,360 31,050 13, 160 45, 520 26,850 101, 495 4,550 517, 520 241, 375 1,300 359, 008 146, 639 121, 769 123,126 63, 035 79, 693 289, 580 194, 817 120, 275 60,285 332, 142 8,050 97, 615 28,250 40, 149 131, 800 6,375 1, 242, 649 58,055 378, 425 37, 775 681, 736 31, 800 33, 255 83, 979 134, 571 18,800 43, 435 81,404 17, 450 49, 490 173, 672 4,850 83 142 36 32 54 15 124 8 126 83 406 234 120 72 44 61 74 252 156 93 315 3 137 20 42 94 11 315 99 301 41 329 7 57 114 203 7 31 99 16 78 202 4 148 3,027 545 298 92 31 28 15 54 31 163 111 27 6 71 9 20 7 27 64 1 490 5 210 9 280 19 8 39 22 7 25 30 7 STATISTICAL TABLES. 181 Table VI.— AVERAGE AND AGGREGATE NUMBER OP POUNDS AND REAMS OF PAPER USED PER ISSUE ON NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH TOTAL POUNDS AND REAMS OF PAPER USED DURING THE CENSUS TEAR, STATES AND TERRITORIES. Ayerage pounds of paper used per issue. A gffregate pounds of paper per issue. Aggregate reams of paper per issue. Total pounds of paper used in census year. Total reamsof paperusedin census year. Dailies. Weeklies and all others. Bailies. "Weeklies and all others. Dailies. Weeklies and all others. The United States 338.47 281. 86 291,764.95 2,624,354.92 7,430.18 58,797.00 189,145,048 4,308,012 131.00 51.00 74.32 266.41 157. 00 226.03 35.15 246.90 570. 30 81.30 127.33 66.11 83.00 82.92 156. 51 94.75 154.24 51.01 65.89 380. 19 36.93 107. 91 40.00 241.27 119.44 107. 50 80.88 67.63 168. 55 87.61 1, 283. 07 205. 94 505. 52 128. 55 89.39 57.73 219.93 147. 75 63. 51 32.51 140.25 90.44 29.93 713. 86 59.74 309.40 121.72 526. 17 161. 55 68.89 141.37 98.48 152.93 215. 61 105. 14 51.87 63.74 120.40 57.50 655. 00 263. 00 371.72 12,787.62 2, 198. 00 4, 056. 54 281. 00 987. 60 2,281.20 162. 60 1, 855. 36 6,082.30 747. 00 7, 590. 55 43, 19a 23 5, 780. 80 16,658.46 2,703.60 1,317.84 13,306.68 1, 329. 52 17, 589. 95 360. 00 197, 115. 60 46,580.68 315. 00 39,224.44 18,909.80 28,822.24 7,797.20 127, 024. 17 24,094.47 180,472.00 51, 162. 32 17, 341. 47 6,812.50 96, 550. 85 1,773.00 10,478.77 617.68 10,659.25 15,284.70 299. 31 855, 210. 72 6, 631. 00 204, 824. 65 7, 059. 60 426, 726. 82 5, 008. 00 4,753.28 21,489.00 20, 386. 80 2,294.00 12, 074. 08 16,822.44 1,141.25 6, 310. 00 35,277.90 345.00 20.12 7.50 10.48 328.78 54.95 98.94 9.37 32.92 76.04 5.42 57.98 173. 78 20.75 205. 15 1,004.61 144. 52 396. 18 67.59 38.76 369.63 51.52 502. 57 11.56 4, 479. 90 1,225.86 8.46 1, 060. 12 640.28 758. 48 194.93 2, 490. 67 587. 67 3, 609. 44 1,162.78 403.29 174. 38 1,755.47 41.49 283. 21 22.06 368.54 413. 10 9.07 17,453.28 203. 26 5, 994. 99 176.49 9,276.67 116. 08 129.48 546.44 485.40 58.72 262.48 467. 29 32.61 170.54 839.95 7.50 480, 354 105, 048 383, 857 6, 375, 390 721, 305 1, 782, 060 222, 534 344,864 1, 157, 520 113, 891 1, 530, 830 23,853 15, 649, 893 3, 502, 848 16, 297 2,765,927 1,347,475 2, 041, 378 1, 625, 250 2, 667, 686 3,983,128 15 118,634 4, 648, 339 1, 645, 303 426, 012 9, 925, 367 114,990 903, 207 354,444 581, 916 1, 698, 173 56, 352 57, 823, 682 460, 590 11, 065, 159 709, 836 28,026,402 123, 745 432,478 1,423,483 1, 791, 588 321, 039 538, 301 1, 852, 930 76, 968 878, 670 2, 428, 546 77,506 14, 122 2,945 10, 397 California. 151, 795 18, 495 42, 430 5,706 10, 777 Biatilct of Colombia 33, 072 Florida 4,347 43, 738 Idaho 766 459. 19 131. 52 23,141.22 4,997.85 564. 42 151.45 363, 951 93, 559 438 120. 16 111.42 291. 77 295. 64 118. 38 631.50 649.07 153.48 356. 16 52.50 316. 06 21.53 119. S3 76.59 64.57 158. 67 41.70 754. 97 49.59 405.84 115. 30 523. 76 398.90 121. 12 233.45 97.31 153.18 65.62 118. 26 26.67 115. 00 150. 75 64.87 3,124.29 1, 559. 95 3,209.42 3,252.12 1, 183. 80 8, 840. 96 23, 366. 40 4,450.94 2,849.28 262. 50 12, 010. 38 64.60 1,435.97 1,072.20 545.70 3, 808. 08 125, 10 83,046.80 495. 90 19, 480. 10 807. 10 48, 185. 60 3,191.25 484.50 2,334.52 2, 335. 44 612.72 262. 50 2, 010. 50 80.00 330. 00 3,713.62 194. 00 80.11 44.57 69.77 79.32 39.46 276.28 684.16 130. 91 59.36 8.75 255.54 1.90 38.81 35.74 18.90 105.78 4.17 2, 076. 17 16.53 450.70 23.06 1,204.64 86.25 16.15 64.57 63.12 16.56 8.75 67.02 2.50 8.54 69.58 4.14 74, 473 38, 727 52, 776 32, 505 53, 461 104,407 311, 083 97,207 37,704 11, 028 165, 136 Montana - 2,668 24,411 12, 126 20, 073 46, 146 1,748 1, 203, 657 14, 207 317,873 17, 871 619, 916 30, 201 12, 030 38, 112 41,424 Utah 8,058 11,836 ■Virginia 38, 381 Wasbingtou ......-.-- 2,213 10, 215 58,127 1,074 182 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table VII— TOTAL NUMBER OF I^HEWSPAPEES AND PERIODICALS ESTABLISHED AND SUSPENDED IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE CENSUS TEAR, NUMBER OF CONSOLIDATIONS WITH EXISTING PAPERS, NUMBER ESTABLISHED BETWEEN 1850 AND 1880, BY DECADES, AND NUMBER ESTABLISHED PRIOR TO 1850. Established in the cen- sus year. Suspended in the cen- sus year. Kmnber of consoUda- tione repre- sented in existing papers. Ifnmber of existing papers es- tablished between 1870 and 1880. Number of existing papers es- tablished between 1860 and 1870. Number of existing papers es- tablished between 1850 and 1860. Number of existing papers es- tablished prior to 1850. Number of paper* with no date given. STATES AND TERRITORIES. SaiUes. "Weeklies and all others. DaJUes. Weetlies and all others. The United States - 85 1,042 56 777 1,640 5,429 1,731 903 1,216 U7 1 8 16 2 27 36 18 10 17 13 1 11 24 4 10 1 1 1 6 13 1 72 34 1 47 38 18 6 4 8 14 26 25 11 46 2 11 3 2 11 3 78 22 40 6 61 5 8 27 19 1 8 S 2 10 31 2 21 2 7 24 5 20 9 1 1 5 60 53 10 69 172 48 60 43 13 31 33 118 4 632 218 1 281 194 112 ' 57 60 66 191 223 126 66 262 7 116 23 38 86 10 677 73 346 38 444 14 34 82 168 9 32 85 18 61 151 S 16 1 7 70 10 22 2 3 6 4 21 4 165 83 5 20 1 Arizona .AT'V^.nnfMI ..,. -.,.,, 3 46 2 10 2 4 6 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 i Colorado ................ Connectiont — « 25 Dakota 3 2 4 2 1 18 District of Columbia 3 2 13 1 55 23 Elorida Greorgia 2 15 Idaho Illinois Tnrliana « 5 2 3 214 66 84 66 62 62 1 1? 42 TtKliaTi t:flrrifiory 1 2 2 1 1 69 72 19 10 13 13 30 66 14 15 59 2 36 2 2 22 2 116 16 44 » 69 a 8 29 37 4 3 20 2 8 24 1 3 3 46 82 6 12 23 18 103 46 29 6 24 6 32 2 \^ 18 7 262 4 72 9 184 6 6 29 24 2 6 64 2 6 83 1 98 34 37 19 16 25 65 81 37 28 107 6 18 6 19 39 3 219 16 105 16 136 6 9 22 31 5 9 36 6 20 55 8 53 8 4 8 9 6 36 43 17 6 28 1 6 2 6 13 1 1 Eentacky 14 11 27 34 90 28 2 7 23 1 1 1 2 1 Maine - 2 TVTaflflaoTiTiHftttfl 3 'i 2 1 i 1 3 1 e 2 ^Minnesota IMIssonri. 2 Montana 1 New !QampBhire.... ............... ......... 20 40 S 3 1 New York 6 2 2 1 8 1 1 3 4 142 7 64 4 90 6 9 16 10 1 2 14 1 4 63 262 6 154 2$ North Carolina ............................ Ohio 15, 1 6 170 10 13 15 10 10 Rhode Island . _ .............. 2 2 4 2 3 1 1 2 1 X Texas Utah 1 27 28 2 S 21 t 2 1 2 8 • ■ STATISTICAL TABLES. 18a Table VIII.— STATISTICS OF NEWSPAPEES AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IS THE GEEMAN LAIfTGUAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. NTimber of periodicals. Aggregate circulation per issue. Average subscription price. t 1 « •Si 1 g Pi 1 k 1 5 TTumberof persons em- ployed in manufac- ture. 1 i.s < p< o a ll 11 .9 SrATES AND TEBBI- TOEIBS. 1 a i i 1 j ID a 1 . si 1^ i 1 1 i |25 Th ft TTnited States 80 466 95 447, 954 1,326,248 708, 060 $7 81 $2 01 $2, 398, 475 89 $7, 737, 299 40 3,964 100 209,146.50 5, 268. 74 .'2 t> 4 2 1 33 2 9 4 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 7 1 3 12 10 10 2 3 5 12 54 23 30 9 6 2 7 12 12 24 9 H 64 69 66 11 35 20 1 7 5 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 5 21 20 11 9 3 8,202 30, 116 4,360 1, 200 650 6,115 2,500 19, 500 4,025 2,000 35, 110 750 6,200 212, 200 40, 742 62, 034 1,700 8,800 2,750 23, 900 132, 510 28,435 74, 049 10,410 17,830 7,500 40, 800 37, 725 18,616 120, 083 10, 024 13, 515 296, 342 236, 829 129, 389 12, 778 99, 823 16, 790 900 21, 300 4,625 5,200 1,200 7,100 2,200 10 00 8 47 7 25 9 33 9 00 8 60 16 00 6 25 7 80 ' 9 00 9 57 8 00 7 00 6 65 6 94 6 48 10 00 9 33 6 70 3 73 1 94 1 87 1 89 1 50 2 27 1 66 2 39 1 94 2 00 1 86 1 63 2 21 2 42 1 67 1 70 2 64 1 96 244 56, 942 00 253, 435 88 64, 469 00 37, 529 00 10, 660 00 52, 250 00 35, 035 00 81, 800 00 46, 220 00 33, 100 00 245, 764 00 18, 300 00 61, 130 00 439, 653 00 471, 642 00- 295, 777 00 31,000 00 133, 835 00 30, 044 00 158, 352 00 676, 428 40 143, 323 00 93, 010 00 26,968 00 134, 920 00 55, 495 00 321, 000 00 135, 280 00 68, 900 00 513, 700 00 49,500 00 126, 486 00 2, 052, 774 00 1, 669, 336 00 989, 458 00 62,850 00 366,969 00 92, 550 00 65 432 173 84 24 74 25 50 85 74 299 43 88 747 779 432 47 364 80 2 11 12 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 4 1 8 25 11 1 11 1 2, 880. 00 18, 423. 00 3, 667. 00 2,31] 00 730 00 2,190.00 1, 160. 00 4, 170. 00 3, 880. 00 1, 740. 00 14,829.00 953.00 17, 000. 00 67,467.00. 30,884.50 16,924.00 1,312.00 16, 666. 00 1, 960. 00 69.53 412. 03 49.27 57.82 24.28 57.55 14.35 101.3* 86.70 19.80 293. 43 27.00 43.33 2,057.75 1, 013. 40 465.08 31.17 399.34 55.58 1 2,000 13, 600 2,500 3,650 214, 042 335, 673 41, 800 600 43,970 8,000 2 2 3 5 3 New York 3 6 2 other states and territories IfOTE. The following-named states and territories, representing in the aggregate 28 newspapers — dailies 5, weetUes 20, and semi-weeklies 3— hare been consolidated and entered under the head "otherstatesand territories", viz: Arltansas,!; Connecticut, 5 j Color»do,3; District of Columbia,3; Dakota,l; Delaware,!; Georgia,!; Massachusetts, 1 ; Oregon, 2 ; Ehode Island, 1 i South Carolina, 1 ; Tennessee, 1 ; Virginia, 5 ; West Virginia, 2. The Ave daily papers were published in Conneotiont, Colorado, District of Columbia, and Virginia (2). 184 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table IX. -STATISTICS OP NBWSPAPBES AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IS FOEEIGX LASraUAGES, OTHBE THAN GEEMAN, IN THE UNITED STATES. Number of peri- odicals. Aggregate circala- mon per issne. Average sab- soription price. Amount paid an- iioallyin wages. Number of per- sons employed in manufac- ture. •3 1^ •a i Gross value of an- nual products. =3 I? g-a t| DO "I Pi S ■ .a p,t>. Totals . Botemian.----- Chinese Danish and Scandinavian.. French Holland TnHia,Ti ., Italian -. Polish FoTtngnese . Spanish ■Welsh Other languages . 10 25,700 1,800 1,500 21,900 347, 105 19, 350 1,050 125, 625 54,810 11,075 4,385 6,600 5,000 10, 300 62,830 19,880 26, 200 «10 75 7 75 5 00 14 00 $3 46 (348, 335 $431, 550 $980, 583 35,349 801.59 2 59 5 25 1 65 6 09 1 77 1 00 5 25 2 00 1 62 4 67 1 86 2 50 24,996 1,200 96,484 141, 683 7,500 3,000 7,460 3,500 5,100 41, 412 9,500 6,500 61 4 212 161 29 10 12 9 10 65 14 18 28,000 47,000 350, 000 6,550 45,006 5,600 234, 490 192, 777 23, 900 6,260 43,500 11, 000 14, 500 297, 750 45, 700 60,100 1,748 48 12,504 7,528 700 305 325 406 440 6,535 2,210 2,600 41.66 2.80 284.56 157. 50 23.25 8.75 13.50 10.00 11.00 145.07 51.00 52.50 12 iron.— 1 Irish, 1 Catalui consolidated and entered under the head of other langnagea. STATISTICAL TABLES. 185 Table X.— TOTAL NUMBEE OF NEWSPAPEES AND PEEIODIOALS DEVOTED TO EELIGION, BY DENOMINATIONS, PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES. jr ' •' ' STATES AOT) TBREITOEIES. i 1 , O 1 R 1 k f^ ^ i 1 B Hi 1 1 1 1 § ■s i 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1

2, 421, 275 6174,696,505 505 1,722,541 U3, 140, 492 467 661, 111 44, 908, 191 293 363, 542 20,064,984 3 4,060 210, 200 B69 547, 340 36,747,302 233 219, 090 16, 403, 380 347 280, 729 18, 589, 223 97 96, 803 9, 518, 176 205 397, 564 25, 332, 423 89 197, 130 18, 270, 160 112 131, 630 15, 002, 320 92 84,165 13, 765, 690 123 1,214,460 25, 661, 345 65 170, 690 9,867,680 143 414, 693 50, 115, 1& 88 235, 450 33,497,778 427 2, 012, 929 149, 319, 973 259 1,692,124 129, 691, 266 464 620, 974 46,659,470 211 253, 774 19,686,978 223 222, 074 18, 097, 781 95 110, 778 9, 543, 656 123 87, 904 5,293,418 111 71, 868 4, 703, 336 630 965,285 79, 265, 309 279 522, 866 47, 980, 422 18 20, 827 1, 280, 480 10 19, 680 2, 860, 600 189 154, 570 11, 717, 103 42 31, 600 8, 388, 60'" 37 27,745 5, 820, 675 12 11, 300 2, 572, 000 87 185, 968 9,M5,410 51 173, 919 7,237,588 215 249, 478 22, 150, 095 122 205, 500 18, 625, 740 18 6,355 838, 860 5 1,625 137, 350 1,411 9, 374, 134 677, 755, 819 835 7, 661, 497 471,741,744 142 105, 501 6, S19, 382 64 64,820 6,684,950 774 3, 093, 931 152, 579, 380 395 1, 388, 367 98, 548, 814 74 85, 786 8, 578, 213 35 45,750 3, 667, 300 973 5, 031, 061 297,559,892 540 3,419,765 241, 170, 540 44 97, 121 14,496,498 32 82, 050 9,781,500 81 69, 902 5,774,415 55 80,900 8,901,400 193 293,288 18, 293, 872 91 225,952 18, 300, 844 280 263, 289 * 19, 883, 792 112 55, 250 4,314,800 22 36, 175 3,867,500 10 14, 260 1,578,400 82 130, 192 5,681,464 47 71,390 4, 056, 300 194 256,471 18,422,845 114 143,840 13,319,578 29 16, 751 1,062,103 14 6,785 396,600' 109 85, 968 4,903,466 69 54,432 4,012,400 340 43S, 576 27,901,051 190 343, 385 28,762,920 11 5,686 803, 260 6 1,950 243,300 a Includes 1 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly (Sunday-school papers), not separately reported, having a circulation of 60,000, and copies annually printed 6M,000. » Inelndei 4 weeklies, 18 monthlies, VZ qnarteriies (Sunday-school papers), not separately reported, h»Ting a circulation of 100,000, and copies annually printed «. M«,«00. STATISTICAL TABLES. 187 AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1850 TO 1880, BY DECADES AND OF ISSUE. ALL CLABSEs — continned. 1S60. No. 4,051 37 121 55 105 CiroalatioD. Copies annually issued. 13, 663, 409 39, 812 229, 893 95, 536 16,144 69, 510 15, 500 180, 972 927, 951, 548 7, 175, 444 2, i22, 224 26, 111, 788 9, 555, 672 1, 010, 776 10, 881, 100 1, 081, 600 13,415,444 1830. 1880. Ko. Circulation. 2,626 34, 282 7,250 4,619 7,500 100, 073 5,750 64, 155 Copies annually issued. Ko. Circulation. 426, 409, 978 971 2, 662, 741 377, 000 761, 200 4, 267, 932 421, 200 11, 127, 236 319, 800 4, 070, 866 3, 566, 395 9,660 3,600 5,030 157, 814 26, 375 47, 490 4,500 15, 800 36, 500 2,600 27, 830 1870. Kg. Circulation, 574 15 2, 601, 547 16, 420 1,250 94, 100 2,200 1,600 24,000 30, 800 1860. N"o. Circulation. 387 22 14 12 1, 478, 436 8,820 58,444 19,100 32, 910 18, 650 18S0. No. Circulation. 2.804 2,019 5,654 3,504 7 8 ft 10' 11 12 13 14 15' iia 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2». 286 186 356, 159 159, 381 27, 464, 764 10, 090, 310 107 107 88, 050 63, 138 S, 102, 276 4, 316, 828 270, 923 72, 698 20 166, 400 42, 300 38, 100 8,881 3,615 3,720 1,30 27 77 81 70 57 222 118 49 73 14 20 90 2 542 74 340 16 367 26 45 2 31 139 4 1S5 89,240 21, 920 179, 597 120, 650 126, 169 122,244 ., 368, 980 128, 848 32, 554 88,737 354, 007 9,750 6, 589, 360 1, 565, 540 13, 504, 044 16, 948, 000 8, 333, 278 20, 721, 472 102, 000, 760 11, 606, 596 2, 344, 000 9, 099, 784 29, 741, 484 1, 512, 800 209 58 79, 868 80,288 63, 439 124, 779 718, 221 52, 690 6, 582, 838 12, 416, 224 4, 203, 064 19, 612, 724 64, 820, 564 3, 247, 736 519, 000 19, 700 162, 016 1,150 6, 034, 636 79, 374 1, 121, 682 27,620 1, 432, 695 49, 690 63,870 176, 908 108, 038 6,300 47,415 301,622 2,350 1, 024, 400 12, 801, 412 59, 800 320,930,884 4, 862, 572 71, 767, 742 1, 074, 640 116, 094, 480 5, 289, 280 3,654,840 10, 053, 152 7, 855, 808 327, 600 2, 579, 080 a 26, 772, 568 122,200 139, 145 10,798,670 50 61 30, 555 70, 235 1, 752, 604 6, 195, 560 38 51 2 428 51 261 2 310 19 46 50 46 44,521 1,150 1,624,756 35, 252 389, 463 1,134 984, 777 24, 472 53,743 67,672 18, 205 45, 961 87,768 33,015 3, 067, 552 4, 098, 678 38, 800 115, 385, 473 2, 020, 564 30, 473, 407 58,968 84, 898, 672 2, 756, 950 7, 145, 930 6,-940,750 1, 296, 924 2, 567, 662 a 9, 223, 068 d, 665, 487 115 13 56 7 98 8 4 12 30 5 5 20 4 2 21 3 38, 455 21, 396 33, 492 38, 065 18, 949 132, 613 280, 399 62, 839 28,493 4,200 122, 660 912 18, 630 17, 155 9,070 50, 776 2,000 996,561 7,934 216, 336 11, 070 578,227 41, 402 7,750 30, 995 30,297 7,950 4,200 32, 172 1,100 4,100 33,400 1,886 12 21 3 7 5 7 20 1 87 8 26 4 55 6 5 13 12 3 3 16 1 4 14 2 19, 80O 17, 570 31, 900 34,395 10, 700 82, 921 231, 625 27,485 14, 800 2,300 86, 555 6,980 6,850 7,500 6,100 38, 030 225 780, 470 11,795 139,705 6,350 466, 070 23,250 16, 100 34,630 3,500 2,700 3,190 24,099 160 6,192 43,250 550 7,700 1,650 19, 500 41, 000 8,141 53, 200 169, 600 14, 150 2,524 16, 370 44,550 14 487, 340 3,650 84,560 800 233, 550 10,300 1,600 11,300 5,360 750 44,400 14,125 26 7,237 32, 088 3,110 50, 980 130, 640 4,039 10, 906 7,017 206, 222 46, 083 162, 635 5,705 16, 357 14, 218 655 16, 104 3,308 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 • 44 45 a b 1860 and 1850 Yirgliiia inoladed Weat yirgiiiU. 188 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table XI.— OOMPAEATIVE EXHIBIT OP THE NUMBER AliTD OIEOULATION OF NEWSPAPERS AND STATES AND TERRITORIES. TBI-WEEKLT. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1890. No. Cironlation. Ko. Ciicnlation. M-o. CirciUation. TSTo. Circulation. 73 68,086 107 156, 105 86 107, 170 115 75,712 1 1 200 ■2 700 6 2,886 5 1,708 s 1 4 300 9,600 il Oalifomia ... 2 6,500 2 3,300 5 -fi 4 2,400 7 Dakota - .- g () 1 2 5 1 10 3 2,000 820 3,600 250 40, 570 2,200 1 2 6' 4,800 1,400 3,600 5 1 3 7,748 200 938 in '11 4 1 6 3 1,800 500 6,510 1,716 i'> 13 6 2,836 4 2 1,375 1,250 14 15 Indian territory - 16 * 1 200 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 5 6 5 1 1 1,650 1,840 3,500 800 350 5,015 800 5,000 4,200 3,650 13,800 400 500 2 696 2 3,700 17 18 2 1 1 1,800 1,000 480 3 2,760 7 6 5 i 4 2 7,213 a 4, 433 1,942 3,203 2,250 333 10 20 4 2 3 1 3,978 6,146 2,400 9,000 "21 22 1 3 1 5 8 400 6,250 750 2,200 10,120 ">? "24 25 MisaiaaiDni .. -. 2 3 2,600 7,800 4 4 1,673 1,758 Vfi '27 28 -^ft ?n 31 1 750 ^0 ST 6 2 8 4,510 760 6,700 5 3 8 5,800 800 13, 660 7 1 8 18,900 200 4,212 8 5 10 4,975 2,666 6,718 34 Ohio ?« 4 6,000 3 10,000 1 3,900 2 600 38 39 3 1,360 4 2 6 9,600 2,300 2,460 4 7 3 6,200 4,609 9,288 6 2 5 3,521 1,707 3,368 40 1 600 A'> Utah A^ 44 Virginia 5 3,700 7 1 2 2 4,800 600 550 3,200 6 2,750 12 9,080 *45 'WasliiiigtoiL >■■ 4fl 1 3 500 3,800 ■47 8 3,220 4 1,271 48 1 a Circnlation in 1860 ahonld be 4,333. STATISTICAL TABLES. 18^ PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IE THE UlflTED STATES PEOM 1850 TO 1880, BY DECADES, ETC.— Cont'd^ BEIC-WEEKLT. WEEKLY. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1S80. 1870. I860. 1850. ^0. Clicnlation. So. □ircnl»tion. No. Sircnlatlon. No. ( jircnlatlon, No. Circulation. No. Circnlation. No. Circnlation. No. Sirculation. 1 133 284,810 115 247,197 79 175, 165 31 53,511 8,633 16, 266, 830 4,295 10, 594, 643 3,173 7, 581, 930 1,902 2, 944, 629 2 2,870 1 400 109 11 104 250 63 99 57 20 23 40 163 7 758 390 3 600 310 160 94 90 111 279 397 205 109 415 14 165 22 66 163 15 892 113 584 59 674 31 69 154 231 8 72 124 23 96 283 8 73,163 9,950 80, 621 345,962 58, 869 152, 895 32,443 17, 625 105,162 23, 732 150, 686 4,650 1,527,042 518,322 4,060 449, 550 230, 141 240,473 81,415 156, 940 255,770 1, 089, 615 488, 927 367, 206 75, 004 645, 747 19, 915 121,800 10, 090 107, 998 164,502 4,355 4, 263, 908 83,437 1, 328, 133 57, 786 1,998,340 51, 579 58,492 224, 503 180, 102 11, 950 73, 107 121, 281 15,651 74, 152 316, 179 3,700 76 1 48 140 9 43 3 12 12 20 73 4 364 233 71, 175 280 26,280 298, 603 9,650 107,395 1,662 13, 600 41,900 9,426 88, 837 1,900 890, 913 239,342 77 74,289 48 29, 020 1 2 1 11 1 2 1 1,500 20,710 600 1,700 (0) 3 1,000 2,300 37 89 38, 812 131, 249 9 3 7,260 2,600 1 4 2,700 4 5 1 800 1 400 37 68,436 30 40, 716 6 7 3 3,(60 4 2 1 1 8,294 3,000 2,500 900 3 600 10 4 19 73 12,850 26, 000 11, 600 127,322 7 8 9 37 6,900 72,489 6,560 50, 18? 8 9- 2 3 2 17 1 1,000 3,300 800 20, 120 2,250 1 » 1 4 1 300 5,100 600 2,»50 350 10 11 12 2 6 1,026 1,600 238 160 282,997 134, 600 84 95 68, 768 13 56, 168 1 14 W 3 1 7 1 i,too 1,800 6,844 8,M* 1 1,000 2 500 196 78 68 75 47 69 153 174 79 92 225 6 30 5 37 95 4 518 44 299 26 386 19 42 65 89 3 43 69 10 48 160 4 187, 840 71,393 137, 930 39,970 114, 600 127,314 899, 465 192, 889 79, 978 60, 018 342, 361 12, 200 22,400 2,850 75, 819 120,670 1,300 3,388,497 43, 325 923, 502 30,400 1,214,395 43, 950 44,000 117, 022 45, 300 8,400 66, 200 75,488 4,625 42, 390 266, 000 1,400 112 24 64 70 52 49 145 103 45 65 143 76,945 20,270 123,947 77, 800 95, 510 62, 898 778, 680 92,648 30,030 65,867 277,357 25 17,750 Ifl 17 4- 1 4,100 1,500 1 3 2, NO 1,850 38 37 39 54 126 47 58,712 31, 667 66,887 60, 887 391, 752 32, 418 18 19 20' 2 1« 1,600 41,484 21 IS 3 34,727 8,H5 14 8 40,700 9,150 U 19,904 22: 23 24 1 2 400 1,10« 8 2,400 1 5,000 46 45 28, 982 46, 280 25 26- 27 1 500 1 1,00« 12 7,750 28 2 950 29 20 70 2 366 57 260 12 297 19 35 61 79 2 28 103 4 19, 700 131, 506 1,150 2, 600, 925 65, 612 806, 810 14, 820 700, 961 35, 090 41, 070 101, 839 00, 615 6,300 44,666 189, 860 2,360 36 43 1 308 40 201 2 261 12 27 36 29 58,426 36,544 400 763, 960 29, 427 256, .427 1,134 526, 142 18,525 27, 190- 41, 147 14, 837 30- ( 3,600 1 1,000 31 32- 3 4 100,544 1,400 6,250 22 5 3 114,500 5,750 7,200 10 4 4 58,871 2,162 3,500 13 29, 965 33; "A .35 36- 3 1 1 2 2 4 13,100 700 500 1,700 1,450 8,200 2 1 17,700 1,200 S 1 9,800 2,000 1 2 600 242 37" 38 39' 1 5 3 1,*00 3,700 2,900 40- 41* 42- 1 2,200 30 65 41,206 48,434 43: 6 4,191 t 7,033 11 21,212 44 45 2 2 1,250 1,40« 4(r 3 «,850 130 111, 400 35 26,846 47 4»- c ISo nmmlMr reported. b ISo circtUation reported. 190 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table XI.— OOMPAEATIVE EXHIBIT OF THE NUMBEE AND OIECULATION OF NEWSPAPERS AND STATES AND TERRITORIES. BI-WEEKLT. BEin-MONTHLT. 1880. 1880. 1870. 18S0. No. Circulation. No. Cironlation. No. Circnlation. No. Circulation. The United States 42 63, 850 160 1, 247, 135 96 1,349,820 95 487,645 1 2 3,000 1 760 Arizona s 4 6 15,850 8,550 4 1 300 *> fi 1 575 2 1,350 2 900 7 Dakota 8 Delaware , 4 10 Florida n 3 2,100 2 700 6 «,525 !*> Idaho 4 1 6,800 1,200 18 5 47, 725 4,675 11 6 107, 90O 9,200 3 1 1,800 2,000 Tl T> Indian territory 1f> 2 1,400 1 1 2 1,095 1,200 85, 700 3 3,400 17 1R Kentucky 8 6,706 Ifl 1 1 2,200 400 ?0 Maine 1 700 ?1 Maryland - -- 4 1 4 1 5,650 3,500 9,600 475 1 3 3 2,000 2,575 5,600 09 7 2 7,750 1,200 11 2 45,200 1,300 9^ 3f> 2 3 700 22, 000 ?fi 1 1,000 8 26,258 ?7 9ft Nebraska 1 600 9q Nevada 1 2 850 1,000 3 28, 750 1 25, 000 1 2 1 9 6 23 650 960 750 71, 000 3,169 74,235 ^9 10 24,900 35 4 18 1 16 223, 271 5,230 344,956 (o) 359,435 21 1 8 216, 300 1,250 65,050 ^-l 3 6,825 Ifi ^97 1 1 1,800 400 11 82S, 100 19 290, 500 ^8 S9 6 4,275 40 6 2 1 1 2 4,340 1,300 3,500 285 18, 625 1 1 15,000 300 '11 Texas i\f> ^S 44 4 4,520 3 11,150 4*1 "Wasliinffton - 4fi 1 3 150 5,400 2 2 3,100 1,900 47 8 40, 115 48 NoTK Two tri-monthlies, having a circolation of 1,676, periodicals, having- a circulation of 19,750, are included in the Pennsylvania (1). a Ko circulation reported. are included in Connecticut and Illinois with circulation of bi-weeklies in 1880. Six ■emi-azmnftl circulation of quarterlies in the following states, via: lUinoia (1), Michigan (1), New Tork (3), and STATISTICAL TABLES. 191 PEEIODIOALS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES FEOM 1850 TO 1880, BY DECADES, ETC.— Cont'd. MONTHLY. BI-MONTBLT. QUABTEELT. 18S0. 1870. 1860. 1830. 1880. 1870. 18S0. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1830. No. Circnla- tion. No. Circula- tion. :so. Circular tion. ITo. Circula- tion. No. Ciroula- tictei. So. Circula- tion. No. Circula- tion. No. Circular tion. No. Circula- tion. No. Circula- tion. No. Circula- tion. 1,167 8, 139, 881 622 5, 650, 843 280 3,411,969 100 749, 651 13 48,560 13 31, 650 6 8,200 122 1, 964, 049 49 211, 670 30 101, 000 19 25, 875 7 7,050 3 7,200 1 2 2 32 4 15 500 98, 040 9,900 31, 000 4 17 1 7 2,000 82, 200 1,00» 56, 400 3 6 34, 600 2 3,450 2 4,500 4 i 1 500 1 600 1 1,260 1 1,150 1 1,200 2 1,400 1 1,350 2 7,100 2 a 2, 200 6 7 1 15 1,000 71,211 1 6 2,000 13, 500 8 /, 1 1,050 1 3,000 9 10 11 33,350 6 21, 950 13 29, 500 1 1,000 11 1?. 118 27 401, 646 60, 250 72 28 490, 808 64, 150 17 8 31, 100 14,300 7 12,267 2 2 11, 000 6,000 22 31, 500 3 12, 000 1 225 13 14 U 31 15 23 2 18 12 80 19 6 3 50 51, 740 26, 192 29, 255 950 1, 030, 200 19, 760 574, 638 33, 293 25, 160 6,100 168,800 5 3 7 1 8 8 48 16 5 5 23 3,960 6,000 19, 700 500 42,840 18, 600 462, 150 27, 100 11, 800 2,800 53, 650 5 3,400 2 1,050 2 760 1 3,000 1 700 16 17 5 31,400 18 1 1 3 29 3 12,200 2,500 7,700 113, 100 10, 300 1» 6 18, 540 1 1 7 2 1,600 900 22, 100 13, 750 1 1,500 20 21 36 3 353, 100 3,900 4 7,000 9 11, 400 6 21,800 7 6,000 22 1 1,160 1'3 24 26 11 24,300 7 11, 300 2 3,800 1 1,500 1 800 1 3,000 2« 27 7 1 7 13 13, 040 600 39, 300 16,300 4 1,850 1 1,000 28 29 6 7 67,000 46, 800 2 1,150 30 3 10, 000 1 560 2 12,000 31 32 282 7 90 6 159 3 3 16 14 4 3 33 2 6 20 2, 903, 527 6,750 622, 531 15, 330 1, 606, 073 3,040 1,110 23,850 49,540 4,575 51, 500 70, 902 id) 4,806 36,282 163 3 47 5 73 6 3 8 2, 920, 810 1,900 228, 760 9,000 846, 750 13, 650 10, 000 54,200 69 4 41 (6) 28 1 3 4 4 2, 045, 000 7,850 218, 850 4,000 464,684 1,400 4,600 43,760- 2,775 36 562, 484 5 38, 000 43 828,913 19 136,120 10 57,600 3 6,150 33 34 2 2,700 11 1 17 562, 200 1,600 466, 886 2 7,900 1 6,000 36 1 6 (") 6,800 36 1 600 3 8,550 8 31, 200 2 1,900 i!7 38 1 2 700 4,900 1 1 1,200 1,800 1 2 600 3,500 2 2,400 39 4 10, 600 1 3,000 40 41 1 1 10 2 3 9 250 12, 000 27, 900 1,500 3,200 22, 185 42 1 5 2,000 43,900 2 1 2,000 2,000 1 3 1,100 5,300 43 1 300 1 1,000 44 46 1 1,000 4f 3 10, 400 1 1,500 4^ V a Also in Connecticut 1 periodical published three times a year, with a circulation of l.BOfl. 6 No number reported. e No circulation reported, d Suspended. 192 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table XII.— AVEEAGE NUMBER OP IIN^HABITANTS TO AGGREGATE CIRCULATION PER ISSUE AND AREA IN SQUARE MILES FOR EACH NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES. STATES AND TERBITOEIES. The United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticnt Dakota Delaware , District of Colnmbia Florida Georgia , Idaho Illinois Indiana Indian territory Iowa , Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina , Ohio , Oregon Pennsylvania , Khode Island South Carolina , Tennessee Texas , Utah Termont Tirginia "Washington "West Virginia , "Wisconsin , Wyoming Unorganized territory .. Area Population, Number of Aggregate Total Bumber of .iverage number of inbabitants Average area in square miles. consns of 1880. pnblioa^ tions. oircuuktion per issue. copies printed annaally. to aggre- gate circu- lation per issue. pabIicatioa< in square miles. 2, 970, 000 50,155,783 11, 314 31,779,686 2, 067, 848, 209 L68 262.511 51,540 1, 262, 505 125 93, 073 6, 778, 544 13.56 412.32 112, 920 40,440 , " 13,560 1,413,600 2.98 6,642.35' 53, 045 802, 525 117 103, 501 4, 990, 595 7.75 453.38 155, 980 864,694 361 640, 026 72,861,836 1.35 432. 08 103, 645 194, 327 87 95,744 8,877,831 2.03 1,191.32: 4,845 622,700 139 237,660 20,366,449 2.62 34.8ff 147, 700 135, 177 67 36,943 2,739,014 3.66 2,204.49 1,960 146, 608 26 34,425 5,172,998 4.26 75.38 60 177,624 44 213,923 15,874,432 0.83 1.36 54,240 269,493 45 27,332 2,086,644 9.86 1, 205. 33 58,980 1, 542, 180 200 269,066 20,994,549 5.73 294.90 84,290 32,610 10 5,650 367, 600 5.77 8,429.00 56,000 3, 077, 871 1,017 2,421,275 174,696,505 1.27 55.06 35,910 1,978,301 467 661, 111 44,908,191 2.99 76.90 64,090 55,475 3 4,060 547,340 210, 200 21, 363. 33 1,624,615 569 35,747,302 2.97 ' 97.50 81,700 996,096 347 280,729 18,589,223 3.55 235.45 40, 000 1,648,690 205 397,564 25,332,423 4.15 195.12 45,420 939, 946 112 131,630 15,602,320 7.14 405.54 29,895 648,936 123 1,214,460 25,661,345 0.53 243.05. 9, '860 934,943 143 414,693 50, 115, IK 2.25 68. 95' 8,040 1,783,085 427 2,012,929 149, 319, 973 0.88 18. 83: 57,430 1,836,937 464 620, 974 46,659,470 2.04 123.77: 79, 205 780,773 223 222, 074 18,097,781 3.51 355. 13- 46,340 1,131,597 123 87,904 5,293,418 12.87 376.75 68,735 2, 168, 380 530 965, 285 79, 265, 309 2.25 128. 69 145,310 39, 159 18 20,827 1,280,480 1.88 8,072.78- 76,185 452, 402 189 154, 570 11,717,103 2.93 403. l»i 109, 740 62, 266 37 27, 745 5,820,575 2.24 2, 965. 95- 9,005 346, 991 87 185,968 9,635,410 1.86 103. 51 7,455 1, 131, 116 215 249, 478 22,150,095 4.53 34.67 122, 460 119, 565 18 6,355 838, 860 18.81 6,803.33 47, 620 5,082,871 1,411 9, 374, 134 577, 755, 819 0.54 33.75 48, 580 1,399,760 142 105, 501 6, 819, 382 13.26 342. 11 40, 760 3, 198, 062 774 3,093,931 152, 579, 380 1.03 52.66 94, 560 174,768 74 85,786 8, 578, 213 2.04 1,277.84 44,985 4, 282, 891 973 5, 031, 061 297,559,892 0.85 46. 23 1,085 276, 531 44 97, 121 14,496,498 2.85 24.66 30, 170 995, 677 81 69, 902 5,774,415 14.24 372. 4T 41, 750 1,542,359 193 293, 288 18,293,872 5.26 216. 32 262,290 1,591,749 280 263, 289 19,883,792 6.05 936. 75 82, 190 143, 963 22 86, 175 3,867,500 3.98 3,735.91 9,135 332, 286 82 130, 192 5, 681, 464 2.55 111.40 40, 125 1,612,565 194 256,471 18,422,845 5.90 206.83 66, 880 75, 116 29 16, 751 1, 062, 103 4.48 2,306.21 24,645 618,457 109 85,958 4,903,466 7.19 226. 1ft 54,450 1,315,497 340 436,576 27, 901, 051 3.01 160. 14 97,675 20,789 n 5,686 803, 260 3.66 8,870.45 5,740 STATISTICAL TABLES. 193 Table XIII.— NUMBER OF COUNTIES IN THE SEYEEAL STATES AND TEEEITOEIES IN WHICH NEWSPAPEES WEEB PUBLISHED, AND THE NUMBEE OP TOWNS IN EACH STATE AND TEREITOEY IN WHICH ONE, TWO, THEEE, FOUE, AND FIVE OE MOEE NEWSPAPEES WEEE PUBLISHED. STATES AND TEBRITOBIES. The United States . Alabama . . Ariiona.... Arkansas • . California. Colorado.. Connecticat . Dakota Delaware — Florida Georgia Idaho... Dlinois . . Indiana . Iowa Kansas . Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan . . - Minnesota . . Mississippi - Missouri — Montana ... Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire . New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania . . . Bhode Island . - . South Carolina. . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia 'Washington ■West Virginia . . Wisconsin ■Wyoming Number of counties. 2,605 7 74 S2 31 137 13 102 117 58 16 79 78 74 U4 11 15 10 21 12 60 94 5 33 94 225 23 14 99 25 54 63 Number of counties in which newspapers were published. 2,073 55 5 61 52 26 23 100 102 92 78 53 16 23 14 72 68 60 114 58 12 10 21 60 61 88 20 67 5 32 70 119 7 14 61 12 43 62 Number of towns in which the following number of papers were pubUahed during the census year. 37 2 51 56 17 30 15 75 4 170 88 140 101 56 44 35 24 132 79 45 83 66 15 29 43 6 207 40 128 18 143 10 25 60 24 44 7 27 84 1,026 20 1 15 29 7 3 10 17 43 61 45 24 12 11 8 30 45 29 18 56 27 2 9 22 1 85 13 66 9 58 14 21 32 7 13 3 21 34 37 33 16 2 22 10 8 11 1 5 7 1 4 10 209 1 12 16 10 7 4 2 1 3 or more. 13 PE 194 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table XIV.— STATEMENT SHOWING THE LANGUAGE AND NUMBER OP DAILY, WEEKLY, AND TERRITORIES OP THE UNITED STATES DURING STATES AND TEEEITOEIBS. The TJnited States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Coln^bia riorida Georgia Idaho , Illinois Indiana Indian territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Mbnt^na Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Ne w York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania, Ehofle Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia "Washington "West Virginia Wisconsin "Wyoming Total. 11,314 125 17 117 361 87 139 67 26 44 43 200 10 1,017 467 3 347 205 112 123 143 427 464 223 123 530 18 189 37 87 215 18 1,411 142 774 74 973 44 81 193 280 • 22 82 194 29 109 340 11 ■2:3 3 = 11 1 II 4 14 14 10 24 3 100 13 46 .si 9,635 119 10 110 274 118 56 20 37 42 183 10 857 400 1 496 3:^ 185 83 111 121 383 408 193 118 458 14 161 23 7T 172 11 1,180 129 637 65 796 34 76 180 234 17 77 171 25 105 269 8 1 P STATISTICAL TABLES. 195- ALL OTAeE newspapers AND PEEIODIOALS PUBLISHED IE THE SEVEEAL STATES AND THE CENSUS TEAE ENDING MAY 31, 1880, QEBMAK. DUTCH. INDIAK. IBIBH. ITALIAN. FOUSH. POETUeUEBE. SOAKDIKAVIAJt AHD DANISH. SPANISH. WELSH. ID la II 1^ n i£ h |i J If J ' i II 1 II |5 i 1^ 1 1^ 1^ 2 2 1 7 1 13 12 ?1 ?? 6 2 7 ?S ?4 ^'i 7 27 , 1 26 27 1 10 2 ?R ?» 30 3 16 31 4 9 R« 12 85 1 1 1 4 4 3» 34 1 •" 10 3 79 2 77 1 1 1 11 3!> 3ft 1 1 3T 3ft 3!> :::; \ 40 1 4 41 49! 4S 2 3 44 4S 3 2 44 45 1 3 47 4R 196 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Table XV.— STATISTICS OP THE KEWSPAPEE AND PEEIODIOAL PEBSS IS TEN PEINOIPAL CITIES OF THE imiTED STATES. CITIES. STninbei of peiiodicals and aggregate circulation per issne. Bailies. No. Circulation. ■Weeklies. No. Circulation. Monthlies. No. Circulation. All others. No. Circulation. &.ggregate cir- ciuation per issne. Aggregate copies printed daring the census year. Total Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Chicago, HI Cincinnati, Ohio. . . Louisville, Ky New Orleans, La . . New York, N. Y.. Philadelphia, Fa.. Saint Louis, Mo San Francisco, Cal 148 2,131,577 780 7, 565, 133 588 5, 656, 126 3,508,469 18, 861, 305 1, 151, 394, 145 9 128,643 11 221, 315 18 220, 577 12 117,549 5 22,215 10 37, 565 29 765,843 24 375,274 9 99,364 21 143,232 133 S3 239 93 43 67 184, 950 838,548 886, 702 408, 821 82, 400 49, 810 3, 341, 469 1, 126, 310 393, 337 252, 786 91 41 15 2 222 88 33 27 19,810 509, 725 499, 280 245, 904 44, 180 950 2, 715, 992 1, 464, 550 94,875 60, 860 6,550 45, 562 194, 160 762, 800 94, 000 10, 200 1,127,475 1, 214, 694 28, 578 24,450 339, 953 1, 615, 150 1, 800, 719 1, 535, 074 242,795 98, 525 7, 950, 779 4,180,828 616, 154 481, 328 47, 772, 660 117, 059, 569 130, 882, 585 70, 464, 932 14, 962, 300 16, 357, 500 463, 730, 681 178, 563, 594 49, 392, 833 62, 207, 486 CITIES. Character of publication. Total Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Chicago, HI Cincinnati, Ohio.. Louisville, Ky New Orleans, La . New York, N.T.. Pliiladelphia, Pa. . Saint Louis, Mo . . . San Francisco, Cal 420 49 13 228 24 126 16 235 (0 • 657 14 56 124 48 12 7 236 No. of hands employed in the publication. •3 o 15, 100 571 1,364 2,520 1,138 344 386 4,852 1,817 1,187 921 I 14,095 554 1,143 2,194 1,106 334 385 4,627 1,750 1,123 874 a 17 221 •326 32 10 1 225 67 59 47 Amount paid in wages dur- ing the cen- sus year. $12, 703, 929 00 408, 246 00 1. 540. 823 00 1, 884, 659 42 850, 384 00 101,088 00 348, 166 00 4, 574, 361 72 1.364.824 00 776, 674 00 854, 702 86 Grross receipts during the census year. $44, 604, 820 95 1, 287, 474 00 4, 988, 221 66 5, 036, 904 92 2, 742, 098 00 866, 435 00 956, 795 00 19, U9, 095 73 4,919,825 00 1, 979, 882 00 2, 708, 089 64 Total number of reams and pounds of paper used during the cen- sus year. i 2, 398, 737 99, 526 243, 874 272, 672 146, 802 31, 172 34,078 966, 106 372, 007 102,902 129, 593 106,874,792 3, 455, 287 U, 102, 838 12, 381, 059 6, 794, 541 1, 306, 601 1, 438, 280 43,217,282 16, 867, 512 4, 657, 977 5,653,415 ^PFEN"r>IX B. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 197 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS IS8UBD DURING THE CENSUS YEAR, JUNE 1, 1879, TO MAY 31,1880. ALABAMA. Place of pnblicatioii. Name of periodical. How often pnb- lislied. Charaotei. When es- tablished. Price per yeat. AuTAVGA CO.— PopvlaHom 13,108. Prattville KUboub CO,— Population: 33,979. Clavton. . Euianla. . Bibb co. — Papulation : 9,487. Sii-Mile Blount co.—Pepulalion : 15,369. BlountsTille Bullock CO.— Population; 29,066. Union Springs Butler CO.— Population: 19,649. Greenville , Calhouk CO.— Population: 19,691. Jacksonville. Oxford GiiAMBBBS CO.— Populoiion.- 23,440. Lafayette Cherokbb CO.— Population.- 19,108. Center . . - Choctaw co Popuiatton; 15,731. Butler , Clakkb CO ^^Poptdation.- 17,806. Grove Hill Clay co.— Popuiation; 12,938. Ashland Cleburne CO.— Population: 10,976, Edwardsville Colbert co.— Population: 16,163. Tuscnmbia Conecuh co.- Population : 12,605. Evergreen Coosa co.— Popitiation : 15,^3. Sockford Cullman co.— Population: 6,365, Cnlhnan DAia CO.— Population: 12,677. Ozark Dallas co.— Poputetion: 48,433. Sehna Antanga Citizen.. Sbnthem Signal .. . Clayton Conrier. . . < Times and News. ) Times and News- Bibb BUide . Blount County News .. Blount County Herald , Union Springs Herald. . Greenville Advocate. Jaeksonville Bepublioan.. Oxford Becord Lafayette Clipper — Lafayette Leader (a). Coosa Blver News Cherokee Advertiser . Choctaw County News . Clarke County Bemoomt . Ashland News. Cleburne County Clarion (p) . North Alabamian Tuscnmbia Democrat. . Conecuh Escambia Star. . Evergreen News .- Bockford Enterprise. Southern ImmiErant. . Alabama Tribune (e) . Southern Star. De Kalb CO.— Population; 12,676. Collinsville Fort Payne a Consolidated with "Clipper C Morning Times . . {Weekly Times. - Southern Argus . . Alabama Baptist.. Willa Valley Post ... Fort Payne Journal . Weekly.. do .... Weekly ...do-. Tri-weeUy . Weekly. Weekly., ...do.... Weekly., Weekly. Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. do Weekly. ...do.... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly., Weekly., Weekly. ...do ..., Weekly. ...do.... Weekly. Weekly.. ...do... , Weekly., .do. .do. Weekly.. ...do.... News and polities. do News and politics. , do do News and politicB. , News and politics. do.... News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. , do , News and politics. do.... News and politics. do... News and politics. News 'and politics. News and politics. , News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics . Daily (morning) .. Weekly News and politics . . . do do Beligious (Baptist) . News and politics. , do V63 1877 1870 1874 1874 1879 1877 1873 1836 1878 1873 1878 1856 1877 1880 1832 1878 1868 1879 1866 1825 1825 1874 1854 1878 b Snbpondod December, 1880. e Consolidated with "Southern Immigrant". $2 00 1 50 2 00 200 4 00 1 60 1 00 2 00 2 00 8 00 1 50 1 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 73 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 1 BO 1 00 10 00 1 00 1 50 2 60 1 50 1 00 199 200 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. ALABAMA— Continued. Place of publication. Hame of periodical. How often pub- lished. CliaTacter. When es- tablished. Elmobb 00. — Population: 17,802. Wetnmpka Etowah co.—Foptdation: 15,398. G-adsden Faybtte CO. — Population: 10,135. rayette Gkeenb CO.— Population: 21,931. Eutaw Halb CO.— Population: 26,553. Greensboro Eenrt CO. — Population: 18,761. AbbeTille Columbia Jackson co. — Population: 25,114. Scottsboro Jeffbrson CO. — Population : 23,272. Bimiingham Lahab CO.— Population: 12,142. Vernon Laddebdalb CO. — Population: 21,035. Florence Lawbbnob CO. — Population: 21,3 Moulton Monntain Home IiEB CO. — Population: 27,262. OpeKka LiMBSTONB 00. — Popidation: 21,600. Athens LowKDBS CO. — Population: 31,176. Hayneville Maook CO.— Population: 17,371. 17'otasulga. Xaskegee.. Madibok CO.— Population: 37,625. Hnntsville Mabbkgo CO. — Population: 30,8 DemopoHs Linden Mobile co.— Population: 48,653. Mobile , Mokroe CO —Population: 17,091. MonrooTille Montgomery co.- Montgomery., -Population: 52,356. Mobgak CO.— Population: 16,428. Decatnr Somerville Pebry CO.— Population : 30,741. Marion Central Alabamian . "WetTimpka Times .. Gadsden Times Etowah Herald (a) . Fayette Gazette . Entew WTiig and Observer - Entaw Mirror Alabama Beacon Southern Watchman . Henry County Begister - Columbia Enterprise Alabama Herald . Citizen Independent . Iron Age Observer "Vernon Clipper (b) . Florence Gazette.. Lauderdale ^ews . Moulton Advertiser... Friend of the Laborer . Opelika Observer.. Opelika Times Opelika Leader (c) . Athens Post (d) Limestone News (d) . Hayneville Examiner . Sunny South (d) TJniversalist Herald - Tuskegee News Macon Mail Hnntsville Advocate Huntaville Democrat Hunt«ville Independent-. Hnntsville Gazette Herald National Freeman Marengo News Jonmal . Linden Reporter {Register.. Register . Register. Register. C News (News Monroe Journal . ( Advertiser and Mail (Advertiser and Mail -. Dixie Farmer Advance Alabama Farm Journal Southern Law Journal and Reporter . Workingmen's Advocate (e) Evening News Item (/) Decatur News Somerville Critic . Commonwealth Howard Collegian.. Normal Reporter... Southern Standard . Uniontown Press . . XTniontown a Suspended May, 1880. I Removed to Fulton, Miss., spring of 1881. Weekly. do ... Weekly. do .... Weekly- Weekly ....do .... Weekly.. ...do .... Weekly. . ...do .... Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. ...do ...do ... Weekly. Weekly. ...do ..-. Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. . do ...do.... Weekly. ...do.... Weekly. ...do ... Semi-monthly. . Weekly do Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Weekly. . . -do Daily {mtyrning) . ...do (evening)... Weekly Sunday . Daily {evening} Sunday . Weekly. Daily (morning) - ...do --.do Monthly ...do Weekly Daily (evening) . . . Weekly. do Weekly.. Monthly . - do ... Weekly. . ...do c Suspended June, 1880. d Suspended. News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics- . News and politics. do News and politics - do News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. do do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do News and polidcs. do do News and politics . do 1875 1876 1867 1879 1852 1840 1879 1835 1876 1866 1880 1868 1877 1872 1874 1880 1879 1819 1879 1827 1878 1870 1874 1878 1876 1880 News and politics - do Religious (Vhivertalitt). News and politics do News and politics. do do....'....... .do do do News and politics. do News and politics. do do do do do • News and politics. 1848 1865 1876 1815 1823 1854 1879 1879 1879 1873 1879 1830 1830 1820 1870 News and politics . do Agricultural News and politics. Agricultural Law News and politics. do News and politics. do 1876 1828 1828 1872 1877 1878 1879 1878 1880 1372 1878 News and politics. Collegiate Educational News and politics. do 1848 1872 1879 1879 1879 « Suspended June, 1879. / Suspended Angnst, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. ALABAMA— Continued. 201 Place of publication. Kame of periadical. flow often pub. lished. Character. When es. tablished. Pickens CO.— Population: 21,479. Carrollton Pike CO.— Population: 20,640. Troy Eandolph CO.— Population: 16,575. £oanoke "Wedowee EUSSELL CO.— Population: 24,837. Seale Saint Claib co.— Population: 14,462. Ashville Shelby co.— Population: 17,236. Columbiana Montevallo SUMTEB CO.— Population: 28,728. G-aineBTille Xiivingston Talladega co.— Population: 23,360. Talladega Tallapoosa co.— Population: 23,401, DadeTiUe Tuscaloosa co.— Population: 24,957. Tuscaloosa North Port ■Walker co.— Population: 9,479. Jasper Wilcox co.— Population : 31,828. Camden WmsTOH CO.— Population: 4,253. Houston West Alabamian. Troy Messenger . . . Troy Enquirer Primitive Pathway. Sandolph County News . Wedowee Journal (a) ... Bussell Eegiater. . Southern .Si^s ... Shelby Sentinel Hontevallo Guide (a) Gainesville Reporter . Livingston Journal. . . Reporter and Watchtower. . Our Mountain Home Talladega Messenger Tallapoosa Gazette. - . Tallapoosa Democrat. Tuscaloosa Times Tuscaloosa Gazette Alabama University Monthly . Old Church Path Clarion Korth Port New Era (6) Mountain Eagle Walker County Times (c) . Eaptist Monthly (a) Wilcox News nnd Pacificator . Wilcox Monitor Times (a) . Herald ... Weekly. Weekly ...do.. Semi-monthly. Weekly. do Weekly. Weekly. , Weekly. ...do .... Weekly. do Weekly. ...do .... do Weekly. — do . . . Weekly. . — do Monthly . do .... Weekly. . do Weekly.. — do — Monthly . Weekly. do Weekly., do News and politics. News and politics. ., do Religious (Baptist) , News and politics. . do , News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do , News and politics . do News and politics. do do News and politics. do , News and politics . .. do Collegiate BeUgious (Protesta/nt Episcopal) . News and politics do News and politics. - do Religious (Baptist). 1867 1875 1876 1874 1879 1876 1876 1878 1880 1865 1842 1808 1879 1862 1878 1837 1871 1873 1878 1879 1878 1872 1871 News and politics. , do 1865 1880 News and politics- , do , 1880 AEIZONA TEEEITOET. Maeicopa CO.— Population: 5,68 Phoenix Pima co.— Population: 17,006. Tombstone Tucson , PlKAL CO.— Population: 3,844. Globe Yavapai co Population: 6,013, Frescott , Yuma co.— Population: 3,215. Yuma CHerald jHerald , TenitoriaJ Expositor., fNugget J Nugget C Epitaph }!Epitaph C Arizona Star {Arizona Star ElEronterizo C Arizona Citizen (Arizona Citizen Pima County Record (d) . Arizona Silver Belt. Arizona Miner Arizona Democrat. Arizona Sentinel . Daily (evening) . Weekly do Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily' Weekly. Daily (morning) . Weekly Sunday Daily (evening) . Weekly do Weekly. Daily (eoenin Weekly , Weekly. News and politics. do do News and politics do do do do do News and politics (Spanish) . News and politics do do News and politics. News and politics. , do News and politics . 1880 1878 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1879 1877 1878 1879 1870 1877 1874 1880 1863 AEKANSAS. Arkansas co.— Population: 8,038. DeWitt Ashley co.— Population; 10,166. Hamburg a Suspended. i Suspended January, 1880. Do Witt Indicator (e) Arkansas County Democrat. Ashley County Times Weekly- , ...do Weekly. c Consolidated with "Mountain Eagle'' d Suspended, 1880. News and politics. , do News and politics. 1875 1879 1874 e Suspended June, 1880. 202 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. AEKANSAS— Oontiaued. PUoe of publication. I^ame of periodical. How often pnb- lished. Character. 'Whenes- tabUshed. Baztbe CO. — Population: 6,004. Mountain Home Benton co. — Population: 20,3 Bentonville Boons co. — Population: 12,146. Harrison Bradley co.— Population: 6,825. "Warren Cabboll CO.— Population: 13,337. Berryrille Eureka Springs Chicot co.— Population : 10,117. Arkansas Cit^ '. ... ■Clabk CO.— Population: 15,771. Arkadelphia Clay co.— Pojmlotion .- 7,213. Coming COLDUBLA. CO.— Population: 14,090. 'Magnolia Conway co Population: 12,755. Morrillton Cbaighbad CO.— Population: 7,037. Jonesboro* Cbawpobd CO.— Population: 14,740. Alma VanBuren CBOaa CO.— PopidaUon: 5,050. "Wittsbnrg DOBBET CO.— Population: 8,370. Toledo Dbew CO.— Population: 12,231. Monticello ^ Faulkneb CO.— Pi^pulation: 12,786. Conway.. Fbanklin CO Population: 14,951. Altos Ozark FOLTON CO.- Salem... -Population: 6,720. Oaelajid CO Population: 9,C Hot Springs Gebene CO.— Population: 7,480. Gainesville Hempstead co.— Population : 19,015. Hope "Washington Hot Speing co.— Population: 7,775. Malvern . Howard co.— Population: 9,917. Centre Point Mineral Spiinga Independence co.— Population : 18,086. Batesville Izabd CO.— Population: 10,857. Melboome Jackson co.— Population: 10,877. •Tacksonport - Newport . . , . . a Suspended February, 1881. b Suspended. Mountain Home Quid H'unc. Bentonville Advance. Harrison Times . Warren "Whetstone (a) . Berryville Eagle . Eureka Herald . Eureka Springs Echo .. Arkansas City Journal. Southern Standard . Coming Advocate... Coming Courier {&) . Columbia Banner Protestant Becorder. . Morrillton State. Jonesborough Times . Alma Independent . Tan Buren Press. . . "Van Buren Argus - . "Wittsburg Chronicle . Toledo Blade. Montieellonian . Arkanaaw Traveller Log Cabin Faulkner County Democrat . Conway Organ Conway Currency (c) Eural Eecorder (d) . Ozark Democrat Salem Informer . lUustratcd Monthly (b) . Telegraph ( Sentinel (Sentinel Gainesville Press.. Star of Hope (e) Hempstead County Kecord. Hope City Times (/) South Western Press Malvern Meteor. Centre Point News Howard County Telephone.. Batesville Guard North Arkansas Pilot. Melbourne Clipper . Jacksouport Herald - Newport News Newport Journal (6) . Weekly. , Weekly.. Weekly.. Weekly. Weekly ...do Semi-weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. . - .do Weekly Semi-monthly. Weekly. Weekly- Weekly. . . do ...do--. Weekly. . Weekly.. Weekly. Weekly ...do ...do Semi-monthly. Weekly — .... Semi-monthly. Weekly Weekly - Monthly Daily (evening)., --.do (evening).. Weekly Weekly. Weekly. do .-.do-... ...do... Weekly- ' Weekly-. .do7... Weekly. ...do-... Weekly. Weekly- do -... ....do --.. e Suspended AprU, 1880. d Merged into Ozark Democrat" News and politics- News and politics- News and politics- News and poUtics. News and politics - do do News and politics. News and politics. . News and politics. do News and politics Beligions (MethodiH) . News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do do News and politics. News andpoUtioB. 'News and politics. News and politics. do do Beligions News and politics. Agricultural News and politics - News and,politicB. Literary News and politics. . do.... do....^ News and politics. .■ News and politics. . do--.. do do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. ., do do 1877 1872 1875 1879 1879 1879 1880 1875 1868 1880 1879 1878 1880 1875 1874 1880 1859 1875 1878 1879 1875 1879 1879 1880 1880 1877 1877 1873 1877 1877 1878 1874 1879 1880 1876 1879 1879 1878 1877 1879 1874 1860 1874 1878 e Suspended August, 1879. / Suspended ; suoceeded by ' 'Eeoord" CATALOaUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. ARKANSAS— Continued. 203 Place of publication. ^aaxe of periodical. How often pub- lislied. Character. When es- tablished. Jeffebson CO.— Pojmlotton: 22,3 Pine Bluff Johnson oo. — Population: 11,665. Clarksville liAWKENOE CO.— Population; 8,782. Powhatan XiEE CO. — PopVilation: 13,288, Harianna Lincoln co.— Population: 9,255. Star City lilTTLB EiVBB CO.— Population : 6,404. Bichmond LOOAN CO. — Population: 14,885. Paris liOItOKE co.—PopuiaHon: 12,146. Austin, i Lonoke Mu>isON CO.— Population : 11,455. HuntsTille HiLLEB CO.— Population: 9,919. Tezarkana Mississippi co. — Population: 7,3 Osceola Monroe co. — Population: 9,574. Brinkley Clarendon Montgombkt CO. — Populafion: 5,729. Black Springs Silver City - - ITevada co,—Population: 12,959. Presoott ■Ouachita CO.— PoptUation: 11,758. Camden Peeet CO.— population: 3,872. PerryviUe Fhilups CO.— Population: 21,262. Helena.. Poinsett co.— Population: 2,193. Harrisburg Pope co.— Population: 14,322. Atkins. KussellTille . Pbaikie 00. — Population: 8,435. Carlisle Ses Arc Pulaski co.— Population: 32,616. Little Sock Bandolph CO. — Population: 11,724. Pocaboqtas Saint Fbakcis co.— Population: 8,3 Forest City Saline co.— Population: 8,953. Benton Scott co.— Population: 9,174. Woldron a Suspended. Pine Bluff Press. Pine Bluff Eagle . Clarksville Herald . Lawrence County Times . Marianna Index Lincoln Lance Little Eiver Herald . Paris Express Austin Triumph Lonoke Valley Democrat. . Arkansas Home (a) Madison County Beoord. Texarkana Democrat Osceola Times. Brinkley Item (b) Brinkley Times (a) Monroe County Sun. . . Cotton Plant Field (t>) . Black Springs Herald Arkansas tuning Journal . Prescott Dispatch . Z^evada Picayune . Camden Beacon . Fourohe Valley Times . J Helena World {Helena World C Arkansas Yeoman . ( Arkansas Yeoman . Arkansas Tribune . . Atkins News BussellvUle Democrat. New Departure Des Arc Citizen Prairie County Appeal. C Arkansas Gazette (Arkansas G-azette Western Methodist Spirit of Arkansas C Arkansas Democrat — -■- . \ Arkansas Democrat Arkansas Staats-Zeitung... Sunday Visitor (c) Arkansas Medical Journal . Arkansas Kepublican Baodolpb Scalpel Forest City Courier . - . Saline County Digest . Waldron Eeporter . Weekly. ...do ... Weekly.. Weekly.. Weekly. . Weekly., Weekly. , Weekly. Weekly. ...do .... ...do.... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly., Weekly. ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. do Weekly. do .... Weekly. Weekly. Daily (evening) . Weekly Daily {morning) . Weekly Weekly. Weekly. do .... Weekly. ...do ...do.... Daily (morning) . Weekly do Semi-monthly Daily (evening) . . . Weekly ...do Sunday Monthly Weekly Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. News and politics - do News and. politics . . News and politics. . News and politics. . News and politics. . News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do do do News and politics. Mining............ News and politics. do News and politics . News and politics. News and politics. do do do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do do News and politics do Seli^ons (Methodist Epiteopal). Agricultural News and politics do News and politics (ffermon) News and politics Medicine News and politics -". News and politics. News and politics. , News and politics. b Edition of "Monroe County Sun ". News and politics e Suspended Jnmnary, 1880. 1868 1880 1878 1878 1874 1880 1880 1880 1878 1872 1879 1879 1875 1871 1880 1880 1877 1880 1879 1880 1876 1878 1867 1879 1871 1871 1879 1879 1877 1878 1874 1880 1854 1879 1819 1819 1850 1871 1676 1876 1877 1879 1880 1880 1877 1878 1877 1870 204 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. AEKANSAS— Continued. Place of pQblioatlon. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "Whenes- tahliehed. Sebastian co.— Population! 19,660. Fort Smith Shabp co.—Popvlalion: 9,047. Evening Shade XTntoh CO.— Population: 13,419. El Dorado Yak Bubeh oo. — Population: 9,565. Clinton ■Washington CO.— Population: 23,844. Fayetteville White CO.— Population: 17,794. Eeebe Jadsonia Searcy WOODEUFF CO.— Population: 8,646. Augusta Yell co.— Population! 13,852. Dardanelle Fort Smith Herald {a) ... New Era "Wheeler's Independent . Fort Smith Elevator Sharp County Becord . El Dorado Eagle Union County Times. Clinton Banner. Fayetteville Democrat . Arkansas Sentinel Faithful "Witness Arkansas "Watchman.. Judsonia Advance Searcy Kecord Arkansas Beacon "Woodruff County Vidette . Independent Arkansian . "Western Immigrant "Western Methodist (b) . . "Weekly. ...do .... ...do .... ...do..-. "Weekly. "Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly - "Weekly, -..do .... ...do.-. "Weekly. ...do ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. "Weekly. ...do ...do .... News and politics. . do do do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics do Beligious (I>ucip!«) . News and politics. do do do News and politiCB. News and politics Miscellaneous Iteligious (Methoditt) 1847 1863 1872 1878 1877 1877 1880 1880 1868 1875 1879 1877 1877 1866 1878 1879 1875 1877 OALIFOENIA. Alameda co.— Population: 62,976. Alameda Berkeley. . Brooklyn .. Hayward's. Livermore . Newark Oakland ... "Washington Comers "West Oakland Alpme CO.— Population : 539. Monitor AUASOB CO.— PopulaHon: 11,384. lone City Jackson Bdtte CO.— Population! 18,721. diss's Chico Oroville Calaveras co.— Population: 9,094. Angel's Camp Mokelnmne Hill San Andreas Colusa co.— Population: 13,118. Colnsa "Willow CONTEA Costa co.— Population: 12,625. Antioch Martinez Del Nokte co.— Population: 2,584. Crescent City El Dobado CO Population: 10,683. Georgetovm Placerville a Suspended January, 1880. i Suspended November, 1870. Alameda Encinal Alameda Argua Berkeleyan Berkeley Advocate ' ... Oestrus (c) Berkeley Quarterly Brooklyn "vidette Hayward's Journal Livermore Herald Newark Enterprise C Oakland Daily Times I Oakland "Weekly Times f Evening Tribune I Oakland Tribune Signs of the Times Oakland and San Frauuisco Hlustrated Mirror. Ladies' Home Journal Herald of Truth Dominion Press (d) Alameda County Eeporter "West Oakland Press Monitor Argus . Amador Times (e) . Amador Ledger . . . Amador Dispatch . Amador Sentinel . . Bigg's Recorder Botte Record Semi- Weekly Enterprise . Oroville Mercury Butte County Kegister ... Mountain Echo Calaveras Chronicle . . Calaveras Citizen Calaveras Advertiser. Colusa Sun Willow Journal . Antioch Ledger Contra Costa Gazette. Contra Costa News — Courier (/) Del Norte Eecord . Georgetown Gazette Mountain Democrat El Dorado County Bepublican c Suspended October 27, 1879. d Suspended, 1880. "Weekly do Semi-monthly. "Weekly do Quarterly "Weekly do ...do ...do Daily "Weekly. DaUy • "Weekly. do ...do.... Monthly . do "Weekly. . ...do ...do.... "Weekly. . "Weekly. do ....do... ....do... "Weekly do Semi, weekly. "Weekly do "Weekly. ....do.... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. . ....do ... Weekly. do .... ...do .... Weekly. do . . . Weekly. do .... ...do... News and politics do Collegiate News and politics Collegiate Society News and politics do do do do do do do Beligious (Adventist) . Literary Society Beligious (Baptist) ... News and politics do do News and politics - News and politics . . do do do News and politics. do do do do News and politics. do do do News and politics. do News and politics. do do News and politics. do News and politics 1880 do 1853 do 1871 e Suspended May 15, 1880. / Merged into "Kecord" February, 1861. 1877 1875 1877 1877 1879 1876 1877 1877 1880 1866 1866 1870 1870 1874 1875 1877 1880 1875 1874 1879 1877 1854 1859 1879 1874 1853 1869 1874 1877 1879 1851 1871 1879 1862 1877 1870 1858 1874 1873 1879 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. CALIFORNIA— Continued. 205 Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "When es tablished, Fbebko CO.— Pojndatian: 9,478. I'resno Hdmboldt CO. — Population: 15,512. Areata Eureka Femdale Eohnervillo Ikyo CO. — Population: 2,928. Independence SSEN CO. — Population: 5,601. Bakersfield IiAEB CO. — Population: 6,596. Lakeport Lower Lake Labsen CO.— Population: 3,340. Snsanyille Lob Augeles CO.— Population: 33,381. Anaheim ' .....: Downey City Los Angelea Fresno Expositor... Fresno Bepnbllcan . Areata Leader C Humboldt Times I Humboldt Times i Evening Signal (West Coast Signal. . . I>emocratic Standard. Evening Herald (a)... Femdale Enterprise. . Eel River Echo Inyo Independent . Courier and South Califomian (b) . Kern County G-azette ...L Kern Connty Califomian Lake County Bee Lake Democrat Lower Lake Bulletin. Lassen Advocate - . Mountain Review . Santa Alia Mabin CO.— Population: 11,324. SanRafa^ Uabifosa CO.— Population: 4,339. Mariposa Mekdociho CO PoptUation: 12,800. Mendocino TJklah Meeoed CO.— Population: 5,656. Merced Modoc co.— Population: 4,399. Adin Altoias MOKO CO Population: 7,499. Bodie Bridgeport MOHTEBST CO.— Population: 11,302. Castrovjlle Monterey Salinas SxPi. CO Population: 13,235. Callstoga Napa City Saint Helena Ketasa oo.—Population: 20,823. Grass Valley Nevada City North Sanjnan Tmckee a Suspended. b Snapended May, 1880. e Suspended January, 1881. d Suspended, 1880. Anaheim Gazette Downey Courier (c) Downey Outlook (d) Los Angeles Rescue C Evening Express J Weekly Express LaCronica (Herald 5 Herald Los A ngeles "Weekly Mirror Suedliche Califomische Post Los Angeles L'Union (d) Daily Commercial Morning .Journal (a) Semi-Tropic California Los Angeles Outlook (6) Los Angeles Southern Tidings (e). Santa Ana Herald Santa ASa Times (/) Marin County Journal . Marin County Tocsin . . Mariposa G-azette . Mendocino Beacon ITkiab Mendocino Democrat.. "CTkiah Democratic Dispatch.. Ukiah City Press San Joagnin Valley Argus . Merced Express Adin Hawkeye (fr) ■ ■ ■ Modoc Independent . Bodie Chronicle J Standard-News (A) .. (Standard-News Free Press Bridgeport "Union (t) . Oastroville Argus Monterey Califomian . Monterey Democrat . . . Salinas City Index Independent Calistogian. Napa Reporter C Register {Register Napa Classic ( Gold Dollar (j) J Gold Dollar Saint Helena Star "Weekly - .-- do "Weekly Daily {Tnorning) . "Weekly. Daily " "Weekly . do Daily [evening) . "Weekly do "Weekly. "Weekly - do .... ..-.do .... "Weekly. ...do . ... ...do... "Weekly. do "Weekly. do ...do .... ....do.... Dafly, "Weekly.. ...do . Dally "Weekly.. ... do do Semi-weekly Daily (morning) . — do {Tnorning).. Monthly "Weekly ...do.. ...do ...do "Weekly.. do "Weekly. "Weekly. do ...do.-, --.do.... "Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly. do "Weekly DbSW (evening)... "Weekly Daily (morning) . "Weekly News and piditics. do News and politics- do do do do do do do do News and politics. News and politics. do do News and politics. do do News and politics. do News and family reading — do do Temperance News and politics do News and politics (SpoMith) . News and politics do Temperance News and politics (German) . News and politics (French) . . News and politics do Agricultural News and politics do do do 1870 1876 1879 1874 1851 1876 1871 1875 1879 1877 1878 1870 1875 1879 1872 1875 1869 1865 1879 1870 1875 News and politics. do News and politics. . News and politics. do do do News and politics. do News and politics- do News and politics. do do do do "Weekly.. do ... . ...di.... . . . do News and politics. do.... do do "Weekly ...do .. Dajl "Weekly. Monthly Daily (mominflr) .. "Weekly do News and politics. do do '. do Collegiate News and politics. do do 1863 1870 1870 1872 1873 1873 1873 1874 1876 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1877 1877 1861 1879 1877 1864 1877 1862 1875 1878 1874 1863 1879 1879 1879 1880 1872 1867 1872 1877 1856 1872 1868 1874 1879 1879 1874 Daily Union Daily Foot Hill Tidings "Week Transcript Daily North San Juan Times "Week . Independent (e) do Truckee Republican Semi.weekly.. e Suspended April, 1880. / Consolidated with "Santa ASa Herald" September, 1880. g Removed to Alturas, Modoc connty, November 23, 1E80 ; suspended spring of 1881. News and politics, do ...do .. do ...do .;.do 'Standard" and "News' census year, i Edition of Bodie ' 1864 1874 1860 1873 1878 1871 consolidated during ' Chronicle "- j Suspended June, 1880. 206 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. CALIFOEFIA— Continued. Place of pnblication. Name of periodical. How often pub - Hailed. Character. When es- tablishedfl Flacer CO. — Population: 14,232. Auburn Dutch Flat - Rocklin — PuWAB CO. — Population: 6,180. Quincy Sacramento co.— Population: 34,390. Folsom Sacramento Saw Benito co.— Population : 5,584. Holliater San Bernardino co. — Population: 7,786. Colton Riverside , San Beraardino San Dmco co. —Population: 8,618. San Diego San Francibco co.— Population: 233,959. San Francisco ,.. Placer Herald Placer Argus Dutch Flat Forum . Mouutain Echo {a) . Plumas National . Folsom Telegraph f Bee iBee C Record-Union I Record-Union Sacramento Journal Sacramento Valley Agriculturist (a) . Sacramento Leader Sacramento Sunday Times (&) Sacramento Capitol G-azette (6) r Advertiser J Advertiser *] Advertiser [ Advertiser Democrat (c) Kew Era (d) San Benito Advance Hollister Enterprise (e) . Pacific Coast HoUister Telegraph (/) . Colton Semi-Tropic Press and Horticulturist Snn Bernardino Valley Index . C San Bernardino Times I San Bernardino Times C Union . I Union . C News . I Kews- - a Suspended, 1880. b Suspended. e A campaign paper. "Weekly., do ...do-.., ...do .... "Weekly. "Weekly Daily (evening) . . "Weekly Daily (morning) Semi-weekly ...do "Weekly Sunday ...do "Weekly Daily (evening) . . Sunday , Semi-Tveekly Monthly , Daily (morning) . "Weekly , "Weekly. do ...do..., ...do .... "Weekly., do . do . DaU- "Wee"! y (evening) . Daily (m^oming) . "Weekly Daily (morning) . "Weeldy C Alta California ( Alta California , California Christian Advocate • . . . Pacific C California Demokrat I California Demokrat C Courrier de San Francisco < Courrier de San Francisco ( Courrier de San Francisco Gold en Era Califoraia Spirit of the Times 5 Eveninfi Bulletin i "Weekly Bulletin California Farmer f Morning Call (Morning Call Pacific Methodist . San Francisco News-Letter Monitor Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal Hebrew Observer La Voce delPopolo ( Abend-Popt (^Abend-Post Mining and Scientific Press ^ Pacific Appeal (a) ( Stock Report (Stock Report Hebrew Elevator C Chronicle < Chronicle t Chronicle C Examiner , (Examiner San Francisco Guide New Age Pacific Churchman La Voz del Nuevo Mundo . .». Evangel Commercial Herald San Francisco Market Review (g) Real Estate Circular Occident - La Sociedad '. Heald's College Journal Railroad Gazetteer California Journal Humorist Pacific Rural Press (h) Thistleton's Hlustrated Jolly Giant Resources of California C E voning Post ( San Franciflco Post d Established and suspended in census year. e Consolidated with "Telegraph", and both called "South Coast", January, 1881. Daily (morning) Sunday Tri- weekly "Weekly Semi-monthly Semi- weekly — "Weekly ...do ...do Monthly "Weekly Semi- weekly Monthly ...do "Weekly Sunday "Weekly ...do Monthly Daily (evening) "Weekly News and politics. do , do do 1852 1872 1875 News acd politics. News and politics do do do do News and politics (German) . Agricultural News and politics do 1866 1856 1837 1837 1851 1869 1868 1873 1879 -do. -do. -do. .do. .do . -do . -do . 1880 1880 1880 1880 News and politics. do .... do do News and politics. Agricultural News and politics , , do do News and politics - do do do 1872 1873 1874 1876 1876 1878 1873 1875 1875 1868 1868 1870 1870 Daily (morning) .. News and politics 1849 Sunday do 1849 "Weekly Religious (Methodist) 1851 --.do Religious (Congregational) 1851 Daily (morning) . . News and politics (German) 1852 "Weekly News and politics (Germa/n) 1852 Daily (morning) . . News and politics (French) 1852 "Weekly News and politics (French) 1852 Semi-monthly News and politics (French) 1852 "Weekly Literai-y 1852 ...do Sporting 1854 Daily (evening) News and politics 1855 Weekly do 1855 do Agricultural 1855 Daily (mominp) .. News and politics 1856 Sunday do 1856 "Weekly : 'Religious (Methodist) 1856 do ; News and politics 1856 do Religieua (Catholic) 1857 Monthly Medicine and surgery 1858 "Weekly Religious (Jewish ; Ming, and Germ.) . 1859 --■do News and politics (Italian) 1859 Daily (evening) :: . . News and politics ( German) 1860 "Weekly News and politics (Germain) 1860 do Science and mechanics 1860 do News and politics 1862 Daily (evening) — Financial 1863 "Weekly do 1863 do Religious (Jewish ; Eng. and Qerm.) . 1863 do News and politics 1864 Daily (morning) do 1865 Sunday do 1865 3^eekly .... do 1865 do 1865 . .. do 1865 Commercial 1865 Secret society 1865 Religious (Protestant Bpiscopal) .... 1865 News and politics (Spamish) '. . . 1866 Religious (Baptist) 1866 Commerce 1867 do 1867 Miscellaneous 1867 Religious (Preshyteritm) 1868 News and politics (Spanish) Collegiate 1867 Railroads 1869 News and politics ( Germam) 1870 Humor ( G&rmam) 1870 Agricultural 1870 Miscellaneous 1870 ---■do 1870 News and politics 1871 do 1871 / Consolidated with "Pacific Coast". g Printed at office of "Commercial Herald". ft Printed at oifice of " Mining and Scientific Press CATALOaUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. OALIFOENIA— Continued. 207 Flace of publication. 27ame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Price per year. Sam Feanoisco oo.— Continued. San Francisco— Continued. . . Sun Jo A(iva CO.— Population: 24,349. Lodi , Stockton . San Luib Obispo oo Population:. 9,142. San Luis Obispo San Mateo oo. — Population: 8,669. Redwood City Santa Barbara oo. — Population: 9,513. Guadalupe Lompoc Santa Barbara Coast Eeview San Francisco "Western Lancet Wine Dealers' Gazette Le Petit Journal San Francisco Tribune San Francisco Star Grocer and Country Merchant Jewish Progress Pacific Life ElTecolote C Exchange < Exchange t Exchange' Pacific Board List ^ Pacific Board List j Commercial News and Shipping List 5 Commercial News and Shipping List Breviate of Kecords GalJfoiTiia Patron Pacific Price Current Freight Circular (&) Pacific Coast Wine and Liquor Herald (6) Hotel Gazette Chinese Newspaper Corhmercial Advocate La Scintilla Italiana San Francisco Wasp California HorticiQtural and Floral Maga- zine (&). Law Journal Argonaut Mission Mirror Pacifi<5 Coast Law Journal Saturday Local - Engineer of the Pacific Pacific School and Home Journal San Francisco Footlight (c) City Argus , Golden Gate Hayes Valley Advertiser Oriental Valliyrien Pacific State Watchman Masonic Monthly Medico-Literary Journal Pacific Coast Postal Index (d) Pacific Land Journal Reporter Bond and Stock Herald California Freie Presse California Independent (e) L'Elvezia San Francisco Merchant Standard (/) Stilla-Hafs-Posten American Druid's Journal (e) , Avalanche (e) LaBevistadel Comercio (e) Olympian Weekly Gossip and Matrimonial Advocate--. San Francisco Public School Record San Francisco JoumaLof Commerce (g) Globn(A) -■ San Francisco Traders' Directory Jewish Times , Pacific Pilot Alaska Appeal (e) Anglo-Spanish Merchant (c) California Architects' and Builders' Review. Califomian Light for All Morning Herald (t) Lodi Valley Review . . . C Independent { Independent C Evening Herald {Herald Stockton Banner People's Advocate (j) . San Luis Obispo Tribune Southern California Advocate (k) . Times and Gazette San Mateo County Journal. Guadalupe Telegraph Lompoc Record J Press jPress -. Santa Barbara Independent . . Santa Barbara Advertiser (I) . Monthly ...do ...do Weekly ...do Monthly Weekly --.do ...do Daily (Tnoming) .. ...do (noon) ... do {evening) . . . Weekly Daily {noon) . - -do {evening) — ...do {inomi/ng) .. Weekly Daily {morning) .. Weekly do Monthly do Dail; Weekly do ... ...do... ...do ... Monthly Insurance Medicine and surgery Trade News and politics {French) . . News and politics General literature Trade News and politics Sporting News and politics {Spanish) . Finance and local news do do Lists of price of stocks. -' do ; Commercial do Law Agricnltural Commercial do Trade Miscellaneous Miscellaneous (Chinese) Commerce News and politics (Italia/n) . . Humorous .-■ Agricultural Daily (morning) . Weekly ...do ...do ...do Monthly . - .do Weekly ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Semi-monthly . . . Monthly ...do Quarterly Monthly ...do Weekly ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Monthly do ..-do ...do ...do do I Educational Law News and politics do Law News and politics Science and mechanics Educational Dramatic News and politics Miscellaneous News and politics Miscellaneous (Chinese) News and politics (Danish) . . Secret society do Medical Miscellaneous do Temperance Financial News and politics {Qermun) . News and politics News and politics (Italian) . . Commercial Society News and politics (Swedish) . Secret society Commercial Commercial (Spanish) Miscellaneous do. Weekly. Daily (eveni-ng) . . Tri. weekly Weekly ...do Semi-monthly . - . — do Monthly do -..do Daily (morning) Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily {evening) . . Weekly do ... do Ciiiniiii'l'Cial News rind politics Coniun;reial ., News and family News and politics (German) ..?.... News and politics Commercial (Spanish and English) Scientific and mechanics General literature., Religious {Spiritualist) News andpwitics Weekly. . . .do . . - Weekly. do ... News and politics do do do do News and politics (Oerm. andEng). News and politics News and politics. do News and politics. do Weekly. do .. Daily Weekly. Semi-weekly. Weekly News and politics, do .do. .do- .do. .do. 1871 1871 1871 1872 1872 1873 1874 1674 1874 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 187S 1875 1875 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1872 1879 1880 1880%-- 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1878 1861 1856 1865 1865 1877 1869 1879 1859 1879 1875 1875 1868 1868 1878 a Per 100. 6 Printed at ofiice of ' ' Commercial Herald ". c Issued daily as a programme, also monthly. d Changed to monthly March, 1880. e Saspended in 1880. / Weekly from June 1, 1879, to October 31, 1879, and monthly from November 1, 1879, to April 30, 1880. g Special edition of weekly published for Mexico, Central America, China, Japan, Australia, and Honolulu on steamer days. ft Suspended since census year. i Suspended. } Suspeuded September, 1879. k Suspended June, 1880. I Suspended June, 1879, $2 50 2 OO 2 00 5 00 1 50 25 2 50 5 00 5 00 11 00 9 00 9 OO 4 00 30 00 30 Oft 6 00 3 00 12 00 1 00 ai 00 2 50 4 OO 5 00 5 60 3 00 4 00 4 50 2 60 12 00 4 00 1 50 6 50 2 00 1 50 2 OO 2 00 4 00 1 00 1 00 5 03 2 25 2 00 2 50 3 00 1 00 1 00 1 OO 6 00 2 50 3 00 5 50 3 OO 2 50 , 2 00 1 50 3 00 2 50 2 00 1 S5 1 00 5 00 7 20 3 00 3 00 2 50 1 00 3 00 1 60 3 00 1 00 2 SO 10 00 3 00 10 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 2 50 3 00 3 00 8 00 3 00 3 00 208 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. CALIFORNIA— Continued. Place of puTjlioation. Sjlnta Claea CO.— Populatum: 35,039. Gilroy Santa Clara San Jos6 Santa Ceuz co.— Papulation: 12,802. Santa Cruz "Watsonville . Shabta CO.— Population: 9,492. MilMUe Bedding Shasta SiBRBA CO. — Population: 6,623. Downieville SiSKirou CO. — Population: 8,610. Tort Jones Yreka SoLAHO CO.— Population: 18,475. Benicia Dixon. Sulann Vallejo SOKOMA CO.— Population: 25,926. Cloverdale HealdsbTiTg Petalnma . Santa Bosa. Sonoma . Stakislaus CO.— Population: 8,751. Modesto Suttee co. — Population: 5,159. Tuba City Tehama co.— Population: 9,301. BedBlnff Tehama. Teinity CO.— Population : "Weaverville Tulaee CO.— PojjuIatMm: 11,281. Yisalia TUOHJMNB CO.— Population: 7,848. Sonora Vbntuea CO. — Population: 5,073. San Buena Yentnra Yolo co.— Population: 11,772. "Woodland Yuba CO.— Popidation : 11,284. Marysville Wheatland Name of periodicaL Gilroy Advocate Santa Clara Journal . f Mercury > Mercury J Herald > Herald San Jos6 Courier San Jo86 Pioneer Morning Times New Era (a) Santa Ci-uz Sentinel Santa Cm/- Courier and Local Item "Watsonville Pajaronian 5 "Watsonville Transcript ^California Transcript P^aro Valley Sun (a) Shasta County Democrat (5) . Bedding Independent Shasta Courier Mountain Messenger . Scott Valley News — Yreka Union (c) Semi-weekly Journal. Benicia New Era Dixon Tribune Solano Bepublican. .. C Evening Chronicle . I Vallejo Chronicle. . - C Solano Times (Solano Times {d) ... Evening News Cloverdale Beveille Healdsbnrg Eiver Flag Healdsbtirg Enterprise Petaluma Argus Petaluma Courier Sonoma County Presse (e) . Sonoma County Democrat. ( Santa Koaa Bepublican — ^Santa Bosa Bepublican — Santa Bosa Times (/) Santa Bosa News (/) Sonoma Index Stanislaus County News . Modesto Herald Sutter Banner Tuba City Journal . C People's Cause (People's Cause Daily Evening Sentinel . Bed Bluff Sentinel Tehama Tocsin Trinity Journal . Yiaalia Delta.. Tnlare Times. Union Democrat Tuolumne Independent. Ventura Signal Ventura Free Press . C Daily Democrat ( Tolo Democrat Tolo Mail Woodland Standard (g) . Woodland Bepublican. . C Daily Appeal . . . (Marysviire Appe Bear Biver News How often pub- lished. Weekly ...do Daily (morning} .. Weekly Daily (evening) Weekly- -.1 . . .do ...do Daily (morning) . . Daily (evening) — Weekly do ...do Semi- weekly. Weekly ...do Weekly. ...do .... ...do..: Character. Whenes tablished. News and politics do do do do .. do News and politics (German) . News and politics do do News and politics. do do , do do do News and politics. do do Weekly News and politics Weekly ...do.. Semi-weekly. Weekly. ...do... ...do... Dail; Weekly. Daily ' Weekly. Daily (evening) . . . Weekly .-.do ... ...do.. ...do.. ...do .. ...do .. ...do.- Dail- Weekly do - . ...do ... ...do... Weekly. do Weekly - do Daily (evening) . . . Weekly. 1 Daily (evening) — Weekly ...-de Weekly. Weekly. ...do ..., Weekly. do .... Weekly. do ... News and politics. do do News and politics, do .do .do. -do . -do . .do. -do. News and politics do do do do News and politics (German) . News and politics do do do do do News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. do do do do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do 1868 1879 1871 1854 1866 1866 1876 1877 1879 1879 1855 1875 1868 1876 1879 1879 1878 1877 1857 1853 1878 1852 1856 1877 1874 1864 1867 1867 1875 1875 1880 1879 1868 1876 1855 1876 1878 1857 1880 1880 Price per year. 1868 1874 1867 1880 1860 1860 1867 1867 1875 1856 1859 1865 1854 1872 News and politics 1871 do 1875 Daily (mominff) . Weekly do ...do ...do Daily (morning) . Weekly do News and politics. , do do do do News and politics . do do 1877 1867 1868 1879 1880 1859 1862 a Suspended October, 1879. b Removed to Bedmng in April, 1881. c Suspended April, 1880. d Suspended September 30, 1880. e Suspended November 30, 1880. / Suspended 1889. g Merged into "The Mail", 1 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. GOLOEADO. 209 Flnce of publication. Name of periodical How often pub- lished. Character. "Wlienes- tabUsbed. Akafahox CO.— PojmZotion .. 38,644. DeQver Bint CO.— Population ; 1,654. West lias Animas BoxiLDBB CO.— Population: 9,723. Boulder Longmont Chatfbe CO.— FoptUation: 6,512. Buena Vista Clbae Cheek CO.— PopuZoMon : 7,S Greorgetown Idabo Springs COHBjos CO Populatimi: 5,605. Alamosa CUSTBK CO.— PopvlaUon: 8,080. ilosita SUver Cliff. Douglas co.— PoputeMon.- 2,486. Castle Rook El Pabo 00 ^Pop«to«i«»; 7,( Colorado Springs Fbemont CO.— Pop«Zo(i(»i: 4,735. CaBonCity GiLPm CO.— Population: 6,489. Black Hawk Central City GUMKISON CO.— PopuZatton: 8,235. G-nnnison HiHSDALE CO.— Popidation: 1,487. Lake City jEi'FEESON CO.— Population: 6,804. Golden Lake CO.— Population: 23,563. Leadville La Plata co.- Daiimgo . . -Population: 1,110. Labimee CO.— Pop«!(t«<»i; 4,8 Fort Collins Kocky Mountain News Kocky Mountain News locky Mountain Herald f Tribune \ Tribune C Times ) Times ^Colorado Journal ^Colorado Journal Kocky Mountain Presbyterian — Colorado Farmer Colorado Bulletin (a) , Daily Mining Hotel Keporter C Eepublican jEepublican Kocky Mountain Mining Keview. Colorado Post (b) Gazette Advocate . "Waterbury New Londoh co. — PopulaMon: 73,152. Mystic River New London Norwich Stonington Tolland co. — Population: 24,112. Eookville South Coventry Stafford Springs "WlKDHAM CO.— Population: 43,856. Danielsonville Putnam "Willimantio , Naugatnck Valley Sentinel Derby Transcript Oracle C Meriden Recorder < Riggs' Meriden Literary Recorder — (Menden Recorder C Republican I Republican C Journal and Courier I Journal and Courier i Register < Register t Register American Journal of Science 5 Palladium (Palladium Yale Literary Magazine New Englander Tale Courant Reveille C Connecticut Republlkaner i Connecticut Republikaner Loomis' Musical and Masonic Journal. C Union < Union ( Union Critic Tale Record Hubbard's Printer- Advertiser Connecticut Botschafter Tale News New England Anzeiger Shore Line Times Hibernian Record Sea "World JTishing Gazette Tablet (6) Enterprise Record "Windermere Forum C American i American Monitor Mystic Journal Mystic Press C Teiesrani I Connecticut Gazette.. c Mornmg Bulletin i "Weekly Bulletin Cooley's "Wt'Ckly Weekly Observer (c) . . American Conflict (d) . Mirror Tolland County Journal Tolland County Leader Coventry Local Register (e) . Tolland County Press "Windham County Transcript . Sentinel Eastern Knight (/) Patriot Journal Chronicle "Weekly - . .. do .-- ....do.- ....do.- ...do .-. ...do... ...do--- ...do .- "Weekly.. do ...do.-. ...do.-. ...do.... ...do.-. ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... "Weekly — do .-.do Monthly Tri-monthly . "Weekly do "Weekly do Monthly Daily (evening) . . "Weekly Semi-weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily itnoming) . "Weekly Dailv (evening) .. Sunday Weekly Monthly Daily (morning) .. Weekly Monthly Every two months Semi-monthly Monthly Daily (Tnoming) . . Weekly Monthly Daily (evening) . . . Sunday Weekly Monthly Semi-monthly Monthly Weekly Daily {morning) .. Weekly . . do Monthly Weekly Monthly Weekly — do ...do Daily (evening) . . . Weekly do Weekly do Daily (evening) . Weekly Daily ' Weekly. do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do .-. Weekly. do ...do ... ...do ... Weekly.. do Monthly . Weekly-. do ...do .... News and politics. do do do do do do do News and politics. do do do do do do do do News and politics. do do Temperance Collegiate News and politics. do News and politics. do Collegiate News and politics. do do do do do do do do do Scientific News and politics. do Collegiate Literary CoUegiate .do . News and politics (6erma/n) . News and politics (German) . Music and secret society News and politics do :do Collegiate Typographiciil News and politics (German) . Collegiate News and politics (German) . News and politics Secret society Fishery Collegiate News and politics do 1865. 1876 1880 1880 1874 1873 1880 1880 1826 1872 1877 1871 1853 1873 1875 1877 1873 1879 1823 1837 1866 1867 1869 1874 1871 1867 ' 1877 1863 1863 1863 1868 1868 1732 1766 1812 1812 1812 1818 1829 1829 1836 1843 1864 1865 1879 1867 1867 1871 1871 1871 1872 1872 1875 1876 1877 1877 1877 1878 1879 .do . .do- .do. -do . News and politics . do do do do do do do Temperance News and politics. . News and politics. do do do News and politics . do Secret society News and poUtics. do do 1877 1871 1877 1866 1844 1859 1873 1873 1873 1757 1796 1876 1879 1879 1867 1879 1868 1858 1854 1870 1878 1872 1848 1879 a An edition of the h Snspnndod. Bristol Press " c Suspended May 22, 1880. d Suspended spring of 1880. e An I'dition of "Stafford Springs Press". J Suspended August 1, 1880. 212 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. DAKOTA TEEEITOEY. Place of pnWcation. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Chaiacter. Whenes tablished. Babhbb CO. — Population: 1,585. Talley City Bbadle CO.— Population: 1,290. Huron BONHOMME CO. — Population: 5,468. Scotland Springfield Bkookimgs CO. — PopuLatioii: 4,965. Brookings BUHLEIGH CO.— Population: 3,246. Bismarck Maudan Caks CO. — Population: JTargo 8,998. Clay co. — Population: 5,001. Vermillion CODINGTOS 00.- "Watertowu -Population: 2,156. Deuel co.— Population : 2,302. Gary Geahd Poekb 00. — Population: 6,248. Grand Forks Grant co.— Population : 3,010. Big Stone City Hahson CO.— Population: 1,301. Alexandria Hutchinson co.- Meno -Population: 5,573. KiHGBBUEY CO.- De Smet . . ■Population: 1,102. Lake co. — Population: Herman Madison Laweence CO.— Population: 13,248. Central City Beadwood Bead City BracoLN CO.— Population: 5,896. Canton . Eden . . . KcCooK CO.— Population : Bridgewater Cameron Salem MJnnsBHAHA CO.— Population: 8,251. Dell Eapids Sioux Falls MOODT CO.— Population: 3,915. Egan Flandreau Pembina co.- Pembina . ■Population: 4,8 Pbnmmgton CO.— Population: 2,244. Rapid City Eoohford ElCHLAND CO.— Population: 3,597. "Wahpeton Stutsman co.— Population: 1,007. Jamestown a Suspended in January, 1880. Fortbem Pacific Times . Beadle Coqnty Settler.. Dakota Central , Dakota Citizen — Springfield Times . Brookings County Press . Sioux Valley Journal Bismarck Tribune. . Champion (a) Bismarck Sun Criterion Fargo Times C Fargo Kepublican . ( Farco Republican . (Daily Ajgns JArgua Ker ■" id River Posten . Dakota Republican . VermiUion Standard. Dakota News Codiugtou County Courier, luter-Siate . Plaindealer Grand Forks Herald . Grant County Herald. Alexandria Herald - Chronicle . Kingsbury County News- Lake County Leader - Sentinel Black HUls Herald C Daily Pioneer \ Pioneer , ; Black HiUs Daily Times. {Black Hills Times , Evening Press , Evening News (&) Western Enterprise Sioux Valley News . Canton Advocate , . . Eden Sun Bridgewater Echo. . . Cameron Pioneer (c) . Salem Register. . . Pioneer Dell Rapids Exponent Dakota Pantagraph Sioux Falls Independent . Sioux Falls Times Scandinavian (d) Egan Express Mo • '■ ,oody County Enterprise. Pembina Pioneer . Black Hills Journal . . Rochford Central (e) . Black lliUs Miner . . Richlaud County Gazette- Jamestown -ilert ft Suspended November, 1880. Weekly. Weekly. do --.. Weekly - ...do ... Weekly- , do --- Weekl' Bail , Weekly ..-do ... Weekly do Serai-weekly Daily {morning) . Weekly -do Weekly - do Weekly - .--do.... Weekly. Weekly. . . .do . . . Weekly - Weekly- Weekly. Weekly - Weekly. ...do Daily (evening) . . . Daily (morning) Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily (evening) . . . — do (evening)... — do (evening)... Weekly- . . .do - - . ...do-... Weekly- ...do .--do-... ...do-.. Weekly. . ...do ...do ... ...do --. ...do---. Weekly - ...do .... Weekly. Weekly - . . .do . . . ...do.... Weekly. News and politics . News and politics . do...., News and politics . do News and politics . do ..J News and politics . do do do 1880 1880 1877 1871 1879 1880 1872 News and politics , do do do .. do News and politics (Norwegian) . News and politics . do News and politics . do News and politics . News and politics . do News and politics . News and politics . News and politics . News and politics . News and politics . do News and politics . do do do do do do do News and politics . do do News and politics . do do do News and politics . do do do do News and politics ■ do News and politics . News and politics . do do News and politics . Weekly c Suspended August, 1880 ; removed to 1880 1879 1874 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1860 1876 1879 1879 1875 1879 1879 1880 1878 1880 1878 1879 1876 1876 1876 1877 1877 1879 1880 1879 1872 1876 1880 1880 1879 1879 1879 1879 1872 1873 1878 1880 1880 1878 1878 1878 1880 News and politics Salem. d Suspended August, 1880. 1878 2 00 e Suspended. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 213 DAKOTA TEEEITOEY— Continued. ■J ' ; Place of pntiUcation. Name of periodioal. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Price per year. Tratt.l QQ.—PopulatUm: 4,123. Traill Coimtv Arerus (a) .'. "Weekly ... - 1879 1879 1878 1871 1880 1875 1861 1872 1874 $2 00 TimNBB GO.— Population: 5,320. 1 50 iftew Era - do do -- 1 50 CTnion CO.— Population: 6,813. Weekly 2 00 Elk Point Tnbane do .do 1 50 Yankton go.— PopuUOioi^: 8,390. 5" Daily Press and Dakotian Daily (evenvng) . . . 10 00 2 00 "iDakota Herald do do 2 00 .. do News and politics ( Qermcm) 2 00 DELAWAEB. Kbht co.^PopviatUm : 32,874. Dover Milford Smyrna IfEW Cabtle CO.— Pcpvlation : 77,716, Middleto'wii ^ Newark Newcastle "Wilmington BCSBBX CO.— Population ; 36,018. Georgetown Lewes Seaford Delawarean State Sentinel News and Advertiser . Chronicle Times Transcript . Enquirer(c) CG-az^tte I Gazette C Bvery Evening I Delaware State Jonmal . C Kepnblican . . . : iRepnblican Daily Herald (d!) Delaware Pionier Rugby Monthly Conference Worker Argns Sunday Dispatch (e) Advertiser {/) News Sussex Journal : . Delaware Inquirer — Breakwater Light Sussex County Index. "Weekly ?.. do ...do ...do ...do "Weekly do ...do Daily (eveniTig) . Weekly. Daily Weekly.. Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily {jnommg) . Weekly Monthly Weekly do Sunday Weekly Daily (momiTig) . Weekly.. do ...do... ....do... News and politics. . do do , do do News and politics, do .do. .do. .do. .do . .do . .do . .do. .do. News and politics {Qerrao/n.) . Collegiate Keligioua (Methodist) News and politics do do do News and politics. do do do 1874 1857 1878 1854 1868 1877 1879 ]872 1784 1871 1831 1836 1836 1869 1874 1875 1878 1879 1879 1880 1867 1879 1871 1877 DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. DiBT. OF Columbia.