li'llil! f4ijtbtri4;1iiihii.>i..ni .1 1 itr ( •IIiIlIII III l[rt[i«l'HlJlliLUIiitlllill ■ .ifiiMMi.iitii^ iir;iiii. ('HiliW'li.K.filMl.lhM'I'ililk. .jJ.F'Pifrli[Hli>itilU|l!MI liillili .1 I 1 il r I if 'Emir^fl Mi.i'.tMikii umitr I 1.1,1': .|ii4i... ^(m1< limtUiniuiitttHait / /.^, BiwBiirfHffrtw'i mfwmm B ^^ rt i w i i rtwmi ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924058938121 HOW TO MAKE THE FARM PAT; OE, THE FARMER'S BOOK OP PRACTICAL INFORMATION ON AGRICULTURE, STOCK RAISING, FRUIT CULTURE, SPECIAL CROPS, DOMESTIC ECOIOMY & FAMILY MEDICmE. BY CHARLES W. DICKERMAN, aKHBBB OF THE PBHN. AGRlCULTrKAL SOCIETY, THE AMERICAN POHOLOQICAL 80CIETT, AAD THE PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTUf 4L S0CIET7. ASSISTED BY Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary Mass. State Board of Agriculture, AND OTHER PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL WRITERS. ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY ENGRAVINGS < ■ » ■ » P. W. ZIEGLER & CO., 1876. TO JOHN JOHI^STOK, OF GEHETA, K. r. THE VETEKAN PROMOTER OF ALL AGRICIJLrUBAIi IMPROVEMENT IN THIS COUNTRY, THIS VOLUME IS DXSIOATED WITH THE SINCERE ADMIRATION 07 \ THE AUTHOR. PEEFACE. ■ one at this day doubts the importance of agricultuial information. Knowledge in this department is not only power, but it is wealth, individual and national. That system of cultivation which produces two blades of grass or two kernels of grain where only one grew before ; which produces two quarts of milk or two pounds of meat in place of one, must not only be a benefit to each individual pro- ducer, but of immense advantage to the country and the world. Great improvements have been made in the past twenty years. TJnderdraining, improved machinery, the better understanding of the rotation of crops, and the application of manures, and the improvements in the breeds of domestic animals, have all helped to raise Agriculture, from mere drudgery, to an important science. And improvement must still continue. Only a small proportion of the great body of farmers have adopted the advanced position in modern agriculture. The great mass of farmers are still laboring under the disadvantages of a false and ruinous system of agriculture, without knowing just how to better their position. It is the duty of those who do know, to bring their knowledge to the use of these their brethren in toil. Much of the best talent of the country is devoted to this object. Agricultural colleges are springing up on every hand. Men of genius, of the best scholarship, of great scientific attainments, are devoting their lives to the work of bringing forth the secrets of the soil. Enterprising young men of good abilities are putting their hands tc the plow, and the plow to the furrow, resolved to (iii) IV PREFACE. leave tlie laark of improvement on the work of the farm. The labor of the farmer is thus elevated. What has always been claimed by a few, will soon be acknowledged by all, that the prosperity of a country depends upon the intelligent cultivation of the soil. In this land of schools, where every child can have an educa- tion, knowledge is easily disseminated. Improved methods of culture can be spread broadcast over the land by means of books and papers. For these reasons American farmers are more intelligent than the same class in any other Cv)untry. Few farmers are now so ignorant as to scoff at agricultural informa- tion. They desire it, and welcome it. The trouble has been and is, that it is not given them in a form adapted to their wants. There have been many technical and scientific works, containing most valuable information, but in language not readily under- stood. These works are very largely theoretical, and the practical is not so distinctly separated as to be easily applied. They have performed a noble service, for without the informa- tion they have contained, but little advance would have been made. The agricultural papers come down more nearly to the wants of the farmer, and we advise every farmer to take some agricul- tural paper. Thej' furnish many useful hints and valuable suggestions, and serve to interest the younger members of the family in the labors of the farm. But agricultural papers are not wholly satisfactory. Of course, each number can refer to only a limited variety of subjects, and a farmer may take the paper for years before he gets information upon the very subject tie wishes most to know about. Again, much that is in these papers is crude. Many theories are given that have not been sufficiently tried, and must be received with the greatest caution. The records of carefully conducted experiments are the most valuable part of these papers, if the farmer has the wisdom and patience to study them, and