L4 ^T:^ F m SHU 3 1924 073 798 476 DATE DUE aj ^^^^ ^ fll^^^BBI ■MMW/ ~ ■ " ~ _DEC4 -MS*r'"*T -ear nnr 6 onfiR GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. '^. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073798476 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY NEW YORK Including a History of Cornell University BY PROF. W. T. HEWITT EDITED BY JOHN H. SELKREG imu8trate5 URIS LIBRARY SYRACUSE, N. Y. D. MASON & Company, publishers 1894 PREFACE With each passing year the task of preparing a history of any local- ity becomes more and more difficult. Those from whom historical facts can only be obtained, pass away; manuscripts and memoranda are lost or destroyed, and their disappearance involves unusual labor in ob- taining necessary data from other sources. It is the aim of the author of this volunie to arrange and present in comprehensive form such in- formation as could be secured through diligent effort, to the end that an authentic History of Tompkins County might be presented to the public. A residence of fifty-three years in Ithaca furnishes the writer with much in the line of personal knowledge, and his acquaintance in the past with men prominent in public affairs here, leads him to hope that this work may reach a fair degree of accuracy, and add something to former publications. In preparation of this history the author desires to acknowledge the great assistance rendered him by others — too many in number to name here ; and he feels that whatever measure of success has been reached, credit therefor belongs to many compilers and writers who have asso- ciated with him in the work, rather than to himself alone. J. H. Selkreg. Ithaca, 1894. CONTENTS. PART I. CHAPTER I. The Local Tribe and their Absorption by the Cayugas — Route of Sullivan's Army on both Sides of Cayuga Lake — Indian Villages Destroyed — Their Location — Flight of Indians to Niagara — Their Destination after Sullivan's Victory — Cession of their Lands to the State. -_. 1 CHAPTER II. Original Civil Divisions — Erection of Counties — Dates of the Creation of Coun- ties in Western New York — Formation of Tompkins County — Original Towns and when Formed — Present Towns and Dates of Organization — Geographical Location of the County — Its Area and Population — Soil and Original Fore.st — Its Water Courses, Scenery and Water Falls thereon — Climate — Ab- sence of Excessive Snow Fall — Absence of Fogs on Waters Flowing North ward. - • 3 CHAPTER III. The First White Men in what is now Tompkins County — The Last of the Local Indians — The March of Civilization — Arrival of the First Permanent Settlers — Trials and Perils of their Journey — The Route Taken — Locality of First Settlement — The Pioneers of Ithaca — Dates of Settlement in the Various Towns -- 10 CHAPTER IV. The Work of the Pioneers — What was Accomplished prior to County Organiza- tion — Beginning of the New County Government — The Financial Panic of 1837-8 — Its Effects in this County — Recuperation — The War Period — Prompt Action in Ithaca — Filling the Various Quotas of the County 14 CHAPTER V. The I'anics of 1857 and 1873 — The University and its History and Influence on the Growth of Ithaca — Official List of Officers before and since Organization of County — Senators — Members of Assembly — County Clerks — Superintendents ol Schools.. - - 23 vi CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. Tompkins County Political Notes — Reminiscences of Important Campaigns — Vote of the County on prominent Officials from 1817 to the Present Time — Political Officials of the County, Past and Present 'Mt CHAPTER VII. The First Roads — How the Pioneers First Reached their Settlements — The Early Stages — Early Stage Drivers^The Cayuga Steamboat Company — Its Various Boats — Busy Scenes on the Lake — The Celebrated "Smoke Boat" — Modern Steamers and Yachts — The Sodus Canal — Other Canal Projects — The First Railroad — Some of its Peculiarities — Other Railroads _ 32 CHAPTER VIII. The First Newspaper in the County — Its Very Early Publication — Its History down to its Present Successor, the Ithaca Journal — Opening of the Telegraph Line to Ithaca — The Ithaca Chronicle — The Democrat and its Predecessors — The Weekly Ithacan — Newspapers of Trumansburgh — Other Publications 42 CHAPTER IX. History of Tompkins Agricultural Society — Its First Officers— Insignificance of Early Premiums Offered — Sales and Purchases of Property — History of the County Poor House — Statistics of its Presest Condition — Masonic Societies in the County — Other Societies and Institutions. — _ _ _ _ .. 48 CHAPTER X. Comparison of State Law with the Common Law — Evolution of the Courts — The Court of Appeals — The Court of Chancery — The County Court — The Surro- gate'sCourt — Justice's Court — District Attorneys — Sheriffs— Court House — Judicial Officers — Personal Notes— Important Trials, 53 CHAPTER XI. Early Methods of Medical Study — Medical Societies Authorized by Statute — Tompkins County Medical Society — Dr. E. J. Morgan, sr. — The "Registra- tion Law " — List of Registered Physicians 77 CHAPTER XII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN AND VILLAGE OF ITHACA. _ _ .93 CHAPTER XIII. TOWN OF ULYSSES 205 CONTEXTS, vii CHAPTER XIV. TOWN OF DRYDEN 244 CHAPTER XV. TOWN OF CAROLINE. ._ 207 CHAPTER XVI. TOWN OF DANBY 295 CHAPTER XVII. TOWNOFNEWFIELD. ._ 803 CHAPTER XVIII. TOWNOFGROTON 310 CHAPTER XIX. TOWN OF LANSING __ 329 CHAPTER XX. TOWN OF ENFIELD 34U HISTORY OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY I. — Introduction _ __ 359 II. — The National Government and Higher Education. — The Land Grant Act, Establishing Colleges of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts 360 III. — Preliminary History; 1. The People's College. — 2. The New York State Agricultural College - 384 IV.— The Charter of the University. - _. 398 V. — The Management of the Land Grant. — Mr. Cornell's Services 413 VI. — Constitution of the University : 1. Plan of Organization. — 2. The Military Department. — 3. Manual Labor. — 4. Coeducation. — 5. The Non-Resident Lecture System. — 6. The University Senate. — 7. Alumni Representation in in the Board of Trustees __ 433 VII. — The Relation of the University to the State: 1. Scholarships. — 2. The Church. - ..- 463 VIII. — The Opening of the University _ - 474 IX. — The University as Established 504 viu CONTENTS. X.— Student Life _.. 512 XI.— Languages-: 1. The Classical and Oriental Languages.— 2. The Germanic and Romance Languages. - - 540 XI [. — Department of Philosophy 557 XIII. — Department of History and Political Science - 564 XIV. — Mathematics and Physics. _ 578 XV. —Natural Science. _ _ 583 XVI. — Department of Agriculture. 021 XVII. — Department of Architecture. -. 637 XVIII. — Department of Civil Engineering 639 XIX. — Department of Mechanic Arts 642 XX. — Professional Schools 650 XXI.— The Quarter-Centennial _ . _' .667 BIOGRAPHICAL; ' Ezra Cornell. 672 Andrew D. White 677 Henry W. Sage 681 John McGraw ....686 Goldwin Smith 687 William D. Wilson 688 Charles C. Shackford 690 Urief Personal Sketches 691 PART II, BIOGRAPHICAL 1-72 PART III. FAMILY SKETCHES 1-356 INDEXES. PART I 257-371 PART II ....271 PART III. 271-275 PORTRAITS 275 LANDMARKS TOMPKINS COUNTY. CHAPTER I. The Local Tribe and their Absorption by the Cayugas — Route of Sullivan's Army on both Sides of Cayuga Lake — Indian Villages Destroyed — Their Location — Flight of Indians to Niagara — Their Destitution after Sullivan's Victory — Cession of their Lands to the State. The present territory of Tompkins county was, at the date of Sulli- van's expedition in 1779, inhabited by a local tribe of Indians known as the " Todarighroones. " In 1753 Sir William Johnson mentions that the Cayugas holding the country around the lake were " about to strengthen their castle by taking in the Todarighrooners. " In the same year they are mentioned as attending a conference at Mount Johnson, and are described as one of the "nine confederate nations." The town is indicated at the head of Cayuga Lake on the Guy Johnson map of 1771 in the same position where it was found by Colonel Dear- born in 1779, under the name of " Todarighrono, " the name of the people. The Indian village known as " Coreorgonel," called " De-ho- riss-kanadia " by George Grant, was located on the west side of Cayuga Inlet, about three miles from the head of Cayuga Lake, and about two miles southwest of Ithaca city, on high ground south of the present school house on the farm of Joseph Allen, and just beyond Buttermilk Falls on the Inlet-Ne^yfield road. Several skeletoris have been ex- 1 3 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. humed here at various times within a few years past, and the usual va- riety of relics found, such as hatchets, wampum, beads, etc. The town at the time of its destruction by a detachment of Sullivan's army, un- der command of Col. Henry Dearborn, on the 24th of September, 1779, contained twenty-five houses, besides ten or twelve scattered between the main village and the lake. The detachment of the army came up the west side of the lake, reaching Goodwin's (or Taughannock) Point, on the 32d of September, 1779, then marched to the Indian village on the Inlet on the 23d, and burned the houses, corn and vegetables on the 24th. This detachment united with that from the east side of the lake on the 25th and marched thence to meet the main army at New- town (Elmira). The notes of Gen. John S. Clark, of Auburn^ found in the "Journals of the Military Expedition of Major-General John Sulli- van, against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779," published under au- thority of chapter 361, laws of 1885, passed by the Legislature, seem to furnish by far the most authentic as well as the most detailed infor- mation in reference to the Indian history of this locality. The detachment of Sullivan's army which destroyed the towns on the east side of Cayuga Lake, joining the detachment from the west side at Ithaca, marched down the east side of Seneca Lake, crossed the out- let where it leaves the lake, and very near the present Lehigh Valley Railroad track ; thence the route lay north of the outlet through the swamp, to what is now known as Mud Lock, three miles north of the present railroad depot at Cajuiga. Here the Seneca River was again crossed and a trail followed to Union Springs, where East Cayuga, Cayuga Castle, and Upper Cayuga Indian villages were situated ; thence to Chonodote, or Peachtown, the site of the present village of Aurora, and thence to Ithaca, which was reached on the 25th of September, 1779, the day after the village on the Inlet had been burned by the soldiers under Dearborn, as above stated. On map 103 C, of the Simeon De Witt collection in the archives of the New York Historical Society, being the manuscript maps and sur- veys of Robert Erskine, who was geographer to the American army, the distance is fixed at thirty-eight miles from Cayuga to Ithaca. On this rnap a fall of 120 feet perpendicular is indicated on the Fall Creek stream. In Clark's History of Onondaga County it is stated that on the Jesuit's map, Cayuga Lake is called " Tichero-lac. " Charlevoix calls it " Ge- jugouen," while Thurber's map designates it as " Gwangweh, " The EXTINCTION OF* The; CAYUGAS. ^ Indian designation of Ithaca was " Ne-o-dak-he-at" ; its signification, "At the End of the Lake." The Cayugas retreated to Niagara before the march of Sullivan's army after the battle of Newtown, and few ever returned to their old hunting grou^nds ; neglected and badly treated by their English allies, and insufficiently provided with food, sickness and death made fearful ravages among them during the cold winter following Sullivan's cam- paign. In 1789 a treaty was concluded with the Six Nations whereby the Indians acknowledged allegiance to the general government and ceded to the State of New York the lands lying east of Seneca Lake. This cession and treaty opened up the country to the immigration of white settlers from the Eastern States, and new characters appear up- on the scene. Father Carbeil was a missionary among the Cayugas and probably his labors reached into the territory now included in Tompkins county. In a letter dated June 24, 1672, he speaks in glowing terms of the beauty of the country, of the great quantity of fish in Lake Tiohero (Cayuga), and immense clouds of game on its waters and in the forest bordering its shores. He found the Cayugas more tractable and less haughty than the Onondagas or Oneidas. He mentions also a battle between the Andastes and the Cayugas while the latter were on their way to the Susquehanna River from the head of Cayuga Lake, the Cayugas losing twenty-four warriors slain or taken prisoners. CHAPTER II. Original Civil Divisions — Erection of Counties — Dates of the Creation of Counties in Western New York — Formation of Tompkiu."; County — Original Towns and when Formed — Present Towns and Dates of Organization — Geographical Location of the County — Its Area and Population — Soil and Original Forest — Its Water Courses, Scen- ery and Water Falls thereon — Climate— Absence of Excessive Snow Fall — Absence of Fogs on Waters Flowing Northward. In compiling the history of any locality, reference must of necessity be had to every source of information possible. These sources are to be examined and their accuracy determined ; this involves the perusal of old records, of scattered memoranda, and the separation of fact from 4 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. fiction and errors, which, by reiteration at times grow into accepted truth, subsequently found to be without foundation. It is subject of regret that the pioneefs of Tompkins county did not appreciate the im- portance of events in which they were actors and preserve in tangible form a detailed record of occurrences which were of little apparent in- terest to them, but which in the lapse of a century have become very material, possess absorbing interest, and yet require great labor and re- search on the part of the eager historian to obtain the facts regarding them. While this condition is to be deplored, it does not lessen the sense of duty on the part of those who may essay to preserve and per- petuate incidents connected with the original settlement of this part of the State, which has been transformed from a dense forest into broad acres of cultivated fields; from a region where the woodman's clearing was the only evidence of occupation, to a beautiful country where are now to be found villages and cities teeming with population and filled with every evidence of refinement and wealth ; where the hum of busy industry and successful trade is heard, and where educational institu- tions of the most advanced type have been created, which are the glory of the inhabitants and the wonder of the world. In a preceding chapter the history of Indian occupation of this local- ity, so far as known and can be ascertained, is given. The settlement of the white race followed closely upon the close of the Sullivan cam- paign in 1779, which resulted in the practical extinction of the Cayu- gas, who were driven westward, their families scattered, their villages destroyed, and the field left open for peaceful possession by the white pioneers at least a dozen years before the beginning of the present century. In order to trace properly the history of the State of New York and the counties composing it at the present time, reference to original civil divisions is made. Under the Dutch the only divisions were the cities and towns. In 1GG5, a district, or sheriffalty, called Yorkshire, was erected. It comprised Long Island, Staten Island, and part of the present county of Westchester For judicial purposes it was divided into three " Ridings." The East Riding comprised the present county of Suffolk ; the West Riding, Staten Island, the present Kings County, Newtown and part of Westchester ; the North Riding, all of the present county of Queens excepting Newtown. Counties were erected for the first time by the act of 1683, and were twelve in number, as follows: Albany, Cornwall, Dukes, Dutchess, CIVIL DIVISIONS. 5 Kings, New York, Orange, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Ulster, and Westchester. The county of Cornwall consisted of what was known as the District of Pemaquid (now in Maine), and Dukes county consisted of the several islands on the coast of Massachusetts. These counties were included in the patent to the Duke of York. They were detached on the reorganization of the government in 1091. Cumberland county in 176G, Gloucester in 1770, and Charlotte in 1772, were formed out of Albany county. The first two and part of the last are now in the State of Vermont. Tryon county was erected in 1772, also from Albany, and comprised the country west of a north and south line extending from St Regis to the west bounds of the township of Schenectady, thence running irreg- ularly southwest to the head of the Mohawk branch of the Delaware, and along the same to the southeast bounds of the present county of Broome; thence in a northwesterly direction to Fort Bull, on Wood creek, near the present city of Rome — all west of the last mentioned line being then Indian territory. Thus the province consisted at the Revolution of fourteen counties. On April 2, 1784, the name of Tryon county was changed to Mont- gomery. On the 1 (5th of February, 1791, Herkimer county was erected from Montgomery; on March 5, 1794, Onondaga county was created, its territory having been a part of Herkimer. Cayuga county was taken from Onondaga on the 8th of March, 1799. Seneca county was erected from Cayuga March 29, 1794; and Tompkins county was erected from Cayuga and Seneca on the 17th of April, 1817. As originally organized Tompkins county embraced the towns of Hector, Ulysses, and Dryden (from Seneca county), and portions of Locke and Genoa (from Cayuga county). The towns afterwards erected from Locke and Genoa were called Division (now Groton) and Lansing. The original dimensions of Tompkins county were enlarged March 22, 1822, by adding thereto the towns of Caroline, Danby, and Cayuta (now Newfield) from Tioga county. In 1853 a strip from the west side of Newfield was annexed to Chemung county; and on April 17, 1854, Hector was made a part of the then newly-erected county of Schuyler. Tompkins therefore now consists of nine towns, viz: Caroline, organized February 22, 1811, and taken from Tioga and annexed to Tompkins March 22, 1822. 6 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTV. Danby, organized on the same date as Caroline and also transferred to Tompkins from Tioga at the same time. Dryden, taken from the original town of Ulysses (then in Seneca county), February 22, 1803. Enfield, taken from Ulysses March 11, 1821. Groton (as Division), taken from Locke April 7, 1817. Ithaca, taken from Ulysses March 16, 1821. Lansing, taken from Genoa April 7, 1817. Newfield, taken from Spencer February 22, 1811. Ulysses, organized March 6, 1794, the date of organization of Onon- daga county. 1 * In 1794 the Board of Supervisors of Onondaga county fixed the val- uation of the town of Ulysses, then comprising in addition to its present boundaries, the present towns of Drjalen, Enfield, and Ithaca, at ^^'lOO and the total taxes at_^12 10 0. In 1797 the board gave the census of Ulysses at 52 and the valuation at |4,777. In 1798 the inhabitants had increased to 00 and the valuation to $5,000. A glance at the map of the State of New York shows Tompkins coun- ty situated in the western part,, nearly central between Lake Ontario and Pennsylvania, practically square in form, and bounded on the north by Cayuga and Seneca counties, east by .Cortland and Tioga counties, south by Tioga and Chemung, and west by Schuyler. The territory embraced in its borders is divided into nine towns, with an aggregate area of 292,724 acres, and a population of 32,923 according to the United States census of 1890, which is the latest national enu- meration. The State enumeration of 1 892 gives the population at 35, 055, an increase of 2,132 The town of Ulysses borders on Cayuga Lake on the east, and is the northwest division ; Enfield lies centrally west, south of Ulysses ; New- field in the southwest ; Danby centrally south ; Caroline southeast ; Dry- den centrally east; Groton northeast; Lansing between Groton, Dry- den and Cayuga Lake on the north, with Ithaca, the county seat, in the > Although for convenient reference the towns are given in alpliabotical order, in the subsequent pages of this work they will be treated in the order of the dates of their formation. = A township on the MiHtary Tract was a particular parcel of land laid out, con- taining certain one hundred lots. Thus in the Military Tract which covered part of Tompkins county, Ulysses was numbered 22, and Dryden 33. — Clark's Onondaga, p. 360. WA'J^JCR C()UliS]5S. 7 center. Cayuga Lake, about forty miles long, and from one to three and a half miles wide, extends into Ithaca from the north, separating Ulysses and Lansing. The soil in the northern half of the county is generally a gravelly or clay loam, created by drift deposits, while the larger portion of the southern half is a slaty loam, created by disintegration of the softer rock, which, dipping slightly to the south, appears on the surface of the hillsides where they fall away to the north. Excepting small parts of the county, the original forests consisted of a magnificent growth of white pine of the highest quality. The more elevated parts of some of the southern towns produced hemlock, beech, maple, oak and other varieties of valuable woods. The south half of the county is high and rolling, with elevations of from 400 to 700 feet, forming the watershed from which streams flow into the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay on the south, and the Seneca-Oswego River into Lake Ontario on the north. This watershed reaches on the southwest into Schuyler and Chemung counties, and on the east and northeast into Cortland and Onondaga counties. In their passage from the upland the streams have worn deep gullies or gorges in the soil, and tliere is no other portion of the State containing water- falls in either number, height or beauty, at all approaching the locality embraced within the county of Tompkins adjoining the head of Cayuga Lake. Salmon Creek reaches the lake in the town of Lansing, rising in Cay- uga county and flowing generally in a southerly direction. It is noted for some picturesque falls and beautiful gorges. Fall Creek has its source, for one of its branches, in Dryden Lake, a small body of water situated close to the Cortland county line just south of the center of the town of Dryden. The other and larger branch rises in Cayuga county in the town of Summer Hill, flows southerly across the town of Groton and unites with the south branch in Dryden, and thence through the city limits of Ithaca and into Cayuga Lake. This stream, the largest in the county, has upon it within the city of Ithaca five falls ranging in height from 40 to 140 feet, and overhanging banks equal to these distances above the water, which tumbles and foams as it flows downward through the gorge below. Cascadilla Creek rises in Dryden and flows nearly west through the northern part of Ithaca, joining a branch of Fall Creek and the Inlet at the steamboat landing. This is the smallest of the streams reaching 8 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Cayuga Lake through the city. In its descent from the table lands above there are may picturesque gorges and beautiful cascades. Six Mile Creek rises in Dryden, flows southwest through Slaterville and Brookton, thence northwest through Ithaca, uniting with the Inlet at the foot of State street. The only considerable waterfall upon it is known as Wells Falls, situated inside the city limits, but the valley of the stream above abounds with deep gorges and wild, impressive scen- ery. Buttermilk Creek rises in Danby, flows nearly north, and reaches the Inlet just outside of and south of the city line. There is a magnificent cascade upon this stream in full view of passing railroad trains, which is an object of attraction to every traveler upon both the D., L. and W. and the Lehigh Valley Railroads. It is from this stream that the wa- ter supply of Ithaca is taken, and as the creek is fed wholly by springs at its sources, the supply is remarkably pure and free from contamina- tion. Less than a mile south of Buttermilk Creek a streamlet known as Lick Brook affords a beautiful waterfall over 135 feet in height, while along the length of the stream are several remarkable scenic gorges. Ithaca Inlet rises in Spencer, Tioga county, flows thi-ough Danby, Newfield and Ithaca, into Cayuga Lake. It follows a deep valley, flanked by hills on either side hundreds of feet in height. Five Mile, or Enfield Creek, rises in the town from which it is named, flows south and southeast, joining the Inlet on the border town lines of Newfield and Ithaca. Enfield Falls upon this stream, near nine miles southwest of Ithaca, is a point of great resort, and has been made the subject of many sketches by artists, attracted by the natural beauties of the scenery. The head waters of Taughannock Creek are in Hector, just over the county line, and the stream reaches Cayuga Lake nine miles north of Ithaca. The swiftly flowing waters have worn a very deep gorge for the distance of a mile back from the lake, where the recession was ar- rested by a surface strata of hard rock, over which the water is precip- itated in an unbroken sheet 215 feet, the highest waterfall in this State. Precipitous banks tower 150 feet above the stream, and below the fall show a sheer unbroken wall of 365 feet. Taughannock Falls have an extended reputation and are visited by thousands of admiring sight- seers yearly. CLIMATOLOGY. 9 Trumansburgh Creek has its extreme sources in both Seneca and Schuj'-ler counties. Its general course is east through Trumansburgh village and then bending to the north it empties into the lake in the county of Seneca. The face of the country in this county and its slope in all directions towards the lake, with the great number of streams feeding it, produces the rare combination of gorge and waterfall found no where else in this State. On the southeast Owego Creek forms the border line between the town of Caroline and Tioga county. In Newfield, at the southwest, a valley slopes to the south and Cayuta Creek follows it, reaching the Che- mung River near Wavcrly, after traversing Van Etten and other por- tions of Chemimg and Tioga counties. Rising in Dryden, the Owasco Inlet flows north through the central valley of Groton, and thence through Locke and Moravia to Owasco Lake. In climate Tompkins county partakes of the general characteristics of Central and Western New York, with more favorable temperature and less range than elsewhere in the region named. Goodwin's History of Cortland County states that the mean temperature of Homer is 44 deg. , 17 min. , while at Ithaca it is 47 deg., 88 min., or 3 degrees and 71 min- utes in favor of Ithaca. The same authority states the annual range of the thermometer at Homer is 104 deg., while that of Ithaca was 91, or 13 deg. in favor of Ithaca. This immediate locality also escapes the excessivesnowfalls which cover Cortland, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, Herkimer and Otsego counties. These snow falls in that part of the State lying east of Tompkins county are doubtless owing largely to evaporation from the surface of Lake Ontario, the waters of which are very deep and seldom freeze. The prevailing northwest air currents in winter carry this evaporation over the localities before named, where it is deposited as snow by condensation. The territory embraced in Tompkins county, excepting in the south- eastern and southwestern sections, is almost wholly free from the dense fogs which, especially in autumn, appear almost daily in the valley of the vSusquehanna and its tributaries. The author is unaware that any sat- isfactory solution of the cause of the frequency of fogs on all waters flowing to the south, and their absence, as a rule, on waters flowing to the north, throughout the whole central part of this State, has ever been attempted. A remarkable verification of this difference appears hi the 10 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. town of Caroline, where a swamp is the source of streams running both north and south. Those ultimately reaching Chesapeake Bay will of- ten be covered with a dense fog, and not a mile distant the stream head- ing for Lake Ontario will at the same hour bask in bright sunshine. For weeks, and often for months, on the land sloping to the north trav- ersed by streams discharging into Lake Ontario, not a vestige of fog is seen, and the author has known a whole year to pass in this locality without a single foggy morning being experienced. CHAPTER in. The First White Men in what is now Tompkins County — The Last of the Local In- dians — The March of Civilization — Arrival of the First Permanent Settlers — Trials and Perils of their Journey — The Route Taken — Locality of First Settlement — The Pioneers of Ithaca — Dates of Settlement in the Various Towns. Prohably the first white persons who visited this locality were mis- sionaries, and an account is given of one who passed through here from the Susquehanna River as early as 1(157, but whether others came or not is not recorded. Following this single missionary, or others if there were more, the Sullivan expedition and members of his army may prop- erly be said to have been the first white men who set foot on the soil of the present county of Tompkins. There exists no evidence that any of the army remained, for as a body the troops marched to Catherine Town after the Indian villages were destroyed, and joined the main force, the entire command at once returning on the route through the Che- mung, Susquehanna and Wyoming valleys. The Indians, retreating before Sullivan's army, did not return from the western part of the State ; or, if scattered families came back, it was to find the cabins they formerly occupied burned, their crops destroyed, their fruit trees cut down, and only desolation before them as they wandered from the site of one Indian village to another. Under such circumstances it is not to be wondered at that the spirits of the warriors were measurably broken and the desire to again make this region their home, to again build up their villages and cultivate anew their devas- tated fields, passed away forever. The few Indians who remained here J-IRST WHITE SETTLERS. 11 after that memorable campaign against them, removed to the north- ern part of the State in 1790. ^ From 1779 to 1788 there was no change. The few Indians who es- caped Sullivan's army and remained here, or who returned and brought families, cultivated their clearings in a half-hearted way, supplying ■ their needs by hunting and fishing, for the forests were filled with game and the waters of Cayuga Lake and the streams flowing into it swarm- ing with fish. The first white persons intending to become permanent settlers were the eleven men who left Kingston, on the Hudson River in April, 1788. With two Delaware Indians as guides, they started out to explore the wilderness west of the Susquehanna River. All knowledge they pos- sessed of the locality towards which they directed their steps was de- rived from Indians who had hunted in the dense forests which covered the entii'e western part of the State, and those adventurers started up- on a journey supposed to be full of peril and replete with dangers inci- dent to travel in an unknown and unsettled region. Something over a month passed before the party returned to Kingston, having examined only the country embracing Cayuga and Seneca Lakes and a few miles in each direction around these waters. They made no selection of lands and came to no decision to ever return to the localities they had visited. In April, 1789, however, three of those who had traversed the country the previous year determined to return, and they finally set- tled upon a lot of 400 acres, extending east from Tioga street in the 1 The pages of history tell us of the barbarities practiced by the red men upon the pioneers of New England. It is not, pei-haps, strange that a knowledge of those barbarities which have scarcly ceased in the western world at the present day, should have led later generations of white people not only to regard their authors as merci- less savages without one redeeming trait, but also to believe that the bloody deeds of of the red men were committed without any material provocation. A more careful study of the Indian peoples will, however, indicate that such was not the case. While it is undeniable that the march of civilization cannot be stayed, and that the weaker must give place to the stronger in the world's progress, it is atso true that the natives of the western world never failed to meet the first white comers to any par- ticular locality with open arms and peace in their hearts. That the contest with all its horrors was inevitable, is undoubted ; but in it each side took its share of the re- spon,sibility, and the untutored savages, their brains influenced by the rum of the white man, turned upon the latter the very guns for which they were deluded into giving up their birthrights. It was a struggle for supremacy and each side used whatever advantage it possessed to achieve victory, and met its foes according to its nature and circumstances. 12 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. present city of Ithaca. Within the valley upon this tract clearings were found from which the hazel and thorn bushes had been removed by the Indians, and which had been cultivated by them. Within these clearings and upon this tract of 400 acres, Jacob Yaple, Isaac Dumond, and Peter Hinepaw settled. By them the clearings were at once put under cultivation; corn was planted and, leaving a younger brother of one of the party to care for the crops, these adventurous men returned east to fetch their families to the new homes amid the almost unbroken forest, which they reached in September following. They brought with them a few articles of necessary household furniture, some farm- ing utensils, and hogs, sheep, cattle and horses. No better history of these men and their settlement here can be given than is to be found in a lecture delivered by Horace King, one of the most brilliant young- men ever resident in Ithaca, on the 5th of April, 1847, reprints of which are now somewhat rare. He said : The Yaple family was composed of Jacob Yaple, his wife and three children, and John Yaple, a younger brother, aged about twenty years. The Dumond family con- sisted of Isaac Dumond, his wife and three children, and John Dumond and his wife, who had then been lately married. The Hinepaw family was comprised of Peter Hinepaw, his wife and five children, the oldest of whom was about twelve years of age. In all there were twenty individuals. The length of time occupied in their journey from Kingston hither, in the light of rapid traveling of this day, seems incredible. A month was consumed in reaching the point where the village of Owegois now situated, and from thence to Ithaca nine- teen days. But a reference to the route pursued and to the manner of traveling ex- plains it. From Kingston they crossed to the eastern branch of the Delaware, reaching it at Middletown, the southeastern township of Delaware County; there they constructed canoes, in which they descended the river to a little below the fork; then they crossed to the Susquehanna, and again making canoes, descended that river to Owego. Between that place and Ithaca there was no road of any description — unless a. well-beaten Indian foot-path might be considered one — and therefore they were compelled to clear the way before them in order to journey onward. Having arrived at their place of destination, they immediately proceeded in their prepara- tions for permanently remaining. In a short time three log cabins were erected, and the respective families took possession of their dwellings. The first built, which was occupied by Hinepaw, was situated on the Cascadilla Creek near the mill at the cross- ing of the stream by Linn street; the second occupied by Yaple was on East State street where Jacob M. McCormick'.s house stands [now — 1804 — occupied by Miss Belle Cowdry] ; and the third occupied by Dumond was near the same spot. The only settlements within hailing distance were at Owego, where three families had settled the year previous; at Newtown, where two or three families had located; and at a point some four miles north of Cayuga lake, on its outlet, where there were also two or three families. EARLY SETTLERS. 13 It must not be supposed that the pioneers had no communication with older settle- ments at the cast. Acquaintances were moved to engage in the same enterprise of finding homes, and subduing and cultivating the land to fertility. Those imbued with this desire in their search for attractive locations, of course traveled routes leading, as far as possible, where friends might be found, and such were warmly welcomed at all times. They brought information from the east, and on their return carried word back from those who had made homes amid the primeval forest. Encouraged by re- ports received, other families began preparations for removal to this locality, and tluis a current of emigration commenced to flow in this direction, which soon attained large proportions and aided materially in opening up and populating the area cov- ered by the present county of Tompkins. It was only natural that those who first reached here and made their future homes, should have felt enthusiastic as to the climate, soil and every element necessary to make a settlement desirable; and their re- ports induced a large number of persons from the east, relatives or friends of those who had gone before, as well as others, to move to the head of Caytiga Lake, the present site of Ithaca city, and also to sur- rounding neighborhoods within the present bounds of Tompkins coun- ty. (Further settlements on the site of Ithaca are noted in the history of the village and city in later pages of this work. ) Six years after the first settlement at Ithaca, in the year 1705, Capt. David Rich came from Western Massachusetts and settled in Caroline, and in the same year the widow of Francis Earsley, with ten children, emigrated to the same locality from Roxbury, Essex county. New Jer- sey. In 1795, Isaac and John Dumond, with Jacob and John Yaple, all of whom lost their title to the lot they originally located upon at Ithaca, through the knavery or carelessness of their agent, who failed to pay taxes at Albany upon their land, retnoved to Danby and built the first house in that town. Dr. Lewis Beers and Jabez Beers came from Con- necticut in 1807, bringing with them William R. Collins and Joseph Judson, aged respectively sixteen and fifteen years. Collins did not re- main in Danby, but removed to Ithaca and in after years was a man of note in that place. The first settlement was made in the town of Dryden in 1797 by Amos Sweet, who was followed in the next year by Ezekiel Sandford, David Foot and Ebenezer Chausen. Enfield was first settled in 1804 by John Giltner (or Geltner) and was advanced in the following year by John White, Peter Banfield and John Applegate. 14 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The first settlement in what is now Groton was made about the year 1796 by Samuel Hogg, at West Groton; Ichabod Brown, John Guthrie and Perrin, at Groton; and J. Williams, J. Houghtaling and W. S. Clark near McLean. The earliest settlement in the town of Lansing was made by Silas and Henry Ludlow, brothers, in the year 1791, and Samuel Baker and Solomon Hyatt began improvements there in the next year. The settlement of Newfield was begun by James Thomas probably as early as 1800, and within a year or two afterwards two or three others settled there. The first settlement in what is now the town of Ulysses was made in 179',i bv Abner and Philip Tremaine (now " Treman"). The foregoing summary of the first settlements in the several towns of the county may be useful at this point for reference, while the sub- ject is continued in detail in the town histories in later pages of the volume. CHAPTUR IV The Work of the Pioneers — What was Accomplished prior to County Organization Beginning of the New County Government — The Financial Panic of 1837-8 — Its Effects in this County — Recuperation — The War Period — Prompt Action in Ithaca — Filling the Various Quotas of the County. The history of Tompkins county during tlie period between the time of the first settlements and the county organization is quite fully given in the several town histories in later chapters of this work. There will be found treated with especial care the deeds of the early comers in the various localities in laying the foundations of their future homes. We learn therein that while progress generally during tluit period was steady, it is, on the other hand, true that the early opening of the more accessible and beautiful "Genesee country," as it was termed, served for a time to check the influx of settlers to this region. The natural course of immigration, moreover, seemed to be up the Mohawk valley and thence directly westward, which fact, combined with the extrava- gant reports of the beauty and richness of the western part of the State, produced a marked effect upon the inflowing tide of pioneers. PROGRESS OF THE PIONEERS. 15 As an indication of the privations under which onr forefathers lived, W. T. Eddy, from whose interesting reminiscences we shall draw, wrote as follows : There is considerable said in these days about hard times, bvit let me relate to you, as it was told to me how Mr. Earl, the father of the brothers Isaac and Caleb that lived and were masons in the village quite a number of years. Mr. Earl, the father, then lived up the Inlet nine miles in the town of Newfield. He walked from his home to the residence of Judge Townley, in the town of Lansing, a distance of about eighteen miles, worked for Mr. Townley until he earned a bushel and a half of wheat, took it in a bag on his back, came to the mill on Cascadilla Creek, had it ground, and then carried it home to Newfield. Mr. Eddy said of the second grist mill that it was owned by Joseph S. Sydney and was located on Fall Creek at Free Hollow near the bridge ; it was built in 1794. Mr. Sydney sold out and in 1802, built a grist mill on Cascadilla Creek not far from the depot of the E., C. & N. Railroad ; he died there in 1815. But the settlers of what is now Tompkins county were not idle in their new homes. We have already seen that a foothold was gained in vari- ous localities several years before the opening of the present century, and it is certain that all of those who had thus early located here, with the many others who followed them prior to the organization of the county, had made a remarkable change in the territory in question. Roads were opened, one of the first from the eastward, as early as 1791- 92, over which traveled many of the pioneers. Others in 1804-5, 1807, in which year two important highways were opened, and others at a little later time, as hereafter described. Saw mills multiplied on the many streams and the rich pine forests were prostrated and the logs cut into valuable lumber to be sold or used at home in the construction of farm buildings, the cleared ground at the same time becoming susceptible to cultivation. Clearings appeared here and there in yearly increasing numbers, and the original log dwellings were soon superseded by more comfortable frame structures. Grist mills, sufificiently well equipped to do the coarse grinding which satisfied the hardy people, were soon running, and incipient manufactures and mercantile business sprang up. Two years before the county organization Ithaca had its newspaper in the Seneca Republican, the forefather of the still-existing Journal. And there was legal business (where is there not where two or three human beings are gathered together?) for such attorneys as David Woodcock, Charles Humphrey, and A. D. W. Bruyn were in Ithaca be- fore there was a county of Tompkins. The physical ills of the settlers 16 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. were assuaged, let us hope, by Drs. John C. Hoyt, A. J. Miller, Dyer Foote, and Daniel Mead in Ithaca, and two or three others in surround- ing towns, before the county was formed; and church organization had been effected more than a decade earlier. These are all indisputable evidences of progress and thrift. Ithaca was as early as 1810 regarded as one of the most thriving and promising villages in the interior of this State. The act of Legislature under which Tompkins county was organized was passed April 17, 1817, and constituted the new county from parts of Cayuga and Seneca counties. Its area has been twice changed; first on March 23, 1822, by the annexation of three towns from Tioga county. On the 4th of June, 1853, by enactment a small strip on the west side of Newfield was annexed to Chemung county. The act, how- ever, was not to become operative until January 1, 1856. Before that time Schuyler was erected and this territory became a part of that county. Again on April 17, 1864, the town of Hector was taken off and annexed to Schuyler county. The act of incorporation established the county seat at Ithaca, and contained provisions for the erection of court buildings, as described in the chapter on the bar of the county. The first principal officers of the county were as follows: First Judge, Oliver C. Comstock, appointed April 10, 1817. Surrogate, Andrew D. W. Bruyn, appointed March 11, 1817. Clerk, Archer Green, appointed March 11, 1817. Sheriff, Her- mon Camp, appointed April 11, 1817; (he was succeeded by Henry Bloom on the 26th of June, 1817. ) District Attorney, David Woodcock, appointed April 15, 1817. (Justices of the Peace are given elsewhere.) The machinery for the new county government was soon in success- ful operation. The piiblic buildings were erected as provided for in the act of incorporation, and public improvements were actively pros- ecuted until they felt the check of the distressing financial stringency of 1836-7. Previous to that time two or three railroads had been char- tered and one of them opened to traffic in 1834, amid general rejoicing. The Sodus Canal topic was uppermost in the public mind for a num- ber of years during the period under consideration, while at the same time the agricultural element was steadily pressing forward toward the satisfactoiy condition it finally reached. Slavery cast its dark shadow over this cotmty until so recent a date, comparatively speaking, that it almost astonishes the most thoughtful of US wher; brought to fully realize the fc^cts, Tl;e first quarter of th§ SPECULATION AND PANIC. 17 present century had almost expired before the last remnant of the na- tion's curse was expelled. The census of 1830 shows that in the terri- tory now contained in Tompkins county, and the town of Hector, then a part of it, slaves were held as follows: Ulysses (then including the present towns of Ithaca and Enfield), two males and one female. Dan- by, two males and four females. Caroline (see history of that town), eighteen males and fourteen females. Hector, nine males. Dryden, Groton and Lansing, none. In the population of the town of Hector there were thirty free colored persons ; in Ulysses, eighteen ; Caroline, none; Danby, five. In the disastrous financial revulsion and panic which swept over the entire country in 1836-7 Ithaca suffered severely, but not more so than most other similar places, and far less than some. During the early part of the first year named, and to some extent in 1835, the specula- tive fever began and soon rose to its highest pitch. Fabulous prices were paid for land and fictitious valuation thus created without any solid foundation. Of course most of this financial expansion was witnessed in and near by the village of Ithaca; but its effects were felt through- out the county. Suburban farms were laid out in village lots, and it has been stated that scarcely an acre of land within two miles of the village was purchasable for tillage. The speculators (and they em- braced almost the entire community) saw visions of numerous banks, railroads branching out in every direction, canals filled with a continuous procession of laden boats, and above all, money without stint. In a number of the Ithaca Journal in July of 1836, is a report that a sale of sundry water power rights at Fall Creek were sold at auction and brought $220,000, and that "a parcel of the De Witt estate which was purchased last December for $4,676, sold at auction on the fith [of July] for $52, 929. A farm which was purchased last summer for $50 per acre, has recently been sold for $500 per acre, and the purchaser has been offered and declined an advance on his purchase." Usurious rates of interest prevailed everywhere and money was in active demand at ex- orbitant figures. This is explainable by the fact that many persons, influenced by the general speculative fev^r, were led to borrow funds with which they hoped to not only pay the heavy interest from their profits, but clear a competency besides ; thus almost the entire com- munity was drawn into the whirlpool. There could be but .one ending to this. It was precipitated by the issue of President Jackson's well- known "specie circular," and the crash was overwhelming to many. 3 18 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Men were brought suddenly to realize that there were some things in the universe (one of which was the solid ground) that could not be pur- chased at depreciated prices with depreciated currency. Banks con- tracted their currency, a general suspension of specie payments fol- lowed, and ruin was prevalent. The succeeding stagnation in Tomp- kins county is evidenced at least to some extent by the fact that while previous to 1837 there was various legislation relative to the incorpo- ration of companies, inauguration of public enterprises, improving the charter of Ithaca village, etc. , some of which went into effect almost yearly between that year and 1857 (a period of about twenty years), when legislation of this nature nearly ceased. Recovery from this memorable panic was slow in this county, and to it may undoubtedly be credited in a large degree the extremely conserv- ative methods of the business men during the next quarter of a cent- ury. But if the growth during that period was slow and business methods were conservative, that growth was healthy and built upon a solid foundation. The effects of this panic upon Ithaca and its imme- diate vicinity are described more in detail in the history of the village and city in later pages. Again in 1857, at the time of the general bank suspension, the Mer- chants' and Farmers' Bank alone paid specie for its bills, but did it by gold drafts on Albany. The time at length arrived when the inhabitants of this county were called upon to share in the burdens, the terrors and the triumphs of the great civil war, the records of which are enrolled upon many brilliant pages. For this work a concise account of the events of the great con- flict as they applied directly to the county must suffice. Scarcely had the first roll of the drum been heard in the north when active operations were begun in this county. Volunteers came forward, many of them being members of the old De Witt Guard, and enrolled their names, and on the 23d of April, only six days after the first call for troops, they met to the number of sixty-one, sufficient for a company, and elected the following officers: Captain, Jerome Rowe; first lieuten- ant, James H. Tichenor; second lieutenant, William O. Wyckoif ; first sergeant, William M, Godley; second sergeant, E. V. Fulkerson; third sergeant, Edward Atwater ; fourth sergeant, Doctor Tarbell ; first cor- poral, Leonard Atwater; second corporal, Clinton McGill; third cor- poral, James A. Dickinson; fourth corporal, George B. Shepherd. This company left for New York on the 3d of May, and by the 8th an- DURING THE REBELLION. 19 other company was filled and commanded by Captain John Whitlock, which left on the 9th for Elmira. These organizations joined the 33d Regiment which left for the front on the 25th of June, 1861, and saw severe service during its term of three years. Military enthusiasm was at white heat. The Tompkins County Bank offered the governor f35,- 000, and J. B. Williams notified the governor that he would advance means to fully equip any volunteers raised in this county. Meanwhile a committee appointed by the citizens of Ithaca on the 23d of April for the furtherance of military operations and particularly to raise a fund for the relief of the families of volunteers, had succeeded by May in raising nearly $9,000. As accessory to this committee the Ladies' Volunteer Association was organized on the 14th of June, and the 26th reported that they had received about $350 in cash and a vast quantity of supplies of various kinds. Miss Jane L. Hardy was secre- tary and treasurer of the association, and was conspicuous in all move- ments for the benefit of soldiers and their families; she is still living in Ithaca. On the 7th of September, 18G1, a mammoth mass convention was held in Ithaca, at which patriotic addresses wei^e delivered by Daniel S. Dickinson, Horatio Ballard and others ; the call for the convention was signed by ten or twelve columns of names in the Journal. In the summer of 18G2, when the prospects in the field were looking very dark and there seemed to be doubt about securing additional vol- unteers, the governor appointed a large committee in each senatorial district of the State to take charge of raising a regiment in each district, to apply on the 50,000 volunteers required from the State. The names of the committee for this district were Lyman Truman, B. F. Tracy, George Bartlett, Ransom Balcom, J. B. Williams, J. W. D wight, and H. D. Barto. The committee met in Owego on the 31st of July. To aid in the work the committee appointed town committees which were for Tompkins county as follows : Caroline — William Curtis, John Bull, William Taft, Epenetus Howe, John J. Bush. Danby — W. A. Mandeville, T. J. Phillips, Josiah Hawes, Harvey D. Miller, E. L. B. Curtis. Dryden — Luther Griswold, Smith Robertson, Charles Givens, Thom- as J. McElheny, W. W. Snyder. Enfield — W. L. Bostwick, Samuel V. Graham, Joseph Rolfe, L. H, Van Kirk, Henry Brewer. 20 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Lansing — H. B. Lord, A. W. Knettles, J. N. Townley, David Crocker, Albert Baker. Newfield— B. R. McAllister, C. C. Cook, Oliver Puff, P. >S. Dudley, Benjamin Starr. Groton— William D. Mount, D. B. Marsh, H. K. Clark, Charles Per- rigo, John P. Hart. Ithaca — J. L. Whiton, George D. Beers, E. C. Seymour, L. R. King, B. G. Jayne. Ulysses — Lyman Congdon, J. De Motte Smith, Monroe Stout, David Dumont, S. R. Wickes. vSo prompt and efficient was the action of these committees that a regiment was soon filled, and another followed directly after — the first one being mustered in early in August and the latter went to the front on the loth of September. Both of these organizations performed he- roic deeds on the battlefield and left many of their members among the honored dead in unknown graves where they fell, and in the hos- pital cemeteries. In the prosecution of the work of securing volunteers in the summer of 1802 a great war meeting was held in Ithaca on the 35th of July, at which many well known men made speeches. Under the then existing call for 300,000 men the quota for Ithaca was 83; for Dryden, and Gro- ton, 92; for Enfield, Ulysses and Lansing, 92; for Newfield, Danby and Caroline, 84. Town committees were appointed to enroll all who were liable to draft, preparatory to the draft incident upon failure to fill the call of July 2, 1862. The quotas necessary to be raised to avoid the draft were as follows: Caroline, 72; Danby, 70; Dryden, 15-1; En- field, 58; Groton, 110; Ithaca,' 212; Lansing, 100; Newfield, 92; Ulys- ses, lO-t. Total, 972. Meetings were promptly held and a subscrip- tion started to raise a fund to pay each volunteer $100 bounty ; nearly $15,000 were subscribed at once. This action had the desired effect, and was about the first of a series of measures for the payment of the liberal bounties that were afterwards given to volunteers. Enlistments were now rapid and the 109th Regiment, with compa- nies A, F, and G from Tompkins county, was mustered in on the 28th of August and left Binghamton on the 30th. Other volunteers from this county previous to the time under consideration had joined the 76th Regiment, the Oith (mustered in the fall of 1861), and other organiza- tions, I)UR1N(! TlUC RICBULLION. 'M The i;37tli Regiment was raised in tlie 2-1-th Senatorial District in the summer and fall of 1802 and mustered in at Binghamton September 35. Company D was largely recruited in Tompkins county. On the 24th of Marcli, 18(i2, a meeting was called in Ithaca to form a Loyal League. The attendance was large and enthusiastic. Wait T. Huntington occupied the chair, with A. M. Hull, secretary. The or- ganization was effected, with Charles E. Hard};^ as president, and aided materially in various ways in the promotion of the Union cause. The 14;3d Regiment, in which companies D and I were almost wholly from Tompkins county, was mustered into the service October !), 1802. The summer of IBOi! was an exciting time. A call for ;500,000 vol- unteers had been promulgated and a draft ordered for July in case the cpiotas were not filled, which were as follows; Ithaca, 228; Lansing, \)i; Groton, 90; Dryden, 124; Caroline, 03; Danby, 51; Newfield, 83; Enfield, 54; Ulysses, 80; total, 873. The enrollment in the county was 5,370. The quota was not filled and the draft was held for this county in July. As is well known, this draft, with the commutation provision by which drafted men could pay $300 and be exempt from service, resulted in very little accession to the armies of the Union; the result was another call in the autumn for still another 30(),000men, to be followed by a draft on January 1 for quotas not filled. Under this enrollment the quotas were as follows: Ithaca, 110; Lansing, 47; Groton, 49; Dryden, 64; Caroline, 33; Danby, 25; Newfield, 41; En- field, 27; Ulysses, 40; total, 436. Now the supervisors came forward and adopted resolutions offering $300 bounty to each volunteer under the call, and taking the necessary steps to provide the issue of $150,000 in bonds to furnish the funds. Although the quota of the county was not filled by the 1st of January, the time was extended for the draft and the necessary enlistments were made before the expiration of the ex- tension. Under the call for 500,000 volunteers issued July 18, 1804, the Board of Supervisors offered a bounty of $300 for one year men, besides the $100 offered by the government. Enlisting agents were appointed in the several towns and the work of filling the quota went rapidly forward. The quotas were as follows : Ithaca, 158, against which there stood a credit of 108 ; Lansing, 66, credit 18 ; Groton, 73 ; Dryden, 96, credit 6 ; Caroline, 50, credit 2; Danby, 40, credit 4; Newfield, 66; Enfield, 37, credit 17; Ulysses, 67, credit 18; total quota, 643; total credit, 173, 23 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. leaving 400. These quotas were all filled by the 7th of September and the draft thus escaped. The last call for troops was made on December 10, 18G4, and the few that were lacking in the county were easily secured. The gross amount of bonds issued by the county for war purposes was $317,085. Notifi- cation was published that of these bonds $113,371 would be paid on pre- sentation at the county treasurer's office, on Feburary 25, ISOfi. All these bonds have been since paid. The military organizations which included Tompkins county men were the 32d, C4th, lOOtb, 137th, liSd, 170th (all infantry), and the 10th, 15th, and 31st cavalry. A few volunteers may have left the county to go elsewhere and enlist. The number of enlistments from each town will be found in the later town histories. The county may ever point with just pride to the career of her soldiers in the war for the preserva- tion of the Union. CHAPTER V. The Panics of 1857 and 1873 — The University and its History and Influence on the Growth of Ithaca — Official List of Officers before and since Organization of County — Senators — Members of Assembly — County Clerks — Superintendents of Schools. There is little to record of a general character in relation to the his- tory of the county from the close of the war until the present time, that is not given in detail in succeeding chapters. The " flush times," as they were called, which immediately succeeded the great conflict, when money was plenty and all kinds of individual and corporate un- dertakings were being inaugurated, with the reaction which produced the financial stringency of 1873, are well remembered. Tompkins coun- ty did not enter so largely into the prevailing expansion after the war as many other localities, and the rebound was hence not so severe ; but its effects were felt in Ithaca more than that of 1857. In 1873 there were failures of several notable firms whese credit had previously stood high, and which had withstood the stringency of 1857. These failures were disastrous ones and their effects were long felt hei-e. The great university, of which the only complete history ever writ- ten is found in these pages, has grown to its present magnificent pro- OFFICIAL LIST. 3;i portions since the war ended. Ithaca as vilhige and city has taken new life, especially in quite recent years, and promises to become an impor- tant business, educational and social center. OFFICIAL LIST. Previous to the organization of Tompkins county in J 817, several residents of the territory now embraced in it, held official positions in the counties in which they resided. Thus John Cantine, with Simeon De Witt, perfected a treaty with the Onondagas on the 18th of Novem- ber, 17'.I3, by which certain lands were quit-claimed to the State. The first meeting of the Hoard of .Supervisors of Onf)ndaga county was held May. 27, 17!t4. Robert McDowell, of Ulysses, was one of the members of the board. Francis A. Bloodgood was a member of the Council of Appointment from the Western District in 1812, and a sen- ator from 1811 to 1815 inclusive. Henry Bloom was a senator in 1816- 17. Richard Townley was a member of assembly from Onondaga county in 1808 and 1809; Henry Bloom in 180'.1 and 1810. Oliver C. Comstock was member of assembly from Seneca county in 1810 and 1812, and member of congress three terms commencing in 1813. Da- vid Woodcock was member of congress fi-om 1815 to 1818 inclusive. Arclier Green was member of assembly from Seneca county in 1817. Benjamin Pelton was judge of Seneca county in 1809. Moses I. Can- tine was district attorney of Seneca county in 1805; and Hermon Camp was sheriff of that county in 1817 and held the same office in Tompkins county after its organization. Senators. — Up to and including the year 1822, five years after the organization of Tompkins county, the State was divided into four sen- ate districts, the Southern, Middle, Eastern and Western. Henry Bloom was the only senator residing in the territory of the present county of Tompkins, until the session of 1823, when the State was again divided into eight districts, with four senators in each district and a term of four years. Tompkins county was in the Sixth District. Peter Hager, 2d, was senator from 1826 to and including 1829. Ebe- nezer Mack was senator from 1834 to and including 1837; George D. Beers, senator from 1845 to and including 1847, when the constitution changed the districts to thirty-two in number, placing Tompkins coun- ty in the 25th. Timothy S. Williams was the first senator tinder this new division, serving in the sessions or 1848 and 1849. Josiah B. Will- 2J LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. iaras served in 1852, 1853, 185,4, and 1855. Ezra Cornell, 18(iU and 18(i7. John H. Selkreg, 1874, 1875, 187(1, and 1877. Peter W. Hopkins, 1878; he died during the session and Edwin G. Halbert was elected to fill the vacancy; he was also elected to the full term of 1880 and 1881. David H. Evans, 1882 and 1883. Edward S. Esty, 1884 and 1885. diaries F. Barager, 188G and 1887. William L. Sweet, 1888 and 1889. Thom- as Hunter, 1890 to 1893 inchusive. Charles T. Saxton, 1894. AssiiMiiLYMiiN. — The sixth apportionment of members of assembly was in operation in 1817, when Tompkins county was erected. Seneca county then had three members, which number was reduced to two, and Cayuga four members reduced to three. Tompkins county was al- lowed two members. In 1818-19, Samuel Crittenden and John Sutton were elected members. 1820, Hermon Camp and Joshua Phillips. From November 7 to November 21, 1820 and in 1821 and 1822, Sam- uel Crittenden and Peter Hager. 1823, Jacob Conrad and Peter Hager, 2d. 1824, Peter Hager 2d, and NicoU Halsey. 1825, Joshua North and Jarcd Patchen. 1826, Nathan Benson and David Woodcock. In J 827 the i-epresentation of Tompkins county was increased to three and Nathan Benson, Benjamin Jennings and John Sayler were meinbers. 1828, Amasa Dana, vSamuel H, Dean, Josiah Hedden. 1829, Amasa Dana, Samuel H. Dean, Jonathan B. Gosman. 1830, lilijah Atwater, Jonathan B. Gosman, Ebenezer Mack. 1831, John Ellis, Jehiel Ludlow, John Sayler. 1832, John Ellis, Horace Mack, John James Speed, jr. 1833, Thomas Bishop, Daniel B. Swartwood, Ira Tillotson. 1834, George B. Guinnip, Charles Humphrey, Thomas B. Sears. 1835, Charles Humphrey, Parvis A. Williams, Caleb Woodbury. 1836, Will- iam R. Fitch, George B. Guinnip, Charles Humphrey. 1837 (num- ber of members reduced to two), Lewis llalsey, I^enjamin Jennings. 1838, Elbert Curtiss, Robert Swartwout. 1839, David Bower, Jesse Mc- Kinney. 1840, Wm. H. Bogart, Robert Swartwout. 1841, Levi Hubbell, Alpha H. Shaw. 1842, Charles Humphrey, Bernardus Swartwout. 1843, Sylvanus Lamed, George T. Spink. 1844, Peter Lounsberry, Charles M. Turner. 1845, Sherman Miller, Lyman Strobridge. 1846, James W. Montgomery, Henry vS. Walbridge, 1847, wSamuel Lawrence, Henry W. Sage. 1 848, John Jessup, Alpheiis West. 1 849, Darius Hall, Charles J. Rounsville. 1850, Henry Brewer, Elias W. Cad3^ 1851, Alexander Graham, Benjamin G. Ferris. 1852, Alvah Hulburt, Ste- phen B. Cushing. 1853, David Crocker, jr., Ebenezer S. Marsh. 1854, Benjamin Joy, Eli Beers. 1855, Frederick S. Dumont, Justus P. Pen- zy^^^e^^^^jiA. OFFICIAL LIST. 25 noyer. 1866, William C. Coon, Robt. H. S. Hyde. 1857, Alexander Bower, Elias W. Cady. 1858, (representation reduced to a single member), Edward S. Esty. 1869. William Woodbury. 1860-Gl, Jer- emiah W. Dwight. 18G2-G3, Ezra Cornell. 18(14-65, Henry B. Lord. 1866, Lyman Congdon. 1867-71, John H. Selkreg. 1872-73, Anson Knettles. 1874, Wm. L. Bostwick. 1875, Geo. W. Schuyler. 1876, Samuel D. Halliday. 1877, Silas R. Wickes. 1878, Samuel D. Halli- day. 1879-80, Chas. M. Titus. 1881, Truman Boardman. 1883, Jno. E. Beers. 1883-4, John E. Cady. 1885, Hiland K.Clark. 1886, Chas. M. Titus. 1887, Walter G. Smith. 1888-9, Frank J.- Enz. 1890-01, Nelson Stevens. 1892-3, Albert H. Pierson. 1894, Edwin C. Stewart. County Clerks.— Archer Green was the first clerk of Tompkins coun- ty and was appointed April 11, 1817. John Johnston succeeded him February 14, 1821, and was elected in November, 1832. Samuel Love, elected 1828. Arthur S. Johnson, November, 1834. Wait T. Hunt- ington, November, 1837. Willet B. Goddard, November, 1840. Hen- ry B. Weaver, November, 1843 ; he died and Ezra Weaver was appoint- ed October 2, 1846, to fill out the term. Norman Crittenden, Novem- ber, 1846. Horace Mack, November, 1849. Ezra Weaver, Novem- ber, 1852. Charles G. Day, November. 1865. Stephen H. Lamport, November, 1858. Martin S. Delano, November,, 1861. Thomas J. Mc- Elheny, November, 1864 and 1867. Doctor Tarbell, November, 1870 and 1873. Orange P. Hyde, Nov., 1876. Squire B. Rolf e, Nov., 1879. Philip J. Partenheimer, November, 1882, and November, 1885; he died February 6, 1888, and Monroe M. Sweetland, was appointed to fill the term expiring December 31 following. Leroy H. Van Kirk was elected in November, 1888, and re-elected in November, 1891. County Treasurers. — William S. Hoyt, elected November, 1848. Leander Millspaugh, 1851. Wesley Hooker, 1857. Edward C. Sey- mour, 1863. George H. Bristol, 1869. Koert S. Van Voorhees, 1875. Edward K. Johnson was appointed in the place of Van Voorhees, who resigned in December, 1877, and Johnson was elected in 1878. George H. Northrup, 1881. Charles IngersoU, 1890, and re-elected 1893. County Superintendents of Schools. — By an act passed April 17, 1843, Boards of Supervidors of the several counties were directed to appoint county superintendents of common schools. Under this power J. T. Denman was appointed and served one term. He was succeeded by Smith Robertson. The office was abolished May 13, 1847. Since 1857 these officers have been elected under authority of an act passed 26 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in 1856. The first election under this act, however, was not held until November, 1859. The commisioners for the First District were T. R. Ferguson, William W. Ayres, John D. Thatcher, Alviras Snyder, Al- bert H. Pierson, Orville S. Ensign, Andrew B. Humphrey, Amasa G. Genung, Charles Van Marter. The First District consisted of Danby, Enfield, Ithaca, Newfield and Ulysses. The charter of Ithaca city took the corporation out of the district, but the town outside remains therein. Second District — Marcus Lyon, T. S. Armstrong, Alviras Snyder, Jackson Graves, Robert G. H. Speed, James McLachlan, jr., Solomon L. Howe, Frank W. Knapp, Ella Gale. The Second District consists of the towns of Caroline, Dryden, Groton and Lansing. Al- viras Snyder appears as holding the office in both districts. He was commissioner while there was only one district prior to 1808, and also in the Second District after the county was divided. CHAPTER VI. Tompkins County Political Notes — Reminiscences of Important Campaigns — Vote of the County on Prominent Officials from 1817 to the Present Time — Political Offi- cials of the County, Past and Present. While the political character of Tompkins county at and since the year 1859 has been quite pronounced, previous to that date majorities were limited as to size and not definitely fixed as to party, varying at different times from one side to the other. In 1820, the first presiden- tial election after the formation of the county, Monroe received the vote, as there was practically no opposition, and the name of Daniel D. Tompkins upon the ticket for vice-president (the county being named after him) added materially to what would have been otherwise a some- what one-sided contest. In 1824, in the struggle between Jackson, Adams, Crawford and Clay, Mr. Adams had a small majority, followed by a large majority in 1828 for General Jackson, and by a smaller ma- jority for his re-election in 1832. Mr. Van Buren's majority in 1836 was very light, reaching only 150 in the county. This was reversed in 1840 and Harrison had several hundred votes over Van Buren. In 1844 Polk received a light majority, while in 1848 Taylor had a ma- POLITICAL NOTES. 27 jority of some 350 over Van Buren and a very large vote over Cass. The majority for Pierce in 1853 w^as only 62. The anti-Masonic excitement which swept through the State was felt in some towns of the county, where the popular vote was very largely controlled by it, while in other towns opposition to it was very pronounced. The. most marked contest upon these lines occurred in 1831 when Samuel Love and Eleazer Brown were candidates for coun- ty clerk. Love being the Masonic favorite and Brown representing the anti-Masonic sentiment. The vote of that year is given to illustrate the division. While Love received 575 majority in Ithaca and Caroline, Brown's large vote in Hector, Ulysses, Enfield and Groton, left Love but 37 majority in the county. Love. Brown. Ulysses 109 335 Hector _ _ __ 235 346 Enfield 69 235 Newfield 205 118 Danby ...179 187 Caroline 238 69 Dryden 338 401 Groton 140 279 Lansing j__ 244 172 Ithaca __ 580 174 2,343 2,306 In 1853 the so-called American party first appeared in Tompkins county politics, and although failing to cast a large vote, it gave evi- dence of great vitality. Following the agitation of the compromise measures of 1850, supplemented by the threatening aspect of the slav- ery question, culminating in the anti-Nebraska legislation in 1864 and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, great meetings were held in various parts of the county, participated in by men who had before been members of the Democratic and the Whig parties. This anti- slavery agitation measurably broke up former organizations, the Whig pai'ty after the defeat of General Scott in 1852 becoming disorganized, although Myron H. Clark, its candidate for governor, was elected in 1854. The organization of the Republican party in 1854, so far as it proceed- ed, took for its members portions of the Barn-burner or Free-soil Dem- ocrats of 1848, and the Seward or Free-soil Whigs from the Whig par- ty. Those opposed to the Democratic party who were termed Silver- Grey Whigs (so named from the silvery locks of of one of their leaders, 28 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Francis P. Granger, of Canandaigua), largely entered the American party, and that party elected its local candidates by a vote of 817 to 93 at the Ithaca charter election in the spring of 1855, and county candi- dates in November by nearly 600 majority. Stephen B. Gushing, of Ithaca, candidate for attorney-general on the American ticket, was successful, and assemblymen and lesser officers also by nearly the same vote. The Fremont campaign of 1856 was one of the most exciting ones which ever took place in this locality. Old party lines disappeared, a very heated canvass, opening in July, continued in intensity irp to elec- tion, and the Fremont ticket received 4,019 votes, the Buchanan ticket 1,430 votes, and the Fillmore ticket 1,470 votes. Since 1860 Tompkins county has never given an anti-Republican majority at a presidential election, and only once were the Democrats successful on any State ofificer previous to 1884. At the election of 1882, the Folger and Gleveland campaign, Presi- ident Cleveland received a majority of 929 for governor. The normal Republican majority in the county on a full vote in a national campaign can be set down as scarcely less than 1,000; it has at times reached 700 alx)ve this, and once it gave (leneral Garfield only 454. County officers since 1850 have been uniformly Republican, although the Democrats have succeeded in electing assemblymen five times with- in the period in question. The temperance sentiment is quite strong in the county, many of the towns voting uniformly against license. At the election in November, 1893, the anti-saloon candidates received a vote of about 1,300, the highest ever cast by the county organization, although the mayoralty of Ithaca turned upon that question in March, 1893, the anti-saloon candidate being successful by a majority of 127. The following table is valuable for reference, at least, showing the vote of each town in the county in the year 1817 for the several State officials : POLITICAL NOTES. 29 c a q ■S- « o '-' "J ■- o t) ffi o Q h-i Q e-i Governor, De Witt Clinton 345 87 223 201 228 202 1286 Peter B. Porter _ . . 6 . . Lieut. Governor, John Taylor 340 84 220 208 229 201 1278 Senators, Jedediah Prendergrast..__ 308 .'52 . 207 228 203 1010 Isaac Wilson 198 94 238 198 228 202 1148 Assemblymen, John Sutton 671 88 286 88 121 1254 Samuel Crittenden- _ _ ._ 069 87 . 283 88 121 1248 Isaac Allen.. 63 216 373 53 207 109 1081 Caleb Smith. 63 331 373 54 267 111 1088 Horace Pierce, Phineas Culver, each one vote for governor; David Woodcock, one vote for lieutenant-governor; John Wilson, David June, Isaac Wilton, each one vote for senator, all from Hector; John Sutton, one vote for governer, and Nathaniel King, one vote for lieutenant-governor, both from Covert. Vote for 1818 (same towns). — Senator, Gamaliel H. Barstow, 720 ; David E. Evans, 806; Perry G. Childs, 568; Samuel S. Payne, 371. For Assembly, John Sutton, 1,305; Samuel Crittenden, 1,311; Richard Townley, 006; Alex. McG. Comstock, 660. Charles H. Monell and Garrett G. Lansing, each 42 for senator. 1819 — (Covert not in county) — For senators, Gideon Granger, 739; Lyman Payne, 717; Philetus Swift, 414; Nathaniel Granow, 425. For Assembly, Joshua Phillips, 1,194; Hermon Camp, 1,143; Richard Townley, 038; Peter Hager 2d, 732. 1820— For governor, De Witt Clinton, 583 ; Daniel D. Tompkins, 941 ; lieutenant- governor, John Taylor, 580; Benjamin Moores, 1,034. 1821 — For senator, Henry Seymour, 890 ; James McCall, 891 ; Samuel M. Hopkins. 484; Stephen Bates, 487. For member of congress, William B. Rochester, 1,452; David Woodcock, 1,198, Jonathan Richmond, 944; Hermon Camp, 724. The vote for a convention to amend the Constitution was 3,403 in favor, and 19 against. This election was held from the 24th to the 26th of April. On the 19th of June an election for delegates was had, Richard Townley and Richard Smith being chosen. Town- ley had 853 votes and Smith 754. The convention assembled on the last Tuesday of August, 1821. 1822 — On the 3d Tuesday of January, 1822, a vote on the Constitution was had. It resulted 1,581 in favor and 165 against. The general election under the new Con- stitution was held November 4. 5, and 6, 1822. The vote for governor was: Joseph C. Yates, 1,798; Solomon South wick, 19, and 29 for all others. 1823 — On the 3d, 4th, and 5th of November, at the election, Latham A. Burrows received 1,371 votes for senator ; 36 for all others. For Assembly, Peter Hager 3d, 1,735; NicoU Halsey, 1,310; Benjamin Jennings, 988; 57 scattering. 1824 — Samuel Youngreceived 1,897 votes for governor, and De Witt Clinton 1,667 1825 — For senator, Peter Hager 2d, received 1,612 votes; Andrew D. W. Bruyn, 1,470. 30 LANDMARKS. OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. In 1835 on the 15th day of November, the county canvassers, as the record shows: "Do set down in writing in words written at full length, the number of votes thus given as aforesaid, that is to say: fifteen hundred and sixty-four votes were given for the election of electors of President and Vice President 'by districts;' nine hun- dred and fifty-five votes were given for ' by general ticket plurality ' and two votes were given ifor 'by general ticket majority.'" 1836— William B. Rochester had 3,130 votes for governor, and De Witt Clinton, 1,588. 1837 — For senator, Grattan H. Wheeler had 3,434 votes and 78 scattering. 1838 — For governor, Martin Van Buren had 3,063 votes; Smith Thompson, 1,595; Solomon Southwick, 713, and 5 scattering. 1829 — For senator, Levi Beardsley had 1,633 votes; Joseph Maynard, 1,373, and 6 scattering. 1830— For governor, Francis Granger had 3,591 votes; Enos T. Throop, 1,883; 17 scattering. 1831— For senator, John G. McDowell had 3,857 votes; Neheraiah Piatt, 3,379; 8 scattering. 1833 — William L. Marcy had 3,369 votes for governor, and Francis Granger 3,093. The Jackson electors received 3,336 votes, and Clay electors, 3,045. 1833 — For senator, Ebenezer Mack received 3,063 votes; John A. Collier, 3,048; 4 scattering. 1834 — For governor, William L. Marcy received 3,511 votes; William H. Seward, 3,077; 5 scattering. 1835 — For senator, George Huntington received 1,569 votes; 15 scattering. 1836— Van Buren electors, 3,935; Harrison, 3,786. For governor, W. L. Marcy, 3,997; Jesse Buel, 2,718. 1837— For senator, Laurens Hull, 2,960; Calvin H. Bryan, 3,658. 1838— For governor, William H. Seward, 3,444 votes; Wm. L. Marcy, 3,211. 1839— For senator, Andrew B. Dickinson, 3,409; William Maxwell, 3,375. 1840 — Harrison electors, 3,969; Van Buren electors, 3,558. For governor, W. H. Seward, 3,903; William C. Bouck, 3,633. 1841 — For senator, James Faulkner, 3,405; Allen Ayrault, 3,381. Assembly, Ber- nardus Swartwout, 3,416; Charles Humphrey, 3,414; Levi Ilubbell, 3,368; Alpha H. Shaw, 8,373. 1842— For governor, William C. Bouck, 3,619; Luther Bradish, 3,395. 1843— For senator, Clark Burnham, 3,005; Henry S, Walbridge, 3,433. 1844— Polk electors, 4,013; Clay electors, 3,845. For governor, Silas Wright, 4,051 ; Millard Fillmore, 3,831. 1845— For senator, Thomas J. Wheeler, 3,033; Lorenzo Dana, 3,891. 1846— For governor, Silas Wright, 3,009; John Young, 8,153. 1847 — For lieutenant-governor, Hamilton Fish, 3,957: Nathan Dayton, 3,637. At the special election in May, for county judge, Alfred Wells received 1,837 votes ; Ben- jamm G. Ferris, 1,733. 1848— Taylor electors, 3,003; Van Buren, 3,648; Cass, 1,370. For governor, Ham- ilton Fish. 3,006; John A. Dix, 3,035; Reuben H. Walworth, 1,313. 1849— Secretary of state, Christopher Morgan, 3,933; Henry S. Randall, 3,133. 1850 — For governor, Horatio Seymour, 3,475; Washington Hunt, 3,344. POLITICAL NOTES. 31 1851 — At the special election on the 27th of May, for senator, Henry B. Stanton, 2,970; Josiah B. Williams, 2,984. At the November election, Henry S. Randall for secretary of state, 3,180; James C. Forsyth, 3,100. 1852— Pierce electors, 3,472; Scott electors, 3,410. 1853— Secretary of state, James H. Ver Planck. 1,487; George W. Clinton, 1,300. 1854 — For governor, Myron H. Clark, 2,347; Horatio Seymour, 1,482; Daniel Ull- man, 1,406. At a special election on the 3d Wednesday of Kebrnary, 1,853 votes were cast for the propo.sed convention in regard to canals, and l,i583 against. 185.5 — For secretary of state, J. T. Headley, 3,103; Preston King, 1,950; Aaron Ward, 173; Israel T. Hatch, 474. 1856 — Fremont electors, 4,019; Buchanan, 1,430; Fillmore, 1,470. For governor, John A. King, 3,900; Amasa J. Parker, 1,511; Erastus Brooks, 1,470. 1857 — Secretary of state, Alraon M. Clapp, 2,865; Gideon J. Tucker, 1,570; James O. Putnam, 807. 1858 — For governor, Edvi^in D. Morgan, 3,450; A. J. Parker, 1,954; Lorenzo Bur- rows, 745. 1859— For secretary of state, Elias W. Leavenworth, 3,280; D. R. Floyd Jones, 2, ,514. 1860 — Lincoln electors, 4,348; Douglass, 3,026. For governor, Edwin D. Morgan, 4,293; William Kelly, 3,067. 1861— Secretary of state, Horatio Ballard, 3,383; D. R. Floyd Jones, 1,845. 1802 — For governor, James S. Wadsworth, 4,005; Horatio Seymour, 2,027. 1803— Secretary of state, ChaunceyM. Depew, 4,277; Daniel B. St. John, 2,708. 1864 — Lincoln electors, 4,518; McClellan electors, 2,996. For governor, Reuben E. Fenton, 4,509; Horatio Seymour, 3,006. 1805— Secretary of state, Francis C. Barlow, 4,621; Henry W. Slocum, 3,437. 1866— For governor, Reuben E. Fenton, 4,456; John T. Hoffman, 2,053. 1867— Secretary of state, James B. McKean, 3,635; Homer A. Nelson, 2,926. 1868— Grant electors, 4,646; Seymour, 3,100. 1809 — Republican secretary of state, 3,539; Democrat, 2,456. 1870— Republican governer, 3,965; Democrat, 2,893. 1871 — Republican secretary of state, 3,562; Democrat, 2,278. 1872— Grant electors, 4,318; Greeley, 3,369. 1873 — Republican secretary of state, 3,118; Democrat, 2,809. 1874— Republican, 3,370 1875— Republican, 3,704 1876— Republican, 5,032 1877— Republican, 3,293 1878— Republican, 3,549 1879— Republican, 4,382 1880— Republican, 4,896 1881— Republican, 3,592 1882— Republican, 2,690 1883— Republican, 3,050 1884^Republican, 4,420 1885— Republican, 4,363 1886— Republican, 4,161 Democrat, 3,340. Democrat, 3,531. Democrat, 4,038. Democrat, 3,1.58. Democrat, 3,586. Democrat, 3,587. Democrat, 3,956. Democrat, 3,652. Democrat, 3,619. Democrat, 3,306. Democrat, 3,992. Democrat, 3,681. Democrat, 3,369. 33 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. 1887— Republican, ;S,93'J; Democrat, 2,890. 1888— Republican, 5,073; Democrat, 3,909. 1889— Republican, 3,763; Democrat, 3,930. 1890— Republican, 3,730; Democrat, 3,075. 1891— Republican, 4,330; Democrat, 3,450. 1893— Republican, 4,717; Democrat, 3,404. 1893- Republican, 3,600; Democrat, 2,751. For delegates at large to the Convention of 1894, Republican average, 3,654; Dem- ocrat, 2,743. For district delegates to same, Frank E. Tibbetts, Republican, 3,705; Murray E. Poole, Democrat, 2,718. CllAI'TJCR VII. The First Roads — How the Pioneers First Reached their Settlements — The Early Stages — Early Stage Drivers — The Cayuga Steamboat Company — Its Various Boats — Husy Scenes on the Lake — The Celebrated "Smoke Boat" — Modern Steamers and Yachts — The Sodus Canal — Other Canal Projects — The First Railroad — Some of its Peculiarities — Other Railroads. The first settlers of Tompkins county, notably those who came in by way of Owego, were compelled to cut their way through the forest, and along the path thus created, teams were driven and transporta- tion of goods and merchandise commenced in 1788-89. The story of making the first paths through a trackless wilderness by the adventur- ous pioneer is always an interesting one, if the reader can imagine the condition of the face of the country at that time. Where now the vis- ion of the observer sweeps over a cultivated landscape, showing all the familiar evidences of occupancy by closely associated and busy people, the cleared fields presenting an area far greater than that of the wood- land, the pioneer might at any given point in his toilsome journey try in vain to see more than a few rods from his position, unless it were heavenward. Hemmed in on every side by the monarchs of the wood, he would, without having learned the mysteries of woodcraft or with- out a guide in man or compass, be as much lost as if in mid ocean. Yet by the exercise of patient industry and unflinching perseverance the pioneer found his way through the wilderness and while his heart was light and his spirits exalted he laid the foundations of his home. ROADS AND STAGE ROUTES. 03 One of the very early and prominent roads terminating at Ithaca was that which was cut through from Oxford, Chenango county, by Joseph Chaplin in 1791-93, under contract. This road came into Tompkins county from the east via Dryden village, Etna and Varna. Many of the early settlers passed over this highway in the latter part of the last and the early years of the present century. In 1804 a charter was granted for the construction of the Bath and Jericho Turnpike, by a company bearing this name. This highway was laid out through the present towns of Caroline, Dryden, Ithaca, Enfield, Hector, and thence on westward by the head of Seneca Lake to Bath. Its eastern terminus was at Richford, Tioga county. In 1807 a charter was granted to the Ithaca and Owego Turnpike Company, and under it, in 1811, the road authorized by its provisions was opened. This was one of the more important of the early high- ways. In the same year the Ithaca and Geneva Turnpike Company opened a road between these two villages. Fi-om that date to the year 1820, all general travel was confined to these turnpikes. In the early years of the county public passenger traffic was carried on wholly by stages. Edmund H. Watkins was the pioneer stage man- ager in this locality, and came to Ithaca January 1. 1825. He was connected with stage lines as owner or agent down to 1857. The first stage drivers who regularly mounted the box and sounded their horns were John Bartley and John McQueen, both vividly recollected by old- er inhabitants. Jesse Grant & Son owned stage lines to Newburg, Ge- neva and Auburn in 1837, and competition was so spirited at one period that the fare from Ithaca to New York by way of Catskill, was only $1.50. In 1834 Chauncey L. Grant & Co. were proprietors of stage routes to Catskill, 160 miles, Newburg 175 miles, Jersey City 200 miles, Auburn forty miles, Geneva forty-five miles, Bath fifty-two miles, Elmira forty- eight miles. Joshua Cummings controlled the routes to Albany and Utica. The three principal hotels in Ithaca were stage offices. Full lines of four horse thorough -brace coaches ran from Jersey City, Newburg and Catskill to Ithaca. The former came over the Owego turnpike and the latter by the Bath and Jericho route, all going west to Geneva and Buffalo. Full lines of stages ran from Ithaca to Auburn and also to Utica. A few of the older inhabitants are still left who delight to talk of the coaching days, and the pleasure of bowling along over the turnpike be- IM LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. hind spirited horses, guided by a skillful driver, the sharp crack of whose whip echoed in the forest by the roadside. But time had not acquired the value in those days that is ascribed to it in these times. The author well recollects his own experience in " rapid transit " by stage, as late as March, 1841. Hfe left Poughkeepsie on Tuesday morning for Fishkill Landing. The ice was moving in the Hudson, and passage across that river occupied the entire day. Leaving New- burg at four o'clock Wednesday morning, all that day and night and Thursday until Friday morning at 2 o'clock were passed in reaching Pleasant Mount in Pennsylvania. Leaving there at eight o'clock next morning, Owego was reached at 11 o'clock that night. Leaving Owe- go at noon on Saturday, Ithaca was reached at eight P. M. — five full days. The mail from New York came over the Jersey City stage route. In January, 1843, a season of extreme bad roads, no mail was received from the city for an entire week. The stage on Saturday night brought up all arrears, and accumulated mail for the six days was contained in a single leather bag, with handles on either end, and the barn-door opening on the side, secured by a chain and padlock. Letters and pa- pers for the week only equaled three bushels in bulk. On the 15th of December, 1819, two years after the organization of Tompkins county, the Cayuga Steamboat Company was formed, having as officers David Woodcock, president, and Oliver Phelps, James Pum- pelly, Joseph Benjamin and Lewis Tooker, directors for the ensuing year. The company thus formed resolved: " That a steamboat should be built to run from one end of Cayuga Lake to the other. " It may be worth recording that this was only twelve years after Robert Fulton launched his first steamboat, of which he has been falsely credited with the invention, on the Hudson River. At a subsequent meeting of the directors of the before mentioned company, additional officers were chosen as follows: Charles W. Connor, treasurer; Charles Humphi-ey, secretary ; Oliver Phelps, agent for the building of the boat. The keel o£ the " Enterprise " was laid March 18, 18'i0, and the hull was launched on the 4th of the following May. The machinery was manufactured in Jersey City and brought to Ithaca by teams. On the first day of June a trial trip was made, with about 150 women and men on board. Eight hours were consumed in reaching Cayuga. ^ The landing at Ith- ' In connection with this first steamboat, W. T. Eddy, son of Otis Eddy, has written : "In the year 1819 the first steamboat for Cayuga Lake was built on the west bank STEAMBOATS. 35 aca was at the southeast corner of the lake, then known as Port Renwick. Stages ran from there to the village of Ithaca for transportation of passengers. About the year 1827 the steamboat landing was changed from Port Renwick* to Green's Landing, the present terminus. The boat was eighty feet long, with thirty feet beam and 120 tons capacit)^ The Journal of June 7, 1820, made the following announcement: The " Enterprise " is connected with the line of stages from Newburg to Buffalo, and thus furnishes to travelers from New York, and others going west, one of the most expeditious and pleasant routes in the State. The stage runs from Newburg to this village in two days. Thus travelers may leave New York at 5 o'clock P. M. in tlie steamboat on the Hudson ; the second day arrive at Ithaca ; go on board the steamboat " Enterprise" the same night; receive good accommodations, and rest in comfortable berths during the passage, resume the stage next morning at Cayuga Bridge; and the same night arrive at Buffalo ; making the whole route in three days — one day sooner than is performed by way of Albany. Early boating on Cayuga Lake was a success. Success in almost any direction is always followed by competition. In 1825 Phelps & Good- win built the " Telemachus," which, although larger and swifter, was not a perfect specimen of water craft. The " Enterprise " then be- came a towing boat. In 1827 Elijah H. Goodwin, Richard Varick De Witt and S. De Witt Bloodgood purchased the interests of all other parties in the company. In 1820 the " De Witt Clinton " was built. She ran as a passenger boat and the ' ' Telemachus " was used for freight. Capt. T. D. Wilcox had been connected with steamboat navigation on the Hudson since 1818, having been employed on the "Paragon," the third of Fulton's boats. After remaining there four years he was employed on Long Island Sound, where he was captain of the " Ful- ton " in 1831-32. He came to Ithaca in 1840 aqd purchased the steam- of the inlet and it was launched May 4, 1830, amid much rejoicing. There was some difficulty in sliding it down into the water, as one end started first, and it was intend- ed that it should go sideways, but the delay was only short and the launching was a success. After the boat was finished there was a crowd of ladies and gentlemen that had a pleasant time on the trip. It was all going well when David Woodcock, who was president of the company, came to my father and said the engineer was drunk and wanted him to take charge of the engine. He did it, although it was his first effort in that capacity, and was engineer for three weeks, until they could send to Albany for another engineer. " 1 On the 16th of April, 1834, a charter was granted by the Legislature for the Ithaca and Port Renwick Railroad. On the 8th of May, 1835, this company was authorized to con.struct a canal from Fall Creek to the lake, and collect tolls thereon. In 1836 the time for building the railroad was extended two years. 