— PoputoJion ; 177,624. Georgetown . Washington . College Journal African Eepository American Annals of Deaf and Dumb — f Evening Star , {star National Kepublican Forney's Sunday Chronicle Sunday Herald Gazette ,- Evening Critic Post-Omce Gazette Capital Official Gazette Washington Sentinel C Washington Journal ^Washington Journal United States Eecord and Gazette Washington Law Eeporter Sovereign Bulletin Copp's Landowner Alpha Der Volks-Tribun. j People's Advocate National Weekly Washington World and Citizen Soldier., C Washington Post , t Washington Post Washington Commercial , Eepublic Boyce's Satun^ ay Anvil National Tribune Council Eire National View Departmental Eeview Knights of Pytbias Magazine Soldier's True Eriend Scientific Eecord "Vedette Truth Army and Navy Register Mechanics' Advocate National Free Press (fir) East Washington Press Market Gazette (k) Monthly . do gaarterly. ally ■ Wee*kly, Daily (Tnoming) . Sunday — do ....do Daily (evening) . . Monthly Sunday Weekly , ...do Daily {Tnornvng) , Sunday Monthly , Weekly Monthly , do ... do Weekly ..-.do.. ....do ... do Daily {inommg) . Sunday , Weekly . . - do ....do Monthly do Weekly Monthly "... do ....do ...do .- do Weekly ....do. Monthly Weekly . . . do ....do Collegiate Interests of the colored man . Educational News and politics do .do. .do. .do . -do. do . Post.Office Department News and literature Patent Office , News and politics News and politics ( Germam) News and politics {Qertnan) Law .- ...do Industry Real estate Medical science News and politics ( German) News and politics , Literary Interests of soldiers and sailors. . News and politics do do do Temperance Soldiers' and sailors' interests Indian interests News and politics Miscellaneous Secret society Soldiers' interests Science Political and historical Literary Army and navy Secret society News and politics do Trade 1872 1825 1847 1852 1852 1860 1861 1865 1865 1868 1870 1871 1872 1873 1873 1873 1873 1874 1874 1874 1875 1875 1876 1876 1876 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 a Removed to Comstock and called "Northern Siguiil" b Sospeuded October, 1880. c Suspended February 1, 1881. d Suspended February 23, 1880. e Suspended in November, 1880. / Suspended March 9, 1880. g Suspended July, 1880. h Suspended January, 1880. 214 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. FLOEroA. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pnb- liahed. Character. ■When es- tablished. Alachua co. — Population: 16,462. Gainesville Beadfobd CO.— Population: 6,112. Starke Columbia co. — Population: 9,ii89. Lake City I>UVAL CO.— Population : 19,431. Jacksonville EBCAMBL4. CO.— Population: 12,156. Pensacola &ADBDBN co.^PopvXation: 12,169. Qaincy TTamtt.tom CO.— Population: 6,790. Jasper , Hillsborough co.— Population : 5,814. Tampa Jacebos CO.— PopuZaKon .• 14,372. Marianna Jbffeesom CO.— Population: 16,065. MonticeUo Leon co.— Population: 19,662. Tallahassee Lbvt CO. — Population: 5,767. Cedar Keys MlADisoH GO.^Population: 14,798. Madison Mahion CO.— Population: 13,046. Ocala MONKOE CO.— Population: 10,940. Key West Nassau co.— Population: 6,635. Femandina OnANGE CO.— Population : 6,618. Apopka Hawkinsville . Orlando Sandford PuTSAM CO.— Population: 6,261. Palatka Saint John's co.— Population: 4,535. Saint Augustine Santa Eosa co.— Population: 6,645. Milton Sumter co. — Population: 4,686. Leesburg Suwannee co.— Population: 7,161. Live Oak "Volusia co.— Population: 3,294. DeLand , Orange Gainesville Sun and Bee. Gainesville Times (a) Florida Telegraph Lake City Reporter Savannah Plorida Drummer. . (Florida Union ( Florida Union C Sun and Press (&) . (Sun and Press Florida Dispatch - - . C Telephone (c) X Telephone Pensacola Gazette. . . Pensacola Advance. Quincy Herald . Quincy Star Hamilton County Times . Tampa Guardian . Sunland Tribune . Marianna Courier Weekly Constitution . "Weekly Floridian Florida Patriot Florida Immigrant (d) . Florida State Journal . Madison Eecorder - Snu((J) East Florida Banner. Bepublican , Key West Dispatch (c) . KeyoftheGnfi Femandina Express . Florida Mirror South Florida Citizen Florida Pioneer (cZ) Pen and Press (/) Orange County Eeporter . South Florida Journal Eastern Herald Florida Press Milton Standard Sumter County Advance . Florida Bulletin Florida Agricnltnrist . "Volusia County News - "Weekly. do ... "Weekly. "Weekly - — do . . . Daily {morning) "Weekly.. Daily (mo "Weekly. --.do Daily "Weekly- . Semi- weekly . ...do "Weekly- -..do "Weekly. "Weekly. ...do "Weekly - "Weekly. "Weekly., --.do .... ...do..., Weekly. "Weekly. ...do .... Weekly. , ...do Weekly., --.do.... Weekly. ...do .... Weekly. ...do ...do... ...do-.., ...do... Weekly. Weekly. , Weekly. . Weekly.. Weekly. . Weekly., do ... News and politics . do News andpoUticB., News and politics. Commercial News and politics. , do do do Agriculture, etc .. News and politics . do News and politics. do News and politics. . do News and politics. . News and politics. , do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics., do do News and politics. News and politics. , do News andpoliticB. , do News and politics - do News and politics - do News and politics. do Literary News and politics. do News and politics. , News and politics. . News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. , Agricultural News and politics . 1876 1879 1875 1879 1870 1865 1876 1876 1876 1878 1878 1874 1878 1877 1879 1879 1875 1878 1874 1828 1876 1875 1866 1880 1867 1874 1877 1878 1879 1880 1878 1874 1869 1870 1878 1877 1879 1874 1879 GBOEGIA. A^vuso CO.— Population: 5,276. Baxley Gazette {g) . 'BMjaVim CO.— Population: 13,806. Milledgeville Union and Eecorder. a Consolidated with "Sun and Bee". 6 Saspended January 4, 1881, andmergedinto "Florida Union". e Suspended December 9, 1880; merged into the "Florida Union". Weekly., News and politics. 1878 1819 Weekly News and politics ({Suspended. /Suspended; succeeded by the "Waverly", a juar- 6 Suspended May, 1880. terly literary journal. g Suspended September, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. GEORGIA— Continued. 215 Place of pnbUoation. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Cliaracter. "WTien es- tablished. Babtowco. — Popuiation: 18,690. Cartersville BaBniEN CO. — Population: 6,619. Allapaha Bibb co.— Population: ^7,147. Macon Brooks co.— Population: 11,727. Quitman BUBKE CO.— Population: 27,128. "Waynesboro' BUTIBCO.— Pojmlation: 8,311. Indian Springs Calhoun co.— Population: 7,024. Arlington Campbell co.— Population: 9,970. Fairbum Cabkou. CO.— Population: 16,901. Carrollton Catoosa co. — Population: 4,739. Kinggold CnXTHAM CO.— Population: 45,023. Savannah Chattooga CO. —PojmZostion: 10,021. Summerville Cberokeb CO.— PopvZatton: 14,325. Canton CLAiiKB CO. — Population: 11,702. Athens Clay CO.— Population: 6,< Fort Gaines Clayton co.— Population: 8,027. Jonesboro' Cliscb CO.— Population : 4,138. DnPont Cobb co.— Population: 20,748. Marietta CoFFBE CO.— Population: 5,070. Pierson COLUMBLi CO.— Population: 10,465. Harlem Coweta CO Population: 21,109. Newnan Dade co.— Population : 4,702. Kising Fawn Dawson co.— Population: 5,837. Dawsonville Hscxtur CO.— Population : 19,072. Bainbridge Ds Kalb CO.— Population: 14,497. Decatur Express — Free Press . Berrien County News . C Telegraph and Messenger (Telegraph and Messenger Wesleyan Christian Advocate.. ( Kind '"Words < Kind Words ( Kind Words C Herald {Herald , Baptist Gem "Reporter . . . Free Press . Star {a) Expositor (6) Burke County Herald . Middle Georgia Argus. Advance Star((!) Carroll County Times . Catoosa Courier . ["Savannah News J Savannah News "] Savannah News [ Savannah News Abend-Zeitunff Southern Musical Journal. . . Sunday Morning Telegram. . . Daily Kecorder Penny Local , Southern Fanners' Monthly. Gazette Georgia Advocate (d). Cherokee Advance . .. f Daily Banner J Southern Banner ... Southern "Watchman . "Weekly Chronicle Tribune . News. Okefenokean (e) . . Marietta Journal . Coffee County Gazette. Columbian (/) Herald Farm and Home. Leader (g) Dade County Gazette . Mountain Chronicle. ■■ Democrat De Kalb News . "Weekly. do ... News and politics. do "Weekly. News and politics . Daily {Tnoming) . "Weekly do. do. Monthly Semi-monthly. . . Daily (evening) . . "Weekly do News and politics do Behgious (JJf. JE. Church South) Eeligious (Baptist Sunday School) . do -V- do. ., News and politics do Eeligious (Baptist Sunday School) . "Weekly. ...do ...do.-- News and politics. do do "Weekly. ...do -.. News and politics. do "Weekly.. "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly- "Weekly. News and politics- . News and politics. . News and politics. News and politics. News and politics . 1857 1878 1875 1826 1826 1837 1863 1803 1863 1880 1872 1879 1873 1877 1879 1870 1878 1873 Daily (morning) . — do (evening)... TVeekly Tri- weekly "Weekly Monthly Sunday Daily (evening) . . . WeeKly Monthly "Weekly. News and politics do do do News and politics (Qerman) . Musical News and politics do do Agricultural News and poUtics - "Weekly. do — News andpolitics- , do Daily (morning) .. "Weekly .do. .do. News and politics . do do do "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly - "Weekly.. "Weekly. "Weekly. News and politics. News and politics. News andpoUtics. News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. "Weekly. ...do ... ...do... News and politics . do do 1872 1850 1860 1860 1850 1871 1871 187S 1877 1877 1878 1870 1875 1880 1879 1815 1854 1878 1879 1874 1866 1874 1879 1865 1877 1879 "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly. News and politica. . News and politics.. News and poUtics. . News and politics . 1871 1876 a Suspended Juno, 1879. b Consolidated with "Herald" in 1880. e Suspended November, 1870. d Kemoved to Atlanta, January, 1880 ; there sus- pended in October, 1880. e Suspended since census year. / Suspended February, 1880. g Suspended September. 1880. 216 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. GEOEGIA— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Dodge CO. — Population: 5,358. Eastman Dougherty CO.— Pop«2auZa«io»; 24,418. Cave Spring . Home roESYTH CO.— Population: 10,559. Gumming Feakklin CO.— Population: 11,453. Camesville , Fulton co.— Population: 49,137. Atlanta Gilmer CO.— PppuZaiion ; 8,386. EUijay OrhYJiiN CO.— Population: 6,497. Brunswick Go^vois CO.— Population: 11,171. Calhoun Greene CO.— Pppuiaiion : 17,547. Greensboro' GvnNKETi CO.— Population : 19,531. Lawrenceville Habersham co.~Poj9uZaendent Reform Leader Register (3) Salem Advocate (A) Marion County Herald Marion County Eepublican . Henry Eepublican Lacon Home Journal Marshall County Democrat . La Eose Vidette Sp ariand Chronicle Wenona Index Mason County Democrat... Mason County Eepublican . Mason City Independent . . . Mason City Journal Massac Journal Metropolis Democrat. Petersburg Democrat - . Petersburg Observer — Petersburg Republican. Church Visitor (t) Aledo Record Aledo Banner Democratic Press (j). Eeithsburg News Eeithsbnrg a Suspended February, 1880. 6 Suspended November, 1879. e Consolidated with "GonrieT " November, 1879. d Snspended March, 1890. Daily (evening) . Weekly do ...do ...do Sunday Weekly Sunday Weeklv ..do .". ...do Semi- weekly Weekly , do do. do. do. .do. do. .do. Daily (evening) .. Weekly Daily (tnoming) , Weekly ...do ...do Weekly do ...do ...do Semi- weekly . Weekly do ...do ...do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly . . do Daily (evening) . Weekly do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Monthly Weekly. ...do... ....do.-- .-- do .-- ....do ... ....do .. ...do... ...do... Weekly Semi- weekly . Weekly ...do ...do ...do Weekly. ...do ...do..., ...do... Weekly. ...do .... Weekly.. do ...do.... Monthly . Weekly. . — do ...do.-. ...do.... News and politics do News and politics (German) . Eeligious (XTnBtctarian) News and politics (Qerma/n) . News and politics do .do . do. .do. 1868 1868 1871 1872 1878 1878 1879 Law . News and politics, do -do. .do. .do. do. .do. .do . .do. 1865 1880 1865 1874 1879 1880 1875 News and politics. do do , do , do do News and politics do do do do do News and politics (Cterman) . News and politics do do do 1867 1867 1870 1870 1879 1871 1871 1866 1852 1856 1856 News and politics do News and politics (Qerma/n) . News and politics do ..do . -do . ..do . . do . .do . do . 1879 1879 1878 1866 1879 1836 1836 1866 1874 1874 1879 1879 News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics Collegiate News and politics. do do do do , do do do 1862 1869 1871 1863 1873 1879 1863 1868 1867 1880 News and politics. do do do do do News and politics. do , do do News and politics. do News and politics do do Religious (Methodist) . News and poUtics do do do 1858 1876 1879 1852 1837 1876 1869 1868 1865 1849 1873 1867 1870 1865 1880 1859 1876 1879 1880 1859 1869 1879 1874 e Consolidated with Carlinville "Enquii«r". / Suspended. t Suspended October, 1879. h Merged in the "Herald", t Suspended December, 1880. i Snspended June, 1880. 228 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. ILLINOIS— Continued. Place of publicatioQ. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. MONBSB CO. — Population : 13,682. Waterloo MONTGOMEKT CO.— Poputoficm : 28,078. Hillsboro' Litchfield Nokomis MOEGAN CO.— Population: 31,514. JackBonville Meredosia . Waverly . . . MOULTKIE CO. — Population: 13, e Lovington . Suliivan ... OOLB CO. — Population: 29,937. Byron. Creaton Forreston Mount Morris . Oregon Polo Sochelle . Peoeia CO.— Population; 55,355. Brimfleld Chillicothe Elmwood . Peoria PrinceTille. Pbhbt CO.— PopidatUm: 16,007. DnQnoin Pinckneyville Tamaroa Piatt co.— Population: 15,583. Bement Monticello Pike co. — Population: 33,751. Barry Griggsville Milton Pittsfleld . Perry.-. Pope co.— Population: 13,256. Golconda Pulaski co.— Population: 9,507. Monnd City Putnam co.— Population: 5,554. GranTille Hennepin o Consolidated with "Tree Press". b £einoTed to Slater, Saline co.. Mo. Waterloo Bollar Advocate- Waterloo Times Montgomery News Hillaborongh Journal Litchfield Monitor Montgomery County Democrat . Free Press Nokomis G-azette (a) C Journal (Journal C Illinois Courier I Illinois Courier Deaf Mute Advance . . . College Rambler Illinois Legal Index. . . Bugle Call Morgan Monitor (&) — Meredosia Enterprise . Waverly_ Journal Prohibition Age (c) . ... Enterprise Sullivan Progress . Sullivan Journal . . Byron Times Byron Express Creston Time.s Eorreston Herald Ogle County Democrat . Ogle County Reporter. . Oregon Courier Ogle County Press Christian liadical Olive Branch Bochelle Register RocheUe Telephone Peoria County News Chillicothe Independent. Chillicothe Reporter .• Chillicothe Review (d)... Elmwood G-azette C Transcript < Transcript , ( Transcript CDemokrat I Demokrat , 5 National Democrat (National Democrat , Evening Review Peoria Sun (e) C Journal I Journal Saturday Evening Call 5 Die Sonne (Die Sonne Illinois Tradesman and Manufacturer. . Bulletin of the T.M.O. A National Statesman Peoria Ereeman ...... Peoria Medical Monthly Princeville Independent Tribune Democrat Perry County Press . Bement Journal Monticello Bulletin. . . Piatt County Herald . Barry Adage Unicom Greenback Griggsville Reflector ... Independent Press Milton Beacon The Old Flag Pike County Democrat. Perry Paragraph (c) Perry Transcript Golconda Herald Pope County Democrat (/ ) . Pulaski Patriot., Weekly. — do News and politics. do , Weekly. ...do .... .. do .... ...do .... ...do...- ...do .... News and politics, do .do. .do. .do. do. Daily (morning) . Weekly — do Tri. weekly Weekly Monthly Quarterly Monthly , Weekly . . . do ...do ...do Weekly - -. do ...do... Weekly .--do ...do ...do ...do -. do ...do , ...do , Semi-mouthly. Monthly Weekly ...do Weekly do ....do ....do ....do Semi- weekly Daily (morning) . . Weekly Tri- weekly Daily {morning) .. Weekly Daily (m.oming) . . Weekly Daily (evening) — Weekly Daily (evening) — Sunday Weekly- Daily (cy Weekly. do ...do-... ...do-... ...do-... Monthly. Weekly.. Weekly. ...do ... ...do... Weekly. ...do ... ...do... Weekly. . ...do ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do.... Weekly. ...do .... Weekly. . Weekly. ...do ..., Granville Gazette Putnam Record <; Suspended April, 1880. d Removed to White Clond, Kansiu, October, 1880, News and politics. do do do - Educational CoUegiate Law Temperance News and politics . do do Temperance News and polities. do do News and politics - do..-. , .do. .do . .do. .do. .do. .do. Religious (JTnit^d Brethren) . Religious (Uneecta/rian) News and politics do News and politics., do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. -do. News and politics (German) . News and politics (Sermon). News and politics do •. .do - .do . .do . do. -do . News and politics (Germa/n) . News and politics (Germa/n) . Trade Religious ( Vnsectanan) News and politics .... do... Medicine News and politics News and politics. do do News and politics . do do News and politics. , do do , do , do do do do , do News and politics . do News and politics . News and politics . do 1858 1872 1869 1869 1863 1874 1877 1871 1865 1831 1854 1854 1870 1878 1878 1880 1876 1879 1876 1879 1857 1875 1876 1878 1872 1875 1876 1851 1866 1858 1875 1877 1863 1879 1879 1867 1874 1879 1874 1879 1865 1855 1855 1860 1860 1865 1865 1871 1871 1877 1877 1877 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 1877 1867 1877 1878 1880 1862 1874 1871 1876 1871 1879 1875 1848 1858 1878 1880 1857 1878 1871 1877 e Suspended December, 1879, and ie.«stablished Janneiy, 1880. / Suspended October, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. ILLINOIS— Continued. 229 Place of publication.. Bamdolph 00 — Population: 25,690. Cbester CoulterrillB Bed Bud Sparta EiOHLAND CO.— Potputetiom: 15,645. Olney SOCK ISLAHS CO.— Population: 38,302. Moline Bock Island Saint Claib go Population: 61,806. EelleTille East Saint Iionla Lebanon Marissa MaBContab Saldib CO.— Population: 15,940. Earnsburg SASaAMOH CO.— Population: 62,894. Anbnm niiopoUs Springfield BCHUTLKE CO.— Population: 16,249. BnsbTille Scott co.— Pop«Iatto»; 10,741. Manobester Winchester Seslby CO. — Population: 30,270. Moweqna SbelbyVille Stewardson Windsor Stabs co.— Population: 11,207. Tonlon Wyoming SntPHEHSOS CO.— Poputotton: 31,963. Dayis Preeport L«nk. ITame of periodical. Yalley Clarion Cbester Tribnne Freie Blaetter Conlterville Chronicle (a) Bed Bud Conrier Sparta Plaindealer Olney Times Bicmand County BepnbUcan- Olney News Angnstana and Missionaren. MoRneBeview C Dispatch J Dispatch Grain Cleaner C Argns iArgus Bock Islander C Daily Union (^Bock Island Union Neue Volks Zeitnng Advocate ( Belleviller Zeitnng (BelleviUer Zeitnng Democrat f Der Stem ^Der Stem Bepublican Daa Journal Morning Times (&) Gazette .; East Saint Louis Herald Western Live-Stook Jonmal . Lebanon Beveille Lebanon Journal Marissa Monitor •- Der Anzeiger Harrisburg Chronicle . - Saline County Sentinel . Aubum Citizen niiopolis Citizen ( State Journal \ State Journal f State Register (^State Register Illinois Preie Presse . . . ( Sangamon Monitor { Sangamon Monitor Stalwart («) Springfield Bourbon (c) . Staats-Wochenblatt Odd Fellows' Herald ... A. O. H. Emerald Springfield News (6) ... SuDday Mail (d) Catholic News (e) Sledge Hammer Daily Post Schuyler Citizen . Bnshville Times. . Scott County Arrow Winchester Times Winchester Independent. . Moweaflua Register Shelby County Leader Shelby ville Union Shelbyville Democrat Illustrated Baptist Greenback Herald Enterprise Windsor Gazette Windsor Dollar Sentinel (/) . Stark County News . Tonlon Herald Wyoming Post Davis Review C Bulletin {Bnlletin Freeport Journal Deutscher Anzeiger Ereeport News Ereeport Budget Herald {g) Ereeport Banner Ereeport True Mission (ft) . Lena Star How often pub- lished. Weekly Semi- weekly - Weekly ...do .-..do ...do Weekly. do ...do... Weekly Daily {evening) . . Weekly do . DaJ\Y {evening) . Weekly do do Daily (inoming) . Weekly .do. .do. .do . .do. do. .do . Weekly. ...do ... Weekly do Daily {morning) . Weekly Daily {morning) . Weekly . . . do Daily {morning) . Wee'kly do ...do ...do ...do ....do ....do Sunday Weekly do Daily {evening) . . . Weekly . ...do... Weekly. do ... ...do ... Weekly. . do ...do.... ...do.... Monthly . Weekly. . do ...do.... ...do.... Weekly Semi- weekly. Weekly Weekly DailT ■ Weekly ...do ... ...do... Monthly Weekly Dailj • Weekly ...do .. ... do ... Character. When es- tablished. News and politics do News and politics {Oermjin) . News and politics do do I News and politics . do do Weekly do Dsaly {evening). Weekly Monthly Daily {evening) Weekly . - . do Daily {morning) Weekly Semi-weekly Beligious {Lutheran; Swedish) . News and politics do do Trade News and politics do do do do News and politics {QermoM) News and politics News and politics {German) . News and politics {German) _ News and politics News and politics {Oermam) . News and pohtics {Qeraum) . News and politics News and politics {Sermon) . News and politics do .... do Agricultural News and politics do do News and politics {Germa/n) . News and politics . do News and politics do do do do do News and politics {German) . News and politics do do do News andpoliticB {German) . Secret society do News and politics Miscellaneous Beligious {Catholic) News and politics do News and politics . do News and politics . do do News and politics . do do do Beligious {Baptist) . News and pohtics . . do do do News and politics- do do a Suspended May, 1880. i Suspended Jnne, 1880. c Suspended November, 1880. d Suspended, News and politics do do do News and politics {German) . Miscellaneous News andpoUticB do News and politics {German) . Miscellaneous News and politics 1867 1872 1873 1879 1877 1864 1871 1872 1875 1856 1870 1878 1878 1878 1851 1861 1864 1869 1859 1876 1839 1848 1848 1857 1878 1878 1879 1879 1880 1866 1878 1879 1879 1879 1880 1876 1869 1878 1874 1879 1831 1831 1835 1835 1872 1873 1873 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1880 1856 1857 1878 1865 1870 1873 1850 1863 1874 1879 1879 1877 1878 1876 1860 1878 1872 1873 1847 1847 1848 1853 1864 1870 1877 1879 < Suspended July, 1879. / Suspended October, 1879. 1866 a Suspended January, 1881. A Snspended Jannaiy, 1880. 230 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. ILLINOIS— Continued. Place of pnljlicatlon. Tazewell co.- Delavan... -Populatton: 29,666. Minier. PeWn.- ■Washinjrton . Union co.— Population: 18,102. Auna Jonesboro' . Vermilion co.— Population: 41,588. Danville HoopestOQ . Rossville. .. ■Wabash CO.— Population: 9,945. Mount Caimel Wakken CO.— Population: 22,933. Alexis Kirkwood Honmoutli Koseville. ■Washington co.— Population: 21,112. AslileiV . - , Nasliville . Wayne co — Population: 21,291. Fairfield Jeffersonville . White co.— Population: 23,087. Carmi G-ravville . ■Whiteside co.— Population: 30,885. Brie Pulton Morrison : .. Prophetstown . Sterliii'T Tampico . Will co.— Population: 53,422. Beecher Braidwood . Joliet Lemont Lockport Plainfleld.... Wilmington. Name of periodioaL Belavan Advertiser Delavan Times Minier News Pekin'Times Pekiner Freie Presse Tazewell County Bepublican. Washington Herald Washington Eepublican Parmer and Fruit Grower.-. Southern Illinois Advocate. Miaeionary Sentinel American Medical Review. - Jonesboro' Gazette C Commercial iCommercial Times (a) < News (News Danville Deutsche Zeltnng. Danville Post Sunday Bourbon (6) Hoopeston Chronicle Eoasvllle Press Register Republican . Alexis Yialtor Enterprise Monmouth Atlas Monmouth Review College Courier Gazette and Paper Roseville Times Gazette and Paper (c) . Ashley Gazette (d) Nashville Journal Nashville Democrat Washington County Zeltnng - Illinois ■Volksblatt Wayne County Press. . . Wayne County Record . Fairfield Democrat (e) .. lEvangelist at Work Carmi Courier Carmi Times Grayville Independent . Erie Independent — Fulton Journal Whitesidcs Sentinel . Whitesides Herald . . Prophetstown Spike. Steiiin;:^ Gaz^ette - Sterling Standard Sterling Observer Sterling Beobachter . . Poultry Banner Tampico Tornado Breeders' Live-Stook Journal Osten Illinoian Braidwood Republican Braidwood Reporter Joliet Signal C Republican i Republican C Record J Record Sun Sun CNews ( News Wochenhlatt Joliet Phconix (/) Lemont Advertiser (g) Phoenix Will County Commercial Advertiser . Plainfleld Advertiser {g} Plainfield Phcenix (h) Wilmington Advocate Wilmington Review How often pub- lished. Weekly. ...do .... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ..do.... ...do.... Weekly. . ...do.... Monthly . do Weekly.. Daily , Weekly. Daily {eoenvn^) . . ...do (Tnomvng) Weekly ... do ...do Sunday Weekly , do Weekly. . ...do .... Weekly. . do ...do.... ...do .... Monthly . Weekly. . ...do ...do.... Weekly. — do ... ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. ...do ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. ...do ... ...do... Weekly.. do ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Monthly . Weekly.. Monthly Weekly ...do ... do ... do Daily (morning') . Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily (evenvng) . . . Weekly. Daily (eix Weekly, do . ..do.. ..do .. ..do.. .do., .do ... do.. ..do.. .do .. a Suspended February 15, 1860. 6 Suspended October, 1879. c Merged in "Monmouth (razette and Paper" d Merged in Franklin Grove, Lee cotinty, "Enter. prise", e Merged in Fairfield, Wayne county, "Record". Chanoter. News and politics do.... do do News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics do do Agricultural News and politics Religious {Reformed Church) . Medicine and surgery News and politics News and politics do do do do News and politics (German). News and politics do do do News and politics. do News and family. . do do do Collegiate News and politics. -■-...do do News and politics do do News and politics (Germ.an) . News and politics (Qerman) . News and politics do do Religious (Diteiplet) . News and politics. do.... do News and politics do do do do do do do News and politics (Qerman) . Agricultural News andpoliticB Agricultural News and politics. . do .do. .do . .do. .do. do. .do. .do . .do. .do . .do. News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics do.... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do- ■When es- tablished. 1868 1874 1875 1840 1876 1836 1867 1876 1877 1880 1880 1880 1849 1878 1862 1868 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1872 1879 1839 1878 1880 1877 1846 1856 1869 1876 1875 1876 1876 1862 1865 1874 1876 1866 1879 1863 1879 1869 1872 1859 1879 1854 1867 1878 1871 1854 1868 1878 1878 1879 1876 1880 1880 1874 1879 1839 1847 1847 1871 1871 1872 1872 1877 1877 1877 1878 1875 1878 1878 1876 1870 1876 / Suspended July, 1879. g Edition of Lockport "CommercialAdvertifler" n Edition of Lockport "PhoBnix". CATALOaUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. ILLINOIS— Continued. 231 Place of pnbUofttion. Kame of periodical How often pub- lished. ChnacttT. When es- tablished. Price per year. WtLLlAMBON CO.— Population: 19,324. Wftrion .., Marion Monitor "Weekly 1874 1875 tl 50 1 50 SleTPtian Press do do ... WiNKBBAGO CO.— PopuUiHon: 30,505. 1872 1877 1840 1879 1866 1878 1866 1 50 do 4 00 do 1 00 (Gazette do 4 00 < Gazette weelty'!^! „.;::: do 1 00 . do 1 50 Bockford JToumal "Weekly do 1 50 Western Banner (&) do ..do do Daily {morning) . . do 1878 1878 1875 1865 1864 1868 1880 1864 1865 1874 1875 1865 1868 1876 4 50 JNews do 50 do 1 50 VoODPOED CO.— Population; 21,820. Benson Benson Jonmal "Weekly 1 50 do 1 50 Eui-eka Eureka Journal .. do .. .. do . - 1 50 Low Point do do 1 50 ... do do 1 50 MiTinTiTr do do 1 50 MiTinnV RlaVIfi , ....do do 1 50 IRoauoke. Koauoke iN'ews (d) do do 1 60 ....do do 1 50 WaahbTim "Waskbum Reveille .. do do 1 50 ....do do 2 00 INDIANA. ASAUS CO Population: 16,389. Deoatnr G-eneva . AXLBK CO Populationi 51,763. Port "Wayne UonroeTille . BASTHOLOHB-vr CO.— Population: 22,777. Colnmhns Hope Bbntoh CO.— Population: 11,108. Soswell Fo"wler , Oxford. Blacktobd CO.— Population: 8,020. Hartford Cily Uontpelier Boone co.— Population: 25,9 Lebanon Lonisville... Thomtown . BBO"?ra CO.— Population: 10,264. Georgetown . ITashville Cabboll CO.— Population: 18,345. Camden Delphi Casb CO.— Population : 27,611. Galveston Loganspott Decatur Democrat Decatur Journal Thompson's Genera jTilumph. < Sentinel 1 Sentinel C Indiana Staats-Zeitung 2 Indiana Staats-Zeitung ( Gazette ^Gazette Fort "Wayne Journal Daily News Christian Age Sunday Morning Mail * Dispatch-Knterprise Kail way Employ 6 and Mechanics' Journal . .. Democrat (Democrat ( Democrat 5 Kepubllcan } Bepublican The Fhilomathean . Benton Telephone Fowler Era Greenback Herald (g) . Fowler Review Oxford Tribune Hartford City U"ews. Telegram Enterprise Lebanon "Weekly Pioneer . Lebanon Patriot National Greenbaoker Louisville Times Thomto"wn Argus Republican (A) Nash'ville Jacksonian . Camden Expositor Delphi "Weekly Times . Delphi Journal , Delphi Enterprise a Merged in " Exponent , b Suspended September, 1879. e Suspended December. 1879. Galveston Herald .. (Journal I Journal Dell Bapids, Dakota. "Weekly. do ,. ..de- Daily (euentn^;) "Weekly. Daily (ev "Weekly. Daily (morning) "Weekly ...do Daily (evening) . . "Weekly Sunday "Weekly Monthly "Weekly Daily (evening) "Weekly Daily (evening) . "Weekly. ....do .-., "Weekly- ...do ... ...do..- ..-.do.-., ....do-.- "Weekly-. do ..-.do.... "Weekly. do ..-.do... ...do... ...do.... "Weekly. , ...do .... "Weekly.. ....do--, .-..do.... ....do.... "Weekly Daily (morning) "Weekly d Edition of "Minonk Blade". « Edition of "El Paso Journal". f Edition of Metamora " Sentinel". News and poUtlci. , do do , News and politics do News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics (German) . News and politics do do do Keligious (Ohristian) News and politics , do Mechanics News and politics News and politics. do , do , do do News and politic*. do.... do , do do , News and poUtios . do do News and poUtici. do do do , do News imd politiei. . -do News and politics - do , do , do News and politics. do do 1857 1879 1879 1834 1834 1877 1857 1862 1863 1867 1875 1876 1879 1880 1880 1868 1850 1850 1872 1872 1872 1878 1873 1873 1875 1863 1862 1877 1880 1853 1856 1878 1870 1878 1880 1836 1850 1880 1875 1841 1841 a Suspended in 1879. A Suspended. 232 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. INDIANA-i-Oontinued. Place of publication. ITame of periodical. How often pub- lished. CIiaracteT. Whenes- tabllBhed. Gasb CO. — Continued. Logansport — Continued . Claek CO. — Population: 28,610. Charlestown JeifereonTille Slat CO.— Population: 25,854. Bowling Green . Brazil < Pliaros I Pharos Chronicle Our Toung Men's Monthly (a) . Keal Estate Journal (6) Logansport Enterprise (&) Clark County Record. . C Evening News { Kational Democrat . . C Evening Times ( Jeffersonville Times . Clinton co. — Population: 23,472. Colfax Erankfort Eossville Cka^vfoed CO.— Popvlaiion: 12,856. Leavenworth Daviess co.— Population: 21,552. 'Washington , Dearborn co.— Population: 26,671. Aurora Lawrenceburg Deoatue CO.— Population: 19,779. G-reensbuTg Saint Paul Db Kalb CO.— Population: 20,225. Auburn Butler Garrett City Waterloo Delaware co.— Population: 22,926 Muncie Dubois co.— Population: 15,992. HuDtingburg Ireland Jasper Blkhabt CO.— PojmEotion; 33,454. Bristol Elkhart Goshen Middlebury Nappanee Payette co.— Population: 11,394. Connersville , Elotd CO.— Population: 24,590. New Albany Fodntain CO.— Population: 20,228. Attica Covingron Veedersburg a Suspended September, 1880. h Suspended. e Suspended July, 1879. Clay County Review Brazil Miner . . .' Clay County Enterprise . . . Brazil National Index (c) . . Brazil "Western Mirror (d) . Argus Magnet Colfax Chronicle Frankfort Crescent Frankfort Banner . . . Kossville Examiner . Crawford County Herald (e) . Crawtbrd County Democrat . "Washington Gazette Daviess County Democrat . National "V"entilator (/) Dearborn Independent . . Saturday News Lawrenceburg Register . La"WTenceburg Press Greensburg Standard . Decatur News Saturday Review Saint Paul Register . . . Auburn Courier De Kalb County Republican . Butler Record Garrett Herald "Waterloo Press Muncie Times Muncie Democrat . C Daily News \ Muncie News Huntingburgh Signal. Ireland Argus Jasper Courier Jasper Times Bristol Banner (Review jReview Herald of Truth Herold de "Wabrheit "Words of Cheer Christliche Jugendfreund . Goshen Democrat Goahen Times Goshen Tnilependent Gospel Banner Hiddlebury Record Nappauee N uws Connersville Times Connersville News Connersville Examiner. C Ledger-Standard (Ledger-Standard Deutsche Zeitung Das Echo der Gegenwart und der Zeitgeist - Dail;^ "Weekly do ... Monthly do . . . "Weekly. "Weekly Daily (evening) . "Weekly. Dally ■ "Weekly. "Weekly. ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... ...do.... "Weeklv. . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... "Weekly. ...do.... "Weekly. ...do .. do... "Weekly. ...do ...do.... ...do.... "Weekly. . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... "Weekly. ...do .. do... ...do.... ...do... "Weekly ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly Weekly. ...do ... ...do... .. do... Weekly Daily {evening) . Weekly Monthly ...do ...do ...do Weekly do ...do Semi-monthly... .- do Weekly Weekly - ...do ... ...do... Daily (evening) . . Weekly do Bi-weekly Attica Ledger Weekly. . Attica Journal (b) do — People's Friend : do — Spence's People's Paper do — Covington Journal do Veedersburg Reporter do d Merged in "Brazil "Winer ". e Suspended after census year. News and politics do News and politics (Sng. and Qerm.) Religious (Sva/ngelicat) Real estate News and politics 1874 1842 1875 1879 News and politics. do do do do News and politics. do do do do do News and politics. do do do News and politics. do News and politics. do do News and politics. do do :....do News and polities do .... do do News and politics do do do do News and politics. do do do "News and politics (Cferman) . News and politics do do News and politics do ..do Religious (Mennonite) Religious (Mennonite ; German) . Religious Ri-ligious (Mennonite f German).. News aud politics do .... do Religious (Mennonite) Religious (Mennonite; Qerma/n). News and politics do.... News and politics. do do News and politics do News and politics (German) . News and politics (German) . News and politics- do 1869 1872 1854 1880 1880 1875 1867 1872 1878 1873 1880 1877 1851 1864 1875 1879 1879 1865 1867 1879 1868 1874 1836 1855 1835 1868 1879 1879 1870 1874 1877 1877 1859 1861 1870 1872 1872 1867 1879 1858 1876 1877 1872 1872 1864 1864 1876 1878 1837 ISiSO 1876 1R7X 1878 1«78 1879 1850 1866 1867 1849 1849 1875 1876 1851 .do. .do. .do. .do. 1842 1873 1877 1876 / Suspended March, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. INDIANA— Continued. 233 Flaoe of publication. Kame of periodical. How- often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Fbahklin CO.— Population 1 20,092. Siookville Laurel . FULTOH CO.— PopiUation: 14,301. Kewanna Kochester Gibson co. — Population: 22,742. Oalf land Owensville Princeton Geakt CO.— Population: 23,618. Eairmount Marion Gbeenb CO. — Population: 22,( Bloomfleld Owensburgh. - Worthington . Hamilton co Population: 24,801. ^oblesYille Hancock co.— Population: 17,123. Greenfield Harbison co.— Population: 21,326. Corydon Eendbicks CO. — Pi^uiation: 22,981. Danville Plainfleld. Henet CO.— Population: 24,016. KnightstOTm Lewisville . . New Castle . Spiceland . Howard co.— Population : 19,584. Kokomo Bussiaville . Huntington co.— Population: 21,805. Antiocb Huntington ■ "Warren. Jackson co.— Population: 23,050. Brownstown Seymour Jaspeb CO.— Population: 9,464. Kemington . Benaselaer. . Jay CO.— Population : 19,282. DunMrk Portland Jbiteeson CO.— Population: 25,977. Madison Jbnkingb CO Population: 16,453. UTorth Vernon Vernon - a Suspended June, 1880. i Suspended Kay, 1880. Franklin Democrat. - - BrookTille American . Der Leuoht-Thurm . - . Valley Sentinel Laurel Eeview (a) Kewanna Enterprise (6) . Kochester Sentinel Bochester Bepublican . - - Oakland City Times . . Weekly Bclio Princeton Clarion — Princeton Democrat. . Fairmount News Marion Chronicle Marion Democrat Grant Coonty Bepublican (c) . Bloomfield Democrat Bloomfield News Owensburgh Gazette (d) . Worthington Times Bepublican Ledger NoblesTiUe Ladependent . Hancock Democrat Odd Fellows' Chronicle Hancock Jeffersonian Independent Medical Investigator . Corydon Democrat . . . Corydon Bepublican . Hendricks County Democrat . Ndrmal Teacher Hendiicks County Union Hendricks County Citizen («) . Knightstown Banner. . Dental News Knightstown Shield — Lewisville Democrat .. New Castle Courier — New Castle Mercury . - New Castle Democrat. Spiceland Beporter Kokomo Saturday Tribnne . Kokomo Dispatch Kokomo Gazette Busaiaville Standard (f) Antioch Enterprise — Indiana Herald Huntington Democrat. . Lime City News Boanoke Journal (g) ... Warren News Brownstown Banner . . Seymour Times Seymour Democrat Daily Lever Monitor- Journal C Seymour Bepublican . I Seymour Bepublican . Bemington Beporter . . . Democratic Sentinel Bensselaer Bepublican - Dunkirk Banner Portland Commercial. , Portland Snn C Courier ^Courier Madison Herald . C Evening Star. . . {Dollar Star Weekly. --.do ...do... ...do... ...do... Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... Weekly. ...do ... ...do.... ...do... Weekly. ...do .... ...do... ...do... Weekly. ...do ...do... ...do... Weekly. — do Weekly Semi-monthly. Weekly Monthly Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. . Monthly . Weekly.. do Weekly.. Monthly . Weekly. . ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... ...do.... Weekly.. ..do .-.do.... ...do.... Weekly. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Weekly do ...do Daily {evening) . . . Weekly Daily {morning) . Weekly Weekly.. ...do .... ...do... Weekly. — do ... ...do... Dail' Weel ...do DaU' Weel News and politics do News and politics (Qerma/n) . News and politics do 1851 1872 1877 1877 News and politics. do do News and politi< do do do News and politics. do do do News and politics. do do do News and politics. do News and politics Secret society News and pontics Medicine and surgery. News and politics. do News and politics . . Educational News and politics. . do News and polities Medicine and surgery . News and politics do do do do do News and politics do do do News and politicB. do.... do do do do 1857 1868 1878 1879 1846 1861 1877 1867 1870 1880 1868 1875 1877 1853 1871 1874 1860 1872 1878 1879 1867 1868 1878 1878 1879 1879 1867 1879 1879 1877 1841 1865 1878 1873 1851 1870 1879 1878 1879 1848 1848 1878 News and politics. do do do , Temperance News and politics. do.... News and politics. do do News and politics. do.... do News and politics. do do do do 1878 1855 1858 1876 1877 1879 1879 1879 1877 1878 1877 1865 1871 1849 1837 1870 1876 1876 c Bemoved to Marion December, 1880. North Vernon Plain Dealer Weekly North Vernon Snn do Vernon Banner do d Suspended June, 1879. e Changed name to "Progress", November, News and politics do do 1864 1872 1850 / Suspended November, 1880. g Suspended November, 1879. 234 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. rNDIAlsTA— Continued. Place of publication. Xsune of periodical. How often pub- lished. Chaiacter. ■Whenes- tabliahed. JOHNSOK CO.— Population: 19,537. Edinburg . FiankliB. . Ksox CO.— Population: 26,321. Vincennes *.. Kosciusko co.— PoputoSon; 28,494. Pierceton S^acuse Warsaw liA GrRASQE CO.— PoptiZatum.- 15,630. LaGrrange IAke CO.— Population: 15,091. Crown Point Hobart . Lowell.. liA POBTK CO.— Ppputetion; 30,985. La Forte Michigan City . IiAWKENCE CO.— Population; 18,543. Bedford MitcheU . IfACIsON CO.— Population: 27,527. Alexandria Anderson Elwood Pendleton . Mabion CO.— Population: 102,782. Indianapolis Mabbhall CO.— Population; 23,414. Bourbon Plymouth *... aiUBTDt CO.— Population: 13,475. Loogootee Shoals Edinburg Courier Franklin Jeffersonlan . Franklin Democrat Dally Herald (■Western Sun (Western Sun VinCennes Commercial . Vincennea News Yincennes Times (a) . . - Pierceton Independent . . . Syracuse Eefleotor (6) Northern Indianian "Warsaw National Union . "Warsaw Kepublican La Grange Standard — La Grange Begister La Grange Democrat . . - Island Park Assembly - Crown Point Register . . - Lake County Star Freie Presse Crown Point Cosmos (c) . Hobart Journal Lowell Local News Herald-Chronicle La Porte Argns — ■- La Porte Journal Michigan City Enterprise . Michigan City Dispatch. . . Freio Presse {d) Bedford Banner Bedford Star Common School Teacher . Bedford Journal True Republican (d) Mitchell Commercial Mitchell Times Alexandria Bee (d) Anderson Democrat ... Anderson Herald Review Pendleton Republican. f Journal < Journal t Journal C Sentinel (^Sentinel Indiana School Journal C Taeglicher Telegraph {Indiana Volksblatt und Telegraph Indiana Farmer Spottvogel Die Zukunft Masonic Advocate Morning Watch (d) Odd Fellows' Talisman and Literary Journal. CNews jNews The People Saturday Herald Indianapolis Sun Pythian Journal Mechanical Journal The Millstone Indiana Official Railroad Guide Western Citizen Indiana Tribuene Western Sportsman and Live-Stook News Indianapolis Republican Indianapolis Leader Drainage Farm Journal Li ve-Stock Review Central Catholic (e) Bourbon Mirror Plymouth Democrat Plymouth Republican — Restitution. Indiana Greenbacker (/) . Loogootee Tribune . ™ . . Loogootee Sun Martin County Herald . Weekly ...do .--.do Daily («i«ninff). Daily (evening) . , Weekly ...do ...do ...do Weekly - ...do --- ...do ... ...do... ...do-... Weekly. . ...do ...do.... Monthly . Weekly- - do ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do.-.. ...do... Weekly-. ...do Monthly . Weekly. . ...do ...do.... --.do.... Weekly. ...do.... ...do... ...do..., ...do... Daily (morning) . Sunday Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Monthly Daily (morning) . Weekly — do . Sunday Weekly Monthly ...do do Daily (evening) . . . Weekly ...do -..: ...do ...do Monthly ...do ...do ...do Weekly --.do .-do --.do ...do Monthly Tri-weekly Weekly Weekly ...do .-.do ...do ...do Weekly. ...do ... ...do... a Suspended November, 1879. 6 Suspended' June, 1880. c Merged in "Register" September, 1880. News and politics. . do do , do News and politics. do do do do News and politics. . do do do do News and politics. do-... do Educational News and politics '. do News and politics (German) . News and politics do do News and politics .......d» News and politics (ffermon) . News and politics do News and politics (German) . 1875 1845 1859 1879 1804 1804 1878 1879 1865 1879 1879 1856 1861 -1877 1856 1874 1879 1879 1857 1870 1875 1877 1878 1878 1877 1857 1879 News and politics - do Educational News and politics. do do do 1872 1875 1875 1876 1866 1877 News and politics. do do do do , News and politics do do do do Educational News and politics (Germcm) . News and politics (Germa/n) . Agricultural News and politics (Qerman) . Educational (German) Secret society Religious ( Unaeelarian) Secret society News and politics do do do do Secret society MechaniOs . .'. Trade Insurance, railroads, etc News and politics News and politics (Qerman) . Live-stock, etc News and politics do Agricultural do Religious (Catholic) 1858 1868 1877 1878 1823 1823 1823 1824 1824 1856 1864 1864 1865 1865 1867 1867 1867 1868 1889 1869 1870 1873 1873 1874 1875 1875 1875 1876 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 News and politics , do do Religious (Z7"nsectarion). News and politics News and politics. do do 1871 1854 1856 1875 1880 1868 d Suspended. e Merged in "Central Catholic Advocate" f Suspended October, 1880. Louisville, Ky., during censoa year. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 235 INDIANA— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Miami CO.— Popvlation: 24,083. Banker Hill Pern Xenia MOKKOE CO.— Population : 15,875. Bloomington MONTGOMHKT CO.— Population: 27,316. Crawfordsville Ladoga ■Waynetown . UOBOAN CO. — Population: 18,900. Martinsville Mooresville. Nbwton CO.— Population : 8,167. Groodland Kentland - Morocco . . Noble co.— Population: 22,956. Albion Avilla .-- K^endaUyille Ligonier . - - Borne City. Ohio CO.— Population: 5,563. Bising Snn OatSGE CO.— Population; 14,363. Paoli Owen co. — Population: 15,901. Spencer Pabke CO.— Population: 19,460. Monteznnia. Eockville — Peebt CO.— Population; 16,997. Cannelton Tell City . Pike co.— Popuiation: 16,383. Petersburg POETEK CO.— Poputotton; 17,227. Hebron Valparaiso POSET CO. — Population : 20,857. Cynthiana Mount Vernon. New Harmony. Pulaski co.— Population : "Winamao 9,851. Putnam co. — Population: 22,501. Eainbridge Cioverdale- vGreencastle. Bunker HiU Press Miami County Sentinel — Peru Eepublican ■Wabash Valley Blade (a) Saturday HeTfild (6) Xenia Tiiues Eepublican Progress . . Bloomington Courier . . Bloomington Blade (c) . CrawfordSTille Beview Saturday Evening Journal . The Wabash Crawfordsville Star Botanical G-azette Daily News Leader (d) Waynetown Banner Martinsville Gazette Martinsville Bepublioan . Mooresville Herald (e).... Goodland Herald Goodland Eegister (/) - Keutland Gazette People's Press Morocco Courier Albion New Era Avilla Eegister (^) Kendall viUe Standard Weekly News Bee-Keeper's Guide Ligonier Banner. - - - Herald of Gospel Freedom . Eome City Sentinel Bome City Times (/) Eising Sun Eecorder . Bising Snn Local Paoli Weekly News.. Paoli Eepublican Greenback Advocate . Owen County Journal . . Owen County People- .. Spencer Free Press (a) . Montezuma New Era. . Eockville Tribune Parke County Leader . Enquirer and Beporter . Cannelton Advance (A) - Tell City Anzeiger Pike County Democrat. Petersburg Press National Ventilator (6) . Hebron News (/) Porter County Vidette , Valparaiso Messenger.. Cynthiana Investigator (/) . Mount Vemon Democrat-.. Wochenblatt Western Star Weekly Sun New Harmony Eegister Winamac Democrat . . . Winrsmac EepubUcan . Winamac Journal Bainbridge News (/) . Cloverdale Courier . . . Greencastle Banner - - Dollar Press Greencastle Star Asbury Monthly Weekly. ...do ...do... .-.do..- .. do-.- ...do... Weekly. --.do ...do ..-. Weekly. . - -do . . . Monthly Weekly - Monthly Daily (ei Weekly ...do Weekly. ...do ... ...do... Weekly., do .- do... ....do.-.. ...do.... Weekly ...do .--.do ...do Monthly Weekly Semi-monthly. . Weekly ....do Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. ....do.... ...do.... Weekly. do ...do... Weekly- ...do .... ...do.--. Weekly- ...do --. ...do... Weekly. ...do... --.do... Weekly - ...do ..- ...do-.- Weekly. ...do ... ...do-... ...do.... ...do-... ...do.... Weekly. ...do ...do..-. Weekly-. ...do ...do.... ...do-... ..do... Monthly . •a Suspended during census year. b Suspended November, 1879. .e Suspended February, 1881. d Established 1876 as the "Journal". e Eemoved to Cloverdale January, 1881. / Suspended. News and politics. do do do do do 1878 1848 1856 News and politics. do do News and politics. do Collegiate New^ and politics . Horticultural News and politics. do do News and polities. do do News and politics. do do do do News and politic* do do do Agricultural News and politics Beligious (Church oj Ood) . News and politics do 1879 1880 1835 1875 1880 1840 1847 1858 1872 1875 1879 1876 1874 1848 1870 1875 1877 1877 1864 1874 1877 1872 1863 1877 1877 1866 1878 1880 News and politics. do.... News and politics . do do News and politics- . do do 1833 1879 1872 1876 1879 1858 1879 News and politics. do do News and politics do News and politics {Oerman). News and politics. do do 1877 1870 1879 1852 1879 1866 1868 News and politics - do do News and politics do News and politics (German) . News and politics do do News and politics . . do do News and politics - -do do do do Collegiate 1857 1871 1867 1875 1877 1879 1867 1856 1861 1878 1878 1878 1849 1858 1874 1879 g Suspended September, 1879. A Suspended February, 1880. 236 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. INDIANA— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. ChaiacteT. When es- tablished. BAKCOU'n CO.— Population: 26,435. Union City Winchester. ElPLBT CO.— Poptttotion; 21,627. Osgood Versailles. EusH CO.— Population: 19,238. Bnahville Saikt Joseph co.— Population: 33,178. Mishawaka New Carlisle Notre Dame South Bend . Walkerton. Scott co.— Population: 8,343. Scottsburgh Shelby CO.— Population: 25,257. Shelbyrille Spencee CO.— Population: 22,122. Grand-view Hockport Staeke co.- Enox... -Population: 5,105. Steuben CO.— Population : 14,645. Argola Fremont Sullivan co.— Population : 20,336. Snllivan SWITZEBLAND CO.— PopuUtitm : 13,i Vevay Tippecanoe co.— Population: 35,96( La Fayette Tipton co.— Population : 14,407. Tipton "Windfall Umon CO.— Population: 7,673. Liberty Vakdekbukgh CO.— Population: 42,193. EvansTille Union City Eagle Union City Times Plaindealer , Free Press Winchester Journal . Winchester Herald. . Eipley County Journal. YersEulles Index Kusbyille Jackaonian . Eushville Bepublican . Mishawaka Enterprise New Carlisle Gazette Ave Maria Notre Dame Scholastic i South Bend Register South Bend Eegister South Bend Eegister ■ South Bend Herald ( South Bend Tribune < South Bend Tribune (South Bend Tribune South Bend Courier South Bend Era Walkerton Visitor Saint Joseph County Eepublican. Scott County Democrat C Shelbyville Eepublican . i_^Shelbyville Eepublican . Shelby Democrat Shelby Volunteer Grandview Monitor . Eockport Democrat . Eockport Banner. . - . Eockport Journal . . . Eockport Gazette . . . Starke County Ledger Starke County Enterprise ■ Steuben Eepublican. Angola Herald Poultry Gazette (o) . Snllivan Democrat . Sullivan Union True Democracy . . . Vevay Eeveille . - - Vevay Democrat - c La Fayette Journal < La Fayette Journal ( La Fayette Journal C La Fayette Courier (La Fayette Courier 5 La Fayette Dispatch JLa Fayette Dispatch Der Deutsche Aiaerikaner ., Sunday Leader La Fayette Home Journal . . Trade Journal Sunday Times Temperance Herald Saturday Evening News (6) Tipton Times Tipton Advocate . Windfall News. . . Liberty Herald. Liberty Mail — f Journal Journal Journal f Union I Union f Demokrat < Demokrat (Demokrat f Courier < Courier I Courier C Evening Tribune (Evansville Tribune . Die Indiana Post Weekly. do .... ....do..., ...do-... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. do Weekly - ...do ... Weekly do ....do ...io Daily (evening} . Snnday Weekly ...do Daily (evening) . Sunday Weekly ...do ...do ...do ...do Weekly. Daa; Weekly do -. ...do.. Weekly.. .. do.... ...do... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. do ... . Weekly. do ...do.... Weekly. . . . .do . . . . ... do.... Weekly. ...do ... Daily (morning) . Sunday Weekly - DaHy ' Weekly. Daily (evening) . Weekly — do Sunday Weekly Semi-monthly... Sunday Weekly ...do Weekly - ....do ... ...do.... Weekly. do News and politics. do do do do do News and politics. . do News and politics. do News and politics do Eeligious (Catholic) Collegiate News and politics do do do do do do News and politics (Geraum) . News and politics do do News and politics.. News and politics. . do do do News and politics do News and politics (German) . News and politics do News and politics. do News and politics. do Agricultural 1863 1872 1877 1880 1842 1875 1866 1857 1840 1852 1855 1880 1865 1867 1845 1845 1845 1865 1872 1872 1872 1873 1880 1875 1879 1865 1866 1878 1886 1867 1855 1877 1877 1877 1860 1876 1856 1876 News and politics. do do News and politics. do News and politics do .... do do do .... do do News and politics (Gerinan) . News and politics Miscellaneous Commerce and trade News and politics Temperance News and politics News and politics. do do News and politics. do Dail, Weekly. Tri-weekly Daily (evening) . . . Weekly Daily (morning) Sunday '.. Weekly Daily (morning) Sunday Weekly Daily (e Weekly Sunday a Sospended January, 1880. News and politics do do News and politics (German) . News and politics (German). News and politics (Germa/n). News and politics (German). News and politics (German). News and politics .... do... do do do News and politics (German) . b Suspended. 1854 1866 1878 1817 1868 1829 1829 1829 1848 1831 1869 1869 1869 1874 1874 1878 1879 1879 1879 1865 1878 1876 1851 1878 1831 1831 1831 1849 1849 1864 1864 1864 1866 1866 1866 1877 1877 1879 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. INDIANA— Continued. 237 ,Place of pnWcatien. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tahlished. Yebmillioh co.—Popvlation; 12,025. Clinton Newport Vigo co.— Population: 45,658. Terre Haute Clinton Herald "Western Indianian (a) . Hoosier State Wabash co.—PopuUMoni 26,241. North Manchester Hoann Wabash Wabken CO.— Popidalion : 11,497. Williamsport West Lebanon Wakeiok CO.— PopvZation : 20,162. Boonville Washington co. — PoputaKom 18,965. Fredericksburg'. Salem. Wayne co.—PopulatUm : 38,613. Cambridge Dublin Hagerstowu Bichmond Wells co.—PopulaHon : 18,442. BlufFton White co.— Population .- 13,795. Brookston Monticello Whitley co.— Poputetion ; 16,941 Churubusco Columbia City •Larwill South Whitley ! Express . , Express .'. Express Evening G-azette ; . . TeiTe Haute Gazette . . . 1 . . f Terre Haute Banner \ Terre Haute Banner Saturday Evening Mail Saturd^ Evening Ledger . Terre Haute Courier National Weekly (b) Evening News North Manchester Journal . Moral Keilector Boann Claiion Wabash Plain Dealer Wabash Weekly Courier - - . Warren Kepuhlican ... Indiana Statesman (c) . Boonville Enquirer. Boonville Standard. Fredericksburg News . Salem Democrat Salem Sentinel (d) Cambridge City Tribune . Wayne Citizen Wayne Register Hagerstown Exponent . . . C Palladium ^Palladium Bichmond Telegram f Independent < Independent Press i Die Volkszeitung , Earlhamite Bichmond Free Press Bluffton Banner BlufFton Chronicle Wells County Times . Brookston Beporter . . Monticello Herald Monticello Democrat . Monticello National . . Charubusco Herald Columbia City Post Columbia- City Commercial. . Larwill Blade (e) South Whitley News (d) ... Weekly. . . do - . . ...do... News and politics. , do , do Daily (Tnoming) . Snnday , Weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly Tri- weekly Weekly ...do Semi- weekly Weekly ...do Daily (evening) . . News and politics do do do do News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics (Qerman) . News and politics do do do do Weekly. . Monthly . Weekly.. do ...do .... News and politics. Miscellaneous News and politics. do do Weekly. do News and politics. do Weekly. ...do..., News and politics. do Weekly. ... do ....do.... News and politics. do do Weekly ...do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . . Weekly ...do.. Daily (morning) . Weekly ...do.. Monthly Weekly News and politics do do do do do do do do News and politics (Qerman) . Collegiate News and politics Weekly. — do ... ...do ... News and politics . , do do Weekly., do ...do ..., ...do..-. News and politics. do do do Weekly. do . . . ...do ,.. ...do... ...do ... News and politics. do do do do 1851 Itli 1878 1868 1868 1870 1870 1870 1877 1877 1879 1880 1875 1880 1878 1856 1871 1854 1877 1852 1875 1879 1845 1878 1865 1878 1875 1875 1876 1831 1861 1873 1866 1872 1874 1874 1849 1868 1878 1873 1862 1865 1878 1877 1864 1869 1879 INDIAN TEEEITOET. Chbeokee Nation, Tahleqnah Choctaw Nation.. Caddo -- Cheek Nation.— Muscogee Cherokee Advocate. Caddo Free Press (6) Indian Journal Weekly Weekly, Weekly. News and poUtics (English, and Cherokee). News and politics. News and family (Engliah, and Creek occasionally). 1842 1878 1875 IOWA. Adaik CO.— Population ; 11,667. Fontanelle (jreenSeld -Adams co.— Population : 11,888. Coming Fontanelle Observer Adair County Beporter . . Greenfield Transcript Adair County Patriot (f) . Adams County Gazette . Adams County Union . . . Weekly. do .... ...do... ,...do.... Weekly. do a Consolidated with " Clinton HeraM" ii Suspended April, 198O. e Suspended October, 1880. d Suspended. News and politics. do , do do News and politics. do.... 1879 1872 1875 1878 1867 1874 e Suspended December, 1880. / Suspended August, 1879. 238 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. IOWA— Continued. Place of publication. 2^ame of periodical. How often pnb- lislied. Character. When es- tablished. Allamakee co.— Population : 19,791. Lansing New Albin Postville Waukon Appasoose CO.— Population : 16,636. Centeiville Moulton Audubon co. — Population: 7,448. Audnbon Exira Bbhton CO.— Population : 24,888. Belle Plaine BlaiTStown Shellsbarg Vinton , Black Hawk co.— Population: 23,913. Cedar Palls La Porte City "Waterloo BooHE CO.— Population: 20,838. Boone Ogden Bbbuer CO. — Population: 14,0SL Warerly Buchakak CO. — Population: 18,546. Independence Jesup . Bueha Tista CO.— Population: 7,537. AlU Nowell Storm Lake ISuTLER CO. — Population: 14,293. Bristow Clarksville Greene Parkorsburg . Shell Rook. . . Calhoun co. — Population: 5,5 Lake City Manson Poraeroy Rockwell City Carroll co.- CarroU... -Population: 12,351. Glidden. Cass co —Population : 16,943. Anita - - . Atliinlic Griswold Lewis Cedar co. — Population: 18,£ Clarence MccbaDicsville a SiLspended March, 1880. ft Suspt^nded July, 1879. ; Suspended Jnly, 1880. Lansing Mirror Lansing Journal . . . Spectator (a) PostviUe Review . . . "Waukon Standard. - Waukon Bemocrat . Centei-ville Citizen Centerrille Journal Appanoose Times Tribune(6) Inter-State Normal Monthly . Moulton Weekly Ensign Audubon County Sentinel. - Audubon County Times Audubon Advocate Audubon County Defender. Belle Plaine Union Belle Plaine Review . . . ,. Blairstown Independent. Shellsburg Record "Vinton Eagle People's Journal Mistletoe Benton County Herald . . Echo(c) Freie Presse Cedar Falls Gazette La Porte City Progress La Porte City Local Review The Waterloo Courier Iowa State Reporter Der Deutsch Amerikaner — Burroughs' Journal Waterloo Tribune Boone Standard Boone County Republican. Boone County Democrat . - Ogden Reporter Waverly Republican Bremer County Independent . Volks-Zeitujjg Waverly Democrat Independence Conservative Buchanan County Bulletin National Advocate Buchanan County Messenger (d) . Christian Advocate (e) Buchanan County Journal Alta Advertiser Newell Mirror Storm Lake Pilot Buena Vista Sentinel (/) . Storm Lake Tribune Bristow Dial (g) Clarksville Star Butler County Standard (p) . Butler County Press Parkersbnrg Eclipse Shell Rock News Dollar Weekly Blade Calhoun County Journal Pomeroy News Calhoun County Republican . Carroll Herald Der Carroll Demokrat. Glidden Sentinel Anita Times (h) Atlantic Messenger . J Daily Telegraph . . . I Telegraph Griswold Advocate . Lewis Independent.. Weekly - . . .do ...do-.- ...do... ...do..- ...do... Weekly. . ...do ...do.— ...do..- Monthly . Weekly. . Weekly, .-.do .... ...do... .-.do.... Weekly. . ...do ...do ..- ...do... ...do.... ...do.... Monthly . Weekly.. ...do ...do.... Weekly. -..do ...do ... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... ...do .... ...do... Weekly. ...do ...do... ...do... Weekly. ...do ...do ... ...do... Weekly.. ...do ...do.... ...do .... Monthly . Weekly.. Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do... ...do... Weekly. ...do .... ...do... ...do.... ...do... ...do... Weekly. do ...do... :..do... Weekly. ...do ...do... Weekly do Daily (evening) . Weekly do .. do News and politics. do.... do do do do News and politics. do do do Educational News and politics. News and politics. do do do ; News and politics do do do do do Collegiate News and politics do News and politics {German) ■ News and politics do ., do 7. do do News and politics (German) . Religious ( J7nsectaria/n) News and politics News and politics. do do do News and politics do News and politics (German) . News and politics News and politics do do do Religious (Unsectarian) . News and politics New"8 and polltios . do do do do News and politics. do do do do do News and politics . do do do News and politics News and politics (Germem) . News and politics News and politics . do .... do do do do Gazette i Weekly. MechanicsviUe Press I do — News and politics. do 1852 1880 1879 1873 1868 1877 1864 1872 1877 1878 1877 1878 1871 1879 1879 1872 1867 1874 1876 1873 1855 1868 1878 1878 1879 1879 1860 1870 1879 1858 1868 1872 1873 1879 1865 1865 1868 1874 1856 1866 1877 1880 1855 1865 1878 1874 1879 1879 1876 1874 1870 1878 1880 1879 1867 1877 1873 1872 1872 1880 1874 1880 1879 1868 1874 1876 1877 1865 1879- 1871 1880 1880 1877 1866 d Suspended October, 1879. 6 Suspended June, 1880. / Suspended December, 1879. g Suspended December, 18g0. h Suspended July, 1880.; re-established January, 1881. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. IOWA— Continued. 239 Place of pnlslicatioiL T^ame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "WTien es- tablished, Cbdab CO. — Continued. Tipton West Branch Cebbo Gokco CO.— Population: 11,461. Cleai' Lake- Uason Kockwell . Chbbokee CO. — Population: 8,240. Cherokee Chickasaw co.— Population : 14,534. Lawler Kashua New Hampton Clabkb CO.— Population: 11,513. Murray Osceola Clay co. — Population: 4,248. Spencer Clattos 00. — Population: 28,820. Elkader Mc®or Strawberry Point . Volga City Clihtok CO. — Population: 36,763. Clinton Delmar . De Witt . Lyons . . - Wheatland . Cbawfobd CO. — Population: 12,413. Benlson Vail West Side . Dallas co.— Population: 18,746. Adel Dallas Center. Dexter Perry Davis co. — Population: 16,468. Bloomfleld Decatue CO.— Population: 15,336. Davis City Garden Grove Leon . . ; Delawabk CO. — Population: 17,950. Delhi EarlvlUe - Manchester Des Moines co.- Burlington . . . ■Populatior}: 33,099. Danville Mediapolis — a Suspended. Tipton Advertiser Tipton Conservative . Local Kecord Clear Lake Mirror Cerro Gordo Eepublican. North Iowa Journal Mason City Express Eockwell Phonograph — Cherokee Times. Iowa 3) 5 Globe (6) Stylus Post and Presse Weekly Leader Courier Journal Lisbon Sun Marion Register Advent and Sabbath Advocate Linn County Pilot Mount Yemen Hawkeye Mount Vernon Collegian (c) Springville Independent Western Light Columbus Safeguard . . . Sentinel Wapello Republican ... Louisa County Record . Wapello Times f Patriot ( Patriot Chariton Leader. . Review Winterset Madisonian . Winterset News Beacon Light New Sharon Star New Sharon News Oskaloosa Herald Oskaloosa Standard Oskaloosa College Vidette. Phonetic Magazine (d) KnoxviUe Journal Marion County Express . . Marion County Reporter . Marysville Miner Pella WeekBlad Pella Blade Weekly Visitor Pleasantville News Gilman Dispatch C Times- Republican ( Times-Republican Marshall Sratesman Marshalltown .Beobachter . Bugle(e) Enterprise Emerson Chronicle Glenwood Weekly Opinion. Mills County Journal Pilgrims' Tidings (/) Hastings Plain Dealer Republican-Leader Malvern Leader (g) , Saint Ansgar , a Suspended October, 1880. b Suspended July, 1879. c Merged with Mount Vernon " ComeUian Monthly Mitchell County Press . . . Mitchell County News ... Saint Ansgar Enterprise . Weekly do Monthly Daily (nwrni/ng) Weekly Daily {evenmg) . . Weekly do Monthly Weekly ...do --.do Weekly do Daily (evening) . Weekly — do .' Monthly - Daily Weekly. do ... do ..-.do ...do ...do ...do Bi-weekly Weekly- . . do Monthly . . Weekly. . . do Weekly. . do ... do-... .. do-... ...do .... Daily {evffnvng) . Weekly ...do Weekly Weekly . ...do ... --.do ... Weekly.. ...do ...do .... .-do . -. Monthly . - . .do Weekly. — do ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...rlo ... Weekly Daily (euemnff) . Weekly ...do ...do ...do --.do Weekly. ...do .... .-.do.... -..do-.. ...do.... ...do .... ...do .... d Merged with "Phonetic Educator Ohio. e Suspended Eebmary, 1880. Weekly ...do ...do of Cincinnati, News and politics do Secret society News and politics do do do News and politics {Qermcm) . Educational News and politics do do News and politics do do do ...do Agricultural News and politics do do News and politics {German) . News and politics do .... do do Religious (Adventist) News and politics do Collegiate News and politics do News and politics. do do do do News and politics - do do News and politics- News and politics. do do News and politics do do do Collegiate Educational News and politics do ; do do News and politics (Sollajidish) . News and politics do do News and politics do do do News and politics (Qerman) . News and politics do News and politics do ... do Religious (UnsectoHan) . News and politics do do 1842 1869 1877 1854 1846 1861 1861 1868 1877 1878 1879 1878 1850 1867 1868 1872 1873 1877 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1873 1874 1852 1866 1871 1869 1869 1879 1875 1870 1879 1860 1870 1877 1880 1857 1872 1873 1856 1872 1874 1873 1880 1850 1854 1879 1879 1855 1865 1880 1871 1861 1865 1880 1877 1876 1875 1856 1875 1879 1879 1871 1869 1864 1872 1878 1879 1874 1875 News and politics 1865 do 1869 do 1878 / Suspended 1879. g Consolidated with "Mills County Republican". CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. IOWA— Continued. 243 Place of publication. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Chaiacter. "WTien es- tablished. Monona co.— Population: 9,055. Mapleton Onawa MONUOB CO.— Population: 13,719. Albia Montgomery co.— Population: 15,895. Red Oak Yillisca MUBCATIKB CO.— Population: 23,170. Muscatine "West Liberty. "Wilton O'Brien co. — Population: 4,155. Primghar Sanborn Sheldon Osceola co. — Population: 2,219. Sibley Page CO.— Population : 19,667. Blanchard Clarinda College Springe. Essex Shenandoah Palo Alto co— Population: 4,131. Emnietsburg PLYMOufli CO. — Population: 8,566. Le Mars Pocahontas CO.— PopuiationT 3,713. Fonda Polk co.— Population : 42,395. Des Moines People's Press Monona County G-azette. . Albia Union Industrial Era. . . Albia Democrat . Red Oak Express . . . Reil Oak Record People's Telephone . Red Oak Democrat.. Review Independent f Journal .. 1873 g Suspended August, 1880. ft Suspended May, 1880. i Merged into>" Freie Presse' 1863 1873 1877 1877 1871 1878 1854 1839 1866 1851 1878 1855 1855 1855 1875 1876 1876 1878 1874 1879 1880 1875 1874 1879 1877 1878 1874 1879 1878 1873 1877 1857 1874 1876 1876 1878 1866 1880 1836 1878 1872 1878 1867 1872 1878 1880 1879 1874 1871 1880 1874 1875 1877 1879 1869 1877 1879 1879 1855 1870 1878 1874 1869 1865 1848 1850 1878 1879 1879 1871 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. IOWA— Continued. 245 Place of pnblicatioii. IN'ame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Washisgtojj CO.— Population: 20,374. Brighton ■Washington Watne CO.— Population: 16,127. Allerton Corydon Lineville Webster co. — PopvlaUon: 15,951. Dayton Tort Dodge Winnebago co— Population: 4,917. Forest City Lake Mills WINSEBHIEK CO. — Popidation: 23,938. Decorah WooDBUKT co.^Population: 14,S Sioux City Western Horticulturist — Brighton Star (a) Grreeubaclj: World Brighton Eeporter Washington County Press . Washington Gazette Washington Democrat Wayne County EepubUcan. Corydon Times Wayne County News Corydon Democrat Lineville Tribune Dayton Review Fort Dodge Messenger . . Fort Dodge Times Webster County TJnion . Winnebago Summit . . Winnebago Chief Independent Herald . Evangelisk Lutherisk Kerketidende . Decorah llepublican Decorah Journal For Hjemmet Decorah Posten Decorah Kadical Opbyggelsesblafl Lutherisk Skoleblad WOKTU CO.— Population: 7,953. Kensett Xorthwood ■WiiiiiiiT 00. — Population: 5,06i lirlmond Clarion Sioux City Tribune C Sioux City Journal { Siou.x: City Journal .... Courier Anpao — The Daybreak . Cosmopolite Kensett Mail (&) Northwood Pioneer (c) . Worth County Eagle . - Belmond Herald Wright County Monitor - Monthly Weekly.. do ...do.... ...do-... ... do .... ...do.... Weekly. do ...do... ....do... ...do... Weekly. do ...do... ...do... Weekly. do ...do... Weekly ...do .' ...do Semi-monthly . Weekly do Monthly — do Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly do Monthly — do Weekly. ... do ... ...do ... Weekly - do ... Horticultural News and politics. do do do do do News and politics do do do do News and politics. do do do News and polities. , do do Religious (Lutheran; Norwegian) .. News and politics do Religious (Unsectarian; Norwegiam) . News and politics (N'orwegia/n) News and politics Religious (Lutheran; Norwegiwn) .. Educational (Norwegia/n) News and pulitics do do News and politics (German) Religious (Prot. Epis. ; Indian) . Literature News and politics. do do News and politics. do 1878 1878 1879 1880 1856 1869 1878 1873 1875 1877 1879 1873 1879 1864 1868 1677 1807 1880 1875 1857 1860 1868 1870 1874 1876 1877 1880 1858 1870 1883 1870 1878 1879 1879 1870 1877 1873 1869 KANSAS. Allen co.— Population: 11,303. Humboldt lola Anderson co. —Population: 9,057, G arnett GruL'loy Atchison co.— Population: 26,668 Atchison Muscotiih Barbour co. —Population: 2,661, Medicine Lodge Barton co.— Population: 10,318. Ellinwood Groat Bend Eotrron CO.— Population: 19,691. Fort Scott Beown CO.— Population: 12,817. Hiawatha Humboldt Union Humboldt Inter-State . lolfi Re;;iater Ida Independent {d) .. Garnett Plain Dealer. Gamett Journal Greeley Tribune C Champion I Champion 5 Patriot \ Patriot - Der Courier (e) Little Globe New "W'eat Monthly . . . Suuda> Morning Call . Muscotiih News (c) ... Medicine Lodge Cresset - Ellin wood Express Great Bend Register Inland Tribune Arkansas Valley Democrat. Kansas Vollisfreund (/) Fort Scott Herald ( Monitor (Monitor llepublican Record Kansas Medical Index . Hiawatha Dispatch . Kansas Herald Hiawatha Sun a Saspended December, 1879. h Suspended. "Weelsly . -do . . . .do... d Suspended December, 1880- c Suspended August, 1880- "Weekly. , do ... do... ...do ..., "Weekly. do — ...do ..., Daily {morning) . "Weekly Daily (evening) . . "Weekly do Monthly . Sunday . . AY eekiy . . "Weekly AYeekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... ...do... Weekly Daily (-^noming) . "Weekly do. Monthly News and politics. do do do , News and pohtics . do do News and politics do do do News and politics (Qerman) . News and politics General literature News ;ind politics do News and politics. News and pohtics do do do News and politics (Qerman) . News and politics. do do - ., do Medical News and politics. do , do 1877 1867 1880 1865 1873 1880 1865 1855 1807 1867 1874 1878 1878 1880 1878 1874 1876 1877 1863 1864 1864 1879 1880 1870 1874 1878 e Suspended April, 1880. / Suspended February, 1880. 246 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. KA:N'SAS— Continued. Place of publication. Xame of periodical. How often pnb- Ushed. Character. When es- tablished. Butler co. — Population: 18,586. Augusta... Douglass - El Dorado. Chask CO. —Population: 6,081. Cottonwood Falls Chautauqua co.— Population: 11,072. Sedan Peru. Cbxrokeb CO.— Population : 21,905. Beaumont . Columbus . . Empire - G-alena. . Clay CO.— Population : 13,320. Clay Center Clovd CO.— Population : 15,343. Concordia -. Clyde. COFFzr CO.— Population : 11,438. Burlington Le Eoy CowLBTCO. — Population: 21,538. Arkansas Burdenville . "Wuifleld.... Crawfokd CO. — Population: 16,851. Cherokee Girard Davis 00. — Population: 6,994. Junction Decatueco Population: 4,180. Oberlin Dickinson CO. —Poputofion: 15,251. Abilene Solomon . DoNiPHAH CO.— Poptttotion ; 14,257. Troy "Wathena . Douglas CO.— Popittefion: 21,700. Lawrence Edwards CO.— PopuZad'on: 2,409. -Kinsley Elk CO.— Population: 10,f Ett Falls Grenola Howard Moline. Soutbem Kansas Gazette . New Enterprise (a) El Dorado Press "Walnut Valley Times Chase County Leader .. Chase County Courant . Chautauqua Journal Chautauqua County Times . Chautauqua News (6) Beaumont Dispatch (c) Columbus Courier Columbus Border Star (d) . Columbus Times Empire City Echo (e) f Miner l^Miner Gospel Mirror (/) Galena Messenger (/) Clay County Dispatch Clay Center Loc^ist (g) Republican Yalley Banner . Little Hatchet Clay Center Argus (/) Concordia Empire Concordia Expositor . Cloud County Blade. . Clyde Herald Burlington Patriot , Burlington Independent. Le Eoy Reporter Arlsansas City Traveler Arliansas Valley Democrat. New Enterprise C Telegram {Telegram Winfield Courier Cowley County Monitor Sentinel on the Border Girard Press Crawford County News (A) . Girard Herald Junction City Union . . - Junction City Tribune . Oberlin Herald Jackson Guardian. Dickinson County Chronicle . Abilene Gazette Weekly Democrat Solomon Sentinel Kansas Chief Wathena Mirror (i) . C Tribune , ( Tribune 5 Journal I Journal , C Standard 5 Standard Spirit of Kansas Die Germania , Kansas Monthly University Courier Kansas Temperance Palladium . Kansas Review Edwards County Leader (j) . Kinsley Grapliic Kinsley Republican Elk Falls Signal Grenola Argus Howard City Courant . Industrial J'ournal Moline News Weekly. — do ... ...do..., ...do... News and politics. do , do , do Weekly. , ...do ..., News and politics. , do Weekly. do ... ...do... News and politics. do , do 1874 1879 1877 1870 1871 1874 1873 1878 1875 Weekly. do . do. do. do. News and politics, do Week Daily (mor»w»j) . Monthly Weekly .do. .do. -do . -do. .do. 1874 Weekly . . do Monthly . — do Weekly. . Weeldy. ,...do .... ...do .... ...do.... Weekly. do ...do... Weekly ..-do ...do Daily (evening) . Wee'kly ...do ...do Weekly - ...do ...do.... .. do .. .. Weekly. ...do Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do... Weekly. do. .. Daily Weekly. Daily (morning) . Weekly. Daily (evi Weekly. .. do.... .. do .... Monthly . do Weekly. . Monthly . Weekly. ...do ... ...do .... Weekly. ...do ... ...do.... .. do .... ...do... a Suspended April, 1880. & Suspended November, 1880. c Suspended June, 1879. d Consolidated with "Columbus Times " December, 1879. e Suspended December, 1879. / Suspended. g Suspended April, 1881. Religious (TJnsectwrian). News and politics News and politics. do Land journal , News and politics. do 1878 1877 1880 1877 1880 1880 1873 1878 1878 1878 News and politics. do do do News and politics. do do News and politics. do do do do do do News and politics. do do do News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. do do do News and politics. do News and politics do do do do do Agricultural News and politics (G&rman) . Literary CoUegiatfi Temperance Collegiate News and politics. do do News and politics. do .....do do do 1870 1875 1879 1879 1865 1874 1879 1870 1879 1880 1880 1872 1872 1879 1879 1869 1875 1878 1863 1873 1879 1880 1870 1875 1880 1879 1857 1878 1865 1854 1866 1857 1873 1870 1871 1877 1878 1878 1879 1879 1877 1877 1877 1880 1879 1874 1878 1880 h Suspended June, 1880. i Suspended 1879. 7 Suspended since census year. CATALOaUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. BLA.NSAS— Continued. 247 Place of publication. H'ame of periodical. How often pub- lisbed. Chaiacter. Wbenea- tablisbed. EhLW CO, —Population: 8,179. Ellis Hays City Ellsworth co.—Poptilation : 8,494. Ellswortb Wilson FoKDCO.— PopuiotMm; 3,122. Dodge Spearville Fbanklin CO.— Population: 16,797. Ottawa "Williamsburg Gove co.— Population: 1,196. Grainfield Graham co. — PopvlaMon: 4,258. Gettysburg HiUCity Millbrook , Koscoe , Greenwood co.— Population; 10,548. Eureka Gould , Madison 'EAV.Vsn CO.— Population : 4,133. Anthony , Harper Hakvet CO.— Population : 11,451. Burrton Halatead Newton Hodgeman co.— Population : 1,704. I'ordham Hodgeman Center Jackson co.— Pop»!a(io7i: 10,718. Holton Jefferson co. — P<^ulation: 15,563. Oskaloosa Perry Valley Falls "Wincnester Jewell co.— Population: 17,475. Burr Oak' Jewell Hankato Omio Johnson co.— Population: 16,853. Olatho Kingman co.— Population: 3,713. Kingman Labette co.— Population: 22,735. Chetopa Oswego Parsons Lane co. — Population: 601. California Dayton a Succeeded by the "Eural West 1881. b Suspended March, 1880. c Suspended. Ellis Headlight , Hays City Sentinel. Ellis County Star .. Ellsworth Eeporter . Ellsworth Times (a) . ■Wilson Echo Dodge City Times... Ford County Globe. . Spearville I^ews (6) . Journal and Triumph . . 5 Eepublican {Republican Kansas Home News Ottawa Daily News (c) . Ottawa Gazette (c) Ottawa State Press (c) . Williamsburg Gazette . Grainiield Eepublican.. Graham County Lever . Western Star (d) Millbrook Times Eoscoe Tribune Eureka Herald Eureka Graphic Eureka Sun Goxild City News (c) , Madison News Anthony Journal Anthony Eepublican . . Harper County Times. Burrton Telephone. . ZurHeimath Newton Kanaan Newton Eepublican . Golden Gate Newton Bee (e) Fordham Eepublican (/) . Agitator (ff) Holton Eecorder . Holton Signal Holton Bee (A) ... Oskaloosa Independent. Oskaloosa Sickle Kaw Valley Chief. New Era Winchester Argus Burr Oak Eeveille Jewell County Eepublican . Jewell County Monitor Jewell County Review Jewell County Journal (&) . . Miner and News-Letter . Kanaas Star Olathe Leader Olathe Gazette Kingman Mercury . Kingman Citizen. .. Chetopa Advance Oswego Independent Labette County Democrat . Parsons Sun Parsons Eclipse Parsons Republican Weekly. ...do .... ...do... News and poUtios. do do Weekly - ...do... ...do... News and politics. do do Weekly... do ...do... Weekly Daily (eeenimg) . Weekly do Daily (evening) . Weekly do ...do Weekly. Weekly. . . do . . . ....do... ....do... Weekly. do ... ... do... ...do... ...do... Weekly. . ...do .... ...do.... Weekly Semi-monthly. Weekly do ...do ...do Weekly. ...do WeeMy- ...do -.-. ...do--. Weekly. ...do .... ...do.-. ...do.... ...do... Weekly. . do .... ....do.... ...do .... ...do .... Weekly. .. do ...do.... ...do .... Weekly - do .. Weekly. ....do... ...do... ....do ... ....do... .-.do... Lane County Gazette Dayton Progress (i) Little Eiver, d Suspended June, 1880. e Consolidated with "Gulden Gate year. / Suspended November, 1879. Weekly. ...do .... News and politics. Agricultural NewH and politics. . News and politics. . do do do do do do do 1880 1874 1876 1870 1879 1879 1876 1877 1878 1865 1879 1870 1879 1879 News and politics - News and politics . do do do News and politics. do do do do News and politics. do do News and politics Eeligious (Mennonite j News and politics .. do Temperance News and politics Oernum) . . . 1880 1880 1879 1879 1879 1880 1868 1879 1879 1880 1879 1878 1879 1878 1878 1875 1872 1875 1879 1879 News and politics. do News and politics. do do News and politics. do do , do do News and politics do do do do News and politics . Educational Miscellaneous News and politics . News and politics . do News and politics. , do do do do do News and politics. do 1872 1878 1880 1860 1873 1879 1865 1877 1880 1879 1874 1879 1879 1870 1876 1878 1879 1878 1879 1872 1879 1871 1874 1879 1880 1880 g Suspended, 1879. ' since census h Consolidated with "Holton Signal" February 26, 1880. i Suspended July, 1880. • 248 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. KAliJ'SAS— Continued. Place of publication. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tabliehed, Lbavenwoeth CO. — Population: 32,353. Leavenworth LraoOLU CO. — Population: 8,582, Lincoln Center Monroe LlKN CO.— Population: 15,298. LaCygne Mound City Pleasanton LTOif CO. — Population: 17,326. Emporia Hartford MoPhekson CO. — Population: 17,143, Hndsburg Lindsbnrg McPherson Makion CO. — Population: 12,453. Florence Marion Center Peabody MAiiSHALL CO. — Population: 16,136. Blue Rapids Frankfort Ii-ving MarysviUo WaterviUe Miami co.— Population : 17,802. Louisbuig Paola Mitchell co.— Population: 14,911. Beloit Cawker City Montgomery co.—Poptdation: 18,213, Cborryvale Coifeyville Elk City Independence Moehis CO. — Population: 9,265. Council Grove Parkersville Nemaha co.— Population: 12,462. Sabetha Seneca Neosiio CO.— Population: 15,121. Chanute Erie Oeage Mission Thayer Ness co.— Population : 3,722. Clarinda Ness a Suspended spring of 1880. 6 Suspended March, 1881. c Suspended. CTimes ) Times , C Kansas Freie Presse .. (Kansas Freie Presse . , Home Record J Press ( Press Appeal (a) W orkingman's Friend . "Western Homestead . . . Sunday Herald (6) Lincoln County Register. Lincoln County Beacon . . , Monroe Reformer (c) La Cygne Journal Linn County Clarion. Pleasanton Observer . C News ,. ^News Emporia Ledger , Emporia Journal Kansas Sentinel Emporia Sun (d) Hartford Enterprise (e) Hartford Call Kansas Stadts Tidning (d) . Lindsburg Localist Lindsburg Buttes (d) McPherson Republican ... McPherson Fieeman McPherson Leader Greenback Star (f) Florence Herald Marion County Record Marion Banner Central Kansas Telegraph (p). Peabody Gazette Blue Rapids Times National Headlight Blue Valley Gazette — Blue Valley Citizen (A) . Marshall County News . Kansas Staats-Zeitung . Telegraph Loui.sburg and Miami Herald . Border Chief Miami Republican Western Spirit Republican-Citizen (h) Beloit Gazette Western Democrat. Beloit Courier Fi-ee Press .Journal , Cberryvale Globe Coiiey ville Journal Elk City Times South Kansas Tribune Independence Kansan Independence Itemizer (i) . . Council Grove Republican . Morris County Times Morris County Enterprise.. Nemaha County Republican. Seneca Courier Seneca Tribune Chanule Times Chanute Democrat Neosho County Record. . Neosho County Journal . Temperance Banner (j) . Thayer Headlight Ness County Pioneer (k) Ness City Times d Suspended 1380. « Suspended February, 1880. / Suspended January, 1880. Daily (morning) - Weekly Daily (evening) . - Weekly Monthly Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily (mornvng) . Weekly Monthly Sunday Weekly. do ...do.-.. Weekly. do ...do... Dail; Wee" ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Weekly., — do — ...do... ...do ..., ...do ..., ...do .... ...do.... Weekly. ...do ...do ... ...do ..., .. do.... Weekly.. do ,.. do... ...do... ...do... ...do ... .;.do ... Weekly. ...do .. do... ...do ... ...do... Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do ... Weekly do ...do .. do . do Semi-weekly . Weekly. ...do ... ...do.... Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... Weekly. do ...do... ...do ... .. do ... ...do... Weekly. ...do News and politics do News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics (Oerman) . MisceUaneons News and politics : do do do Agricultural News and politics News and politics. , do do 1855 1855 1868 1868 1872 1877 1877 1879 1877 1878 1879 1873 1880 News and politics . , do , , do News and politics. , do , do , do , do do do do 1870 1876 1872 1878 1857 1870 1878 1880 1878 1877 1879 News and politics (Swediah) . News and politics News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics do do do 1879 News and politics do do , New and politics (Germ, and Eng.) . News and politics News and poUtics do do , do do News and politics (German) . News and politics - . News and politics. do do do do News andpolitica. do ... do do do News and politics. do do do do , do 1873 1878 1880 1879 1876 1870 1880 18S0 1873 1871 1879 1874 1880 1872 1878 1869 1876 1879 1866 1871 1871 1872 1878 1879 1878 1880 1878 1875 1880 1871 1873 News and politics - do do News and politics. , do . . .-. do News and politics . do do do Temperance News and politics. 1870 1879 1878 1876 1863 1^79 1872 1879 1876 1868 1878 1871 News and politics , do g Suspended November, 1880. ft Suspended July, 1880. i Suspended December, 1879. 1879 1879 j Suspended since census year. k Merged in "Ness City Times", October, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. KANSAS— Continued. 249 Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pnb- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Norton co.— Population: 6,998. Norton OSAGK 00. — Population: 19,642. Burlingame . Carbondale . Lyndon Osage OsBOENE CO. — PopulaMon: 12,517. Bull's City Downs Osborne Ottawa co.— Population: 10,307. Delpbos Minneapolis Pawnee co. — Population: 5,396. Lamed Phillii's CO. — Population: 12,014. Kirwin . Logan . . Pottawatomie co. — Population: 16,350. Louisville - Onaga Saint Mary's . Wamcgo Pkatt CO.— Population : 1,890. luka ■Population: 1,623. Eawliks co.- Attwood Reno co. — Population: 12,826. Hutchinson Nickerson . Republic co. — Population: 14,913. BellcTille Scandia "WhitoEock EiCB CO. — Population: 9,292. Lyons Sterling Riley co. — Population: 10,430. Manhattan Biley Center . Books co. — Population: 8,112. Stockton Rush co. — Population: 5,490. Walnut City EussBLL CO. — Population: 7,351. Euasell Saline co. — Population: 13,808. Brookvillo Salina Sedgwick co.— Population: 18,753. Wichita Shawnee co. —Population : 29,093. North Topeka . Eossville Topeka . Norton County Advance . Osage County Chronicle. Carbondale Journal (a) . . Kansas Times Osage City Free Press. . - Bull's City Post (6) Downs Times Osborne County Farmer- Truth Teller Delphos Herald Independent (c) Solomon Valley Mirror . Minneapolis Sentinel - . . Ottawa County Index . . Lamed Optic Lamed Chronoscope . Kirwin Chief Logan Enterprise . Kansas Reporter Pottawatomie County Herald (d) . Onaga Journal St. Mary's Express St. Mary's Chief (e) Wamego Tribune Kansas Agriculturist Wamego Democrat (/) Pratt County Press . Attwood Pioneer. Hntcliinson News — Hutchinson Herald. . . Hutchinson Interior . Nicker.son Argosy Belleville Telescope Republic County Journal White Rock Independent (a) . Crutral Kansas Democrat . Lynus Republican Stilling G-azette AY otkly Bulletin Manhattan Nationalist . Manhattan Enterprise. - Independent Monthly Review {g) EiJoy Center News {/t) - Stockton News Rooks County Record. Walnut City Blade . Russell County Record . Russell Independent . . . Brookville Transcript (i) Salina Herald Saline County Journal News and Fanners' Advocate . Holusi Conaolidatod with "Topeka Tribune" Columbia Spectator Anderson News Ballard County News . . . Grlasgow "Weetly Times. Bath County Eeporter.. Owingsville Outloot — Boone County Record . . Enphilonian (e) Western Citizen Paris True Kentuckian . Boyd County Express. Ashland llepublican ... Central Metnodist Kentucky Democrat — "Weekly., "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly - "Weekly. do .... "Weekly. Monthly . "Weekly. . do "Weekly- . do ...do.... ....do.... News and politics. News And politics.. Kews and politics. Kews and politics. Kews and politics. do Kews and politics . Collegiate Kews and politics. do Kews and politics , do ...,. Beligious (Methodist) . Kews and politics 1869 1876 1874 1865 1877 1879 1875 1809 1866 1879 1880 1867 1870 c Suspended 1880. d Suspended March, 1880. e The " Philomathean " and the "Encliean" were consolidated and changed to "Enphilonian". CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. KENTUCKY— Continued. 251 Place of publication. I^ame of periodical. How offcen pub- lished. Character. Wben es- tablished. BOYLE CO.— Population: 11,930. Danville Bbacken CO. — Population: 13,5&9. Augusta Brbckihkidge CO.— Popidation: 17,486. Cloverport •Caldwell co. — Population; 11,282. Princeton Calloway co. — Population: 13,295. Mnrray ■Campbell co.—PopiUation: a7,440. Newport ■Cahholl CO. — Population: 8,953. Carrollton 'CHRlsTLiN CO.— Population: 31,682. HoplcinsviUe •Clark co, — Population: 12,115. Winchester ■Crittenden co. — Population: 11,688. Marion 'Cumberland co. — Population: 8,894. BurkesviUe .Daviess co. — Population: 27,730. Owensboro' .Fayette co.— Population: 29,023. .Lexington .'Fleming co.— Population: 15,221. Fleraingsburg -F'RANKLIN CO.— Population: 18,699. Farmdale . I'rankfort.. Fulton co. — Population: 7,977. Fulton Hickman . ■Gallatin co.— Population: 4,832. "Warsaw KS-ARRAKD CO. ^Population: 11,704. Lancaster •Grant co.— Population : 13,083. Williamstown ■Graves co. — Population: 24,138. Mayfield Greenup no. — Population: 13,371. Greenup Hancock co.