applj their principles to his practice. PEEFACE. ▼ There is another class of agricultural books, bj' our best writers, on specific subjects, the objection to them being their cost. In order to make a book, a great deal is put in that is curious and interesting, but not practical. For instance, one of our best writers has recently published a book on " Wheat Cul- ture," which, while it contains nearly all that is practically worth knowing about the plant, is so full of other matters, as to be called by the editor of one of our agricultural papers, " The Romance and Curiosities of Wheat Growing." It is just the avoidance of these superfluities which is aimed at in the present work, while all the practical information is retained. To obtain information on all the subjects treated of, it would be necessary for the farmer to purchase books upon drainage, manures, imple- ments, wheat culture, grasses, sheep-husbandry, milch cows and dairy farming, horses, cattle, fruit culture, market gardening, and numberless other books, large and small, requiring much money to purahase, and much time to read To make the present volume wholly reliable, it has been aimed to record nothing but what has been proved in practice, bej'ond a doubt. Mere theorj- has been rejected. Some valuable ideas have in all probability been thus lost, but it is the only safe course; the only course bj' which the farmer can be saved from disastrous mistakes. The results of practice in different sections and on different soils have been carefully compared with the re- corded opinions of the oldest and best of our own writers ; and much valuable assistance has thus been received from such able, careful, and practical men as the Hon. Charles L. Flint, Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, (to whom the reader is indebted for the valuable chapters on Agricultural Imple- ments and Dairy Stock, in this volume ;) John H. Klippart, of Ohio ; S. Edwards Todd, of New York; Professors Norton and John- ston, of Yale College; J.J. Thomas,of Albany, New York; Norman J. Coleman, of St. Louis, Mo.; Lewis F. Allen, of New York ; Robert Stewart, M. D., V. S., author of " The American Farmer's Horse VI PKEFACE Book ;" Henry S. Randall, L.L. D., author of " The Practical Shepherd ;" George H. Dadd, Y. S. ; Andrew S. FuUer, Peter B. Mead, and Dr. C. W. Grant, of New York ; George Hussman, of Mo. ; Edmund Morris, of New Jersey ; Donald G. Mitchell, of New Haven, Conn. ; Charles B. Williams, of Va. ; Joseph B. Lyman, of La. ; Fearing Burr, Jr., of Boston, author of " The Field and Garden Vegetables of America ;" Marshall P. Wilder, Robert M. Copeland, Joseph Breck, and Edward S. Rand, of Boston ; Patrick Barry, of Rochester, New York ; L. L. Langstroth, of Ohio, and many others. To aU these gentlemen the author tenders his most sincere acknowledgments. In writing this volume, the author has kept steadily in view the requirements of the East, the West, and the South with her fields newly opening to agricultural enterprise. That it will fully meet the wants of every farmer is too much to expect ; but that it will more fully meet them than any other single volume is his hope and belief. With the sole desire that it may be of permanent value to his brethren of the Plow, the author commits it to the Press. CONTENTS. PAaa PKEFACB 3 IlfTKO&UCTION - - W CHAPTER L 'DRAII7AGE. What SoUa need Drainage— Signs— Effects of Stagnant Water apon varions Crops — Shortens the Working Beasen — Shortens the Ripening Season — Effects of Drainage — RemoTes Stagnant Water from the Surface — Removes Surplus Water from under the Snrfac«^ Lengthens the Working Seasou — Deepens the Soil — Warms the Under Soil-^Eqaalizes the Temperature — PreTOnts Injuries by Frost — Prevents Injury from J>roaght — Increases the Effect of Manures — Prevents Rust in Wheat and Rot in Potatoes — Other advantages — Material tot Drains — Open Drains — Brush — Stone Drains— Tile — Why the best— Depth of Drains — Draining Tools — Time to make Drains — Laying out — Digging — Mains- Minors — Joints — Heads — Outlets— Obstructions — How discovered — Uow remedied— Ditching Machines — Mole Drains, etc , etc. — Draining Prairie Land 31-4fl CHAPTER 11. PLOWING. Objects — Pulverization- Wet Soils — Deep Plowing — Shallow Plowing — Increase your Acrek Lapped Furrow Slices— Double Furrow Slices — Flat Furrow Slices — Trench Flowing- Benefits of Trench Plowing — Subsoil Plowing— Benefits — When not applicable — Fall Plowing— Winter Plowing— Spring Plowing— Which the best — Why — Stubble Plowing —Plowing Clay Soils— How to Plow— Heavy and Light Plows— Breaking Prairie — Harrowing— Rolling— Clod Crashing 47 -M CHAPTER III. MANURES. Waste of Manures — One Thousand Dollars a Year to waste — Liquid Manure — Human Excre- ment — How to save it — Its value — The Barnyard— More waste — Urine — Manure Wella— Soiling— Horse Manure — Liability to " fire fang" — Loss of Ammonia — Its value — How to prevent it — The Piggery— Hen Dung — Liquid Manure alone valuable — Application to the Soil— Surface Manuring— Fall Manuring — Spring Manuring — Protected and unpro- tected Manures — Peat— Mack— Straw — Leaves — Bones, and how to Dissolve them — Dead Horses, etc. — Ashes — Sawdust — Soot — Soap — The Sink Spout and Privy— Red Clover as a Manure — Other Green Manures — Their value — Plowing them under — Make the most of your Manure — When to use Fertilizers — Guano, the same thing as Hen Dung— Lim^— A necessity — Its application — Gypsum — Plaster of Paris — Do Fertilizers exhaust the Soil — Oomposts^Drtinage necessary to give effect to Manures — Last words 03-01 vii TUl CONTKNTS. CHAPTER IV FARM IMPLEMENTS. J^wouDt of Capital Invested in them — ImprovementB — One Plow to a town— xlie Carey Plow — Shovel Plow — ImplementB for preparing the Land — Tree Sawing Machines — Stnmp Pollers and Stone Lifters — Drainage and Draining Implements — Plows and Plowing— Draught — The Doe Plow— Its general application — Deep Tiller Plows — Telegraph Plow — Cylinder Plow— Mead's Conical Plow— Sod, Stubhle, and Side Hill Plows— Steel Plows— Their advantages — Collins Plow — The Snbsoil Plow — Its great usefnlneaa — Other Plows —Dr. Grant's New Trenching Plows — Plows for the Prairie Farmer — Skinner's Gang Plow — Steam Plow — Comstork'a Spader — Harrows — Geddes' Harrow — The Hinge Har- row — Share's Harrow — Horse Hoes— Cultivators — Sulky Cultivator — Clod Crasher- Rollers — Cooper's Lime Spreader — Drills — The advantages of Drilling in most Crops— The Star Drill — Seed Sowers — Weeding Hoes — Allen's ""Weed Killer" — Implements for Harvesting — The rapid march of improvements — Number of Mowing Machines manu- iSictured — Their progress towards perfection — The Bockeye— Woods — Other Mowers— - The Hay Tedder — Its remarkable success — Horse Rakes — Forks — Horse Forks — Reaper Trials — Self Rake Reapers — Automatic Binders — Combined Mowers and Reapers — Pre- servation and care of Implements — Valuable directions — Threshing Machines — Corn Rhellers — Hsy Fodder and Root Cntters— 'Cider and Grape Mills 70 151 CHAPTER y. GRAINS. WbBAT Culture. Its importance — The corner stone of Wheat Culture — Drainage — Soils- Clay — Limestone — Sandy Soils — Mistake in Prairie Farming — Manures required— Clover Fallows — Cost of Manuring with Clover — Its value — Lime, Ashes, Salt, etc., — Relative value of each to the Wheat Crop — Faiteuing the Soil — Thorough Pulverization — Sheep vs. Cattle — Preparing the Soil for Wheat — Deep Cultivation — Mellowing the Soil— Sow- ing — Early and Late Sowing — The Depth — Amount of Seed to the acre — Drilling in the Seed — Can be done earlier — Less Seed required — Uniformity secured — Other advantages — Harrowing Wheat in the Spring — Chess, Grass, and Weeds — Time to Harvest Wheat- Signs of Riponiog — Reaping — Cradling — Raking — Binding — Stacking — Grain Caps- Spring Wheat— Special directions — Selection of Seed Wheat— Carelesaness in selecting Seed the great bane of Agriculture— Qmalities of Good Wheat— Varieties of Wheat — Their Qualities described — If not properly selected and carefully cultivated the best Wheat will degenerate — Smut — Rust — Mildew— Ergot — Insects. Rt b. Soils — Preparation — Manures — Sowing— Harvesting — Selection of Seed. Barley, Buckwheat, Oats. Varieties —Soils best adapted to their Culture— Their place in the rotntion of Crops— Manures to be applied— Preparation of the Soil— Harvesting, etc., etc, Indian Corn. The Staple Crop— Cotton no longer King — Soil — Autumn Plowing — Manures— Lime— Salt— Guano- Ashes— Bones, etc.— Prepaiiug the Seed— Time to Plant— Corn Planters or Drills— Culti- vation — Southern and Western Methods — How can they be improved — Corn for Fodder Topping condemned — Harvesting — Hnskings— Raising, selecting and preserving Seed Corn — Varieties — Broora Corn — Legal Weights of Grains, Roots and Seeds in different States — Number of Seeds to the pouni of different Grains and Grasses- 153-181 CHAPTER VI. GRASSES. Pwrposes for which Grass is cultivated — Hay — Pasture — Thirty Species of Agricultural valob — Varieties of Grass described — Their relative value — Red Clover — Time fbr Seeding Clover — Quantity of Seed per acre — Cutting and Curing — Early vs. Late Cutting — Curing in one day — Cutting for Seed— Hay Caps — Clover as a Manure — Time to Sow Grass Seed— Early Spring vs. Fall Sowing — Quantity of Seed per acre— Too small a variety of Seed usually sown — Twenty varieties in natural sod — Mixtures recommended — Tables — Top dressing Grass Lands — Seeding wet Prairie — Red Top va. Slough Grass— Improvement of Paa- area — Solectlon of Grass Seed— Raise your own Seed 11^196 CONTENTS. CHAPTER yil. ROOT CE0P8. 