30 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. boats building, the "Simeon De Witt" and the "Forest City." In 1855 the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad Company purchased the entire steamboat interest. The " Simeon De Witt " was rebuilt and named the " William E. Dodge," and was commanded by William H. Leonard. Captain Wilcox repurchased the boats from the railroad company, and was sole or partial proprietor until May, 1803, when Alonzo B. Cornell purchased Wilcox's interest and sold out to Edward Himrod, of Aurora, in 1863. Himrod sold to Charles M. Titus, of Ith- aca. Wilcox then repurchased of these parties, and was sole owner imtil his death, April 20, 1884. His heirs sold to the Cayuga Lake Transportation Company, consisting of Warren Hunt, H. L. Hinckley, Horac9 M. Hibbard, and Linn Van Order. In 1892 Hunt purchased the whole, and has since run the -boats. Captain Wilcox built the "Kate Morgan" in 1855, the "Sheldrake" in 1857, the "Aurora" in 1859, the "T. D. Wilcox" in 1861, the "Ino ' in 1864, and the " Fron- tenac" in 1866. The "Sheldrake" is now the "Cayuga" and is vised as a freight-towing steamer. The "Frontenac" is a regular passenger boat, and the "Wilcox" is used for excursions. In 1863 A. P. Osborn, of Trumansburgh, built the "Cayuga," which was run as a freight boat between Ithaca and Syracuse. She was tak- en to Saginaw and plied on the Saginayv River. In 1864 Howland & Robinson, of Union Springs, built the "How- land," placing her on the Ithaca and Syracuse route, but after a short time she was withdrawn and used as a freight boat wherever opportu- nity offered. Capt. Abram Van Order had a steam freight boat in 1856. In 1862 H. C. Tracy, of Kidder's Ferry, built a steam ferry boat. The "Ith- aca," built at Union Springs for a ferry; the "Beardsley," a small sidewheel steamer, and the "Emily McAllister," a propeller, were purchased by the steamboat company and used for a short time. Capt. Abram Schuyler now runs the "Elfin" as a freight steamer. Charles Kellogg, the wealthy bridge builder of Athens, Pa., has built several fine steam yachts. First, the "Kellogg," then the "Hor- ton," and last the "Clara." He transferred the " Kellogg " and the "Horton" to Henry Stevens, and sold the "Clara" to parties on the Hudson River. He th^n built a still finer boat, and named her the "Clara." The "Bradford Almy"and the "Undine" are owned by Capt. John Vant, and there are many other yachts in commission at the present time. THE SODUS CANAL. ni Robert L. Darragh, of New York, with a summer residence at Shel- drake, has had two fine passenger steamers constructed which are to ply on Cayuga Lake, commencing early in the season of 1894. In this connection it will be interesting to speak of Phineas Bennett and his great invention, the "smoke boat." Mr. Bennett was con- nected with boating here between 1835 and 1840, and conceived the idea of producing power almost wholly by the combustion of smoke. He patented his invention and an engine was built at B. C. Vail's ma- chine shop, which stood on ground now owned by John Furey, on the northwest corner of Cayuga and Green streets, and was burned in 1840. One who saw this engine and witnessed its operation, speaks of it as having a wooden balance wheel which was increased in weight by iron plates bolted upon it. This bolting was somewhat insecure and the motion of the wheel, detaching the weights,- threw the pieces of iron fully a hundred feet to the imminent danger of passers by. Bennett impressed some persons in New York with the practicability of his invention, and a large steamer was built and Bennett's engine placed therein. On a trial trip, as related by one of the pa,ssengers, the boat started down towards Staten Island zvtt/t the tide. Attempting to stem the tide on the return trip, the engine failed entirely and the boat was towed back to the city and dismantled. Belief that navigation was to be revolutionized by Bennett's idea was prevalent in Ithaca. There were 320 shares issued by the company, and these were for a long time quoted at $10,000 each. The Sodus Canal. — From 1828 to 1838 the whole of this section was deeply interested in the construction of the Sodus Canal, which was to form a great waterway between Sodus Bay on Lake Ontario, and Ca- yuga Lake. Locks were to be constructed from the Erie Canal at Clyde to the bay, in a canal to be built. Vessels were to be brought east on the Erie' Canal and locked down into the Canandaigua Oiitlet and thenc6 sail up Cayuga Lake. It was an attractive scheme. Meet- ings were held, the Legislature appealed to for aid, and some work was done in clearing out a channel at the head of the bay. In 1836 Henry Walton, an artist of some note, painted views of Ithaca, from South, West and East Hills. That from South Hill showed Cayuga Lake cov- ered with large, square-rigged vessels, supposed to have reached this locality through the Sodus Canal. The charter for this ship canal was first granted March 19, 1829. The capital stock was $200,000 and the work was to be finished in ten years. In 1861 the charter, after re- 38 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. peated amendments and extensions, expired by limitation. In 1862 a new act for the construction of the canal was passed, and it was provid- ed that if the general government should furnish money to complete the work, perpetual right of transit for government vessels free of tolls or charges should be granted. This canal appears on. Stone & Clark's maps, published in 1840-42. Other Canal Projects. — A canal was built by private enterprise from Six Mile Creek to Beebe's flouring mill on the west side of the Spencer road, just south of the Cayuga street bridge. Boats were to be locked up the creek and thus floated to the mills. The mill building burned in 1840 and the proposed canalwas never used. A company proposed to build a canal from the steamboat landing to the Cayuga street bridge over Cascadilla Creek. The lot occupied by the brick store on the southwest corner of Cayuga and Farm streets, then occupied by a rope walk, carried on by Aaron Curtis, was to be excavated and used as a canal basin. Happily for the projectors, but little money was spent on the project. In connection with this subject it may be noticed that much work has been done on the Inlet for the improvement of water communication, and for the establishment of ferries across Cayuga Lake. As early as April, 1839, J. McLallen was authorized by act of the Legislature to establish a ferry from Frog Point (in Covert) to "lot number 08 in Lansing, at or near Woodard's, or Countryman's landing," and was given its monopoly for fifteen years. He was empowered to charge a ferriage of $1 for a four-wheeled coach or pleasure carriage with two horses; and 35 cents for an additional horse or mule; for a sulky or chaise with one horse, 63 1-3 cents; four-wheeled lumber wagon, 75 cents; one-horse wagon 50 cents, and for footmen, 35 cents. On the 7th of April, 1834, the canal commissioners were directed by act of the Legislature, to survey the Inlet and report on the feasibility of removing obstructions therein at the bar and adapting it as an ap- pendage of the Erie Canal (in the language of the act). A collector's office was to be established at Ithaca. On the 3d of May, 1835, an act was passed making it the duty of the canal commissioners to, dredge out the Inlet channel across the bar so that boats drawing five feet of water could pass. Under this act all property passing through the In- let from the Erie Canal was to pay a toll. In 1869 $15,000 were appro- priated by the State for dredging the Inlet, building a pier on the west side of the Inlet channel, etc., and in 1870, $1,000 were appropriated RAILROADS. 39 for building a lighthouse. In 1871 an appropriation of $1,250 was made by the vState to finish the work at the head of the lake, "under direction of William W. Wright, commissioner in charge." The pier on the east side of the Inlet, being the main one, was built by Wm. Mott 2d, in 1836, at a cost of $10,000. It has since been en- larged at the head and otherwise improved. Railroads. — The Ithaca and Owego Railroad was incorporated Jan- uary 28, 1828, and was the second railroad chartered in the State of New York. The first officers were Francis A. Bloodgood, president ; Richard Varick De Witt, treasurer; Ebenezer Mack, secretary; S. De- Witt Bloodgood, Andrew D. W. Bruyn, Cornelius P. Heermans, Myn- dert Van Schaick, James Pumpelly, and Alvah Beebe, directors. The flat strap rail was used, laid upon timbers running with the rail. The road was twenty-nine miles long and at the Ithaca end used two inclined planes to reach the flat from the hill above. These inclined planes were operated by horse power, a separate power for each plane. The upper one was 2,225 feet long with a descent of one foot in twenty-one feet. The lower one was 1,733 feet long with a descent of one foot in four and 28-lOOths feet, and the total descent on this was 405 feet. Cars were drawn on this road with horses from the date of its opening, in April 1834, to 1840, when an engine built in Schenectady was brought to Ithaca and placed in service. It was not equal to the required duty, and a train of cars to attend a mass meeting at Owego arrived there by efforts of the passengers pushing both the engine and the cars. The engine was afterwards rebuilt at Schenectady and its weight and power largely increased. It proved too heavy for the bridges, and breaking through one, was so broken as not to be again used. The original gauge of the road was six feet and was changed in Sep- tember, 1878, to four feet, eight inches. The State loaned its credit for the construction of this road to the amount of $300,000. There was, of course, default in interest, and on May 20, 1842, the property was sold by the State comptroller under the default, and was bought in by Archibald Mclntyre and others. On the 18th of April, 1843, the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad Company was incorporated. In 1849 the road was sold to New York parties and relaid with heavy rail. January 1, 1855, it was leased to the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western road for ninety-nine years. The Catskill and Ithaca Railroad was chartered April 28, 1828, with a capital of $1,500,000. No work was ever done under this charter,. 40 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The Ithaca and Auburn Raih'oad was chartered in May, 183U, but no work was done under the charter. The proposed route was up the south bank of Pall Creek to a point just east of Etna, and thence north- ward to Auburn. The Auburn, Lake Ontario and New York Railroad was the succes- sor of the Ithaca and Auburn, and a large amount of work was done on it in 1850 and 1851. The road bed was partially graded from Au- burn to Asbury, and between the latter point and Fall Creek about two miles were finished. The route was to cross the creek on a high bridge nearly on a line with the present University reservoir and Cascadilla Creek near Dwyer's mill, thence direct to the present E. C. & N. depot. The heavy cut at Besemer's and the fill at Brookton, with the cut be- yond, so far as it extends, was the work of the old company. The E. C. & N. track is on the old grading from Ithaca depot south for about seven miles. The Chemung and Ithaca Railroad was chartered in May, 1837, with a capital stock of $200,000. Its route was on the east side of the Inlet valley to Spencer. No work was done on the road. The Ithaca and Athens Railroad Company was organized as the Ith- aca and Towanda Railroad in 1807, with a capital stock of $3,000, 000. The road was opened in 1871. The Geneva and Ithaca Railroad Company was formed under the general railroad law in 1870, with a capital stock of $1,250,000. This road, with the Ithaca and Towanda, changed to the Ithaca and Athens, were consolidated April 10, 1874, and afterwards acquired by the Le- high Valley organization. This consolidated line is now known as the Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre Railroad. The Ithaca and Cortland Railroad, organized under the general law, was opened for travel over nine miles of its length between Ithaca and Freeville in December, 1870; was opened to Cortland, twenty-one miles in all, in December, 1871 ; extended from Ithaca to Elmira and opened for travel in 1874. To form a through line the old Midland track was utilized from Cortland to De Ruyter, the link thence to Caz- enovia was built, and the Cazenovia and Canastota road used to reach the New York Central at the latter place. The name of the through road was made " Utica, Ithaca and Elmira Railroad." After passing through a receivership and being sold, the property was acquired by Austin Corbin and his friends, and the name changed to the Elmira, Cortland and Northern. The line has been extended to Camden, on RAILROADS. 41 the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg road. Its entire length from Ehnira to Camden is 134 miles. The Southern Central Railroad, organized under the general law, was opened for travel between Owego and Auburn in December, 18G9. It was subsequently extended to the southwest to Sayre, Pa., and northward to Fairhaven on Lake Ontario. The line is now owned and operated by the Lehigh Valley Company. The Cayuga Railroad Company was organized in 1871, under the general law, for the purpose of constructing a road along the eastern shore of the lake between Ithaca and Cayuga Bridge. Work on the road was begun late in the same year. The rails were laid in the winter of 1873. In the spring of 1873 many miles of the road bed were washed out. The company was reorganized in 1874 as the Cayuga Lake Railroad Company ; the road was reconstructed, and trains began running in the fall. The road passed to control of the Lehigh Valley Company in 1877. In 1890 a branch was built from Union Springs to Auburn, which is now the main line, the branch to Cayuga Bridge being still in use. The Midland Railroad, which reached Cortland from De Ruyter, utilized the track from there to Freeville, and thence built north to Scipio, when work was suspended in 1872. In 1880 the road was fin- ished to Auburn and operated until 1889, when it was sold and the rails between Freeville and Genoa were taken up. In 1890 the road was dismantled between Genoa and Dougall's, but was used from there to Auburn as an extension of the Cayuga Railroad in 1891, when the line between Union Springs and Auburn was constructed. The Pennsylvania and Sodus Bay Railroad Company was organized under the general law to construct a road from a point in the town of vSpencer where connection was to be made with the Ithaca and Athens road, through Newfield, Enfield, Ulysses, Covert, Ovid, Varick, to Seneca Falls. Rights of way were procured, the track graded, and many culverts and some bridges built. Towns on the route were bond- ed in its aid, but the enterprise was finally abandoned. There have been changes in ownership and law suits innumerable in regard to the property. Six of the nine towns of Tompkins county issued bonds in aid of rail- roads as follows: Ithaca, $300,000, in aid of the Ithaca and Athens road, and $100,000 in aid of the Geneva and Ithaca road. Ithaca village, ,000 in aid of the Ithaca and Cortland road. Lansing, $75,000 in G ■J3 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. aid of the Midland road and the same amount in aid of the Cayuga Lake railway. Groton, $15,000 in aid of the Utica, Ithaca and Elmira road. Enfield, $25,000 in aid of the Pennsylvania and Sodus Bay road. Newfield, $52,000, and Ulysses, $76,000 for the same road. There now remains due as principal of these bonds the following sums : Ithaca, for Ithaca and Athens road $75,000 " for the Ithaca and Geneva road _. 30,836.19 Ithaca city for the Ithaca and Cortland road 29,509.55 Groton " " " " 15,000 Enfield for the Pennslyvania and Sodus Bay road 16,800 Newfield " " " " _ 45,800 Ulysses " " " '■ 54,300 At the termination of an extended lawsuit the bonds issued by the town of Lansing wei"e declared invalid and ordered canceled. CHAPTER VIIL The First Newspaper in the County — Its Very Early Publication — Its History down to its Present Successor, the Ithaca Journal — Opening of the Telegraph Line to Ithaca — The Ithaca Chronicle — The Democrat and its Predecessors — The Weekly Ithacan — Newspapers of Trumansburgh — Other Publications. Like the history of the newspaper press elsewhere, papers have been established in Tompkins county and succeeded ; others, and very many of them, after a struggle for existence of brief or longer duration, sus- pended, and the hopes of a host of ambitious publishers disappeared with the close of their issues. The death roll of newspapers is a long one in every populous community. The first newspaper attempted in Tompkins county was named The vSeneca Republican, and its first issue appeared July 4, 1815, seventy- nine years ago, and nearly two years before the organization of the county. Jonathan Ingersoll was the publisher. In 1816 its name was changed to The Ithaca Journal and Mack & Shepherd purchased it. The paper was successively issued by Mack & Searing, Ebenezer Mack, and Mack & Morgan, until 1824, when William Andrus became part owner of the establishment and the paper was issued by Mack & An- drus. In 1827 the title was The Ithaca Journal, Literary Gazette and General Advertiser; but the paper survived the burden of such a name. THE PRESS. 4S5 111 the following year the name was shortened to The Ithaca Journal and Advertiser. In December, 1833, Mack & Andrus sold to Nathan Randall. In 1837 Randall sold to Mattison & Barnaby. Mattison sold his interest to L. S. Eddy, and Barnaby afterwards acquired the entire interest. In 1839, under an execution, the paper was sold to Alfred Wells. On the. 1st of July, 1841, John H. Selkreg purchased a one-half interest, and Wells & Selkreg published the paper imtil 1853, when Selkre'g became sole proprietor. In 1843 the name of the publication was again changed to The Ithaca Journal, which title it still holds. In July, 1870, the firm of Selkreg & Apgar was formed, and the Daily Journal appeared on July 1st of that year. This firm continued until 1876, when D. J. Apgar resold his interest to J. H. Selkreg. In 1877 the Ithaca Journal Association, a joint stock corporation, was formed, J. H. Selkreg, George E. Priest, Charles M. Benjamin and George W. Wood each owning one-fourth. In 1878 Selkreg purchased the interest of Wood, and in 1880 sold his whole share to Priest & Benjamin. The Journal Association was dissolved in 1891, and the Daily and Weekly Journal is now published by Priest & Benjamin. Three papers have been absorbed by the Journal, viz. : The Jeffersonian and Tompkins Times, established by Charles Robbins in 1835, was sold to George G. Freer in 1830, and merged into the Journal in 1837. The Flag of the Union, started by Jonathan B. Gosman in 1848, was absorbed by the Journal in 1849. The Ithacan, started by H. D. Cunningham and George C. Bragdon in 1868, was sold to the Journal in 1870. The Ithaca Journal was a Jacksonian organ and continued in the Democratic column down to 1856. In 1848 it advocated the election of Van Buren as against Cass. In 1856, in July, it became Republican, supporting Fremont and Dayton, and has continued an ardent advocate of Republican principles since. The Journal now and for many years past has ranked among the prominent newspapers of the interior of the State. In 1840 a telegraph line had been constructed and was in operation between Utica and New York — a part of the main line then in process of building towards Buffalo. A branch wire was operated to Ithaca, and for some months the Journal and the Chronicle published small broadside dailies, distributing them gratuitously. No charge was made for the reports received, and the type set for these dodgers (for they were little more than that) was used in the regular weekly issues of the two papers. 44 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. In 1830 David D. Spencer, who had just completed his apprentice- ship with L. H. Redfield in the office of the Syracuse Gazette and Register, associated himself with Mr. Stockton and began the publica- tion of the Ithaca Chronicle. In 1823 D. D. Spencer acquired Stock- ton's interest and then sold one-half of the establishment to T. S. Chatterton, who purchased the remainder in 1828. He changed the name of the paper to The Ithaca Republican, and again changed it to The Tompkins American ; but he discontinued the publication in 1834. In February, 1828, David D. and Anson Spencer began the publica- tion of The Ithaca Chronicle. Spence Spencer, son of David D., was at one period in the firm. In 1853, David D. Spencer dying, Anson Spencer became sole proprietor. In 1854 he sold the establishment to A. E. Barnaby & Co., who changed the name of the paper to The American Citizen. The paper again came into the hands of Anson Spencer. Timothy Maloney began the publication of The Tompkins Democrat in the autumn of 1856, continuing it until his death in 1860. Samuel C. Clisbe then purchased the office and sold one half to Barnum R. Williams. Clisbe retired and the paper was consolidated with The Citizen (just mentioned), and the name changed to The Democrat in November, 1863. The business was conducted by Spencer & Williams until the summer of 1872, when Mr. Spencer again acquired the entire ownership and sold one-half to Ward Gregory, December 1, 1873. Mr. Spencer died July 26, 1876, and Mr. Gregory purchased Mr. Spencer's interest. On the 1st of March, 1889, George W. Apgar bought a one- half interest in the property. Mr. Gregory died May 30, 1 880, and his widow retaining his interest, the firm remains unchanged. The Re- publican Chronicle advocated the election of Adams in 1824, and was the Whig organ up to 1854 in this county, when Barnaby & Co. made it the organ of the American party. This continued until 1860, and it then became and has since continued the Democratic organ of Tomp- kins county. It is ably edited and its sterling principles and firm adherence to the doctrines of its party give it a powerful influence. The Weekly Ithacan is at the present time (1894) published by Lewis A. Clapp, son of Asahel Clapp, who died March 1, 1893. In May, 1856, H. D. Rumsey started the publication of Rumsey's Companion at Dryden. .The name was so®n changed to The Fireside Companion, and again a few months later to The Dryden News. In 1857 G. Z, House purchased the concern and changed the name of the paper to THE PRESS. 45 The New York Confederac)^ The paper was soon afterward discon- tinued. In July, 1858, Asahel Clapp resuscitated the publication under the name of The Dryden Weekly News. He enlarged and improved it, and in April, 1871, in connection with Haines D. Cunningham and Edward D. Norton, the establishment was i-emoved to Ithaca and the name of the paper changed to The Weekly Ithacan and Dryden News, with local editions for each village. After the lapse of about six months the firm was dissolved and Mr. Clapp became sole owner. In June, 1874, he sold the establishment to George Ketchum, who failed in 1876, and Mr. Clapp was compelled to foreclose his lien on the office and bid it in. Since that date the paper has been enlarged and im- proved and has attained a large circulation. The Ithacan supported the Greenbackers in their daj', but has made a consistent record for temperance ever since its establishment. The Press in Trumansburgh. — The best history of the newspapers of Trumansburgh is printed in a publication devoted to the history of that village and published from the Free Press office in 1890. This publication, evidencing great research and labor in preparation, gives by far the most comprehensive history of the largest village in Tomp- kins county outside of Ithaca, covering also much of the history of the town of Ulysses and many other matters in which the inhabitants of that locality have an interest. The writer of this volume here acknowl- edges the great help it has been to him in his task. We quote from its pages the following facts : The first newspaper in Trumansburgh was the Lake Light, an anti-Masonic paper, commenced in 1827 by W. W. Phelps. The Light was extinguished in 1829 for want of support. The Anti-Masonic Sentinel was its successor, published by R. St. John, but it lived only about three months. In 1832 David Fairchild started The Advertiser. He succeeded in his business and in 1837 sold his establishment to Palmer & Maxon ; the latter soon afterward retired, and Mr. Palmer continued sole publisher. John Gray succeeded him, changing the title to The Trumansburgh Sun. Hawes & Hooker suc- ceeded Gray, changing the name to The Gazette. Not succeeding, the establishment came into the hands of John Creque, jr., who afterwards leased it to S. M. Day, who changed the. name of the paper to The Trumansburgh Herald. Mr. Day was succeeded by W. K. Creque, who called the paper The Independent. Its publication ceased in 1863, and Corydon Fairchild, of Ovid, purchased the materials. • In November, 1800, A. P. Osborn started the Trumansburgh News, with Edward Himrod as associate editor. Himrod afterwards leased 46 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. the office of and continued the paper, but Osborn sold the plant to John McL. Thompson. A. O. Hicks and W. W. Pasko bought of Thomp- son, and were succeeded by J. W. Van Amie, and he by W. H. Cuff- man, who continued the publication until the office was destroyed by fire, February 32, 1864. On April 5, 1865, O. M. Wilson issued the first number of The Tompkins County Sentinel, the name of which was afterwards changed to The Trumansburgh Sentinel. February 13, 1879, he sold the paper to C. L. Adams, and January 1, 1894, he sold to Charles A. Vorhees, its present proprietor. In 1873 A. F. Allen published The Advance, which was continued only three months. On the 7th of November Mr. Allen revived the Free Press and has successfully conducted it ; it may now be properly styled an established newspaper. The Dryden Herald was started at that village in 1871 by William Smith, who a few months later sold out to Osborn & Clark. In 1876 Ford & Strobridge acquired the establishment. It subsequently came into the hands of A. M. Ford, and is now successfully published by his sons, J. B. & W. A. Ford. The Herald is neutral in politics with Re- publican tendencies. Other more or less ephemeral publications in this county have been The Tompkins Volunteer, which was started in Ithaca by H. C. Good- win in 1840. John Gray afterwards owned the establishment, and he sold to J. Hunt, jr., who issued the paper as The Tompkins Democrat. The plant was removed to Chenango county. The Western Messenger was started by A. P. Searing in Ithaca in 1826 and continued about two years. Searing also started The Western Museum and Belles Lettres Repositoi-y in 1821, continuing it some two years. James M. Miller published The Castigator in 1823. In this paper appeared the proclamations of the Moral Society, famous in olden Ithaca, O. A. Brons.on began the publication of The Pliilanthropist, a Uni- versalist organ, which lived about a year. The Templar and Watchman, a temperance journal, was started by Orlando Lund, who sold an interest to Charles F. Williams. Subse- quently Lund sold to Myron S. Barnes, who with Williams continued the paper about two years. Edgar St. John commenced the publication of a temperance weekly in 1845 and continued it about two years. It was printed in the Jour- nal office. THE PJiESS. 47 The Christian Doctrinal Advocate and Spiritual Monitor was started at Mott's Corners (now Brookton) in 1837. It was the organ of the Seventh-Day Baptists and secured a large circulation, principally in the Southern and Western States. The paper continued several years, when the office was removed elsewhere. The Ithaca Daily Leader was started November 2, 1809, by William A. Burritt. It was a small sheet six and one-half by nine and one-half inches printed matter, two columns on a page. February 1, 1870, it appeared as a three-column sheet, and the pages enlarged to eight and one-half by eleven inches. It subsequently passed into the hands of H. D. Cunningham and E. D. Norton, by whom it was enlarged. It was published by them until December 31, 1872, when it was discon- tinued. The Groton Balance was started in January, 1831, by H. P. Eels & Co., who issued it a few months, when it passed into the hands of E. S. Keeney, and its name changed to The Groton Democrat. It was discontinued in 1840. The Groton Journal was established by H. C. Marsh, November 9, 1806. He continued its publication until January, 1872, when it was purchased by A. T. Lyon, who issued it until December 9 of the same year, when it was sold to L. N. Chapin, who sold it to W. H. Allen, who took possession July 17, 1879. He associated 'with him H. L. Wright. L. J. Townley, the present proprietor, came on the paper October 16, 1879, and established the Lansing department, when the name was changed to the Groton and Lansing Journal and did business as the Journal Printing Company. November 17, 1883, Mr. Townley purchased the establishment and associated with him H. L. Wright, under the firm name of Townley & Wright. December 1, 1885, Mr. Wright disposed of his interest to Mr. Townley, who has since pub- lished the paper. The Journal is a large folio, ably edited, and of great influence. ■la LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. CHAPTER IX. History of Tompkiiis County Agricultural Society— Its First Officers— Insigniii- cance of Early Premiums Offered— Sales and Purchases of Property— History of the County Poor House— Statistics of its Present Condition— Masonic Societies in the County — Other Societies and Institutions. There was an Agricultural Society in existence in this county at or soon after the organization in 1817, but no records are accessible in regard to its proceedings. In 1830 the annual meeting, as reported in the American Journal of March 22, was held on the 1st of March, when William T. Southworth was chosen chairman, and Piatt Ketchum sec- retary. Officers were chosen for the ensuing year as follows : William T. Southworth, president; Alexander Bower, George Robertson, Peter Himrod, William Morrison and Job Allen, vice-presidents; Piatt Ketchum, corresponding secretary; Jacob G. Dykeman, recording sec- retary; Luther Gere, treasurer; William R. Collins, auditor. The sum of $186 was offered that year in premiums, and the fair was held on the last Tuesday in November at the Ithaca Hotel. Old resi- dents speak of the " show," as it was termed, as a great success. The fair closed with awards to successful exhibitors, after which a proces- sion was formed which marched to the Presbyterian Church, where a prayer was offered by Rev. William Wisner, and an oration delivered by William T. Southworth. The premiums awarded were then paid in specie at the close of the church exercises. There are no attainable records in regard to this society after 1820 for a number of years. The fairs are, however, remembered, showing that their commencement was in 1839. vSome authorities claim that the reorganization was in 1841, and another one in 1838. In 1855 the society purchased four blocks of land near the steamboat landing, and in 1857 another block, five in all, bounded on the west by Cascadilla Creek; on the north by Raili-oad avenue; on the east by Auburn street; and on the south by Lewis street. On this tract was erected a two- story exhibition hall, fifty by one hundred feet in dimensions, and a trotting- track laid out. In 1875 this property was sold to B. G. Jayne, AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 4!) and forty-five acres bought west of Meadow street and south of Clinton street, in the southwest part of the city. There a large number of buildings have been erected for exhibition and other purposes, and the society, in point of efficiency and resources, stands abreast with any county society in the State. Abstract of receipts and disbursements of Tompkins County Agri- cultural Society for 1893: Balance from last report §^7.83 G. C. McClure, ex-treasurer $ 53.08 From gate receipts 1,075.10 Rent of building 55.00 Rent of privileges 534.90 Annual members at $1.00 , 2,666.00 Members paying $5 each 620.00 Entries for races 312.00 Advertisers in Premium List 150.00 Ives Pool Fund, 1893 488.05 State of New York, 1893.... 259.35 Note at Tompkins County National Bank 500.00 Receipts for 1893 6,713.54 $0,750.36 DISBURSEMENTS. For permanent improvements ..$ 111.64 Labor 495.51 Material, lumber, etc 186.77 Salaries 50.00 Printing and advertising 070.71 Services of superintendents, police, watchmen, gateraen and clerks 216. 00 Supplies for fair 204.84 Music during fair 115.00 Insurance fees and miscellaneous bills 85. 66 Race purses 866. 00 Payment on indebtedness... , 1,130.59 Total premiums on stock 1,425.00 Premiums paid for 1892 183.29 Premiums other than above, 1893 750.00 Total disbursements 6,491.01 $259.35 At the annual meeting of the society in 1894 it was resolved to bor- row the sum of $3,500 to pay the indebtedness of the society, and the further sum of $1,300 for needed improvements. The following officers were elected for 1894: 7 f>0 LANDMARKS OF TOMPK,INS COUNTY. President, George H. Baker (re-elected); secretary, Carey B. Fish; treasurer, L. H. Van Kirk (re-elected) ; directors, R. G. H. Speed, William Nixon, W. O. Newman. Vice-presidents: Caroline, Henry D. Thomas ; Danby, L. L. Beers ; Dryden, C. D. Burch ; Enfield, B. Oltz ; Groton, Z. Cook; Ithaca, C. E. Seaman; Lansing, Delos Harring; Newfield, C. Seabring; Ulysses, A. H. Pierson. Tompkins County Pook-Housh. — It was ten years after the organiza- tion of this county before action was taken by the Board of Supervisors towards the establishment of a county poor-house. The first record in regard thereto appears in the proceedings of the board on the 23d of November, 1837, when a resolution was passed declaring the advis- ability of establishing a poor-house and appropriating the sum of $4,000 for that purpose. Of the sum appropriated, f 1,500 were to be levied at that session, $1,350 in 1838, and the remaining $1,350 in 1839. A committee of one from each town was named to superintend'the work of building, consisting of the following named persons : Solomon Sharp, Dryden; John Guthrie, Groton; Sullivan D. Hubbell, Hector; Elbert Curtis, Danby; Nicoll Halsey, Ulysses; Gilbert J. Ogden, Enfield; John White, Newfield; Nicholas Townley, Lansing; Ira Tillottson, Ithaca; Charles Mulks, Caroline. The site chosen is in the town of Ulysses about six miles northwest from Ithaca The original building was of wood, erected under the resolution of 1837 and added to from time to time as became necessary. Quite extensive out-buildings were also constructed upon the farm of 100 acres, the soil of which is first-class, perhaps as good as can be found within the limits of the county. Through age and long use the original building and its additions finally reached a condition necessitating very extensive repaii^s, prac- tically rebuilding, or else the erection of an entirely new structure. Public sentiment throughout the county favored new, more commo- dious and comfortable buildings, and on the 20th of November, 1801, a committee was appointed to take into consideration the entire subject, embracing repairing of the old house or the the erection of a new one, and also change of location. In February, 1893, the board refused to change the location, authorized a new building, and at a s]5ecial session in June, 1893, appropriated $20,000 for the purpose. The new struc- ture is of brick, ample in size, and constructed with special reference to the comfort of inmates and economy in details of management. COUNTY POORHOUSE. 51 The Board of State Charities, in their annual report for 1802, notes that the new building was in process of construction ; that there were, on the 1st of November, thirty-six men and ten women inmates; there were no insane : and that three children had been born in the house during the year then ending. The county superintendent of the poor is, by resolution, made keeper of the house. The average cost of support of inmates per year was $62.71. The report of the Boai-d of Supervisors for the year ending Novem- ber 16, 1893, shows that the whole number of days' support for the 5^ear was 14,298 ; for which the cost of board and clothing was $2,440.13. The average cost per week was $1. 19 and a fraction. On November 15, 1802, there were thirty-six persons in the house; November 15, 1893, forty-eight persons. Statistical. — The Supervisors' reports for 1893 show that in the town of Ithaca there are 16,293 acres of land, and in the city, 2,940 acres. The assessed value of real estate, including village property and the real estate of corporations, was, in the town, $568,585; in the city, $2,599,376. The total assessed valuation of personal property in the town was $38,725; in the city, $512,155. The amount of town taxes for the town was $5, 842. 27 ; for the city, $34, 745. 41. The amount of county taxes for the town was $1,557.98; for the city, $10,892.65. The aggregate taxation for the town was $8,961.45; for the city, $56,- 553.26. The rate of tax on $1 valuation was, in the town, .015; in the city, .0182. 53 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. XI o nj 13 ft e o o U . ^ OS 05 .-J Oi O CO ^ b g ^ OJ X] "^ ^ Ij «+-! -U bJD 8 p a> _ •rj tfl en jj^ o :2 r2 -3 s' -^ -^ s 2 o o a S S S a S P! C R O lO i-l o cs o o O I' 05 O 1-1 o o O 1-H 1C3 O O OS i-H o O ^ r-1 O O iO O O O o ira o o o O OS o o o O C3 o <=> o O ICO 00 W lO pi ffi o 111 a B 5 Q o o w d p p ta o U bo 2 >« 13 M a ™ Pi (A ID d c te a HH p- l-H Pi ^ ' pi s in X : p o •a W ° B a § "o o X X o -w (J Pi! Pi pi pi >. ;*. P5 P3 U5 (/I 3 P "O IS O - CO t/3 W O O 'S '3 o X o CO bo c is ■p X 6.5 ^^ U o _. 01 to (/} w '^ 'O '^ "XJ 'O c o a o a o o o o o pq m « pa pa a bo (-< p P O ■d p S pq P3 p o o (A ^--v^._^^ SUPREME COURT. r)7 propriety of constituting tlie Governor and Council sucli a court. Under the Constitution of 1777 the court was recognized, but its chan- cellor was thereby prohibited from holding any other office except delegate to Congress on special occasions. Upon the reorganization of the court in 1778, by convention of representatives, masters and ex- aminers in chancery were provided to be appointed by the Council of Appointment; registers and clerks by the chancellor. The latter licensed all solicitors and councillors of the court. Under the Consti- tution of 1821 the chancellor was appointed by the governor and held office during good behavior, or until sixty years of age. Appeals lay from the Chancery Court to the Court for the Correction of Errors. Under the second Constitution equity powers were vested in the circuit judges, and their decisions were reviewable on appeal to the chancellor. But this equity character was soon taken from the circuit judges and thereafter devolved upon the chancellor, while the judges alluded to acted as vice-chancellors in their respective circuits. But, by the radical changes made by the Constitution of 1846, the Court of Chan- cery was abolished, and its powers, duties and jurisdiction vested in the Supreme Court, as before stated. By act of the Legislature adopted in 1848, and entitled the "Code of Procedure," all distinctions between actions at law and suits in equity were abolished, so far as the manner of commencing and conducting them was concerned, and one uniform method of practice was adopted. Under this act appeals lay to the General Term of the Supreme Court from judgments rendered in Justice's, Mayor's or Recorder's, and County Courts, and from all orders and decisions of a justice at Special Term of the Supreme Court. The judiciary article of the Constitution of 1846 was amended in 1809, authorizing the Legislature, not more often than once in five years, to provide for the organization of General Terms, consisting of a presiding justice and not more than three associates; but by chapter 408 of the laws of 1870 the then organization of the General Term was abrogated and the State divided into four departments and provision made for holding General Terms in each. By the same act the gov- ernor was directed to designate from among the justices of the Su- ureme Court a presiding justice and two associates to constitute a General Term in each department. Under the authority of the Con- stitutional Amendment adopted in 1882, the Legislature in 1883 divided the State into five judicial departments, and provided for the election 5S LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of twelve additional justices to hold office from the first Monday in June, 1884. In June, 1887, the Legislature enacted the Code of Civil Procedure to take the place of the Code of 1848. By this many minor changes were made, among them a provision that every two years the justices of the General Terms, and the chief judges of the Superior City Courts, should meet and revise and establish general rules of practice for all the courts of record in the State, except the Court of Appeals. Such are, in brief, the changes through which the »Supreme Court of this State has passed in its growth from the prerogative of an irre- sponsible governor, to one of the most independent and enlightened instrumentalities for the protection and attainment of the rights of citizens of which any state or nation can rightfully boast. So well is this fact understood by the people, that by far the greater amount of business, which might be done in inferior courts at less expense, is taken to this coiirt for settlement. In this court, and those which it directly succeeded, the following Tompkins county men held office: In the Court of Common Pleas, Oliver C. Comstock, appointed April 10, 1817 ; Richard Smith, appointed June 10, 1818; Andrew D. W. Bruyn, appointed January 18, 1830; Amasa Dana, appointed March 16, 1837; Henry D. Barto, appointed February 18, 1843. In the organization of the judicial districts of the State, Tompkins coiinty was included in the Sixth, and Douglass Boardman, of Ithaca, was elected justice in 1865, and continued in office until 1870. On December 24, 1873, he was appointed associate justice on the General Term Bench. A more extended biography of Judge Boardman will be found on another page of this work. Next in inferiority to the Supreme Court is the County Court, held in and for each county of the State at such times and places as its judges may direct. This court had its origin in the English Court of Sessions, and, like that court, had at first criminal jurisdiction only. By an act passed in 1683, a Court of Sessions, having power to try both civil and criminal causes by jury, was directed to be held by three jus- tices of the peace, in each of the counties of the Province twice each year, with an additional term in Albany and two in New York. By the act of 1691 and the decree of 10!)',), all civil jurisdiction was taken from this court and conferred upon the Court of Common Pleas. By the sweeping changes made by the Constitution of 1846, provision was made for a County Court in each county of the State, excepting New /^^f^'^C^<^^ COUNTY COURTS. 50 Yoi'k, to be held by an officer to be designated the county judge, and to have such jurisdiction as the Legislature might prescribe. Under authority of this Constitution the County Courts have been given, from time to time, jurisdiction in various classes of actions which need not be enumerated here, and have also been invested with certain equity powers in the foreclosure of mortgages; to sell infants' real estate; to partition lands; to admeasure dower and care for the persons and estates of lunatics and habitual drunkards. The Judiciary Act of 18G0 continued the existing jurisdiction of County Courts, and conferred upon them original jurisdiction in all actions in which the defendants lived within the county, and the damages claimed did not exceed $1,000. Like the Supreme Court, the County Court now has its civil and its criminal side. In criminal matters the county judge is assisted by two justices of sessions, elected by the people from among the jus- tices of the peace in the county. It is in the criminal branch of this court, known as the Sessions, that all the minor criminal offenses are now disposed of. All indictments of the grand jury, excepting for murder or some very serious felony, are sent to it for trial from the Oyer and Terminer. By the Codes of 1848 and 1877, the methods of procedure and practice were made to conform as nearly as possible to the practice in the Supreme Court. This was done with the evident design of attracting litigation into these courts, thus relieving the Su- preme Court. In this purpose there has been failure, litigants much preferring the shield and assistance of the broader powers of the Su- preme Court. By the Judiciary Act the term of office of county judges was extended from four to six years. Under the Codes the judges can perform some of the duties of a justice of the Supreme Court at chambers. The County Court has appellate jurisdiction over actions arising in Justice Courts and Courts of Special Sessions. Appeals lay from the County Court to the General Term. County judges were ap- pointed until 1847, after which they were elected. In the County Court of Tompkins county the following have held offices: County judges, Oliver C. Comstock, April 10, 1817; Richard Smith, June 10, 1818; A. D. W. Bruyn, January 18, 1826; Amasa Dana, March 16, 1837; Henry D. Barto, February 18, 1843; Alfred Wells, elected June, 1847-51; Douglass Boardman, 1851-65; Samuel P. Wisner, 1856-59; Henry S. Walbridge, 1859-67; Mills Van Valken- burg, 1867-74; Marcus Lyon, 1874-91; Bradford Almy, elected No- vember, 1891. 60 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Special county judges were authorized for this county by the Legis- lature in 1852. The following persons have held the office: Jerome Rowe (special judge and surrogate), 1852-63; Arthur S. Johnson, 1862-71; George W. Wood, 1871-72; Jesse M. McKinney, 1873-77; Edward A. Wagner, 1877-81; Jared T. Newman, 1881-84; John Tyler, 1884-89; Judson A. Elston, 1889-92; James L. Baker, 1892-94. Surrogate's Courts, one of which exists in each of the counties of the State, are now courts of record having a seal. Their special jurisdic- tion is the settlement and care of estates of persons who have died either with or without a will, and of infants. The derivation of the powers and practice of the Surrogate's Court in this State is from the Ecclesiastical Court of England, through a part of the Colonial Coun- cil, which existed during the Dutch rule here, and exercised its author- ity in accordance with the Dutch Roman law, the custom of Amsterdam and the law of Aasdom ; the Court of Burgomasters and Scheppens, the Court of Orphan Masters, the Mayor's Court, the Prerogative Court and the Court of Probates. The settlement of estates and the guardianship of orphans which was at first vested in the Director-Gen- eral and Council of New Netherlands, was transferred to the Burgo- masters in 1063, and soon afterward to the Orphan Masters. Under the Colony the Prerogative Court controlled all matters in relation to the probate of wills and settlement of estates. This power continued until 1092, when by act of legislation all probates and granting of letters of administration were to be under the hand of the governor or his delegate; and two freeholders were appointed in each town to take charge of the estates of persons dying without a will. Under the duke's laws this duty had been performed by the constables, overseers, and justices of each town. In 1778 the governor was divested of all this power excepting the appointment of surrogates, and it was con- ferred upon the Court of Probates. Under the first Constitution siir- rogates were appointed by the Council of Appointment; under the second Constitution, by the governor with the approval of the Senate. The Constitution of 1846 abrogated the office of surrogate in all coun- ties having less than 40,000 population, and conferred its powers and duties upon the county judge. By the Code of Civil Procedure surro- gates were invested with all the necessary powers to carry out the equitable and incidental requirements of their office. The following persons have held the office of surrogate in Tompkins county: Andrew D. W. Bruyn, appointed April 11, 1817; Edmund F. DISTRICT ATTORNliYS— SHERIFFS. 61 Pelton, appointed March 21, 1821; Miles Finch, appointed March 27, 1823; Charles Humphrey, March 4, 1831; Evans Humphrey, January 8, 1834; Arthur S. Johnson, March 3, 1838; George G. Freer, Febru- ary 14, 1843. The only remaining courts which are common to the State are the Special Sessions, held by a justice of the peace for the trial of minor offences, and Justice Courts with limited civil jurisdiction. Previous to the constitution of 1821, modified in 182(), justices of the peace were appointed ; since that date they have been elected. The office and its duties are descended from the English office of the same name, but are much less important here than there, and under the laws of this State are purely the creature of the statute. The office is now of little im- portance in the administration of law, and with its loss of old-tiine power has lost also much of its former dignity. The office of district attorney was formerly known as assistant attor- ney-general. The districts then embraced several counties in each and were seven in number. On the 15th of April, ISl?, upon the organiz- ation of Tompkins county, a new district was formed, number the eighth, which included Broome, Cortland, Seneca and Tompkins coun- ties. At first the office was filled by the Governor and Council during pleasure. The office of district attorney, as now known, was created April 4, 1801. By a law passed in April, 1818, each county was con- stituted a separate district for the purposes of this office. During the era of the second Constitution district attorneys were appointed by the Court of Special Sessions in each county. The following have held the office in Tompkins county : David Woodcock (appointed or elected) June 11, 1813; Amasa Dana, January 38, 1823; Samuel Love, May 15, 1837; Benjamin G. Ferris, May 10, 1840; Alfred Wells, May 17, 1845 Arthur S. Johnson, June 14, 1847; Douglass Boardman, June, 1847 William Marsh, November, 1850; John A. Williams, November, 1853 Marcus Lyon, November, 1856; Harvey A. Dowe (appointed vice Lyon, removed from county), June 10, 1804; Samuel H. Wilcox, No- vember, 1804; Merrit King, November, 1807; Samuel D. Halliday, November, 1873; Simeon Smith (appointed vice Halliday, resigned), 1875; David M. Dean, November, 1876; Clarence L. Smith, Novem- ber, 1882; Jesse H. Jennings, November, 1883, and re-elected in 1891. Sheriffs during the colonial period were appointed annually in Oc- tober, unless otherwise noticed. Under the first Constitution they were appointed annually by the Council of Appointment, and no person 63 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. could hold the office more than four successive years. The sheriff could hold no other office and must be a freeholder in the county to which appointed. Since the Constitution of 1821, sheriffs have been elected for a term of three years, and are ineligible for election to the succeeding term. The following have held this office in Tompkins county: Hermon Camp (appointed), April 11, 1817; Henry Bloom, Jime 20, 1817; Nicoll Halsey, March 2, 1819; Nicholas Townley, Feb- ruary 12, 1821, and elected November, 1822. (After this date the sheriffs have been elected in November of each year named. ) Eben- ezerVickery, 1825; Thomas Robertson, 1828; Peter Hager 2d, 1831; Minos McGowan, 1834; Jehiel Ludlow, 1837; Edward L. Porter, 1839; Ephraim Labar, 1842; John P. Andrews, 1845; Charles C. Howell, 1848; Lewis H. Van Kirk, 1851; Richard J. Ives, 1854; Smith Rob- ertson, 1857; Homer Jennings, 1800; Edward Hungerford, 1803 ; Eron C. Van Kirk, 1866; Horace L. Root, 1869; Eron C. Van Kirk, 1872; Barnard M. Hagin, 1875; William J. Smith, 1878; John K. Follett, 1881; J.Warren Tibbetts, 1884; John K. Follett, 1887; J.Warren Tibbetts, 1890; Charles S. Seaman, 1893. Such legal business as the pioneers of what is now Tompkins county found necessary for about twent);^ years after their various settlements and down to the formation of this county in 1817, was of course trans- acted at the county seats of Cayuga and Seneca counties (the former taken from Onondaga county in 1797, and the latter from Cayuga in 1804). There were, without a doubt, lawsuits among those early set- tlers, but they were not so numerous nor so important as those of later days. The pioneers felt a too kindly spirit towards each other to admit of their often bringing malicious prosecutions against their neighbors, and they were far too busy with their labors in making homes for themselves and their children to willingly squander time in traveling to distant court houses, when traveling was a serious matter, there to wait the often tardy action of the primitive judiciary. The act of the Legislature which organized Tompkins county desig- nated Ithaca (then a little hamlet in the old town of Ulysses) as the county seat. It would seem that somebody in the then counties of Cayuga and Seneca feared that the new county would not fulfill its proper destiny, for the act provided that in case of failure on the part of the town to convey a site for the county buildings and raise $7,000 with which to erect the same, the territory of the new county was to be reannexed to Cayuga and Seneca. But these provisions were promptly tilled (Sf. (2'e^ etz.'f'n-^^f^ Til 10 I'^IKST COURT. (il! complied with, and in 1818 a building- for a court house and jail was erected and ready for occupancy. As a " hall of justice " it was quite insignificant; but it served its purpose until 1864, when the present structure was erected on the same site. The old court house became inadequate for its purposes, and an act was passed by the Legislature authorizing the erection of the present structure, which was begun in 1854 and finished the succeeding year. The act named vStcplicn B. Gushing, Samuel Giles and Horace Mack a building committee, and under their careful direction the building was completed at a cost of fl3,154.7G. In the light of modern architectural practice it cannot be said that the court house is an honor to the coun- ty; indeed, this fact is so apparent that at this date (1894) measures are advocated for the erection of a new structure which will properly serve the people and honorably reflect the progress of the community. The first judicial officers of the county were as follows: First judge, Oliver G. Gomstock, appointed April 10, 1817; surrogate, Andrew D. W. Bruyn, appointed March 11, 1818; sheriff, Hermon Gamp, appointed April 11, 1817; district attorney, David Woodcock, appointed April 11, 1817; clerk. Archer Green, appointed April 11, 1817. The first jxis- tices of the peace (appointed 1817) were as follows: W. Wigton, Elia- kim Avery, A. D. W. Bruyn, Henry Bloom, Gharles Bingham, Nathaniel F. Mack, John Sutton, Simeon F. Strong, Joseph Goodwin, John Bowman, J. Bennett, Samuel Love, John Ellis, William Martin, Peter Rappleya, Ghester Goborne, Thomas White, Richard Smith, Henry D. Barto, Galeb Smith, Peter Whitmore, J. Weaver, Stephen Woodworth, Lewis Tooker, John Bowker, Gharles Kelly, G. Brown 2d, James Golegrove and Abijah Miller. * At the first Gourt of General Sessions in this county. May 28, 1817, the following proceedings took place : Present, John Sutton, esq., senior judge; Thomas White, Richard Smith, and John Ellis, judges and justices of the peace; Gharles Bing- ham, Parley Whitmore, John Bowman, and William Wigton, assistant justices. Bills of indictment were presented to said court by the grand inquest of said county against the following persons, viz. : John G, Murry, Daniel Newell, Humphrey D. Tabor, Daniel Murry, Alvin Ghase, Abraham Osborne, and Samuel Osborne. The above were " severally recognized in the sum of $100 each." Their securities were John Townsend, jr., for J. G. and D. Murry; Jabez Rowland, for H. D. fi-J LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Miirry; Isaac Chase, for Alvin Chase; Isaac Chase and Henry Hewlin, for A. and S. Osborne. The witnesses, who were also " recognized in the sum of $50 each," were Joseph Bowen, Chester Coborn, Samuel Rolff, and William Coy- kendall. At this tei-m of court a bill was returned by the grand jury for theft or petit larceny against Birdsey Clark. " Mr. Johnson pleaded against the jurisdiction of the court. The court overruled the objection, and ordered that the prisoner give bail or be committed to jail. The prisoner requested and obtained permission to be tried by a special session." A bill of indictment was also returned against Calvin Kel- logg for assault and battery. The first petit jury was organized at the September term, 1817, and consisted of the following persons: Samuel Knapp, Marvin Buck, John Collins, Oliver Miller, Abner N. Harland, Horace Cooper, John Sniffen, Aaron K. Matthews, John Walden, Caleb Davis, Augustus Ely, and Peter Vanvliet. The first case tried by this jury was the indictment against Messrs. Murry, Tabor, Abraham and Samuel Osborne, and Alvin Chase, for riot. They were found guilty, and Messrs. Tabor, Daniel Murry, and Abraham Osborne fined $10 each, and Alvin Chase and Samuel Os- borne $5 each. The first Court of Common Pleas was held at the " meeting-house," in the village of Ithaca, town of Ulysses, on the fourth Tuesday of May, 1817. Senior judge, John Sutton; judges, Richard Smith, Thomas White, and John Ellis; assistant justices and justices of the peace, William Wigton, Charles Bingham and John Bowman. " The general pleas and the general commissions of the peace having been read, the court opened in due form. The court adjourned for one hour, to meet again at Champlin & Frisbie's hotel. The court met agreeably to adjournment; present as before. The venire for sum- moning the grand jury having been returned by John Ludlow, esq., coroner, their names being called, they all answered. Mr. Ben John- son objected to the grand jury being sworn, because they were sum- moned by a coroner and the venire directed to him. The court overruled the objection, and directed that the grand jury be sworn. They were accordingly sworn, and John Bowker, esq., was appointed foreman of the said inquest. At this court it was also EARLY MEMBERS OF THE BAR. 05 Resolved, By the Court, that those attoniies \v)io were authorized to practice in the counties of Seneca and Cayuga, and in the Supreme Court, and in good standing as such, be admitted in this court. "On the following niorninji- the court, havin}^ no further business, adjourned." The first will recorded and proven was that of John Morris, of Lans- ing, A. D. W. Bruyn being at that time surrogate. It was proven September 6, 1817; Isaiah Giles, J. Whitlock, and Sarah Giles, wit- nesses. . The first letters of adininistration were issued May 0, 1817, to Eliza- beth Smith, on the estate of Alexander Smith, of Ulysses. The second letters of administration were issited to Barzillai King, jr., and Henry D. Barto, on the estate of Barzillai King, of Covert. Tompkins cottnty, in respect to its population, is among the smaller cotinties of this State, and its bar has not, therefore, been as numerous as in other and more populous counties; but it will not suffer in com- parison with the bar of any other interior section in respect to the character, ability and honor of its members. It has had, and now has, members occupying the highest judicial positions in the .State, the duties of which have been performed to the honor of the incumbents and the people whom they represent. This cotmty was quite well equipped with lawyers at its organization in 1817, and it is a pleasure to record some brief personal characteristics of many of the early rep- resentatives of the i^rofession, as well as of those of more recent times. One of the foremost of the early attorneys of this county was Ben Johnson, whose services were often in demand in the more important cases, and who was called to oppose some of the most distinguished lawyers of the State. Mr. Johnson was born at Haverhill, N.H., June 22, 1784. His early education was obtained in the district schools, with a little academic training. He entered the law office of Foote & Rumsey, in Troy, N.Y., studying there in company with John A. Col- lier, with whom he subsequently formed a partnership for practice in Binghamton; this existed but a .short time, when Mr. Johnson removed to Hector (then in Cayuga), but came to Ithaca some years previous to his marriage, which occurred in Noveinber, 1817. He btiilt the house on vSeneca street, where he passed the remainder of his life. His office was on Aurora street, and he practiced alone until 1819, when he became associated with Charles Humphrey. After several years con- tinuance of this partnership, Mr, Johnson joined with Henry S, Wal- fi6 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY, bridge, which connection terminated in 1839. His next partner was his son-in-law, Anthony Schuyler. His death took place at his home in Ithaca, March 19, 1848. We find the following written of Mr. John- son; When fully aroused in an important trial, Ben Johnson was regarded by the most astute advocates as the peer of the ablest counsel in the State. Erudite, of logical mind, and possessed of rare powers in debate, his efforts before the courts always challenged attention, and often admiration. An indefatigable worker, he kept scrupulously within the bounds of his vocation, concentrating his mental and phys- ical strength upon the cases in hand. His nature was social and genial, though quiet and undemonstrative. David Woodcock established himself in Ithaca as early as 1812, and soon took a prominent position at the bar of the State. Traveling the district with the Circuit Courts, as a forcible and astute jury lawyer, in persuasive power was seldom excelled by any whom he met at the bar. He represented Seneca county in the Legislature (1814-15), was dis- trict attorney in 1818, and was elected to Congress in 1821. At the close of the XVITth Congress he retired to his professional practice; but was called again to the Legislature in 1820, where he was a lead- ing member of the House. Declining re-election, he was in 1828 again elected to Congress, where his abilities were at once recognized. On returning he resumed his practice at the bar and was suddenly stricken down with his armor on. He died at Ithaca in September, 1835. His nature was kind and genial, generous and warm hearted, and his in- fluence and example with the younger members of the bar was always salutary. His son, Don C. Woodcock, a lawyer of great ability, re- moved from Ithaca to Troy, and died in that city. Charles Humphrey, already mentioned as a partner of Mr. Johnson, was another conspicuous attorney of the early years, who devoted to the service of the country his great legal abilities in establishing and fostering not only local improvements, but rendered signal service to the State. He was a forcible advocate, clear and shar-p in attack and repartee, and long adorned the bar of the State. He was a member of the Legislature in 1834, and re-elected in the two succeeding sessions, serving as speaker of the House in both the LVIIIth and LIXth ses- sions. Years before this he had been sent to the National Legislature, representing the Twenty-fifth District, composed of Tioga and Tomp- kins counties, taking his seat in 1825. After continuing a large prac- tice manv years he was again prevailed upon to take a seat in the State EARLY MEMBERS OF THE BAR. 07, Legislature in 1842. He also served some years as clerk of the Su- preme Court at Albany. He suffered from a painful constitutional disease in his later years, but returned to Ithaca and took up his prac- tice in important cases before the Court of Appeals and in the Supreme Court. Supported upon crutches and standing before the highest State court, he always commanded its strict attention and won ad- miration from distinguished members of the State bar. He died in Albany July 18, 1850, while in professional attendance at the Supreme Court. Andrew D. W. Bruyn was an early and prominent member of the bar; held the office of surrogate 1817 to 1821, and afterwards under the second Constitution served as first judge of the county, 182G to 1837. Elected to represent the Twenty-first District, counties of Che- mung, Cortland, Tioga and Tompkins, in the XXVth Congress, he took his seat September 4, 1837, and died at Washington in July of the following year. Judge Bruyn was distinguished for his legal acquirements and laborious industry in his profession. He was es- pecially noted for strict observance of all those social, public, private or official duties which, with a high sense of personal honor, make a well rounded character. In his profession he was powerful in argu- ment, while on the bench his decisions were clear and dignified, and wholly unbiased. Amasa Dana was an early lawyer of Tompkins county whose profes- sional standing gave it honor and prominence, and whose high religious and moral character reflected the brightest luster. He acquired prom- inence as an advocate early in life, and was elected to the Legislature in 1828 and 1829, having already discharged the duties of the office of district attorney from 1823 to 1827. Returning from the Legislature to resume his practice he was elected to Congress from the Twenty- second District, serving from December, 1839, to iVlarch, 1841 ; and again was called to the same high office (1843 to 1845). He also served as first judge of the Covinty Court, 1887 to 1843. Resuming his prac- tice in 1845 he gave his whole attention to its duties until his death, December 24, 18G7, at the age of seventy-six years. It has been writ- ten of him : Judge Dana not only adorned the profession he had chosen by a life of most faith- ful performance and observance of every exacting requirement of duty to society, to his home, and to every responsible public trust, but deeply imbued with a high and religious sentiment, he brought to the discharge of his professional, judicial and •W LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. legislative requii-ements a devout reliance vipon the favor of a God in whom he trusted. . His memory will be long cherished by the church at whose altar he was a devout worshiper, not less than by the bar of which he was so distinguished an ornament. Other members of the early bar were Stephen Mack, who graduated from Yale in I8i;], located in Owego in 1814, and soon afterward settled in Ithaca, where he practiced his profession many years. He was a diligent and methodical lawyer, and died at the age of seventy-one years, January 7, 1857. Edmund G. Pelton was a lawyer of some prominence in early years and held the ofifice of surrogate in 1821 ; and there were others who are, perhaps, entitled to mention in this connection, but whose good deeds have gone into the tinremembered history of the past. William Linn, though he cannot be called a distinguished lawyer, confining himself largely to office work, was conspicriotis for his schol- arly attainments and his polished style of oratory upon the platform. His numerous public addresses were widely circulated and regarded by cultivated scholars as models of logical force and elegant diction. He died when nearly eighty years of age. He studied for the pure love of it, and was richly endowed with historical and classical knowl- edge, and was the great orator at all great assemblies from 1810 to 1845. He was the author af the Roorback hoax of 1844. Horace King, whose "Early History of Ithaca " attracted consider- able attention, was a native of Ithaca. He had just entered on the practice of his profession in 1847, when he delivered his historical lec- ture. His very early death arrested a career which his qualifications as a pleader, and his attractiveness as a public speaker, must have made one of note in this coinmunity and elsewhere. Augustus Sherrill was one of the old-time lawyers of Ithaca, whose memory is yet vividly recalled by those here from 1830 to 1840. Care- fttl, painstaking and accurate, he was appreciated by clients, and en- joyed to a marked degree the confidence of the community. George G. Freer practiced law in Ithaca for many years with Samuel Love. He was proprietor of the Tompkins Times in 1830 and ap- pointed surrogate by Governor Bouck in 1841). Mr. Freer removed to Watkins, and died there some ten years ago. George D. Beers, as an advocate before a jury, was almost invariably pitted against such eminent practitioners as Ben Johnson and Charles Humphrey. His keen analytical mind grasped the salient points in a ICART^V MI^.MMKRS (~)F TlIK BAR. (ID case, and he had a remarkable faculty of impressing a jury by the earnestness of his pleading and the grasp he had on the strong features of the case in hand. Mr. Beers was born at Hobart, Delaware county, June 7, 1812, and removed to Ithaca just after the organization of the county. He graduated from Union College, his diploma bearing the autograph of the remarkable Dr. Eliphalet Nott. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court in July, 1831), and in the Court of Chan- cery in IS:54. In 1814 he was elected to the State vSenate under the four-year term of four senators to a district. In 1879 he attended the fiftieth anniversary of his college class. He died in Ithaca, October 12, 1880. Frederick G. Stanley practiced law in Ithaca four years along in the thirties. But little can be ascertained in regard to his early life or his famil}'. Those of his profession who knew him and his conduct of cases, speak of him as the peer of the brighest intellects who have dig- nified the bar in this section of the State. Mr. Stanley removed to Buffalo, and after a few years, during which he built up a large client- age, he died. Moses R. Wright was a young and brilliant lawyer who came to Ithaca in 1841, and whose career of great eminence was ended by his . untimely death about ten years afterwards. No record is obtainable on his life, but there is scarcely a resident of Tompkins county who will not recall him, and those who knew him personally yet retain vivid recollections of his great power as an advocate and his clear conception qf legal principles. He was a writer, especially on political subjects, of great force. Henry S. Walbridge finished his law studies in the law office of Ben Johnson and, as before stated, entered into partnership with the latter. This gave him the advantages of Mr, Johnson's reputation to a certain extent and enabled him to soon occupy a commanding position, to which his superior qualifications also entitled him. He was elected to the Legislature in 1827, and again in 1840, serving with credit to himself and satisfaction to the people. After a period of devotion to his pro- fession he was elected to Congress from this district, and served from 1851 to 1853. Returning to Ithaca, he was' elected first judge of the county in 1859, in which high office he discharged his duties with eminent ability and faithfulness until 1867. He soon afterward met with accidental death in a railroad casualty near the city of New York. 70 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Benjamin G. Ferris was a college graduate, and soon after finishing his education he entered the office of David Woodcock. Admitted to the bar in due time, he soon took an enviable position in his profession and rapidly advanced to the front rank. He served in the Legislature in 1851, was district attorney of this county (1840-45), and in 1853 was appointed secretary of Utah Territory by President Fillmore. A short time in that uncongenial position sufficed for him, and he returned to Ithaca and resumed practice, spending a few intervening years in New York city. He died in Ithaca in 1893. Alfred Wells studied law in the office of Humphrey & Woodcock, and after his admission to the bar soon became prominent in the pro- fession. This is indicated by his early selection in 1847 as first judge of the county, in which office he served four years. He was elected to the XXXVIth Congress (1859-Gl) and was recognized as an able legis- lator. Returning to his profession, he was afterwards appointed assessor of internal revenue, and occupied that station at the time of his death. Douglass Boardman during the greater part of his professional life occupied a foremost position at the bar and in the judiciary. His abilities as a lawyer were recognized soon after he was admitted, and he was early called to judicial labor. Elected first judge of this county in 1851, he served as such four years, relinquishing for that position the office of district attorney, to which he was chosen in ] 847. Return- ing to his practice in 1865 he pursued it with diligence and eminent success for ten years, when the general knowledge of his fitness to adorn the bench led to his selection for Supreme Court judge in 18G5. At the close of his first term of eight years he was renominated and elected without a competitor for a term of fourteen years. Soon after- wards, and on the death of Hon. John M. Parker, Judge Boardman was appointed to the vacancy thus made on the General Term bench of the Sixth District. His death occurred at his summer residence at Sheldrake in 1892. William H. Bogart was a lawyer by profession and spent many years in Ithaca. He was a man of fine natural qualifications; was elected to the vState Legislature in 1840 and served one term; he also served as clerk of the House and the Senate. He was a graceful writer and an eloquent speaker. Later in his life he removed to Aurora, where he enjoyed an elegant leisure in a beautiful and hospitable home. EARLY MICMHEKS OF THE BAR. 71 Milo Goodrich was for a number of years prominent in the bar of the county, located at Dryden. He was a native of Cortland county, studied in Worcester, Mass., and was admitted in 1840, soon after which he settled in Dryden. He was elected to the XLIId Congress, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1807, and held other positions of honor. As a lawyer he was skillful, and gave the most unremitting care to preparation of his cases. About the year 1870 he removed to Auburn, N. Y., whei'e he died. Merritt King was a son of one of the pioneers of the town of Danby, where his grandfather settled as early as 1800. By self-sacrificing efforts he obtained a liberal education; served honorably in the One Hundred and Thirty-seventy Regiment N. Y. V for three years, and held the rank of major when mustered out. He studied in Ithaca, and took a regular course at the Albany Law School, graduating with honor. He served twice as district attorney (18(37 and 1870), and in the fall of 1875 received the nomination for member of Assembly, but was defeated by the university vote. Stephen B. Cushing is remembered as one of the most promising and brilliant advocates at the bar of Tompkins county from 1837 to 1855. Almost from the beginning of his practice he stepped to the front rank as a jury lawyer; was elected to the Legislature in 1853, and was a prominent candidate for speaker on the Democratic side. Turning much of his attention to politics, he was nominated in 1855 for attorney- general of the State, on the American ticket, was elected, and entered upon the duties of the office January 1, 1856. On retiring from that position he formed a partnership with Daniel E. Sickles, of New York city, and continued a successful practice. He died there suddenly in 1865. Charles Clarence Van Kirk, born in Ithaca, November 4, 1855, died Aiigust 1, 1892. He was educated in the Ithaca Academy and after some years passed in Colorado and in lumbering business learned sten- ography, in which he became an expert. During his study he read law in the office of Henry A. Merritt, of Troy, He was admitted to the bar in 1885, and for a time had a large income from reporting and as a referee. On account of weakening sight he returned to Ithaca in 1887 and opened a law office, continuing to practice until his death. LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. TOMPKINS COUNTY BAR— 1894. Almy, Bradford, Ithaca. Austin, William, Trumansburg. Baker, James L., Ithaca. Blood, Charles H., Ithaca. Bouton, D. C, Ithaca. Burchell, Geo. R. , Dryden. Burns, Thomas W., Ithaca. Baldwin, M. M., Groton. Benton, Frank R. , Ithaca. Clock, Fred. L., Ithaca. Davis, George B., Ithaca. Day, Chas. G., Ithaca. Dean, D. M., Ithaca. Dean, Fred. N., Newfield. Kllsworth, l^crry (>., Ithaca. Elston, J. A., Ithaca. Estabrook, W. B., Ithaca. Esty, Clarence H. , Ithaca. Finch, Wm. A., Ithaca. Finch, I'^rancis M., Ithuca. Fish, Gary B., Ithaca. Fredenburg, E. E, , Ithaca. Gift'ord, Gardner C, Ludlow ville. Goodrich, George E., Dryden. Halliday, Samuel D., Ithaca. Hare, William W., Groton. Hopkins, Herman S., Groton. Horton, Randolph, Newfield. Hungerford, A. A., Ithaca. Jennings, J. H., Ithaca. Leary, Frank M., Ithaca. Lyon, Marcus, Ithaca. Monroe, Geo. E., Dryden. Mallery, L. D., Dryden. Mead, M M., Ithaca. Milne, John A., Trumansburgh. Newman, Jared T., Ithaca. Noble, WiUiam N., Ithaca. Noble, Ossian G., Ithaca. Osborn, Alvah P., Trumansburgh. Poole, Murray E., Ithaca. Rhodes, Dana, Groton. Smith, Simeon, Ithaca. Smith, W. Ilazlitt, Ithaca. Smith, Clarence L., Ithaca. Smith, Raymond L., Ithaca. Stoddard, Giles M., Groton. Sweetland, Monroe M., Ithaca. Tibbetts, Frank E., Ithaca. Tichenor, James II., Ithaca. Ticheuor, Edwin C, Ithaca. Tompkins, M. N., Ithaca. Turner, Samuel B., Ithaca. Terry, Eugene, Ithaca. Van Cleef, Mynderse, Ithaca. Van Vleet, D. F., Ithaca. Whiton, Fred. J., Ithaca. Wolcott, Clarence R., Ithaca. Humphrey, William R., Ithaca. Imi'or'i'ani' TuiAi.s AND CuiMKS. — As it ])arl of the criminal record of Tompkins county, the remarkable career of Edward H. Ridloff shotild not be omitted. He was born near the cit)' of St. Johns, in the Prov- ince of New Brunswick, and was hanged at Binghamton, Brooine county, on the 18th of May, 1871. His father's name was William RuUoffson, the son taking the name of Rullolf upon removing to this localit)'. Financial circumstances denied him a professional career, and he became a clerk in a store in St. Johns. His employers were twice burned out and Rulloff left his clerkship to begin the stitdy of law. For a theft in the store of those he formerly served he was ar- rested, tried and convicted, and served a sentence of two years in State prison. At the close of his sentence he disappeared from St. Johns, IMPORTANT TRIALS AND CRIMES. 73 and nothing is known of his career until he appeared in Dryden in May, 1842. He claimed to be in search of employment, even as a laborer, if nothing better offered. His acquirements attracted great attention, and he secured a position as a drug clerk in Ithaca. He soon acquired an intimate knowledge of drugs and their effects, and then left the business. He next opened a select school in Dryden, and among his pupils was Miss Harriet Schutt, a most amiable and lovely girl of seventeen years. Rulloff paid her marked attention, and in opposition to the wishes of her parents, he married her on the 31st of December, 1843. Almost immediately afterwards Rulloff, entirely without cause, developed an insane jealousy and treated his wife with positive cruelty, in one instance striking her with an iron pestle and felling her to the floor. He removed to Lansing, where a daughter was born in April, 1845, and for a period Rulloff treated his wife with more kindness. He acquired quite a library, began the study of medicine, and was called to treat a child of William H. Schutt that was suffering with some slight ailment; but the babe died in convulsions and the child's mother also died with symptoms of poisoning two days after. The body of Mrs. Schutt was exhumed in 1858 and distinct traces of copper found in the stomach. The evening of the 23d of June was the last time Rulloff's wife and child were seen alive. The next morning Rulloff borrowed a horse and wagon of Thomas Robertson, who lived opposite, placed a heavy chest in the wagon and drove away towards Cayuga Lake. On the following morning he returned, the chest then being quite light, took it into the house, filled it with books and clothing, and removed it in the following night. Then Rulloff disappeared, but was tracked to Cleveland, Ohio, by Ephraim Schutt, brother of Mrs. Rulloff, who arrested the criminal and returned with him to Ithaca. Large sums were expended in dragging Cayuga Lake for remains of the wife and child, but without success. The bodies not being found, Rulloff was indicted for abduct- ing his wife, was tried in January, 1846, found guilty and sentenced to prison for ten years. At the close of his term he was indicted for the murder of his daughter. He secured a removal of his case to Tioga county, where he was tried on the 18th of October, 1866, found guilty and sentenced to be hung. From this verdict an appeal was taken to the General Term, which was heard in April, 1857. An appeal was then taken to the Court of Appeals. 10 7-i LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Jacob S. Jarvis was the jailor in charge of RiilloiT, and allowed his son, Albert, to have lengthened visits to RiillofiE's cell, where the latter instructed him in the languages and other studies. On the oth of May, 1857, through the connivance of the son, the prisoner escaped, the son fleeing with him. The Court of Appeals soon afterward reversed the decision of the courts below, and RullofT surrendered to the sheriff to await his final discharge. A meeting of citizens was held and organized for the purpose of breaking into the jail and lynching the piisoner on the 19th of March, 1859. The sheriff learned of the plot and removed Rulloff to Auburn the previous day. He was afterwards surrendered to the authorities of Pennsylvania to be tried for burglaries committed in Warren, in that State. He escaped conviction there, and for a time disappeared from view of all acquaintances. On the 20th of November, 1801, he was sentenced to prison for two years and six months under the name of James H. Kerron, at Pough- keepsie. Rulloff at all times seems to have been in communication with Jarvis, who assisted his escape from Tompkins county jail in 1857, and a man named Dexter, and in all probability pursued a life of crime, which ended in breaking into the store of D. M. & E. G. Halbcrt, in Binghamton, on the 17th of August, 1870: Two clerks slept in this store, and one of them, Frederick A. Mirrick, was killed by Rulloff. An alarm being given, the burglars fled. Dexter and Jai-vis were drowned while attempting to cross the Chenango River, but Rulloff escaped for a few days, when he was arrested and imprisoned. His trial began on the 5th of January, 1871, and continued seven days, when the jury returned a verdict of murder in the first degree. Rulloff was sentenced to be hanged on the 3d of March. A stay was granted, but the murderer was executed in the city of his last crime on the 18th of May, 1871. This case was so remarkable in all its features as to attract universal attention, and the American Journal of Insanity of April, 1873, devoted fifty pages to a review of the life of Rulloff. A legal case of great interest came before the people in early j'cars in this county which grew out of tiie feeling which existed, especially in the town of Caroline, between those who brought into that town a few slaves and those who did not keep them and never had. Between the years 1805 and 1808 a considei-able and very respectable colony of Southerners came into Caroline and brought with them in all some IMPORTANT TRIALS AND CRIMES. 75 forty slaves; their neighbors were from the East and were, of course, bitterly opposed to slavery. The feeling thus engendered and fostered finally culminated in the indictment and and trial of Robert Hyde for removing slaves from this State in violation of the statute. The law for the gradual abolition of slaveiy in New York prohibited the re- moval of a slave from the State for the purpose of sale. About the 1st of December, 182.3, Hyde and his mother-in-law, the widow Julia vSpeed, had gone to their former home in Virginia for a visit and had taken with them a negro girl, Liza, a slave, whom it was believed they intended to sell. Hyde had not com)jlicd with the law in getting the consent of a niagistrate to take the slave away temporarily, and when he returned without her he had not proven that his failure to bring her back was from any unavoidable cause. In the following summer when Hj'de came back without the negro girl, curiosity and inquiry were general and suspicion was, aroused. The entire community believed the girl had been sold, and Hyde's premises and those of the other slave owners were watched for months day and night to prevent a repe- tition of the proceeding. At the Oyer and Terminer of January, 1835, Abiathar Rounsvell appeared before the grand jury as complainant against Hyde in the matter. Amasa Dana was district attorney, and Hon. Nicoll Halsey foreman of the grand jury. An indictment against Hyde was found and he was first tried at the Court of Sessions in the following May. Ben Johnson, the Nestor of the Tompkins county bar, was counsel for Hyde. The prosecution depended largely upon the testimony of widow Speed ; she sat near the door of the court room and just before she was called as a witness she slipped out of the room and disappeared. This was an unexpected piece of strategy, but as the case could not then be put over, John G. Speed was sworn (he was Hyde's brother-in-law), and under direction of the judges the jury found the defendant not guilty of the fifth count of the indictment and did not pass iipon the remaining counts, of which there were six in all. Hyde's second trial took place in the following December before Samuel Nelson, when several witnesses were sworn, but Hyde was acquitted. Mr. Hyde lived till between 1860 and 1860 and bore the reputation of being a good citizen and a kind man. The animosities connected with this affair continued to some extent until a second generation, but have now wholly disappeared. Since the organization of Tompkins county there have been three executions for murder, the first public, and the other two in the jail 76 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. yard. In the fall of 1831 Guy C. Clark, a shoemaker, brutally mur- dered his wife with an axe, in a part of the old Columbia inn, then occupying ground on the corner of State and Cayuga streets and. part of the Clinton Hall block on the north. Clark was tried, convicted and hung in public at Fall Creek, alniost upon the precise spot occupied by the large brick school house, but ixpon an elevated bluff since brought down to a level. The day of the execution, February 3, 1832, was a stormy one, melting snow covering the ground. A band of music headed the procession which conducted Clark to his fate. Many thou- sand spectators were present, some arriving on the previous day, and a few who were unable to find accommodations camped out over night or found shelter in barns or outhouses. Peter Hager 2d was sheriff and Minos McGowan, imder-sheriff. The body of Clark was buried, but it is doubtful whether the grave was very carefully guarded, as the body was stolen on the night following the execution. On the 13th of Jtily, 1841, a shoemaker named John Jones was mur- dered by John Graham, a fellow-workman, in a ravine just north of Buttermilk Falls, about two miles southwest of Ithaca. The remains of Jones were discovered, Graham was arrested, Jones's watch found upon his person, and money which evidence showed was taken from the body of the murdered man. Although the evidence was wholly circumstantial, it was so conclusive that Graham was convicted and executed in the yard of the old court house, on ground now occupied by the county jail, on May 5, 1842. Edward L. Porter was sheriff, and William Byington, under-sheriff. In 1871 an aged man named John Lunger and his wife occupied an old boat drawn up on the shore of the lake a few rods south of Good- win's Point, nearly eight miles from Ithaca. Michael Ferguson, a nephew, lived with them, and a young girl was employed by them. Ferguson killed Lunger and his wife, took the girl in a row boat, crossed the lake, came to Ithaca and started on foot to escape into Pennsylvania. The murder was discovered, Ferguson pursued, cap- tured, tried, sentenced, and hung June 17, 1871. He was dull of in- tellect and possibly never fully realized the enormity of the crime he committed. Horace L. Root was sheriff, and R. H. Fish, under- sheriff. COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. 77 CHAPTER XI. Early Methods of Medical Study— Medical Societies Authorized by Statute — Tompkins County Medical Society — The Homceopathic Medical Society — Dr. E. J. Morgan, sr. — The "Registration Law" — List of Registered Physicians. The pioneers to any locality have always been closely followed by "the good physician." This is one of the unpleasant necessities of hitman experience. In the first years of the present century the State of New York, unlike Pennsylvania and the New England States, had done very little to encourage science, and there was no school of med- icine worthy of the name nearer than Boston or Philadelphia. Few young men could then afford to go so far to qualify themselves for a profession, whatever inducements its future offered. This led to the prevailing custom among yoimg aspirants for medical practice to enter the office of a neighboring physician, study his books for two or three years, at the same time accompanying his tutor in professional visits. At the end of such a term the young doctor felt qualified to begin his professional career. Laws then governing the admission and practice of physicians were practically worthless, but in 1806 the Legislature passed an act repeal- ing former laws applying to the profession, and authorizing a general State Medical Society and County Societies. Under this act a society was organized in Onondaga county in 1806, and others closely followed in the counties from which Tompkins county was organized. The first . records of Tompkins County Medical Society have been lost, but it is known that an organization was effected in the year 1818, the year following the organization of the county. As far as can be known, the following physicians were the original members: A. J. Miller, O. C. Comstock, A. C. Hayt, Dyer Foote, Alexander McG. Comstock, P. A. Williams, Daniel L. Mead, Augustus Crary, J. Young, Jason Atwater, Charles Emmons, John W. Phillips. George W. Phil- lips, and Daniel Johnson. But there were, of course, physicians in the county who had practiced among the earlier settlers many years before the organization of this society ; and some of them had, ap- 78 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. John C. Hayt, Ithaca 1818 A. J. Miller " 1818 Dyer Foote, " 1818 Daniel L. Mead " 1818 Augustus Crary, Groton 1818 C. P. Hearmans, Ithaca 1818 parently, either died or removed from the locality before 1818. Among those early physicians may be mentioned Dr. Lewis Beers, who was one of the early settlers of Danby in 1797 ; Dr. Dyer Foote, who was practicing in Ithaca at a very early date; Jason Atwater, who was practicing in Hector in early years, and others whose names will be found in later histories of the town and county. The medical society continued its existence, with varying degrees of success, until the year 1844, when for some reason its regular meetings ceased. During that period the following physicians joined the society in the years following their names. The towns in which they practiced are also given as far as possible : Ashbel Patterson, Danby 1824 Albert Curtiss, " 1834 Eh Beers, " 1838 Joseph Speed, Caroline 1835 DavidL. Mead, " 1818 James Ashley, " 1832 R. W. Meddaugh, " 1832 Lyman Eldndge, " 1 831 Edw. H. Eldridge, " 1835 Chas. M. Turner, NewHeld 1825 David McAllister, " 1833 David G. Jessup, " 1824 M. C. Kellogg, " 1833 Jason Atwater, Hector 1818 J. Young, Hector (and Ithaca) 1818 Edmund Brown, Hector 1825 Horace Smith, " .1838 Wm. "Woodward, " 1838 Henry I'^ish, " 183. April 7, 1883, Lysander T. White, Enfield Centre ; born in Cayutaville, Schuyler county, N. Y. ; University of Buffalo, February, 1809. April 11, 1883, Bina A. Potter, Ithaca; born in Danby; Medical Department of the University of Buffalo, February 27, 1883. April 34, 1883, Michael P. Conway, Ithaca: born in Ithaca; College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, March 1, 1883. July 9, 1883, Chester L. Skinner, Fi'eeville; born in Auburn; College of Homeop. athy, March 15, 1883. September 30, 1883, Mary A. Allen, Slaterville; born in Delta, O., University of Michigan, March 24, 1875. September 10, 1883, Chilton B. Allen, Slaterville; born in New Foundland; The University of the City of New York, March, 1881. September 20, 1883, George L. Rood, Etna; born in Centre Lisle, Broome county; Eclectic Institute, Cincinnati, C, June 5, 1883. January 24, 1884, Emory A. Eakin, Buffalo; born in, Gallipolis, O. ; Miami Medi- cal College, Cincinnati, O. Endorsed by Medical Faculty of Niagara University of Buffalo, March 3, 1869. April 11, 1884. Homer Genung, Brookton; born in Brookton; Homeopathic Hospi- ial College of Cleveland, O., March 15, 1884. June 3, 1884, M. J. Jackson, New York city; born in Prussia; Eclectic Medical College of New York, March 1, 1884. November 14, 1884, Edgar Randolph Osterhout, Trumbull's Corners; born at Jack- son Corners, Monroe county, Pa. ; Bellevue Hospital Medical College of the City of New York, March 13, 1884. November 34, 1884, Edward Hitchcock, jr., Ithaca; born at Stratford, Connecticut; Dartmouth Medical College, June 30, 1881. December 8, 1884, Franklin B. Smith, Buffalo; born in Hillsdale, Mich. ; Hahne- mann Medical College, Chicago, 111., February 36, 1879. March 37, 1885, James S. Carman, Jacksonville; born in Jacksonville; Medical Department of Howard University, Washington, D. C. , March 9, 1885. REGISTERED PHYSICIANS. f>l June 0, 1885, Will De Lano, Ithaca; born at Groton ; Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, O., June 2, 1885. June 20, 1885, Charles Lewis Tisdale, Brooltton ; born in Auburn ; Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, 111., March 32, 1878. August 31, 1885, Edward B. Lighthill, Syracuse; born in Germany; Eclectic Med- ical College of the City of New York, March 1, 1882. November IH, IHH5, Richard E. Cross, Utica; born at Lancaster, N. IF., JfaculLy of Norwich University, Vermont, September 29, 1852. November 15, 1885, Addison L. Low, Watertown, Jefferson county; born in Will- iamston, Oswego county; New York University Medical College, February 18, 1874. May 13, 1886, George Fiske, Chicago, 111. ; born in Madison county; Yale Medical School, June, 1883. July 14, 1886, Horace W. Nash, Ithaca; born in Trumansburgh ; New York Home- opathic Medical College, March 13, 1884. July 21, ]88(), David P. Terry, Trumansburgh; born in town of Ulysses; Homeo- pathic Hospital College, Cleveland, O., March 19, 1884. January 10, 1887, Loretta Abel, Ulysses ; born in Ulysses ; Homeopathic College for Women of the City of New York, April 1, 1885. March 29, 1887, Albina Hunter, Ithaca; born at Cato, Cayuga county; Michigan University, June 24, 1883. April 9, 1887, B. L. Robinson, McLean ; born at South Cortland, N. Y. ; Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, April 5, 1887. April 9, 1887, William F. Seaman, Newfield; born at Almond, Allegany county, N. Y. ; Eclectic Medical College, New York City, March 0, 1882. April 26, 1887, R. F. Gates, Notth Lansing ; born at Maine, Broome county, N. Y ; Geneva Medical College, January 27, 1867. June 24, 1887, Thomas TurnbuU, jr., Ithaca; born at Brooklyn; University of Pennsylvania, May 2, 1887. September 19, 1887, Andrew S. Blair, Ithaca ; born at Conesville, N. Y. ; Univer- sity Medical College of the City of New York, March 2, 1882. July 2, 1888, Joseph R. Broome, Trumansburgh ; born at Utica, N. Y. ; Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati, June 5, 1888. August 7, 1888, William C. Freeman, Elmira; born at Branford, Ontario, Can.; Trinity College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July 24, 1853, and endorsed by Medical Department of Niagara University, Buffalo, N. Y., June 14, 1888. January 14, 1889, S. Fayette Stagg, Elmira ; born at Panton, Vt. ; Howard Medi- cal College of Washington, D. C, and endorsed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of New York, March 8, 1878. Aprils, 1889, Julia vS. Baright, Ithaca; born at Bedford, Calhoun county, Mich.; the Faculty of the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Chicago, 111. , Feb- ruary 21, 1889. April 6, 1889, Emmett D. Page, Brooklyn; born at Triangle, Broome county; Long Island College Hospital, June l'7, 1882. April 17, 1889, Marian A. Townley, Lansing; born at Lansing; Medical University of Buffalo, March 26, 1889. June 39, 1,889, John L. Babcock, Ithaca; born at Oswego; University of the City of New York, March C, 1886. 