— Population : 8,563. Hawesville Kentucky Advocate Danville Tiibune Centre College Courant . Augusta Chronicle . Bracken Bullelin . . . Breckinridge News. Princeton Banner . Calloway County News. C Kentucky State Journal. . ^Kentucky State Journal.. Kentucky Staats-Zeitung. . ^People's Literary Journal . Newport Leader (a) Carrollton Democrat . Kentucky New Era . South Kentuckian. -- Clark County Democrat . Semi-Weekly Sun Crittenden Pi;es8 Burkesville Bulletin (6) . C Messenger and Examiner. I Messenger and Examiner. Kentuckj' Gazette Apostolic Times C Press M^ress Kentucky Live-Stock Record Eclectic Teacher and Southwestern Journal of Education. C Transcript \ Transcript Flemingsburg Democrat . Flemingsburg Times Kentucky Military Institute News. f Kentucliy Yeoman (Kentucky Yeoman w eekly Eoundabout C Capital Gazette ) Capital Gazette The Faltonian Times (c) Hickman Courier . Warsaw Independent. . Lancaster Enterprise . . Williamstown Courier. Mayfield Democrat Mayfieid Monitor The Apostolic Church. Mayfield Leader (c) .-. Greenup Independent . Hardin co.— Population: 22,564. Elizabethtown a Merged in "State Journal Hawesville Plaindealer., Hawesville Ballot Weekly.. do Monthly . Weekly . . ...do .... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly Tri- weekly . Weekly Monthly — Weekly Weekly. Weekly. ...do Weekly Semi- weekly., Weekly Weekly. Semi- weekly - Weekly Weekly . do Weekly , Tri- weekly Weekly do - — Daily (morning) . Weekly Weekly. . . .do ... ...do.... Weekly, Weekly. Weekly . Weekly. . — do Monthly . Weekly.. Weekly . , Weekly. do ..., ElizabethtOTs-n News Weekly. '. b Formerly the "Courier". News and politics. do Collegiate News and politics. do News and politics. . News and politics. . News and politics. News and politics , do News and politics {Oermcm) Literary , News and politics News and poUtics. News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics . News and politics . News and politics do Semi-weekly . . . Weekly Dailv {morning) . . Weekly .. do Monthly News and politics Religious {Disciples) . News and politics do Agricultural Educational !Daily {evening) . . . Weeldy News and politics . do News and politics. do Collegiate News and politics, do do do do News and politics. do do News and politics . News and politics. News and politics . News and politics do Religious {Church of Ood) , News and politics News and politics . News and politics. do 1865 1878 1879 1878 1876 1871 1876 1876 1879 1879 1868 1870 1879 1867 1878 1879 1871 1877 1877 1866 1867 1870 1870 1875 1876 1878 1878 1867 1879 1879 1844 1844 1877 1880 1880 1880 1869 1875 . 1879 News and politics c Suspended in December, 1871 1873 1879 1868 1879. 252 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS KENTUCKY— Continued. Place of pu'blication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tabliBhed. Harrison go.— Population: 16,504. Cynthiana Hart co. —Fopulation: 17,133. Horse Cave Henderson co.— Population: 24,515. Henderson Henry co.— Population; 14,492. Eminence Newcastle Hickman co. — P<^pulation: 10,65L Clinton Columbus Hopkins co.— Population : 19,122. Madisonville Jefferson co.— Population^: 146,010. Lonisville Cyuthiana News Cynthiana Democrat - "Weekly. do ... Hart County Democrat. . Weekly., < Henderson Reporter . ( Henderson Reporter . Henderson News Semi- weekly.. Weekly , — do Constitutionalist Henry County Local . Weekly. ...do CHnton Democrat . Columbus Times . . Weekly. do ... MadisonvUIe Times Kentucky Republican (a) , Weekly. do Jessamine co.— Population: 10,8C4. Nicholasville Eenton CO.— Population: 43,983. CoYiugton Ludlow^ La Hue co. — Population: 9,793. Hoilgensville Lauuel CO. — Population: 9,131. Luudon Xawkkxce CO.— Population : 13,262, Louisa , Lewis co.~ Population: 13,154. Vanceburg Lincoln co.— Population: 15,080. Stanford a Suspended January, 1880, Christian Observer C Courier- Journal < Courier- Journal ( Courier- Journal ("Anzeiger J Anzeiger ] Anzeiger [ Anzeiger {Volksblatt Omnibus Volksblatt : Volksblatt American Practitioner Katboliacher Grlaubensbote C Commercial ( Commercial Christian Index Central Catholic Advocate Louisville Democrat Good Templars' Advocate Kentucky Church Chronicle National Presbyterian Good Words . - - Home and Farm Scholars' Monthly Sunday A rgus WeateiD Grocer Louisville Medical News Louisville Trade Gazette Farmers' Magazine and Live Stock Monthly. Woman at Work Louisville Monthly Magazine Deutsche Gefluegel Zeitimg Little Pearl CPost )P03t Bulletin Illustrated People's Magazine Medical Herald Parmera' Home Journal New Southern Poultry Journal Parents' and Teachers ' Monthly , Ohio Falls Express Our Graded Lesson Leaf Our Teachers' Lesson Leaf American Baptist Trade Review and Tobacco Journal Odd-FcUows' Monthly Tobacco and Grocery News (&) Louisville Age (c) Weekly Daily (morning) . Sunday Weekly Daily (tnornvng) . Sunday Semi-weekly Weekly . Jessamine Journal . Agriculturist Legal Tender . f Commonwealth f Commonwealth Ludlow Journal (&) Public Advertiser (d) . Mountain Echo London Examiner . Chattaroi News Vanceburg Courier. Interior Journal & Suspended January, 1880. Daily {morning) . . Sunday Weekly Semi-weekly Monthly Weekly Daily (morning) . . Weekly Monthly Weekly ...do ...do Monthly -- do , Weekly Semi-monthly Monlhly Sunday Weekly ...do ...do Monthly ...do ...do Semi-monthly Weekly , Daily (evening) — Weekly ...do Monthly -- do Weekly Monthly , .--do Weekly Monthly ...do , Weekly ...do .* Monthly : - Weekly ...do Weekly. Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly — do Weekly. Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. Weekly - Weekly . , News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. , do do News and politics. do , News and politics. , do News and politics . do 1850 1868 1878 1853 1853 1862 1868 1879 1876 1880 1868 Religious (Presbyterian) News and politics , do.... do News and politics (German) News and politics (Germfan) News and politics ( German) News and politics (German) News and politics (Germaai) News and politics (Germ,an) News and politics (Germa/n) News and politics (GerTna/n) Medical 'ReUgioua (Catholic ; German) ... News and politics do Religious (Methodist Episcopal) . . Religious ( Catholic) News and politics Temperance Religious (Protestant Episcopal) . Religious (Presbyterian) Sunday school Agricultural Sunday school News and politics Commercial Medicine and surgery Trade Attricultural Miscellaneous Literary Agricultural (German) Sunday school News and politics do -.. do Literary Medicine and surgery Agricultural .. - do Religious News and politics - Sunday school do Religious (Baptist) Commercial Secret society Commercial Medicine and surgery News and politics. News and politics. do do do , 1813 1832 1832 1832 1849 1849 1849 1849 1861 1861 1861 1861 1862 1865 1869 1869 1870 1870 1873 1873 1874 1875 1876 1876 1876 1876 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 3879 1879 1879 1879 1869 1878 1873 1872 News and politics . News and politics . do 1872 1880 News and politics . News and politics. News and politics. c Suspended November, 1879. 1872 d Suspended March, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. KENTUCKY— Continued. 253 Place of pnblioation. Name of periodical. How often pub- lislied. Character. When es- tabli8bed. IiOGAH CO. — PopulatUm! 24,358. Adairville - EuBBeUviUe Lion oo. — Population; 6,768. BddyviUe Kuttawa McCeacken CO. — Population: 16,262 Padacah / McLban CO. — Population! 9,293. Calhoon Uauison CO. — Population: 22,052. Eichmond Maeion CO. — Population: 14,698. Lebanon MABOH CO.— Population :'20,i69. Maysville Meadk CO. — Population: 10,323. BranJenburji Meeceb CO.— Population: 14,142. Harrodsburg HOSTGOMEBY CO. — Population: 10,566. Mount Sterling Moegan CO. — Population: 8,455. "West Liberty MuHLE-VBUEG CO.— PopvXation: 15,098 Greenville South Carrollton IfELSON CO. — Population: 16,609. Bardstown Bloomfleld :lfICHOI.AB CO. — Population: 11,869. Carlisle 'Ohio co. — Population: 19,669. Hartford OX.DHAM CO. — Population: 7,667. La Grange 0WE."J CO.— Population: 17,401. Owenton Pendletok CO.— Population: 16,702. Palmouth ■Pulaski co— Population: 21,318. Somerset - HOBEiiTsoN CO. — Population: 5,814. Mount Olivet ■ Scott co. — Population: 14,965. Georgetown ■Shelby co.— Population: 16,813. Sholbyville -Simpson co. — Population: 10,641. Franklin •Spencee CO.— Population : 7,040. Taylorsville "Tayloe CO.— Population: 9,259. Campbellsville a Suspended March, 1880. b Suspended. Logan Sentinel Adairville Clipper Kussellville Heiald-Hnterprise . Kussellville Messenger Mirror{a) Lyon County Kews. CNews., J News c Enterprise . ) Enterprise - McLean County News (b) . Kentucky Eegister. Kichmond Herald . . . Lebanon Standard Lebanon Times and Kentuckian. Maysville Weekly Eagle . Maysville Bulletin Maysville Republican Maysville Enterprise Mason County Journal . . - Meade County Record. Mercer Observer (c) , Kentucky Sentinel Mount Sterling Democrat . Kepublican (d) Mountain Scorcher. Muhlenburg Echo Institute (e) 'Nelson County Kecord . Church and Home Nelson Enterprise Mercury . Hartford Herald Oliio County News (a) . Oldbam County Era . Owen News Independent . Somerset Reporter , . . Somerset Citizen Home Journal Church Advocate (ft) . Robertson County Tribune. "Free Press Times Every Saturday . Sholbyville Sentinel . Franklin Patriot J Simpson County Enterprise (J) . (Simpson County Enterprise (/) . Franklin Local (6) Spencer Courier . "Weekly, ...do .. do... ...do..., Weekly- ...do ... Daily (evening?) . Wee"kly. Daily {.morniag) . "Weekly "Weekly "Weekly. do "Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly. — do ...do... ...do ... ...do... "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly. do ... ...do ... "Weekly. "Weekly. . Monthly . "Weekly.. Monthly. Weekly ."- Weekly. Weekly. ...do... Weekly. Weekly. . Weekly. Weekly. . do Monthly . Weekly. . Weekly. . . . do . . . Weekly. do ... Weekly. Weekly do Semi, weekly. Weekly Weekly. Green River Press Weekly c Succeeded by the "Enterprise d Suspended Jnly, 1880. News and politics. do .... do do News and politics. do News and politics. do do do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. do do do do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics- do do News and politics. News and politics . Collegiate- News and politics. Religious News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics News and politics. News and politics. News and politics do do Religious {Methodist) . News and politics. do News and politics. do News and poUtics. News and politics. do do do , News and politics. News and politics. 1879 1880 1840 1846 1880 1880 1871 1873 1880 1880 1868 1879 1870 1871 1866 1879 1880 1878 1868 1876 1880 1879 1877 1876 1875 1880 1878 1868 1875 1879 1875 1878 1880 1875 1874 1879 1867 1877 1844 1872 1879 1879 1880 1865 1879 « Formerly the " Student ". / Merged in the " Patriot ". 254 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. KENTUCKY— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Gbaiaoter. "When es- tablished. Todd co.— Population: 15,994. Elkton Guthrie Xkigg CO.— Population: 14,< Cadiz Thimble CO.— Population: 7,171. Bedford Milton Union co.— Population: 17,809. Morganfield . TJniontown . . Wabeen CO.— Population: 27,531. Bowling G-reen Washington co.— Population : 14,419. Springfield Webster co.— Population: 14,246. Dixon ■WOODFOKD CO. — Population: 11,800. Midway Versailles Bltton Eegister Guthrie Border Minstrel . Trigg County Democrat . Trimble News (a) . Milton Free Press . tTnion Democrat . Union Local Bowling Green Democrat . . Kentucky Intelligencer (&) Clarion (c) "Washington County "Watchman (d) . Dixon Pioneer Blue Grass Clipper . "Woodford Sun "Weekly. do "Weekly - "Weekly. do ... "Weekly. do ... Weekly - do .... Weekly. — do ... . Weekly. Weekly. ...do News and politics- do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics - , do News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. do 1878 1879 1877 1879 1879 1873 1865 1879 1879 1880 1877 1868 LOUISIANA. AscBSBios PAKl6n.— Population: 16,8 DonaldsonvUle Assumption PAKI8H.— PoputotioTC: 17,010. Napoleonville Avoyelles VAS.mK.—Population: 16,747. Marksville Bienville F&msn.-Population : 10,442. * Sparta Bossier FAvn&R.—Population: 16,042. Bellevue Caddo parish. — Population: 26,290. Shreveport Calcasieu parish.— Po^ittoiion .- 12,484. Lake Charles Caldwell FAmsn.-Population: 5,767. Columbia Catahoula FA.iiisii.— Population: 10,277. Harrisonburg Claiborne FAnmu.— Population : 18,837. Haynesville Homer Concordia PAaiBH.— Population: 14,914. Vidalia De Soto farish.— Population : 15,603. Mansfield Donaldsonville Chief. Assumption Pioneer . Marksville Bulletin . "Villager Eural Times — Bossier Banner . (Daily Times i Times ( Daily Standard. I Standard Lake Charles Echo - - . Calcasieu Gazette (a) . Columbia Herald . Catahoula News . . Greenback Dollar (e) . (Jlaibome Guardian . . Concordia Eagle. East Bato.v Bouge parish. — Popula- tion: 19,906. Baton Rouge De Soto Democrat Mansfield Reporter (/) . East Carroll parish. — Population : 12,134. Lake Providence East Fkliciana parish. — Population: ]5,]33. Clinton . Franelin FARISH— Population: 6,495. Wiunsboro' C Advocate I Advocate Baton Rouge Herald . Louisiana Capitolian . North Louisiana Republican (g) . Patriot-Democrat . Franklin Sun. Grant FMumi.— Population: 6,188. Colfax Colfax Chronicle . a Suspended. b Succeeded by "Gazette" September, 1880. c Suspended August, 1879. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. d Suspended June, 1879. e Removed to Camden, Ark., 1881. Weekly.. Weekly.. Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. Weekly . Daily {morning) . Weekly - y (" Weekly Daily (momihg) . ~ sklT Weekly . ...do ... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. . ..do ... Weekly. Weekly. do .. Daily {evening) Weekly ...do Tri- weekly News and politios. News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics . News and politics. News and politics. do do do News and politics. do ;..!. News and politics. News ani^ politics. News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics - 1871 1876 1877 1868 1871 1871 1878 1878 1868 1878 1879 1877 1877 1870 1851 1844 1878 1879 1880 1865 1864 News and politics I 1876 / Merged in the DeSoto "Democrat!'. g Suspended since census year. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. LOUISIANA— Continued. 255 Place of publication. Iberia pabish. — P^ulation: 16,676. New Iberia Iberville parish. — Population: 17,544. Plaquemine Jefferson parish.— PopuZad'on ; 12,166. Gretna La Fayette parish. — Population: 13,235. VeiiniUionville Lafourche parish. — Population: 19,113. Thibodeanx Lincoln parish. - Vienna -Population: 11,075. Livingston parish.— Population; 5,258. Maurepas Port Vincent , Springfield Madison fariqh.— Population: 13,906. Delta Morehouse i'AniBii.~Population: 14,206. Bastrop Natchitoches parish. — Population : 19,707. Natchitoches Orleans parish. — Population: 216,090, New Orleans Ouachita FAmBK.—PopulaUon: 14,685. Monroe Plaquemines 11,575. PARISH. — Population : Pointe h la Hache . . PoiNTE Couple parish. — Population : 17,785. Pointe Conp6e Rapides parish. — Population: 23,563. Alexandria Red Kiver parish.— Poi)«Zaiio?i: 8,573. Conshatta Richland parish.— PopuZaiion .- 8,440. Ray vjlle Saijine I'AiiiBXl.— Population: 7,344. Many Name of periodical. Louisiana Sugar Bowl. , Iberia Joum^ , Iberville South. Gretna Courier. La Fayette Advertiser . Louisiana Cotton Boll . . Thibodeaux Sentinel . "Vienna Sentinel . MaurepaB Gazette.. Livingatonian Springfield Ledger . Madison Journal . . . Morehouse Clarion . People's Yindicator . New Orl cans Price Current (a) c L'Abeille (Bee) {L'AbeiUe f Picayune '. < Picayune ( Picayune Le Propagateur Catholique Medical and Surgical Journal f Deutsche Zeitung < Deutsche Zeitung ( Sonntaga Blatt Christian Advocate ( Times < Times t Times Der Familien Freund Moi-ning Star and Catholic Messenger . South Western Presbyterian Louisiauian (6) South "Western Christian Advocate C Democrat I Democrat City Item Jewish South Algiers Advertiser New Orleans Observer Temperance Advocate (&) Country Visitor Louisiana Journal of Education New Orleans Ledger Daily States t New Orleans Independent Le Petit Journal (o) Merchant, Mechanic, and Fanner Sunday Morning Gem (c) "Workmgmen's Union Advocate Ouachita Tele^aph . Monroe Bulletin Pointe k la Hache Observer . Pointe Coup6e Banner . Louisiana Democrat. We the People Conshatta Citizen . Richland Beacon . Southron of Sabine. I Sabine Index a Published also as a daily market report. How often pub- lished. Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. - . -do ... Weekly. Weekly . Weekly. ...do ... ...do... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Semi-weekly Daily (morning) . . Weekly Daily {morning) . . ..do.. (evening) ... Weekly ...do Monthly Daily (m>oming) . . Weekly Sunday Weekly Daily (morning) . . ..do.. (evening) ... Weekly Bi-weekly Sunday Weekly ...do ...do Daily (morning) - Weekly Daily (eoening) . . Weekly ...do ...do ,-. do -■ ...do Monthly Weekly Daily (evening) . - Weekly Daily (Tnoming) . Weekly Sunday do Weekly. — do ... Weekly.. Weekly. Character. When es- tablished, Agriculture, etc. (Eng. andPr.) .. News and politics (ling, and Fr.). News and politics News and politics. News and politics (Eng. andFr,)... News and politics (Eng. and Fr.).,. News and politics (Eng. and Fr.). . . News and politics. News and politics. do do News and politics . News and politics. News and politics . Commercial News and politics (French) News and politics (French) News and politics do do Religious (Oa(ftoZic; French) Medical News and politics (Germa/n) News and politics (Qerma/n) News and politics (Germcm) Religious {Methodist Episcopal) News and politics do do 'RviW^OMB (Methodist Epis-s Oerm.). Religious { Gatholic) Religious (Presbyterian) News and politics Religious (Methodist Episcopal) News and politics do do Religious (tTewish) News and politics do Temperance Miscellaneous Educational News and politics do Miscellaneous Ne*s and politics (French) Miscellaneous News and poUtica Miscellaneous 1870 1878 1865 1873 1865 1872 1861 1873 1872 1878 1870 1870 News and politics . do News and pohtics (French and English). News and politics . Weekly i News and politics- — do ', do Weekly News and politics - Weekly . Weekly. do ... News and politics . News and politics . do 1822 1827 1827 1837 1837 1837 1842 1845 1848 1861 1866 1855 1863 1867 1868 1869 1872 1873 1875 1875 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1879 1879 1880 1880 1865 1880 1877 1845 1878 1875 1878 1879 h Suspended. c Consolidated with the "Independent". 256 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. LOUISIANA— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Saiht Bebnakd pabish. — Population ; 4,405. Saint Bernard Saint Ciiablks fabish. — Population: 7,161. Hahnville . Saikt Helena parish.— Pojmiotion : 7,504. Greensburgh. Saint James parish. — Population : 14,714. Con-vent . Saint John Baptist tasibh.— Popula- tion: 9,686. Bonnet Carr6 Saint Landbt parish. — Population: 40,004. Opelonsas , "Washington Saint Martin pabish. — Population: 12,663. Saint Martinsville Saint Mabtparish. — Popidation: 19,891. Franklin Morgan City Samt Tammant parish. — Population: 6,887. Covington Tangipahoa I'A^ms.— Population; 9,638. Amite City - . Ponchatoula . Tensas parish. — Population: 17,815. Saint Joseph Teeeebonne parish. — Population : 17,957. Houma Union pabish. — Population: 13,526. Farmerville Vebmili.ion SASi&u.^Popvlation: 8,728. Abbeville Webster ViMmn.— Population: 10,005. Mindea Saint Bernard Eagle . Saint Charles Herald . Greensbnrgh Gazette . Le Louisianais . Mescbacebe . Opelousae Courier Saint Landry Democrat . Washington News (a) ... Saint Martinsville Observer . West Baton Eouge vxsisn.— Popula- tion: 7,667. West Baton Houge West Carroll parish. - 2,776. Hoyd . Population : West Feliciana ris.isa.— Population : 12,809. Saint Franoisville Saint Marj's Couraut . Morgan City Eeview . . Saint Tanunany Farmer .^- Amite City Independent. Ponchatoula Gazette Whitehall Age North Louisiana Journal . Houma Courier Terre-bonne Chronicle . Farmerville Gazette. Meridional Minden Democrat . Minden Tribune. . - Sugar Planter . West CarroU Courier (6) . Feliciana Sentinel . Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. - Weekly., ...do-... ...do..., Weekly - Weekly. ...do .... Weekly. . Weekly, .-.do .... ...do... Weekly. Weekly. ...do Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. . ...do .... Weekly. Weekly. News and politics. 1877 News and politics 1872 News and politics. Weekly News and politics (French) . News and politics (French) . News and politics (Fr. and Eng.) . News and politics do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. do do News and politics. News and politics (Fng. ondFr.). News and politics News and politics News and politics (FrcTich and News and politics. do News and politics. Weekly News and politics News and politics. 1879 1852 1852 1877 1878 1874 1879 1879 1874 1874 1872 1879 1878 1880 1878 1858 1868 1878 1878 1876 MAINE. AjiDEOScOGGltr CO. — Population: 45,042, Auburn -^ Lewiston Lisbon Mechanics Falls a Suspended February 15, 1880. b Suspended since census year. Greenback-Labor Chronicle . C Journal '. I Journal J^ewa (c) '- Bates Student Lewiston Gazette Lewiston Independent (d)... Lewiston Phono^aph (c) — Young People's Literary (/) , Mechanics Falls Citizen "Weekly Daily (evening) . "Weekly Daily {evening) . Monthly Weekly — do ....do ....do ....do c Suspended February, 1880. d Suspended May, 1880. 2S"ews and politics . do do do Collegiate News and politics . do do Literary News and politics . 1873 1861 1846 1872 1872 1878 1877 e Suspended June, 1880. / Suspended September, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. MAIKB— Continued. 257 Place of pulilicatiozi. Name of perioclical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished, Aeoostook CO. — Population: 41,700, Caribou Fort Fairfield Houlton Presque Isle Shennan OuMBEiiLAND CO,— PctpuZaMoft; 86,35 Brunswick Bridgton Portland Franklin co. —Population : 18,180. Farmington Phillips Hancock co.-— Population: 38,129. Ellsworth Sullivan Kennebec co.— Population : 53,058. Augusta Gardiner Hallowell "Waterville Knox co,— Population : 32,863. Camden Pittston Eockland Saint George Thomaston Union ■- 'Warren ., "Lincoln co. — Population: 24,821. Boothbay Damariacotta "Waldoboro' Oxford co.— Population : 32,627. Canton Norway I^iiris South Paris Penobscot co.—Popitlation: 70,476. Bangor Aroostook Republican Aroostook Yalley Sunrise (a) . Aroostook Pioneer Aroostook Times North Star Katahilin Kalendar Brunswick Telegraph Bowdoin Orient Bridgton News C Advertiser I Adveitiser - i Eastern Argus < Eastern Argus i Eastern Argus Christian Mirror Zion's Advocate Portland Transcript C Press (Maine State Press Portland Price-Current Masonic Token North-East Our Homo and Fireside Magazine . Helping Hand Sunday Times XJnion' Bible Teacher People's Illustrated Journal New Era-Leader Portland Globe Illustrated Household Magazine . . Sunday Sun (&) Saturday Evenijig Mail [c) City Item Floral Monthly Evening News (d) Farmington Chronicle, Faimington Herald — Phillips Phonograph . . Ellsworth American Weekly Sullivan Bulletin. J Kennebec Journal l Kennebec Journal Maine Farmer Gospel Banner Maine Standard People's Literary Companion . Vickery's Fireside Visitor lUustrati (1 Family Herald Celtic MiiTor (e) Home Journal Kennebec Pteporter Hallowell Kegister Witterville Mail Colby Echo Camden Herald Pittston Timoa (/) Pocliland Gazette Eockland Free Press Eockland Courier Eockland Opinion Maine Hotel Eegister (d) . St. George Journal (/) . . . Thomaston Herald Union Herald (/) Warren Times (/) Boothbay Register Herald and Eecord Lincoln County News . Horse-Breeders' Monthly Norway Advertiser New EeHgion Oxford Democrat Macon Evangelist a Suspended December, 1879. h Suspended May, 1880. 17 PR C Whig and Coifrier I Whig and Courier C Commercial M^ommercial Dirlgo Eural , Coming Struggle-.. Weekly. ...do. . ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... "Weekly Ei.weekly "Weekly DaUy (evening) . . "Weekly Daily [morning) . "Weekly Tri-weekly "Weekly . . do .. do Daily {morning) . "Weekly MontMy Quiirterly Montlily . . do ...do Sanday Monthly --do "Weekly do Monthly Sunday "Weekly Daily {evening) .. Monthly Daily {evening) . . "Weekly. do ... do ... "Weekly. do . .. Daily (mominfl') . "Weekly do ...do ...do ...do Monthly ...do .. do "Weekly - do ...do ...do Monthly Weekly. do . . - ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... .. do... ....do ... ....do... ...do ... Weekly. . - . do - . . ...do ... Monthly . "Weekly.. ...do ...do .... ...do .... Daily {morning) . "Weelily Daily {evening) . Weekly do Monthly c Suspended November, 1879. i, Snspended Jnly, 1880. News and politics. do do do do do , News and politics. Collegiate News and politics. do do do do do Eeligious {Congregational). Eeligious (Baptist) News and politics do do Commercial Secret society lieligious (Upiscopal) Literary Keligioua ( Unsecta/rian) News and politics Eeligious (Uneectaria/n) Literary News and politics do Literary Ne\\8 and politics do do Agricultural News and politics News and politics . do , do News and politics . Local mining News and politics do Agricultural Keligious { Universalist) . News and politics Literary do do do News and poliLics do do do Collegiate News and politics . do do do , do , do Miscellaneous News and politics . do do , do News and politics . do do Stock-raising News and politics Heligious (Liberal) News and politics Eeligious {Methoctist Episcopal) . News and politics do do do Agricultural Eeligious ( XTnsectaria/n) « Suspended December, 1880. / Edition of "Thomaston Herald. 1880 1863 1857 1860 1871 1876 1853 1871 1869 1785 1785 1832 1803 1803 1822 1828 1836 1862 1802 1863 1867 1872 1873 1873 1875 1875 1877 1877 1877 1878 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1845 •1880 1878 1855 1880 1870 1825 1833 1834 1867 1868 1874 1877 18«0 18.-3 1866 1878 1847 1877 1869 1879 1846 1855 1874 1875 1880 1878 1877 1879 1878 1877 1876 1873 1879 1869 1878 1833 1879 1834 1815 1872 1838 1874 1879 258 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MArN:E— Continued. Place of pnblicatlon. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Cliaracter. ■Wien es- tablished. Penobscot co.— Continned. Bangor — Continned Con'inia Dexter Newport Piscataquis CO.— Fopidation: 14, 872. DoTer Sagadahoc co.—Fopulation : 19,272. Bath Kichmond SOMEKSBT CO.— Population: 32,333. Pairfleld North Anson Skowhegan Waldo co.— Fopidation: 32,463. Belfast ■Washington co.—FopuZation: 44,484. Calais Eastport Machias TOEK CO.— Population: 62,257. Biddeford Cornish Kennebnnk Saco Sanford Springvale Greonbacker (a) Baneior Eecord Haino Mining Journal . Weekly Heriud Dexter Gazette Penobscot Monthly Times (5) Piscataquis Observer. f Bath Times I American Sentinel . . Bath Independent — Kichmond Herald (c) . Fairfield Journal... Pine Tree State .... Union Advocate Somerset Beporter . Republican Journal . X'rogressive Age Calais Advertiser — Calais Times Eastport Sentinel Machiaa Union Machias E».'publican . Union and Journal Times Watson's Hlaminator Biddeford Advance (d) Cornish Maxima Eastern Str. r State Democrat York County Independent . Saco Eepubiican (e) Good Templar Springvale Eeporter (/) — Weekly.. ...do .... ...do... .. do..-- do . .. Monthly . Weekly.. Weekly. Daily (evenitig) . Weekly do ...do Weekly. do ...do... ...do ... Weekly. — do Weekly. do ...do... ...do .... ...do .... Weekly Daily (evening) . Monthly Weekly ...do .-do .. do ...do .. do Monthly Weekly News and politics . do Mining News and politics . do Miscellaneous Nows and politics . News and politics . News and politics . do , do do News and politics . do do do News and politics do News and politics . do do do do News and politics . do Humorous ' . News and politics . do , do do do do Temperance News and politics. . 1880 1880 1878 1862 1879 1879 1848 1862 1820 1879 1879 1872 1880 1856 1840 1829 1854 1836 1869 1818 1863 1856 1844 1876 1877 1879 1878 1877 1828 1869 1880 1880 1876 maeylaj:^d. ALT.EGASY CO.— Fopulatiom 38,012. Cumberland Frostbiirg . . Lonaconicg- AXNE Arundel co — . Annnpolis ion: 28,526. Baltimore co.— Population : 8,3,336, Heisterstown Towsoiitown "Woodberry - Baltimore city. Baltimore . - . -Population: 332,313. (Times ( AUeganian ( News - ( Civilian Cumberland Independent . Cumberland Leader (g) Mining Journal Valley Times Maryland Gazette Maryland Republican , Anne Arundel Advertiser. J Record (^Record Maryland Collegian People's Voice Baltimore County Union .. Maryland Journal Baltimore County Herald . Woodberry News f Ametrican and Commercial Advertiser. < American and Commercial Advertiser. ( American American Farmer Methodist Protestant 'American Journal of Dental Science C Deutsche Correspondent < Deutsche Correspondent ( Deutsche Correspondent Journal of Commerce and Price Current Baltimore "Wecker (Sun \ Sun Catholic Mirror Katholischo Volkszeitung Baltimore Telegram 5 Gazette ^Gazette Maryland Farmer Baltimore Underwriter , a Suspended September, 1880. h Susjjended November, 1880. c Edition of " Thomaston Herald ■' Daily (morning) . . Sunday "Weekly Monthly Weekly Monthly Daily (morning) . . Sunday Weekly ...do Sunday Daily (morning) . . Weekly ...do .. do . do Daily (morning) .. Weekly MoDthly Semi-monthly . d Changed name to "Times" January, 1881. e Suspended January, 1881. / Suspended June, 1880. Daily (Tnoming) . Weekly Daily (morning) . Sunday -do. -do. -do . Weekly, ...do .. ...do .. Dail- Wce"kly Monthly . Weekly . do ... ....do... ....do ... ....do ... News and politics. — do do , do do do do do News and politics . , do do do do Collegiate News and politics. , do , do do do News and politics do do Agricultural , Religious (Methodist Protestant) . Dental News and politics {German) News and politics ( German) News and politics ( Oermwn) Commercial News and politics (German) News and politics do , Religious (Catholic) 'ReligioiiB (Catholic ,• German) Miscellaneous News and politics do Agricultural Insurance 1876 1820 1871 1871 1880 1880 1871 1878 1745 1809 1869 1875 1875 1876 1875 1852 1865 1868 1871 1773 1773 1773 1819 1831 1839 1840 1840 1845 1849 1S51 1837 1837 l»»9 1860 1862 1862 1862 1864 1865 g Suspended July, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. MAEYLAS^D— Continued. 259- Place of publication. K'ame of periodical. How oftcD pub- lishefl. Character. When es- tablished. Price per year. Baltuiorb city— Continued. Baltimore — Continued Calvert cc—Popvlaiiom 10,538. Prince Frederick Carolime CO. — Population: 13,766. Denton Federalsburg . - . G-reensborough . Carroll co. — Population; "Westmiueter 30,992. Cecil CO.— Popula,Uon : 27,108. Elkton North East . Hising Sun. . Charles co.— Population: 18,548. Port Tobacco Dorchester co.— Population: 23,110. Cambridge Frbdekick CO.— PopvZation : 50,482. EmmittsbuTg . Frederick Libeity Mechanicstown . Middletown Garrett co.— Population : 12,175. Oakland Haeford CO.— Population : 28,042. Bela.ir Havre de Grace. Howard co.— Population: 16,140. Ellioott City Kekt CO.— Population: 17,605. Chestertown MoNTGOMERT CO.— Population: 24,759. Eockvillo Prince George's co.— Population : 26,451 College Station Laur^ '. Upper Marlboro' MiBsioBaxy Market Journal J News ^Sunday News Baltimore Presb.yterian Southern Farm and Fireside Baltimorean 5 Yttlksfreund iDie Biene von Baltimore Elocutionist Baltimore Herald School Journal < Herald < Herald {Herald Jewish Chronicle Evening Bulletin (a) Medical Journal Southern Atlantic Bunte Blaetter (a) Live-Stock and Poultry Bulletin . Every Saturday Law Record Baltimore Tutor American Citizen (&) National Highway (6) True Democrat (b) Southern E©view <&) Baltimore Methodist Episcopal Church News Baltimore Truth Protector American Journal of Philology . . Independent Methodist Calvert Journal . Denton Journal — American Union . . . Caroline Democrat . Maryland Courier . - Free Press American Sentinel Democratic Advocate . Cecil Whig Cecil Democrat Weekly Visitor North East Eecord. . Bising Sun Journal . Port Tobacco Times — Maryland Independent. Cambridge Chronicle. Democrat and News. . Cambridge Era Emmittsburg Chronicle . Frederick Examiner Eepublican Citizen Maryland Union C Times JTimes Banner of Liberty Catoctin Clarion Talley Eegister Garrett County Herald (c) . Oakland Eepublican Oakland Democrat Mgis and Intelligencer. Harford Democrat Havre Eepublican Ellioott City Times . American Progress. - Kent News Ghestertown Transcript. - Conference Advocate (d) . Montgomery Advocate. a Sospended. Independent Farmer — Laurel Gleaner Marlboro' Gazette Prince Georgian i Suspended 1880. Monthly Weekly Daily (evening) . . Sunday Weekly Monthly Weekly Daily (mormng) . Sunday Monthly do ... do , Daily (morning) . Daily (evening) . . Sunday Weekly Daily (evening) - . Semi-monthly ... Monthly Weekly . - - do ...do . . . do , Monthly , Weekly — do .-.do , ...do Semi-monthly — Weekly do Semi-monthly — Quarterly Weekly Weekly. Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do ... Weekly. — do ... Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... ...do... Weekly. ...do ..- Weekly. ...do ..- ...do.-. Weekly ...do ...do - . do Daily (Tnoming) . Weekly ...do ...do ...do Weekly., ...do ...do... Weekly., — do ...do ... Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. ...do ... ...do.-- Weekly., Weeklv- ...do... ...do... ...do... Eeligious (Preshyterian) Trade News and politics do Eeligious (Presbyterian) Agricultural, etc News and politics News and politics (Gerlnan) . News and politics (Qerman) . Literary Trade Collegiate News and politics .do Miscellaneous (German) News and politics Medicine and surgery Miscellaneous Literary ( German) Agricultural News and politics Law Educational Miscellaneous Eailroads News and politics Literary Eeligious (Methodist Episcopal) . . Eeligious (Protestant Episcopal) . Temperance Secret society Science Eeligious (Methodist Episcopal). . News and politics. News and politics. do do do , do News and politics. do News and politics. do , do , do , do News and politics do News and politics. do do News and politics. do do do , do do , do , do , do , and politics. do , do , News and politics- do do News and politics. do News and politics do Eeligious (Methodist) . News and politics. Agricultural News and politics. , do do 1866 1871 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1879 187.3 1873 1873 1874 1875 1879 1880 1875 1876 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1879' 1879' 1879' 1879- 1879' 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 1845 1860 1879 1872 1880 1833 1805 1841 1842 1877 1878 1878 1844 1878 1823 1840 1878 1S79 1803 1826 1854 1876 1876 1850 1871 1844 1873 1877 1878 1856 1868 1868 1870 1871 1825 1862 1876 1872 1878 1878 1836 1862 c Suspended June, 1880. d Suspended May, 1«80. 260 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MAETLAISTD— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Ghara^^ter. When 68- tablisbed. Queen Asne oo. — Poptdation: 19,257. Centreville , Saint Mary's CO.— Population: 16,934. Leonardtown SOMEESET CO.— Population: 21,668. Crisfleld Priucess Anne Upper Fairmont Taibot CO.— Population : 19,065. Easton Saint If icbolas W ASBJSGTOS CO..— Population: 33,561. Hagerstown Sharpsburg Williamaport Wicomico CO.— Population : 18,016. Saliabury WoECESTEE CO. — Population: 19,539. Pocomolie City Snow Hill Maryland Citizen (a) . Centreville Observer . Centreville Record --. St. Mary's Beacon . Crisfield Leader Somerset Herald Marylander Conference Standard . Easton Star Easton Gazette Easton Ledger Comet and Advertiser. f News ( News C Evening Globe rWeekly Globe Herald and Torchligbt - Hagerstown Mail The Odd Fellow Seminary Monthly (6) .. Sharpsburg Enterprise . ■Williamsport Pilot Salisbury Advertiser - Salisbury Times Record and Gazette "Worcester County Shield . Democratic Messenger "Weekly. do ...do..- "Weekly- Weekly. do --.do..-, ...do... "Weekly . do ... ...do ... --.do ... Daily (Tnoming) "Weekly , Daily (evening) . - . "Weekly — do ...do -..do Monthly , "Weekly , do "Weekly. ...do "Weekly. ...do ... --.do..- News and politics - do do , News and politics. News and politics. do do Religious News and politics. do do do News and politics. do do do do do Secret society Collegiate News and politics. do News and politics . do News and politics . do do 1860 1864 1874 1840 1872 1861 1866 1877 1800 1816 1860 1866 1873 1873 1879 1879 1814 1828 1840 1879 1878 1870 1867 1879 1865 1846 MASSACHUSETTS. Babnstable CO.— Population: 31,897. Barnstable Chatham Harwich Provincetown Sandwich Yarmouth Beekshiee CO.— Population : 69,032. Adams Great BaiTington Lee North Adams Pittsfleld "WiUiamstown Beistol CO.— Population: 139,040. Attleborough Easton Fairh aven Fall River Mansfield New Bedford . Taunton "Westport Dukes co. — Population: 4,300. Edgartown a Suspended December, 1879. i> Suspended May, 1880. Barnstable Patriot Chatham Monitor Harwich Independent Provincetown Advocate. Seaside Press Yarmouth Register Cape Cod Item Saturday Freeman Berkshire Courier Valley Gleaner Transcript Hoosac "V" alley News North Adams Advocate (c) . Pittsfleld Sun Berkehii-e County Eagle "Williams Athenroum Attleborough Chronicle . Attleborough Advocate . Easton Journal Fairhaven Star Fall River Monitor 5 Evening News KWeekly News Herald '. Record (d) Labor Standard Fall River Advance Sun , Mansfield News C Mercury j Mercury - Whaleman's Shipping List and Merchants' Transcript. f Evening Standard 1 Republican Standard New Bedford Signal Bristol County Journal (e) Bristol County Republican C Gazette } Household Gazette Church and Home "Weekly. do ...do... ...do ... .-.do ... ...do ... ...do ... "Weekly — do ...do ..do ....do , ....do ....do ...do Bi-weekly News and politics. do do do do , do do News and politics. do do do do do do do Collegiate 1830 1872 1872 1869 1873 1836 1878 1876 1834 1857 1840 1868 "Weekly — do -. — do do . — do do — do do . Daily (evening) ] do "Weekly i do Daily (evening) . . . j do Daily (morning) "Weekly - - do Daily (evening) . "Weekly do . DjiHy (morning) do . "Weekly do . ...do Trade. News and politics. do Daily (evening) . . "Weekly do "... ...do ... do Daily (evening) . . "Weekly Monthly Vineyard Gazette "Weekly. c Suspended November 4, 1879. d Suspended July 4, 1879. do Miscellaneous News and politics. . do News and politlGS , do do do do do do Religious (Congregational) . News and poUtics e Also a monthly iasne. 1800 1827 1874 1872 1875 1872 1879 1826 1859 1845 1872 1878 1874 1879 1880 1873 1832 1808 1843 1850 1860 1878 1878 1821 1848 1831 1880 1845 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. MASSACHUSETTS— Continued. 261 Place of publication. !N'ame of periodical. How often pub- lisbed. Character. When es- tablished. ESBEX CO.— Popviation : 244,535. Amesbury . Andover Beverly Danvers Georgetown . Grloucester. . . Haverhill . Ipswich . . Lawrence. Lynn . Marblehead. Merrimac — Hethuen Newburyport - Peabody . Eockport . Salem Sangus Swampscott . PnANKLiN CO.— Population: 36,001. Greenfield Orange Turner's Falls . Hampden co.— Population ; 104,142. Holyoke Palmer Springfield. ■Westfield . Hampsiiieb CO. — Population: 47,232. Amherst Easthampton . Northampton . Ware. Amesbury Villager (a) Amesbury Journal Bibliothaca Sacra Beverly Citizen Danvers Mirror Georgetown Advocate Cape Ann "Valley Advertiser Cape Ann Bulletin Essex Banner C Bulletin i Bulletin i Gazette < Telephone t HaverliiU Gazette Ipswicb Clironicle Lawrence Sentinel C American I American (Eagle {Eagle Lawrence Journal Catholic Herald Lynn Eepoi-ter Lynn Transcript Lynn Record Lynn Vindicator (ft) C Evening Item ^City Item Marblehead Messenger Riverside Press Transcript and Essex Farmer Methuen Entei-prise and Salem Gleaner . 5 Herald {Herald Merrimac Valley Visitor (a) Newburyport (jerm Peabody Press Peabody Reporter Peabody Times (c) Bockport Gleaner Salem Gazette Salem Eegister Salum Observer Essex County Mercury Fireside Favorite Salem Post ., Salem Times (a) ' Matrimonial Gazette (c) Evening l^ews id) Swampscott Enterprise Gazette and Courier Franklin County Standard («) . Journal of Industry Turner's Falls Reporter Holyoke Transcript Holyoke Herald Holyoke News (6) Holyoke Manufacturer (/) Paper World Palmer Journal f Republiciin < Republican ( Republican Herald of Life C Union {Union New England Homestead Familiar Science and Fanciers' Journal , Good Company Spriugliold Gazette Out of Door Sports ((j) Miinufacturers' and "industrial Gazette. - Daily I\ews FaiTn and Homo (A) Times and iN^ews Letter Westfield Advertiser Amherst Record Amherst Student Amherst Transcript (i) Easthampton Enterprise Eastham])t(in News Hampshire Gazette Hampsbije County Journal . Le Jean Baptiste Ware Stancfard ij) Ware Gazette (A) Weekly -l.do Quarterly Weekly .-.do ...do ...do ...do ..do Daily {evening) . . Weekly Daily {morning) . Daily {evening) . . Weekly do -- do Daily {evening) . . Weekly Daily {Tnoming) . Weekly do ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do Daily {evening) . . Weekly do ...do ...do ...do Daily {morning) . Weekly ...do Semi-weekly Weekly .--.do , ... do Monthly Semi-weekly do Weekly do Monthly Weekly do Monthly Weekly -do Weekly- --.do ... ...do... - - do - . . Semi- weekly Weekly ...do Monthly ...do Weekly Daily (momi'ng) . Weekly Sunday Weekly Daily {evening) . . Weekly do Monthly do Weekly Monthly ..-do.: , Daily {evening) . Weekly do ... do Weekly — Bi.weekly . Weekly..-. do ...do , ---do ...do .-- do , .--.do ...do a Suspended since the census year. b Suspended December, 1879. Suspended August, 1880. d An edition of Lynn "Daily Item ". e Suspended September, 1880. / Suspended January, 1880. g Suspended June, 1880. h Edition of "New England Homestead " News and politics do Religious {Theology t Evangelical). News and politics do do do .... do ... do do do do do do do ---- do do do do ---- do do Religious { Catholic News and politics do do do -..- do....--- do do do do do do do do do do do do Miscellaneous News and politicB ...;. do do do Literary News and politics do Miscellaneous News and politics ...do 1828 1872 1844 1869 1870 1874 1853 1878 1834 1870 1870 1877 1879 1798 1872 1854 1863 1855 1867 1867 1868 1880 1854 1867 1872 1876 1876 1876 1872 1876 1876 1880 1832 1793 1872 1879 1859 1875 News and politics. do do do News and politics do do Trade do , News and politics do do do Religious {Adventi£t) . News and politics do do Miscellaneous Literary News and politics Sporting Trade News and politics Agriculture, etc News and poUtics do News and politics. Collegiate :. News and poUtics do do do News and politics {French) . News and politics do 1872' 1768 1800 1823 1831 1867 1872 1879 1880 1876 1876 1792 1880 1872 1872 1863 1879 1879 1879 1880 1850 1844 1824 1878 1863 1864 1864 1867 1873 1878 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 1841 1875 1844 1866 1875 1879 1786 1860 1875 1856 1868 i Suspended August, 1879. 3 Edition of "PSmer Journal" k Edition of " Barre Gazette". 262 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MASSACHUSETTS— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "Whene tablisbed. Middlesex co. — Poptdation: 317,830, Arlington Ashland Aubumdale Ayer Cambridge Maiden itarlborough . Maynard . Medford . . Melrose . , Natick.. IS'e'wton - Beading .-. Somerville . South Acton South Framingham . Stoneham Wakefield "Waltham "Watertown - . . West Medford . "West jS'uwton . . "Wobum Nantucket co. — Population: 3,727. Nantucket Norfolk co.— Population: 96,507. Brookline - -- Canton Dedham East Weymouth . Foxborough Franklin Hyde Paik Medway . . . Needham - Quincy ... Randolph .-. Stoughton .. Walpole "Weymouth . Plymouth co. — Population: 74,018. Abington . Brockton . Hingbnm Mattapoiaett . . Middleborough . Suspended June, 1880. c Suspended Uay, 1880. Alcona County EeTiew. Allegan Democrat Allegan Tribune Allegan Herald Allegan Journal Otsego XJDion Independent RepubUo . - . Lake Shore Commercial . Alpena County Pioneer . Alpena Arffas Alpena Frolic (c) Alpena Beporter Traverse Bay Frogresa. Antrim County Herald. Hastings Republican Banner. Hastings Home Journal Barry County Sentinel (d) Middleville Republican I?"ashvill6 Citizen (e) ijashville News CTribune 5 Tribune Lumberman's Gazette.. Morning News Michigan l^'reie Presse . Le Courrier Evening Press Boho(/) Le Petriete National Globe Bay (bounty Examiner. . Herald ig) Benzie County Journal. Frankfort Express Benton Harbor Palladium. Benton Harbor Times Berrien County Journal — Borrien Springs Era Berrien County Record Buchanan Reporter Niles Democrat Niles Republican Niles Mirror Traveler and Herald Republican Lake Shore Daily News — Michigan Independent Coldwater Republican . Coldwater Reporter — Coldwater Press Quinoy Times Literary Reporter Quincy Herald Sherwood Advocate — Union City Register . . . Albion Mirror Albion Record Albion Republican . College Monthly (ft). Athens News "Weekly. . .do .do.... Monthly . "Weekly. - d Suspended November, 1879. e Suspended July, 1879. / Suspended April, 1880. "Weekly. "Weekly. ...do ... ...do... .. do... ...do... ...do... ...do... "Weekly. . . . . do Monthly . "Weekly.. "Weekly. do . . - "Weekly. . . do . . . ...do... ...do... ... do ... ...do... Daily (morning) Weekly do . Daily (morning) AVeekly . . do Daily (evening) . . "Weekly do ....do ...do ...do "Weekly. do ... Semi, weekly. "Weekly ...do ...do Monthly "Weekly — do ...do "Weekly do ... do ....do ...do ..-.do ...do ...do ...do ...do ... do Daily (evening) . . . "Weekly News and politics. News and politics. do do do do do do News and politics. . do Miscellaneous News and politics. News and politics. do , News and politics. do do do do do , News and politics do Trade News and politics News and politics (German) . News anil politics (French) . . . News and politics do News and politics (French) . . . News and politics do do , News and politics. do News and politics., do ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . . ..f'o . . .-UO - . . . do . ...do . . . . do . ...do . News and politics. . do do do General literature . Newa and politics . do do News and politics do ;do Collegiate News and politics g Suspended December, 1879. h Suspended June, 1879. 1868 1880 1880 1880 1875 1876 1868 1865 1871 1875 1879 1872 1879 1856 1868 1878 1870 1873 1870 1870 1872 1877 1878 1878 1879 1879 1880 1880 1879 1869 1871 1870 1868 1875 1874 l,-.7.j 1867 1879 1842 1866 1870 1860 1874 1877 1875 1868 1872 1877 1868 1872 1878 1880 1869 1855 1868 1879 266 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MICHIGAN— Continued. I lace of publication. ]^ame of periodicaL How often pub- lished. Character. When 68- tabliahed. Price per year. Calhoux CO. — Coutiuaed. Battle Creek Homer — Marshall . Tekonsha 'Casb co.~Population.' 22,009. Cassopolis Dowagiac Edwardabuxg. Marcellas Charlevoix go. — Population: 5,115. Charlevoix Evangeline Cheboygan co.— Population : 6,524. Cheboygan ■Clare co.— Population : 4,187. Clare . Far well., -Clinton co.— Population: 28,100. Maple Kaplds- Ovid Saint John's . Ceawfoed CO.— Population: 1,159. Grayling Delta co.—PopuZation: 6,812. Escanaba , Eaton co. — Population: 31,225. Bellevue Charlotte Eaton "Rapids. Grand Ledge . Termontvillo . EiiiiiET CO. — Population: 6,639. Little Traverse Petoskey , 'Genesee co.— Population: 39,220. Flint Flushing ... Fentonville. Linden Gladwin co.— Population: 1,127. Cedar Gkand Traverse co. ^-Population: 8,422 Traverse City Gratiot co.— Population: 21,936. Alma Ithaca Sa int Louis . f Daily Journal ( "Weekly Journal X Youth's Instructor \ Youth's Instructor Advent Review and Sabbath Herald . Good Health Battle Creek Tribune Advent Tidende Advent Harolden College Record , Die Slimtne der Wahrheit. Game Fanciers' Journal C Battle Creek Moon , (Battle Creek Moon , Homer Index , Democratic Expounder Marshall Statesman y Daily Chronicle \ "Weekly Chronicle Tekonsha News Charlevoix Sentinel .. BayDC City Standard. Northern Tribune Cheboygan Democrat . Clare County Press . Farwell Register Maple Rapids Dispatch Ovid Register _ Clinton and Sbiawassee Union - Clinton Republican Clinton Independent Home Chronicle (c) Crawford Avalanche . Iron Port Bellevue Gazette Charlotte Republican Charlotte Leader Eaton Rapids Journal Grand Ledge Independent . Vormontville Hawk: Little Traverse Republican . - Emmet County Inclependent . Emmet County Democrat Petoskey City Record C Genesee Democrat ( Genesee Sunday Democrat . Wolve ["ine Citizen Flint Globe Deaf Mute Mirror Flint Journal Our State Union Flushing Patrol Fen ton Gazette Fen ton Independent Linden Record Gladwin County Record. Grand Traverse Herald . Traverse Bay Eagle Alma Index ' Gratiot County Journal . . . Gratiot County Democrat . St. Louis Herald St. Louis Leader Daily {evening) ... "Weekly ...do Monthly Weekly Monthly Weekly Semi-monthly.. Monthly ...do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . "Weekly do . do , do . Daily (evening) - Weekly ...do.. Kational Democrat Weekly Casaopolis Vigilant do Dowasiac Hepublican do Cass County News (a) Daily (CT«mnff) . Journal (&) "Weekly Edwardsburg Argus do MarceUus News do Weekly. ...do Weekly. ...do Weekly., ...do ... Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... ...do... ...do ... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. ...do .... ...do ... .. do ..., ...do .... ...do .... Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do ... Weekly.. Sunday.. Weekly.. ...do.'... ...do .... ...do .... Monthly . Weekly. . ...do ...do.... ...do .... Weekly. Weekly. ...do Weekly ...do ...do.... ...do .... ...do .... News and politics do Sunday school (A-dventiat) &ixiiy school (Adventist) Eeligious (Adventist) Medicine and surgery News and politics Heligious (Adoentisti Danish tmd Norwegian). Bellgious (Adventigt; Swedish) Collegiate Religious (Germajn) , Agricultural IJ'ews and politics do do do .do . .do . do . .do . News and politics . do do do do do do News and politics , do K"ews and politics . do N'ews and politics do , News and politics . do do do do do News and politics . News and politics . News and politics . do do .do . .do . .do . News and politics do do , do News and politics . do do .... do Educational News and politics . Temperance News and politics . do do do News and politics News and politics . do News and politics. do do do do 1872 1851 1852 1852 1861 1866 1870 1872 1874 1877 1879 1879 1879 1879 1870 1836 1839 1879 1879 1878 1850 1872 1858 1879 1880 1874 1877 1875 1830 1878 1872 1878 1866 1879 1856 1867 1878 1871 1854 1856 1864 1869 1874 1876 1878 1875 1878 1847 1847 1850 1866 1874 1876 1880 1878 1865 1868 1878 1878 1858 1864 1879 1865 1878 1869 6i8I $6 60 1 50 75 50 2 00 1 00 1 60 1 00 75 10 50 50 4 50 1 00 1 25 1 50 1 50 3 25 1 00 1 25 1 50 1 60 1 50 2 50 1 50 1 60 1 60 1 50 2 00 2 00 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 00 75 1 50 1 50 1 00 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1-60 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 60 ■ 50 1 00 60 1 60 1 50 1 50 1 25 2 00 1 50 1 00 1 50 1 50 1 00 1 SO a Suspended February, 1870. i> Suspended after census year. e Suspended Joly, 1879. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 267 MICHIGAN— Continued. Place of pubUcation. I^ame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Hillsdale co.—Fopvlation: 32,723. Hillsdale Jonesville . Litchfield. . Beading . . . Houghton co. — Population: 22,i73. Houghton . Hancock... Huron CO.— Population! 20,0 Bad Axe Port Austin Sand Beach Ingham CO.— Population: 33,f Lansing Leslie - - Mason . "Williamston . Ionia CO.— Population: 33,872. Hubbardstown Lyons — Portland. Pewamo . Saranac. . Iosco CO.— Population: 6,873. Au Sable Tawas City Isabella co. — Population : 12,159. Mount Pleasant Salt River J kcvi&o^ CO.— Populaticm,: 42,031. Concord Grass Lake - Jackson — Springport.. Kalamazoo co.- Augusta — Fulton Kalamazoo.. -Population: 34,342. Schoolcraft - "Vicksbnrg . . Kalkaska co.— Population: 2,937. . Kalkaska Kent co.— Population: 73,253. Cedar Springs Grand Kapids Hillsdale Standard Hillsdale Democrat Hillsdale Business . .■ Hillsdale Herald Jonesville Independent Hillsdale County Gazette. Litchfield Gazette Reading Telephone Portage Lake Mining Gazette. . Northwestern Mining Jonmal . Huron Tribune Hnron Connty News . Huron Times Lansing Journal CLansing Republican \ Lansing Republican Lansing Sentinel Leslie Local Ingham County News Ingham County Democrat- Wliiamston Enterprine Hubbardstown Advertiser . < Ionia Sentinel \ Sentinel Ionia Standard Ionia National Lyons Plaindealer Lyons Echo Portland Observer Plaindealer. Saranao Local Au Sable and Oscoda News . Iosco County Gazette Isabella County Enterprise. Isabella Times North- Western Tribune Concord News Our Reporter Our Home Enterprise .. G-raas Lake News C Citizen \ Citizen (Patriot ^Patriot Michigan Volksfreund . Saturday Evening Star- Industrial Liberator Billet (al Springport Signal News {&) ScntLQcl f Gazette I Gazette C Telegraph i Telegraph Freemasons' Monthly - - College Index Kalamazoo Mail Dispatch and News Grange Visitor Vicksbnrg Monitor Yicksburg Commercial . Kalkaskaian Kalkaska Leader. Cedar Springs Clipper f Morning Democrat ( Democrat C Eagle X Eagle C Times ) Times Saturday Evening Post Vrnheids Banier DeStandaard < Michigan Staats-Zeitung . { Sonntags-Blatt a Suspended. Weekly. do ... ....do..., ...do... ...do... ,...do.-- ...do.... ...do... News and politics . do do Collegiate News and politics . . , do do do Weekly. ...do ... News and mining. do Weekly. — do --- ...do... News and politics. do do Weekly — do Tri- weekly . Weekly . - . do .--.do ...do ...do News and politics . do do do do do do do Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly do.. do. .do . .do. .do. .do . .do. News and politics . do do do do do , do do , do do Weekly. do ... News and politics . do Weekly. ...do ...do... News and politics . do .. .do Weekly Bi-monthly , Weekly ...do Daily {eveniiig) . . Wee*kly Daily (morning) . Weekly do . .do . .do . .do . .do . Weekly do Daily {morning) . Weekly Daily (eaening) . . Weekly Monthly Semi-annually . . . Weekly — do Semi-monthly — Weekly ...do Weekly.. ...do Weekly Daily {morning) . Weekly Daily (evening) .. Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly ...do .. do Semi-weekly Weekly Sunday News and politics . Educational News and politics. . do do . .do . do- do . News andpolitiC3,(ff«rmoM) . News and politics do do do News and politics. do ,--- .do do do do Secret society Collegiate News and politics . do Agriculture, etc — News and politics- . do News and politics . do News and politics, do .do - -do . -do. -do . .do . ■ do . News and politics (HoUandish) . News and politics (SoUandish) . News and politics (German) News and politics (German) b Suspended, 1880. 1846 1852 1870 1878 1856 1878 1874 1879 1859 1873 1876 1862 1880 1847 1855 1855 1879 1876 1859 1876 1873 1870 1879 1866 1869 1878 1877 1878 1867 1877 1877 1877 1868 1864 1877 1879 1871 1879 1879 1879 1865 1837 1870 1844 1871 1879 1880 1876 1879 1877 1833 1808 1837 1868 1877 1878 1809 1875 1875 1879 1874 1878 1879 1856 1842 1856 1844 1870 1870 1873 1868 1875 1874 1878 268 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MICHIGAN— Contmued. Place of publication. Kent co. — CoDtinned. Grand Eapids — Continued . Kent Lowell — Kookford . Sparta — Lake CO.— Population .- 3,233. Baldwin '•-.tLFEUR CO. —Population: 30,138. Alraont ImlayCity Lapeer ITorth Branch. Leelanaw CO. — Population: 6,253. Burdickville Kortliport Sutton's Bay Lenawee CO.— Population ; 48,343. Adrian Elissfield . Clinton .. Deerfield . Hudson... Morenci . - - Tecumseh . Livingston CO.— Population : 22,251. Brighton Fowlerville . Howell MAC0W3S GO. —Population: 31,627. Arniada lloimt Clemens : Richmond . Romeo VtK. Mackinac co. — Population: 2,902. Saint Ijinaco MANlhTEE CO.- Hanist(;e . -Populati.on: 12,532. Marquette co.— Population : 25,394. Ishpeming Marquette . Nej^aimee.- Mabon CO.— Population: 10,065. Ludiu^ton Mecosta co. — Population : Big Rapids Menominee co.— Population: 11,987. Menominee Norway- Quinnesec Midland co. — Population: 6,893. Midland City Missaukee co.— Population: 1,553. Lake City Name of periodical. . C Evening Leader \ "Weekly Leader Saturday Review Agricultural World . Kent City Herald . . . Lowell Journal Rockford Register .. Sparta Sentinel Lake County Star . Almont Herald Imlay City Herald Lapeer Clarion Lapeer Democrat North Branch Gazette.. Burdickville Meteor {a) . Leelanaw Enterprise Leelanaw Tribune c Times and Expositor ( Times and Expositor Adrian Journal Adrian Press Repertory Methodist Protestant Magazine. BiUotDoux Sunday Morning Call (&) Nation al Greenback (a) Elissfield Advance...'. Clinton News Deerfield Record Hudson Gazette Hudson Post State Line Observer Tecumseh Herald Brighton Citizen Weekly Argus and Gazette . Fowlerville Review Livingston Republican Livingston Democrat Armada Telegraph Mount Clemens Monitor. Mount Clemens Press . - . Richmond Review Observer Romeo Democrat The Utica Sentinel Mackinac County Sentiuel. Times and Standard — Manistee Times Manistee Advocate Manistee Independent. Iron Home (c) .. Agitator Mining Journal. Iron Herald Mason County Record Ludiugton Weekly Appeal . Ludiiigton Democrat Pioneer Ma^et Big Rapida Herald .. Big Rapids Current.. Menominee Herald . , Iron Chronicle Menominee Range. . . Midland Independent (d) . MitUand Democrat Courier (e) How often pub. lished. Daily (evening) . Weekly do , ....do , ....do ....do ...do ...do • Weekly. Weekly. do ... ....do... ...do... ...do... Weekly., — do ...do ... Daily (evening) . Weekly do ...do Monthly — do Weekly Sunday Weekly do .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. Weekly. — do . . . ...do... ...do... ...do ... Bi.weekly . Weekly — do ...do ...do -. do ...do Weekly. Weekly. do ... ...do... ..do... Weekly. do ...do ... ...do ... Weekly.. — do ...do ... Weekly. do ...do .... Weekly. do ...do... Weekly. . . . do . . . ....do... a Suspended April, 1880. b Consolidated with "Billet Doux Lake City Republican Journal Weekly c Suspended January, 1880. d Now called "Republican' . Character. When es- tablished. News and politics. do Trade Agricultural News and politics. . do do do News and politics. News and politics. do do do do News and politics. do ■ do News and politics do do do Collegiate Religious (Methoditt Protettant) Society, art, eta do News and politics do do . do . -do . do . .do . .do. News and politics. do do do do News and politics. . do do do do do do News and politics. News and politics. do do do Science and mechanics. News and politics Science and mechanics. News and politics News and politics. do do News and politics. do .....do News and politics. do do News and politics. do do News and politics . 1879 1879 1879 1879 1878 1865 1871 1876 1875 1880 1856 1875 1872 1877 1873 1853 1834 1866 li)73 1876 1879 1880 1878 1867 1874 1879 1878 1858 1868 1875 1850 1871 1880 1874 1835 1857 1876 1857 1863 1878 1866 1880 1876 1862 1865 1874 1879 1874 1879 1846 1873 1867 1873 1878 1862 1876 1879 1864 1880 1879 1866 1880 , June, : 1877 « Snipended 1880. 1 50' CATALOaUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. MICHIGAN— Continued. 269 Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pnb- iished. Ciiaracter. When es- tablished. MOHKOE CO.— Fopulation: 33,624. Dnndee MOKTCAIJI CO.— Popidaiion: 33,148. G-reenville Howard City. Lakeview Montcalm Stanton Muskegon co. — Population: 26,986. Holton Montasue Muakegon WlutehaU Nbwatgo CO. — Population: 14,f AUeyton Fremont Kewaygo "White Clond. Oakland oo. — Population: 41,637. Birmingham HoUy MiLford . Oxford- - Pontiac . Eochester. . South Lyon OCEJOSA CO.— Population: 11,6 Hart Hesperia. . . Pentwater . Shelby Ogemaw co.— Population: 1,914. West Branch Ontonagon CO.— Poj)Mla«»o» ; 2,565. Ontonagon OscKOLA CO. — Population: 10,777. Burden Evart Hcraey Keed City Otsego CO. — Population; 1,974. Gaylord Ottawa co.— Population: 33,126. Grand Hav6n Holland - Spring Lake Pkksque Tbt^e CO.— Population: 3,113. Eoger.s City EoscoMMONCO. — Population: 1,459. Eoscommon Saginaw CO.— Poyt:Za(to» ; 59,095. Chesaning Eaat Saginaw a Suspended March, 1880. h Suspended. Dundee Eeporter . Monroe Commercial. Michigan Herald Monroe Democrat Monroe Ledger (a) ... Monroe Monitor (a) . G-reenville Independent Green viUe Democrat C News ( News (Bee ( Greenville Democrat Howard Eecord Lalceviev/ Enterprise Montcalm County Journal (&) . Montcalm Herald Stanton Clipper Holton Banner Montague Lumberman News and Eeporter J Chronicle t Chronicle Muskegon Journal "Whitehall Forum AUeyton and "White Cloud Echo . Fremont Indicator Newaygo Eepublican New.aygo Tribune "White Oloud Telegraph Birmingham Eccentric HoJl5^ Kegister Oakland County Advertiser . Mil ford Times Oxford Journal Oxford Globe Oxford Democrat (c) Pontiac Gazette Pontiac Bill Poster Pontiac Enterprise Eochester Era Eochester Spectator South Lyon Sentinel (bi South Lyon Herald (&) Oceana County Journal . Hart Argus Hesperian (d) Investigator (e) Pentwater News Shelby Independent "West Branch Herald . Ontonagon Miner . Fustin Advance. . . Evart Eoviow Osceola Outline - - . Eeed City Clarion . Otsego County Herald. News and Journal Grand Haven Herald Ottawa County Courier . . De Hollander Do Grondwet De Hope De "Wachter Holland C ity !News Spring Lake Eepublican . Presque Isle County Advance. Eoscommon Pioneer. Chesaning Argns . . - Chesaning Magnet . C Herald i Herald "Weekly.. — do Monthly . "Weekly- - . -- do .-- do---- "Weekly do Daily (morning) . Sunday Daily {evening) . . Weeldy do .- do ---do -.-do ---do "Weekly . - - do Semi-weekly — .Daily {evening) . "Weekly do ---do "Weekly ----do -.. .--do --- ---.do.-, ---.do --- "Weekly - — do --. -.-do--. -- do ... ---do --- ---do.-- -- do .-- -- do -.- --.do -.. ---do --. -.-do ... .--do --. ---do ... ---do ... "Weekly, -.-do --- -.-do ---, .. do... --.do--- ---do---. "Weekly - "Weekly-. "Weekly - ...do ...do-.- ---do--. "Weekly. "Weekly. ---do ... ...do ... .. do..., ...do ... ...do --- -.-do.-- ..-do.... ...do.... "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly . - -do Daily {jnornvng) . Sunday News and politics . . do Secret society , News and politics . do do 1877 18S5 1878 1880 News and politics - do do do do do do do do do do 1854 1870 1879 1879 1880 1880 1872 1879 News and politics. do do do do do do News and politics- do do do do News and politics , do do do do *. . . - do do do do do do do do do 1867 1879 1879 1873 1857 1879 1858 1877 1869 1878 1878 1856 1875 1880 1880 1864 1877 1871 1875 1879 1879 1836 1868 1879 1873 1879 1879 News and politics. do do do • do do News and politics. News and politics . News and politics - do do do News and politics - News and politics do do News and politics {Sollandi^h) News and politics {Hollandisk) Eeligious {Peformed; BoUandish).. Eeligious {Eeformed; Hollandish) . News and politics do '. News and politics. News and politics. News and politics - do ; do do , 1868 1877 1876 1877 1861 1880 1855 1878 1872 1870 1872 1875 1851 1869 1872 1850 1860 1866 1868 1872 1879 1878 1875 1877 1879 1874 1857 c Suspended July, 1879. d Succeeded by "Enterprise" CWMte Cloud), September, 1880. e Edition of the "Alleyton Echo "■ 270 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MICHIGAlSr— Continued. Place of publication. Jfame of periodical. How often pub- lisbed. ChBira-cter. When efl I ^J"f « tablished. /^^ Saginaw co.— Continned. East Saginaw — Continued . Saint Charles . Saiht Clair co.— Population : 46,197. Capao Fort G-ratiot . Poit Huron., Saint Clair- Saiht Joseph co. — Poptdation: 26,6 BnirOak Centreville Colon Constantino. Mendon. Sturgis . Three Elvers . "White Pigeon. Sasilac CO.— Fopulution: 26,341. Croswell Lesiii,c;ton Marlette Port S.'-nilac Schoolcraft co.— Population : 1,575. Manistique Shi AW ABBE E CO.— Population: 27,059. Bancroft Comnna Laingsiinrg . Morrice. Owosao . Temon . TvscOLA CO. —Population: 25,738. Caro Vassar. VanBueehco. — Population: 30,807. Bangor Decatur H&tford Lawren CO Paw Paw South Haven Washtenaw co.- Ann Arbor . . -Population: 41,848. Chelsea Bexter Manchester. TpsUanti . . . Watne CO.— Population : 166,444. Detroit C Courier ( Courier Saginaw Zeitung Saginaw Bulletin (a) . Saginaw Democrat . . . C I^ewa (News Sagiqawian Business Capac Argus Fort Gratiot Enterprise . C Comiuercial I Commercial Times ^ Times C Evening Journal > Saturday Journal JCaU...; iCall Saint Clair Hepablican . . Burr Oak Gazette Burr Oak Times Saint Joseph C ounty Republican Centreville Crusader Michigan Industrial Liberator Colon Enterprise {&) Saint Joseph County Advertiser and Con- stantino Mercury. Mendon Times Globe Mendon Tribune (c) ,-- Sturgis Journal - - Saturday Evening Leader (d) Stnrgiser Zeitung Michigan Democrat News Reporter •Three Rivers Herald Three Rivers Tribune White Pigeon Journal Croswell Democrat Sanilac Jetfersonian Marletto Index Sanilac County Reporter. Schoolcraft County Pioneer . Bancroft Sentinel Shiawassee County American. Shiawassee County Atlas Laingsburg News Leader Times (e) Owosso Press Owoaso Republican (/) Yemon Herald Tuscola Advertiser Caro Citizen Tuscola County Pioneer. Bangor Reflector Van Buren County Republican Hartford Day Spring Lawrence Advertiser (g) Paw Paw Free Press and Courier - True Northerner South Haven Sentinel Ann Arbor Argue Ann Arbor Courier Chronicle ■ Ann Arbor Register ... Physician and Surgeon . Washtenaw Post The University Chelsea Herald Dexter Leader Manchester Enterprise. Ypsilanti Sentinel Ypsilanti Commercial.. The Tpsilantian f Post and Tribune . < Post and Tribune . ( Post and Tribune . a Merged in the "Saginaw Democrat". 6 Edition of " Sturgis Journal ". e Edition of "Saint Joseph Republican". d Consolidated with ' Daily (morning) . . Wee'kly ...do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . "Weekly .. do.. -. do "Weekly ...do ...do Shmday Daily (evening) . Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly ...do Weekly. .. do — ...do.... ...do.... ...do... .. do.... ...do.... .do . do . .do. .do. do. .do. .do. .do . do. .do. .cTo . Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... Weekly. Weekly. ...do ...do.... ...do... ...do... ...do... ... do... ...do... ... do... Weekly. do ... ...do... Weekly. do ....do ... ....do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do... Weekly ...do Bt weekly Weekly Monthly Weekly Somi.monthly. "Weekly do .do. .do. .do. .do. News and politics do , News and politics (German) . News and politics do do do .... do do News and politics. ...l.do do do do do do , do do do do , News and politics . do .... do do do do do .do. .do. .do. -do . .do News and politics (Germa/n) ■ News and politics do .... do do do News and politics do , do do News and politics. News and politics. do .... do do do do do do do 1869 1879 1879 1877 1877 1869 1878 1879 1878 1849 1873 1872 1869 1879 1872 1878 1878 1856 1878 1878 1845 1870 1880 1871 1845 1874 1875 1877 1860 1876 1878 1880 1860 1868 1878 1876 1880 1858 1878 1877 1880 1854 1874 1877 1880 1879 News and politics do , do News and politics. do do do do do do e Suspended July, 1880. Daily (morning) Weekly Tri.weekly Journal" March, 1880. News and politics do CoUegiate News and politics Medicine and surgery News and politics (Germa/n) ■ Collegiate News and politics do do ... do do do News and politics. do do / Suspended May, 1880. g Suspended August, 1889i 1868 1 1 50 1879 100 1868 1 50 1878 1 50 1857 1 50 1874 1 50 1867 1 5C 1871 1 6C 1875 15C 1844 1 5( 1855 1 5( 1867 1 50 1845 1 50 1861 1 5( 1867 2 0( 1872 5( 1879 2 0( 1879 1 5( 1879 1 5( 1871 1 6( 1868 1 5( 1867 1 5( 1844 1 5( 1864 1 01 1880 1 50 1836 10 OC 1830 1 51 1830 6 OO CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. MICHIGAN— Continued. 271 Place of publication. 2^ame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. "Watkb CO. — Continued. Detroit — Continued. . Northville "Wayne "Wyandotte Wexford CO. — Population: 6,815. Cadillac Mauton Sherman f Free Press < Free Press (Free Press < Michigan Volksblatt , ( Michigan Volksblatt Michifran Journal nnd Herold , D etroit Commercial Advertiser American Observer C Abend-Post 5 Familien Blaetter — Michigan Farmer and State Journal of Agri- culture Michigan Christian Herald Wayno County Courier Western Home Journal < EveniugNews % JDetToit Echo Public Leader Araphion Michigan Chriatian Advocate Detroit Weekly Price Current Die Stimme Der Wahrheit Michigan Truthteller Int-ernational Hotel Koporter Detroiter Sonntags-Zeitung Therapeutic Gazette Detroit Lancet Michigan Medical News Lever Michigan Homestead Sunday Herald Detroit Graphic IJJustrated Medical Journal Every Saturday Michigan Sun (a) Our Dioceses (6) Northville Weekly Kecord Wayne County Review Wayne County Tidings (c) Wyandotte Herald Cadillac News Manton Tribune Wexford County Pioneer . Daily {mornvng) . Sunaay Tri- weekly Daily {evening) . . Weekly ...do ...do Monthly - Daily Weekly. ...do ...do . ...do . ...do. DaUy Weekly - ...do Monthly Weekly do ...do .. do Daily {Tnorning) . Sunaay MontKly , .. do Semi-monthly Weekly do Sunday Weekly Quarterly Weekly do , .do . do . .do . .do. -do. Weekly. . do ... ...do.... News and politics do ... do News and politics {G&rma/n) . News and politics ( German) . News and politics { Qerman) . News and politics Medical News and politics {German) . News and poUtica {German) . Agricultural 1831 Keligious {Baptist) News and politics Keligious ( Oatkolic) News and politics do do Music Keligious (Methodiht Episcopal) . Commercial Religiovis {Catholic; German)... Temperance Miscellaneous News and politics (German) Medicine and surgery do do Temperance Agricultural , . . . News and family reading — . . . Miscellaneous Medicine and surgery News and politics do 1831 1857 1853 1855 1861 1864 1866 1866 1869 1870 1870 1872 1873 1873 1874 1874 1875 1875 1875 1875 1876 1876 1877 1877 1878 1878 1S78 1879 1879 1880 1880 -do. -do . .do . .do. .do. News and politics. do do 1877 1876 1878 1872 1878 1872 MmiSTESOTA. Anoka co.— Population : 7,108. Anoka Begkek CO. — Population: 5,218. Detroit Bbntoh CO. — Population: 3,012. Sauk Eapids Big Stone co.— Population: 3,688. Ortonville Blub Eaeth co.— Population : 22,! Lake Crystal Mapleton 1 Mankato Beowk CO.— Population: 12,018. "N'ew trim Sleepy Eye Cakvee co.—Population: U,UO. Chaska . Carver.. Chippewa co.—Population: 6,408. Montevideo Chisago co.—Population: 7,9 Ensh Citv Taylor's Sails Clay co.—PopidaUon: 5,887. Glyndon . . Hoorliead. Cottonwood co.—Population: 5,533. ■Windom Ceow "Wing co Population: 2,319. Brainard a Suspended October, 1879. Anoka County Union . Anoka City Herald Detroit Kecord . Sauk Rapids Sentinel . Ortonville Korth Star Big Stone County Herald . Public Spirit Mapleton Censor Mankato Free Press . - . Mankato Review Minnesota Beobacbter . iNew TJlm Post Now Ulm Review . - Sleepy Eye Herald . Valley Herald Carver Free Press. Chippewa County Leader . .Montevideo Republican... Taylor's Falls Journal.. Red River Valley News . Moorhead Advocate Windom Reporter. Brainerd Tribune . "Weekly. , ...do ... "Weekly.. "Weekly. "Weekly. .:..do ... "Weekly.. do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do... "Weekly. . . . do . . . ...do... "Weekly. . ...do ... "Weekly. — do ... "Weekly. — do ... "Weekly. ...do... !i Suspended 1880. "Weekly. "Weekly. News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics . News and politics. do News and politics do do do News and politics {German) . News and politics (.German) - News and politics do News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. do News ajid politics. do News and politics. News and politics e Suspended in census year. 1865 1865 1872 1878 1879 1877 1880 1857 1869 1873 1864 1878 1880 1862 1875 1877 1879 1875 1860 1878 1872 1871 1872 272 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MINNESOTA— Continued. Place of pablication. Name of periodical. HoTf often pub- lished. Charaotw. When es- tablished. Dakota co.— Population: 17,391. ITarmington Hastings Dodge co. — Population; 11,344. Claremont Kasson Mantorville Douglas co.—Popttlation: 9,130. Alexandria Faribault go.— Population: 13,016. Blue Earth City "Winnebago City "WeUs rnXMOKE CO.— Population ! 28,162. Chatfleia Fountaiu Lanesboro' Preaton Kusbford Sprinj; Valley Wykoff Feeeboen CO.— Population : 16,069. Albert Lea Alden Goodhue go. — Population: 29,651. Cannon Falls Pine Island EedWing Znmbrota G-BANT CO.— Population: 3,004. Herman Hennepin co.— Population : 67,013. Minneapolis Farmington Press. - Hastings Oazotte . . Hastings Union — Hastings New Era - ■Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do... Claremont Times (a) Dodge County Republican . Mantorville Express ■Weekly. ...do ... ...do... Alexandria Post Douglas County News . Weekly. ...do ... Blue Earth City Bee Blue Earth Post Winnebago City Times . . . Winnebago City Press (&) . Winnebago City Sun (&)... Wells Advocate Democrat Times (c) EUlmore County Kadical . Lanesborough .J oumal . . . Preston Kepublican Euablbrd Star Spring Valley Vidette Deutsche Zeitung (t?) DoUar Weekly (e) Freeborn Coiuity Standard. Albert Lea Enterprise Sondre Minnesota Alden Eagle (/) Cannon Falls Beacon Pine Island News Goodhue County Kepublican . Eed Wing Argus Eed Wing Ai^ance Independent Herman Herald . Houston co.— Population: 16,332. Caledonia Hokah Isanti co.— Population: 5,063. Cambridge Jackson co,— Population : 4,806. Jackson Kandiyohi co.— Population: 10,169. WUlmar Kittson co.— Population: 905. Saint Vincent Lac-qui-faele CO.— Population: 4,891. Lac-qui-parle Lk Sueue CO.— Population: 16,103. Le Sueur Montgomery Waterville a Suspended September, 1879. b Consolidated with "Tunes" e Suspended November, 1879. National Hepublican < Tribune ^Farmers' Union and Tribune Minneapolis Freie Presse Hennepin County MiiTor Budstikken Northwestern Miller Minnesota Stats Tidning Mississippi Valley Lumberman and Manufac- turer. Minnesota Farmer Ariel Housekeeper Evening J ournal Bell's Daily Times {g) Saturday Evening Spectator Minneapolis Weekly Boys and Girls of Minnesota Poultry and Farm Journal Farm and Home(7i) Liberty Blade (c) Houston County Journal. Hokah Blade (i) Hokah Herald (/) Isanti County Press . Jackson Kepublic Willmar Kepublican-Gazette . Western Minnesota Press .... Saint Vincent Herald , Independent . Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... ...d» ... ...do... Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... Weekly. . . .do . . . ...do... ...do ... Weekly. ...do ...do... ...do... ...do..., ...do... Weekly. Weekly Daily {'morning) . Sunday Weekly ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Monthly ...do ...do Daily (evening) . Daily {evening) . Wee"kly ...do ...do Monthly Weekly . . .do Weekly. do ...do... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. do ... Weekly. Weekly. Le Sueur County News Weekly. Montgomery Standard do — Le Sueur County Chronicle (/) do ... d Suspended since 1880. e Snspended. / Suspended June, 1880. Nairs and poUtics. do do do 1870 1857 1864 1875 News and politics. do.... do News and politios. do , News and politics. do do do do do 1857 1867 1868 1878 1862 1864 News and politics do do do do do do News and politics {Qernum) . News and politics News and politics do News and politics {Norwegian) . News and politics News and politics. do do do do do News and politics. News and politics do do News and politics (Cferman) . . . News and politics News and politics (N'orwegian) . Trade News and politics (Swedish) ... Trade Agricultural Collegiate Miscellaneous News and politics do do do Juvenile Agricultural News and politics. do 1856 1879 1879 1874 1861 1872 1868 1879 1878 1857 1872 1879 1879 1876 1878 1857 1864 1873 1875 1861 1866 1866 1869 1872 1873 1873 1877 1876 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1879 1880 1880 1880 News and politics. do do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics News and politics {Englith and Nor- wegian). News and politics . News and politics. 1864 1876 1879 1874 1870 1871 1880 1880 1879 News and politics 1879 do 1876 do 1878 a Suspended May, 1880. ft Consolidated with " Spectator t Suspended October, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. MIimESOTA— Continued. 273 Place of pul)licatioxi. ^ame of periodical. How often pnb- lislied. Character. When es- tablished. liDTCOLN CO. — PopuiatUin! 2,945. Lalcc Benton .' Tyler Lton CO. — Population: 6,267. Marshall Tracy UcLeod co.^Popvlation: 12,342. Glencoe Martin CO.— Population: 5,249. Fairmont Mekkbb CO.— Population: 11,739. GroTeCity Litchfield MiLLE Lacb CO.— Population; 1,501. Princeton MORBiBOif CO. — Population: 5,875. Little Falls MOWBE CO. — Population: 16,799. Austin Grand Meadow Le Eoy MUBRAY CO. — Population: 3,604. Cnrrie . KICOLLBT CO. — Popuiffltion: 12,3 Saint Peter Nobles co.— PopuZoMon; 4,435. Worthington Olmsted co. — Population: 21,5iS. Oronoco Rochester Otter Tail co.— Population: 18,675. Fergus Falls Pine CO.— Popuiation; 1,365. Pine City Pipe Stone co.— Population : 2,092. Pipe Stone Polk co.— PopuJation : 11,433. Ada Crookston Fisher's Landing Pope 00. — Population: 5,874. Glenwood Bambey CO.— Population : 4S,{ Saint Paul Eedwood CO.— PojjuZotion ; 5,375. Lamberton. Bedwood . . a Removed to Austin May, 1880. b Suspended July, 1880. 18 PR Lake Benton Times Lincoln C onnty Tribune . Marshall Messenger-. Lyon County Uews .. Tracy Gazette Glencoe Kegister. . . Glencoe Enterprise. Martin County Sentinel- . Meeker County Tribune . V^yresninger Tidehoarf .. Litchfield News-Ledger -. Litchfield Independent- .. Princeton Union . Little Falls Transcript - Austin Kegister Mower Oonnty Transcript. News Mercury (a) Independent Currie Cyclone Murray County Pioneer - St. Peter Tribune . St. Peter Times... "Worthington Advance . Worthington Journal . - Oronoco Journal Pochester Post Rochester Record and Union- Fergus Falls Journal — Fergus Falls Advocate. Pine County Record . Pipe Stone County Star . Ada Alert Polk County Journal Crookston Chronicle Northern Tier (6) Fisher's Landing Bulletin - Pope County Press - C Pioneer Press I Pioneer Press ] Pioneer Press (. Pioneer Press f Die Yolkszeitung < Die Yolkszeitung (Minnehaha North-Western Chronicle C Evening Dispatch } St. Paul Dispatch Der Wanderer Minnesota Demokrat Le Canadien {Globe ^ Globe ( Sunday Globe Hotel Reporter Ancient Order of United Workmen News (c) Folkebladet (d) Deutsche Warte (e) Independent Farmer and Fireside Com- panion (/). Weekly, .--do--. Weekly, -.-do --- .-.do--- Weekly- . - -do - - - Weekly- Weekly. ...do --- ---do.-- .--do-- Weekly. . Weekly- Weekly. ---do --- --.do--. ...do--. ...do... Weekly - . - -do - - . Weekly - do --. Weekly - do Weekly- --.do --- .---do--- Weekly. do --- Weekly - Weekly- Weekly- do --.do... ...do.-- .--do--- Weekly- News and politics - do.... News and politics. do do News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics Miscellaneous (Swedish) . News and politics do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do do do do News and politics. do News and politics - do News and politics - , do News and politlcs- do do News and politics - do News and politics - News and politics- News and politioi do do do do 1879 1879 1874 1879 1879 1857 1873 1874 1879 1877 1868 1876 1876 1876 1863 1868 1878 1880 1875 1876 1877 1860 1878 1872 1876 1880 1859 1871 1873 1877 1878 1879 1880 1877 ■ 1879 1879 1880 News andpolitics 1874 Daily (morning) Tri -weekly Weekly Sunday Daily (evening) . Weekly Sunday Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly do -..do --.do Daily (morning) . . Weekly Sunday Daily (morning) . . Monthly Daily (evening) ... Weekly do Monthly Lamberton Commercial Weekly News and politics 1878 Redwood Gazette do do 1869 News and politics do do do News and politics (Oerman) . . News and politics (German) . . News and politics (German).. Religious ( Catholic) News and politics do Religious (Catholic; German). News and politics (German) . . News and politics (French) . . - News and politics do do = Miscellaneous Secret society News and politics News and politics (Swedish) . - News and politics (German) . . Agricultural 1854 1849 1849 1854 1877 1854 1854 1806 1868 1876 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1878 1878 1879 e Suspended January, 1880. d Removed to Chicago. e Edition of "Deutsche Warte" at Chicago. / Suspended December 1879. 274 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MESTNESOTA— Continned. Place of publication. Kenville CO. — Population ; 10,791. Beaver Falls Bird Island Renville Station BiOB CO.— Population .- 22,481. Dundas Faribault Northfleld EOCK CO.— Population .- 3,669. Lu Yeme Saixt Louis co.— Population : 4,504, Duluth S:COTt CO.— Population: 13,516. Jordan Prior Lake Shakopee Sherbuene CO. — Population: 3,855. ElkEiver SiuLET CO.— Population: 10,637. Henderson Steauns CO. — Population: 21,956. Melrose Saint Cloud Sauk Centre Steele co.— Population: 12,460. Owatonna Steve.ns CO.— Population: 3,911. MoiTis SwiPT CO.— Populaiion .- 7,473. Appleton Benson DoGraff TODV CO.— Population: 6,133. Lons Prairie ■Wabasha co. —Populatimi: 18,206. Elgin Lake City Mazeppa. ..'. Plainviow .... W.-ibasba WM>m:i A CO.— Population: 2,080. Vemdale "Wadena "Waseca CO. —Poj)u!aMon: 12,385. JauPSviUe "Waseca "Wasuington CO.— Population : 19,563. Still water "Watonwan co.— Population: 5,104. Madelia Saint James WVLVim CO.— Population: 1,906. Breckenridge . Campbell "Winona co.— Population: 27,197. Saint Charles "Winona. . a. Suspended February, 1881. 6 Suspended February, 1880. Kame of periodical. Eenville Times Bird Island Post - . EenviUe News (a). Dundas Enterprise (6) - Faribault Republican . Faribault Democrat. -- Mute's Companion Rico County Journal. . . Northfield K"ews ...... Nordlyset (&) North'field Ledger (c) . Rock County Herald . Duluth Tribune Lake Superior News . Scott County Advocate . Prior Lake Times Shakopee Argus Shakopee Courier Elk River News Sherburne County Star. Sibley County Independent . Melrose Record St. Cloud Journal-Press. St. Cloud Times Der Nordstern Sauk Centre Herald Owatonna Journal People's Press Owatonna Review Steele County Herald . Morris Tribune . Appleton Recorder Riverside Press Bent^on Times Benson Advocate {d) Swift County Courier (e) . Todd County Argus. Minnesota Union Lake City Leader Lake Sentinel Mazeppa Tribune Plainview News "Wabaaha County Herald. "Wabasha Bulletin Vemdale Journal , Northern Pacific Farmer. Janesville Argus Minnesota Radical and Liberty Blade - "Waseca County Herald "Waseca Loader (/) .'. Stillwater Messenger- . . Stillwater Gazette Stillwater Lumbermaai . St. Croix Post Madelia Times Saint James Journal . Red River Free Press . Campbell Enterprise . . St. Charles Times . St. Charles Union . C Eepublicaa (Republi can Winona Herald "Winona Democrat. Winona Adler How often pub- lished. "Weekly, --.do .... ...do..., "Weekly -..do .. do Semi-monthly - "Weekly -..do ...do --.do Weekly- "Weekly. , --.do "Weekly- .-.do --.do.-, .-.do-- "Weekly. ...do ... "Weekly- "Weekly. - - .do . - - ..,do--- .- do... --.do .-, "Weekly. --.do ...do ..., --.do-- "Weekly. Weekly- --.do --.do..., .--do .-- ...do... "Weekly. "Weekly. , ...do — .-.do..-, .-.do.-- ...do-.-, -..do ...do-... "Weekly. --.do --- "Weekly. --.do .--■ --.do--- ...do... "Weekly. do --.do... ...do ... "Weekly. do ... "Weekly- do "Weekly do Daily {evening) . "Weekly.... do -..do ...do c Suspended July, 1879. d Suspended December, 1879. Character. "When es- tablished. News and politics. do do News and politics do do Educational News and politics do News and politics {Swedith) . News and politics News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do do do News and politics - do News and politics - News and politics. . do ---- do Religious {Catholic; News and politics. - Qerma/n) News and politics. do Temperance News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do do do do News and politics - News and politics. do do do do do do News and politics. News and politics. do do do News and politics do do - News and politics {(German) . News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics, do .do . .do . -do . -do . News and politics {Qerman) . 1871 1879 1879 1879 1856 1870 1876 1872 1876 1873 1870 1878 1878 1878 1861 1877 1871 1876 1873 1877 1857 1861 1874 1869 1862 1874 1875 1880 1879 1880 1875 1879 1876 1879 1865 1870 1877 1874 1856 1878 1879 1877 1874 1863 1877 1876 1856 1870 1875 1876 1871 1878 1879 1873 1873 1877 1860 1855 1869 1872 1873 « Suspended June, 1880. / Cansolidated with the "Herald '' CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. MmNESOTA— Continued. 275 Place of pablicatlon. Kame of periodical. HoTV often pul)- lislied. ChaTaotnr. ■WTien es- tablished. yf&iasT CO.— Population : 18,101. Delano I Howard Lake Monticello TellowMediciotioo Population: 5,884. Canby G-ranite Falla .-. "Wrigbt County Eagle - . People's Advocate "Wngbt Comity Times . Oanby M"e"ws G-ranite FaUa Journal . Weekly- , do ....do.... ■Weekly. do ]!^ew8 and poUtics- do do News and politics. do 1872 1877 1870 1878 1876 MISSISSIPPI. Atjams CO.— Population: 22,649. Natchez Alcorn oo.- Corinth -Population: 14,272. Amite co.— Population: 14,004. Liberty Att.ila CO.— Population: 19,! Kosciusko ffiBNTON CO. — Population: 11,023. Ashland BoLiv.Mi CO. — Population: 18,652. Eoaedale ■Calhoun co. — Population: 13,492. Pittsboro ' Cakkoll CO. — Population: 17,795. Carroll ton Chickasaw CO. — Population: 17,905. ■Houston Okolona ■Choctaw co.— Population: 9,0 Chester Claibokke CO. — Population: 16,768. Poit G-ibson Claeke CO.— Population: 15,021. Enterprise Shubuta C LAX CO.— Population: 17,367. West Point COAIIO.MA CO.— Population : 13,568. Friar's Point -Copiah co.— Population: 27,552. Crystal Springs . II.i-ilehuTst De Soto co. —]'opulation : 22,924. Hernando Fraxklin CO.— Population ; 9,729. Meadville ■Grenada co. — Population: 12,071. Grenada - . Harrison co.— Population: 7,895. H;^.nrtsboro' Pass Christian Hinds co.— Population: 43,958. Edwards Jackson Kayniooa Teiry a Suspended November, 1879. b Suspended. c Suspended January, 1881. 