9A»9 The beet Farming tmplies a Cultnre of " Roots" — Roots for Stock in Winter— Relative value of Roots and Corn— -Where Roots can be raised to advantage — Soil— Preparation — Ma- ■nres— Turnips — Ruta Baga&— Mangolds — Carrots — General Cultivation — Harvestlujf^— Btoring — Feeding— Careful selection and preparation of Seed— Drilling vs. Sowing — Profits. PoTATOBB. General use — Preparation of the Soil— M&nures and their applica- tion — Planting whole or cut, large or small, in Hills or Rows — Cultivation — Harvesting —Storing — Tarietveu — Characteristics of » good Potato — Description of thirteen good varieties— Sweet Potatoes , 196-306 CHAPTER Vril. SPECIAL CROPS AND ROTATION OF CROPS. Cotton. Us great importance— Cheap Cotton means Cheap ClothiDg — Three classes of soils ^Jotton States — Division of a Cotton Plantation— Plowing — Planting — The Seed — Circle plowing— Marking off — A cheap Marker — Distance to Planlr— Drilling in — Dropping by h^ad — Rales of Dr. Cloud — Fertilizers — The best and their application — Cultivation- First Plowing — Bringing to a stand — Keeping out the Weeds — Care fur the Laborers and Stock— Picking — When to commence — DirectioDS of J. B. Lym^n — Ginning, Baling, and Marketing — Suggestloax — A common Gin House — Home Manufacture — Diseases — Insects —Certain methods of preventing their ravages — Cotton Seed — Oil Cake. Rich Cdltitrb. ToaAcoo. Does itexliaust the Soil- Faulty methods of Culture— Soil— Preparation— Snb- seiling — Manures the life of the Crop — What Manures — The Seed Bpd —How much Seed- Transplanting — Cultivation — Enemies — Suckem — Worms — Toppio^ — Indications of Ri- pening — Harvesting — Frnst — Curing — Artificial Curing — Bibb & Co.'e Apparatus — Sweat- ing. Hops Soil — Uuderdrainlng — Position — Preparation of the Soil — Fertilizers — Run- ners — TrauHplaoting — Planting out— Seta — Distance — New and improved method of Training — The Hop Lou»e — Pi'eveution— Gathering— Drying— Storing. Hemp. Its Cnl- tivat'on Flax Where raised to advanfage — Soil required — Prepai/itlon must be thor- ough —Manures — Place in a Rotation — Weeding — Mowing vs. Cradling — Rippling^ Retting — Pools — Seed— Sorghum — For Sugar — For Syrup -nily — Is it piofitable — Cultiva- tion— 'Mann faotn re. Maplb Sogar. Plant Maple Trees — Profits large In proportion to the expense — How to Tap Trees — New methods of Boiling the Sap. Beet Roots for SCOAR. Amonnt of Sugar Imported — Economy of raising Beets — Co.sl of Crop — Amount of Sugar — Cost of Manufacture — Great Profits to the Producer — Cheap Sugar — Value of the Crop in a Rotation — Improvement of Land and Stock — How to go about it — Combina- tion — Soil and Climate — Manures — Preparation of the Soil — Sowing — Gathering — When to g&tber — Storing — Pits — Manufacture of Sugar — Beet Pulp — Seed — Hun t.> secure, clean and save the best Seed — Rotation of Crops and Manures — The adaptation ot Stock to the Soil and Crops, and General Management of Crops — Theory of Rotation — Agricultural Chemistry — Analysis of Crops — Of Manures — Neceswty of Rotation — Rotation of Manures — Rep'^acing the Constituents removed by the Crops — Adaptation of Manureb to the •oil — To the Crops— Stock — What Stock to keep— Neat Cattle — Sheep — Pigs — Adaptation of Stock to the Soil and Crops—" Keep nothing but the best" — Improve what you have —How— Keep all In good condition — One too many — Consume the Crops on the Farm- "Why does Farming Pay no better" — Mixed Husbandry — Rotations again — Systems of Rotation-— Plaue of Wheat in the Rotation — Corn — Oats — Clover — Other Grains— Grasses —Roots— Other Crops — Rotation on Prairie Soils — On Plantations — General Management of Oropa— The be»t Market 209-aA) CONTENTS. PART SECOND-STOCK RAISING. CHAPTER IX. HORSES AND MULES. FAm 1 ifE BoRPK. How to Breed— Selection of the Stud— Treatmect of the Stud— Selection of me Mare— Treatment of the Mare— Care — Kindneisa- The Foal— How to Train— Gentling— YisBB the reeolt of Treatment— Profit of Early Training— Breaking— Rarey's System- How to Feed a Horae- Stables — Grooming— Working — KindneBs vs. Harshness — No Vicea —How to Buy a Horse — Points — How to Bell a Horse — Truthfulness — Daty of the Horse owner— A Draught Horse — Mares vs. Geldings — Usea of the Horse — Anatomy of the Horse. Diseases of the Hobse — Symptoms and Remedies, Diseases of the Bones — Diseases of the Feet — Diseases of the Glands and Membran«)a of the None — Diseases of the Eye — Diaeases of the Muscles and Tendons— Diseases of the Skin and Ears — Diseases of the Brain and NerTous