93 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. August 14, 1889, F. Dela Claire Balcolm, Syracuse ; born at Ransomville ; The Physio-Medical Institute, Marion, Ind., March 14, 1889. August 14, 1889, William Ryder, Syracuse ; born at Little Falls, N. Y. ; The Curtis Physio-Medical Institute, Marion, Ind., March 14, 1889, Noifember 6, 1889, Elma Griggs, Ithaca; born at Limestone, N. Y. ; the Hahne- mann Medical College, Chicago, 111., February 14, 1887. November lii, 1889, Charles F. Griswold, Groton ; born at Owego ; University of Vermont, July 15, 1889. November 22, 1889, Franklin D. Pierce, Union Springs; born at Venango county. Pa. ; University of the City of New York, March 19, 1878. May 32, 1890, De Forest A. Reid, Brookton; born at Caroline, Tompkins county, N. Y. ; Homeopathic Hospital College of Cleveland, O., March 20, 1890. June 10, 1890, Edward Meany, Ithaca; born at Enfield; the Medical Department of the University of Buffalo, March 1, 1887. June 16, 1890, Matthew Joseph O'Connell, Covert, Seneca county; born at Tru- mansburgh; the Niagara University of the State of New York, April 15, 1890. July 30, 1890, I. N. Willard, Ithaca; born at Fairfield, N. Y. ; Bellevue Medical College, February 26, 1875. November 13, 1890, John C. Beebe, Buffalo; born at Oyster Bay, Long Island; Toledo Medical College of Toledo, O., March 7, 1888. Mai-ch27, 1891, William T. Jones, Enfield; born at Ulysses; Buffalo Medical Uni- versity, at Buffalo, N. Y., March 34, 1891. April 1, 1891, Jeanette M. Potter, Ithaca; born at Ithaca; the Buffalo Medical University, March 35, 1890. April B, 1891, John E. McTaggart, Auburn; born at Ontario, Canada; the Buffalo Medical University, February 20, 1871. April 7, 1891, James P. Fahy, Ithaca; born at Ithaca; the Medical University of Buffalo, March 24, 1891. May 6, 1891, Channing A. Holt, Albany; born at Hartford, Conn. ; University of the City of New York, February 17, 1877. Augusts, 1891, Howard B. Besemer, Ithaca; born at Dryden ; Medical Department of the University of the City of New York, March 24, 1891. August 17, 1891, William H. Longhead, jr., Elmira; born at Elmira; Medical De- partment of the University of Buffalo, March 34, 1891. August 31, 1891, William B. Christopher, Speedsville; born at Galena, 111.; Syra- cuse Medical College, June 11, 1891. April 11, 1892, Ben W. Genung, West Danby; born at Caroline; Cleveland Med- ical College, Cleveland, O., March 33, 1892. July 1, 1893, George B. Lewis, Ithaca; born at Owego; Medical Department of the University of- the City of New York, March 6, 1886. July 25, 1892, Charles D. Vernooy, Enfield; born at Accord, Ulster county; Syr- racuse University College of Medicine, June 9, 1892. November 31, 1892, Newton D. Chapman, Ludlowville; born at Groton; Medical Department of the University of New York, April 4, 1893. December 38, 1893, Robertune L. Smith, Richford, Tioga county; born at Rich- ford; Medical Department University of New York City, April 4, 1893. TOWN OF ITHACA. OJ! May 8, 1893, Wilbur G. Fish, Ithaca; born at Lansing; Cleveland Medical College of Cleveland, O., and endorsed by the University of the State of New York, March, 33, 1893. March 30, 1882, Charles P. Beanian, Stamford, Conn. ; born at Philadelphia, Pa. ; The New York Homeopathic College of the City of New York, March Ifl, 1882. June 14, 1893, Arthur D. White, Ithaca; born at Ithaca; University of the State of New York, May 27, 1893. July 15, 1893, James Allen Blair, Trumbull's Corners; born in Scotland; The Uni- versity of the State of New York, July 15, 1893. September 22, 1893, Frank L. Washburn, Ludlowville ; born at Dryden ; Long Isl- and College Hospital, March 22, 1893. September 22, 1893, Charles P. Beaman, Ithaca; born at Philadelphia ; University of the State of New York, March 16, 1882. October 19, 1893, Joe Van Vranken Lewis, Ludlowville; born at Prattsburg, Steu- ben county; University of the State of New York, July 17, 1893. CHAPTER XII. HISTORY OK Till? TOWN AND VILLA(iH OF I'l'HACA.' While it is true tliat the town of Ithaca is of comparatively recent formation, settlements within its present limits began very early — about a quarter of a century before Tompkins county was formed — and when all other sections of the present county were a wilderness, untrodden except by the Indians and the few white men who had been sent out to drive them from their ancestral homes. The town of Ithaca as a separate organization has come down from the original town of Ulysses, through the following changes : Ithaca was formed from Ulysses, which was erected as one of the original towns of Onondaga county, March 5, 1794. Its history is traced as Ulysses, Onondaga county, from March 5, 1794; as Ulysses, Cayuga county, from March 8, 1799; as Ulysses, Seneca county, from March 39, 1804; as Ulysses, Tompkins county, from April 17, 1817; and as Ithaca, Tompkins county, from March 10, 1821. It is the central town of the county and contains thirty-six square miles of territory, of which nearly eight-tenths is under cultivation, 1 On account of the very early settlement of the site of Ithaca and its present im- portance in the county, it is thought best to depart from the chronological order of town formation and place it first. 94 LANDMARKvS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. the remainder being woodland. The population, according to the census of 1890, is 12,343. Cayuga Lake reaches southward into the town about two miles, and its deep valley continues on two miles further, with a width of about one and one-half miles. Towards the great trough there is a general rolling and imdulating descent from the outer borders of the town, until within about a mile of the lower plane, where the descent becomes very steep and continues to the bot- tom of the valley. In Chapter II the reader will find detailed de- scription of the picturesqiie scenery produced by the peculiar land and water formations in this town, especially in the near vicinity of Ithaca city. No other locality in the State of New York, and few in the country, are more worthy of admiration from the lovers of nature in her most attractive moods, or of visits from the gifted artist. Nestled in the deep vale near the head of the lake, at the foot of the majestic eastern and western hills, the village gracefully lay through its many years of early growth, while in the last quarter century it has reached out upon the hillsides, where hundreds of beautifid residences adorn spacious and well kept grounds. The soil of the town is chiefly a gravelly or sandy loam upon the high lands, excepting in the southern part, where it is in many places shallow and constituted of disintegrated shale or slate. The soil on the flats is a rich alluvium. Grain and stock growing has been the princi- pal occupation in the agricultural districts, while on the slopes of the hills near Ithaca, peaches, grapes and other fruits are raised success- fully. The first settlers in this town found several clearings in the valley which had been made by the Indians, who had cut away the low hazel and thorn bushes and planted corn. In another and earlier chapter of this work mention has been made of the eleven men who came on here from Kingston in April, 1788, with two Delaware Indians for guides; also the return in April of the following year of three of their number, Jacob Yaple, Isaac Dumond, and Peter Hinepaw, who made the first settlement in the town, on a four hundred acre lot, of which the west line of the present Tioga street in Ithaca formed the western limit. These pioneers planted corn on the Indian clearings, ^ left their crops with John Yaple, a younger ' It is reported that these Indian clearings served the settlers in common for sev- eral years for corn grounds, while they stored their gathered crops in cribs on the hillside. The first settler, it is said, did not think they could raise corn on the hills. TOWN OF ITHACA. 05 brother of Jacob, and returned to Kingston for their families. They came back to their new homes in September, bringing a few farming tools, a little household furniture, and a number of horses, cattle, .sheep and hogs. The three families nxtmbered twenty persons: Jacob Yaplc, his wife and three children (Philip, Mary and Peter, and John Yaple, the brother, who was then twenty-four years of age); Isaac Dumond, his wife and three children (Peter, Abram and Jenny), and John Dumond and his wife, then lately married; Peter Hinepaw, his wife and five children (whose names we cannot give, the eldest of whom was about twelve years of age). The three families soon had built log cabins for each, situated as described in Chapter III, and began their toil in the wilderness. They encountered the usual hardships, as well as some that were not so common. Rattlesnakes abounded, for one thing, and the tale has come down that about thirty were killed in a day where Hinepaw's cabin stood, near the site of the Cascadilla Mills, and that a populous den of the dangerous reptiles was discovered and cleared out. The few Indians remaining here were friendly and aided the pioneers to some extent. In the summer they occupied the hillsides, but when cold weather approached they pitched their wigwams in the gorge of Six Mile Creek. But the larger portion left this section the second year after the coming of the settlers. The preparation of the food supply, too, was accomplished with great difficulty. The first crop of corn, with twenty-four bushels of wheat brought by one of the pioneers from a settlement on the Upper Nanticoke, had to be carried to Wilkes- barre to be ground. That was the nearest mill until the second year, when Jacob Yaple built a small mill near Hinepaw's cabin on the Cas- cadilla, capable of grinding perhaps twenty-five bushels in a day. * It is, perhaps, more probable that they did not at first use the hillsides, because they were not cleared. ' To obtain potatoes to plant, John Yaple traveled on foot one hundred and sixtj' miles to a point on the Delaware River, where he obtained three pecks of the precious seed and carried them in a sack all the way back to the settlement. Mr. King says that it had. been claimed that the Indians had raised potatoes at Taughanic a few years previous to the coming of the white settlers; but this seems quite doubtful, for there is not the slightest reason for believing that the Indians would not have shared with their neighbors in anything so desirable and so difficult to obtain. Moreover, the Indians, as far as known, cared little for the potato. 96 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Until the building of Yaple's little mill much of the corn was pounded in the top of a fire-hollowed stump. The mill was called " the little pepper mill," and served the needs of many settlers for a number of years. Mr. King states that when a man took a grist of two or three bushels from a considerable distance to be ground he often had to stay all night to get it. The mill stones, as well as the rest of the structure, were made by Mr. Yaple himself, the stones being roughly formed from granite boulders. There was no bolting cloth and the bran was partially separated from the wheat flour with a sieve. As the settlers increased in numbers, considerable grain was taken to other towns, even long distances, to Owego and elsewhere, lo be ground. That other family necessity, salt, was easily obtained from the In- dians, and it was imiversally believed in early times that there was a source of surface supply near at hand. But, if so, it has never been discovered by white persons. There are legends and stories innumer- able of Indians going northward at various times and soon returning with a supply of salt; and one member of the Sager family has stated that brine itself was brought by Indians near to his home and there boiled. As far as the writer is personally concerned, there is one great weakness in these tales, i. e., Why did not the whites learn the where- . abouts of the sovtrce of supply from the last of the Indians just before they left the locality for good ? A few trifling gifts at such a time would surely have caused the valuable secret (valuable no longer to the Indians) to be divulged. And there is another element of improb- ability in the matter scarcely less noteworthy; that is the fact that no white man watched the Indian or squaw when going for salt. Certainly no scruple of conscience could have prevented, and it would seem to have been a comparatively easy task, if, as represented, the salt spring- was near at hand. And moreover, if there ever was a salt spring here, where was it ? Is it not more probable that the salt came from the Onondaga Springs, either brought from there by the Indians who left the head of the lake for it, or obtained it between here and there from other Indians?^ The recent discovery of salt in the town of Lansing may possibly have some bearing upon this question. ' Between 1817 and 1830, Mr. Torry, father of Elijah B. Torry, having faith in the traditions concerning salt in this valley, sunk two shafts to a considerable depth, at a spot just south of the present corporation, near tlie Spencer road ; but instead of salt water, he tapped perennial veins of fresh. Portions of the old curbing were still to be seen but a few years since. Again, in 18(j4 an attempt to obtain salt by boring TOWN OF ITHACA. 97 The families of Yaples, Dumond and Hinepaw lost the land they had located here, through nonpayment of taxes at Albany by their agent, and the first two removed in 1795 to the northern part of Danby, while Hinepaw located near the site of Aurora. They were men of solid and respectable character and reared families of children. (Further allusion is made to them in the history of Danby. ) In the month of September, 1786, Robert McDowell, Ira Stevens and Jonathan Woodworth moved with their families from Kingston, near Wilkesbarre, Pa., to Tioga Point and Chemung. The next summer Robert McDowell, Nehemiah and Charles Woodworth (sons of Jona- than), Abram vSmith, Joseph vSmith and Richard Loomis came from , Chemung, by way of Catharine, to the head of Cayuga Lake, and there cut and put up a quantity of marsh hay, and then returned to Chemung. The ensuing fall Abram Smith and the two Woodworths again visited the lake flats, this time bringing cattle to winter them on the hay al- ready prepared. In the spring of 1788 they went back to Chemung, when Mr. McDowell, accompanied by Jane, his eldest daughter, then about seven years, and two boys — one a negro — returned to the rude farm at the head of the lake, where Ithaca now stands, and planted a quantity of corn and sowed some spring wheat, and followed up this enterprise in the fall of the same year by bringing in his entire family, composed of himself, wife, and five children — Jane, Hannah, Euphius, John and Daniel. Mr. McDowell was the first settler on the Abraham Bloodgood tract of 1,400 acres; since known as all that part of the corporation of Ithaca lying west of Tioga street. He put up his cabin somewhere near what is now the junction of Seneca and Cayuga streets, about where stands the fine residence of Samuel H. Winton. Upon this spot, until 1874, stood a wooden building erected by Mr. Henry Ackley (father of Mrs. Winton) in the year 1812 or 1813. very deep was made ; but the company, formed for the purpose, died of too much management. As a matter of historic interest in this connection, we cannot withhold this further • quotation from the Journal of De Witt Clinton, dated Ithaca, August 11, 1810: " It is said that there are salt lakes [licks?] in this country, and one near this place, formerly much frequented by deer, which were in great plenty when the country was first settled, and on being pursued by dogs immediately took to the lakes, in which they were easily shot. . . This is probably a link in the chain of fossil salt, extending from Salina to Louisiana, like the main range of the Alleghany Mountains." — Campbell' s Life of De Witt Clinton, p. 163. 13 98 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The descendants and near relatives of McDowell have been prom- inent in many waj's in Tompkins county. He was a son of John Mc- Dowell, a Scotch immigrant. One daughter of Robert married NicoU Halsey and became the mother of ten children, several of whom were leading- citizens. Nehemiah Woodworth related that in June, 1788, Captain Jonathan Woodworth and his two sons, with five others, followed Sullivan's trail to Peach Orchard, then passed down Halsey's Creek to the Cayuga Lake, and encamped on the north side of Goodwin's Point, and on the following day went up to the head of the lake. In July the same party of six named in Mr. Halsey's account (except that David Smith is sub- stituted for Abram) made hay on the lake flats, where they were joined by Peter Hinepaw and Isaac Dumond. The Woodworth party brought provisions and two cows; and that fall drove in all their stock, about seventy head of cattle and horses. During the winter, Abram Smith and a man named Stevens (Ira?) had trouble with wolves, one of which they killed. They killed also a large bear on the lake, near vSalmon Creek. The account further says that the Woodworth family " moved in, in the spring of 1789, and remained until 1793;" that they had a mortar made from a large stump standing "near the present court-house," and that Nehemiah assisted in bringing in the mill-stones on an ox sled. On the farm of the late Dr. J. F. Burdick, in Lansing, within the memory of many residents of that town, one of these tree mills for grinding corn was still to be seen. This is the only record we have concei^ning the settlement of the Woodworth family at Ithaca. The mill-stones alluded to were prob- ably the first that were brought in — not the first nsed. In 1791 John Dvimond, the pioneer, who had been married just be- fore leaving his former home, became the father of the first white child born within the limits of what is now Tompkins county. The child was a daughter, was named Sally, and became the wife of Benjamin Skeels, of Danby, who removed to Indiana in 1840. William Van Orraan came in about the time under consideration, the precise date being unknown. He first settled on two hundred acres, a part of military lot number eighty-two, where he lived about twelve years, but was one of the many unfortunate ones who lost his property through defective title. Walter Wood succeeded him on the farm. Mr. Van Orman then took a farm on lot eighty-three, then owned by George Sager, who had purchased from a Mr. Pangborn, who received TOWN OF ITHACA. 90 it for military service. In 1834: Mr. Van Orman built his substantial brick house near Buttermilk Falls. He was of considerable prom- inence and was assessor of Ulysses town in 1795. George Sager settled about ] 793 on the tract he bought of Pangborn (al)ove noticed). Tic brought with him his mother and younger brother, Simon, (icorgc was unmarried and about thirty years old. lie after- wards married Chai-ity, daughter of Bezal lialley, and later settled in that vicinity and built a double log cabin and a frame barn, one of the first. This barn was afterwards used for Methodist meetings under Rev. Dr. Baker. In 1823 Mr. Sager built a stone house, where he passed the remain- der of his life. Of course, there was a woeful scarcity of "store goods" in those early days, and it was several years before a merchant was established; but a very enterprising man named Lightfoot brought a load of goods up the lake in the year 1791, and began trade in a shanty which he built near the site of the steamboat landing. He had tea, coffee, a little crockery, small stock of dry goods, a little hardware, and gun- powder and lead, a barrel or two of whisky. Horace King, in naming the early settlers who succeeded the Mc- Dowells, uses the following language : I cannot tell the order after this in which the early inhabitants came in, and can only mention, as being among the first, the Davenports, who came in the second or third year, and settled on the hill west; the Blooms, who came in the third year and settled where their descendants still remain (in Lansing, near the Ithaca line); Francis King, who came in the fifth year and located two miles south upon the hill ; Moses De Witt, who came here as agent of Mr. Simeon De Witt ; Patchin, who built his cabin about half way between the Cascadilla and Fall Creeks; Abram and Henry Markle, the Sagers, the Brinks, who settled a short distance south of Eben- ezer Mack's late residence ; Mr. William R. Collins, who built just across the inlet, west; Van Orman, Van Etten, Banfield, Shoemaker, Miller, Greene and Smith. Mrs. Philes came to the " Flats " to reside in 1813, Mr. Dumond then having a house on the southeast corner of Mill and Tioga streets. The first school she attended was kept by Mrs. Buel (wife of Judge Buel, and whose maiden name was Enos), in a small house standing, until a very few years since, on the southeast corner of Mill and Aurora streets. Governor Clinton mentions Abram- Johnson, whom he saw at Ithaca, as formerly a sergeant in Clinton's brigade, and the author of a song on the storming of Fort Montgomery, which was afterwards printed. 100 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Of the foregoing, Nathaniel Davenport, from New Jersey, settled with his wife and four children on lot eighty-seven, just north of the Bloodgood tract, and built his cabin on the site of the stone house re- cently occupied by Mrs. Walter P. Williams. Their youngest child, Abram, married in 1798 Mary Johnson, daughter of Abram Johnson, a pioneer of 1791 ; this was the first marriage in what is now the city and town of Ithaca. Abram Johnson was a native of Staten Island, but came to Ithaca from the Mohawk Valley, and after a shoi-t stay in the village here settled on a farm a few miles south. He was the father of eight children, five of whom were sons. One of them, John, became an Ithaca merchant and was the second clerk of this county. Arthur S., another son, lived in Ithaca, where he was prominent as a lawyer and held a number of official positions. Benjamin Pelton settled on lot ninety-nine, the Fall Creek property, about 1797, his dwelling standing in the middle of what is now Aurora street, at the top of a high spur of gravel since leveled down. He ad- vertised in the Journal, March 4, 1819, that he had "opened a Scriv- iner's office at the Yellow House near Peter Demund's. " Mr. Pelton's son, Richard W., became owner of a large farm on South Hill, now largely covered with residences. He was the first postmaster of Ithaca in 1804. Another son, Edmund G., was a prominent early attorney, and held the office of surrogate in 1831. Abram Markle came here before 1798, and in that year performed the first marriage ceremony, before noticed; he was then a justice of the peace. David Quigg was a settler at Ithaca as early as the first year of the century and was the first regular merchant. An old account book of Lansing & Quigg shows that he was conducting a store in 1801. He probably came here from Spencer, where he had first settled. His first business was in a log building on the north side of the Cascadilla, near the intersection of the present Linn and University avenue. He soon afterwards removed his stock to a frame building on the corner of Seneca and Aurora streets. His first goods came by way of the Mo- hawk Valley from Albany, and by Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, up the Seneca River and Cayuga Lake. He received little cash in his early operations, but his profits were large. The late H. C. Goodwin^ wrote in 1853: » H. C. Goodwin, son of Goodwin, of Lansing (from wliom Goodwin's Point was named), published a little pamphlet in 1853 entitled " Ithaca as it was and Ithaca as it is." It is now very rare, the copy in hand being owned by Horace M. Hibbard. TOWN OF ITHACA. 101 York rum cost twenty-six cents a gallon and sold for $1.25. Muscovado sugar cost nine cents a pound and commanded eighteen and three-fourths cents. At this time (1801-5) large quantities of maple sugar were made by the back settlers, so that one hogshead of muscovado sui^plied tlie retail trade for one year. At the same time loaf sugar was worth thirty-one cents. Salt commanded four dollars a barrel. Nails found a ready market at twenty-five cents a pound, and leather was not dull at thirty-eight cents. His wheat he forwarded by land carriage to Owcgo, then down the Susquehanna on arks to Baltimore, realizing fifty-six cents on the bushel. In 1807 he shipped some 21,000 bushels, and in 1808, '09 and '10 an average of 4,000 bushels. His cattle were driven to Philadelphia, where he received a profit of five dollars a head. Good cows were then worth $16 a head, oxen $50, and three year old steers about $18. Horses were worth from $75 to $80. There were no oats, buckwheat or corn grown for sale, and butter had not at this time been introduced into the market. The expense of conveying goods through this devious and singu- larly winding course (just described) was two dollars a hundred; or, if conveyed hither from New York with teams by way Catskill, the charges were four dollars per hundred pounds. The late Josiah B. Williams, who came to this county in 1825, was early engaged in the transportation business over the route first'alluded to. He often narrated to the writer his experiences on his trips, and vividly portrayed the arduous toil and extreme discomforts accompany- ing that occupation, wliich he followed for several years. The first death in town occurred in either 1790 or 1791, the precise date being unknown. It was that of Rachel Allen, who was either seventeen or eighteen years old, the daughter of a man who was then passing through Ithaca. She was buried on the hillside, where the cemetery was afterwards located. Abram Markle came to Ithaca soon after the settlement, and in 1800 built the first frame house in the place. There was then a carpenter here named Delano, who had for an apprentice Luther Gere (who afterwards rose to inflttence and wealth), and they built the house. It was situated, and stood until recent years, just north of the Cascadilla, on the west side of the street, the second building from the mill. Mr. King says that probably Mr. Markle brought up a small store of goods, but could scarcely be considered a regtilar merchant. Archer Green was in Ithaca before 1800, and it was probably in his log house, on the north side of the Cascadilla, that the first marriage was consummated, as before noted. Mr. Green was the first clerk of the county, and otherwise prominent in the community. Mr. Goodwin became a historical writer of some note, and died recently in Homer, N. Y. ins LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. According to Mr. Goodwin there were in Ithaca in 180G about twelve houses, six being framed ; and from that time onward the place grew and prospered, as further detailed in subsequent pages. By the following personal notes it will be seen that those pioneers who have thus far been mentioned were called to fill town offices at an early day for the old town of Ulysses: John Yaple, fence viewer, 170G-97. Peter Dumond, overseer of highways, 1795 and 1798. Robert McDowell, overseer of the poor, 1795 ; assessor, overseer of highways, and school commissioner, 179G, holding the last named office several years; commissioner of highways and of "public lots" in 1798; and justice of the peace in 1800. William Van Orman, assessor and fence viewer, 1795 ; commissioner of highways, fence viewer, and school trustee, 1796 ; and overseer of the poor, 1799. Nathaniel Davenport, overseer of the poor, 1795; commissioner of highways, 179{). He subsequently held many other positions of re- sponsibility, as did also his son, Henry Davenport, who, in the year 1800, was recorded in a list of jurors as a " miller. " Abram Markle, town clerk, 1795, and both supervisor and town clerk for several years thereafter. He was justice of the peace in 1800. Henry Markle (farmer and innkeeper) was overseer of highways in 1800. Isaac Patchen, assessor, 1795; and overseer of the poor, 1797 and 1798. Abram Davenport, constable, 1797-98. Benjamin Pelton, school commissioner, 1796; assessor, commissioner and overseer of highways, and commissioner of public lots, 1798. Richard W. Pelton, constable and town clerk, 1798. Richard Pangborn, constable, 1796. Abram Johnson, assessor and commissioner of highways and public lots, 1798; overseer of highways, 1799; and inspector for senatorial election in Cayuga county in 1799, with Abram Markle, Jeremiah Jef- frey, and Joseph S. Sidney. Joseph vS. Sidney (miller), assessor, 1799, and school commissioner, 1801. Jonas Whiting (farmer), commissioner of highways, 1799; super- visor, 1800. TOWN OF ITHACA. 103 John Smith (distiller), pound-master, 1799, and town clerk, 1800. He was probably the "JohnvSmith" named as "surveyor," in No- vember, 1800, to run out the public lots into parcels of 100 acres each. Archer Green, in 1801, was delegate to the convention called to con- sider the question of the division of Cayuga county. The town meetings of the town of Ulysses from 1795 to 1817 were held within the limits of the present town of Ithaca, viz. : In 1795, at the hoxise of Peter Hinepaw; in 179(), at the house of Nathaniel Davenport; in 1797, at the house of Jabez Hanmer; in 1798, at the house of ; in 1799, at the house of Abram Markle; from 1800 to I.80;i inclusive, at the house of Nathaniel Davenport; from 1804 to 1817, when Ithaca was set off, at the house of Moses Davenport, son of Nathaniel. The important features of history, as related wholly to the town of Ithaca, have been given in earlier chapters of general matter, or will be given a little further on in the continued history of Ithaca as village and city. It is sufficient here to say that the agricultural districts in this town were rapidly taken up after the beginning of the present century by a class of men and women who were possessed of the requi- site energy and perseverance to establish comfortable homes amid new scenes, and the requisite morality and intelligence to gladly aid in founding early schools and churches, and to so rear their sons and daughters that they would continue, as they have done, the good work begun by their fathers and mothers. The following lists of town officials include the names of many of the early settlers and the later dwellers in the town, who were more or less conspicuous as private and as public citizens. The town of Ithaca was formed March 13, 1831, at the court house in Ithaca, and the fol- lowing officers elected: Supervisor, Nathan Herrick; town clerk, Isaac Beers; assessors, Caleb Davis, William P. Burdick, Richard Pew; col- lector, Ebenezer Vickery; overseers of poor, Jesse Merritt, Eliakim Dean; commissioners of highways, Moses Davenport, Joseph Pew, David Coddington ; constables (appointed), Ebenezer Vickery, Amasa Woodruff; commissioners of schools, John Whiton, John Johnson, An- di-ew D. W. Bruyn; inspectors of schools, Benjamin Pelton, Reuben Judd, Isaac Beers; trustees of gospel and school lot, Luther Gere, Charles Humphrey, William T. Southworth; pound-master, David Curtis. 104 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The town was divided into thirty-seven road districts. The fii'st ses- sion of the town board, at which bills were presented, was held March 'ZC), 1832, and the amount audited was $70.05. Following is a list of the supervisors from 1821 to the present time; 1831-24. Nathan Herrick. 182!). Andrew D, W. Bruyn. 183(1. Ben Johnson. 1827-34. Ira Tillotson. 1835. Julins Ackley. 1836. Ira Tillotson, until September (resigned). Joseph Esty, appointed Septem- ber. 1837. Amos Hixson. 1838. John James Speed, jr. 1839. Jacob M. McCormick. 1840. Jeremiah S. Beebe. 1841. Horace Mack. 1843. Amasa Dana. 1843-44. Joseph S. Hixson. 1845. Samuel Giles. 1846-48. "William Andrus. 1849. Frederick Deming. 1850. Nathan T. WiUiaras. 1851. Frederick Deming. 1852. Jonathan B. Gosman. 1853-54. Stephen B. Gushing. 1855. Benjamin G. Ferris. 1856-58. William S. Hoyt. 1859. John Gauntlett. 1860. Henry F. Hibbard, 1861. John Gauntlett. 1862. John L. Whiton. 1863. Philip J. Partenheimer. 1864-65. Alonzo B. Cornell., 1866. Joseph M. Lyon. 1867. William L. Bostwick. 1808. David L. Burt. 1869-71. Howard C. Williams. 1872-78. Charles W. Bates. 1873-77. David L. Burt, elected Novem- ber. 1878-79. Pierce Pearson. 1880-81. Alexander Frear. 1882-86. Richard A. Crozier. 1887-88. George W. Frost. 1889-90. Nicholas Pearson. 1891-92. Charles M. Titus. 1893. Nicholas Pearson. 1894. A. O. Hart. CITY. 1889. R. A. Crozier. 1889. Horace M. Hibbard. 1890. A. G. Genung. 1890. R. Wolf. 1891. R. A. Crozier. 1891. R. Wolf. 1892. A. G. Genung. 1893. George W. Frost. 1893. E. S. Carpenter. 1893. L. G. Todd. 1893. T. S. Thompson. 1893. J. E. Van Natta. 1894. C. F. Hottes. 1894. L. G. Todd. 1894. T. S. Thompson. 1894. W. P. Harrington. Following are the principal town officers for the years 18!)4: Amos O. Hart, supervisor. Forest Home; Hugh T. Burtt, town clerk, Ithaca; I^yle Nelson, collector, Ithaca; Lockwood F. Colegrove, justice of the peace, Ithaca; Alfred Hasbrouck, jtistice of the peace, Ithaca; Edgar Masters, constable, Ithaca; Mathew Sharp, constable, Ithaca; Charles Brown, constable, Ithaca; William Van Order, constable, Ithaca; Charles Boyer, constable, Ithaca. TOWN OF ITHACA. 105 Statisticai,. — The bills for county expenses audited by the Board of Supervisors of 1893, and allowed, including the supervisors' service bill, amounted to $12,145.61. The gross amount of the town audits as allowed was $25,807.91. The whole amount expended for the care of the poor of the county for the year was $4,008.67. The total disburse- ments by the county treasurer were $107,355.34. Other statistical mat- ters are noticed in the succeeding town histories. CORPORATIONS. ASSESSED VALUE OF REAL ESTATE AMOU.MT OF TA.X. Ithaca, town — Elmira, Cortland and Northern R. R. Co Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. Lehigh Valley R. R. Co Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., Auburn Branch. _ Western Union Telegraph Company American Telegraph and Telephone Company . _ Ithaca Water Works Company The Brush-Swan Electric Light Company. I iHACA, CITY — Alpha Psi Society Alpha Delta Phi Society _ Cornell Athletic Association Delta Upsilon Society _ _. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R. Co. Elmira, Cortland and Northern R. R. Co Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre R. R. Co Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre R. R. Co., Cayuga Division Cayuga Lake Transportation Co Ithaca Calendar Clock Company Ithaca Gas Light Company __ _ Ithaca Gun Company Ithaca Opera Company __ Ithaca Water Works Company _ Ithaca Street Railway Company Ithaca Savings Bank . . . Ithaca Board of Trade Kappa Alpha Association New York and Pennsylvania Telegraph and Telephone Co, Psi Upsilon Association Phi Kappa Psi Society The Brush-Swan Electric Light Co. Theta Delta Chi Society ... The Autophone Company The American Telephone and Telegraph Co Tompkins County National Bank Town and Gown Society United Glass Works Company Western Union Telegraph Company Zeta Psi Society 14 $18,100 24,000 30,000 11,380 2,000 1,000 1,500 300 5,000 5,000 1,000 2,700 12,93a 3,000 23,173 8,725 4,000 5,000 10,000 3,000 1,000 9,500 7,600 20,000 700 2,700 1,000 2,500 500 3,800 2,500 8,500 400 7,400 3.000 6,000 400 7,000 1371.50 360.00 450.00 169.20 30.00 15.00 23.50 4.50 91.00 91.00 18.20 49.14 235.20 54.60 421.75 158.80 72.80 91.00 183.00 54.60 18.30 172.90 136.50 364.00 13.74 49.14 18.20 45.50 9.30 50.96 45.50 63.70 7.28 134.68 54.60 91.00 7.38 127.40 100 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Ithaca Village, We left our account of early Ithaca when, in 180(;, it had about a dozen houses; but it had enjoyed a post-office then for two years and doubtless felt itself considerable of a settlement. One of the half dozen frame structures stood, according to Mr. King, on the site of the vil- lage hall, and another where the old Tompkins House stood, and there a Mr. Vrooman kept a public house which he called the Ithaca Hotel. Another was on the southeast corner of Aurora and Seneca streets, and in it Luther Gere afterwards kept a tavern. It was in the year just mentioned that the little village received its name, from Simeon De Witt, after the ancient city of Ithaca in the Ionian Sea. Thei'e were elements of growth apparent in and around Ithaca even at that early day, its location at the head of Cayuga Lake being one of them. In 1808 the turnpike to Owego was laid out and its improve- ment begun, and three years later the road to Geneva was constructed. These and the other early highways contributed to the prosperity of the place. The first religious society, the Presbyterian, had existed since 1805, and it is pleasant to record the fact that in ]80(i the first library was established by the purchase of about f;i()0 in books, which subsequently became the property of the "Ithaca L5^ceum," and still later of the " Minerva Society," which was connected with the acad- emy. By the close of the first decade of the century, Ithaca was looked upon as one of the niost thriving and promising villages in the State. This little village was the hope and pride of Simeon De Witt, who intended it for his future home, and who may appropriately be consid- ered its founder. Before he gave it its name it had been variously called "The Flats," or "The City," or "Sodom," according to the choice of different commentators. Mr. De Witt, as is well known, was a conspicuous figure in the early annals of the State. ^ • To his memory Mr. King has paid the following tribute: " In 1778 he was appointed assistant geographer in the army of tlic Revohition ; and in 1780, on tlie death of Rol)ert Er.skine, was appointed chief geMgrapher. In 1790 General Washington proffered to him the oHice of surveyor-i^cneral to the United States, whieh, 'from the force of eircnmstances,' he declined. In 17H4 he was appointed surveyor-general of this State, succeeding therein Gen. Philip Schuy- ler; and in 1798 became Regent of the University. Both of these offices he held to the time of his death, in December, 18!i4, through all the political revolutions and changes that occurred. In 1839 he was chosen Chancellor of the University, and » ' f «)«">1^'«- ,^i«-<' ^'i' -n^ -j;wlF 54.1 7' H : illllA'TvA. ^. .'^fi^ }it/l<: I Ullr/ /'/'iJUk', W 'i' ^'--/- /■ ;• — i r ,'.''t ■J^-,^": ,#" J :>3 --#'•' AcnrpA nvEST 'n 11^ %s 2/ 1 ^ - /2 /^ ■ /■-f 16- a r' j ^-ic- Jr. 1 _ ) j.',_ k- 1 '^i i ^ /'/ ,,/• ;/' 7^ ?i s ! e i _^-^ ■•- r-\ ■ ji'iiA (iTjjf.f:/: «&A«4^ I « //Ml'-'-"'"''! '^•" '/■"'if' I 108 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. He held among other high positions the office of surveyor-general of the State from the year 1794 to the date of his death, December 3, 1834. He became early possessed of a large tract of land covering a part of the village site, which he improved and sold off at various times. Lot No. 93 of Ulysses, which became the site of a part of Ithaca vil- lage and Cornell University, was drawn by Benjamin Gilbert, a lieu- tenant. Lot 88, locally called " Renwick, " was drawn by Andrew Moodj', a captain of cavalry ; and lot 81 by Major-General Alexander McDougall. Derrick Schuyler, an ensign in the Second' Regiment, drew lots 57 and 78, upon the latter of which his brother, John H. vSchuyler, settled in 1811; it is on the Hector road on West Hill. John H. vSchuyler was the father of George W. and Philip C. Schuyler. The following is from Sackett's Minutes of the Military Townships, in relation to lot 94, which formed that part of Ithaca bounded by Tioga street on the west, Eddy street on the east, and north and south by the north and south city lines; Ulysses 94. Drawn by Hendrick Loux, private in the 1st N. Y. Regiment. Claimed by Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. (1) Patent to Hendrick Loux dated July 6, 1790, for 600 acres. (2) Deed from Hendrick Loux, the patentee, to Jeremiah Van Rensselaer dated January 36, 1793. Deposited, acknowledged, entered and recorded in the secj;'etary's office. Hendrick Loux, on oath, says that he was a private soldier in the army and be- longed to the First Regiment, commanded by Col. Goose Van Schaick till the war was over, and that he sold his land to Jeremiah Van Rensselaer and never sold it to John De Witt or any other person, and never gave John De Witt any deed. Awarded 600 acres to Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. was also for several years canal commissioner. The duties of every office that he held were discharged faithfully and ably. These facts have made him known to the country, and have given celebrity to his name. " In private intercourse he was affable and amiable, just in all his dealings, and beloved in all his associations. One who knew him well has said that he was ' a scholar, a patriot and a Christian.' His relations to this village [Ithaca] give us right to claim more than a general distinction through him. He was founder, sponser and friend of Ithaca. He died here, and the place where his body reposes is known to all of us. . . He has monument and memorial in the flourishing and beautiful village that his grave overlooks, and it will testify of him when you and I and generations yet unborn shall have passed away.'' The remains of Mr. De Witt were removed some forty years ago to Albany and reinterred. MAP OF THE B LODGOOD TRACT. VILLAGE OF ITHACA. 109 This tract, as well as others of the early subdivisions, is clearly shown on the accompanying maps. The plot of the village was formed almost wholly by streets follow- ing nearly the cardinal points, and intersecting very nearly at right angles. This plot contained certain portions designated then, or sub- sequently, as parks, of which De Witt Park is most central. Mr. De Witt encouraged Settlement by the liberal terms offered in the sale of his lands. It was his long cherished desire to build a residence on the east hill overlooking the village; but he died before this was accom- plished, and was buried near the spot, on the south bank of the Cas- cadilla, where a few pines still stand, through whose heavy fronds the wind makes ceaseless requiem. .His grave was on the rear of the lot the front of which on Buffalo street is now occupied by residences of C. H. White and Henry Stewart. It is said that beneath these pines he made his first encampment while prosecuting the survey (about the year r7!)0-n7) for his map of the State. His remains lay long unhonored by a distinctive monument, and were finally removed from Ithaca to Albany. The present corporation of Ithaca is composed of Lot '.)4, of the mil- itary tract, and the Abraham Bloodgood location. Lot 94 of the military tract was allotted to a soldier of the Revolu- tion, by name Hendrick Loux, by whom it was conveyed to a Mr. Van Rensselaer, who conveyed to "Robert McDowell of Mohawk." McDowell conveyed the north part, 170 acres, to Benjamin Pelton in 1797, or thereabouts. Mr. Pelton sold his portion to Phineas Bennett. The southern portion, lying chiefly on the South Hill and south of the Six Mile Creek, became the property of the Peltons. The middle por- tion, except about fourteen acres, was purchased by Simeon De. Witt. Of the fourteen acres, ten were purchased by Gen. John Smith, and embraced nearly all the lands on the flats lying east of the old Owego Turnpike (Aurora street) and south of the Jericho Turnpike, as first laid out; and four acres became tlie property of John McDowell, a son, and Richard W. Pelton, and Nicoll Halsey, son-in-law of Robert McDowell. The four acres embraced the block on which now stands the Ithaca Hotel, and the small piece which has since become South Tioga street. The portion of State street on the north of the four acres was then vil- lage lot 32, the street not then existing. April G, 1808, this four acres was conveyed by the three owners to Luther Gere and John M. Pear- son for $100; and July 31, 1810, Luther Gere conveyed to Aurelia, no LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. widow of John M. Pearson, one and one-half acres from the west side thereof. Subsequently said Aurelia (then the wife of Caleb B. Drake, esq. ) conveyed what is now South Tioga street, to Simeon De Witt, who opened it to the public, and conveyed to Aurelia, in payment thereof, village lot 03 next west. Lot 93 is bounded on the west by the west line of Tioga street in the village of Ithaca. The Abraham Bloodgood tract lies west of the west line of Tioga street, and contains 1,400 acres, for which a certificate of location was issued to him November 1, 178!). The title passed to Gen. Simeon De Witt, who afterwards conveyed to Francis A. Bloodgood the 400 acres which lies south of the central line of Clinton street, and of that line continued. A small portion of this was sold to actual settlers by Mr. Bloodgood ; the remainder was divided into lots, some of which passed to non-resident capitalists. The title was finally concentrated in Messrs. John McGraw and Charles M. Titus, who purchased the prop- erty in 18G8. In a letter dated at Albany, February 18, 1810, Mr. De Witt wrote as follows: The place to which I purpose to go, when I have no business here, is a village of at least thirty houses; and fronts a plain of the richest lowlands. If I should live twenty years longer, I am confident I should see Ithaca as important a place as Utica is now. Its advantages and situation cannot fail of giving it a rapid growth and making it one of the first inland places of trade. There is now no place of its size in the country where there is such a stir of business. The principal inn — a considerable two-story house — besides another respectable tavern, was found quite insufficient for the business. When Colonel Varick and I arrived there, breakfast had been served for thirty people before we got ours. The landlord (Vrooman) — a very respectable man has last season built a large three-story house for a tavern. ^ I mention these things to show that what I have contemplated for my future residence is not a dreary, solitary country situation. A few months later, May 10, 1810, and after- another visit to Ithaca, Mr. De Witt wrote as follows of the place: I find this village considerably increased since I was here before. I have counted thirty-eight dwelling-houses, among which are one very large, elegant, three-story house for a hotel, and five of two stories; the rest of one story— ail generally neat frame buildings. Besi.les these there is a school house and buildings for merchants' stores and shops for carpenters, cabinet-makers, blacksmiths, coopers, tanners; and we have besides shoemakers, tailors, two lawyers, one doctor, watch-cleaner, turner, miller, hatters, etc., etc. > This became the Ithaca Hotel, and stood on the site of the present house of that name. 113 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Governor De Witt Clinton also evinced an intelligent interest in the village and believed that it was to become an important municipality. In his personal journal of 1810 he wrote as follows: The price of a barrel of salt at Ithaca is twenty shillings; conveyance to Owego by land, six shillings ; from Owego to Baltimore, by water, eight shillings. Allow- ing a profit of six shillings on a barrel, salt can be sent from here to Baltimore for one dollar per bushel. Packing-salt sold there last spring for six shillings. Salt is taken down the country from this place by water as far as Northumberland, Pennsylvania, 150 miles from Owego. It is 130 miles from here to the head-waters of the Alleghany. There is no road but a sleigh-road, in winter, by which salt is conveyed in small quantities; 3,500 barrels will be distributed from Ithaca this sea- sou. Flour will be sent from this place to Montreal, via Oswego, or to Baltimore, via Owego. There is no great difference in the expense of transportation. It will prob- ably seek Montreal as the most certain market. A boat carrying from 100 to 140 barrels will go to and return from Schenectady in six weeks. An ark carrying 250 barrels costs $75 at Owego, It can go down the river to Baltimore in eight, ten or twelve days, and when there it will sell for half the original price. The owner, after vending his produce, returns home by land with his money, or goes to New York by water, where, as at Albany, he lays out his money in goods. The rapids of the Susquehanna are fatal to ascending navigation. Cattle are sent in droves to Philadelphia. Upwards of 200 barrels of beef and pork were sent fnjm this place last spring, by arks, to Baltimore, from Owego, by Buel and (lere, and sold to advantage. The situation of this place, at the head of Cayuga Lake, and a short distance from the descending waters to the Atlantic, and about 120 miles to the descending waters to the Mississippi, must render it a place of great importance. And again he wrote as follows of the operations here of Luther Gere: Mr. Gere has finished for $2,300 in stock of the Ithaca and Owego Turnpike Com- pany, three miles of that turnpike, from the 10th of April to the 10th of July, with eight men, four yoke of oxen and two teams of horses. Scrapers are a powerful engine in making roads. lie is also building an elegant frame hotel, three stories high, and 50 by 40 feet, with suitable outbuildings and garden. The carpenter's work was contracted for at $1,500; the whole will not cost more than $0,000. Gere is a very entei-prising man. ' These extracts from the notes of men of good judgment, made from personal observation and knowledge, and at the period now under con- ' Mr. (Jere was for many years one of the leading and enterprising men of this county. He owned over 1,400 acres of farm lands on West and South Hills, his tr^ct on West Hill extending from the west line of Ithaca city to the Enfield town line. At one time he had 1,200 sheep on his land. He was president of the old Ithaca Bank, and dealt largely in lumber, the latter business finally causing his failure. VILLAGE OF ITHACA. US! sideration, shed the clearest possible light upon the conditions and prospects of Ithaca village during its early years ; but it must be ad- mitted that midway in its existence it passed through a period of considerable length during wliich it scarcely seemed to justify the pre- dictions of the prophets from whom we have quoted, and when, more- over, its slow rate of progress and development did not presage the rapid growth of the past ten years. In the early years the merchants, as we have seen, made liberal profits and were perforce given a large patronage ; the exports from the immediate locality were comparatively large, consisting of stock, grain, potash, lumber, tar, i etc., and the centering here of two important turnpikes caused transportation through the place of large quantities of the products of other localities, as well as cheapened the carriage on goods brought hither. The valu- able plaster of Cayuga county was in great demand early in the war period of 1812-15, on account of the decline of foreign commerce and stoppage of the former Nova Scotia supply, and immense quantities were brought to Ithaca and sent on southward. It is recorded that 800 teams passed on the turnpike in a day on some occasions, and of course they all left their tribute in Ithaca. Coal, iron and merchandise were brought back by these teams on their return trips. The magni- tude of this business was the moving cause of the later construction of the Ithaca and Owego Railroad. Travel was also large in the old stage coaches which have been described in Chapter VII, and many old citi- zens can remember with what eagerness the far-off sound of the stage horn was daily awaited by the loungers at " Grant's Coffee- House," the " Hotel," or the "Columbian Inn," or, earlier still, at "Gere's." At these famous inns did the weary travelers alight from the old-fashioned thorough-brace coach for a thorough bracing of the "inner man," at bar and board, — two days, only, from Newburg or Catskill! We quote the following from the American Journal of December 15, 1819: Through the politeness of a gentleman by the Newburgh Line from New York, we received on Saturday morning, a. copy of the President's message, delivered on Tuesday, at 12 o'clock. It was received in New York in eighteen hours and a half from Washington — a distance of 340 miles ; was there republished ; and (allowing for the time of reprinting and delay in New York) was about three days from Washing- ton City to this place — a distance oifour hundred and eighty miles, — a rapidity of communication seldom surpassed in any country. ' It is a fact that may be a surprise to later generations, that several hundred bar- rels of tar were made here from the pine forests that covered much of the land. 15 Village of itiiaca. n& But what contributed more, perhaps, than anything else to the pros- perity and prospective importance of Ithaca was the construction of the Erie Canal (begun in 1817 and finished in 1835). This great waterway gave direct and easy communication with the seaboard and limitless markets. Previous to that event the boats navigating the waterway between Ithaca and Schenectady were small, and propelled much of the distance with poles in the face of numerous obstacles. With the building of the large canal boats (though not at first nearly so large as now) were introduced new and more gratifying conditions and led to th^ remarkable development of the lake traffic, which became a source of large business interests and incoming wealth before the opening of railroads. The enthusiasm that prevailed over the completion of the canal is indicated by the following letter written from Ithaca to the Columbian, a newspaper of New York city, in vSeptember, 1830 : Ithaca, September 6. READ! REFLECT! TRANSPORTATION l''ROM UTICAJ The great advantage to this part of the country from the Grand Canal in the transportation of goods and produce is forcibly illustrated by the following fact: Capt. W. R. Collins, of this village performed the passage from Utica to Monte- zuma (96 miles) with his boat drawn all the way by one horse, in three days, with a freight of 15 tons. From Montezuma to this place is a passage of one day or more according to the wind up the lake. Before the construction ot the canal, six tons were a load for a boat at this season ; and to transport that burden from Utica to this village would require from eight to twelve days and the labor of five hands at least. Considerable has been written and more said about the condition of society in early years. A so-called "Moral Society" (the name of which would apparently indicate an exceptional degree of morality in its members) was organized at an early day and appears to have car- ried its ideas of punishing delinquents and hunting them down with a rather high hand. It is doubtful if any other locality ever produced a counterpart of this alleged organization. It was composed of leading business men, and its ranks were recruited from all classes of society. Uncle Ben Drake was the head, and he was designated ' ' Old Tecum- seh. " From time to time, as occasion moved him, he issued his " proclamations," had them printed in " Captain Cudgel's " (James M. Miller's) Castigator, a ten by eighteen-inch folio, and every member of llfi LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the society responded; for no excuse was ever countenanced, or if evasion was attempted, a heavy fine was levied upon the offender and its collection enforced. Tecumseh's proclamations were promulgated whenever a show of any kind struck the town. If the proprietor of the exhibition was wise he per- fected an arrangement with the society and paid five dollars into the treasury of the organization. Then Tecumseh recommended his fellow members to attend, and they came in such numbers that at times "standing room" only was ob- tainable. Entrance fees were paid by all at the door and no disorder was allowed, the society for the time being acting as a most efficient police; but woe to the exhibitor who did not recognize the society's claims and scouted its authority. One audacious fellow bid defiance to Tecumseh and proceeded with his. show of wax figures, a per- forming monkey and other attrac- tions. The ball room of the old Ithaca Hotel, corner of Aurora and State streets, was secured by this showman, who during the day impackcd and set up Napoleon Bonaparte, Benedict Arnold, John Hancock, Daniel Lambert, Gibbs, the pirate, and other notables. The proprietor acted as ticket taker at the door, foot of the stairs, receiving for admission some few genuine coins, but an unusually large amount of broken bank and counterfeit paper currency. When he mounted to the ball room he found an audience of hundreds, who had saved him the trouble of opening the door, by placing a ladder at a window and entering without the formality of expending a farthing. Soon a fight broke out, the wax figures were stripped and crushed, the proprietor hustled down stairs, and the terrified monkey escaped over the roof of an adjoining building. In the morning Tecumseh started on a himting "TECUMSEH." VILLACR OK I'J-IIACA. 1lt tour with pun on shoulder and returned in an hour dragging the mon- key he had found in a tree in Hill's garden, on the corner of Green and Cayuga streets. He averred it was a dangerous wild beast of a new species, and he had shot it for his own safety and the safety of the people. The showman was furnished with means to pack up his shat- tered figures, and mourning the loss of his monkey, he left town never to return. When Drake died the society dissolved. The proclamation of Tecuinseh relative to tliis event is worth preservation and ran as follows; " His illustrious Eminence, the Grand President of the Moral Society of the profound city of Ithaca and the surrounding territory; to all subordinate in- stitutions, and to all worthy associates, greeting; Whereas, a couple of Itinerants have presumed to wander up and down within our peaceful dominions, exhibiting a miserable congregation of Wax Figui-es, and making an abominable attempt at musical performances, on what we have by due inspection ascertained to be a leather Organ, which latter is particularly obnoxious to our refined nervous sensibility; and, Whereas, they have affected to hold our authority in contempt ; these are, therefore, to command you, wherever you may be, either in Auburn, Owego, or elsewhere, to see that the laws and ordinances of our sublime institution are in due style enforced with respect to this vagrant establishment, and especially toward the aforesaid in- contestibly vituperable engine. All marshals, sheriffs, constables, coroners, and all other executive officers are categorically ordered to be aiding and assisting in enforc- ing this salutary regulation; and all judges, justices of the peace, and other judicial officers of any name, denomination or description whatever, or by whatever term they may be ycleped, are commanded, under the strictest penalties and pains, to refrain from licensing or permitting the aforesaid performance, or in any way coun- tenancing the same. You. are at all times to regard our homologous instructions in the light of express commands; and for so doing these presents shall be your suf- ficient warrant and authority. " In witness whereof, we have caused our great seal to be hereunto appended on this 10th day of the first month of the twentieth j'ear of our illustrious institution. " Tecumseh.'' This somewhat remarkable document was adorned with a ghastly human profile. The following proclamation succeeded the above, and clearly relates to the same showman, as well as to others : PROCLAMATION. His illustrious eminence, the grand president of the Moral Society, of the profound city of Ithaca and the surrounding territories ; to all subordinate institutions, and all worthy associates. Greeting; Whereas, by our proclamation under our great seal, bearing date the 10th day of the present month, we have commanded you, wherever you might be, to see that our laws and ordinances were duly enforced, with respect to certain itinerant exhibitions of wax figures, and a vituperable engine, alias a. 118 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. leather organ, and have commanded all persons in authority, whether judicial or executive, to refrain from licensing, permitting or countenancing the said itinerants, under the severest pains and penalties ; and, Whereas, it hath been satisfactorily- shewn to us, that the said itinerants were induced to treat our authority with dis- regard, partly through ignorance of our laws and ordinances, but more especially by the wicked insinuations and abominably false and malicious representations of a cer- tain loquacious and limping inspector of beef and pork, and other disaffected per- sons; and that they have upon just and proper representations, promptly and cheer- fully conformed to the requirements of our ancient and honorable institution ; and, Whereas, it appears also, upon more scrutinizing inspection, that the said engine is not made of leather, but composed of the proper materials ; now, therefore, these are to signify that it is our sovereign and incontestable will and pleasure, that the restraints imposed by our said proclamation be, and the same are hereby removed ; and all subordinate institutions and worthy members, all judicial and executive officers, are enjoined and commanded to license and permit, countenance and pro- tect the said itinerants in their lawful and necessary functions. . and we do also order and decree, that the aforesaid audacious, mendacious and mutilated in- spector, be put and placed without the protection of our laws, and that all distillers, grocers and publicans be forbidden, under any pretext whatever, to harbor or enter- tain him ; and that all decent persons of any age, color or size, be strictly and abso- lutely enjoined not to have any commerce, dealing, acquaintance, discourse, communication or intercom-se, or in any wise to cohabit with him. In testimony, whereof, etc. TiicUjMsmi. The doings of Drake and his society were not confined to traveling- showmen ; for they assumed the right, and they certainly had the power, to duck an offending citizen in the Inlet ; to conduct a trial on a chronic loafer and punish him by some peculiar method ; to capture an intoxicated wayfarer from an adjoining town and shut him in some citizen's hog or cattle pen, there to pass the night. It has been as- sumed that the condition of society in early Ithaca was a degree less civilized than in other similar comraunitiea ; but it is scarcely probable that such was the case. The fact is, the pioneers in such settlements as Ithaca always numbered among them many rough characters, among whom the license for acts that would hardly be tolerated in refined communities of to-day was quite free. In the language of Mr. King, The first settlers of a new country are more or less rude and unrefined in their habits and manners, and many acts are excusable among them which could not be tolerated in larger communities. A frequent reason is the absence of female society, and a universal one is the want of those sources and means of enjoyment which a more dense population and more extended association affords. Then, too, new society is composed of a large proportion of young men, whom an enterprising spirit and buoyant hope have led to adventure for the smiles of fortune. Not impelled by VILLACE OF ITHACA. 119 family cares and dutie;?, nor attracted by the charms of domestic happiness, they seek relaxation and pleasure in pastimes wliich the more staid and sober perhaps too severely condemn. I have been told that in 1800 there were but two or three mar- riageable young ladies in Ithaca; while there were forty young men. Then again, althougli they had their ministerial and peace officers, yet there were many pecca- dillos and annoyances wliich legal process could not reach, and which were not re- strained and suppressed by the mere force of public sentiment. These circumstances and considerations operating and moving thereto, there was formed at a very early period what was called ' The Moral Society.' This society continued in existence for fifteen or twenty years. But the population increased steadily and rapidl)', and new and better influences being introduced, tastes becoming more elevated and refined, and the sense of justice more rational and proper, it gradually became less and less ]iopular until it finally dissolved. And now let ii.s note the arrival of others who came to Ithaca in the first citiartcr of this century. It is manifestly impossible to speak of all, but it is hoped that those who left their mark in the community and becaine in any way conspicuous in public life or through their business relations will find somewhere in these pages the recognition they deserve. David Woodcock came to Ithaca before 1810 and became eminent in p(jlitical life and at the bar. His career is further noticed in Chapter X. He purchased lots on Owego (now State) street just west of Tioga and running through to Seneca street. One of his daughters married Benjamin G. Ferris, and another Stephen B. Gushing, both of wliom were early lawyers of note. Mr. Woodcock died in 1835. Caleb B. Drake became a resident of Ithaca about 1805, coming froin Spencer. He bought of Luther Gere sixty-six feet on Owego street (now the southeast corner of Tioga and State streets), where he lived. He was justice of the peace for the town of Ulysses as early as 1819, and often held that otTfice in later years. He was also an efficient police justice of the village. He reared a large family, and died aboitt 1857. Joseph Burritt carpe to Ithaca in 181(>, from Connecticut, bringing his wife and his jeweler's tools. The partnership of Burdick & Burritt was formed not long afterwards, and they opened a shop on the north side of .State street. For moi'e than fifty years Mr. Burritt was identi- fied with the business interests of the place, and died in the enjoyment of the respect of the community. Isaac Beers, coming to Ithaca in 1809, became one of the leading business men of the place, and erected a handsome block on State street. 120 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Jesse Grant came here in 1811, bringing with him his son, Chauncey L., who was destined to enjoy a long life of honorable business activity and to become thoroughly identified with public affairs, as will be noted further on. Jeremiah S. Beebe settled in Ithaca in 1817, as agent for Stephen B. Munn, of New York city, a large land owner on the Watkins & Flint purchase, including thousands of acres in what is now Newfield. Mr. Beebe purchased the store of goods of David Quigg and for years car- ried on a vigorous and successful trade at what was termed " the west end," his most active opponent at the " east end " being William Les- ley, also long a successful merchant. Mr. Beebe was later connected with the milling and manufacturing industries, as will be described in later pages, David Booth Beers located in the village in 1817, and lived for a time at the old Tompkins House while erecting his dwelling. November 4, 1817, he purchased from John A. Collier the ground on the northwest corner of Aurora and State streets, and there with Nathan Herrick as partner conducted a successful mercantile business. Mr. Beers died an untimely death December 23, 1819. vStephen Mack was the pioneer prhiter of Tioga county, and died there in 1814. Very soon afterwards his three sons, Stephen, Ebenezer and Horace came to Ithaca. Stephen was a lawyer of good ability and honorable methods. He died January 7, 1857. Ebenezer learned the printers art, was for a short time a partner in the publication of the Owego Gazette, but reached Ithaca in 1810, where he soon became conspicuous in the press of Tompkins county. He united the business of bookselling and publishing with printing, and later also that of paper making. He held various political offices, and died in August, 1849. One of his daughters became the wife of Lafayette L. Treman. Horace Mack came to Ithaca in 1817, and was for many years a suc- cessful merchant, bank director, office holder, and identified with various enterprises tending to the development of the place. He died in ISSS. Charles Humphrey settled in Ithaca prior to 1830. He was a man of exceptional ability and became conspicuous in i)ublic life; was twice president of the village, member of assembly and of congress, and was otherwise honored by his fellow citizens. William R. Humphrey is a son of his, VILLAGE OF ITHACA. J 21 Wait T. Huntington, wliose name will be often found in connection with early local public affairs, settled in the village in 1818, and became partner in mercantile business with William R. Collins (an- other thorough-going business man of the place), carried on brewing and other business interests, and was in every way a valuable citizen. Joshua vS. Lee was an early druggist and a public spirited citizen ; and George McCormick, Vincent Conrad, Charles E. Hardy and others were conspicuous in business and public life, in the first quarter of the century and later. These and many other well known names will be found in connection with accounts of the various industries of that period. Let us now review the business situation in Ithaca at about the year 1820-21, for by that means we shall be able to arrive at an in- telligent estimate of the importance of the place in an industrial sense. The lawyers who were then looking for business here were L. Tooker, ■ Johnson & Humphrey, Wm. Linn, Stephen Mack and A. Varick. In the columns of the American Journal Amos Lay proposed to publish a map of New York and the greater part of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont and Upper Canada ; scale, seven miles to the inch; price $10. Mack & Searing were to "receive subscriptions for it. David Ayres advertised for sale 340 acres of land, four miles north- west of " the famed village of Ithaca." Dr. C. P. Hearmans announced that he was to stay here ; and George P. Frost wanted those having deeds left with Archer Green, clerk, to get them. Mack & Searing announced a dissolution of their partnership, Mr. Mack continuing the business; and John Dumond (the original John) was a bankrupt, as stated in the paper. Ed. Preswick was dressing cloth at the Phenix Mills, Forest Home. Lyman Cobb, author of one of the first spelling books, advertised that he had a horse stolen; and Hiram Smith the same; while A. J. Miller had lost a cow. Mrs. Ayres was carrying on millinery, and Lawrence & Humphrey built carriages just east of the Ithaca Hotel. J. F. Thompson was in the hardware trade, and David Fields was tailoring next to the county clerk's office. Jesse Merritt informed the public that he would pay the highest price for butter and cheese, and Simeon De Witt offered for sale farms, village lots, and his distillery and mill. 16 123 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Miles Seymour was a blacksmith, located east of the hotel, and How- ard & Lyons were bookbinders. David Ayres announced that he was anxious for his debtors to "pay up," and he would take produce; and E. Thayer also wanted his pay for shoes or groceries. "If debtors pay in lumber, it must be within twenty days." William Dummer advertised the removal of his barber shop to a room under Ackley & Hibbard's store ; he had for sale the newly in- vented oil for blacking. Julius Ackley was ready to buy sheared and pulled wool and sold hats. A month earlier Ackley & Hibbard were together in the hat trade. David Ayres advertised a general store in the Ithaca Chronicle in vScptember, and Joseph Hurritt a jewelry store. (Asi.s well known, the latter continued in business here until recent times). George Henning had a hat store, and Peleg Cheesebrough a tailor shop on North Aurora street. Benjamin Drake was a merchant, and Sam J. Blythe announced his wool carding business on North Aurora street. Other advertisers in the Chronicle of the date under consideration were Mrs. Torrey, milliner. James Curry had a horse stolen. Rev. Lawrence Kean was to open a school. Spencer & Stockton sold tickets in the New York Literature Lottery. Lyman Cobb, before mentioned, published the copyright of " a just standard for pronouncing the Eng- lish Language. " Luther Gere had 500 acres of land on lot 2G, Dry- den, with mill sites on Fall Creek tract for sale; also 110 acres on lot 98, Ulysses. He also sold groceries, dry goods, crockery, etc. Abner W. Howland had a chair factory at Fall Creek. In the Chronicle was printed a bank note table in wliich New York bank notes were at par; Albany, Troy, Schenectady, Lansingburg and Newburg, " if last signed in red," one-half per cent, discount. Jacob Barker's bank, 86 to 87 per cent, discount. Bank of Niagara, the same, etc. We will close this review by quoting the substance of a call for a meeting which appeared in the Chronicle of September 8, 1821. The meeting was for the purpose of consulting on the subject of roads and bridges. J. F. Thompson announced that John Smith (aided by a vionkey-faced pettifogger of this village), having circulated a report seriously affecting his (Thompson's) reputation, and wilfully and maliciously false, must permit me to honor him with the iippellation of a liar! Thompson was ready to meet Smith before a court of justice. VILLAGE OF ITHACA. 133 From a letter written by W. T. Eddy, in 1876, we quote the follow- ing note, which is worthy of preservation : Suppose we stop and count the aged persons that were in Ithaca and old enough to have families when the village was incorporated in 1821. Joseph Burritt is the only- male living ; as for the then mothers we have Mrs. Eddy, the relict of Otis Eddy ; Mrs. Bruyn, relict of A. D. W. Bruyn ; Mrs. Ackley, relict of Julius Ackley ; Mrs. Allen, relict of Moses Monell; Mrs. Drake, relict of Caleb B. Drake; Mrs. Hillick, relict of Humphrey Hillick ; Mrs. Hill, relict of Samuel Hill ; Mrs. Coon, relict of Levi Coon; Mrs. Johnson, relict of Ben Johnson. These are nearly or quite all passed awa)' since the date under con- sideration (1876). Some interesting- reminiscences of this locality in 1820-21 have been preserved in writings by Anson Spencer, who came to Ithaca at that time to learn the printing business with his brother, D. D. Spencer. In the first year or two of his apprenticeship Anson acted as newsboy, or post rider, as they were called then. His route was through Enfield to Burdette in Hector; thence down the lake to "Peach Orchard" (North Hector); thence across "Hector's Back Bone" to Reynolds- ville; thence by way of "Slab Harbor ' (Waterburgh) to " Shin Hol- low (Trumansburgh); thence home on the turnpike, through "Har- low's Corners " (Jacksonville). Other similar routes were established for the delivery of papers and mail. He traveled in a one-horse wagon and usually carried a small mail. If the roads were bad he went on horseback. At that time there were four public houses ; the Hotel was kept by Timothy Edwards, and a Mr. Dwight kept a public house in an old white building which was removed to make the site of the Wilgus Block ; the other public houses were Grant's Coffee House and the Columbian Inn. A store was kept on Aurora street by Benjamin & Drake ; on State street by Augustus Perkins, Luther Gere, Nichols & Luce, and by David Quigg. Joseph Burritt had a jewelry store on Aurora street ; William Lesley a grocery on State street. There were no stores below Tioga street. David Woodcock occupied a story and a half house on the corner of State and Tioga streets, and just below was his office (Woodcock & Bruyn). Next below that was the resi- dence of Dr. Ingersoll, and next below a small building occupied by Timothy Titus as a residence and a wagon shop. Next below Titus had a residence and a millinery shop, and then came the residence of Mrs. Crane, and then Grant's Coffee House. On the opposite side of the street, commencing with the hotel, the first building west was an old red storehouse, afterwards used by Mr. Esty as a tannery ; Peleg 124 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Chesbrough had a tailor shop next, and then came Linn's office; then the old Chronicle office. Below this was the hat store of Ackley & Hibbard, with a large sign of a painted military hat and lettered: "Under this we prosper." In the same building was the printing office of Ebenezer Mack, with a barber shop in the basement by Will- iam Dummer. Next was the office of C. B. Drake, and on the corner below was his residence. On the opposite corner was the public house of Dwight, with a low building, in which was the post-office. Below this was the dwelling of Dr. Miller, and next the house of Isaac Beers. Next below were the stables of the Coffee-House. This comprised about all there was of State street in 1821. Among the noted men of that time were Nicholas Townley, sheriff ; Col. John Johnson, county clerk; Miles Finch, his deputy; Arthur S. Johnson, justice of the peace. Major Comfort Butler had charge of the De Witt farm, as it was called, occupying all the territory north of Mill street to Fall Creek. Major Renwick was postmaster, with Sam- uel Gardner as deputy. Deacon Henry Leonard operated the old Yellow Mill, with a distillery in connection. Phineas Bennett was run- ning the mill on the site of the Halsey Mill, and Archer Green owned a mill below the bridge, on the site of the later hotel barns. Miles Seymour and John HoUister were blacksmiths, the latter on the site of the Treman, King & Co.'s stores. Dr. Miller had a drug store in con- nection with his practice. In writing of this same period W T. Eddy states that the first menagerie he ever saw in Ithaca was a lone lion in a cage, exhibited in the stable yard of the Ithaca Hotel; and the second was a solitary elephant and a monkey in 1833. George Henning started a hat factory in 1826; hats were then made of wool and real beaver. In 1826 John Hawkins and J. S. Tichenor were apprentices in this business with Mr. Ackley, and afterwards began in partnership on their own account. In 1818 Mr. Eddy and Thomas Matthewson built the first paper mill in Tompkins county; they were partners. The mill was on Fall Creek, and in 1820 Mr. Eddy sold his interest to Chester Walbridge, who sold in 1822 to James Trench. The property soon passed to Mack & Andrus. In 1820 a severe hail storm passed over the village, which broke be- tween four and five thousand panes of glass ; the Presbyterian church had 245 panes broken, and the Methodist chapel on Aurora street 240. Crops and vegetation were destroyed, and there was a panic among the children in the school. Abner W. Howland had the first chair factory VILLAGE OP ITHACA. 125 in the place, and Howard & Lyons were the first bookbinders. Mr. Eddy built a brick building in 1820 for Joseph Benjamin, on the corner of State and Aurora streets, which was the first of the kind in Ithaca, excepting- one immediately east of it which had a brick front and stone walls in rear. In writing of the "Flats, "as they were termed, and their improvement, Mr. Jiddy said: At first these flats were difficult to improve. As the improvements have been going on the center of business has changed several times. The corners made by Aurora and Seneca streets were once headquarters. Luther Gere built a tavern on the southeast corner of these streets before he built the Ithaca Hotel. At that time State street did not go east of Aurora street, and some of the old inhabitants have told me of catching suckers in the Six Mile Creek at the east end of the building on the corner opposite and east of the first named hotel. The first settlers avoided the streams and swamp holes, so when they came from the east into the valley they made the road to turn north as soon as it came on the flats, close to the hill, and came into the east end of Seneca street, and for a time that was the principal jjlace of businesss. There was also a tavern on the corner where the Tompkins House now stands, and the old "Bee Hive," which was on the corner of Buffalo and Aurora streets, remembered by many, was once a store. After the hotel was built, State street was finished east up to the foot of the hill. Then, and for a long time, the corners made by State and Aurora streets were the center of business. There was a store on each corner, except that where the hotel stood. In 1820 J. S. Beebe moved his store from opposite the hotel down to the corner of Cayuga and State streets. For a long time there was opposition and competition between what might be called the two centers of business in Ithaca. After Ithaca became the county seat there was put up on each of the roads going out of the village a post about six feet high with a white board nailed across it and on it was painted in black letters, "Gaol Limits. " These denoted the limits outside of which debtors who had been confined in jail could not pass. After having been vouched for by a re.sponsible friend, these prisoners could have the privilege of working in the village for their daily bread, and the posts stood until the law of imprisonment for debt was abolished. The reader of the foregoing personal notes regarding many of the representative men of Ithaca in past years will find many more men- tioned in another department of this volume who have in various ways contributed to the growth and well being of the place. Of the former merchants of Ithaca, Lewis H. Culver long occupied a conspicuous position. He was born in what is now Covert, Seneca county, August 15, 1808; learned the tanner's trade at Halseyville, in Ulysses, but abandoned it after four years on account of his health. With f 100 capital he began the grocery business in Ithaca, and from that time on to 1842 his business increased rapidly. Previous to 1842 Mr. Culver 126 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. admitted William Halsey and Charles V. Stuart as partners, the firm being Culver, Halsey & Co. On the 28th of July, 1842, the store and all buildings west to Tioga street were burned. The firm was after- wards dissolved, the brick building now occupied by the Bool Company being erected meanwhile. Mr. Culver afterwards formed a partner- ship with Charles W. Bates. Bates died and Mr. Culver associated himself with his sons, Lewis and Thomas. This firm afterwards dis- solved, and at the time of Mr. Culver's death he was sole proprietor. Mr. Culver died July 18, 187G. Josiah B. Williams, whose name has already been mentioned, was for many years one of the prominent business men of Ithaca. He was born in Middletown, Conn., in December, 1810. In 1825, when the Erie Canal was about to open Western New York to the advantages of eastern commerce, he left his eastern home with two brothers to take up his residence in this county. Upon the opening of canal navigation he took an active interest in devising plans and constructing boats suit- able for lake and canal navigation, as well as to other internal improve- ments — the enlargement of the canal, the construction of roads, bridges, mill, manufactories, churches and schools ; in the construction of rail- roads and establishing of telegraph lines. In these varied interests the brothers worked together until the death of the two elder brothers, one of which occurred in 1840 and the other in 1849, after which Mr. Williams continued alone. He early gave attention to the principles of banking, and in 1838 organized a bank in Ithaca. He was one of the incorporators and a trustee of Cornell University; was a member of the State Senate in 1851-56. He was also very efficient in the pro- motion of the cause of the Union during the War of the Rebellion. His death took place on September 20, 1883. John Rumsey, son of James, was a prominent business man of Ithaca many years. His father's family were early settlers in Enfield. In 1844 John Rumsey came to Ithaca and entered the hardware store of L. & L. L. Treman as clerk ; there and with E. G. Pelton he passed about ten years. In 1858 he purchased the store and interest of E. G. Pelton and continued the hardware trade with gratifying success until his death on March 22, 1882. The business has since been carried on by his son, Charles J. Rumsey. John Rumsey occupied several positions which showed that he possessed the confidence of his fellow citizens. This list might be continued indefinitely with notes of deceased and living men who have been in active and successful business in Ithaca, J/mr^u. VILLAGE OF ITHACA. 127 but want of space renders sucli a course impossible, and the reader is therefore referred to Part II for further personal records. Village iNcoRroRAxioN. — On the 29th of November, 1820, a notice appeared in the American Journal under date of November 22, that an application would be made to the Legislature at the ensuing session, for an act to incorporate the village of Ithaca. The notice was signed by Joseph Benjamin, David Woodcock, Edward Edwards, Benjamin Drake, Isaac Beers, Henry Ackley, Ben Johnson, Jesse Merrill, Charles Humphrey, Daniel Bates, Ebenezer Mack, Ira Tillotson, Benjamin Pelton, Luther Gere, and Jeremiah S. Beebe. The incorporating act passed April 2, 1821 (seventeen days after the formation of the town from Ulysses), and the territory of the corpora- tion was bounded as follows : Beginning at a point sixty rods east of the intersection of the south side of Owego street with the west side of Aurora street ; thence south fifty rods ; thence west one mile ; thence north two hundred rods ; thence east one mile ; thence one hundred and fifty rods to the place of beginning. The survey was made by Wait T. Huntington, who found almost imsuperable difficulty in getting through the miry jungle in the vicin- ity of the present fair ground. * The accompanying maps of the village show the boundaries of the first corporation. The act provided for the election of "five discreet freeholders," resident in the village, to be trustees ; empowered them to erect public buildings ; to raise not more than $500 the first year, nor more than $400 for any one year there- after for erecting public buildings (engine houses, markets, etc.), procuring fire engine and other utensils, repairs or improvements, and for making reasonable compensation to the officers of the corporation, etc. The act also made Cayuga Inlet a public highway ; provided for ' It is true that all the territory in that vicinity was formerly almost an impenetra- ble jungle of bushes and logs, with here and there a few large trees — a tract which has since been reclaimed by the enterprise of public spirited citizens. Two young men, one of whom is now a gray haired citizen of the city, planned a raid into that jungle along in the fifties to shoot a great family of crows that had long flown in there at nightfall to roost. Armed with two heavily loaded .shot guns, their trousers in their boots, they started a little before dusk and waded, and crawled and floundered through tlie jungle to the crow roost, and there patiently awaited the coming of darkness and the family. And the crows came. When the tree was black with them and the darkness combined the two hunters blazed away. They heard more or less rustling through the trees and bushes, but it was then too dark to hunt for game among the bushes, and they toiled homeward. Visiting the spot next morning they earned the laurel for the greatest shots ever made, probably, at crows. They picked up twenty-three of the dead birds. 128 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the appointment by the village president of a company of firemen not exceeding- thirty in number, and the usual other pi-ovisions for village government, collection of taxes, etc. (See session laws, J 821). The first Board of Trustees under the charter were as follows : Daniel Bates, president; William R. Collins, Andrew D. W. Bruyn, Julius Ackley, George Blythe. The other officers were Nathan Herrick, Henry Ackley, Isaac Beers, assessors; Charles W. Connor, Miles Sey- mour, Jesse (irant, fire wardens; Charles W. Connor, treasurer; Augustus P. Searing, clerk. The officers appointed were Thomas Downing, collector ; Phineas Bennett,' pathmaster ; David Curtis, poundmaster. Some of the early ordinances of the trustees are worthy of notice, and are often amusing to the younger generation. On the 31st day of May, 1831, it was enacted that after the 15th of June "no hog, shoat "r pis', o^ other swine" (italics our own), should run at large in the streets, nor " on the open space of ground south of the court house and meeting house, commonly called the public square." The penalty for violation of this ordinance was fifty cents. To this penalty was added a fee to the jjoundmaster, and if an animal taken up was sold, "any surplus unclaimed by the owner" should be paid to the over- seers " of the town of Ithaca." A penalty of one dollar was attached to the encumbrance of a street "with an)' carriage, plaister, salt, stone, brick, casks, barrels, mill- stones, grindstones, sand, lime, firewood, timber, boards, planks, staves, shingles, or any other thing." A comprehensive list, surely, and apparently wholly covered by the final word "any other thing. " Our early law makers were prodigal of words. The discharge within the village limits of "any fire arm, or setting off of any rocket, cracker, squib, or fireworks " cost the offender three dollars, and to fly a kite or play ball " in either of the two main streets commonly called Owego avenue and Aurora street," involved a penalty of one dollar. But perhaps the most astonishing provision was that prohibiting driving " faster than a trot, or to run horses in the streets or roads, or on the public square, under a penalty of three dollars. " It might be interesting to learn what were the receipts for penalties under such regulations. An ordinance of June, 1822, was adopted requiring the owner or occupant of a lot " to sweep, collect and remove all filth and rubbish as far as the center of the street opposite said lot, on the second and fourth Saturdays of each month of the year, except December, January, VILLAGE OF ITHACA. 12!) February and March." A wise regulation and one that is to this day in operation with good results in some villages of this State with popu- lations among the thousands, one of them being, we believe, Johns- town, Fulton county. In September, 1821, two hundred dollars were voted, a part of it to be paid for ringing the bell, and the remainder for " bringing water into the village to extinguish fires." A public well was dug in that autumn, but it was not sufficient, and in September, 1822, a contract was made with Messrs. Bennett to construct an aqueduct from Six Mile Creek, " near their mills," to the corners of Owego, Aurora and Tioga streets. In the same month a further sum of one hundred and fifty dollars was voted to extend the aqueduct to Cayuga street. It was a wooden tube about a foot square, laid under ground, with pen- stocks and tubs at street corners. This was the inception of public water supply in Ithaca. The fire ordinances then required each build- ing to be supplied with leather buckets and a ladder. A public meeting was held in the court house July 24, 1824, at which the trustees were given authority to build and control a public market. In pursuance of this action a building 30 by 40 feet in size was erected at the junction of Tioga with Green street, under supervision of Lucius Wells and Nathan Herrick. It was finished on the 25tli of August and the stalls were sold for the first year as follows: No. 1, Jacob Wood, $10.75; No. 2, Job Beckwith, $19.00; No. 3, Eutychus Champlin, $13.81; No. 4, Jack Lewis, $14.26; No. 6, David Curtis, $14.25; No. 7, Eutychus Champlin, 13.75; No. 8, Samuel Hill, $12.25; total, $104. OG. Every day excepting Sunday was "appointed a public market day," and after 10 a. m. any stalls not let were used by others with provisions, etc., to sell. A little later a market was erected on what is now the northeast corner of Mill and Tioga streets. On the Gth day of April, 1824, a record appears of the first action of the village trustees relative to a burial ground, when $100 was voted " for clearing and fencing " the lot. This cemetery was used by the first settlers, probably by consent of Mr. De Witt. On the 2Gth of April, 1820, a law was passed by the Legislature amending the village charter and changing the boundaries of the village as follows : Begin- ning at the northeast corner of lot No. 94 (Ulysses, now in the town of Ithaca), and thence west to the northwest corner of said lot; thence south to the northeast corner of De Witt's Location ; thence west to the west line of said Location ; thence south along the west line of said 17 IHO LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Location to tlie southwest corner of the same; thence due east to the east line of lot No. 94: ; thence north along the east line of said lot to the place of beginning. Two additional pieces of land have been made, and these additions with the original make the present ceme- tery. On the (!th day of June, 182o, the trustees resolved to purchase a fire engine, the first in the village. It was obtained in New York at a cost of $300. The following persons were then appointed firemen : Oris Edd)', Charles Humphrey, John Johnson, Jidius Ackley, Henry Hibbard, Samuel L. Sheldon, Robert J. Renwick, Joshua S. Lee, Nathan Cook, Henry K. Stockton, John Tillotson, Ebenezer Thayer, vSamuel Reynolds, Ira Patterson, Lucius Wells, Horace Mack, Newton (iunn, Jonas Holman, Edward L. Porter, Edivard Davidson, Amasa Woodruff, Samuel Bnchannan, Ephraim Porter, James Chapman. On the 1st of July of the same year the following fourteen persons were added to the company, the eight whose names are in italic in the above paragraph being at the same time relieved from duty: Joseph Esty, Willard W. Taber, George P. Frost, Frederick Doming, Charles Hinckley, Henry S. Walbridge, Henr)- H. Moore, Daniel Pratt., Joseph Burritt, Stephen B. Munn, jr., Henry W. Hinckley, Gifford Ti-acy, Jacob Wood and Andrew J. Miller. Not one of this entire company is now living. May 12, 1838, a fire company was formed by the appointment of the following persons to be firemen attached thereto: Sylvester Munger, J. Newton Perkins, Sylvester Hunt, George HoUister, Adolphus Col- burn, John R. Kelly, John M. Cantine, Benjamin G. Ferris, Hunt Pomeroy, William D. Kelly, Elias Colburn, Uri Y. Hazard, Ithiel Pot- ter, Elbert Cane, Daniel Young, Ira Bower, Isaiah Hunt, R. A. Clark, Anson Spencer, Urban Dunning, James Wynans, Elisha H. Thomas, Charles Cooley, David Elliott, George McCormick, David Ayres, Jacob Yaples, John Colston, Stephen Tourtellot, James W. Sowles. This company took the old engine, and was thenceforward known as " Red Rover Company, No. 1." The original company took the new engine purchased at that time, and became " Rescue," No. 2. At a meeting of the trustees, held January ;il, ISIil, it was resolved that Benjamin Drake be authorized to raise a fire company of sixteen men to take charge of fire-hooks, ladders, axes, etc., to be known as " Fire Company, No, 3." i'ij ' f n' j. 1 5 ^'■■i ,, 1 ' I,'. •;« ^Si L_L]L.