5 Democrat and Courier. (^Democrat and Courier. Natchez Pilot Natchez New Era Natchez Sun (a) Subsoiler aiid Democrat . Corinth Herald Banner of Truth Corinth Eecord (b) Southern Herald . Kosciusko Central Star. A shland Eegister Benton County Argus . Eosedale Leader . Kosedale Journal. Calhoun Eeporter Courier Conservative . Houston Patriot (&) Chickasaw Messenger . Southern States (c) Inland Eecorder. . . Southern Eeveille . Enterprise Courier Mississippi Messenger. "West Point Echo. Friar's Point Gazette. Coahomian (&) Crystal Springs Monitor. Co'piahan De Soto Times Franklin Banner (d) . Grenada Sentinel Grenada New South . Handsboro' Advertiser . Sea Shore Gazette («).-. Hinds County Bulletin (6) Jackson Clarion Jackson Comet Jackson Independent {&) Baptist Eecord Mississippi Eepublican Hinds County Gazette Terry Independent if) d Suspended June, 1880. < Eemoved to Bay Saint Louis in April, 1880, and suspended in April, 1881. Daily Wee'kly. Daily {evening) . Tri- weekly Weekly Weekly.. do Monthly . Weekly. - Weekly. Weekly. Weekly- .. do .... Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. do ... ...do — Weekly . Weekly. Weekly. do ... Weekly - Weekly. do ... Weekly. .-- do Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. do ... . Weekly'. . do Weekly. — do ...do .... ...do .... ...do..., ...do.-, ...do.... ...do .... News and politics. , do , do do , do News and politics , do Eeligious (Unsectarian). News and politics News and politics . News and politics. , News and politics. do News and politics. , do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do , do News and politics. . News and politics . News and politics. , do News and politics - News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. , News and politics. do , News and politics. do News and politics. . , do do , do Eeligious (Baptist) . News and politics.. do do 1865 1865 1880 1880 1873 1879 1880 1878 1866 1879 1872 1879 1877 1878 1878 1872 1872 1877 1870 1879 1878 1878 1876 1871 1865 1866 1855 1878 1879 1878 1879 1837 1876 1879 1877 1879 1814 1880 / Suspended 1880. 276 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. MISSISSIPPI— Continued. Place of pn'blioation. l^ame of p&riodicaL How often put- liBhed. GharacteT. When ee- tablished. HOhKEa CO.— Population : 27,164. Lexington Issaquena CO. — Population: 10,004. M.iyer3ville JAOKBOM CO.— Population: 7,607. Paacagoula JBPPEESONCO. — Population: 17,314. ITayette Khmfeb CO.— Population: 15,719. Scooba I/A Payette co. — Population: 21,671. Oxford Lauderdale co. — Population: 21,501. Landerdale Meridian liAWKBitcB CO.— Population: 9,420. Monticello ,1JAKB leo.— Population: 13,146. Carthage Lbb CO -Population: 20,470. Tui.elo IjH Ei.OicE CO.— Population : 10,246. Greenwood IjISCOi-s CO. — Population: 13,547. Brookhaven loWNDES CO.— Population : 28,244. Colnmbns Mauisos cu.—Population: 25,866. Canton Haeshali, CO.— Population: 20,330. Holly Springs MoNEOB CO.— Population: 28,553. Aberdeen MONTGOMEKY CO .^Population : 13,348. Winona Hbwtos CO.— Population: 13,436. Newton ■NoxuBEB CO.— Population: 29,874. Kacon Oktibbeha co.—Populati ews and politics. do News and politics. do Educihtional News and politics. : do News and politics. do News and politics - do do News and pontics. do do do News and politics. News and politics do News and politics. do do do do do News and politics. do News and politics (German) . News and politics do News and politics . do do 1872 1873 1878 1876 1877 1879 1876 1879 1873 1877 1878 1878 1879 1872 1880 1873 1877 1880 1865 1879 1880 1880 1873 1878 1879 1877 1878 1879 1873 1880 1871 1878 1867 1870 1876 1876 1880 e Suspended October, 1880. f Suspended Januarj', 1880 .286 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NBBEASKA— Continued. Place of publication. name of periodical. HoTT often pnb- Uslied. Character. When es- tablished. 'Dawsok CO.— Population; 2,909. Cozad PlTun Creek Dixon co.— Population: 4,177. Ponca City •Dodge co.^Population: 11,263. Fremont North Bend. 'OouGIxAS CO.— Population: 37,645. Omaha "Waterloo TiLLMOEE CO.— PoputetMrn: 10,204. Exeter Fairmont Geneva .Fbankliu CO. — Population: 5,465. Bloomington. !N"aponee Kiverton ■FcniNAS CO.— Population: 6,407. Arapahoe Beaver City ■Gage co.— Population: 13,164. Beatrice Blue Springs 'Geeeley CO.— Population: 1,461. Scotia. iHALL CO.— Population : 8,572. Grand Island . Hamilton CO.— Poptdation : 8,267. Aurora Haulah CO.— Population : 6,0 Alma Orleans Eepublican City Hitchcock co.— Population: 1,012. C Lilhertaon Holt co. — Population: 3,287. O'Neill City HowAiiD CO.— Population: 4,391. •S.iint Paul .Jkffeksojm CO.— Population: 8,096. Fairhury SteelCity ■Johnson co.— Population : 7,595. StftrUns; 'ivcumseh Hondredth Meridian Dawson County Pioneer. Northern Nebraska Journal. Dixon County Courier Fremont Tribune (Herald 5 Herald Nebraska Pionier North Bend Bulletin . C Omaha Kepubllcan ( Omaha Republican C Omaha Post ( Omaha Post C Omaha Herald M3maha Herald ilural Nebraska Center Union Agriculturist Nebraska 'Watcliman Pokrok Zapadu f Omaha Bee < Omaba Bee ( Omaha Bee Den Danske Pioneer Omaha Home Journal Church Guardian ,EventugNews (a) "Westra Posten .'T. : Portfolio "Western Templar and Home Magazine (b) . Der Courier Journal of Commerce (c) ." "Waterloo Sentinel Exeter Enterprise Fairmont Bulletin Fillmore County Be view . Bloomington Guard . Naponee Banner Riverion Eagle Arapahoe Pioneer . . Beaver City Times . Beatrice Express Beatrice Courier Beatrice Leader Gage County Democrat . Blue Springs Motor Blue Springs Reporter . . Greeley Tribune Platte Valley Independent Grand Xslonrl Times Nebraska Staats-Zeitung Tribuene (d) . Our Commonwealth (e) f Nebraska Democrat I Nebraska Democrat Aurora Republican Hamilton County News . Harlan County Standard (d) . Republican "V" alley Sentinel . Republican City News Culbertson Snn. Holt County Record. Howard Advocate . Phonograph Fairhury Gazette Fairhury Telegraph (f) Southern Nebraska Advance. a Suspended Juno, 1880. * Sii.spended 1879. Steriins News Tccuinseh Chieftain Johnson County Journal . e Suspended July, 1880. A Suspentled since census year. "Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly. ....do .... "Weekly, DaUy (( "Weekly ...do .. ...do.. Daily {morning) . "Weekly Daily {evening) . . "Wee'kly Daily {'morning) . "Weekly Monthly "Weekly . - do --.do DaUy {morni/ng) . Daily {evening) . . "Weekly ...do Monthly ...do Daily {evening) . . . "Weekly ..do Monthly "Weekly . . -do ...do "Weekly. . . -do - . . ..do... "Weekly. ...do .... ...do .... Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly. ...do --- ...do... ...do ... ..-do ... ...do... "Weekly. "Weekly ...do ...do ...do Daily {evening) . "Weekly "Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. ....do. . ...do... "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly - ... do ... "Weekly. do ...do-.. "Weekly. .. do ... .-.do ... News and politics. do News and politics. , do News and politics do do News and politics {Oertrum) . News and politics News and politics do News and politics {Qerma/n) News and politics {German) News andpohtics do Agricultural do . News and politics News and politics {Bohemia/n) ... News and politics do do News and politics {I>ani8h) Literary Religious {ProtesUmt Episcopal) . News and politics News and politics {Swedish) News and politics Literary News and politics {German) Commercial News and politics 1875 1873 1873 1877 1867 1870 1870 1879 1879 1858 1858 1860 1860 1865 1865 1868 1869 1870 1871 1871 1871 1871 1872 1872 1873 1878 1879 1879 News and politics. do do News afnd politics. do do News and politics. do News and politics. do do do do , do , News and politics. News and politics do News and politics {German) . News and politics do do News and politics. do News and politics - do do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do News and poUtics. do do .- News and politics. do do e Suspended July, 1879. / Removed to Hubbell, Thayer county, after census y(M»r and published i 1879 1876 1879 1877 1872 1«75 1872 1879 1879 1879 1876 1870 1875 1879 1879 1878 1879 1878 1869 1873 1879 1878 1880 1879 1873 1873 1879 1873 1874 1880 1873 1878 1870 1879 1879 1877 1889 1879 the "Times" CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. NBBEASKA— Oontinued 287 Place of pu'blication. ;N'ame of periodicaL How often pub- lisli«d. Cbaiacter. When es- tablished. Keaiikey CO. Minden . ■ -Population r 4,072. £nox CO.— Popuiation: Niobrara Lancastek CO.— Population: 28,090. mrth Lincoln IiiNCOLN CO.— Popvlation: 3,( North Platte Madison co. Madison Norfolk . -Population; 5,589. Mekbick CO.— Population: 5,341. Central City Clarkaville Nance co.— Population: 1,212. PuUerton G-enoa Nejiaha CO.— Population: 10,451. Brown ville Nemaha City . Pero Sheridan Nuckolls co.^Population : 4,235. Nelson Supeiior Otoe co. — Population: 15,727. Nebraska Syracuao. Pawnee co.— Population: 6,920. Pawnee City PlEUCE CO. — Population : 1,202. Pierce Platte co.— Population: 9,511. Columbus Polk co.— Population: 6,846. Osceola Stromsburg . . Ebd "Willow co.- Indianola -Population: 3,044. EiciiAKDSON CO.— Population: 15,031. Falls City Humboldt Saline co. — Population: 14,491. Crete Triendville Wilber Sakpy co.~~Population : i,iSl. Papillion .Saunders co.— Population: 15,810. AshUiud Vjilparaiso ^'iiiiuoCity Kearney County Bee . Niobrara Pioneer Knox County News . Pirth Advertiser (a) C Nebraska State Journal . (Nebraska State Journal . Hesperian Student {Daily Globe ^Lincola Globe Nebraska Farmer ». "Western "World 5 State Democrat J State Democrat North Platte Kepublican . "Western Nebra&kian Madison County Chronicle Norfolk Journal Norfolk Deutsche Zeitung (a) . Central City Courier . . . Merrick County Item . . Clarksville Messenger . Nance County Journal . Genoa Leader Nebraska Advertiser Nebraska County Granger . Nemaha Times Peru Herald Sheridan Post Nuckolls County Herald . Superior Guide Southwestern Chronicle.. C Daily News I News C N ebraska Press (^Nebraska Press Nebraska Sun (6) Nebraska Staats-Zeitnng. Syracuse Journal Pawnee Pepublican. Pawnee Enterprise. . Pierce County Call. Columbus Journal Columbus Era (c) Columbus Volksblatt Columbus Independent (a) - Osceola Kecord Osceola Home News Stromsburg Eepubhcan . Indianola Courier . Globe Journal Falls City News . . . Humboldt Sentinel. Saline County Union "Freie Stimmen aus Eeiche Gottes. Das Schatz Kastchen Saline County Standard Fi'iendville Telegraph "Wilber Opposition Free Press (cJ) Wilber Beseda (a) , Papillion Times . Ashland Gazette (e) — Valparaiso Avalanche. Wahoo Times Wahoo Independent - . Weekly. News and politics. Weekly. ...do .... Ne'ws and politics. do Weekly , Daily (morm?i(7) . Weekly Monthly Daily {evening) Weekly Monthly Weekly Ttsijij (evening). Weekly News and politics.. do , do Collegiate News and politics. do Agricultural News and politics. do , do Weekly. ...do News and politics. . , do Weekly. . ...do .... ...de- News and politics do News and politics (Qerma/n) . 1878 1874 1879 1879 1869 1889 1872 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1879 1868 1874 1878 1877 Weekly. do ... ...do... News and politics- , do : do Weekly. do News and politics. do Weekly News and politics. — do do . do do . ... do do . do do - Weekly. . . do . . . ...do... Daily Weekly Daily {morning) Weekly Daily {evening) . Weekly do Weekly. do .- Weekly. Weekly - do ... ...do ... ...do-.- News and polities do do News and politics do do do do News and politics {German) . News and politics 1874 1880 1878 1879 1879 1855 1874 1880 1877 1879 1877 1879 1879 1879 1854 1858 1868 News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics do News and politics {Germam) . News and politics Weekly News and politics. do i do , do i do Weekly. Weekly. do .-do.... Weekly. . — do Monthly . Weekly.. do ...do.... ... do-... ...do.... Weekly. Weekly., do ...do .... ...do.... News and politics. News and politics. do do News and politics Eeligioua {German; Congregational) Sunday school periodical { GerTmm) News and politics do do do do News and politics. News and politics. do do do 1867 1878 1868 1877 1870 1874 1878 1879 1873 1879 1880 1866 1879 1877 1870 1878 1878 1879 1879 1874 1877 1877 1874 1880 1879 1870 1875 '« SuinpBdedJSSO. 6 Sifcpended May, 1680 c Suspended October, 1880. d Destroyed by fire in February, 1881. « Changed from " Eeporter" to " Gazette", July, 1880. 288 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NBBEASKA— Continued. Place of pablication. ^ame of periodical. Ho'7 often pnb- lislied. Character. When es- tablished. Price per year. Shwabd CO.— Papulation : 11,147. Seward Sheeman CO.— Popiilation: 2,061. Long City Stanton co.— Population : 1,813. Stanton TiiATER CO.— Population: 6,113. Alexandria Belvidere Hebron Vallbt CO. — Population: 2,324. Ord ■Wabhington CO.— Population: 8,631. Blair ■Watnb CO.— Population: 813. La Porte Webbteb CO.— PppMtotion; 7,104. EedClond Toes CO.— Population: 11,170. Waco York Nebraska Atlas Nebraska Reporter. Blue VaUey Blade . . . Sherman County Ximes . Weekly Eegister. Alexandria News Belvidere Sentinel {a) ... Thayer County Sentinel. Hebron Journal , Valley County Journal. Blair Hepublican . Blair Pilot Wayne Eeview Eed Cloud Chief Webster County Argus . Waco Star (6) .... York Kepublican . Weekly.. ...do .... ...do..., Weekly. . Weekly. , Weekly. do ...do..., ...do.... Weekly Weekly. do ... Weekly. Weekly. . . .do . . . Weekly. . . -do . . . News and politics. , do do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics., do , do do , News and politics , News and politics. , do News and politics. News and politics. do , News and politics. do 1870 1871- 1878 1874 1879 1878 1879 1866 1871 1879 1870 1872 1873 1878 1880 1876 $1 50 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 60 1 50 1 50 liTEVADA. ILKO CO.— Popuioiion; 5,716. Elko Xuscarora liBMBKALDA CO.— Population: 3,220. Aurora Columbus EUBEKA CO. — Population: 7,086. Eureka EubyHill , ^visBO\jm CO.— Population : 3,480. Paradise Winnemucca Lakderco. — Population: 3,624. Austin Battle Mountain 'Lmcovs CO.— Population: 2,637. Pioche IjYOV CO.— Population: 2,409. Dayton , Sutro TSytl CO.— Population : 1,875. Belmont Grantsville Okmsby CO.— Population : 5,412. Carson City Sfsonwi CO.— Population: 16,115. GoldHiU Virginia City , Washseco. — Population: 5,664. Eeno White Pike CO.— Po^«Za(ion ; 2,682 Cherry Creek Hamilton Ward Elko Post C Independent . . X Independent . . Times.Eeview- , Esmeralda Herald. Borax Miner (c) C Daily Sentinel — (Eureka Sentinel. . Daily Leader Mining News Mining Report (d) . Paradise Reporter . Silver State Reese River Reveille Battle Mountain Messenger . Pioche Record Lyon County Times . . . Sutio Independent (e). Belmont Courier Grrantsville Sun (d) . . , Grantsville Bonanza , Morning Appeal Nevada Tribune Carson City Daily Times . Daily News C Territorial Enterprise ... I Territorial Enterprise . . - C Eveniog Chronicle i Virginia City Chronicle . Nevada Monthly C Nevada State Journal . X Nevada State Journal . C Evening Gazette X Reno Gazette CheTTy Creek Independent (/) . "White Pine News WardReiiex Weekly Daily {evening) . . . Weekly Daily {morning) . Weekly. do Daily {morning) . Weekly. UsAly {evening) . Weekly do . Weekly Daily {evening) . Daily {evening) . Wee'kly Weekly. Weekly.. - - do Weekly do ... ...do... Daily {inorning) .. Daily {evening) Daily {evening) . . - Daily {evening) . . . Daily {mornirm) . Weekly Daily {evening) . . Weekly Monthly Daily {morning) . Weekly , Daily {evening) . . , Weekly Weekly- , .- do -. ...do ... News and politics. , do , , do , do News and politios. , do News and politics., do do , Mining do News and politics. do News and politics. , do News and politics.. News and politics . , do , News and politics. do , , do News and politios. do .... do , News and politios . do , do , do do , do News and politics. , do , do do 1875 1874 1869 1877 1877 1879 1870 1879 1878 1880 1878 1863 1877 1870 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1865 1872 1880 1863 1868 1858 1872 1872 1880 1S70 1870 1876 1876 News and politics 1877 do 1869 do 1877 $5 00 10 OO 5 00 15 00 5 00 5 00 15 00 5 00 15 00 5 OO 5 00 4 00 8 00 14 00 5 00 6 00 5 00 5 0» 8 00 5 00 5 00 8 00 10 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 3 00 8 00 2 00 2 60 6 00 2 50 6 00 2 50 10 00 5 00 7 50 a Edition of "Tbayer County Sentinel'^ b Suspended April, 1880. c Removed December 10, 1880, to Monmouth City. d Suspended. e Suspended December 18, 1880. / Suspended March 31, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 289 Place of publication. Kame of peiiodical. How often pub- lished. Chaiactei. "When es- tablished. Price per year. Belkxap CO. — Population: 17,948. Laconia Lake Village Meredith Cahrovl CO. —Population: 18,224. North Conway Wolfeborough Cheshire CO.— Population: 28,734. IFitzwilliam Hinsdale -, Keene Troy COOB CO.— Population: 18,580. Colebi?ODk Grorham... Lancaster. GSAVION CO.— Population: 38,788. Bristol East Canaan Hanover Haverhill . Lebanon . - Lisbon Littleton... MuBcoma . . Plymouth. . Hillsborough co.— Population : 75,634. Amherst , Greenville Hillsborough Manchester Milford . Kashua . Peterborougli "Wilton Merrimack co.- Concord ■Population: 46,300. Dunbarton Fisherville Franklin Falls. Sunoook ■VTilmot EOCKINGHAM co.^Population: 49,064. Candia Exeter New Market. Portsmouth.., Stuaffoed CO.— Population: 35,558. Dover Farmington... Rochester Somersworth . Laconia Democrat . - - Lake Village Times . Meredith Eagle l White Mountain Record . Granite State News Fitzwilliam Gazette (a) — Star Spangled Banner ...... Cheshire Kepnblicau New Hampshire Sentinel. . . Granite State Journal (6) . . . New England Observer (c) . Home Companion {({} Northern Sentinel. C olebrook News . - . Mountaineer Coos Kepublioan . . Lancaster Gazette. Bristol Enterprise Canaan Reporter Dartmouth Granite State Journal (6) Haverhill Herald Granite State Free Press Kendall's Dollar Weekly (e) Globe White Mountain Republic . . . Muscoma Register (/) Grafton County Journal Grafton County JDemocrat . . . Farmers' Cabinet Greenville Advertiser Hillsborough Messenger 5 Mirror and American I Mirror and Farmer i Daily Union. ■- < Daily Union ( Union Democrat Whitney'sNew Hampshire Journal of Mu8ic(^) Manchester Weekly Times Greenback Press (£f") Milford Enterprise C Daily Gazette ( Nashua Gazette C Telegraph } Telegraph Peterborough Transcript Wilton Journal C Daily Monitor I Independent Statesman < People and New Hampshire Patriot (ft) . I People and New Hampshire Patriot (ft) . Granite Monthly Snow Flake Rays of Light Merrim.ick Journal Suncook Journal Kearsarge Sentinel Candia Banner News-Letter Exeter Gazette New Market Advertiser . . f Daily Chronicle (New Hampshire Gazette . Portsmouth Journal 5 Evening Times I States and Union Portsmouth Weekly Morning Star Little Star Myrtle Sunday School Lesson Sheet. . Weekly Enquirer 5 Foster's Democrat J^^Foster's Democrat State Press Reform Templar Advertiser h) Farmington News Rochester Courier Anti-Monopolist Great Falls Journal Great Falls Free Press Weekly. ...do ...do... News and politics. . do do Weekly. ...do ... News and politics - do Weekly.. Monthly . Weekly.. ...do ...do..-- ...do... Monthly . Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... Weekly.... ...do Bi-weekly. , Weekly do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do Weekly do ...do Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily (mornwisr). Daily (evening) . . Weekly Monthly Weekly — do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly Daily (evenirig) . Weekly Monthly^ Semi-monthly -. Weekly do .-- do --.do Weekly do ...do ...do Daily (inoming) . Weekly . . do Daily (evening) .. Weekly do Weekly Semi.monthly... do Monthly Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly do Monthly Weekly do ; ...do ...do ...do ...do News and politics. Literary News and politics. do do do Literary News and politics.. do ..:..do do do News and politics. . , do Collegiate News and politica. . do do do do do do do do News and politics . do do do do do , do do Musical News and politics. do do do do do do do do News and politics. . do do do Literary - do News and politics . Agricultural News and politics . do News and politics . do do do , do do do do , do do Religious (Baptist) . . . Religious (Baptist) ... Religious (Baptist) -■ Children's periodical. News and politics . . . do do do Temperance News and politics . - . .do -do . .do . .do. .do . 1849 1868 1880 1879 1863 1793 1799 1869 1874 1872 1870 1876 1877 1855 1872 1878 1867 1867 1869 1879 1844 1879 1877 1867 1876 1874 1878 1802 1879 1867 1850 I860 1863 1863 1851 1872 1878 1880 1873 1872 1826 1869 1832 1S49 1873 1868 1809 1879 1877 1874 1872 1874 1879 1877 1831 1876 1873 1852 1756 1793 1868 1863 1877 1826 1826 1826 1826 1828 1873 1872 1874 1878 1876 1879 1864 1878 1867 1876 a Suspended October, 1880. 6 Editionof the Windsor (Vt.) "Journal". e Edition of the "Grafton County Journal". 19 PR d Edition of the "Peterborough Transcript". e Consolidated with "Free Press " December, 1879. / Edition of "East Canaan Reporter". g Suspended June, 1880. h Established as "The Patriot" i Sospended. 290 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW HAMPSHIRE— Continued. Place of publication. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When eg- tablished. SULLIVAK CO. — Population: 18,161. Claremont Newport. National Ba^le Northern Advocate Granite State Jonrnal (a) . Claremont Narrative Argns and Spectator "Weekly. . do ...do.... Monthly . Weekly. . News and politics . do do Literary News and politics . 1835 1861 1869 1870 1823 NEW JEESEY. Atlantic co.— Population: 18,704. Atlantic City Egg Harbor Hammonton — May's Landing . ItERGEN CO. — Population: Carlstadt Englewood Hackenaack . Rutherford . Burlington co.— Population : 55,403. Beverly Bordentown . Barlington... Cinnaminson ., . Moorestbwn Mount Holly ... Smithville . Camden co.— Population: 62,942. Atco , Camden. Grloacester. Cape Mat co.^Popiilation: 9,765. Cape May , Cumberland co.— Population : 37,687. Bridgeton Manricetown . Millville Vineland ^SSEX CO.— Population : 189,929. Bloomfield . East Orange . Mont Clair... Newark Atlantic Eeview (b) Atlantic TimeB (&) Der Egg Harbor Pilot Atlantic Democrat Der Zeitgeist , Atlantic Journal South Jiirsey Kepublican Hammonton Hoi-net May's Landing Record Ereie Presse Englewood Times Englewood Standard Bergen County Democrat . Hackensack Eepublican . . . Bergen Index Bergen County Herald Beverly "Visitor Beverly Banner County Practitioner Bordentown Register — Burlington Gazette Now Jersey Enterprise. . Christian Herald Moorestown Chronicle . . New Jersey Mirror Mount Holly Herald — Mount Holly News Smithville Mechanic — Argus and Advocate Science Advocate "West Jersey Press Camden Democrat Camden County Courier Daily Post Every Month (c) Weekly News Saturday Evening Express. Camden Eagle (d) Gloucester Reporter Cape May "Wave (6) Star of the Cape (6) Cape May County Grazette . Bridgeton Chronicle "West Jersey Pioneer. . . New Jersey Patriot C Evening News .... (Dollar News Eloriats' Advertiser (e) . Manricetown Pilot Millville Republican . . . Millville Herald Yineland Independent . C Evening Journal (/) . . . ( Vineland Advocate . . . Vineland Times Bloomfield Record East Orange G-azette Mont Clair Times C Daily Advertiser ( Sentinel of Freedom American Church Review {g) ... C Daily Journal ( "Weekly Journal ( New Jersey Preie Zeitung ■^ New Jersey Freie Zeitung ( Der Brzaehker Morning Register Sunday Call , Essex 'County Press Beobachter am Passaic Steinmen aus Der Kirche Temperance Herald C New Jersey Deutsche Zeitung . ( Tribnene "Weekly. . do ...do.... ...do.... ....do.... ....do .... ...do .... ...do.... ...do..-, Weekly — do ...do ...do ...do Semi- weekly . Weekly Weekly do Monthly Weekly do ...do Monthly Weekly do ...do Semi- weekly . Weekly Weekly Quarterly Weekly ... do ...do Daily (evening) . Monthly Weekly ...do ...do ...do Weekly. . do ...do .... Weekly — do .- ....do .. Dail„ Weekly Monthly Weekly. . . . do . . . ...do... ....do... Dail- Wee] Daily tornii;^-: Weekly. — do ... ...do ... Daily Weekly. Bi-monthly Daily {evening) . . We^y Daily {morning) . Weekly Sunday Daily {mornvng) . Sunday Weekly — do Monthly Weekly Daily {morning) . Sunday a Edition of the Windsor (Yt.) "Journal" 6 Daily durine July and August. « Suspended September, 1879. d Suspended April, 1880. e Merged in the "Itait Recorder ", Palmyra, N.T., December, 1880. News and politics , do News and politics {Qermam). News and politics News and politics {Qermam) . News and politics do do do News and politics {Qerma/n) . News and politics do do do do , do News and politics do Medicine and surgery . - News and politics do do Religious {TTnsectarian) . News and politics do do , do do News and politics Science and mechanics. News and politics do do do Literary News and politics do... do do News and politics do do News and politics. . do do do do Agrioftltural News and polities. do , do do do ao do News and politics do do do - ..do Beligions {Protestant Episcopal) . News and politics do News and politics {Germa/n) News and politics ( German) News andpolrtics {German) News and politics do do News and politics {German) Mlscellaneons {Germ^m) Temperance News and politics {German) News and politics ( Germ^) 1872 1877 1858 1861 1867 1871 1862 1878 1877 1873 1874 1879 1861 1870 1875 1872 1878 1879 1845 1835. 1866 1878 1879 1818 1826 1879 1870 1878 1880 1820 1832 1875 1875 1879 1880 1879 1874 1855 1868 1880 1815 1847 1865 1879 1874 1878 1864 1872 1866 1875 1879 1877 1873 1873 1877 1832 1796 1848 1857 1857 1858 1858 1858 1869 1872 1872 1874 1879 1879 1880 1880 / Prints an edition at 10 a. m. for Millville. g Removed to New York city since census year. CATALOGUE OP PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. NEW JERSEY— Continued. 291 Place of piil)lioation. Name of periodicaL How often pub- lished. Chaiacter. When 68- tablished. Ebbex CO..— Contlnned. Newark — Continued Orange South Orange GtoucEBTEE CO. — Population: 25,886. Clayton Newfleld Swedeshorough : Wenonah "Woodbury HUDBON CO. — Population: 187,944. Bayonne Harrison - Hoboken. Jersey City. "West Hoboken . HUNTEKDON CO. Clinton- Flemingtou.. Frenohtown . Grlen Gardner. Lambertville . -Population: 38,570. Milford . Mercee CO.— Popvlaiion : 58,061. Chambersburg Hightstown Hopewell . Princeton. Trenton . M1DDI.EBEX CO.— Population: 52,286. New Brunswick American Saddler Coach Painter Morning Bulletin (a) Orange Journal Orange Chronicle Orange Volksbote Essex County "Wochenblatt . South Orange Bulletin Clayton Enterprise Newfield Item Swedesborough Times Wenonah Advance Constitution and Farmers' and Mechanics' Advertiser. Liberal Press Gloucester County Democrat Bayonne Herald EayoDue Times — , Kearney Record Hudson County Democrat Hudson County Journal Hudson County Observer Evening Journal Jersey City Herald Hudson County Dispatch Jersey City Ai-gus Palisade News and Highland Sentinel . Clinton Democrat Hunterdon County Democrat — Hunterdon County Kepublican. . . Hunterdon County Independent . Frenchtown Star Glen Gardner Philocrat Lambertville Beacon Lambertville Eecord Milford Leader Perth Amboy South Amboy Woodbridge Monmouth go. '^Population: 55,538, Allentown Asbury Park Eatontown Freehold Keyport Long Branch Manasquan Matawan Ocean Grove Bed Bank Shrewsbury MORBIB CO.— PopuZotion: 50,861. Boonton Dover a Suspended May, 1880. 6 Suspended April, 1880. e Suspended. Mercer County News Hightstown Gazette Hightstown Independent Hopewell Herald Princeton Press Nassau Literary Magazine Princetonian < State Gazette ) State Gazette C True American ; ^True American Daily Emporium C New Jersey Staats Journal (6) . )New Jersey Staats Journal (6) . Trenton Mail (c) Trenton Herald New Jersey Methodist Flowers' Family Magazine New Jersey Home Magazine (d) . Trenton Sentinel C Times ) Times f Fredonian ) Fredonian Rutgers Targum Home News Middlesex County Democrat . Perth Amboy Republican South Amboy Argus (o) Independent Hour Allentown Industry (d) Asbury Park Journal Shore JPress Eatontown Advertiser Monmouth County Jerseyman (e) . Monmouth Enquirer Monmouth Democrat Keyport Weekly Long Branch News (/) Seaside Matawan Journal Ocean Grove Eecord New Jersey Standard Red Bank Register Little Silver Mirror Boonton Bulletin . Dover Iron Era . . Dover Index Quarterly. Monthly . Dafl- Weekly do .. ...do .. ....do.. ...do.. Weekly. — do ... ...do..- ,...do ... ...do ... .do. -do . Weekly . . . do . . . ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... DaU; Weekly ...do -. Dail; Weekly Weekly. . . .do . . . ...do ... ...do.... ...do.... ...do ... ...do .... ...do ... ...do.... Daily (morning) Weekly Daily imoming) . Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly Monthly do ...do Weekly Daily (evening) Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly Bi-weekly . Daily (evening) . Weekly -do . .do. .do. Trade do News and politics do do News and politics (Oerma/n) . News and politics (German) . News and politics . ., News and politics. do do do do .do . -do. News and politics do do do News and politics (Germ^m) - News and-politics do do do do do News and politics. do do do , do Temperance News and politics - do do Weekly... ...do ...do ...do ...do Monthly.. Bi-weekly Daily (morning) -. Weeldy Weekly. — do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... .- do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do.... ...do-... Weeldy ...do .... ...do .... News and politics do do do do Collegiate News and politics do do do do News and politics (German). News and politics (Germa/n) . News and politics do Religions (Methodist) Literary do News and politics News and politics. . do do do Collegiate News and politics. . do do do do News and politics. , do do do , do , do do , do do , do , do do do do , do News and politics. do do 1880 1880 1880 1854 1869 1872 1876 1868 1880 1873 1871 1872 1834 1877 1878 1870 1873 1851 1867 1880 1867 1870 1872 1875 1870 1868 1838 1856 1871 1880 1879 1845 1872 1880 1873 1849 1876 1874 1832 1835 1876 1847 1792 1838 1801 1867 1879 1867 1879 1875 1878 1878 1878 1880 1865 1792 1865 1811 1869 1879 1868 1874 1876 1880 1876 1879 1877 1880 1820 1834 1869 1866 1877 1869 1875 1851 1878 1880 1871 1870 1875 d Suspended September, 1880. < Merged in the "Advertiser" April, 1880. / Daily dnring July and Angnst. 292 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESkS. NEW JEESET— Continued. Place of pnblioation. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. CharaoteT. When es- tablished. MOEEIS CO.— Continned. Madiaon Morristown . Ocean co. — Population: 14,455, Lakewood Tom's River Passaic CO.— Population: 68,8f Passaic Paterson Salem co.— Population : 24,579. Penn's Grove Salem "WoodetoTni SOMBEBET CO.— Population: 27,162. Bonnd Brook Somerville Baritan ' Sussex co.— Population: 23,539. Deckertown Newton TTinoN CO.— -Population: 55,671. Elizabeth Plainfield Bahway Westfleld , Waeeen CO. — Population Belvidere Blairstown Hackettstown Phillipsburg ■Washington Madison Journal New Jersey Monitor (a) . . Morriatown Jerseyman . . . True Democratic Banner . Morris County Chronicle- Morris Avalon (a) Lakewood Times and Journal New Jersey Courier New Jersey Temperance G-azette. Ocean County Democrat Passaic Item Passaic Herald Passaic News C Guardian ( Guardian C Press (Press Paterson Yolksfreund Passaic County Journal (i) . Labor Standard Penn's Grove Becord. National Standard Salem Sunbeam Salem Qui Vive Woodstown Begister. Bound Brook Chronicle . - - Somerset Messenger Somerset Gazette Somerset Unionist New Jersey Law Journal . Somerset Democrat {b) Sussex County Independent. Sussex Register New Jersey Herald , 'CHerald I Central Now Jersey Herald . Elizabeth Monitor Ereie Presse Freie Zeitung 5 Daily Journal 5 New Jersey Journal New Jersey Times Plainfield Oonstitutionalist . . ( Daily Bulletin \ Plainfield Bujletin Advocate and Times National Democrat — Bahway Enterprise {a) Bahway Advertiser (c) Westfleld Herald (d) Belvidere Apollo Warren's Journal Blairstown Press Hackettstown Gazette . Hackettstown Herald . . Warren Democrat Washington Star Washington Review — Weekly.. do ...do.... ...do.-.- ...do .... Monthly . Weekly. ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... Weekly ...do Daily (evening) . Daily (evening) . Weekly Da.ily (eveni/ng) ■ Weekly Tri- weekly Semi- weekly Weekly Weekly.. do ... do.... Monthly . Weekly. . Weekly. . — do ...do.... ...do.... Monthly . Weekly.. Weekly. ...do... ....do.... Daily ieoeni/ng) . Weeikly Daily (euenm^) . Semi- weekly — do Daily (evening) . Weekly do ...do Daily (evefni/ng) . Weekly do ...do ...do Semi. weekly — Weekly Weekly. do ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do ... ...do... ...do ... News and politics. do do do do Collegiate News and politics. do.... Temperance News and politics.. News and politics do do do do do do News and politics (Oernum) . News and politics (ffermon) . News and politics News and politics. do do Temperance News and politics. News and politics. do , do do Law News and politics. News and politics. . do do News and politics do do News and politics (Qerma/n) . News and politics (Oerman) . News and politics do do do do do do do do do do News and politics. do do do do do do do 1877 1879 1826 1838 1877 1879 1868 1850 1869 1877 1870 1871 1877 18a 1841 1863 1863 1869 1877 1878 1878 1819 1844 1879 1869 1863 1822 1848 1863 1878 1879 1870 1813 1829 1862 1862 1868 1871 1874 1871 •1779 1868 1868 1880 1880 1822 1840 1879 1880 1879 1824 1832 1877 1856 1872 1866 1868 1877 NEW MEXICO TERRITOET. Bbknalillo CO.— Population: 17,225. Albuquerque Bernalillo Colfax co. — Population: 3,398. Cimarron DoSa ASa CO.— Population: 7,612. Las Cruces Mesilla Geant CO.— Population: 4,539. Silver City San Miguel co.— Population : 20,638. Las Vegas ". a Suspended October, 1879. b Suspended. Albuquerque Beview .. Albuquerque Miner (&) . Bernalillo Native (e) ... Cimarron News and Press . Thirty Pour... Mesilla News . Grant County Herald . C Gazette I Gazette Revlsta Catolica . c Suspended August, 1880. d Suspended March, 1880. Weekly. ...do ... ...do... Weekly. Weekly. do ... Weekly - Daily (momimg) . Weekly do '. News andpolitiGS (JEng. News and politics do News and politics . News and politics Newsandpolitics (English a/ndSpa/n- ish). News and politics. News and politics . ... J . do Religious (Oaiholic; Spa/nigh), e Suspended January, 1880. 1870 1870 1879 1869 1878 1873 1875 1879 1872 1875 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. NEW MEXICO TEREITORT— Continued 293 Place of publication. Kame of periodicaL How often pub- lished. Character. When 68- tablished. San Migdbl co.— Continued. Laa Tegas — Continued San Lorenzo Sahta "£& CO.— Population: 10,867. Santa Ffi JOplic iOptic Mining "World Red Kiver Chi'onicle . { New Mexican i ISew Mexican ( El NuoTo Mexicana Rocky Mountain Sentinel (a) . Hailj (evening). "Weekly do ...do Daily (morning) . . "Weekly -do . .do . News and pontics. do do do News and politics do News and politics (5i)anwA) News and politics 1879 1879 1879 1880 1862 1862 1880 1879 NEW YOEK. Albasy CO.— Population: 154,890. Albany — Continued Coeymans ■ Cohoes Green Island . . . Knowersville . - - Bensselaerville - Shaker "Watervliet "West Troy Allegany co.— Population: 41,810. AKred Center Angelica Belmont Canaseraga Cuba Friendship Hume Rushford . . "WeUsville . Bboomk CO.— Population: 49,483. Binghamton ..' Deposit. Ijisle TTnion . . . "Whitney's Point . "Windsor Cattabauoub CO Allegany -Population: 55,806. Thelnfldel Allegany Journal (jf) Cattaraugus Chronicle (g) Cattaraugus Union Franklinville Argus Gowanda Enterprise "Limestone Reporter f Times i Times Olean Democrat Clean Record (o) Randolph Randolph Register o Merged into " New Mexican ", December, 1879. 6 Consolidated with "Poultry Monthly". e Suspended. Cattaraugus . - EUioottville.- Franklinville - Gowanda Limestone Olean TArgns J Argus I Argus [Argus f Evening Journal < Albany Journal ( Albany Journal Cultivator and Country Gentleman . Freie Blaetter C Evening Times 5 Albany Times Morning Express Evening Post Everybody's Paper Herold C Press and Knickerbocker < Press and Knickerbocker I Sunday Press Albany Law Journal Our "Work at Home Every Youth's Paper Every Child's Paper Poultry Monthly Fanciers' "Weekly (b) The Voice Albany Mirror and Public Spirit Gospel News Coeymans Herald Cohoes Cataract CNews 5 News , LaPatrie Nouvelle Cohoes Regulator , Cohoes Leader (c) Cohoes Register (d) Green Island Review Golden Era Rensselaerville Press Shaker Manifesto ■ "Watervliet Journal Albany County Democrat Sabbath Recorder Allegany County Republican Genesee Valley Free Press and Farmer . Canaseraga Times Cuba Patriot Friendship Register Friendship Chronicle Hume Enterprise Ru.shford Spectator Allegany County Reporter Allegany Democrat < Republican } Broome Republican c Democrat I Democrat ? Leader (Democratic Leader , Binghamton Sunday Tribune Deposit Courier Lisle Gleaner Union Argus (c) Union News Whitney's Point Reporter Windsor Standard Daily (morning) Sunday , Weekly Semi-weekly Dail : Wee'kiy Semi- weekly Weekly Daily (evening) . . . Daily (evening) . . . Weekly Daily (morning) . Daily (evening) . . . Monthly Daily (evening) . . . Daily (morning) . Weekly.^ Sunday .' Weekly Monthly do ...do ...do Weekly Monthly Weekly do ..-.do ....do Daily (morning) . Weekly do ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do ...do Monthly Weekly do Weekly. do ...do... ...do... ...do..., ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do ... ...do... Daily (jnoming) . . Weekly Daily (evening) . . . Weekly Daily (eveniiig) . . . Weekly Sunday Weekly ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Semi-monthly. . . Weekly do ...do ...do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly do ...do ...do News and politics. do do do do do do Agricultural News and politics (German) . News and politics do do do Sunday school ( TTneeetanan) . News and politics (Qermwn) . News and politics do do Law Religious (Evangelical) Sunday school (UnsectaHa/n) . Sunday school ( TTnseclaria/n) . Agricultural do Music, art, etc News and politics Sunday school News and politics do do do News and politics (French) . . News and politics do .do. .do. .do. .do. Religions (Shakers) . News and politics. . . do Religions (Baptist) . News and politics . ■ do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. News and politics. do do do do do do... do do do do ......do do Free thought News and politics . do .do. -do . .do. -do. -do . .do. .do. -do. .do. 1825 1813 1813 1813 1830 1830 1830 1831 1852 1856 1873 1858 1865 1868 1869 1870 1870 1870 1870 1875 1876 1876 1878 1878 1879 1879 1880 1873 1847 1873 1880 1876 1879 1879 1879 1880 1877 1872 1871 1880 1860 1844 1820 1855 1873 1862 1870 1880 1880 1878 1839 1859 1822 1822 1845 1845 1878 1869 1879 1848 1871 1851 1872 1878 1879 1875 1879 1856 1875 1877 1879 1879 1858 1879 1876 1865 d Suspended March, 1880. 6 Consolidated with "News" May, 1880. / Suspended November, 1879. g Suspended May, 1880. 294 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YOEK— Continued. Place of publication. I^ame of periodical How often pub- lished. CharacteT. When 68- tablished. Cattaraugus co.— Continued. Eandolph — Continued Salamanca Cayuga co. — Poputatiom 65,081. Auburn Moravia -Port Byron . Springport.- Weedaport . Chautauqua co.—Papviation: 65,342. Cherry Creek Dunkirk Pindle^'s Lake . Fredonia Jamestown Mayville Panama.. . ... Sherman Silver Creek . Sinclairville.. "Westfleld Chemung co.- Elmira. . . -Population: 43,065. Horseheads . Chenasgo CO. — Popidatiani 39,891, Afton Bainbridge Greene Ifew Berlin . Norwich Oxford Sherburne . Clinton co.— Population : 60,897. Champlain Plattsburgh Columbia co.- Chatham . -Populatimi: 47,928. Claverack . Hillsdale .. Hudson Kinderhook. -. New Lebanon. Philmont COKTLAND CO. — Population: 25, £ Cincinnatus Cortland Kandolpb Conrant Eandolph True Friend (a). Cattaraugus Kepublican . . . Salamanca Gazette (6) County Record (c) C Advertiser — ( Auburn Journal j News and Bulletin i News and Democrat Cayuga County Independent - Evening Aubumian - Central New Yorker (d) Moravia Valley Kegister Moravia Citizen Port Byron Chronwile Union Springs Advertiser: . . . Weedsport Sentinel' Cayuga Chier Cayuga County National (e) . . Cherry Creek Herald (/) Dunkirk Journal Dunkirk Advertiser and Union . Chaut-auqua Farmer — Findlay's Lake Becord (e) Fredonia Censor ( Jamestown Journal ( Jamestown Journal Chautauqua Democrat FolketsKost People's Press (d) Jamestown Standard Countryside 1 Mayville Sentinel Panama Herald Chautauqaa News Silver Creek Local Counterfeit Detective (g) Sinclairville Spectator "Westfield Bepuhlican 5 Elmira Gazette ) Elmira Gazette C Elmira Advertiser I iilmira Advertiser Bistoury Sibyl Elmira Husbandman Elmira Bulletin C Free Press 1 Free Press Sunday Morning Telegram Chemung County Greenbacker (A) Sunday Morning Times (i) Elmira .Tournal (?) , Horseheads Journal and Chemung County Greenbacker. Horseheads Hidependent Home Sentinel Bainbridge Kepublican. Bainbridge Times (d) . . . Chenango American New Berlin Gazette Chenango Union Chenango Telegraph . . - Norwich Sentinel Oxford Times Sherburne News Champlain Journal (k) Clinton County Herald (I) . Plattsburgh Kepublican. - . Plattsburgh Sentinel Plattsburgh News (m) Teachers' Companion Chatham Courier Chatham Echo Claverack Conrant HilLsdale Herald f Daily Eegister I Hudson Gazette CEepublican ^Columbia Republican and Star . Kinderhook Rou^h Notes Journal of Materia Medica Philmont Sentinel Otselic Valley Register . Cortland Democrat Cortland Standard Weekly. do .... ...do... ...do.... ...do.... Daily (evening) .. Weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly do Daily Weekly, .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Weekly — do ...do ...do , ...do ...do Daily (evening) , Weekly do ...do ...do ..do Monthly Weekly ...do ...do ...do Monthly Weekly --.do , Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Quarterly . . do Weekly Daily (evening) . . ...do Weekly Sunday Weekly Sunday Tri-weekly Weekly .do. Weekly --.do ...do ...do ...do ...do Semi-weekly Weekly .-.do ...do Weekly.. do ...do.... ...do.--- -..do--- Monthly . Weekly --.do Quarterly Weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly ...do Monthly Weekly Weekly. ...do .... ...do..., a Consolidated with "Exponent" 6 Suspended March, 1880. c Suspended June, 1880. d Suspended April, 1880. e Suspended November, 1879. * Rochester, March, 1880. / Suspended. Suspended May, 1880. ft Merged in "Horseheads Journal". i Suspended June, 1879. j Saspended in census year. News and politics. Temperance News and politics.. do do News and politics. do do do do do do do do do do do do do..; 1879 1878 1867 1868 1879 1844 1827 1864 1868 1874 1877 1878 1863 1876 1871 1866 1865 1877 News and politics do do Agricultural News and politics do do do do News and politics (Swedish) . News and politics do Agricultural News and politics do do do Financial News and politics do 1850 1851 1869 1821 1870 1826 1852 1874 1878 1879 1880 1834 1879 1876 1877 News and politics do do do Medical Collegiate Agricultural News and politics do do do do do .■....'. News and politics (Gemwn) . News and politics 1879 1855 1859 1826 1853 1853 1865 1869 1874 1875 1879 1879 1879 1878 do News and 'politics. do do do do do do do do do News and politics - do do do do Educational News and politics. do , Collegiate News and politics. do , do . , do. do. do Medical News and politics. News and poMtics. do do 1878 1864 1879 1876 1871 1879 1855 1849 1816 1829 1878 1836 1863 1865 1877 1811 1855 1869 1879 1861 1879 1879 1879 1866 1784 1847 isao 1825 1862 1880 1873 1864 1867 Ic An edition of the "Rhode Island Democrat", Providence; suspended April, 1880. I Saspended October, 1879. m Edition of "Rhode Island Democrat", Providence. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. NEW YORK— Continued. 295 Place of publication. ^ame of periodical. How often pnb- lished. Character. When es- tablished. COBTLAND CO.— Continued. Cortland— Continned ... Homer. McGrawville . Marathon Delaware co.—Poptdation: 42,721. Andes Gannonsville Davenport — Delhi Downsville — Franklin Hancock Morgaretville. EoxDury Sidney Stamiord — .. "Walton , Duchess co.— Population: 79,184. Amenia Dover Plains Fishkill North East Pine Plains . . . Pougbkeepsie. Bawling Red Hook Rhinebeck Wappinger's Falls . Erie co.~Population: 219,884. Akron Alden ., Angola Buffalo East Aurora . Evans Hamburgh. Lancaster . . . Springville . Tonawanda . . . Williamsville. Essex co.— Population: 34,515. Ansable Crown Point Elizabethtown KeeseviUe Port Henry Ticonderoga . NormalNews Homer Eepublican... . McGrawvillo Sentinel.-. Marathon Independent . . Andes Record CaDnonaville Press (a) . . . Charlotte Valley News — Delaware G-azette Delaware Express Delaware Republican Downsville News Franklin Register Hancock HeraM Margaretville TJtilitaiian. Delaware Times Rural Press Stamford Mirror Walton Chronicle , Amenia Times -' Dover Press (&) Fishkill Standard Fishkill Journal Millerton Telegram Pine Plains Herald C Eagle ^Eaffle ^ Press Telegraph Duchess Farmer , C News ^News , vassar Miscellany Pougbkeepsie Sunday Courier.. Wochenthche Post Bawling Pioneer Red Hook Journal , Rhinebeck G-azette Wappinger's Falls Chronicle .. Wappinger's Falls Era Akron Breeze Alden Trumpet (a) Angola Eecord ( Commercial Advertiser , < Commercial Patriot and Journal ( Commercial Advertiser rCourier J Courier I Courier t Evening Eepublic ( Daily UemoKrat KWeltbuerger Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal . (Express (Express Buffalo Christian Advocate . . . : Die Aurora f lYeiePresse < Freie Presse ( Tribuene C Volksfreund I Volksfreund Our Record Catholic Union Buffalo Sunday Morning News Die Christliche "Woche Eoyal Templar School Journal (c) Fraternal Censor Deutsche Volksblatt Queen City Buffalo Sunday Morning Times Milling World Buffalo Saturday Bulletin Calendar Every Saturday (d) Sunday Herald (e) Aurora Advertiser Aurora Times Evans Eecord Erie County Independent Hamburgh Sentinel (/) Lancaster Times Journal and Herald LocalNews Tonawanda Enterprise Amherst Bee Monthly . ■Weekly.. ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Daily (morning) . Weeikly Daily (evening) . . ■Weekly -do. Daily (morning) . Weekly Monthly 1 Sunday Weekly ...do.. ...do ...do ...do ...do Weekly, do . do. Daily (evening) .. Weekly Tri-weekly Daily (morning) .. Weekly Sunday Daily (evening) ... Daily (evening) . Weekly Monthly Daily (morning) . . Weekly do ...do Dally (evening) . . . Weekly Sunday Daily (ei ■Weekly. ...do ...do Sunday ■Weekly.*.... ...do Monthly Semi-monthly. ■Weekly ...do Sunday Monthly ■Weekly ...do ...do Sunday ■Weekly do.. .do. .do . do. .do. .do. .do. ..do. ..do. a Suspended. ii Snapended November, 1880. ■ Mountain Echo : ■Weekly. Crown Point Budget do Post and G-azette do — Essex County Eepublican do . . . Port Henry Eecord (g) do Port Henry Herald do Ticonderoga Sentinel do Adirondack Eagle do Merged in the " New England d Suspended December, 1879. Journal of Education ", Boa. e Suspended July, 1879. ton, September, 1880. Collegiate News and politics . do do News and politics. do do do do do do do do do do do do do 1879 1812 1878 1870 1867 News and politics do do do do do do do do do Agricultural News and politics do Collegiate News and politics News and politics (Sermon) . News and politics do do do do News and politics, do 1877 1819 1839 1860 1875 1868 1873 1863 1880 1879 1851 1852 1878 1842 1856 1876 1859 1860 1785 1850 1820 1869 1871 1871 1872 1872 1879 1870 1859 1848 1870 1876 1878 .do . .do . .do . .do. .do. .do . .do. .do. News and politics ( Sermon) News and politics ( Bermcm) Medicine and surgery News and politics do Eeligious (Methodist) Eeligious (Catholic; Qermam) News and politics (Oerman) News and politics (Qermwn) News and politics ( German) News and politics ( German) News and politics (German) Charitable Eeligious (Catholic) News and politJfcs Eeligious (CafAoEic; German) Temperance Educational Secret society (Vnited Workmen) . News and politics (German) News and politics do Trade journal News and politics Eeligious (Epi>copai) News and politics do do do do do do do do do do do 1879 1835 1810 1810 1835 1845 1875 1859 1837 1837 1844 1846 1846 1850 1851 1852 1852 1852 1868 1868 1869 1872 1873 1875 1876 1877 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1880 1877 1878 1872 1880 1879 1875 News and politics, do -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do . 1880 1867 1879 1871 1879 1879 1878 1852 1839 1871 1872 1873 1879 / Suspended October, 1879. g Suspended; edition of "Bhode Island Demociat",ProTidenoa. 296 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YORK— Coutinued. Place of pablication. ISame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. Whenes- tahlished. rsAHKLIK CO.— Population: 32,390. Bmshton Chateaugay Malone . Moira. . . rnLTON CO.— Population : 30,983. GloversTille Johnstown. Genebee CO.— Population: 32,806. Athens Batavia LeBoy Gbeehe CO.— Population : 32,695. Catskill Goxsackie . . G-reenville.. Prattaville- Windham - Hamilton co.— Population: 3,9 Hope Falls Hope Wells., Hebkbibb go. — Popvlation: 42,f Herkimer nion Little FaUs . Mohawk "WestWinfleld. Jeffeesoh CO.— Population: 66,103. Adams Antweip Cape Vincent. Carthage , Clayton Watertown ElSGS CO Poputation: 699,495. Brooklyn East New York. Flatbnsh Lewis co.— Population: 31,416. Copenhagen . Lowville LivniGBTOK co.- Avon -Population: 39,562. Caledonia. Dansville . Brushton North Star . Chateaugay Star (a). - Chateaugay Eecord - . Malone Palladinm Franklin Gazette Moira Journal (a) Glo versville Standard Gloversville Intelligencer . . - Fulton County Democrat Fulton County Eepublican . . Fulton County Independent. Athens Sentinel (&) Eepublican Advocate . Spirit of the Times Progressive Batavlan . Batavia News Le Roy Gazette Genesee Courier Catskill Recorder Catskill Examiner Catskill Independent (c) . Catskill Morning Mail — Coxsackie News Greenville Local Prattsville News "Windham Journal Hamilton County Democrat (d). Hamilton County Press Valley Times (e) Jonmal and Republican (/) Herkimer Democrat Hion Citizen Forest, Forge, and Farm . Jonmal and Courier Herkimer County News . . Catholic Telegraph Mohawk Independent — "Winfield Standard (g) — Jefferson County Journal Enterprise (c) Antwerp Gazette Democratic Eagle Carthage Republican and Northern N. Yorker. Clayton Independent ( Morning Dispatch I "Watertown Re-Union {Times (Times and Reformer Watertown Post Poultry Chronicle (A) C Eagle jEagle Times DerTriangel (i) Union- Argus < Brooklyner Freie Presse (^Long Islaender ^- Brooklyn News Carpet'Trade National Monitor Brooklyner Reform Brooklyn Review Brooklyner Anzeiger Brooklyn Advance Brooklyn Globe Brooklyner Courier Brooklyn Stats Svenska Argus Green Point Sentinel Brooklyn Leader (j) , East N'ew York Sentinel Long Island Record , East New York Laterne Kings County Rural and Brighton Gazette. Copenhagen Independent . Journal and Republican . . . Lewis County Democrat . . . Lowville Times Weekly. ...do ...do.... ..do.... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. . ...do ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... Weekly ...do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly ...do Weekly ...do.. ...do DaUy {morning) . Weekly ...do ...do ...do Weekly. do ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. . ...do Monthly . Weekly.. ...do ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly do ...do ...do ...do ...do Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily (evening) . . . Weekly ... do Monthly Daily (evening) . Sunday Daily (evening) . . Semi-monthly... Daily (evening) . . Daily (evening) . . Sunday Weekly Monthly Bi-weekly Weekly do ...do Monthly Weekly do do . .do. .do . .do . ..do. .do. ..do. a An edition of 6 Suspended. c Suspended November, 1879. d An edition of the "Democrat Avonian Livingston County Herald Caledonia Advertiser Dansville Express Journal of Health Dansville Advertiser Rhode Island Democrat ", Providence. Weekly. do ... ...do.... ...do ... News and politici do.... do do do do News and politics. do do do do News and politics. do do do do do do News and politics. do do do do do do do News and politics. do do do 1877 1873 1878 1835 1837 1867 1856 1869 1842 1869 1879 1879 1811 1818 1868 1878 1826 1870 1792 1830 1879 1879 1867 1877 1858 1857 1860 1873 News and politics. . . do Agricultural News and politics. . - do Religious (Catholic). News and politics. . . do News and politics. . do do do do do do do do do do Agricultural 1870 1842 1864 1880 1835 1868 1878 1873 1872 1844 News and politics do do Secret society ( Germam.) News and politics News and politics (Oertnan) . News and politics (Germa/n) . News and politics Commerce and trade Religious (Baptist) Secret society ( German) News and politics News and politics (German) . Literary News ajid politics News and politics (German) . News and politics (Swedish) . News and politics do do do News and politics (Germam) . News and politics News and politics - do do do , Johnstown. News and politics do do do Medical News and politics e Suspended January^ 1860. h Suspended July, 1879. / Edition of "PultonCounty Republican", Johnstown, i Suspended December, 1879. g Changed to ' ' Reporter", Aprd, 1881. j Suspended November, 1880. Weekly. . . . . do . . . do . . . . .- do . .. Monthly . Weekly.. 1873 1872 1860 1872 1872 1824 1860 1850 1870 1879 1839 1839 1848 1855 1863 1865 1873 1868 1870 1870 1871 1873 1874 1877 1877 1879 1879 1880 1880 1866 1874 1878 1872 1880 1830 1856 1876 1875 1876 1878 1850 1858 1860 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. NEW TOEK— Continued. 297 Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lislied. GharaoteT. When ea- tablislied. LiVBIGSTOM CO.- G-eneseo . . . -Continned. Lima Livonia Mount Morris . Nunda Springwater . Madison co.—FopulatUm: 44,112. BrooMeld Canastota GazenoYia Chittenango De Buyter Barlville. . Hamilton . MozrisTille . Oneida MOHROE CO.— Population: 144,903. Biodport Fairport Honeoye EaUs . Boohester SpencerpoTt MONTGOMEBY CO Population: 38,315. Amsterdam Canajoharie. Ponda Tort Plain . Fultonville Saint Jolinsville . Livingston Bjepnblican Union Citizen Lima Recorder Livonia Gazette Union and Constitution . . . Mount Morris Enterprise . Nunda News Springwater Enterprise ... Brootfleld Courier Canastota Herald Cazenovia Bepublican . - . Madison County Times. . De Buyter Gleaner Do Ifeuyter New Era Earlville News (a) Democratic Bepublican . Democratic Yolunteer. . . Madisonensis Hamilton Becorder Madison Observer Oneida Dispatch Democratic Union Oneida Eree Press American Socialist (&)■-- Brocltport Bepublic Brockport Democrat Fairport Herald Honeoye Ealla Free Press Honeoye Falls Gazette C Union and Advertiser < Boohester Bepublican t Union and Advertiser C Democrat and Chronicle < Democrat and Chronicle ( Democrat and Chronicle C Beobacbter \ Wochenblatt f Volksblatt Ealeigh Observer Horth Carolina Farmer Farmer and Mechanic Evening Visitor North Carolina Eepublican (i) . Ealeigh Advertiser (a) People's Voice (i) Ealeigh Sentinel (a) Hale's Weekly (a) Warrenton Gazette . a Suspended. 6 Eemoved to Hillsboro*. c Suspended February, 1880. Free Will Baptist (j) Goldsboro' Messenger I Transcript-Messenger I Goldsboro' Mail (h) d Merged in "Ashboro* Courier" e Suspended in 1880, / Suspended in 1879. Weekly. ...do ..-. News and politics. do 1879 1879 Weekly. News and politics - Daily (evening) . . Weekly .-- do Daily {momi/ng) . Weekly do Monthly ... do Semi-monthly News and politics 1875 do 1844 1858 1867 1809 1868 1877 1878 1879 Weekly. .Eeligious (Preabyterian) . News and politics do do Literary Medical and surgical Eeligious (Presbyterian) . News and politics Weekly News and politics. do do . .do. .do. .do . Weekly ...do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly. Weekly. — do .... Weekly.. — do ... . ...do .... Weekly. Weekly. ...do ...do.... ...do.... Weekly do Semi-weekly. Weekly WeeMy. Weekly. Weekly. . ...do ... ...do.... Weekly. . . .do . . . Weekly ...do ...do ...do Daily {rrioming) . Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Monthly Weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly Tri. weekly Weekly ...do ...do Weekly. Weekly Semi- weekly . - Weekly ... do Agricultural Eeligious (Methodist) . News and polities News and politics. do do do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics . do do News and politics . News and politics . do do do News and politiCB. do do do News and politics News and politics . News and politics . . do Agricultural News and politics. do Eeligious (Baptist) Eeligious (Methodist Episcopal) . News and politics Temperance News and politics do •* do do Agricultural News and polities do .do . do . .do . .do . .do . News and politics. Eeligious (Baptist) News and politics. .. 1878 1820 1872 1880 1879 1869 1875 1879 1879 1877 1876 1876 1880 1S73 1879 1870 1880 1875 1879 1880 1832 1878 1880 1872 1872 1880 1873 1876 1835 1855 1860 1867 1867 1872 1876 1876 1876 1877 1878 1880 1879 1880 1872 1880 1807 1867 1872 g Suspended June, 1880. h Consolidated with "Observer" i Suspended May, 1880. .do j Eemoved from Pine Level, Johnson county. k Suspended April, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. NOETH CAEOLINA— Continued. 311 Place of publication. Name of periodicaL How often pub- lislied. Character. When es- tablished. Price per year. WiLKBS CO.— Population: 19,181. "Wilkesboro' "WilVef^hnrn' Tnrlox , , . . "Weekly 1879 1867 1870 $1 00 2 00 "Wilson co.-^Population: 16,064. Semi-monthly 2 00 OHIO. Adams co.— Population : 24,005. Manchester West Union A.UJEN CO.— Population: 31,311. Blnffton Lima Spencerrille . Ashland co.—PopiUation: 23,8 Ashland HayesvUle . . . LoudonviUe. Ashtabula co.— Population: 37,13D. Andover Ashtabula Conneant . Geneva . - . Jefferson Kock Creels . Athens co. — Population: 28,411. Albany . Athens . Kelsonville . AuGLAIZBCO. — Population; 25,444. ITew Bremen Saint Mary's "Wapakoneta Belmont CO. — Population: 49,638. BamesviUo Bellaire Bridgeport Martin's Ferry . . Saint Clairsville. Beownco. — Population: 32,911. Georgetown Eipley BuTLEKCO. — Population: 42,579. Hamilton Middletown . Oxford Oaeeoll co.^Population : 16.416. Carrollton Leesbnrgh . Champaign co.— -Population ; 27,817. MeohanicshuTg Saint Paris . TJrbana Ohio Kiver Boatman West Union Scion People's Defender Adams County New Era . Blnffton News Allen County Democrat . - . Lima Gazette AUen County Republican . Uer Courier Democratic Times SpencerviUe Journal Aslilaud Press Ashland Times Tonng Djscipie Haj-osvillo Journal LoudonviUe Advocate.. LoudonviUe Democrat. Andover Review (a) Ashtabula Telegraph Ashtabula News Democratic Standard Conneaut Reporter Geneva Times Geneva Express Foster's Musical Journal. Ashtabula Sentinel Jefforson Gazette Rock Creek Banner Albany Echo Athens Messenger . Athens Journal . . . . Nelsonville News . . Stern des Westlichen Ohio . . St. Mary's Argus Auglaize County Democrat . Wapakoneta Bee BamesviUo Enterprise C Bellaire Independent } Bellaire Independent Bellaire Tribune Bellaire Democrat Bridgeport River Side Press (b) . Ohio vaUey News St. Clairsville Gazette Belmont Chronicle Brown County News . - Georgetown Sentinel.. Rijiley Bee and Times. Ohio Valley Times (c) . Butler County Democrat. National Zeitung Hamilton Observer f Hamilton DaUy News . . . ^Hamilton News Middletown Journal Middletown Signal Oxford Citizen Carroll Free Press Carroll County Chronicle . Connotton "Valley Times. . Central Ohio News Mechanicsbnrg Herald (d) St. Paris New Era Urbana Citizen and Gazette C Urbana Union iUrbana Union Urbaua News (c) University Courant (/) •» Suspended. d Removed to New Washington, Crawford county, b Xemoved to Ereeport since census year. February, 1881. « Consolidated with " Eipley Bee " May, 1880. Weekly. do ... ...do... ...do ... Weekly.. ...do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do ... Weekly. ...do ... .. do ... ...do-.. .. do... — do . .. Weekly do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Monthly Semi- weekly . Weekly do Weekly- ...do ... .. do ... ...do ... Weekly. do ...do... ...do... Weekly Daily {evening) . Weekly do -do . -do . do. do. .do. Weekly. — do --. ...do ... ...do... Weekly ...do ...do Daily (evening) , Weekly — do ...do ...do Weekly. ...do ...do ... Weekly — do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . . . Weekly Daily (morning) . Monthly , News and politics. do do do , News and politics do do do News and politics (Germajn) . News and politics do News and politics. . do Religious (Baptist) . News and politics. . . do do News and politics. do do , do do do do Musical News and politics. , do do News and politics. do do do News and politics (Qerma^) . News and politics do do News and politics. do do do do , do do do do News and politics. do do do News and politics News and politics (German) . News and politics do . -do . -do . -do . .do . News and politics - do do News and politics - do do de do do do CoUegiate e Suspended June, 1880, and re-established Sept>eni ber, 1880. / Suspended July, 1879. 1880 1853 1860 1877 1875 1848 1854 1875 1877 1879 1879 1846 1853 1875 1874 1872 1879 1878 1860 1873 1877 1843 1866 1878 1879 1832 1876 1879 1877 1825 1868 1879 1875 1878 1848 1876 1866 1880 1871 1879 1880 1879 1872 1812 1813 1838 1874 1843 1876 1814 1864 1875 1879 1814 1859 1874 1854 1S31 1871 1878 1873 1879 1S72 1838 1869 1801 1875 1H77 312 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. OHIO— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Clabke CO.— Population: 41,9 New Carlisle South Charleston Springfield ., Cleemost CO.— PoptUation ; 36,713. Batavia , Moscow New Richmond . Cllnton CO.— Population: 24,756. Blanchester New Vienna Sabina "Wilmiujrton . Columbiana co.— Population: 48,602. Columbiana East Liverpool . East Palestine. Leetouia New Lisbon ... Salem . ■WellsTille . COBHOCTOX CO. — Population: 26,642. Coshocton Ckawfoui) co,- Bucyius- .. -Population: 30,583. Crestline . Gallon — Ci;yaroga CO.— Populati Monthly "Weekly Monthly "Weekly Monthly . do Daily {evening) . . Sunda y "Weekly Sunday do Semi-monthly. .. Weekly SBmi-monthly Weekly Monthly Weekly — do .. do ...do Monthly Sunday Quarterly "Weekly .-do Daily {evening) . . "Weekly do ..-.do Monthly Quarterly do "Weekly ....do Monthly . "Weekly. . — do ...do.... Sunday . . do "Weekly. . — do "Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ...do.-- "Weekly do Semi-monthly... Weekly Daily (evening) . "Weekly ... do "Weekly , do Monthly Daily (morning) "Weekly Tri-weekly .-.do Weekly Monthly Tri-weekly .Weekly , Weekly . do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... Religious (Qerman) Religious (.Baptist; German) Religious (JSvangelical) Commerce and trade do Religious (Evangelical; German) . News and politics (German) News and politics (German) News and politics (German) News and politics News and politics ( German) Religious (Evangelical) News and politics Juvenile Religious (Catholic) Sunday school .... do do Sunday sehool (German) Sunday school ( German) Religious (German) News and politics Phonography Secret society (Eohemian) Religious ( German) News and politics Sunday school . . Religious ( German) News and politics Musical Sunday school Sunday school (German) Temperance News and politics 1865 1866 1866 1867 1867 1868 1871 1871 1871 1871 1872 1872 ]87a 1874 1874 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 1876 1876 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 Educational News and politics. do do . do . do . -do. -do . News and politics. do do do News and politics. do Collegiate News and politics . do do do News and politics do Miscellaneous News and politics do do News and politics {German) . News and politics Commerce and trade News and politics do News and politics. , do do do do do , Weekly News and politics. do do . do do . m Suspended 1879. Z) Suspended. Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly Daily (evening) . . Weekly ... do ...do ...do Semi- weekly Semi-monthly Monthly Sunday Weekly . - . do Monthly , News and politics do do do do do do Agricultural Religious (Lutheran) News and politics { German) News and politics (German) Religious (XuiAeran; German). Secret society News and politics Educational Religious ( Catholic ; German) . . Secret society c Suspended June, 1880. 1880 1879 1832 1855 1875 1879 1879 1874 1844 18G8 1874 1880 1818 1866 1868 1873 1878 1878 1878 1879 1870 1880 1844 1844 1822 1856 1866 1870 1879 1879 1809 1826 1875 1879 1879 1879 1852 1858 1879 1871 1840 1811 1852 1829 1832 1874 1840 1842 1843 1854 1860 1865 1867 1868 1873 1873 314 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. OHIO— Continued. Place of pnblication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "When es- tablished. Fjoanklix CO. — Continued. Columbus— Continued -. Weaterville. FvhTO^ CO.— Population: 21,053. Delta Fayette ■Wauaeon Gallia co.— Population: 28,124. Gallipolis Geauga co. — Population: 14,251. Burton . . Ghardon . Geeexe CO. — Population: 31,349. Cedarville Jamestown Xenia GUERNSET CO.— Population: 27,197. Cambridge Quaker City Hamilton co.— Population : 313,374. Cincinnati . Columbus Sunday Herald Catholic Columbian Ohio Medical Recorder Ohio State Sentinel (a) Sunday Capital C Der < )\i io Sonntagsgaet {&) I Der Ohio Sonntagsgast (c) Courier (d) Penny Post (e) Frantlin County Legal Eecord. American Prohibitionist "W estern Home Journal Columbus Commonwealth (fl ... Columbus Democrat (g) "Westervillo Review «- Delta Avalanche Fayette Record Northwestern Republican.. Democratic Expositor , Gallipolis Journal . . Gallipolis Bulletin . Gallipolis Ledger. . . Geauga Leader Geauga Republican . Cedarville Herald Jamestown Tribune Xenia Torchlight Xenia Gazette Xenia Democrat-News . Xenia Sunlight Guernsey Times Cambridge Jeffersonian - - - Cambridge Herald Roy in Blue {h) National Tribune Guernsey Teacher Quaker City Independent . f Gazette <. Gazette (Gazette Star in the "West Cincinnati Medical Gazette and Recorder . Journal and Messenger Catholic Telegraph "Western Christian Advocate ( Taegliches Yolksblatt < "Westliche Blaetter (Taegliches Volksblatt r Times-Star J Times-Star 1 Times-Star I Star (i) "Wahrlieitsfreund Chriatlicho Apologete National Repositoiy Herald and Presbyter Cincinuati Lancet and Clinic Sunday School Advocate (Commercial < Commercial (Dollar Commercial C Enquirer < Enquirer ( Enquirer Price Current and Commercial Review Eclectic Medical Journal Masonic Review Dental Register Protestantisohe Zeitblsetter (j) ( Tolksfreund <. Sonntagmorgen ( Volksfreund Christian Press Die Deborah A merican Israelite Sunday School Glocke CLawBulletiu \ Law Bulletin American Cliristian Review Iron Molders' Journal Journal of Commerce Christian Standard '. Post ... Kikeriki a An edition of the "Advocate ", Zanesville. & State edition. c C!ity edition. d Merged in " Times " May, 1880. e Suspended June, 1880. / Suspended. g Merged in "Times". Sunday "Weekly Monthly., "Weekly Sunday "Weekly Sunday Daily (esmmq) . Daily (evening) . "Weekly do Monthly "Weekly Daily' "Weekly.. "Weekly. , ...do ... ...do... ...do ... "Weekly. — do ...do.... "Weekly. do "Weekly. do ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... "Weekly. . do ....do.... ...do.... ....do .... Monthly . "Weekly. . Daily (morning) "Weekly Semi- weekly "Weekly Monthly "Weekly do -..do Daily (morning) . Sunday "Weekly Daily (morning) . Daily (exenimg) .. "Weekly- . Daily" "Weekly. . .- do Monthly "Weekly .-..do Semi-monthly — Daily (morning) . Sunday "Weekly - Daily (Tnoming) . Sunday "Weekly do Monthly — do ...do "Weekly Daily (rmming) . Sunday "Weekly Monthly "Weekly do Semi-monthly — Dally (morning) . Weekly - . .do Monthly "Weekly --.do ...do ...do News and politics Religious (Catholic) Medicine News and politics do News and politics (Oermwn) . News and politics (German) . News and politics do Legal Temperance Literary News and politics do do News and politics - do do do News and politics. do do News and politics. do News and politics. do do do do do News and politics. do do do .- do Educational News and politics. News and polities do do Religious ( Vniveraaliet) Medical Religious (Baptist) '. Religious (Catlwlic)....^. Religious (Methodist) News and politics (German) News and politics (Germa/n) News and politics (German) News and politics do do do Religious (Catholic; German) ... Religious (Methodist ; German) . Religious (Methodist) Religious (Presbyteria/n) Medical Sunday school (Methodist) News and politics do 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1878 1880 1878 1879 1879 1880 1880 1879 1878 1876 1872 1855 1875 1817 1867 1873 1874 1849 1876 1875 1838 1868 1874 1878 1824 1832 1869 1871 1880 1880 1875 1793 1793 1793 1828 1831 1831 1832 1833 1838 1864 1836 1836 1836 1871 1837 1838 1840 1840 1841 1841 1842 .do. .do . -do . -do. 1844 1842 Commerce and trade Medical Secret society Medical Religious (Evangelical; Germam,). News and politics (German) News and politics (German) News and politics ( Germa/n) Sunday school Religious (Jewish; -Germam,) - - . - Religions (Jewish) Sunday school ( Germam.) Legal do Religious (Disciples) Commerce and trade do Religious (Disciples) News and politics Commerce and trade (German) ... 1842 1844 1844 1845 1846 1849 1850 1850 1850 1852 1854 1854 1855 1857 1876 1858 1864 1865 1866 1867 h Merged in "Cambridge Jeffersonian" i Consolidated with "Times", } Consolidated with "DieTJnion". CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. OHIO— Continued. 315 Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "When es- tablished. Price per year. Hamilton co.— Continued. Cincinnati/— Continued. . Hahcook CO.— Population: 27,784. Flndliiy Hardin co. — Population: 27,023. Ada Dunkirk - Forest Kenton . Habeisok CO Population: 20,456. Bowerstown - Cadiz Soio Tippecanoe . Henky CO.— Population: 20,585. Deshler Napoleon HlQHLAND CO.— Population : 30,281. Greeniield Hillsboro' Der Deutsche Pionier Golden Hours Sunday School Journal Merchant and Manufacture Medical News Physio-Medical Kecorder Children's Home Monthly Journal Bibelforscher Cincinnati Trade List Church's Musical Visitor Harrison News Mystic Jewel American Law Record Cincinnati Saturday Night Berean Leaf Picture Lesson Paper Cincinnati Grange Bulletin Western Tobacco Journal and Grocers' Eeview Miller and Millwright Cincinnati Medical Advance Der Sendbote Sabbath Visitor HausundHerd f Freie Presse < Freio Presse t Freie Presse National Bulletin Live-Stock Eeview Expressman's Monthly Transcript Sunday School Standard Cincinnati Public School Journal Baldwin's Musical Eeview Irish Citizen Sunday School Classmate f Anzeiger (a) < Anzieger ( Anzipger Taegliche Abend-Presae National Parmer Grocer and Commission Reporter Grocer and Merchants' Advocate American Detective National Repository Marine Journal Phonetic Educator Obstetric Gazette American Inventor Cincinnati Artisan Cincinnati Bau Vereins Anzieger Biblischer Bildersaal Dictator Labor Tribune Grocers' Manual Landlords' Bulletin Our Village News Baptist Review J Toung Catholic's 'Weeklv } Young Catholic's Monthly Die Union Cincinnati Volksbote Kline Leute Musical People St. Xavior's Messenger Clinic (!)) American Messenger (!)) Teachers' Monthly(6) OhioEiver Traveler (6) Amusement Journal (c) Guiding Star (0) Sabbath School Monthly (c) Teachers' Mentor Little Child Sabbath School Visitor (6) Hancock Courier Findlay JefTcrsonian . Findlay Republican . . Ada Record Dunkirk Standard Forest Eeview Ohifl Home Kenton Republican Hardin County Democrat . Bowerstown Banner Cadiz Republican Cadiz Sentinel Soio Herald Tippecanoe Commercial (d) . Deshler Flag-. Democratic Northwest - Henry County SignaJ- a Changed name from "Abend-Post Highland Chief. Hillsboro' Gazette Highland News ' to "Anzeiger" November, 1880. Monthly ...do ...do ...do ...do ..-do ...do Quarterly weekly Monthly "Weekly Semi-monthly Monthly Weekly Quarterly Monthly Weekly do Monthly ...do .. do Weekly Monthly Daily (morning) . Sunday Weekly Semi-monthly — Weekly Monthly Weekly do Monthly Quarterly Weekly Semi-monthly — Daily (ffveni-ng) . . Sunday Weekly Daily (evening) .. Monthly Weekly do Monthly do Weekly Quarterly Monthly ....do ....do ...do Quarterly Weekly do ...do Semi-monthly — Weekly Quarterly Weekly Monthly Weekly Monthly Semi-monthly .. Monthly do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Semi-monthly. Monthly do Weekly ...do Weekly. do ... ...do-.. Weekly. . do ... ...do.... Monthly . Weekly. . do Weekly. do ...do... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly. . do ...do.... Weekly .do do b No data given. Historical (German) Sunday school do Commerce and trade Medical do Miscellaneous Sunday school ( German) Commerce and trade Musical News and politics Secret society Law Family reading Sunday school do Agricultural Commerce and trade do Medical Religious (Catholic; German) Sunday school Religious (Methodist; German) ... News and politics (German) News and politics ( German) News and politics (German) Secret society Commerce and trade do ; News and politics Sunday school Educational Musical News and politics Sunday school News and politics ( German) News and politics (German) News and politics (German) News and politics ( German) Agricultural Commerce and trade do Miscellaneous Eeligious (Methodist) Commerce and trade Educational Medical Science and mechanics do Miscellaneous (German) Sunday school (German) Secret society Trade Commerce and trade do News and politics Eeligious (Baptist) Eeligious ( Catholic) Eeligious (Catholic) Eeligious (Evangelical; Germa/n) . . Eeligious (German) Sunday school { German) Musical Eeligious (Catholic) Medical Miscellaneous Educational Commerce and trade Dramatic Sunday school do do do do 1868 1868 1868 1869 1869 1869 1869 1870 1870 1871 1871 1871 1872 1872 1872 1872 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1874 1874 1876 1874 1875 1875 1875 1875 1876 1876 1876. 1876 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1868 'lire' News and politics . do do News and politics. do do Miscellaneous News and politics - do News and politics. , do , do do do , 1836 1854 1879 1872 1875 1875 1880 1846 1852 1879 1815 1832 1879 News and politics.. do do News and politics. do do 1876 1852 1865 1865 1818 1837 c Suspended. d Suspended April, 1880. 316 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. OHIO— Continued, Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pnb- liBhed. Character. When es- tablished. HooKiNO CO. — Population: 21,126. Logan Holmes go. — Population: 20,776. Millersbnrff Huron co.— Population: 31,609. Bellevue Greenwich Monroeville New London Norwalk Plymouth "Wakeman Jackson co.— Population: 23,686. Jackson - Jefferson co.— Population : 33,018. Knoxville Sloan's Station Steubenville Ekox CO. — Population: 27,431 Centerburg Eredericktown Gambler Mount Vernon Lake co.— Population: 16,326 Painesville . - . , WiUongbby Laweence 00. — Population: 5 Ironton Licking co. — Population: 40,450, Granville Newark Utica , Logan co.— Population: 26,267. BeUefontaine De Graff "West Liberty Zanesfield liOSMH CO.— Population: 35,526. Elyria Lorain North Amherst Oberlin "Wellington Lucas co.— Population: 67,377. South Toledo , Toledo a Suspended July, 1880. b Suspended August, 1880. Suspended September, 1879. d Suspended Julyi 1879. e Suspended February, 1880. Ho'cking Sentinel Logan Republican Hooking "valley Gazette.. Holmes County Farmer Holmes County Bepublican . liellevuo Gazette Bellevue Local News Farmers' Eeporter Greenwich Review (a) Monroeville Spectator New London Record Norwalk Reflector Norwalk Experiment ■- Norwalk Chronicle Ohio Adler Plymouth Advertiser . . -". Wakeman Independent Press . Jackson Standard . Jackson Herald . . . Banner of Zion Sloan's Enterprise f Steubenville Herald . . I Steubenville Herald. .- < Steubenville Gazette - - } Steubenville Gazette . - Steubenville Germania. Sunday News (6) Ohio Press Sunday Chronicle (c) ... Sunday Local (d) Centerburg Mirror (e) Free Press Gambler Argus (/) Kenyon Advance Mount Yemon Democratic Banner. Mount Vernon Republican Park's Floral Magazine Mount Vernon Advocate (c) Orphan's Friend (g) Painesville Telegraph — Painesville Advertiser - . . Northern Ohio Journal. .. "WUloughby Independent. Ironton Register - - "Wfechter Am Ohio . Iron Era Dollar Irontonian . . Denisou Collegian Newark Advocate Newark American Newark Banner Newark Democrat (h) . Utica Herald BeUefontaine Examiner. . . BeUefontaine Republican- Logan County Index Lutheran Evangelist De Graff Buckeye , De Graff Banner (i) "West Liberty Gazette Zanesfield News ( j) Elyria Republican Elyria Constit.ution Poultry Nation Elyria Astonisher (k) Elyria Post (I) Lorain County Times North Amherst Record (a) Oberlin News Oberlin Review Oberlin Gazette (m) Fellowship Wellington Enterprise "Weekly. do ....do... "Weekly. ...do ... "Weekly. — do ...do ... ...do... ...do..., ...do.... ...do..., .. do..., ,.. do ..., .. do ... ...do .... ...do.... Weekly. do ... Monthly . Weekly. Daily (evening) . . . Weekly , Daily {ev&ning) Weekly do Sunday Weekly Sunday .. do Weekly.. do ... ...do,. .. Monthly . Weekly. . do Monthly . Weekly.. Monthly . Weekly.. do .. do .... ...do .... Weekly. do . .do. Bi.weekly . Weekly ... do ...do , ...do ....do Weekly. , — do ... do... ...do..., ...do..., .. do..., ...do..-, ...do ... Weekly do Monthly Weekly ...do ...do ...do do Bi- weekly .. Weekly Monthly Weekly South Toledo Advertiser Weekly ( Toledo Blade Daily (eut Mechanicsburg . Mount Holly Springs . Newburg Newville Shippensburg Dauphis CO.— Population : 76, 148. Blizabethville . Hamshurg .... Hummelstown . . Lykens Middletown Millersburg ... Steelton Dblawake co.- Choster -Population : 56, 101. Clarion Democrat Clarion Republican Gazette. Clarion Jacksonlan East Brady Press (a) Edenbui'g Herald (b) Poxburg Gazette (c) New Bethlehem Vindicator . Crude Local (a) Clearfield Republican Raftsman's Journal Cleaxfield Citizen CleaT-field County Times.. Du Bois Courier Osceola Reveille Clinton Democrat Clinton Republican . - . C Luck Haven Journal . I Lock Haven Journal . Renovo Record Berwick Independent Columbia County Republican . Columbian Democratic Sentinel Bloomsburg Joui-nal Catawissa News Item Blooming Valley Advertiser Cambridge News Cochranton Times Conneautville Courier Lineville Leader (d) Crawford Democrat Crawford Journal C Meadville Republican $ MeadviUe Republican Meadville Index Chatauquan Crawford County Post Campus Crescent C Reporter (e) $ Democratic Messenger National Vindicator Good Tidings C Morning Herald I Titusville Herald Titusville Sunday News Letter (/) . Carlisle Herald American Volunteer . . Valley Sentinel C arlisl e Mirror Commonwealth (g) . ... Independent Journal.. Fai-mers' Friend Saturday Journal Mountain Echo Newbury Telephone . . Star of the Valley Newville Enterprise . - - Shippensbui-g News . . . Democratic Chronicle . Elizabethville Democrat (ft) Church Advocate C Harrisburg Telegraph I Harrisburg Telegraph' J Harrisburg Patriot ( Hairisburg Patriot National Era Dauphin County Journal Pennsylvanische Staats-Zeitung . Sunday School Gem Conference News . Han-isburg Independent . , Moutbly Itinerant . . Every Saturday Night . - . Sunday School Workman. Sunday Herald (i) Humnielstowii Sun Lykens Register Middletown Journal Millersburg Herald Steelton Item Delaware County Republican . Delaware County Democrat . . . a Suspended. b Suspended May, 1880. c Merged in " Clarion Republican " September, 1880. Weekly. do ... ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Weekly. — do ...do ... ...do-.., .:..do... ... do... Weeklv ...do.". Daily (evening) . Weekly do Weekly. do .. do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... Monthly Weekly .-..do ...do .. do ...do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly ... do Monthly Weekly Monthly . . do Daily (morning) Weekly ...do Monthly Daily (morning) Weekly Sunday Weekly ...do ...do Semi- weekly . Weekly ...do- ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do -..do -- do --.do Weekly -..do Daily (evening) . . Weekly -... Daily (morning) . Weekly ...do ...do do Monthly Semi.monthly . . , Daily (evening) . . Monthly , Weekly Monthly Sunday Weekly — do ...do ---do , -. do , Weekly - ...do ... d Suspended Eebruary, 1880. e Daily suspended May, 1880. / Changed to the "Sunday World" News and politics. do do do do , , do , do do , 1840 1861 1873 1876 News and politics. do do , do , do do News and polilTics- do do do do News and politics. do do do do do News and politics.. do do do do do do .--. do do do , Literary News and politics (Qerma/n) . Collegiate do News and politics do do Religious ( JJnitaHan) , News and politics . do -do . News and politics. do , do do do do Agricultural News and politics do 1879 1876 lS27 1854 1878 1872 1879 1874 1839 1839 1877 1879 1871 1871 1857 1836 1871 1876 1878 1876 1877 1878 1845 1875 1835 1848 1864 1850 1872 1876 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1879 1879 1805 1865 1880 1800 1814 1862 1875 -do . -do - -do . -•do . -do . News .and politics Religious (Evangelical) News and politics do .. do do do News and politics (Qerma/n) News and politics (German) Sunday school Religious (Methodist Episcopal) News and politics Religious ( United Brethren) Family reading Sunday school News and politics do -do . -do . -do. .do . News and politics.. do 1854 1874 1875 1871 1879 1857 1871 1844 1875 1879 1835 1856 18.39 1858 1858 1858 1866 1866 1867 1875 1876 1876 1879 1879 1879 1871 1865 1853 1875 *875 1833 1867 g Suspended October, 1879. h Suspended December, 1880. i Suspended April, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. PENNSTLYANIA— Continued. 325 Place of publication. ^ame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Cbaracter. When es- tablished. Delaware co. — Continued. Chester — Continued Media Elk CO. — FopulaUon: 12,800. Kidgway Saint Mary's Erie CO. — Population: 74, C Amity township Corry. Erie . Girard Mill Village . ;N'orth East . . Union City . . Waterford . . . Fatette CO. — Population: 58,842. Bi'ownsville ConnellsviUe Uniontown . . Forest co. — Population: 4,385. Tionesta Franklin co. — Population : 49, 855. Chamberabnrg Green Castle . MoTCorsburg Waynesborough . Fulton co. — Population: 10,149. McConnellsburg Greene co. — Population: 28,273. "VTaynosburgh Huntingdon co. — Population: 33, 954. Huntingdon Mount Union . Orbisonia J^mA^A CO. —Population: 40,527. BlairsTille Indiana Saltsbnrgh Jefferson co. Brook"ville -Population: 27,925. Delaware County Paper and Mall (a) . Evening News .'- ( Chester Times I Delaware County Advocate Chester Eeveille Delaware County Gazette Delaware County Record Delaware County American Elk County Advocate . Elk Democrat Elk County Gazette .. y "Wattaburg Herald Gorry Telegrapll Corry Herald J Erie Gazette Sunday Morning Gazette. Srie Oliaerver Erie Dispatch \ Erie Dispatch Znachauer Am Erie C Leuchtlhurm I Leuchtthni'm Lake Shore Visitor Erie Advertiser Matbematical Yisitor O Jornal De Noticias (Brie Herald nOollar Herald Erie Sunday Graphic Cosmopolite Mill Village Herald North East Sun North East Advertiser 0nion City Times Waterford Leader Brownsville Clipper Labor Advocate Fayette Monitor Keystone Courier Genius of Liberty Republican Standard Uniontown Democrat . . . Uniontown National (b) . forest Kepublican l^'orest National Democrat- Franklin Repository — Valley Spirit Public Opinion Highway of Holiness . . . People's Register < Chambersburg Ilurald . i Chambersburg Herald . Valley Echo Green Castle Press Mercorsburg -Journal — Village Record Keystone Gazette Brethren's Advocate . . - Fulton Democrat. . . JTulton Republican. Waynesburgh Messenger ... ■V(''aynesbur;;h Republican .- WaynLsbiirgh Independent . Huntingdon Journal . Huntingdon Globe . - . Primitive Christian . . Huntingdon Monitor . Huntingdon News . - . Mount Union Times. . Orbisonia Leader Blairaville Enterprise Indiana Messenger Indiana Democrat Indiiina Progiesa Indiana Times - Indiana Cnujity National- Local J3]ado (c) Saltsburgh Press "Weekly Daily (evening) . Daily (evening) . Weekly Monthly Weekly ...do ...do Weekly. ...do .. do .... Weekly ...do ...do ...do Sunday Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly do Daily (evening) . . Weekly — do ...do Semi.annually . . Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly Sunday Weekly do ...do ....do ...do ...do Weekly. ...do — ...do ... ...do .... .. do ... ...do .... ...do ... ...do ... Weekly. ...do Weekly ...do ...do Monthly Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly do -do . .do . .do. .do. .do. Weekly. do ... Weekly. — do ... ...do ... Weekly do ...do ...do Semi- weekly . Weekly do Weekly. ...do ... ...do ... ...do... ..-do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do ... Brookville Telfursonian Weeklj^- Brookville Kepublican do ... Graphic Democrat — do . . . Pnnxaiitawney ] Pun-^isutawncy Spirit do . . . Heyiioldsville I Our Eeynoldsville Paper I do ... News and politics. . do do do CoUegiate News and politics. do do News and politics. do do News and politics, do .do . .do. .do . do . .do - do - News and politics ( German) News and politics ( German) News and politics (German) Religious { Catholic) News and politics Educational Eeligioua (Catholic ; Portuguese) Newa and politics do -do . -do - -do . .do - -do . -do . .do . News and politics. 1 do do do do do do do News and politics do News and politics do do Religious (Unsectarian) . News and politics. I do .do . .do. .do. do . do- .do - Religious (Dunkards). News and politics - do News and politics. do do News and politics do Religious (Dunkards) . News and politics do do do News and politics - do do do do do do do 1872 1876 1868 1876 1879 1878 1855 1850 1869 1868 1878 1865 1877 1820 1875 1830 1861 1851 1864 1875 1869 1873 1874 1877 1877 1878 1878 1880 1867 1S76 1868 1877 1870 1878 1853 1830 1871 1879 1805 1827 1878 Newa and politica - do do do do 1868 1880 1790 1847 1869 1875 1876 1878 1878 1848 1878 1845 1847 1876 1879 1851 1852 1813 1835 1872 1835 1844 1851 1863 1874 1873 1874 1880 1856 1862 1870 1878 1878 1878 1875 1838 1859 1878 1873 1874 a Suspended Januar,y, 1880. 6 Suspended. c Suspended December. 1879. 326 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. Place of putolicatioii. Name of periodical How often pub- lished. ChariMSter. When 68- tahllBhed. Juniata CO.— Population: 18,227, SdCifflintown PortKoyal Lackawanna co.— Population : i Carhondale La Plume Providence Scrauton Lehioh CO. — Pop^Uation: 65,9 Allentown Catasauqua. Slatin^on a Suspended October, 1879. b Suspended Jaly, 1880. c Suspended 1879. Juniata Sentinel and Hepublican Mifflintown Bemocrat and Register . Juniata Tribune Juniata Herald JPortKoyal Times Juniata Kewe {a) Lancaster co.