System — Diseases of the Teeth and Month — Dineases of the Throat— Diaeasea of the Chest and Lunga — Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels — Dia- eeues of the Liver and Urinary Organs — Dlseai^es of the Heart and Blood — Insecto and Poisons — Fractures — Shoeing — Table of Remedies, and how to prepare them— How to give Medicines. Mules. Their Usefulness — Mules vs. Oxen — Mules v«. Horses — Breed- ing-Training— Breaking— " Obatinate as a Mule" — Fault in Training — Kicking— Kind- ness— Feeding — Diseases and Remedies : 285-339 CHAPTER X. CATTLE. Breeding — Crossing — Selection — Pare Bred — Adaptation, Our Dairy Stock. The Battel Dairy — Qualities desired — Quality rather than quantity — " Native Stock" — " Jerseys"— Good qualities for the Batter Dairy — Great yield of "Lady Milton" — Grades — The " Brittany" Cow— The Poor Man's Cow. The Milk Dairy. Quantity instead of qual- ity — Feeding and Management — ShorthornK — Crosses — The "Sixth Duke of Thorndale" — '* Aurora 2d" — "The Ayrshires" — Milking qualities — "Flora" — " Honest John — A good Cross with Che common Stock — Beef qualities — Dutch Cows — "Kerry Cows'* — Races- Breeds — Families — Improving — Pure Bred Male."? — The Family Cow — Jersey and Brit- tany — The Raising of Calves — Hay Tea — Care and Feeding— The Heifer — Time of drop- ping the first Calf — Feeding and General Management of Dairy Stock — Grass — Hay- Roots — Water-steamed Food — Stall Feeding — Soiling — Regularity. Workiitg Cattle. Oxen V8 Horses — Training — Advantages — The Devons — Hereforda — Ayrsbires — Holbteins —Improved Stock — How to get it — Pure Bred Bulls — Breeding Cows — Care and Manage- ment— Bulls — Care and Treatment — Working Balls — A New Plan — Rearing Calves — Beef Stock — Feeding Stock — *' Keep them Growing"— Shelter — Stall Feeding — Soiling — Six Advantages — Directions for Soiling — Summer Soiling — Winter Soiling — Cutting and Cook- ing Food — Six Advantages — Cheap Process — Diseases of Cattle — Remedies — Diseases of Milk Cows- Remedies— Operations 340-4M CHAPTER XI. SHEEP, SWINE, AND OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS. BiMep Husbandry, by H. S. Randall, LL. D.— Profits of Sheep Husbandry — Sheep vs. Cattle- Mutton — Wool — Common Breeds — Merinos — Crossing — Cotswolds — South Downs — Lei- cesters — Other Breeds — Points — Breeding — " None but the best"— Pure Breeds — Rams- Ewes — Spring Management- Tagging— Lambing— Docking —Castrating — Washing- bhearlng — Shearing Machine — Selection and Branding — Culling — Ticks — Maggots- Educating Rams — Wearing and Pall Feeding Lambs—" Well Summered la half Win- tei-ecl" — Fall Feed and Shtflter foi Ewes — Coupling-Herding— Winter Management- Shelter — Sheep Barns — Plan for Sheep Barn— Winter Feed— Water— Salt — Exercise — Turnips — Barn Management — Dnclaimed Lands for Pasturage — Grass— Corn — Turnips — Lambing on the Range — Shelter — Directions of Hon. Sam. P. Boardman. Diseases oi Bbeep.- Grub in the Head — The Scab — Foot Rot — o*her DWeasea. Swinb. " What are CONTENTS. VAsm th« beat"— Cheeter Whites — Berkahiree — Saffolka — Other Breeds — Croflsofi— Poiut-i— Th« Sow— Farrowing— Care of Pigs — Feeding— Cooking Food — Western methods of Feeding ** Keep them Growing" — The Piggery — Plan of a Piggery — DisbaMes of Swiue, with Bymptoma and Remedies — OaHtrating — Spaying — Abortion. Goats. Cashmere— An- gora — Wool — Milk— Goats vs. Sheep — Feeding — Diseases. Doos. Curs — Expense — Dam- age done to Sheep — Worthlessoess — Nine oat of every Ten should be killed-^ood Dogs —Watch Dogi^— Sfaepherd^s Dog — Uore good Dogs wanted — Dleeaaee - 406-46^ CHAPTER XI I. POULTRY AND BEES. . otTLTRT. Hens — Profits of Keeping — Ad vaatages—" The little Pile of Manure'* — Hens vs. Hoge — Eggs — Poultry on a large scaie — ^The Metropolitan Farm — Four Thousand Fowls — Poul- try raised Cheaper than Beef — How — Oood Breeds — Shelter — How to build a Poaltty HouM- F«eding and Water in Winter — Setting— Raising Chicks — Breeds — Hambnrgs*- Gatae — Cochins — Brah mas— Rolands — Leghorns— The Hen Fever — Don't get it — Bay Moderately— Changing Cocks Yearly — [t Pays— Estimates of a Fonltry Keeper — Turkey« —How to keep tbeiB «t homo to Lay — ^Care of young Tnikeys — How to Fatten — Brbnue T«rkeyfi— Fowls in Horse Sta.blea, etc;— Ducks — Water — Eggs by the Ponnd — Breeds— Boaen — Aylesbury— Geese — Setting-Bremen or Erabeden. Bees, thbir Habits aitd Makaobhbnt. Great Interest as a Stady — Profit the Object in this Book— The Qneen- Drones — Workers — Pollen — Propolis— Wax — Combs — Brood Comb— Cells— Queen Ceils— Worker's Cells — Drooe Cells — Huney — Honey Plants— Enough on every Farm — Hive*— The Old Style — ^The Langstroth Hive — Movable Combs the G^-eat Secret of Success