-L-A - The name "Olympic" applied to the falls was one of Mr. Southwick's inven- tions, and does not seem to have been adhered to. 134 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Ithaca Iron Foundry and Stkam Enuink Manukactorv. — Proprietors, Cook & Conrad. Does pretty much the same kind of business as the Ithaca Furnace of Dennis & Vail, and turns out in the aggregate a large amount of work annually. Saw Mill Dog Factory. — Hardy & Rich, proprietors. This dog is a patented article; sells at $150 a set. Total business, $7,r)0() annually. Lumber sawed with this dog brought fifty cents extra per 1,000 feet. Mr. Soiithwick then gives a lengthy description of Bennett's patent steam engine, of whicli suCficient is said, perhaps, in a description of the "smoke boat" of Mr. Bennett in Chapter VII. j\lr. Southwick, like many others, appears to have been most enthusiastic over the engine, for he sa3's, " that it will save nine-tenths of the fuel now em- ployed, we are well convinced." It was also to " immortalize its in- genious and persevering inventor," and "redound to the honor of Ithaca as the seat of the invention." It of course did neither. Of the hotels Mr. vSouthwick wrote as follows: HoTKLs, OR PunLic Housus. — Of these there are a number in Ithaca, such as the Clinton House, the Ithaca Hotel, and the Tompkins House, etc., an3, 197,873, of which at least $1,018,404 ischumed as belonging to the trade of Ithaca. This report is signed by seven of the most respectable merchants anil traders, and is no doubt strictly true. LuMHiiK and SiiiNGLKS. — We have been furnished by a respectable Lumber Mer- chant with a statement of the lumber and shingles exported from Ithaca during tlie present year (1835), from which it appears that the quantity of lumber shipped by thirteen dealers, exclusive of a few small shipments, was 13,040,000 feet, worth in VILLAIJE OF ITHACA. llin market $270,0(10. The shipment of shingles by tlie same dealers was SW.OOO bunches, worth in market $01,750. Who shall sa)^ that it was not a promisiiijr period for Ithaca? The whole number of families in the town was then 925, and the number of inhabitants O.IOl: males, :),070; females, ,'5,022. Number of voters, 1,084. Grist mills in the town, 0; valuation of raw material used and manufactured therein, $127,200; valuation after manufacture, $152,- 350.00. Number of saw mills, i:5; valuation of raw material, $G,905.- EAST VIEW OF ITHACA IN 1836. 00; after manufacture, !|1.'),810.00. Number of fulling mills, 4; valu- ation of raw material, |8,000.00; after manufacture, $11,700.00. Number of carding mills, 4; valuation of raw material, $3,700.00; after manufacture, $4,200.00. Number of cotton factories, 1; valua- tion of raw material, $15,293.00; after manufacture, $22,000.00. Number of woolen factories, 1; valuation of raw material, $1,000.00; after manufacture, $3,000.00. Number of ironworks, 3; valuation of raw material, $12,500.00; after manufacture, $25,000.00. Number of ashcrics, 1; raw material, $500; after manufacture, $700. Number of rope factories, 2; material, $550; after manufacture, $1,050. One paper mill; raw material, $13,000; after manufacture, $25,000. Four tanneries; valuation of raw material, $21,600; after manufacture, 700. 1)56 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The villaye corporation then contained 3,923 inhabitants, an increase of 831 in the precedinjr five years. In summing up the future prospects of the village, Mr. Southwick quotes from the language used by Charles Humphrey before the State Legislature in 1834, as follows: The village of Ithaca i.s compactly built, mostly inhabited by respectable and thriv- ing mechanics, and almost all the various a: tides required by the surrounding country are here manufactured. It has several handsome public buildings. As an evidence of its comparative importance I can state that on some days of each week fifteen mails are opened and closed, five daily stages arrive and depart, besides several three time.s, twice, and once u. week ; a steamboat also traverses the lake daily. Tlie prosperity which seems to have been enjoyed in Ithaca from 1830 to 1835, as partly indicated by the foregoing few pages, was des- tined to meet with a severe check. . Something has already been writ- ten of the disastrous panic of 1837, the effects of which were especially severe in Ithaca. The death of Gen. Simeon De Witt in 1834, the division of his property by Commissioners Ancel vSt. John, Richard Varick De Witt, and William A. Woodward, who mapped and put on the market the entire estate, fostered the spirit of speculation before unknown and never since experienced. The marsh, from the steam- boat landing to the head of the lake on both sides of the Inlet, was platted, and the 400 acres of the Bloodgood tract south of Clinton street was laid out in 50 by 100 feet lots. This last 400 acres had been pur- chased by ten persons, some of whom resided here and some in New York city, who paid $10,000 per share. The De Witt estate was di- vided into two equal parts. A syndicate of ten purchased one of these parts for $100,000. The other half was sold by Richard Varick De Witt, as executor, to Levi Hubbell, for $100,000, taking in payment a mortgage for the full amount. This mortgage was sold to the Bal- timore Life and Trust Company for $80,000. The company failed and under orders of the court, George F. Tallman became owner, and his deeds are now held by hundreds of citizens of Ithaca. Not only were house lots marked off all over the corporation limits, but farms outside were thus utilized. The Jacob M. MeCorniick farm, now owned by Solomon Bryant, on the Mitchell road, was maiii^cd and sold off in lots: the Jacob Bates farm, one and one-half miles on the Danby road, was on the market in the same shape; the Nathaniel Davenport farm, one and one-half miles from the village on the Tru- mansburgh road, the same, and many other large estates around the VILLAGH OF ITHACA. 137 village were mapped and platted, in the eonfident belief that the lots would soon be sold for large price; and it must l)e acknowledjjed that there was, durint^- tlie ]iei.round for the largest of ex- pectations, if tlie receipt of enormous sums for land could be accepted as a safe guide. The ])ricc,-; asked were often startling. A half block near the Inlet, between Seneca and State streets, now occupied partiall}^ by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Station, and partly by Fulton street, was owned by Henry Ackley, who refused $"iO,000 for his interest; and there were numerous .similar eases. VIEW OF ITHACA TAKEN FROM WEST HILL, 1839. The moving cause of this fever of real estate speculation, outside of the general operation of like causes elsewhere, was the supposed cer- tain construction of the vSodus Bay Canal between Cayuga Lake and Lake Ontario, which was to constitute a waterway of ship-carrying capacity which, with the Ithaca and Owego Railroad, reaching to the Susquehanna River at the latter, place, were to make Ithaca the great central city of the State. Real estate purchased one day was resold on the next often at double the former price, and then retransferred the succeeding day at an equally increased valuation. Some well known wealthy and conservative citizens insisted all through the earlier stages of this speculative era, that there was no basis for such a condition of the market ; but they finally became imbued with the enthusiasm of the hour, went in on the crest of the last wave and were left by its 18 !'■!« LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. subsidence stripped of property and financially ruined. > Under execu- tion against some of the owners, the Bloodgood tract, before men- tioned, finally fell under the auctioneer's hammer. It was only natural that this great speculative movement in Ithaca should find sympathy in and extend to the outer towns bordering upon it; not to the extent prevalent in the village, but, nevertheless, in a marked degree. These outer towns suffered, but as the wave was less in height, so the end was less disastrous, although its effects remained for years. The years following 1837 were characterized by unusual business depression, which was supplemented and intensified by the disastrous failure of the Ithaca Woolen Mills at Fall Creek, stock in which had been pressed upon and was held by residents of nearly all, if not all, the tcwns of the county, and which proved utterly valueless. In 1 843 the general bankruptcy law was taken advantage of by many debtors, who, under its provisions, relieved themselves of immense liabilities. In years following very low prices for labor and real estate prevailed. In regard to labor, as an example, the Board of Trustees of the village of Ithaca, by resolution, fixed the pay of laborers for the corporation, in 1847, at (>2,% cents per day. Nothing interrupted the progress of Ithaca for many years after the period which we have just had under consideration, with the exception of the great flood of 1857, and the place seemed surely destined to ful- fill the most sanguine of the early prophecies. It was a stirring, active commimity, with few idle and unproductive inhabitants. Writing in 1847, Mr. King said: "Situated in a fertile section of country, and possessing natural advantages for communication with the eastern markets, at an early day it promised the realization and results which we now behold." But from about 1847 to 1855 the growth of the place was slow, the cause for which, probably existed in the influence of vari- ous railroad lines which gave advantages, even though but little 1 One of the cities that suffered most severely from the effects of this class of land speculalion in 18ii7-8 was Buffalo. There everybody caught the fevei", and to such an extent wiis the business carried on that it often became tragic in its results and sometimes decidedly humorous. It is related on e.\cellent authority that one prom- inent physician was drawn into thewhirpool and became so distracted with his pros, pective gains, that on one occasion, when asked by a very sick patient how a certain remedy was to be taken, replied: "One half down, and balance in two monthly installments." VILLAGIC OF ITHACA. IM superior, to other points. This influence, which is one of the most potent in deciding the destinies of particular localities, could not be estimated by the early inhabitants, nor very closely even by those of the later years. But during the six or eight years just preceding the last war another period of more rapid growth and greater prosperity seems to have begun. The population rose from 6,848 in. 1800, to 10, 107 in 1870, and the increase in business and permanent improve- ments far exceeded those of the previous twelve or fourteen years. The great flood of 1857 passed into history as a remarkable one, both in destruction of property and loss of life, and is worthy of notice as the most disastrous of the several similar events that have visited Itliaca. Previous to the t7th of June of that year there had been con- stant yet moderate rains, which filled the streams to a somewhat im- usual degree. About 12 o'clock, noon, of the day last named a fearful thunder storm arose, an immense bank of low-lying clouds passed over the village and settled in the Six Mile Creek valley, where it i-emained for four hours, discharging terrible sheets of water. The stream in the valley in the town of Caroline swept away dams, the accumulating waters reaching Ithaca about seven o'clock in the evening. Halsey's mill dam, just east of the present electric car power house, succumbed to the pressure, and the timbers composing it crushed the plaster mill, swept out the foundations of the grist mill and carried two barns on the flood down against the stone arch bridge on Aurora street, where they were crushed like egg shells. This bridge' had a height of about twenty-two feet and a span of nearly thirty feet, with a race waterway on the north side of the main structure. Stoddard's tannery, above the bridge, on the north side of thd stream, was swept away, as was also the creek banks on South Tioga street near to the line of Green street. Before the stone bridge gave way, about eight o'clock, water flowed down State street, then planked before it was paved, floated off the planking, filled all the cellars in the main part of the village, swept down Aurora street, reaching the top of a picket fence corner of Buffalo and Aurora streets, and, spreading out, finally reached the lake. In the barns above mentioned, Matthew Carpenter and Daniel . Reeves were engaged in attempting to save some horses. Reeves jumped to the bank when the building struck the bridge and thus es- caped; Carpenter was drowned. When the arch of the bridge col- lapsed, David Coon and Moses Reeves went down with the wreck. 140 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Coon was drowned, Reeves escaping by being swept into the swamps just east of the present fair ground. Putnam, the owner of the brew- ery, attempted to cross the Clinton street bridge, was caught by the flood, climbed a huge poplar tree which was washed out, and was drowned. The bodies of Carpenter and Putnam were recovered the next day and Coon's three days later. Every bridge pn the stream was swept away, and no communication was established across until the succeeding afternoon, when a rope and a small boat were utilized for the purpose. The volume of water was so great that all the north and west parts of the village were submerged until the succeeding Novem- ber. Stoddard's steam boiler was carried nearly a quarter of a mile down stream. A lai'ge stove used for drying wool floated about half a mile, and the 8-horse engine was dug out of the gravel forty rods below the old tannery. But the balance wheel, weighing 000 pounds, was never discovered. A stake standing in the bed of the creek was found to be a wagon tongue, the body and wheels of which were entirely submerged; the wagon was recovered by being dugout. The mone)' loss reached nearly $100,000. In March, 18()5, the melting of an immense body of snow swept out all the railroad bridges between Ithaca and Owego, and su.spended operations on the road for six weeks. Finally came the first gun of the great rebellion, and the nation was precipitated into a bloody war, which for five years was to command the energies and means of the whole country. Its immediate effects in Tompkins county have been described in Chapter IV, and all that remains to be said here concerning it is, that from the beginning to the close of the struggle Ithaca, as the headquarters for the county, was a center of military enthusiasm and activity. Public meetings followed each other rapidly, at which the most generous and patriotic action was taken for the good of the great cause, while the ranks of the several regiments raised in this vicinity were swelled by volunteers who were rewarded with liberal bounties. The inflation of the currency and the material demands of the war gave a powerful impetus to the business of the whole north. Every community felt it. Money was plenty, . and while i^ublic improvements in the village stagnated during that period, private enterprise was active, particularly towards the close of the contest, as will be noticed in the succeeding pages ; and when peace finally settled upon the country, the returning soldiers, with a facility of adaptation to circumstances that was marvelous, fell into the ranks VILLAGE OF ITHACA. Ul of workers, and for several years the whole country rose upon a wave of prosperity. It will be interesting and valuable for comparison with the foregoing lists of business establishments, to note those that were in existence at the close of the war. The location of the various merchants and me- chanics is made quite clear to the reader of to-day, by giving the names of present occupants. It is believed the following list is complete with the exception of some very small concerns ; as far as possible the then existing establishments are located, with reference to the present oc- cupants of the various stores and shops, for the benefit of those who cannot remember as far back as I860 : Andrus, McChain & Co. , books, etc. (now Andrus & Church). •Seymour & Johnson, general store (Morrison corner). Schuyler & Curtis, drugs (now Schuyler Grant). John Kendall, dry goods (now store of T. Kenney). F. Brooks, hats and caps (now H. H. Angell). ' John Van Orman, boots and shoes (now Bernstein, clothing). F. A. Parlenheimer, boots and shoes (hotel next to Wolf's cigar store). J. C. Gauntlett, drugs (now West Bros., shoes). George E. Halsey, drugs (now White & Burdick). Burritt, Brooks & Co. jewelry (now A. B. Kennedy). L. Millspaugh, harness (now Kearney Brothers, clothing). , Teeter & Hern, groceries (now F. W. Phillips). Miss StiUwell, millinery (now Phillip Harris). F. Deming, furniture (now E. W. Wolcott). O. B. Curran, drugs (now Piatt & Colt). Jesse Baker, boots and shoes (now B. Mintz, clothing). Sawyer & Glenzer, at Inlet, same as now. Kenney, Byington & Co. (now L. Kenney). Sedgwick & Lewis, photographs (now McGillivray). Morrison, Hawkins & Co., dry goods (now Hawkins, Todd & Co.). H. J. Grant, tobacco (now A. H. Platts). Treman, King & Co., hardware (same as now). John Rumsey, hardware, etc. (now C. J. Rumsey & Co.). Stowell & Hazen, dry goods, etc. (now Rothschild Brothers). W. M. Culver, hats and caps (now Rappuzzi). John L. Whiton, bakery (now M. W. Quick). L. J. & A. C. Sanford (now Ithaca Hotel billiard room). A. F. Baldwin (now C. B. Brown). W. H. Kellogg & Co., tobacco, factory on north side of Seneca street, where the brick Wick house stands. H. F. Mowry, provisions, three doors west of the Tompkins County Bank. James M. Heggie, harness (now John Northrup). Ed. Stoddard, leather store (now George Simpson block north of Hotel). 143 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. A. H. Fowler, dentist (over present post-office). Bartlett & Hoysradt, dentists (in Clinton Hall Block). George W. Apgar, books (now National Express Office). Northrop & Ingersoll, spring beds (now C. L. Stephens). Philip Stevens, market, same as now. Tolles & Seeley, photographs (now E. D. Evans). STATE STREET ABOUT 1866. S. L. Vosburg, jeweler (now Ed. Jackson). Miss Ackley had a newsroom (now George Griffin) on Tioga street. J. S. Granger & Co., west store in Wilgus Block. Rowe & Gillett, carriages, where the Titus Block now is. E. M. Marshall, clothing (now E. J. Biirritt's). L. H. Culver, general store (now Bool'.s). Taylor & Heath, groceries (now Pinch's bookstore). Greenly, Burritt & Co., general store (now Slocum & Taber and J. S. Sturtevant). Democrat Office (now P. Wall). Albert Phillips, tailor (now Osburn, confectioner). Wilgus Brothers, dry goods (now Seaman Bros., clothing). George Covert, groceries (now (J. W. Frost). William J. Egbert, shoes (now D. H. Wanzer). J. W. Mosher then kept the Tompkins House. Miss McRoy, millinery (now A. B. Brooks). Barnard & McWhorter (now Blackman Brother.s). Titus & Bostwick (now Williams Brothers Iron Works). M. Wick, cigars (now B. Rich). VILLAGE OF ITHACA. 143 H. F. Randolph, shoes (now T. Dobrin). Spence Spencer, news office (east part of present Treman, King & Co.'s store). Henry Hoffman, cigars (now Wolf, in same line). Uri Clark, jeweler (in part of Ha'^kin drug store). Hymes Brothers, clothing (now Collins & Johnson). George Gottheinier, clothing (now A. J. Calkins, harness). L. Sugarman had this store after Calkins, and also the next one east, in clothing trade. Dennis Mooney, groceries (now J. B. Todd), Aurora street. Miss Farnham, millinery (now shoe store). W. & D. Kittrick, shoe shop, first south of Hotel (now saloon). Brown & Roat, saloon (now Union Tea Co.). William Glenny, 84 Owego street (now T. Kenney). Baker, Bradley & Co. (now G. W. Slocura & Co.). Joseph Esty, leather (now E. S. Sisson). Henry Moores, barber (now R. A. Heggie). Charles Graham, clothing (now MoUer Brothers). George Franks, clothing (West Brothers). Edwin Sidney, shoes (now Stanley's). D. T. Tillotson, grocer (now Crozier & Feeley). C. F. Blood, clothing (now N. E. Drake). On the 30th of March, 18(!], an act was passed by the J^egislatiire consolidating the village laws. The principal provisions that need to be noticed were those in relation to the raising, grading and leveling of sidewalks, the cost of which was to be paid by the owners of abut- ting land ; the improvement of streets, and the construction of aque- ducts, reservoirs, etc., and what part, if any, of the cost should be paid from the highway fund; providing for the collection of assessments for local improvements; giving fire wardens admittance to premises for inspection and to enforce their orders relative to making such premises safe from fire. On the 32d of April, 1863, an act gave the trustees power to act as commis.sioners in the draining, diking and reclaiming swamp and marsh lands in the village, as their judgment might deem advisable, with power to appoint a surveyor; to assess damages to land and expenses incurred on citizens according to benefits received. Two years later Josiah B. Williams, T. P. St. John and Edward S. Esty were empowered to act as superintendents of such improvements of marsh lands as are noted above. In the appropriation bill of 1863 $1,800 were devoted to the improvement of the Inlet, to be expended by the canal commissioners; and $1,600 in repayment for the building of two bridges over the Inlet. On the 31st of April, 1864, the boundaries of the village were ex- tended by act of Legislature, and the village divided into three wards. 144 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The boundaries of the wards were as follows: First Ward — All west of the middle of Albany and Second streets. Second Ward — All south of the middle of Seneca street, and east and south of the middle of Albany street. Third Ward — -All north of the middle of Seneca street and east and north of the middle of Albany street and Second street. Changes were made in the village officers, two trustees to be elected for each ward; one assessor; one or inore police constables; a col- lector; a chief engineer and two assistants; treasurer, clerk, street commissioners, pound master, cemetery keeper, and one fire warden in each ward. (See session laws, 1864.) On the 27th of March, 1871, the charter was again amended, relative to the eligibility of citizens to office ; meetings of trustees ; abatement of nuisances, health officials, parks, safety of buildings, actions for for- feiture under the street and sidewalk regulations before referred to ; powers of police constables; authorizing the board to raise not to. ex- ceed $30,000 to pay all the annual expenses of the corporation. On the ist of April of that year the fire department was incorporated, as hereafter described. In 1847 the system of graded schools was estab- lished, as will be described a little further on. The past twenty years of the history of Ithaca liave developed the most encouraging prospects. This is especially true of the past dec- ade. Very much of this gratifying condition must undoubtedly be credited to the influence of the great institution of learning which the munificent liberality of citizens of the place and of other localities established here in 1868, a full history of which is given in this work. Cornell University has made the name of Ithaca familiar throughout the world, and now brings annually to its doors nearly two thousand students, and pours into its lap a steady stream of wealth. Under this influence and the enterprise of her citizens the village and city have in recent years made rapid advancement. Public improvements of a metropolitan character have been introduced in the form of electric lights, electric railways, paving, etc. , and there is every indication of continued prosperity. With these various advantages came the desire for a city government, which assumed tangible shape as early as 1882, when a new charter was drawn by Messrs. Almy and Bouton, by request of the Board of Trustees. The charter was a carefully prepared d(jcument and vastly better than the one that had been in existence ; but much opposition to CITY OF ITHACA. 140 it developed in various quarters. vSoon afterward an attempt was made to merge the differing ideas into a new charter, but that attempt also proved futile. In the third effort the representative men of the place, acting in harmony and above all personal feelings, and in pur- suance of an appointment l)y the Hoard of Trustees, prepared the docu- naent wliich, with sonic change, became tlie city charter. The com- mittee into whose hands this important duty was placed was appointed March 16, 1887, and constituted as follows: E. S. Esty, D. B. Stewart, Elias Treman, H. A. .St. John, H. B. Lord, F. C. Cornell, A. H. Platts, E; K. Johnson, R. B. Williams, C. M. Titus, C. B. Brown, H. M. Hibbard, C. E. Crandall, D. H. Wauzer, J. D. Bennett, Isaiah Robinson. This committee was composed of an equal number of Republicans and Democrats. They met and organized and divided tlie work among sub-committees from their number, and began work. It was a labor involving considerable time, and the community became very 'im- patient; but the committee determined to do their work thorouglily, and left nothing undone to bring about the best possible results. After the substantial completion of the task it was discovered that there was no person on the committee who was a inember of the bar. The com- mittee therefore called in the aid of Judge Boardman, Samuel D. Halliday and Perry G. Ellsworth, who revised the document and made various valuable suggestions. After this the committee passed the charter through the hands of Prof. C. A. Collin, of the law department of the university for his revision. He gave it ample consideration and made numerous suggestions for changes, which were adopted and in- corporated. The charter was then submitted to the Board of Trustees, and it was unanimously adopted. The charter was then placed in the hands Hon. F. J. Enz, repre- sentative in the Legislature, who promptly secured its passage, without a dissenting voice; through the Lower House, and the Hon, W. L. Sweet was equally efficient in the Senate. When it reached the executive department it was found that there was a conflict with a general law relative to excise. The suggestion of the governor in that respect was cheerfully approved; but his objection to the election of aldermen on a general ticket caused some disappoint- ment and regret. Still the governor insisted that the rights of the minority and democratic usage required the amendment of that pro- vision ; and in order to secure his approval of the charter the aldermen 19 140 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. are to be elected from the wards as has been the custom heretofore in electing trustees. The charter became a law on the 2d of May, 1887. The charter is a remarkable one from the fact that it places in the hands of the mayor the appointing power, in which he is superior to the council. In this respect it is believed that the Ithaca charter stands alone in this State, and the results have shown the wisdom of those who drew it. The new charter divided the city into four wards with the following boundaries: First Ward, all west of the center of Corn street; Second Ward, all east of the center of Corn street, and south of the center of State street; Third Ward, all east of the center of Corn and Varick streets, and west of Tioga and north of State streets ; Fourth Ward, all east of the Center of Tioga street, and north of the center of State street. With the inauguration of the city government, there met at the trus- tees' room. Village Hall, at noon of June 1, 1888, the following, who were then occupying the offices designated: President, David B. vStewart; clerk, Charles A. Ives; trustees, George W. Babcock, Clay- ton Crandall, J. W. Tibbetts, James A. McKinney, J. A. Lewis, Jesse W. Stephens, A. B. Wood, J. E. Van Natta; police justice, Myron N. Tompkins ; treasurer, Edgar O, Godfrey ; collector, Frank Dans ; cor- poration counsel, James L. Baker; assessors, John E. Brown, J. W. Brown, Comfort Hanshaw, Samuel Beers; chief engineer fire depart- ment, Edmund E. Robinson ; first assistant, Frank Cole ; second assistant, A. B. Oltz; policemen, A. Neideck, John Donovan, John Campbell, jr., P. D. Robertson, Richard Emmons; street commissioner, John Terwilliger; cemetery keeper, George W. Evarts; pound master, Robert Walker; health commissioner, William Mack; health officer, Edward Meany ; Board of Education, E. S. Esty, J. J. Glenzer, F. C. Cornell, A. B. Brooks, C. M. Williams, E. K. Johnson, Elias Treman, Cornelius Leary, A. M. Hull, H. A. St. John, B. F. Taber, R. B. Williams. There were also present the officers of the village to be superseded by the city officers, the charter committee (elsewhere named), and oth ers. The ceremonies of inaugurating the new management were opened by President D. B. Stewart calling the meeting to order. The mayor then delivered an address reviewing the action that had led up to the change and congratulating the people upon the happy consummation CITY OP ITHACA. U1 of the undertaking. This was followed by prayer by Rev. Charles M. Tyler. The various officials then took the oath of the office, and Judge Lyon announced the mayor and aldermen as duly installed. The fol- lowing resolution was then offered by Alderman Wood : Resolved, That the maximum salaries of the officers to be appointed by the mayor be as follows: City clerk, $800 per annum; collector, the legal fees to be collected as per statute ; treasurer, $200 per annum ; city attorney, $100 per annum for counsel fee, and taxable costs and reasonable fees for conducting actions or proceedings in behalf of the city; city superintendent, $300 per annum ; assessor, $240 per annum; five policemen, $14 per week each; poundmaster, the fees provided by the city charter. This resolution was adopted. The mayor then announced the following appointrhents : City clerk, C. A. Ives; police constables, Albert Neideck, John Campbell, jr., Harry D. Robertson, John Donovan, and Richard Emmons ; assessor, John E. Brown; treasurer, Edward O. Godfrey; collector, Frank Dans; city superintendent, F. C. Cornell; city attorney, James L. Baker; poundmaster, Robert Walker. Jason P. Merrill was appointed re- corder, the office then being vacant. The oath of office was then administered to the several appointees, and by resolution the bond of the rejcorder was fixed at $2,000. After this the mayor concluded his address, and Mr. Halliday made the fol- lowing suggestion, which was adopted by resolution : Mr. Mayor: — In common with every citizen of the new city I experience a sincere and warranted pride in our new position and relationship. But it seems to me that you gentlemen will not have done your full duty until provision is made for placing the exercises of this interesting occasion in the hands of our fellow citizens unable to be here present to-day, and in some enduring form, that those who come after us may be acquainted with the impressive character of the ceremonies which we have this day heard and witnessed. I offer this as a suggestion to the Board of Aldermen, and I trust it may meet their approval, and that such action will be taken by them as will accomplish a permanent record of these proceedings. Following is a list of the presidents and trustees of the village, and the mayors and aldermen of the city from the year 1821 to the present time : 1821, president, Daniel Bates ; trustees, William R. Collins, George Blythe, Julius Ackley, A. D. W. Bruyn. 1832, president, A. D. W. Bruyn; trustees, A. D. W. Bruyn, Nathan Herrick, Julius Ackley, John Tillotson, William R. Collins. 1833, president, David Woodcock; trustees, David Woodcock, Ebenezer Mack,, Benjamin Drake, Andrew J. Miller, Lucius Wells. 148 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. 1834, president, David Woodcock; trustees, David Woodcock, Nathan Herrick, Otis Eddy, Edward L. Porter, Lucius Wells. 1825, president, Ben Johnson; trustees, Ben Johnson, John Tillotson, William R. Collins, James Nichols, Joseph Burritt. 1836, president, David Woodcock ; trustees, David Woodcock, Arthur S. Johnson, Henry Hibbard, Origen Atwood, Lucius Wells. 1837, president, Chas. Humphrey; trustees, Charles Humphrey, Stephen B. Munn, jr., Thomas Sinclair, William Lesley, Lucius Wells. 1838, president, Charles Humphrey; trustees, Ira Tillotson, William Hance, Will- iam R. Collins, Chauncey G. Heath, Lucius Wells. From 1838 to 1853, inclusive, seven trustees were elected annually, who elected their president. 1839, president, Henry S. Walbridge; trustees, William Hance, .Sylvester Hunger, Joseph Esty, Julius Ackley, George Henning, Thomas Sinclair. 1830, president, John Holman; trustees, William Hance, Levi Leonard, James Mulks, Resolve L. Cowdry, Joseph Burritt, Derrick B. Stockholm. 1831, president, Levi Leonard; trustees, Derrick B, Stockholm, Wait T. Hunting- ton, Charles E. Hardy, Resolve L. Cowdry, Edward L. Porter, Jacob Terry. 1832, president, Levi Leonard; trustees, Derrick B. Stockholm, Wait T. Hunting- ton, Charles E. Hardy, Arthur S. Johnson, Edward L. Porter, Heman Powers. 1833, president, Ira Tillotson; trustees, Derrick B. Stockholm, Jacob M. McCor- mick, William Andrus, Joseph Burritt, William S. Hoyt, Jacob Terry. 1834, president, Wait T. Huntington; trustees, William Hance, Ira Bower, Ben- jamin C. Vail, Henry H. Moore, David Hanmer, Samuel Crittenden, jr. 1835, president, Amasa Dana; trustees, George W. Phillips, Samuel Giles, Thomas Trench, Isaac Randolph, William Andrus, George P. Frost. 1836, president, Amasa Dana; trustees, Jacob M. McCormick, Robert Halsey, Thomas Trench, Chauncey L. Grant, Daniel A. Towner, George P. Frost. 1837, president, George P. Frost; trustees, Jacob M. McCormick, Levi Hvibbell, William A. Woodward, George McCormick, Ithiel Potter, Zalmon Seely. 1838, president, Caleb B. Drake; trustees, John J. Speed, jr., George W, Howe, Lewis Gregory, George McCormick, Henry H. Moore, Chauncey G. Heath. 1839, president, Amasa Dana; trustees, Jacob M. McCormick, William Andrus, Enos Buckbee, Horace Mack, Lewis H. Culver, Nathan Phillips. 1840, president, Jacob M. McCormick; trustees, Chauncey G. Heath, William Andrus, Benjamin C. Vail, Horace Mack, Lewis H. Culver, Nathan Phillips. 1841, president, Benjamin G. Ferris; trustees, Henry H. Moore, Harley Lord, Benjamin C. Vail, Charles Robinson, Ira Bower, Frederick Deraing. 1843, president, Henry S. Walbridge ; trustees, John E. Williams, Chauncey Cow- dry, Isaac M. Beers, Frederick Barnard, William S. Hoyt, Silas Hutchinson. 1843, president, John J. Speed; trustees, Anson Spencer, Daniel F. Hugg, Stephen B. Cushing, Frederick Barnard, Robert Halsey, Isaac Randolph. 1844, president, Timothy S. Williams ; trustees, Anson Spencer, William S. Hoyt, Frederick Deming, Edwin Mix, Samuel Halliday, Nathan T. Williams. 1845, president, Timothy S. Williams; trustees, Anson Spencer, Nelson Palmer, Frederick Deming, Horace Mack, William R. Humphrey, Nathan T. Williams. CITY OF ITHACA. 149 1846, president, Timothy S. Williams; trustees, Anson Spencer, P. J. Parteii- heimer, Frederick Demiiig, Peter Apgar, William R. Humphrey, Nathan T. Will- iams. 1847, president, Nathan T. Williams; trustees, Levi Newman, Joseph E. Shaw, Theophilus Drake, Peter Apgar, William R. Humphrey, Charles V. Stuart. 1848, president, Nathan T. Williams ; trustees, Samuel Stoddard, Joseph E. Shaw, Theophilus Drake, John L. Whiton, William R. Humphrey, Hervey Platts. 1849, president, Frederick Deming ; trustees, Samuel Stoddard, Josiah B. Williams, P. J. Partenheimer, John L. Whiton, Anson Spencer, Nathan T. Williams. 1850, president, Nathan T. Williams; trustees, Joseph E. Shaw, Leander Mills- paugh, Leonard Treman, Peter Apgar, George W. Schuyler, Harvey A. Dowe. 1851, president, Horace Mack; trustees, Isaac Earl, Josiah B. Williams, Samuel Stoddard, Peter Apgar, George W. Schuyler, P. J. Partenheimer. 1H53, president, Uonjamin G. Ferris; trustees, Anson Spencer, Frederick Barnard, Anson Braman, George Whiton, Justus Deming, John Gauntlett. 1853, president, Anson Spencer; trustees, Hervey Platts, Frederick Barnard, Noel Kettell, George Whiton, Justus Deming, P. J. Partenheimer. In the winter of 1853-64 the village charter was amended, dividing the village into three wards, electing the president by the people and electing the trustees for two years each. 1854, president, P. J. Partenheimer; trustees. First Ward, R. Willard King, Ben- jamin F. Taber; Second Ward, Samuel Stoddard, WaitT. Huntington; Third Ward, Isaac Randolph, Isaac M. Beers. [In the remainder of this list only the names of the three trustees elected annually will be given, the other three, of course, holding over from the previous year.] 1855, president. Wait T. Huntington ; trustees (given in each of the following years in the order of the numbers of the wards), Joseph C. King, Oliver E. Allen, Jacob Terry. 1850, president, Lewis H. Culver; trustees, Newell Hungerford, Justus Deming, Thomas P. St. John. 1857, president, P. J. Partenheimer; trustees, Joseph C. King, Adam S. Cowdry, George Covert. 1858, president, Charles Coryell; trustees, Albert Phillips, Justus Deming, James Ridgeway. 1859, president, Thomas P. St. John ; trustees, Curtis Taber, Adam S. Cowdry, Griswold Apley. 1860, president, George McChain ; trustees, Thaddeus W. Seely, Edward Stoddard, K. S. Van Vorhees. 1861, president, Elias Treman; trustees, Joseph C. King, Adam S. Cowdry, Gris- wold Apley. 1863, president, Frederick T. Greenly ; trustees, Thaddeus W. Seely, Horace Mack, Anson Spencer. 1863, president, Frederick T. Greenly ; trustees, Joseph C. King, Adam S. Cowdry, James B. Taylor. 160 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. 1864, president, George McChain ; trustees, Joseph N. Ives, Horace Mack, Thomas P. St. John. 1865, president, George McChain ; trustees, James B. Bennett, Adam S. Cowdry, Horace C. Williams. 1866, president, P. J. Partenheimer ; trustees, Joseph C. King, Philip Case, James B. Taylor. 1867, president, Samuel Stoddard ; trustees, Thaddeus W. Seely, Adam S. Cowdry, Michael Wick. 1868, president, John Gauntlett; trustees, James Popplewell, Leonard Treman, William Nixon. 1869, president, John C. Gauntlett ; trustees, Thaddeus W. Seely, Adam S. Cowdry, Michael Wick. 1870, president, Rufus Bates; trustees, Joseph C. King, Ebenezer Purdy, George Fowler. 1871, president, John Gauntlett; trustees, Thaddeus W. Seely, Edward I. Moore, Albert M. Hull. 1872, president, John H. Selkreg; trustees, J. B. Sprague, E. M. Latta, George W. Fowles. 1873, president, A. S. Cowdry ; trustees, James D. Bennett, Herman D. Green, L. V. B. Maurice. In 1874 four wards were made, and thereafter four trustees elected each year. 1874, president, A. S. Cowdry; trustees, Francis O'Connor, F. K. Andrus, Isaiah Robinson, George F. Hyatt. 1875, president, John Rumsey; trustees, H. L. Kenyon, A. C. Sanford, R. A. Crozier, B. G. Jayne. 1876, president, E. S. Esty; trustees, J. J. Glenzer, William Andrus, W. Jerome Brown, J. E. Van Natta. 1877, president, J, B. Sprague; trustees, James Robinson, Ira Rockwell, Comfort Hanshaw, Peter Apgar. 1878, president, H. M. Durphy; trustees, Thaddeus W. Seely, James Robinson, Harmon Hill, Ed. Tree, jr. 1879, president, Albert H. Platts ; trustees, Lyman E. Warren, C. B. Brown, Har- mon Hill. 1880, president, Albert H. Platts; trustees, Thomas McCarty, William Frear, Alex- ander Smith, John B. Lang. 1881, president, P. Frank Sisson; trustees, Daniel Fowler, John E. Goewey, Chas. W. Manchester, E. M. Latta. 1883, president, Henry H. Howe ; trustees, A. W. Goldsmid, F. E. lUston, Charles IngersoU, John B. Lang. 1883, president, Charles J. Rumsey; trustees. First Ward, Patrick Shannon; Sec- ond Ward, J. R. Wortman ; Third Ward, Seth Wilcox ; Fourth Ward E. M. Latta. 1884, president, Charles J. Rumsey; trustees. First Ward, Jacob M. Stewart; Sec- ond Ward, Fred. E. Aldrich; Third Ward, William L. Carey; Fourth Ward, William H. Perry. 1885, president, Charles J. Rumsey; trustees. First Ward, James D. Bennett; Second Ward, James A. McKinney; Third Ward, William F. Major; Fourth Ward, John E. Van Natta. CITY OF ITHACA. 151 1886, president, C. B. Brown; trustees, First Ward, Patrick Shannon; Second Ward, L. G. Todd; Third Ward, A. L. Niver; Fourth Ward, J. S. Kirkendall. 1887, president, D. W. Burdick; aldermen. First Ward, George W. Babcock; Second Ward, James A, McKinney ; Third Ward, James A. Lewis ; Fourth Ward, John E. Van Natta. These officials, and those who held over from the previous year, were in office at the time of the adoption of the city charter, as before described. The following are the principal officers itnder the city government : 1889, mayor, John Barden; aldermen. First Ward, J. C. Warren; Second Ward, Schuyler Grant ; Third Ward, Amasa G. Genung ; Fourth Ward, Edward Tree. 1890, mayor, John Barden; aldermen. First Ward, Jacob Peters; Second Ward, Charles W. Gay ; Third Ward, E. J. Burritt ; Fourth Ward, Edward Tree. 1891, mayor, H. A. St. John; aldermen. First Ward, Patrick Shannon; Second Ward, S. G. Williams; Third Ward, W. M. Eaton; Fourth Ward, D. Mclntiro. 1892, mayor, H. A. St. John ; aldermen. First Ward, Walter McCormick ; Second Ward, Olin L. Stewart; Third Ward, Charles Green; Fourth Ward, Fred. D. John- son. 1893, mayor, Clinton De Witt Bouton ; aldermen. First Ward, Patrick Crowley ; Second Ward, Adam Emig ; Third Ward, William F. George ; Fourth Ward, John E. Van Natta. The following officers were elected in Ithaca at the March election of 1894: Mayor (held over), C. D. Bouton ; recorder, Eron C. Van Kirk ; justice of the peace, Fred. L. Clock; commissioners of education, Arthur B. Brooks, F. C. Cornell, Albert H. Esty, John J. Glenzer; supervisors. First Ward, Charles F. Hottes ; Second Ward, Leroy G. Todd ; Third Ward, Thaddeus S. Thompson ; Fourth Ward, Will- iam P. Harrington; aldermen. First Ward, Clinton Ayres; Second Ward, Samuel G. Williams; Third Ward, Charles Green; Fourth Ward, Robert H. Thurston. Fire Department. — The fire department of Ithaca has always been an efficient one, and it cannot be said that the place has suffered to an unusual degree from fires. We have before noticed the purchase of the first engine in 1823, and the appointment of the company to take it in charge. That company and the others which were appointed later, as well as the fire wardens and department officers, have included many of the leading men of Ithaca — a fact which may clearly account for the general efficiency of the body as a whole. As the population of the village increased, and the number of fire companies in proportion, the question of water supply became of para- mount importance and led to ordinances and legislation for provision of reservoirs and their supply. The "fire laws," as they have been termed, were passed June 25, 1860, and gave the village authorities broader powers and more extensive resources for coping with the 152 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. destructive element. In the report of Chief Engineer Barnum R. Williams, in 1868, he said: The matter of a supply of water in case of fire in some parts of the village has been to me a source of great anxiety. I give below a list of reservoirs as classified by Hon. E. S. Esty, during his term of office as chief engineer, to show more clearly my idea: A, Pleasant street, east of Aurora. B, State street, corner of Aurora. C, State street, corner of Tioga. D, State street, corner of Cayuga. E, State street, corner of Plain. F, Fayette street, south of Geneva. G, Albany street, corner of Seneca. H, Geneva street, south of Mill. I, Cayuga street, corner of Mill. J, Farm street, west of Aurora. K, Buffalo street, corner of Spring. L, Village Hall. M, Seneca street, east of Spring. Of this list Mr. Williams considered none of them reliable in case of a protracted fire, excepting B, C and D, most of them being filled by water from roofs, or from drains and small springs. For many years prior to the date under consideration, various plans and propositions had been made for providing an adequate water supply by different companies, and the final introduction of mains in the streets, with a large flow and strong pressure, soon relieved all anxiety on this score. In this connection it is interesting to note that the expense of the department for the year preceding Mr. Williams's report was $2,427.84. Of this sum $800 is credited to the "annual donation." There were then in the department five engine companies, one hook and ladder company, one bucket company, and a company of Protective Police, the membership numbering in the aggregate 450 men. There were eleven fire alarms in the year 1868. The Ithaca Fire Department was incorporated by act of the Legisla- ture April 1, 1871, and includes all of the fire companies formed and to be formed, whose enrolled members number thirty each and are so maintained. The act was amended April 14, 1884. The governing- board was made to consist of two trustees from each company, together with the chief engineer and assistants, who were ex-officio members. A president, vice-president, and secretary of the board were to be chosen annually from their body by the trustees. The body thus formed constitutes the "Firemen's Board." With the incoming of the city government in 1887, the powers and duties conferred on the village trustees by the act of 1860 were con- tinued to the Common Council of the city. The body known as the " Protective Police " was formed with thirty members January 23, 1868. This body of men have all the privileges and exemptions of firemen and are invested with police powers in time CITV OV ITHACA. 15!$ of fire. They are commanded by a captain, a lieutenant and a sergeant, the other officers being a treasurer, secretary and two trustees. Upon the organization of the Protective Police the following were chosen the first officers: P. J. Partenheimer, captain; Elias Treman, lieutenant; H. A. St, John, sergeant; L. Kenney, secretary; F.W. Brooks, treasurer; and the following members: F. A. Brown, C. F. Blood, Walter Burling, Rufus Bates, Uri Clark, C. Cowdry, Joseph Esty, jr. II. F. Hibbard, W. 11. Hammond, J. F. Hawkins, C. D. Johnson, Freeman Kelly, J. C. King, E. M. Latta, E. M. Marshall, E. I. Moore, H. D. Partenheimer, James Quigg, J. H. Tichenor, J. B. Tay- lor, S. D. Thompson, jr., vSamuel Stoddard, J. R. Wortman, H. J. Wilson, H. W. Wilgus. The following named companies have been organized at the dates given, with the officers of 1868 designated : Cayuga Engine Company, No. 1, organized May 13, 1828. Foreman, John Diltz ; first assistant, H. Mastin; second assistant, R. Latoui'ette. Besides a lai-ge membership, this company published in 1868 a list of seventeen honorary members. Rescue Engine Company, No. 2, organized June 0, 1823. Foreman, John Spence ; first assistant, Edward Landon ; second assistant, A. B. Gardiner. Tornado Hook and Ladder Company, No. 3, organized February 4, 1831. Foreman, J. M. Lyons; first assistant, M. L. Granger; second assistant, O. B. Welch. Eureka Engine Company, No. 4, organized April 29, 1842. Fore- man, William S. Berry; first assistant, C. Sloughter; second assistant, George True. Tornado Bucket Company, No, 5, organized July 1, 1846. Foreman, George Pickering; first assistant, Amasa I. Drake; second assistant, Sam Goddard. Hercules Engine Company, No. 6, organized March 23, 1853. Fore- man, George J. Kenyon; first assistant, C. Popplewell; second assist- ant, E. Jarvis. Cataract Engine Company, No. 7, organized December 31, J 803. Foreman, Sylvester Norton; first assistant, Ed. Tree, jr. ; second as- sistant, George Norton. Eureka Company, above named, was placed in charge of the old engine (No. 1), but this machine had seen its best days, and was ex- 20 , 154 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. changed in June, 1842, for a new one. This company finally became Eureka Hose Company, No. 4, now in existence. Hercules Company, above mentioned, was one of the most efficient early organizations, and was especially for the protection of property in the western part of the village, where the tower at the Inlet was erected for their use. After nearly twenty years of service the com- pany was dissolved, and in its place was organized Sprague Steamer Company, No. 6, October, 31, 1872. Cataract Company, above mentioned, took charge of the engine pur- chased for No. 4 in 1842. The tower at Fall Creek was built for this organization. In addition to the above are the following organizations, all of which are now in existence : Cayuga Hose Company, No. 1, organized May 12, 1828; now located in City Hall. Has a two-wheeled cart and 500 feet of hose, with other appurtenances. Foreman, B. F. McCormick; first assistant, William McGraine; second assistant, Joseph Myres; secretary, L. F. Maloney; treasurer, Michael Herson. Rescue Steamer Company, No. 2, organized July 1, 1823; incorpo- rated November 28, 1883, Located in a two-story brick building ad- joining the City Hall ; have in charge a third class Silsby steamer, and a four-wheeled hose carriage with 500 feet of hose. Foreman, John A. Fisher; first assistant. Perry Robertson; second assistant, Horace Miller; secretary, W. A. Woodruff; treasurer, Charles Clapp. Tornado Hook and Ladder Company, No. 3, organized February 4, 1831 ; incorporated March G, 1886. Located in City Hall, and have in charge a hook and ladder truck, with extension and other ladders, etc. Foreman, F. H, Romer; first assistant, C. S. Seaman; second assist- ant, C. E. Treman; secretary, A. G. Stone; treasurer, O. L. Dean. Eureka Hose Company, No. 4, organized in 1842. Located in City Hall, and has in charge a four-wheeled hose carriage with 450 feet of hose. Foreman, J. E. Driscoll; first assistant, George ]. Dixon; sec- ond assistant, W. J. Pringle; secretary, F. D. Gray; treasurer, George vStephens. Torrent Hose Company, No. 5, organized March 2, 1843. Located in the two-story brick building on State street near Geneva ; has in charge a four-wheeled carriage and 500 feet of hose. Foreman, W. C. Taber; first assistant, E. G. Hance; second assistant, Henry Brost; secretary, W. W. Phillips; treasurer, E. McGillivray. CITY OF ITHACA. 165 Sprague Steamer Company, No. G, organized October 1, 1872. Lo- cated in a two-story brick building on West State street near Fulton ; has in charge a Clapp & Jones piston steamer, a two-wheeled hose cart and GOO feet of hose. Foreman, A. R. Van Zoil; first assistant, Milo Walley; second assistant, Bert Shaw; secretary, W. J. Lambert; treasurer, William Moore. Cataract Hose Company, No. 7, organized December 31, 1863. Lo- cated in a two-story brick and frame building on North Tioga street, and has in charge one two-wheeled racing cart, one four-wheeled hose cart and 500 feet of hose. Foreman, Charles Terwilliger; first assist- ant, William Benson ; second assistant, George Edsall ; secretary, F. A. Van Vradenburg; treasurer, M. H. Norton. The gross membership of the department on the 31st of December, 1893, was 447. Following is a list of chief engineers from 1840 to the present time : Jacob M. McCormick, December 19, 1838, to June 23, 1843; Robert Halsey, June 23, 1842, to January 17, 1850; P. J. Partenheimer, January 17, 1850, to December 31, 1857 ; Merritt L. Wood, December 31, 1857, to December 30, 1858 ; Justus Deming, December 30, 1858, to December 31, 1859. LTST OF CHIEF AND ASSISTANT ENGINEERS. Under the Fire Laws adopted June 25, IBGO, and Act of Incorpora- tion, passed April 1, 1871, and amended April 14, 1884: YEAR. CHIEF ENGINEER. FIRST ASSISTANT. SECOND ASSISTANT 18C0, Edward S. Esty. Jesse Johnson. J. Beardsley. 18G1, " " L. V. B. Maurice. 1862, " ■ 1 Joseph N. Ives. 1863, William W. Esty. Joseph N. Ives. W. G. Davenport. 1864, K II W. G. Davenport. Levi A. Berry. 1865, George E. Terry. Joseph N. Ives. J. R. Wortman. 1866, Elias Treman. Joseph C. King. James Latta. 1867, William W. Esty. R. Willard Boys. James Ashdown. 1868, B. R. Williams. ' J. M. Heggie, jr. George Sincepaugh. 1869, II T. S. Thompson. George J. Kenyon. 1870, T. S. Thompson. George J. Kenyon. Amasa I. Drake. 1871, B. R. Williams. John H. Prager. James Latta. 1872, " ti 11 11 (( 1873, H. M. Durphy. Almon Boys. O. D. Terry. 1874, " 1. E. H. Mowry. 1875, 1876, 1877, Almon Boys. E. H. Mowry. Charles A. Ives. (1 II 1. Charles A. Ives. S. S. Gress. 150 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. YEAR. CHIEF ENGINEER. FIRST ASSISTANT. SECOND ASSISTANT 1878, Almon Boys. S. S. Gress. Will F. Major. 1879. " Will F. Major. Frank D. Tree. 1880, Samuel S. Gress. Louis S. Neill. William J. Ireland. 1881, " Charles S. Seaman. E. W. Prager. 1882, " " E. W. Prager. A. Schriver. 1883, " A. Schriver. E. E. Robinson. 1884, E. H. Mowry. E. E. Robinson. H. L. Haskin. 1885, " " " 1886, E. E. Robinson. H. L. Haskin. Frank Cole. 1887. " " .. 1888, .. Frank Cole. A. B. Oltz. 1889, " " " 1890, Frank Cole. A. B. Oltz. W. H. Herrington. 1891, .. " " 1898, ,, A. Vf. Randolph. Charles C. Garrett. 1893, " ,, S. l^red Smith. Following is a list of the officers of the department for 1894: Chief engineer, Frank Cole ; first assistant engineer, A. W. Randolph ; second assistant engineer, S. Fred Smith; president, J. M. Welsh; vice-president, William Egan ; secretary John M. Wilgus ; treasurer, Edwin M. Hall. Trustees of Department; Cayuga Hose Company, No. 1, J. M. Welsh, C. M. Kelly; Rescue Steamer Company, No. 3, A. S. Cole, AVilliam Egan; Tornado Hook and Ladder Company, No. 3, Chas. W. Major, C. L. Smith ; Eureka Hose Company, No. 4, S. S. Gress, C. G. Selover;. Torrent Hose Company, No. 5, J. M. Wilgus, J. F. Tetlej' ; Sprague Steamer Company, No. 6, Isaac Brokaw, Lester Rundle ; Cataract Hose Company, No. 7, Thomas Tree, Arthur Tourgee; Protective Police, H. M. Hibbard, Franklin C. Cornell. In the 3'^ear 1891 the Gamewell Fire Alarm system was introduced, which now has sixteen boxes, and is a valuable auxiliary to the depart- ment. The expenses of the department for 1893 were f;3,();J7.85. 'rhere are now fovirteen cisterns in the city at the most available points, with 101 hydrants connected with the water supply system. There were nineteen fire alarms in 1893, and the total loss was $17,511.33. The following table shows the number of alarms and losses since 18(50: CITY OF ITHACA. 157 YEAR. FIRES AND ALARMS. LOSSES. INSURANCE I'AIIJ. LOSS OVER INSURANCE. 1860 5 15 3 10 8 6 6 12 11 8 9 11 8 30 9 38 33 15 30 33 30 13 15 18 33 20 14 12 8 11 18 15 9 19 $ 3,001.00 23,038.00 4,600.00 4,430.00 1,314,00 17,600.00 1,800.00 17,600.00 . 31,708.00 730.00 499.00 247,138.00 18.395.00 38,98 .00 25,332,00 14,375.00 70,938.00 2,170.00 19,480.00 33,675.00 15,588.00 1,611.00 39,495.73 15,565.48 8,113.45 10,896.00 11,157.35 3,053.00 10,960.00 18,935.00 5,784.90 11,361.19 693.00 17,511.33 $ 1,051.00 17,338.00 3,400.00 3,410.00 460.00 8,850.00 1,300.00 4,823.00 30,504.00 235.00 449,88 100,520.00 13,245.00 24,032.00 11,875.00 47,888.00 1,695.00 18,980.00 16,700.00 10,808.00 1,136.00 29,965.72 10,045,48 4,689.45 5,918.00 ■ 9,983.35 977.50 10,410.00 15,985.00 5,407.90 9,941.19 443.00 8,311.23 $ 951.00 1861 - 5,700.00 1862 2,300.00 1863 1,110.00 1864 --- 1865 754.00 8,750.00 1866 500.00 1867 - 13,778.00 1868 11,304.00 1869 505.00 1870 - 49.13 1871 146,618.00 1873 6,150.00 1873 1874 1,300.00 1875 1 2,500.00 1876 23,050.00 1877 475.00 1878 500.00 1879 6,975,00 1880 - 4,780.00 1881 - 475.00 1883 - 9,589.00 1883. 1884 5,520.00 3,423.00 1885 - 4,978.00 1886 _ 1,175.00 1,074.50 1888 - 550.00 1889 . 2,940.00 1890 - 377.00 1891 1,320.00 1893 .- 350.00 1893 ,- - 9,300.00 Following is a list of Blood, Charles F., captain. Williams, R. B. , lieutenant. Hinckley, H. L., sergeant. Quigg, James, treasurer. Tichenor, James H., secre- tary. Esty, A. H., trustee. Enz, Frank J., trustee. Almy, Bradford. Bostwick, H. V. Brown, C. B. Burdick, D. W. Cornell, Frank C. Crozier, R. A. the Protective Police as constituted in 1893 : Clark, Uri. Frear, Wra. Gauntlett, J. C- Hall, E. M. Halliday, S. D. Hibbard, H. M. Johnson, E. K. Johnson, C. D. Kenney, Levi. Lyon, Marcus. Latta, E. M. Marshall, E, M. McElheny, T. J. Randolph, F. P. Stewart, D. B. Sanford, L. J. Sage, Wm. H. St. John, H. A. Treman, Elias. Taylor, J. B. Van Kirk, E. C. Van Order, Linn. Van Vleet, D. F. Van Cleef, Mynderse. Wilson, H. J. Williams, E. L. Williams, Chas. M. 158 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. The most disastrous fires from which Ithaca has suffered were those of July 14, 1833, which destroyed nearly all of the buildings on the square bounded by Owego (now State), Tioga, Seneca and Aurora streets. Several of these were brick. On the 28th of May, 1840, when everything on the north side of State street from the store of John Rumsey to the corner of Aurora and Seneca streets, ten three-story brick buildings were burned, causing a loss of about $65,000. Sunday night, July 24, 1842, on the south side of State street, the Chi-onicle office and buildings to the corner of Tioga street, and three small buildings on the latter street, were burned. On July 10, 1845, an in- cendiary fire was started in the stables of the Columbian Inn (then called the Franklin House), and swept nearly the entire block bounded by State, Cayuga, Green and Seneca streets, sparing only the three brick stores on the northeast corner of the block, and the residences John L. Whiton and Dr. J. E. Hawley on the west. Six horses were burned in the stables. On August22, 1871, occurred the most destructive fire in the history of the place. The Ithaca Hotel and the entire block on which it stood was swept clean, excepting a few stores on State street. The flames also crossed Tioga street westward and burned the tannery of Edward S. Esty and many houses on the north side of Green street, and on Tioga several more belonging to Henry L. Wil- gus. Ithaca Water Works Company. ^ — -A brief reference has already been made to the first attempts to supply the village of Ithaca with water. It is sufficient to state that those attempts were largely abor- tive, and not until 1853 was a systematic effort made towards accom- plishing the object. An act passed the Legislature June 26, 1853, under which Henry W. Sage, Alfred Wells, Charles E. Hardy, Anson Spencer and Joseph E. Shaw were named as incorporators, and they and their associates constituted the Ithaca Water Works Company. The capital was $40,000. This company furnished an inadequate sup- ply of water from springs on East Hill, north of Buffalo street, and laid iron pipes in some of the streets. The supply proved insufficient and the works were subsequently sold to a new company, which con- tinued operations under the old charter amended to meet new require- ments. In 1875 the company acquired rights on Buttermilk Creek and erected a crib dam in the ravine, from which water is supplied to the city and to a reservoir on South Hill of 1,260,000 gallons capacity. The head from the dam is 215 feet, and from the reservoir 146 feet. CITY OF ITHACA. ISQ The officers of the company are L. L. Treman, president; E. M. Tre- man, secretary; and these, with Elias Treman, R. R. Treman, and Leander R. King, are the directors. Under the present administration liberal extensions have been made of pipes in all the principal streets of the city, and the public supply is furnished through 101 hydrants. (There are also fourteen cisterns in use in the city). Other attempts have been made to furnish a water supply, but they were not successful. An act was. passed May 23, 18G8, in which Alonzo B. Cornell, Charles M. Titus, George W. Schuyler, John L. Whiton, George McChain, Elias Treman, Sewell D. Thompson, Edward S. Esty, Abel Burritt, Henry J. Grant, Edwin J. Morgan, Henry L. Wil- gus, John Rumsey, John H. Selkreg, Henry R. Wells, and their as- sociates, were named as a body corporate by the title " Ithaca Water Works Company." Capital, $75,000, with power to increase to $150,- ' 000. No organization took place under this act. In 1870 an act was passed by which Henry B. Lord, Rufus Bates, and Charles M. Titus were constituted commissioners for the construc- tion of water works to be owned by the village, and providing for a tax, not exceeding $100,000, to pay the cost thereof; subject first, how- ever, to a vote of the tax-payers. When put to a vote the project was defeated . Ithaca Gas Light Company. — The supply of gas to the village of Ithaca dates back to 1853. The present control of the business is vested in a company under the same title, and is substantially in the hands of the same officers that are at the head of the water company. Street Railways. — It is within only a comparatively brief period that Ithaca has been favored with street railways. The first steps taken in this matter were in the year 1884, when, on the 29th of No- vember, the Ithaca Street Railway Company was organized with a capital of $25,000. During the various changes that have since taken place, this capital was first increased, on the 5th of July, 1892, to $175,000, and on the 11th of December, 1893, to $250,000. For about two years after the first charter was obtained the undertaking lay dor- mant. This is scarcely to be wondered at, for the peculiar conditions existing in the place in a topographical sense were not encouraging to the projectors of the street railway. While the' village was growing rapidly, and its prospects were excellent for future growth, the exten- sion was largely towards the east and the university, and up a steep hill presenting a grade of something like 400 feet to the mile. In the 100 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. year 1887-88 the first track was laid, extending from the Ithaca Hotel to the railroad stations at the foot of State street. On the 1st of May, 1891, the franchises and property of the old company were transferred to the present organization, and on the 1st of June, 1893, the company purchased the franchise and property of the Brush-Swan Electric Light Company, which it still owns. That company had used electricity on the street cars imder the unsatisfactory Daft system since January 4, 1888. The Brush-Swan system was adopted in 1891. Upon the reor- ganization of the company in 1891, as above noted, Charles H. White was made president ; D. W. Burdick vice-president ; D. F. Van Vleet treasurer. Extensive improvements were inaugurated, the track ex- tended up the hill to the Elmira, Cortland and Northern Railroad station, and new and improved cars began running to that point in February, 1893. The franchise for the Tioga street branch was ob- tained in May, 1891, and the first cars ran thereon in July of the same year. At the present time a branch crosses the Cascadilla Creek on the luiiversity grounds and extends northward for the accommodation of the extensive travel to the institution. The Cayuga Lake Electric Railway Company, organized in 1894, is constructing a line passing Percy Field and reaching the lake at the southeast corner, formerly known as Renwick, where a steamboat dock is to be built. Its capital is $25,000. The present officers of the company are as follows: pi-esi- dent, Horace E. Hand, of .Scranton, Pa. ; vice-president, Hon. Alfred Hand; secretary, treasurer and general manager, H. Bergholtz;. attor- ney, D. F. Van Vleet. The lighting of the streets of Ithaca by electricity by the Brush- vSwan Company, above mentioned, was begun in 1883-84, it being one of the first plants for this purpose in the interior of the State. With the transfer of the franchise to the present company, many improve- ments and enlarged facilities have been introduced, and a contract has just been concluded (December, 18'93) under which the company is to supply the city with ninety arc lights for ten years. Banks. — Financial affairs in Ithaca, as well as in the other towns in this county, have in past years experienced at least average prosperity in comparison with other localities. Their administration has been, as a rule, conservative arid prudent. Aside from the brief periods of ex- aggerated anticipation, speculation, and culminating stringency and panic, described in the preceding pages of general history, in which almost the entire country shared, progress in the increase of wealth CITY OF ITHACA. ICl and its safe investment has been sjfenerally steady and satisfaetoi-y throughout the count3^ It is probably true that few villages or eities in the State of New York have reached the size of Ithaca without ex- periencing more business failures. While the growth of Ithaca has been, until quite recently', somewhat slow, possibly for that reason its business men have been conservative and prudent in a marked degree. This may have been to a certain extent a weakness, as indicating a lack of progressive public spirit and enterprise; but it has certainly been more conducive to the ultimate benefit of the community than would the unbridled speculation and so called booms that have charac- terized many other localities. The needs of banking facilities were felt in Ithaca before the forma- tion of Tompkins county, and resulted in the incorporation of a branch of the Bank of Newburg iinder an act of the Legislature passed April 18, 1815. The act authorized the officers of that bank to establish an office of discount and deposit in the village of Ithaca, Seneca county. A lot was pui"chased on Owego (now State) street, west of Cayuga and running through to Green street, and a banking house erected there. That building afterwards became the residence of John L. Whiton. Among the first directors of the institution were William R. Collins, Luther Gere, Benjamin Drake and Andrew D. W. Bniyn. In 1821 Daniel Bates and Jeremiah S. Beebe were placed in the directorate; they were all good citizens of Ithaca. Charles W. Connor was the first cashier and Abel Corwin the second. George W. Kerr, afterwards president of the Bank of Newburg, was an early clerk in the bank. On the 22d of April, 1829, the Bank of Ithaca was incorporated, with authorized capital of $200,000 in 10,000 shares. Andrew D. W. Bruyn, Henry Ackle)^ Francis A. Bloodgood, Hermon Camp, Horace Mack, Jeremiah S. Beebe, David Hanmer, Ebenezer Mack, Ira Tillotson and Nicoll Halsey were made commissioners with the usual powers to re- ceive subscriptions. The entire amount of stock was taken in three days. In April, 1830, the real estate owned by the older institution was sold to the Bank of Ithaca. Following are the names of the first board of directors : Luther Gere, president ; A. D. W. Bnn^i, Daniel Bates, James Nichols, Benjamin Drake, Jeremiah S. Beebe, Henry Ackley, Calvin Burr, William Randall, .Stephen Tuttle, Jonathan Piatt, David Hanmer and Ebenezer Mack. The first cashier was Ancel St. John, who was succeeded by Thomas P. St. John and William B. Douglass. Subsequently this bank erected the brick building on the 103 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. south ■ side uf State street, which passed to possession of Treman Brothers, who made extensive alterations in its front. This building- is now the Itliaca post-ofifice. The charter of the bank expired in 1850. ToMi'KiNS County Bank. — This financial institution was chartered in 1830, with authorized capital of $350,000. The following- comppsed the first board of directors: Hermon Camp, president; Timothy S. Williams, Jeremiah S. Beebe, Horace Mack, William R. Collins, Robert Halsey, Edmund G. Pelton, Julius Ackley, Chauncey L. Grant, Moses vStevens, Edward C. Reed, Charles Davis, and Augustus C. Marsh. The first cashier was Seth H. Mann, who was succeeded by Nathan T. Williams. Upon his death he was succeeded by Philip J. Partenheimer, who had been the first book-keeper in 1830, and was promoted to teller upon the death of William Henry Hall. Mr. Par- tenheimer was succeeded by Henry L. Hinckley in January, 1881, who still holds the position. Succeeding Mr. Camp as president were Amasa Dana, and next, Chauncey L. Grant. The present capable official and astute financier, Lafayette L. Treman, assumed the office in 1873, and has therefore filled it for over twenty years. The present Board of Directors is composed as follows: Besides the officers above nained, John C. Gauntlett, vice-president; Roswell Beardsley, John Barden, L. R. King, Elias Treman, and Robert H. Treman. The bank has surplus and profits of about $78,000, and its average deposits are $300,000. The capital has recently been reduced to $150,000. Under the National Bank Act this institution was reorganized in 18UC, becoming the Tompkins County National Bank. The commodi- ous building now occupied by the institution was erected by it in the year 1838. In 1893 a Safe Deposit Department was added, in an exten- sion made to the original building. Mkkchants' and Farmers' Bank. — This financial institution was organized under the law on the 18th of April, 1838, with a capital of $150,000, which was equally divided between the three brothers, Timothy S. Williams, Manuel R. Williams, and Josiah B. Williams. After the death of the first two named, the bank continued with Josiah B. Williams as president, and was absorbed by the First National Bank in 1873. Chaiies E. Hardy was cashier during most of the life of the bank, and until his death. The First Na-iional Bank. — This bank was organized in 1864, with a capital of $150,000, by the following named persons: John McGraw, John Southworth, Ebenezer T. Turner, Ezi-a Cornell, Douglass Board- CITY OV ITHACA. Ki^ man, John C. Stowell, Joseph Esty, E. S. Esty, Alonzo B. Cornell, and George R. Williams. The capital remained as at first until 187:), when the Merchants' and Farmers' Bank was absorbed and the capital raised to $250,000, and so remains. The first president was Ebenezer T. Turner, and the first cashier, Alonzo B. Cornell. John McGraw suc- ceeded Mr. Turner as president: J. B. Williams next occupied the position, and he by Douglass Boardman, who filled the position until his death in August, 1890, when George R. Williams assumed the office. Henry B. Lord became cashier of the bank in 1800, and has faithfully and efficiently served in that capacity ever since. The direc- tors of this bank, besides the officers named, are as follows: John C. Stowell, vice-president; Calvin D. Stowell, F. M. Finch, Albert H. Esty, Samuel B. Turner, Truman Boardman, S. D. Halliday, R. B. Williams, Clarence H. Esty. The bank statement of October, 1893, shows a surplus of $50,000; undivided profits of $33,770.60; and loans and discounts of $330, 140.89. Deposits, $375,000. Savings Bank.— The first act incorporating the Ithaca Savings Bank was passed April 17, 18G3. No action was taken under that act and the charter was revived by an Act of April 3, 1808, which named the following directors: Ezra Cornell, Douglass Boardman, John H. Selkreg, William Andrus, Joseph Esty, John Rumsey, John L. Whiton, Leonard Treman, Obadiah B. Curran, George W. Schuyler, Wesley Hooker, and their successors. Ezra Cornell was made the first presi- dent of the institution, and was succeeded at his death, in 1874, by John Ruinsey, who had been vice-president from the first. He held the position until his death in April, 1882. John L. Whiton succeeded him on the 22d of January, 1883, and on his death Leonard Treman was elected, January 24, 1887. He died on the 20th of May, 1888, and on June G succeeding, Roger B. Williams, the present president, was elected. The other officers at the date of organization were William Andrus and George W. Schuyler, vice-presidents ; Obadiah B. Curran, treasurer and secretary; F. M. Finch, attorney. The office of vice- president is now filled by John H. Selkreg, first vice-president ; John C. Gauntlett, secondjvice-president ; W. J. Storms, secretary and treas- urer; Mynderse Van Cleef, attorney. In 1890 the bank erected the handsome and substantial building, a part of which it now occupies, at a cost of about $00,000, besides the site. The Ithaca Trust Company began business on the 7th of December, 1891, transacting a regular banking and trust deposit business. Its 104 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. capital is $100,000. Following are the first and present officers and directors of the company : President, Franklin C. Cornell; vice-presi- dent, Francis M. Finch; secretary and treasurer, Frederic J. Whiton; cashier, William H. Storms; attorney, Mynderse Van Cleef; directors, Charles F. Blood. Franklin C. Cornell, Albert H. Esty, Francis M. Finch, Elias Treman, Lafayette L. Treman, 'Samuel B. Turner, Charles E. Van Cleef, John C. Gauntlett, Levi Kenney, William H. vSage, David B. Stewart, Mynderse Van Cleef, Frederic J. Whiton, Charles M. Williams, Emmons L. Williams. Rkcorder's Court. — This court was established in the city by the law which founded the city government. May 2, 1887. Previous to that time the justices of the peace, constables and police had been relied upon to protect the property and persons of citizens of the place. The new charter provided that the then acting police justice should fill the office of recorder for the remainder of the period for which the justice was elected; but it so happened that the office of justice was vacant on the incoming of the new government, and the mayor appointed D. F. Van Vleet as the first regular incumbent of the position. He held the office until March 1, 1888, and was succeeded by Myron N. Tompkins, who was elected for a term of three years. Clarence L. Smith suc- ceeded him and served until March, 1 804. He was succeeded by Eron C. Van Kirk, who was elected recorder for a full term. The recorder has jurisdiction over all criminal business in the city, without a jury, and is empowered to hold courts of special sessions, and to admit to bail all persons charged with crime before him in cases of felony when imprisonment in the State prison on conviction cannot exceed five years ; with other various powers usually attaching to that office. The salary is $1,000 and use of an office. Court House, Jail and Clerk's Office. — The present court house, built in 1854, occupies the original site selected at the formation of the county in 1817. The structure at the time it was removed had some- what changed during the thirty-seven years it existed, but still had a most venerable appeai-ance. It was of wood, two stories high, and with a tower or steeple the architectural beauty of which was at the best unimpressive. The basement and a single room in the rear on the west side were the jailer's quarters for himself and his family; the front room was for jurors. A wide hall ran north and south through the building, with doors on either side, and on the east side were six cells for the safe keeping of prisoners, imless those who were detained CZL x^j{^i/C Cl'J'Y OF I'JMIACA. J (15 chose to saw through the wooden sides or doors or manipulate the vcry simple locks, which lacked nothing" in size but were sadly deficient in security. It was a very patient prisoner who would long remain there in confinement. '^J'^he locks at one time caused the jailer to become suspicious and he called in a locksmith to examine them. (Joing into his own rooms for keys, he found on his return that the expert had opened the doors by the aid of a crooked nail. The second story of the building was the court room, heated by stoves and lighted in the most primitive manner. John Graham, the murderer, was allowed by the sheriff to stand in the front window of the court room and attempt to address the crowd below, just before his execution on the 5th of May, 1843. The steeple of this court house was partially burned at the time of the destruction of the Baptist church by fire. Under the law of 1817, which organized Tompkins county, the free- holders of the new county were required to give bonds in $7,000 to be expended as the Board of Supervisors should direct, and Luther Gere, William R. Collins and Daniel Bates were the commissioners designated to superintend tlie erection of the building. On the 13th of April, 1819, an enabling act was passed by the Legislature empowering the supervisors to raise $;J,00() with which to finish the court house and jail. The commissioners who constructed the present court house seem to have been impressed with the idea that a vaulted room was the proper thing, and sacrificed acoustic and heating properties to please the eye. Thus judges, attorneys and litigants have lost volumes of eloquence which floated away into the peak where the mercury marked blood heat while the crowd shivered below. Under orders of the court the supervisors roofed over the room, and it is now possible to hear what is said therein and avoid the danger of freezing in zero weather. Money has also been appropriated to replace the old style furnaces and ventilate the structure. A law was passed on the 21st of March, 1821, providing for the erec- tion of a county clerk's office, the supervisors being authorized to raise $1,000 for the purpose. Luther Gere, Nathan Herrick and John John- son were the commissioners appointed by the act. This old clerk's office eventually became unsafe and inadequate for its purpose, and measures were adopted for building a new one. The old building was demolished and work was begun on the present clerk's office on the 2d of April, 18G2. Ifirt • LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. A new stone jail was erected on the east side of the court house lot in 1854. At that time the cells therein were deemed more than ample to contain all who might be confined there at any one time, but on many occasions their capacity has been fully tested. The jail cost be- tween $15,000 and |16,000. Streets. — The streets of Ithaca in years past were not such as to reflect the utmost credit upon the city, or to give the greatest pleasure to those who were compelled to use them most. But in quite recent years a sentiment has come into existence which will soon work a great change, the influence of which is already manifest. Under the act of 1882 the Ithaca Paving Commission was created in 1802, consisting of O. H. Gregory (deceased December 27, 1893), Holmes Hollister, Charles F. Blood, and ex-Mayor Henry A. St. John became a member by virtue of his office. This commission has taken an advanced view of the needs of the city as to its streets, and already most gratifying progress has been made in paving several of the principal streets in the most substantial inanner. Thea'i'er. — The village and city were long in need of better accom- . modations for public entertainments before measures were adopted to secure them. Finally in 1893 the Lyceum Company was incorpcjrated, with a capital of $31,500, for the purpose of erecting a modern opera house that would be worthy of the city. The following are the officers of the company: E. M. Treman, president; C. H. White, vice-presi- dent; B. F. Jervis, secretary; Fred. J. Whiton, treasurer. Directors: E. M. Treman, C. H. White, B. F. Jervis, F. J. Whiton, M. Van Cleef, R. A. Crozier, Charles M. Williams, L. L. Treman, vS. B. Turner. Stockholders: Elias Treman, R. H. Treman, Robt. Reed, John Fury, Geo. H. Baker, R. B. Williams, Geo. R. Williams, Wm. B. Esterbrook, De F. Williams, N. S. Hawkins, R. Wolf, F. W. Phillips, F. W. Brooks, S. H. Winton, J. M. Jamieson, L. R. King, Levi Kenney, H. E. Dann, J. M. McKinney, C. E. Treman. The site selected is a central and convenient one, the main entrance on Cayuga street, and the services of the well known theatrical archi- tects, Leon Lempert & vSon, of Rochester, secured. Plans were drawn and the work of construction was vigorously pushed during 1892-03. M. M. Gutstadt was given the management, and on the 27th October, 1893, the house was opened. This theater is one of the finest in the vState in all respects. It is on the ground floor, with balcony and gallery; is steam heated; has a CITY OF ITHACA. MiT seating capacity of 1,200, and foui- private boxes, and nineteen loges; sixteen exits from the auditorium on vState, Cayuga and Green streets. There are fourteen commodious dressing rooms, and the stage is forty by sixty feet, with a height of twenty-six and one-half feet in the proscenium arch. The cost of the theater and its furnishings was about $05,000. Since its opening, the Lyceum, as it has been appro- priately named, has had upon its stage many of the first class traveling companies, who have received a liberal patronage. The members of the Lyceum Company have conferred a permanent and worthy institu- tion upon the city. Puiu.ic HousKS. — The first public house in Ithaca that is entitled to the name was prc^bably the one built by Luther Gere on the southeast corner of Aurora and vSeneca streets in 1805, of which he was the owner and landlord. According to Mr. King, in 1800 a Mr. Hartshorn kept a tavern " just across the street south of the village hall," and another stood on the site of the Tompkins House, which was kept by Jacob S. Vrooraan. The tavern above referred to as kept by Hartshorn was built by David Quigg, and was. with a brick office built by Alfred Wells, removed in 1805, to clear the site for the Cornell Library. Vrooman called his house the Ithaca Hotel. In 1800 Luther Gere built the then grand edifice, mentioned by Mr. Clinton in his journal, which became widely known as the Ithaca Hotel, Mr. Vrooman having meanwhile changed the name of his house to "Tompkins," in honor of the then new governor, Daniel D. Tompkins. On the 27th of July, 1813, Mr. Gere sold his house to Elnathan Andrus, having occupied it only two years; he soon afterward removed to Cincinnati. Returning in 1810, he again took the hotel, but for only a short period; and in that or the following year he began erecting the "Columbian Inn," on the northwest corner of Owego (State) and Cayuga streets, previously the site of a little red house occupied by Higby Burrell. Gere's new house became a popular resort. It was afterwards kept by Joseph Kellogg, Jacob Kerr (from New Jersey), and Moses Davenport be- tween 1822 and 1825. Among them Abram Byington and Michael Blue kept the house, the latter in 1830; still later a Mr. Houpt was the landlord, and William H. Brundage kept the house for a time. Scwell D. Thompson, who kept the Clinton House in 1802, was the proprietor of the Ithaca Hotel in 1842-3. In 1831 the Columbian Inn was the scene of the murder of Mrs. Guy Clark by her husband (previously described), and naturally suffered from the unwelcome notoriety, and 168 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. soon after Mr. Brundag-e's proprietorship the building was dismem- bered, the larger part becoming the "Carson Tavern," on the west side of Cayuga street, between vState and Green streets. By a some- what strange coincidence that part of the building was the scene of another murderous plot, the result of which was the killing of a shoe- maker, John Jones, in ] 841. This part of the old hotel was burned June 10, 181:-'). Two other parts of it afterwards became dwellings. The popular "Grant's Coffee House" was built by a Mr. Teeter before the year 1811, for his own use; but he was soon succeeded by Jesse Grant, an enterprising business man, who gave the house its well known name and its great popularity. Mr. Grant had for a time after his arrival in Ithaca kept the hotel bxiilt by a Mr. Gere, corner of .Seneca and Aurora streets. The Coffee House was burned in 183:5 or J 835, and the Grant block erected on its site, after its occupancy by wooden buildings for a period. It was again burned in the forties and the present structure then erected. In comparatively recent years Chauncey L. Grant, son of Jesse, kept a coffee house on the same site. The Clinton House was begun in 1828 and finished in 1831, in sub- stantially its present form. It was for many years the most imposing structure in the village, and even now has not lost its dignified appear- ance, with its 120 feet of front and lofty pillars. The barns of the former Columbian Inn occupied a part of this site and became a stable for the Clinton House. The house was greatly improved in 1862, and has on several occasions been altered internally. Its registers have borne the names of manj^ of the most eminent men in the State. The house was kept for many years by Sewell D. Thompson, leasing it in 1850 for -fifteen years; but before the end of the term he purchased a one-third interest in the property, and Ezra Cornell bought the other two-thirds. Mr. Thompson subsequently became sole owner and was a popular landlord for more than thirty years. The house in now owned by John M. vSmith and kept by Charles Bush. The old Ithaca Hotel, built by Mr. Gei'e in 1809, was used as a hotel for more than half a century, but fell in flames in the great fire of Au- gust, 1871. The old house had been popularly managed after 1866 by Col. W. H. Welch, and for a few years before it was destroyed, by his son, O. B. Welch. The new hotel (the present one) was finished in 1873 at a cost of $64,000. It was opened by Colonel Welch and his son, and successfully conducted by them until the death of Colonel Welch in 1873, when a stock company bought the property, and the ci'i'v OF rniACA. uio management was jilaced in the liands of A. vSherman & Son, former! 3' of Syracuse. In 1880 Frederick Sherman withdrew from the business. In 1885 the management of the house passed to its present proprietor, Henry D. Freer, who has successfully conducted it since. Mr. Freer is also proprietor of the Taughannock House, a very popular resort at the celebrated falls of that name in the town of Ulysses. At this house he has made great improvements recently, and it is kept in fii'st-class style. The Tompkins House, corner of Seneca and Aurora streets, is one of the historic hotels of Ithaca and dates back to 1832. It was originally a story and a half structure, but in 1805 it passed into possession of vSamuel A. Holmes and A. B. Stamp, who rebuilt it and made it sub- stantially a new structure. Mr. Holmes withdrew from the manage- ment of the house in 1877, and Mr. Stamp conducted the house until E. B. Hoagland took it. The firm is now Hoagland & Lace)^ Besides these three old and well known public houses, there are, perhaps, a a dozen others of various kinds in different parts of the city, most of them established in recent years and not calling for especial mention in these pages. Manufacturils. ■ — In the course of the preceding pages many of the early manufactures of Ithaca have been necessarily alluded to, but a brief review of the various industries, past and present, is desirable. It has been stated that several of the very early, as well as later, man- ufactories were situated on Fall Creek. This property was owned in early times by Benjamin Pelton,* the conspicuous pioneer, who bought nearly 200 acres on lot 94. On the 20th of May, 1813, Mr. Pelton sold to Phineas Bennett 170 acres from the north end of lot 94, and in 1814 the latter built a grist mill a little east and south of the site of A. M. Hull's present mill. The water was carried to the wheel in a wooden flume framed into the rock along the south side of the stream, from a point above the main fall down a considerable distance, when it was taken in a channel in the rock. Bennett gave Pelton a mortgage for 1 Mr. Pelton was in the Revolutionary array as a lieutenant and a captain ; was present at the attack on Quebec, and stood near General Montgomery when he fell. After the war he drew three bounty lots of 600 acres each, but not in the town of Ulysses. He may have exchanged a. part of that land with Van Rensselaer for his Ithaca possessions. He was father of Richard W. and E. G. Pelton, and brother of Dr. William Pelton. He died in Ithaca at his residence on Seneca street about the year 1830. 22 IVn LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. $4,000 on the property, whieh was assigned to George Wells; he fore- closed it, and the property was bid ofif by David Woodcock for |3,2G0, on the 11th of January, 1817. In some manner Mr. Bennett and his son seem to have again acquired or to have retained an interest, as in- dicated by the fact that December 14, 1816, they conveyed to Abner Howland the land on which stood the chair factory of the latter, to- gether with " water from the falls " sufficient to run the factory. On July, 14, 1819, the Bennetts conveyed to Barney McGoffin and Ansel Bennett for $1,600 " all the plaster mill and carding room in same, for and during the time the same shall stand." This plaster mill and carding machine had, of course, been established in the mean time. On the 32d of April, 1817, David Woodcock and others conveyed to Frederick Deming and Jonathan F. Thompson, for $600, a piece of land fifty feet square immediately east of the bridge over Fall Creek. Those two men built tin oil mill on the land, and were soon (1820-31) succeeded by Thompson & Porter, who added a distillery. Thompson & Porter were already leading merchants in the village. In June, 1822, Mr. Thompson sold his mercantile interest to his partner, Sol- omon Porter, and greatly increased his distilling business; he adver- tised at one time for 100 head of cattle for stall feeding. Above the oil mill stood a saw mill which Bennett had rebuilt about 1816-17; it was probably first built before Bennett's purchase of 1813. Just above this saw mill a dam was erected across the creek into which the water from Bennett's plaster and grist mills discharged through a flume in the rock. In 1 822 a small foundry stood near the saw mill and was owned by Origen Atwood and Sylvester Roper; it is said that the smelting furnace was made of a potash kettle. On the 9th of November, 1827, Jeremiah S. Beebe bought of David Woodcock 125 acres of land, including the grist mill before referred to. The mill then had two run of stones and was carried by an overshot wheel. At that date the plaster mill was under lease to Gere, Gunn & Nichols, and the distillery was leased to Gere & Gunn for ten years. Mr. Beebe continued to operate the grist mill without much alteration until 1830, when he entirely rebuilt it, and engaged Ezra Cornell to run it. In the following year ho began the construction of the histor- ical' tunnel. This then remarkable engineering project was carried forward under Mr. Cornell's direction and finished in the summer of 1832. It was cut from the rock, about two hundred feet in length, twelve feet wide and thirteen feet high, and was completed at the small CITY OF ITHACA. 171 cost of $2,000.' A dam was built above this tunnel from which the water flowed through the tunnel and then through an open raceway to the mills. The old flume was abandoned. On December 1, 1838, Horace Mack, of the firm of Mack & Ferris, and John James Speed (see history of the town of Caroline), of the firm of Speed & Tourtellot, purchased the Beebe grist mill and power for $36,000. They can-ied it on only one year. They built the old store- house at the steamboat landing to facilitate their grain handling. April 1, 1840, Mr. Mack conveyed his interest in the mill to Chauncey Pratt and Chauncey L. Grant. In 1840 the Ithaca Falls Woolen Man- ufacturing Company purchased the property and enlarged the mill and put in woolen manufacturing machinery, making the building five stories in height. This organization seems to have been badly man- aged ; stock was taken by farmers and other citizens to a large amount. In the latter years of its existence it was conducted at a loss, the de- ficiency being made up by assessments, until in 1851 the entire build- ing and its contents were; destroyed by fire. It had, however, been disused some time previous to the fire. In 1864 Henry S. Walbridge became owner of the property and built a new grist mill on the old foundation. He failed in business and the property passed to posses- sion of A. M. Hull, who has conducted the mill ever since. A stock company has just been formed called the Fall Creek Milling Company, of which A. M. Hull is president. On the 16th of July, 1819, Otis Eddy and Thomas S. Matthewson purchased of Phineas Bennett (before mentioned), and others, a small 1 " I have this day paid a third visit to Fall Creek for the sole purpose of viewing that stupendous work of art called the Tunnel, which conducts part of the waters of the creek from a point a few rods above the first fall, and within sight of the second, to the mill site at the bridge. . . . The entrance for about twenty feet is from 16 to 20 feet in width, top square, allowing for the ruggedness occasioned by the blast- ing, The remaining 180 feet is pretty much in the shape of an arch way, making the same allowance for the effect of blasting. Along this subterranean passage, to accommodate those who wish to pass through it, Mr. Beebe has had pieces of scant- Img placed transversely about four feet above the base at proper distances through- out the whole length, over which are laid strong oak plank; on these we walked safely through, the water rolling on below us, and over our heads a solid roof of rock from twenty to forty feet thick, till it reaches the soil above. . . . This magnifi- cent work of art — the Tunnel — of which perhaps there is nothing in this country in the annals of individual enterprise to exceed it, was commenced as above mentioned in 1831." Mr. Southwick, from whom we have before quoted in these pages, and who wrote the foregoing, was nothing if not enthusiastic when writing of Ithaca. 