— Population: 139,447, Columbia ElizabetbtoTm Parmersville Gap Lancaster Carbondale Advance Carbondale Leader Carbondale Critic (&) Seed Time and Harvest Providence Echo C Scranton Eepublican I Sci an ton Republican Scranton "Wochenblatt Scranton Journal f Scranton Times I Scrauton Times Suuda;^ Morning Free Press . Law Times Der Herold Lackawanna Bar (c) Lackawanna Union (d) C Kews-Dealer I iNews-Lealor ... Columbia Spy Columbia Courant Columbia Herald Elizabethtown Chronicle - . . Farmcrsvillo Guiding Star . "Waffenlose "Waechter C Lancaster Intelligencer Lancaster Ilitelligencer jDer Toltsfreund und Eeobachter. , < Lancaster Examiner \ Lancaster Examiner Pennsylvania School Journal , Lancaster Inquirer Lancaster Bar ChristUcher Kundschafter , latiz Manheim Marietta , Mount Joy J New Holland Straaliurg Lawkekce CO. — Population: 33,312, New Caatla New "Wilmington Lebakon CO.— Poptdation: 33,476. Annville Lebanon Lancaster Farmer DieLateme C Lancaster Ne fv Era ) Lancaster New Era Owl Eoot-light Coin Jouraal Torch of Truth Litiz Sunbeam Litiz Record Manheim Sentinel and Advertiser., Marietta Register Marietta Times Mount Joy Herald MouTit Joy Star and News New Hollnnd Clarion Strasburg Eree Press («) New Castle Courant Lawrence G-nardian New Castle Paragraph - . New Castle Index if) ... <■ News " (^News New Castle Record ig)..- New Wilmington Globe . Londonderry Gazette. . "Wahrer Demokrat Lebanon Courier Der Pennsylvanier (h) . Lebanon Advertiser . . . Lebanon Times Valley Standard jobanon Laborer (i)--- Lebanon News Lebanon Review 'i Unabhaengjger Republikaner. Allentown Democrat l)er Jugend-Freund C CbroDicle and Newa i Lehigh Eegister Bote Der Neuen Kirche "Welt-Bote Herold und Zeitschrift Lecha Bote City Item , Yalley Eecord Catasauqua Dispatch Slatington News d, Suspended November, 1879. e Suspended November, 1880. / Merged in *' Daily News ". "Weekly. ...do ...do... ...do ... ...do ..., ...do .... Weekly ...do ...do Quarterly Weekly Daily (mammg) . Weekly ...do . do Daily (morning) . Weekly Sunday Weekly ...do ...do Daily (evening) . . . Sunday Weekly Weekly. . ...do ...do-.-- ...do .... Monthly . ...do Daily (evening] Weekly — do Dail WeeMy Monthly . Weekly.. ...do Monthly . ...do Weekly Daily (evening) . Weekly . . do ...do Quarterly Monthly do Weekly do .do . .do. .do . .do. .do . .do. Weekly , do ....do ....do Daily (et>hia Pamphlet Noith Philadelphian Monthly Register Irisli Standard (ft) Quiz Piihlic'Opiinon Post Oihce Bulletin (a) United Slates Journal (a) Comic News (a) Every Saturdiiy Id) .'. • Saturday Evening lost Die Nc'uo Welt Commonwealth (a) West PJiiladelpIiia Public Telephone Haddington Nut Shell Familien Journal (e) J North American I North American C Inquirer I Inquiri'.r Public Ledger . , C DenDokrat < Demokrat ( Vevemigto Stnaten Zeitung Evening Bidletin, rsun -■: I I Sun I j ) Snnday Ili-ni I [item 1 ^ i''rcic Presse t< Dm Kepubliknnische Flagge (Sonnfags-Blatt I Evening Tck'graph 5 Press.: I Press Abend Post EviMiingStiir < Chioniclv'-Herald ( Sunday Preas and Min'or of Times Record C Volksblatt I Nord Amerika Day Evening Republican C Times ^Tim.'S i Times C Tagebl;itt \ SoDuUigs Blatt ; G azette I c Suspended June. 1S80. d Merged in the "Traveler". Weekly... Monthly . , do ...do Weekly . . . Monthly . . Weekly... Monthly .. Weekly... Monthly . . Weekly... Quarterly. Weekly Semi-monthly Monthly do Weekly Monthly Weeklv Monthly Weekly Daily (Tnoming) . . Weekly Daily (morning) .. Quaiterly Monthly Weekly Monthly Bi-monthly Monthly Semi-monthly Monthly .. do ...do ...do . do Weekly Mcmthly Spmi-monthly. ... Monthly Weekly Monthly Weekly Quaiteily Monthly'.'.-., St'uii-monthly M(»utlily ' ... do .: Weekly Monthly ,.. do do Weekly Monthly Weekly Semi-uionthly. . . . Woekly Monthly Weekly ...do ... do ....do .. do ... do .. do ' ,...do do -.. Daily (morning) . . Tri-weekly Daily {Tnoming) ,. Tri-weekly Daily (morning) .. Ddily (Tnorniiig) .. Sunday Wcjikly Daily (evening) . . . Daily (morning) . . Dnily {evening} Siuii'lav Weekly D.iilv' (morning) .. Weekly Character. When es- tablished. General literature . do do do ■-... do do do do do do do Historical Insurance, railroads, etc . do Law . .do . -do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . do . do . Medicine and surgery do do do do do do , do do Pharmaceutical Scientific General literature Miscellaneous Scientific Educational Miscellaneous do d'. ■Miscellaneous (German) Musical /. News and family reading , Miscellaneous do Fashion Sporting Anny and navy Musical Miscellaneous do , Charitable Miscellaneous Society, art, etc Miscellaneous do do - do do ; News and family reading News and family reading (Qerman) News and family reading do .: . ...do : News and family reading (German) News and politics do do do do News and politics {German) News and politics ( German) News and politics (German) News and politics do do do do News and politics (Gertnan) News and polities {German) Sunday ! News and politics {German) . I'aily [evening) Daih" {laoming) . V.\^rkly Daily (njemag) . . . Dailv {^veiling) .. . liaily ('''veiuiig) ., . Suuauv Daily (morning) . Dailv (7norning) . Weekly Daily [orc.ning) . . . Daily (ereaing) . . Daih (-inorning) . Sunday W^Tkiy Daily {nwming) . Sunday Daily (evening) News and politics. do do News and politick ( German) . News and politics do .do . Nnws and politics (German) jS'l'U's and prditics {Ger7nan) News and politics do do do do NowH and politics (Germian) News and politics (German) News and politics (German) e An edition of the ' ' Sonntags Journal 1865 1868 1868 1870 1873 1875 1879 1879 1880 1877 1856 1859 1862 1868 1868 1S77 1843 1852 1874 1876 1820 1843 1858 1859 1863 1865 1870 1877 1879 1825 1826 1830 1864 1866 1867 1869 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 3878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1821 1855 1874 1878 1878 1877 1784 1771 1829 1836 1837 1844 1847 1847 1847 1847 1848 1856 1877 1851 1857 1857 1865 1866 18n6 1872 1870 1871 1873 1871 1874 1875 1875 1877 1877 1877 1879 330 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. PEFIfSYLVANIA— Continued. Place of publication. I^ame of periodical. How often pnb- lialied. Character. ■Wlenes- tablished. Philadhlphia CO. — Continued. Pluladelphia — Continued ... Evening News Evening Leader (a) Bible Bannci' ToLiUfi" lie.iper National Baptist Baptist Family Magazine Catholic Standard 1. C. B. tr. Journal American Catholic Quarterly Keview Guardian Angel La Salle Advance (a,) Catholic Advance Episcopal Recorder Covenant. Episcopal Register Christian Standard and Home Journal Advocate of Holiness Christian Woman "Words of E'ailh Faith and Works Friend Friends' Intelligencer Friends' lioview Jewish Tiecord Lutheran Observer Lutheran and Missionary Christian Recorder Philadelphia Methodist Chiistian Statesman Presbyterian Presb.vterian Monthly Record Westminster Lesson Leaf Presbyterian Journal '. Protestant Standard Mi'ssenger Guardian Reformed Church Review Mind and Matter Association News Christian Kit eside Christian Reformer Keystone - Camp News - Junior Ameiican Mechanic Meicliant and Salesman PT-op;i gator Grand Army Review. ■ Cliild's W(u'ld Sunday School \A''orld Sunday School Visitor C Child's Treasury I Child's Treasury Sunday School ^Times Youth's Evangelist Sabbath School Herald Children's Friend Busy Eee Yuuug Folks' News Baptist Teacher Bible Lesson Monthly Intermediate Lesson Paper Scholars' Lesson Paper Primary Lesson Paper Westminster Teacher Our Litt le Ones Children's Picture Lessons Augsbui g Teacher Augsburg Lesson Book Augsburg Junior Lesson Book Augsburg Lesson Leaves Augsburg -Junior Lesson Leaves Little Ones Sunbeam — Scripture Lessons Monthly Christian Child Scholars' Quarterly Sunshine lor Little Children Scholars' Companion Sunshine -. Advanced Bible Lesson Quarterly Westminster Quarterly American Sunday School Union Quarterly . Golden Day for Boys and Girls Sunday Dispatch Sunday Mercury Sunday Transcript Philadelphia Sunday Times Sunday Republic Sunday Mirror SundayWorld Sonntags Journal Sunday Herald . Sunday Ar^us (6) Typographic Advertiser . Philadelphia Photographe iladelphia Photographer Printers' Circular Bulletin of the American Steel and Iron As- sociation. Carriage Monthly a Suspended. Daily {evenvng) , Daily (eveni/ng) . Weekly Semi-monthly. . . "VVeekly Monthly Weekly Monthly Quarterly Monthly do Weekly do Semi-monthly. . . Weekly do Monthly do ...do .--.do Weekly — do .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do . do Monthly do Weekly do ...do Monthly Quarterly. Weekly do Monthly do Weekly Monthly do ...do ... do ...do Semi-monthly. Monthly Weekly Monthly Semi-monthly . Weekly Semi-monthly. Monthly do ...do Weekly Monthly do ....do --.do ...do ;... ... do Weekly Monthly do ...do ... do ...do ...do ...do Weekly Monthly . do Quarterly Monthly do , Weekly Quarterly do ...do Weekly Sunday do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Quarterly Monthly do Weekly News and politics do Religious (A dventist) Sunday school Religious {Baptist) Religious (Baptist) Religious (Oatkolic) Benevolent society {Catholic) ... Religious ( Catholic) Religious { Catholic) Religious {Catholic) Religious ( Catholic) Religious (Episcopal JR^ormed) . Religious (Episcopal Reformed) - Religious (Episcopal) Religious (Evangelical) Religious (Evangelical) Religious (Evangelical) 1... Religious (Eva/ngelical) Religious (Evangelical) Religious (Friends) Religious ( Friends) Reli.giou8 (Friends) Religious (Jewish) Religious (Lutheran) Religious (lAitheran) Religious (Methodist) Religious (Methodist) Religious (National Beformed).. Religious (Freshyteriam,) Religious (Presbyterian) Religious (Presbyteria/n) Ri-ligious (Presbyterian) , Religious (Protestant) Religious (Befortrted) Religious (B^formed) Religious (Beformed) Religious (Spiritualist) Religious ( V'nsectarian) Religious { Vnsectarian) Religious ( TTnsectariam,) Secret society do 1879 do . do do do Sunday school do do do .... do do do , ... do , Juvenile Sunday school do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do , do do do Juvenile Sunday school do .....do do .... do Juvenile News and poUtica. do -do. .do . .do . .do . .do. News and politics (Q&rman) . News and politics do Typographical.---- Commerce and trade Typographical Commerce and trade Monthly . do . 1871 1867 1865 1B80 1866 1873 1876 1877 1878 1879 1822 1879 1879 1867 1870 1871 1874 1875 1827 18i4 1847 1875 1826 1861 1848 1879 1867 1831 1850 1871 1875 1878 1827 1850 1851 1878 1879 1880 1880 1866 1867 1871 1877 1878 1879 1823 1824 1850 1857 1867 1859 1859 1860 1866 1867 1869 1870 1870 1872 1872 1873 1873 1873 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1875 1875 1875 1876 1876 1878 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 1848 1851 1856 1863 1867 1875 1876 1876 1879 1879 1855 1864 1866 1866 1866 i Suspended 1879. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. 331 Place of publication. iName of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "When es- tablished. Philadelphia co.— Continued. Philadelphia — Continued — Pike co.— Population: 9,663. Milford Potter co. — Population; Coudersport Schuylkill co.— Population: 129,974. Ashland Grirardville Mahanoy Minersville . Pine Grove . Potts ville... Shenandoah . Tamaqna . Xremont . . Snitdek CO.— Population: 17,797. Freebnrgh Middleburg... Selin's G-roTO SOMEKSET CO. — Population: 33,110. Berlin Meyersdale Somerset . Sullivan co. — Population: 8,073. Dushore . La JPorte . SusquEHAHNA CO.— Population : 40,354. Great Bend Montrose !N"ew Milford Susquehanna Depot . Tioga co, — Population: 45,814. Blossburg Elkland Mansfield Millerton Tioga "WeUsboro' "Westflcld. TTnion CO.— Population: 16,905. Lewisburg Miflainburg . New Berlin . ■Venabgo CO. — Population: 43,670, Emlenton . Franklin. - OH City Warren co. — Population: 27,981. Sugar Grove Tidioute "Warren "Washikoios CO.— Population: 55,418. Enrgettstown- Caliiornia a Suspended. b Suspended after census year. Proof Sheet Philadelphia Trade Journal Philadelphia Textile Journal Philadelphia Grocer Confectioners' Journal Ice Trade Textile Colorist Merchants' Guide Barbers' National Journal Dry Goods Journal [a) American Textile Manufacturer . Milford Dispatch Quarterly "Weekly Monthly "Weekly Monthly .- do ...do Weekly Semi-monthly. Weekly Monthly Wee"kly. Potter County Journal Weekly. Potter Enterprise ! do... Ashland Advocate Weekly Girardville Gazette do Mahanoy Tribune .-. .do Parker's Record Tri-weekly . Schuylkill Republican 1 Weekly Pine Grove Herald do Miners' Journal . ) Miners' Journal ' Evening Chronicle Pottsv ille Standard , Amerikaniacher Eepublikaner . J eflferaon Deuiokrat Emerald Vindicator SchuykiU Legal Record Shenandoah Herald Sunday Morning WeTvs Tamaqu,i Courier Treraont News West SchuylkOl Press Ereeburgh Courier Middleburg Post Selin's Grove Times Snyder County Tribune. Progressive Christian . - . Meyersdale Commercial. Somei'set Herald Somerset Democrat Sullivan Review Sullivan County Democrat . Great Bend Reporter Montrose Democrat Independent Republican . New Milford Advertiser . Susquehanna Journal Susquehanna Gazette — Blossburg Industrial Register . Elkland Journal Mansfield Advertiser Millerton Advocate Tioga Express (6) WeUsboro' Agitator Wellsboro' Gazette Tioga County Leader Westfield Free Press . .'. Lewisburg Chronicle . . Lewisburg Journal College Herald Fireside Messenger Mifilinburg- Telegraph . . Seminary Guard (c) Emlenton Register (d) . Venango Spectator Venango Citizen Independent Press C Oil City Derrick i Oil City Derrick (e)... Home Journal Sugar Grove Independent (/) . . Tidioute News Family Medical Abstract , Warren Mail Warren Ledger Nation Warren Reporter and Farmer . Burgettstown Enterprise Washington County Gazette (17) . c Suspended December, 1879. A Suspended in fall of 1880. Daily ('morning) . Weekly Daily (evemng) .. Weelily do ....do Monthly Weekly do Sunday Weekly do ...do Weekly. ...do ... . . do . . . ...do ... Weekly. do ... ...do ... ...do ... Weekly. do ... Weekly. do ... ...do ... .. do... ...do... ...do... Weekly. do ... do..., ...do... ...do .... .. do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Weekly.. do Monthlv . ...do .... Weekly. . Monthly . Weekly do ...do ...do Daily {momvng} . Weekly. . ...do ...do.... Monthly . Weekly.. -..do Monthly . Weekly.. Monthly . Weekly- . Typographical Commerce and trade . do .do. .do . do . .do . .do. .do . .do . .do . News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics, do... .do. .do . do . .do . .do . .do . .do . -do News and poli,tics (German) . News and politics {Ger7na/n) . Beneficial society (Catholic) - . Law News and politics do do do do News and politics. do do do Religious (Dunkard) . News and politics , do , do News and politics. do , News and politics. do do do do do News and politics . do , do do do do do do do News and politics. . do Collegiate General literature . News and politics. . Collegiate 1867 1867 1875 1875 1875 1877 1879 1879 1879 1877 1880 1848 1874 1864 1878 1865 1877 1872 1878 1871 1824 1875 1842 1865 1855 1874 1879 1870 1878 1869 1865 1877 1866 1861 1822 1850 1879 1878 1827 1854 1878 1851 1874 1844 1854 1880 1868 1873 1879 1876 1872 1878 1873 1854 1874 1878 1878 1843 1864 1870 1880 1862 News and politics. do do , , do do do , News and politics do do Medicine and surgery. News and politics do do do News and politics. do 1876 1849 1855 1875 1871 1879 1880 1878 1874 1880 1848 1849 1873 1877 1879 1877 e Sunday edition was discontinued December, 1880. / Suspended January, 1880. g Suspended February, 1880. -332 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. Place of publication. "Washixgton CO.— Continued. Canonsburg Clayaville Monongaliela City "Washington ""Wayne co. — Population: 33,513. Hawloy Honesaale "Westjioueland CO. — Population: 78,036. Greensburgh Latrobe Mount Pleasant "West Newton "Wtomi>'g CO. ^Population: 15,598. Tunkhannock "York co. — Population; 87,841. Delta Dillsburg Glen Rock Hanover "Wriffhtsvillo Toik.- ,. !N"ame of periodical. Canoneburg Herald Eural Notes Claysville Sentinel The Cross and Crown Monongahela Yalley Republican — Pennsj'lvania Reserve News-Letter Valley Record C Evening Reporter I "Washington Reporter Review and Examiner "Washington Observer "Washington Jeffersonian "Washington Democrat Haw ley Times "Wayne County Herald Honesdale Citizen "Wayne County Independent . Westmoreland Democrat Pennsylvania Argus Greensburgh Tribune and Herald National Issue Latrobe Advance Mount Pleasant Dawn Mount Pleasant Times and Mining Journal - "West iN'ewton Press Wyoming Democrat Tunkhannock Republican. Tunkhannock Standard ... Delta Herald Dillsbnrg Bulletin Glen Rock Item < Hanover Citizen i Dei- Citizen Hanover Spectator Hanover Herald "Wriirhtsville Star York" Republican Die York Gazette York Gazette York Democratic Press York Pennsylvanian < Evening Dispatch I True Democrat CYork Daily ) York"Weeily Teachers' Journal Christian Guide and Home Magazine . Theological Monthly Shining Star How often pub- lished. Weekly do .-.do Monthly "Weekly Monthly "Weekly Daily (evening) . "Weekly ...do .' do Monthly "Weekly "Weekly. ...do ... .. do ... ...do... "Weekly - do ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...d-o... ...do .... "Weekly. '.'.'.do '.'-'.'. "Weekly ....do. ....do ....do ....do ....do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do ... do ...do Daily ievf-ning) . . . "Weekly Daily (morning) . "Weekly Monthly - . do ...do ...do Character. "When es- tablished. News and politics . , do do Religions (Baptist) . News and politics- . Miscellaneous News and politics. . do do ;.. do do Collegiate News and politics . News and politics - do do do News and politics . do do do do do do do News and politics . do do News and politics do do do News and politics (German) . News and politics do do do News and politics (German) . News and politics do do do .... do do do Sundayschool Religious { ZPnsectarian) Religious (Lutheran) Sunday school 1872 1875 1878 1879 1830 1875 1876 1876 1808 1815 1872 1877 1678 1874 1833 1844 1878 1818 1832 1807 1877 1873 1875 1879 1878 1854 1869 1879 1878 1874 1870 1810 1810 1844 1872 1864 1789 1795 1815 1838 1851 1876 1864 1870 1877 1874 1878 1879 1880 EHODB ISLAND. Bristol co.— -Population: 11,394. Bri-stol Warren Kent co.— Population: 20,588. East G-ree i-wicli Phcbnis Newtort CO. — Population: 24,180. Newport PE0VIDI5N0E CO. ^Population: 197,874. Central Falls ' Providence Bristol Phoenix . . "Warren Gazette. Ehodo Island Pendulum. . . Odd Felln-ws' Register A cademy Trin Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner . < News I Journal Newport Advertiser. Newport Mcrci iry - . . a Consolidated with "Living Issue" June. 1879. Centriil Falls Visitor : < Manul'acturt;rs' and Farmers' Journal . . I Eliode Island Country Journal 5 Journal I Evening Bulletin I Evening Press < Morning Star ( Kbode Island Press Weeldy Advertiser and Gazette Brunoiiian Freemason's Repository Town and Country (a) Sundfi y Dispatch ( ProWdeuce Visitor I Sunday Visitor (b) Deutucho Anzeiger (c) Saturday Times {d) P;irrot(i') Sunday Morning Transcript PiOTidence Uerald Ehodo Island Democrat Portland, Maine, 6 Edition of "Weekly Visitor € Suspended October, 1879. Weekly . ...do..- "Weokly. . Monthly . . . do ..^- "Weekly.. Daily (evening) . "Weekly ...do. .. do "Weekly Semi- weekly "Weekly.... Daily (morning) . Daily (evening) .. . Daily (evening) . . DaUy (morning) . "Weekly ...do Bi-weekly Monthly "Weekly Sunday "Weekly..., Sunday "Weekly .. do.. ..-.do Sunday "Weekly do News and politics . do , News and politics . Secret society Collegiate News and politics. . News and politics . do do do News and politics. do do do do do do do do Collegiate Secret society Temperance Family reading News and politics do News and politics ( German) . News and politics do Family reading News and politics do 1837 1867 1854 1877 1879 1876 1846 1867 1849 1758 1820 1824 1829 1863 1859 1869 1859 1848 1866 1871 1874 1874 1875 1875 1876 1876 1877 1877 1879 1879 d Merged into "New England Anzeiger" of New Haven, Conn. e Suspended in census year, 1879. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. EHODB ISLAND— Continued. 333 Place of publication. Providexce CO.— Continued. Providence — Continued Pawtucket Woonsocket Pascoag VTabiiington CO. — Population: 22,495. Hopbinton NaiTiifiaTisett Pier South Kingston Westerly Name of periodical. (Daily Telegram (Telegram Eastern Review {a) Gazette and Chronicle. (Patriot JPatriot .... Evening Reporter Courrier Canadien (&) - - Burrillville Gazette Wood River Advertiser Narragansett Herald (c) . Narragansett Times Narragansett Weekly . .. How often pub- lished. DaUy (evening) . Sunday Weekly -.do Daily (eveni/ng) . Weekly Daily {evening) . Weekly ...do Weekly. do ...do .... ... do... Character. When es- tablished. News and politics, do do. .do. -do. .do. -do. News and politics (French) - News and politics News and politics . do do do 1880 1876 1879 1825 1876 1833 1873 1876 1880 1876 1875 1865 1858 SOUTH CAROLINA. AuitEViLLE CO.— Population: 40,815. Abbeville Due West Aiken CO. — Population: 28,112. Aiken Anderson co. — Pop^dation: 33,612. Anderson Williamston Barnwell co. — Population: 39,857. Barnwell Bkaukout CO. —Population : 30,176. Beaufort Charleston co. —Population: 102,800. Cbarleeton I Chester CO. — Population: 24,153. Chestei Chesterfield co. — Population: 16,345, Cheraw Chestertield Clarendon co. — Population: 19,190. Manning Colleton CO. — Population: 36,386. Waltbrboro' Darlington co. — Population: 34,485. Darlington Florence Edgefield co. — Population: 45,844. Edsefield Johnston Fairfikld CO.— Population: 27,765. Wiunsborouy h Georcjetown CO.— Population: 19,613. Gcorgoto\\TJ Greenville co.— Population: 37,496. Greenville a Snspfmded 1880. b An edition of *' Le Travailleur", Worcester. Mass. Abbeville Press and Banner Abbeville Medium Associate Eeformed Presbyterian . Ailten Jouraal and Eeview. Anderson Intellicrencer. . . Andnrson Jounial Temperance Standard {(Z) . Barnwell Sentinel . The People Beaufort Crescent. Sea Island News . . rCharleston News and Courier . J Charleston News and Courier . ] jS'ewa [ Sunday Newa C Cliarleston Mercury I Cbarleston Mercury Southern Chri.stian Advocate — Deutsche Zeitung Sunday Times Southern Educational Monthly. Charleston Now Era People's Watchman (e) Southern Evangelist (/) Charleston Record {d) State Bulletin . Carolina Sun Chesteriield Banner {g) . Clarendon Press — Colleton Democrat . Darlington Southerner . Darlington News Florence Times Edgefield Advertiser- Edgefield Monitor C News and Herald . I News and Herald , Georgi-town Times . Greenville Enterprise and Mountaineer . Bfi])tiat Courier C GrL'enville.Nc.wa \ Grei'uville News Greenville A_dverti8er Gret-nvjlle Chronicle (!i) c Published daily two months in the year. d Suspended April, 18S0. Weekly. do ... ...do... Weekly. Weekly. do ... ,...do.„ Weekly. do Weekly . ...do ... Daily {morning) . Tri-weekly Weekly..". Sunday , Daily {evening) . , Weekly , do , Semi-weekly Sunday Monthly Weekly ---4o .. do , Monthly , Weekly. Ifews and.politica do Religious {Presbyteriam) . News and politics. News and politics. do Temperance News and politics. do News and politics . do News and politics, do ...' -do . -do . do . -do . Religious {Methodist) News and politics ((jerman) . News and politics Educational News and politics — do Religious {Presbyterian) Religious {Episcopal) News and politics - Weekly News and politics.' do ' do Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. — do ...do.... Weekly. do Weekly Tri-weekly , News and politics. News and politics . News and politics - do do News and politics. do News and politics. do Weekly .1 News and politics . Weekly I News and politics. .. - - do ! Relijiiious {Baptist) . Daily {7norning) . . \ News and politics. . . Weekly | do - . do ' do , do , do , 1844 1871 1850 1879 1860 1876 1877 1852 1877 1873 1879 1803 1879 1876 1830 1837 1853 1870 1879 1880 1870 1879 1880 1880 1867 1877 1860 1875 1876 1835 1877 1851 1865 1824 1870 1879 1874 1878 1880 e Merged in "Mercury" Janu; ry, 1880. / Consolidated with "African Ameiican Presbyterian", Washiu;:tnn, 1879. Suspended June, 1880. , Suspended May, 1880. B34 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. SOUTH CAEOLnTA— Continued. Place of pablication. 'Sahfios CO.— Population: 18,741. Hampton . Yamville . HoEKT CO. — Population: 15,574. Conwayboro' :K]SSS]iAW CO.— Population : 21,538. Camden liANCASTB^ CO.— Population : 16,903. Lancaster Laukeks CO. — Population: 29,444. Clinton Lanrens Lexington CO. — Population: 18,564. Lexington . tSammit Maeion CO.— Population: 84,107. Marion MARLBOiiovaa CO.— Population : 20,! Bennettsville ItEVfBKTiTiY CO.— Population : 26,497. Newberry Prosperity Oconee co.^Populaiion: 16,256. Walhalla Oeangebuegh CO.— Population : 41,395. Oi-angebuTgh Pickens co.— Population : 14,389. Pickens Conrt House ^ICHLASD CO.— Population: 28,573. Colnmbia SrAETASBUESH CO. — Populalion: 40,409. Spartanbnrgb SuMTEii CO.— Poputatian : 37,037. Samter TJNION CO.— Population : 24,0 Union TOEK CO. — Population: 30,713. EockHiU Yorkville Kama of periodlcaL Hampton Connty Gnudian . Vamville Uessenger Conwayboro' Telephone . Camden Jonmal . . - Kershaw Gazette - . Lancaster Ledger . Lancaster EeTiew . Our Monthly Laureneville Herald. Lexington Dispatch. . Summit Courier Marion Star Merchant and Farmer. . Marlborough Planter . Newberry Herald . Newberry News. . . Lutheran Tisitor. . Keowee Courier . Orangeburgh Times Orangeburgh Democrat . Pickens Sentinel C Southern Presbyterian Eeview. I Southern Presbyterian Eeview. Christian Neighbor ( Eegister < Eegister (Register Temperance Advocate (a) Columbia Beacon (6) Carolina Spartan Spartan burgh Herald. Sumter "Watchman . True Southron Union Times . EookHUl Herald.... Torkvihe Enquirer . Yorkville News (c) - . How often pub- lished. ■Weekly. ...do.... Weekly. ■Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly - ...do ... Monthly . "Weekly- . "Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly. . . do . - . "Weekly. "Weekly - ...do ...do... "Weekly "Weekly. ...do "Weekly. Quarterly "weekly ...do.. DaUy (morning) . Tri- weekly "Weekly — do ...do "Weekly. ...do "Weekly. ...do ... "Weekly. "Weekly. ...do ...do..., Character. News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics - do News and politics. do Eeligious (Presiyterian) . News and politics News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics do Eeligious (Zutheran) . News and politics. News and politics . do News and politics. Eeligious {Pr&sbytsnwn) . Eeligious {Presbyterian) . Eeligious {Methodist) News and politics do do Temperance News and politics News and politics.. do News and politics. do News and politics.. News and politics., do do "When es- tablished. 1879 1880 1878 1827 1873 1852 1878 1866 1846 1870 1876 1846 1875 1875 1865 1878 1868 1848 1872 1879 1871 1847 1850 1868 1875 1875 1875 1880 1879 1844 1872 1850 1866 1872 1855 1878 TENNESSEE. Bedfoed CO.— Population : 28,025. ShelbyviUe Bentq-s CO.— Population: 9,780. Caiuden Blount CO. — Population: 15,9 Mary ville Bravil^y CO.— Population: 12,124. Cleveland Cannon CO.— PopuZaiion; 11,8 'Woodburj'^ CAUROhi. CO.— Population: 22,103. Hiintini' don Caetebco. — Population: 10,019. Elizabetbtown a Siapended in census year. ShelbyviUe Commercial,, Shelbyville Gazette Benton Banner (c) . Maryville Index , Blonnt County Democrat- , Cleveland Banner . Cleveland Herald- . "Woodbury Press.-. Baptist Messenger . Tennessee Republican -. Huntingdon Vindicator . Elizabetbtown Mountaiaeer.. "Weekly., — do -.. "Weekly. "Weekly - do ... "Weekly - ,...do ... Weekly Semi-monthly.. "Weekly. ...do ... "Weekly. h SuBpended January, 1880. News and politics. do K"ew8 and politics. ^ews and politics ; do Kews and politics - do , News and politics . . Eeligious (Baptist) . H"ews and politics. . do News and politics. 1869 1874 1878 1879 1854 1874 1872 1874 1870 1877 « Snipsuded September, 1879. CATALOaUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. TBli^-NESSBE— Continued. 335 Place of publication. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lislied. Character. When es- tabUehed. Cheatham co. —Population: 7.956. Ashland City Cocke co.— Population: 14,808. Newport COPPEE CO.— Population; 12,894. Manchester Ceockettco. — PopulaUon: 14,109. Alamo Belleville DAyiDBOH CO.— Population; 79,026. Nashville DeKalbco.— PqpuZ««Mm; 14,813. Smithville Dickson CO. — Population: 12,460. Dickson Dye^ CO. —Population: 15,118. Dyershurg. Newhem ... Fayette co.-PopiUation: 31,871. Somervnie Franklin CO. — Population: 17,178. Sewanee ■Winchester . -Gibson CO. — Population: 32,685. Humboldt Milan . Trenton . Giles CO. — Population: 36,014. Pulasld. Greenu CO. — Population: 24,005. Greenville Tusculnm.. Hamblen CO. —Pop-uZaiion: 10,187. Morriatown BjiTHlhTON CO.— Population: 23,642. Chattanooga Hakdeman CO.— Population; 22,921. Bolivar Hakdin CO. — PopulaUon: 14,793. Savannah Hawkins CO.— Population ; 20,610. EoffersvilJe Plaindealer (a) Newport Rejjorter . Eastern Sentinel . . . Manchester Guardian. Crockett County Sentinel . Belleville Enterprise (&) . . . C Nashville American < Nashville American ( Nashville American Christian Advocate Cumberland Presbyterian Sunday School Visitor Journal of Mediciae and Surgery . Ladies' Pearl Gospel Advocate Sabbath School Gem .1 National Flag Herald and Pilot Sunday School Magazine Southern Industries Our Lambs < Banner ^Banner Tennessee Good Templar Southern P lactitioner Educator and Eeformer Gem Lesson Leaf Daily Herald Sunday School Comments Sunday Morning (c) Sunday Times (d) Yanderbilt Austral (e) Southern Eeporter (/) SmithviUe Journal . Dickson County Independent (/) . Neal's State Gazette . Newborn Enquirer . . . SomerviUe Falcon. Mountain News University Bulletin (g) Missionary Leaflet (g) "Winchesl er Home Journal . Humboldt Argus Milan Exchange Gibson County Mirror . Trenton Herald Pulaski Citizen — Literary Bouquet . Pulaski Herald — Greenville New Era. . Greenville Democrat - Tuscidum Eecord Morristown Gazette. Morristown Times . . C Chattanooga Times I Chattanooga Times Chattanooga Commercial Chattanooga Chronicle Chattanooga News (h) Chattanooga Tradesman "Woman's Health Journal (g) . Bolivar Bulletin. Tennessee Transcript . Savannah Kecord (i) . . Eogersville Spectator Kogersville Press and Times . Weekly. "Weekly., — do "Weekly. , Weekly - . . .do — Daily (Tnoming) . Weekly Semi-weekly Weekly ...do ...do Monthly ...do Weekly ...do ...do ...do Monthly Weekly ...do Daily (evenvng) . . Weekly ...do Monthly Weekly ---do Daily (evening) . . . Quarterly Monthly Sunday Monthly ...do Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. Weekly. ,.. do ... ...do... ...do... Weekly. do ... ...do .... ....do..., Weekly. - Monthly . Weekly.. Weekly. — do ... ...do... Weekly - — do ... Daily {morning) . Weekly Sunday. Weekly do Semi-monthly — Monthly Weekly - Weekly. do Weekly - do News and politios. News and politics. , do , News and politics. , News and politics.. do News and politics do do Heligious {Methodist Episcopal) . Keligious {Presbyteria/n) Sundky school Medicme and surgery Literary Keligious {Disciples) Sunday school News and polities do Sunday school Commerce and trade Sunday school News and politics , do Temperance Medicine and surgery Educational Sunday school News and politics Sunday school Beligious (Presbyterian) News and politics Collegiate Secret society News and politics. . News and politics. , News and politics . do News and politics. , News and politics Collegiate Keligious ( Vhsecta/rian) . News and politics 1875 1878 1872 1873 1875 1812 1812 1812 1837 1840 1844 1851 1852 1859 1866 1867 1868 1870 1875 1876 1876 1876 1878 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1874 1880 1879 1875 1878 1865 1875 1875 News and politics. do do , do News and politics. Literary News and politics. News and politics. do Collegiate News and politics . do News and politics do do do do Conmierce and trade.-. Medicine and surgery. . News and politics 1856 1878 1874 1876 1878 1855 1880 1880 1865 1879 1878 1869 1877 1879 1879 1880 News and politics . do News and politics. do 1874 1879 1876 1880 a Succeeded by "New Era" December, 1880. b Suspended Februarjr, ISSI. * Suspeuded (merged in " Sunday School Comments " d Suspended (merged in "Daily Herald"). « Suspended June, 1879. / Suspended December, 1879. g Suspended. h Suspended 1880. i Suspended August, 1881. 336 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. TEliOTESSEE— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How oftezL pub- lished. Character. When 68- tabliohed. Haywood co.— Population: 26,053. BrowBsville Henderson co, Lexington ■Population: 17,430. Population: 22,142. HuNRT co- Paris HiCKiiAN CO. —Population: 12,095. Centreville HOUBTON co.—Population: 4,295. Erin HUMPIIEETS CO.— Population : 11,379. "Waverly Jackson co. — Population: 12,008. Gaineaborough Jeffebson CO.— Population : 15,846. Dandridge Mossy Creek Knox co. ^Population: 39,124. Knoxville Lae:£ CO.— Population: 3,968. TiptonviUe Lauderdale co.— Population: 14,918. Kipley Lawrence co.— Population: 10,383. Lawrenceburg . . .^ Ldjcoln CO.— Population : 26,960. Fayetteville LOUBON CO.— Population : 9,148. Loudon McMiNN 00.- Atbens . McJfAIRY CO. Purdy . - . Falcon. -- -Population: 15,064. —Population: 17,271. Madison co— Population: 30,874. Henderson Marion co. — Population: 10,910. Jasper Soutli Pittsburg Marshall co.— Population: 19,259. Lewisburg Maury co. —Population: 39,904. Colunjbia Monroe co.— Population: 14,283. Sweet "Wa tnr Montgomery co.— Population: 28,481. Clarksvillo Brownsville States and Bee. , Brownsville Democrat Brownsville Bee (a) Henderson County lifews- Paris Intelligencer . Paris Post Hickman Pioneer . Houston County Eeview . "Waverly Journal Upper Cumberland Dandridge Watchman and Eeporter. , Columbian Echo 5" Tribune I Tribune C Chronicle (Whig and Chronicle. . Holston Methodist Girls' Own Paper C Dispatch (Dispatch KnoxviUe Herald (6) . . Knoxville Bepnblican . Baptist Beacon Christian Watchman . . Family Companion (c). Lake County Star Bipley News (c) Lawrenceburg Press - Fayetteville Observer . Fayetteville Express . . London Journal . . . Zion's Banner Loudon Herald (d) . Athens Post., McNairy County Sun . . McNairy Independent. . Falcon Worker (c) , Institute Journal ..: Madison County Herald . . . Jackson Tribune and Sun . Jackson Dispatch ( Jackson Whig (e) ( West Tennessee Whig . . . Valley Hcrnld Soalli Pittsburg Independent (/) . Marshall Gazette. Coluuibia Guardian. Columbia Horrild Colnmbi;i Journal . . Maury Sentinel Monroo Democrat Youtlia' Sentinel Hiawasseo College E-eporter. Weekly. do ...do.... Weekly. Weekly. — do — Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly , Semi-monthly. Daily {morning) .. Weekly Daily (morning) Weekly ...do Monthly Daily {morning) Weekly Semi-monthly... Weekly ...do.. Monthly Weeklv Weekly. Weekly. , Weekly, Weekly. , ...do Weekly Semi-monthly. Weekly Weekly. Weekly. ...do... ...do... Monthly Weekly ...do ...do Daily (evening) . Weekly Weekly, . - do Weekly. Bi-monthly . Weekly .-do.. ...do ITews and politics. do do News and politics . Kews and politics. do Clarksvillo Chronicle I Clarksvillo Tobacco Leaf. a Consolidated with "States" Ausust, 1880. 6 Merged in "Press", and afterward in "Tribune" (daily). "Weekly Semi.monthly. Monthly Weekly Semi.weokly . c Suspended. d Suspended September, 1879. Ifews and politics. News and politics. IT'ews and politics. . Kews and politics . News and politics. Educational Kews and politics do do do Eeli^ous (Methodist Episcopal) . Literary News and politics do Literary Kews and politics Eeligious (Baptist) Religious (Saptist) Literary Kews and politics. Kews and politics. Kews and politics News and politics. do Kcwo and politics - Keligious {^^thodist Episcopal) . Kews and politics Kews and politics- News and politics. do do Collegiate News and politics. do do do do News and politics- do News and politics . Collegiate Kews and politics. do do News and politics Eeligious (Methodist Episcopal) . Collegiate Kews and politics. do 1870 1874 1868 1879 1866 1879 1878 1876 1871 1878 1875 1879 1867 1816 1870 1839 1873 1876 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1871 1873 18,'iO 1873 1R71 1878 1879 1878 1879 1880 1872 1877 1842 1873 1879 1842 1874 1879 1841 1850 1875 1877 1876 1880 1880 1808 1869 e Suspended October, 1879. / Suspended May, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. TENNESSEE— Continued. 337 Place of publication. ^ame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Price per year. Moona CO.— Population! 6j233. Lynchburg , MOBGAJico. — Population! 6,166. "Wartburg Obion co.— Population.! 23,912. Kenton Station Troy Union City Pehky CO.— Population: 7,174. Linden Tvwxu CO.— Population: 11,501. Cookeville ^a'EiL CO.— Population : 7,073. Dayton Ehea Springs KoiNECO. — Population: 15,237. Kingston EOBERTSOir co.- Springfield. ■Population: 18,861. EuTHBEFORD CO. — Population: 36,741. Mni-freesborough SHBI.BT CO.— Population : 78,430. Bartlett CcSlierville Mempliis StaiB CO.— Population : 17,799. Carthage Stewart co— Population: 12,690. Dover Sullivan co. — Population: 18,321. Blountville Bristol. Sumner co. — Population: 23,625. G-allatin Tipton co. — Population: 21, ( Covington . Mason TUOUSDALB CO. — Population: 6,646. nartsville WMiUEti CO. —Population: 14,079. McMinnville Washington co.— Population: 16,181. Joneaboro' Wayne co. — Population: 11,301. Clifton WlLAKhiiY CO.— Population : 24,638. Dresden Whjtk CO.— Population : 11,176. Sparta Williamson co. — Population: 28,318. Franklin Lynchburg Sentinel . Morgan Dispatch. Kenton Station Eeporter . Obion News Union City Herald Union City Chronicle (a) . Union City Anchor Linden Times . Cookeville Echo . Dayton Times Hhea Springs News . Bast Teimesseean . Springfield Eecord . Murfreesborongh llifews Murfreesborough Free Press. Bartlett !N"ews Colliervillo Herald (6) < Mumphia Appeal \ Memphis Appeal Baptist C Memphis Avalanche i Memphis Avalanche C Memphis Public Ledger - i Memphis Public Ledger . Memphis Journal Memphis Herald Memphis Trade List (c) ... Bible Student (c) Memphis Kesources (c) ... ■ Temperance Guide (c) . Evening Herald (c) Carthage Herald (d) - Dover Courier Central Star Sullivan Landmark (c) Bristol Courier AthenSBum Bristol Eeporter GaUatiu Examiner Gallatin Tennesseean GaUatin Eeal Estate Advertiser (c) . Tipton Record . Mason Call Hartsville Sentinel . McMinnville Era. . . Southern Standard . Jonesborough Herald and Tribune . Jonesborough Jo.urnal Jonesborough Times (c) Jonesborough Union Flag (c) Wayne County Citizen. Clifton Bulletin (e) Our Country . White County Expositor. Sparta Index Franklin Eeview and Journal . a Succeeded by "Solid South" September, 1880. 6 Suspended smce census year and succeeded by "Mail" Weekly. Weekly- . News and politics. . News and politics. Weekly ...do ...do ...do ... Weekly.. Weekly.. News and politics. -r-. do do do do News and politics News and politics. . Weekly . do ... News and politics. do Weekly. News and pohtics- 1874 1879 1878 18S8 1877 1880 1880 1880 1874 1865 Weekly. News and politics . Weekly. ...do — News and politics. do Weekly ... do Daily (morning) Weekly ...do Daily (Tnoming) Weekly Daily (evening) ■ Weekly do .. do ...do Monthly do Weekly Daily (evening) . . . Weekly. Weekly - News and politics do do do Eeligious (Baptist) News and politics do do .... do News and politics (Qerma/n) . News and politics Commerce and trade Eeligious (Baptist) Insurance, etc Temperance News and politics News and politics. News and politics . Weekly. . ...do .... . do... Monthly . Weekly. . News and politics. do do Collegiate News and politics . Weekly. . do .-- ...do.... News and poUtics. do Eeal estate Weekly. ...do Weekly - Weekly, ---do ... Weekly- . . . do - . . ...do..- ...do... Weekly. do .-- Weekly. Weekly. do -.- Weekly. News and politics - do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics . do , do , do News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. 1879 1876 1840 1840 1852 1857 1869 1865 1870 1875 1880 1880 1878 1878 1878 1877 1876 1879 1876 1870 1879 1879 1857 1872 1878 1860 1879 1865 1879 1869 1874 1877 1879 c Suspended.. d Eemoved to Lebanon. e Suspended July, 1879 $1 25 1 50 1 Ofr 1 OO' 1 50 1 50 1 25 1 6» 2 0» 1 50 1 25 1 00 1 OO 1 59 10 00 1 00 2 50 10 00 1 00 6 09 1 00 2 50 2 00 3 00 75 1 09 1 00 5 00 1 70 1 25 1 00 1 00 50 1 oa 2 0O 2 0» 25 2 09 1 50 1 50 2 09 1 00 2 OO 1 50 1 69 1 50 1 50 ,1 50 2 OO 22 PE 338 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS TENNESSEE— Continued. Place of publication. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Cbaracter. When es- tablished. ■WiLSOK CO.— Population: 28,747. Lebanon Cumberland Presbyterian Quarterly Eeview- Lebanon Herald "Wilson County News Pythian Period (a) Quarterly - W eeMy . . . do ...do Theological {Presbyteriiom) . News and politics , do Secret society 1850 1853 1879 1878 TEXAS. Andeksos CO, '-Population: 17,395. Palestine Aransas CO. — Population: 996. Eockport Atascosa co.—Topulation: 4,217. Pleaaanton Austin co. — Population:. 14,429. EeUville Bastrop CO. — Population: 17,215. Bastrop Elgin Bell CO. — Population: 20,518. Belton 'Br^j^H CO. —Population: 30,470. San Antonio BLAifCO CO.— Population: 3,583. Blanco Bosque co. — Population: 11,217. Meridian Morgan Bowie co. — Population: 10,965. Texarkana Brazoria co. —Population : 9,774. Brazoria. Bbazob CO.— Population : 13,576. Bryan Brown co. — Population: 8,414. Brownwood Burleson co.— Population: 9,243. Caldwell Burnet co. — Population: 6,855. Bumet Caldwell co.— Population: 11,757. Lockhart Luling Callahan co. — Population: 3,453. Belle Plain Cameron co.— Population: 14,959. Brownsville Camp co.— Population: 5,931. Pitt8l)urgli Cass co.— Population: 16,724. Atlanta Linden Queen City Cherokee co.— Population; 16,723. Eusk a Suspended during census year. h Cban^'edto "Monitor" July, 1880. Palestine Advocate . Palestine New Era . . Bail way ;New8 Eockport Transcript Stock Journal and Parmer ( 6) . Austin County Times . BeUevile Beacon (c) Bastrop Advertiser . . Bastrop Chronicle (c) . Elgin Meteor (d) Belton Journal . Belton Courier . Texas Farmer.. C Freie Presse fur Texas . I Freie Presse fur Texas . 5 San Antonio Herald (e) . X San Antonio Herald («) . < San Antonio E:^re8S . . . ) San An.tonio Express . . . Texas Sun (f) ElTiempo Beobackter Evening Courier (c) ElCorreo (c) Blanco Star- Vindicator . Independent Blade Basque County Herald {^) . Texarkana NeVs . . . Texarkana Yisitor . Texarkana Index . . Brazoria Independent . Brazos Pilot Texas Collegian Voice of tkc People . Brown County Banner . . Brownwood Sentinel {h) . Caldwell Eogister . Caldwell Eagle Burnet Bulletin Once-a-"Week and Path of Progress . News Echo (g) . Luling Signal . . Callahan County Clarendon - Democrat and Eanchexo (d) . f Cosmopolitan I Cosmopolitan Pittsburgh Magnet . Atlanta Express - . -t- Cass County Sun Citizens' Journal Queen City Crescent (c) . Eusk Observer c Suspended. d Suspended December, 1880. "Weekly. — do ... ....do ... "Weekly. "Weekly . Weeklv- ,...do ... "Weekly. do ... ...do ... "Weekly do Semi-monthly . Daily (evening) . . . "Weekly Daily (morning) . . Weekly Daily (morning) .. "Weekly Monthly "Weekly do Daily (evening) "Weekly "Weekly. "Weekly. do . . . "Weekly. do ... ...do... "Weekly. "Weekly . - Monthly . do "Weekly. do..- "Weekly . , do "Weekly - do . .. "Weekly. do ... "Weekly. Semi-weekly... Daily (evening) . ATeekly "Weeklv. "Weekly . . ...do ...do.... ...do .... "Weekly - Kews and politics . do do News and politics. News and politics. News and politics (Eng. and Germ.) . News and poUtics News and politics - do do News and politics . do Agricultural News and politics (German) . News and politics ( German) . News and politics do do Miecellaneous News and politics (Spanish) News and politics (German) News and politics (Eng. am.d Span.). News and politics (Spanish) News and politics News aud politics. do News and politics. do , do News and politics. News and poUtios- Collc^iate Eeligious News and politics. do News and politics. do Ncrt's and politics. , do News and politics - do News and politics. . News and politics (Eng. and Spam.) , News and politics do News and politics. News and politics - do do do News and politics 1865 1833 1874 1877 1869 1873 1879 1877 1866 1878 1880 1874 1853 1857 1855 1865 1865 1877 1877 1880 1878 1880 1878 1874 1874 1879 1879 1880 1877 1879 1879 1876 1880 1875 1879 1873 1879 1872 1878 1874 1879 1879 1877 1876 1879 1877 e Suspended July, 1880. / Changed to quarterly January, 1881. 7 Suspended June, 1880. I Eemoved to Brodie after census year. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. TEXAS— Continued. 339 Place of publication. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lislied. Character. "WTien 68- tablislied. -Clay co. — Fopulation: 5,045. Henrietta ^Coleman co.— Fopulation: 3,603. Coleman Collin co. — Population: 25,983. McKinney COLOiiADO CO.— Population : 16,673. Columbus -Comal co. — Population: 5,546. New Braunfels OoMAXCHE CO. — Population: 8,608. Comanche ■Cooke co. — Population: 20,391. Gainesville COUYELL CO. — Population: 10,924. Gatesville "Dallas co. — Population: 33,488. Dallas Delta co. — Population: 5,597, Cooper Denton co.— Population : 18,143. Denton Pilot Point . De Witt co. — Population: 10,0 Cuero ■ Donley co. — Population: 160. Clarendon Eastland co. — Population: 4,855. Eastland - - Elus CO.— Population: 21,294. Enni.s "Waxahachie . Erath co. — Population: 11,796. Stcpbenville Falls co.— Population: 16,240. Marlin JFannin CO. — Population: 25,501. Bonham Honey Grove Fayette co. — Population: 27,996. Flatonia . . .. La Grange . Franklin co.— Population: 5,280. Mount Vernon Freestone co. — Population: 14,921. Cotton Gi n . Fairfield.... Galveston co. — Population: 24,121. Galveston Semi-monthly - Weekly 1868 1878 1879 1876 1880 1859 1869 1879 1879 1871 1872 1877 1877 1876 1879 1873 1867 1867 1876 1877 1877 1872 1865 1877 News and politics Keligious {Presbyteriam) News and politics Religious {Methodist Bpiseopol) . Newa and politics Weekly Semi- weekly - Weekly Newa and politics - do do Weekly- News and politioa- Weekly. ..-.do .... News andpoUtios. , do 1873 1878 1875 1878 1877 1856 1878 1878 1880 1879 1877 1879 1879 1877 1876 1878 e Suspended February, 1880. <2 Suspended. e Suspended September, 1879. 342 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. TEXAS— Continued. Place of publication. ISame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When es- tablished. Pahola CO.— Population: 12,219. Carthage Pakkek CO.— Population! 15,870. ■\V catherford Polk co. — Population; 7,189. Livingston Bed PlIVEU co.— Population : 17,194. Clartsville EouEKTSON CO.— Population : 22,383. Calvert Franklin KUSK CO. — PopvXation: 18,986. Henderson San Augustixe co.— Population : 5,084, San Augustine Sijs ^XBJi. CO.— Population : 5,324. San Saba Shackelford co. — Population; 2,037. Albany FortCrriffin Shelby co. — PopulaUon : 9,523. Center - Smith CO. — Population: 21,863. Tyler Stephens CO.— PojJwJation: 4,725. Breckenridge TARVi^^i CO.— Population: 24,671. Fort "Worth Tatlok CO.— Population: 1,736. Buffalo Gap TiTUB CO.— Population: 5,959. Mount Pleasant Teavis CO.— Population: 27,028. Austin Panola "Watchman . Weatherford Times . . "Weatherford Herald . Polk County Banner (a). Clarksville Standard . Clarksville Times Calvert Courier Calvert Clipper (6) . Fi-anklin Journal. . . Henderson Times .. East Texas Beacon. Saxon . San Saba News. ^Ve8tem Sun Fort Griffin Echo . Laborers' Champion. Democrat and Beporter . IJ ational Index (cj Tyler Courier Texas Law .1 ourual Northwest Texan . J Fort "Worth Democrat. ) Fort "Worth Democrat. . Evening Journal Fort "Worth Advance — Buffalo Gap News (d) East Texas and Saint Louis News. . UPbHUR CO.— Population: 10,266. G ilmer TJVALDE CO.- Population: 2,541. Uv:i]dc Vak ZAi'DT CO.— Population: 12,619. Canton AViU's i^oint VicTOHiA CO —Population: 6,289. "Victoria Walker co.— Population : 12,024. Hunts villo , "Walli-.u CO Population: 9,024. ni'l:ip,.it('r,tl "W'asijixgton CO.— Population: 27,565, B.i']i!jam a. Suspended August, 1879. C Austin Statesman I Austin Statesman American Sketch Book. Texas Yolkszeitung Texas Capital , C Austin Bispatch < Texas Iron Age ( Sunday Leader Austin "Woohenblatt — Austin Be view Once a "Week (a) State Gazette (d) State Guard (d) "Upshur County Democrat. . "Uvalde Hesperian . Canton Chronicle. . . "Will's Point Local. . The "Will's Pointer . Victoria Advocate. - HuntsviUe Item . "Waller County Courier . Texas Spiritualist C Brenbam Banner . ( J3renbara Banner . Texas "V"olksbote - . "Weekly. "Weekly. ...do -.., "Weekly., Weekly. ...do .... "Weekly. ...do ... — do... "Weekly. ...do ... "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly. ...do "Weekly. "Weekly.. ...do .".- ...do ... ...do... "Weekly. Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily {evening) . . Weekly Weekly.. Weekly. Daily {morning) . Weekly Monthly Weekly Sunday . Daily (evening) . AVeekly Sunday . Weekly do .. do Daily (evening). Weekly Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. ...do ... -. do ... Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. . Monthly . Dailv (mornvng) Weekly ...do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. do do News and politics. ...do News and politics . News and politics. News and politics.. do News and politics. News and politics. ... do ., do Law News and politics. News and politics. do do do News and politics- News and politics . . News and politics do Literary News and politics (German) . News and politics do Commercial -- News and politics News and politics (Germa/n) . News and politics do do do 1873 1868 1879 1842 1873 1878 1879 1879 1858 1878 1878 1874 1879 1875 1848 1870 1874 1877 1878 1870 1870 1878 1879 1879 1871 1871 1874 1877 1877 1880 1878 1878 1879 1879 News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do , do News and politics. News and politics. News aud politics. Spiritualism News and politics , do News and politics (German) . 1878 1878 1879 1846 1874 1878 1866 1866 1873 6 Suspended August, 1880. Suspended October, 1880. d Suspended. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 343 TEXAS— Continued. Place of pablicataoa. 3S"aane of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. When ee- tabUshed. Price per year. "Washington co.— Continiaed, Daily (evening) 1878 1878 1879 1879 1872 1877 1880 1880 $6 0d 2 00 do do . . 1 60 "Webb co.—PopvMmn: 5,273. Laredo ~-.~ Two 'LaxedOB "Weekly ' News and politics (Engliah and Span- ish). 2 50 Williamson co. —Pcputation: 15,155. 2 50 2 00 ...do do 2 00 Taylopsville Texas 'Phonograph. . . ...do do 2 00 •J^nylnri^villA TmiASt {/^.) , , ...do do .... "Wilson co.~Poputevtion: 7,llS. 1877 1872 1877 1879 1876 1 50 "Wise co.—Popidwtwn: 16,601. Decatur T)fir,a.t,nr TrihT^-n^ "Weekly 1 50 Wood co.— Population: 11,212. Mineola «. Wood County Flag (&) Weekly 1 00 1 00 Young go.— Population: 4,726. Graham ■Grraham Leader . . Weekly 2 00 UTAH TEEEITORT. Bbaver co.^PoptUation : 3,918. Beaver Milford Cache co.—PopiUation: 12,562. Logan Salt Lake co.— Population : 31,977. Salt Lake City Summit co —Population: 4,921. Park City Dtah CO.— Population : 17,973. Provo Washington co.— Population: 4,235. Silver Beef Weber CO.— Population : 12,344. Ogden Beaver Watchman (c) . MUford Sentinel Logan Leader . < Deseret News < Deseret News i Deseret News Salt Lake Juvenile Instructor f Salt Lake City Tribune I Salt Lake City Tribune ( Salt Lake City Herald < Salt Lake City Herald ( Salt Lake City Herald Bocky Mountain Christian Advocate . Anti- Polygamy Standard "Utah Farmer Utah Commercial Park Mining Record . Territorial Enquirer. . Silver Beef Miner < Junction I Junction Ogden Evening Dispatch {d) . Weekly . ...do ... Weekly. Daily (evening) . . . Semi- weekly Weekly Semi-monthly — Daily (morning) . Weekly Daily (morning) . Semi-weekly Weekly Monthly do ...do ...do Weekly - Semi- weekly. Weekly Daily (evening) . Semi-weekly..., Daily (evening) . News and politics. do News and politics . Beligious (Mormonism) Beligious (Mormonism) Beligious (MormfOnism) Sunday school News "and politics do do do do Beligious (Methodist Hpiscopal) . Miscellaneous Agricultural News and politics News and politics. News and politics. . News and politics. News and politics (Mormon) . News and politics (Mormon) News and politics 1871 1879 1867 1866 1850 1866 1868 1868 1870 1870 ]880 1876 1880 1880 1880 1878 1870 1870 1879 VERMONT. Addison co.— PopuZoMon; 24,173. Bristol Middlebury. Vergennes BENNntGTON CO.— PopulaMon! 21,950. Bennington Manchester. Caledonia co Population: 23,607. Sftint .Tohnabury- Danvillo Lyndon a Merged into "Phonograph", b Suspended December, 1880. Bristol Gazette (e) Bristol Herald Middlebury Segister Undergraduate Addison County Journal Vergennes Vermonter Champlain Valley Record («) . Bennington Banner ... Benniugton Eeformer . Vermont Gazette (/) . . Manchester Journal . . . St. Johnsbury Caledonian . St. Johnsbury Index Vermont Journal (g) Iforth Star Vermont Union "Weekly . ...do ...do.... Monthly . Weekly.. ...do ...do ... "Weekly. do .. ...do... ...do... "Weekly. ...do .... ...do... ...do.... ...do.... News and politics. do do Collegiate News and politics. do do News and politica. do do do News and politics. . do .do . .do. -do . 1879 1836 1875 1876 1838 1840 1876 1837 1879 1846 1807 1865 c Merged into "Milford Sentinel''. d Suspended January, 1880. e Consolidated with "Middlebury Joumal". / Suspended March, 1880. g Edition of the ' Windsor. ' Vermont Journal ". BU THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. VERMONT— Continued. Place of publication. ITame of periodical. How often pub- lished. ' Character. When es- tablished. •Chittenden co.— Population: 32,792. BnrUngton tlolchester Essex co.— Population: 7,931. Island Pond Peanklin CO.— Population : 30,225. Saint Albans Enosburgh Fairfax Eicliford Swanton Gkand Isle co.— Population: 4,124. North Hero Lamoille co. — Population: 12,684. Hyde Park Morristown Okange CO. — Population: 23,525. Bradford "Wells' Kiver West Bandolph Okleans CO. — Population: 22,083. Barton Newport North Troy , Rutland co.— Population : 41,829. Brandon Fair Haven Poultney Jutland Danby Washington co.— Population: 25,404, Montpelier Northfleld WiKDHAM CO.— Population: 2G,' Bellows Falls Brattleboro' WiNDSOK CO.— Population: 35,196, Bethel Ludlow Springfield South Koyalton White Kiver Junction Windsor Woodstock f Free Press and Times < Free Press and Times I Free Press Burlington Clipper Saturday Evening Review . 5 Democrat and Sentinel (a) . (bunday Sentinel (a) . , . . Vermont National (6) National and Laborer Essex County Herald . C Messenger and Advertiser - . , ^Messenger and Advertiser ... Merchant Home Visitor (a) . . - Saint Albans Advertiser (c) . . , Enosburgh Falls Reporter (d) , Fairfax Advertiser Richford G-azette Green Mountain Journal , Swanton Courier North Hero Record (a) Lamoille News - . Vermont Citizen . Stanton's Bradford Opinion . . , Vermont Journal (e) Riverside Herald and News : Orange County Democrat (/) . Vermont Journal (e) Orleans County Monitor. Express and Standard North Troy Palladium . . , Brandon Union Otter Creek News , Fair Haven Era Poultney Journal C Herald and Globe (Herald and G-lobe Vermont Baptist --. . Rutland Inquirer Rutland Sentinel (a) Otter Creek Valley News (g) Vermont Watchman and State Journal. Montpelier Argus and Patriot Vermont Chronicle Green Mountain Freeman Vermont C hristian Messenger The Montpelierian Vermont Farm er , Northfield News Bellows Falls Times , Vermont Phcenix The Household , Windham County Reformer. Vermont Journal (e) Record and Farmer (h) White River Standard (») . . Vermont Tribune Springfield Reporter Springfield Hearthstone (j) ( Vermont J ournal (e) (Vermont Journal (e) Republican Observer (k) Vermont Journal Valley Farmer (e) Spirit of the Age , Vermont Standard , Daily (Tnorning) . Daily (evening) ... Weekly do -..do -..do Sunday Weekly ...do , News and politics . do do do do , do , do do , do 1847 1847 1827 1874 1878 1879 1879 Weekly. News and politics. Daily (evening) , Weekly — do Daily (evening} . Weekly. Semi-monthly. . . Weekly -..do ...do News and politics . do do do do do do do do 1878 1873 1861 1833 1879 1875 Weekly. News and politics. Weekly. ...do News and politics - do Weekly. --.do ...do... ...do-.. ...do ... ...do ... News and politics. do do do do do Weekly. . . .do . . . , ...do... News and politics. do do Weekly ...do --.do --do ...do Daily (morning) . Monthly Weekly Sunday Weekly News and politics, do do do do do Religious (Baptist) News and politics . - do do Weekly.. - --.do ...do ...do -- do Quarterly . Weekly- -- — do News and politics do Religious (Congregational). News and p olitics Religious (Methodist) Collegiate Agricultural News and politics Weekly.. do Monthly. Weekly.. ...do ...do .... News and politics. do , Literary News and politics. do , do 1880 1878 1878 1877 1877 1873 1866 1846 1879 1873 1840 1846 1872 1865 1874 1872 1876 1879 1873 1794 1861 1879 1878 1879 1872 1805 1819 1825 1842 1846 1806 1879 1878 1856 1834 1868 1876 1846 Weekly. ...do --.do -.- --.do... ...do... ...do..'. ...do ... ...do ... --.do .. ...do ... --.do--. News and poUtics- do do do , do , do do , do Agricultural News and politics. do 1869 1876 1878 1846 1846 1878 1845 1846 1840 1857 A Edition of the "Rhode Island Democrat", Providence, R.I. 6 Suspended in 1879. c Suspended. d Suspended February, 1880. e Edition of the "Vermont Journal", Wind- sor. / Edition of the "Spirit of the Age", Wood- stock. g Suspended June, 1880. h Suspended May, 1880. i Edition of the "Vermont Stand ird", Wood- stock. j Suspended June, 1879. k Removed to Keene, N. H. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. VIRGINIA. 345 Place of pa'blication. Ifame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "WTien es- tabliBhed. AccoUiLC CO.— Population : 24,408. Onancock Albemaule CO. — Population: 32,618. Charlotteeville Scott svillo Alexakdria CO. — Population: 17,546. Alexandria Alleghany CO.— Populatioii : 5,586. Covington '. AuasRST CO.— Population: 18,709. Amherst Augusta CO.— Popatetion ; 35,710. Stannton ,^ Wayneshoro' BKDVOVtB CO.— Population : 31,205. Liberty Bland co. — Population: 5,004. Seddon Botetourt co. — Population : 14,809. Kncastle Buchanan CO. — Population: 5,694. Grundy Campbell CO. — Population: 36,250. Lynchburg Carroll CO. — Population: 13,323. HiUsTille Chablottb CO. — Population : 16,653. Smith ville Keysville Chesterfield co.— Population : 25,085. Manchester Cz^AKKS CO.— Population : 7,682. Berry ville CuLPEPBR CO. — Population: 13,408. Culpeper DiNWIDDiE CO. — Population : 32,870. Petersburg Elizabeth City co.— Population : 10,689. Hampton Essex co. — Population: 11,032. Tappahannook -, Fairfax co.— Population : 16,025. raii'fax Fauquier co.— Population : 22,!)93. "WarrcDt.on Floyd go. — Population: 13,255. Floyd Franklin co.^Population : 25,084. Kooky Mount a Suspended July, 1879. I Merged with the "Bedford Star" Eastern Virginian . JefTersonian Republican Charlottesville Chronicle Virginia University Magazine. Scottsville Courier C Alexandria G-azette . ( Alexandria Gazette . Academy Journal Sunday Picayune Alleghany Tribune. Amherst Enterprise . Staunton Spectator Staunton Vindicator Valley Virginian Goodson Gazette Valley Farmer, Live Stock, and Poultry Mag- azine. Virginias Alma Mater "Waynesboro' Tribune (a) Bedford Sentinel . Bedford Star Literary Age (&) . . South and West - . Fincastle Herald ... Botetourt News (c) - Virginia Vidette. S Lynchburg Virginian . Lynchburg Virginian . Lynchburg Virginian . S Lynchburg News Lynchburg News Lynchburg News Hillaville Virginian . Charlotte Gazette — Kieysville Herald (d) . Virginia Sun . . . Clarke Courier . Culpeper Times . The Casket < Petersburg Index-Appeal . 5PetersburgIndex-Appeal . Petersburg Post (e) Eural Messenger Southern "Workman . Hampton Monitor . - - Tidewater Index . Fairfax Messenger and Advertiser . True Index Solid South Warrenton Enterprise (/) . Floyd Eeporter. Franklin Gazette . Weekly. "Weekly. - ...do - -- Monthly . "Weekly.. Daily (evening) — Tri-weekly Monthly Sunday "Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly.. do ...do .... ...do .... Monthly . ...do ... ...do... Weekly. Weekly-. do Monthly . Weekly. Weekly. do Weekly. Weekly. "Weekly. do Weekly. "Weekly. "Weekly Bi-monthly . Daily (morning) . "Weekly Daily (morning) . Weekly Monthly . Weekly- - "Weekly. "Weekly - Weelily. ...do... ...do... "Weekly. "Weekly. May, 1880. c Suspended March, 1880. d Suspended July, 1880 News and politics. News and poUtics- do Collegiate .- News and politics. . News and politics. do Collegiate News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do do Collegiate Agricultural Science and mechanics. Collegiate News and politics News and politics - do Literary News and politics. News and politics. do News and politics. Daily (morning) . . Weekly Tri.weekly Daily (morning) Weekly Tri-weekly News and politics. do , do do do do News and politics. News and politics . do News and politics . News and politics - News and politics - Collegiate News and politics. do do Miscellaneous CoUegiate News and politics. . News and politics. News and politics. News and politics. do do News and politics . News and politics. 1873 1835 1869 1857 1862 1800 1800 1866 1878 1879 1871 1822 1840 1865 1874 1879 1880 1880 1830 1874 1877 1879 1879 1808 1808 1808 1866 1866 1866 1870 1873 1879 1874 1869 1873 1880 1865 1865 1871 1872 1876 1876 1865 1877 1873 1877 e Suspended July, 1879. / Suspended September, 1879. 346 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. VIEGINIA— Continued. Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often pub- lisbed. Character. When es- tablished. Frederick CO. — Population: 17,653. "Winchester Giles co.—Population : 8,794. Pearisbnrg Grayson co.— Population: 13,068. Independence Halifax co.— Population: 33,588. South Boston Hanover co.—Populatiooi: 18,588. Ashland Henrico co— Population: 82,703. Richmond Henuy CO.— Population: 16,009. MartinsTille Highland co.— Population: 5,164. Monterey Ible of "Wight co. — Population: 10,572. Smifchfield KiKG William co.~Population : 8,751. West Point Lbk CO. — Population: 15,116. Jonesville Loudoun co.— Population: 23,634. Hamilton Leesburg Louisa co. — Population: 18,942. Louisa Mecklenburg co. — Population: 24,610. Boydton a Suspended Noyember, 1880. Winchester News Winchester Times (a) . . People's Voice Polyhymnian Monthly - Pcarisburg Virginian . True Issue Grayson Clipper . Halifax Record . Randolph Macon Monthly. C Richmond Whig < Richmond Whig ( Richmond Whig Religious Herald Christian Advocate Southern Churchman Central Presbyterian Planter and Farmer Earnest Worker Foreign Mission Journal C Richmond Dispatch \ Richmond Dispatch (. Richmond Dispatch Virfiinia Staata Zeitung 5 Taoplicher Anzeiger \ Virglniscbe Zeitung Children's Friend (&) Lesson Pap^^rs Guide and News (c) Commercial and Tobacco Leaf Educational Journal of Virginia C Virjiinia Staats Gazette $ Virginia Staats Gazette Insurance Advocate College Messenger Virginia Medical Journal Catholic Visitor Virginia Star Southern Historical Society Papers - C state < State (state ' - Richmond Baton Pythian Herald Virginia Law Journal Daily Record Ancient Order of Hibernians Field and Fireside (c) Southern Clinic Primary Lesson Papers Virginia Tobacco Journal Theological and Homiletic Richmond Standard Southern Intelligencer Every Saturday Southern Qnai terly Review Kappa Alpha Journal Monthly Bulletin C Commonwealth (d) \ Commonwealth American Breeders and Platiters (c) . Lesson Quarterly Martinsville Herald . Highland Recorder . . Smithfield News West Point Star Lee County Sentinel - Loudoun Telephone Leesburg Wasningtonian. . Leesburg Mirror Louisa News and Farmer . Weekly. . ...do-... ...do.-.. Monthly - News and politics - , do do Collegiate WeeMy. ...do .... News and politics. do Weekly . News and politics. Weekly. News and politics. Monthly . Collegiate . Daily (morning) . Weekly Semi- weekly Weekly ...do ...do . . do - . . Monthly ...do ...do Daily {morning) . Weekly Semi- weekly Weekly Daily {m,orning) . Sunday Semi-monthly Monthly Weekly ...do -' Monthly Daily (mornvng) . Sunday Monthly . . do ...do Weekly ...do - Monthly Daily (evening) . . Wei-kly Semi-weekly Weeldv Monthly ...do Daily {'inorning) . Monthly .. do .: ...do do Weekly Monihiy Weekly . . flo ..-do Quarterly — do Monthly Daily (morning) . Weeklv Monthly Quarterly Weekly. . Weekly. . Weekly., Weekly. Weekly. News and politics do do Religious ( Baptist) Reli 50 1 75- 150 1 50 1 50 2 00 2 50 2 00 2 00- 1 50 1 50- 1 50' 1 50 200 125 1 50 2 00 1 oa 1 6»- 1 50. 2 20 10 00. 2 00 10 OO 1 50 2 00 2 00 ■"■2'6o " i'm 2 00 1 50 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 50 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 / 2 00 1 50 1 50 2 00- a An edition of ' ' Der Kord "Westen " A Suspended NoTember, 1880. CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. WISCONSIN— Continued. 353 Place of publication. Name of periodical. How often puli- llslied. Character. When es- tablished. Mabqubtte CO. — Population: 8,908. Montello ■Westfleld Milwaukee CO.— PopuZaeion.- 138,537. Bay View Milwaakee MONBOE CO.— Popviation : 21,607. Sparta Tomah. Oconto CO. — PopulaHon: 9,848. Oconto OuTASAMIE CO. — Population: 28,716. Appleton Ozaukee co. — Population: 15,461. Cedarburg Port "Washington Pepisco. — Population: 6,226. Durand Pierce CO. — Population: 17,744. Ellsworth Prescott Elver Falls Folk co.— PopulaHon : 10, 018. Clear Lake Osceola Fori AGS CO.— Population : 17,731. Plover Stevens Point . Eacine CO. — Population: 30,922. Bnrlington Kacine. a Suspended Jnly, 1880. b Suspended April, 1880. 23 PE Montello Express . Central Union National Borean Evening "Wisconsin S Milwaukee Sentinel Milwaukee Sentinel Milwaukee Sentinel C Milwaukee Republican and News < Milwaukee Republican and News ( Milwaukee Republican and News C Der Seebote ■ ( Der Seebote 5Herold jHerold Journal of Commerce Christian Statesman Acker und Gartenban Zeitong Erziehungs Elaetter Young Churchman Fortschritt der Zeit Columbia (G-ermania {JGCauafreimd Freidenker Peck's Sun Catholic School Record "Western Church Der Hermanns Sohn ■ United States Miller Kindergarten Messenger and New Education. Milwaukee Sunday Telegraph Im Eamilien-Kreise An. Catholic Citizen Unser Blatt Northwestern Trade Bulletin Der Ansiedler in "Wisconsin Hospodar Ameriky Farmers' Monthly Milwaukee Gazette (o) State Journal and South Side Advocate (b) . Eveniqe Signal (c) Der Zeitgeist "Western Traveler "Wisconsin A. O. U. W. Advocate CFreiePreese jFreie Presse Solkebladet Monthly Musical Review Sparta Herald Monroe County Democrat . . "Wisconsin Greenbacker (d) . Tomah Journal Oconto Lumberman Oconto County Reporter . Appleton Crescent Appleton Post Appleton "Volksfifennd .. Collegian and Neoterian. People's Champion (e) ... Cedarburg Enterprise Ozaukee County Advertiser . Port "Washington Zeitung . . . "Weekly Star Pepin County Courier. , Pierce County Herald Pierce County Plaindealer. River Falls Journal River Falls Press North "Wisconsin News . Polk County Press , Plover Times "Wisconsin Pinery Hungerford Real Estate Journal - Portage County Gazette Stevens Point Journal Stevens Point Democrat Burlington Standard Burlington Democrat (/). Racine Advocate Racine Journal c Changed to "Chronicle" June, 1880. d Suspended September, 1879. "Weekly. do -.- Weekly Daily (evenirig) . . Daily (morning) . Sunday Tri- weekly Daily (Tnoming) . "Weekly Tri- weekly Daily (evening) . . WeeMy Daily (morning) . Sunday Weekly ...do Semi-monthly Monthly ...do Semi-monthly ... "Weekly ...do ...do ...do ...do Monthly Weekly Monthly .. do ...do Sunday Bi-weekly Sunday Weekly Monthly Weekly Semi-monthly do Monthly Weekly do Daily (eveni/ng) . . . Bi-weekly Monthly do Daily (momvng) . Sunday Weekly Monthly Weekly. do ...do.... ...do..., Weekly. ...do ... Weekly. - do .-..do .... Monthly . Weekly. . Weekly. do ... ...do ... ...do... Weekly. Weekly. do ... ...do... ...do... Weekly. do Weekly. do Monthly . Weekly. . do ...do .... Weekly - ...do ... ...do... ...do-.. News and politics. . do News and politics., do .do. .do. -do. -do. .do . .do. News and politics (QerrMin) News and politics (Qerman) News and politics (Qerman) News and politics ( Qerman) Trade Religious (Evangelical) Agricultural { Qermam.) Educational ( German) Sunday school Science (German) News and politics (German) News and politics ( Qerman) News and politics ( Qerman) Miscellaneous ( Qerman) News and politics Religious (Catholic) Religious (Protestant Episcopal) . . Secret society (Qerman) Trade Educational News and politics Literary (German) Comic (German) Religious (.Catholic) Secret society ( Qerman) Trade News and politics (German) Agricultural (Eohemian) Agricultural News and politics do do Religious (Judaism ; German) Trade Secret society News and politics (German) News and politics (GerTna/n) News and politics (Scandi/navian) . Musical 1859 1877 1879 1836 1838 1838 1838 1845 1845 1845 1851 1851 1854 1854 1864 1869 1870 1870 1870 1872 1873 1873 1873 1873 1874 1875 1876 1876 1876 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1878 News and poUtics. do do do News and politics- . do News and politics do News and politics (Qerman) . Collegiate News and politics News and politics do News and politics (German) ■ News and politics 1855 3871 1879 1867 1864 1871 1853 1859 1870 1878 1878 1879 1854 1855 1879 News and politics 1877 News and politics - do do do , News and politics. do News and politics - do Miscellaneous News and politics. do do News and politics . do do do 1868 1873 1856 1874 1878 1860 1856 1853 1877 1878 1879 1880 1862 1879 1842 1856 e Suspended 1880. / Changed to "Free Press", which suspended in December, 1880. 354 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. WISCONSIN— Continued. Place of publication. Kame of periodical. How often pub- lislied. Character. "WTien es- tablished. Price per year. Kaclne CO. — Continued. Eacine — Continued . Union G-rove. "Watorford - . - ElcnLAKU CO. — Population: 18,174. Excelsior llichland Center EooKCO. — Population: 38,823. Beloit Clinton Edgcrton .. Evans ville . JanesvUle . Milton. Saikt Ckoix CO.— Population: 18,956. Baldwin Hudson New Eichmond . Saxtk CO. —Population: 28,729. Earaboo Prairie du Sac . Reedsburg Sauk City . . . . Spring G-reen . SiiiWAKO CO. — Population: 10,371. Shawano Sheboygan co.— Population: 34,206. Plymouth Sheboy; Sheboygnn Palla. Tayi.oi; CO Population: 2,311. Molniid 1 HKMVKALBAU CO.— Population: 17,189. Arcadia GalesviUo -. - Indexjendence. Wbiteball Veenon CO.— Population: 23,235. Viroqua Wbi'iitl.ind ■Walworth co.— Population: 26,249. Dc'laran East Troy . Elliboru' .. trt'nova Sharon Wliitewater . ■Wasiiixgto.x co.- Hartford V/esc Bend . . -Population: 23,442. Waukesha co.— Population: 28,957. Oconomowoo Pewaukee Racine Slavie College Mercury Eacine Argus (a) Eolkets Avis Eacine News Union Grove Enterprise . Waterford Post Excelsior Press (6) Kicbland County Eepublican. Eichland Center Observer Beloit Free Press Beloit Eound Table , Beloit Graphic (c) Beloit Outlook Clinton Herald Wisconsin Tobacco Reporter. . EransvUle Eeview f Janfsville Gazette < Jaueaville Gazette t Janosville Gazette C tT.anesville Eecorder (EockConnty Eecorder 5 City Times \ City Times Wisconsin Express {d) College Journal Temperance Herald Milton Eeiiister (e) Milton Express Saint Croix Independent Star and Times .-- True Eepublican Saint Croix Republican K"ew Eichmond Democrat N'ew Richmond Greenbaoker (/) . Sauk County Eepublican {g) . Sauk County Democrat Sauk County News Eeedsburg JB'ree Press Her Sauk County Herold Pionier am "Wisconsin The Dollar Times Shawano County Journal . Plymouth Reporter Plymouth Sun Sheboygan Times Sheboygan Zeitnug National Demokx-at Sheboygan Herald Sheboygan Tribun Sheboygan County News. Taylor County Star and News Taylor County News Eepublican and Leader Trempealeau County Democrat (a) Galcsville Independent Independence News Trempealeau Free Press (A) "Whitehall Times and Trempealeau County Messenger. Yemon County Censor "Wheatland Eepublican (i) . Delavan Eepublican Delavan Democrat Delavan Enterprise East Troy Gazette Walworth County Independent . Lake Geneva Herald Lake Geneva Cisco {j) Lake Geneva News (A) Sharon Eeporter Whitewater Eegister "Whitewater Chronicle Washington County Republican . West Bend Democrat Oconomowoc Local "Wisconsin Free Press . Pewaukeo Standard {h). "Weekly Semi-monthly. - Weekly do Daily (euenima)- "Weeldy do Weekly. do ...do ... "Weekly Bi. weekly — "Weekly do ...do ...do ...do ...do Semi- weekly. Daily (evening) Dail; ' " ' ,y (Tnoming) . Weel Daily (evening) . "Weekly.. do Monthly . "Weekly. . do "Weeklv. ...do.".. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do ... "Weekly. do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do ... "Weekly. "Weekly do ....do ....do ....do ....do Semi- weekly . "Weekly "Weekly. ...do ... "Weekly. do ... ...do.... ...do .... ....do ... ...do..., "Weekly. do ... "Weekly. ...do ... ...do... ....do... ....do ... ...do... ...do ... ....do... ...do ... ...do ... ...do... "Weekly. do .... "Weekly - do ....do.,.. a Suspended November, 1880. b Suspended 1880. c Consolidated with "Outlook" July, 1880. «Z Suspended January, 1880. News and politics (Bohemian) . Collegiate News and politics News and politics (Vanish) News and politics do do News and politics. do do News and politics. Collegiate. .- News and politics. do do do do , do do do do do do do do CoUegiate Temperance News and politics. do 1861 1867 1868 1876 1878 1877 1877 1879 1855 1856 1848 1853 1877 1880 News and politics- do , do , do do do News and politics do do do News and politics (German) . News and politics (GerTnan) . News and politics News and politics. News and politics do do News and politics (GerTnan) . News and politics (German) . News and politics News and politics (German) . News and politics 1874 1867 1845 1845 1866 1868 1868 1869 1869 1879 1878 1878 1879 1879 1873 1855 1870 1869 1878 1879 1879 1880 1876 1870 1876 1852 1877 1872 1879 1854 News and politics. do News and politics. do do do do do 1857 1867 1874 1876 1876 1878 1873 1879 1874 1878 IJews and politics. do News and politics. do , do do do do do do do do do News and politics . do News and politics. do 1860 1856 1879 1855 1863 1878 1879 1853 1872 1879 1879 1878 1867 1879 1872 1861 1874 1875 1877 e Suspended August, 1879. / Consolidated with the "New Richmond Democrat", 1880. g Changed to "Bulletin" October, 1880. h Suspended August, 1879. i Suspended May, 1880. j Published from June to September. k Published daily during summer. $3 00 2 00 1 75 1 50 4 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 2 00 2 00 1 50 2 DO 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 3 00 7 00 5 00 1 50 3 00 1 25 1 00 75 1 25 1 25 1 50 2 00 2 00 1 60 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 00 1 60 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 50 1 25 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 OO 2 00 1 00 1 50 1 20 1 60 1 50 1 50 1 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 1 50 1 00 2 00 2 00> 50 1 50 1 50 2 00 1 25 1 50- 1 50 1 50 2 00. 1 50 CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. WISCONSIN— Continued. 355 Place of pnblication. Uame of periodical. How often pub- lished. Character. "WTien es- tablislied. Price per year. Waukebka CO.— Continued , Wauliesha "Waupaca co.~Population : 20,955. New London "Waupaca Weyauwega "Wausitaha CO. — Population: 12,687. Plainfield V/automa "Winnebago co.— Population : 42,740. Menasha Keenah Omro Oshkosb Wood co. —Population: 8,981. Centralia G-rand Eapida Marshfield ., "Waukesha Freeman , Waukesha County Democrat. New London Times "Waupaca County Bepublican . . "Waupaca Post "Weyauwega Chronicle "Waupaca County Democrat (a) . Plainfipld Tiro**9 . Waiishaia Argua Men asha Press Neenah Herald (h) Neeiiah City Times .-. Neeuah G-fizette Neenah Bulletin Omro Journal C Northwestern I Northwestern Oshliosh Times Wisconsin Telegraph . Early Dawn (c) Wisconsin Standard... Oshkosh Ketiector (d) . . Cf ntralia Enterprise "Wood County Keporter ■- G-rand Kapids Tribune Marshfield Times and Wood County Herold. "Weekly. ....do .., "Weekly. , .. do ,...do .... ... do..., ...do .... "Weekly. ...do -■.. Weekly ... do. ... do ... do Semi-monthly . Weekly Daily {evening) , "Weekly do .' ...do ....do do .. .. ...do "Weekly. . .. do ... . . . do . . . ... do ... Kews and politics. do News and politios- do do do 1859 1852 1870 1853 1878 1877 News and politics. do News and politics do do do Secret society News and politics do do do News and politics {Qerman) . Kelifiious News and politics , do 1877 1859 1870 1879 1863 1870 1875 1865 1868 1849 1866 1867 1876 1877 News and poUtios do do .., News and politics {Qertnan) . 1879 1857 1873 1879 $1 60 2 00 1 50 1 60 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 2 00 '2'6o 1 50 60 1 75 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 50 1 50 1 50 2 00 2 00 1 60 WYOMING TEREITOET. Albany go. — Population: 4,626. Laramie City Carbon co. — Population: 3,4S8. Rawlins Laramie co.— Population: 6,409. Cheyenne Sweetwater co. — Population: 2,561. Green E.iver City Uinta co. — Population: 2,879. Evanston Laramie Sentinel. Laramie Times . . . Carbon County Journal .. Carbon County News (e) . C Cheyenne Leader. I Cheyenne Leader. ( Cheyenne Sun. ... ( Cheyenne Sun Rocky Mountain Courier. The TJinta Chieftain. . . The Evanston Age (d) . Weekly TtaSiy (evenvng) . "Weekly. — do -.., Daily (morning) . "Weekly Daily (-morning) . "Weekly "Weekly. Weekly. do ... News and politics. do News and politics. do News and politics do do do News and politics. News and politics . do 1869 1879 1879 1878 1867 1867 1876 1876 1879 1874 $3 00 10 00 3 00 3 00 10 00 2 50 10 00 2 50 3 00 3 00 a Suspended October, 1879. b Consolidated with '* Gazette " March, 1880. c Suspended April, 1880. d Suspended May. 1880. e Suspended September, 1879. ^FPENDIX C. CHEONOLOGIOAL HISTOEY OF THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 357 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. It is not pretended that the following chronology of the early history of the newspaper press in the several states is complete, but simply that it approximates completeness more nearly than any previous publication, and therefore forms the starting point for a comprehensive chronology of the press. ISTot even a skeleton chronology is here supplied of the press in the states of Colorado, Florida, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon, or West Virginia ; and in several other states, notably those of New England, the dates are conspicuously scant and unsatisfactory. At the same time, the student of these pages will observe that in the accompanying catalogue of the American periodical press as it existed in the census year a great number of additional dates are given which it was not deemed necessary to duplicate in this chronology, but which wholly supply its deficiencies so far as they relate to publications which continued to be in" existence in 18S0. The catalogue and the chronology must therefore be taken together. Efforts were made in each of the states above named to obtain the outline history of the, newspaper press, but without success. Undoubtedly the data exist for supplying this deficiency, in part at least. The importance of the information, as constituting the necessary basis of the permanent history of the American press, will not be disputed; and the special agent making this report will be glad to receive at his home in Utica, New York, any communications supplying missing links in this chronology, or correcting errors that may appear herein. ALABAMA. Area, 51,540 square miles; population, 1,262,505; 66 counties — newspapers published in 55. The total number of newspapers and ptiiodicals published in 1840 was 28; in 1850, 60; 1860, 96; 1870, 89; 18S0, 125. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 6; weeklies, 109; tri-weekUes, 1; monthlies, 7; semi-monthlies, 2. In each of 37 towns one paper was published; in 20, two; in 5, three; in 2, four; and in 4, five or more. EAELY HISTOEY. 1812. — Printing was introduced at Huntsville. The following com- prise a portion of the early newspapers, (a) No records have been preserved, and in consequence but little information can be 'obtained: 18l2. — The Madison Gazette, established at Huntsville. 1814. — The Halcyon, at Saint Stephens. 1814, February.- -, at Mobile, by George Childfl at (French and English). 1815. — The Advocate, at Huntsville. Still published. 1816, November. — The Mobile Gazette and General Advertiser, Mobile. 1818. — The Tuscaloosa Republican, at Tuscaloosa, by T. M. Davenport 1819.— The Gazette, at Florence. 1820.— The Clarion, at Claiborne. 1820.— The Free Press, at Cahaba. 1820. — The Alabama. Watchman, at Cahaba. 1820. — The Bepublic, at Montgomery, by J. Bottelle. 1821.— The Register, at MobUe. 1827. — The Advertiser, at Moulton. 1842. — The Ledger, daily, by John Forsyth. a Prepared by Walter Guild, secretary State Historical Society. AEKANSAS. Area, 53,045 square miles; population, 802,525; 74 counties — news- papers published in 61. The total number of newspapers and period- icals in 1840 was 9; in 1850, 9; 1860, 37; 1870, 56; 1880, 117. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 6; weeklies, 104; semi-weeklies, 1; monthlies, 2; semi-monthlies, 4. In each of 51 towns one paper was published; in 15, two; in 3, three; in 3, four; and in 2, five or more. EARLY HISTOEY. "William E. "Woodruff, born on Long Island, went to Arkansas in J 81 9, the same year in which it was erected into a territory, and set- tled at Arkansas Post, then the site of the territorial government. On November 20, of that year, he issued here the first number of the Arkansas Gazette, with an edition of less than one hundred. Thia paper was the first printed in Arkansas, the fifth started west of the Mississippi river and the oldest one published continuously under the same name. There were then two newspapers at Saint Louis, one at Cape Crirardeau, one at Satchitoches, Louisiana, and one for a short time at Nacogdoches, Texas. The Arkansas Gazette, the Western Methodist, also of Little Eock, the Van Buren Press, the Des Arc Citizen, and the Jacksonport Herald are the only Arkansas newspapers enumerated in the accompanying c;italoguo which claim an origin previous to the war. That event wiped out of existence the great body of the newspapers in this as well as other southern states, .and the journals established sub- sequently are as a rule not older than the decade. 359 360 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. CALIPOENIA. Aiea, 155,980 square miles; population, 864,694; 52 cotmties — news- papers published in aU. The total number of newspapers and period- icals published in 1850 was 7; in 1860, 121; 1870, 201; 1880, 361. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 58; weeklies, 250; semi-weeklies, 11; tri- weeklies, 2; monthlies, 32; semi-monthlies, 6; quarterlies, 2. In each of 56 towns one paper was published; in 29, two; in 5, three; in 7, four; and in 12, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. A few of the earlier 1846. — Printing was introduced at Monterey, newspapers are enumerated as follows: 1846, August 15. — ^The Calif omian, established at Monterey, by Cal- ton & Semple. Printed in quarto form, two columns to a page. 1847, January 9. — The Star, at San Francisco, by Samuel Brannan. January 3, 1849, consolidated with the Monterey Californian and called the Alta California. Daily established in 1850. Still published. 1850. — The Sacramento Tribune, at Sacramento. Published a short time. 1850. — The Daily Index, at Sacramento, by Pickering & Lawrence. Published a short time. 1850. — The Placer Times, at Sacramento. 1851, April 21. — The Nevada Journal, at Nevada City, by W. B. Ewer. Suspended in 1861, bat revived soon after and published a year and a half. 1853, September. — Young America, at Nevada City. Soon after changed to the Nevada Democrat. Suspended in 1863. 1853, September. — The Telegraph, at Grass "Valley, by Oliver & Moore. In 1861 changed to the Grass Valley National. Suspended in 1870. 1865, January 16. — The Dramatic Chronicle, at San Francisco, by Charles de Young, changed to the Chronicle in 1868. StUl published. CONNECTICUT. Area, 4,845 square miles; population, 622,700; 8 counties — news- papers published in all. The total number of newspapers and period- icals published in 1810 was 11; in 1818, 13; 1840, 33; 1850, 46; 1860, 55; 1870, 71; 1880, 139.' The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 17; weeklies, 99; semi-weeklies, 2; monthlies, 15; semi-monthlies, 2; tri-monthlies, 1; bi-monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 2. In each of 30 towns one paper was published; in 9, two; in 3, three; in 4, four; and in 5, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1709. — Printing was introduced at New London. The following papers are among those first established: {a) 1755, January 1. — The Connecticut Gazette, established at New Haven, by James Parker & Co. ; half sheet foolscap, 8J by 14 inches. Pub- lication suspended February 19, 1768. 1758, August 8. — The New London Summary, at New London, by Timothy Green, j r. ; small half sheet. Publication suspended in 1763. 1763, November 1. — The New London Gazette, at New London, by Timothy Green; foolscap sheet, 14 by 17 inches. In 1773 changed to the Connecticut Gazette. Publication suspended in 1844. 1764, December. — The Connecticut Courant, at Hartford, by Thomas Green; cap sheet, 14 by 17 inches. Still published daily and weekly. 1767, October. — The Connecticut Journal and New Haven Post Boy, by T. & S. Green; cap sheet, 14 by 17 inches. Latter part of title after- ward dropped. Publication suspended in 1835. 1773, October. — The Norwich Packet, at Norwich, by Robertson & Trumbull ; crown sheet, 15 by 19 inches. Publication suspended in 1804. 1784. — The Connecticut Gazette, at New Haven. Published two years. 1784. — The Litchfield Monitor, at Litchfield, by Thomas Collier. Suc- ceeded in 1804 by the Litchfield Gazette, by Hosmer & Goodwin. 1790. — The Connecticitt Gazette, at New Haven. Published one year. 1796. — The Federal Gazetteer, at New Haven. 