in Bee Cultare^Honey Board—- Other adviuitagea of the Langstroth Hive— rSipring Manage- ment — March — Opening Hives— Gleaning — Water — Feeding Rye Flour for Brood — Inter- eating Experiments of Mr. Langstroth — Position of Hires— ^April Management — Feeding Destitute Stocks— May— Hi ves for Swarnae— Bearing Quoeas for Artificial Swarming — Snmmer Management— June— Natural Swarms — Indications of a First Swarm — Swarm- Ing Boards — Hiving — Qajidling Bees — Sweetened Water — B«e Hat — A^ter Swanns- Indi- cations — Management — Returning to the Old Stock — Prevention of Swarming — Artificial Swarming — Its Advantages— Preparation of Hives — Dividing the Bees — Changing Loca- tion— Second Method of Artificial Swarming- July Management — Shade and Ventilation ^Removing Drone Brood and Destroying Drones— Angast — Second Honey Harvest — VJlure of Sapplies — B^bhiDg- Loss of Queen— Fall Management — September— Sarplus jIoa*^- .«,«*ef^ft>wA<..«- •Uniting Weak Stocks — November — Sooeessfal Bee Feeding-^ Mrs. Tapper's Method of uniting Weak Colonies. Wiktba Mavaobhent. December- Wintering Bees in a Bee House — A Cellar the Best — Burying Bees — Wintering in the opes air — ITpward Ventilation — January — Cleaning the Hives and supplying Watei Tebmary — Feeding Beatitnte Stocks — Box Hives — ^Directions for making and nsing them MaUmii Beea ...»,„.„,..„. .„., — ...„ ..-«««..,.,.«.-„..„.-„„.„.., 47J.^ Xll CONTKHTS. PART THIRD-FRUIT CULTURE. CHAPTER XIII. ORCHARD CrLTURE. PA«« A Thrifty Orchard easily secured — ^Tbe Narsery — Planting Seeds — Gnttings — Layen — Draw- ing— Planting out— CnltiTation— Budding— Grafting— Pruning— Objects of Pmnilig.— Methods of Pruning to accomplish special objects — ^Transplanting ......fil>-J3a CHAPTER XIV. APPLES, PEARS, AND QUINCES, Apples — Soil — Sitnati on— Planting, Traosplantlng, and CultivatloD— Pruning — Annaal Haa* Ing — Stock in tbe Orchard— Best Varieties for the Whole Countr;'— Select Varieties for the New England States— Select Varieties for the Middle States— Select Varieties for the Northwest — Summer, AntnmD, and Winter Apples — Select Varieties for the Southwest —Select Varieties for the Soathern St;ites — Select Varieties for the Gulf Statea— Gathering and Preserving the Fruit— Table of nearly fifty Varieties of Apples, with time of Ripeo- ing, etc., utc. L'ears. Soil and Situation — Pears on Pear Stocks— On Quince Stocks- Planting:, Transplanting and GultiTation — Pruning — The Quince— Varieties adapted to Quince Stocks— Woodhuds and Fruit Spurs — Thinning — Picking, Bipening, and Pre- serving—List of thirty Varieties, time of RipeningPSection tu which they are adapted, etc., etc. ^ 53<}-&48 CHAPTER Xy. PEACHES, PLUMS, CHERRIES, AND APRICOTS. Sftsily Gattivated — Stocke from Seeds. The Pbach. Soil and Situation — Planting — Orchard Cultivation — Budding — Pruning — Trimming — Borers — Tables of Select Varieties adapted to different Sections of the country — Varieties approved by the American Pomclogical Society. The Plfm. Propagation- Soils and Situation — Budding— -Varieties— The Cherry — Soil — Situation— Budding- Varieties — The Apricot — Cultivation — Varieties 54Q-^Of CHAPTER XVI. DISEASES AND INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT. Diseases the Result of Bad Management or Neglect — The Blight — Remedy— Stagnahon oi Bap— Cause and Remedies — Winter Killing — Prevention — Warts and their Remedy— Mildew— Gummed Fruits— Remedy — The Yellows — Cause and Cure. IvBBCTa. The Borer — How to be rid of him — The Tent Caterpillar — A Terrible Foe— Prevention and Destruction — The Canker Worm — Destruction of the Moth — Preventive and Destructive Measures — ^Tbe Apple Worm — How to destroy them — The Slug — The Curcullo — ^Various Methods of destroying then — The Pigs will help yon — Also the Birds 658- MS CHAPTER XVII. GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. Ooii3er Stooes of Grape Culture — Vineyard — Culture — Soil — Situation — ^Preparation of the Soil — FertMizers- Propagation — Raising yonr own Vines — A few Cuttings from the Nursery — Packing CuttimfB- planting Cuttings — Layers — Transplantii^g — Laterals — ^Tendrils- Cutting Back— Final Planting— Results of five year^ — Grape Growing Contagious — De- mand for Cattings — Pruning and Training— The Trellis— Homontal Arms— Alternate Renewal- The System explained and Illustrated — Objections answered — Profits from a Vineyard- George Hnssman's Vineyard— The Lakeview System of Trellis and Training — Cultivation in the Vineyard — Covering the Vines or " laying down" for Winter — Oath- oi'inn — Packlnif— Miwikeriug and Keeping — Garden Culture — Nearly every one can hav# CONTENTS. XJU PArtB ft Vine -Trellis— Wall— Arbors.