173 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. piece of land, four rods by five, on which they built the first paper mill in Tompkins county. Chester Walbridge soon afterward obtained an interest in the business, and continued until April 1, 1822, with Mr. Matthewson, Mr. Eddy having retired in August, 1820. In October, 1823, Mack & Morgan purchased an interest in this mill, then publish- ers of the American Journal and proprietors of the bookstore on State street. The mill for years afterwards did a large business in making printing and writing papers, one part of it being devoted to the manu- facture of wrapping paper exclusively, under the management and partial ownership of James Trench. Both mills finally pas.sed to Mack & Andrus, by whom they were improved from time to time. The white paper mill was nearly destroyed by fire in 1846. The proprietors im- mediately built a white paper mill at Forest Home, then known as Free Hollow. In 1851 they rebuilt the brick mill at Fall Creek and removed the manufacture there, abandoning the Forest Home property. Mack & Andrus were succeeded by Mack, Andrus & Woodruff; Andriis, Woodruff & Gauntlett ; Andrus, Gauntlett & Co. ; Andrus, MaChain & Co., and finally from Mrs. Mary L. McChain, the wrapping mill passed to its present owners, Enz & Miller, in 1887. Wrapping paper is principally made, about twenty-five tons a week being turned out. The other mill making book and newspaper papers at Fall Creek passed through various hands to S. H. Laney, of Elmira, and from him to M. H. Arnot. In February, 1892, the Elmira Stamping and Paper Company was incorporated, with A, A. Watters, president ; T. H. Far- ley, vice-president; P. B. Smith, secretary. C. A. Brown is superin- tendent. White paper only is made. The business of tanning leather is almost alwaj's a pioneer industry in all new settlements in this country, the cause of which is obvious in the ready siipply of bark. Captain Comfort Biitler, who came to Ithaca before 1808, built a tannery on the southeast corner of Aurora and Buffalo streets, the latter street not being then open. In later years the building became a residence. This tannery was conducted prior to 1831 for some time by William- Butler and George Carpenter, who dissolved partnership in August of that year, and Captain Butler commanded a boat running between Ithaca and Syracuse. He was drowned in Cayuga Lake, November 21, 1821. One of his daughters was the wife of A. P. Searing. In April, 1822, Rev. William Brown leased the tannery. One of his ad- vertisements reads: " If there should beany gentlemen who wish to CITY OF ITHACA, 173 have their hides or skins tanned on shares, they may rely they shall have justice done them." The italics are his. Daniel Bates settled in Ithaca about 1812, and purchased of Mr. Gardner a tannery which stood on the east side of Aurora street, nearly opposite where William W. Esty recently lived, on the (then) north branch of the Six Mile Creek. To obtain additional water Mr. Bates built a dam in Cascadilla Creek, directly south of the Cascadilla Mill, diverting the water into a raceway. Cooper, Pelton & Co. succeeded Mr. Bates in the tannery, and it afterwards passed, with other property, to John Tichenor. It. long ago oisappeared. In 1816 George Blythe built a wool carding and cloth dressing fac- tory on Aurora sti^eet, north of the tannery of Mr. Bates and directly over the creek. In May, 1820, it was removed by its builder to Ben- nett's plaster mill at Fall Creek, and in 1825 he transferred the machin- ery to the mill then owned by A. D. W, Bruyn on Six Mile Creek. It mvxst have been brought back to its original site, for Samuel J, Blythe was operating it there in 1841, and afterwards George J. Blythe carried on the business. Virgil D. and Ben Morse had an oil mill which they operated many 5'ears on the lowest water power from the Willow Pond. The business was finally abandoned. A Mr. Robinson built a grist mill prior to 1818 on Six Mile Creek, which in the year named passed to Archer Green, and David Booth Beers put a carding machine in the building. A. D. W. Bruyn next owned the property about 1825, and Otis Eddy carried on a small cot- ton factory there. It was to tliis building that Mr. Blythe transferred his wool carding business in 182G, as above stated. The structure was changed in 1838, under the ownership of Jacob M. McCormick, into an oil mill. About the year 1851 it was superseded by him with a flouring mill, which was burned in 1853. General John Smith * purchased the Solomon Bryant farm on East Hill some time between 1795 and 1801, and soon afterwards became inter- ested in real estate on the flat, which included the site of the historical ' John Smith and R. W. Pelton laid out in lots that part of Aurora street from the bridge to Seneca street. This was before 1814 Smith's plat of Ithaca village is mentioned many times in the old records of real estate in the section alluded to. Lot No. 1 of Smith's plat was the southeast corner of Seneca and Aurora streets, which is mentioned in old records as ' ' the same premises formerly occupied by Luther Gere.'' 174 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Halsey's mill, which stood nearly on the site of the abandoned electric light and power station, which is now used only as a storehouse for idle cars. Smith probably built a grist mill, and perhaps a dis- tillery, and the grist mill he sold to Judge Salmon Buell before 1811. About 1814 Judge Buell conveyed the mill property to David Woodcock and Daniel Shepard, and they, in September, 1818, to Phineas Bennett and Phineas Bennett, jr. The Bennetts purchased also land west' of the mill site on the turnpike (now State street). In December, 1820, the Bennetts sold a quarter interest to Edward Davidson, and a little prior to this the three partners (Bennetts and Davidson) joined in an agreement with Daniel Bates to permit on their part the waters of Six Mile Creek to be conveyed by the channel already formed to Mr. Bates's tannery; Mr. Bates agreeing on his part to de- fend any suits for damage that might be brought by reason of such diversion. This agreement caused much subsequent litigation. Mr. Bates and Archer Green were contemporaries in the use of the water, which did not always supply both the mill and the tannery; hence, in the summer of 1833, Green built a dam which kept the water from the north branch. Bates removed the dam, which was replaced by Green. Finally the two met one day and Bates threw Green into the creek. Mr. Bates then sought his supply of water from the Cascadilla, as be- fore stated. In the year 1830 C. W. E. Prescott opened .a store on the west side of Aurora street, near State. In 1831 he removed to his new store, then lately built on the corner of Tioga and State streets, now owned by James T. Morrison. In 1833 he built the "Ithaca Brewery," on the east side of Six Mile Creek, below Clinton street. The brewery in 1836 passed to O. H. Gregory and Wait T. Huntington, who were then in mercantile business in what became a part of the Treman, King & Company's store. The brewery became the property of Mr. Hunting- ton, and the business was supei-intended for years by Mr. Gregory. After passing through various ownerships, and continuing in operation to about the time of the breaking out of the war, the building was burned in 1878. In 1834 Jonathan Bridges built what was called the " Eagle Factory," on the northeast corner of Cayuga and Clinton streets, water power being taken from Six Mile Creek with a dam a little north of Clinton street. Mr. Bridges manufactured woolen goods here for many years. The property passed into the hands of James Raymond, but the CITY OF ITHACA. J 75 business was finally abandoned and the building was vacant for many years, except as it was the headquarters of the Millerites during the excitement preceding the date when they believed they were to be transferred to another and a better sphere. The sect was quite numer- ous and very enthusiastic, and there are probably persons living in Ithaca to-day who threw away money publicly, upon the expectation that they would never have an opportunity of spending it. The night of the expected end of all things earthly some rogues set fire to the building and it was burned down. In the year 1832 Alvah Beebe built a stone grist mill on the Spencer road, a short distance from its intersection with Cayuga street ; the power V\fas from Six Mile Creek, by a dam a few rods below the site of the brewery, the water running in a race cut in the shale rock on the southerly bank of the creek. The mill was burned in 1840. In 1826 a cotton factory was started on the East Hill by Otis Eddy, who had already begun the business in a small way, as before stated. On the 4th of July of that year the foundation of the dam, which still exists, was laid by Mr. Eddy, assisted by Joseph Esty, Joel Palmer, Isaac Kennedy, and the usual contingent of boys. This dam and the Willow Pond at Cascadilla Place were finished and the mill started about the beginning of 1827. The building was of stone quarried near by. It will be remembered that Solomon Southwick described the property in 1834 as "a cotton factory, store, and about twenty dwell- ings." The factory contained 1,600 spindles and turned out 1,000 yards of cotton cloth daily. The mill property was bounded on the west by Eddy street, as now opened, and extended east along the Cascadilla. The manufacture of cotton goods was abandoned after twelve years as iinremunerative, and the old factories, which had long been unoccupied, were removed in 1866 to make room for the large stone structure called Cascadilla Place, now owned by the university. A machine shop was also established on the East Hill by Otis Eddy, and there Ezra Cornell began work in 1829, under a year's engage- ment. This was removed and Cascadilla Place erected on its site. The manufacture of hats was carried on in Ithaca at an early day somewhat extensively, as it was then in many small places. Henry and Julius Ackley came from New London, Conn. , to Ithaca in 1809, and were long residents of the place. Both built dwellings for them- selves. Henry Hibbard came soon after the Ackleys and joined with them, under the firm name of Ackleys & Hibbard, in the manufacture 17G LANDMARKvS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. and trade in hats. They were in business on the corner of Buffalo and Aurora streets, and about 1815 removed to a brick structure, the first one built in the place, erected by William Lesley, on the 'north side of Owego (now State) street, east of Aurora street. Julius Ackley retired from the firm in 1830, and the other partners, under the style of Ackley & Hibbard, removed to another store " a few rods west of the hotel " on Owego street. Julius Ackley then began business again in the former location, and soon after took another brother. Gibbons J. Ack- ley, as partner. A few years later he joined with Ebenezer Jenkins in a general store on the southeast corner of State and Cayuga streets, where he had erected a brick building (now occupied by Treman, King & Co.). John Whiten had a cabinet shop in 1816-17 on the west side of Au- rora street just south of Seneca. He removed to another location and was succeeded by his son Luther. John Whiton died March 24, 1827. His son who bore his name was long a prominent business man, and sons Luther and George also carried on a cabinet and furniture estab- lishment on Aurora street. The present Cascadilla grist mill was built in 1840 by T. S. Williams, who died in 1848 and the property passed to vSage & Shaw. The firm afterwards changed to J. E. Shaw & Co., and in 1858 it was purchased by H. C. Williams. It is now owned by the Williams estate, and is under lease to John E. Van Natta. The account of these old industries may be closed with a little more of Mr. Southwick's Writing concerning them. He says: I descended the creek again, and determined to take a walk along the northern verge. The first object that presents itself here is General Simeon De Witt's grist mill,' erected twenty years since. It has two runs of iJtone, is farmed out to Mr. John Brown, and grinds on an average 25 bushels per day; can grind 100. Next comes William P. Stone's window-sash, picket and lath factory ; here about 50,000 lights are turned out annually. A looking-glass factory is the next establish- ment, not, however, in a flourishing condition at present. Next to this is John J. Hutchings's chair and turning factory. Only from three to four hands are employed steadily in this factory, which turns out about 1,000 Wind- sor chairs annually. Present price from $10 to #12 per dozen. The grist mill, the sash and the chair factories are carried on by water power. Immediately above the chair factory is a lai-ge building erected for an oil mill, and used as such for some time, but is now at a stand. > Near the mill was also a distillery, owned by Mr. De Witt. The structure used as a grist mill is now the plaster mill of Mr. H. C. Williams's estate, but the distillery has not survived the " tidal wave " of time. CITY OF ITHACA. 117 Thk Ithaca Calendar Clock Company. — This has long been one of the leading industries of Ithaca, and the village has the honor of being the place of residence of the inventor of the first calendar to be moved by machinery. The inventor was J. H. Hawes, who took out his patent in 1853. It did not register the extra day in February in leap year, and was otherwise imperfect. In 1854 W. H. Akins, ' of Caro- line, invented an improvement on this calendar, removing most of its defects, and he sold his rights to Huntington & Platts, who brought it to Ithaca to the Mix Brothers to manufacture. These brothers made further improvements for which patents were granted in 1860 and 1862, and after a few years of manufacture of large bank clocks, Hunt- ington & Platts sold out their rights to the Seth Thomas Clock Com- pany. In the years 1864-5 Henry B. Horton, of Ithaca, a very ingen- ious inventor, perfected a new perpetual calendar, the best one yet made, and in 1865 took out his patent. This patent, with subsequent ininor improvements, passed to the Ithaca Calendar Clock Company, which was formed in 1868, with John H. Selkreg president; Samuel P. Sherwood vice-president ; Wm. J. Storms secretary and treasurer. The capital was only f8,000, and the manufacture began on a very limited scale ; but the clock was a success and found a ready market, and the business developed rapidly. About 1869 the works were removed to a large building on State street, and the biisiness continued to increase until 1874 when Messrs. Selkreg and Sherwood were succeeded as president and vice-president by B. G. Jayne and Hervey Platts, and the capital was increased to $150,000, while a large three story brick building was erected on the old fair grounds. On February 12, 1876, the entire works were burned, and were immediately' rebuilt. In the fall of 1877 Charles H. White succeeded Mr. Storms as secretary and treasurer, and H. M. Durphy was given the general superintendence. At the election of officers in 1894 Charles H. Blair, Otis E. Wood and Charles H. White were chosen to respectively fill the offices of presi- dent, vice-president and secretary and treasurer. The clocks produced by this company have a world wide reputation for excellence. 1 Mr. C. F. Mulks, of Caroline, is authority for the statement that Mr. Akins in- vented the first successful sewing machine feed, the news of which reached some one of the manufacturers of the early machines, who came on and ofEered Mr. Akins 1500 for his invention and would give him but an hour to decide. Akins was a poor man and accepted the pittance for what was worth a fortune. 23 17.S ' LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The AuToi'HONE Company. — This company was formed to mantifac- ture a musical instrument which is largely automatic, and is the result of inventions of Mr. Henry B. Horton, the inventor of the calendar clock. Many attempts were made to produce a musical instrument which could be played by the uninitiated, and still rise above the toy in character. This desired result is produced by the autophone and its much more valuable successor, the roller organ, which the Autophone Company now manufactures almost wholly. The first patents were granted to Mr. Horton in 1877 and 1878, and were followed by his device for cutting the paper music used in the instruments. A com- pany was thereupon incorporated in 1879 by Francis M. Finch, H. F. Hibbard, and H. B. Horton. Accommodations for manufacturing the autophone were seciired in the Clock Company's building, and the popularity of the new instrument was such that the capacity of the works had to be increased several times within the first few years of the business. The manufacture of the original instrument has been now almost wholly superseded by the roller organ, which has been de- vised by the company, an instrument that is far superior to its prede- cessor. Several styles, varying in price, are made, and an almost unlimited collection of music, from which selections may be made, is kept on 'hand. The officers of the company are H. A. St. John, presi- dent; H. M. Hibbard, treasurer; W. F. Finch, secretary. The tannery of Comfort Butler has been mentioned. In the year 1833 Joseph Esty came to Ithaca to become one of its leading citizens. He borrowed $1,000 and at first leased the small tannery, and by indus- try and economy he was able in 1833 to purchase of Simeon De Witt the lot at the corner of Tioga and Green streets, where he erected a large tannery, sinking forty pits in the ground. From 1840 to 1845 Alexander Hart was partner in the business, and from that date to 1853 the firm was Joseph Esty & Son. This was succeeded b)-^ his son, Ed- ward S. Esty; the latter was for many years prominent in the various affairs of Ithaca. (See biography). The tannery was burned in 1871, but was rebuilt on a much larger scale in the western part of the village, and the firm was long in the front rank of the business men of the place. The capacity of the tannery was 50,000 sides of sole leather annually. The firm also operated two other tanneries, one at Candor and one at Cattatonk, in Tioga county. The whole tanning interest was sold out to the United States Leather Company of New York, and Clarence H. and Albert H. Esty are managers of the industry for that company. ,,(, ; :'.ifi«'- y ^ - ^^6. ^ W> JBJNit.. B^ '••1 f W^ ^^p '5S iff) '^-^ E % > .. i-/' ms ^ ^'*^^' ^'f'': %'-:^H ^HH ^i ^^o HHjl^^T'''' ^ !^m^ ^^^^^^^^^^IRi Hs^S^fcv ^P ' CITY Ol' rrilACA. 170 On the site of the Phoenix Iron Works was in early years the foundry of Vincent Conrad, which liad been operated still earlier by others. It passed to proprietorship of Moore, Hackett & Company, and later to Titus & Bostwick, who established and largely developed the manufac- ture of the Ithaca wheel horse rake. (See biography of Charles M. Titus). In 1870 the business passed to Bostwick & Williams, who were succeeded in 1872 by Williams Brothers (George R., Henry S. and Roger B. Williams). Since 1883 it has been conducted by Roger B. Williams. The works comprise one of the largest and most successful industries in the city, and manufacture rakes, steam engines, grain sowers, straw and feed cutters, and do a general machine business. As far back as 1830 a foundry and machine business was in operation on the site of the Masonic Temple on Tioga street, by McCormick & Coy. This concern changed hands frequently, and in 1841 J. S. Reynolds began learning his trade there as a moulder. In 1861 Mr. Reynolds leased the property. In 1865 he took as a partner John B. Lang, a skillful machinist, and the business has continued successfully. The works were established on Green street in August, 1870, where they now are. vSteam engines, portable saw mills, land rollers, plows, horse hoes and cultivators, etc., constitute the leading articles made by the firm. Mr. Reynolds died on October 31, 1891. The Hague Horseshoe Company was incorporated in 1889, with a capital of $50,000, by B. F. Slocum, C. H. Wilcox, William Wilcox and Japhet George, and the works occupy a part of the old Ithaca Organ Company's building in the western part of the village. In 1892 it was changed to the Ithaca Drop Forge Company; capital, $26,000; with C. H. Wilcox, president; William Wilcox, secretary, and B. F. Slocum, manager. A general drop forging business is carried on and special- ties made of the champion chain pipe wrench and the Hague expansion horse shoe. The fame of the late W. H. Baker as an inventor of guns and their fixtures is well known, and fortunes have been made from them. His latest gun was devised to supply the great demand for a firearm of moderate price and which should at the same time combine all the best qualities of the higher priced arms. Wheii the new invention was about perfected Mr. D. Mclntyre and J. E. Van Natta became inter- ested in it, and in February, 1883, a partnership was formed by the three men named under the title of the Ithaca Gun Works to manufacture the new gun. In the same year the brick building formerly occupied 180 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. by the bending works at Fall Creek was purchased and the manvif acture begun. The gun found a ready market and the sales rapidly increased, rising from a very small number daily to about twenty per day. The gun was greatly improved and special tools manufactured for its various parts. The demand was so great for the new arm that in 1889 the company built anew two-story and basement brick structure, 3G by 105 feet, in which is now located a large part of the gunmaking machinery, as well as the company offices. A new hammerless gun has recently been put on the market by the company which excels in many respects. The company now bears the name of the Ithaca Gun Company and is composed of D. Mclntyre estate, L. H. Smith and George Livermore. In another part of this work is given a sketch of another prominent Ithaca inventor, Charles M. Clinton. A few years ago Mr. Clinton became associated with James McNamara in perfecting a new and im- proved typewriter, on which they have both worked ever since. Patents have been secured on several most valuable improvements, and these and the entire control of the machine have passed to the Ithaca Gun Company, who have put in a plant especially for its manufacture. As this work is going through the press, the new typewriter is about to be placed on the market, with every prospect of its taking rank with the best in the country. The glass industry has long been a prominent one in Ithaca. The Ithaca Glass Works were established in 1874, changed owners in 1876, and were successfully conducted until 1883, when they were destroyed by fire. The establishment was rebuilt in 1883 under direction of Richard Heageny, the superintendent, who had been with the company since 1876. At the time of the rebuilding the officers of the company were C. F. Blood, president; D. F. Williams, vice-president; William N. Noble, treasurer; Bradford Almy, secretary. In 1889 the works passed under control of the United Glass Company, and are now closed. In 1882 B. F. Slocum, who had recently come to Ithaca, organized the Washington Glass Company, and was made president and manager of the company. A ten-pot factory was erected and the manufacture of window glass begun. The factory was burned and rebuilt under Mr. Slocum's management in the same year. The business was fol- lowed with success until 1889, when it was also merged in the United Glass Company. ■> CITY OF ITHACA. 181 The Empire Glass Company was permanently organized in 1893 with J. George, president; E. S. Slack, vice-president; Stephen Hutch- inson, treasurer; W. F. George, secretary. Besides these there were in the Board of Directors, C. H. White, E. Gillette, W. Carman, James Hutchinson. The capital was $12,000. The company occupied the factory formerly used by the Washington Glass Company, and have since then carried on a prosperous business. The directors of the company are Adam Frederick, William Carman, Stephen Hutchinson, Edward Slack, W. F. George, Charles H. White, Edward Gillette; J. George, president; W. F. George, secretary; Stephen Hutchinson treasurer. Hermon V. Bostwick has carried on an extensive cooperage business since 18G7. In 1873 his factory was destroyed by fire, but he rebuilt on a larger scale, and has since turned out annually a large quantity of barrels, firkins and other cooper's products. The factory is equipped with all modern machinery for the business. The lumber manufacturing industry has not been large for many years, the business now being mostly of a local character. Howell & Van Houter established a lumber business on the corner of Tioga and Green streets in 1871, which was purchased by George Small in 1870. In 1881 he built a three-story brick structure and put in modern ma- chinery for working lumber in the various forms required by builders and others. He has two large yards and handles a large quantity of rough and finished lumber annually. W. H. Perry established a planing mill, lumber business, etc., sev- eral years ago and is still conducting a large and successful business. Dixon & Robinson have a planing mill, lumber and coal yards, and manufacture doors, sash, etc., near the Inlet. They began the business in 1888. The firm is composed of George J. Dixon and Rodney G. Robinson, both natives of Ithaca, and they are doing a successful busi- ness. It will be inferred that the boat building business has been large in Ithaca, and it is still carried on extensively by the veteran William Jarvis and by B. F. Taber, both of whom have turned out many beauti- ful examples of the boat-builder's art. Mr. Jarvis came to America from England in 1869, and soon afterward to Ithaca. He has a boat yard, a boat livery and a summer hotel at the steamboat landing. There are many other small industries varied in kind and magnitude, detail of which would be out of place in this work; and when the sub- 182 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. ject is exhausted it can hardly be said that Ithaca is noted as a manu- facturing center. Whether it will ever be depends of course upon its citizens; but the natural tendency would seem to be towards develop- ment of its mercantile interests as against manufacturing. The uni- versity brings to the place a vast amount of mercantile trade and the local merchants show enterprise and activity in seeking it, to the neglect of manufactures. Moreover, Ithaca in the past has been the theater of several large industries which, for one reason or another, were doomed to early and disastrous failure; a fact which may serve to deter others from entering the field. Among these was the Ithaca Organ Com- pany, the Ithaca Manufacturing Works, and some others, the his- tory of which is well known. The place now enjoys excellent shipping facilities, is centrally located, possesses unbounded water power, and thei-e would seem to be no good reason why it should not become a center of extensive manufacturing operations, such as Mr. Southwick saw in his mind's eye sixty years ago. Saut Discovery.- — In the year 1890 a company was incorporated in Ithaca for the purpose of boring a well in the hope of striking gas. The work was begun and completed to the depth of more than 3,000 feet in December of the year named. At a depth of 700 feet a vein of mineral water was struck; and at about 1,800 feet a vein of rock salt was encountered which proved to be about 300 feet thick. Thfe boring was continued but without reaching the hoped for gas. Aboiit f5,000 were expended in the attempt. Another well was finished a little south of the city in 1892, under direction of Jesse Johnson, .from which is taken now an excellent min- eral water, the health giving qualities, of which have been quite thoroughly tested and with good results. The depth reached is about 600 feet, and veins of the water were struck at 300, 430, 480, and 555 feet. The combined qualities of the water are said to closely resemble those of the Hathorn spring at Saratoga. The water is on sale at drug stores. The cost of the experiment was about $1,500. The De Witt Guard.— The De Witt Guard, also known as Company A, Fiftieth Regiment of the National Guard of the State of New York, was organized in 1851 and the first regular meeting held December 31 of that year. Philip J. Partenheimer was chosen captain and held that position ten years. On the 2d of June, 1861, the company tendered its services to the general government. This offer was repeated June 17, 1863 On the 25th of April, 1864, the third offer was made, and on the i:^^^^^^<,^^ ^ CITY OF ITHACA. 1«3 28th of August the offer was accepted and the company detailed for one hundred days' service at Ehiiira. On the 2d of September the company left for Elmira and the same afternoon was mustered into the service of the United States, with the following officers in command: Charles F. Blood, captain; Levi Kcnncy, first lieutenant; Joseph Esty, jr., second lieutenant; John C. Hazen, orderly; Calvin C. Greenly, second sergeant; Edwin M. Finch, third sergeant; Henry A. St. John, fourth sergeant ; Barnum R. Williams, first corporal ; Uri Clark, second corp- oral ; John C. Gauntlett, third corporal ; Alfred Brooks, fourth corporal. The company was mustered out of service on the 2d of December, 18G4. The roll of the company shows that 202 persons joined the organization. Of these eighty-two served either in the army or the navy during the war; eighty- eight did not, and twenty-nine names appear of whom no knowledge can be obtained. The company was always a self-support- ing organization, receiving nothing beyond arms from the State, and had raised and expended for company purposes from members up to 186G, $2,720.56. The company is not now in existence. PuHLic Schools. — As an introduction to a description of the schools of Ithaca, it will prove interesting to make some extracts from the writings of W. T. Eddy on the subject. After mentioning the building of the academy in 1818, he says: The School District No. 16 hired the lower part of the building for its school. The building was of wood and stood afterwards at the back and east of the later academy. I had previously been to school in rooms on Aurora street, kept by Hannah Eddy ; but our first teachers were Mr. Heacock and Miss Lydia Hibbard, afterwards Mrs. Smith, in the academy building. Miss Lydia Hibbard was a person of such amiable disposition that of all of the children she taught (and they were many) there is not one but looks back to her with love and affection. After describing some of the pranks of the scholars and the early methods of punishment, Mr. Eddy continues : Wait T. Huntington was our next teacher ; then A. H. Shaw, who was afterwards a member of the Legislature. After Mr. Shaw came Mr. Griswold, but I never went to him, having been promoted to the upper part of the building under Mr. Phinney, who was principal of the academy. The schools of Ithaca were for a long period conducted on the Lan- casterian system, as they were in most localities. This system de- veloped from the old common schools. Early in the period during which the Lancasterian system was in vogue here and between 1827 and 1832, a Mr, Hulin was the principal teacher, and was succeeded by 184 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Isaac Day. In 1838 he was followed by William P. Pew, who raised the Ithaca school from a very ordinary standard to a high degree of efficiency and attendance. During his period of teaching (about fifteen years) he raised the attendance (the population increasing largely, of course, in that time) from only 125 to over 1,100. Graded schools were established in place of the former system in 1853-4. Mr. Pew was succeeded by M. R. Barnard, who was long principal of the graded school here. In the year 1854 W. R. Humphrey read in the central school build- ing in Ithaca a trustees' report which embodied a good deal of valuable historical material relative to the early schools of the village. From that paper we draw liberally. The first meeting in the old school dis- trict was held at the first school house in 1810, and Luther Gere was chosen chairman and George W. Phillips secretary. The school house stood on the academy grounds and was an old red building. When this school house was erected or who was prominently connected with its erection, is not prominently known. It was destroyed by a mob or a mass meeting which probably gathered for that purpose. At the meeting above alluded to, David Woodcock, John C. Hayt and William R. Collins were appointed trustees for the year 1810, and Arthur John- son, clerk. The meeting resolved to raise $30 by tax, " for the purpose of furnishing wood and other necessary repairs to the school house." At a subsequent meeting held that year at the house of E. Andrews, " for the purpose of taking into consideration measures to build a school house," Luther Gere was chosen chairman. It was there resolved to rescind the resolution of the first meeting, and it was resolved "That we build a school house this fall;" also, "Resolved that there be a committee appointed of those that belong to the lodge [Fidelity Lodge] for the purpose of assisting in building said school house." In pursuance of this resolution Luther Gere, C. B. Drake and Ira Tillotson were appointed the committee in reference to the lodge, and Luther Gere, Ira Tillotson and D. Bates a committee to secure a site. The meeting then adjourned two weeks. On the 21st of September they again met, and the committee on site reported that they had agreed to build the school house on the southeast end of the public square (the present High School Square), "joining the southwest corner of W. Mandeville's lot." Mr. Tillotson's proposed plan was adopted, and the committee authorized to build accordmgly, provided the lodge would pay the committee f 250 that year and $260 whenever CITY OF ITHACA. 185 the lodge saw proper, to finish the upper part of the building. Al- though the adjournment of that meeting was for three months, there is no record of another until November 17, 1817, when one was held at the Columbian Inn, "for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of building a school house." Archer Green was chairman of this meeting, and Ii^a Beers secretary. It was then resolved to raise $76 towards a new building, but this amount was raised at the same meeting to $300. Adjournment was taken for three months, but again it was September 28, 1818, before the next meeting was held. With Luther Gere in the chair it was resolved to provide a room immediately in which to continue the school, and the meeting was adjourned to re- convene on the 2d of October following. On that day it was " Resolved, that this district unite with the inhabitants in building a school house with an academy." This was the first feeble germ of the old and his- toric academy. It was moved and seconded that G. Benjamin, J. Johnson, and David Ayres be a committee to circulate subscription papers for the object in view, and that David Woodcock and J. Collier be a committee to draft the subscription. It does not appear that the soliciting committee met with the most abundant success ; money was very scarce in those days, even with men who were in successful busi- ness or perhaps owned much property. Another meeting was held at the Columbian Inn on the 12th of Oc- tober, at which James Nichols, Otis Eddy and Ebenezer Mack were elected trustees, and Benjamin Drake, collector; David Ayres, clerk; and Luther Gere, David Woodcock and William Linn were appointed a committee to correspond with General Simeon De Witt respecting a a site for a school house. At a meeting on the 33d of October it was resolved to lay a tax of $400 for building a school house, and ' ' Archer Green, David Wood- cock and Luther Gere were made a building committee for the academy." On the 8th January, 1819, a special meeting was held in the district school room of the academy building (which was then so far progressed as to make it possible to use that room), and Mr. Eddy made a report of the cost of building the academy, which was accepted; Mr. Drake reported on the condition of collections on the $300 tax of 1817, which was not so satisfactory, a large part of it remaining uncollected. At a meeting held February 5, 1819, it "was moved and seconded and carried that the trustees be authorized to negotiate with the lodge 24 186 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. respecting certain lumber and make such arrangement as they think proper." At a meeting held February 21, 1820, Mr. Lyons, the teacher, at his own request and on motion of Mr. Woodcock, was given leave to give up the school. It was also unanimously resolved ' ' That the present trustees of this district be and are hereby authorized to exonerate from the payment of the wages of the teachers of the district school, for the present and the last quarter, all such poor persons within the district as they shall think proper, and to collect the whole of such wages from all such other persons as shall not so be exonerated." At a meeting on January 19, 1821, Charles Humphrey in the chair, Charles W. Conner, David Woodcock and Nathan Herrick were chosen trustees. A. D. W. Bruyn acted as clerk, and David Ayres was chosen collector. On the 30th of May, 1821, it was resolved to raise $167 to pay Otis Eddy arrearages in building the school house. February 7, 1822, it was voted "That the members of the district 'now present pro- ceed to nominate some person as an instructor for the ensuing season ; whereupon W. T. Huntington was nominated by a large majority." In October, 1822, the St. John's Episcopal Society was given the privilege of occupying the west room of the lower floor of the academy " for the space of four years." Previous to this time the Methodists and the Presbyterians had been given privileges to hold services in the school building. On the 13th of May, 1825, David Woodcock, Luther Gere and Stephen Mack were appointed a committee on the part of the district to confer with the trusteesof the academy in reference to the title to the build- ing used by the academy and the common school ; and also to negotiate with the academy in reference to a sale of the .building. The commit- tee reported that they considered two schools in the same building as incompatible with each other; that the district had paid $()32.63 towards the academy; that Mr. Eddy had a claim for building of $880.57, half of which he was willing to relinquish, provided he could get the other half, which, in the opinion of the conamittee, was a fair and liberal proposition. The committee finally recommended that the district sell their interest in the academy building, provided the academy paid the district the amount the district had expended on the building, which was agreed to. On the 11th of October, 1825, the trustees were ordered to build a new school building as soon as practicable. In September following, at a meeting held at Jesse Grant's coffee house, $000 were CITY OF ITHACA. 187 voted to be appropriated towards the payment for the lot on the corner of Mill and Geneva streets, and also for the new school house. The building was finally finished, and the first annual meeting held therein on the 9th of October, 1827. This was the site of the later Lancasterian school, taught long by Wm. P. Pew, as before stated. The school prospered in that building until 1840, when the increased number of pupils made it necessary to provide greater accommodations ; the buildingf was accordingly enlarged to double its first capacity. The enlarged structure was used until 1853, when steps were taken to build the structure which was in use until 1874, as noted further on. In Mr. Humphrey's paper he pays tribute to the high character and unselfish labors of the men whose names have been given here in the cause of education at a period when it was most difficult to carry out their plans. He says that in 1852-3 there were in the district about 2,000 children entitled to a seat in that school; the building contained seats for 1,000 scholars, and the school was divided into three depart- ments — primary, intermediate and higher. The trustees in 1853 were' W. R. Humphrey, Douglass Boardman and A. Spencer. The dedica- tion of the new school house took place in January, 1854. Returning now to our account of the old academy, we find that Rev. Samuel Phinney was the first principal after the separation of the acad- emy from the district school ; he began in January, 1836, and continued until 1839.. Since that time the principals were John P. Hendrick, began in May, 1839; William A. Irving, May, 1831; James F. Cogswell, September, 1838; William S. Burt, September, 1839; James Thomp- son, April, 1843 ; Samuel D. Carr, July, 1846 ; Samuel G. Williams, July, 1859 ; Wesley C. Ginn, August, 1869. The presidents of the. Board of Trustees were as follows : Rev. Will- iam Wisner, elected April, 1835; Daniel L. Bishop, December, 1827; Henry. Ackley, 1848; Augustus Sherrill, 1850; Nathan T.Williams, May, 1854; Henry S. Walbridge, May, 1858; Douglass Boardman, October, 1868. The academy was generally prosperous, and acquired an extended and honorable reputation, but it was considerably crippled for financial aid. This was rendered more onerous through a large number of per- petual scholarships which had been sold to tide over periods of special embarrassment. These were extinguished in 1839, by purchase, under the management of William Andrus, who was long its faithful treasurer. 188 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. In 1840 the brick extension of some fifty or sixty feet long, was erected. Under the financial direction of Mr. Andrus for about thirty-five years the institution accumulated a fund of about $10,000, the interest of which, since the establishment of the new school system in 1874, has been appropriated to the Cornell Library, for the purchase of books. The annual catalogue of the academy for 1840 gives the following as the teachers: William S. Burt, principal; William G. Mitchell, Alfred vStebbins, Miss Aurelia Matson, Miss Amanda Stebbins. In the class- ical and higher English department there were in that year sixty-five male students and one hundred females ; primary department, thirty- nine males and fifty-nine females. Among the male names are many who have since become prominent in business and official life ; among these are the late Edward S. Esty, Francis, Joseph, Rufus,Wm. E. and Warren L. King, Ferdinand and Henry Partenheimer, Francis M. Finch, and many others. The catalogue states that board can be obtained at the "Academy Boarding House " at $1.50 per week. A perusal of the ■ various catalogues since that time to 1 874 will reveal the fact that many of the leading men of Ithaca have been educated, or partially educated,, in or connected with the old academy. Under the act of April 4, 1874, the schools of Ithaca were incorpo- rated by the following persons: Douglass Boardman, Benjamin F. Taber, John L. Whiton, William L. Bostwick, Rvifus Bates, John Gauntlett, Francis M. Finch, Peter B. Crandall, Joseph C. King, H. D. Donnelly, Marcus Lyon and E. S. Esty. On the date just mentioned the schools consisted of the academy, the central school, and a school at Fall Creek in an old building of little value. Under the new union free school system the old academy became the property of the village and all the schools passed under the control of a board of commissioners and a superintendent. The first board of 1875 were: E. S. Esty, Francis M. Finch, Marcus Lyon, Joseph C. King, Frederick K. Andrus, Francis O'Connor, Peter B. Crandall, John L. Whiton, William L. Bostwick, Benjamin F. Taber, John Gauntlett, Henry D. Donnelly. The first officers were E. S. Esty, president; John Strowbridge, secretary; Charles A. Hart, treasurer; H. H. Moore, collector. The first principal of the High School was Fox Holden, who continued to 1880. He was succeeded by D. O. Barto, who continued until 1893, with the exception of two years, during which he was absent by resignation on account of the illness of his wife. He was succeeded by F. D. Boynton, the present principal. CITY OF ITHACA. 189 In August, 1875, L. C. Foster was chosen superintendent of schools and has held the office without interruption since. In this most respon- sible station Mr. Foster has succeeded in placing the schools of Ithaca upon a high level, while his entire devotion to the duties of his office, his constant study to keep abreast or aliead of tlie time in educational affairs, give him the entire confidence of the community. With the incoming of the new system, the commissioners at once began improvements in the school buildings. The first of these im- provements was the erection of the West Hill School at a cost of about $16,000, with the lot; this building was commenced in 1874. In 1879 the Fall Creek Building was erected at a cost of about f 10, 000. Then followed an expenditure of about $4,000 on the Central Building.' In 1881-82 the East Hill Building was erected at a cost of about $12,000, with the lot ; but the greatest improvement in educational facilities, and one that reflects honor upon the city, is the present beautiful and com- modious High School Building, which was erected on the site of the old academy in 1884, at a cost of over $55,000. In 1893 an annex was built containing accommodations for about 200 scholars, at a cost of $15,000. This building is admirably adapted to its purposes, and embodies all the latest improvements for the successful teaching of students, their healthfulness and convenience. The Board of Education for 1893-94 is as follows: Albert H. Esty, John J. Glenzer, Franklin C. Cornell, Arthur B. Brooks, Roger B. Will- iams, Henry A. St. John, Benjamin F. Taber, Albert M. Hull, Charles M. Williams, E. Kirk Johnson, Elias Treman, Cornelius Leary. Officers: Roger B. Williams, president; Luther C. Foster, superin- tendent and secretary; Isaac C. Andrews, treasurer. Faculty: Frank D. Boynton, A.B., principal, mathematics; Harriet W. Thompson, preceptress, German, French, literature; Belle Sher- man, A.B., natural and physical sciences, history of England, Greece and Rome; Myra L. Spaulding, English; Nettie Baucus, American history, civil government, and instructor of Teachers' Training Class; Lottie A. Foster, Ph. B., Latin; Bertha P. Reed, Greek and mathe- matics; Hollis E. Dann, principal of the commercial department and instructor of vocal music. The annual report of the superintendent of schools made in October, 1893, shows some interesting facts and statistics. The school population in 1891 was 2,763, against 3,000 in 1893. The number registered in all 100 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the schools in 1891 was 1,947; in 1893 it was 2,010. The number of days' attendance in 1891, 280,531;' in 1893, 292,323. The average daily- absence fell from 90 in 1891, to 88 in 1893. The total cost per pupil for all ordinary expenses in'l891 was |17.99; in 1893 it was $17.71. In 1891 there were 170 non-resident pupils; in 1893 there were 191. The receipts for tuition in 1891 were $2,723.20; in 1893 they were $3,493.88. The gross sum for teachers' salaries in 1893 was $21,110. The total receipts for the year were $38,272.20; the disbursements were within about $000 of this sum, over $10,000 of which was for buildings and sites. The schools of Ithaca are now conducted upon a high plane and with the best results. The High School is fast becoming a very impor- tant factor in the preparation of scholars for Cornell University. President R. B. Williams says in his report: The schools of Ithaca hold a proud position in the State and are looked upon as models by many of our neighbors. Our duty is to so support and conduct them that they may never recede from this position, but continually advance, to the growing honor of our city and to the advantage of our children. The high position that they now occupy is largely due to the ability of our superintendent and his superb corps of instructors. Our policy should ever be to obtain and retain such talent, and while expecting the highest grade of ability and service, we should not overlook the fact that it is worthy of liberal compensation. Cornell Library. — Various efforts of little importance in their re- sults were made to establish libraries in Ithaca long before the benefi- cent act of Mr. Cornell. There was a " Methodist Theological and Historical Library Association " in 1821, and " The Ithaca Methodist Literary Society " in 1820, and the " New Jerusalem Church Library " in 1831 ; but, as would be inferred, the collections of books made by these organizations were small and soon dispersed. By an act of the Legislature passed April 5, 1804, the Cornell Library Association was incorporated. Under this act Ezra Cornell caused to be erected the commodious and handsome brick structure on the corner of Seneca and Tioga streets, costing with Mr. Cornell's donation of books, at the date of dedication, over $05,000. This building, denominated the Cornell Library, besides the library and reading rooms, contains a fine hall for public exercises and other excellent rooms for business purposes, whose rental was designed to sustain the library free of cost to patrons. It has more than accom- plished this- purpose, the receipts proving sufficient to pay expenses and add yearly many volumes to the library. . CITY OF ITIIACA. 191 Under the. will of the late John Rumseythe library received a legacy of about 111, 400. The use of the academy fund of $10,000 has for several years past enabled the trustees to increase the yearly acquisitions to a total of about GOO volumes. There are now upon the shelves. over 11,000 vol- umes, many of them very rare and valuable. With few necessary exceptions the books of this library circulate free within the limits of Tompkins county to all the inhabitants thereof who comply with the few conditions imposed to secure their proper use and prompt return. The library was appropriately dedicated on the evening of December 20, 18U6. Officers of Library for 1894: A. B. Cornell, president; Wm. R. Humphrey, vice-president; R. B. Williams, secretary; D. F. Finch, treasurer; S. H. Synnott, librarian. Trustees: F. C. Cornell, Albert H. Esty, D. F. Finch, C. J. Rumsey, R. B. Williams, Wm. R. Humphrey. Ex-ofificio Trustees: Mayor of the city, superintendent of schools, chief engineer of fire department, chairman of the Board of Tompkins County Supervisors, and pastors of the established churches of Ithaca. CHURCHES. The first regular religious organization in Ithaca was the Presbyterian society, organized January 24, 1804, by Rev. Jedediah Chapman, a missionary from the General Assembly. The society then numbered thirteen members, and was named ' ' The South Presbyterian Church in Ulysses." On the minutes of the Presbytery it was called " Ulysses Second Church," and was so called until the name of Ithaca was applied to it. The young church went under charge of the Oneida Presbytery, and on the organization of the Presbytery of Geneva in 1806 was assigned to that body. In August, 1816, it was transferred to the Pres bytery of Cayuga, and on the formation of the Presbytery of Ithaca was assigned to that. From 1805 -to 181G Rev. Gerritt Mandeville served the church, and was succeeded by Rev. William Wisner. The services were then held in the old school house near the academy ; in the fol- lowing summer a barn was used that stood on the pastor's lot, and soon afterward a loft in a building owned by Levi Leonard. After preach- ing one year as stated supply Mr. Wisner was installed pastor in Feb- 103 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. ruary, 1817, and the following year the services were transferred to the new church in the park. In 1825 the congregation had become suf- ficiently large to need more room and the church was accordingly enlarged; the number of members was then 203. In the fall and winter of 1826, 220 persons were added to the church, and in' January, 1831, 224 others were enrolled. In April of that year Dr. Wisner was, at his own request, dismissed from the charge. At that time the church had nearly 800 members. Succeeding pastors of the church liave been Rev. William Page, one year; Alfred E. Campbell, 1832-34; John W. Mc- Cullough, 1834-38; Dr. Wisner, who had returned to Ithaca, 1838-48, when his health failed; Se den T. Haynes, 1849-50; Wm. N. McHarg, 1850-57; T. Dwight Hunt, to 1860; David Torrey, D.D., March, 1800; Theodore F. White, November I, 1865, to 1877; M. W. Ktrykcr, and the present incumbent. Rev. A. S. Fiske. The present church officers are: Elders, Chas. F. Blood, John C. Stowell, George R. Williams, J. T. Newman, Arthur B. Brooks, Ed- ward P. Gilbert, Uri Clark; deacons, Wm. J. Storms, Oliver L. Dean, Geo. S. Rankin, Francis M. Bush; trustees, Elias Treman, Geo. R. Williams, C. D. Stowell, Thos. G. Miller, C. F. Blood, A. H. Esty. Jared T. Newman is Sunday school superintendent. The old church building was torn down in 1853 and the present building erected, and preparations are now in progress for the building of a modern and beautiful church edifice. It is said that Methodist preaching was heard in the house of one of the pioneers, John McDowell, in June, 1793, the minister being William Colbert, who was on his way from Niagara to Ithaca and Wilkesbarre. His report to the Conference led Bishop Asbury to form that immense region into a circuit and appoint James Smith preacher; this was called Seneca Circuit, and Valentine Cook was presiding elder. Others who were connected with the early ministrations here were Alward White, John Brodhead, Cornelius Mars and Thornton Fleming. A revival occurred in 1794, under Mr. Brodhead, and a class of- eighteen persons was formed. After several changes in the boundaries of the circuits in this section, and a period from about 1800 to near 1817 in which the class was disbanded, a Methodist society was founded largely through the efforts of David Ayres, who began business as a merchant in the year last named ; he was from New York city. Meetings were begun in the fall in the loft where the Presbyterians had previously met, with Rev. James Kelsey, grandfather of Geo. W. Apgar, the present post- CITY OF ITHACA. 193 mastei- of Ithaca, as preacher, and at a meeting held in the school house a society was organized composed o£ the following persons: David Ayres and his wife, William Dummer, Anson Titus and his wife, Elizabeth Sydney, Maria Wright and Mary Barber. In 1818 Rev. George Harman took the charge, and was succeeded in the following year by Rev. George Densmore, under whose pastorate a church build- ing was begun and finished in 1820, at a cost of $5,000. The lot was donated by Mr. De Witt for the purpose at the northwest corner of Aurora and Mill streets. The building had a modest tower in which was placed the first church bell in Ithaca. The building was completed only by the most persistent work on the part of Mr. Ayres and others. William R. Collins, Archer Green and Jesse Merritt were the building committee, and Ira Tillotson did the work. Rev. Elias Bowen suc- ceeded Mr. Densmore, and then came Revs. Fitch Reed and Dana Fox on the circuit. In 1823 the preachers on the Ithaca and Caroline cir- cuit were Loring Grant and Wm. W. Rundell. Benjamin Sabin took the church in 182G and brought it out of some internal troubles that had afflicted it, and increased the membership from ninety-six to three lumdrcd and forty-nine in one year. A separate society was organized in 1851 which drew many from the older church, but it continued to prosper and in 1806 was forced to build larger for accommodation of the congregations. In that year they built on the same site the present brick edifice, which has cost, with the parsonage, more than $25,000. In 1801-2 the Gee Memorial Chapel has been added to the church in memory of Mrs. Gee, at a cost of $3,000, and in the latter year a new system of ventilation was put in and the church was renovated, fres- coed, and the interior made substantially new, at a cost of about $2,000. The present pastor of the church is Rev. C. E. Mogg, who came in October, 1800, succeeding Rev. G. W. Chandler; both of these paslor- ■ ates have been remarkably successful, and the society is now one of the most prosperous in the interior of the State and numbers 077 members, with a Sunday school having an average attendance of about 366. Officers of the church are as follows: Presiding elder, E. J. Hermans, Elmira; member of Annual Conference, Hiram Gee; local preachers, W. N. Tobie, Prof. H. S. Jacoby, C. G. Shaw, S. E. Hunt; superin- tendent of Sunday school, Ellsworth D. Wright; stewards. Prof. G. S. Moler, W. B. Georgia, Prof. F. D. Boynton, H. N. Hodson, F. W. Treman, M. M. Dayton, Prof. H. S. Jacoby, R. C. Osborn, I. J. Ma- comber, D. N. Van Hoesen, H. J. Jones; trustees, T. J. McElheny, ?5 194 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. George Livermore, F. J. Enz, B. F. Taber, H. B. Wright, A. C. White, George W. Frost. State Street Methodist Church. — What was then known as the Seneca Street Methodist church was organized February 3, 1851, with the following trustees: Henry H. Moore, Benjamin Taber, Daniel F. Hugg, Charles S. Miles, and Joseph C. Burritt. The corner stone of a wood church was laid July 30, 1851, the site being on the corner of Seneca and Plain streets, and the dedication occurred November 20 following, when only the basement of the building was furnished. The structure was completed in the following summer. This building suf- ficed for the congregation for about twenty-five years, when the corner stone of the handsome brick edifice on State street was laid August 39, 1878. Rev. W. H. Giles is the present pastor, beginning in October, 1803. The trustees are Alexander Minturn, Henry S. White, George E. Buck, James Osburn, John S. T. Beardsley, Abram Van Order, R. E. Gager. The superintendent of the Sunday school is Prof. H. S. Goodsell. Free Methodist Church. — This society was organized in 1871, the first pastor being Rev. Benjamin Winget. The church edifice was erected in 1872 at an expense of $3,000. The church has been prosper- ous and now has a membership of thirty. The present pastor is Rev. Charles Balch. The Zion Methodist Episcopal church was organized about 1825 and has continued in prosperity since. In 1834-35 their meetings were held at the house of Rev. Mr. Johnson, their pastor. They afterwards built their church on Wheat street, which was used until they built their present meeting house. The present pastor is Rev. H. J. Callis. The Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Society (colored) is an offshoot from the society just mentioned and was organized in 1857. They built a church on North Albany street, and the present pastor is Rev. Mr. Irwin. St; John's Episcopal Church. — This church was organized in 1822 at a meeting held in the Methodist Chapel on the 8th of April. Mis- sionary work had been done in Ithaca prior to that time by Rev. Dr. Babcock and "Father Nash." In the latter part of 1822 and in ]823 the society used the west room of the academy, where Rev. Samiiel Phinney preached as the first regular rector. He was succeeded after one year by Rev. Ezekiel Geer, who served until 1828, the society CrfY OP ITHACA. 195 growing encouragingly. Meanwhile, in 1824 a lot on the corner of Buffalo and Cayuga streets was purchased and there the first house of worship was erected, and opened for worship on Christinas eve of that year. The structure was of brick, but very plain. During the ministry of Rev. Ralph Williston, who succeeded Mr. Geer, the church was en- larged. In 1831 Rev. Dr. Carder came to the church and remained three years. Mr. Geer then returned for two years and was succeeded by Rev. F. T. Todrig, who remained only a short time. After an interval of two years, during which services were irregular, Rev. Dr. Judd in 1838 assumed the pastorate, and remained until 1842. Rev. Dr. Walker was then called and faithfully served the church for twenty- three years. In 1844 the church was enlarged and changed, and in the following year the ladies of the congregation purchased a parsonage. In 18G0 the old church was demolished and the present edifice erected on the site. Dr. Walker resigned in 18G5, and was suc- ceeded by Rev. W. A. Hitchcock, as acting rector. He was succeeded in 18G0 by Rev. J. W. Payne, and the pastors since then have been Revs. Jarvis Spaulding, Pliny B. Morgan, George P. Hibbard, Amos Beach, S. H. Synnott. The principal officers of the church are: Wardens, L. L. Treman, H. V. Bostwick; vestrymen, S. G. Williams, Dr. Gc(n-gc W. Mclotte, D. W. Burdick, F. J. Whiton, S. B. Turner, C. B. Brown, George W. Apgar. Within the past two years the church edifice has been enlarged by adding about sixteen feet in length and practically rebuilding the interior. A new brick Parish House was built on a lot purchased next south of the church, at a cost of $0,000, in 1801. A parsonage with a very large lot attached, situated on East Buffalo street, was purchased, and is now occupied. The First Unitarian Society of Ithaca. — This society was orig- inated in the autumn of 18G5 by Rev. William H. Fish, then of Cort- land, in concurrence with Rev. Charles Lowe, secretary of the Ameri- can Unitarian Association, and Rev. Samuel J. May, of Syracuse. Judge Alfred Wells was one of its first officers and took, perhaps, the most active interest in its inauguration. The first services were held in the village hall on the 15th of October of that year. Rev. Samuel J. May officiating, and regularly continued services by different ministers were held there, until the first Sunday in February, 18G6, when they moved into the Cornell Library Hall, then newly finished, which they occupied most of the time until May, 1873. Rev. E. C. Guild was installed its first pastor, October 16, 18GG, remaining two years. Rev. J. C. Zachos 196 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. was pastor for one year. Rev. Dr. R. P. Stebbins preached November 7, 18G9, was called to the pastorate, and remained until September 30, 1877. His administration was remarkably successful. In 1871 a lot was purchased on the north side of Buffalo street, a little east from Aurora street, and a building erected, which was first occupied May 7, 1873. The first cost of this building including lot was $13, .500. Revs. Henry C. Badger, Alfred E. Goodnough, John W. Day, and J. F. Dut- ton were pastors until 1801. In the fall of that year Rev. John M. Scott became its pastor; under him the society gathered new life. In February, 1893, its building was destroyed by fire; efforts were im- mediately begun to raise funds for a new building, when, to their sur- prise and delight, so many expressions of sympathy and good- will, and so many and substantial offers to help in the rebuilding were freely given, that the trustees decided to select a more desirable site and build a handsome stone church that would be suited to their wants for many years to come. They secured what seemed the best possible location, the corner of Aurora and Buffalo streets, have their building nearly finished, and hope to dedicate it in April free from debt. This beauti- ful structure is an ornament to our city, and in every way worthy of its architect, W. 11. Miller, and its builder, W. 11. I'crry, and of the small society that undertook the large expense. The present officers are Prof. George C. Caldwell, Prof. J. E. Oliver, Prof. C. L. Crandall, William H. Perry, William M. Smith, Charles H. White, trustees; C. C. Piatt, treasurer; George Small, secretary. The First Baptist Church. — This church had its origin in the Spencer chui'ch, now of West Danby, when twenty-five members joined on the 25th of September, 1821, in forming a "Conference by the name of the Baptist Conference of Danby." This conference was recognized as an independent church on the 13th of November, 1821, by a council composed of the Second Ulysses, the Dryden, the Spencer and the Third Ulysses churches. Meetings were held at first in school houses and private houses. Elder Chester Coburn served as pastor until July, 1825, and was succeeded by Elder Caleb Nelson, who con- tinued to October, 1820. The organization was then transferred to Ithaca and became " The First Baptist Church of Christ of Ithaca." The first meeting here was held in the court house on Wednesday, Oc- tober 18, 1826. O. C. Comstock was the pastor for about a year. Elder John Sears became pastor May 10, 1827, and on the 28th of that month a meeting was held and the church organization perfected under CITY OF ITHACA. 107 the statute by the name of "The Trustees of the First Baptist Church in Ithaca;" nine trustees were elected. The first church building was erected of brick at a cost of about $7,000 on the site of the present church, and was first occupied in March, 1831. The following pastors have served this church: Elder Sears retired in 1831; N-. N. Whiting, James R. Burdick, Calvin Philleo, C. G. Carpenter, S. S. Parr, David Bellamy, Jirah D. Cole, H. L. Grose, Aaron Jackson, F. Glenville, William Cormack, J. M. Harris, J. N. Folwell, C. J. vShrimpton, C. A. Harris, Hermon F. Titus. On the 11th of January, 1854, the church was destroyed by fire, and on the site was erected an edifice costing about $10,000, which was demolished to make room for the present stone edifice, costing about $35,000, finished in 1892. The present church officers are as follows: Rev. R. T. Jones, pastor; deacons: Theophilus Drake, M. P. Ellison, John Northrop, Charles F. Rappleye, E. M. Latta; church clerk. Miss Helen M. Elliott; trustees: Prof. James Law, J. J. Trench, E. M. Latta, J. B. Lang, John North- rop, O. R. Stanford. The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. — This society was or- ganized April 2, 1830, by Rev. John H. Schermerhprn, and was com- posed chiefly of persons who had been dismissed at their own request from the Presbyterian vSociety, of whom there were thirty-one. Daniel Bishop, Isaac Carpenter, Augustus Sherrill, were chosen elders, and Levi Kirkham and Daniel Pratt, deacons. Rev. Alexander M. Mann, D.D., was appointed missionary by the Board of Missions, and began his services in June, 1830; he was made regular pastor December 11, 1830, and resigned in 1837. The first meetings were held in the acad- emy, but the church building was erected in 1830-31 on the corner of Seneca and Geneva streets. Various changes have been made since in the interior of the building. On the 30th of April, 1873, the organiza tion was changed after some legal controversy to ' ' The First Congre- gational Church of Ithaca. " Rev. Dr. vStrong, and, after, Rev. C. M. Tyler, were called to the pastorate. The articles of faith were adopted October 1, 1874. The pastor, Rev. C. M. Tjder, was installed by a council of Congregational churches November 18, 1874. On October 22, 1878, the number of active mem- bers was 144, and of families 95. The present constitution was adopted March, 1880, and the new church edifice, which cost thirty thousand dollars, was built in 1883 and 1884. A notable event was on April 4, 198 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. 1885, when forty persons were admitted to membership at one com- munion. In 1890 Rev. C. M. Tyler, D.D., was called to the professor- ship of the History of Religions in Cornell University, his chair being founded by the mtinificence of Mr. Henry W. Sage, who is a regular worshiper in the Congregational church, and who has already given to the university over $1,300,000. After nineteen years of pastor service in Ithaca, Dr. Tyler sent in his letter of resignation September 2, 1801. In the mean time the church had called the Rev. W. F. Blackm^m from the Congregational churchof Naugatuck, Conn. Mr. Blackman's letter of acceptance is dated August 38, 1891. He began his labors by preach- ing, vSeptember 20, and was installed by council December 1, 1891. One of his former parishioners at Naugatuck having founded a pro- fessorship of Christian Sociology in Yale Divinity School, and having nominated his former pastor as occupant of the chair, Mr. Blackman resigned his pastorate in Ithaca and ceased his labors in June, 1893, re- pairing to Europe for a year's study, preparatory to entering upon his new duties. The present pastor of the church is the Rev. William Elliot Griffis, D.D., well known as the author of several works upon Japan, in which country he was in the educational service of the Japanese government, introducing the American public school system. Graduated from Rut- ger's College, New Brunswick, N.J., in the class of 1809. Mr. Griffis, after traveling in Europe and completing one year's theological study at New Brunswick, spent four years in the Mikado's Empire; returning he was graduated from Union Theological Seminary in the class of 1877, and was settled as pastor of the First Reformed church at Sche- nectady from 1877 to 1886, and in Boston as pastor of the Shawmut Con- gregational church from 1880 to 1893. He was called to the Congre- gational church of Ithaca May 22, 1893, and began his labors July 1. The church is at the present time in a high state of prosperity. In 1884 the old church became insufficient for the needs of the society and the present edifice was erected. Elders: Pliny Hall, Samuel D. Sawyer, George F. Beardsley,' Marcus Lyon. Deacons: John J. Glenzer, John L. Morris, Orange P. Hyde, Henry A. St. John; church clerk, George F. Beardsley; church treasurer, Samuel D. Sawyer. Trustees of the Corporation: Samuel H. Winton, John L. Morris, William N. Noble, Henry B. Lord, George H. Northrup, Charles W. Gay, John J. Glenzer, William A. Church, Henry A. St. John; secre- tary of corporation, George H. Northrup; treasurer of corporation, William A. Church. CITY OF ITHACA. 199 Catholic Church. — The first Roman Catholics came to Ithaca about 1830, and soon afterward they began having religious services in a private dwelling. Their first church organization was effected under the pastoral charge of Rev. Mr. Gilbride, and a small church building was ei-ected on Geneva street. During the incumbency of Rev. Ber- nard McCool the present church was erected. In 1884 a parsonage was built at a cost of $5,000. The society is now under charge of- Rev. Father Alfred J. Evans. SECRET SOCIETIES. li'idclity Lodge V. & A. M. No. 5L was first organized in Trumans- burgh, Tompkins county, N. Y., June 34, 1818, as Fidelity 309, charter dated June 8, 1818. Henry Taylor, Master, and Edward B. Ely, Zach- ariah P. Smeed, Horace Osborne, Elijah H. Goodwin, Almon Wake- man, Luther Foote, Daniel Starkweather and Peter Hager constituted the charter members. Henry Taylor was the first Master. The lodge prospered until 1827, to the time of the anti-Masonic trouble, when it was dangerous to meet, and gradually dwindled to twelve members. In July, 1828, the lodge room was broken into and the jewels stolen, and have never been recovered. During this trouble the change of number was made from iJOO to 51. In 1840 the lodge was removed to Ithaca and meetings were held on the third floor of the building first west of the Culver Block. They afterwards moved to the old Coffee House Block, and from there to Odd Fellows Hall, and in 1871 moved to the Masonic Block, and January 1, 1893, removed to their present quarters in the Savings Bank Building. The present membership is 217, and officers are: Frank H. Romer, M. ; Henry L. Peters, S. W. ; C. C. Garrett, J.W. ; A. L. Niver, C. A. Hart, C. J. Rumsey, trustees; W. B. Georgia, sec; H. L. Estabrook, treas. ; John Rife, S. D. ; George S. Tarbell, J. D. ; Geo. Lattemore, S. M. C. ; Clarence W. Peirce, J. M. C. ; Lucius Mastin, Tiler. Eagle Chapter R. A. M., No. 58, was organized February 6, 1817; charter granted to Lewis Beers, Archer Green and E. Champlin, and prospered until 1829. From 1830 to 1860 no records are found. The chapter was reorganized May 29, 1850, with Wait T. Huntington, High Priest; Jacob McCormick, King, and Caleb B. Drake, Scribe. The membership now is 204. Present officers: H. L. Peters, High Priest; 200 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. John Barnard, King; John Rife, Scribe; A. W. Force, Sec; L. G. Todd, Treas. St. Augustine Commandery No. 38, dispensation granted December 6, 1800, was organized October 2, 1807. The charter members were J. B. Chaffee, Samuel L. Vosburg, Wm. Andrus, James Quigg, Geo. E. Terry, J. M. Kimball, Miner Culver, Frank J. Enz, Philip J. Part- enheimcr. First Commander, J. B. Chiiffce; first (Jcneralissimo, S. L. Vosburg; first Captain General, P.J. Partenheimer ; no Prelate; S. W., Alfred Brooks ; J.W., Dewitt J. Apgar; Treas., James M. Heggie; Re- corder, Marcus Lyon; Standard Bearer, Wallace W. Barden; Sword Bearer, Joseph M. Lyon; Warder, J. M. Kimball; Captain Guard, J. R. Wortman. Officers for 1803: Charles C. Garrett, Commander; Henry L. Peters, Generalissimo; James A. McKinney, Captain General; George W. Melotte, Prelate; Frank E. Howe, Senior Warden; John Barnard, Junior Warden; Charles G. Hoyt, Treasurer; Albert W. Force, Re- corder; Jacob Peters, Standard Bearer; Jesse W. Stephens, Sword Bearer; Cary B. Fish, Warder; John H. Henry, Thad. S. Thompson, George S. Tarbell, Guards; Charles E. Whitlock, Organist; Lucius Mastin, Sentinel. Trustees: Leroy G. Todd, CoUingwood B. Brown, Oliver L. Dean. Past Commanders: Marcus Lyon, Jerome B. Teed, George H. Northrup, Frank J. Enz, Ralph C. Christiance, Charles M. Benjamin, Albert W. Force, George W. Melotte, Charles F. Blood. The present membership of the commandery is 314:. " Hobasco, " a Hebrew word, meaning when translated "a hiding place in the rocks, " or "a secret place in the mountains." Hobasco Lodge, No. 71(1, F. & A. M., was organized under a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of the State of New York, and its first meeting was held in Odd Fellows Hall (the Hibbard Block) on the corner of State and Cayuga streets in Ithaca, N. Y., on the 19th day of October, 1871. The officers present at its opening were as follows: Hon. Mills Van Valkenburg, W. M.; William Andrus, S. W. ; D. P. Shai-p, J. W. ; James Quigg, J. D. ; N. J. Roe, Secy., A.. O. vShaw, of Fidelity Lodge No. 51, Tiler; Bro. S. L. Vosburg. A charter was granted to the lodge, dated Jime 8, 1872, with the following named officers: Hon. Mills Van Valkenburg, W. M. ; William Andrus, S. W. ; Alfred Brooks, J. W. ; who with the following named Masons constituted the charter members, Philip J. Partenheimer^ Den- Sackett's Minutes of township of Ulysses, which covered the history of every lot, states that No. 2 was drawn by Abner Trimming, but all authorities show that Abner Treman was the person indicated. 28 318 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. more timid by their demands for a sleeping place ; but they were harm- less. Henry McLallen remained on the farm, having bought out the interest of his brother, and he afterward purchased the Waterburg Mills. The little settlement around Treman's Mills increased in numbers, and in 1801, or 1802, the first store was opened by Robert Henshaw; it stood about where the Travis Hopkins house is located, and a large business for the time and place was soon transacted there. Although the little place was about two miles from the lake, most of the merchan- dise and products came and went by water, until the comparatively recent building of the railroad ; and the commercial importance of the location soon attracted attention. In 1810 seven commissioners were appointed to explore the region between the lakes and the navigable waters of the Hudson River, and report iipon the most eligible route for a water communication. De Witt Clinton, being one of the commission, kept a private journal, which has since been published. He visited this place, and says: "We dined at Treman's village, so called from the soldier who owns the lot jfor military services. He resides here, and is proprietor of the mills, and in good circumstances. The village has several houses, three taverns, and two or three stores and mills in a ravine or hollow formed by a creek which runs through it. It is in the town of Ulysses, and was formerly called Shin Hollow by some drunken fellows, who on the first settlement frequented a log cabin here, and on their way home broke their shins on the bad roads. Dr. Comstock and another phy- sician reside here. " The contemplated turnpike from Ithaca to .Geneva will pass through this place. We dined here at Crandall's tavern. From here to Ithaca it is eleven miles, and the road is extremely bad, except four miles from the former village. We passed through an uncommonly fine wood of pine trees. " < It may be presumed that the pioneers of Trumansburgh were men and women of considerable culture and certainly were possessed of a desire to improve their intellectual opportunities, for in 1811 the "Ulysses Philomathic Library " was incorporated. The members of this association met on the second Tuesday in June, 1811, at the inn of Michael Snell and elected the following trustees: Abner Tremain (as it appears in the records), Samuel Ingersoll, jr.. Minor Thomas, Henry Taylor and Cornelius Hanley. Stephen Woodworth was chairman of VILLAGE OF TRUMANSBURGH. 219 this meeting. This association prospered. H. Camp was the first librarian; Henry Taylor was the first chairman, and O. C. Comstock the first treasurer. As showing the names of some other early residents of prominence, the officers' names for the year 1812 were Isaac Still- well, chairman; and Abraham Hand, Nathaniel Ayers, Alexander Bower, Nicoll Halsey and Don C. Buell, trusteees. The meeting for that annual election was held in Mr. Camp's store. The society existed until 1839, when its property was sold at auction. The last board of officers were John Creque, chairman; James McLallen, secretary; Lyman Strobridge, James McLallen, John Creque, James Westervelt, E. J. Ayers, Henry Taylor, N: Ayers, Urial Turner and Lewis Porter. In 1818 one of the oldest Masonic lodges in this section was chartered at Trumansburgh. Eight men of that order petitioned the Grand Lodge, and the charter bore the date of June 8, 1818, and the lodge was given the name of "Fidelity." The first Master was Henry Taylor; Edward Ely, Senior Warden ; Zach. P. Smeed, Junior Warden ; Horace Osborn, Treasurer; Elijah H. Goodwin, Secretary. Later it was thought ad- visable to remove the charter of the lodge to Ithaca. In 1849, after the decline of anti-Masonry, the Grand Lodge was petitioned for a re- turn of the charter, but a new one was granted instead. It is Tru- mansburgh Lodge No. 157. The present officers are as follows: Lyman F. Smith, Master; E. E. Scribner, Senior Warden; C. C- Sears, Junior Warden; James G. McLallen, Secretary; Clinton Horton, treas- urer; O. G. Noble, Senior Deacon; John Wixom, Junior Deacon; N. R. Gifford, Tiler. Fidelity Chapter R. A. M. , No. 11, of Trumansburgh, is a prosper- ous organization, with the following officers: R. J. Hunt, High Priest; H. A. Mosher, King; B. F. Tompkins, vScribe; T. A. Swick, Captain of Host. Village Incorporation and Fire Department. — It has already been intimated that Trumansburgh was somewhat backward in early years in providing for the extinguishing of fires, and tlie village suffered ac- cordingly. An engine had been purchased previous to the great fire of 1864, but it had been neglected and little was done towards keeping up any organization for its use. In the spring of 1872 a meeting was held for the purpose of effecting a better organization of a fire department. A discussion of the subject led to a village canvass by J. K. FoUett, to ascertain public feeling re- garding the incorporation of the village under the General Act. Senti- 230 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. ment appeai'ed to be in favor of the measure, and the necessary steps were so promptly taken that the first corporation election was held Avigfust 27, 1872, The following officers were elected : J. D. Lewis, president; C. P. Gregg, P. W. Collins, G. H. Stewart, trustees; W. H. Teed, collector; C. P. Barto, treasurer. Proper notice was given of the projected formation of a fire depart- ment and a meeting was called at Lovell's Hall, September 11, 1872, at which John N. Hood presided and H. M. Lovell was secretary. An organization was at once effected and the following were elected as the first officers of the new company: J. K. FoUett, foreman; N. R. Gif- ford, first assistant; John McL. Thompson, second assistant; H. M. Lovell, secretary; J. N. Hood, treasurer. Mr. Lovell resigned in October and M. C. Gould was elected to the vacancy. The date of the annual meeting was fixed for December, at which all these officers were re-elected for one year. Ira M. Dean was made chief engineer, and G. W. Warne and C. B. Dotiglass pipemen. The succession of the foremen of the company has been as follows: J. K. FoUet, 1872-4; C. W. Moore, 1875 to April,. 1876, when he resigned on account of ill health, and G. W. Warne was promoted from first assistant and held the office to December 20, 187U; C. F. Hunter, 1877-8; John Dailey, 1870-80; E. H. Tallmadge, 1881; Matt Cully, 1882; C. F. Hunter, 1883; R. B. Hill, 1884; R. H. Stewart, 1885; G. P. Becker, 1880-87; R. B. Hill, 1888 ; George P. Becker, and Edward Camp. The present officers (1894) are as follows: Foreman, Edward Camp, first assistant, Florence Fish; second assistant, Charley Rollins; cor- responding secretary, C, L. Adams; financial secretary, W. L. Hall; treasurer, M. T. Williamson; engineer, Eri Manning; trustees, A. J. Howland, R. J. Hunt, E. R. Williams, H. A. Mosher, C. L. Adams. In 1882 a social club of young men of the village determined to form themselves into an independent hose company and offer their services to the village authorities. A meeting was held in July and an organ- ization perfected, with the following officers: Will Jones, foreman; Charles Lisk, assistant; R. V. Barto, secretary; W. F. Creque and G. H. Almy, treasurers. The. succession of foremen of this company has been as follows: Will Jones, 1882-85; G. H. Almy, 1880-7; J. C. Wheeler, 1888; W. F. Creque, 1889. The officers for 1894 are as follows : Foreman, Isaac Holton ; first assistant, H. C. Gregg; second assistant, George Comfort; recording secretary, Henry Jewell; financial secretary, R. D. Sears; treasurer, J. K. Wheeler. cd'^ci^i.^.w- (G). ^-acL-d VILLAcn<: OF TRUMANSBURGH. 221 At the second meeting of the Board of Trustees measures were adopted to procure hose and other fire apparatus, but the formal organi- zation of the fire department did not take place until November, 1872, when an engine and a hook and ladder company were accepted by the board. J. N. Hood was subsequently appointed chief engineer, and Charles Clapp, assistant engineer of the department. In 1879 a special election was held to vote upon the proposition to build an engine house. In 1874 a board of engineers was organized and held their first meet- ing on May 25. The members were S. R. Wickes, chief engineer; J. K. Follett, first assistant. John Van Duyn, J. K. Follett, and Ira C. Johnson were appointed by the trustees as a fire committee, and D. H. Ayres was made clerk of this board, and M. A. Burdick, fire warden. In September of that year the following were appointed a fire police : A. H. Pierson, D. J. Fritts, D, C. Quigley, G. H. Stewart, R. C. Tompkins, J. R. Emery, S. A. Sherwood, Lewis Goodyear and Walter Burr. D.S. Biggs succeeded Mr. Wicks as chief engineer, and the following have served as chiefs of the department: A. P. Coddington, J. T. Howe, E. Holcomb, S. C. Conde, J. C. Kirtland, R. H. Stewart, E. S. Stewart, G. P. Becker, G. H. Almy, M. R. Bennett, W. I. Sher- wood. The following persons have served as presidents of the village since the incorporation : J. T. Howe, elected 1873; E. C. Gregg, 1874; John Van Duyn, 1875-7G-77; J. D. Bouton, 1878-79; Truman Boardman, 1880-81; John C. Kirtland, 1882; F. D. Barto, 1883; H. L. Strobridge, 1884; John C. Kirtland, 1885; O. M. Wilson, 188G; L. W. Carpenter, 1887 resigned before qualifying, and H. A. Mosher appointed to the vacancy; R. H. Stone, 1888; L. E. Dake, 1889; Edward Camp, 1890; Samuel Almy, 1891-92; Frederick C. Biggs, 1893. The officers of the village for 1894 are as follows : Ezra Young, pres- ident; Edward Murphy, George A. Hopkins, Edwin P. Bouton, trus- tees; A. P. Osborn, clerk. SCHOOLS. The first "school" in Trumansburgh was established about 1800. It was a private enterprise and was short lived. The first public school building was on or near the site of E. M. Corcoran's present store. 222 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Some time in the twenties this building was sold and moved to the extreme east end of the village and a new two-story school building built on " McLallen's Hill." As the village grew this became too small, and the district was divided and another building erected next to what is now the agricultui-al works of Samuel Almy. About 1844 the- districts were reunited and the "Union School House" was built. This in ten years became inadequate to the grow- ing needs of the community, and a meeting was called June 29, 1854, to take into consideration the establishment of an academy and erecting a suitable building. A committee was appointed, and the matter was decided favorably. Hermon Camp was chosen first president. Subscriptions were ob- tained, and, September 5, 1854, a building was commenced. School was opened October 9, 1855. William Whittemore, a graduate of Yale College, was chosen principal, and Miss Felicia A. Frisbee, a graduate of Mount Holyoke, as assistant. Mr. Camp retained his position as president until March, 1878, when Hon. Truman Boardman was elected. The Union Free School was established in School District No. 1, of Ulysses and Covert, by a vote of the inhabitants at a meeting held in school house at Trumansburgh, June 11, 1878. At a later meeting, "the Union School" in Trumansburgh having been, by a vote of the district, changed to a free school, an academic department has been established by the Board of Education. The original stockholders, or their representatives, have transferred to the district their interest in the property long known as the Tru- mansburgh Academy, making of the bvtilding and grounds, the philo- sophical apparatus and library, & free gift to the district. It is proposed to establish in the building thus acqiiired a school "which, in connection with the free school, shall give to the scholars of the district, and to such foreign scholars as may choose to avail themselves of its privileges, such advantages as will be commensurate with the age in which we live and in keeping with the advancement of the community in all respects. " The faculty is as follows : Daniel O. Barto, principal ; Mrs. Daniel O. Barto, assistant; Grammar School, Miss M. E. Swartwood, inter- mediate department; Miss Loxiise Hedger, primary department. Thus it followed that the "academy" and Union School, although in two buildings, were one and practically the same. The system. TRUMANSBURGH ACADEMY. 324 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. although inconvenient in many respects, was in the main satisfactory; yet it was becoming more and more evident that even with increased facilities the accommodations were inadequate, and it was becoming something of a problem as to the future. Accident, however, furnished the solution, for on February 17, 1892, the old academy was burned to the ground. On April 7, 1893, at a school meeting called for the purpose, it was resolved to btiild a new school building, and on June 35 the Board of Education advertised for bids. This resulted in the building of the present edifice, at a cost of $30,- 000, which is perhaps as complete a building for the purpose as can be found in Central New York. The structure is in dimensions 100 by 00 feet, two stories high, supplied with a perfect system of heating and ventilating apparatus, and has a capacity of over 400 pupils. The old Union School building has been sold and all departments are now under one roof. The present Board of Education is B. F. Tompkins, Henry Rudy, jr., Albert F. Mosher, Richard H. Stone, Levi J. Wheeler, Chauncey P. Gregg, M. Truman Smith. Officers of the board: Levi J. Wheeler, president; M. T. William- son, secretary; Jonah T. Ilowe, treasurer; M. T. Williamson, collector. Faculty: E. Ernest Scribner, principal, Greek, mathematics, sciences, and Teachers' Class; Miss Clara Chapman, preceptress, Latin, German and literature; Miss Ada Weatherwax, assistant principal, French, English, mathematics, and Teachers' Class; Miss Edla Gregg, music and painting; Miss Anna Haft, Grammar School; Miss Lena Wagner, junior department; Miss Eva Farr, intermediate department; Miss vSara K. Bradley, primary department. Under the present management the school has attained a high degree of excellence, and although the expense was something of a burden on a small tax-paying community, no one now regrets the outlay. The standard of scholarship has been raised to a most satisfactory degree, owing largely to the efforts of the principal and faculty, whose every effort in this direction has been promptly seconded by the board. The influence of this school is now reaching far into the surrounding coun- try, and the number of foreign scholars is constantly increasing. Trumansburgh has suffered severely from several fires, the most disastrous of which took place on February 33, 1864. Before giving an account of this conflagration, we will quote from the Free Press pamphlet the following description of the place as it appeared just be- fore the fire ; VILLAGE OF TRUMANSBURGII. 225 It is within the memory of those now living when Main street presented a strag- gling and exceedingly uninteresting aspect ; there was no uniformity either in archi- tecture or grade ; every one built as it seemed to him best. The street west of the bridge previous to 1864 was several feet lower than at present, although it had been filled in several times ; yet it was at that time so low that it was seldom dry. Up to the time when the corner now occupied by the Camp Block was built upon, the dam covered most of the ground covered by that building, and at times even in mid- summer there was sufficient water to afford young America opportunity to indulge in aquatic sport. Crossing the dam on the site of the present stone bridge was a wooden structure of not more than one-half the width of the street and raised so high above the grade on each side a? to amount to quite a formidable hill, and yet its upper surface was much lower than now. All that portion of the street between the bridge and the foot of the McLallen Hill has been raised from eight to twelve feet, and the buildings on either side which are now on grade have in many instances their cellars where the original structures had their first- story, and even this story was reached by a long flight of steps from the board sidewalk below. Going east from the bridge the street was divided nearly in half from a point in front of the Page Block to the corner of Elm street by a wall, the south side of which was filled in to make a driveway to the residence of H. Camp, the building now occupied by J. D. Bouton, leaving a narrow roadway for ordinary traffic. The turnpike from Mc- Lallen's store northwest made a bend several rods further to the north than the present roadway, passing but a few feet from the James McLallen homestead. This hill was very steep, and with the depression at its foot gave the brick store the ap- pearance of being on a hill, as in fact it was, comjjared to the street below. It was not an unusual occurrence during the season of high water in the creek to see the street between the bridge and the hill submerged to the depth of several feet and remain so for several days. At almost all times the slack water from the dam ex- tended as far as where Bennett's livery barn now stands, and during the spring ■floods the slightest gorge of ice in the dam flooded the whole lower part of the town. In 1843 the Baptist Society decided to build a new church, and the old one was sold to Abner Treman, who moved it on the corner lot now occupied by the Camp Block. The building was partially over the water and it was not until several years after that a substantial foundation was put under the east side. The property was sold several times, and finally fell into the hands of David Trembley, who added another store on the east overhanging the dam. At the time of the great fire, on Feb. 23d, 1864, this building was owned by Lyman Mandeville, and as this conflagration re- moved all the ancient landmarks from this corner to the Presbyterian church, a de- scription of the burned district as it then existed will be interesting. The corner store where the fire started was occupied by Woodworth & Bowers, the next loom east was used by them as a store-room, then came the harness shop of J. S. Hunter. The first building across the creek was the harness shop of Mosher & Kelly ; this was on the lot now occupied by the Ostrander building; Dr. Clough had his dental rooms in the second story.' John Eber Thomas had a meat market next door. Next came a building occupied by Mrs. W. H. Teed as a dressmaking shop ; adjoining this was the saloon and restaurant of W. H. Teed, who also had his residence in the second story and in the rear ; then followed the cabinet shop of Fayette Williams. The first floor of the next building was occupied by John Blue as a jewelry store, and the sec- 29 326 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Olid story by Dr. L. Hughey as an office and residence ; next was the dwelling of Francis Creque. The saloon kept by Thomas Sarsfield came next, and on the corner stood a dwelling owned by S. G. Williams and occupied by Thomas Sarsfield; just below on the mill road was the blacksmith shop and residence of Samuel Williams. On Union street the first building from the corner was the shoe shop of Thomas Wells. The next building had a blacksmith shop on the first floor run by a Mr. Snow, a son-in-law of David Trembley, who had a paint shop in the second story ; then came Creque's foundry. Continuing up the hill, the next building was used by John Creque, jr., as a tin shop; then a dwelling house occupied by Jacob Creque; a. house owned by H. Camp and occupied by Jerry Johnson, and the Wolverton house. The first building east of the mill road and on Main street was a dwelling and saloon occupied by Peter Letts ; the next was the furniture and undertaking warerooms of C. P. Bancroft; the building occupied the lot where the stores of W. A. Fuller and E. Corcoran now stand ; there was also a millinery shop in the upper story. Mosher & Burch had a general store where the Stewart building now stands; next came the residence and store of J. R. Emery, on the same lot now occupied by him ; Wickes's drug store, and millinery shop kept by Esther Stewart, a dressmaking shop by Misses Jones & Hoag were next. There were also a. couple of small buildings be- tween this block and the Dr. Lewis Halsey homestead ; a large brick house owned and occupied at this time by David Trembley ; next to this was the Union House and barns; then the brick store of S. Allen; a small building formerly occupied by Eliphlet Weed, esq. , and later by Charles Lyon as a shoe shop, but at the time of the fire it was a millinery store ; then came the dwelling house and store of the Quigleys, and next to the church stood the new house of D. C. Quigley. With the exception of the Allen store, and residence of David Trembley, all of these buildings were wood, and for the most part old, although in good repair ; some of them had been altered over from residences into stores, and in some instances two had been united by a common front, introducing show windows, etc., giving the buildings a ■pretentious appearance not borne out by a more careful examination of premises. The great fire was discovered about one o'clock in the morning of February 33, 1864, in the corner store, then occiipied by J. S. Hunter; There vsras no fire extinguishing apparatus of any kind in the village, the buildings were old and dry, and the flames spread rapidly. Lines of men and women were formed and buckets of water passed along to the devouring flames ; but little impression was made upon the confla- gration. Furniture and goods were removed in advance of theflame.'las far as possible. On Main street from the bridge to the Presbyterian church, and Elm street to the corner of Whig, the buildings were filled with household goods and merchandise, considerable of which was taken out to places of safety. Buildings were finally blown up in efforts to check the fire, and it looked at one time as if the fine church must go; but by heroic efforts it was saved. The heaviest loss was the destruction of the stone mill owned by J. D. Bouton, which had then VILLAGE OP TRUMANSBURGH. 