1809. — The Connecticut Mirror, at Hartford. The following papers were published on the site of the Daily Courant, printed at Hartford: 1831.^The Hartford Courier, at Hartford. Succeeded in 1856 by the National American. 1835. — The Patriot and Democrat. In 1840 merged with the State Eagle and called the Patriot and Eagle. Suspended in 1842. 1836. — The Connecticut Observer. Succeeded iu 1841 by the Beligious Herald. Still published. 1836. — The Christian Freeman. Soon merged in the Charter Oak. Afterward merged in the Republican, and this iu 1856 was absorbed in the Press, daily and weekly. In 1867 consolidated with the Courant. 1839. — The Nortlicrn Watchman. In 1839 merged with the Congre- gationalist, and this, in 1812, was sold to the Boston Puritan. 1843. — The Evening Journal, daily. In 1845 merged with the Courani. 1845. — The Nonpareil (literary). Suspended in 1847. 1846. — The New England Weekly Review. In 1847 changed to the Connecticut Wliig. In 1849 merged with the Courant. 1846. — The Fountain (temperance). Suspended in 1855. 1850. — The Advent Watchman. Suspended about 1856. 1857. — The Calendar (Episcopal). In 1865 changed to the Church- man and removed to New York, where it is still published. a Compiled from an address by J. F. Babcock, of New Haven, delivered at Middletown June 20, 1855. DELAWAEB. Area, 1,960 square mUes; population, 146,608; 3 counties — ^news- papers published in all. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1810 was 2; in 1840, 6; 1850,10; 1860,14; 1870,17; 1880, 26. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 5; weeklies, 20; monthlies, 1. In each of 6 towns one paper was published; in 3, two; and in 1, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1762. — Printing was introduced at Wilmington. 1762. — The Wilmington Courant, established at Wilmington, by James Adams. Published six months. 1784. — The Wilmington Gazette, established as a weekly. Is now published daily and weekly. 1787. — The Wilmington Courant, at Wilmington, by James Adams. Published two or three years. 1838. — The Delaware Register (monthly), at Dover, by William Huf- finton. DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. Area, 60 square miles; population, 177,624. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1810 was 6; in 1840, 14; 1850, 18; 1860, 13; 1870, 22; 1880, 44. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 5; weeklies, 23; monthlies, 15; qnarterlies, 1. EARLY HISTORY. 1796, June 11. — The Washington Gazette, established at Washington^ by Benjamin Moore ; semi-weekly. 1800. — The Washington Federalist. 1800, October 31. — The National Intelligencer and Washington Adver- CHRONOLOaiCAL HISTORY. 361 DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA— Continued. User, by Samuel H. Smith, tri-weekly, as the organ of Jefferson's ad- ministration. Joseph Gales, jr. , became one of the publishers in 1810, and in 1812 William W. Seaton joined the firm, which was known as Gales & Seaton. Suspended publication in 1866. 1822. — The National Journal, by Thomas L. McKinney ; in 1825 it was owned and edited by Peter Force. 1826. — The United Slates Telegraph, by Duff Green, as the organ of President Jackson's administration. 1830, December. — The Globe, by Francis P. Blair, superseded the Tdegrmph as the organ of the administration of Jackson. In 1845 its appurtenances passed to the Union, but the Globe, thereafter known as the Congressional Globe, became the publisher of the official debates, under a contract awarded to Blair & Eives in 1846. Now the Con- grcsnional Record, published by Congress. 1834. — The Washington Mirror. Merged in the Telegraph in 1836. 1836. — The Beformation, by Duff Green. Succeeded by the Chron- icle in 1838. 1841.- — The Independent, by Edward N. Johnston, Joseph Segar, and J. H. Pleasants. 1842. — The Madisonian, edited first by Thomas Allen, then by John Jones ; the organ of President Tyler. 1845. — The Union, by Thomas Eitchie and John P. Heiss. There were five papers published at Washington in this year : the Union, the Constitution, the United States Journal, the Globe, and the National Intelligencer. 1846. — The Daily Times, by H. H. Robinson, succeeding the United States Journal. 1847. — The National Era, by Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, as the organ of the anti-Slavery party. 1848.— The Bepublic. 1853. — The Star, by Charles W. Denisou, afterward owned and edited by W. D. Wallach; now published by the Star Publishing Company. GEORGIA. Area, 58, 980 square mUes; population, 1,542,180; 137 counties — news- papers published in 100. The total number of newspapers and period- icals published in 1810 was 13; in 1840, 34; 1850, 51; 1860, 105; 1870, 110; 1880, 200. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 16; weeklies, 163; semi-week- lies, 3; tri-weeklies, 4; monthlies, 11; semi-monthlies, 3. In each of 75 towns one paper was published; in 17, two; in 8, three; in 2, four; and in 6, five or more. KARLY HISTORY. 1762. — Printing was introduced at Savannah. 1763, April 17. — The Georgia Gazette, established at Savannah, by James Johnston; cap sheet, 14 by 17 inches. Publication suspended after 1802. 1785. — The Augusta Chronicle, at Augusta, by J. E. Smith. After- ward consolidated with the Co-nstitutionalist and called the Chronicle and Constitutionalist. Still published, daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. 1798. — The Savannah Republican, at Savannah, by Lyon & Morse. Suspended after 1829. 1800. — The Washington Gazette, at Washington, by Alexander Mc- Millan. In 1801 changed to the Monitor, and in 1820 to the Washington News. 1809. — The Georgia Journal, at MUledgeville, by Seaton Grantland. Afterward removed to Macon and united with the Messenger as the Journal and Messenger. 1818. — The Savannah Georgian, at Savannah, by a society. 1819. — The MUledgeville Recorder. Still published. 1820. — The Southern Recorder, at Milledgeville, by Grantland & Orme. Now published as the Union and Recorder. 1822. — The Patriot. . In 1827 united vrith the Statesman, and called the Statesman and Patriot, by E. H. Burrett. 1823, March 18. — The Georgia Messenger, at Macon, by Matthew Robertson. Afterward consolidated with the Telegraph, and called the Telegraph and Messenger. Still published, daily, semi-weekly, and weekly. (The date of the establishment of the Messenger is given by the publishers as 1826. ) 1823, July. — The Constitutionalist, at Augusta, by William J. Bruce. Afterward consolidated with the Chronicle. 1824. — The Columbian Sentinel, at Athens, by P. Robinson. In 1 827 changed to the Athenian. 1825. — The Georgia Statesman, at . Consolidated with the Patriot in 1827. 1826. — The Hancock Advertiser, at Hancock, by J. P. Norton. 1826.— The Macon Telegraph, at Macon, by M. Bartlett. Afterward consolidated with the Messenger. ■ 1826, May. — The Georgia Courier, at , by Brantly & Clarke. 1827. — The Columbus Enquirer, at Columbus, by M. B. Lamar. Now published as the Enquirer-Sun, daily and weekly. 1827. — The Jackson RepiMican, at McDonough, by Minor. 1828.— The Rural Cabinet, at , by P. Robinson. 1828.— The SavannAih 3Iercury, at Savannah, by C. E. Bartlett. 1829. — The Darien Phoenix, at Darien. ILLINOIS. Area, 56,000 square mUes; population, 3,077,871 ; 102 counties — news- papers published in all. The total number of newspapers and period- icals published in 1840 was 43; in 1850, 107; 1860, 286; 1870, 505; 1880, 1 ,017. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 74; weeklies, 758; semi-weeklies, 17; tri- weeklies, 6; bi-weeklies, 3; monthlies, 118; semi-monthlies, 18; tri- monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 21; semi-annuals, 1. In each of 170 towns one paper was published; in 93, two; in 37, three; in 12, four; and in 28, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1815. — Printing was introduced at Kaskaskia. list of early publications by counties: (a) The foUomng is a ADAMS COUNTY. 1835. — xh. '^uincy Argus and Bounty Land Register, established at Quincy, by J jn H. Pettit & Co. Now issued as the weekly edition of the Daily B dd. BTJEEAU COUNTY. 1848. — The Bureau Advocate, at Princeton. 1855. — The Bureau County Democrat, at Princeton, by C. N. Pine. 1855. — The Princeton Post, at Princeton, by Charles Faxon. COOK COUNTY. 1833, November 26. — The Chicago Democrat, at Chicago, by John Calhoun. Merged in the Tribune in 1861. 1836, October 11. — The Commercial Advertiser, at Chicago, by Hooper Warren. Published one year. 1841, January 1. — The Union Agriculturist and Prairie Farmer, at Chicago. Afterward changed to the Prairie Farmer. Still published FAYETTE COUNTY. 1820. — The Illinois Intelligencer, removed from Kaskaskia. In 1832 changed to the Vandalia Whig and Illinois Intelligencer. Suspended in 1839. a Compiled from an address delivered before the Franklin Society, at Cliicaeo, January 20, 1870, by Henry B. Boss. 362 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. ILLINOIS— Continued. 1830, December. — ^The Illinois Magazine, at Vandalia. 1832, December. — The Illinois Advocate, removed from EdwardsYdlle to Vandalia, by J. Y. Sawyer. Suspended April 4, 1836. 1836. — The Vandalia Free Press, at Vandalia, by William Hodge. PubUsbed several years. FEAITKLIN COUNTY. 1849, December. — The Benton Standard, at Benton, by Ira Van Nortwick. Eemoved to Du Quoin in 1858. 1860. — The Benton Democrat, at Benton, by A. & G. Sellers. rULTON COUNTY. 1838, January. — The Canton Herald, at Canton, by P. Stone. GALLATIN COUNTY. 1818. — The Illinois Emigrant, at Shawneetown, by Eddy & Kimmel. Afterward changed to the Illinois Gazette. HANCOCK COUNTY. 1836, June. — The Carthagehian, at Carthage, by an association. Sus- pended in 1837. 1839. — The Times and Seasons, monthly (Mormon), at Nauvoo, by Smith & Eobinson. 1840.— The Western World, at "Warsaw, by David N. White. In 1841 changed to the Warsaw Signal, and in 1850 to the Warsaw Commercial Journal. Suspended in 1853. 1842. — The Wasp (Mormon), at Nauvoo, by W. Smith. Afterward changed to the Nauvoo Neiglibor, and in 1846 to the Hancoch Eagle. Soon after suspended. 1844. — The New Citizen (anti-Mormon), at Nauvoo. Afterward changed to the Ha/ncoch Patriot. Suspended in 1850. 1851. — The Warsaw Weekly Express, at Warsaw, by T. Gregg. Sus- pended in 1854. 1853. — The Hancock Democrat, at La Harpe. Soon after removed to Carthage and called the Carthage Beputlican. Still published. 1855. — The Warsaw Weekly Bulletin, at Warsaw, by Davison &Howe. StUl published. 1856. — The Augusta Times, at Augusta, by L. S. Grove. Published about one year. 1857. — -The Plymouth Locomotive, at Plymouth, by a company. Sus- pended in 1858. Of twenty-four publications established in, Hancock county between 1836 and 1860 only two were published at the latter date. JERSEY COUNTY. 1837. — The Backwoodsman, at Grafton, by John Eussell. JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 1828, July 4. — The Miners^ Jowmal, at Galena, by James Jones. Sus- pended in 1832. 1829. — The Galena Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Herald, at Galena, by Hooper Warren. Afterward changed to the Galena Gazette. Still published, daily and weekly. 1832.— The Galenian, at Galena, by Dr. Philleo. 1856, January. — The Galena Courier, at Galena, by Seal & Crouch, . French. WHITLEY couNrsr. 1854. — The Pioneer, at Columbia City, by J. A. Berry. IOWA. Area, 55,475 square miles; population, 1,624,615 ; 99 counties — newspapers publisbed in all. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1840 was 4; in 1850, 29; 1860, 130; 1870, 233; 1880, 569. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 30; weeklies, 500; semi- weeklies, 3; tri- weeklies, 1; bi-weeklies, 2; monthlies, 31; semi-monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 1. In each of 140 towns one paper was published; in 61, two; in 33, three; in 10 four; and in 21, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1836, May 11. — Printing was introduced at Dubuque. The pub- lications prior-to 1843 were as follows: (a) 1836, May 11. — The Duhuqiie Visitor, established at Dubuque Lead Mines, Wisconsin territory, by John King. Now published as the DiCbuque Herald. 1837, June 3. — The Iowa News, at Dubuque, by Russell & Coriell. 1837, July 8. — The Western Adventurer, at Montrose, by Thomas Gregg. 1837, July 8. — The Wisconsin Territorial Gazette, at Burlington, by Clark & Jacobs. Now published as the Burlington Gazette. 1837, September. — -The Western Emigrant and Historian, at Montrose, by Thomas Gregg; monthly, 16 pages. But three numbers were issued. 1838, March 24. — The Fort Madison Patriot, at Fort Madison, by James E. Edwards. Removed to Burlington, November 27, 1838, and called the Burlington Patriot. Now published as the Burlington Mawkqie. 1838, August 4. — The Iowa Sum, at Davenport, by Andrew Logiin. Now published as the Davenport Democrat. 1840, October 23. — The Iowa Standard, at Bloomington (nowMusear- tine), by William Crum. 1840, October 27. — The Bloomington Herald, at Bloomington (now Muscatine), by Thomas Hughes. 1841, May 23. — The Fort Madison Courier, at Fort Madison, by R. W. Albright. 1841, June 10. — The Iowa City Standard, at Iowa City, by William Crum. Now published as the Iowa City Republican. 1841, July. — The Miner's Express, at Dubuque, by Avery Thomas. 1841, July 30. — The Iowa City Argus, at Iowa City, by Nathan Jack- son. 1841, August 26. — The Davenport Gazette, at Davenport, by Alfred Saunders. The first steam press in Iowa was used in this of&ce in 1855. The daily (first in the state) was established October 16, 1854. Still published. 1841, December 3. — The Iowa Capital Beporter, at Iowa City, by Hughes & Van Antwerp. Now published as the Iowa State Press. a Compiled by John Springer, of Iowa City. KANSAS. Area, 81,700 square miles; population, 996,096; 104 counties — news- papers published in 83. The total number of newspapers and periodi- cals published in 1860 was 27; in 1870, 97; 1880, 347. The pubUoa^ tions during 1880 were di'S'ided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 20; weeklies, 310; semi-weeklies, 1; monthlies, 15; semi- monthlies, 1. In each of 101 towns one paper was published; in 45, two; in 16, three; in 7, four; and in 10, five or more. EARLY HISTORY, (a) 1834. — Printing introduced. (S) Newspapers established in each county, as follows: ALLEN COUNTY. 1864, November 16. — The Humboldt Herald, at Humboldt, by Joseph Bond. Published less than a year. 1866, April 18. — The Humboldt Union, at Humboldt, by W. T. McElroy. Still published. 1867, January 5. — The Allen County Cowant, at lola, by W. H. Johnson. In 1868 changed to the Neosho Valley Register, in August, 1870, to the Kansas State Register, and in December, 1870, again changed to the Neosho Valley Register. In 1875 changed to the lola Register. Still published. 1870, October 27. — The Southern Kansas Statesman, at Humboldt, by Berry & Campbell. Suspended in May, 1872. 1873, November.— The Rural Kansan,a.t Humboldt, by D. B. Emmert; monthly. Published one year. 1877, October 11.— The Inter-State, at Humboldt, by Dunn & Baker. Still published. a Compiled from the First Biennial Bcpori of the Slate Board of Agrieutture, 1878. b In 1834, or twenty years before the organization of the territory of Kansas, Eev. Joseph Meeker, missionary to the Ottawa and other Indian tribes, brou<^ht an old-fashioned press and printing material to the old mission farm of the Baptists, five miles east of the present site of Ottawa, Franklin county. Mr. Meeker published a small missionary paper in the English and Cherokee languages. He also wrote and published several Sunday sehool books in the Indian tongue, a book of the code of laws of the Ottawas, a hymn book, and several school books. ANDEESON COUNT.T. 1865, January. — ^The Gamett Plaindealer, at Gamett, by I. E. Olney. Still published. 1868, October. — The Anderson County Expositor, at Gamett, by W. H. Johnson. Published a short time. 1873, January. — ^The Journal, at Gamett, by G. W. Cooper. Still published. ATCHISON COUNTY. 1855, February 3. — The Squatter Sovereign, at Atchison, by Kelly & Stringfellow. In 1858 changed to the Atchison Champion. Daily edition established in 1865. Still published, daily and weekly. 1857, July.— The Kansas Zeitmig, at Atchison, by Dr. Charles F. Kob. In 1859 removed to Leavenworth. 1857, September 12. — The Sumner Gazette, at Sumner, by Cone Brothers. Suspended August 27, 1859. 1859.— The Western Spy, at Sumner, by Baxter & McBride. Pub- lished a short time. 1859, June 4. — The Union, at Atchison, by D. O. Chase. Sus- pended in 1864. 1861, June 20. — The Atchismi Bulletin, at Atchison, by Driggs, Fans, & Moore. Suspended in 1862. 1862, November 29. — The Democratic Standard, at Atchison, by W. J. Marion. Published three months. 1864, May 5. — The Atchison Free Press, at Atchison, by F. G. Adams j daily. In 1868 united with the Champion. 1867, October 25. — The Atchison Patriot, at Atchison, by Nelson Adams; daily and weekly. Still published. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. r: nr KANSAS— Continued. 1868, January 1. — Die Fackcl, removed from Wyandotte to Atchison, by H. W. Kastor. In Januaxy, 1869, removed to Saint Joseph, Mis- souri. 187:5, April 27. — The Globe, at Atchison, by a stock company; daily and weekly. Suspended December 14, 1873. 1874, February 14. — The Courier (German), at Atchison, by Edward Fleischer. Still published. 1877, December 8. — The Little Qldbe, at Atclrison, by Howe & Co.; daily. Now published weekly. 1878, March 1. — The Atchison Baniier, at Atchison, byC. F. Kurth &Co. BAETON COUNTY. 1873. — The Barton County Progress, at G-reat Bend, by H. P. Shults. Published one year. 1874. — The Great Betid Register, at Great Bend, by a company. Still published. 1876.— The Inland Triiune, at Great Bend, by C. P. Townsley. Still published. 1877, July. — The Arkansas Valley Democrat, at Great Bend, by a company. Still published. BOUEBON COUHTY. 1855, August. — The Southern Kansas, at Fort Scott. 1857. — The Fort Scott Democrat, at Fort Scott, by J. E. Jones. 1862.— The Western Vohmteer, at Fort Scott, by E. K. Smith. Soon after changed to the Fort Scott Bulletin. In 1863 consolidated with the Monitor. 1862, July 15. — The Monitor, at Marmaton, by D. B. Emmert. In 1863 removed to Fort Scott, and consolidated with the Biilletin as the Union Monitor. The Daily Monitor established in 1864. Still pub- lished, daily and weekly. 1866. — The Fort Scott Press, at Fort Scott, by Hayward Brothers. Subsequently removed to Girard and called the Girard Press. Still published. 1869: — The Fort Scott Evening Post, at Fort Scott, by Edward Schiller. Published a short time. 1870.— The FoH Scott Telegram, at Fort Scott, by William CofErey. Suspended in 1871. 1870. — The Fort Scott Democrat, at Fort Scott, by Goode Brothers. In 1873 changed to the Pioneer; in February, 1875, united with the Border Sentinel and called the Pioneer and Sentinel ; in September, 1875, changed to the Herald. StUl published. 1875. — The Emigrant's Guide, at Fort Scott, by C. EoUin Camp; monthly. 1875. — The Bays of the Cross (Baptist), at Fort Scott, by Judson Slade. Published two years. 1877, October. — ^The Bourbon County Democrat, at Fort Scott, by John Forbes. 1877.- — The New Century (temperance), at Fort Scott, by Eev. J. Paulson. 1877. — The Colored Citizen, at Fort Scott, by Eagleson Brothers. In 1878 removed to Topeka. BEOWN COUNTY. 1861. — The Brovm County Union, at Hiawatha, by Dr. P. G. Parker. Published less than a year. 1864, August 20. — The Union Sentinel, at Hiawatha, by H. P. Steb- bins. October 1, 1870, consolidated with the Dispatch. 1870, April 30.— The Hiawatha Dispatch, at Hiawatha, by A. N. Euley. Still published. 1874, June. — The Brown County Advocate, at Hiawatha, by Davis & Watson. In October, 1875, changed to the Kansas Herald. StUl pub- lished. BUTLER COUNTY. 1870, March 4.— The Walnut Valley Tiroes, at El Dorado, by T. B. Murdock. StUl published. 1870. — The Crescent, at Augusta, by Putnam & Perry. Afterward changed to the Augusta Bepublican. Subsequently removed to McPher- son county. 1873. — The Southern Kansas Gazette, at Augusta, by C. H. & J. A. Kurtz. Still published. 1877, February.— The El Dorado Press, at El Dorado, by J. M. Satterthwaite. Still published. CHASE COUNTY. 1859, May 30.— The Kansas Press, at Cottonwood Falls, by S. N. Wood. In October, 1859, removed to Council Grove, Morris county. 186-. — The Kansas Central Index, at Cottonwood Falls, by Beck, FoUett & MoClure. Removed to T/ichita in January, 1871. 1866.— The Chase County Banner, at Cottonwood Falls, by S. N. Wood. Suspended in April, 1870. 1871, February 6. — The Chase County Leader, at Cottonwood Falls,, by W. A. Morgan. Still published. 1874, October 26. — The Chase County Courant, at Cottonwood Falls, by Martin & Timmons. StUl published. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 1874, June. — The Wide Awake, at Sedan, by Joseph Mount. Sus- pended in September, 1875. 1875, August. — The ChauiaitqvM Journal, at Sedan, by Kelly & Tur- ner. StUl published. 1875, November. — The Chautauqua News, at Peru, by Moore & Son. 1876, October. — The Cedarvnle Blade, at Cedarvale, by Alli- son. Suspended in December, 1877. 1878, May 24. — The Cedarvale Times, at Cedarvale, by P. H. Albright. CHEROKEE COUNTY. 1867, October. — The Baxter' Springs Herald, at Baxter Springs, by B. E. & N. J. Evans. Suspended in 1868. 1868, October. — The Cherokee Sentinel, at Baxter Springs, by Coulter & Holbrook. 1869, October 29. — The Workingman's Journal, at Columbus, by a company. In October, 1874, changed to the Columbus Journal. Sus- pended in February, 1875. 1874. — The Baxter Springs Bepublican, at Baxter Springs. In 1877 removed to Columbus and consolidated with the Courier. 1874, October. — ^The Columbus Courier, at Columbus, by J. F. Dowell. StiU published. 1875. — The Columbus Avalanche, at Columbus, by J. N. Lee. After- ward changed to the Columbus Democrat. In January, 1877, removed to Webb City, Missouri. 1877.— The Columbus Vidette, at Columbus, by G. W. B. Hoffman. In May, 1878, changed to the Border Star. Still published. 1877. — The Galena Miner, at Galena, by Lee & McDowell. Still published. 1877. — The Mining Echo, at Empire City, by Hadley & Murphy. Still published. CLAY COUNTY. 1871, August 20. — ^The Clay Cownty Independent, at Clay Center, by Huston & Downer. In 1873 changed to the Clay County Dispatch. Still published. CLOUD COUNTY. 1870. — The Bepublican Valley Empire, at Clyde, by Henry Bucking- ham. In 1871 removed to Concordia and called the Concordia Empire. Still published. 1871. — The Watchman, at Clyde, by Mark J. KeUey. Eemoved to Concordia in 1875 and called the Concordia Expositor. Still published. COFFEY COUNTY. 1857. — ^The Ottumwa Journal, at Otttunwa, by Jonathan Lyman. Published a short time. S68 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. KANSAS— Continued. 1859, September. — The Neosho Valley Register, at Burlington, by S. S. Prouty. Suspended in July, 1864. 1864, June. — The Sampden Expositor, at Hampden, by I. E. Olney. In 1865 removed to Gamett. 1864, September 3. — The Kansas Patriot, at Burlington, by S. S. Prouty. In 1870 changed to the Burlington Patriot. Still published. 1874. — The Voice of the People, at Burlington, by Peter Bell. 1875. — The Burlington Independent, at Burlington, by A. H. Smith. Still published. COWLEY COUNTY. 1870, August 13. — The Cowley County Censor, at Winfield, by A. J. Patrick. In January, 1872, changed to the Winfield Messenger. Sus- pended in December, 1872. 1870, August 24. — The Arkansas City Traveler, at Arkansas City, by M. G. Mains. Still published. 1872, September 12.— The Telegram, at Tisdale, by W. M. Allison. Soon after removed to Winfield. Still published as the Cowley County Telegram. 1873, January 11.— The Winfield Courier, at Winfield, by E. S. Wad- dell & Co. Still published. 1874, November 19. — The Plow and Anvil, at Winfield, by J. M. Alexander. In February, 1876, changed to the Cowley County Democrat. Suspended in a short time. CRAWFORD COUNTY. 1869, November 11. — The Girard Press, at Girard, by Warner & Wasser. Still published. 1870, July 28. — The People's Vindicator, at Girard, by Crisp & Lind- sey. Suspended in Npvember, 1870. 1873, March 12.— The Girard Pharos, at Girard, by W. K. Goode. Published at Cherokee from May to September, 1874. Subsequently removed to Columbus. 1875, June 3. — The Cherokee Index, at Cherokee, by Mary A. Spring. In September, 1877, removed to Columbus. 1875, August 6. — The Crawford County News, at Girard, by Fulton & Covell. Still published. 1876, May 13.— The Young Cherokee, at Girard, by Webb & St. Clair. In 1877 removed to Short Creek and called the Mining Echo. 1877, October 6.— The Cherokee Banner, at Cherokee, by H. H. Webb. 1878, July 4. — ^The Temperance Rural, at Cherokee, by St. Clair & Moore. 1878, July 26.— The Girard Herald, at Girard, by J. W. Womack. DAVIS COUNTY. 1858, June. — The Junction City Sentinel, at Junction City, by B. H. Keyser. In July, 1859, changed to the Kansas Statesman. Suspended in September, 1859, but revived as the Frontier Guide. In September, 1861, changed to the Kamsas Frontier. Suspended in March, 1862. 1861, September 12. — The Smoky Hill and Bepfuhlican Union, at Junc- tion City, by G. W. Kingsbury. In 1864 changed to the Courier. Suspended, but shortly revived as the Junction City Union. Still pub- lished. 1888, July 17. — The Jvmction City Avalanche, at Junction City, by A. S. Ruling. Suspended in October, 1868. 1873, August 14. — The Junction City Tribune, at Junction City, by Farey & Alvord. Still published. DICKINSON COUNTY. 1870, February. — The Abilene Chronicle, at Abilene, by V. P. Wilson. In 1873 consolidated with the Journal, and called the Chronicle- Journal. Now published as the Dickinson County Chronicle. 1873, February. — The Journal, at Abilene, by W. H. Johnson. In May, 1873, united with the Chronicle. 1874, January. — The Solomon Gazette, at Solomon City, by Camp- bell & Fuller. In 1876 removed to Enterprise and in 1878 to Abilene. Now published as the Abilene Gazette. DONIPHAN COUNTY. 1856. — The Doniphan Constitutionalist, at Doniphan, by Thomas J. Key. Suspended in July, 1858. 1857, June.— The Era, at Geary City. Suspended in 1858. 1857, June 4.— The C7we/, at White Cloud, by Sol. MiUer. In July, 1872, removed to Troy. Still published by the original proprietor. 1857, July. — The Elwood Advertiser, at Elwood, by Fairman& New- man. Suspended in 1859. 1858. — The. Crusader of Freedom, at Doniphan, by James Eedpath. Published a short time. 1858; — The Palermo Leader, at Palermo, by Emery & Perham. Pub- lished two years. 1858.— The Elwood Free Press, at Elwood, by P. & E. Tracy. Sus- pended in October, 1861. 1858. — The Troy Democrat, at Troy, by Joseph Thompson. Pub- lished a short time. 1858. — The Highlander, at Highland, by Faulkner & Seaver. Pub- lished a few months. 1858, July.— The Iowa Point Enquirer, at Iowa Point, by T. J. Key. Published a short time. 1859. — The Dispatch, at Iowa Point, by Watrous & Biggers. Sus- pended in 1860. 1860. ^The Doniplian County Dispatch, at Troy, by J. W. Biggers. Published a short time. 1860. — The Doniplian Post, at Doniphan, by G. & W. Eees. Sus- pended in 1861. 1862. — The Doniphan County Patriot, at Troy, by Dr. E. H. Grant. In 1864 merged in the Investigator. 1864.— The Doniphan County Soldier, at Troy, by S. H. Dodge. Published a few months. 1864, February. — The Troy Investigator, at Troy, by a company. Published less than a year. 1865.— The Troy Reporter, at Troy, by J. H. Hunt. In April, 1867, removed to Wathena. Suspended in 1877. 1868, November. ^ — The Doniphan County Republican, at Troy, by C. G. Bridges. Suspended in June, 1875. 1871, May. — The Doniplian Democrat, at Doniphan, by J. J. Eicketts. Published about a year. 1873, August.— The White Cloud Leader, at White Cloud, by Yard & Overholt. Published two months. 1877, May.— The Troy Bulletin, at Troy, by C. G. Bridges. StOl published. 1878, January. — The Highland Sentinel, by George F. Hammar. 1878, February. — The Wathena Advance, at Wathena, by E. A. Davis. Suspended June 7, 1878. DOUGLAS COUNTY. 1854, October 21. — The Herald of Freedom, dated Wakarusa, Kansas, but printed in Pennsylvania. Second number published in Lawrence, January 6, 1855. Office destroyed in May, 1854, and paper suspended; revived the following November, and continued until 1859. 1855, January. — The Kansas Free State, at Lawrence, by Miller & Elliott. Office destroyed and paper suspended May 21, 1856. 1855, January 5. — The Kansas Tribune, at Lawrence, by JohnSpeer. In November, 1855, removed to Topeka. Ee-established at Lawrence January 1, 1863. Office destroyed and paper suspended August 21, 1863; revived in November, 1863, as a daily and weekly. Still pub- lished. 1855, September 26. — The Kansas New Era, at Lecompton, by S. Weaver^ In May, 1867, removed to Medina, and afterward to Grass- hopper Palls (now Valley Falls). Still published. 1856. — The Lecompton Union, at Lecompton, by Jones & Paris. Sus- pended in 1861. 1857, May 28. — The Lawrence Republican, at Lawrence, by Normau Allen. Office destroyed and paper suspended August 21, 1863 ; revived February 1, 1868. In March, 1869, united with the State Journal. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 369 KANSAS— Continued. 1857, June 25. — The Freeman's CJtampion, at Frame City, by S. S. Prouty. Afterward suspended; re rived and continued until Sep- tember, 1858. 1858, February 23. — The National Democrat, at Lecomijton, by S. W. Driggs. Suspended in October, 1860. 1859, January. ^-The Congregational Becord, at La>VTenee, by a society. Office destroyed in 1862. Afterward published at Kansas City, Mis- souri. Suspended In December, 1864, and revived in June, 1865, at Leavenworth. In 1866 removed to Topeka. Suspended in May, 1867. 1861, February. — The Kansas State Journal, at Lawrence, by Trask & Lowman. The Daily Journal established March 3, 1868. Still pub- lished, daily and weekly. 1864. — The Baldwin City Observer, at Baldwin City, by "Warren Mitchell. Published one year; subsequently revived and continued six months. 1866, July 28.- — The North Lawrence Courier, at North Lawrence, by J. S. Boughton. In September following changed to the Kaw Valley Courier. September 14, 1867, changed to the Clarion. Suspended in November, 1867. 1870, September 18. — The Standard, at La^vTence, by a corporation. Daily established in October, 1871. Still published. 1872, February 3. — The Spirit of Kansas, at Lawrence, by Kalloch & Stevens. Still published. EDWARDS COUNTY. 1873, September 16. — The Kinsley Reporter, at Kinsley. Succeeded March 29, 1877, by the Edwards County Lender. Still published. 1877, November 3. — The Valley Republican, at Kinsley, by C. L. Hubbs. May 4, 1878, changed to the .ffinsZej^GropWc. Still published. 1878, June 1. — The Kinsley Republican, at Kinsley, by C. L. Hubbs. Still published. 1878, July 13.— The Statits Zeitung, at Kinsley, by Dr. L. Rick. ELK COUNTY. 1870.— The Elk Falls Examiner, at Elk Falls, by C. L. Goodrich. Published about one year. 1870, September. — The Howard County Ledger (established at Long- ton). Removed to Elk Falls in 1874. Removed to Howard in 1876. 1872. — The Howard County Messenger, at Howard City, by Kelly & Tomer. In .about one year removed to Boston, and continued a few months. 1873.— The Journal, at Elk Falls, by Ward & Pyle. TJiDon the di- vision of How.ard county removed to Sedan. Still published. 1874, November. — The Courant. Removed from Elk City to Long- ton, by A. B. Steinberger. At the end of one year removed to How- ard. 1875. —The Beacon, at Howard City, by A. B. Steinberger. Pub- lished several months. 1875.— The Censorial, at Howard City, by "W. E. Doud. In six months removed to Eureka, Greenwood county. 1877. — The Kansas Rural, at Elk Falls, by J. A. Somerby. Pub- lished four months. 1877, November 22. — The Courant and Ledger, at Howard City, con- solidated and called the Courant-Ledger. Now published as the Courant. 1878, January 22.— The Weekly Examiner, at Elk Falls, by C. A. Gitchell . Removed to Howard City the fdUowing March. Suspended July 12, 1878. 1878, July 24.— The Industrial Journal, at Howard City, by Van Hyatt & Somerby. Still published. ELLIS COUNTY. 1867.— The Railway Advance, at Hays City, by Joseph Clark & Co. Suspended in 1868. 1873.— The Hays City limes, at Hays City, by Allen & Jones. Pub- lished a short time. 1874, February.— The Hays aty Sentinel, at Hays City, by W. H. Johnson. Still published. 1876, April.— The Ellis County Star, at Hays City, by J. H. Down- ing. StUl published. 1877, August.— The Ellis County Standard, at Ellis, by W. P. Tom- linson. ELLSWOETH COUNTY. 1868, April.— The Ellsworth Advocate, at Ellsworth, by P. H. Hub- bell. Published six months. 1876. — The Ellsworth Advertiser, at Ellsworth, by Wilson & Camp- bell. Published two months. FOED COUNTY. 1874. — The Dodge City Messenger, at Dodge City, by A. "W. Moore. Suspended in 1875. 1876, May.— The Times, at Dodge City, by W. 0. & L. Shinn. Still published. 1877, December. — The Ford Comity Globe, at Dodge City, by Morphy & Frost. Still published. 1878, May 18. — The Spearville Enterprise, at Spearville, by J. J. Bums. August 24, 1878, changed to the News. Still published. FEANKLIN COUNTY. 1856. — The Kansas Leader, at Centropolis, by W. H. Austin. In 1857 removed to Miueola and called the Mineola Statesman. Published several months. 1865. — The Ottawa Home Journal, at Ottawa, by Kalloch & Evans. In March, 1868, changed to the Republic, and in September, 1869, to the Ottawa Journal. Suspended January 22, 1876. 1869, December 6. — The Ottawa Herald, at Ottawa, by Anderson & Tone. In August, 1872, changed to the Kansas Liberal, and in March, 1873, to the Ottawa Republican. Still published, daily and weekly. 1871, October 28. — The Democratic leader, at Ottawa, by John Bain. In August, 1872, merged in the Liberal. 1873, Febmary 11.— The Daily Times, at Ottawa, by W. C. Paul. Suspended October 26, 1873. 1874, June 6. — The Ottawa Weekly Times, at Ottawa, by Paul Brothers. Suspended May 5, 1875. 1875, August 5. — The Ottawa Triumph, at Ottawa, by E. H. Snow. In April, 1877, changed to the Ottawa Journal and Triumph. Still published. 1878, October 12.— The State Press, at Ottawa, by M. M. Bleakmore. GEEENWOOD COUNTY. 1868, July 4.— The Eureka Herald, at Eui'oka, by S. G. Moad. StUl published. 1875. — The Censorial, at Eureka, by W. E. Doud. HAEPEE COUNTY. 1878, August 22. — The Anthony Journal, at Anthony, by J. S. Soul6. Still published. 1878, October 24. — The Harper County Times, at Harper, by W. O. Graham. Still published. HAEVEY COUNTY. 1872, August 22. — The Newton Kansan, at Nevrton, by H. C. Ash- baugh. Still published. 1875, August 11. — The Harvey County News, at Newton, by A. W. Moore. Subsequently changed to the Republican. Still published. 1876, January 6. — Zur Heimath (German), at Halstead, by David Goerz; semi-monthly. Still published. 1878, November 2. — The Burrton Telephone, at Burrton, by A. C. Bowman. Still published. JACKSON COUNTY. 1858.— The Cricket, at Holton, by T. two months. G. Walters, (a) Published a The publisher had neither type nor press, but wrote his articles with pen and ink, nnd iUustrfttcd the political events with colored pencils. 24 PE 370 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. KANSAS— Continued. 1867, October. — The Jackson County News, at Holton, by A. W. Moore. In 1872 ebanged to Holton News. In 1874 merged in the Express. 1868, May. — The Jackson Democrat, at Holton, by a company, In 1869 changed to the Holton Leader, and continued one year. 1872, April 13.— The Holton Express. In 1874 united with the News, and called the Express and, News. In 1875 consolidated with Recorder. 1872, June 4. — The Netawaka Chief, at Netawaka, by George S. Irwin. In 1874 removed to Hiawatha, Brown county. 1875, March 2. — The Recorder, at Holton, by Shiner & Laithe. March 26, 1875, united with the Express, and called the Becorder and Express. In January, 1877, changed to Becorder. Still published. 1878, January 16.— The Holton Signal, at Holton, by Fairchild & Sargent. Still published. JEPFEESON COUNTY. 1858, May. — The Grasshopper, by J. A. Cody. Published four months ; afterward reviyed, and called the Orescent; continued a few months. 1860. — The Oskaloosa Independent, at Oskaloosa, by J. W. Eoberts. Still published. 1862.— The Gazette, by P. H. HubbeU. In 1864 changed to the Jeffersonian. In 1866 removed to Holton. 1867. — The Jefferson County Democrat, at Oskaloosa, by Stafford & Nesbitt. Published two months ; revived in September, 1867, and continued as the Statesman until December, 1868. 1867, March.— The New Era, at Medina, by S. Weaver. In 1871 removed to Grasshopper Falls (Valley Falls). •StUl published. 1870, December 12. — The Perryville Times, at Perryvjlle, by H. G. Evans. In 1874 removed to Saint Mary's. 1873, January. — The Grasshopper, by Hoover & Huron. In 1874 merged in the New Era. 1873, October 9. — The Oskaloosa Sickle and Sheaf, at Oskaloosa, by Williams & Wilson. Now published as the Sickle. JEWELL COUNTY. 1872, March 24.— The Jewell Oily Clarion, at JeweU City, by Day & Jenkins. May 1, 1873, changed to the Jewell County Diamond. In April, 1878, united with the Jewell Comity Monitor, removed to Jewell Center, and called the Ilonitor-Diamond. Now published at Jewell City. 1874, May 19. — The Jewell County Monitor, at Jewell Center, by Frank Kirk. In April, 1878, united with the Diamond. JOHNSON" COUNTV. 1859. — The Kansas Tiibune, at Olathe, by Francis & Davis. Sus- pended in 1861. 1859, September 8.— The Olathe Herald, at Olathe, by Giffen & De- vinney. Suspended in August, 1861. 1861, May 9. — The Olathe 3Iirror, at Olathe, by John Francis. Afterward united with the News Letter, and called the Mirror and News Letter. Still published. 1867, October 9.— The Kansas Central, at Olathe, by W. F. Goble. In September, 1868, changed to the Johnson County Democrat. 1870, February 23.— The Olathe News Letter, at Olathe, by J. A. & H. F. Canutt. Afterward united with the Mirror. 1870, December 7. — The Spring Hill Enterprise, at Spring Hill, by Buel & Sprague. In 1872 changed to the Western Progress. In 1873 removed to Olathe. 1875, April 13.— The Kansas State Register, at Spring HUl, by C. F. Hyde. LABETTE COUNTY. 1868, April. — The Eagle, at Jacksonville, by B. K. Land. 1868. — The Oswego Eegister, at Oswego, by E. E. Trask. 1869, January 15. — The Advance, at Chetopa, by Homer & Corey. In January, 1874, changed to the Southern Kansas Advance. Still pub- lished. 1871, June.— The Parsons Sun, at Parsons, by Eeynolds & Perry. Stm published. 1874, April 9.— The Parsons Eclipse, at Parsons, by J. B. Lamb. Still published. 1876.— The Herald, at Chetopa, by Hibbetts & Frye. Suspended in 1877. LEAVENWORTH COUNTY. 1854, September 15.^The Herald, at Leavenworth, by W. H. Adams. Suspended June 27, 1861. 1854, November. — The Kickapoo Pioneer, at Kickapoo, by A. B. Hazzard. Published three years. 1855, March.— The Territorial Begister, by Sevier & Delahay. Sus- pended December 22, 1855. 1856. — The .Leavenworth Journal, at Leavenworth, by S. S. Goode. Suspended in 1859. 1857. — The Ymmg America, at Leavenworth, by George W. McLane. Succeeded in September, 1857, by the Daily ledger. Continued two years. 1857, March 7. — The Times, at Leavenworth, by a company. Daily established February 15, 1858. In September, 1868, united with the Conservative, and called the Times and Conservative. Latter part of title afterward dropped. StiU published daily and weekly. 1858, September. — The Kansas Zeitung, removed from Atchison to Leavenworth, by C. F. Kob. Daily established in September, 1863. United with the Journal March 1, 1868, and called the Kansas Staats- Zeitung. Suspended April 1, 1869. 1859. — L'Estafette du Kansas (French), at Leavenworth, by Frank Barclay. Published a short time. 1859. — The Daily Dispatch, at Leavenworth, by Prescott & White. Published less than a year. 1861, January 28. — The Leavenworth Conservative, at Leavenworth, by Dr. E. Anthony; daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. In September, 1868, consolidated with the Times. 1861, June. — The Inquirer, at Leavenworth, by B. B. Taylor. Sus- pended February 10, 1863. 1862, September 18. — The Evening Bulletin, at Leavenworth, by a company; daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. In November, 1871, con- solidated with the Times. 1865, March 1. — The Kansas Journal, at Leavenworth, by Soussman & Kempf. Consolidated with the Zeitung March 1, 1868. 1866, October 3. — The Leavenworth Comm^ercial, at Leavenworth, by Prescott, Hume & Callahan; daily and weekly. In 1876 merged in the Times. 1867, June. — The Leavenworth Medical Herald, at Leavenworth, by Logan & Sinks; monthly. Suspended in 1876. 1868. — The Evening Call, at Leavenworth, by Clarke & McMichael. Suspended in 1873. 1869, April 1. — The Freie Presse, at Leavenworth, by John M. Haber- lein. Still published, dailj' and weekly. 1871, May. — The Doniphan Democrat, at Doniphan. Published less than a year; revived shortly afterward as the Herald. Subsequently removed to Leavenworth, and continued about two years. 1872. — The Home Becord, at Leavenworth, by a society ; monthly. Still published. 1873. — The Appeal, at Leavenworth, by Embry & Co. ; daily. Changed to weekly in 1877. Now published as the Appeal and Tribune. 1877, April 22.— The Public Press, at Leavenworth, by H. B. Horn; daily. Still published. 1878, May. — The Western Homestead, at Leavenworth, by W. S. Burke. Still published. LINCOLN COUNTY. 1872. — The Lincoln County News, at Lincoln Center, by Buzick & Bamhart. Subsequently changed to the Lincoln County Patriot. Sus- pended in 1875. 1874. — The Lincoln County Farmer, at Lincoln Center, by P. H. Bamhart. Published six months. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 371 K A NSAS— Continued. 1874, December 2. — ^The Western Democrat, at Lincoln Center, by F. M. Beatty. Succeeded in June, 1875, by the Saline Valley Segistei: Still published. ' LINN OOTJNTY. 1859, April 1. — The Linn Covmty Herald, at Mound City, by Jonathan Lyman. In April, 1860, changed to the Motmd Cfity Report. In 1861 removed to Mansfield and called the Mansfield Shield and Banner. Sus- pended in 1862. 1864, April 1.— The Border Sentinel, at Mound City, by J. T. & J. D. Snoddy. Removed to Fort Scott in 1874. 1869. — The Linn Covmty Press, by A. B. Bowman. Removed to Sumner county in 1871. 1870, June 18. — The La Oygne Weekly Journal, at La Cygne, by Gary & Kenea. Still published. 1871, August 24. — The Pleasanton Observer, at Pleasanton, by L. K. Zook. Still published. 1875, April 1. — The Linn Covmty Enterprise, at Mound City, by J. J. McCallum. Suspended in November, 1875. 1876, February 1. — The Linn County Clarion, at Motmd City, by Cannon & Van Buskirk. Still published. LYON COUNTY. 1857, June 6. — The Kansas News, at Emporia, by P. B. Plumb. In 1859 changed to the Umporia News. Daily established in 1878. Still published. 1859, August 20. — The Americus Sentinel, at Americus, by T. C. HiU. Published one year. 1871, June. — The Emporia Ledger, at Emporia, by a company. Still published. 1877, September 27. — The Hartford Enterprise, at Hartford, by Clark & McCray. Still published. 1878, April 10. — The Emporia Sun, at Emporia, by J. M. Davis. M'PHEKSON COUNTY. 1872, December 19. — The MePherson Messenger, at McPherson, by Yale Bros. In 1874 changed to the MePherson Independent. Now pub- lished as the BepvMican. 1874, July 7. — The Farmers^ Advocate, at MePherson. In 1875 re- moved to Salina. 1878, August 9. — The Freeman, at MePherson, by Clark & McCray. Still published. MAEION COUNTY. 1869, September. — The Western News, at Marion Center, by A. "W. Robinson. In 1871 changed to the Western Giant, and later to Marion County Becord. Still published. 1871, April. — The Florence Pioneer, at Florence, by Mitchell & McReynolds. Suspended in 1873. 187,3, May 1.— The Pedbody Gazette, at Peabody, by J. P. Church. Still published. 1876, June 23. — The Florence Herald, at Florence, by Howe <& Mor- gan. Still published. MARSHALL COUNTY. 1857, December 18. — The Palmetto Kansan, at Marysville, by J. E. Clardy. Published seven months. 1859. — The Democratic Platform, at Marysville, by Peters & Newell. Suspended in 1861. 1861. — The Big Blue Union, at MarysvUle, by G. D. Swearingen. Suspended in December, 1865. 1862. — The Constitutional Gazetteer, at Marysville, by P. H. Peters. Published a short time. 1864. — The Enterprise, at Marysville, by Baker, Peters & Magill. Removed to Irving in 1868 and called the Blue Valley Becord. Published a lew months. 1869. — The Locomotive, at Marysville, by P. H. Peters. In 1870 changed to the Marshall Coumty News. Still published. 1870, January 1. — The Waterville Telegraph, at WaterviUe, by Frank A. Root. In 1877 changed to the Blue Valley Telegraph. Still published. 1871, July 4. — The Blue Bapids Times, at Blue Rapids, by Campbell &Tibbetts. Still published. 1875. — ^The Blue Valley Gazette, at Irving, by John Thomson. Still published. 1876, October 26. — The Frankfort Becord, at Frankfort, by Campbell & Bros. MIAMI COUNTY. 1857. — The Southern Kansas Herald, at Osawatomie, by Charles E. Grriifiths. In July, 1860, removed to Paola, and afterward changed to the Argus. Removed to lola in August, 1866, and soon after suspended. 1860, January 1.— The Paola Chief, at Paola, by W. B. & A. O. Wagstaff. Published six months. 1861.— The Crusader, at Paola, by T. H. Ellis. Suspended in 1863. 1866. — The Advertiser, at Paola, by A. Gore. Suspended in 1870. 1866,August 18. — The Miami Bepublican, at Paola, by McReynolds & Simpson. StiU published. 1870, September. — The Fontana Gazette, at Fontana, by Jones & Weylandt. Suspended in 1871. 1871, July 3.— The Paola Democrat, at' Paola, by T. H. Ellis. Sus- pended iu 1872. 1871, July 10.— The Kansas Spirit, at Paola, by Perry & Bright. Subsequently changed to the Western Spirit. Still published. 1876, June. — The Herald, at Louisburg, by E. F. Heisler. Still published. 1878, August. — The BepvMican Citizen, at Paola, by Wickersham & Greasnn. Still published. MITCHELL COUNTY. 1871, April 5.— The Mirror, at Beloit, by A. B. Cornell. Published several months. 1872, April 11. — The Beloit Gazette, at Beloit, by Chaffee & Johnson. StiU published. 1877, August 10. — The BeUit Record, at Beloit, by Kelley& Bertram. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 1869, September 4. — The Lidependence Pioneer, at Independence, by Trask & Steel. In 1870 changed to the Independence Republican. Sus- pended iu 1874. 1870. — ^The Westralia Vidette, at WestraUa, by McConnell & Mclntyre. 1870, June. — The Parker Becord, at Parker, by G. D. Baker. 1870, December. — The Kansas Democrat, at Independence, by M. V. B. Bennett. 1871, March. — The South Kansas Tribune, at Independence, by Hum- phrey & Yoe. StiU published. 1872, April. — Boss's Paper, at CoffeyvUle, by E. G. Ross. 1872, May.— The Coffeymlle Circular, at CoffeyvUle, by E. "W. Perry. 1873. — The Coffeyville Courier, a,t Coffey ville, by Chatham & White. 1873. — The Cherryvdle Herald, at Cherryvale. 1873. — The Soutliern Kansan, at Independence, by W. H. Watkins. Afterward changed to the Independence Kansan. Still published. 1874. — The Osage Chief, at Independence, by Vangundy & Clark. 1874.— The Elk City Courant, at Elk City, hy Abe Steinberger. 1875. — The Independence Courier, at Independence, by J. J. Chathain. Suspended in 1879. 1875. — The Coffeyville Journal, at CoffeyvUle, by W. A. Peffer. StiU published. MOEKIS COUNTY. 1859. — The Kansas Press, at Council Grove, by S. N. Wood. After- ward changed to the Council Grove Press, and in 1865 to the Council Grove Democrat. Suspended in 1866. 1869, March. — The Council Grove Advertiser, at Council Grove, byW. H. Johnson. Published eighteen months. 372 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS KANSAS— Continued. 1870. — The Council Grove Democrat, at Council Grove, by S. M. Hays. In 1877 united with the Bepublican as BepubUcan and Democrat. Now published as the Bepublican. 1871. — The Chronicle, at Council Grove, by H. E. Gregory. Pub- lished one year. 1872. — The Morris Cownty Bepublican, at Council Grove, by J. T. Bradley. In 1877 united with the Democrat. 1878, January 1. — The Morris County Enterprise, at Parkersville, by McCray & Clark. Still published. NEMAHA COUNTY. 1863, November 14. — The Nemaha Courier, at Seneca, by John P. Cone. In 1871 changed to the Seneca Weekly Courier. Still published. 1869, September 18. — The Mercury, at Seneca, by a company. Pub- lished a short time. 1870. — The Star of Kansas (French), by Jules Leroux; monthly. Eemoved to Fremont county, Iowa, in May, 1876. 1870, January 1. — -The Independent Press, at Seneca, by an associa- tion. In 1873 changed to the Nonpareil. Suspended in 1874. 1874, May 7. — The Sdbetha Advance, at Sabetha, by Larzalere & Wright. Suspended in 1878. 1876, October 5. — The Nehaha County Bepublican, at Sabetha, by James P. Clough. Still published. NEOSHO COUNTY. 1868, August 5. — The Osage Mission Journal, at Osage Mission, by J. H. Scott. In 1871 changed to the People's Advocate. Subsequently merged in the Transcript. 1868, October 24. — The Neosho Valley Eagle, at Jacksonville, by B. K. Lamb. In 1871 removed to Erie, and called the Erie Ishmaelite; and soon after removed to Osage Mission, and called the Neosho Coimty Jour- nal. Still published. 1870, September 23. — The New Chicago Transcript, at New Chicago, by G. C. Crowther. Suspended April 30, 1872. 1871, May 13.— The Tioga Herald, at Tioga, by E. B. Hains. Sus- pended May 1, 1872. 1871, August 16.— The TJiayer Headlight, at Thayer, by C. T. Ewing. Still published. 1872, October 19. — The Chanuie Times, at Chanute, by A. L. Rivers. Still published. 1876, May 5.— The Neosho Cmmty Becord, at Erie, by G. W. McMil- lan. Still published. NOETON COUNTY. 1877, January 1. — The Norton County Bee, at Norton, by Harmer & Baker. Suspended in 1878. 1878, June. — The Norton, County Advance, at Norton, by Pettigrew & Collins. Still published. , OSAOB COUNTY. 1863, September 26. — The Osage County Chronicle, at Burlingame, by M. M. Murdock. • Still published. 1870. — The Osage County Observer, at Lyndon, by J. J. Johnson. Published one year. 1871, August. — The Shaft, at Osage City, by Morgan & Cooper. In 1875 changed to the Osage City Free Press. Still published. 1872. — The Lyndon Signal, at Lyndon, by Bently & Kirby. Pub- lished two years. 1874, September. — The Lyndon Times, at Lyndon, by Miller Brothers. StQl published. OSBOENB COUNTY. 1873, January. — The Osborne Weekly Times, at Osborne City, by a company. Suspended in November, 1874. 1875, January 8.— The Osborne County Farmer, at Osborne City, by P. H. Bamhart. Still published. OTTAWA COUNTY. 1870, September. — The Solomon Valley Pioneer, at Lindsay. Sus- pended in May, 1873. 1871, January. — The Ottawa County Independent, at Minneapolis, by J. E. Wharton. Still published. 1874, October. — The Salomon Valley Mirror, at Minneapolis, by C. C, Olney; monthly. Still published. 1875, August. — The Sentinel, at Minneapolis, by Hoyt & Crosley. Still published. PAWNEE COUNTY. 1873. — The Lamed Press, at Lamed, by W. C. Tompkins. 1876. — The Bepublican, at Larued. Published one year. 1878, April 1. — The Lamed Enterprise, at Lamed. Subsequently changed to the Chronoseope. Still published. 1878, November 27.— The Oiitic, at Lamed, by H. H. Doyle. StiU published. PHILLIPS COUNTY. 1873, August. — The Kirwin Chief, at Ivirwin, by a company. Still published. . 1876. — The Kirwin Progress, at Kirwin, by Professor Robinson. Sus- pended in 1878. 1877. — The Phillipsburg Advance, at Phillipsburg, by C. Dickey. Changed to the Phillips County Democrat in July, 1878. 1878. — The Phillips County Herald, at Phillipsburg, by Charles F. Jenkins. POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY. 1867, July 17. — The Pottawatomie Gazette, at Louisville, by A. Sel- lers. 1869. — The Kansas FaK«/, at Wamego, by Clardy & O'Flanagan. In 1871 removed to Solomon City. 1869, May. — The Wamego Courier, at Wamego, by Mr. Jennings. Published several months. 1870. — The Kansas Beporter, at Louisville, by a company. StiU pub- lished. 1870.— The Dispatch, at Wamego, by R. W. Jenkins. In 1871 re- moved to Neuchatel, Nemaha county. 1870, October.— The Saint Mary's Star, at Saint Mary's. Sub- sequently changed to the Pottawatomie Independent. Suspended shortly afterward. 1872. — The Wamego Blade, at Wamego, by E. E. Cunningham. In 1873 removed to Clay Center. 1875. — The Saint Mary's Times, at Saint Mary's, by O. Le Roy Sedg- wick. In 1877 changed to the Saint 31ary's Democrat. Still published. 1877, September. — The Wamego Tribune, at Wamego, by W. P. Camp- bell. Still published. 1878, January. — The Pottawatomie Chief, at Saint Mary's. 1878, May 9. — The Onaga Journal, at Onaga, by Stauffer & Carnes. Still published. EENO COUNTY. 1872, July 4. — The Hutchinson News, at Hutchinson, by Perry Bros. & Co. Still published. 1875, October. — The Beno Independent, at Hutchinson, by W. F. Wallace. In 1876 changed to the Hutchinson Herald. Still published. 1877, January. — The Hutchinson Interior, at Hutchinson, by H. Inman. Still published. EEPUBLIC COUNTY. 1870, September 20.— The Belleville Telescope, at Belleville. St-iU published. 1872, February 7. — -The Belleville Bepublic, at Belleville. Removed to Scandia in 1876, and called the Seandia BepvMic. Afterward changed to the Bepublie-Journal. Now published as the BepiMic Couniy Jofama . CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 373 KANSAS— Continued. EICE COUNTY. 1872. — The Siee County Herald, at Atlanta, by ■ - Fiazier. Re- moved subsequently to Peace, and later to Hutchinson. 1875, —The Sice County Gazette, at Sterling, by Cowgill. Still published. 1877.— The Weekly Bulletin, at Lyons, by TJlmer. After- ward rerao\ ed to Sterling. Still published. EILEY COUNTY. 1859, May. — The Wentern Kansas Express, at Manhattan, by C. F. De "Vivaldi. In 1860 changed to the Manhattan Express, and in 1863 to the Independent. In 1868 consolidated vrith the Badicdl, and called the Manhattan Standard. In 1870 changed to the Nationalist. Still pub- lished. 1866, July.— The Kansas Badieal, at Manhattan, by E. C. Manning. United with the Independent in 1868. 1872. — The Beacon, at Manhattan, by A. D. & A. G. Good^vin. Suspended in 1874. 1876, April. — ^The Manhattan Enterprise, at Manhattan, by A. L. Eunyan. Still published. EOOKS COUNTY. 1876.— The Stoclcton News, at Stockton, by J. W. Newell. Still pub- lished. KUSH COUNTY. 1874, December. — The Walnut Vailey Standard, hy W-F-Tomhoson. In 1877 removed to La Crosse, and afterward to Ellis, Ellis county. 1877, June. — The Hush County Progress, at Eush Center, by E. H. Mitchell. Subsequently removed to La Crosse. 1878, July 9.— The Blade, at "Walnut City, by Gunn & Stumbaugh. Still published. EUSSELL COUNTY. 1871.— The Pioneer, at Bunker Hill, by Harbaugh & Corbett. Pub- lished a short time. 1872, April 25. — The Western Kansas Plainsman, atEussell, by A. B. Cornell. Suspended in 1876. 1872, May 9. — The New Bepublic, at Bunker HiU, by John E. Ean- kin. Suspended in September, 1874. 1874, November 19. — The Eussell County Record, at Eussell, by Dolli- son Brothers. Still published. SALINE COUNTY. 1867, February 13. — TheSalina Herald, at Salina, by B. J. F. Hanna., Still published. 1871, February. — The Saline County Journal, at Sahna, by "W. H. Johnson. Still published. 1874. — The Farmers' Advocate, at Salina, by Allen Brothers. Now published as the News and Farmers' Advocate. SEDGWICK COUNTY. 1870, August 13. — The Vidette, at "Wichita, by Sowers & Hutchin- son. Suspended in 1872. 1872. — The Gazette, at Wichita. Afterward changed to the Beacon. StUl published. 1872, April 6.— The Wichita Eagle, at "Wichita, by M. M. Murdock. Still published. 1877. — The Wichita Herald, at "Wichita, by Bobbins & Nixon. SHAWNEE COUNTY. 1855, July 4.— The Kansas Freeman, at Topeka, by E. C. K. Garvey. Suspended in 1856. 1855, September 15.— The Kansas Tribune, at Lawrence, by John Speer. Subsequently removed to Topeka. Suspended about 1868. 1857. — The Note Book, at Tecumseh, by S. G. Eeid. Suspended iu 1858 1859, October 1.— The Kansas State Record, at Topeka, by E. G. & "W. "W. Boss. Daily established June 3, 1868, and merged ia the Comi- monwealth December 7, 1871. The Weekly Record merged in the same paper May 25, 1875. 1860, June 20.^ — The Auburn Docket, at Auburn, by D. B. Emmert. Published one year. 1863, May 1. — The Kansas Farmer, at Topeka, by the State Agricul- tural Society; monthly. Eemoved to Lawrence in 1865, and in 1867 to Leavenworth. In 1873 again removed to Topeka. Still published. 1864, January 1. — The Kansas Educational Journal, at Topeka; monthly. Suspended in 1874. 1865, December 9. — The Topeka Leader, at Topeka, by Cummings & Burlingame. Merged in the Commonwealth in 1869. 1869, May 1. — The Commonwealth, at Topeka, by Prouty & Davis; daily and weekly. Still published. 1871.— The NoHh Topeka Times, by C. Maynard. In 1876 merged in the Commonwealth. 1871, September 15. — The Kansas Staatu Zdtung, at Topeka, by George Tauber. Published about one year. 1872. — The Kansas 3Ioniior (Swedish), at Topeka. Published about one year. 1872, January. — The Kansas Magazine, at Topeka, by a company. Suspended in October, 1873. 1873, August 1. — The Topeka Blade, at Topeka, by J. C. Swayze; daily. Suspended from January 31, 1874, to January 7, 1875. Sus- pended in 1879. 1875. — The American Young Folks, at Topeka, by J. K. Hudson; monthly. StUl published. 1875, January 20. — The Kansas Democrat, at Topeka, by Peacock & Sons. Still published. 1876, June 8. — The North Topeka Times, at North Topeka, by Frank A. Eoot. Still published. 1878, January 1. — Der Courier, at Topeka, by Edward Fleisher. StUl published. SMITH COUNTY. 1872, November. — The Smith County Pioneer, at Cedarville, by "W. D. Jenkins. Eemoved to Smith Center in 1873. Still published. SUMNER COUNTY. 1871, June. — The Oxford Times, at Oxford, by Mugford & Hughes. In 1872 changed to the Oxford Press. In May, 1873, removed to Wel- lington, and called the Sumner County Press. StUl published. 1876, May 27. — The Oxford Independent, at Oxford, by John Blevins. In 1878 removed to Harper county. 1876, August. — The^ Sumner County Democrat, at Wellington, by Craw- ford & Edmoncy. WABAUNSEE COUNTY. 1869, April 1. — The Waiaunsee County Herald, at Alma, by Sellers & Bertram. In 1871 changed to the Alma Union, and in 1872 to the Wabaunsee County News. Still published. 1871. — The Landmark, at Eskridge, by E. H. Sandford. Published at Alma several months in 1874. Suspended about January, 1875. 1877, March 1. — The Alma Blade, at Alma, by E. Cunningham & Co. Suspended in February, 1878. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 1869, March. — The Washington Observer, at Washington, by M. J. Kelly. Now published as the Republican. WILSON COUNTY. 1870, January 20. — The Wilson County Cmri'r, at Fredonia, by John E. Jennings. Suspended in December, 1870. 1870, March 30. — The Altoona, Union, at Altooua, by Bowser & Brown. Suspended December 5, 1872. 374 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. KANSAS— Continued. 1870, April 21.— The Quilford Citizen, at Guilford, by John S. Gil- more. Suspended October 22, 1870. 1870, November 18. — TheNeodesha Citizen, at Neodesha. Published two years. 1870, December 24. — The Neodesha Enterprise, at Neodesha, by Berry & Campbell. Published a short time. 1871, January 13. — The Fredonia Journal, at Fredonia, by Peffer & Wellman. Suspended in May, 1873. 1873, January 9. — The Wilson County Free Press, at Neodesha, by G. P. Smith. Still published. 1873, June 6. — The Wilsmi County Citizen, at Fredonia, by John S. Gilmore. StUl published. 1876, September 7. — The Fredonia Tribune, at Fredonia, by B. F. Bowen. WOODSON COUNTY. 1869, October. — The Frontier Demoerat, at Neosho Falls, by I. B. Boyle. In January, 1870, changed to the Neosho Falls Advertiser, and in January, 1873, to the Woodson County Post. Still published. 1872, February. — ^The Woodson County Advocate, at Neosho Falls, by W. H. Jones. Suspended in 1873. 1877, June.— The Weekly News, at Yates Center, by Steinbarger & Baker. Still published. WYANDOTTE COTJNTY. 1857.— The Wyandotte BepoHer, by M. W. Delahay. Published a short time. 1857, April. — The Quindaro Ohiadowan, at Quiildaro, by Babb & Walden. 1857, May. — The Wyandotte Democrat, by J. A. Berry. Published eighteen months. 1858. — The Wyandotte Citizen, at Wyandotte City, by Ephraim Ab- bott. Succeeded in a few mouths by the Western Argus. Suspended in 1861. 1858, August 7.— The Wyandotte Gazette, at "Wyandotte, by S. D. Macdonald. Still published. 1859. — The Kansas Tribune, at Quindaro, by Francis & Davis. Sus- pended in 1861. 1866, September 12. — Die Faekel (German), at Wyandotte, by Kas- tor, Ficher & Co. Suspended in January, 1868. 1872, January 4. — The Wya-ndotte Herald, at Wyandotte, by V. J. Lane. Still published. KENTUCKY. Area, 40,000 square miles; population, 1,648,690; 117 counties — newspapers published in 78. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1810 was 17; in 1840, 38; 1850, 62; 1860, 77; 1870, 89 ; -1880, 205. The publications in 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 11; weeklies, 160; semi-week- lies, 7; tri-weeklies, 2; monthlies, 23; semi-monthlies, 2. In each of 56 towns one paper was published; in 24, two; in 4, three; in 4, four; and in 5, five or more. EAELY HISTOEY. 1786. — Printing was introduced at Lexington, by John Bradford. The following is a list of early publications by counties : BOUEBON COL'NTY. 1809. — The Western Citizen, established at Paris. StUL published. 1866. — The True KentucMan, at Paris. Still published. BOYLE COUNTY. 1860. — The Danville Bemew, at Danville, by Dr. Breckinridge and others. 1865. — The Kentucky Advocate, at Danville. Still published. CHEISTIAN COUNTY. .^-The SopJdnsviUe Gazette, at Hopkinsville. FAYETTE COUNTY. . — The Lexington Observer, at Lexington, by W. W. Worsley. In 1832 consolidated with the Kentucky Beporter. .—The Lexington Atlas, at Lexington, by N. L. Finnell ; daily. 1787, August 18. — The Kentucke Gazette, at Lexington, by J. & F. Bradford. March 14, 1789, changed to the Kentucky Gazette. Pub- • lished nearly seventy-five years. 1807. — The Kentucky Beporter, at Lexington, by Worsley & Overton. In 1832 consolidated with the Lexington Observer and called the Ken- tucky Beporter and Lexington Observer. 1829. — The Transylvania Literary Journal, at Lexington, by T. J. Matthews. 1845, June 3. — The J'rue American, at Lexington, by C. M. Clay. Published a short time. 1849, October 6. — The Kentucky Statesman, at Lexington, by a com- pany. Published thirteen years. 1866, June 23. — The Kentucky Gazette, at Lexington, by H. Gratz ; semi-weekly. Still published. 1867, January 1. — The Kentucky Statesman, at Lexington, by W. C. & W. O. Goodloe. 1867, May. — The Farmers' Home Journal, at Lexington, by Miller & Marrs. 1870, October. — The Leonngton Daily Press, at Lexington, by Marrs, Gibson & Duncan. StUl published, daily and weekly. 1872, June. — The Collegian, at Lexington, by the students of the Kentucky University ; monthly. FLEMING COUNTY. ■ — ^The Fleming Flag, at Flemingsbnrg. FRANKLIN COUNTY. . — The Frankfort Commmtwealth, at Frankfort. 1806, July.— The Western World, at Frankfort, by Wood & Street. 1850. — The Kentucky Yeoman, at Frankfort. FULTON COUNTY. . — The Commercial Standard, at Hickman. GALLATIN COUNTY. . — The Warsaw Herald, at Warsaw. JEFFEESON COUNTY. . — The Times, at Louisville; daily and weekly. . — The Union, at Louisville; daily. . — The Bulletin, at Louisville; daily. . — The Everting Express, at Louisville; daily. . — The Sunday Varieties, at Loxiisville; weekly. . — The Kentucky New Era, at Louisville; semi-weekly. . — The Watchman and Evangelist, at Louisville. . — The Indian Advocate, at Louisville. . — The Christian Bepository, at Louisville; monthly. . — The Bible Advocate, at LouisvUle; monthly. . — The Theological Medium, at Louisville; monthly. . — The Transylvania Medical Journal, at Louisville; monthly. . — The Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery, at Louisville; monthly. . — The Southern Slethodist Quarterly Beview, at Louisville. . — ^The Spirit of the Age, at Louisville. . — The Examiner, at Louisville. . — The Louisville Dime, at Louisville, by Halderman & Bryant. CHRONOLOaiCAL HISTORY. 375 KENTUCKY— Continued. . — The Journal of Commerce, at Louisville. . — The Presbyterian Eerald, at Louisville. • — The Baptist Banner, at Louisville. 1807. — The Farmers^ Librav!/, at Louisville. 1808. — The Louisville Gazette, at Louisville. 1810.— The Western Courier, at Louisville, byH. Clarke. In March, 1821, changed to the Emporium and Commercial Advertiser. 1810. — The Louisville Correspondent, at Louisville, by E. C. Barry. Suspended in 1817. 1818, July. — The Louisville Public Advertiser, at Louisville, by S. Penn, jr. ; semi-weekly. 1836. — The Focus, at Louisville, by Morton & Co. In 1832 merged with the Louisville Journal and changed to the Journal and Foam. 1830.— The Louisville City Gazette, at Louisville, by J. J. & J. B. Marshall ; daily. 1830. — The Western Messenger, at Louisville, by Rev. J. F. Clarke ; monthly. Formerly published at Cincinnati, but removed to Louis- ville in 1830. 1830. — The Louisville Daily Journal, at Louisville, by Prentice & Buxton ; daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. 1834. — The Western Recorder, at Louisville. Still published. 1835. — The Western Journal of Education, at Louisville, by Rev. B. O. Peers. Published a short time. 1838. — The Literary Newsletter, at Louisville, by E. Flagg. Sus- pended iu 1841. 1843. — The Louisville Courier. In 1868 the Journal, Courier, and Democrat were consolidated in the Louisville Courier-Journal, published by the Courier- Journal company. 1844. — The Louisville Democrat, at Louisville; daily, weekly, and tri- weekly. / 1849. — The Anzeigei; at Louisville, daily; weekly, 1851. Still pub- lished. 1869. — The Catholic Advocate, at Louisville. Still published. KENTON COUNTY. . — The Licldng Valley Register, at Covington. . — The Covington Intelligencer, at Covington. LOGAN COUNTY. . — The Bussellville Herald, at Russellville. MADISON COUNTY. . — The Richmond Chronicle, at Richmond. . — The Review, at Richmond. MASON COUNTY. . — The Maysville Serald, at Maysville. 1797-'98. — The Kentucky Palladium, at "Washington, by Beamont & Hunter. 1819.— The Maysville Eagle, at Maysville. Still published. SCOTT COUNTY. . — The Georgetown Herald, at Georgetown. LOUISIANA. Area, 45,420 square miles; population, 939,946; 58 parishes — ^news- papers published in 53. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1810 was 1; in 1840,34; 1850,55; 18i0,81; 1870, 92; 1880, 112. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 13; weeklies, 94; semi-weeklies, 1; tri- weeklies, 1; bi-weeklies, 1; monthlies, 2. In each of 44 towns one paper was published; in 12, two; in 2, four; and in 1, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1804. — Printing was introduced by the French, and Le Moniteur established by Fontaine. 1804, July 31. — The Louisiana Gazette, at Nen Orleans, by John Mowery; semi- weekly, (a) 1806-1819. — Moniteur da la Louisiane (French). (6) 1807. — The Louisiana Courier established (French and English). 1813-1824. — Louisiana Friend of Law, by J. Secleve. (b) 1816. — The Louisiana Gazette and New Orleans Mercantile Advertiser, established by William Bruner. 1822. — Gazette de la Louisiane, by Charles Gr. Duhy. 1822. — ^The New OrleaTis Price Current, by Cook, Young & Co. 1823-'24. — Le Louisiana s (French). (6) 1825. — ^The Louisiana Advertiser, by J. Beardslee. 1825, July 22. — The City Journal, by the city council. 1827. — L'Abaille de la Nowoelle OrUans, or the New Orleans Bee {French and English), by Jerome Bayou. Still published. 1832. — The Commercial Bulletin, by Putnam P. Rea. 1834-1839.— The New Orleans Argus. (6) 1835. — The True American, by John Gibson. 1837. — The New Orleans Picayune, by Lumsden, Kendall & Co. Weekly established 1841. Still published. 1843.— The Daily Tropic, by Alden S. Merrifield. 1843. — The Daily True Delta, by John Maginnis. 1846. — The Daily Jefersonian, by J. F. H. Claiboine. 1848-1858.— The Daily Orleanian, by J. C. Pendergrast. (6) 1850, January 1. — The Louisiana Spectator, by J. P. McMillan. 1850, March 1.— The Carrollton Star, by P. Soulier. 1851. — The Daily Crescent, by J. 0. Nixon. 1853. — The Louisiana State Republican. 1855. — ^The American Exponent, by Joseph Etter. 1855-'56.— The National, by R. P. Theard de la Breton. (6) 1856.— The Daily Delta, by A. Walker. 1856.— The Semi-Weekly and Daily Creole, by Harmon, Latham & Co. 1856, April 17.— The True Democrat, by Dillard & Farris. _ ^ 1857. — The Daily Union, by Malispiue. 1858, May 1. — The Sunday Magnet-, by J. Stroud, jr. 1858, September 1. — The Weekly Mirror, by Joseph H. Wilson&Co. 1860, August 29. — The Louisiana Signal. 1863. —The New Orleans Times. Still published. 1863-'64.— The Era, by Tracy & Fairfax. (&) 1864, July 21. — The New Orleans Tribune, by Dr. Roudanez. 1865-'66.— The Daily Southern Star, by E. S. Jewell. (6) 1867.— The DaUy City Item, by M. F. Bigney. 1867-1877.— The New Orleans Republican, by Wright R. Fish. (6) a Nineteen subscribers, $10 per annum. 6 The files for the years specified are in the municipal archives at New Orleans. All were published in that city. MAINE. Area, 29,895 square miles; population, 648,936; 16 counties — ^new.s- papers published in all. The total number of newspapers and period- icals published in 1810 was 8; in 1840, 36; 1850,49; 1860,70; 1870,65; 1880, 123. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 12; weeklies, 90; tri- weeklies, 1; bi-weeklies, 1; monthlies, 18; quarterlies, 1. In each of 35 towns one paper was published; in 11, two; in 2, three; in 1, four; and in 5, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1780. — Printing introduced. 1785, January 1. — '^]ie Falmnuth Gazette and Wcelcly Aihvriiscr, estab- lished at Bangor, by Titcomb & White. See Cumberland county, (o) a It was said in 1842 that the man was yet living who published the first paper in Maine, fifty-six years before. It was about the size of a .sheet of foolscap, and made up of extracts from other papers, a fortnight and three weeks old, from New York and Boston, as the latest intelligence. Thomas has no allusion to this paper. "We learn that a paper was established at Falmouth about the year 1785, the object of which was to advocate the separation of the province from Massachusetts and erect it into an independent state. The expenses of the government in such case were estimated at £3,500, which, if r-aised by poll-tax, wouM amount to 6s. on a poll. It weis probably the paper above mentioned. — MunseWs Typographical Miscellan-y. 376 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS MAINE— Continued. The following is a list of the early publications by counties: ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY. 1847, May 21. — The Lewiston Journal, at Lewiston, by William H. Waldron&Co. April 20, 18G1, daily Journal, established in connec- tion with weekly. Still published. 1852. — The Panophist, at Lewiston, by Dr. Young. Published one year. 1852, May. — The Democrat Advocate, at Lewiston, by G. W. Chase. In 1861 merged in the Lewiston Herald. 1853. — The Farmer ami Mcclianic, at Lewiston, by Stetson & Jones. Published eight months. 1853. — The Toucliatone, at Lewiston, by Dr. Young. Published a year or two. 1858. — The Eoangclist, at Lewiston, by Waldron & Dingley. Sus- pended about 1862. 1857. — The Rising Sun, at Little River village, Lisbon, by George Plummer. Published one year; then removed to Richmond and pub- lished one year. 1857. — The Livcrmnre Falls Gazette, at Livermore Falls. Published about one year. 1860. — The Lewiston BepuUican, at Lewiston, by H. C. Johnson. In 1881 merged in the Lewiston Herald. 1861. — The Lewiston Herald, at Lewiston, by Johnson & Hale ; daily and weekly. Daily published six months, weekly eight months. 1867. — The Mechanics Falls Herald, at Mechanics Falls, by Moody. Published four years. 1868. — The Jacksonian, at Lewiston, by E. K. Smart. Published a short time. 1872. — ^The Lewiston Gazette, at Lewiston, by William H. Waldron. Still published. 1873. — The Bates Student, at Lewiston, by the students of Bates College; monthly. Still published. 1873, April 5. — The Once a Week, at Lewi,ston, by Mrs. Gatchelland Miss Sanford. Published about a year. 1874. — The Clipper, at Auburn. AEOOSTOOK COUNTY. 1857. — The Pioneer, at Presque Isle, by Hall& Gilman. In January, 1868, removed to Houlton. Still published. 1860, April. — The Aroostook Democrat, at Houlton. Suspended in November, 1800. ^60, April 13. — The Aroostook Times, at Houlton, by Theo. Cary. Still published. 1860, June 24. — The Aroostook Herald, at Houlton, by J. B. Hall. Suspended in 1862. 1863, August 5. — The Loyal Sunrise, at Presque Isle, by D. Stickney & Co. In February, 1868, changed to the iSttjirise. Now published as the Aroostook Valley Sunrise. 1872, January.— The North Star, at Port Fairfield, by W. J. Sleeper &Son. CUMBERLAND COUNTY. . — The Pleasure Boat, at Portland, by J. Hacker. Published several years, then removed to New Jersey and suspended. . — The Standard, at Portland, by J. F. Hartley. Published a year. . — The Eastern Rosebud, at Portland; semi-monthly. Formerly published at Norway, by S. H. Colesworthy, and continued two years. .—The Genius, at Portland, by J. L. Thomas. Published several years. — -. — The Religious Instructor, at Portland, by S. H. Colesworthy; semi-monthly. Published two years. . — The Temperance Jowrnal, at Portland, by A. Shirley & Son. . — The Peace Washington, at Portland, by Messrs. Nichol. . — The Umpire, at Portland, by J. Edwards. Published a short time. ■ — The Orion, atPortland, by J. Furbish. Published a short time. 1785, January 1. — The Falmouth Gazette and Weekly Advertiser, at Portland, by Titcomb & White. In 1786 changed to the Cumberland Gazette, and in 1792 to the Eastern Herald. In 1796 consolidated with the Gazette of Maine and published as the Eastern Herald and Gazette of Maine. In 1804 united with the Portland Gazette. In 1831 daily established under the title of the Advertiser, but suspended in 1866. Reappeared in 1868, and still published in connection with the weekly and called the Advertiser, 1790.— The Gazette of Maine, at Portland, by B. Titcomb. In 1796 consolidated with the Eastern Herald. 1796. — The Oriental Trumpet, at Portland, by J. Rand. Published a year or two. 1798. — The Portland Gazette, at Portland, by E. A. Jenks. In 1804 consolida I ed with the Eastern Herald and Gazette of Maine. 1803, September. — The Eastern Argus, at Portland, by Day & Willis. In 1824 semi-weekly established; in 1832, tri-weekly; in 1835, daily. Still published daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. 1806. — The Freeman's Friend, at Portland, by J. McKnown. Pub- lished a few years. 1820. — The Maine Intelligencer, at Brunswick. Published six months. 1821.— The Independent Statesman, at Portland, by J. Griffin. Changed to the American Patriot, and suspended about a year later. 1821, September. — The Christian Intelligencer, at Portland, by Rev. R. Streeter. In 1822 changed to the Christian Intelligencer and Gospel Advocate. In January, 1827, removed to Gardiner. 1822. — The Wreath, at Portland, by J. Edwards. Published' one year. 1822, August. — The Christian Mirror, at Portland. Still published. 1824, July 17. — ^The Maine Baptist Herald, at Brunswick, by Griffin. Afterward changed to the Galaxy and Herald. Published about six years. 1825. — The Northern Iris, at Brunswick, by S. L. Pairfield; monthly. Published six months. 1825. — The £i;j>mmc>it, at Portland, by J. N. Purinton; semi-monthly. 1826-'27. — The Escritor, at Brunsvrick, by a club of students; monthly. 1827. — The Free Press, at Brunswick, by Moore & Wells. Published about two years. 1828.— The Zion's Advocate, at Portland, by Kalloch & Smith. Still published. 1828, January. — The Yankee, a.t Portland, by J. Adams, jr. Eight- een months later united with the Bachelor's Monthly, including Mrs. Hale's Monthly and the Bosto)i£i Exeter Circulating Morning Chronicle, the State Journal or tlie New Hamp- shire Gazette and Tuesday's Liberty Advertiser. Suspended in 1777. 1789. — The Exeter Federal Miscellany, at Exeter, by H. Eamlet. 1793. — The Portsmouth Journal, at Portsmouth. StiU published. 1831.— The News-Letter,, at Exeter. Still published. 1863. — ^The States and Union, at Portsmouth. Now published as the weekly of the Evening Tim^, established in 1868. 1877. — ^The Candia Banner, at Candia, by J. J. Lane. Still pub- lished. STHAPFOED COUNTY. . — The Monthly Miscellany and Monthly Echo, at Eochester. . — The New Hampshire Republican, at Dover. 1826.— The Dover Gazette, at Dover. 1826. — The Morning Star, at Dover. 1827. — The Dover Inquirer, at Dover. Still published. 1864. — The Rochester Courier, at Eochester. 1867.— The Journal, at Great Falls. Still published. 1870. — The Dover Local Record, at Dover, by E. O. Foss ; monthly. 1871.— The Foster's Democrat, at Dover, by G. J. Foster & Co. Now published as the weekly of the Daily Democrat, established in 1873. SULLIVAN COUNTY. 1823. — The New Hampshire Argus and Spectator, at Newport. Still published. 1834. — The National Eagle, at Claremont. Still published. 1840. — ^The Northern Advocate, at Claremont. Still published. 1870. — ^The Compendimn, at Claremont ; bi-weekly. NEW JEESEY. Area, 7,455 square miles; population, 1,131,116; 21 counties — news- papers published in all. The total number of newspapers and period- icals published in 1810 was 8 ; in 1840, 33 ; 1850, 51 ; 1860, 90 ; 1870, 122 ; 1880, 215. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 27; weeklies, 163; semi- weeklies, C; tri- weeklies, 1; bi-weeklies, 2; monthlies, 13; bi-monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 2. In each of 43 towns one paper was published; in 22, two; in 10, three; in 8, four; and in 7, five or more. EAELY HISTOEY. 1751. — Printing was introduced at Woodbridge. The publications prior to 1800 were as follows: (a) 1758, January. — The New American Magazine, established at Wood- bridge, by James Parker; monthly; 40 pages. Publication suspended in 1760. 1765, September. — The Constitutional Oourant, at Woodbridge, by o Prepared by "W. A. Whitehead, correpponding secretary State Historical Society. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 387 NEW JERSEY— Continued. William Goddard. Established in opposition to the stamp act; only one nnmher issued. 1778, January. — The New Jersey Gazette, at Trenton, by Isaac Col- lins. Afterward removed to Burlington. 1779, February 16. — The New Jersey Jov/rnal, at EUzabothtown, by Shepard Kollock. Still published as a daily and weekly. 1786, June. — The Princeton Packet and General Advertiser, at Prince- ton, by James Tod. 1786, September. — The Brunsmck Gazette, at Brunswick, by Abraham Blauvelt. Publication suspended in 1792. 1786, September. — The Brunswick Gazette and Weekly Monitor, at Brunswick, by Shelly Amett. Published several years. 1791, May. — Wood's Newark Gazette and New Jersey ■Advertiser, at Newark, by John Wood. Publication suspended in November, 1797. 1792, September 12. — The New Jersey State Gazette, at Trenton, by Mathias Day & Co. 1792, October. — The Guardian, or New Brunsmck Advertiser, at Bruni=- wick, by Amett & Blauvelt. The latter portion of the title was dropped after the fourth issue. Now published as the weekly edition of the Daily Times. 1795, May. — The Jersey Chronicle, at Mount Pleasant, by Philip Freeman. 1796, October 5. — The Oentinel of Freedom, at Newark, by Daniel Dodge & Co. In September, 1823, changed to Sentinel of Freedom, and still published as the weekly edition of the Daily Advertiser. 1797, November. — The Newark Gazette and New Jersey Advertiser, at Newark, by John P. Williams. (Succeeded Wood's Neioark Gazette.) 1799, March. — The Trenton Federalist, at Trenton, by Sherman & Merthon. NEW TOEK. Area, 47,620 squaremiles; population, 5,082,871; 60counties — news- papers published in all. The total number of newspapers published in 1840 was 245; in 1850, 428; 1860, 542; 1870, 835; 1880, 1,411. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, asfoUows: Dailies, 115; weeklies, 892; serai-weeklies, 94; tri-weeklies, 5; bi-weeklies, 10; monthlies, 283; semi-monthlies, 35; bi-monthlies, 5; quarterlies, 40; semi-annuals, 3. In 207 towns one paper was pub- lished; in 85, two; in 27, three; in 19, four; and in 26, five or more. EAELY HISTORY. 1693. — Printing was introduced at New York, lished in the different counties as follows: ALBANY COUNTY. Newspars estab- 1771, November. — The Albany Gazette, atAlbany,byA.& J. Eobertson. 1782. — The New York Gazetteer or Northern Intelligencer, at Albany, by Balantine & Webster. In 1784 name changed to the Albany Gazette. Consolidated with the Daily Advertiser in 1817, and called the Albany Gazette and Daily Advertiser. Publication suspended in 1845. 1788. — The Albany Register, at Albany, by John Barber. Publica- tion suspended in 1817. 1796. — The Albany Oentinel, at Albany, by Backus & Whiting. In 1806 changed to Bep^lJ>liean Crisis. 1797. — The Albany Chronicle, at Albany, by John McDonald. Sus- pended in 1799. 1807. — The Guardian, at Albany, by Van Benthuysen & Wood. Sus- pended in 1809. 1812. — The Albany P^mblican, at Albany, by Samuel R. Brown. Merged in the Saratoga Patriot about 1820. 1813, January 1. — The Albany Argm, at Albany, by Jesse Buel. Changed to a daily in 1825. Consolidated with Atlas in 1856. Now published as the Argus. 1815, September. — The Daily Advertiser, at Albany, by Theodore Dwight. Consolidated with the Gazette in 1817. 1820. — The Albany Microscope, at Albany, by Charles Gralpin. Sus- pended in 1842. 1824, May. — The Beligious Monitor, at Albany, by Chauncey Web- ster. Afterward removed to Philadelphia. 1826. — The National Observer, at Albany, by George Galpin. Sus- pended in 1830. 1830, March. — The Albany Evening Journal, at Albany, by B. D. Packard & Co. Still published. 1835, October 12. — The Albany Transcript, at Albany (the first penny paper in the city). 1837, October.— The West Tray Advocate, at West Troy, by William Holland. Suspended after 1860. 1839, March. — The Oultivator, at Albany, by Jesse Buel. Consoli- dated with the Country GenMeman, and now published as the Oultivator and Country Gentleman. 1840. — The Albany Patriot, at Albany, by James C. Jackson. Sus- pended in 1844. 1841. — The Albany Atlas, at Albany, by Vance & Wendell; daily and weekly. Consolidated with the Argus in 1856. 1843. — The Albany Knickerbocker, at Albany, by Hugh J. Hastings. Now published as the Daily Press and Knickerbocker. 1844. — The Albany Beligious Spectator, at Albany, by Munsell & Pease. Suspended in 1857. 1845. — The CoJwes Advertiser, at Cohoes, .by Winants & Agnes. In 1849 changed to the Oohoes Cataract. Still published. 1845, April 9. — The Albany Freeholder, at Albany, by Thomas A. Devyr. Suspended in 1854. 1849, February 10. — The Courier and Journal, at Albany, by J. T. Hazcn. Suspended after 1860. 1852.- — The Deutsche Freie Blaelter, at Albany, by Bender & Miggaul; tri-weekly. Now published as a daily and called Freie Blaetter. 1853. — The Country Gentleman, at Albany, by Thomas & Tucker. Afterward consolidated with the Oultivator. 1856. — The Albany Morning Times, at Albany, by Barnes & Godfrey. Now published as the Evening Times. 1856. — The Albany Morning Express, at Albany, by Stone & Henley. Still published. ALLEGANY COUNTY. 1820, October. — The Angelica Pepubttcdn, at Angelica, by Franklin Cowdery. Suspended in 1822, but revived in 1827 sa the Allegany Re- publican. In 1832 changed to the Angelica Republican and Farmers and Mechanics' Press; and again to the Allegany Republican and Internal Improvement Advocate. In 1836 published as ^e Angelica' Republican and Allegany Whig, and afterward as the Angelica Reporter and Allegany Republican. In 1856 consolidated with the Advocate and Whig and called the Angelica Reporter and Angelica Advocate and Whig. Now published as the Allegany County Republican. 1830. — The Republican Argus and Allegany Democrat, at Angelica. 1838, October 29. — The Cuba Advocate, established at Cuba. Pub- lished several years. 1840. — The Allegany Gazette, at Angelica. 1842, January. — The Allegany Cownty Advocate, at Angelica, by Erastus S. Palmer. In 1852 consolidated with the Cuba Whig, and called the Advocate and Whig. In 1856 merged in the Reporter. 1846. — The Republican Era, at Oramel, by Horace E. Purdy. Pul>- lioation suspended in 1857. 1853. — The Almond Herald, at Almond, by E. Denton. Published one year. In sis months revived under the title of Allegany Sentinel. Suspended in 1856. 1853, January. — The Genesee Valley Free Press, at Belfast, by A. N. Cole. In March, 1853, removed to Wellsville. Now published at Bel- mont. 1856.— The Rural Budget,- at WellsvUle, by Eichard O. Shaut. 388 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW TOEK-Oontinued. BEOOME COUNTY. 1800. — The' American Constellation, at Union -village. 1812.— The Broome Oymty Patriot, at Binghamton, by Chauncey Mor- gan. In 1815 changed to the PAffiMM. Publication suspended in 1819. 1818.— The Republican Herald, at Binghamton, by Morgan & Howard. Publication suspended in 1822. 1822.— The Broome BepuUican, at Binghamton, by Augustus Morgan. In 1849 changed to daily and -weekly. Still published. 1831.— The Broome Cmmty Courier, at Binghamton, by J. R. Orton. In 1843 changed to the Binghamton Courier and, Broome County Demo- crat. In 1847 changed to the Binglmmton Democrat. Still published. 1839, July.— The/ns;atBinghamton, byCP. Cooke; semi-monthly. In 1841 changed to a -weekly. Merged in the Binghamton Bepublican in 1853. 1851.— The Union News, at Union, by A. F. Quinlan. StiU published. 1853, October. — The Susquelmnna Journal, at Binghamton, by W. H. Peame. Merged in the Broome BepvMiean in 1855. 