— Stftkes— Four Systemfi of Traiainsr for the Garden — Caa- tloDB — Selection of Varieties — Adiroudac — Allen's Hybrid — Concord — Clinton — '^aseady— Creveling — Catawba — Delaware — Diana — EUinburgh — Hartford Prolific — Herbemont — lona — luraella — Isabella — Martha — Norton's Virginia — Union Village — Southern Wine Orapefr— Varieties not yet pronounced apon — Insects Injarions to the Vine — The Rose Chaffer — May Beetle — Vine Chaffer — Steel Blue Beetle— Thrips — Other Inwecta — Preven- tion and He medie»— Diseases of the Vine — Mildew — Black Rot. Wine Makino. In- creasing demand for Pare American Wines— Implements, etc., necessary for Wine making — Definition of Terms UHsd- Gathering — Steaming — Crushing — Pressing — Fermen- tation — Racking— 6alliziug~M. Hussman^B Experiments 664-604 CHAPTER XVII L. SMALL FRUIT CULTURE. The Strawberry— Soil— Transplanting—Shiftless System— Alternate Strip System- The Bien- nial System — The Annual System— Mulching — Varieties— Raspberries and Blackberries — Cultivation — Varieties — The Currant and Gooseberry — Cultivation — Varieties— The Cranberry — Soil — Location — Preparation of Cranberry Plot — Ditching — Planting — After Culture — Flooding— Varieties — Gathering, Packing, and Marketing Small Fruits — Free Fruit Boxes. Flowsb CoLTnRE. Beautify your Homes — Selection and Planting of Seeds- Galtlvatlon — Annnals — Hardy and Half Hardy- Perennials — Bulbs — Honse Plants.. 605-620 PART FOURTH. RURAL ARCHITECTURE— LANDSCAPE GARDENING— MARKET GARPENIKO— FARMERS' GARDENS, AND MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. CHAPTER XIX. RURAL ARCHITECTURE. Rural Architecture and Landscape Gardening— Location of House— Convenience — Corafui >- The Lawn — Frait Trees — S'hrubbery — Shade Trees — Walks — Arbors— Plans of Farm Houses— Laborers* Cottage— Cellars — Coal Tar and Gravel for Cellar Bottoms — Barnt»— Plane — Granary — Ice Honse— Arrangement of Farm Buildings 621-630 CHAPTER XX, MARKET GARDENING AND FARMERS' GARDENS, narket Gardenlug and Farmers* Gardens— Gardening near Large Cities — Great demand for Garden Crops— Farmers' Home Gardens— Soil— Situation— Culture — Select Garden Crops — Method of Culture — Hot Beds — Cold Frames- Market Gardening and the Culture of Ve- getables — Vegetables profitable for the Farmer to raise ou a large scale for Market — South- frn Specialties — Manures — Preparation for Market Gardening — Tools required — Capital —Number of Acres — Estimates of Expeufies and Receipts — The Dangers of Neglect — *The last Cord of Manure pays the best" — Early Crops— Asparagus — Mode of Culture- Profits — Beans — As a Farm Crop — Cultivation — Varieties — Cauliflower- Culture — Profits — Cubbages — Importance as a Farm Crop— Culture — Profits — Early Sweet Corn — Culti- vation — Varieties — Sweet Corn for Fodder — Cucumbers — Great Demand — New method of Forcing — Cultivation — Horseradish — Cultivation — New Methods — Profits — Two huudred Acres in Horseradish — Lettuce — How Grown— Melons — Earliness — New method of Foro* lug— Advice to Southern GuUivators — Varieties — Onions — Exporience of a large Culti- Tator- Peas — As a Farm Crop— Value for Styck — Radishe^-<7ultivation— Varieties- Rhubarb — Spinach— ^|Ui8bes— The Demand — Soil — Cultivation — MiKtakeR — Keeping- Prices and Profits— Vl^reties— -To matos— Mode of Cultivation— For C&tanp and Canning — The Growing, Selection, and Preservation of Vegetable and Melon Seeds— How different Eieeds are Grown— Necessity of having Fresh Seed — Pure Seed — Unmixed Seed — How to prevent Impurities — Seed Growers — Tables — Quantity of Seed per Acre— Number of Kits from an Ounce of different Seeds — Number of Plants required to an Acre 631-600 XIT CONTENTS, CHAPTER XXI. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. l^M* Fences— Cost— Dee — How to do away with niae-tenths of the Fencing — FireBl Trirt Cnltore —Wood and Shade Trees— Gathering and Planting Nuts— Rftising two or more Crops together — Making the most of a Farm — Cultivation of Peanuts — Winter Work on ttt« Farffi — The Bird Question— Eggs by the Pound— Damp Stables — Their Effect — Remedy- How to protect Horses from. Flies^The Teeth of the Horse as an indication of Age — How to tell the Age of a Horse — How to fit Collars to Horses— Devon Cows — Batter Making- Carrying Milk— Agricultural Fairs— Their Benefits— AbnHe-Horae Trots— Alsike Clover —Qualities— Six points in which it excels other Clover— The Chinese Tain— Stacks for Hay and Grain — Agricultural Papers — Why every Farmer should take one — High char- acter of in this country— The Farmer's Grindstone — Farm Laborer? — Why so unreliable —The Remedy — How to secure steady and permanent Laborers — How to obtain Water on the Prairies- Brive WoUb 660-M4 CHAPTER XXII. DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND FAMILY RECIPES. kiuoeBAity of Cookery — Two purposes of Food — Heat-prod acing Food — Mnscle-prodncing Food — Tables of each — Table showing time required for Digestion — Venison— Cooking Meats — Beefsteak— Beef Soup — Savory Beef— Stuffed Beefsteak — Beef or Veal Pie — Mince Meat — Roast Mutton — Bulled Mutton — Broiled Chops — To Fry ChicKens — Roast Turkey — Chicken Pie— Minced Fowl — Fried Liver and Bacon-^Recipes for Cooking Tripe —To make Sandwiches— Sausages—To preserve Sausage Meat — Pot Pie— Oyster Omelets —Eggs and Potatoes — A Bengal Omelt^t — How to make Egg Balls— Egg Toast — Fish- To Broil Fresh Fish — Salt Fish— Codfish— To make a Chowder— To Cook Oystera — Scol- loped Oysters — Knickerbocker Pickle — Corned Beef— To keep Meat Fresh — To make Tongh Beef Tender — To preserve Eggs — Preserving Sweet Corn — Cooking Yegetables— Steaming Potatoes — Potatoes for Breakfast — Fried Potatoes — Potato Cake — Good way to Cook Onions — Fried Asparagus— How to Bake Apples — Cauliflowers — Asparagus — Beets SplQHch — Stuffed Cabbage — Rhubarb — ^Egg Plant — Broiled Parsnip — Bean Soup — Baked Beanrt — To Bake Tomatos— To Broil Tomatos — Time for Boiling different Vegetables- Rice — Six Ways of Cooking Rice— Rice Pie— How to Hull Corn — To Cook Cracked Corn or Wheat, Oatmeal, or Hominy — Bread— Dr. Nichol's Rules — Mothers' Bread — Bread by Steam — Potato Bread — Graham Bread— Corn Bread — Family Indian Loaf — Brown Bread —Rye and Indian Bread — Graham Biscuit— Rice Bread — Hard Biscuit — Soda Biscuit- Johnny Cake — Corn Batter Bread — Victoria Buns — New England Johnny Cake— Rolls — Twist — Good Rusks — Corn Rusks — Doughnuts — Plain Corn Cake — Steamed Corn Bread- Sally LuDD— Indian meal Breakfast Cakes — Parsnip Fritters — Missouri Corn Cakes — Pastry —Pie Crust — Squash and Pumpkip Pies — Imitation Apple Pie — Mock Custard Pie— -Cracker Pie — Crumb Pie — Lemon Pie — WaKhingtou Pie — Cake — General Directions — Sponge Cake —Lemon Cake — Fruit Cuke— Tumbler Cake — Snow Cake— White Cake — Tea Cake- Raisin Cake — Molasses Cake—Coffee Cake — Puff Cake — Cup Cake — Plain Cake — Pound Cake — Graham Tea Cake — Rye Drop Cake — French Loaf Cake — Marble Cake— Cream Cake — Railroad Cake — Queen Cake — Plum Cake — Molasses Pound Cake — Cottage Cake- Portugal Cake — Nul Cake — Cocoannt, Cake — Chocolate Cake — Delicate Cake— Cocoanut Cup Cake — Ict« Cream Cake— Tri-culored <'ake — Dried Apple Cake — Rice Cake — Sour Milk Cake — Tongue Toast — Soft MolaRwes Gingerbread— Hard Gingerbread — Rich Gin- gerbread — Boston GiDgerbreiid- Ginger Cake — Ginger Crackers — Ginger Cookies — To Ice a Cake — Siveet Potato Custard — Drop Cake — Apple Cake— Cookies, four Beoipea** Orange Snow Balls — Cinnamon (^akes— Pepper nuts— Marvel s-^dLfidge CakM— Dough- nuts — Apple Custard —Bread Cakeii- Corn Starch Cake — S^wberry Short Cakei —Waffles, thrfle Recipes — Plum Pudding — Bread Pudding — Country Pudding- Poverty Pudding — Minute Pudding— Berry Puddings— Apple Puddings — Sweet Poiaio rndding — Rice Puddings — Baked Indian Pu'ddiug — Baked Cracker Pudding — Custards— Lemou Butler — Apple Jelly — Canning Fruits — Preserves — Jam^i — Jellies — Wine— Vin» CONTKNTS. . XV PAQB gar — ^PlcKlds — Sammer Drinks — Soaps — Washing Becipca — Cleaning Faiaitaro— Jlean- iugr Paint — Preserving; Fnrs — Family Glae — Tooth Powder — Restoring Colors — A Candle to Burn all night— How to make Good Butter — Coloring Butter- —Futliug Down Butter- To keep Summer Butter— To Deodorize Milk 685-728 CHAPTER XXII T. THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN. lieaseB Gome to All — Simple Remedies efficacious in the first Stages — Preventive Treatment. — Arrestive — Curative— The First the most Important — Foundation of Disease laid in lufancy— The Mother's Care — Terrible Consequences of Ignorance — Advice to Mothers— Dr. King's Twenty-four Rules for the Care of Infants — ^Teething — Thrush ; Symptoms, Treatment, and Remedies — Convulsions — Fits— Treatment — Worms— Symptoms — Reme- dies—Summer Complaint&^Easily arrested if Treated at once — Treatment— Infantile Remittent Fever — Treatment — Scarlet Fever, Scarlatina, Canker Rash -Symptoms, Treatment, Remedies — Measles — Treatment — Lun^ Fever — Croup — Treatment— Hooping Cough — Treatment — Colds — How Prevented — How Cui-pd — l-everw in General — Symp- toms and Treatment— Fever and Ague — ^Typhus Fever— Typhoid Fever — Brain Fever —Diseases of the Eyes — Quinsy— Symptom s^ Treacmeut, and Remedies — Bronchitis-— Catarrh — Diseases of the Lungs — Oxygenized Air — Diphtheria — Symptoms aud Treat- ment — Inflammation of the Stomach— Gastritis — Pleurisy — Inflammation of the Buwels— Dysentery— Inflammatory Rheumatism— Apoplexy — Sun Stroke — AsKhma — Hi,