227 recently been refitted and impi-oved. It was believed that the fire was the work of incendiary. This was a hard blow to the village, but the lesson was a salutary one, and resulted in the large district burned over being promply built up with a far better class of structures. Most of the original owners either had no disposition or were unable to rebuild. On the subject being agitated the lots were eagerly sought for on account of the desirable location. The first change was the pur- chase of the Lyman Strobridge lot by H. B. Jones. This was followed by^the sale of the triangular lot between the Strobridge lot and the dam to J. S. Hunter, and the lot on the east owned by H. Camp to Joseph H. Biggs. Building was commenced on these lots during the summer and in the fall they were occupied. Then followed the building of the brick block on the hill. Dumont bought the Union House lot and the Trembley lot and erected two stores; Wickes rebuilt on his lot; the Quigleys built a store next door, and Titus Hart built the store now occupied b}"^ J. S. Halsey; J. R. Emery rebuilt with wood on his original lot; Lyman A. Mandeville sold the corner lot to H. Camp, who also purchased from David Trembley the adjoining lot on Union street and that portion of the lot which had been taken from the dam on the east, and erected the present building. Subsequently S. Earle built his present store, having purchased from the Biggses a portion of their lot, and from Seneca Daggett all the ground now oc- cupied by the engine house, which he afterward sold to the corporation of the village. It will be seen that with but two or three exceptions none of the original owners rebuilt. Mr. Bouton rebuilt the mill, the community generously coming to his aid with substantial contributions. Some two years after this fire, while some of the buildings were un- completed, the sash, blind and door factory on Main street, on the lot now occupied by J. E. Hall's paint shop, was burned. Money was plenty at this time and rebuilding went on rapidly. New structures were erected on Union street, in which old boundary lines were largely obliterated. The site of the first building above the furnace, owned by John Creque, is now covered by the Pease block and adjoining structures. Morris Sarsfield's store is on a piece of land bought by H. Camp of David Trembley. John Van Auken's black- smith shop and barn occupy part of the old Furnace lot. Asher Wolverton built on his original lot. The result of the fire was to change the whole aspect of the village east of the bridge; but the alter- :- house and later wliere his son, Orin P. Rich now lives. He held several town offices, and died, aged ninety-two, in 1853. In 1795 Widow Earsley came into the town with her ten children, and at the same date with Captain David Rich. The maiden name of Mrs. Earsley was Maria Johnson. Her native country was Holland, from which she came to tliis country witli her parents when twelve years of age. She married Francis Earsley, who was born in Ireland of English parents and was by trade a weaver. He lived at Roxbury, Essex county, N. J., after arriving in this country, and became a farmer. He served with one of his wife's brothers during the Revolu- tionary war, and died in 1790, leaving him surviving a widow and ten children, the youngest of whom were two twin girls only nine months old. In company with her brother and her eldest son she set out on horseback to find a new home in the summer of 1794. In her travels she met one Simmons Perkins, a surveyor who made a map of Town- ship No. 11, of the Watkins and Flint purchase. In company with Perkins and six others, among whom were her son, her son-in- law, and her brother, Zacheus Johnson, she prospected for land. They camped out in the woods nights. One day as they were crossing the little brook which still meanders through the fields, Mrs. Earsley said, "This is my home." She bought the land, 100 acres, at $IJ.OO per acre. They removed from New Jersey to Union, remained there four weeks, and went to Apalachin, where they lived till coming to this their new home. During this time the eldest daughter, Nelly, married Beniah Barney. In the fall the eldest son, John, came and built a cabin on the land. Mrs. Earsley traveled over the route between her new home in the forest and the old one in New Jersey twice. She rode in all over 500 miles on horseback. The family when it left New Jersey consisted of the mother and ten children, five boys and five girls, the eldest of whom married and remained at Apalachin. In the spring they came .with oxen and sleigh, the snow being quite deep. They arrived on the gi-ound March 4, 1795. 270 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Mrs. Earsley was the first to locate and make preparation for a home, but Captain Rich was the first to arrive on the ground in the sprinj)-, which he did one week previously. His land joined hers on the east. The two settled in what was at that time the extreme northeast limit of the old township of Owego, in Tioga county. The next settlers in the town were Thoinas Tracy and his son Ben- jamin, who, in 1797, located near the site of the Charles P. Tobey dwelling. They were from Western Massachusetts originally, but came here from near the present village of Apalachin. After seven or eight years Thomas Tracy sold out to Samuel Rounsvell, who kept bachelor hall here many years, and Rounsvell sold to Walter J. Thomas about 1832. The son returned to their old home near Apalachin and reared a family. General B. F. Tracy, ex-secretary of the navy, is his son. A brother of Thomas Tracy, named Prince Tracy, also settled in Caroline a few years later than Thomas, but after the War of 1812 sold out to the Schoonmaker family and left the town. The next settler in Caroline, and a member of a family who became very conspicuous, was John Cantine, jr., a son of General John Cantine, of Ulster county, N.Y. The Cantine family were from Marbletown, Ulster county, and of Huguenot descent. General Cantine gained his military title by honorable service in the militia of the Revolution. He also was at times member of the Assembly, of the State Senate and of Congress, and was associated with most of the eminent men of New York State of those stirring times. The last few years of his life were passed at the home of his son, John, and a married daughter (Mrs. Chambers) at Brookton (Mott's Corners), where he died April 30, 1808. He became as early as 1707 identified with the then wild lands of the province of New York. After the close of the Revolutionary War, many adventurous parties from Eastern New York penetrated the in- terior wilderness and settled along the Susquehanna, Chemung and Tioga Rivers in advance of all surveys and allotments of the lands. Many of them were entitled to military bounty lands, and some con- flicts arose over titles. In 1788 the Legislature appointed commission- ers to settle all these disputes in this region, (General Cantine, General James Clinton and John Hathorn were nanied, and were known as the " Chemung Commissioners. " In laying out and surveying the lands of Chemung township (before Tioga county was formed), they made large selections of land in this and other localities for themselves and their friends. One of these selections was a tract of 3,300 acres, now 'I'OWN OF CAROLINIC. 3T1 in the town of Caroline, known locally as "Tlie Cantine (5reat " and the "Cantine Little Locations." The law required tliat such selec- tions of land should be made in square tracts, and General Cantine se- cured large sections in the valley of Six Mile Creek, without including much hill land, by laying out several squares adjoining each other along the valley. He made tliree separate "locations," two of 1,200 acres each and one of 800 acres. He made also several locations on the site of the village of Wilseyville, now in Tioga county. The Cantine great and little locations in Caroline include the terri- tory where Slaterville and Brookton (Mott's Corners) stand, with adjacent lands. His certificates of location for the land were filed with the secretary of state March (!, 7 and 21, 1703, and the patents were issued in the same month. General Cantine had located the lands upon the claims of militia soldiers called class men, who were entitled to 100 or more acres each. Many of these he had bought in advance, and others were assigned to him for location in large parcels, he afterwards reconveying them to the proper persons. When John Cantine, jr., came to Caroline in 1798, as stated, his father gave liiinhis choice of the land, where he finally settled, in Caro- line, or of another tract which included the site of the city of Elmira. The son chose the Caroline tract for its superior water privileges on Six Mile Creek at Brookton. There he built a log house, which he oc- cupied several years. His wife was a daughter of a Frenchman, who was driven out of his country in the reign of terror and who fled to America. His name was Cartd. He opposed his daughter's marriage to Cantitie, and an elopement followed. The father disowned his dau.ghter, but in after years, when she was the happy mother of a fam- ily, he relented and sent her children presents. One of the sons of Cantine was named John J. Cart^ Cantine, and a former boy had been named John Marat Cantine. Two years later (1800) General Cantine built a grist mill for his son at the falls, Brookton, the first real grist mill this side of Owego. A saw mill was added, the care of which and the clearing of his farm oc- cupied Mr. Cantine's time while he lived in Caroline, 1708 to 1828. The pioneer lodge of Free Masons (the Eagle Lodge) in the county was organized in 1808 at his house, which is still standing, and the meetings for a time were held here and alternately at the inn of Luther Gere in Ithaca. Mr. Cantine's old home, built in 1804, and long called "The Mansion House," was the first frame dwelling erected in Caro- 273 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. line. He was an active, public-spirited man, held several local offices and had a large family, who are all dead. In 18'iS he sold his property in Caroline to his brother Charles and removed to Ithaca, where he lived at 73 North Cayuga street until his death in 18:]4, aged sixty-six years. Hartman (or Hartmore) Ennest, with three others, came from Mar- bletown in 1800 and settled on the old Sullivan place. Ennest had made other previous improvements on the old Deuel farm, but sold out to Dr. Joseph Speed. Joseph Chambers, Richard Bush and Oakley Bush came probably in 1800 from Marbletown. Soon after his arrival Richard Bush built a large square house of hewn logs, a little west of where the Velotus Stevens residence stands, on the south side of the road, and began keeping tavern — the first public house in the town. This was long known as the "Old Bush vStand." Oakley Bush lived at first a near neighbor to Ennest, but later went over on the present John Rightmire farm, southwest of Slaterville. Richard Bush and Joseph Chambers were both grantees of General Cantine and settled, the former near B. F. Mead's,, and the latter on Michael C. Krum's farm. Chambers sold out to Krum in 1838, and went to Illinois with his sons. Bush died about 1815, but his widow and her family lived on their old place a great many years. It has since been much subdivided. Widow Bush continued the tavern after her husband's death. Benoni Mulks was a millwright by trade. He was a soldier in the army of General Gates and took part in the first and second battles of Saratoga, but was prevented from witnessing the final surrender through the following circumstance: General Burgoyne's army having burned the mills at Schuylerville, Mr. Mulks, being a millwright, was detailed from the ranks with a squad of men to rebuild them to grind corn for the American army. This occurred three days before the final sur- render of the British at Saratoga. In 1800 he came to Caroline to build the Cantine grist mill, where Brookton now is. One Sunday going up the Six Mile Creek hunting and fishing he for the first time passed the flats about Slaterville. A tract of 325 acres here was owned by two merchants at Chemung and was for sale. It had originally been a part of Cantine's location. On the premises was a fine large spring of water near the bank of the creek. It was then he for the first time conceived the idea of purchas- ing the land and removing thither. Three of his old neighbors from TOWN OF CAROLINE. 273 the east had just settled near by, one of whom, Joseph Chambers, was his brother-in-law. When, early in the fall, his son John came in with General Cantine and a party of young men to prospect the locality, the father and son decided to purchase it, and did so. Their deed bears- date of September ;J0, 1800, 325 acres for $1,000. They erected a log house by the spring the same fall, in readiness for their coming the next season. Early next year (1801) Levi Slater, John Robison and Lemuel Yates, arriving a little earlier, occupied the log house with their families until they could build one for themselves on their lands near by. The Mulks party came in June, arriving on the 15th of the month. There were eight souls in the party, the eldest being the aged grandmother of seventy, and the youngest an infant of six months. The first season (1801) they cleared off six acres in readiness for winter wheat, and during the following winter and spring seven acres more for corn. At the same time they brought with them, among other liVe stock, thirty sheep, which were taken to Lans- ing (Egypt*) and let on shares for a few years until they could keep them. Two or three years later another son, Moses, came and also a mar- ried daughter, Mrs. Daniel Newkirk. John Mulks lived in Caroline twenty-five years. He built a grist mill, saw mill and distillery on his farm. In 182G he went west. He was a pioneer in four different States — Central New York in 1801 ; Michigan Territory in 1826 ; Indiana State in 1833, and Wisconsin Territory in 1838. In each case he set- tled in a new, undeveloped country, and the last three times on gov- ernment land. He lived to the age of eighty-four, and died in White- water, Wis., in 1864. Levi Slater, a Yankee schoolmaster, came to this town with General Cantine in the summer, and having a knowledge of surveying, used the instruments owned by John Cantine in laying out land in this vicinity. In the spring of 1801 he. built and settled in a log house on the site of Slaterville (named from him), which stood where W. J. Carns's house now stands. He had' bought of General Cantine 100 acres at $3.75 per acre. He brought his wife and child, the latter of whom was the late Justus Slater, of Jersey City. When Mr. Slater arrived here he found two men from Chemung running a large sugar bush on the flats owned ' Among the old settlers to the east of the lake country it was much called Egypt as they went there to buy corn until they could raise it. This similitude had reference to Joseph and his brothers in Egypt, where they went to buy corn. 35 274 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in late years by John Boice. They were about to go away and left their kettles and utensils. Mr. Slater took up the work and made for him- self quite a quantity of maple sugar and molasses. The next few years were spent in clearing land and its cultivation, and by 1813 he had most of the land in and around Slaterville under improvement. He also taught school at intervals in winter mohths. A few years after- wards his brother Thomas, and brother-in-law, Joseph Goodrich, moved here from the east, the latter settling where John Schutt now lives, in the town of Caroline, but till recently in Dryden. In the war of 1813 Mr. Slater was captain of the local company, and when the British burned Buffalo, he and and his company were prdered to the frontier. For a few years after the locality around Slaterville was settled by a number of families,, a small party of Indians came each fall to hunt in that vicinity. They were Oneidas and were led by one whom the settlers called Wheelock. Their visual camp was on the farm now owned by Aaron Schutt, first settled by Matthew Krum in 180G. This Wheelock was killed in the war of 1813, while fighting with the Americans; after that the Indians came to the town no more. The first sale of land by Mr. Slater was to Isaac Miller in 1810, aboiit three acres, owned in later years by D. B. Drummond. Miller built a store and started in trade, but died soon after, and Mr. Slater succeeded to the business. Within the lapse of a few years a hamlet gathered around at that point and took the name of "Dutch Settlement." A post-office was opened in 1833, with John Robison as postmaster, and the name of Slaterville was given to it. Mr. Slater became a leading man and interested with his sons in various enterprises. About 1838 he failed, and his real estate passed to James Hall, of New York. Mr. Slater was supervisor five years in early times, and died at the age of seventy-eight years. John Robison, grandfather of Henry, came in 1801 from Marbletown and settled next east of Slater, where C. H. Deuel's house now stands ; and in the same year Lemuel Yates came in and settled where Robert G. H. Speed now lives. ' ' To the eastward of Slaterville a number of pioneers from New Eng- land gathered, giving it the local name of "Yankee Settlement," by which title it was distinguished from the "Dutch Settlement," as the locality where Matthew Jansen settled. Jansen came in 1803 and was a blacksmith. He brought a few slaves into the town. Benjamin Tracy, son of Thomas, who had settled the Charles P. Tobey farm, in TOWN OF CAROLINE. 375 the same year, and Daniel Newkirk, a tailor, about the same time. Daniel Newkirk was the son-in-law of Bcnoni Mulks. He settled on the Stilwell farm in 1803 and lived there till 1814, when he exchanged farms with Isaac Stilwell, of Hector, and Mr. Stilwell then moved on to the farm, where he lived most of his life. * He has descendants in Caroline. Rev. Garrett Mandcvillc, from Ulster county, settled in 180;! near the site of Mott's Comers, on the William Personius farm (Brook- ton), and was a prominent citizen, and left several descendants in the town. He was the founder of the Dutch Reformed church of Caroline back in the twenties. -The first settlers at what became known as " Tobey's " were from New England. One of them was George Vickcry, who came in 1804 and located where the widow of N. M. Tobey lives. Edward and Thomas Paine, the latter a Revolutionary soldier, and Dr. Elisha Briggs and Dr. James and Simeon Ashley were others who settled early in that section; also five brothers by the names of Abiathar G. , Samuel, William, Sylvester and Bradford Rounsvell, all of whom settled along the turnpike on farms which they cleared up. They all came before the war of 18 r2. William was the first supervisor. The Rounsvells were a vftluable addition to the new country, and were from Bristol county, Mass. Two brothers, Nathaniel and Samuel Tobey, were early settlers in Caroline, coming from Massachusetts. Nathaniel came in 1810, having been married a short time previous. He settled first on the Levi Goodrich farm, west of " Rawson Hollow," lived there one year and then moved to what has been called the Widow Rounsvell farm, where Abiather Rounsvell lived in early times. Later Mr. Rounsvell and Mr. Tobey traded farms; they where brothers-in-law. Mr. Tobey kept a tavern many years on the turnpike. Mr. Tobey had two sons, Nathaniel M. and Charles P., and several daughters. The father died in the early years of the late war, and both sons died in 1885. Samuel Tobey was a younger brother of Nathaniel, and came to town at a later date. At his death he left three sons, Austin, Edwin and Will- iam. Austin and William learned the printing trade at Mack & An- drus's office in Ithaca. In 1800 John Rounsvell (sometimes spelled " Rounsville ") settled on the farm which became the Dr. Speed homestead. He was from New Hampshire, and with him came Joel Rich. Rounsvell was the father of the late Charles J. Rounsvell, who was a member of assem- 370 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. bly in 1849. His daughter Harriet has repeatedly been stated to have been the first white child born in the town. This is not true. David Rich, jr., was the first, born Januar)^ 18, 1797, as shown in the family record. Harriet Rounsvell was not born till 1801. There were also four others named Rounsvell who settled in the town, all brothers. Robert Freeland was an Irishman and a carpenter. He came to Ca:-oline in 1801 with the family of John Robison, who was his father- in-law. He bought the farm (now the T. B. June place) about 1804, and adjoining parcels later, and owned nearly 400 acres at one tiine. He was well educated and one of the leading men of his day. Jonathan Norwood, son of Francis Norwood, came to the town prob- ably at a later day than his father. He lived to a great age. Henry Quick was tlie first of that name to settle in the town. He took the farm now owned by his son, Daniel H., about the year 1804. His brother Jacob came later, and also others of the name. Henry Quick married a daughter of Widow Earsley. Moses Higgins told Charles F. Mulks, ' in an interview in 1883, the following reminiscences: The Reeds, Moses, Daniel and Belden, three brothers from Rhode Island, were early settlers in Caroline. Moses was the eldest, and came first and bought the present Higgins farm, east of Slaterville, together with a part of the Tobey farm lying on the south side of the turnpike. He first settled on the Tobey part, lived there a few years, cleared about five acres, when he traded with the senior J. J. Speed. Mr. Speed built a dwelling and a store in a block house and lived there several years. It is still called the old Jack Speed place. Daniel Reed, who was a minor, joined Moses, and for several years the family consisted of the two brothers and their step- mother. Upon her death John Higgins, a brother-in-law of the Reeds, came with his family, a wife and two or more children. He came from Ulster county, N. Y., and lived with Moses Reed, who was a bachelor. The Higgins family arrived in the town in the spring of 1808. Daniel and Belden Reed went to live together on land now owned by Moses Bull, on the hills south of the turnpike. When Moses Higgins came to the town there was no house between the Roe farm below Mott's Corners and the Cantine mill and Mansion House. From there it was all woods until they reached Chambers's, where M. C. Krum now lives. From Krum's up past Slaterville it was much cleared and quite thickly ' These interviews, when had with Mr. Mulks, were committed to paper at the time, and are not from memory merely. TOWN OF CAROLINE. 377 settled, and nearly all by old Dutch neighbors from Ulster county. Samuel Rounsvell was then living where Charles P. Tobey now lives. Thomas Tracy had lived on the place, but had sold to Rounsvell. The first school attended by Mr. Higgins was kept by John D. Bell in the old Mulks log house, the family liaving just built a new frame house. He afterwards attended tlie Lyman Cobb school. The first man to enlist from this town for the war of 1812 was Richard Robison, son of Capt. Ebenezer Lewis Robison. Capt. John Cantine raised a volunteer artillery company for three months' service. John J. Speed was keep- ing a small store when Higgins came, and also a post-office called Speedsville on the turnpike. The mail was brought up by a post rider from Ithaca in a small bag. From the turnpike Mr. Speed removed to the " city " lot, and subsequently to the Morrell farm, as elsewhere noted. The Speed family, who were to become conspicuous in the history of the town and county, were from Mecklenberg county, Va. Dr. Joseph Speed studied medicine with the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, where Dr. Speed practiced a few years before coming to what was then the town of Spencer, Tioga county. De Witt Clinton visited this region in 1810, as before noted, and in his journal of Au- gust 10, of that year, he wrote: "Fourteen miles southeast from Ithaca, in the town of Spencer, Tioga county, there is a settlement of Virginians called Speed ; they are all Federalist. " Caroline was then a part of Spencer, and Dr. Joseph Speed was the most prominent of the little colony alluded to by Clinton, the members of which came in between the years 1805 and 1808. So far as known their names were John James Speed, William Speed, brothers, who came in 1805, and were followed three years later by their father, Henry Speed, and Dr. Joseph Speed also in 1806, with his brother John, cousins of the two brothers above named; Robert H. Hyde came in 1805, and two years later was followed by Robert's father, also named Robert, and by John and William Patillo and the family of Thomas Heggie. Robert H. S. Hyde, the lawyer, was the son of Robert H., and was born in town some years later. Augustine Boyer came from Maryland in 1803, and purchased through the agency of James Pum- pelly 1,000 acres of land of the Johnsons, who were the eastern pro- prietors under the Watkins & Flint syndicate. The other southerners, of whom we have spoken, also bought largely of wild lands in the town, 278 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. and nearly all of them brought slaves with them, who were held until the institution was abolished in 1827. The senior John James Speed had been a merchant in Virginia, and had owned slaves, as had also others of this colony. He was a man of noble bearing and lived to about ninety years of age. He removed to Ithaca in 1833, and a little later to Cortland village, where he was con- nected with paper making. After other removals, he died in the State of Maine in the fall of 18G0. In Caroline, John J. and William Speed opened a small store in 1805 in a log house half a mile east of the site of Slaterville, and therein 1800 secured a post-office, with John J. as postmaster, the office being named " Speedsville. " A few years later, when John J. Speed, sr. , left the turnpike, he removed to a place now called the "City Lot." This was about the time of the war of 1813-15. He built a little collection of log and plank-sided houses, and families lived in a part of them. He also built a small grist mill and a saw mill on the little streams of that neighborhood and moved his store and the post-office there. The settlers gave it the name of "The City;" but Mr. Speed soon aban- doned his project and moved upon the hill and lived there several years, conducting a large farm, since subdivided, but the homestead of which now belongs to F. C. Cornell, of Ithaca. When he left there it was to live for a time with his son, John J., on the Caroline Center road, whence he removed to Ithaca. The Speedsville post-office had traveled across the town, and up the hill and down the hill without hindrance until about 1833, when the younger Mr. Speed was its custodian. At that time the citizens of Jenksville wished to have it removed to their little hamlet and the name changed to Jenksville. This Mi-. Speed, jr., opposed, and his influence prevented such action. While he cared nothing for the post-oiBce, he did wish that the name should be per- petuated. A compromise was effected by which the name was retained ; the Speeds resigned the office, and another postmaster was appointed at Jenksville, which was thenceforth called " Speedsville." This office was supplied in early days by a horseback rider, whose regular weekly round trip was from Ithaca to Danby; thence via vSpencer court house to Owcgo, and returning by way of Berkshire and Speedsville. The site of Speedsville when the ' ' City Lot " was booming is now a back pasture on the Cornell-Morrell farm. John J. Speed, jr., became very prominent in the history of the county. While still living in Caroline he was elected to the Assembly, TOWN OF CAROLINE. 279 and after engaging in business at Ithaca was a presidential elector and a candidate for Congress. Betweeia 1830 and 1840 he exchanged his property in Caroline for the mercantile business of the late Stephen B. Munn, jr., on the northeast corner of State and Cayuga streets, Ithaca. He continued business there a few years, and was conspicuous in the company which established the Fall Creek Woolen Mills, a project which was highly tiseful, but destined to failure. Mr. Speed failed, and afterwards was associated with Ezra Cornell in building early tele- graph lines, retrieved his fortunes, and paid all the debts incurred before his failure. * Aaron Bull came here in 1800 from Ulster county, N.Y. , but was originally from a locality on the Housatonic River, Connecticut. He had gone to Ulster county, lived and married there before moving to Caroline. His children, Moses, Henry W., Mathew, Justus and John are still living. John has been a merchant and a miller at Slaterville for several years, and supervisor of his town. Matthew Krum, a brother-in-law of Aaron Bull, settled in the same year just north of the latter. Other early settlers were Moses Reed, Joseph Goodrich, Moses Cass, who had an early store ; Josiah Cass, brother of Moses, and who built a tavern about 1815 where H. S. Krum now lives; it passed three years later to Aaron Bull, who kept it nearly thirty years; Aaron Cass, father of Moses and Josiah, who was the pioneer on the present Hasbrouck farm, a soldier of the Revolution, and in Captain Ellis's company in 1812, and killed at the. attack on Queenstown; Isaac Miller, an early merchant: Nathan Gosper on the Edward J. Thomas farm; Joseph Smith on the Willcy farm; Marcus Palmerton on the Hollister farm; John Doty on Chauncy L. Wattles farm; Captain Alexander Stowell at Caroline Center, and others. 1 Following is an extract from the last will of Henry Speed, of Caroline, which re- lates to slavery in the town : "I also give to her [his daughter Polly] my negroes, to wit, Lukey, Liza and John (called Jack). I also lend her my horse Bulow, and one her choice of my feather beds and furniture. This land and premises, negroes, horse and bed, etc. , I desire that she, my daughter, Polly (Hvde) may have and enjoy during her natural life ; and after her decease I desire that this estate above lent to my daughter Polly Hyde may be given to her child or children that may arrive at lawful age. I give unto Robert H. Hyde (her husband) my good wishes, and pray that his soul may rest happy with God, and desire him to treat the negroes committed to his care with lenity and try to teach them the fear of the Lord." [This slave Eliza was the most conspicuous figure in quite a celebrated law suit, which is alluded to on page 74.] 380 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. It is interesting to record that the effects of the war of 1812-15 were felt in this town, for Captain Levi Slater was then in command of a local company of Caroline militia. When the British burned Buffalo in 1813 the militia was very generally ordered out, as before stated. Captain Slater recei v'ed his orders and there was much local excite- ment. The company departed, but after a march of a day and a half reached Canandaigua, where they received notice that the danger was passed and they could return. Several of the Virginian settlers before described, notably Dr. Joseph and John J. Speed, were members of the company, and, being Federalists, were opposed to the war. They, however, furnished substitutes, as did also Augustine Boyer, whose substitute received a gun, knapsack, and $20 cash, which proved excel- lent remuneration for the short trip to Canandaigua. After the war of 1812, and between that and 1820, the town filled up quite rapidly. Abraham Boice, jr., came in from' Ulster county in 1810 and first cleared lands in the town of Dryden, and later on the farm owned in recent years by Edward J. Thomas, east side of Dryden road. It was from the Boice family that " Boiceville," a hamlet west of Slaterville, took its name. Dr. James Ashley came in 1814, with wife and two sons, Samuel P. and James, jr., from Massachusetts, and located on the Charles B. Higgins farm. Simeon Ashley, a brother of Dr. James, came in seven years later. Deacon Isaac HoUister, from Ulster county, settled near the site of Caroline Depot. George N. At- wood married one of his daughters; and Mr. Hollister had sons, Kinner, Timothy and Justus. In 1816 Jonathan Snow, from Wor- cester county, Mass., settled on the farm where the late Simon V. Snow lived. James H. and Jonathan W. Snow were his sons. In an interview with Charles F. Mulks in 1879, and then written down, Eli Boice gave the following information : Eli came in when thirteen years old with his father, Abraham. The latter bought out Captain Robison, who lived on the Smiley farm.* Old Henry Quick and Moses and Simeon Schoonmaker were then living near; Moses where his son Jacob now lives, and Simeon on the McWhorter place. Prince, brother of Thomas Tracey, had lived up there previously but had gone away. vSpencer Hungerford was then living on the present Camp Reed farm, but afterwards moved to the place named after him. John Mulks's first log house was then standing, and Ben Eighmey, father of Thomas 1 The reader must bear in mind that these references to farms and localities refer to the year 1879, fifteen years ago. TOWN OF CAROLINE. 281 and Philip, was then living in it. Moses Cass was living on the pres- ent Norwood farm. John Miilks was then engaged in building his grist mill, borrowing most of the money for the purpose. He and his son Daniel did most of the mill work. He also operated a distillery. The Sloughtcr family lived on the hill on what is now the south part of John Rightmire's farm. The Sloughters sold to Tiiomas I^ush, when the latter ran the saw mill, one hundred splendid pine logs for an old bull's-eye watch, worth now perhaps $2.50. Charles Mulks, brother of John, was noted for raising large crops of fine wheat. Eli Boice bought the Norwood farm from the younger John James Speed. John Taft, of Worcester county, Mass., a soldier of the war of 1812, settled in 1820 in the south part of the town, where he died in 187(3. His son, William H., was second lieutenant in the 137th Regiment in the late war, and died of fever at Harper's Ferry. An interview written by Mr. Mulks and had by him with T. M. Boyer in 1879, furnishes the following reminiscences: When Augus- tine Boyer came north in 1803 he came on horseback and alone. Mr. Boyer left home in May and in August purchased 1,000 acres of land of Mr. Pumpelly, the agent of Samuel William Johnson, of Stratford, Conn. Mr. Boyer hired Elisha Doty to build him a log house, and then started for his home in Maryland. The journey required eight days; this was in August, 1803. He came back in the fall with a horse and cart and a negro boy named Jerry Blackman; they passed the winter together in the log house. When Mr. Boyer settled here he was unmarried, but in 1805 married into the Comegyes family, of Maiyland. Hugh Boyer, a distant relative, came in with Augustine and located on what became the Brink farm. The first land sold by Mr. Boyer from his original 1,000 acres was to James Livermore within a few years after the first purchase. This was at Caroline Center, and Livermore's cabin was built a few rods in rear of the site of Sharrad Slater's house; he sold out a few years later and went west. Mr. Boyer acted for a time as land agent for S. W. John.son, and in that capacity sold to Jonas Rhoode his land on Brearley Hill (elsewhere mentioned). About the time of the war of 1812, when T. M. Boyer was six years old, there was a small frame school house in the corner formed by the turnpike and the level Green road at Tobey's, where he attended school to Abiathar Rounsvell. He also attended at a school kept by Rev. Mr. Mandeville near Caroline Center in what was called " the Old City, " from the fact of the several houses built near each 36 283 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Other by J. J. Speed, sr. The "New City" was where Mr. Speed built some mills. Mr. Boyer attended school in 1830 to Benjamin Walter in the school house above mentioned on the turnpike. One day when the elder Mr. Boyer was going through the woods from his house to the lower place where he afterwards lived, he saw a bear standing on his hind legs pulling down wild cherry limbs and eating the cherries. Although Mr. Boyer had a loaded gun with him, he for- got for a moment to use it; he hallooed at the bear and the animal ran away. Deer were also very plentiful, but Mr. Boyer would never kill one of them, George Blair, Nathan Patch, Sabin Mann, and a few others, were all from near Worcester, Mass. , and settled on new land before the war of 1812, which they cleared. Blair settled- there in 1809, as a single man, and also did Sabin Mann. Mann was drafted in the war and killed, and Blair married his widow. Austin Blair, Michigan's war governor, and William H. Blair were his sons, the latter recei,ving the family homestead. Reuben Legg, from Massachusetts, was the ancestor of the Legg family, and settled on the Stearns farm below the hill from Speedsville. He had seven sons. Lyman Rawson came from Vermont, as did also the father of Lyman Cobb. Timothy Tyler, father of Hiram W. Tyler, was also from Ver- mont, and a brother-in-law of Rawson. The Widow Jemima Personius Vandemark came to Caroline and settled with a large family on land bought by herself on Bald Hill and owned in late years by one of her grandsons. Her husband had been killed about a year before by the accidental discharge of a gun while on the way to join the army in the war of 1812. She lived on Bald Hill until her death in 1855. Silas Lason was the early settler on the present James Mandeville farm. He lived there many yeai'S and reared a family of sons. The family removed to Virgil, and were succeeded on the farm by Cornelius Terwilleger, from Ulster county. He also had a number of sons. James Personius, a Revolutionary soldier, was the ancestor of the Personius family of Caroline, coming to the town late in life. The names of his sons who were early residents in the town were Ephraim, Isaiah, Isaac. Cornelius and James, jr. The latter was a soldier in the war of 1812. The Widow Vandemark (elsewhere men- TOWN OF CAROLINE. 28U tioned) was a daughter of the elder James Personius, and settled on Bald Hill after the war of 1812. Cornelius Personius was a noted hunter and is said to have shot two deer at one shot, eighty rods dis- tant, with a rifle which he borrowed of Benoni Mulks. Henry Krum, sr., in a written interview informed Mr. Mulks in 1879 that old Aaron Cass, who lived first on the Hasbrouck farm and after- wards on the Mc Master farm at Ellis Hollow, whence he was drafted into the war of 1812 to return no more, was the father of a large family. Of the sons there were Josiah, Aaron, jr., Moses and John. One daughter married Solomon Freer, and was the mother of G. G. Freer ; another married Milo Hurd, and another Isaac Teers. Josiah Cass built the tavern so long kept by his uncle, Aaron Bull. Aaron and John Cass went to Canada. Moses Cass operated a distillery and made whisky on the farm. John James Speed also had a distillery on the Sam Jones farm near Speedsville; and a man named Isaac Kipp oper- ated one at Rawson Hollow. There were two William Motts. The first was a large man and lived at " Tobeytown. '' He was the father of Harry Mott and of Mrs. Abram Krum and Mrs. Landon Krum. Erastus Hiniiphrey gave in 1884 the following reminiscences to Mr. Mulks, which the latter wrote at the time: Roswell Humphrey, sr. , the father of a large family, came to Connecticut Hill, near Speedsville, from Connecticut, in December, 1812. He settled on 100 acres of land, part of the Livingston tract, which he bought of Laban Jenks. The latter had owned 400 acres in one tract, which he sold off to several purchasers. A daughter of Roswell Humphrey had married Luman Case, who settled on what is now G. M. Bull's farm, on Connecticut Hill in the spring of 1811. Roswell Humphrey died in 1838 at the age of seventy-three years. He had ten children, one of whom was Eras- tus. Some of them became quite prominent in various ways. Dana and Lyman Crum settled on Connecticut Hill in the spring of 1811 at the same time with Luman Case; they were the first to locate there. These Crums spelled their names with a "C," while other families of the name spelled it with a " K. " Samuel Leet, father of a large family, also came from Connecticut and settled on Connecticut Hill. There were eight sons and four daughters in the family. Two brothers, Laban and Elisha Jenks, and Michael Jenks, a cou^sin of these, all from Worcester, Mass., settled early on Owego Creek, near Speedsville, and their descendants were once numerous, and of whom 384 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. some remain in the town. They probably arrived here about 1800. Samuel Jenks, of the same stock, came in the year after the Hurnphi-eys (1814). Laban Jenks settled first below Speedsville on the Berkshire side of the creek. This land he traded for 400 acres covering most of the site of Speedsville. There he opened a little store and began to barter with those around him, thus gathering a little hamlet which \yas called " Jenksville," The transition of this name to Speedsville is else- where described. Mr. Jenks had a large family of boys. He removed to Michigan about 1825. Moses and Simeon Schoonmaker were brothers who came from Ulster county and settled in the Schoonmaker district probably not far from 1812. Moses was the father of Jacob and lived where the latter did in late years. Simeon lived on the David McWhorter place and was the father of Garrett and De Witt Schoonmaker. Moses Roe told Mr. Mulks in 1880 that his great-grandfather, William Roe, settled below Mott's Corners about 1800, and for their first milling they went to Owego; that was before the Cantine mill was ready. William Roe was in the Revolutionary war, after which he was a mer- chant oh Long Island, and later bought land in this town, about 400 acres, or half of Hinepaiigh's location of 800 acres. He had sons, Isaac, William, Gamaliel and John. Gamaliel was the father of Philip Roe, and the descendants of William have reached four generations. According to statement of John Brearley, his father, Joseph Brearle)', was among the first to settle on Brearley Hill, coming there from Lansing in 1811. He located a mile above Jonas Rhoode, who settled three )'ears earlier ; he was from Massachusetts. Philip D. Hornbeck said in 1879 that William Mott 3d, so long a leading business man of Mott's Corners, tuid who was then living at Watkins at the age of eighty years, learned the carpenter's trade of Ira Tillotson, of Ithaca, who built the Methodist ohurch on Aurora street and the Tompkins House. William Mott afterwards owned six saw mills along Six Mile Creek and also several farms. He did a large lumber business, but eventually failed. The lower mill at Mott's Corners was bixilt by him, and afterwards burned down. He afterwards bought the old Cantine Mill at the falls, and turned the old mill into a plaster mill, and built a large grist mill on the site on the north side of the falls, which he operated a number of years. In later years Mr. Mott removed to Ithaca and lived on State street, and re- moved from there to Watkins. TOWN OF CAROLINA. 285 Caroline has the honor of being the home of Lyman Cobb, author of Cobb's Spelhng Book, which is well remembered by persons fifty years old and upwards. Mr. Cobb taught school at Slaterville in a small school house which stood on the farm of Charles Mulks, now owned by John Boice. Mr. Cobb taught there about two years, and during that time compiled his spelling book, the first edition of which was issued in 1819. Several of the neighboring farmers helped him to publish the book, among whom were Levi Slater, Erastus Benton, of Berkshire, Isaac Stillwell and Charles and John Mulks. Mack & Andrus, of Ithaca, were the publishers for New York and the Middle States, and millions of copies of the book were printed in this and other States. Cobb sold the copyright to several parties in New England, the South- ern and Western States. Mr. Cobb afterwards compiled other school books. Peter Lounsbery, father of Cantine, Edward and Richard Lounsbery, came from Ulster county in 1820 and settled where Richard's widow now lives. He was a prominent citizen, member of assembly in 1844, etc. Charles Cooper came in 181(3 and settled on a farm. His sons were William, J. A. D., and Hiram Cooper. About the year 1828 a Mr. Terry lived on the corner where Smith Stevens now lives, about half a mile" west of the site of Caroline depot. Mr. Terry was made postmaster in about 1835 by the President, and the post-office was named " Terryville;" it was probably the first post-office between Ithaca and Owego. Mr. Terry was removed by President Jackson, as a result of a petition gotten up by William Mott charging Terry with being what is now-a-days termed an " offensive partisan." The office was, therefore, removed to " Mott's Hollow" about a year after it was established and named Mott's Corners, and William Mott 2d was the first postmaster. Eugene Terry, of the sur- rogate's office in Ithaca, is a grandson of Postmaster Terry. A man who, with his descendants, exerted considerable influence upon the toWn of Caroline was Charles H. Morrell. He was an early settler in the town of Lansing, near Lake Ridge, and eventually died there. He went there fi-om New Jersey. About "1832 he bought of John J. Speed, sr., two large farms in Caroline. In his lifetime Mr. Morrell, and his sons after him. were noted for successful sheep hus- bandry and were the most extensive sheep breeders and dealers in Central New York. In his will Charles H. Morrell bequeathed his large sheep herd, about 2,000 head, to his sons and daughters; 800 to 286 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Henry K. , of Caroline; 500 each to Lewis A. and Charles H., jr., of Lansing-, and 200 to his daughter. To his son Henry K. he also willed the vSpeed farm in Caroline, now owned by F. C. Cornell. To his daughter, wife of J. J. Speed, jr., he gave a large farm in Caroline. L. A. Morrell became very active and prominent in sheep husbandry, and was the author of a valuable work on that subject. Henry K. Morrell removed from the town about J8(iO. Marlin Merrill came from Connecticut in 1830 and settled first at Mott's Corners, and afterwards on the farm where Charles Bogardus lived. Michael C. Krum came in from Ulster county in 1838 and set- tled where he now lives. In the same year Eleazer Goodrich, father of Levi L. Goodrich, came in from Berkshire, Tioga county, where he had settled in 1830. George Blair, father of Austin Blair, settled early on the Blair farm. The names of many other early and later residents of the town will be mentioned in the account of the villages and in the biographic department of this volume. T. M. Boyer told Charles F. Mulks in 1880 that the winter of 1835-G was remarkable for its deep snow. It began snowing January 1 and continued four consecutive days. During the winter not less than ten feet of snow fell. There were many deer about Shandaken and a man named Gilman hunted them on snow shoes. He went to Ithaca and contracted to deliver there six or eight deer within a .specified short time, the Ithacans not believing he covild fulfill and thinking they would have a joke on him. He delivered the deer on time and de- manded his money. The Six Mile Creek rises in Dryden and its whole course is about sixteen or seventeen miles. There have been twenty-three mill sites on the stream since the country was settled, including saw and grist mills. There have been fifteen saw mills, seven grist mills, two or three woolen mills, a gun factory, and a few .small cider mills operated at sundry times. There are now only two or three saw mills and one grist mill, water and steam being used in some cases. The " Bottom Mill," so called, on the upper Six Mile Creek, was a saw mill built by by Elijah Powers in 1808 and was one of the fii'st saw mills built on that stream. Powers lived on the Chauncey L. Scott farm, which after him was owned by a Mr. Haskins. The Bottom Mill passed into the hands of the Van Pelts, who operated it a long time imtil it was worn out. The mill stood at the upper branches of Six Mile Creek. TOWN OF CAROLINE. 287 At the first town meeting held in Caroline, at the tavern of Richard Bush, as directed by the act forming the town, in April, 1811, the fol- lowing officers were chosen: William Rounsvell, supervisor; Levi Slater, town clerk; Ephraim Chambers, Nathaniel Tobey and Laban Jenks, assessors; John Robison, Nathaniel Tobey and Moses Reed, commissioners of highways; Charles Mulks, collector; John Robison and Joseph Chambers, overseers of the poor; Richard Chambers and Robert Hyde, constables; Dr. Joseph Speed, Charles JVIulksand Robert Freeland, fence viewers; Richard Bush, poundmaster. Following is a list of supervisors of Caroline from 1811 to the present time, with dates of service : 1811-12. William Rounsvell. 1813. John J. Speed, sr. 1814-15. John Robison. 1816-17. Robert Freeland. 1818. Augustine Boyer. 1819. Robert Freeland. 1820. Augustine Boyer. 1821-25. Levi Slater. 1826-28. Robert Freeland. 1829-31. William Jackson. 1832-34. Samuel H. Dean. 1835. Henry Teers. .1836-37. Spencer Hungerford. 1838-42. Lyman Kingman. 1843. James R. Speed. 1844. Lyman Kingman. 1845. John Chambers. 1846. Vr. Daniel L. Mead. 1847. Lyman Kingman. 1848-49. Samuel E. Green. 1850. William Cooper. 1851. Henry Krum. 1852. Michael C. Krum. 1853. Edward Hungerford. 1854 Robert II. S. Hyde. 1855. Herman C. Reed. 1850-57. John Bull. 1858. Charles J. Rounsvell. 1859. John J. Bush. 1860. Peter Loun.sbery. 1861. William H. Blair. 1862. William Curtis. 18G3. James H. Snow. 1864-65. Samuel E. Green. 1866. Sharrad Slater. 1867. Samuel P. Ashley. 1868. Lyman Kmgman. 1869. Sharrad Slater. 1870-73. JohnWolcott. 1874-76. Chauncey L. Wattles. 1877-78. Epenetus Howe. 1879-80. Smith D. Stevens. 1881. James H. Mount. 1882-83. James Boice. 1884-87. R. G. H. Speed. 1888. James Boice. 1889-92. Fred E. Bates. 1892. Seat contested by Fred E. Bates and John Bull, and given to the latter. 1893. John Bull. 1894. William K. Boice. At the town meeting of 1817 it was voted " That whoever kills a fox in this town shall be entitled to a bounty; for killing a wolf, $5; for killing a wild-cat, $1." At the town meeting in 1816 it was " Resolved, That Lyman Raw- son be prosecuted for retailing ' speerits ' without a license." 288 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Ephraim Chambers, John Robison, Abrani Blackman and Dr. Joseph Speed were the first justices of the peace in this town, appointed by tlie Board of Supervisors and judges of Common Pleas jointly. The office was made elective by the people in 1837. The first justices elected were Dr. James Ashley (one year), Milo Heath (two years), Aaron Curtis (three years), and Silas Hutchinson (four years). When Caroline was set off from Spencer and separately organized in 1811, all the preliminaries were satisfactorily agreed upon, but the people could not agree upon the name. It was proposed and assented to that the spelling book should be taken and opened and the first female name they should find should be the name of the town. At the same time John Cantine and Dr. Speed agreed that the first girl that should thereafter be born in the family of either should be named Caroline. Diana Caroline Speed became Mrs. Vincent Conrad, and Caroline Cantine a Mrs. Giddings. Both have been dead many years. In 1813 there was still a large part of the town assessed and taxed as non-resident lands. The largest of these non-resident owners vvas Samuel W. Johnson, of Stratford, Conn. He owned 1800 acres in one solid body in the southwest corner, embracing the whole of the lands since known as the Pugsley, Ridgway, Lane, and several lesser farms. In roinid numbers the assessed valuation of residents was, in 1813, $88,553; and of non-residents, $27,828. This was the second year after the town was organized. Following is a list of the principal officers of this town for 1894: William K. Boice, supervisor, Slaterville Springs; Charles E. Meeks, town clerk, Brookton; William P. Rich, collector, Caroline; George H. Nixon, justice of the peace, SpeedsviUe; Charles Lewis, constable, Spcedsville; John E. Van Etten, constable, Brookton; Adelbert M. Dedrick, constable, Slaterville Springs; Elnathan H. Card, constable, Slaterville Springs. Statistics. — The number of acres of land in Caroline, as given in report of Board of Supervisors, 1893, is 34,747. Assessed valuation of real estate, including village property and real estate of corporations, $851,495. Total assessed value of personal property, $33,550. Amount of town taxes, $3,330.09. Amount of county taxes, $1,518.53. Aggre- gate taxation, $5,370.39. Rate of tax on $1 valuation, .0001. Corpo- rations — D., L. & W. Railroad Co., assessed value real estate, $40,000; amount of tax, $344. E., C. & N. Raili-oad Co., assessed value of real- estate, $45,000; amount of tax, $374.50. N. Y. & P. Telegraph and TOWN OF CAROLINi;. 289 Telephone Co., assessed value of real estate, $500; amount of tax, |3.05. W. U. Telegraph Co., assessed value real estate, $300; amount of tax, $1.83. Town andits, 1803, $1,056.38. Slaiervili.e. — This small village is situated on vSix Mile Creek, on the northern line of the town. The derivation of its name and most of the early settlers have been already mentioned. Others who may properly be mentioned as residents early and at later time in that vicinity wei-e John Robison, Robert Freeland, Lemuel Yates, Francis Norwood and others. With the establishment of the early mills and mercantile stores, and the organization of churches and schools, most of which have been de- scribed, the hamlet grew to a few hundred inhabitants and remained in about that condition many years. The post-office was established in 1823, with John Robison as postmaster; he also kept a tavern at the time. The present official in the office is Mrs. E. M. Wattles, who has had it continuously since 1872. In 1816 or 1817 John Robison and Mr. Hedges built a tannery and operated it a few years ; it stood on the site of the present barn of Carns's Hotel. Robison and Hedges were succeeded in the business by Milo and James Heath, who continued it many years. The Heath family, father and brothers, came from Connecticut originally, but re- moved to Caroline from Delhi, N.Y., in 1818, and were long influential men in the town. About the same time Isaac Miller built a frame store across the road from the tannery and began trade; he died soon afterwards. Levi Slater was his successor, and carried on trade there about eight years. Between 1816 and 1820 the little village saw its greatest pros- perity, at least until the discovery of the merits of the Magnetic Springs. This event took place about 1871, when a well wassunk by Dr. William Gallagher. The waters of these springs contain a large percentage of mineral constituents, and have proved efficacious in the cure of many diseases. The Slaterville House was a hotel built many years ago and kept at various periods by Zophar T. McLusky, James Hall, Richard Freer, S. Edward Green, George Clark, Josephus Bullman, Josephus Hasbrouck, and perhaps others. When the springs began to be devel- oped, and the reputation of the waters became known, W. J. Cams took this house, renamed it the Magnetic Springs House, enlarged and improved it, beautified the grounds, drilled for a supply of the water, and opened it to the public. He has kept the house ever since. 37 290 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The Fountain House was built by Hornbeck & Benjamin Brothers in 1872, and in 1875 was sold to Moses Dedrick. Mr. Cams is now also conducting this house, having purchased it of Harrison Halstead. A flouring mill was built at Slaterville in 1820 by Solomon Robison, who rebuilt it in 183G. It was burned in 18G3, and three years later the second mill was erected by Jason D. Atwater. This mill was burned down in 1891 and not rebuilt. In 1818 an old frame school house stood on the land of Charles Mulks. It was partly demolished and rendered useless by a party of mischievous boys, and in the next winter school was taught in the old Freer log house in Slaterville, and in the following year (1828) the " Red School House " was built. A store is now kept by John Bull, and W. D. Post deals in hardware. Speedsville. — The settlement of this small village and the events connected therewith have been already described. The place was known in early years as " Jenksville," from Laban Jenks, an early settler. About the year 1835 a movement was started to secure a post- office there under that name, the inhabitants not taking kindly to the removal of the office which had already been opened under the name of Speedsville down to the old road whither John J. Speed had removed. The inhabitants finally succeeded in forcing Mr. Speed into a com- promise, under which the office was taken back to "Jenksville," but under the name of Speedsville, which Mr. Speed was desirous should be retained. Leroy W. Kingman was the first postmaster after the removal and was appointed February 4, 1835. Other succeeding post- masters have been Isaac L. Bush, Samuel P. Ashley, G. H. Perry, Josiah Lawrence, Isaac L. Bush, D. B. Gilbert (who held the office more than fifteen years), and was succeeded by W. S. Legge and Mrs. Dr. Johnson. The present postmaster is J. I. Ford. Many of these carried on mercantile business in connection with their official business, and A. N. Ford, D. B. Gilbert & Son, Asa Phillips, and others, formerly kept stores. The present merchants are J. I. Ford and E. L. Freeland. Trout Brook Creamery is in this village, owned and operated by Truman & Thompson, of Owego. About 500 pounds of butter are made here daily. A small grist mill is now operated by S. Hart about two miles from the village, and S. H. Akins has a planing mill and crate factory. Mott's Corners. — This place was known in early years as Cahtine's Mills, and its name was changed from Mott's Corners to Brookton in TOWN or CAROLINIi;. 21)1 recent j'ears. The village is situated on Six Mile Creek, near by sta- tions on tlie Elniira, Cortland and Northei'n Railroad and Caroline depot on the D. , L. & W. Railroad. The settlement of Gen. John Cantine here, as well as others, has been quite fully detailed in pre- ceding pages. The building of the early mills at this' point deter- mined its locality as a site for a village. The Upper Grist Mill, as it has been known, stands nearly opposite the site of the old Cantine Mill, which was built about the year 1800, and was burned in 1862, while owned by Joseph Chambers. The present mill was built by George White in 1805, and was sold by him to F. C. Cornell. This mill is not now running. It was at one time owned by William Mott 3d, as was also the mill on the present Voorhis site several years previous. The latter mill was destroyed by fire and rebuilt by David C. Roe in 1850. It passed through several hands to the Voorhises, father and sons, and was burnt in 1890 or 91. Fred E. Bates then became proprietor of the site and built thereon the present mill, and very soon after resold it to the Voorhis brothers. Daniel M. White and Fred E. Bates have two saw mills here. There were formerly two woolen factories in operation at this place. A man named Losey for many years owned and carried on a gun fac- tory below Brookton. The business was originally started at Ta- ghanic Creek in Ulysses and removed to Brookton. They were followed by Mr. Lull and son, who changed the establishment into a factory for the manufacture of blankets. After a few years this was discontinued. Former merchants here were George T. Sanders and John J. Bush. Stores are kept at present by Frank F. Mulks and E. M. Mills. Frank F. Mulks is postmaster. Caroline Post-Office. — This is a hamlet in the northeast part of the town, and is the locality that was first settled, as before described, by Capt. David Rich, Widow Earsley, Dr. Joseph Speed, and others. It was first known as "Yankee Settlement, " and later as "Tobeytown," from Nathaniel Tobey, an early settler, who was the father of Nathan- iel M. Tobey. The post-office was first established here about 1819, and Dr. Speed was the first postmaster. Wallace W. Conrad is the present official and carries on the only store. A saw mill was built here in 1822 by Henry Morgan and Isaac Goodale, which passed to possession of N. M. Tobey in 1865, and he rebuilt it. The present grist mill was built and is now operated by Francis Earsley. 293 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The upper mill was built by Mr. Tobey in 1835, on the west branch of Owego Creek. Mr. Tobey also built a steam grist mill there in 185J:, which he successfully operated until 18G3, when it was burned by an incen'diarj' and not rebuilt. Caroline Center. — This hamlet is situated near the center of the town, which fact gives it its name. It was in that vicinity that the pioneers Augustin and Hugh Boyer, William Jackson, Calvin Clark, Jonathan Snow, James Livermore, Alexander Stowell, John Taft, Abel Gates, Ezekiel Jewett, John Grout, Joel Rich (brother of Capt. David Rich), Jeremiah Kinney, Israel Paine, and others settled and lived; man)' of them have descendants still living in the town and county. The post-office was established here about 1839, with Hiram S. Jones as postmaster. The present official is John Davis. There has never been any manufacturing of much account here. Robert E. Brink is the merchant. Caroline Depot post-office was established in 1859, the year preceding the building of the depot there. Alvin Merrill, who was .station agent, was the first postmaster. Slaterville, Brookton, and Caroline Center receive their supplies chiefly from this station. A store is kept by Dayton Conrad, and William B. Krum is postmaster. There is a post-office in the town called White Church, over which William Hart presides. Caroline Lodge, No. 681, F. & A. M., was instituted in November, 1807, with twenty-eight charter members. W. C. Gallagher, M.D., was the first W. M. ; Moses Mtmson, S. W. ; Job Norwood, J. W. ; R. G. H. Speed, secretary; R. M. Wood, treasurer. The charter was re- ceived in June, 1868, when some slight changes in the list of officers occurred. The present chief officers are: Richard Leonard, W. M. ; C. L. Davis, S. W. ; C. J. Hamilton, J. W. ; W. K. Boice, treas. ; H. A. Davis, secretary; Leroy Heffron, S. D. ; Bowne Mulks, J. D. ; George Aldrich, S. M. C. ; Leroy McWhorter, J. M. C. ; R. G. H. Speed, chap- lain; George E. Vandemark, marshal; Thomas Gibbs, tyler. Speedsville Lodge, No. 2G5, F. & A. M., was institiited June 11, 1851, and worked under a dispensation until Jtine 19, 1852, when its charter was issued and thirteen members enrolled. The first W. M. was Robert H. S. Hyde; S. W., Thomas Band; J. W., Lyman King- man; secretary, Leonard Legg; treasurer, Robert E. Muir. The present chief officers are: Nelson Slater, W. M. ; R. F. Abbey, S. W. ; G. H. Nixon, J. W. ; S. H. Boyer, treasurer; H. S. Akins, secretary; TOWN OF CAROLINE. 293 W. L. Keeny, S. D. ; J. I. Ford, J. D. ; A. Bostwick, chaplain'; Collins Cartright, S. M. C. ; F. M. Baker, J. M. C. ; C. A. Clark, marshal; Mildan Mead, tyler. Rei.ioious Oroanizations. — n^he first chnrch organization in the town of Caroline was of the Dutch Reformed faith and was due to the efforts of Rev. Gerrit Mandeville. The date was some time in the year 1812; the early records of the church are not accessible, but among the original members were Joseph Chambers, Oakley Bush, the Widow Earsley, and others. Mr. Mandeville remained with the church nearly twenty-five years. A house of worship was built about 1830, which has been demolished, and the society is extinct. The First Mkthodist Church of Caroline. — This church is in vSlaterville and the class which preceded it was formed in 1813 with eight members, only one of whom was a man. The first pastor was John Griffin. The church organization was effected November 28, 1831, under the title, "The Garretson Society of the Methodist Epis- copal Church," but its subsequent incorporation was vmder its present name. The first regular pastor was Rev. George Harmon. The church building was commenced in 1832 and dedicated in 1834. It has been since enlarged and repaired. Rev. William H. Strang is the present pastor. The Methodist Church at Caroline Center. — This society was organized about 1820, with thirteen members, by Rev. George Har- mon, above mentioned. In 1825 the society built a church at a cost of $1,000, which sufficed until 18f](i, when it was superseded by the pres- ent church. A. F. Brown is pastor. The Mkthodist Church at Si'eedsville. — A class was formed at Speedsville about the year 1820, which was followed in 1851 by a church organization. A house of worship was erected in the same year during the pastorate of Rev. William Lisbee. A church was built at Speedsville in 1828 b)' the Methodists, Presby- terians and Universalists, who used it jointly until 1851. The Meth- odists now worship in their own church, and Rev. A. A. Brown is pastor. St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church of Speedsville. — This society was originally organized as a church of the same name at Rich- ford, whence it was removed to Speedsville in 1842. Rev. George Watson was called as missionary, and Hir^m Bliss and Towner Whiton were made wardens. Rev. C. W. NcNish is pastor. 294 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. In 18!)1 an Episcopal Society was organized at Slaterville, and in the spring of 1894 they finished a beantifiil church at a cost of $3,500. Memorial windows were presented by Moses Bull in memory of his wife and daughter; by Mrs. Mary F. Tobey, in memory of Simon and Sally Andrews (her father and mother) ; and by Mrs. William P. Speed, in memory of her husband and her sons, Joseph and Daniel. The pastor is Rev. C. W. McNish. Thr Univeusalist Church. — A Universalist vSociety was organized April 30, 1827, with twenty-seven members and Rev. N. Doolittle pastor. A new organization was effected in 1870 under the name of the " Universalist Church of Speedsville," with forty-three members and Rev. A. O. Warren pastor. The original society joined with the Methodists and Presbyterians, as before stated, in building a church. The Universalists eventually purchased the building. The First Baptist Church of Caroline. — This society was organ- ized in 1814 with fourteen members and Rev. Pliny Sabin pastor. In 1848 a house of worship was erected; this was removed in 18().'i and a neat building erected at Brookton, which was dedicated January 11, 18G4; its cost was $3,500. The society also owns a parsonage. The pastor is Rev. William A. House. In 1893 a Methodist Society was organized at Caroline, and a church was built in 1894 at a cost of about $1,500. Rev. Charles Northrop is pastor. Congregational Church. — This society is at Brookton and was or- ganized March 38, 1808, and incorporated in the following month. The original membership was fifty-five, a number of whom were from the Methodist Society of that place and the Reformed church. The first pastor was Rev. William S. Hills. In 1808 a handsome church was erected at a cost of about $5,000. The pastor is Rev. Sherman More- land. In 1814 a Baptist (Old School) church was organized, over which Rev. John Sawyer was pastor. The house of worship was built in 1843. This society is not now in existence. TOWN OF DANBY. 295 CHAPTER XVI. TOWN OF DANBY. The reader of the preceding history of Ithaca in this volume has learned of the coming to that place in 1789 of the Dumonds arid Yaples from Ulster county, and their primitive improvements on land to which they supposed their title would continue to be good and sufficient. In that supposition they were mistaken ; for through the non-payment of taxes in Albany by an agent they lost their title, and in 1795 the party, consisting of Isaac and John Dumond and Jacob and John Yaple, formed some kind of a partnership agreement and pushed on into what is now the town of Danby and there took up farms. The partnership continued several years after the first settlement. Many others of the pioneers of the northern and northwestern parts of this town were also from Ulster county and vicinity, while many of those who located at what became the so called " Beers Settlement " at South Danby were from Fairfield county, Conn. The Dumonds and Yaples, undismayed by their discouraging experience at Ithaca, plunged energetically into the task of making new homes. They were met by numerous obstacles, of course, being forced to cut their way through the woods to the lo- cality, to construct their own roads, and to build their log houses with- out the aid of neighbors. The tract where those worthy pioneers settled is included in the farms now or recently owned by John Sea- man, James Comfort, the widow of Henry Yaple, and a son of David Yaple. Several descendants of both the pioneer families are now resi- dent in this county. Isaac Dumond, son of John, was the first white child born in the town, August 12, 1796, and lived on the homestead to a venerable age. The pioneers in the "Beers Settlement" district (South Danby) were Dr. Lewis Beers, one of the very early physicians of the county, and his brother, Jabez Beers, who came in from Stratford, Fairfield county. Conn., in the spring of 1797. They settled on the farms now owned by E. L. B. Curtis and John Hall respectively. Mr. Curtis is a grandson of Dr. Beers. The doctor was accompanied by his wife 296 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. and two indentured young men named William R. Collins (afterwards for many years a prominent citizen of Ithaca), aged sixteen years, and Joseph Judson, aged fifteen. The latter was a prosperous farmer of Danby. Jabez Beers had a wife and family, and his daughter named Harriet became the wife of John Scott, of Ithaca. Dr. Lewis Beers became a conspicuous figui-e in the early history of the county. He built the first frame house in the town in 180J.. He was chosen the first justice of the peace of the town, receiving his war- rant in 1807 from Governor Daniel D. Tompkins. In the same year he was appointed first judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In this office he was succeeded by his brother Jabez. The latter was also elected to the Assembly at a later date. Dr. Beers was the first and only president of the old Owego and Ithaca Turnpike Company, assum- ing the office in 1812 and continuing in it until the road became a pub- lic highway in 1841. He was founder and first pastor of the " New Jerusalem Church," or Swedenborgian, which faith he adopted about 1813. After a long, honorable and useful life he died September -t, 1849, at the age of eighty-one years. In the spring of 1805 Dr. Beers returned to his former home and brought back his aged parents, who were called for by him until their death. His father died in Danby, January 3, 1810, and his mother April 10, 1817. In 1796 Elias Deyo became a resident of the town and for ten years was the only settler of foreign birth. He was a, German. David Clark located in the Beers Settlement neighborhood in 1801, and Lewis Beardsley in 1 803, on the farm now occupied by vStockton B. Judson. Benjamin Jennings came in the latter year. Oscar Jen- nings was his son, and the late Benjamin Jennings his grandson. He was from Cornwall, Conn. , and settled on the farm now occupied by the family of William Buckland. Benjamin Jennings was member of assembly in 1827 and 1837, and a prominent and useful citizen. Deacon Hezekiah Clark, John Pumpelly and Philo Hawes came to the town in 1803, and Benijah Ticknor in 1804. Abner Beers, jr., came in 1804, and Nathan Beers in 1805. In the latter year Joseph Judson purchased the farm which remained in the family many years. Cpmfort Butler, Nathan and Seymour II. Adams, and David vSmith, with their families, came to the town in 1800 and became reliable citizens in the growing community. Seneca Howland came in 1807. TOWN OF DANBY. 297 Settlement in the town continued steadily, though not rapidly, until the war of 1812-15. Elbert Curtis, M.D., came from Stratford, Conn., in 1809, and settled where his son, E. L. B. Curtis, now resides. He later boujjht the Jabez Beers homestead and lived there to 1857, when he removed to Ithaca and died there November 3, 1860, at the age of sixty-nine years. He was a prominent and useful citizen; was mem- ber of assembly in 1838, and held various town offices. Selick Bates and Charles Wright settled in the town in 1812. The former removed to the town of Caroline; his daughter married Charles Wright's son, Abraham. In the northern and northwestern parts of the town, returning to the year 1804, we find that Thomas, John, William, Abraham, James and Samuel Swarthout located there. They were from Ulster count)'', N.Y. , became useful citizens, reared families, and still have many de- scendants in the town. Peter Davis and his son William arrived in the same year (1804) and soon afterwards John Masterson, Spencer Eaton and Jacob Wise. John Miller came in 1805. John Elyea, the pioneer of this name in the town, came in 1813. Moses Barker settled in the western part of the town in 1814 on the farm owned in recent years by his son-in-law, G. A. Todd. A few years later James Briggs settled on a farm about half a mile from West Danby post-office, and his brother Isaac located about a mile distant. In the southern part of the town Moses Banfield settled in 1802 on the farm occupied in recent times by George J. Bratt. His son Isaac was a leading citizen of the town. Aaron Bennett came to this part of the town in 1806, and Amos Hall, grandfather of Albert Hall, came about the year 1807 and settled where the widow of Albert now lives. Amos's sons, Leonard and Silas, followed their father hither two years later. The first named son was father of Albert. Isaac Jennings came in from Saratoga county in 18 J 5, settled where William Smiley lived in recent years. Others who located in the town in later years, and prior to 1840, were Dr. Aaron Tibbetts, who was a leading physician more than forty years; Simon Loomis, Jackson Graves, Elihu Keeler (father of Charles Keeler), and many others who will be mentioned a little further on. The first birth in this town was that of Isaac Dumond, son of John, which occurred August 13, 1796. Isaac lived in the town to a great 38 298 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. age. The first death was that of Mrs. Rogers, wife of Joseph Rogers, who was a tenant of Pumond's ; her death took place about the j'ear 1797. The pioneers made early arrangements for the simple education of their children, as far as possible, and a school house was erected at the Beers Settlement about the beginning of the century, and within a year or two afterwards another was built in the Dumond and Yaple neigh- borhood. Joseph Judson was the first teacher. Some of the Danb)' children had attended school prior to this in a log school house in the town of Ithaca. The organization of the town of Danby did not take place until Feb- ruary 22, 1811, when it was taken from the town of wSpencer, Tioga county, and it was annexed to Tompkins county, March 22, J 822. On the 29tli of April, 18^9, a small part of the town of Caroline was an- nexed to Danby. The first town meeting was held on the 12th day of March, 1811, and the following officers elected: Stephen Beers, jr., supervisor; Uri Hill, town clerk ; Nathan Adams. Aaron Bennett and Benjamin Jennings, assessors; John Yaple, Seymour li. Adams and Hudson Jennings, commissioners of highways; Jacob Yaple and Stephen Beers, overseers of the poor; Birdsey Clark, constable and collector; Hudson Jennings, constable; Lewis Beardsley, Hezekiah Clark, John Dumond and John Yaple, fence viewers and damage appraisers; Hezekiah Clark, pound- master. It was voted at this meeting to " locate the town pound in the ensu- ing year on the corner of the section where it crosses the turnpike, one half of which to be on Esquire Beers's land. Dr. Lewis Beers agrees to build said poimd at his own expense." Following is a list of the supervisors of the town from the beginning to the present time; the list contains the names of many earl)' settlers already mentioned, as well as later prominent residents of the town : Stephen Beers, jr., five years. Miles C. Mix. Benjamin Jennings, eleven years. Sherman Miller. Elbert Curtis. Elbert Curtis. Jonathan B. Gosman. Andrew Taylor, two years. Harley Lord. Frederick Beers. Benjamin Jennings. Elbert Curtis. Chester W. Lord, two years. Eli Beers. Alexander Gastin. Andrew Taylor. Elbert Curtis. Chester W. Lord, two years. TOWN OF DANBY. 290 Eleazur Taylor. Lyttleton F. Clark, two years. Franci.s Nourse. William A. Mandeville, two years. Gideon Tuthill, two years. Levi Curtis, three years. Eli Beers. Elbert L. B. Curtis, two years. Francis Nourse, two years. Josiah Hawes, eight years. Elbert L. B. Curtis. John E. Beers, twelve years. Francis Nourse. Frank A. Todd. Frederick Beers. John E. Beers, two years. Lemuel Jennings. F. A. Todd, 1892-3. Elbert Curtis. Henry Hutchings, 1894. Dioclesian A. Marsh. This town, as the reader has learned, was among the foremost to re- spond to the call of the country in the struggle for the perpetuation of a free government. It is also most commendable that the people upon the successful close of that great contest at once took steps to properly honor the memory of those who sacrificed or imperiled their lives for the good of their country. To this end the " Soldiers' Monument As- sociation of the town of Danby " was organized on the 4th of July, 1866. The directors were Charles B. Keeler, president; E. L. B. Cur- tis, Levi C. Beers, John L. Hance, and Rev. Warren Mayo. About $1,000 were raised by entertainments of various kinds, which was in- creased to $3,000 by vote of the people, and E. L. B. Curtis, John L. Hance and Josiah Hawes were given authority to negotiate for the erection of a suitable monument. The result of this noble action stands in a beautiful marble shaft twenty-nine feet high, which was raised with appropriate ceremonies. On it are the names and date of death of forty-five men who gave up their lives in the war. The town has always been chiefly a grain and stock growing district, and now ranks among the foremost in this respect. The farmers are, as a rule, well-to-do, and pursue their business on advanced methods. Some farmers are giving attention to milk production and a fine milk depot and ice house was built at West Danby in 1893. Following are the principal officers of the town for 1894: Henry Hutchings, supervisor. West Danby; William H. Baker, town clerk, Danby; Frank D. Smiley, collector, Danby; Jacob Wise, justice of the peace, Danby; Charles E. Bruce, constable, Danby; Jerry Dorn, con- stable. South Danby; Clarence H. Slocum, constable, Caroline Depot; Simeon D. Sincebaugh, constable, West Danby; Nelson C. Williams, commissioner of highways, Danby. Statistics. — Number of acres of land in the town, as shown by the supervisors' report of 1893, 33,286; assessed valuation of real estate, 300 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. including village property and real estate of corporations, $625,254; total assessed valuation of personal property, $43,000; amount of town taxes, $1,331.79; amount of county taxes, $1,502.09; aggregate tax- ation, $4,339.09; rate of lax on $1 valuation, .0065. Corporations — D., L. & W. Railroad Co., assessed value of real estate, $8,000; amount of tax, $52; G., I. & S. Railroad Co., assessed value of real estate, $32,- 000; amount of tax (including tax on the company's telegraph line), $211.26; N. Y. & P. Telephone Co., assessed value of real estate, $500; amount of tax, $3.25; W. U. Telegraph Co., assessed value of real estate, $150; amount of tax, $0.98; Ithaca Water Works Co., assessed value of real estate, $1,200; amount of tax, $7.80. Danhy Village. — This village covers the site of the Beers Settle- ment on the oTd Ithaca and Owego turnpike, six miles from Ithaca. Here the first dwelling was erected by Elias Deyo as earl}^ as 179S. The more prominent early settlers in this vicinity were Abner Beers, David Clark, Hezekiah Clark, John Pumpelly, Hudson and Benjamin Jennings, Letis Beardsley, Erastus Bierce, Uri Clark, and Stephen Beers, several of whom have been mentioned. About the year 180{! Abner Beers opened the first store here in a log building, since which early date various merchants have traded here. The first mills in this town were erected by the Dumonds and Yaples, a saw mill in 1797 and a grist mill in 1799. They were on Buttermilk Creek on land that was undivided between the two families. The Elm Tree flouring and saw mills at Danby were erected by a stock com- pany composed of Messrs. Ellis, Johnson, Beers and De Forrest in 1853. About three years later the company sold the property to Thomas J. Phillips. He added steam power, and conducted the busi- ness until December 15, 18U8, when the mill was burned. The site remained vacant until 1878, when Frazier & Krum built the new mills; these were sold to W. R. Gunderman in 1880. He successfully oper- ated them until 1889, when they were again burned, and Mr. Gunder- man removed to Ithaca, where he operates a grist mill and general storehouse business. The first post-office was established at Danby in 1801-2, at the resi- dence of Dr. Lewis Beers, who was appointed postmaster. In 1811-12 it was removed to the residence of Jabez Beers, and about the year 1827 was removed to the village and Hudson Jennings was made post- master. The present official is Henry Beardsley. TOWN OF DANBY. 301 The first public house in the village was kept by Deacon Hezekiah Clark in 1811 in what was in late years the residence of Levi C. Beers. Prior to that date Dr. Beers entertained travelers at his house. Henry S. Beardsley and Charles Ostrander now carry on stores in the village, and the saw mill on the site of the old Judson mill is in the Jennings estate. T. H. Howell and Josiah Hawes formerly had stores here. The Danby Rural Cemetery Association was incorporated July 1, 1871. Land for the cemetery was donated by E. L. B. Curtis. A board of trustees has charge of the affairs of the association. West Danby. — This hamlet is situated on the Cayuga Inlet, and is a station on the Geneva and Sayre Branch of the Lehigti Valley Rail- road. The first settlement here was made by Moses Barker in 1814. The first dwelling was built by Jared Patchen, who owned the land but was not an actual settler. James Grimes occupied the house as a tenant. John Patchen came to this locality in 1833, purchased a farm, ^nd reared a family. He was father of Ira Patchen. William Hugg was a settler here about the year 1810. Ira Patchen built and opened a store about 1850, and carried on business more than thirty years. There has never been any manufacturing of account. A saw mill is located here which is now owned by John Banfield. The Novelty Works, for the manufacture of yard sticks, sign boards, etc., are con- ducted by D. A. Beach. Fairbrother & Co. have a store, and F. A. Fairbrother is postmaster. A. J. Tupper is the other merchant of the village. South Danby. — This is a small hamlet in the southern part of the town, the settlements in which have already been described. A post- office was established here many years ago, and Sarah Jennings is the present incumbent of the office. There is one store and a blacksmith shop here. Churches. — Religious organization followed very closely the early settlements in this town. The Congregational church at Danby village was first organized as a Presbyterian society in 1807, and continued as such until 1867, when it became Congregational in form and doctrine. The church edifice was built in 1820, but has been at various times im- proved and enlarged. The present pastor is Rev. J. R. Jones. There was formerly a Baptist church in Danby village, but the build- ing has recently been transformed into a town hall. 303 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The Methodist church at Danby was organized as a class, with five members, in 1811, and incorporated as a society in 1832, during which year the house of worship was erected ; it has been much improved at various times. The first pastor was Rev. Elijah Bachelor, and the present one is Rev. J. R. Allen. The church was rebuilt aboiit ten years ago at a cost of about $3,000. The Methodist church at West Danby was organized in 18C9, but a class had existed there many years earlier. The first pastor was Rev. E. G. W. Hall. The church was built in 1870. The present pastor is Rev. A. G. Bloomfield. The South Danby Methodist Church was organized as early as 1830, and was formerly a part of the North Danby charge. The church was built in 1836. The charge was separated from the parent church in 1843. In 1871 the church was extensively repaired. The first pastor was Rev. Peter Compton. The present pastor is S. D. Galpin. The Church of New Jerusalem. — ^This denomination was organized into a society May 30, 1816, in the old school house, under the name of "New Jerusalem Society of the County of Tioga." There were then sixty-four subscribers. On the 23d of March, 1825, eighteen per- sons formed a society in this faith at Danby, under the pastoral care of Dr. Lewis Beers. In the following April a church was begun on a lot donated by Dr. Beers ; it was finished in November. The building has not been regularly used since 1866, and is now a barn. There were no regular services after 1866. Christ's Protestant Episcopal Church was organized August 12, 1826, in the school house of District No. 2. The first rector was Rev. Lucius Carter: the first wardens, Daniel Williams and Walter Bennett. The church building was erected in 183-1 and consecrated in 1836. The church is not now active. The West Danby Baptist Church was first organized with twenty- seven members dismissed from the Spencer church for that purpose in 1821. This church was afterwards removed to Ithaca. In 1823 the old Spencer church was divided into the First and Second Baptist Churches of Spencer, and the latter subsequently removed to West Danby. There the church building was erected in 1840. The present pastor is Rev. S. S. Vose. TOWN OF NEWFIELD. 303 CHAPTER XVII. TOWN OF NEWFIELD. This town was formerly a part of Tioga cotinty, and was taken from the town of Spencer in that county on the 22d of February, 1811, and called " Cayuta." The name was changed to Newfield March 29, 1832, it having become a part of Tompkins county when the county was or- ganized in 1817. The town was reduced in area on the 4th of June, 1853, when "all that part of the town lying on the west side of said town, and beginning at the north line of said town, at the northeast corner of lot 4, thence along the east line of lots 4, 8, 12, 19 to 84, 51 and 52, and 9 and 10, shall after January 1, 1856, be annexed to and form a part of Catharines in Chemung (now Schuyler) county." The records of this town giving the early proceedings of the author- ities were all destroyed in 1875. Newfield is in the southwest corner of Tompkins county, and contains 34,892 acres, of which about 25,000 are under cultivation. The surface is hilly, much broken in the central part, with ridges rising from 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. The soil is a good gravelly loam. The town is generally well watered by living springs and their outlet streams. Cayuta Creek drains the southern part, and the inlet to Cayuga Lake the northern part. These are the principal streams. The territory of this town not being within the military tract, and its lands therefore not drawn by soldiers, speculators and settlers did not buy up the lots, nor were the farms occupied until several years after pioneers had 'made their homes in Ithaca, Dryden, Groton and Lansing. But the time came when the rugged and uninviting aspect of the town could not longer deter the adventurous and hardy pioneer from entering its thick forests to begin the work of civilization. Set- tlement began in the town with the advent of James Thomas, who, about the year 1800, settled on the old Newtown road. None of his descendants lives in the town, and almost nothing is known of where lie came from or whither he went. Within a year or two later Joseph 304 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Chambers settled on the farm occupied in late years by Augustus Brown. In 1804 John White arrived, and about the same time David Linderman came in from Orange county and settled on the farm recently occupied by Curtis Protts. He brought his wife and infant son, the latter being Harvey Linderman, long a well known resident of Newfield village. Richard Seabring, a Revolutionary soldier, died in Newfield in 1821. His son Cornelius was a very early settler in the the town of Lansing, and in April, 1804, removed to Newfield and located at what became known as " Seabring Settlement." He was an early postmaster, when the mail was carried once a week on horseback between Ithaca and Elmira. He continued until 1834 on the farm first occupied by him, and then sold it to his son Samuel. The latter died in 1871, and the farm passed to Cornelius H., son of Samuel. In 1805 Barnabas Gibbs settled on what has been called the John P. Hazen farm. He had then lived one year in Dryden. His son, John C. Gibbs, was about three years old when they came to Newfield, and passed his long life in the town. One of his daughters became the wife of J. B. Albright of this town. Philip Lebar, from Pennsylvania, settled early in Lansing, but came to Newfield in 1806. Jonathan Compton was also a settler in the town in 1800. From and including the year 1809 settlements were numerous in this town, among them being James Todd, father of John P. and Solomon S. Todd, well known residents of the town, and was conspicuous in the community, and one of the early deacons in the Presbyterian chuixh. Abraham Brown, father of Alvah, Stephen S., Hiram and Holden T. Brown, arrived in town in 1800 and settled on the farm afterwards owned by his sons. In 1810 Isaac L. Smith, who had settled early in Lansing, came to Newfield and located on the farm, where his son, Samuel H., after- wards lived. The several pioneers who came into this town from Lansing were led to adopt that course on accoimt of the comparatively high prices of land in that town. Deacon Charles Gillett came in at about the same time with Mr. Smith and settled where Joseph Kellogg lived in recent years. Deacon Gillett had also settled some years earlier in Lansing and married a sister of Mr. Smith. Solomon Kellogg came in about 1811 and, with others already men- tioned, has descendants in the town. TOWN OF NEWFIELD. 305 Between 1812 and 1815 there was considerable influx of population in the town. Deacon Ebenezer Patchen was one of the early settlers in the so-called "Windfall Settlement." James Murray, father of David Murray, settled where Morgan R. Van Kirk afterwards lived, and Jeremiah and Stephen Green settled in the vSeal)ring neighbor- hood. Jacob A. and James Trumbull came from New York city and settled at Trumbull's Corners in 1813. Other settlers of this period in that immediate locality are mentioned further on. William Dudley, from New Jersey, came to Ithaca not far from 1810, and in 1816 removed to Newfield. His son, George Dudley, worked in the store of Luther Gere at Ithaca, where he learned the mercantile business, and afterwards became the first merchant at Newfield village. His brother, Abram, was associated with him in the business. William Dudley was grandfather of P. S. Dudley. Noah Beardslee was an early settler in the town of Lansing, remov- ing there from Connecticut in 1806. He was a blacksmith. In 1818 he removed to Newfield, and later in life was engaged in lumbering. He died in 1808. John Beardslee, long a resident of Newfield, was a son of Noah. The other prominent settlers of the town will be properly mentioned in the succeeding village accounts. The town of Newfield, although not settled so early as other parts of the county, has kept well to the front in more recent years in its agri- cultural interests. More than two-thirds of the town is under a good state of cultivation, while such mercantile operations and mills are car- ried on as are needed in the community. Churches and schools were early established and have since been liberally supported. In the war of the Rebellion the town sent about 327 of her sons to aid the distressed government, and their patriotic deeds are remembered by their grate- fiil townsmen. Owing to the destruction of the town records only a portion of the town officers can be presented. The supervisor in 1878-89 was Ezra Marion; 1880-87, Randolph Horton; 1888-90, S. A. Seabring; 1891-93, Randolph Horton; 1894, William H. Van Ostrand. The town officers' for 1894 are as follows: Supervisor, William H. Van Ostrand; town clerk, Howard McDaniels; justice of the peace, William Weatherell; assessor, Alonzo Bower; commissioner of high- 39 306 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY, ways, Irving Holman; collector, S. W. Bellis; overseer of the poor, C. M. Beardslee. Statistical. — The report of the Board of Supervisors for the year 1893 gives the following statistics : Number of acres of land, 30,997; as- sessed value of real estate, including village property and real estate of corporations, $488,070; total assessed value of personal property, $32,- 230; amotint of town taxes, $0,212.45; amount of county taxes, $1,534.- 97; aggregate taxation, $9,285.50; rate of tax on $1 valuation, .0184. Corporations — P. & R. Railroad Co., assessed value of real estate, $20,000; amount of tax, $308; P. & R. Railroad Telegraph, $500; amount of tax, $9.20; N. Y. & P. Telegraph and Telephone Co., $5,000; amount of tax, $92. The methods of the farmers of this town have undergone considerable change in the past few years, as they have in other towns of the county. While sufficient grain is generally produced for home needs, and in some instances more than this, much attention is now being paid to the production of hay for market. Many acres are thus turned over to grass, and shipments from the town are large. NicvvKUiLi) Village. — This little village is situated near the Cayuga Inlet in the northeast part of the town. Its site is embraced in the Livingston pvirchase, a part of which passed to Stephen B. Munn, and for which James Pumpelly acted as agent. Through him Eliakim Dean, father of Jefferson Dean, and grandfather of David M. Dean, a prominent attorney of Ithaca, purchased the village site in 1802. Mr. Dean's residence was in Ithaca, but he proceeded to improve his pur- chase. In 1809 he built the first saw mill, where the upper mill stands. In 1811 he erected the first grist mill in the town on the site of the lower mill. This mill was sold a few years later to Gen. J. John Green. Jefferson Dean is now residing in Ithaca at a ripe old age. In 1815 Samuel R. Rogers established a carding mill and cloth mak- ing factory at the village, which was long ago abandoned. The Perry saw mill stands on the site. In 1810 William Cox cleared a lot and built the fifth frame house in the village, opposite the hotel on the north side of the creek. There was a post-office at the Seabring neighborhood and about this time was transferred to Newfield village, and Mr. Cox was the first postmaster there; his receipts for the first qviarter were $1.50. Air. Cox was born in Orange county, this State, of strict Presbyterian pai'ents. When TOWN OF NEWFIELD. 307 young he went to Ohio and was converted under the ministrations of Rev. J. B. Finley, and became a Methodist. He afterwards was prom- inent in establishing' the first Methodist class in Newfield village. In 1846 John T. James began manufacturing oil cloth in the south part of the town, and in the following year removed the business to the village. It was long ago given up. George Dudley kept the first store in the village, beginning about the year 1816. Under the management of himself, his brother Abram, and son, P. S. Dudley, the business continued and prospered. John L. Puff & Sons, Geo. W. Peck, E. Patterson, S. Dudley Cook and Wm. Tanner are now leading merchants. Jeremiah Hall kept the first tavern in the village in 1810. There are now two hotels, one kept by Robert S. McCorn and the other by Nelson Swan. The McCorn House was formerly the residence of Dr. Cook. The first log school house was built about 1816, and was succeeded by what was long known as "the Old Yellow School House." This old house is now a store house on the Benjamin Drake farm, and the former school yard forms an extension of the cemetery. The first meeting house was built by the Presbyterians in 1832; before that time religious meetings, as well as those of various other kinds, were held in the old school house. The little village grew steadily, but its prosperity was seriously checked on the 16th of June, 1875, by a disastrous fire which destroyed a large share of the business part of the place. But this fire was in one respect a blessing, for on the several sites of the ruins more substantial and handsome brick and wood structures ai;ose, giving the village a more modern appearance. The Newfield Flouring Mills were built by Nicholas Luce and Dudley about 1830. Mr. Nicholas soon became sole proprietor and continued to 1842. After several changes the property passed to P. S. Dudley in 1861. The mill is now conducted by Wm. H. Van Ostrand, who changed it to the roller process in 1894. The Lower Mills were erected in 1860 by John Dean. In 185(i P. S. Dudley pm-chased an interest in connection with O. C. Puff. Dudley & Puff continued to operate the mills to 1859, when Mr. Dudley became sole proprietor. The mill has since passed to Wm. H. Wetherell, who added a saw mill a few years ago. Below this mill was formerly a cloth factory, and still farther down is the old tannery. 