1853, November. — The Binghamton Standard, at Binghamton, by J. Van Valkenburgh. 1855, May. — The Broome County American^ at Binghamton, by Ran- som Bostwick. 1858, July. — The Broome County Gazette, at Whitney's Point, by Gr. A. Dodge. OATTAEATJGTJS COUNTY. 1818.— The Allegany Mercury, at Hamilton (no-w Olean), by Benjamin P. Smead. In 1819 name changed to the Samilton Recorder. Pub- lished only a few years. 1826. — The Western Courier, at EUicott-yille, by Richard HiU. In 1827 name changed to the Cattaraugus Gazette, and publication con- tinued two years. 1827. — The Lodi Pioneer, at Lodi (now Gowanda), by Le-wis B. Ed- wards. In 1830 changed to the Lodi Freeman and Messenger; in 1833 to the Cattaraugus Freeman; in 1844 to the People's Advocate and Lodi Ban- ner; in 1850 to the Cattaraugus Chronicle, and soon after to the Independ- ent Chronicle; in 1854 changed to the Gowanda Chronicle. Publication suspended in 1856. 1833, May. — The ElUcottville Republican, at ElUcottville, by Delos E. Sill. In 1834 changed to the Cattaraugiis Bepublican. 1835.— The Allegany Mercury, at Olean, by G. W. Cutler. In 1836 changed to the Olean Advocate, and in 1838 to the Olean Times. Changed to daily and weekly in 1879. Daily suspended during census year. 1836. — The Sinsdale Democrat, at Hinsdale, by J. T. Lyman. Pub- lication suspended in 1838. >■ 1840.— The People's Gazette, at Hinsdale, by G. C. Smith. In 1842 removed to Geneseo, Li-vingston county. 1840, July. — The Cattaraugus Whig, at ElUcottville, by Delos E. Sill. In 1854 changed to the Cattaraugus Freeman. 1842, March. — The Randolph Eerald, at Randolph, by "William Mason. In 1847 removed to Nauvoo, Illinois. 1843. — The Freeman and Messenger, at Hinsdale, by L. E. Smith. Name soon changed to the Expositor, and issued until 1846. 1848. — The Neosophic Gem, at Randolph, by A. M. Shattuck; monthly. Publication suspended in 1852. 1850, November. — The Gowanda Whig, at Gowanda, by James T. Henry. In February, 1851, removed to Ellicott-ville and name changed to the Whig and Union; name changed soon after to the ^mmcam Union. Still published. 1851, June. — The Cattaraugus Sachem, at Randolph. At the close of the first year removed to Olean. 1852, July. — The Randolph Whig, at Randolph, by Judson & Mor- ris. In 1857 changed to the Randolph Reporter. In 1858 removed to Gowanda and called the Gowanda Reporter. 1853. — The Olean Journal, at Olean, by Charles Aldrich. In 1856 changed to the Olean Advertiser. CAYUGA COUNTY. 1798, July 20. — Theievorni Gazette or Onondaga Advertiser, ajfLeYaim (then Onondaga county), by R. Delano. 1799. — The Western Luminary; 'at Watkius settlement, InScipio. 1799. — The Aurora Gazette, at Aurora, by H. & J. Pace. In 1805 removed to Auburn and called the Western Federalist. Published as the Gazette, Republican and Jou/rnal in 1841. 1812. — The Cayuga Tocsin, at Union Springs, by R. T. Chamberlain. Soon removed to Auburn and continued until merged in the Cayuga Patriot in 1847. 1814. — The Cayuga Patriot, at Auburn, by Samuel R. Brown. In 1847 united with the Tocsin, and called the New Era. Publication sus- pended in 1857. 1816. — The Advocate of the People, at Auburn, by H. C. Sonthwick. 1819. — The Cayuga Republican, at Auburn, by A. Buckingham. In 1833 consolidated with the FVee Press, and issued as the AvJmm Jour- nal and Advertiser. In 1846 changed to the Avium Journal, and the same year the Auburn Daily Advertiser was published in connection -with it. Still published. 1824. — The Auburn Free Press, at Auburn, by Richard Oliphant. In 1833 consolidated -with the Cayuga Republican. 1827. — ^The Gospel Messenger (P. E.), at Auburn, by Rev. Dr. Rudd. Afterward removed to Utica, and now published at Syracuse. 1827. — The Weedsport Advertiser, at Weedsport. ' 1830. — The Northern Phcenix, at Weedsport, by Frederick Prince. 1841. — The Northern Christian Advocate (M. E.), at Auburn, by Rev. John E. Robie. In May, 1844, it was purchased by the Methodist General Conference, and called the Northern Advocate. Now published at Syracuse as the Northern Christian Advocate. 1844, October. — The Port Byron Herald, at Port Byxoa, by Frederick Prince. 1849.— The Avium Daily Bulletin, at Auburn, by Stone, Hawes &Co. 1849, January. — The Cayuga Chief, at Auburn, by T. W. Brown. Publication suspended in 1857. 1850. — The Cayuga Telegraph, at Union Springs. 1851, January. — The CJiristian Ambassador (UniversaUst), at Auburn. 1854. — The Meridian Sun, at Meridian, by Arthur White. After- ward published as the Meridian Advertiser, by W. H. Thomas. 1855, February. — The Auburn American, atAubum, by W. J. Moses; daily and weekly. In 1859 name of daily changed to the Daily Union. 1855, March. — The Journal of Specific Homeopathy, at Auburn, by F. Humphreys; monthly. ► 1855-'56. — The Family Scrap Book, at Victory Center. 1856, August. — The Northern Independent, at Auburn, by a publish- ing committee of the M. E. Church. 1856, September.— The Cayuga Farmer and Mechanic, at Auburn, by P. J. Becker. In December, 1867, name changed to the Ifeoe/iers' Edu- cational Journal. 1857, August. — The Aubufn Democrat, at Auburn, by Stone & Hawes. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 1817, January. — The Cluiutauque Gazette, at Fredonia, by James Per- cival. In 1822 suspended, but revived in 1823. In 1826 consolidated -with the People's Gazette, and changed to the Fredonia Gazette. In a short time removed to Dunkirk and called the DunMrk Gazette. Re- moved to Westfield in a few months and merged in the Chautaiiquc Phoenix. 1819, May.^The Chautauque Eagle, at Mayville, by Robert J. Curtis. 1821. — The Fredonia Censor, at Fredonia, by Henry C. Frisbee. Still published. 1824.— The People's Gazette, at ForestvUle, by W. S. Snow. In 1826 removed to Fredonia and merged in the Ohaiutauque Gazette. 1826, June. — The Western Star, at Westfield, by Harvey Newcomb. CHRONOLOaiCAL HISTORY. 389 NEW TOEK— Continued. Suspended in two years, but was revived soon after as the Chautauque Phosnix. In 1831 name changed to the American Eagle, and in 1838 to the Wcstfield Courier. Published but a short time afterward. 1826j June. — The Jamestown Journal, at Jamestown, by Adolphus Fletcher. Now published as a daily and weekly. 1828. — The Chautauque Bepubliean, at Jamestown, by Morgan Bates. In 1833 changed to the BepuUican Banner. Soon after removed to Mayville, and in a few months discontinued. 1829. — The Genius of Liberty, at Jamestown, by Lewis C. Todd. Published two years. 1834.— The Mayville Sentinel, at Mayville, by Timothy Kilby. Still published. 1834, August.— The Chautauque Whig, at Dunkirk, by Thompson & Carpenter. In 1844 name changed to the Dunkirk Beacon, and discon- tinued in a short time. 1835. — The Wcstfield Lyceum, at Westfield, by Sheldon & Palmer. Issued but a short time. 1835. — The Western Democrat and Literary Inquirer, at Fredonia, by William Verrinder. In 1837 removed to Van Buren harbor and issued as the Van Buren Times. Publication suspended in 1839. 1835.— The Western Farmer, at Westfield, by Bliss & Knight. Pub- lication suspended in 1837. 1841, August. — The Westfield Messenger, at Westfield, by C. J. J. & T. Ingersoll. In 1851 changed to Westfi.eld Transcript. Publication suspended in 1857. 1846, June. — The Frontier Express, at Fredonia, by Cutler, Cattle & Perham. In 1849 changed to Fredonia Express, and in 1850 to Chau- tauque Union. Publication suspended in a short time. 1846, August. — TheParaoHia Herald, at Panama, by Dean&Hurlbut. Publication suspended in 1848. 1847. ^The Liberty Star, at Jamestown, by Harvey A. Smith. In 1849 changed to Northern Citizen, and in 1855 to the Chautauqua Demo- trat. Still published. 1848. — The Silver Greek Mail, at Silver Creek, by John C. Van Duzen. In 1852 changed to the Hom^ Begister, and in 1854 to the Silver Creek Gazette. Publication suspended in 1856, but revived in August of the same year as the Lake Shore Mirror. 1850, May. — The Chautauque Journal, at Dunkirk, by W. L. Car- penter. Afterward name changed to the Dunkirk Journal. Still pub- lished. 1.851, July 4. — The Fredonia Advertiser, at Fredonia, by Tyler & Shepard. Consolidated with the Dunkirk U,iion in 1868, and now pub- lished as the Union and Advertiser, Dunkirk. 1852, August. — The Jamestown Herald, at Jamestown, by Dr. Asaph Khodes. In 1853 removed to Ellington Center and called Ellington Luminary. Publication suspended in 1856. 1855, April 26.— The Westfield Bepubliean, at Westfield, by M. C. Eice & Co. Still published. 1857. — The Western Argus, at Westfield, by John F. Young. In 1858 removed to Dunkirk, and changed to the Dunkirk Press and Argus. CHEMUNG COUNTY. The Telegraph (the first paper in the county), at Newtown (now Elmira), by Prindle & Murphy. The exact date of its establishment is unknown. In 1816 it was changed to the Videtie. 1820. — The Investigator, at Elmira, by Job Smith. In 1822 changed to the Tioga Begister, and in 1828 to the Elmira Gazette. Still pub- lished. 1820. — The Elmira Bepubliean, at Elmira. In 1828 changed to the Elmira Whig, and published by James Durham. In 1829 changed to the Elmira Bepubliean, and soon after to the Elmira Bepubliean and Canal Advertiser. In 1831 name changed back to the Elmira Bepubliean. ' Publication suspended in 1857. A daily edition of the Bepubliean was issued in 1846 and from 1851 to' 1855. 1837. — xhe Chemung Patriot, &% Horseheads, by J. T. Bradt. 1853. — The Elmira Advertiser, at Elmira, by Fairman Brothers; daily and weekly. Still published. I 1855, April 7. — The Philosopher, at Horseheads, by S. C. Taber. Merged in the Elmira Gazette in 1857; 1859.— The Daily Press, at Elmira, by Dumas, Van Gelder& Paine. CHENANGO COUNTY. The Western Oracle (the first paper in the county), at Sherburne Four Corners, previous to 1804, by A. Eomeyn. Suspended in 1808 or 1809. , 1806, May.— The Glim Branch, at Sherburne, by Phinney & Fair- child. In 1812 name changed to the Volunteer', and in 1816 to the Norwich Journal. In 1847 merged with the Oxford Bepubliean and called the Chenango Union. Still published. 1807. — The Chenango Patriot, at Oxford, by John B. Johnson. Pub- lished three or four years. 1808. — The President, at Oxford, by TheophUus Eaton. 1810. — The Bepubliean Messenger, at Sherburne, by Petit and Perci- val. 1814. — The Oxford Gazette, at Oxford, by Chauncey Morgan. Pub- lication suspended after 1826. 1818, December 10. — The Bepubliean Agriculturalist, at Norwich, by Thurlow Weed. Published iJut a short time. 1824. — The People's Advocate, at Norwich, by H. P. W. Brainard. Suspended in a few months. 1826. — The Clienango Bepublicaji, at Oxford, by Benjamin Cory. In 1831 changed to the Oxford Bepubliean. In 1847 merged with the Oxford Journal and called the Chenango Union. 1829, November. — The Anti-Masonic Telegraph, at Norwich, by E. P. Pellet. Name afterward changed to the Chenango Telegraph. Still published. 1830. — The Clienango Patriot, at Greene, by Nathan Randall. After- ward changed to the Clienango Democrat, and shortly discontinued. 1831. — -The New Berlin Herald, at New Berlin, by Samuel L. Hatch. Afterward name changed to the New Berlin Sentinel. Publication sus- pended about 1840. 1836. — The Oxford Times, at Oxford, by a joint-stock company. Still published. 1843.— The Bainbridge Eagle, at Bainbridge, by J. Hunt, jr. In 1846 name changed to the BUiribridgc Freemq,n, and in 1849 merged in the Clienango Free Democrat, commenced at Norwich January 1, 1849, by Alfred G. Lawyer. It was early removed to Cobleskill, Schoharie county. 1849. — ^The New Berlin Gazette, at New Berlin, by Fox & Durham. Publication suspended in 1850. 1850. — The Chenango News, at New Berlin, by A. T. Boynton. Afterward removed to Norwich, where the Temperance Advocate was published one year. < 1852. — The Saturday Visitor, at New Berlin, by Joseph K. Fox. Name soon after changed to the Social Visitor. Published five years. 1852.— The Spirit of the Age, at New Berlin, by J. K. Fox. Pub- lished but a short time. 1853.— The Oxford Transcript, at Oxford, by G. N. Carhart. Pub- lished six months. 1855. — The Sherburne Transcript, at Sherburne, by James M. Scar- ritt. Publication suspended in 1857. 1855, September 20. — The Chenango American, at Greene, by Deni- son & Fisher. Still published. 1857. — The Daily Beporter, at Norwich, by G. H. Smith. Suspended about 1858. 1858. — The Literary- Independent, at Norwich, by Pellet & Spry. Pub- lished four months. 1859, February 19. — The New Berlin Pioneer, at New Berlin, by Squires & Fox. CLINTON COUNTY. 1807. — The American Monitor, at Plattsburg, by W. Nichols and Samuel Lowell. Continued a short time. 1811, July. — The Plattsburg Bepubliean, at Plattsburg, by Reynolds. StiU published. 390 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YOEK— Continued. 1813, April 10. — The Northern Herald, at Plattsburg, by Fred. C. Powell. In 1815 chEpged to the Plattsiurg Serald, and soon alter dis-» continued. 1821, May. — The Northern Intelligencer, at Plattsburg, by Fred. E. Allen. In 1 832 consolidated with the Aurora Borealis, which was estab- lished in 1828, the combined papers taking the name of the Plattsiurg Aurora. Continued but a short time. 1834. — The Democratic Press, at Plattsburg, by J. K. AverUl. 1835.— The Whig, at Plattsburg, by a. W. PlE^'t. In 1838 changed to the Clinton County Whig, and iu October, 1855, to the Plattsburg Express. 1848. — The Free Democrat, at Plattsburg, by Oliver Hart. 1849. — The Northern Lancet, at Plattsburg, by Dr. Horace Nelson; monthly. Soon changed to the Lancet. Suspended in 1856. 1850. — The Cliamplain Beacon, at Champlaiu, by Ketchum & Averill. In 1852 changed to the Souse's Point Advertiser. 1855, January 10. — The American Sentinel, at Plattsburg, by "War- ren Dow. Soon changed to the Plattsburg Sentinel. Still published. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1785, April 7. — The Hudson Gazette, at Hudson, by A. Stoddard and C. E. "Webster. Publication suspended in 1803 or 1804. 1802. — -The Balance and Columbia iJeposiiorj^, at Hudson, by Sampson, Chittenden & CrosweU. In 1808 removed to Albany, and iu 1811 pub- licatton suspended. 1802. — The Wasp, printed for a short time by " Eobert Eusticoat", at Hudson. 1802, August 17. — The Bee was removed from New London, Con- necticut, to Hudson, by Charles Holt. In 1820 name changed to the Columbia Centinel, and in 1822 merged in the Columbia Republican. 1806, October. — The Hudson Newspaper and Balance Advertiser, at Hudson, by Harry Croswell. 1806, December. — The Bepublican Fountain, at Hudson, by Sylvester Eoberts. Published one year. 1808.— The Northern Whig, at Hudson, by W. B. Stebbins. Publicar tion suspended in 1824. 1817. — The Spirit of the Forum and Hudson Bemarker, at Hudson, by a literary association. 1818, August. — -The Columbian Bepublican, at Hudson, by Solomon Wilbur. Now published as the weekly edition of the Hudson Daily Bepublican. 1824. — The Hudson Gazette, at Hudson, by P. Gr. Sturtevaut. Now published as the weekly edition of the Hudson Daily Register. 1824. — The Messenger of Peace, at Hudson, by Eichard Carrique. Published one year. 1824, June 12. — The Butral Repository, at Hudson, by "W. B. Stod- dard; semi-monthly. Suspended in 1851. 1825, June. — The Kinderhook Sentinel, at Kinderhook, by Peter "Van Schaack. In January, 1832, changed to Columbia's Sentinel. After- terward changed to Bough Notes. Still published. 1831. — The Columbia and Greene County Envoy, at Hudson, by E. G. Lindsley. Published two years. 1833. — The Diamond, at Hudson, by Gr. F. Stone; semi-monthly. 1834. — The Magnolia, at Hudson, by P. D. Carrique; semi-monthly. 1842. — The Columbia Washingtonian, at Hudson, by J. E. S. Van "Vliet. December 28, 1847, changed to the Daily Evening Star. After- ward merged with the ColvmMan Republican, and now published as the weekly edition of the Daily Republican, under the title of Columbia Republican and Star. 1846. — The Equal Rights Advocate, at Chatham Four Comers, by an anti-rent association. In 1848 removed to Hudson and changed to the Democratic Freeman. Publication suspended in 1855-56. 1847. — The Columbia Democrat, at Chatham Four Comers. 1850.— The Columbia County Journal, at Chatham Four Comers, by Philip H. Ostrander. 1855. — The Hudson Daily News, at Hudson, by Eichard "Van Antwerp. 1857. — The Journal of Materia Medica, at New Lebanon, by H. A. Tilden. Still published. a The first number of the Bloommlle Mirror contained 101 words, and until often pounds of type, without a press. The paper was printed by striking with CORTLAND COUNTY. 1810. — The Cortland Courier, at Homer, by J. & S. Percival. In 1812 name changed to the Farmers' Journal; in 1813 to the Cortland Repository; in 1825 to the Cortland Observer; in 1836 to ihe Homer Eagle. In 1837 merged with the Cortland Republican, and called the Republican and Eagle. In 1852 changed to the Cortland Comity Whig, and in 1856 to the Cortland County RepnMican. Now published as the Homer Bepublican. 1814. — The Cortland Bepublican, at Cortland, by Benj. S. & David Campbell. PubUcatiou suspended in 1821. 1817. — The Cortland Beposiiory, by Jesse Searl. 1821. — The Western Courier, at Homer, by Eoberts & Hull, and soon after removed to Cortland. In 1824 changed to the Cortland Journal; in 1832 to the Cortland Advocate; in 1845 to the Cortland Democrat ; and in 1857 to the Cortland Gazette. 1828. — The Cortland Chronicle, at Cortland, by Eeed & Osborn. In 1832 name changed to the Anti-Masonic Bepublican, and iu 1833 to the Cortland Republican. In 1837 merged with the Homer Eagle. 1831. — The Protestant Sentinel, at Hom.er, by John Maxson. Pub- lication suspended in 1833. 1840. — The Cortland Democrat, by Seth Haight and Henry N. Depuy. 1844. — The Liberty Herald, semi-monthly, at Cortland, by E. F. Graham. Published two years. 1845. ^The Trxie American and Religious Examiner, at Cortland, by C. B. Gould. The following year changed to the True American. Pub- lication suspended in 1848. 1850. — The Morning Star, at McGrawville. 1858. — The Republican Banner, at Cortland, by "Van. Slyck & Bateson. 1858. — The Central Reformer, at McGrawville. 1867, June. — The Cortland Standard, by Frank G. Kinney; in 1876 consolidated with the Journal, and still published. DELAWAEB COUNTY. 1819, November 18. — The Delaware Gazette, at Delhi, by John J. Lappan. StiU published. 1822, .Tuly 4. — The Delaware Republican, at Delhi, by E. J. Eoberts. Published two years. 1834. — The Delaware Journal, at Delhi, by George Marvine. Pub- lished one year. 1839, January. — The Delaware Express, at Delhi, by Norwood Bowne. Still published by the original publisher. 1845. — The Voice of the People, an anti-rent paper, at Delhi, by "W. S. Hawley. Publication suspended in 1845. 1849, March. — The Deposit ■ Courier, at Deposit, by C. E. "Wright. Still published. 1851, May 28. — The Bloomville Mirror, at BloomvUle, by S. B. Cham- pion. Now published as the Stamford Mirror by the original pub- lisher, (a) 1855, January. — The Hobart Free Press, at Hobart, by E. B. Fenn. 1855, April 14. — The Weekly Visitor, at Franklin, by George "W. Eey- nolds. Afterward changed to the Franklin Visitor. 1856. — The Walton Journal, at "Walton, by E. P. Berray. Published two years. 1856.— The Village Record, at Hobart, by G. "W. Albright. DUCHESS COUNTY. 1734. — The New York Journal, in New York city, by John Holt. Eemoved to Poughkeepsie in 1776, in consequence of the British occupation. In 1785 its name was changed to the Poughkeepsie Journal; iu 1786 to the Country Journal and Poughkeepsie Advertiser; in 1789 to the Country Journal and Ducheas and Ulster Family Register ; in 1808 to the Poughkeepsie Journal and Constitutional Bepublican; in 1812 to the Poughkeepsie Journal. In 1844 it was consolidated with the Eagle and called the Journal and Poughkeepsie Eagle. In 1850 changed to the Poughkeepsie Eagle. Still published. 1776, October 1. — The New York Packet and American Advertiser. Eemoved from New York to Fishkill. Eeturned to New York at the close of the war. July no price was fixed. The office, located in one corner of a mill, consisted a mallet on a block laid over the type. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 391 NEW YORK— Continued. 1798, August. — The American Farmer and Duchess County Advertiser, at Poughkeepsie, by John Woods. Published a short time. 1802, May. — The Barometer, at Poughkeepsie, by Isaac Mitchell. In 1806 changed to the Political Barometer, and afterward to the North- ern Politician. Soon after discontinued. 1806. — The Farmer, at Poughkeepsie. Published two years. 1811, November. — The Bepublican Herald, at Poughkeepsie, by D. B. Stockholm and Thomas Brownjohn. 1815, May 10. — The Duchess Observer, at Poughkeepsie, by Bamum & Nelson. In 1826 consolidated with the Telegraph, and called the Poughkeepsie Telegraph and Observer. In 1844 changed to the Telegraph. In 1852 consolidated with the Democrat and called the Poughkeepsie Telegraph and Duchess Democrat. Now called the Telegraph, and pub- lished as the weekly edition of the Daily Press. 1824, May 5. — The Bepublican Telegraph, at Poughkeepsie, by Sands & Piatt. In 1826 merged in the Observer. 1828, AprU 30. — The Duchess Intelligencer, at Poughkeepsie, by Ames & Parsons. In 1833 united with the Bepublican and called the Intel- ligencer and Bepublican. In 1834 changed to the Poughkeepsie Eagle, and in 1844 united with the Journal. 1828. — The Duchess True American, at Poughkeepsie, by Peter K. Allen. 1829, August. — The Duchess Inquirer, at Poughkeepsie, by P. K.AUen. In 1830 name changed to the Anti-Mason. Publication suspended in 1831, but soon after revived and published for a short time as the Inde- pendence. 1831, August. — The Duchess Bepublican, at Poughkeepsie, by Thomas S. Eanney. In 1833 merged in the Intelligencer. 1836. — The Poughkeepsie Casket, by Killey & Lassing. 1837. — The Youth's Guide, at Poughkeepsie, by Isaac Harrington, jr. ; semi-monthly. 1840. — The Thomsonian (medical), at Poughkeepsie, by Thomas Lapham. 1840. — The Bhinebeck Advocate, at Ehinebeck, by Eobert Marshall. Afterward changed to the Duchess County Advocate. Publication sus- pended about 1850. 1841.— The Free Press, at Fishkill, by F. "W. Eitter. In 1842 re- moved to Poughkeepsie and called the Duchess Free Press. Publica- tion suspended in 1844. 1842, August 2. — The Fishkill Standard, at FishkiU Landing, by W. E. Addington. StiU published. X843. — ^The Temperance Safeguard, at Poughkeepsie, by Gr. E. Lyman. Published two or three years. 1845, November. — The American, at Poughkeepsie, by A. T. Cow- man. Soon changed to the Poughkeepsie American, and in 1853 to the Duchess Democrat. In 1856 merged in the Telegraph. 1846. — The Bhinebeck Gazette, at Ehinebeck, by Smith & Carpenter. In 1850 merged in the Mechanic. 1849. — The American Mechanic, at Poughkeepsie, by G. W. Clark. In 1850 removed to Ehinebeck and united with the Gazette under the title, the American Mechanic and Bhinebeck Gazette. Soon changed to the Bhinebeck Gazette and Duchess County Advertiser. StUl published as the Bhinebeck Gazette. , 1852, April 7. — The Amenia Times, at Ameniaville, by Joel Benton. Still published. 1852, May 1. — The Daily City Press, at Poughkeepsie, by Nichols, Bush & Co. Soon changed to the Daily' Press. Still published. 1853. — The FishkillJournal, at Fishkill, byH. A. Guild. Suspended in 1855. 1855, February. — The Independent Examiner, at Poughkeepsie, by Henry A. Gill. Published three years. 1856. — The American Banner, at Poughkeepsie, by Charles J. Ackert. In 1857 removed to Fishkill and called the Duchess County Times. 1858, June 12.— The American Citizen, at Ehinebeck, by George W. Clark. 1859, January 1. — The Poughkeepsie Gazette, by B. L. Hannah. 1859, February 1. — The Pine Plains Herald, at Pine Plains, by L. Piester. StOl published. 1859, April 20.— The Bed Hook Journal, at Bed Hook. Still pub- lished. EEIE COUNTY. 1811, October 3.— The Buffalo Gazette, at Buffaloj by S. H. & H. A. Salisbury. In 1819 name changed to the Niagara Patriot, and in 1820, upon the erection of Erie county, to the Buffalo Patriot. 1815, July. — The Niagara Journal established at Buffalo, by David M. Day. In 1820 name changed to the Buffalo Journal. Publication suspended in 1835. 1822. — The Gospel Advocate (TJniversalist), at Buffalo, by Eev. Thomas Gross. In 1828 removed to Auburn. 1822.— The Black Bock Beacon, at Black Eock, by L. G. Hoffman. Published two years. 1824. — The Buffalo Emporium, at Buffalo, by J. A. Lazelle and Simeon Francis. Publication suspended in 1829. 1824. — The Black Bock Gazette, at Black Eock, by Bartemus Fergu- son. In 1827 removed to Buffalo and changed to the Buffalo and Black Bock Gazette. Publication suspended in 1828. 1826, February. — The Black Book Advocate, at Black Eock, by D. P. Adams. Published one year. 1828, April. — The Buffalo Bepublican, at Buffalo, by W. P. M. Wood. In 1842 name changed to the Democratic Economist; a few months after- ward to the Mercantile Courier and Democratic Economist; in February, 1843, to the Buffalo Courier and Economist; and in the following March to the Buffalo Courier. July 1, 1846, it was consolidated with the Pilot, and published as the Courier and Pilot, daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. In December, 1846, changed to the Buffalo Courier. Still published. 1830.— The Buffalo Bulletin, at Buffalo, by Horace Steel. In 1835 merged in the Bepublican. 1832. — The Gospel Banner, at Buffalo, by Benjamin Clark. Pub- lished two years. 1833, January 1. — The Literary Enquirer, at Buffalo, by William Verrinder; semi-monthly. Published two years. 1834. — The Daily Star, at Buffalo, by James Faxon. In 1835 merged in the Bepublican. 1834.— The Buffalo Whig, at Buffalo, by D. M. Day. In 1835 merged with the Buffalo Journal, and called the Buffalo Whig and Journal. In. February, 1838, changed to the Buffalo Daily Jowrrml. In 1839 merged in the Buffalo Patriot and the Commercial Advertiser. 1835. — The Young Men's Temperance Herald, at Buffalo, by Grosve- nor & French. Published one year. 1835, January 1. — The Daily Commercial Advertiser, issued from the Patriot office. In August, 1838, the Aurora Standard was merged in th& two papers. In May, 1830, they were united vrith the Buffalo Journal, and the weekly published as the Patriot and Journal and the daily as the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. Still published. 1835, August. — The Transcript, at Buffalo, by H. Faxon; daily and weekly. Published six months. 1835, October. — The Aurora Standard, at East Aurora, by A. M. Clapp. In 1838 removed to Buffi,lo and merged in the Commereiat Advertiser. 1836.— The Buffalo Spectator (Presbyterian), at Buffalo, by J. & W. Butler. Published two years. 1836. — ^The Bethel Magazine, at Buffalo, by the Bethel Society; monthly. Afterward changed to the Bethel Flag, and in 1846 consoli- dated with the Sailor's Magazine of New York. 1837.— The Buffalonian, at Buffalo. In 1838 united with the Mer- cury. Publication suspended in 1840. 1837. — Der Welibuerger, at Buffalo, by George Zahm. In 1853 united with the Buffalo Democrat and called the Buffalo Democrat and Welt- buerger; daily and weekly. StiU published. 1838. — The Sun, at Buffalo, by Abraham Densmore; daUy and weekly. Published one year. 392 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW TOEK— Continued. 1839. — The Bristol's Gazette and Herald of Health, at Bufifalo, by C. C. Bristol; monthly. In 1840 changed to Bristol's Gazette. Putalicar tion suspended in 1842. 1839.— The Friend of Youth, at Buffalo, by Eev. A. T. Hopkins; monthly. Published one year. 1840. — The Morning Tattler, at Buffalo, by Langdon, Fouchette & Sohaeffer; daily. Soon changed to the Morning Times. Published but a short time afterward. 1840. — The Buffalo Garland, at Buffalo, by George W. Bungay. 1840. — The Honest Industry, at Buffalo, by Dr. Daniel Lee. 1840. — The Volksfreund (German), at Buffalo, by Adolphus Meyer. 1841, March. — The Western Presbyterian, at Buffalo, by Eev. J. C. Lord. Published one year. 1841, July. — The Western Literary Messenger, at Buffalo, by J. S. Chadboume; semi-monthly. Publication suspended in 1857. 1842. — The Buffalo American, at Buffalo, by Foster & Butler. Pub- lished one year. 1842. — The Old School Jeffersonian and the Daily Gazette, at Buffalo, by Charles Faxon. Published one year. 1842. — The Temperance Standard, at Buffalo, by Salisbury & Clapp. 184:2.— Prescott's Telegraph, at Buffalo, by "W. Prescott. 1843. — The Buffalo Gazette, at Buffalo, by Salisbury, Manchester & Brayman; daily and weekly. Published three years. 1^43. — The Freimiithige (German), at Buffalo, by Krause & Meyer. Published two years. 1844, May. — The Springville Express, atSpringville, by Edwin Hough. Publication suspended in 1848. 1845. — The Western Cataract, at Buffalo, by L. P. Judsou. In Jan- uary, 1847, changed to the Western Temperance Standard, and discon- tinued the following year. 1845, June. — -The Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Beview of Med- ical and Surgical Science, at Buffalo, by Dr. Austin Flint. 1845, November. — The Telegraph (German), at Buffalo, by H. B. Miller; daily and weekly. Suspended after 1860. 1846. — The Tonavianda Commereial, at Tonawanda, by Sylvester Hoyt. Published one year. 1846. — The Western Evangelist (TJniversalist), at Buf^lo, by Eev. L. S. Everett. Published one year. 1846, January 14. — The Morning Express, at Buffalo, by A. M. Clapp & Co. In 1855 the Daily Democracy was merged with it, and called the Buffalo Morning Express and Daily Democracy. Now published as the Morning Express, with a weekly edition. 1847, January 26. — The JSepublic, at Buffalo, by Livingston, Albro & Co. ; daily and weekly. In 1857 the Daily Times was united with the Bepublic and called the Buffalo Bepublic and Times, daily, tri- weekly,- and weekly. 1848. — Der Freie Demokrat, at Buffalo. 1849. — ^The Wool Grower and Magazine of Agriculture and Horticul- ture, at Buffalo, byT. C. Peters; monthly. Published three years. 1850. — -The Daily Queen City, at Buffalo, by G. J. Bryan; a penny daily. In 1852 name changed to the Buffalo Evening Post. 1850. — The Buffalo Christian Advocate, at Buffalo, by John E. Eobie. In 1857 changed to the jlcZweaie. Nowpublishedunderitsoriginal title. 1850.— The Common Sense, at Buffalo, byD. P. Stile. 1850. — Die Aurora, at Buffalo, by Christian "Wieclimann. Still pub- lished by the original publisher. 1850, May. — The Springville Herald, at Springville, by Lucius C. Sanders. Now published as the Journal and Herald. 1851. — TJie Youth's Casket, at Buffalo, by Beadle & Vanderzee; monthly. 1851.— The American Miller, at Buffalo, by W. C. Hughes. 1851. — The Evangelical Christian, at Buffalo, by G. Stanbro & Co. 1851, July. — Da^ Kirchliohe Informalorium, at Buffalo, by Conrad Bar; semi-monthly. 1852. — Der Homeopath and Dixtetiseher Hausfreund, at Buffalo, by Conrad Bar. Published one year. lQ52.—^ontaggs BUM, at Buffalo, by Brunok, Held & Co. Published one year. 1852.— The Sunday Visitor, at Buffalo, by Eeed & Moore. Pub- lished one year. 1852. — The United States Mail, at Buffalo, by Jewett, Thomas & Co. 1852. — The Buffalo Daily Ledger, at Buffalo, by T. Eichardson. Published only a few months. 1852.— The Pathfinder, at Buffalo, by Charles Faxon. 1852, March. — The Bough Notes, at Buffalo, by George Eeese; daily. In 1854 united with the Democracy. 1852, June. — The American Celt and Catholic Citizen; removed from Boston to Buffalo. In May, 1853, removed to New York. 1853. — The Niagara Biver Pilot, at Tonawanda, by Packard & Fox- longer. In November, 1857, changed to the Niagara Frontier. 1853. — The Library and Garden, at Buffalo, by D. S. Manly & Co. 1853, June. — The Buffalo Catholic Sentinel, at Buffalo, by Michael Hogan. 1853, March. — The School and House Friend (German), at Buffalo, by Conrad Biir; semi-monthly. Published one year. 1854. — Illustrirte Abend Schule, at Buffalo, by Eev. C. Dichlman. 1854. — The Age of Progress, at Buffalo, by Stephen Albro. Published four years. 1854, May. — The Democracy, at Buffalo, by G. W. Haskins; daily and weekly. In August, 1855, united with the Express. 1854, September. — The American Bights, at Buffalo, by George Eeese & Co. Publication suspended in July, 1855. 1855, Jnae.—Zeiclten der Zeit, at Buffalo, by Drexler. 1856. — The Atlantis, monthly; removed from Cleveland, Ohio, to Buffalo. 1856. — The American Citizen, at Springville, by Lucius C. Sanders. Published one year. 1856, January. — The Home, at Buffalo, by E. F. Beadle. 1856, May. — The Buffalo Allgemeine Zeitung, at Buffalo, by Frederick Eeinecke. 1857, May. — Das Hisloriche Zeitblatt und LMerarischer Anzeiger, at Buffalo, by Conrad Bar; monthly. 1857, August. — The Buffalo Daily Times, at Buffalo, by the Tim^s Association. In 1858 united with the Bepublic. ESSEX COtTNTY. . — The F^sex County Times, at Elizabethtown, by E. W. Living- ston. Suspended in 1834. 1810. — The Beoeille, at Elizabethtown, by Luther Marsh. 1817. — The Essex Patriot, at Elizabethtown, by L. & O. Person. Pub- lished one year. 1832. — The Essex County Bepublican, at Essex, by J. K. Averill. Publication suspended in 1833. 1825. — The Keeseville Herald, at KeesevUle, by E. P. Allen. Sus- pended in 1841. 1831. — The Keeseville Argus, at Keeseville, by Adonijah Emmons. Published five or six years. 1833. — The Essex County Bepublican, at Keeseville, by J. B. Dickin- son. Still published. 1840. — The Berean Guide, at Essex, by Rev. M. Bailey. Published one year. 1845. — The Westporl Patriot and Essex County Advertiser, at West- port, by D. Truair. 1847.— The Essex County Patriot, at Essex, by A. H. Allen. After- ward changed to West2}ort Herald, and published six or seven years. 1847. — The Au Sable Biver Gazette, at Keeseville, byD. Truair. Pub- lished five or six years. 1849.— The Old Settler, at Keeseville, by A. H. Allen; monthly. Afterward removed to Saratoga Springs. 1851. — The Elizabethtown Post, at Elizabethtown, by E. W. Living- ston. Subsequently united with the Northern Standard, Keeseville. Now published a,s the Elizabethtown Post and Gazette. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 393 KEW YORK— Continued. 1851. — The Northern Gazette, at Keeseville. Published several years. 1851. — The Essex County Times, at "Westport. 1854. — The Northern Standard, at Keeseville, by A. W. Lansing. FKANKLIN COUNTY. 1821. — The Franklin Telegraph, at Malone, by Francis Burnap. In 1829 it was removed to Potsdam. 1827. — The Franklin BetpuhUcan, at Fort Covington, by J. K. Averill. Suspended in 1833. 1827. — The Franklin Gazette, at Fort Covington, by F. D. Flanders. In 1847 removed to Malone. Still published. 1830. — The Nortliern Spectator, at Malon6, by John G. Clayton. Sus- pended in 1835. 1835, March.— The Palladium, at Malone, by F. P. Allen. Stni published. 1850. — The Salmon Biver Messenger, at Fort Covington, by James Fisk. Subsequently published as the Messenger. 1853. — The Jeffersonian, at Malone, by J. E. Flanders. Published two years. FULTON COUNTY. . — The Nortliern Banner, at Union Mills, Broadalbin, by John Clark. In a few months removed to Johnstown and called the Nortli- ern Banner and Montgomery Democrat. In 1837 name changed to the Montgomery Bepublican, and in 1838 to the Fulton County Democrat. Stm published. 1796. — The Johnstown- Gazette was published at Johnstown. 1796. — The Montgomery Advertiser, at Johnstown, by Jacob Doxto- der. Published several years. 1806, August. — The Montgomery Bepublican, at Johnstown, by Will- iam Child. OfSce burned in November, 1836, and paper suspended. 1806. — The Montgomery Intelligencer, at Johnstown. Published two years. 1806. — The Montgomery Monitor, at Johnstown, by Eobbins & An- drews. In 1828, removed to Fonda, thence to Canajoharie, and after- ward to Schoharie. 1824. — ^The Johnstown Herald, removed from Amsterdam, by Philip Eeynolds. In 1837 removed to Fonda and called Fonda Herald. 1836. — ^The Christian Palladium, at Johnstown, by Joseph Badger ; semi-monthly. Eemoved to Albany in 1846 or 1847. 1838.— The Fulton Comity Bepublieam, at Johnstown, by Darius "Wells. 1843. — The Literary Journal, at Kingsboro', by S. E. Sweet. 1856, January. — The JohnMown American, at Johnstown, by N. J. Johnson. In April, 1858, changed to the Johnstown Independent. 1856. — The GloversviUe Standard, at Gloversville, by W. H. Case. Still published. GBNESEE COUNTY. 1807. — The Genesee Intelligencer, at Batavia, by Elias Williams. First paper published west of the Genesee river. Published six months. 1808. — The Cornucopia, at Batavia, by Blodgett & Peck. Sus- pended in 1811. 1811. — The Bepublican Advocate, at Batavia, by Blodgett & Miller. In 1854 merged in the Genesee County Whig, and called the Bepublican Advocate and Genesee County Wliig. In 1855 name again changed to Bepublican Advocate. StiU published. 1819, February 3. — ^The Spirit of the Times, at Batavia, by OranFol- lett. Still published. 1825. — The People's Press, at Batavia, by an association. After- ward merged in the Spirit of the Times and The People's Press. 1826.— The Le Eoy Gazette, at Le Eoy, by J. 0. Balch. Still pub- lished. 1829. — The Genesee Bepuiblican and Herald of Beform, at Le Eoy, by Freeman & Son. Published one or two years. 1837, November 4. — The Farmers and Mechanics' Journal, at Alex- ander, by Peter Lawrence. In June, 1840, removed to Batavia and called the Batavia Times and Farmers and Mechanics' Journal. In 1843 merged in the Spirit of the Times. 1842, March. — The Temperance Herald, at Batavia, by Lucas Seaver. Published one year. 1844. — The Genesee Courier, at Le Eoy, by Edward Bliss. Published about a year. 1852.— The Genesee County Whig, at Batavia, by Kimberly & Tyrell. Merged iu the Bepublican Advocate in 1854. 1852, December. — The Le Boy Democrat, at Le Eoy, by Henry Todd. In November, 1853, removed to Batavia and called the Bata- via Democrat. In December, 1856, changed to the Genesee Weekly Democrat. 1854. — The Genesee Herald, at Le Eoy, by W. C. Grummond. In 1857 removed to Batavia. 1857, April. — Theie Boy Advertiser, at Le Eoy, by Thomas B. Tufts. Suspended in July, 1858. 1858. — The Genesee Daily Herald, issued from the above office. 1859, May. — The Daily Advocate, at Batavia, by D. D. Waite. GEEBNE COUNTY. 1800, prior to. — The CatsMll Packet was published. 1801. — The CatsMll Beeorder, at Catskill, by Mackey Croswell. In 1828 name changed to the Catskill Beeorder and Greene County Bepub- lican. In 1849 united with the Democrat and called the Catskill Be- eorder and Democrat. Still published as the Catskill Beeorder. 1813. — The Catskill Emendator, at Catskill. Published a short time. 1814. — The Greene and Delaware Washingtonian, at Catskill, by M. J. Kappel. In 1816 changed to the Middle District Gazette. 1826. — The Greene County Bepublican, at Catskill, by Hyer. In 1829 merged in the Beeorder. 1830.— The Catskill Messenger, at CatskUl, by Ira Dubois. In 1849 changed to the Greene County Whig, and in 1857 to the Catskill Exam- iner. StiU published. 1832. — The Greene County Advertiser, at Coxsackie, by Henry Van Dyck. In 1836 changed to the Standard, and subsequently to the Coxsackie Standard. 1843. — The Catskill Democrat, at Catskill, by Joseph Josebury. In 1849 united with the Beeorder. 1843.— The Baptist Library, at Prattsville, by L. L. and R. H. HiU. In 1845 removed to Lexington. 1846. — The Prattsville Advocate, at Prattsville, by John L. Hack- staff. Suspended in 1858. 1851. — The Coxsackie Union, at Coxsackie, by Fred. W. Hofflnan. 1852.— The Prattsoille Bee, at Prattsville. 1854. — The American Eagle, at Prattsville, by Bullock & Allen. Ee- moved to Catskill the same year. In 1855 name changed to the Ban- ner of Industry, and in 1857 to the Catskill Democratic Herald. 1857. — The Windliam Journal, at Windham Center, by W. E. Steele. Stm published. 1858. — The Athens Visitor, at Athens, by E. Denton. HAMILTON COUNTY. 1845. — The Hamilton County Sentinel, at Sageville (printed at Johns- town), by Clark & Thayer. HEEKIMEE COUNTY. 1802, about. — The Telescope, at Herkimer, by Benjamin Corey. Suspended in January, 1805. 1805. — The Farmer's Monitor, at Herkimer, by Holt & Eobbins. Published two years. 1807. — The Herkimer Pelican, at Herkimer, by Benjamin Corey. Suspended in 1810. 1810. — The Herkimer American, at Herkimer, by J. H. & H. Pren- tiss. Suspended in 1831. 1810. — Bunker Hill, at Herkimer, by G. G. Phinney. In 1812 name changed to the Honest American. Published a few years. 394 THE NEWSPAPEE AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YORK— Continued. 1821, September. — The People's Friend, at Little Palls, by Edward M. GrifS.n. In 1830 changed to the People's Friend and Little Falls Oazette, and in July, 1834, to the MoJiawk Courier. 1828. — The HerHmer Herald, at Herkimer, by John Carpenter. Re- moved in a few years to Oswego. 1830. — The Bepublican Farmer's Free Press, at Herkimer, by David Holt. In 1834 removed to Little Falls, and name changed to the Her- kimer County Whig, under which title published about two years by L. W. Smith. 1837, December. — The HerMmer County Journal, at Herkimer, by a company, J. C. Underwood, editor. In 1846 purchased by O. Squires, and removed to Little Falls. Still published, now as Journal and Courier. 1839.— The Enterprise, at Little Falls, by E. M. Grifan. In 1841 changed to the Mohawk Mirror. Suspended in 1844. 1842. — The Frankfort Democrat, at Frankfort, by Lyon & Hobnes. In 1844 removed to Herkimer and called the Herkimer County Democrat. In December, 1855, changed to the Herkimer American, and in 1857 again changed to the HerMmer County Demx)crat. Still published. 1844. — The Herkimer Freeman, at Little Falls, by O. A. Bowe. In 1850 removed to Mohawk and called the Mohawk Times. Soon after discontinued. 1855, January. — The Ilion Independent, at Hion, by Fish & Lyman. In January, 1858, removed to TJtica. 1855, January. — The Mohawk Valley Sentinel, at Mohawk, by Peters & Gould. 1859, June.— The Standard Bearer, at West Winfield, by "W. H. Dixon. JEPPEESON COUNTY. 1817. — ^The Jefferson and Lewis Gazette, at Watertown, by D. Abbey and J. H. Lord, jr. Published two years. 1817. — The Saekett's Harbor Oazette and Advertiser, at Sackett's Har- bor, by George Camp. In February, 1821, changed to the Jefferson Bepublican, and continued one year. 1819. — The Independent BepvMican, at Watertown, by S. A. Abbey. Suspended in 1825. 1822. — The Herald of Salvation (Universalist), at Watertown, by Rev. Pitt Morse ; semi-monthly. Published two years. 1824. — The Watertmen Freeman, at Watertown. In 1833 changed to the Democratic Standard. In July, 1835, united with the Walerlmim Eagle and called tha Eagle and Standard. 1824. — The Farmer's Advocate, at Sackett's Harbor, by T. W. Has- call. Suspended in 1828. 1826. — Thursday's Post, at Watertown, by Theron Parsons & Co. In 1828 changed to the Begister. Afterward united with the Genius of Philanthropy, and in 1830 called the Watertown Begister and General Advertiser. In 1835 changed to the North American; in 1839 to the Watertown Begister, and in 1843 to the Black Biver Journal. Publica- tion suspended in 1846. 1828. — The Genius of Philanthropy, at Watertown, by Henry L. Har- vey. Afterward merged in the Begister. 1828. — The Censor, at Adams, by Theron Parsons. Soon after re- moved to Watertovra. In 1830 changed to the Anti-Masonic Sun, and shortly after to the Constellation. In 1832 called the Jefferson Beporter. Publication suspended in 1834. 1828. — The Independent Bepublican and Anti-Masonic Becorder, at Watertown. Published two years. 1832, September. — The Watertown Eagle, at Watertown, by J. Cal- houn. In 1835 united with the Democratic Standard, and called the Eagle and Standard. In 1837 changed to the Jeffersonian, and after- ward to the Waiertoum Jeffersonian. In 1855 united with the Demo- cratio Union, and called the Jefferson County Union. Now published as the Be- Union. 1837.— The Jefferson County Whig, at Sackett's Harbor, by E. H. Purdy. 1838, October.- — The Sackett's Harbor Journal, at Sackett's Harbor, by E. M. Luff. Suspended in 1851. 1839, December. — The Carthaginian, at Carthage. In 1843 changed to the Black Biver Times. Discontinued soon after. 1843. — The Daily Journal, at Watertown, by Joel Greene. Soon after changed to the Watertown Journal, tri-weekly. Suspended in 1846. 1844, June. — The Jefferson County Democrat, at Adams, by J. C. Hatch. Afterward changed to the Jefferson County News. 1846. — The Democratic Union, at Watertown, by T. Andrews. In 1855 united with the Jeffersonian. 1846, August. — The Northern State Jowrnal, at Watertown, by A. W. Clark. Afterward changed to the Northern New York Journal. 1847, January. — The Watertmvn Spectator, at Watertown, by Joel Greene. Published two years. 1848, March. — The Saekett' s Harbor Observer, at Sackett's Harbor, by O. H. Harris. In 1852 changed to the Jefferson Farmer, and published two or three years. 1848.— The Theresa Chronicle, at Theresa, byE. C. Burt. Published six months. 1850, August. — The New York Beform«r, at Watertown, by IngaUs, Burdick & Co. Now published as weekly edition of Daily Times. 1851. — The Daily Jeffersoniam, at Watertown. Published one year. 1858, January. — The Cartilage Standard, at Carthage, by W. R. Mer- rill. Suspended in 1859. 1858. — The Cape Vincent Gazette, at Cape Vincent, by P. A. Leach. 1859, May. — Le Pliare des Lacs (the Beacon of the Lakes), at Water- town, by Petit & Grandpre. KINGS COUNTY. 1799, June 26. — The Courier and New York and Long IsUmd Adver- tiser (the first newspaper on Long island), at Brooklyn, by Thomas Kirk. 1806. — The Long Inland Weekly Intelligencer, at Brooklyn, by Robin- son & Little. 1809, June 1. — ^The Long Island Star, at Brooklyn, by Thomas Kirk. Suspended after 1860. The Daily Evening Star was established in con- nection with it January 4, 1841. 1821, March 7. — The Long Island Patriot, at Brooklyn, by George L. Birch. In 1833 changed to the Brooklyn Advocate, and in 1835-'36 to the Brooklyn Advocate and Nassau Gazette. 1835.— The Williamsburg Gazette, at Brooklyn, by F. G. Fish. After- ward changed to Williamsburg Daily Oazette, and published a short time. 1836. — The Am,erican Native Citizen and Brooklyn Evening Advertiser, at Brooklyn, by F. G. Pish. 1840. — The Mechanics' Advocate, at East New York. 1840, June 3. — The Williamsburg Democrat, by Thomas A. Devyr. 1841. — ^The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, at Brooklyn, by Isaac Van Auden. Still published. In the same office was published the Brooklyn Weekly Eagle, changed in 1855 to the Saturday Evening Miscellany. 1841. — The Brooklyn Daily News, at Brooklyn, byNorthaU & Watts. Suspended in November, 1843. 1843. — The Brooklyn News and Times, at Brooklyn, by J. S. Noble. 1844. — The Age, at Williamsburg. Published a short time. 1844. — The Democratic Advocate, at Williamsburg, by J. G. Wallace. 1844. — The Brooklyn Daily Advertiser, at Brooklyn, by Lees & Foulkes. Suspended in 1852. 1844. — The American Champion, at Brooklyn. Published a short time. 1845. — The Daily Long Islander, at Williamsburg, by Bishop & Kelley. 1847. — The Williamsburg Morning Post, at Williamsbuig, by Devyr & Taylor. 1848.— The Orbit, at South Brooklyn. 1848. — The Kings County Patriot, at Williamsburg, by Thompson & Hasbrook. 1848. — The Williamsburg Times, at Williamsburg, by Bennett, Smith & Co. After the consolidation of Williamsburg and Brooklyn changed to Brooklyn Daily Times. Still published. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 395 NEW TOEK— Continued. 1849. — The Brooklyn Daily Freeman, at Brooklyn. 1850, July 16. — The Daily Independent Press, at "Williamsburg, by Bishop & Kelley. Suspended in 1855. 1851. — ^The Brooklyn Morning Jowmal, at Brooklyn, by Hogan & Heighway. 1854, September 2. — The Long Island Anzeiger (German) , at Brooklyn, by Edward Rohr. 1855, April 7. — Der Triangel (German), at Brooklyn, by Edward Eohr; semi-monthly. Still published. 1857, May. — The Kings County Advertiser and Village Chtardian, semi- monthly, at East New York, by C. W. Hamilton. LEWIS COUNTY. » 1807, March 10. — The Black Biver Gazette, at Martinsburgh, by James B. Bobbins. Eemoved to Watertown the following year. This was the first paper in the state north of TJtica. 1821. — The Lewis County Gazette, at Lowville, by Lewis G. Hof&nan. ^Published two years. 1824, October 12. — The Xewis County Sentinel, at Martinsburgh, by Charles Nichols. Published one year. 1825, October 19. — The Black Biver Gazette, at Lowville, by William L. Easton. Suspended in 1831. 1828. — The Martinsburg Sentinel, at Martinsburgh, by Pearson. Suspended in March, 1830. 1830. — The Lenms Coimty Bepublican, at Martinsburgh, by James Wheeler. In 1844 removed to Lowville, but afterward returned to Martinsburgh. Now published at Lowville as Jowmal amd Bepublican. 1834, March 25. — The Leieis Democrat, at Lowville, by Le Grand /Byington. Published one year. 1838, February 14. — The Northern Journal, at Lowville, by A. W. Caark. Afterward merged with the Bepublican. 1846, September 22. — The Lewis Cownty Democrat, at Turin, by H. E. Labe. Eemoved to Martinsburgh in 1849 and shortly after discon- tinued. 1854. — The Dollar Weekly Nortliem Blade, at Constable vUle. In April, 1857, changed to the News Begister, and afterward removed to Banner, at Lowville, by N. '1856, September 3. — The Leivis B. Sylvester. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 1817. — The Moscow Advertiser and Genesee Farmer, at Moscow, by Hezekiah Eipley. In 1821 sold to James Percival, who removed it to Greneseo and changed the name to Livingston Begister. In 1837 sus- pended, but soon after revived. Discontinued in 1840. 1822. — The Livingston Journal, at Geneseo, by Chauncey Morse. Suspended in 1834, but revived the following year under the name of the Livingston Democrat. Suspended again in 1837, but the same fall revived as the Livingston Bepublican. Still published. 1830. — The DamsviUe Chronicle, at Dansville, by Mitchell & Denni- son. Changed soon after to the Village Becord, and shortly suspended. 183-. — The Western New Yorker, at Dansville, by A. Stevens & Son. Soon after changed to the Dansville Whig. In 1848 name changed to the Dansville Courier, and in 1849 or 1850 to the Dansville Democrat. Subsequently removed to G«neseo and called the Geneseo Democrat. Publication suspended in 1859. 1831. — The Livingston Courier, at Geneseo, by C. Dennison. Sus- pended in 1833. 1832. — The Livingston Courier, at Geneseo, by A. Bennett. 1834.— The Mount Morris Spectator, at Mount Morris, by Hugh Hard- ing. In 1848 united with the Livingston County Whig and called the Livingston Union. Now published as the TInion and Constitution. 1835.— The Dansville Times, at Dansville, by D. C. Mitchell. 1841.— The Nunda Gazette, at Nunda, by Ira G. Wisner. The fol- lowing year removed to Mount Morris and called the Genesee Valley Mieorder. Suspended in 1843. 1842.— The Dansville Bepublican, at Dansville, by David Fair- child. 1843. — The Livingston County Whig, at Mount Morris, by George B. Phelps. In 1848 merged in the Spectator. 1843. — The Geneseo Democrat, at Geneseo, by Gilbert F. Shankland. Eemoved to Nunda in 1847, and in 1848 to EUicottville, Cattaraugus county. 1843. — The Livingston Express, at Mount Morris, by I. G. Wisner; semi-monthly. 1847. — The CuylermUe Telegraph, at CuylersvUle, by Franklin Cow- dery. 1848, June. — The Dansville Chronicle, at Dansville, by Richardson & Co. Suspended in 1851. 1848. — The Nwnda Democrat, at Nunda, by M. D. Chamberlain. Published a short time. 1849.^The Fountain, monthly, at Dansville, by J. E. Trembly. Published two years. 1849. — The Dansville Herald, at Dansville, by G. A. Sanders. 1850. — The Nunda Telegraph, at Nunda, by Charles Atwood. Pub- lished one year. 1852, January. — ^The Nunda Times, at Nunda, by N. T. Hackstaff. Suspended in July, 1853. 1853. — The Lima Weekly Visitor, at Lima, by Tilton & Miller. Sub- sequently changed to the Genesee Valley Gazette. Suspended about 1856. 1854.— The New Era, at Hunt's Hollow, by D. B. & M. Galley (boys fifteen and seventeen years of age). In 1855 removed to Nunda and called the Yowng America. Suspended in 1856. 1857. — The Livingston Sentinel, at Dansville, by H. C. Page. Sus- pended in 1860. 1858. — The Letter Box, removed from Glen Haven, Cayuga county, to Dansville, by J. M. Jackson and Miss H. N. Austin; monthly. 1859. — The Dansville Daily Sentinel, at Dansville, by W. J. La Eue. Published one year. 1859. — The Valley City Begister, at Dansville, by W. J. La Eue. Suspended in 1860. MADISON COUNTY. 1808, about. — The Madison Freeholder, at Peterboro', by Jonathan Bunco & Co. Soon after changed to the Freeholder. In 1813 changed to the Madison County Herald and published several years. 1808, August. — ^The Pilot, at Cazenovia, by Oran E. Baker. Sus- pended in August, 1823. 1817, May. — The Gazette and Madison County Advertiser, at Peter- boro', by J. B. Johnson & Son. Eemoved to Morrisville in 1819 and suspended in 1822. 1817. — ^The Hamilton Becorder, at Hamilton, by Stower & Havens. In 1829 merged in the Morrismlle Observer. 1821, January. — The Madison Observer, at Cazenovia, by Eice & Hale. In 1822 removed to Morrisville. In 1829 united with the Hamilton Becorder and called the Observer and Becorder. In 1835 again called the Madison Observer. Still published. 1823, September. — The Bepublican Monitor, at Cazenovia, by L. L. Eice. Suspended March 4, 1841. 1830, July 27. — The Civilian, by Lorin Dewey. Suspended in Novem- ber, 1831. 1830. — ^The Canastota Begister, at Canastota, by Silas Judd. 1831. — The Student's Miscellany, at Cazenovia, by A. Owen and L. Kidder; semi-monthly. 1832. — The Chittenango Herald, at Chittenango, by Isaac Lyon. (Published successively as the Chittenango Bepublican, the Phoenix, and the Democratic Gazette. Suspended in 1856. 1834, February. — The Hamilton Courier, at Hamilton, by G. E. Wal- dron. In 1835 called the Hamilton Courier and Madison County Adver- tiser. Suspended in 1838. 1835, May. — The Union Herald, by Myrick & Clark. Suspended in 1840. 396 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. NEW YOEK— Continued. 1835.— The De Buyter Herald, at De Euyter, by C, W. Mason. 1836, September. — The Cazenoma Democrat, at Cazenovia, by J. W. Chubbuck & Co. Suspended in February, 1837. 1836, November. — The Protestant Sentinel, removed from Schenectady to De Euyter, by J. & C. H. Maxson. In the fall of 1837 changed to the Protestant Sentinel and SeventlirDay Baptist Journal, and in Feb- ruary, 1840, to the Seventh-Day Baptist Register . Suspended in 1845. 1838. — The Hamilton Palladium., at Hamilton, by John Atwood. Published six years. 1839. — The Hamilton Eagle, at Hamilton, by G. E. Waldron. 1840, February. — The Madison County Eagle, at Cazenovia, by Cyrus O. Pool. In May, 1845, changed to the Madison County Whig ; in October, 1853, to the Madison County News; and in May, 1854, again changed to the Madison County Whig. Suspended in January, 1857. 1841. — The Abolitionist, at Cazenovia, by Luther Myrick. Pub- lished two years. 1842. — The Literary Visitor, at Hamilton, by Dennis Eedmau. Pub- lished three months. 1842. — The Democratic Beflector, at Hamilton, by Gr. E. "Waldron. In 1856 united with the Madison County Journal, and called the Demo- cratic BepuMican. Still published. 1847, October. — The National Banner, at De Euyter, by A. C. Hill. Published two years. 1848, September. — The Central New Yorker, at De Euyter, by E. F. & C. B. Grould. Suspended in May, 1851. 1849, September. — The Madison County Journal, at Hamilton, by E. F. & C. B. Grould. Afterward published by Thomas L. James. In 1856 united with the Democratic Beflector. 1850, January. — The Madison Bepublic, at Cazenovia, by W. H. Phil- lips. Published three months. 1851, September. — The Oneida Telegraph, at Oneida, by D. H. Frost. In June, 1854, changed to the Oneida Sachem. 1851, October. — The Cazenovia Gazette, at Cazenovia, by Baker & Debnam. Suspended in May, 1852. 1852. — The Circular, at Oneida Community. Suspended 1879. 1853, April. — The Progressive Christian, at Cazenovia, by A. Pyrne. Published two years. 1854, May 1. — The Cazenovia Bepubliean, at Cazenovia, by Seneca Lake. Still published. 1864. — The Christian and Citizen, at Peterboro', by Pruyn & Walker. 1854. — The New York State Badii, removed from Fort Plain to Ham- ilton, by L. S. Backus. Eetumed to Fort Plain in eighteen months. 1856. — The Democratic Union, at Hamilton, by Levi S. Backus. Now published at Oneida by Baker & Maxon. 1857. — The Canastota Times, at Canastota, by George H. Merriam. Suspended in 1858. 1858, November 4. — The Canastota Eagle, at Canastota, by J. E. N. Backus. MONEOE COUNTY. 1816. — The Boehester Gazette, at Eochester, by A. G. Dauby. In 1821 name changed to the Monroe Bepuilican, and in July, 1827, to the Boehester Bepuilican. Now published as the weekly edition of Daily Union and Advertiser. 1818, July 7. — The Boehester Telegraph, at Eochester, by Everard, Peck & Co. In 1827 Semi- Weekly Telegraph published, and subse- CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 409 OHIO— Continued. EARLY HISTORY. 1793. — Printmg introduced at Cincinnati. Papers were established in the different counties as follows: ALLEN COUNTY. 1854. — The Gazette, at Lima, by C. Parmeter. StiU published. 1856. — The Democrat, at Lima, by D. S. Fisher. Still published. 1869.— The Serald, at Delphos, by D. N. Tolan. StiU published. ASHLAND COTJNTY. 1834. — Mohican Advocate and Hanover Journal, at Ashland, by Mr. Rogers. Published six numbers. 1834, December 30. — The Ashland Herald, at Ashland, by J. C. Gil- kinson. In 1837 changed to the Ohio Globe; afterward to the Western Phcenix, and in 1846 to the Ashland Democrat. Finally merged iu the Standard. 1846. — The Standard, at Ashland, by R. V. Kennedy. Consolidated with the Democrat, and called the Ohio Union. Afterward changed to the Ashland Union, and in 1872 to the Press. Still published. 1850.— The Ashlander, at Ashland, by W. B. McCarty. Published two years. 1853, July 14. — The Ashland Times, at Ashland, by L. J. Sprengle. StUl published. . — The Gospel Preacher, at Ashland, by Professor Sharp. . — The Young Disciple, at Ashland, by Professor Sharp. ATHENS COUNTY. 1825. — ^The Alliens Mirror and Literary Register, at Athens, by A. G. Brown. In 1830 changed to the Western Spectator ; in 1836 to the Hock- ing Valley Gazette and Alliens Messenger, and in January, 1844, to the Athens Messenger. ^ AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 1848. — ^The Democrat, at "Wapakoneta, by H. P. Kelley. StUl pub- lished. . — The Courant, at Wapakoneta, by E. B. Walkup. CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 1812. — The Farmer's Watch Tower, at , by Corwin & Black. 1824. — The Farmer's Friend, at , by D. S. Ball. Afterward changed to Ohio and Mad River Journal. 1838, April. — The Western Citizen and Urbana Gazette, atUrbana, by J. Saxton. Afterward changed to Urbana Citizen and Gazette. Still published. 1844. — The Western Dominion, at Urbana, by J. Taylor. Consoli- dated with the Democratic Expositor, at Springfield. In 1850 changed to Ohio State Democrat, subsequently to Urbana Free Press; in 1863 to Urbana Union; in 1872 to Democratic Plaindealer, and in 1873 to Urbana Union Democrat StUl published. 1860, December 29. — The'ExperiTnent, atLewisburg, by H. D. Gowey. Published a short time. 1861. — The Lewisburg Weekly Magazine, at Lewisburg, by H. D. Gowey. Published six months. 1867, February. — The Maekaclteek Press, at West Liberty, by Donn Piatt. Removed to Columbus, and afterward to Urbana. Suspended a few months later. 1868, July.— The Boomerang, at North Lewisburg, by Mitchell & Gowey. Suspended in November, 1869. 1870.— The St. Paris Independent, at Saint Paris, by Vaughn Bros. In 1871 removed from the town. 1872. — The St. Paris Informant, at Saint Paris. Afterward changed to New Era. StiU published. • 1873.— The Central Ohio News, at Mechanicsburg, by Church & Bax- ter. Still published. 1876, January. — The North Lewisburg Star, at North Lewisburg, by J. H. Fluhart. PubUshed six: months. 1876, January. — The North Lewisburg Gazette, at North Levrisburg, by Vaugh & Sherrett. Published eleven months. 1878, August 9. — The St. Paris Enterprise, at Saint Paris, by C. R. Carlow. Suspended in January, 1879. . — -The Spirit of Liberty, at , by A. M. Poff. . — The Country Collustrator, at , by Barr & Everett. Af- terward consolidated with Mad Elver Courant and called Mad River Courant and Country Collustrator. . — Mad River Courant, at , by D. S. Lewis. Consolidated with Country Collustrator. . — The Urbana Record, at Urbana, by J. H. Bacon. Published untU 1831. . — The Rattler, at Urbana, by Corwin & Talbott. Published a short time. . — The Daily News, at Urbana, by W. H. Gulic. Still pub- lished. COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 1808, Dtoembex.—Der Patriot Am Ohio (German), at New Lisbon, by William D. Lepper. Published a short time. 1809. — The Ohio Patriot, at New Lisbon, by WiUiam D. Lepper. StiU published. 1825, March 25.^The Salem Gazette and Public Advertiser, at Salem, by R. G. Lee. 1826. — The New Lisbon Gazette, at New Lisbon, by R. Fee. Pub- lished six months. 1827, June. — The Columbiana American and New Lisbon Free Press, at New Lisbon, by WiUiam Campbell. In 1828 changed to the West- ern Palladium. In 1854 merged in the Buckeye State. 1832, March 5. — The Aurora, at New Lisbon, by J. Frost. Sus- pended in 1856. 1834.— The Inciter, at Salem, by A. GUbert. Published a short time. 1835.— The Salem. Visitor, at Salem, by W. F. Stewart. Changed to the Ohio 3Icrcury. and published until 1856. 1835.^The Commercial Advertiser, at Wellsville, by L. Caton. In 1841 changed to American Patriot, and in 1842 to the WcllsviUe Patriot. Suspended in 1866. 1842, April 12. — -The Village Register, at Salem, by Davis & Hart. In 1847 changed to the Homes, and in 1857 to the Salem Republican. Still published. 1842.— The Wellsville Patriot, at WellsvUle, by W. L. Clarke. 1842.— The Self Examiner, at Goshen, by A. Hinchman; monthly. Afterward changed to the Friend of Man. Published a short time. 1845, June 20. — The Anii-SIorery Bugle, at New Lisbon, by the Anti- Slavery Society. Removed to Salem and pnhlished until ]\Iay4, 1864. 1848. — The Ocean Wave, at New Lisbon, by H. C. Trunick. Pub- lished six months. 1852. — The Ohio Educational Monthly and National Teacher, at Salem, by the Ohio Teachers' Association; monthly. In 1860 changed to the Ohio Educational Monthly. Still published. 1852.— The Buckeye, at New Lisbon, by R. D. Hartshorn. In 1854 consolidated with the Western Palladium. Now published as the Buck- eye State. 1857. — The Gospel Visitor (German and English), at Columbiana, by Rev. Messrs. Kurtz and Quintz; monthly. In 1866 removed to Dayton. 1858, May. — The Columbiana Telegraph, at Columbiana, by Black & Watson. Published six weeks. 1858, Sept«mber. — The Ledger, at Columbiana, by C- H. M. Beecher. In 1862 removed to Pittsburgh. 1861, May 23. — The East Liverpool Mercury, at East Liverpool, by Luckoy & Harris. PubUshed one year. 1865.— The 3Iercliants' Journal, at New Lisbon, by J. D. Eriggs. Published a short time. 410 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS OHIO—Continued. 1865, February 17. — The Salem Journal, at Salem, by J. Hudson & Son. Suspended in 1872. 1866.— The Wellsville Union, at Wellsville, by Q. W. Foster. Still published. 1867, April. — The New Lisbon Journal, at New Lisbon, by J. K. Frew. Still published. 1867. — The East Liverpool Record, at East Liverpool, by W. G. Fos- ter. Suspended in 1869. 1868.— The Local, at East Liverpool, by Murphy. Published ■eight weeks. 1869. — The Democrat, at East Liverpool, by E. Bradshaw. January ■22, 1876, changed to the East Liverpool Tribune. Still published. 1870, April 14. — The Independent Register, at Columbiana, by J. M. Hutton. Still published. 1870, October.— The National Teacher, at Salem, by E. E. White. In January, 1876, united with the Ohio Educational Monthly. 1870.— The Salineville Era, at Wellsville, by J. E. Porter. Pub- lished a short time. 1870.— The Wellsville Local, at Wellsville, by D. B. Martin. In 1871 removed to East Liverpool and changed to East Liverpool Gazette. In 1876 changed to the East Liverpool Potters' Gazette, and in June, 1876, to the Potters' Gazette. StUl published. 1871, January 1. — The Leetonia Reporter, at Leetonia, by Watson & Steen. Still published. 1871.— The Salineville Miner, at Wellsville, by J. M. Eeese. Pub- lished a few months. 1872, May 2. — The Salineville Index, at Salineville, by J. W. & J. F. Lacock. In 1878 changed to the Salineville Herald. 1873, March 1.— The Salem Era, at Salem, by Hale & Park. Still published. 1875. — Educational Notes and Queries, at Salem, by W. D. Henkle; monthly. Still published. 1875, July 14. — The Columbiana True Press, at Columbiana, by L. & T. S. Arnold. Still published. 1878, April 12.— The Valley Eclio, at East Palestine, by Roberts & ■Co. Still published. 1878, July 23.— The National Greenback, at Salem, by G. W. Cow- gill. Still published. CEA'WFOED CO^UNTY. 1844. — The Forum, at Bucyrus, by J. R. Clymer. Still published. 1852. — The Journal, at Bucyrus, by J. Hopley. StUl published. CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 1818, July 31. — The Gazette and Commercial Register, at Cleveland. -Suspended in 1819. 1819, October.— The Cleveland Eerald, at Cleveland, by Z. Willes & -Co. Consolidated with the Daily Gazette March 22, 1837. 1832.— The Advertiser, at Cleveland, by M. Kelley. In 1836 Daily established. In 1841 changed to the Plain Dealer. Still published. 1834, August 20.— The Whig, at Cleveland, by Rice & Peunimau. Published two years. 1836, January. ^C/tnsiKcAe Botschafter (German), at Cleveland, by the Evangelical Association. Still published. 1836, May.— The Messenger, at Cleveland, by Beck & Tuttle. Pub- lished about one year. 1836, May 20.— The Ohio City Argus, at Cleveland, by Smead & Hall. In 1838 changed to the Ohio Oily Transcript. Suspended in 1839. 1836.— The Gazette, at Cleveland, by Whittlesey; daUy. March 22, 1837, consolidated with the Herald and called the Daily Her- ald and Gazette. Still published as the Daily Herald. 1836, September 10. — The Cleveland Liberalist, at Cleveland, by Dr. S. Underhill. Suspended in 1837. 1836. — The Cleveland Journal, at Cleveland, by Sterling, Aiken & Penfield. Consolidated ■with the Ohio Observer at Hudson and changed to the Cleveland Observer. In 1840 removed to Hudson and changed to 'the Ohio Observer. 1838. — The Daily Commercial Intelligencer, at Cleveland, by B. An- drews. 1840. — The Cleveland Agitator, at Cleveland. Suspended the same year. 1841. — The Daily Morning News, at Cleveland, by Geo. M. Shippen. Su,spended the same year. 1S41. — The Palladium of Liberty, at Cleveland, by Rev. Mr. Butts. Suspended the same year. 1841. — The Eagle Eyed News Catcher, at Cleveland, by D. L. Wood; daily. Suspended the same year. 1841. — The Daily Morning Mercury, at Cleveland, by C. Hall. Sus- pended during the year. 1841. — The Mothers' and Young Ladies' Guide, at Cleveland, by Mrs. M. M. Herrick; monthly. Published a short time. 1842.— The Cleveland Gatherer, at Cleveland, by E. B. Fisher. Pub- lished a short time. 1842, August. — The Farmers' and Mecltanics' Journal, at ChagrinPalla, by Blakeslee & Brainard. Suspended in 1844. 1843. — The Second Adventist, at Cleveland, by T. H. Smead. Sus- pended in April, 1844. 1844.— The Ohia American, at Ohio City, by R. B. Dennis. In 1848 consolidated with the True Democrat. 1844.— -The Declaration of Independence, at Cleveland, by Smead. Published a short time. 1845. — The Spirit of Freedom, at Chagrin Falls, by Doolittle & Cal- kins. Published a short time. . — Labour, at Chagrin Falls, by the Laboring Men's Association. Published a short time. 1845. — The Cleveland Weekly Times, at Cleveland, by P. Baxter. In 1848 merged in the Plain Dealer. 1845. — The Ohio Unioersalist and Literary Companion, at Cleveland, by C. W. Hudson. Suspended in 1847. 1846.— The True Democrat, at Olmsted Falls, byE. S. Hamlin. In 1847 removed to Cleveland and issued daily. In 1848 consolidated with the American and called the True Democrat. In 1853 consolidated ■with the DaUy Forest City- and True Democrat. In March, 1854, changed to the Cleveland Leader. Still published. 1848, January. — The Evangelical Messenger, at Cleveland, by the Evangelical Association. Still published. 1848, January. — The Ohio Farmer, at Cleveland, by F. Bro^wn. Now published as the Ohio Practical Farmer. 1848. — The Spirit of Freedom, at Clevelaikd. Published a short time. 1848. — The Northern Ohio Medical Examiner, at Cleveland; monthly, Published a short time. 1850, January 3. — The Family Visitor, at Cleveland, by Kirtland, St. John & Knapp. Suspended in 1858. 1850. — The 'Temple of Honor, at Cleveland, by the Order of Sons of Temperance. Published one or two years. 1850. — The Spirit of the Lakes, at Cleveland, by the Western Sea- man's Friend Society. Changed to the Spirit of the Lakes and Boatmen's Reporter. Published six years. 1850. — True Kindred, at Chagria Falls, by Mr. & Mrs. Sanford; monthly. Subsequently changed to Independent Politician, weekly. Published a short time. 1852. — The Cleveland Commercial, at Cleveland, by Hine & Cullaton. Published four years. 1852. — The American Advertiser, at Cleveland, by H. M. Addison. Afterward changed to the Harpoon. Published four years. 1852.— The ScJiool Boy, at Cleveland, by F. O. McGUlicudy. Stis- pended in 1855. 1852.— The Forest City, at Cleveland, by J. Medill. In 1853 merged in the True Democrat. 1852, August 7. — WaecMer Am Erie, at Cleveland, by A. Therine. Still published. 1852.— The Golden Rule, at Cleveland, by D. M. Ide; monthly. In 1856 removed -tJb Mansfield. 1854. — Brainard' s Musical World, at Cleveland, by Brainard & Co. ; monthly. Still published. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 411 OHIO— Continued. 185-.— The Antmls of Science, at Cleveland, byH. S. Smith; monthly. Published a short time. 185-. — The American Magazine, at Cleveland; monthly. Suspended in 1856. 185- — The Nefw American Magazine, at Cleveland, by B. K. Maltby; monthly. Suspended in 1856. 1856. — The Cleveland Commercial Gazette, at Cleveland, byE. Cowles & Co. Suspended in 1868. 1856, June. — Der Christliclie Kinderfreund, atCleveland, by the Evan- gelical Association. Still published. 1856. — The Germania, at Cleveland. Suspended in 1875. 1857. — The Spiritual Universe, at Cleveland. Published one or two years. 1857. — The Daily Beview, at Cleveland, by Spear, Dennison & Mor- rison. Suspended in 1861 or 1862. 1857. — Beformirte Kirchezeitung, at Cleveland, by the German Pub- lishing Company. Still published. 1859. — The Buckeye Democrat, at Cleveland. Published about a, ;year. 1859. — The Agitator, at Cleveland, by Mrs. H. F. Brown. Suspended in 1860. 1859. — Wool Growers' iJeporter, atCleveland, by A. Header; monthly. Published one year. 1859. — The Western Lam Monthly, at Cleveland, by Hayden, King & Elwell. Published one year. 1859. — The Analyst, at Cleveland, by Spencer & Co. Published two years. 1859.— Dodge' s Literary Museum, at Cleveland, by 0. E. Dodge. 1859. — The Vanguard, at Cleveland, by Denton & Cridge. 1860. — The Oliio Cultivator, at Cleveland; monthly. Published a -short time. 1860. — The National Democrat, at Cleveland, by C. B. Flood. Pub- lished a short time. 1860. — The Daily Dispatch, at Cleveland, by printers. Published four months. 1861. — The Gleaner, at Cleveland. Published one year. 1864. — The Sunday ScJiool Messenger, at Cleveland, by the Evangeli- cal Association. Still published. 1865. — -The German Democrat, at Cleveland. Published one year. 1866, January.^ — Der Sendboie, at Cleveland, by the German Baptist Publishing Company. 1866, January. — Der Muntere Saemann, at Cleveland, by the Ger- man Baptist Publishing Company. 1866. — The Christian Standard, at Cleveland, by the Christian Pub- lishing Company. Published two years. 1867, January. — Brotlierhood of Locomotive Engineers, at Rochester, New York; monthly. In 1868 removed to Fort Wayne, and in 1870 to Cleveland. Still published. 1868, January. — The Ohio Weekly Beview, at Cleveland, by G. H. & E. S. Adams & K. Stone. Changed to the Commercial Beview ; then to -the Manufactwring and Trade Beview, and iu 1879 to the Trade Beview. StUl published. 1868, June 20. — The Advertiser, at Cleveland, by Berea Job Printiug -Company. April, 1869, changed to the Grindstone City Advertiser ; Jan- uary, 1879, changed to the Berea Advertiser. Still published. 1869. — The Evening News, at Cleveland, by the Leader Company. 1869. — The Hardware Beporter, at Cleveland (formerly published at Pittsburgh) ; October, 1878, removed to Cleveland, by Protzman & Hillerman. Also prints a monthly edition called Export Edition. 1869. — ^The Living Epistle, at Cleveland, by the Evangelical Associ- ation; monthly. Still published. 1869, July.— Das Evangelisehe Magazin (German), at Cleveland, by the Evangelical Association; monthly. ISIQ.— Temperance Era, at Cleveland, by J. A. Spencer. Published t)ne year. 1870. — Ohio Spirittialist, at Cleveland, by a company. Published *hree years. 1871. — Printing Gazette, at develand. Suspended in 1872. 1871, August 15. — Anzeiger, at Cleveland, by H. Gentz. Now pub- lished, daily and weekly. 1871, October. — The Sunday Morning Voice, at Cleveland, by W. S. Kobinson. In Jime, 1878, consolidated with Sunday Post, and called the Sunday Voice and Post. Afterward changed to the Sunday Voice. Still published. 1872. — Die Biene, at Cleveland, by William Miller. 1872.— The Prohibition Era, at Cleveland, by A. T. Proctor. Pub- lished four years. 1872. — The New Era, at Cleveland, by Parker & Co. Published a short time. 1872.— The Beat Estate Becorder, at Cleveland, by H. S. Herr. Pub- lished one year. 1872.— Po/cro/c (Bohemian), at Cleveland, by F. B. Zdrubek. Sus- pended in 1878. 1872. — The Mechanics' and Blacksmiths' Journal, at Cleveland, by J. Fehrenbatch. Suspended in 1878. 1872. — The Coopers' Journal, at Cleveland, by M. A. Foran. Pub- lished several years. 1872, December. — The Mission Harvester, at Cleveland. In July, 1874, changed to the Christian Harvester. 1873, January. — Die Sonntagsfreude, at Cleveland, by the German Baptist Publishing Company. 1873. — All Around tlie Clock, at Cleveland, by Nelson. After- ward changed to the South Cleveland Advocate. Still published. 1873. — The Home Companion, at Cleveland, by Thorpe & Bro. 1873. — The Beat Estate Journal, at Cleveland, by J. N. Bebout. Sus- pended in 1877. 1873. — The lUmtrated Bazaar, at Cleveland. Published several months. 1873.— florae and Garden, at Cleveland, by G. E. Blakelee. Pub- lished two years. 1873. — Hygenia, at Cleveland, by Dr. Libbey. Published three years. 1873. — OberHn New Era, at Cleveland, by Dr. Libbey. Published less than a year. 1873. — The Cleveland Pulpit, at Cleveland, by E. B. Eaffensperger. Published two years. 1874, June. — The Earnest Worker, at Cleveland, by the Women's Christian Association; monthly. 1874, July.— The Cathalie Universe, at Cleveland, by Rev. T. P. Thorpe. 1874. — The Cliagrin Exponent, at Chagrin Falls,- by Stranahan & Hohler. Still published. 1874. — Sontaggsblatt, at Cleveland, by J. Kurzer. 1874. — Cross and Crown, at Cleveland, by L. W. Tatum. Published one year. 1874. — The Columbia, at Cleveland, by J. KUlan. Suspended in 1878. 1874. — The Celtic Index, at Cleveland, by Rev. A. Quinn. Published a short time. 1874. — The Lumdale Enterprise, at Cleveland, by W. W. Robinson. Published one year. 1874. — Our Youth, at Cleveland. Published one year. 1874. — The Trio, at Cleveland. Published one year. 1875. — The Cuyahoga County Blade, at Newbnrgh, by L. A. Wood- ward. Published one year. 1875. — The Household Treasure, at Cleveland, by Waite & Meyel. Suspended in 1876. 1875. — The Irish National Magazine, by W. J. Nicholson. Sus- pended in 1876. 1875. — The Democratic Sunday Blade, at Cleveland. Published ono year. 1876.— The Indicator, at aeveland, by S. W. Crowell & Co. Sua pended iu 1877. 1876. — Die Abend Lust, at Cleveland, by the German Publishiua Company. 412 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. OHIO— Continued. 1876, January. — Eoangdical Svnday-School Teacher, at Cleveland, by the Evangelical Association. 1876. — Laemmerweide, at Cleveland, by the Evangelical Association. 1876. — My Lesson, at Cleveland, by the Evangelical Association. 1876. — The Little Ones at Some, at Cleveland, by M. A. Beebe. Pub- lished two years. 1876. — Maria Hilf, at Cleveland, by J. H. Eenfert. Suspended in 1877. 1876.— The Pictorial World, at Cleveland, by E. J. Farmer. Sus- pended in 1877. 1876. — Delnicke Liste, at Cleveland. Published two years. 1876, May. — The Sunday Morning Times, at Cleveland, by J. P. O'Brien. 1877. — The Sunday Post, at Cleveland. In 1878 consolidated with the Sunday Voice. 1877, October. — Dermice Novovcke (Bohemian), at Cleveland, by Vaclay, Snajdr & Korizik. 1878, November. — The Pemny Press, at Cleveland, by Scripps & Sweeny; daily. Still published. DARKE COUNTY. 1832, June 25. — The Western Statesman and Oreenville Courier, at Greenville, by E. Donnellan. In April, 1850. changed to the Journal. Still published. 1847, April. — The Democratic Serald, at Greenville, by Mehaffey & Lewis. In 1848 changed to the Union Democrat, and afterward to the Telegraph. In 1852 changed to the Mad Anthony, and in 1854 removed to Union City, Indiana. 1854.— The Eagle, at Greenville, by T. Perry. Published six months. 1855. — The Darke County Democrat, at Greenville, by A. G. Clarke. Still published. 1875, May 22.— The Sunday Courier, at Greenville, by G. W. Cal- derwood. Still published. DEFIANCE COUNTY. 1844. — The Democrat, at Defiance, by J. J. Greene. Still published. 1868. — The Express, at Defiance, by F. Brooks. Still published. FEANKLIN COUNTY. 1811. — The Western Intelligencer, at Worthington, by Colonel James Kilbourne. In 1814 removed to Columbus and called the Western In- telligencer and Golumhus Oazette. The first part of the title afterward dropped. In September, 1825, changed to Ohio State Journal and Co- lumbus Gazette. Daily established December 3, 1839. Now published as the Ohio State Jowrnal. 1812. — The Freeman's Clironicle, at Franklintou, by J. B. Gardner. Published two or three years. 1816. — The Ohio Monitor, at Columbus, by Smith & Grj«wold. In 1835 merged in the Western Hemisphere. 1825. — The Western Statesman, at Columbus, by MUls & Lewis. In 1828 merged in the Journal and Oazette. 1828. — The National Enquirer, at Columbus, by Horton Howard. Published two years. 1829, July. — The Ohio State Bulletin, at Columbus, by Bryan & Lazell. In 1832 changed to the Colmnius Sentinel, and in 1835 merged in the State Journal. 1830. — The Ohio Begister and Anti-Masonic Bemew, removed from Milan, Huron County, to Columbus, by Jenkins & Glover. Suspended in 1833. 1832. — The Western Hemisphere, at Columbus, by Gilbert & Melcher. In July, 1837, changed to the Ohio Statesman; Daily Statesman estab- lished in 1847; June 22, 1872, daily consolidated with Evening Dis- patch. Weekly now published as weekly edition of Daily Tim^s. 1832. — The Thompsonian Becorder, at Columbus, by Jarvis, Pike & Co. Removed to Cincinnati in 1842. 1833. — The Emigrant (German), at Columbus, by Henry Eoeder. Published one year. 1838.— The Ohio Confederate, at Columbus, by J. G. Miller. In 1841 changed to the Old School BepuWican, and continued two years. 1838. — The Cross and Journal (Baptist), removed from Cincinnati (established there in 1831) to Columbus, by George Cole. In 1849 re- turned to Cincinnati. 1840.— .The Ohio Stoats Zdtimg, at Columbus, by Weistling. Published one year. 1840. — The Straight-out Harrisonian, at Columbus, by Allen, Sage & Beverage. 1840.— The Tornado, by E. P. Sage, and the Auger, by T. W. H. Mosely, at Columbus. 1841. — The Ohio Adler (Gwman), at Columbus, by Valentine Kast- ner. Published two years. 1842.— The Ohio Freeman, at Columbus, by John Duffy. The Co- Iwmlms Herald afterward published by J. Duffy. 184-. — The Forejvertz (German), at Columbus, by Eobert Clemen. Published one year. 1845. — The Ohio Cultivator, at Columbus, by B. Batcham. Subse- quently removed to Cleveland. 1847. — The Ohio Press, at Columbus, by EH T. Tappan. Published a year or two. 1847. — The Freeman, at Columbus. 1848. — The Ohio Standard, at Columbus, by Hamlin & Garrard. Suspended in February, 1849. In November, 1849, another of samo- name established by Gale & Cleveland. Suspended in spring of 1851. 1851, January. — The Western Agriculturist, at Columbus, by J. H- Eiley & Co. ; monthly. 1851, October. — The Daily Capital City Fact, at Columbus, by a com- pany. In 1863 merged in the Daily Evening Express, and continued a short time. 1853.^ — The Medical and Surgical Journal, at Columbus, by Dr. John Dawson. Suspended in 1866. 1853, December 12. — The Daily Ohio State Democrat, at Columbus, by Knapp, Osgood & Blake. In 1854 united with the Statesman, and called the Statesman and Democrat. 1853. — The Columbian, at Columbus, by an association. In 1856- merged in the State Journal. 1855. — The Daily Enterprise, at Columbus, by J. M. Kinney & Co> Published six months. 1856. — The Volks Tribune, at Columbus, by a company. Published several years. FULTON COUNTY. 1855. — The North Western Bepublican, at Wauseon, by A. B. Smith. & Co. Stm published. GEAUGA COUNTY. 1828. — The Geauga Gazette, at Painesville. Soon afterward re- moved to Chardon, and changed to the Ohardon Spectator. Published, several years and then removed to Toledo. 1840, May.— The Geauga Freeman, at Chardon, by J. W. "White. In November, 1842, changed to the Geauga BepuMican and Whig, and in 1849 to the Geauga Bepublican. In 1854 removed to Cleveland. 1849, December. — The Free Democrat, at Chardon, by Brown & Can- field. In January, 1854, changed to the Jeffersonian Democrat ; in Jan- uary, 1866, to the Geauga Democrat, and in January, 1872, to the Geauga- Bepublican. Still published. 1872, August. — The Western Beserve Tim^, at Chardon, by Canfield, Eggleston & Bostwick. Afterward changed to the Chardon Times. Published one year. 1874, December. — The Geauga Leader, at Burton, by J. B. CoflSn., Still published. HANCOCK COUNTY. 1836, November 10. — ^The Democratic Courier, at Findlay, by J. Eo3~ enberg. Still published. 1840. — The Hancock Fanner, at Findlay, by J. Eosenberg. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 413 OHIO— Continued. 1845, January. — The Western Serald, at Findlay, by J. T. Foid. In November, 1845, changed to the Mndlay Herald. Afterward called the Journal, the Some Companion, the Jeffersonian, the Hancock Jeffer- sonian, and the Findlay Jeffersonian. Still published. HARBISON COUNTY. 1818, November. — The Ohio Luminary, at Cadiz, by S. Selgfried. HENE.Y COUNTY. 1853.— The North West, at Napoleon, by Orwig & Co. Still pub- lished. 1865. — ^The Signal, at Napoleon, by P. B. Auger. Still published. KNOX COUNTY. 1813. — The Ohio Register, at Clinton, by Smith & McArdel. In April, 1816, removed to Mount Vernon. Suspended April 15, 1818. 1825. — The Wekem Aurora, at Mount Vernon, by E. Harkness. Afterward changed to Mount Vernon Gazette. Suspended in 1835. 1827. — The Oambier Observer, at Gambler, by G. W. Myers. After- ward changed to the Western Episcopalian. Still published. 1827. — The Democrat and Knox Advertiser, at Mount Vernon, by Colerick. In October, 1832, changed to Mount Vernon Demo- crat and Knox Advertiser, and in 1833 to the Looking Glass and Whig Reflector. 1835, June. — The Day Book, at Mount Vernon, by Charles Colerick. In 1838 merged in the Western Watchman. 1838, April. — The Democratic Banner, at , by Bassett & Eobb. 1838. — The Western Watchman, at Mount Vernon, by S. M. Brown- ing. Suspended in 1839. 1840. — The Knox County Republican, at Mount Vernon, by J. E. Wil- son. Suspended in fall of 1841. 1842. — -The Times, at Mount Vernon, by "W. H. Cochran. Subse- quently called the Republican Times, the Ohio State Tim^a, and the Mount Vernon Republican. Still published as the Republican. 1848. — The Moimt Vernon True Whig, at Mount Vernon. After- ward changed to Norton's Daily True Whig. Suspended in 1855. 1858. — The National, at Mount Vernon, by Agnew & Ragnet. Pub- lished three months. 1860, December. — The Knox County Express, at Mount Vernon, by Agnew & Tiltou. MEECEK COUNTY. 1848, August 4. — The Advocate, at Celina, by Smith & Millard. Published one year. 1848. — The Western Standard, at Celina, by a stock company. Af- terward changed to the Mercer County Standard. Still published. ]874. — The Observer, at Celina, by J. E. Blizzard. Still published. MIAMI COUNTY. 1820, July 6. — The Piqua Gazette, at Piqua, by W. E. Barrington. In 1837 changed to the Intelligencer. Suspended in 1861. 1822. — The Miami Reporter, at Troy, by M. Pairchild. Suspended in 1869. 1847. — The Piqua Enquirer, at Piqua, by D. M. Fleming. In 1860 changed to the Piqua Journal. Still published. 1853.— The Tippecanoe City Reflector, at Tippecanoe City, by Hudson. Published two years. I860.— The Miami County Democrat, at Piqua, by Horton & Tever- baugh. Still published. 1865, January.— The Miami Union, at Troy, by J. W. Defrees. 1866.— The CHty Item, at Tippecanoe City, by C. Crowell; semi- monthly. Published a few months. 1869, June 10.— The Tippecanoe City Herald, at Tippecanoe City, by Horton. Still published. 1874.— The Miami Helmet, at Piqua, by Horton & Teverbaugh. StJU .published. 1878, April 17. — Der Piqua Correspondent, at Piqua, by J. B. Hem- steger. Still published. MUSKINGUM COUNTY. 1810.— The Ohio Patriot, at ZanesviUe, by White & Sawyer. EICHLAND COUNTY. 1818, April.— The Olive, at Mansfield, by J. C. Gilkinson. Pub- lished one year. 1823.— The Mansfield Gazette, at Mansfield, by J. Purdy. In 1832 merged in the Western Herald. 1832.— The Western Herald, at Mansfield, by J. L. Reed. In 1832 consolidated with the Mansfield Gazette, and called the Ohio Spectator. Suspended in 1833. 1832. — The Richland Whig, at Mansfield, by J. & C. Boreland. Published two years. 1836.— The Ohio Shield, at Mansfield, by Meredith & Wamock. In 1838 changed to the Shield and Banner. Still published. 