308 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. There have been various saw mills scattered throughout the town, but they are gradxially disappearing- as the timber becomes more scarce. Trumbull's Corners. — This is a hamlet in the northwest part of the town, and was first settled in 1813 by Jacob A. and James Trumbull, from New York city. They took up land on three of the four corners, which gave the place its name. Herman Parker, James Douglas.s, J. V. Clark, Joseph Stubbs, Lewis Hughes, Daniel Strang and others settled early in that locality. Shops and stores were established in later years, and about the year ISii a post-office was opened, with Daniel Strang, jr., postmaster. The present postmaster is Theodore Kresga, who also has a store, and another is conducted by James U. Douglass. There is no manufacturing here other than the saw mill. East Newfield. — This is a station on the G., I. & S. Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and a post-office, in which John C. Gibbs was the first official. The present postmaster is H. B. Howell. The name of the post-office has been changed to " Nina." There were formerly post-offices at "Pony Hollow" and at Strat- ton's, the latter in the eastern part of the town ; the former has been closed. Rural cemetery associations have been formed under the State laws at both Newfield and Trumbull's Corners, the former on the 2d of April, 1868, and the latter on the 1st of May, 1877. The first officers of the Newfield Association were: David Nichols, president; R. H. Estabrook, secretary; B. B. Anderson, treasurer. The grounds have been handsomely improved and contain five acres. The present officers are: President, James F. Linderman; secretary, Geo.W. Peck; treasurer, R. Horton; trustees, Geo. W. Peck, James F. Linderman, John L. Puff, A. J. Van Kirk, Morgan P. Van Kirk, Chas. W. McCorn, Jona- than Stamp. The first officers of the Trumbull's Corners Association were Buit Rumsey, president; E. Keene, secretary; J. W. Clark, treasurer. King Hiram Lodge F. & A. M. was instituted June 1, 1880. The present officers are: Master, Wm. Payne; sr. warden, Charles Stringer; jr. warden, Wm. E. Bush; sr. deacon, S. D. Cook; jr. deacon, Berkely Simpson; tyler, De Witt Payne; secretary, Chas. Van Marter; treas- urer, John L. Puff. Religious Institutions. — As early as can be known the Methodist denomination is entitled to the honor of first establishing a class in TOWN OF NEWFIELD. 309 Newfield, in 1818, in the Seabring neighborhood, and another in the ■village of Newfield a year later. Of course there had been religious meetings at various points, sometimes conducted by itinerant mission- aries and preachers, several years earlier than this date. Jeremiah Green was the first leader at Seabring's, and soon afterward moved to Newfield and occupied the same position there. William Cox was a conspicuous worker in the cause at the village, and first procured the services of Rev. James Kelsey, then holding an appointment at Ithaca. At his residence the class meetings were held during six years after its formation. The first Methodist society was organized at Newfield in 1834, and Benjamin H. Clark, Israel Mead, H. M. Ferguson, David Murray, N. W. Reynolds, Charles M. Turner, Abram Dudley, Samuel Seabring, and Daniel B. Swartwood were the fii-st trustees. The erection of the meeting house was begun the same year and finished in the next year, under the pastorate of Rev. Moses Adams, the first pastor. The old ■church, with various improvements, served the purposes of the society until the present edifice was erected. The present pastor is Henry C. Andrews. The First Baptist Church of Newfield was organized in 1820 by Elder Oviatt. The first deacons were Elijah B. Georgia and Nathan Stewart, Meetings were held in the school houses until 1843, when the church was erected. The church had a fair degree of prosperity many years, but for some time there has been no resident minister, and no services are held. The First Presbyterian Church of Newfield was organized with twelve members, under Rev. William Levensworth, about the year 1820, in the Yellow School House. Miller Wood, Charles McCorn, Simeon T. Bush, Hobert Estabrook and Daniel Crowell were chosen trustees. The lot on which the church was built was conveyed to the trustees Febru- ary 10, 1832, and in that year the meeting house was built. In 1878 the church underwent extensive repairs. The present pastor is Rev. Christian W. Winne. The First Christian Church of Newfield was organized May 20, 1854, in School District No. 12. The first pastor was Rev. Ezra Chase. In 1858 the society built a neat church, which is still standing. 310 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. CHAPTER XVIII. TOWN OF GROTON. The present town of Groton was formed as Division, April 7, 1817, and was taken from the older town of Locke. On March 13, 1818, the name was changed to Groton, so called from the town of Groton, Conn., from which State came many of the early settlers of this locality. Trac- ing briefly the formation of the several towns, of which Groton was once a part, we learn that the original town or provisional district of Milton was organized January 27, 1789, as one of the civil divisions of Montgomery county. In 1701 Herkimer county was set off from Montgomery on the west, while in 1794 Onondaga county was taken from the western part of Herkimer, and still later, 1799, Cayuga was taken from Onondaga. Each successive formation included what is now Groton, although the region was so little settled and improved previous to 1800 as to require no special exercise of authority over its territory other than the record of conveyances. The town or district of Milton became known as Genoa in 1808, but prior to that time, and on February 20, 1803, Locke was formed from Milton and included all that is now Groton. In 1817 Groton, under the original name of Di- vision, was made a separate town of Cayuga county, and ten days later, April 17, 1817, Tompkins county was created, and this town was made one of its original civil divisions. Groton is located in the northeast part of the county. The land sur- face is rolling and in places moderately hilly. From the valleys the land rises by gradtial slopes to heights of from one hundred to three hundred and fifty feet. The principal or central valleys are located in the central and east parts of the town, and each extends in a generally north and south direction, following, respectively, the courses of Owasco Inlet and Fall Creek. These streams are the chief water courses of the town, each furnishing excellent water power privileges, and likewise ample natural drainage system. Owasco Inlet courses across the town from south to north and discharges its waters into Owasco Lake; Fall Creek crosses the town from north to south, thence passes westerly and empties into Cayuga Lake at Ithaca. TOWN OF GROTON. 311 Settlement. — The pioneer settlement of Groton was made while the territory of the town formed a part of the still older jurisdictions of Locke and Milton. Such publications as have been made relating to early settlement generally accord this honor to Samuel Hogg, at West Groton; Ichabod Bowen (Brown), John Guthrie and John Perrin, at Groton; and J. Williams, J. Houghtailing and W. S. Clark, at East Groton. There may be added to the list of pioneers in East Groton the names of Capt. Jesse Clark and Luther Bliss, each of whom is equally deseirving of mention in this connection. Also among the first settlers in the central portion a claim of priority is made in favor of Ephraim Spaulding and Michael Grummon, who are said to have come to the place in June, 1796, and cleared land where the Union School now stands. They also built log houses in the town during the same year. It is also said that Major Benjamin Hicks, a former Revolutionary officer, was the first settler, and that his improvement was made on lot 75 during the summer of 1797; that John Perrin was in the employ of Major Hicks and made the clearing referred to. These facts, and others of importance, we glean from the address of Professor Baldwin, who made thorough research into the early history of the town, and whose conclusions are undoubtedly reliable. By his consent we make free use of his material for the benefit of the readers of this work. From the same authority it is learned that in October, 1797, three fam- ilies set out from Massachusetts to make future homes in this town. They were John Perrin and wife, Ebenezer Williams, in the first load, and Ezra Carpenter in the second, all bringing furniture and other necessaries. In due time all reached their destination and made settle- ments in the town. Still, the question of priority of settlement has ever been disputed, but whether it was Spaulding and Grummon, the Vermonters, or John Perrin, the Yankee from Massachusetts, is quite immaterial; hence no effort will here be made to settle it. In the spring of 1798 Lemuel Perrin, father of John, settled in the town, and about the same time came S. Jenks Carpenter. Ezra Loomis settled in 1804, followed in the same year by Samuel Ingalls and Silas Stuart. In 1802 Jonas Williams purchased 106 acres for $320.25, and built on it the first grist mill in Groton. Other settlers of about the same time were Admatha Blodgett, Dr. Nathan Branch (the first phy- sician of the town), Jonathan Bennett!, Peleg Hathaway, Abiatha Hath- away and others, whose names are now forgotten. The first justice of the peace was Jonathan Bennett, appointed in 1805 or 'G, and he held 312 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. office many years. In 1806, according to Professor Baldwin, David William, and James Hicks settled in the town, and within two years. Benjamin and William Williams also became settlers. The surname Williams afterward became prominent in Groton affairs, and some of its representatives were identified with the best interests of the town. However, bearing still further on the subject of pioneership in Gro- ton, Nelson Trumble states that his ancestor, Luther Trumble, settled about one mile north of Groton village between 1790 and 1800. Luther Trumble, son of the pioneer just mentioned, was afterward prominently connected with the building up of Groton village and its locality, and other members of the family became well known in the early history of the town. By personal application to representatives of old families we learn that many of the pioneers were here as early as 1805 or '6, and a few as early as 1800. In another department of this work will be found extended reference to these old pioneers and their families; hence in the present connection little else than an allusion to their settlement is necessary. In 1800 Isaac Hopkins came from Washington county and settled in the east part of the town. His descendants were not numerous, though several of them still live in Groton. David Morton also came about 1800 and purchased a tract northeast of the village. He had been a sea captain, but had lost much of his property. This family name is still well represented in Groton. The Van Marter family settled in Groton s6on after 1800. Isaac and Margaret were the pioneers. Their descendants are yet numerous in the county. In the same year Rich- ard Francis settled where A. Morace Francis now lives. He kept pub- lic house, was an ensign in the war of 1812, and altogether a leading man. Samuel Crittenden, from (luilford, Conn., settled on the site of Cortland village in 1797, and in 1802 moved to a farm near McLean village, or its present site. Judge Crittenden was one of the foremost men of the town of his time, and he left a large train of prominent descendants. He died in 1862. David Stoddard was the pioneer head of a large and respected family of descendants in the town. He came from Connecticut, settled first in Chenango county, and later on came to West Groton, where he was an extensive farmer and landowner. Thomas Jones came from Massachu- setts about 1805 ; was a cloth dresser, and had a fulling mill, but later in life turned farmer. Isaac Allen, a Vermonter, located at West Groton Corners about 1804, and was the founder of the settlement at TOWN OF GROTON. 81!J that place. He built the first store, established a tavern, and was an extensive landowner in the vicinity. Samuel Sellen lived north of Al- len and was also a pioneer. He left a large family. The Henshaws, lived near Samuel Sellen's tavern stand, and in the same neighborhood Henry Carter and Mr. Travers were early settlers. West of them Deacon John Seaton settled in 1817, and about the same time Nathan Fish carried on cloth dressing in the same vicinity. Jonathan Conger was an early settler in the west part of the town ; was a weaver and farmer, and later on a speculator. He married Thankful Guthrie, daughter of Capt. John Guthrie, and raised a large family of children. The surname Conger to-day stands for integrity and enterprise in Groton. Capt. Guthrie was a pioneer on the site of John G. Cobb's farm. He was a prominent man, also a hunter of some note, and the hero of some splendid bear stories. Elisha Cobb came from Taunton, Mass., and was an early settler in the west part of the town. He was twice married and had five children by each wife. The Bucks were pioneers in Lansing, and some members of the family drifted over into Groton at an early day. Where Nelson Stevens now lives his father, John Stevens, settled about 1813. In 1817 William R. Fitch, a lawyer of note and a judge of ability, settled in the northwest part of the town. Job Ailing was also a pioneer in this locality, and also one of the first justices of the peace in the town. Hugh Bulkley settled where Lorenzo Bulkley lived in 1825. Re.v. Joseph W. Stearns, well known as pastor of the old Christian Church, and honored be- cause of his anti-slavery efforts and sentiments, came to West Groton in 1835. Samuel Wilson Bothwell located in the north part of Groton in 1829, and Ezra Perkins in the same vicinity three years later. Where John Smith now lives, David H. Coggshall settled in 1820. He was a tailor and farmer, and a man of considerable note. John Smith, pioneer, came about the same time, and was also a prominent and suc- cessful farmer. Amza Armstrong settled where Andrew Metzgar lives. Jonas and Mary Metzgar were the pioneer head of a family of fifteen children, feleven of whom grew to maturity. Son>e of them were among Groton's best farmers. Oliver Hatch was in the Revolutionary service seven years, and his descendants assert that he came to the town in 1795. Capt. Ebenezer Pierce settled near Bear Swamp in 1815. About the same time Robert Moe settled where Augustus now lives. James Ashton settled in the town in 1830. Lewis Gifford settled in Groton in 1805, and Joseph 40 314 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Berry in 1811. George Fish settled at the corners now called La Fay- ette in 1818, and in the same year Paschal Fitts settled where his son George now lives. He was a brickmaker and farmer. Royal T. Morse settled on the Salt Road in 1825, and Dr. Clark Chapman on the same thoroughfare in 1835. Deacon Amos Hart settled in 1810 where Jerome Fitts lives, and at a still earlier day Thomas Benedict located at McLean. Asa Baldwin settled in the south part of the town about 1813, and in the same neighborhood Reuben Darling and Joseph Smiley were also settlers. Henry Teeter was an early land and mill owner on Fall Creek and at Peruville. The McLachlan and McKellar families were early in the south part of the town. Both were from Scotland, and in Groton became thrifty farmers. William D. Mount was at Peruville, a tanner and currier, as early as 1835. Stephen Barrows was a wagon- maker at Groton in 1824. Seth Tallmadge located in West Groton in 1830. Deacon Daniel Bradley was a pioneer in the east part of the town, -as also were the Coopers and Berrys. William S. Clark started a fulling and cloth-dressing mill at Groton city in 1800. Luther Bliss located here in the same year, and Capt. Jesse Clark was here some six years earlier. In this manner we have endeavored to recall the names of many of the pioneers and early settlers of Groton. From what has been stated it will be seen that settlement was most rapid between 1810 and 1830. In fact as early as 1815 the town, then a part of Locke, had a sufficient number of inhabitants to warrant its separate organization, although this consummation was not reached tmtil three years afterward. How- ever, before narrating the events connected with the organization and civil history of Groton, we may devote a brief space to a record of the ■"first events'' in the town. According to the general belief John Pcrrin built the first log house in 1797, and was also the first inn-keeper merchant, brickmaker, and distiller in the town. Jonas Williams built the first framed house in 1807, also the first saw and grist mill. The first school house was built about 1805 and stood about on the site of the present carriage works. Abiatha Hathaway was the first teacher. Young Jonas Williams and Miss Hathaway were married in 1805. Jonas Williams, sr. , was the first shoemaker; Andrew and David Allen the first blacksmiths ; Dr. Nathan Branch the first physician, 1803 ; Ebenezer Williams was the first wagonmaker, 1797; John Winslow the first potter; Samuel Love the first tanner; Benjamin Whipple the first -Treacher; and Lemuel Pcrrin the first miller. TOWN OF GROTON. 315 Town Organization. — On April 7, 1817, the town of Locke was divided and the south part erected into a separate town and called Division. It comprised fifty lots, each containing a square mile of land, being five deep, from north to south, and ten wide, from east to west. The first town meeting was held at the house of Samuel Love, on April 15, at which time officers. were elected as follows: Supervisor, Samuel Crittenden; town clerk, Admatha Blodgett; assessors, Benj. Williams, Nathan Benson, William Cobb; collector, Ezra Loomis; overseers of the poor, Ezra Carpenter, David Morton; commissioners of highways, Jonathan Bennett, Isaac Allen, John Benedict; constables and poundmasters, Spencer Crary, Jencks Carpenter, Ezra Andrews; commissioners of schools, Ezra Carpenter, Nathan Benson, James Luther; inspectors of schools, Joshua Dean, Admatha Blodgett, vSeth Blood, Sumner Brown. The following have been supervisors of the town: 1817-18. Samuel Crittenden. 1852. William Woodbury. 1819-30. Isaac Allan. 1853. J. P. Pennoyer. 1821-33. Jonathan Bennett. 1854^56. Clark Chapman. 1834-25. Nathan Benson. 1857-58. E. Jason Watrous. 1830-27. Job Ailing. 1859-03. William D. Mount. 1838-30. William Woodbuiy. 1863-05. Mortimer D. Fitch. 1831-32. Xury Blodgett. 1866. Daniel B. Marsh. 1833-34. John Boynton. 1867-68. Walter W. White. 1835-36. Sylvanus Larned. 1869. William D. Mount. 1837-38. William Woodbury. 1870-73. Nelson Stevens. 1839. J. P. Pennoyer. 1873-75. V. B. Gross. 1840-41. Sylvester Nash. 1876-77. Nelson Stevens. 1843-44. John Young. 1878-81. William H. Fitch. 1845-46. Cicero Phelps. 1883-86. A. G. Chapman. 1847-48. Nathan Mix. 1887-89. John W. Jones. 1849-50. William Woodbury. 1890-91. Corydon W. Conger. 1851. J. P. Pennoyer. 1892-93. Dana Rhodes. Following are the principal officers of the town for 18'J4: John J. Youngs, supervisor, Groton; M. A. Downing, town clerk, Groton; George D. Wait, collector, McLean; James M. Montfort, justice of the peace, Peruville; PYank L. Tarbell, constable, West Groton; Charles H. Tarbell, constable, Peruville; Marshall Woodbury, constable, Groton; R. J. Pierce, constable, Groton, J. Mason, constable, McLean. From what has been noted relating to the early settlement and or- ganization of Groton, it will be seen that pioneership was practically at an end when the town was set off from Locke in 1817. At that time 810 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the population of the district sepai'ated was about 3,000; in 1840 it had increased to 3,618, the greatest number attained at any time during its history. In 1850 it had decreased to 3,342, but the census of 1860 gave the town a population of 3,534. In 1870 the inhabitants numbered 3,512; in 1880, 3,450; in 1890, 3,427, while the count of 1892, under State authority, showed Groton to contain 3,607 inhabitants. The in- crease of later years has been virtually in the growth of Groton and the development of its resources, brought about by the enterprise of its people. Half a century ago, however, this then hamlet was of no greater importance in the history of the town than Groton City or Mc- Lean, and possessed no natural resources that gave it greater prom- inence ; and it was only the fact of its central location in the town that gave to the village its early advantage over the other hamlets of the town. The presentation of this subject naturally leads to reference to the villages of the town, and they may be properly treated in the order of present prominence. Statistics. — The report of the supervisors for 1893 gives the follow- ing statistics: Number of acres of land, 30,725; assessed value of real estate, including village property and real estate of corporations, $1,110,220; total assessed value of personal property, $142,850; amount of town taxes, $3,989.63; amount of county taxes, $2,879.23; aggregate taxation, $9,754.11; rate of tax on $1 valuation, .0078. Corporations — Groton Bridge Company, assessed value of real estate, $28,600; amount of tax, $223.08; Groton Carriage Co., $15,000; amount of tax, |117; Crandall Machine Co., $5,100; amount of tax, $40.17; S. C. Railroad Co., $34,200; amount of tax, $266.76; E., C. & N. Railroad Co., $9,000; amount of tax, $70.20; N. Y. & P. Telegraph and Tele- phone Co., $70; amount of tax, $0.55; W. U. Telegraph Co., $230; amount of tax, $1.80; American Telegraph and Telephone Co., $400; amount of tax, $3.12. GROTON VILLAGE. In the geographical center of the town, on both east and west sides of Owasco Inlet, and on lots 65, 66, 75 and 70, is located the pleasant village of Groton. The village tract was originally principally owned by pioneer Deacon William Williams, while other owners and occupants were John Perrin and Jonas Williams. As is elsewhere stated, Perrin built a house here in 1797, a log structure, and Jonas Williams built the TOWN OF GROTON. 317. first frame dwelling in 1806. John Halliday knew the place in 1815, and at that time the settlement had but three dwellings. The next few years witnessed many improvements, as in 1817 there were seven framed buildings in the settlement, occupied by Deacon Williams, S. Jenks Carpenter, Pliny Sykes, oi^ Sikes, and Dr. Daniel Mead as dwell- ings; Robert Crandall Reynolds, store and dwelling; James Austin, tavern; and a school house standing about on the site of the present carriage factory. Soon after this time Ebenezer Williams built a wagon shop, also a large frame structure which became the Mansion House, a public tavern of much note at an early day. The rear of the present Groton House is a remnant of this old inn, the front or main portion haviiig been added at a later day by Robert C. Reynolds. Luther Trumble, jr., erected a fulling mill on the Inlet; also built several dwellings and stores at the Corners about the same time, so that the year 1825 found a prosperous village established. The post-office was ■established in 1812, and weekly mails were received from Homer. Jonas Williams had both grist and saw mills in operation before 1815. Zimri Marsh became a resident of Groton in 1824, established himself in trade and became at once one of the leading men of the town. Others followed, both as tradesmen and in manufacture, and in the course of the next twenty-five years Groton increased from a small cross-roads settlement to a village of considerable importance. A.t a very early day Ebenezer Williams built a wagon shop and manufactured carriages, but as demand for the latter was limited, few were made. However, in the course of a score of years the fame of Groton-made wagons and car- riages spread throughout Central New York, and the demand for them led to their manufacture on a somewhat extended scale, although it was not until about twenty-five years ago that machinery was used in mak- ing this product in this locality. In 1860 the people of the village determined to have an act of incor- poration, for the principal streets — Main, Cortland, Church, William, Elm, Mill, and Cayuga — ^were by this time substantially built up, and the interests of the inhabitants demanded that there should be at least a limited separation of the municipality from the township at large. Accordingly, in pursuance of the provisions of the Act of 1847, on the 11th of June, 1860, the Court of Sessions of Tompkins county granted an order of incorporation for the village, the same containing i'd^^^ acres of land, and having a population of 596. The first election was ield on August 4, 1860, when Robert C. Reynolds, F. H. Robertson, 318 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. William Williams, William Woodbury and Daniel S. Delano were elected trustees. In 1890 the village resolved to reincorporate and charter in accord- ance with the provisions of the laws of 1870. This was done, and the first election held in March of that year. This action enlarged some- what the powers of the village authorities, and under it the office of president, with others, became elective by the people instead of by the trustees. The first president was William L. Pike, who was re-elected in 1891. His successor was EUery Colby, elected in 1892, followed by Giles M. Stoddard in 1893. The trustees of the village are as follows: William E. Mount, Elisha Field and Fred. Mosher. The Fire Department. — The gradual building up of the village, both in dwellings, blocks and manufacturing establishments, rendered necessary some provision to guard against destruction by fire. During the fall of 1864 the Williams & Finney Block was burned, and in De- cember following the village voted to purchase a fire engine. For its operation Excelsior Fire Company was formed, and on June 1, 18G5, Pioneer Hose Company was organized. The latter is still in existence. The engine house near the Baptist church was erected in 1868. The present village fire department consists of two hose companies and one hook and ladder company, known respectively as Pioneer Hose Company, the C. W. Conger Hose Company, and the Citizens' H. & L. Co. Two of the hose carts are stationed at the " head of Main street," as commonly mentioned, and one near the bridge shops; the "truck" is kept in the village building on Cortland street. Water Suppi-v. — The establishment of a generous water svipply for all purposes in the village became a positive necessity, and the need of better fire protection created an almost imperative demand for that supply; thert^ore, in 1888, the village trustees formed themselves into a Board of Water Commissioners and gave fidelity bonds. With the approval of the village the commissioners purchased the old Willoughby farm of forty acres, located two and one-half miles northeast of the village, the location being the source of supply for the stream called Spring Brook, and containing eight or ten springs of pure water. Reservoirs were constructed, and from them the water was brought into and throughout the village. The entire work was done during 1888, at a total cost of $23,000, which sum covered all expenses of con- struction and land and right of way purchase. The commissioners who performed so well on behalf of the village were trustees Benn Conger, #; TOWN OF GROTON. 319 president; William D. Baldwin, secretary; Daniel L. Bradley, treas- urer ; Manley P. Gale and George Pickens. The fall from the springs to the distributing reservoir is 170 feet, and the latter is elevated above Main street 318 feet. The water is distributed throughout the village by six, eight and ten-inch pipes, a total of five miles of mains, while placed at convenient points are fire hydrants to the number of forty- eight. The revenues from the system are sufficient to maintain the works, pay the interest on the water bonds, and, in addition, create a fund for the payment of principal when due. The present commission- ers are D. H. Marsh, president; H. G. Dimon, M. D. Goodyear, Nelson Harris and W. W. Hare. Educational Institutions. — The first school house in Groton village was built and put in use in 1805, and was located near or on the site of the present carriage factory. This building was burned in 1813 or '14, and was succeeded by a more suitable framed school house, known for many years as the " Little Red School," which also stood on the lower end of Main street. The school building on the site now owned by the ■" Typewriter Company " was erected in 1858, and still stands, though used by the company for office purposes. The Groton Academy was founded and established in 1837 by a stock company whose members were residents of the village and interested in the welfare of the youth of the vicinity. The building was of frame construction, and was used for academic purposes until its final destruc- tion by fire in 1883. The academy continued as a private or company enterprise until the latter part of 1873, when the property was pur- chased by the village and changed into a union free school of District No. 8. The succession of principals of the academy, during the period of its existence as such, was as follows: Stephen W. Clark, 1837; Samuel D. Carr, 1841; Carleton Parker, 1843; Samuel D. Carr, 1844; James E. Dexter, 1848; Mrs. D. E. Sackett, 1849; Rev. R. H. Close, 1851; Samuel G. Williams, 1853"; R. O. Graves, 1856; Samuel G. Williams, 1857; Joseph E. Scott, 1859; M. M. Baldwin, 1861-73. Professor Baldwin was the owner of the academy property, having purchased • the interest of the stockholders during his principalship. On November 13, 1872, School District No. 8 held a meeting to vote on the question and determine whether a union free school should be established. At that meeting it was resolved "that School District No. 8 of the town of Groton resolve itself into a union graded school district;" also that the Board of Education be instructed to secure the 320 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. advantages of an academic department to the school. The first board comprised H. K. Clark, Charles Perrigo, D. H. Brown, Jerome Hath- away, L. M. Morton, Rev. G. H. Brigham and S. N. Jones. This Board of Education purchased from Professor Baldwin the old Groton Academy, which thenceforth became the Union Free School of District No. 8. In 1882 the old building was destroyed by fire, and re- placed with a larger and more substantial brick structure, erected at a total cost of about f 15,000. In 1892 material additions and improve- ments were made, at an expense of nearly $10,000 more. The mem- bers of the Board of Education for the current year, 1893, are: W. E. Mount, president; G. M. Stoddard, vice-president; H. G. Dimon, sec- retary; H. B. Stevens, Benn Conger, F. A. Begent, L. J. Townley, H. S. Hopkins, treasurer. The principals of the Union School have been as follows: B. L. Robinson, temporary ; Flora Green, part of one term ; A. Norton Fitch, 1873; Alva M. Baldwin, 1874; Vernon L. Davey, 1875; Roland S. Keyser, 1878; Arch. • McLachlan, 1881 ; Prof. Waters, 1883; C. A. Bliesmer, 1885; A. H. Sage, 1887; W. S. Lockner, 1890; O.W.Wood, 1892. Church History. — The first society for public worship in the town, or that portion of the town which now forms Groton, was that origin- ally known as the East Congregational Church, organized June 19, 1805. The first meeting house was built of logs, and stood two miles east of the village on the farm now a part of the estate of the late Job Stickles. The log edifice was replaced in 1818 with a more substantial frame structure, which stood on the old site until 1864, and was then removed to the village, where it now forms a part of Odd Fellows Hall,, the property of Edwin R. Nye. This society was a large and flourish- ing one until its membership was much reduced by the organization of the Congregational Church at the village. The Congregational Church of Groton, the offshoot of the mother society above mentioned, was organized March 2, 1849, and in 1851 the old frame edifice was completed, at a cost of $3,000. It was dedicated January 29, 1851. The present elegant church home of this society was built in 1881, under the direction of D. L. Bradley, John I. Booth, H. H. Marsh, Marcus Sears, A. G. Chapman and Wm. H. Smith as building committee, and at a total cost of $40,000. The pastors of this society have been H. A. Sackett, R. H. Close, Augustus Pomeroy, S. G. Lum, J. C. Taylor, Samuel Johnson, G. A. Pelton and William A. TOWN OF GROTON. 321 Smith, the latter being the present pastor, whose connection with the society has covered a period of more than sixteen years. The church has a membership of 200. The First Baptist Society of Groton was the outgrowth of the First Baptist Church of Locke, the latter having been organized August 27, 1800, and the change of name made after the creation of the town of Groton from Locke. The first church edifice stood south of the district school, and was built about 1819 by Ebenezer AVilliams. The next edifice of the society was completed and dedicated January 1, 1814, but the building was burned March 16, 1870. Immediately afterward the present attractive edifice on Cortland street was erected, at a cost of $20, 000. The church has ] 4(5 members, with 120 pupils in the Sunday school. The officers are as follows: Deacons, E. J. Watrons, H. G. Moe, Lyman Metzgar; clerk. Nelson Trumble. Succession of pastors: B. Andrews, Peleg Card, Henry Bogel, J. S. Backus, R. K. Bellamy, A. P. Mason, Lewis Ransted, A. R. Belden, W. B. Downer, D. B. Purington, Walter G. Dye, L. C. Bates, Thos. Allen, L. W. Olney, J. P. Bates, G. H. Brigham, L. W. Olney, Jno. W. Payne, T. E. Ed- wards, I. W. Emory, C. A. Bleismer, J. G. Noble, J. H. Sage, D. R. Watson, S. F. Matthews. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Groton village was organized July 18, 18;30; L. K. Redington, minister, and Justus P. Pennoyer, official member. The first church edifice was built in 1812 and was dedicated December 20 of that year, at which time also a reorganization of the society was effected. The present pastor of the M. E. Church is Emery R. Baldwin. The membership numbers 181, and 170 members of the Sunday school. The trustees of the society are Alonzo Anthony, E. M. Avery, Henry Maston, James Richford, Frederick Avery, Asa Smith and E. P. Wartrous. The Roman Catholic Church at Groton village was organized in 1870 by feather Gilbert, of Ithaca. In 1873 the brick church edifice on Sotrth Main street was erected at a cost of about $2,500. This parish is with- out a resident priest. Manufacturing Industries. — In a preceding portion of the present chapter frequent mention has been made to the first industries estab- lished in and about the village. One of the most important of these industries was the manufacture of wagons and carriages, but the founders of the business at that time had little thought that they were laying the foundation of what was destined to become one of the great- 41 333 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. est of the county's industries. For a period of fifty years following 1 820 the manufacture of carriages and wagons was an important part of local industry, but it was not until about 1860 that wagons were made here on an extended scale. The Groton Carriage Company was incorporated January 7, 1870, and was the outgrowth of a business established about 1855 by William Allen and George Carpenter. Also interested in this same concern in later years were Lyman Allen, Harrison Bowker and Ira Woodford. Under the latter proprietor the business declined, but Samson S. Will- iams re-established it. In 1876, from the Williams plant, the carriage company was directly created, with an original capital of $30,000, in- creased in 1891 to $100,000. The first officers were E. P. Atwood, president; H. K. Clark, secretary; D. H. Marsh, treasurer; and A. J. Williams, general manager. Various changes have been made among the officers of the company, and among those who have acted as presi- dents have been H. K. Clark, Corydon W. Conger and D. H. Marsh. Mr. Marsh was elected president and treasurer in 1881 and has held that office continuously to the present time. Dana Rhodes was elected secretai-y in 1877 and held that position at intervals for several ye irs. In February, 1886, William L. Pike came into the company in the capacity of superintendent, and in January, 1887, was elected secretary and general manager. The Groton Carriage Company is one of the stable industries of the village, and was never more successful than imder its present management. The present officers are D. H. Marsh, president and treasurer; W. L. Pike, secretary and general manager; and Dana Rhodes, attorne5^ Running at full capacity, the company employs about 175 men. The (j-roton Bridge and Manufacturing Company is the direct out- growth of a business established by Charles and Lyman Perrigo as earty as the year 1849. The Perrigos were proprietors of a foundry and ma- chine shop, and as time passed they enlarged their works and added to their products until they had built up a large and extensive trade. One of the many graduates of their works was Oliver Avery, jr., who eventually became one of the firm, as also did lillery Colby. In 1877 the then existing firm of Charles Perrigo & Co. began the manufacture of iron bridges. Soon afterward the Groton Iron Bridge Company was formed and incorpoi'ated, of which Mr. Perrigo was president; Mr. Colby, vice-president; William Williams, secretary; and Mr. Avery, treasurer and general business manager. This concern did business TOWN OF GROTON. 823 until 1 887, and was then merged into the Groton Bridge and Manufac- turing Company. About tlie year 1847 Daniel Spencer began the manufacture of grain separators at a location on Spring Brook, but soon moved his works to the village. Here Wm. Perrigo became interested with Mr. Spencer and the son of the latter in making the separators, while the firm of Chas. Perrigo & Co. built the "powers." Finally the whole concern merged into the business of Perrigo & Avery, and from them passed to the present company. The Groton Bridge and Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1887, with an original capital of $100,000 (afterward increased to $120,000), for the manufacture of iron bridges, steam engines, separ- ators, spoke machines and agricultural implements. The first president was Ellery Colby; vice-president, Frank Conger; secretary and treas- urer, Chester Barney, who died before the company fairly began oper- ations, whereupon Barnum R. Williams was made secretary, and Oliver Avery treasurer. In 1888 William H. Fitch became treasurer, and in 1890 was elected president. Corydon W. Conger was then elected treasurer. This is by far the most important and valuable industry ever established in Groton, and under its present management the greatest success has been attained. The annual business amounts to nearly $500,000, and the works employ about 150 men. The Crandall Typewriter Company was incorporated and did busi- ness at Cortland and Syracuse before locating at Groton. On January 1, 1887, the removal was made, and in that year the large and well equipped building on Main street was occupied. The capital stock of the company is $.'55,000. The officers are: D. H. Marsh, president; Everett Smiley, vice-president; Frank Conger, secretary; Frank J. Tanner, treasurer; F. L. Twiss, superintendent. ■ The other manufacturing industries of the village are the planing and lumber mills of Begent & Crittenden, and the Groton Flouring Mill, the latter the property of J. G. Beach. The First National Bank of Groton was organized in 1805, througli the efforts of Charles Perrigo and Dexter H. Marsh, having a capital stock of $100,000. This institution has always done a legitimate and safe business, and is to-day regarded as one of the soundest banking houses in the county. Mr. Perrigo was the original president, while Mr. Marsh was the cashier. These positions were respectively held until January 14, 1890, when Mr. Marsh was elected president, and 324 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Hiram G. Moe was elected cashier. During the period of its existence this bank has paid an annual dividend of eight per cent. , and has paid cash dividends aggregating $237,000. The present surplus and undi- vided profit account stands at $54,000. The directors are: D. H. Marsh, president; C. P. Atwood, vice-president; H! G. Moe, cashier; and W. M. Marsh, Nelson Harris, Jay Conger and Arad S. Marsh. The Groton Press. —On Januar)' :n, 18:50, H. P. Eels & Co. began the publication of a weekly paper called the Groton Balance. Thirty- nine numbers were issued when the paper passed to the hands of E. S. Keeney, who changed its name to Groton Democrat, and issued thirt}'- five numbers. Publication was then discontinued. The Groton Journal was founded November !), 186(J, by Hiram Clark Marsh, and during the five years of. his ownership the paper was an active and aggressive Republican . publication. He sold the paper to J. P. Pennoyer and A. M. Lyon, who were in turn succeeded by L. M. Chapin. The next proprietors were Wm. H. Allen and Henry L. Wright, who, in 187!), established a Lansing department, under the direction of Lewis J. Townley. On October 10 of tliat year the name of the paper was changed to Groton and Lansing Journal. On the 17th of Noveihber, 1883, Mr. Townlej'^ bought the paper and sold a half interest to Mr. Wright, but on the 3d of December, 1885, Mr. Townley became and has since continued its sole proprietor. Conger's Journal, the first number of which appeared March 33, 1882, was the result of the enterprise of that progressive firm, C. W. Conger & Co., by whom it was designed as an advertising medium of their own and other Groton business interests. The Journal was dis- tributed gratuitousl)', and its press work was done in the office of the Groton and Lansing Journal. Mrs. Corydon W. Conger was its editor and conducted an interesting and instructive miscellaneous news de- partment. The Bridge Builder, a monthly publication, was first issued in May, 1883, under the editorial management of Mrs. C. W. Conger, and was devoted to the interests of the local bridge company. The Groton Rural Cemetery was incorporated June 28, 1858, and the association at once laid out a beautiful tract of land for burial purposes. It is situated on a commanding eminence about three-fourths of a mile northeast of the village. The grounds are tastefully laid out, and- beautifully adorned with shrubbery and foliage trees. The arrange- ment of all departments is attractive, and much of this appearance of things is due to the efforts of CJeorge W. Dave)'. TOWN OF GROTON. 325 The Southern Central Railroad. — For the construction of this railroad the town of Groton people contributed the sum of $50,000, but in con- nection with the work the names of Charles and Lyman Perrigo, Hiland K. Clark, Peirson & Avery, Perrigo, Avery & Field, Robert C. Reyn- olds, Dr. E. W. Grain, Franklin Willoughby and Sylvester Larned must stand in especial prominence. The road was completed through this valley in 18G9. McLean. — Second in importance and size among the villages of the town is the hamlet called McLean. Amasa Cobb built the first log dwelling, also the first tavern, on the village site. John Benedict built the first saw and grist mills, while Roswell Randall opened the first store. Daniel J. Shaw was a pioneer grist miller; Dr. Richard Laning the first physician; Wm. S. Clark and Samuel H. Starr the first cloth- dressers. Among the pioners of this locality were Nicholas Rowe, Anson Hanchett, Amasa Cobb, Ezra Bangs, Elisha Bangs, Elijah West, William Harris, and the Cummings, Davis, Pettis and other families. As early as 1828 two distilleries, with the other business enterprises, even at that early day made McLean a hamlet of some note. The original name of the village was Moscow, but in 1834 a post-office was established and named in honor of Judge McLean. However, during its three-quarters of a century of history McLean has never advanced beyond the condition' of a hamlet, and at no time has it contained more than 400 inhabitants. Its industries comprise a foundry and machine shop, a firkin and butter tub factory, creamery, large grist mill, a number of small shops, two general stores, and one well appointed drug store. The cheese factory is one of the established industries of McLean, which was put in operation in 1864 and has been continued to the present time. The butter package factory has long been the property of V. B. Gross, and was the outgrowth of a still older business of the same kind. In 1837 John Neal built the large grist mill afterward known as the D. B. Marsh mill. It is now the property of John W. West. Solomon R. Reniff is the proprietor of the saw and cider mill. The machine shops and foundry are owned by Houghtaling Bros. McLean has five churches, a number not equaled by any other vil- lage in the township. The Baptist Church of McLean was organized January 24, 1824, with thirty members, and with Amos Hart and Ithamar Whipple as deacons. However, Baptist preaching was heard in this locality as early as 1805. The church was built in 1828, under 326 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the direction of John Benedict, Samuel Noyes and Deacon Hart, and cost $1,500. It has now thirty-six members and fifty-five pupils in the- Sunday school. The present pastor is Joseph E. Dodsley, successor to J. W. Barr. The deacons are T. M. Weeks and E. P. Hart; trustees, Allen Howard, John Ronk and T. N. Weeks; superintendent of Siin- day school, E. P. Hart. The McLean Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1830, and the church edifice built in 1832 at a cost of $1,500. It was extensively repaired in 1830. The church has nearly 100 members, and about fifty pupils in the Sunday school. The officers of the church are J. W. Terry, pastor; D. C. Johnson, Almon Trapp, Wesley Andrews, William Waters, M. M. Robbins and E. G. Galloup, trustees; superintendent Sunday school, E. G. Galloup. The First Universalist Society of Groton was organized at McLean, April 21, 1832, with about thirty members. The church edifice was- erected in about 1843, and cost, including furnishings, about $3,000. The first minister was Walter Bullard; the present minister, Herbert H. Graves. The present membership of the church is twenty-seven. Zion Church, P. E., a mission from Homer, was founded at McLean, September 23, 1833. The chu.rch edifice was erected in 1840, and cost $1,200. For a number of years Zion parish has been without a rector, and the church has but twenty communicants. The present wardens are William De Coudres and William Hubbard. The Roman Catholic at McLean is the youngest of the religious- societies of the locality. The church has no regular pastor and only occasional services are held. Peruville. — In the south part of the town of Groton, and lying partly within the town of Dryden, is the present hamlet of Peruville. Half a century and more ago this was a place of considerable industry, but later years have witnessed the removal or discontinuance of those of greatest importance, and the village now contains but three stores, a flour and feed mill, cider mill, creamery, and one or two shops. The village is situated on lot 95, and here the first settlers were Asa Church, who built the first grist mill ; Henry I. Brinkerhoff, Thomas Johnson, and Dr. Wright. In 1820 the village plat was regularly surveyed by Levi Bodley. Prominent among the early business men at Peruville were Reuben Darling, Joseph Smiley, William D. Mount, and Henry Teeter, the latter at one time owning much of the village site and its industries as well. TOWN OF GROTON. 337 The present merchants of the village are J. H. Mount, J. M. Mont- fort, and I. Miller & Son. The mill is the property of Filander H. Robinson. The Methodist Episcopal church at Peruville was originally organ- ized as a society of both Dryden and Groton, and has been a station of each town. The society was organized about 1830, and the edifice was built in 1834 at a cost of $3,000. The church has about forty members, with about the same number in the Sunday school. The present pastor is Rev. Emory R. Baldwin, and the trustees are C. J. Wheeler, W. C. Lnmbard and J. M. Montfort. The Wesleyan Methodist church of Groton is located about a mile north of Peruville. The society was organized about 1845, and in 1850 the meeting house was built. The present membership is about thirty, and the society is under the pastoral charge of Rev. C. E. Curtis. West Groton. — In the northwest part of the town, and in one of the most fertile districts thereof, is the pleasant little hanilet of West Gro- ton. In an earlier portion of the present chapter the reader will find the names of the earlier settlers of this locality, therefore they need not be repeated here. Through the kindness of Perry W. Allen we are able to furnish the names of the various men at this point. The mer- chants have been James I. Brinkerhoof, Hopkins & Ludlow, B. F. Ludlow, Ferris & Gaylord, Goodyear & Seymour, John Dart, Skinner & Cady, Locke & Wright, T. F. Sherman, Atwater & Baldwin, P. W. Allen (postmaster and deputy twenty-seven years), John Boulker, B. F. Thompson, A. Stuart Stearns, C. Van Buskirk, A. B. Rogers, and Stevens & Townley. West Groton was made a post station in 1833, and the postmasters have been Cicero Phelps, Perry W. Allen, A. B. Rogers, A. S. Stearns, and Ben Townley. The present business interests of the hamlet are the general store of Stevens & Townley, the extensive egg and honey business of E. F. Tallmadge, a blacksmith and shoe shop. The West Groton and East Lansing Congregational church was organized in December, 181G, with five original members. The society -was organized in 1832. The parsonage was built in 18G1, the church repaired in 1872, the steeple erected in 1884, and the parlors and new barn provided in 1886. The church has 100 members and the Sunday school 120. The pastors of this church in succession have been as fol- lows: Marcus Harrison, 1831-33; Samuel Scott, 183G-37; John Ivison, 1837-39; Peleg R. Kinnie, 1845-55; Rev. Pomeroy, 1858-61; Calvin 328 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. McKinney, 1802-04; Ezra Jones, 1805-08; W. O. Baldwin, 1869-72; A. D. Stowell, and John Cunningham 1877-03. The present officers- of the church are John Cunningham, pastor, and Benoni Brown (emeri- tus), Nelson Stevens, and Richard T. Ludlow,' deacons. The First Christian church of West Groton was organized in 1831, and in 1833 a frame edifice was erected a short distance south of West Groton. At one time the society had about seventy-five members, but owing to dissensions the members left and the society gradually passed out of existence. Groton City. — In the northeast corner of the town of Groton, and located principally on lot 59, is the hamlet called Groton City. During the pioneer days of the region, when saw mills were numerous on Fall Creek, this locality was known as " Slab City." At that time this was an important point, and half a century ago " Slab City " did more busi- ness than Groton village. However, like many other similar hamlets, Groton City has lost nearly all of its former prestige and much of its old time usefulness. The early settlers in this locality were Capt. Jesse Clark, Major Lemi Bradley, Jesse Bartholomew, Aaron and John Bene- dict, who built saw and grist mills, William S. Clark, who built the first dam on Fall Brook and set up a fulling mill. In 1813 Zacheus Maltby built a tavei-n on lot 08; Crosby and Tanner opened store in 1809. These were the first business ventures in Groton City and locality. At present there is no regular store in the village, and the only industry is the custom feed mill of L. W. Steadman & Son. A few rods west of the corners stands the Groton City Free church, which was built by subscriptions contributed by the people of the neigh- borhood without regard to denomination. However, this has always been u Methodist church, and until quite recently belonged to the con- ference. It is now an independent church, and its pulpit is supplied by young ministers from Cortland. La Favettk. — This is the name which has always been applied to the four- corner settlement in the east part of the town, where once stood a saw and grist mill. When built the latter was christened by pioneer George Fish, and as the christening took place on the same day that General La Fayette was at Auburn, Mr. Fish appropriately designated this as the La Fayette Mill. Grotto. — This is the name of a post-office established in the west part of the town July 1, 1893, through the efforts of Edwin W. Van Marter, who is its postmaster and also a merchant at that point. TOWN OF LANSING. 32U Umbria.— This is the name of a post-office established in the fall of 1893, having its location on Fall Creek, about half a mile south of La- Fayette. CHAPTER XIX. TOWN OF LANSING. The town of Lansing lies in the north part of Tompkins coimty, west of Groton and on the east side of Cayuga Lake. The surface rises in a rolling upland to about 500 feet above the lake, with abrupt ledges in some places. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam, well adapted to grain growing. Salmon Creek is the principal stream, rising in Cayuga county and flowing southerly through this town near its center. Its valley is narrow, and from its east side the land rises in a gradual slope and ex- tends eastward with a comparatively level surface, which is divided into beautiful and fertile farms. To the westward from the creek valle)' the surface rises into what is known as the "Ridge." Salmon Creek has small tributaries in Gulf, Townley, Hedden, and .Upper Hedden Creeks. On Townley Creek are the three Indian Falls, forty to sixty feet in height, and noted for their natural beauty. On Hedden Creek are the Buttermilk Falls, also noted for their natural picturesque attrac- tions. There are other cascades on the small streams of this town which contribute to the many romantic beauties of the locality. One of the oM military townships of Cayuga county was named "Mil- ton," and was erected January 27, 1789. On the 30th of February, 1802, the town of Locke was set off from Milton. On the Gth of April, 1808, the name was changed to Genoa, from the south part of which the town of Lansing was set off on the 7th of April, 1817, under the act that created Tompkins county. It retains its original limits and con- tains 38,808 acres, of which about 32,000 are improved. Settlements were made in what is now Lansing, of course, long before it became a civil organization. In March, 1791, Silas Ludlow, his brother Henry, and Thomas, son of the latter, with their families came into the town from Ithaca, drawing their little store of goods on a handsled on the ice of the lake. Reaching the mouth of Salmon Creek they followed up its ravine to the falls on the site of Ludlowville and there located. The 42 330 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. water power there was attractive to them and they bought military lot No. 76 for sixty dollars. Henry built his first log house where Charles G. Benjamin now lives. These men became prominent in founding the little community, and their descendants were active in public affairs. Several of the latter removed from the town. Jehiel Ludlow was mem- ber of assembly, sheriff, and justice of the peace. Samuel Baker and his brother-in-law, Solomon Hyatt, passed through this town on their way to Canada in 1788 or '89, inspected lot No. 54, and Baker afterwards bought it, probably in 1791. In the spring of 1793 he hired a man to aid in chopping, and the)' came in and built a log house on the site of Lansingville. October 13, 1793, Baker ex- changed his lot for the one adjoining, and started in the spring of 1793 from Peekskill, on the Hudson, on a sloop with his family on his journey towards his wilderness home. Arriving at Lunenburg, on the Hud- son, he learned that his title was worthless. He was a good blacksmith and went undauntedly at work at his trade, saved up a hundred pounds sterling, with which he purchased 100 acres of the first lot he had bought of the owner in Albany, and came on by the usual route up the Mohawk in a bateau, through- Oneida Lake, Seneca River, and Cayuga Lake to Ilimrod's Point, where Mr. Himi-od had made a settlement in 1793. Ebenezer Haskin had located in the same year a mile east of the lake on the site of Lake Ridge, and with his oxen helped Baker to move his goods to his lot. There Baker built a blacksmith shop, and between that time and 1801 purchased the remainder of the military lot. He at one time owned about 1,200 acres. He was the first supervisor of the town of Milton, and his children and grandchildren have been conspic- uous in the town. He was a magistrate many years, a preacher of ijome note, and built the first canal boat that ran from Cayuga Lake. Capt. Benaja Strong and his son Salmon came in 1791 and purchased -2,000 acres on both sides of Salmon Creek, and began a clearing a mile and a quiirtcr east of Lansingville on lot No. U3, where Albert Slocum now lives. He gave his sons each a farm and they settled in the town. Two of his daughters married Zoel and Daniel Bacon, and settled near the site of North Tviinsing, in the northeast part of the town, in 1793. Captain Strong was a noted pioneer and lived to ninety-six years, and had been in the Revolutionar}'- War; his son, of the same name, was in the War of 1813 as a soldier. John Bowker came in 1791 from Ulster county, by way of Owego and Ithaca, and settled near North Lansing, where his son James after- TOWN OF LANSING. 331 wards lived. He was a justice of the peace, constable, and supervisor in the town of Milton. His brothers, Joseph and Noah, came in 1792, John Bowker had twelve children, all of whom reared families, and at the time of-his death, in 1855, was father, grandfather and great-grand- father to 130 children. Andrew Myers with his wife and two children came down the lake in 179'2, and settled at what has been known as " Myers Point." His son Andrew built a large grist mill there about 1832. Moses and Nicholas Depeu settled at the mouth of vSalmon Creek in 1792. Ephraim Bloom was of German descent, and came from Pennsylvania in 1791 and took up lot 91, building his cabin wliere Lewis Bloom lived in recent years. Two Indians spent the succeeding winter with him, and in the spring of 1792 he brought in his family, two sons and five daughters. He died in 1828, a few days more than 104 years old. His wife lived to a few days more than 100 years. Richard and Charles Townley, brothers, originally from New Jersey, reached this town in December, 1792, coming by way of Ithaca, and built a log cabin which they occupied first on Christmas day. Once settled in their cabin, Charles left his brother and family and returned to the Susquehanna, not far from Wilkesbarre, where they had lived four years after leaving New Jersey. Richard Townley was a man of superior native talents, and though not well educated, was an intelli- gent reader, closely observant, and became remarkably well informed. He learned surveying and practiced it throughout the county, was super- visor of Milton in 1802; justice of the peace in 1804; associate judge of Cayuga county; member of assembly ten years from 1804. As school commissioner he divided the town into districts and sold the public school lots. He was a presidential elector in 1810, and delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1821. He left a family of ten chil- dren at his death, which occurred in 1840. His descendants have been prominent in the town. Abram Minier, son of George, of Northampton county. Pa., came with his brother Daniel into the lake country in 1787 or 1788. Daniel went on to the Genesee country, but a deed shows that Abram pur- chased 600 acres of Captain Van Rensselaer, of Albany, in 1792. He brought his famil)' and took possession in 1793. His land was on the site of South Lansing or " Libertyville. " He reared a family of four sons and five daughters, one of the latter became the wife of Robert 332 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Tennant Shaw, who was named after the celebrated Presbyterian min- ister of New Jersey. William Boice settled at South Lansing in 1793, and built and kept a log tavern. In the same year Barney Collins came to that locality from Pennsylvania. George Rhodes, from Cherryville, came in 1793, with Frederick Storms, of the same place, purchased 340 acres of land, which they di- vided, and the two farms are now occupied by John Conklin, and Fred- erick Storms, a grandson of the pioneers. The first Rhodes built and operated a distilery. Zenas Tichenor settled on military lands in Lansing in 1789-90, and was the first school teacher of the town. He was one of twelve broth- ers, all of whom were soldiers of the Revolution ; one of his sons was in the War of 1812, and three of his grandsons were soldiers in the war of the Rebellion: Col. Isaac S. Tichenor, of the 105th N. Y. V.; Maj. James H. Tichenor, of the 33d N. Y. V. ; and Capt. A. W. Knettles, of the lJ:3d Regiment. Tilman Bower was a settler in 1794 from Pennsylvania, and three years later, his five sons, Honteter, John (who located near their father), Samuel, Adam and George (who settled at or near North Lansing), came into the town. John Holden came from Great Bend, in 1793, and settled on Lot 47, a mile west from Beardsley's Corners, where his son William now lives. In the same year John Beardsley, of Stratford, Conn., came with his wife and five children, and settled on one-half of Lots 48 and 49, near the Baptist church site. He was justice of the peace and judge of the county. In 1794 Robert Alexander settled with his family on what has been known as the Allen farm. His title was proved worthless, several years later, and he rsmoved to Newfield Weston Allen purchased the farm of Mr. Chapman, the successful litigant, moved upon it, and it is now occupied by his grandson, Nicholas. In 1794, Micajah Starr settled a little south of Lake Ridge; Deacon Gillctt and Solomon Kellogg a little east of there, and Jonah Tooker a mile west of Ludlowville, where he kept the first store in Lansing. Henry Teeter, from Stroudsburg, Pa., settled in 1794 where Peter and John Hedden lived in recent years; he kept a public house a number of years; it was burned and his wife perished in the fire. John Mead came this year from Chenango county and bought the north half of Lot 93 for TOWN OF LANSING. 383 ^150 of William Hardeaburg. Mead was a Revolutionary soldier. His land was occupied by his sons in 1814. John M. Mead was his grand- son. Daniel Bacon, the father of Daniel L. Bacon, of Lansing, came with with brother Joel from Connecticut and purchased 315 acres in lot 47 where they settled in 1793; half of this tract is now owned by Daniel L. Bacon. William Goodwin settled near the site of the Asbury church in 1793. He presented the land for the burial ground. His daughter married Col. Henry Bloom. The latter was the son of the pioneer, Ephraim Bloom, obtained his title in the War of 1812, and was wounded at yueenstown. He held the office of supervisor, sheriff and member of .assembly. His brother Abram was a captain in the War of 1813. Daniel and Albert White, brothers of Rev. Alvord White, who was a circuit preacher in 1794, settled near Lansingville or " Teetertown, " about 1796. In 1797 Jacob Shoemaker came to this town from New Jersey. His sons, Jacob and Henry, afterwards lived on the homestead, where his grandson Jacob now lives. John Ozmun came in about the same time and left many descendants in the locality. Abram Van Wagner bought a soldier's claim of 109 acres on lot 94, where his son-in-law, Dr. J. F. Burdick lived. The latter practiced in the town for many years and died here. Samuel R. and Christopher Brown settled in Lansing about 1797; ■Christopher settled where James La Bar lived, and his grandson, Ben- jamin Brown, lived on a part of the old farm. George La Bar became a settler about 1798 and was father of Ephraim La Bar, who held the office of sheriff at one period. Daniel Norton, Joseph Gibbs, Samuel Davis and Sidney Drake (father of Og- den, Samuel and Benjamin), all came to the town in 1795-99. Davis was an early carpenter. Other settlers before or in 1800 were Cornelius Haring (grandfather of John), John Kimple, Daniel Clark (at Ludlow- ville, where he built a carding and fulling mill and dye works), Na- thaniel Hamilton (three-quarters of a inile west of Lansingville at "White's Settlement " ), David Moore, Jonathan Colburn, John S. Hol- den (father of Hiram, of Genoa), Matthias Mount (three miles north of Ludlowville), and perhaps others. These pioneers of the years preceding the beginning of the century -were sturdy, industrious, and generally moral and God-fearing people, 334 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS C-QUNTY. and under their patient and self-sacrificing toil the wilderness soon be- came not only habitable in a comfortable sense, but productive of most of the necessaries of happy living. Their lives were not filled with the ease and luxury that characterize those of many of their descendants, but that they were contented and hopeful is susceptible of ample proof. Many stirring incidents occurred to vary the monotomy of their daily labor, but our limited pages will admit but meager record of them. Mrs. Townley related to her friends that "one stormy day, when Mr. Townley was away and not. expected home, she was in her log cabin alone with her four children. About ten o'clock in the morning she heard a noise at the door ; soon it began to open slowly, and she saw a bayonet coming in followed by an Indian, who went to the fire-place and sat down on the floor, the fire being below on the ground. Not a word was said, and soon there came in three more, all Indians except one, who was a white man in Indian costume ; but little was said by them for some time, and that in Indian language. Each was armed with a gun, bayonet, and tomahawk slung on his back. One of the little boys (James, who died in 1820), attracted by the wampum on their garments, jumped down from where he was sitting and went to them. Soon one of them asked who lived there and she told them Townley, and they commenced talking about one Townley at Wyoming, and told their stories of the fearful massacre. They finally asked her for some- thing to eat, and she brought out what she had, and they carried away all they did not eat. Two years afterwards an Indian was through that countr)' selling moccasins. Mr. Townley purchased and paid him, but he put back a shillmg, saying: ' Me owe your squaw loaf bread so big.' He was one of the uninvited guests on that stormy day, and probably never had met an Indian agent." The following Indian stories have also been preserved, which relate to this immediate region. The first incident was contributed to the Christian Union by Mrs. Mary L. Townley, granddaughter of the pio- neers, as follows: In the year 1770 a soldier belonging to Lieutenant Dearborn's detach- ment was taken prisoner by the Indians. Having some way effected his escape, he followed on the track of his comrades, hoping to overtake them ; the Indians, however, were in pursuit, and when near the head of the lake, finding that he was likely to be surrounded and captured, he took to the water and swam across to the mouth of the small gulley opening to the lake, just north of Mr. McKinney's, on the east shore. TOWN OF LANSING. 335 He here hoped to conceal himself, but the Indians soon hunted him out, and having tied him to a tree, tortured and burned him to death. In estimating the barbarity of this action, we should remember that the savage blood was probably provoked to retaliation by the wholesale, sweeping desolation of their trees, fields and orchards by vSuUivan's army, then marching through their country. The following incident is from the " History of Cortland County," by Hermon C. Goodwin, and relates to this territory: " A little west of the residence of Dr. J. F. Burdick, and where he had a flourishing peach- orchard, were some eighteen or twenty cabins. Here lived a tall, swarthy Indian chief, generally known among the warriors of the Six Nations as ' Long Jim, ' with whom he was a great favorite. He was of Mohawk and Oneida extraction, and possessed many of the more promi- nent characteristics for which the two tribes have been justly celebrated. He was usually kind, benevolent, and just, but if insulted without pi^oper cause, would assume the ferocity of a tiger, and act the part of a demoniac monster. He was an orator and a warrior, and possessed the art of swaying the multitude at will. He believed in witches, hob- goblins, and wizards, and often pretended to be influenced by a tutelary goddess, or guardian spirit. Shrewd and artful, dignified and gener- ous, yet at times deceptive and malevolent, he studied to acquire influ- ence and power, and in most of his marauding depredations was suc- cessful in keeping the arcanum of his heart as in a 'sealed fountain.' His unwritten history represents him as acting a conspicuous part in numerous tragical events, which were perpetrated by detached parties from Burgoyne's army. ' ' A venerable chief, who resides on the New York Indian Reserva- tion, informed us that, according to the tradition of his tribe, Long Jim was the main cause, instigator, and perpetrator of the bloody massacre of Miss Jane McCrea, too well known in history to be recorded in these pages. He was the leader and controlling spirit of the band who met the Winnebagoes, in whose care she was, and, unwilling to see the prize gained by the other party, he fiercely tore her from her horse and toma- hawked her on the spot, afterwards bearing her scalp triumphantly to her expectant lover. " Between 1800 and 1810 settlers came rapidly to Lansing, its beauti- ful situation beside the lake and its fertile soil proving very attractive. John Royal came soon after 1800 and settled near North Lansing, and Daniel De Camp, John Lane, and Jacob Conrad located near by about 336 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the same time. Reuben Colton settled at East Lansinjj in 1802 on lot 100. Thomas Darrity settled in 1803 on lot 75, and had for a time the earliest tannery. Samuel Brown located in that year in the south part of the town. Joseph Wyckoff, a harnessmaker, came about 1803 and settled on lot 95, where Samuel Robinson afterwards lived. He had three sons: Jesse, Levi, and Joseph, the former living and dying on the home.-tead. He (Jesse) had four children, and was the grandfather of William O. Wyckoff, the well known stenographer and manufacturer of the Rem- ington typewriter. In 1801 or 1802 John Brown settled on Salmon Creek north of Lud- lowville, and was elected to the Legislature in 1814-15, and was judge of the Common Pleas in 181 H, and supervisor thirteen years. Aaron Hedden settled in 1802 and left descendants in the town. Joseph Knet- tles, from Pennsylvania, father of Capt. A. W. Knettles, settled about this time, and sold goods a few years. Joseph Miller came in 1803 and bought 100 acres on the southwest corner of lot 74 for an old Continental musket. He was the father of Marvin B. and George W. Miller. Joseph E. North, who was a cap- tain in the army of 1812, was an early settler where Benton Halladay now lives. Jacob Markell, of New Jersey, drew military lot 51, and his son set- tled on it in 1808. Benjamin Buck came from Great Bend in 1805 with his wife and twelve children. Six of his sons and four daughters be- came settlers and residents of the town. In 1807 or 1808 Conrad Teeter settled at what became locally known as "Teetertown," where he built the first tavern. When the first post-office was established the name of Lansingville was given to the place. Calvin Burr began business at Ludlowville in 1812, and his descend- ants were long associated with business interests in the town. Oliver Phelps moved into the town in 1811 and built the first store at Ludlow- ville; his clerk was Arad Joy. Mr. Phelps built the first steamboat on the lake, about 1825. Benjamin Joy was an early and long resident, and was very prominent as a temperance worker. He was foremost in organizing the Lansing Temperance Society in 1828, which is still in existence, holding annual meetings on the 30th of December. James A. Burr, of Ithaca, is the present president of the society. Silas K. New- ton came in 1813 from L^lysses and worked at shoemaking. David Crocker came from Lee, Mass., in 1817, and settled where his son David after- ^ V/'ii*"'* i^C ^a^y^MlUj TOWN OF LANSING. 337 wards lived, on the farm now owned by Edwin Davis. Casper Fenner was a settler of 1817, purchasinjj military lot 43. Henry B. Lord, the long time bank cashier of Ithaca, came into Ludlowville in 1838, and was connected with the Burrs in business. Joseph Ives, Abram Miller, Benjamin Grover and John Kelly were the other settlers of this period. The modest career of the venerable Roswell Beardsley, of " Beards- ley's Corners " (North Lansing) is most remarkable in some respects. He came to that place in 1827-8, and was made deputy postmaster in June, 1828. He was appointed postmaster by John Quincy Adams, and has ever since, through a period of about sixty-five years. It gives him the present distinction of being the postmaster longest in contin- tial incumbency in the United vStates. Benjamin Joy, many years a resident of Tompkins county, was de- scended from Thomas Joy, who came to America from Hingan, Norfolk county, England, in the year 1630 in company with John Winthrop, first governor of tlie Colony of Massachusetts, and eight hundred others. The Joy family had its full share of patriots and soldiers both in the French and the Revolutionary Wars, among whom was David Joy and his brother Abel, who, after the battle of Bunker Hill, joined an army of patriots at Cambridge and served throughout the war. In the year 1800 David disposed of his somewhat sterile farm near Gilford, Vt., and removed with his family to Fabius, Onondaga county, N. Y. On the 23d day of June, 1800, Benjamin was born. His father died when he was'but thirteen years of age, and the following year he re- moved with his brotlier to Ludlowville, his home for fifty years there- after. At an early age he entered his brotlier's store as clerk and re- mained in this capacity until manhood. In the year 1822 he commenced business for himself, and in the fol- lowing year was married to her who became his greatest comfort and blessing throughout life. In the year 1827 Mr. Joy entered upon his life work, his attention having been aroused by a series of sermons from the pen of Lyman Beecher. It soon became his practice to address large meetings in his own and adjoining counties, and at their close to present the pledge of total abstinence. Mr. Joy's labors extended through more than a quarter of a century. While he was one of the best known and honored men of his day, loved and revered alike by friends and foes, yet he battled to uproot 43 338 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. and destroy, and often called down upon himself bitter denunciation and malignant opposition. ' In 1854 Mr. Joy was chosen as a Prohibition representative of the Legislature of his county, where he speedily became a leader. In the year 1864 he removed to Penn Yan, where he died February 18, 18(59. In his new home, as in his old, his labors were incessant in the church and in the great causes of reform. It is impracticable to further follow the records of these men and their later descendants who have labored to bring the town of Lansing to its present prosperous condition; but notice of others in the present com- munity will be found in Part III of this work. In its educational and religious institutions the town has kept well to the front, the fii'st school having been established before the beginning of the century in , a log house across the street from where Jonah Tooker opened the first store at Ludlowville, in 1795; and a church society was instituted and a log church erected a mile west of Ludlowville before 1800. There are now twenty-three districts in the town, with neat school houses in most of. them. Some first occurrences in the town may here be properly placed on record. The first primitive grist mill of Henry and Thomas Ludlow, built in 1795, has already been mentioned; previous to that time grain for grinding was carried across the lake to Goodwin's Point and thence to Abner Treman's mill at Trumansburgh. John Guthrie sold the first goods from a boat load brought by him from vSchenectady to the mouth of Salmon Creek. Jonah Tooker opened the first regular store in 1795, and the first tannery was built of logs by Thomas Ludlow a little west of Ludlowville; a few years later he built another on the site, where a public house has been kept since. Thomas Darrity built the first tannery. Henry Bloom and Catherine Goodwin Avere united in the first marriage in the town. The town of Lansing is chiefly an agricultural district, and while there are several small villages and hamlets, there is none of impor- tance, and the trade interests are only sulificient for the needs of the several sections. There has never been extensive manufacturing in the town. Grain growing, fruit production, and stock raising have been the principal occupations of the farmers, with a tendency in recent )-ears ttiwards dairying and the raising of hay and fruit growing. The peace and prosperity of the town has been undisturbed except b}^ the war of 18G1-G5, during which the people of the town evinced the same TOWN OF LANSING. !5;m ardent patriotism shown by other towns in the county. The town furnished 143 men to the Union armies, several of whom became officers of high rank, and many sleep in soldiers' graves. For the past twenty years the town of Lansing has been a temperance town, the majority of the votes cast being in favor of temperance and no license. The officers of this town for 1894 are as follows: John H. Conklin, supervisor: Charles E. Wood, town clerk; Barnard M. Hagin, justice of peace; James G. Buck, assessor; Milo Howell, commissioner of highway; Delos C. Haring, overseer of the poor; Charles R. Bower, collector; William H. Myers, Almon M. Tarbell, Bradford Austin, Albert Van Auken, constables; Samuel Hudson, John W. Pratt, Har- rison W. Bower, inspectors of election District No. 1 ; Dana Singer, excise commissioner; Frank Haring, Charles H. Bacon, Henry Karn, inspectors of election District No. 2; Fred A. Townley, George Lanter- man, Michael Egen, inspectors of election District No. 3. ■Following is a list of the supervisors of this town as far as we have been able to obtain them : 1829. Jo.siah Hedden. 1867. William Mead. 1830-31. Calvin Burr. 18B8. J. B. Bogardus. 1832-38. Josiah Hedden. 1869-76. James M. Woodbury. 1834. Luther Hedden. 1877-86. David Crocker. 1835-36. John Griswold. 1887-89. Horatio Brown. 1837-40. Daniel D. Minier. 1890-95. John H. Conklin. 1862-66. H. B. Lord. Churches. — In 1795-G Rev. A. Owen and Alward White were ap- pointed to Seneca Circuit and formed the First Methodist Episcopal Society at Jonah Tooker's house, a mile west of Ludlowville. and at Robert Alexander's, south of Lake Ridge. A log house was built in 1801 half a mile west of Lansingville, which was burned in 1803. A frame structure took its place, which was the first frame church build- ing in Genesee Conference. From an old record we learn that " there were no roads at that time. Indian paths and flayed trees were the only guides. In the fall of 179G, as the Alexander family were sitting around the fire in the evening, they were startled by a strange cry which seemed to come from a distance, and rushed to the door to dis- cover the cause. It was evident that it proceeded from the adjacent forest, between them and Cayuga Lake, but whether from a panther or human being they could not tell. Mr. Alexander decided that it was a a40 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. call for help, and hallooed in reply. Soon after the sound appeared to be nearer, and by repeated calls . the lost traveler was guided to their cabin, when, to their astonishment, they beheld A. Owen, with whom they had been acquainted in Pennsylvania. This was his first round on his circuit, and losing the Indian path on the lake shore in the dark- ness, he had taken that course to find a friend." A quarterly meeting was held in a barn near the site of the Asbury meeting house in 1707, and a class was formed with Reuben Brown leader; the other classes were formed as above noted. Three of these classes united, and a log church was built in 1707, which was burned in 1801 or 1803. A frame structure took its place, which was 34 by 30 feet in size and was used until 1833, when a brick edifice was built at Lansingville. This was burned February 2Ci, 1803, and in the following year the present frame church was erected. The present pastor is Benjamin Franklin, who resides at North Lansing. Since the above was written, a valued contributor has sent in the following account of Methodism in and near this town, which merits a place herein, even at the risk of minor repetitions: There are traces of Methodist preachers in Lansing in the year 1793; in this year William Colbert, jr., preacher on Northumberland Circuit, Penn., was sent on a tour of exploration through the then "Western Wilds of New York." He started from Wilkesbarre, Penn., went as far as Niagara, Canada ; on his return he came through Lansing and stumbled on to a Methodist, a new settler, by the name of Conklin. Colbert, who was a full fledged Methodist preacher, was dressed in knee buckskin trousers, kept bright by occasional applications of yellow ochre (what changes a century has wrought in preachers' costumes!) While Colbert was " staying for a rest " at the cabin of Conklin (who, b)^ the way, lived six miles north of the present site of Ithaca, which must be within the precincts of this Asbury church), they heard of a preacher that had newly moved into the settlement of Ithaca, then a town of three families. The preacher was a Baptist minister, known as " Elder Starr," who in a few days announced that he would preach to the settlers on the following Sabbath. Conklin and Colbert lieard of the appointment and resolved to attend the meeting. The Sabbath . was a fine one in June, 1793, and the few inhabitants gathered for the first time to hear the gospel in their new home. Settlers from the ad- jacent countr}^ heard of the appointment and a few came in to hear the new preacher. In the congregation were two who knelt during prayer; TOWN OF LANSING. 341 a smothered whisper went around the cabin "they are Methodists." After the conclusion of Elder Starr's sermon Conklin arose and intro- duced his companion as a Methodist, and asked the privilege for him to preach. Elder Starr arose and said: "The Methodists are a new sect, holding strange doctrines, and the people do not care to hear them. " During the year 1797 a Methodist class was formed at Asbury. The names of the members of Asbury class are as follows: Reuben Brown and wife, James Egbert and wife, Walter Egbert and wife, Abram Minier and wife, William Gibbs and wife. Reuben Brown was ap- pointed class reader by the pastor, Anning Owen. Brown lived one mile east of West Dryden Corners, and often started on foot, accom- panied by his wife, and carrying a babe in their arms, over the then corduroy road, to attend church and lead his class at Asbury Chapel, a distance of six miles. This same year two log "meeting houses '' were built, one at Teetertown and the other at Asbury. The one at Asbury stood at the east end of the present Asbury Cemetery and was used for district school purposes on week days and divine service on Sunday. The church and school house have gone hand in hand from the begin- ning of American Methodism. This same year, 1797, Asbury and Teetertown were attached as appointed to Seneca circuit. A. Owen was the first regularlj' appointed pastor of Lansing Methodism. His remains, with those of his wife, now lie in the Kline Cemetery, under a monument erected by the Wyoming Conference. The first quarterly conference of Lansing Methodism was held in a barn near the spot where the present Asbury church now stands. In 1811 the log meet- ing houses became too strait to hold the inquirers after Zion and was discarded. A brick house was built and the famous red meeting house at Asbury. Shortly after the completion of the red meeting house Bishop Asbury, first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church, passed through Lansing and preached in the new meeting house, and in honor of him it was named Asbury Chapel. The preachers during the decade 1801 to 1811 were Jonathan Newman, Jacob Grubber, Smith Weeks, John Billings, Miller Hill, Thomas Dunn, John Husselkuss, James Polemus, Thomas Ellis, John P. Weaver, Parley Parker, Joseph Scull, Benoni Harris, Elijah Batchlor, George W. Densmore. This last is the minister who organized the Foxtown, or more properly, the West Dryden Society, which from its organization to the present time has been connected with the Asbury. The ministers from 1813 to 1832 are first .the venerable James Kelsey, who has at this writing a daughter living 343 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. , in Freeville, N. Y. , and who, when a small girl, sat on Bishop Asbury's knee. She is a member of the West Dryden M. E. church. Her name is Mrs. Samantha George. Mr. Kelsey had for his colleagixe S. L. Hanley. They were followed by such veterans as Dan Barnes, Palmer Roberts, William Cameron, Jonathan Heustis, Loring Grant and John. Kimberlin, whose dust lies in Asbury Cemetery underneath where the pulpit stood in which he so often preached. He was buried there ac- cording to his own request. In 1844 a disaster befell the Asbury Society. On January 1 the famous red meeting house was no more; it was burned to ashes, but after the fire had burned out, a copy of the Scriptures was taken from the corner-stone where it had lain for thirty- three years. During this year (1844) the present house was built, and some who hewed the timbers and helped to raise the frame are with us to-day. This sketch covers a period of 101 years — from 1793 to 1894. The present pastor's name is Rev. W. Owen Shepherd. The present membership is fifty. Ludlowville and Lansingville, which had formed one charge for many years, were divided in 1891, and Lansingville became the head of a new charge, Lansingville and North Lansing; and Asbury, which for ninety-seven years had been associated with West Dryden, was at- tached to Ludlowville. The present pastor of the M. E. Church at Ludlowwille is Rev. W. Owen Shepherd, with approximate membership of seventy. Baptist Church of East Lansing. — This society was organized March 27, 1804, and was first known as the "Second Baptist church of Milton. " The early records are not in existence, but the first pastor was a Rev. M. Tuttle,_in 1805. Reuben Colton and wife, Noah Bow- ker, Phoebe Buck and Mr. vStebbins were among the first members. Meetings were held at first in a log school house on the corner west of the present church site; afterwards in Philmore Bai-ney's barn a mile north of that corner, until Benjamin Buck built a large barn about one- fourth of a mile south of where the church stands. The membership was much scattered, some living five miles from the place of meeting. Rev. P. P. Root, one of the early ministers, was a missionary in Central New York. Another was Elder Stillwell, a blind man, who preached occasionally in various places. Elder Weekly, another early minister, lived at Lake Ridge, and preached once in two weeks. This was about 1814. Then came Rev. William Powers (1818), followed by Elders Harmon and vStarr. Rev. E. W. Martin was the first settled pastor, in TOWN OF LANSING. 343 18$J1, closing in 1835. There was a good deal of controversy as to lo- cation of a church edifice, some wanting it in Groton and others in Lansing. At a meeting held December 17, 1822, the following resolu- tions were passed : Resolved, That subscriptions be drawn for the purpose of erecting a meeting house on tlie land now in possession of John Ludlow, on lot 79, in the town of Lansing, and adjoining the east and west road from Luther Barney's to the Groton line. The church was finished in 1823 at a cost of $2,000, and dedicated November 20, sermons being preached by Elders Benjamin and An- drews and Elder Oliver C. Comstock. Rev. T. B. Beebe began his labors about 1825, held protracted meet- ings, and closed his labors in 1834. The first business in 1832 was the appointment of a committee to revise articles of faith and covenant. T. B. Beebe, Noah Bowker, and J. Morrison were appointed. The church in 1832 reported 108 members. Rev. B. Andrews preached one year, 1834-5. In April, 1835, Rev. Asa Caldwell received a call from the church. Rev. D. B. Purrington preached from April, 1838, to 1840. Asa Caldwell again served the church from May, 1840, to January, 1842. The following pastors came next: P. Work, 1842 to 1847; B. •Gibbs supplied the pulpit during the last named year; Daniel Garth- waite came for a short time; Rev. A. Bailey, 1848; T. J. Cole, Decem- ber, 1849, to October, 1852 ; Rev. Edgar Smith, October, 1853, to May, 18G0; this year the parsonage was rebuilt at a cost of $1,200; July 1, 1855, O. Fawcett was allowed to preach in the church at 4 o'clock P.M. ; Rev. M. Livermore, 1860 .to 1863; Rev. P. Work visited the church about this time. Next G. B. Gibbs supplied the pulpit for some time. Rev. E. L. Benedict, April, 1866, one year; Rev. M. H. Perry, one year from April, 18G8; this year the church was extensively repaired at an expense of $2,200, and was re-dedicated August 20, 1868. Rev. S. C. Ainsworth, October, 1869, to September, 1876; Rev. R. Corbett, one year from April, 1877; Rev. F. Purvis, from June, 1878. Rev. John E. McAUen preached from 1881 to 1886; Rev. Edward Royce came in 1886 and left in the fall of 1890; Rev. D. P. Rathbone came in the spring of 1891 and left in May, 1892. The present pastor. Rev. S. H. Haskell, came in June, 1892. A Sabbath school was organized about 1831, after an extensive revival, and is still continued. The trustees are William Metzgar, R. M. Holden, G. L. Cutter; senior deacons, John Haring, J. G. Buck, A. Tallmadge. A cemetery is connected with the church. 344 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. A Baptist church was organized at North Lansing in 1844. The first pastor was iikler B. Ames, who was followed by Rev. William B. De- lano, William Wilkins, S. Gardner,' S. S. Day, Burdick, C. A. Smith, E. W. Benedict, E. J. Lewis, and others. In 1800 the member- ship reached sixty, but for ten years past it has been about twenty. Rev. H. S. Haskall is the pastor. The trustees are John H. Conklin, Charles A. Bower and Anson Howser. The church building was erected in 1852. Baptist Church at Lake Ridge — This society, first known as the " First Baptist Church of Milton," was organized October 31, 179f5, with the following fourteen persons as members: Micajah Starr, Anna Starr, Benajah Strong, Abigail Strong, Charles Townley, Lydia Gillett, Lu- ther Barney, Sarah Bacon, Joel Bacon, Thankful Bacon, Pierpont Ba- con, Jerusha Bacon, William Avery, Abigail Woodruif. Elder Micajah Starr was chosen the first pastor and served until his death in March, 1820. Early meetings were held at the houses of the members and in school houses, until November 1, 1840, when the society occupied its new church at Lake Ridge. Various pastors served the church until 1803, since which time there has been no regular service. Preshyterian Church. — A Presbyterian society, called the "Second Church of Milton," was organized about the year 1805. Its formation was due partly to a disagreement in the First Church of the town re- specting a site for a house of worship. It was locally known as the " Teetertown Church." When the name of the town was changed to Genoa, the name of the church was correspondingly changed, and the same course was followed when the town of Lansing was organized, it being then called the " Church of Lansing." It passed under the care of the Cjeneva Presbytery Januai-y 28, 180G, but was transferred to the Presbytery of Cayuga when that body was organized. Rev. Jahez Chadwick organized the church, and on February 2G, 1800, was in- stalled pastor. Rev. John Bascom succeeded him in 1818, and re- mained to his death in 1828. Mr. Chadwick returned and remained to 1831, but his religious viewsjunderwent change, and a division occurred in the society. Rev. Alexander M. Cowan was a supply for the church in 1834-30, and soon afterward most of the members joined the " Free Congregational Church of Genoa," then located at Five Corners, or- ganized by Mr. Chadwick. September 25, 1805, an immense frame church was built on ground now embraced in the Lansingville ceme- tery. The church having no [right to sell this property, in 1853, TOWN OF LANSING. 