1838. — The Richland Jeffersonian, at Mansfield, by Marain& Devine. Subsequently changed to the Mansfield Herald. Still published. 1844. — The Morning Pennant, at Mansfield, by Wiley & Tidball. 1844. — The Richland Bugle and Independent Press, at Mansfield, by William Johnson. Published one year. 1851. — The Plymouth Journal, at Plymouth, by E. H. Sanford. In 1853 changed to the Plymouth Advertiser. 1855. — The Galion Weekly Times, at Gallon, by J. H. Putnam. Sub- sequently changed to the Galion Weekly Train ; in 1856 to the Galion District Democrat, and in 1864 to the Galion Democrat. Continued a short time. 1858. — The Pioneer, at Shelby, by C. E. Brown. Published a short time. 1859. — The Ricldand Democrat, at Mansfield, by Kelley & Eeisinger. Suspended in 1862. 1862. — The Enterprise, at Shelby, by Kenton. Changed in 1863 to the Express, and continued one year. 1864. — The Gazette, at Shelby, by Glover & Bloom. Published three years. 1865, July 6. — The Weekly Reoiew, at Galion, by H. S. Z. Matthias. In 1871 changed to the Galion Democrat, and in 1874 to the Galion Re- mew. Still published. 1867.— The 8Mby Chronicle, at Shelby, by Young & Hill. In Oc- tober, 1868, changed to the Shelby Independent News, and in 1876 to the News. Still published. 1867, July. — The Advocate, at Crestline, by A. Billow. Still pub- lished. 1868.— The Gazette, at Shelby, by T. H. Barkdull. Published four years. 1872, February 28.— The Bellville Dollar Weekly, at Bellville, by Potts & Faus. Still published. 1872, October 5. — The Mansfield Courier); at Mansfield, by A. Sebach. Still published. 1872, October 31.— The Sun, at GaHon, by G. T. Eistine. Still pub- lished. 1873, March 20. — The Advocate, at Loudonville, by J. A. Euth. Still published. 1873. — The Independent Democrat, at Crestline, by Jenner & Eeed. In 1876 removed to Buoyrus. 1873, April. — The Ohio Liberal, at Mansfield, by a company. Still published. 1875. — The Ricldand Star, at Bellville, by Garber Bros. Still pub- lished. 1876, July. — The Sunday Morning Call, at Mansfield, by A. J. Baugh- man. Still published. 1876, December 2.— The Timss, at Shelby, by J. G. Hill. SliU pub- lished. SANDUSKY COUNTY. 1829.— The Journal, at Fremont, by A. H. Balsley. Still published. 414 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. OHIO— Continued. 1861. — The Courier, at Fremont, by Willmer & Knerr. Still pub- lished. 1864. — The Messenger, at Fremont, by J. S. Van Valkenburg. Still published. SENEGA COUNTY. 1832, Angust 4.— The Seneca Patriot, at Tiffin, by .T. H. Brown. . — The Independent Chronicle, at Tiffin, by A. Rawson. .—The I'tffin Gazette, at Tiffin, by J. F. Reed. Suspended in 1842. 1840, July. — The Van Burenite and Seneca County Advertiser, atTiSm, by H. Cronise. Suspended in 18-11. 1842, May 6.— The Seneca Advertiser, at Tiffin, by J. C. Breslin. Still published. 1845, November 18.— The Whig Standard, atTiffin, byG. L. Whaton. SUMMIT COUNTY. At Akron, since 1836, 22 periodicals have been issued, as follows: (a) 1836, March 19.— The Akron Weekly Post, by M. H. White. . — The Akron Journal, by J. F. Feijn. . — The American Balance, by Smith & Galloway. . — The Buzzard, by J. Brownbread. . — Glad Tidings, by Whitney, Davis & Doolittle. . — The Flower of the West, by Allison & Rumrix. . — The Festalozzian, by Sawtell & Co. . — The Cascade Roarer, by Lane & Co. . — Summit Beacon, by H. Bowen. .—The Flail, by L. L. Howard. — . — The American Democrat, by H. Canfield. — . — The Casket and Free Soil Platform. - — . — Free Democrat. . — True Kindred. . — Akron Offering. —Free Democratic Standard. .—The Whip. . — The Sockdolager. — The School Mistress. VAN WEET COUNTY. 1860. —The Bulletin, at Van Wert, by J. H. Foster. 1866.— The Times, at Van Wert, by W. H. Clymer. WAYNE COUNTY. Still published. Still published. 1817. — The Ohio Spectator, at Wooster, by L. Cox. Published about two years. 1820, January 13. — The Wooster Spectator, at Wooster, by Bentley & Clingan. Published seven years. 1826. — The Ohio Oracle, at Wooster, by J. Barr. Published four years. 1826. — The Correspondent, at Wooster, by J. Sala. Published a short time. 1826. — The BepuUiean Advocate, at Wooster, by J. Clingan. Con- solidated with the Western Telegraph, and called the Democratic Repub- lican. Subsequently changed to the Democrat. Still published. . — The Western Telegraph, at Wooster, by M. Barr. Merged in the Bepublican Advocate. 1832. — The Wooster Journal and Democratic Times, at Wooster. In 1840 changed to the Wooster Democrat, and iu 1853 to the Wooster Be- publican. Still published. 1844. — The Standard, at Wooster, by R. V. Kenney. Published a short time. 1855. — ^The American Eagle, at Wooster, by H. Coe. Published six months. 1866, December. — The West Salem Beview, at West Salem, by Dr. J. Georget; monthly. In 1867 changed to the ilfe&'cai! iJeiiew;. Suspended in 1868. 1867.— The True Citizen, at West Salem, by F. G. McCauley. Pub- lished three months. 1867.— The Orrmlle Orescent, at Orrville, by J. A. Wolback. Still published. 1868. — The Home Mirror, at Shreve, by C. M. Kenton; monthly. Changed to the Shreve City Mirror, and afterward to the Journal. Still published. 1868.— The West Salem .Journal, at West Salem, by J. Wicks. Pub- lished two years. 1871, January. — The Agricultural Commonwealth, at West Salem, by F. G. McCauley. In 1872 changed to the Buckeye Farmer, and after- ward to the West Salem Monitor. Still published. 1875. — Evening at Some, at Orrville, by H. A. Mumaw. 1875.— Foj-ds of Clieer, at Orrville. WILLIAMS COUNTY. 1855. — The Press, at Bryan, by P. C. Hayes. Still published. 1863. — The Democrat, at Bryan, by R. H. Patteraon. Still pub- lished. WOOD COUNTY. _ 1833, December 11. — The Miami of the Lake, at Perrysburg, by Scott & Darling. In August, 1838, changed to the Ohio Wliig. 1853. — The Journal, at Perrysburg, by J. Timmons. StUl pub- lished. 1867. — The Sentinel, at Bowling Green, by M. P. Brewer. Still pub- lished. WYANDOT COUNTY. 1845. — The Republican, at Upper Sandusky. StUl published. 1857. — The Democratic Union, at Upper Sandusky. Still published. (1 The information given is all that was furnished. OEEGON. Area, 94,560 square miles; population, 174,768; 23 counties — news- papers published in 21. The total number of newspapers and periodi- cals published in 1850 was 2; 1860, 16; 1870, 35; 1880, 74. The pub- lications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 7; weeklies, 59; monthlies, 6; semi-monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 1. In each of 18 towns one paper was published; in 11, two; in 1, three; in 2, four; and in 1, fiye or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1846, February. — Printing introduced and the Oregon Spectator estab- lished at Oregon City. 1848. — The Oregon Jhee Press, at Oregon City, by George L. Curry. PENNSYLVANIA. Area, 44, 985 square miles; population, 4,282,891; 67 counties — news- papers published in all. The total number of newspapers and period- icals pubUshed ia 1810 was 71 ; 1840, 187; 1850,310; 1860, 367; 1870, 540; 1880, 973. The publications during 1880 were divided, accord- ing to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 98; weeklies, 678; semi- weeklies, 3; tri-weeklies, 4; bi-weeklies, 1; monthlies, 159; semi- monthlies, 16; bi-monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 16; semi-annuals, 1. In each of 143 towns one paper was published; in 58, two; in 31, three; in 16, four; and in 32, five or more. EARLY HISTORY. 1686. — Printing first introduced at Philadelphia. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 415 PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. 1719, December 22. — The American Weekly Mercury, established at Philadelphia by Andrew Bradford; half cap sheet, 8J by 14. Publica- tion suspended soon after 1746. 1728, December 24. — The Universal Instructor in All Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Oazette, at Philadelphia, by Samuel Keimer. Cap sheet, 14 by 17. Sold to Benjamm Franklin, who was in partnership with Hugh Meredith, about 1739, when the first part of the title was dropped. Publication suspended for ^ short time in 1815; re-estab- lished, and in 1845 was merged in the Daily North American, which is stUl published. 1739. — The Pennsylvania German Recorder of Events, at Germantown, by Christopher Sower (or Saur). Published several years. 1741, January. — The General Magazine and Sistorical Chronicle for ail the British Plantations in America, at Philadelphia, by B. Franklin. Published six months. 1741, January. — The American Magazine, er a Monthly View of the British Colonies, at Philadelphia, by John "Webbe; 48 pages. But two numbers were published. 1742, December 2. — The Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Adver- tiser, at Philadelphia, by William Bradford; cap sheet, 14 by 17. Pub- lication suspended in 1797. 1743, May. — The Sigh Dutch Pennsylvania Journal, at Philadelphia, by Joseph Crellius. 1744. — The Germantown Gazette (German), at Germantown, by Chris- topher Sower, jr. (successor to German Becorder). Publication sus- pended in 1748. 1751. — Die Zietung, at Philadelphia, by Godheart Armbruster. Pub- lication suspended after 1764. 1757, October. — The American Magazine, or Monthly Chronicle fot the British Colonies, at Philadelphia, by William Bradford. Publication suspended ia 1758. 1762, January. — Der Wochentliehe Philadelphische Staatsbote, at Phila- delphia, by Henry Miller. PubKcation suspended in 1812. 1767, January 6. — The Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Adver- tiser, at Philadelphia, by William Goddard; medium sheet, 18 by 23. Publication suspended in February, 1773. 1769. — The Penny Post (magazine), at Philadelphia, by Benjamin Mecom. Published a short time. 1769. — The American Magazine, at Philadelphia, by Lewis Nicola. Publication suspended in 1770. 1771. — The Boyal Spiritual Magazine, or the Christianas Grand Treas- ury, at Philadelphia, by John MaoGibbons. Published monthly a few months. 1771, November. — The Pennsylvania Packet, or the General Adver- tiser, at Philadelphia, by John Dunlap; demy sheet, 16by 21. Changed to a daily in 1784, and called the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Adver- tiser. 1775, January. — The Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly Museum, at Philadelphia, by Robert Aitken; 4 pages, octavo. Pub- Uoatiou suspended in 1776. 1775, January 24. — The Pennsylvania Evening Post, at Philadelphia, byBenjaminToune; half crown sheet, 92byl5. Publication suspended in 1782. 1775, January 28. — The Pennsylvania Ledger, or the Virginia, Mary- land, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey Weekly Advertiser, at Philadelphia, by James Humphreys, jr. ; demy sheet, 16by 21. Suspended publication ia November, 1776. When the British took possession of the city its publication was resumed; but again discontinued when they left. 1775, April. — Story and Humphreys' Pennsylvania Mercury and Uni- versal Advertiser, at Philadelphia, by Story «& Humphreys; demy sheet, 16 by 21. Publication suspended in December, 1775. 1791, October. — The National Gazette, at Pliiladelphia, by Philip Freneau. Suspended in 1793. Papers were established in other counties as follows : ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 1786, July 29.— The Pittsburgh Gazette, at Pittsburgh, by J. Scull & Hall. 1805. — The Commonwealth, at Pittsburgh, by E. Pentland. After- ward changed to the Statesman. 1810.— The Mercury, at Pittsburgh, by J. C. Gilleland. 1821. — The Pittsburgh Record, at Pittsburgh, by Eev. Mr. Andrews- 1823. — The Allegheny Democrat, at Pittsburgh, by J. McFarland. BEDFORD COUNTY. 1805.— The Bedford Gazette, at Bedford. Still published. 1828. — The Bedford Ijiquirer, at Bedford. Still published. BEEKS COUNTY. 1789, February 18. — Neue-UnpartheyiscJie Zeitung, at Eeading, by Johnson, Barton & Yunginan. 1797, January 17. — The Adler, at Reading, by J. Snyder & Co^ Still published. 1816, June 17. — The Berks and Schuylkill, at Reading, by J. S. Rich- ards. Now published as the weekly edition of the Daily Times and Dispatch, established in 1857. . — The Democratic Press, at Reading, by S. Myers. — The Jeffersonian Democrat, at Reading, by J. Ritter. — The Gazette, at Reading, by Gitz & Boyer. — The Liberals Beobachter, at Reading, by A. Puwelle. — Alt Berks, at Reading, by W. Schoener. BLAIK COUNTY. 1833, August 9. — The Aurora, at Hollidaysburgh, by T. P. Camp- bell. Published two years. 1836, July 2. — The Canal and Portage Register, at Hollidaysburgh, by Scott & Gray. In April, 1838, changed to the Hollidaysburgh Regis- ter and Huntingdon County Inquirer ; March, 1846, to the Hollidaysburgh Register and Blair County Inquirer ; in 1854 or 1855 to the Hollidays- burgh Register and Blair County Weekly News, and in November, 1870, to the Hollidaysburgh Register. Still published. 1838. — The Standard, at Hollidaysburgh, by P. L. Joslin. Sus- pended for a while, but re-established in October, 1844, as the Demo- cratic Standard. Still published. 1843, January. — The Beacon Light, at Hollidaysburgh, by Traugh & Boggs. In 1845 merged in the Democratic Standard. 1847. — ^The Blair County Whig, at Hollidaysburgh, by J. L. Slentz. In 1866 changed to the Radical and Blair County Whig, and in May,. 1868, to the Blair County Radical. Afterward removed to Altoonar where it is now published. 1849.— The Shield, at Hollidaysburgh, by H. Smith. Published a short time. 1855.— The Register, at Altoona, by W. H. & J. A. Snyder. Pub- lished six months. 1856, January. — The Tribune, at Altoona, by Allison & MoCrum. Still published as the weekly of fhe Daily Tribune, established January, 1878. 1856. — The American Era, at Tyrone, by a stock company. . — The Herald, at Tyrone, by R. Stoddard. Published about one year and suspended, but revived as the Tyrone Star. Afterward suspended, but again re-established as the Western Hemisphere. Sus- pended in August, 1867, but revived as the Tyrone Herald. Still pub- lished. 1866.— The iecK^ej-, at Hollidaysburgh, by J. H. Keatly. Published about one year. 1868. — The Temperance Vindicator, at Williamsburg, by J. P. Thompson. In 1870 removed to Harrisburg. 1868, May. — The Vindicator, at Altoona, by J. F. Campbell. In De- cember, 1869, changed to the Altoona Sun. Now published as the weekly edition of the Daily Sun, established in December, 1879. 1870, June. — The Blade, at Tyrone, by J. L. Holmes. In Novem- ber, 1872, changed to the Tyrone Democrat. Suspended in July, 1880. 1873, November. — Thei Baptist, at Altoona, by Rev. William CodviUe. Published one year. 416 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. 1874, June. — The Evening Mirror, atAltoona, by Slep&Akers; daily. In 1879 changed to the Democratic Call, and afterward to the Evening Call. Still published. 1874. — The Cove Echo, at Martinsburg, by H. & J. Brumbaugh. Published a short time. . — The Sunday Globe, at Altoona, by G-. J. Akers ; weekly. In 1877 changed to the Daily Globe. 1877, July. — The Musical Advocate, at Altoona, by E. B. Mahaffey; monthly. 1878, March. — Der Deutsche VolksfueJirer (German), at Altoona, by H. Slep. Still published. 1879, May. — The Advance, at Altoona, by T. P. Eynder. Still pub- lished. 1879, August. — The Youth's Mirror, at Altoona, by E. J. Slep; monthly. BUCKS COUNTY. 1800, July 25. — The Farmer's Weekly Gazette, at Doylestown, by I. Ralston. Published about two years. 1800. — The Aurora, at Philadelphia, by F. Bache. Removed to Bristol temporarily. 1802.— The Bucks County Bee, at Newtown, by C. Holt. 1804, July. — ^The Pennsylvania Correspondent and Farmer' s Advertiser, by A. Miner. lu 1818 changed , to the Pennsylvania Correspondent ; in 1824 to the -Bwefe County Patriot and Farmer' s Advertiser ; in 1827 to the Bucks County Intelligencer and General Advertiser. Still published. 1805. — The Farmer's Gazette and Bucks County Register, at Newtown, by W. B. Coale. Suspended in 1817. 1816. — The Democrat, at Doylestown, by L. Diffenbach & Co. In 1821 consolidated with the Messenger and changed to the Bucks County Democrat; afterward to the Democrat and Farmer's Gazette, and in 1829 to the Doylestown Democrat. Still published. 1817, May. — The Star of Freedom, at Newtown, by A. Miner.- Sus- pended in April, 1818. 1820. — The Bucks County Messenger, at Doylestown, by S. Seigfried. In 1821 merged in the Democrat. 1827. — The Bucks County Political Examiner, at Doylestown, by Shaw & Bartleson. In 1829 changed to the Bucks County Bepublican, and in December, 1829, to the Bucks County Be-publican and Anti-Masonic Beg- ister. Published four years. 1827, June. — The Doylestown Express, at Doylestown, by M. H. Snyder. In 1827 Changed to the Bucks County Express, consolidated with the Reform, and changed to the Express and Reform. Still pub- lished. 1835, AprU.' — The Jackson Courier and Democratic Advertiser, at Doylestown, by F. Ross. Suspended in February, 1836. 1835, August. — Der Bauer (German), at Doylestown, by J. Young. In 1841 changed to Der Slorgenslern. Still published. 18.37 or \8Z?,.— The, Public Advocate, at Doylestown, by F. P. Sellers. Published one year. 1840, August. — The Literary Chronicle, at Hatborough. In 1841 re- moved to Newtown, and iu 1842 changed to the Newioum Journal. Sus- pended in 1850. > 1843.— The Olive Branch, at Doylesto^ATi, by F. P. Sellers. In 1850 removed to Norristown and changed to the Independent. Afterward to the Olive Branch, and finally suspended. 1847. — The Independent Democrat, at Doylestown, by W. H. Snyder. In 1852 changed to the Watchtower. Suspended about 1854. 1849.— The Gazette, at Bristol, by "W. Bache. Suspended in 1850. 1850. — Der Religiose Botschafler (German), at Milford Square; semi- monthly. In 1860 changed to Das ChristlicJie Vblksblatt, and in 1873 to Der Metmonitische Friedenbote. Still published. 1853, summer. — The Spy, at Doylestown, by R. T. Donatt. Sus- pended in 1854. 1854. — The Star Spangled Banner, at Quakertown, by Overholt & Donatt. 1854, July. — The Bucks County American, at Bristol. In 1856 con- solidated with the Burlington American. 1857, October. — The Gazette, at Newtown, by W. Bush. Published one year. 1858, March. — Qu^akertoion Press, at Quakertown, by Schaupp & Wenig. In November, 1859, changed to the Educator. In 1863 re- moved to TurbotviUe; in 1865 to Williamsport, and in 1872 to Kutz- town, Berks county, and published as the National Educator ; monthly. 1859, January. — The Index, at Bristol, by W. Bache. Published eighteen months. 1859, April. — The Democratic Standard, at Doylestown, by Beans & Keister. Suspended in 1861. 1866. — TheReform (German), at Doylestown, by Dr. Morwitz. Con- solidated vrith the Express. 1868, March.— The Enterprise, at Newtown, by E. F. Church. Still published. 1869. — The Independent, at Quakertown, by Pryor. Changed to the Bucks County Mirror, and in 1872 removed to Doylestown. Still pub- lished. 1871, January. — The Good Templar's Journal, quarterly, at Hulme- ville, by Mr. Tilton and Hannah E. Holcomb. Published a short time. 1871.— The Squib, at Hulmeville, by W. Tilton. In April, 1872, changed to the Beacon, and in August, 1872, to the Hulmeville Beacon. Still published. 1871, April. — The Observer, atBristol, by J. Drury. Still published. 1872. — The Luminary, at Yardleyville, Lower Makefield township, by "W. H. Shively. Suspended in 1875. 1873, August. — Thei>«efe County Gazette, atBristol, by J. O. Thomas. Still published. 1873, November. — The Eclw, at Hulmeville, by W. H. Johnson. In February, 1875, changed to the Keystone Amateur. Suspended in Oc- tober, 1875. 1875, April. — Die Demohratische ITacM (German), at Doylestown, by Heist & McGinty. StiU published. 1876, January. — Das Siminels Manna (German), at Milibrd Square, by J. G. Stauffer; monthly. Still published. CARBON COUNTY. 1830. — The Carbon County Gazette, at Mauch Chunk, by A. L.Foster. StUl published. 1833. — The Mauch Chunk Courier, at Mauch Chunk, by A. L. Foster, CENTRE COUNTY. 1827. — The Democrat, at Bellefonte, by P. Benner. CLINTON COUNTY. 1838, August. — The Eagle, at Lock Haven, by W. A. Kinsloe. In 1839 changed to the Clintonian. In 1840 suspended for a short time, but revived as the Clinton County Whig. October 17, 1847, removed to Jersey Shore. 1839 or 1840. — The Clinton County Democrat, at Lock Haven, by Wil- bur & Shriner. Published a year or two. In 1843 revived by J. E. Eck. . — The Clinton Democrat, at Lock Haven, by S. S. Seely. 1849, December 26. — The Clinton Tribune, at Lock Haven, by A. J. Greer. About 1855 changed to the Watchman. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1836. — The Democrat, at Eloomsburg. In 1869 consolidated vrith the Columbian. 1857. — The Republican, at Eloomsburg. Still published. 1866. — The Columbian, at Eloomsburg^ In 1869 consolidated with the Democrat. Still published as the Columbian. CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1810.— The Weekly News, at Shippensburg, by J. L. Baker. 1835 or 1836. — The Microcosm, at Mechanicsburg, by D. J. Weaver. Published a short time. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 417 PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. 1835 or 1836. — The ScJmoI Visitor, at Mechaniosburg, by A. P. Cox. Published a short time. . — The Indqiiendeni Press, at Mechanicsburg, by Spring- man. DAUPHIN COUNTY. 1791. — The Oracle of Dauphin, at Harrisburg. Changed to the Harrisburg Weekly Telegraph. 1828. — The Pennsylvania Telegraph, at Harrisburg, by T. Fenn. Still published as the weekly of the Daily Pennsylvania Telegraph, by Bergner & Co., established October, 1856. 1836. — The Ohureh Advocate, at Harrisburg, by Thomas, G-able & Eoss. Still published. 1843, June 7. — The Democratic Union, at Harrisburg, by McKinley & Lescue. Merged in the Pennsylvania Patriot. 1843, about. — The Vaterland Wachter (German), at Harrisburg, by Gr. Bergner. . — ^The Keystone, at Harrisburg, by O. Barrett. Merged in the Democratic Union. . — The Reporter, at Harrisburg. Merged in the Democratic Union. . — ^The Gazette, at Harrisburg. Merged in the Democratic Union. 1850, December 27. — The American Whig, at Harrisburg, by Berg- ner & Co. ; daily. Published one year. 1852. — The Borough Item, at Harrisburg, by Crap & George; daily. Published until 1857. 1852. — ^The Daily Times, at Harrisburg, by Egle & Co. Changed to the Morning Herald. Published two years and then changed to the Harrisburg Daily Herald. In September, 1858, changed to the Daily Patriot and Union. Still published as the Patriot. 1854, March 4. — The Pennsylvania Patriot, at Harrisburg. Con- solidated with the Democratic Union and changed to the Patriot and Union, and afterward to the Patriot. Still published in connection with the Daily Patriot. . — The Harrisburg Democrat (German), at Harrisburg, by Kuhn, Fuss & Weaver. In April, 1858, consolidated with the Lancaster Democrat and changed to the Lancaster and Harrisburg Democrat. . — The Pennsylvania Intelligencer, at Harrisburg, by C. McCurdy. . — ^The Pennsylvania Reporter and Home Journal, at Harrisburg, by I. E. Diller. . — ^The Argus, at Harrisburg, by J. J. C. Cantine. . — The American Beformer, at Harrisburg, by J. M. W. Geist. . — The American Sentinel, at Harrisburg, by P. H. McWilliam. 1866. — ^The PennsylvaniseJie Stoats Zeitung, at Harrisburg, by Baab, herausgeber and eigenthiimer. Still published. . — The Hamburger SehneUpostund Allgemeiner Deutscher Anzeiger, at Harrisburg, by M. A. Sellers. DKLAWAEE COUNTY. 1819, November 8.— The Post Boy, at Chester, by Butler & Worth- ington. In 1825 changed to the Upland Union. Suspended in 1852. 1827. — The Weekly Visitor, at Chester, by W. Eussell, jr. Sus- pended in 1832. 1833. — 'The Delaware County RepvMiean, at Darby, by Y. S. "Walter. In November, 1841, removed to Chester. Still published. 1835. — The Delaware County Democrat, at Chester, by C. Pierce. Published a year or two. 1843. — The Chariot, at Chester, by Jackson & Flavill. Published a short time. 1850, May. — The Herald, at Chester, by S. E. Cohen; monthly. September 13, 1850, changed to a weekly. Soon after discontinued. 1855. — Ths Delaware County American, at Media, by Vernon & Cooper. Still published. 1856, October. — ^The Upland Union and Del'iware County Democrat, at Chester. Published a few weeks. 1866, October 27. — The Oiester Advertiser, at Chester, by Spencer & Taylor. Published about two years. June 6, 1868, resumed as the 27 PR Cltester Advocate. Afterward changed to the Delaware County Advo- cate. Still published as the weekly of the Evening Times, established 1876. 1867, October 5. — The Delaware County Democrat, at Chester, by D. B. Overholt. Afterward consolidated with the Democratic Pilot, and changed to the Democrat and Pilot. Still published as the Democrat. 1871, June 3.— The Democratic Pilot, at Chester, by Orr & Bowman. Consolidated with the Democrat. 1872.— The Chester Pilot, at Chester, by J. Mullen. November 27, 1873, changed to the Delaware County Mail, and November 27, 1876, consolidated with the Delaware County Paper, and called the Delaware County Paper and Mail. Still published. 1872, June 1. — The Evening News, at Chester, by F. S. Hill. June 17, 1872, changed to the Cltester Evening News. Still published. 1876, May. — The Delaware County Paper, at Chester, by J. McFceters. November 27, 1876, consolidated with the Delaware County Mail. BEIE COUNTY. 1808.— The Mirror, at Erie, by G. Wyeth. Published two years. 1813.— The Nortliern Sentinel, at Erie, by E. J. Curtis. In 1816 changed to the Phoenix and Erie Reflector ; in 1819 changed to the Genius of the Lakes, and removed to May ville. New York. Suspended in 1820. 1818.— The Erie Patriot, at Erie, by Z. "Willis. In 1819 removed to Cleveland, Ohio. 1820, January.— The Erie Gazette, at Erie, by J. M. Sterrett. Still published. 1830.— The Erie Observer, at Erie, by F. B. Barnum. Still published. 1840. — The Erie Chronicle, at Erie, by S. Perley. In 1855 merged in the True American. 1845. — The Free Press, at Girard, by S. D. Carpenter. 1845. — The Girard Express, at Girard, by L. F. Andrews. In No- vember, 1854, changed to the Girard Republican. 1846. — The Commercial Advertiser, at Erie, by J. P. Cochran. In 1853 changed to the Constitution, and afterward to the Daily Bulletin. Suspended in 1858. 1851. — Unsere Welt (German), at Erie, by C. Benson. Afterward changed to the Freie Presse. 1851.— The Dispatch, at "Waterford, by J. S. M. Young. In 1856 re- moved to Erie and changed to the Erie City Dispatch. Still published as the weekly of the Daily Dispatch, established in 1861. 1852. — Zuschauer Am Erie (German), at Erie, by Scheufflem. Still published. 1853. — The True American, at Erie, by Compton & Moore. In 1855 consolidated with the Erie Chronicle. 1855.^The Nartlieast Guard, at Erie. Published a few months. 1855. — The Museum, at Edinhoro', by Lewis. In 1856 re- moved to "Waterford. In 1857 changed to the Enquirer, and afterward suspended. 1855. — The Gem, at Edinboro'. Suspended in 1856. 1855. — The Native American, at Edinboro'; monthly. 1859.— The Edinboro' Express, at Edinboro', by H. Lick. Published until December 29, 1860. 1859.— The Exjmss, at Erie, by E. C. Goodrich. Merged with the True American. FEANKLIN COUNTY. 1790, July. — The Western Adoertiser and Chambersburg Weekly, at Chambersburg, by "W. Davison. In September, 1793, changed to the CJiambersburg Gazette, and in April, 1796, to the Franklin Repository. In 1840 consolidated ivith the Anti-Masonic Whig, and published asthe Repository and Whig. In 18.35 consolidated with the Transcript, and called Repository and Transcript. In 1863 consolidated with the Dh patch. In 1863 changed to the Franklin Repository. Still publi'^hed. 1806. — The Franklin Repidilican, at Chambersburg, bv "W. Ainiour. Published nntU 1828. 1808, — Der Redliclie Registrator, at Chambersburg, by G. K. Harper. Published until 1831. 418 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. 1828. — The Anti-Masonic Press, at Chambersburg, by J. Culberson. In 1828 changed to the ArUi-Masonic Wliig. In 1840 consolidated with the Franklin Repository. 1831. — The Franklin Telegraph, at Chambersburg, by Euby & Max- well, in 1841 changed to the Clmmbersburg Times, and in 1848 to the Cumberland Valley Sentinel. In 1852 merged in the Valley Spirit. 1846.— The Journal, at Mercersburg, by M. J. Slick. Still pub- lished. 1847. — The Village Record, at Waynesboro', by "W. Blair. Still pub- lished. 1847. — ^The Valley Spirit, at Shippensburg, by Cooper & Dechert. In 1852 removed to Chambersburg and consolidated with the Valley Sen- tinel. In 1862 consolidated with the Times, changed to the Spirit and Times, and in 1863 to the Valley Spirit. Still published. 1849, July. — The Franklin Intelligencer, at Chambersburg, by Mish & Shoemaker. In 1853 merged in the Repository. 1853, July.— The Transcript, at Chambersburg, by R. P. Hazelett. In 1855 consolidated with the Repository. 1853. — The Omnibm, at Chambersburg, by E. P. Hazelett ; semi- monthly. 1858, April. — The Independent, at Chambersburg, by Hazelett & Wirtz. In 1859 changed to the Tim^. In 1862 consolidated with the Valley Spirit. 1861, April. — The Semi- Weekly Dispatch, at Chambersburg, by Merkline & Co. In 1863 merged in the Repository. 1867.— The Valley EcIm, at Greencastle,by Gr. E. Haller. Still pub- lished. 1869. — The Pvblic Opinion, at Chambersburg, by M. A. Foltz. StiU published. 1870. — The Keystone Gazette, at Waynesboro', by West & Jacob. Still published. ' HUNTINGDON COUNTY. l'i'97, July 4. — The Huntingdon Courier and Weekly Advertiser, a Huntingdon, by M. Duffey. Published about one year. 1801, February 12. — The Huntingdon Qazette and Weekly Advertiser at Huntingdon, by J. McCahan. 1809, November. — The Literary Museum and Monthly Miscellany, at Huntingdon, by Smith & Canan ; monthly. Published one year.- 1829, February 24. — ^The Republican Advocate, at Huntingdon, by E. Wallace. Changed to the Advocate and Sentinel, and in April, 1841, to the Watchman. 1830, May 29. — The Huntingdon Courier and Anti-Masonic Republican, at Huntingdon, by H. L. McConnell. In 1832 changed to the Hunting- don Courier and National Republican Monitor. Afterward suspended. 1835, September 23. — The Journal, at Huntingdon, by Benedict & Co. In 1859 consolidated with the American, and changeAtothe Jour- nal and Amer-iean. Consolidated with the iJqjMftKcan. January 4, 1871, changed to the Huntingdon Journal. Still published. . — The American, at Huntingdon, by J. A. Nash. In 1859 con- solidated with the Journal. .■ — The Republican, at Huntingdon, by T. N. Cremer. Consoli- dated with the Journal. 1843, November 22. — The Globe, at Huntingdon, by Mytenger & Gentzell. Still published. 1847. — The Messenger, at Huntingdon, by G. Eaymond. Published a year or two. 1853, June 14. — The Standing Stone Banner, at Huntingdon, by Africa & Whittaker. In 1854 changed to the Standing Stone. Suspended in 1855. 1859, August. — The Union, at Huntingdon, by E. W. Speer. Sus- pended in January, 1861. 1861, February. — The Broad Top Miner, atCoalmont, by A. Tyhurst. 1861, March. — The Workingmen's Advocate, at Huntingdon, by'Shaw & Miller. Published a few months. 1862, September 3. — The Monitor, at Huntingdon, by A. Owen. Still published. 1870.— The Pilgrim, at Marklesburg, by Bianmbaugh & Bro. ; semi- monthly. 1874, May 10. — The Loeal News, at Huntingdon, by H. Lindsay; semi- weekly. Still published. 1874. — The Leader, at Orbisonia, by Coons & Co. Still published. 1875, August 18. — The Young America, at Huntingdon, by O. O. Leabhart. Suspended May 5, 1876. 1876, January.— The Young Disciple (S. S.), at Marklesburg, by Braumbaugh & Bro. LACKAWANNA COUNTY. 1838. — The Journal, at Carbondale, by J. B. Mix. Suspended in September, 1841. 1842, May. — The Gazette, at Carbondale, by J. S. Joslin. In De- cember, 1844, changed to the County Mirror. In 1845 removed to Provi- dence, same county. 1845. — The Democrat, at Carbondale, by Joslin & Benedict. In 1849 changed to the Lackawanna Citizen and Carbondale Democrat, and in 1850 to the Lackawanna Citizen. Suspended April 1, 1854. 1849, January 20. — The Lackawanna Journal, at Carbondale, by G. M. Reynolds. February 28, 1851, changed to the Carbondale Tran- script and Lackawanna Journal. Suspended May 1, 1857. 1852. — The Lackawanna Herald, at Scranton, by C. E. Lathrop. In 1856 united with the Spirit of the VaUey and changed to the Herald of the Union. 1854, August. — ^The Democrat, at Carbondale, by Alleger & Adams. Suspended in January, 1855. 1 855, June. — The Democratic Standard and Know-Nothing Expositor, at Carbondale, by J. J. Allen. Suspended September 17, 1855. 1855. — The Tri- Weekly Experiment, at Scranton, by F. Dudley. Pub- lished three months. 1856. — The Republican, at Scranton, by P. Smith. Still published as the weekly of the Daily Republican, established 1867. LANCASTKE COUNTY. 1751. (German and English), at Lancaster, by Miller & Holland. 1794, June. — The Journal, at Lancaster, by Wilcox & Hamilton. In 1839 merged in the Intelligencer. 1799. — The Intelligencer, at Lancaster, by W. & T. Dickson. In September, 1839, consolidated with the Journal under the title of the Intelligencer and Journal. Still published as the weekly of the Daily Intelligencer, established August, 1864. 1808. — Der Volksfrcund (Geirasm), at Lancaster, by William Hamilton. In 1838 consolidated with Der Beobachter and changed to Der Volksfreund und Beobachter. Still published. 1808, September. — ^The Gleaner, or Monthly Magazine, at Lancaster, by Potts & Greer. Published one year. 1812. — The Lancaster Gazette, at Lancaster, by H. Maxwell. Pub- lished several years. 1816.— The Pilot, at Marietta, by J. Huss. In 1825 changed to the Pioneer, and in 1831 to the Columbia Spy. Still published at Columbia. 1816 or 1818. — The Ladies^ Visitor, at Marietta, by William Pierce ; monthly. Published two or three years. 1821. — The Free Press, at Lancaster, by M. Kelley. 1821. — The Am^ican Standard, at Lancaster, by S. C. Stambangh. 1828, June. — The Anti-Masonic Herald, at New Holland, by Fenu & Vesey. In April, 1829, removed to Lancaster. In 1834 united with the Examiner. 1829 or 1830. — The Anti-Masonic Opponent, atLanca-ster, by C. Jacobs. 1829 or 1830. —The Standard of Liberty, at Lancaster, by H. W. Ville. 1830. — The Columbia Courant, at Columbia, by Sheaff & Heinitsh. Still published. 1830. — The Examiner, at Lancaster, by S. Wagner. In 1834 con- solidated with the Herald under the title of Examiner and Herald. In 1864 with the Union, and issued semi- weekly. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 419 PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. .—The HeraJd, at Lancaster. In Jnne, 1834, consolidated with the Examiner. 1831. — The BetJiania Palladium, atBethania, byE. Chambers. Pub- lished two or three years. 1832. — The Marietta Advocate, at Marietta, by W. E. McCary. Pub- lished four years and removed to Lewistown. 1833, June. — The IneUor, at Lancaster, by A. Gilbert; monthly. Published one year. 1833 or 1834. — The Lancaster Miscellany, at Lancaster, byE. Conyng- ham. 1834, May. — The Union, at Lancaster, by J. L. Boswell. In No- vember, 1851, merged in the Independent Whig. 1835. — The Wahre Amerieaner (German), at Lancaster, by F. Frank. In 1840 changed to the Wahre Democrat. . — Der Beobachter, at Lancaster, by S. Wagner. In 1838 con- solidated with Der Volksfreund. 1839. — ^The Old Guard, at Lancaster, by a joint stock company. Soon afterward merged in the Examiner. 1839, August. — The Semi-Weekly Gazette, at Lancaster, by Bryson, Peaisol & Wimer. Four months later changed to the Age. Published until the latter part of 1842. . — The Working Men's Press, at Lancaster, by J. Myers. In 1846 consolidated with the American Republican. 1841 or 1842. — The Washingtonian, at Marietta, by Goodman & Taylor. Changed to the Orb, and afterward to the Ant. 1843, February. — The Express, .it Lancaster, by J. EC. Pearsol. 1844, January. — The Sloral Reformer, at Lancaster, by Eev. H. Mil- ler. Afterward changed to the American Reformer. Suspended in 1845. 1844, April. — ^The Argus, at Marietta, by Goodman & Baker. Pub- lished three years. 1844. — The American Republican, at Lancaster, by D. S. Kelffer. In 1846 consolidated with the Working Men's Press. In 1859 merged in the Inquirer. 1844, May. — The Lancaster Democrat, at Lancaster, by H. Hays. 1844, about. — The Little Missionary, at Marietta, by J. F. Weis- hampel ; semi-monthly. Published one year. 1843. — The Lancaster County Farmer, at Lancaster, by E. Bowen. Changed to the Fanner and Literary Gazette, and about 1849 merged in the Examiner. 1846, June. — The Tribune and Advertiser, at Lancaster, by E. W. Middleton. In 1848 united with the Union under the title of Union and Tribune. 1848, January. — ^The Laneasterian, at Lancaster, by M. D. Holbrook. October 12; 1855, united with the Intelligencer. 1849, January. — The Guardian, at Lancaster, by Eev. H. Harbaugh; monthly. Formerly published at Lewisburg. 1850, December. — The Bee, at Strasburg, by M. M. Eohrer. Sus- pended the latter part of 1856. 1851, November. — The Independent Wliig, at Lancaster, by a joint stock company. In 1855 published semi-weekly. 1852, January. — The Pennsylvania School Journal, at Lancaster, by T. n. Burrowes; monthly. Still published. 1852. — The MecJianics' Counsellor, at Lancaster, by E. H. Eauch; monthly. Published one year. 1853, May. — The Inland Daily, at Lancaster, by a stock company. Changed to the Inland Daily Times. Suspended in 1858.' 1853, December. — The Public Register, at Lancaster, by H. A. Eocka- field. In June, 1854, changed to the Public Register and American Citi- zen. Afterward consolidated with the Press. 1854, March. — The Mount Joy Herald, at Mount Joy, by F. H. Stauffer. Still published. 1854, April. — The Mnricttian, at Marietta, by a joint stock company. 1855. — The Inland Weekly, at Lancaster, by a joint stock company. In 18.58 changed to the Lancaster Union. In January, 1863, consoU- daled with the Examiner. 1855. — The Conestoga Cliief, at Lancaster, by H. L. GoodaU. 1858.— The Manheim Sentinel, at Manheim, by S. Ensminger. StiU published. 1858.— The Serald, at 'Strasburg, by W. J. Kaufiinan. Published until the spring of 1861. 1858, October. — The Temperance Advocate, at Lancaster, by E. S. Speaker. Published three years. 1859, January. — The Inquirer, at Lancaster, by Wylie & Co. In September, 1859, consolidated with the American Press and Republican. Now published as the Inquirer. 1859. — The Gospel Publisher, at Lancaster, by Eev. J. Winebrenner. Formerly published at Harrisburgh. Established in 1836; afterward suspended, and in 1846 revived as the Church Advocate. In 1859 re- moved to Lancaster. , 1859 or 1860. — The Page Monthly, at MiUerstown, by B. H. Her- shey. . 1859 or 1860. — The Normal Weekly, at MUlerstown. 1860. — The Educational Record, at Lancaster, by S. B. Markley; monthly. 1862, July. — The Daily Inquirer, at Lancaster, by S. A. Wylie. Sus- pended February 3, 1864. 1864. — The Trumpet, at Elizabethtown, by B. H. Lehman. After- ward changed to the Gazette. In AprU, 1869, removed to Mount Vernon, Huntingdon county, and published as the News. 1866, July. — The Monthly Circular, at Lancaster, by the Good Tem- plars. In July, 1868, changed to the Keystone Good Templar and pub- lished semi-monthly. In December, 1868, changed to a weekly. 1867, January. — The Sunday School Gem, at Lancaster; from the ofSce of the Church Advocate; monthly. 1868. — The Voice of Truth, by Warner & Kafroth; monthly. 1868, June. — The Daily Spy, at Columbia, by A. M. Eambo & Son. 1869, January. — The Lancaster Farmer, at Lancaster, under the au- spices of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society; monthly. Still published. 1869, April. — The Mechanic's Advocate, at Lancaster, by Snyder, Wylie & Snyder; monthly. LEBANON COUNTY. 1814. — Der Wahre Demokral und Volks Advokat, at Lebanon, by J. Hartman. Still published. 1836. — The Lebanon Courier, at Lebanon, by G. Frysinger. Still published. . — The Lebanon Demokrat, at Lebanon, by J. P. Sanderson. LEHIGH COUNTY. 1810. — Der Una])haengische Bepublicaner, at Allentown. Still pub- lished. 1812. — Der Friedenbote, at AUentown. Still published. 1828. — Der Leeha Patriot, at Allentown, by E. Guth. . — The Lehigh Bulletin, at Allentown, by J. Eoyer. LUZEENB COUNTY. 1795. — ^The Herald of the Times, at Wilkesbarre. In November, 1797, changed to the Wilkesbarre Gazette. Published until 1801. 1801. — The Luzerne Federalist, at Wilkesbarre, by Asher Miner. In 1811 changed to the Gleaner. Suspended in 1818. 1810. — The Susquehanna. Democrat, at Wilkesbarre, by S. Maffett. Suspended about 1835. 1813. — The Literary Visitor, at Wilkesbarre, by S. Butler. Sus- pended in July, 1815. 1 818.— The Wyoming Herald, at WUkesbarre, by S. Butler. In 1835 merged in the Wyoming Republican. 1828. — The Republican Farmer, at Wilkesbarre, by Pettibone & Held. In 1839 consolidated with the Wyoming Republican. In 1852 merged in the Luzerne Union. 1832. — The Wyoming Republican, at Ivingston, by S. D. Lewis. In 1835 consolidated with the Herald. In 1837 removed to Wilkesbarre, and in 1839 united with the Republican Farmer. 420 THE NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. PENNSYLVANIA-CoQtinued. 1832.— The Anti-Masonic Advocate, at Wilkesbarre, by S. Worthing- ton. In 1838 changed to the Wilkesbarre Advocate, and in 1853 to the Record of the Times. 1834. — The Mountaineer, at Conyngham, by J. A. Gordon. Pub- lished eighteen months. 1840. — The Northern Pennsylvania, at Wilkesbarre, by W. Bolton. Published one year, and then removed to Tunkhannock, Wyoming county: 1840.— The Truth, at Wilkesbarre, by B. C. Denison. Afterward changed to the Democratic Truth. 1840. — The Wasp, at Wilkesbarre, by Burdock & Boneset. 1841. — The Democratic Watchman (German), at Wilkesbarre, by J. Waelder. StiU published. 1845. — The Luzerne Democrat, at Wilkesbarre, by L. L. Tate. In 1852 changed to the Luzerne Union. 1850.— The Cfazette, at Pittston, by Richards & Phillips. StiU pub- lished. 1852. — The True Democrat, at Wilkesbarre, by Bamum & Beau- mont. In 1853 changed to the i)e))ioerafee.EcposJORT OIST ISTE^VSTSPA^PER A^NID I^ERIODI- CA^L PRESS. A. Page. Abolition papers in the mails 142,143 Academidmi, The 123 Acta Yictoriana ] 24 Adams, Abij ah, trial of 35 Adams, John, administration of 15, 35 Adams, Samuel 15 Administration organs at Washington 97 Advertisements and sales 85 Advertisements as a source of revenue ... - 79 Advertisements, considerations affecting the value of 86 Advertisements, English 132 Advertisements, English, tax on 133 Advertisements in colonial press, character of ._ 21 Advertisements in colonial press, cost of 87-89 Advertisements, income tax on, prohibited 162 Advertisements in first American newspaper 13 Advertisements of the Boston News-Letter {note) 12 Advertising, development of 86 Advertising, evolution of 87 Advertising, nature of newspaper 86 Advertising, rapid growth of 38 Advertising, receipts ftom, in relation to circulation 76 Advertising, Sampson's History of, quoted {note) 133 Advertising sheets defined 160 Advertising, tax of 86 ^sop's Fables, cuts from ?1 Afternoon daily newspapers 113 Agencies, advertising 88 Age of valuable newspaper property 97, 98 Aggregate circulation of American press 75 Agricultural Gazette of London 122 Agricultural press, the 121,122 Alabama, catalogue of the periodical press of 199-201 Alabama, chronological history of the press of 359 Alabama, press of 135 Alaska, letter from Ivan Petroflf on the press of 426 Albany Daily Advertiser 46,112 Albany press in 1815 46 Alien and sedition acts 32-36 AUgeTneine Zeitung 137 Almanac, Grerman 126 Almanacs in colonial times, sales of 9 Amateur journalism 124 ATTierican Agriculturist 121,122 American, Annals of Education 123 American Antiquarian Society.flles of the 427-436 American Cyclopaedia of Printing quoted (notes) 6, 84, 101 American Farmer 121 American Journal of Education 123 Am,erican Journal of Insanity 125 American Magazine and Historical Okronicle 23 American magazine illustration 116 American News Company 159 American Paper Makers' Association 81,82 A.mes* Almanac 9 Page. Ames, Fisher {note) 32 Anthology, The Monthly 115 Appleton's ATneriean Cyclopcedia quoted (notes) 32, 116-118 Appleton's Journal 116 Arbitrary determination of advertising values 87 Arizona, catalogue of the periodical press of 201 Arkansas, catalogue of the periodical press of. 201-204 Arkansas, chronological history of the press of 359 Armbruster, G-odhart 16,126,127 Army of the Potomac (note) 155 Associated Press, origin and development of the , 105-110 Atlantic Monthly 116 Auctioneers' advertisements 87 Australian press, the (note) 82 Average wages 83 Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual (note) 88 B. Eabcock, James P., quoted (note) 6,7,101 Bache, Benjamin F 7, 36 Bacon, Francis (note) ., 17 Baines, Edward, quoteo 133 Baltimore (M aryland) Sun (note) 106 Bancroft's History of the United States quoted 6 Saner America 129 Baptist press, the 120 Barbadoes, island of, first paper in the (note) 3 Bardeen, C. W. (note) 123 Barnard, Dr. Henry 123 Bamum& Beach 125 Barry, Postmaster-General, quoted 138-140 Bartlett, JohnE., quoted 3 Baxter, W.E. (note) 95 Beecher, Henry "Ward 119 Bennett, James Gr 90, note, 97 Berkeley, Sir "WiUiam 4 Berlin Yolkszeitung 137 Bey, Jacob 7 Biblical Repertory 121 Bibliography of American Bibliography, Sabin's, quoted (note) 9 Bibliography of American colonies 9 and note Bibliotheca Sacra 121 Blair, Frank P 97 Blair, Montgomery, Postmaster-General, quoted 153 "Blanket" newspapers 89 "Blanket" sheets, postage on 141 Bohemian press, the 130 Bolton Evening News 95 Bolton Weekly Journal series 95 Bonner, Robert 91^ note 119 Book composition 104 Boolsellcr, first, intheXTnited States 4 Boone, Nicholas (note) 12 Boston Adv&rtiser 37 Boston American Magazine and Historiikil Chronicle H5 Boston Chronicle (notes) 20 111 437 438 INDEX TO REPOET ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Page. Boston Oolwmbia/n Oentinel 36, 37 Boston Continental Journal (note) 20 Boston Cultivator 121 Boston Evening Post 20 Boston Federal Gazette and Daily Advertiser 38 Boston Gazette ..12,13,15 Boston JSerald 102 Boston S^eraZd, circnlation of 1B7 Boston Independent Advertiser 15 'Boaton Independent Chronicle 37,119 Boston Independent Ledger and American Advertiser 22 Boston journalism in 1846-'80 98 Boston Literary World 118 Boston News-Letter 12 and note, 13, 20, 119 Boston Patriot 37 Boston Polar Star and Advertiser 38 Boston, population of, in 1704 13 Boston Pos( Boy 12 Boston press during the revolution 26, 27. Boston Recorder 119 Boston Uehea/rsal 23 'Boston. Traveller {notes) 89,114 Boston Weekly Advertiser and Post Boy 99 Boston AYeetly Magazine 115 Bowles, Samuel 97 Bradford, Andrew 9,12,13,16,115 Bradford, John 46 Bradford, "William 6, 8 and note, 16, 17 and no(e, 88,115 Bradford's paper 88 British Press Association 109 Brooker, "William 12 Brooklyn Eagle suppressed 153 Brooklyn, New York, daily press of. 77 Bruce, David, quoted {note) 7 Buckingham's Eeminiscences quoted 11, 12, notes, 20, note, 37 BueU, Ahel, first type-founder 6,7,?io/e Bnell, Jesse 121 Bullock presses 102 Bullock, "William H 103 Burnet, Governor 16 Burr, Aaron 37 Bryant, "William C, quoted 110, note, 119 C. Cahle press dispatches 107,133, n^te Calhoun, J. C, report by 143 California, catalogue of the periodical press of 204-208 California, chi onological history of the press of 360 Callander, J^. T 32 Callender, J. T., trial of 35 Cambritlge (Massachusetts), first printing press at 4andnote,9 Campbell, James, Postmaster-Greneral, quoted 152 Campbell, John 12-14 Cnnada, first Eewspapera in {note) 3 Canada, press of {note) 136 Cape Fear (North Carolina) Mercury 18 Capital employed in 1870 and 1880 79 Caiiital invested in newspapers 79,80 Capital, investment of, in newspapers 96, 97 Capitalization of newspaper property 96,97 Capson, John 13 Caribou (Maine) North Star 128 Carlyle, Thomas, quot«d 74 Carriage of newspapers outside of malls 147,148 Carrier pigeons 105 and note Carriers, distribution by I59 Carroll, Charles 15 Carter, John 12 Catalan press, the 130 Catalogue of periodical publications in the United States in 1880 197-355 Causes of the overdevelopment of the weekly press 93, 94 Caxton, "William (note) 17 Caxton, William, first specimen of his printing 3 Censorship of the colonial press 5, 14 'Censorship of the press in America and England 11 Pafje. Censorship of the press in Massachusetts 14 Census file of the newspaper press 162, 163 " Oentinel ", nom de plume of one of the contributors of the Massachusetts Spy 20 Centvnel of the North- Western Territory 46 " Central News " and "Central Press", of London 95 Charleston (S, C.) newspapers, the 15 Cheap advertising in London 88 Cheap papers, the first 89 Cheetham, James 33, 37 Cherokee newspaper 131 Chicago Co-operative Printing House 95 Chicago, German press of. 127 Chicago newspapers 112 Chicago 2Y7n^ 104 Children's periodicals 121 ChiUicothe Gazette 46 Chinese-American press 230 Chinese-English newspaper (Tong Fan San JBo) 130 Christian Herald 120 Christian History 23, 119, note Christian Hegister 120 Chronological history of the newspaper press 357-426 Church , "William , 104 Cincinnati Commercial Register 112 Cincinnati daily newspapers 112 Cincinnati jSfew 100 Cincinnati Tim,es, sale of 100 Cincinnati Yolksblatt 127 Circulation, aggregate, at the revolution 27 Circulation, average, of colonial newspapers 19, 26, 27 Circulation, newspaper, during the revolution 26, 27 Circulation of co-operative newspapers 94 Circulation of daily and weekly newspapers compared 76 Circulation of daily press compared 76 Circulation of newspapers 74-76 Circulation of the first American newspaper 13 Circulation of the New York daily press in 1816 45 Circulation of the New York dally press in 1820 46 Circulation outside the mails 159 Circulation, relation of, to population 77-79 Cities, average number of dailies In 72, 73 Cities, daily press of twenty-six 77 Civil war, the press during the 153-155 Class and special journalism 115 Class journalism, origin of. 115 Class journalism, use of illustrations in 126 Classification of circulation by volume 76 OlaypooWs American Daily Advertiser 16 Clerkenwell Tvmes {note) 73 Climacus, St. John 3 Clubs to write for colonial press 15 Clymer, G-eorge 16 Cobbett, "William 32,36 Coggeshall's iVewspapej* Record 45 CoggeshaU,"W.T., quoted 46,47 CoUamer, Postmaster-General, quoted 151 Collateral associated presses 108, 109 Collegiate journalism 123,124 Collegiate journalism in England and elsewhere 124 CoXogaQ Z&itung 137 Colonial advertising, cost of 88 Colonial governors 4, 5 Colonial newspaper devices 24 Colonial newspapers, prices of 23 Colonial newspaper typography 21 Colonial periodicals 115 C oloDial press, statistics of 19 Colonists, the, not a reading people 7,8 Colorado, catalogue of the periodical press of 209, 210 ColtoD, {note) - 90 Columbian printing press 6 Combination newspapers 95 Common School Assistant 123 Comparative receipts from subscriptions and advertisements 85 Competition, closer, in weekly journalism ^ 93 INDEX TO REPORT ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. 439 Composition, rapidity of 104 Gomposition, rates for 84 Compositors, female 84 Conditions goTeinmg the value of newspaper property 96, 97 Conqreqationalist 120 Concrecational press, the 120 Congressional Library, newspaper file in the 162, 163 Connecticut, catalogue, of the periodical press of 210, 211 Connecticut, chronological history of th,e press of 360 Connecticut, constitution of, on the press , 25 Connecticut Courant 15, 36 Connecticut Gazette 18 Connecticut press of ISIO 39 Constitutional Courant 22 Contitiiutional guaiantees of a free press 23-26 Constitution and sedition law (note) 34 Contents of colonial newspapers {note) 16 Continental newspapers in foreign languages 131 Contrasts in American journalism 94 Convictions under the sedition act 35 Cook &Co., C. A., of Chicago (note) 88 Co-operativo news-gathering, origin of , 109 Co-operative papers 94-96 Co-operative printing 88 Co-operal i ve printing establishments 94, 95 Co-operative stereotyping 94, 95 Cooper, Samuel, a contributor to the'Boston Gazette 15 Cosby, Governor, of Kew York 17 Cost of publishing a daily newspaper 98 Cotton, Eev. Henry, quoted (notes) 130, 155 Counties, free postage in, policy of abolishing, where the respective papers may be published 145-147 Counties with newspapers in the United States 73 Count of postal matter. . , 158 Country newspapers, weekly 92,93 Courrier de Boston 128 CourricT des ^tate-Vnis 128 Cowper & Applegarth presses 101 Crank-men 89, note, 101 Craske, Charles 102 CrelliuB, Joseph 16,126 Creswell, Poatmaster-General, quoted 155 Crimean war, circulation of the London Times during the 137 Critic 118 Cushing, Thomas Cymro America 15 129 ». Daily college papers 123 Daily newspaper, first, in the United, States 16, 38 Daily press of London, New York, and Paris 136 Daily press of 1810 45 Daily press, provincial 112 Dakota, catalogue of the periodical press of 212,213 Dallas, E. J", {note) Danish-Am erican press Dartmouth Gazette Davies, Rev. Edward ■ Day, Benjamin H Da3;e, Stephen (note) Dearborn, Benjamin {note) Death-roll of the New York daily press 98,99 , 163 , 113 26 213 360 18 25 42 7,8 157 130 123 129 89 4 101 De Bow, Superintendent of Census, quoted Decentralization of newspaper influence Defects of the libel law Delaware, catalogue of the periodical press of Delaware, chronological history of the press of Delaware , colonial press of Delaware, constitution of, on the press Delaware press in 1810 Demand for books and papers among colonists, small . Democracy in America, De Tocqueville's, quoted Denominational organs Dependence of the press upon political connections. . . Detention of suspected second-class mail matter Do Tocqueville, A., quoted 120 37 162 Page. Development of the American press 37 De Yinne, Theodore, quoted 80 Dexter, Samuel, a contributor to the Eoston Gazette 15 Differentiation of journalism in America 110, 111 Difficulties in securing accurate statistics 75 Disciples' press, the i ^0 Distribution of daily papers, methods of 159 District of Columbia, catalogue of the periodical press of the 213 District of Columbia, chronological history of the press of the 360,361 District of Columbia, press of the, in 1810 45 District School Journal of Geneva, New York 123 Document s relating to the colonial history of New York quoted . . 5, note, 8, 10, note Double-cylinder presses (note) 89 Doubtful publications, decision upon 160 Doyle, Bicbard.a contributor of London PiincA 125 Drake, Samuel G., quoted (note) 12 Drane, W. L., & Co. (note) 90 Draper, John 9 Duano, "William 32,33,36 Dutch- American press 130 Duty on English advertisements — . 133 Dwight, Erancis 122 Early agricultural papers 121, 122 Early New York periodicals 115 Early Pennsylvania periodicals 115 Edes, Benjamin 20 Edea' Boston Gazette, removal of 27 Editions, multiplication of 113 Editorial compensation 83 Editorial discussion {note) 110 Editorial employfis 83,84 Editorial work, English and American, contrasted 132 Editors, character of post-revolutionary - 32 Editors exempted from military service in the South (note) 155 Educational journalism in England 123 Educational press, the 122, 123 Educational Monthly of Ohio 122 Education of journalists 93 Eglington, William 95 Ellis, Edmund (note) 154 Ellis, Rev. M. A 129 Ems, aggregate and average of, set per issue 84 Ems, large number of, in blanket sheets 89 Em the standard of type measure 84 English Churchman (note) 120 English journalism 73 English market towns, the press of 135 English newspaper press, statistics of the 134 English newspaper taxes 133 English origin of co-operative publishing 95 English penny press 89, 91, note English press in foreign languages 131 English reform bill of 1832 133 Enlarging the field of colonial journalism 14 Episcopalian press 120 Etheredge, Samuel 36 Evening papers , 113 Everett, Edward, a contributor to the New York iedl^er 119,123 Everett, Lewis 129 Everett, Kev. Kobert. D. D 129 Evils of Ameiican advertising 89 Exaggeration of circulation 75 Exchanges, postage on , , 152 Exemption of editors in war (note) 155 Existing postal laws relating to newspapers 160-1 6U Expenses of a daily newspaper 91 Expenses of New York daily newspapers 92 Extra numbers of newspapers not sample copies » I6I F. Factional journalism in New York city ]9 21 Familienzeitung 137 Family stoiy papers 119 Fast printing presses 105 440 INDEX TO REPORT ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Page. Faxton, Theodore S. (note) - 106 Federal Constitution, adoption of the 31 Federal supervision over the mails 142,143 Federal suppression of the press in the civil war i53 Federalist press, the 31 Federalist, the 32 Felton, C.C 123 Fern, Fanny, a contributor the New Yor^ Led{jer 119 Fcsstnden, Thomas Keen 121 Files of magazines (note) 1G4 First daily newspaper founded Ill First Federal postal act 137,138 First illustrated magazine in the United States 115 First penny papers 89 Fleet, Samuel. 121 Fleet, Thomas 14,15,23 Fletcher, Governor, of New York 16 Florida, catalogue of the periodical press of 214 Folding-machines 104 Force collection, the (note) 164 Force, P^ter {note) 164 Foreign American press, the 1 126, 131 Foreign-horn editors 32, 33 Foreign publications, examination of 162 Forged proclamation, tbe (note) 154 Formative era of colonial literature ID Foster, John, the ' ' first printer of London " (?M)te) 7 Four-cent papers 90 Fowlo, Daniel {note) , 11 France, press of 131 Fra/}ik Leslie's Illustrated JSfewspaper 125 Franklin. Ben,iamiu 7, 9, 10, note, 14, 16, 115 Frauklm, Benjamin, as a pamphleteer ■. 32 Fran klin, Bunjamin, autobiograph.y of, quoted 8, 9, 12, 35, nota Frauklin, James 13, 14 Frauklin's Courant 19, 21 Franklin's paper 88 Freedom of the press established by the revolntion 23 Free postage to county newspapers 162 French- American press 128 French Canadians 128 French journalism contrasted with that of the United States 36 Freneau, Philip 36,37 Frequency of issue of papers 111,112 Fun 125 O. Gaillardet, Frederic 128 Gaine, Hngb 18 Gaine's Mercury 19, 111 Gales & Seaton 97 Gales, Joseph 33 Oartenlaube, Der 137 Gates, Sir Thomas 4 Gazetta de Mexico 3 Gazettes in Mexico and Peru 3 General statement of the number and circulation of newspapers for 1816. 45 Genesee Farmer 121 Georgia, catalogue of the periodical press of 214-218 Georgia, chronological history of the press of 361 Georgia, colonial press of 18 Georgia Gazette 18 Georgia, press of, in 1810 43 Germ an- American press 126-128 German colonial press r 16 German press, early, of Philadelphia 127 German press, statistics of 127, 128 German school books 127 Germany, the press of 131, 137 Gill, John 20 Gleason & Ballou 125 Gleason's Pictorial 125 Glover, Rev. Joseph {note) 4 Goddard, Delano A. , quoted {note) Ill, 112 ' ' Good-will " a.M an element of capital 79 * Good-will " of a newsnaper estabUshment ^^ Page. Gookin, Daniel {note) n Gould, F.K 124 Governmental relations of the press 133 Government a patron of the press in the United States 137 Grant's History of the Newspaper Press quoted {notes) 113, 132-134 Great newspapers, origin of 98 Greece, jouiualiam of 124 Greeley, Horace 89, 97, 118, 119 Greeley, Horace, quoted {note) 56 Greenback party, journalism of the 93, 110 Green, Bartholomew 12,14,119 Greenfield'' 8 New York Journal 37 Greenleaf, Thomas 17 Gridley, Jeremiah 15 Griffiths, 129 Griffiths, T.J 1119 Griffiths, T.S 129 Gross products of newspapers and periodicals 78 Groups, nine, of the American press by volume of circulation 76 Grundy. Hon. Felix 138 Cfiwwdian, the London {note) 120 Hall, David 16 Hall, N. K., Postmaster-General, quoted 151 Hall, Samuel 128 Halleck, General {note) r 154 Hamilton, Alexander 36 Hamilton. William, & Co 127 Handbills and posters not supplements 161 Harper & Brothers 105,116 Harper's Magazine 116, 137, note Harper's Weekly 125, 120 Sarper^s Young People 121 Harris, Benjamin 11,12 Sarvard Daily Echo 123 Maroard I/yc&wm 123 Harvard Register 123 Harvard University 4 Hastings, Hugh J 113 Hatton. Joseph, quoted (note*) 102,137 Haven, Dr. Samuel F., jr. (note) 9 Hazen, A. D., quoted 157 Hazzard, J. K. G., quoted (note) 100 Hell-fire Club 15 Henry, Patrick, resolutions of 15 Hereford Times and General Advertiser 96 High Dutch Pennsylvania Journal 16, 126 Hildreth's History of the United States quoted (notes) 14, 31, 33, 34 Hill, Sir Rowland 103 Historical Magazine quoted {note) 119 Historical Society of New York (note) 13 History of Advertising, Sampson's, quoted (note) 133 History of Printing 6 Hitcbman, Francis, quoted (notes) : 73,91 Hoe presses 101-104, 137, note Hoe, Richard M 101 Holland, James G 116 Holt, Charles, trial of 35 Holt, John 17 Holt, Postmaster-General, quoted 152,153 Some Journal 118 Hooker, General (note) 155 Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture 121 Howell's Memoir of Munsell quoted (note) 31 Hubbard's Newspaper Directory quoted (notes) 74,75,88,136 Hudson's History of Jonmalism in the United States quoted . . .17, note, 34, note, 88, note, 91, 79, 80, 106, note Humble origin of great newspapers 98 Hunter, William 12 Hunt's Fourth Estate quoted 88 Husho, Ellis. 12 !• Idaho, catalogue of the periodical press of 219 Elinois, catalogue of the periodical press of 219-231 Hlinois, chronolofficalhistory of thepressof 361-3C3 INDEX TO REPOET ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. 441 Page. Illiteracy, statistics of 135 Ulnstrated daily jouraalism 126 niiistrated London News 125 Illustrated newspapers 125,126 Illustrated Fenny Magazine 89 Illustration , processes of 126 Immigration, character of, as shown in journalism 126 Impersonal journalism, tendency toward 97 Importance of the professional press 125 Incendiary newspapers and the mails (note) 142 Incendiary newspapers suppressed 153,154 Income tax on advertisements 86,133 Increased cost of daily journalism, tendency to ' 91 Increase, percentage of, in circulation and nnmher of American press, over 1870 (note) 75 Independent journalism in the ITnlted States 91 Independent newspaper, the 97 Indian press, the 131 Indian territory, catalogue of the periodical press of the 237 Indiana, catalogue of the periodical press of 231-237 Indiana, chronological history of the press of 363-366 Indiana press of 1810 44 Indiana School Journal 122 Inequalities of newspaper postage 141 Inequality of newspaper and letter postage 148 Influence of the penny press 91 Information for libel 17 Ink, amount and cost of, used 80 Ink. in the colonies 7 Instructions to colonial governors regarding printing 4, 5 Inter-coUegiate publications 124 Introduction of printing in America 3 InTestment of capital in newspapers 96 Iowa, catalogue of the periodical press of. 237-245 Iowa, chronological history of- the press of. 366 Ireland, the press of . . . <. 135 Jrish- American press 130 Irving, Dr. Peter 37 Italian- American press, the 130 Jttaly, the press of 187 J. Jackson, Andrew, quoted 142 James, Thomas L., Postmaster-G«neral (note) 158 Jay, John 32, note, 36 Jefferson, Thomas, quoted (note) 19 Jennings, Louis J., quoted (notes) 132, 133 Jersey City, New Jersey, daily press of 77 Jewell, Postmaster- General, quoted : 156 Jewish press, the 120 Johnson, Postmaster-General, quoted 150,151 Jones, Horatio Gates, sketch of the Eittenhouse paper-mill, by 6 Journal de Paris oa Foste du Soir Ill Journal of Education 122 Journalism, equalization of American 110 Judy 125 Justification in type-setting..'. 104 Jnveuile periodicals 121 K. Kansas, catalogue of the periodical press of - -- 245-250 Kansas, chronological history of the press of 366-374 Keimer, Samu«l 16 Kempis, Thomas d (note) 11 Kendall, Amos, Postmaster-General, quoted 141-147 Kentucky, catalogue of ihe periodical press of 250-254 Kentucky, chronological history of press of 374, 375 Kentucky, the first paper in 46 Koiituoky, thepresHof, in 1810 43,44 Key, D. M., Postmaster-General, quoted 156-158 Knickerbocker Magazine 1^6 Koeuig, Frederick 101 Laboring classes, papers for 89 La Pairie of Paria 103 Page. Law and medical journals 125 Lawes, J. B., quoted 123 Lay & Brother (note) 88 Ledger, New York 91,w New Sampshire Gazette 18, 21, 101, ?iote New Hampshire, the press of, in 1810 38- New Jersey, catalogue of the periodical press of 290-292 New Jersey, chronological history of the press of 386,387 New Jersey, constitution of, on the press 2£ New Jersey, the colonial press of 18 New Jersey, the press of, in 1810 41 New Jersey Gazette '. Ifr New Mexico, catalogue of the periodical press of 252, 293 New Orleans JBee suppressed (note) 154 New Orleans Orescent suppressed (note) 154 New Orleans Delta suppressed (note) 154i New Orleans journalism from 1847 to 1880 9& New Orleans L'A'beille 128- New Orleans Picayune 124- New Orleans, press of 77 Newport (Rhode Island) Mercury 15,27. News agencies and newsboys - 159' News agents defined 161 News companies,, organization of 159 News letters of John Campbell 12 Newspaper centers 73- Newspaper difiusion in the United States 78- Newspaper directories (note) ■ -• 8y Newspaper Directory of the "World, Hubbard's, quoted (note) 74, 75 Newspaper exchanges - 85 Newsp-^per extras 103, 103- Newspaper files 162-164 Newspaper libel suits 26 Newspaper postage, abolition of 145-147 Newspaper postage, rates of. 137-139,160-162 INDEX TO KEPORT ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. 44a JSToTV spapor press of the United States, chronological. history of 357-426 Newspaper Eecord, Coffgeehall's 45, 88, note Newspaper stereotyping 102 Newspapers and Newspaper 'Wnters in New England, D. E. Goddard'a, quoted {note) Ill, 112 Newspapers, contents of first 8 NewspapexB, oarlj colonial 8,13-16 Newspapers in the TTnited States in 1880, catalogue of 197-355 Newspapers, prices of 89 Now^s, transmission of 105-110 New Xork American Citizen 37 New Tork Arguti, or Greenleaf's New Daily AdverUser 17 Now Tork, catalogue of the periodical press of 293-308 New Tork, chronological history of the press of 387-408 New Tork city, daily press of, in 1835 (notes) 90 New Tork city, daily press of, in 1816, 1820, 1832, and 1850 45, 46 New Tork, colonial press of 16-18 New Tork OomTnerdal Advertiser 36, 99, note, 101 New Tork, constitution of, on the press 24 New Tork Cowrier a/nd Enquirer 89, 101, no(e New Tork Daily Advertiser 38 New Tork Day Book suppressed 153 "S&w York Evening Post ZG, 99, note, 110, note New Tork Fre&tnan^s Jourval suppressed 153 New Tork Gazette 16 New Tork Gazette and Weekly Post-Soy 1.2, 17 New Tork, German press of 127 New Tork (Jrap/iic 82, note, 98-100, 126 New Tork SeraU 21, 98, 105, 106, notf New York. Herald, advertising in the 87 New Tork Serald, circulation of the, in 1835 (note) 90 New Tork Historical Society (note) 16, 17 New Tork Independent Gazette, or the New York Journal, revived 17 New Tork Ind^endent Reflector 115 New Tork journalism from 1840 to 1880.... 98 New Tork Journal of OoTtimerce 89, 99, note New Tork Journal of Cormnerce suppressed .*. 154 New Tork J"owr?iaZ removed to Eaopua 27 New Tork, larji;est circulation of daily papers in 76 New Tork Minerva 32, note, 113 New Tork Morning Post 89 New Tork JVeujfi suppressed — 153 New Tork Pacftei 36 New York Paper !Prade Journal 81 New Tork press in 1810 40 New Tork press in the revolution 27 New Tork press, postage relations of the 146 New Tork Staats-Zeitung 127 New Tork State Library (note) 163 New Tork Sun 98,100,101 New Tork (Sun eataljlished (note) 89 New Tork Sun, expenses of the 92 New Tork 2^me« 98,100 Sew York Tnbune 90,98-100,102 New Tork Tribune, expenses of the 92 New York Weekly 118 New Tork Weekly Journal 17 New Tork Weekly Mercury * 18 New Tork World 90 New Tork World suppressed (note) 154 Niles, Hezekiah 37 Niles, John M., Postmaster -General 147, 148 Niles' Register 37 Niles, "W.O 37 Nomenclature of American journalism 131 Noon newspapers ^^* North American Review 115 North Carolina, catalogue of the periodical press of 308-311 North Carolina, chronological history of the press of 408 North Carolina, colonial press of 18 Nortii Carolina, constitution of, on the press 25 North Carolina Gazette 18 North Carolina press of 1810 ■ 43 Norwegian- American press, the 130 Norwich Pac&et 20 Page. ' * No van glus " - 23 Numher and character of presses in use 105 Ohjectionahle advertising methods 87 Official advertising 87 Official newspaper files 163 . Ohio, catalogue of the periodical press of 311-320 ■ Ohio, chronological history of the press of 408-414 Ohio press of 1810 44 Oneida Historical Society of Utica (note) 106 . Opinione 137 Orange Postman „ 89- Oregon, catalogue of the periodical press of 320, 321 Oregon, chronological history of the press of - 414 Oriental, The (Wah Kee) 130 Origin and value of great newspapers 98 Origin of co-operative newspapers 95 Orleans territory, the press of, in 1810 44 Orthography of the colonial press 21 Otis, James, a contributor to the Boston Gazette 15 ^ Outside mail carriage 147 verdevelopment of the weekly press, causes of. 93 P. Pablos, Juan, the first printer in Mexico 3 Paine, Thomas 10, note, 32, 115 . Pamphlet, circulation and importance of the 32 Pamphlet, the religious and political, in the colonies 9 Paper, average weight and cost of, per ream 80 Paper, duty on, in England 133 . Paper in the colonies 6 Paper, price of 80 Paper product, annual, of the United States 82 Paper, quality of, used in England and the United States 132 Paper, qnantity of, used, hy pounds and by reams 80 Paper, size of , 80 Paper trade and the press, the 81 Paper, weight of 80 Paper World quoted (note) 159 Paper-mills at the revolntlon 6 Paper-mills, capacity of American 81 Paper-mills, colonial '. 6 Paper-mills of the United States in 1810, 1850, and 1854 81 Paper-mills of the world 81 Parker, James 12, 17, 115 Parker's Gazette 19 Parks, William 18 Paris, daily press of 136 Varia Figaro 137 Patent outsides and insides 94 Patriot press, colonial, influence of the 20 Pay of editorial employes 83 Peculiar relations of capital to product 79 Pennsylvania, catalogue of the newspaper press of. - 321-332 Pennsylvania, chronological history of the press of 414^421 Pennsylvania, constitution of, on the press 24 Pennsylvania Gazette 15,127 Pennsylvania, German press of 127 P&nnspjlvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser 16 Pennsylvania Magazine 115 Pennsylvania Packet, or the General Advertiser 16 Pennsylvania press in 1810 41, 42 Pennsylvania School Journal 122, 123 Pennsylvania, the colonial press of 16 Pennsylvania Zeitung 16 Penny Magazine - 125 Penny press, influence of the 90,91 Penny press, the 89 Percentage of increase in the American press 75 Perfecting presses 102-104 Periodical publications in the United States in 1880, catalogne of Ia7-35E Periodicals for the young 121 Personal and political elements of newspaper stability 97 Persons employed by the press 83 444 INDEX TO REPORT ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Page. Feier Porcupine's Gazette Peters, Dr. Abraham ^^^ l^etroff, Ivan, letU^r frnin, on the press of Alaska 426 Tettcngill & Co., Newspaper Directory of {note) 88 Philadolpliia American Daily Advertiser 38, 111 2»liiladelphia American Weekly Mercury 13 Philadelphia Aurora ^^ Philadelphia Daily Chronicle 1^1 Philadelphia Daily 3h-a.n8cript {note) 9C Philadelphia Die Zeiiung '27 Philadelphia Dutch and English Gazette 23 Philadelphia, early German press of 127 Philadelphia, early press of 9,12,10 Philadelphia Ledger (note) 106 :Philadelphia Mercury 14 Thiladelpbia i\^a«iona3 Gazette 36,37 Philadelphia N'ew World (note) 113 Philadelphia Times 98 Phillips, Hon. T. J 129 Phillips, Ke^-.Dr 129 Phillips, Kev. "William T 129 Pickeiing, John (note) 112 Picket, Albert 123 Picket, John "W" 123 Pictorial advertising 87 _ Pierce, Richard 11 Pike, Samuel (note) 93 Pinckney, Charles 23 Plitt, George, report of 148,149 _Plough-Boy 121 Political character of American joarnalism 110 .Political pamphlets 9 Political parties and the press 31 Politics of the colonial press 19-21 Pony expresses , 105, 106 Population, relation of, to the number of daily papers 72, 73 Po rt an Prince, first printing in 3 Portfolio 115 Portsmouth Mercury 23 _ Portuguese America, early printing in 3 Postage act of 1793 137,138 Postage act of 1825 (note) 139 Postage act of 1845 : 149 Postage act of 1852 152 Postage act of 1874 ^ 156 Postmasters as editors 12 and note Post-Office Department and the press 137-159 Practical printers as journalists 83, 90 Prejudice against Sunday newspapers 124 Prepayment of postage suggested 144 . Presbyterian press, the 120 Press, census of the, in 1850, 1860, and 1870 112 Press of 1810, the 31,32,88-45 Press, the, after the revolution 31 Press, the, during the revolution 26, 27 Prices of newspapers 22, 23, 89 Prices of newspapers, tendencies as to 91 Primitive aspects of journalism 93, 93 Primitive Christian press, the 120 Princeton Heview 121 Principal political newspapers of the second era 30 Printing paper, future supply and cost of 82 Printing press, influence of the fast, on American journals 105 Printing presses, development of 100-102 Printing presses, first G Product per capita g3 Professional journalism 35, 36 Professional press, statistics of the ; 125 Profitable daily circulation 76 Prospectus of Publick Occurra/nces 11 Providence JowrTiai quoted 36 Providence, Rhode Island, combination newspaper at 95 Providence (Rhode Island) Gazette and Country Journal 18 Provincial daily press of England... 112 '.; Prd vincial daily press of the Unitr-d States 112 Page. " Provincial News Supply Association" of London. 95 Provincial press, development of the 46, 47 Provincial press of England, growth of the 134 Provincial weekly press of England (note) 92 Publication, known office of a, defined 160 Publications other than newspapers 149 Publick Occurrances, by Harris 10 Punch 125 Putnam's Magazine H" Q. Qualifications of editors in the second era 35 Qualifications of journalists 93 Quincy, Josiah, jr 20 R. Rags in the colonies 26 Rags, scarcity of, during the revolution 6 Railroad periodicals, English 131,132 Railroads and steamboats as mail carriers 141, 142 Railroads, influence of, on journalism 112 Ramago printing press ^ Randall's Life of Jefferson quoted (note) 35 Raw materials of newspaper manufacture 80 Raymond, Henry J 97, 105 Reading matter, amount of, in the colonial press 21 Reading matter, amount of, supplied by the press 84 Reading (Pennsylvania) AtZier 127 Reams of paper used in the census year 88 Record of the early press -38 Reduction of newspaper postage 139 Reformed press, the 120 Reid's History of the Telegraph quoted (note) 106 Reid, Whitelaw, quoted 92 Relations of the press to paper manufacture 81 Religion mocked at in the colonial press 14 JZeligious Intelligencer (note) 119 Religious journalism in Great Britain (note) 120 Religious journal, the first 119,120 Religious pamphlets 9 Religious press, first census of the 119 Remuntrration of editors 35,36 Repeal of English newspaper taxes 133 Eeportorial work 83 Republican party press 31, 32 Renter, Baron (note) 109 Renter Telegram Company 109 Revenue from, newspaper postage 156 Revolution, American, effect of the, on the printing business 8 Revolution in journalism 105 Revolutionary cause, service of the press to the 20 Revolving cylinder presses 101 Revolving type cylinder presses 101 Rhode Island, catalogue of the periodical press of 332, 333 Rhode Island, chronological history of the press of 421 Rhode Island colonial press 18 Rhode Island, constitution of, on the press 25 Rhode Island Gazette 18 Rhode Island press of 1810 39 Richmond Enquirer (note) 140 Richmond ^aiammer 3*2 Ritchie, Thomas (note) ] 4{f Rittenhouse, WiUiam 6 Rivington, James 18. 27 Rivington's New York Gazetteer y 18,19,27 Roberts, Evan E 129 Roberts, J. 129 Roberts, Rev. "William 129 Robertson, Dr., quoted 3 Robertson's History of America 15 Rochester -Da% Advertiser 46,112 Rogers and Fowle 7 Roman Catholic press, the 120 Rosecrans, General (note) '. 154 Rosenberg, Frederick - 104 Rotary press, first - 102 INDEX TO REPORT ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. 44& Uowell, G. P., & Co. {note) 88 Kowlands, EftT. Dr. William 129 Royal Atnerican Gazette Ill Eoyal American Magazine 115 Eoyallst newspapers in the revolution 27 Enssell, Benjamin 36,37 Bust, Samuel J 101 S. Sabine's History of American Loyalists quoted 19,20 Saint Louis Democrat, sale of the 100 Saint Louis, the German press of 127 Saint Nicholas 121 Salaries of editors ( note) 132 Salem Gazette 36,112, n.o«6 Sales, total receipts from newspaper 85 Sample copies 160 Sample copies defined 161 Sample copies to he mailed separately 161 "Sampson's History of Advertising quoted (note) 133 Sandy's translation of Ovid.- 4 San Francisco Morning Call, sale of the 100 Sauer, Christopher 126 School ioumalism 124 School journals '. 127 Scotland, the press of 134 Scottish gazettes 12 Scientific American 326 Scrihner's Monthly '. 116 Scripp's Publishing Company {note) 90 Scudder, Horace E., quoted {note) 15 Second Advent press, the ^ 120 Second-class matter, law in relation to 160 Second daily newspaper in the United States 38 Sedition law, effect of the, on the liberty of the press 35 Sedition law quoted {note) 33 Semi-religious papers of London {note) 91 Semi- weekly and tri- weekly press S6, 111, 114 Semi-weekly and tri- weekly press, cost and price of the 96 Sensationalism in the American press 133 Sensational press, the 119 Seward, Alexander, quoted {note) 106 Shepard, Horatio David 89 Shepard, T. "W 121 Sigourney, Mrs 119 Simonton, J. W., quoted 108 Six-penny dailies 89 Size of colonial papers 21 Size of the New York daily papers 89 Skinner, John S 121 Slow growth of the colonial press 16 Smith, Captain John, books written by 4 Smith, Rev. "William, provost of the College of Pennsylvania 4 Smith, RoswellB 116 Smith, Samuel H. (note) 113 Somerville, J. M - 187 South American press (note) 82 South Carolina, catalogue of the periodical press of - 333, 334 South Carolina, chronological history of the press of 421, 422 South Carolina, colonial press of 18 South Carolina, constitution of, on the press 24 South Carolina press of 1810 43 Southern Agriculturist 121 Southern press in the civil war {note) 155 South London Press 73 Southwick, Solomon 121 Sower, Christopher, jr 6,7 Spain, the press of 137 Spanish- American press 130 Spanish- Am erica, the first newspaper in {note) 3 Special press dispatches 109,110 SpocohofBeiyamin H.Day quoted (note) 89 Spiritualist press, the 120 Spoiford, A. R., quoted {note) 163, 164 Spread of daily joirnalism 111,112 Page. Springfield, Massachusetts, daily press of 78- Springfield (Massachusetts) Uepuhlican 78^ Stability of religious journals 120, 121' Stamp act of 1705 5, 15, 18- Stamp act of Massachusetts i> Stamp act of New York & Stamp duty, English, on newspapers 133 Stamps, newspaper postage 156 Starbuck, Calvin "W 100 State constitutions on the liberty of the press 23-26 State educational journals 122, 123 Statistics for professional periodicals 125 Statistics of the English press 134 Statistics of the newspaper and periodical press 167-196 Steam presses, first use of lOH Stereotype plates in advertising 8r Story, ErancisV 89' Story papers, English , 119 Stowe, Mrs. H.B 119 Straw in paper 82 Subscription price, average annual 90 Subscription prices of newspapers in California, Montana, and Kevada {note) 90 Subscriptions, receipts from 85^ Suburban towns without dailies 73- Success of religious journalism 120 Sullivan's Dissertation quoted {note) 25- Sunday editions of daily newspapers 124 Sunday Figaro 124 Sunday newspapers, statistics of 124 Sunday newspaper, the first .' 124 Sunday school papers 120- Superior features of the American daily press 132, 133^ Supplements, definition of 161 Suppres'siouofnewspapers in the civil war 153-155- Surgical journals 125 Suspensions of publications during the revolution 2T Sussex Agricultural Press {note) 95. Swedenborgian press, 120- Swedish-American press, the 1301 X. Table Idiscassed leS" Table H discussed 168 Table Til discussed 168 Table IV discussed 168 Table V discussed 168 Table TI discussed igg Table VII discussed lea Table Vm discussed igg Table IX discussed leg Table X discussed ig© Table XI discussed 169 Table XII discussed i69 Table XUI discussed 1^9 3^able XIV discussed 109 Table XV discussed i69 TapDan, Arthur {note) 99 Taylor, J. Orville 122 Teachers' Advocate 122 Telegraphic bills 9] Telegraph, the effect of the, on the newspaper press 112 Telegraph, the first, for newspapers {note) lOO Telegraph, the influence of the, on journalism 105 Telegraph, the statistics of newspapers employing 107 Tendencies as to prices of newspapers 9i Tennessee, catalogue of the newspaper press of 334-338 Tennessee, chronological history of the press of 442 Tennessee press of 1810 44 Texas, catalogue of the periodical press of 338-343 Texas, chronological history of the press of ^21 Thackeray, William M 125 Thatcher, Oxbridge 15 The Fre&m.an's Oath 4 The Hornet j25 The professional and the trade pr«ss ^35 446 INDEX TO EEPOl^T ON NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PRESS. Page. 'The London Journal {note) ®1 ■Thomas' History of Printing quoted 3, note, 4, 6, 7, 9. 10, 12, 13, noU, 16, 20, 22, 38, 111, 115 Thomas' History of Printing, second edition of {noU) 31 Thomas', Isaiah, list of newspapers at the revolution 27 Thomas, Isaiah, on the character of American journalism (note) 35 Three results of penny papers 91 Tillotson & Sons ^5 Tombstone, Arizona, the press of 72 Tolls, press, for telegraphic service 109,110 Trade journals, advertising in 88 Trade press, the character of the 125 Trains, newspaper 159 Transitional era of the press, commencement of the 31 Transmiaeion of news 105-110 Trials under the sedition act ,. 35 'Tri-weekly newspapers 111| 114 "Tri-weekly newspapers, cost and price of 96 Tucker, Luther 121 "Tudor, "William 115 Tuttle, A. S 159 Tyler's History of American Literature quoted. . 4, 10 and note, 15, 16, note^ 19, note Tyndale's Translation of the Testament 3 Type, amount of, set 84 Type, fonts of, in use 85 Type in the colonies 6 Type of English provincial journals 96 Type, replenishment of 85 Type-setting and distributing machines ■. 104 Type, sizes of, used 84, 85 Type web-perfecting printing press 103,104 Typical papers of the second era 36 Typographical Miscellany, Munsell's, quoted {nste) 163 Typographical superiority, English 132 U. Undergraduate 124 UDique conditions of American journalism 131 Unita Cattolica 137 Uuitarian press, the 120 tJiiited Brethren in Christ pi'ess, the 120 ITnited States vs. English journalism 131-136 Universal Instructor and Fen/naylva/nia Gazette 16 Dniversalist press, the 120 XTuiversity Quarterly 124 Unsectarian journals 120 F.sber, Hezekiab. first bookseller 4 Utfih, catalogue of the periodical press of 343 Utica Daily Gazette {note) IOC T. TalaiitiBe, T. "W 122 Yalno, money, of newspapers self-created 80 Tahio of a newspaper, what determines the 78,79 Viihio of 1 he weekly press. 96 Van Dara, !Rip 17 Tariablo prices of newspapers 89 Yai ictics of the afjricaltural press 122 Vol mont, catalogue of tho periodical press of 343, 344 VcrmnnI, chronological history of the press of 422,423 VoTniont, colonial press of 18 Vonuont, constitntion of, on the press 25 Yermont Gazette, or Green Moimtain Post Boy 18 Vennout press of 1810 39 Yicioiia juvenile publications 121 Virj^iuia, books written in 4 VJrAiiiiia, catalogue of the periodical press of 345-348 Virginia, cbronological histoi-y of the press of 423 Virginia, colonial press of 18 Virginia, constitution of, on the press 25 Pafie. Virginia, first printing in. . . '^WfSR 4 Yirgmia Gazette '••■^R 12 Virginia house of burgesses, resolutions of Patrick Henry in the 15 Virginia press of 1810 42, 43 Virginia, printing forbidden in 4 Virginia tax on newspapers'. 6 W. "Wages paid by daily press compared with all other periodicals 83, 84 "Wages, relation of, to gross product - 82 "Wales, the press of 135 "Wallace, John "William {notes) 6, 16, 17 "Walter press, the 103 War correspondents of the press {note) 154, 155 "Warren, Joseph, a contributor to the Boston Gazette 15 "Washington, D. C, daily press 77 Washington (D. C.) Nationallntelligencer llSandnoJe Washington, I>. C, press 97 "Washington printing press 101 "Washington territory, catalogue of the periodical press of , 348 Webster, Daniel 123 "Webster, Noah 32, note, 36, 113 "Webster, Ifoah, quoted {note) 78 "Webster, Noah, Scudder'a Life of^ quoted 15 "Weekly editions of daily papers 93, 114 Weekly press, early development of the 46 "Weighing as a basis of postage 148, 149, 156 "Weighing of second-class matter 160 Welsh- American press 129,130 Western Associated Press 108 Western cities, press of the , 112 Western News Company 159 Western states, co-operative papers in 94 Western Union Telegraph Company 107 Westminster Abbey, Caxton's press in {note) 17 West Virginia, catalogue of the periodical press of 348-350 West Virginia, constitution of, on the press 25,26 West Virginia, press of 135 Weyman, William 12 Whiting, Nathan {note) 119 Wickliffe, C. A., Postmaster-General 149 William and Mary, printing license abandoned on the accession of 4 Wmis, Nathaniel 46,119 Willis, N.P 118 Wilmington (Delaware) Courant 18 Winthrop, Fitz- John, governor of Connecticut (note) 12 Wisconsin, catalogue of the periodical press of .' 350-355 Wisconsin, chronological history of the press of 424-426 Witherspoon {note) i 10 Wonders of the Press, Hazzard's, quoted {note) 100 Wood-pulp paper 82 Worcester Spy . - - 6 Words, number of, telegraphed annually in Great Britain {note) 107 Words, number of, telegraphed annually in the United States 107 World, statistics of the press of the {note) 74,75 Wyoming, catalogue of the periodical press of 355 Yachts, news 105, 106 Tale College library (note) 7 Talo Literary Magazine 123 Yaleliecord 123 YeeJoBii 130 Tonug, Alexander- 36 Youth's Companion 121 Zengcr, John Peter Zenger, John Peter, trial of. . Zion's Herald 17 5 120 '^ Sm f.. %» ^ ■*»■. «i' '"I ^ -^'W^-^,^ ^ ff . / ,w^,f f^-Si$ >^^^f 'iff^^^^' J%^' k' W^ *- fell Ci®^^* *-' ^ fi^ ' ^"^i 'A :im.li -ifcr^':;!^i«*f £ifi !<%,' ■?-sv>^4?. sis *trf^