345 through efforts of David Crocker, who was then in the Assembly, an act was passed giving the title to the Lansingville Cemetery Associa- tion, and the building was sold at public sale to S. S. Todd, for $175, who took it down and used the timbers in other structures. The original cost of the church was $3,000. An effort was made by Dr. White to turn the structure into an institution of learning before it was sold and torn down, but it failed. This church society went to decay some fifteen years before the building was sold. Presbyterian Church of Lujilowville. — At a meeting held in pur- suance of regular notice in the school house at Ludlowville, September 9, 1817, Thomas Ludlow acted as moderator, and Lewis Tooker secre- tary. The following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That this society be hereafter called and known as the " Presbyterian Society " in Ludlowville, in the town of Lansing, and that nine trustees be elected; and Ebenezer Brown, John Bowman, Julius Ackley, Oliver Phelps, Edward Walker, Abijah Miller, Thomas Ludlow, Joshua Jennings and Gideon Morehouse were chosen as such trustees. The church was organized in December, 1817, by Rev. Dr. Wisner and Rev. Samuel Parker, of Ithaca, with eighteen members. Rev. William Adams was the first pastor, installed April 31, 1819. January 17, 1833, a committee was appointed to superintend the building of a church, which was duly finished, and the first meeting held therein January 10, 1835. Prior to that time services had been held in an addition to the school house. The society is now without a pastor, the last one having been Rev. S. H. Meade. In 1855 the membership was about eighty, but it has declined to about sixteen. The North Lansing Methodist Church was organized in 1837 by Rev. Sylvester Minier. Mr. Minier in that year organized classes called the County Line Class and East Lansing Class. The presiding elder was then Rev. H. Agard. The church was erected in 1851. In October, 1891, Lansingville was joined to this charge. The present pastor is Rev. B. Franklin. German Lutheran Church. — Several German families at the " Bower Settlement," north of Lansingville, organized an Evangelical Lutheran church in 1803. John Houtz was the first pastor, and also taught school in a log building; Jonathan Markle also preached for a time, services being held every four weeks. The Synod embraced churches in Waterloo, Geneva and Seneca Falls, with the Lansing 44 a46 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. church. The last sei'vices were held in 1842, with John Izenlord as last pastor. LuDLOwviLLE — This is the largest village in the town of Lansing, and is situated on Salmon Creek, about a mile from the lake shore. It dates back to about the beginning of the century, as we learn from the Journal of De Witt Clinton, written in 1810. He says: "Nine miles from Ithaca we pass Salmon Creek, a considerable stream, on which are a mill, built by one Ludlow ; and a mile farther we ascended a very elevated hill, from which we had a prospect of. Ithaca, the lake, and a great part of Seneca county. Here are some houses and a post-office. " The village now contains 300 inhabitants, and has two churches, six stores, two blacksmith shops, one drug store, kept by Fred Moore, a hardware store and tin shop by Charles E. Wood, two shoe stores by Fillman Smith and John Bailey respectively, a meat market by Frank Lobdell, a millinery store by Margaret Van Aiiken, an Odd Fellows Hall and the public hall owned by Nelson E. Lyon, a flouring mill, feed mill and saw mill. The old hotel and premises are now owned and occupied by Nelson E. Lyon. The village is the principal place in the town, with enterprising merchants, and other business men. The largest general store is owned and conducted by Nelson E. Lyon, and the second largest by Charles G. Benjamin. Among the earlier prominent business men were, Oliver Phelps, who came from Fabius in ISll and built the first store ; he also built the first steamboat on Cayuga Lake. Arad Joy came from Fabius in 1811 on horseback, with theke)' to Mr. Phelps's store in his pocket, and acted as clerk for Mr. Phelps. Calvin Burr began business here in 1812. Henry B. Lord, now cashier of the First National Bank in Ithaca, acquired an interest in the busi- ness of Mr. Burr in 1838. The village at one time had seven dry goods stores and other business places, and was a more important point than Ithaca. About three and a half miles above Ludlowville on Salmon Creek is a grist mill owned and opei-ated by Janies Ford, which was built in ISllt by Ambrose Bull. Another mill, half a mile above this one, was owned still earlier by a Mr. McClung. The present postmas- ter of Ludlowville is Charles C Benjainin, an old resident and mer- chant, who received his commission in November, 1893. Cayuga Lake Salt Companv. — The business now being prosecuted by this company is undoubtedly destined to be one of the greatest im- portance to Tompkins county. It has long been known that salt existed deep down in the earth in this locality, and acting upon that knowledge, TOWN OF LANSING. 347 in March, 1891, Royal V. Lamberson, Warren W. Clute, and Arthur Oliver secured an option on lands on the east shore of Cayuga Lake, at the mouth of Salmon Creek, sank a well to the depth of 1,500 feet, and struck a stratum of solid rock salt, now known to be thirty feet in depth. The drill has not yet passed through the salt deposit. The location of this site was the result of careful study of the geology of this region, good engineering, an excellent judgment on the part of these men. They organized the company with a capital stock of $50,- 000, erected a plant and warehouses, and began operations. In the following }'ear they increased the capital stock to $150,000, drilled another well, enlarged their buildings, and began operations on a much larger scale. In 1893 new machinery and processes wei'e adopted, in- cluding what is known as the vacuum pan, and improved dryers, and the manufacture of high-grade salt, which commands a ready market and thfe highest prices, is now produced in large quantities. The dail)^ capacity of the works is 1,000 barrels, and employment is given to about 100 persons. Their shipping facilities are, of course, excellent, as their location is directly upon the railroad. After the success of the first well, the company purchased a tract of twenty-seven acres upon which to conduct their future operations. The men whose names have been mentioned are active and energetic in the business, and all indications now point to the future great success of the industr)'. The officers of the company are Royal V. Lamberson, president ; Archibald S. White, vice-president, with Warren W. Clute, secretar}' and treasurer. Lake Riiwjk. — This hamlet is situated on high ground above the lake, in the northwest part of the town. Frederick Fenner was one of the first merchants in this place, and an early proprietor of the Lake Ridge Hotel, which was built about 1814. A Mr. Lamport had a gen- eral store here about 18i0. Isaac Davis built a store building and leased it to Joseph vSmith for ten years. He was followed by Freeman Perry, who met with reverses, and Henry Teeter took possession of the stock. While selling it, the store caught fire and was burned. William Davis was a prominent merchant before 1805, and his store also burned. L. D. Ives purchased and took possession of the hotel and store in 1870. At his death the store passed to his two daughters, and later the younger daughter, Mrs. Lucy J. Shank, bought her sister's interest. Her husband, B. O. Shank, now conducts the store. The postmaster is Joshua B. Davis, who received his commission in April, 1892. 348 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. South Lansing. — This place was formerly called " Liberty ville, " and the local name of " The Harbor " has also attached to it. It is a mere hamlet in the central part of the town, and now contains a large brick hotel, owned and kept by William Miller; a grocery by Charles Egbert, and a blacksmith shop by C. F. Crance. Charles M. Egbert is postmaster and was commissioned in May, 1893. Lansing viLi.E.— This is a hamlet formerly known as " Teetertown, " and is situated on the ridge west of Salmon Creek, in the north part of the town. It contains a general store kept by Main & Townsend; a hotel by Mr. De Camp; a blacksmith shop by Wilmer Stont; and a church. Mr. Stoiit is postmaster. North Lansing. — This little place has also the name of " Beardsley's Corners," from the residents of that name. It is in the northern part of the town, and has a general store kept by Roswell Beardsley; a hotel by Oscar Teeter; a blacksmith shop by Anson Howser; two churches and a post-office. Roswell Beardsley is postmaster and en- joys the unique distinction of having occupied that office longer than any other person in the United States has acted as postmaster. He received his commission in 1829. East Lansing. — A post-office by this name is located in the eastern part of the town, where there is a small collection of dwellings and a blacksmith shop and Baptist church. The postmaster is Chauncey Haring, who was commissioned in February, 1890. Besides the foregoing there are four other post-offices in this town, but at points where there are no business interests of account. One of these is called Hedden's, which is a station on the Lehigh Valley Rail- road, and J. W. Brown is postmaster; he was appointed in June, 1888. He is a native of Lansing, son of Reuben Brown. His father died in 1869, and his mother in 1864. He obtained his education in the com- mon schools and a private school in Ithaca, and at twenty-one years of age he learned telegraphy in Ludlowville; from there he went to Hedden's. Asbury is a post-office under Mrs. Mary Head, who was commis- sioned in 1893, succeeding her son, Horace A. Head. Midway is the name of a post-office located about midway between North and vSouth Lansing. Wm. A. J. Ozmun is postmaster and was appointed in 1875. At the Ludlowville station is a post-office called Myers, which is in charge of Peter D. Drake, who was appointed November, 1891. He is a native of Sheldrake, Seneca county, and son of Lewis B. and Martha Drake. TOWN OF ENFIELD. 349 CHAPTER XX. TOWN OF ENFIELD. This town lies upon the western border of Tompkins county, south •of Ulysses and north of Newfield. The surface rises to a mean eleva- tion of from 500 to 700 feet above the lake and is diversified by rolling slopes and level tracts. The soil is principally a gravelly loam adapted to grain and grass growing. The town contains 23,086 acres, of which nearly or quite 20,000 acres are improved. The principal stream is Five Mile Creek, which has its rise in the northwest part of the town and flows southeasterly, receiving the waters of several smaller streams, and in the southeast part enters a deep gorge over a precipice, form- ing one of the many beautiful cascades in this region, called Enfield Falls. Above the falls the ravine presents many scenes of gi^eat natu- ral beauty, and its wild and picturesque scenery has commanded the admiration of the many who have visited it. The first settlement of Enfield was about the beginning of the pres- sent century, several years after white pioneers had begun the making of their rude homes within the limits of the other towns of Tompkins ■county. Ithaca, Trumansburg, Jacksonville and Goodwin's Point in this immediate vicinity had each been settled before a pioneer pene- trated into what finally was taken from Ulysses to form the town of Enfield. In 1798 Jabez Hanmer settled on the south line of the town of Ulys- jjes, but it was not till 1804 that John Giltner pushed on farther into the forest and located on lot 45 on what has been known as the John Horton farm. He removed elsewhere a few years later. Judah Baker became in 1804 the first permanent settler of the town. He came from Coxsackie, Dutchess county, N. Y. , -with his wife and seven children, three horses and wagon, and traveled westward by the usual route until he reached Fall Creek near Ithaca. Leaving his fam- ily there he pushed ahead to find the site of his wilderness home. Proceeding some distance up the Inlet he turned westward and chopped a wagon- way three miles to his destination. There he made a 350 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. little clearing, built a hut, and then returned for his family. They all arrived in June, 1804, their whole fortune as far as money was con- cerned consisting of $11. His first dwelling was on the site first occu- pied by J. M. Baker, his grandson. Enfield Center is situated chiefly on the large tract at one time owned by Mr. Baker. Judah Baker lived in the town imtil his death in 1851, at the age of eighty-eight years. While the building of a large log cabin was in progress in 1806, a young man named Cooper was killed by a falling log; this was without doubt the first death in the town. It was in this old log barn, which was standing in recent years, that Elder Ezra Chase preached for many years before the existence of meetipg houses. In 1806 while Mr. Baker was in quest of a stray cow he heard the sound of an ax — a sure indication that there was a white man at one end of the helve. Following the sound he came to a clearing where he found Ashbel Lovell and his family, who had lived there about a year. Mr. Lovell had settled on the farm occupied in recent years by David Johnson, now owned by Wm. Wallenbeck. He was a good citizen and his descendants still live in the town. " Applegate's Corners," so called, was settled in 1805 by John Apple- gate, John White, and Peter Banfield. John Applegate opened the first tavern at the Corners in 1807; the first school house was built in 1809. A post-office was established under the name of Applegate, and Joseph Tibb is postmaster and conducts a store. Jonathan Rolfe came in from South Amboy, N. J., in 1806, with his wife and four children and settled on the farm afterwards occupied by his youngest son, Jonathan; this place is now owned by Squire B. Rolfe. In the same year Gilbert Longstreet settled in the west part of the town; his daughter married Lewis H. Van Kirk, father of Leroy H. Van Kirk, now county clerk. The Van Kirk family has long been a prominent one in the town. Joseph Van Kirk was the pioneer and settled here very early. He had a son, Lewis H., who was a cattle dealer and drover, and was sheriff of the county 1852-1855. His widow is still living in Ithaca with her son, Leroy H. (vSee personal sketch in later pages of this volume.) In 1805 Daniel Konkle and Joseph Rogers became settlers, the latter in the southeast part where Thomas Kelsey lived in recent years. John and Isaac Beach came in about the year 1804; they settled on lot 62, where David Purdy located in 1827. This, lot like many others TOWN OF ENFIKLD. 351 •of the militar)' lots, was the subject of litigation, and the title was finally given to David Ptirdy and his heirs. Isaac Beach moved after a few years to the farm where Silas Harvey lived, and John removed to Ohio. Samuel Rolfe came to the town in 1807, locating at Applegate's Cor- ners ; he was justice of the peace many years. James Bailey and James Rumsey, the former from what is now Rom- ulus, came in 1806 to the south part of the town. Mr. Bailey had served in the war of 1812 and settled where his son, Daniel, afterwards lived, now occupied by his son Edwin. Mr. Rumsey had lived in Scipio a year, going there from Orange county, and in the fall of 1805 came to Enfield with his sons, John and James, cleared a piece of ground, sowed wheat, and returned to Scipio. In the spring of 180G he came back with his family and built a log house where his son George now lives. The early milling for the people of this town was done at Ithaca and for a number of years the need of a grist mill was severely felt. In 1812 Benjamin Ferris built a saw mill above Oliver Rumsey's house, which was the first saw mill in town. In 1817 Isaac Rumsey, a brother of James, came in and built a gi-ist mill at the falls on the site of the pres- ent mill. In the fall of 1809 two brothers, Timothy B. and Squire J. Noble, came from Pennsylvania to look at some Enfield land which had been purchased by their father. In the following spring they and their father (John) and mother came in and settled on a tract of 400 acres on the south side of what has been known as "Noble street." The tract was divided equally among the four. Pionefer work was begun along the southern border of the town in 1809 by Amos and Gilbert J. Ogden, John Cooper and Reuben D. Lyon. Isaac Chase was a settler at Enfield Center as earl}' as 1809, living there in a log house; as was also James Newman. Nathaniel, son of the latter, kept a tavern there before 1812. David Thatcher settled at " Kennedy's Corners" before 1812, and John Townsend located carl}' on the site of " Bostwick's Corners. " Andrew Bostwick had lived at Port Byron and bought Townsend 's farm at sheriff's sale in 1820. His son Orson came to live upon it, Andrew following some years later. Andrew began mercantile trade with Oliver Williams. William L. and Herman V. Bostwick of Ithaca are sons of Orson. (See history of Ithaca and biographical sketches. ) 352 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. F. J. Porter came from New Hartford, Oneida county, in 1814, and settled where he still lives, and in the same year John Sheffield settled where he remained the rest of his long life. Samuel Harvey came from New Jersey and kept a tavern in the town for many years. He was father of Joseph and Silas Harvey, to whom he gave 240 acres of land. They have descendants in the town. Jesse Harriman, who is described in the history of Trumansburgh as- a very early settler there (1793), came into Enfield in 1819-20, located first near the Center and built a saw mill. He afterwards moved to Five Mile Creek where H. T. Havens now lives, and lived there with his son Lyman. He died in 1866 at the great age of ninety-five years. Walter Payne, the first supervisor of the town, lived in 1819 where John Hetherington lived in later years, now occupied by his son Frank, and in the same year John Summerton came in and settled where he passed most of his long life. Charles Woodward came to the town in 1822. In 1825 T. S. and J, B. Williams came from Middletown, Conn. , and the former opened a store at Applegate's Corners, the latter acting as clerk. In 1826, T. S. Williams purchased what was known as the Beek- man lot and there built a saw mill which was operated by ox-power. In 1827 they removed to Ithaca, and in the history of that town will be found proper mention of their later lives and their descendants. Jervis Langdon the late wealthy business man of Elmira, was a clerk at Enfield Center about 1831-32, first in Ira Carpenter's store and af- terwards a merchant in the firm of Langdon & Marsh. He then re- moved to Ithaca where he was in trade for a time before his removal to Elmira. Among the more prominent citizens of the town in later years was Col. Henry Brewer, who came in from Ulysses, where he had located in 1839. He was an enthusiast in agricviltural matters and instrumen- tal in the introduction of more extensive clover-growing in the town. He was father of William H. and Edgar Brewer, and is deceased. Ed- gar Brewer occupies the homestead. Col. Henry Brewer was a member of assembly in 1850. Many other persons and families who have contributed to the growth and prosperity of the town are properly noticed in Part III of this work. We cannot consistently follow the settlements of this town further, nor hope to name all who have been conspicuous in transforming the primitive wilderness into the present prosperous agricultural district. TOWN OF ENFIELD. 8Cii The memory of their labors for their posterity lives after them and to their great honor. Personal sketches of many prominent families of the town will be found in a later part of this work. The town is essen- tially an agricultural community, manufacturing operations never having been important and mercantile interests only such as would suf- fice for the people. The course of events has continued upon a quiet and even way until the war of 1861-f)0 which drew from the inhabitants many of the young and old who went forward to the aid of the govern- ment. The town sent out 107 volunteers and their self-sacrificing deeds were honorable to themselves and productive of good to the cause for which they fought. Following is a list of the supervisoi-s of the town from its organiza- tion to the present time: 1831. Walter Payne. 1825. John Applegate. 1836-37. Gilbert J. Ogden. 1828-31. Christopher Miller. 1833-33. Wm. Hunter. 1834 David Atwater. 1836-38. Bethuel V. Gould. 1839-41. C. C. Applegate. 1845-47. Cyrus Gray. 1848. Daniel L. Starr. 1849. C. C. Applegate. 1850. Amos Curry. 1851. John Hardenburg. 1853. Joseph Rolfe. 1853. Joshua S. Miller. 1854. Joseph Rolfe. 1855. Peter VanDorn. 1856. Chester Rolfe. 1857-58. Samuel V. Graham. 1859-60. Henry Brewer. 1861-62. Wm. L. Bostwick. 1863. Daniel W. Bailey. 1864. Daniel Colegrove. 1865-67. D. W. Bailey. 1768-70. S. V. Graham. 1871. J. G. Wortman. 1872-74. Ebenezer Havens. 1875. Daniel W. Bailey. 1876-78. Leroy H. Vankirk. 1880. Seth B. Harvey. 1881. Isaac Newman. 1882. John J. Abel. 1883. Daniel W. Bailey. 1884. Lysander T. White. 1885. Byron Jackson. 1886. Tertelus Jones. 1887. Burr Rumsey. 1888. Daniel W. Bailey. 1889. Joshua S. Miller. 1890. Daniel W. Bailey. 1891. T. Jones. 1893-8. William F. Smith. 1894. Levi J. Newman. The town of Enfield was erected from the southwestern part of Ulys- ses on the Kith of March, 1831, and received its name from the town of Enfield, in Connecticut. The records of the town down to the year 1845 are lost. Following are the names of the principal town officers for the year 1894: 45 354 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Levi J. Newman, supervisor, Enfield Center; William Barber, town clerk, Enfield Center; John J. Johnson, collector, Enfield Falls; Hen- ry A. Graham, justice of the peace, Enfield Center; Fred V. Ball, con- stable, Enfield; Lewis Wallenbeck, constable, Enfield Center; George Havens, constable, Enfield Center; Abram Creque, constable, Enfield Center. Statistics. — The report of the board of supervisors for the year 1893 gives the followingstatisticsjnumber of acres of land, 32,007. Assessed value of real estate, including village property and real estate of cor- porations, $531,493; total assessed value of personal property, $42,200. Amount of town taxes, $3,350.64 Amount of county taxes, $1,235.87. Aggregate taxation, $5,832.93. Rate of tax on $1 valuation, .0102. The town has fifteen school districts besides the joint districts. Applegate's Corners took its name from John Applegate, who built and kept the fii'st tavern therein 1807, and the first school house in the town was built a little to the north of the Corners about the year 1809. A small mercantile business has been carried on there from the begin- ning, and some of the men who later on became leaders in business in the county first started here. Among these were Josiah B. and T. S. Williams. The first road laid out in the town was from these corners southwesterly to the farm where Nicholas Kirby lived in recent years; the road is now unused. Joseph Tibb now keeps a store here and is postmaster, the name of the office being Applegate. Beside the post-office at Applegate there are two others in the town — Enfield Center and Enfield Falls. At Enfield Center is a pretty little village, where Charles Wright, William H. Rumsey and George Lord are merchants. John G. Wortman, now the undertaker of the place, was for many years in mercantile business here, and rebuilt Wortman Hall from the old Presbyterian church. Saamuel D. Purdy, now a farmer, was a former merchant. William Barber, a blacksmith, was postmaster ever since the war, until the present year, when he was superseded by Charles Wright. The hotel has been kept many years by Moses L. Harvey. Enfield Palls, in the southeastern part of the town, is a hamlet cen- tering around the grist mill, on the site where the first mill was built. R. S. Halsey has the mill, and Charles Budd is postmaster; there is at present no mercantile business here. Chokchks. — The Baptist church of Enfield was formed in 1817, at the house of Elder John Lewis, and comprised twenty-six members. Ser- TOWN OF LANSING. 355 vices were held at the house of Jonathan Rolfe and later at the Wood- ward school house in the south part of the town. In 1842 a house of worship was built at Enfield Center at a cost of about $1,300. The present pastor is Rev. T. F. Brodwick. In 1821 five persons instituted the Christian church, of which Elder Ezra Chase was the first pastor; he was succeeded by Rev. J. M. West- cott. The church was built at Enfield Center many years ago. H. L. Griffin is the present pastor. The Methodist church at Kennedy's Corners was the development of a class which was formed at the North school house in 1844, with Elias Lanning as leader; it was at first under the charge of the Jack- sonville church ; but later under the church at Enfield Center. The church edifice was built in 1848. The Methodist church of Enfield was recognized as a separate charge January 19, 1835. Rev. Joseph Pearsall was the first pastor. Prior to that date class meetings had been held in a barn at Bostwick's Corners, and in other barns near by. On the 3d of June, 1835, a lot Was bought of Andrew Bostwick for $50 and a church erected upon it. On the 13th of March, 1876, it was determined to remove the building to Enfield Center, which was done and the building was repaired at a cost, includ- ing the new site, of $3,200, and on June 20, 187G, the church was ded- icated. The present pastor is Rev. J. H. Britton. In about the year 1831, Rev. William Page, who was then filling a pulpit as stated supply in Ithaca, visited Enfield and became instru- mental in organizing a Presbyterian church, which was fully effected iinder the care of the Presbytery of Cayuga, February 14, 1832. The society has been several times changed to other Presbyteries, as they were organized. On the 28th of February, 1838, after several others had served the church, Rev. Warren Day was installed and remained until 1844, when he was succeeded by Rev. Moses Jewell. A meeting house was finished at Enfield Center in 1835-5, which is now used as a public hall. The society disbanded many years ago. THE HISTORY OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN THE Twenty-Five Years of Its Existence, 1868-1893. BY WATERMAN THOMAS HEWETT, Ph.D. Professor of the German Language and Literature in the University. INTRODUCTION. It had been proposed as early as in 1822 to found a college in Ithaca, and in March of that year a request was presented to the Regents -by the Genesee Conference of the Methodist church for a charter. It was stated that six thousand dollars had already been raised for the support of such a college, with which it was the intention to proceed to the erection of buildings in the following spring. At the same time the trustees of the Geneva Academy applied for a charter for a college, on the basis of certain funds already subscribed and land and buildings already erected, and an annual grant promised by the corporation of Trinity Church in New York. As both these colleges were to be erect- ed by religious denominations, the Board of Regents considered what its policy should be toward applications of this kind from various religious organizations. The board had adopted, as early as March 11, 1811, the view that no academy ought to be erected into a college until the state of literature therein was so far advanced and its funds so far enlarged as to render it probable that it would attain the ends and sup- port the character of a college in which all the liberal arts and sciences would be cherished and taught. " The literary character of the State is deeply interested in maintaining the reputation of its seminaries of learning, and to multiply colleges without adequate means to en- able them to vie with other similar institutions in the United States would be to degrade their character, and to be giving only another . name to an ordinary academy. The establishment of a college is also imposing upon the government the necessity of bestowing tipon it a very liberal and expensive patronage, without which it would languish and not maintain a due reputation for usefulness and universal learn- ing; colleges, therefore, are to be cautiously erected, and only when called for by strong public expediency." The case was now different, for an additional question was involved. The board, however, after mature consideration, held that it had no 860 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. right to inquire into the religious opinions of the applicants for a char- ter, and that it might wisely make use of denominational zeal to pro- mote the great educational interests confided to its charge. It was directed, April 10, 1833, that the charter of a college in Ithaca be granted whenever it should be shown within three years that a perma- nent fund of fifty thousand dollars had been collected for its support. It was, however, found impossible to raise this sum. This impulse, though fruitless in itself, may have led to the foundation of the Ithaca Academy, which was incorporated the following year, March 24, 1823. II. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND HIGHER EDUCA- TION.— THE LAND GRANT ACT, ESTABLISHING COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS. The duty of the government to support and foster higher education existed with the first dream of national independence. In October, 1775, when Washington was in camp in Cambridge, Samuel Blodget, who was later distinguished as the author of the first formal work on political economy published in the United States, remarked in the presence of Generals Washington and Greene, with reference to the injury which the soldiers were doing to the colleges in which they were encamped: "Well, to make amends for these injuries, I hope after our war we shall erect a noble national university, at which the youths of all the world may be proud to receive instruction." Washington answered: "Young man, you are a prophet inspired to speak what I am confident will one day be realized. " One of the earliest provisions of the colonial governments was for popular education, in addition to which were charters for private and county schools and colleges, which were to be supported by general taxation. In the Constitutional Con- vention of 1787, on May 29, Charles Pickering proposed that Congress should have power to establish and provide for a national university at the seat of government of the United States. Mr. Madison proposed later that this should be one of the distinctly enumerated powers in CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 301 the Constitution. On September 14 Mr. Madison and Mr. Pickering moved to insert "power to establish a university in which no prefer- ence or distinction should be allowed on account of religion." The action proposed was lost, not from opposition to the principle involved, but because such an addition to the Constitution would be a super- fluity, since Congress would possess exclusive power at the seat of government, which would reach the object in question. The patriot and scientist, Dr. Benjamin Rush, issued an address to the people of the United States, strongly urging a Federal university as the means of securing to the people an education suited to the needs of the country, with post-graduate scholarships, and fellowships in connec- tion with the consular service, and an educated civil service generally. "The j)eople," he said, "must be educated for the new form of government by an education adapted to the new and peculiar situation of the country." President Washington, in his address to Congress on January 8, 1790, said: " There is nothing that can better deserve your patronage than the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of happiness. In one in which the measures of government receive their impressions so immediately from the sense of the community as in ours, it is proportionably essential. Whether this desirable object will be best promoted by afford- ing aids to seminaries of learning already established, by the institution of a national imiversity, or by any other expedients, will be worthy of a place in the deliberations of the legislature." The response of both the Senate and the House of Representatives to this address was favor- able, the latter saying: "We concur with you in the sentiment that agriculture, commerce and manufactures are entitled to legislative protection, and that the promotion of science and literature will con- tribute to the security of a free government. In the progress of our deliberations we shall not lose sight of objects so worthy of our regard. " Washington contemplated also the possibility of the appropriation of certain western lands in aid of education. Jefferson held that the revenue from the tariff on foreign importations might be appropriated to the great purpose of public education. ' This early recognition of the duty of the national government to promote higher education is of importance in considering the history of the passage of the Land Grant Act of 1862, in behalf of technical and liberal education, and the various views by which that measure was advocated or opposed. 46 862 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. At the close of the Revolutionary war several of the original States claimed that their borders extended to the Mississippi River. To the west lay a vast extent of country whose possession had been deter- mined by the fortunes of the war. Virginia, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and even Georgia, claimed this country either as in- cluded in their original charters or as acquired by treaty with the Indians or by exploration. The national government, so far as it ex- isted at this time, possessed no territory. All the land was included within the borders of States. It was proposed by leading statesmen that these nebulous and conflicting claims should be surrendered to the general government on condition that the lands thus ceded should be used to pay the debt of the war, and for the general good. Between the years 1781 and 1792, all the States which laid claim to this land ceded their rights to the nation. On June 10, 1783, two hundred and eighty-eight officers petitioned Congress for a grant of land for their services. Of these officers two hundred and thirty-one were from New England and the Eastern States. This petition of the officers of the Revolution failed. Three years later representatives from the officers met in Boston, and on March 4, 1786, the Ohio Company was formed, the object of which was to purchase from the national government a million and a half acres of land in what was later Eastern Ohio. A plan for a State to be established between the Ohio River and Lake Erie was organized in New England, to be settled by army vet- erans and their families. Petitions of soldiers in favor of the plan were forwarded to Congress through General Washington. It was proposed that after the payment of soldiers for their services in the war, the public lands remaining should be devoted to public purposes, among which were .specified "establishing schools and academies." A proposition from the State of Virginia came before Congress (1783) to devote one-tenth of the income of the territory to national interests, as the erecting of fortresses, the equipment of a navy, and the "found- ing of seminaries of learning." This act did not pass. On May 30, 1785, the Congress of the Confederation passed an act for " Locating and Disposing of the Lands in the Western Territory." This act contained the provision : "There shall be reserved the central section of every township for the maintenance of public schools, and the section immediately adjoining for the support of religion, the profits arising therefrom in both instances to be applied forever accord- ing to the will of the majority of male residents of full age within the CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 363 same." To Colonel Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, "if to any one man, is to be attributed the suggestion which led to the first edu- cational land grant." To the Hon. Rufus King the immediate merit of embodying this principle in the statute is due, " This reservation marks the beginning of the policy which, uniformly observed since then, has set aside one thirty-sixth of the land in each new State for the maintenance of public schools. " The use of this national land had, however, been separately advocated by leading statesmen of the time. Generals Putnam, Tupper and Parsons were active in this scheme for settling the new territory, but its efficient agent before Congress was the Rev. Manaisseh Cutler, of Hamilton, Mass., a chaplain in the late war, a man of legal training, and later a member of Congress from Massachusetts, a scholar whose scientific enthusiasm and attainments in astronomy and botany made him the friend and correspondent of the most eminent scholars of the world. Under the influence of Dr. Manasseh Cutler the "Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the North-West Territory " was passed. It contained the memorable words, ' ' that religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The committee which re- ported this act recommended that one section in each township should be reserved for common schools, one for the support of religion, and four townships for the support of a university. This was subsequently modified so that two townships sljould be appropriated ' ' for a literary institution, to be applied to the intended object by the legislature. " Dr. Cutler's friends and associates would not embark in this enterprise unless these principles were unalterably fixed. They demanded to know on what foundations their social organization should rest, and hence the organic law had to be first settled. By this action the prin- ciple of national aid to education was established. The sale of the great tract of five million acres to the Ohio Com- pany was closely associated with the passage of the "Ordinance of 1787 " and determined in part its form. This act, so momentous in its sequences, rested upon a compact between each of the original States and the people in the proposed territory, and was to remain unalter- ble unless by mutual consent. It contained the great principles of civil and religious liberty, and of the rights of conscience. By it an orderly and representative government was secured to all the people of the great Northwest. Slavery was forever prohibited and public education 364 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. was provided. The most eminent jurists have expressed their admi- ration for this enactment. Daniel Webster said : ' ' We are accustomed to praise the lawgivers of antiquitj'^, . . . but 'I doubt whether one single law of any lawgiver, ancient or modern, has produced effects of more distinct, marked and lasting character than the Ordinance of 1787. . . - It set forth and declared it to be a high and binding duty of government to support schools and advance the means of edu- cation. We see its consequences at this moment and we shall never cease to see them perhaps while the Ohio flows."* Judge Stor}', in his work on the Constitution, said: This ordinance " has ever since con- stituted in most respects the model of all our territorial governments, and is equally remarkable for the brevitj' and exactness of its text and for its masterly display of the fundamental principles of civil and re- ligious liberty. American legislation has never achieved anything more admirable, as an internal government, 'than this comprehensive scheme. Its provisions concerning the distribution of property, the principles of civil and religious liberty, which it laid at the foimdation of the communities established under its sway, and the efficient and civil organization by which it created the first machinery of civil society are worthy of all the praise that has ever attended it. "- Chief -Justice Chase said: "Never, probably, in the history of the world, did a measure of legislation so accurately fulfill, and yet so mightily exceed, the anticipations of the legislators."' " It approaches as nearl)' to absolute perfection as anything to be found in the legislation of mankind; for after the experience of fifty years it would perhaps be impossible to alter without marring it,"* The draft of this great charter was made by Nathan Dane, of Massa- chusetts, but to Dr. Manasseh Cutler is due the distinct incorporation ■of the principle of the support of education and the establishment of a university, and probably the provision against slavery. It is even possible that his was the master mind which suggested the form of the whole, based as it largely is upon the constitution and judicial system of Massachusetts of 1780. and containing in addition the principle of the inviolability of contracts, which six weeks later was incorporated ' First and second speech in reply to Foote's Resolutions. Works III, 363, 433; Hist, of the Const., 1, 307. • Introduction to the Statutes of Ohio. -* Judge Timothy Walker, address at Marietta. CORNELL UNIVKRSITY. 305 in the draft of the Constitution of the United States. Certainly we know that the passage of this famous ordinance, as well as the sale of five and a half million acres of land by Congress, was due to his able advocacy and conquering personality. One of the first acts of Congress after the adoption of the Constitu- tion was to affirm solemnly the binding force of this ordinance, and to adapt its provisions to those of the new Constitution. Following the precedent here set, the States which constituted a part of the North- west Territory, which were admitted later, made provision for the support of popular education and the endowment of colleges by appro- priations of land or a certain percentage of the income from the sales of public lands. Three to five per cent, of the proceeds of the sales of public lands within their borders had also been granted to the States by the national government before the national grant of 1803, which had in many cases been devoted to education. Since the year 1800, every State admitted to the Union, save Maine and West Virginia, which were taken from older States, and Texas, which was acquired from Mexico, have received two or more townships of land for the pupose of founding a university. The proceeds of the sale of saline and swamp lands, and grants of public lands to the States for internal improvements have in some cases been devoted to education. Three million five hundred thousand acres have thus been set apart for higher education. Special grants have been made to a few States, as one to Tennessee in 1806, and minor appropriations for specific purposes, to asylums, academies and missionary societies. The vast agricultural interests of the West now began to demand the recognition of agricul- tural and industrial education by the national government. The State of Michigan asked Congress in 1850 for a grant of ;5,')(),000 acres of land for the support of agricultural schools. The question of a national grant in aid of scientific and practical agriculture had been forced upon Congress by numerous petitions, which had been presented both by scientific bodies and even by State Legislatures. In the year 1854 the Legislature of Illinois presented a memorial to Congress request- ing such a grant of the public lands, and at the session of Congress of 1857 a similar memorial was presented from the State Board of Agri- cvilture of the State of New York asking a grant of land in aid of the agricultural colleges of the several States. From this time forward memorials poured in upon Congress in constant succession asking for appropriations for such schools. 366 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The Hon. Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, took his seat in 1855 as a member of Congress from Vermont. . His attention was soon called to the numerous appropriations of public lands for railroads and local interests, by which our vast national domain was being gradually sacri- ficed without contributing to any permanent work of general benefit. He was soon impressed with the fact that this splendid possession might, by an intelligent and comprehensive plan, be so appropriated as to make it a source of perpetual blessing, placing resources in the hands of the government such as no previous nation had enjoyed. Mr. Morrill was from New England, where education was regarded as an essential of good government and upright citizenship; he was also from a State whose chief interest was in its agricultural resources, but whose wealth was gradually diminishing with the development of more fertile regions. He thus describes the reasons which led to the intro- duction of the bill, and his part in its passage: First, that large grants of land were made for educational as well as for other pur- poses, and that the older States were obtaining little special benefit from the large common property of the public domain. Second, that the average product of wheat crops per acre in the Northern and Eastern States was rapidly diminishing, and that these States would soon be depend- ent for bread upon our Northwestern States. While in England their soil, maintain- ing its ancient fertility, under more scientific culture, and its wheat crop per acre appeared undiminished. Some institutions of a high grade for instruction in agri- culture and the mechanic arts, I know, had been established in Europe, and that something of the kind here was greatly to be desired. Third, that the liberal education offered in 1858, at our colleges, appeared almost exclusively for the instruction of the professional classes, that is to say, for ministers, lawyers and doctors only ; while obviously the greatest number of our people, or all those engaged in productive and industrial employments, were unpr6vided for, though hungering for some appropriate higher education. Existing colleges then had more faith in discipline than in usefulness, and sur- rendered little time to the teaching of the practical sciences. It struck me, however, that these would do the greatest good to the greatest number and oi^en a larger field to a liberal education. With these views, my first bill was introduced and passed both Houses in 1858. Instruction in the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts was made to lead, but without excluding the classics. It was to be the instruction of a college. I do not remember of any assistance in framing my bill prior to its intro- duction. One slight amendment only was made, and that by the Senate, where the bill was earnestly supported by Senators Wade, Crittenden and Pearce. After its introduc- tion Colonel Wilder, of Massachusetts, president of the National Agricultural Society, and Mr. Brown, president of the People's College, New York, and others, worked to encourage members to vote for the Bill. My own speech was about the only one in CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 367 favor, while there was some outspoken opposition and a report by Cobb, of Alabama, against it. The bill was vetoed by Buchanan, though favoring a measure that would provide for a professorship of Agriculture for a college in each State. Mr. Sickles, a personal friend of Buchanan, then, as now, a member of the House, hav- ing heard of a coming veto, left the House in haste to see and persuade the President to approve the bill. Upon his return he told me that he was too late, and that Senator Slidell of Louisiana had got the ear of the President. Of course I patiently waited for a change of administration, and in 1862 again pushed the bill, but for a larger endowment of lands. Senators Harlan, Pomeroy and Wade cared for the bill in the Senate. Most of the State Legislatures had passed resolutions in its favor. There never was a doubt about the approval of Lincoln. I do not think he had any relations with Buchanan, who soon left for Pennsylvania. The value of the land granted to colleges was largely diminished by the great amount of bounty land and railroad land grants competing for a market at the same time. Only one college had a Cornell to husband its resources. For the proper equipment of the Land Grant Colleges the original endowment was soon found to be too small, and for many years various bills were introduced by me to obtain a supplementary grant; Success finally crowned these efforts in 1890. Professor Afherton, of Rutgers College, now President of Pennsylvania Agricultural College, and Major Alvord, of Maryland Agricultural College, rendered valuable aid in all of these supplementary bills. Recognizing the education of the people as the noblest function of government, Mr. Morrill drew up independently a bill '' Donating Public Lands to the several States and Territories which might pro- vide Colleges for the benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, " which he introduced in the House of Representatives December 14, 1857, and asked that it be referred ' to the Committee on Agriculture, of which he was a member. An opposition was immediately developed to the reference pro- posed, and it was moved that the bill be referred to the Committee on Public Lands, which on the following day was done. Mr. Morrill, in beginning his speech in behalf of the bill, stated that no measure for years had received so much attention in various parts of the country as this, so far as can be proved by petitions which have been received here from the various States, north and south, from county societies and from individuals. He compared the efforts of the government to promote commerce, railroads, literary labor through the copyright, and to benefit mechanics by the patent system, and education through munificent grants, with the little done for agriculture. We are behind European countries in this regard, while far ahead of them in every other. He claimed that the prosperity of a nation depended, 368 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. first, upon the division of the land into small parcels; and secondly, upon the education of the proprietors of the soil. Our agriculturists are, as a whole, seeking to extend their boundaries instead of promot- ing a higher cultivation of the soil. He showed by statistics of agri- cultural products that crops were decreasing in the East and South, and that agriculture as pursued was exhausting the soil. Foreign states support a population vastly larger per square mile than our own. Here we rob the land, and then the owner sells his land and flies to fresh fields to repeat the spoliation. The wave would some day be stayed by the Rocky Mountains, but shall we not prove unworthy of our patrimony if we run over the whole before we learn to manage a part? The nation that tills the soil so as to leave it worse than it found it, is doomed to decay and degradation. Agri- culture undoubtedly demands our first care. Our public lands are no longer pledged to pay the national debt. Who will be wronged by this bill? What better thing shall be done with our national domain? Since 1850 grants of lands amounting to 35, 403', 993 acres have been made to ten States and one Territory to aid more than fifty railroads. As prudent proprietors we should do that which would not only tend to raise the value of the land, but make agri- cultural labor more profitable and more desirable. Up to June 30, 1867, we had donated ungrudgingly to different States and Territories 67,736,572 acres of land for schools and universities. If this purpose be a noble one, as applied to a territory sparsely settled, it is certainly no less noble in States thickly populated. He defended the constitu- tionality of the bill and claimed that Congress had a plain and absolute right to dispose of the public lands at its discretion. Some statesmen have denounced our land system as a prolific source of corruption, but what corruption can flow from agricultural colleges? " The persuasive arguments of precedents, the example of our worthiest rivals in Europe, the rejuvenation of worn out lands which bring forth taxes only, the petitions of farmers everywhere yearning for a more excellent way, philanthropy supported by our own highest interests, all these consid- erations impel us for once to do something for agi'iculture worthy of its national importance." Mr. Morrill then introduced an amended bill. A parliamentary struggle ensued, in which it was sought to lay the bill on the table, and in which Mr. Cobb opposed its passage upon the ground of uncon- stitutionality. Mr. Cobb sought also to show that the effect of the bill CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 369 would be to give some States an advantage over others, under the ex- isting ratio of representation. He also objected to the exclusion of the Territories from the benefits of the bill, and held that the grants to railroads increased the value of the public lands; but in this case the government would receive no equivalent. On April 15, 1868, Mr. W. R. W. Cobb, of Georgia, reported back the bill, recommending that it do not pass. A minority report, signed by two members of the committee, Messrs. D. S. Walbridge, of Mich- igan, and Henry Bennett, of New York, was also presented. The reasons upon which the majority of the committee relied for the rejec- tion of the bill rested mainly upon the limitation of the powers of the Federal government by the Constitution. "The States had reserved to themselves all authority to act in relation to their domestic affairs, and these principles established the only solid foundation for the per- petuation of the Federal Union. Such is the symmetry of our gov- ernment, that its very existence depends upon its severe adherence to the limitation of its duties. If the general government possessed the power to make grants for local purposes, without a consideration within the States, its action would have no limitation but such as policy or necessity might impose. Every local object for which local provision is now made would press for support upon the general gov-' ernment, and would create demands upon it beyond its power to meet, and of necessity it would be driven into the policy which would increase its means. As its expenditures are increased the revenue must be enlarged, and the general government, by the adop- tion of the policy would levy taxes upon the people of the Union for the sake of the local interests of the States. . . . Patron- age would be fatal to the independence of the States; with pat- ronage comes the power to control, as consequence follows upon cause. If the principle be admitted, what shall limit its application? The committee have failed to perceive how they could be justified in recommending a grant from the general government in support of agricultural schools and in refusing one for any other purpose equally meritorious. The means of the general government are taken from the people. If you take it from the public lands, you give it money in the stead; if you destroy its revenue from that source, you must in- crease it in some other. The appropriation asked for is in lands; but your committee can discover in this regard no difference between an appropriation in lands or one in money; the effect is precisely the same 47 370 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in -both cases. If the revenue from the public lands is destroyed, the deficiency must be met by taxes upon the people. The public domain belongs to all the people of the United States ; their interest in it is common, and the government is but the trustee for the common benefit, limited in. its actions over it to those powers conferred by the Constitution. It is a part of the public funds, and can be devoted to no pvirpose forbidden to the money of the Federal government. As a landholder, the government may legitimately bear a share of the burdens imposed to create an improvement which shall enhance the value of its domain, and may contribute to that end, 3^et its aid must be limited within the extent which does not require taxation to effect it. It may, as a matter of power or right, contribute portions of the public lands to improve the value of the remainder, but even in this sound policy its duties toward the general welfare will limit it to a healthy and reasonable extent. The donation of section sixteen for the support of schools was an inducement to purchasers and en- hanced the value of the adjacent lands, the sale of which indemnified the government for the donation which it made. So, too, the donation of the salines . . . The grants to the new States upon their admis- sion into the Union were upon conditions which more than indemnified the government. If the prayers of the petitioners were granted, pro- digious quantities of land would be thrown upon the market by com- peting venders, which would deprive it of marketable value. The very gratification of their wishes would destroy the object which they have in view. To make the grants wovild be to render them of but little avail. Congress, without a promise of pecuniary compensation, has no power to grant portions of the public domain, and, if it had, no policy could be more unwise than to grant it for the support of local institutions within the States." The minority report, to which Mr. Morrill contributed, cited the fact that schools for instruction in scientific and practical agricul- ture had been established by most of the European governments; that in many countries of Europe the subject of agricultural education is incorporated with the public administration, being often committed to the minister of public domains. Agricultural colleges had been estab- lished in various States, in part by private benevolence and in part by legislative act; also that agricultural professorships had been created in many colleges and universities. Of 5,371,876 free male inhabitants of the United States in 1860, nearly one-half, or 2,389,013, were re- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 3fl turned as farmers and planters, while in the professions of law, medi- cine and divinity, there were but 94,515 men employed. To educate these men for the learned professions there were 234 colleges, endowed with many millions of dollars, and two million dollars are actually expended every year in the education of 27,000 students. The main wealth of the country is in its agricultural products, which far exceed in value its foreign commerce. If a grant of land to aid in the con- struction of a railroad may be made for the benefit of all the States, bj"^ which the value and sale of the public lands is promoted, there is equal warrant for giving millions of acres to soldiers who have fought our battles. The measure imder consideration is in no sense a donation to the States ; it will relieve them from no taxation, but will impose new duties and further burdens. It merely makes the States trustees for certain purposes which they may constitutionally and efficiently dis- charge. The United States will not part with its title to any lands save upon certain conditions, which are to be of perpetual and binding force. As the United States originally acquired their title to much of the public domain upon the stipulation that it was to be disposed of only for the common benefit of all the States, so it is believed that no grant has ever been made which will prove to be a more strict com- pliance with the terms than this now proposed, reaching, as it will reach, not only all the States, but a major part of the people of all the States, reaching them, too, in their persons and mateiual interests and reaching them also for the common benefit of all the people. That our country needs all the aid likely to flow from a measure of such far- reaching consequences, the united testimony of all our agriculturists in all sections of our country loudly proclaims, and that it will prove wise and practical, the experience in our own and other lands happily already demonstrates. As each State would possess the sole control and man- agement of its proportionate fund, national power could not be held to interfere in local government. The constitutionality of such a law was maintained, and it was held that there was no limit to the uses and pur- poses to which the public domain may be applied, but the discretion of Congress; if the proposed grant is for the benefit of all the States, Con-, gress has full power to make it, and the law-making power alone can judge of that fact. The bill passed the House on the 23d of April, 1858, by a vote of one hundred and five to one hundred. Upon analyzing this vote, 372 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. we find that the members from the Southern States, with few excep- tions, voted against the measure, while its main support came from the North. Certain members from the Western States also opposed it on the ground that their own States would suffer in growth and in population, and that the purposes of the Homestead Act would be defeated. On April 22, 1858, the bill was presented in the Senate, and on the following day referred to the Committee on Public Lands. On May 0, 1858, Mr. Stuart, of Michigan, reported that the committee, after very carefully considering this question, had, in view of the existing circumstances, reported the bill back to the Senate without any recom- mendations for or against its passage. On May 19 the Senate pro- ceeded to the consideration of the measure, which, however, was stren- uously opposed, Mr. Pugh, of Ohio, saying: "We might as well make a test vote on that bill. It has never been favorably recommended by any committee of either House. Probably it is the largest proposition for the donating of public lands that has ever been made here. We cannot consider it at this time, and I think instead of wasting the precious hours that remain in discussing at great length a question, which, if it comes up, will be defeated, we may as well take a test vote on the question of taking up the bill, and I call for the yeas and nays." The bill was taken from the table by a vote of twenty-eight to twenty- four, Senator Yulee having sought to vary the motion so as to lay the bill on the table and thus dispose of it more effectively. Various motions were presented to proceed to the special order, to postpone the special order, and to take up other measures in place of the Land Grant Act for colleges. Mr. Stuart said: "I only desire to say that the friends of this measure do not intend to discuss it. It is a measure which ex- plains itself. The reading of the bill prepares every senator to vote upon it. ... I wish to protest against the authority of my noble friend from Alabama [Mr. Clay] as well as his historical statement [that this was a bill which the Democratic party of this country had been committed against for thirty years past]. I deny his authority to make party questions, and I deny his historical statement that this is a party question or has ever been made so. This is simply a proposition to grant less than six million acres, whereas it is but a short time in 1855, — since we passed the law under which there have been granted sixty million acres ; that was done by a Democratic majority and ap- proved by a Democratic president." Mr. Mason, of Virginia, said: CORNELL UNIVERSITY. WS "The Senator would be mistaken if he expected the bill to pass with- out debate. It may be the policy of the senator and those who think with him to let the bill pass as smoothly as may be, but as far as I iinderstand it, it is presentinjif a new policy to the country altogether, being a direct appropriation from the treasury for encouragement of schools of agriculture. ... I am not aware that it has been known so far to the legislatures of the country to make these general appro- priations through all the States. I shall deem it my duty, for one, to expose its chaf'acter, as I look at it, fully to the people whom I repre- sent, and I presume that the disposition of other senators is to do the same thing." The Senate refused to consider the bill further. On the first day of the second session of the Thirty-fifth Congress, December 0, 1858, Mr. Stuart, who had charge of the bill in the Senate, gave notice that as soon as the Senate was full, he should ask for the consid- eration of the bill. On December 15 Mr. Stuart called up the bill. An attempt was made to postpone its consideration on account of the sickness or absence of members who were opposed to it. Upon the question of considering the bill the Senate was equally divided, the vice-president, Mr. Breckenridge, voted 7w, and the considera- tion was postponed. On December 10 the bill was again called up and made a special order for the following week. Upon the day desig- nated, the consideration of the measure was again postponed. On February 1 Senator Wade, of Ohio, moved to postpone all prior orders and to take up this bill, speaking with great energy in its favor. Among other things, he said: " This bill passed the House toward the close of last session. It came here so late that those who were opposed to it found it would be easy to talk it to death, and it will share the same fate now unless its friends support the motion to take it up in preference to other bills. Many senators here are instructed by their States to use their influence to procure the passage of the bill ; I am one among that number." He also argued that it was time that something of this nature should be done by Congress for the benefit of agriculture. The bill, as originally presented, provided that twenty thousand acres of land should be granted to each State, for each senator and repre- sentative in Congress to which the States were then respectively en- titled, making a total grant of 5,925,000 acres. It was sought to amend the bill by making the grant to the several States and Territories in the compound tatio of the geographical area and the representation of said States and Territories in the Senate and House of Representatives, 3T4 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. after the apportionment under the census of 1860, provided that said appropriation be made after first allbtting to each State and Territory fifty thousand acres. Mr. Harlan, of Iowa, said: "The census of 1850 shows that at that time there were over three millions of the people of the United States engaged in agricultural pursuits. Where is their representation on this floor? Non est. They are not here, only as they are represented by professional men." Various amendments were offered, some designed to make the quantity of land granted by the bill proportionate to the area of tillable lands in the State. An effort was also made to introduce a provision in the act as finally passed, that in no case shall any State to which land scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State; but their assignees may thus locate said land scrip upon any of the appro- priated lands of the United States, subject to public entry. Mr. Jefferson Davis reviewed the history of the acquisition of the public lands by the general government, and opposed the measure on the ground that the power to "dispose" of the lands did not imply that they could be given away. Previous grants of the public lands had been made to increase the value of the property and to promote the revenue of the United States. "So far as grants of land have been made to construct railroads, merely on the general theory that railroads were a good thing, the Federal government has violated its trust and exceeded the powers conferred upon it. . . . Where a grant has been made of a certain portion of land to increase the value of the residue and bring it into cultivation, ... it rests on a prin- ciple such as a prudent proprietor would apply to the conduct of his own affairs. Thus far it is defensible; no further. The land grants to the new States for education rest on the same general principle. The new States, sovereigns like the old, admitted to be equal, before taking both the eminent and useful domain, entered into a contract with the other States, that they would relieve from taxation the land within their borders while owned by the general government. This is the consideration for which land grants have been made to the new States; and a high price they have paid for all that has been granted for educational purposes. " Mr. Davis's views are not confirmed by the terms of the Ordinance of 1787. They are of interest now as those of a strict constructionist of the Constitution of that time, and in virtue of certain views of gov- ernmental and State rights which he later advocated. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 375 After further debate the vote was taken, with the result that twenty- five yeas and twenty-two nays were cast, being a majority of three for the measure. On the IGth of February a message was received from the House that it had concurred in the Senate amendments to the bill. In the decision of this question, certain senators conscientiously maintained views based upon traditional interpretations of the Constitu- tion; others, who opposed the measure, joined with the former through party affiliations, and certain senators from the South acted in support of the measure contrary to the convictions of their constituents. Sen- ator Morrill gives the following additional incident in the history of the measure: " It was reported that President Buchanan would veto the measure on account of its unconstitutionality. When the bill had been in the hands of President Buchanan for some days, General Sickles of the House told me that there was some danger of the veto of the bill, and requested me to give him a copy of the speech, wherein I had shown that Buchanan, when a senator, had voted for an appropriation for a school for deaf mutes in Kentucky. He thought that this vote would preclude him from urging any constitutional objections against the agricultural college bill. He jumped on a horse and rode up to the president's, but soon came back, telling me that he was too late, that Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, had got the ear of the president and the bill would be vetoed." Among those who supported this law most actively in the House during its first passage were Representatives Morrill, Walbridge, Cochrane and others, and in the Senate, Senators Wade, Stuart and CoUamer. On February 24, 1859, President Buchanan sent a special message to the House of Representatives, vetoing this act. After stating the IDrovisions of the bill and the range of its application, he proceeded to set forth the objections to the measure, which he deemed to be both inexpedient and unconstitutional. His first objection was the great difficulty of raising sufficient revenue to sustain the expenses of the government. Should this bill become a law, the treasury would be deprived of the whole or nearly the whole of the income from the sale of public lands, which was estimated at five million dollars for the next fiscal year. The minimum price of government lands was one dollar and twenty-five cents, but the value of such lands had been re- duced to eighty-five cents by the issue of bounty land-warrants to old soldiers. Of the lands granted by these warrants, there were out- standing and unlocated nearly twelve million acres. This had reduced 376 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the current sales of the government lands and diminished the revenue from this source. If, in addition, thirty-three States should enter the market with their land scrip, the price would be reduced far below even eighty-five cents per acre, and as much to the prejudice of the old soldiers, who had not already parted with their warrants, as to that of the government. With this issue of additional land scrip, there would be a gkit in the market, so that the government could sell few lands at the established value, and the price of bounty land-warrants and scrip would be reduced to one-half the sum fixed by law for government sales. [This anticipation was afterwards realized in the sale of the land scrip issued to the various colleges.] Under these circumstances, the government would lose this source of revenue, as the States would sell their land scrip at any price that it would bring. The effect upon the treasury would be the same as if a tax were imposed to create a loan to endow these State colleges. The injurious effect that would be prodviced on the relations between the Federal and State governments, by a grant of Congress to the separate States, was argued by a reason- ing almost similar to that presented by the majority of the committee of the House of Representatives in reporting originally against the measure. The third argument, that the bill, if it should become a law, would operate greatly to the injury of the new States, was based upon the fear that wealthy individuals would acquire large tracts of the public lands and hold them for speculative purposes. The low price, to which the land scrip would probably be reduced, would tempt speculators to buy it in large amounts and locate it on the best lands belonging to the government. The consequence would be that the men who de- sired to cultivate the soil would be compelled to purchase these very lands at rates much higher than the price at which they could be ob- tained from the government. Fourthly, he doubts whether this bill will contribute to the advancement . of agriculture and the mechanic arts, objects whose dignity and value can not be too highly appreci- ated. The Federal government will have no constitutional power to follow up the donation to the States, and compel the application of the fund to the intended objects. As donors, we shall possess no control over our own gift after it shall have passed from our hands. If the State Legislatures fail to execute faithfully the trust in the manner prescribed 15y the law, the Federal government will have no power to compel the execution of the trust. Fifthly, the bill will injuriously interfere with the existing colleges in the different States, in many of CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 377 which agriculture is taught as a science, and the effect of the creation of an indefinite number of rival colleges sustained by the endowment of the Federal government will not be difficult to determine. He believed that it would be impossible to sustain the colleges proposed without the provision that scientific and classical studies shall not be excluded from them ; for no father would incur the expense of sending his son to one of these institutions for the sole purpose of making him a scientific farmer or mechanic. [The bill itself negatives this idea, and declares that its object is to promote the liberal and practical educa- tion of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.] By far the larger portion of the veto message is devoted to the question of the constitutional power of Congress to make the donation of public lands to the different States of the Union, to provide colleges for the purpose of educating the people of those States. The general proposition is undeniable that Congress does not possess the power to appropriate money in' the treasury .raised by taxes on the people of the United States for the purpose of educating the people of the respective States. It will not be pretended that any such power is to be found among the specific powers granted to Congress, nor that "it is necessary and proper for carrying into execution " any one of these powers. Should Congress exercise such a power, this would be to break down the barriers which have been so carefully constructed in the Constitution, to separate Federal from State authority. We should then not only "lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and ex- cises " for Federal purposes, but for every State purpose which Con- gress might deem expedient or useful. The language of the second clause of the third section of the fourth article of the Constitution, which declares that Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territories or other property belonging to the United States, does not by a fair interpreta- tion of the words "dispose of" in this clause bestow the power to make a gift of public lands to the States for purposes of education. Congress is a trustee under the Constitution for the people of the United States, and, therefore, has no authority to dispose of the funds entrusted to its care, as gifts. A decision of the Supreme Court, in which an opinion was rendered by Chief-Justice Taney, was quoted, who says in refer- ence to this clause of the Constitution: " It begins its enumeration of powers by that of ' disposing, ' in other words, making sale of the lands or raising money from them, which, as we have already said, was the 378 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. main object of the cession (from the States) and which is the first thing provided for in the article." In the case of States and Terri- tories, such as Louisiana and Florida, which were paid for out of the public treasury from the money raised by taxation. Congress had no power to appropriate the money with which these lands were purchased to other purposes, and it was equally clear that its power over the lands was equally limited. "The mere conversion of money into land could not confer upon Congress any power over the disposition of land, which they had not possessed over money." If it could, then a trustee, by changing the character of the fund entrusted to his care for special objects, from money into land, might give the land away, or devote it to any purpose he thought proper, however foreign to the trust. Grants of lands by the national government to new States for the use of schools as well as for a State university, were defended on the ground that the United States is a great land proprietor; and from the very nature of this relation, it is both the right and-the duty of Congress as their trustee to manage these lands as any other prudent proprietor would manage them, for his own best advantage. Such a grant became an inducement to settlers to purchase the land, with the assurance that their children would have the means of education. The gift of lands for educational purposes enhanced their value and is, therefore, justifiable. This veto of the land act establishing national colleges put an end to any further hopes of its passage during Mr. Buchanan's administration. If Congress occupied the relation of a legal trustee to these lands, it was bound by the legal limitations of such a trustee, instead of having the power to interpret inteUigently under the Constitution what was the normal exercise of its powers. The law-making power was, by this argument, made subject to a power created by it. Mr. Morrill, in replying to the President's veto, claimed that there was no possibility of a lack of harmony between the State and Federal authorities on account of any provision in the bill, which left the ar- rangement and control of institutions founded under the act wholly to the State. On the question of passing the bill over the veto, there were 105 yeas and 90 nays, not the requisite two-thirds to enable the act to become a law. Mr. Morrill was not, however, discouraged, and two years later, upon the accession of a new administration, he gave notice on De- cember 8, 18G1, that he would introduce a bill donating public lands for the support of colleges in the various States. The bill was formally CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 879 introduced on December 10, read twice, and referred to the Committee on Public Lands. Here it was kept until December 30, 1862, when the chairman of the committee reported back the bill with a recom- mendation that it should not pass. This adverse action in the House having' been anticii^atcd, the same measure was introduced in the Senate by the Hon. Benjamin Wade, of Ohio, on May 2, 18(32, where it was referred to the Committee on Public Lands and ordered to be printed. On the Kith of May Senator Harlan reported back the bill as amended by the committee with a favorable recommendation. On the 19th of May the bill was formally considered in Committee of the Whole. It was stated to be essentially the same as that passed by both Houses of Congress two years before, save that the appropri- ation granted 30,000 acres of land to each State for each representative or senator in Congress in place of 20,000 acres of land, as provided in the original bill. The hostility of certain Western senators, who feared that their States would be affected disadvantageously by the passage of the bill, was the principal occasion for ppposition at this time. It should be borne in mind that senators from the South were not in attendance. Some senators, fearing that the passage of the bill would exhaust all the valuable lands in their own States, de- sired to limit the grant to government lands in the territories. The popular favor with which this measure was regarded throughout the North had constantly increased within the two years since Mr. Buchan- an's veto. Mr. Wade stated that " a great many States, and I believe most of our free States, have passed resolutions in their Legislatures instructing their senators to go for the bill." Senator Harlan from Iowa stated that he represented a State that would be adversely affected by the bill, but that he should vote for it for two reasons: first, because the Legislature of his State had instructed him to do so ; and secondly, because " I do not believe the State will be seriously damaged should the bill become a law, and justice to the old States seems to require it. " The Committee on Public Lands concluded, in view of all the facts which exhibited a policy of large liberality towards the new States, that it would not be unreasonable for the old States to insist on such a dispo- sition of a small part of the public land as would result in benefit to them, especially as the)^ had by an almost unanimous vote agreed to the passage of the Homestead Bill. . . . This bill proposes to grant to the States less than ten million, acres. We now have of sur- veyed and unsold lands over one hundred and thirty-four million acres. 380 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. At the same time there is a total of unsold and unappropriated lands of 1,040,280,093 acres. It is, therefore, a trivial gift of this vast ■ national estate to bestow upon education. " Mr. Wright of Indiana re- marked : " If this fund is to be raised in this way I would much rather devote it to the females of the land. Do not be startled, gentlemen, it is so. Look at your half million of men in the army with neglected daughters and sisters to be raised and educated." Another argument by Senator Harlan, the chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, is worthy of notice. "This body is a body of lawyers. Heretofore appropriations of lands have been made for such universities. The proceeds of the sales of these lands have usually gone to educate the children of professional men. Here, for the first time I believe in the history of the Senate, a proposition is made to make an appropriation of lands for the education of the children of the agriculturists of the nation, and it meets very strenuous opposition from a body of lawyers. If this Senate were composed of agriculturists chiefly, they would have provided first f or_ an agricultural college and probably afterwards for a college in which the sons of lawyers, physicians and other professional men could be educated. I do not believe that if the proposition were submitted to a vote of the people of the country you could array one- fifteenth of the voters against it." Various amendments were sub- mitted, which did not change the essential features of the bill, limiting in one case the amount of land that might be appropriated in any single State to one. million dollars. A provision that the act should not take effect until July 1, 1864, was lost. It was provided that when- ever there are public lands in a State, the quantity to which said State shall be entitled, shall be selected from such lands. An amendment granting a sum of money from the proceeds hereafter derived from the sale of the public lands, equal to $30,000 for each senator and repre- sentative in Congress, to which the States are respectively entitled, was lost. The passage of this amendment would have left the value of the the. public lands undisturbed, but would have limited the large re- turns from the careful administration of the fund and the sale of the scrip, and made impossible the large sum which Cornell Uni- versity and the University of California have realized. The bill finally passed on June 11, with a vote of thirty-two in its favor to seven against, and was then sent to the House for concurrence. On July 17, after various dilatory motions to again refer the bill to the CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 381 Committee on Public Lands had been voted down, the bill passed by a vote of ninety to twenty-five, was signed by the speaker on July 1, and received the signature of the president on the same day. During" most of the time in which this bill was under debate. Dr. Amos Brown was in Washington and active in influencing members of Congress in its favor. Some of the amendments to its provisions in the Senate were introduced at his personal suggestion. The Rev. Amos Brown, LL. D. , was born in Kensington, New Hamp- shire, on March 4, 1804. His early boyhood was spent on a farm, and his earliest educational privileges were limited to the advantages afforded by the district schools of New England. He prepared for college in the Academy at Hampton, New Hampshire, where his orig- inal purpose to study medicine was changed, and he entered Dartmouth College in 1829, with the purpose of becoming a student of theology. During his academic and collegiate course he supported himself by teaching. After graduating from college, he entered Andover Theo- logical Seminary. His course in the Theological Seminary was inter- rupted by an absence of one year, in which he acted as the principal of the academy in Fryeburg, Maine. After leaving Andover, he became principal of the Gorham Academy and Teachers' Seminary, where he remained for twelve years. Mr. Brown was an educator of great ability and power. He gathered the ablest teachers about him, and was one of the earliest advocates of coeducation. His ability as an organizer was of a high order, and both as a disciplinarian and a teacher he ex- erted a powerful influence upon those whom he trained. His personal instruction was mainly in mental science, and with it he discussed theories of instruction and the principles of intellectual growth. The reputation of his school was so great that it attracted pupils from other States, and the Hon. Horace Mann, who visited the Gorham Academy in order to study the theories and methods which were employed there, often spoke of Dr. Brown as one of the ablest teachers of New Eng- land, saying that he would make the best college president of all whom he knew. Later he resigned his position in order to enter the ministry, for which he had prepared, and became pastor of a Congre- gational church in Machias, Maine; but so strong was his passion for his favorite pursuit of teaching, that after three years' service in Machias he assumed charge of the academy in Ovid, New York. Here his former success was repeated. The Seneca Collegiate Institute became one of the most prominent schools of this State, and some of the most 382 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. eminent scholars of the country felt the influence of Dr. Brown's in- spiring personality, among them President W. W. Folwell, of the University of Minnesota; Professor J. L. Morris, of Cornell Univ^ersity; Professor T. L. Lounsbury, of Yale, one of our ablest scholars in Eng- lish literatnre, and known especially for his brilliant studies in Chaucer; also Professor B; Joy, of Columbia College. Mr. Brown instituted public lectures in order to awaken an interest in scientific farming in the agricultural community around, and in this manner his attention was first called to the need of a State agricultural college. The Rev. Amos Brown was influential in securing the charter for the State Agricultural College and in locating the same in Ovid. He also originated the plan of asking from the State the loan of $40,000, with- out interest, from the United States deposit fund. His remarkable ability in influencing men is shown by his success in inducing the leg- islators to grant this gift to the Agricultural College. Dr. Brown was one of its trustees, but he was not, as was anticipated, made its presi- dent. About this time the trustees of the People's College in Havana sought to perfect its organization, and on August 13, 1857, Mr. Brown was elected president of that institution. It is noticeable that, while he shared the plans and purposes of the new college, he desired to give a broader scope to its curriculum ; and in his inaugural he stated that its object would be to promote literature, science, arts and agriculture. Agriculture, and various branches of manufactures and the mechanic arts, were to be systematically studied within the college as a part of its regular course. He was more and more impressed with the impor- tance of practical and scientific education, and with the conviction that such education must be supported by the national government, an appropriation of public lands naturally suggested itself to his mind as a practical and constitutional method of bestowing such aid. Soon after the introduction of the Morrill Bill, Dr. Brown was requested by the trustees of the People's College to go to Washington and labor to promote its pa.ssage. The debt which the country owes to Dr. Brown for promoting the noblest grant for popular education which the world has known, may be estimated by the deliberate judg- ment of the value of his services expressed by those who were most intimately indentified with the passage of this measure in Congress. Senator William Pitt Fessenden, of Maine, wrote: " Mr. Brown, as I be- lieve, was not only father of the bill, but to his persistent, efficient and untiring efforts its success was mainly due. I have no hesitation in say- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. ;i83 ing that but for him it would have failed, in my judgment, altogether." Senator Morgan, of New York, stated: "The first man who suggested to me the passage of the bill was yourself; and from my own knowledge the first bill passed, which was vetoed by Mr. Buchanan, would not have had the remotest chance in either house of Congress without your inter- est, labor and most efficient efforts. " Senator Harris, of New York, also said: "The agricultural interests of the country are indebted to him more than to any one. indeed every one else, for the passage of the law devoting public lands to agricultural colleges." Senator Clark, of New Hampshire, wrote: " It might have passed- without you, and I cannot say that it would not; but sure I am no one was so active or efficient as you in removing obstacles to it or securing it friends." Senator Wade, of Ohio, who took charge of the passage of this law in the United States Senate, in speaking of the influence of the People's College in the passage of that law, wrote: " Having taken a deep inter- est in that measure, I ought to be qualified to speak with confidence on the subject, and I do not hesitate to say that, had it not been for the exertions of that institution, I do not believe the measure could have received the sanction of Congress. Great credit is due to the exertions of the Honorable Mr. Morrill of the House for his unwearied labors in its behalf; yet I always believed, and still believe, that had it not been for the able, energetic and unwearied exertions of the Rev. Amos Brown, president of the People's College, it would never have become a law. It encountered great opposition in some quarters on account of its supposed antagonism to the Homestead Bill, and much also from the mere indifference of members who did .not take interest enough in the measure to give it a thorough investigation — more still from sev- eral members from the land States, who feared its passage would con- flict with the rapid settlement of their States. All these difficulties, however, were overcome by the intelligent and persevering labors of Mr. Brown, whom I consider really the father of the measure and whose advice I believe entitled to more weight in carrying the law into execu- tion than that of almost any other man." 384 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. III. PRELIMINARY HISTORY: 1. THE PEOPLE'S COLLEGE.— 3. THE NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Two colleges prececled the foundation of Cornell University, which exercised an immediate influence upon its history and determined in. part the form which it assumed. The one most nearly i-elated to it was the Piioi'Lii's Coi-LiiGn, situated in Havana, N. Y. The foundation of this College is due, pre-eminently, to the enthusiasm and labors of one man, Mr. Henry Howard, afterward a resident of Ithaca; and espe- cially to his labors in connection with an organization called the Me- chanics' Mutual Protection, which had numerous affiliated societies throughout the State of New York. , This society arose in that unsettled period which followed the panic of 1837. This was the era of the rise of corporations with a maximum of wealth and a minimum of respon- sibility. A spirit of wild speculation pervaded the country. The pub- lic lands, one source of the national revenue, were sold and paid for in depreciated local currency. Banks were even organized whose sole object was to issue money to acquire possession of such lands. The removal of the United States deposit fund from the various State banks in which it had been placed, and its distribution among the States, de- prived these banks of funds which had furnished their capital, and upon which their prosperity rested. Financial distress followed immediately. Banks throughout the country failed ; manufactories were closed and laborers deprived of means of support, or were paid in depreciated cur- rency. The nation seemed on the verge of financial ];uin. A wild panic spread throughout the country. Bread riots broke out in the metropolis, and agitators fanned the excitement of the oppressed and suffering people. A special session of Congress was called to take measures to avert national bankruptcy and to relieve popular distress. The relations of labor to capital became subjects of earnest and often excited discus- sion. At this time a convention of mechanics was called to meet in the city of Buffalo, and an organization was formed called the Mechanics' Mutual Protection (July 13, 1813). Its object was a noble one. It sought to diffuse a more general knowledge of the scientific principles governing mechanics and the arts, and to elevate workmen, by making CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 385 them independent, and increasing their proficiency in their several call- ings, by rendering to each other counsel and mutual assistance, which would elevate the life of the mechanic, and protect them from the en- croachments of wealth and power, which might combine against them, and to enable them to secure remunerative wages, and above all to awaken a common interest in their profession. In the winter of 1848 three men met at the house of Mr. Howard, in Lockport, to discuss plans for a technical school, which, if approved, were to be presented to the society of their order in Lockport. These men were Henry Howard, D. H. Burtis, J. P. Murphy and R. P. But- rick. The Hon. Washington Hunt, at that time comptroller of the State and afterward governor, approved of the plan. The address which Mr. Howard prepared embodied a history of efforts to establish agricultural and technical schools in Europe and in the various States of this country, and also the results of manual labor schools in Switzerland and other countries of Europe. During the years 1848 and 1849, Mr. Howard, although called a visionary, delivered this address before various associations of the Mutual Protection. The purpose to found such an institution met the views of the most thoughtful members of the local society, and the address was published and distributed among the lodges, "Protections, "throughout the State, about seventy in num- ber. Mr. Horace Greeley, with his large interest in whatever concerned the welfare of humanity, published an editorial in the Tribune in June, 1850, warmly advocating the project of founding a State college of practical science ; and proposed, first, that the college should embrace instruction in agriculture as well as in mechanics, and that the farmers should be invited to co-operate in founding it ; that it should be erected on a square mile of land, which should contain a model farm and nur- sery; that all students should attend the lectures on mechanical and agricultural subjects, and labor in the field in the brightest and best farming weather, and in the mechanical department in sour and in- clement weather. Mr. Greeley believed that an education should not be a gift of charity, but that the futiire mechanics and artisans of our State would prefer to win it by labor. He proposed that the institution should be founded by a stock company, with a cap- ital of $200,000, and that each contributor should be paid five per cent, interest upon his stock. Subscribers should have the right to designate a pupil for the university, but the pupil should pay his 49 880 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. own expenses. Mr. Greeley thought that the pupil conld earn his ex- penses within fifty dollars the first year; that he could earn his entire expenses the second year; fifty dollars more than his expenses the third, and seventy-five dollars more than his expenses the fourth year; and that he would thus be gradually equipped for work with ample knowledge, by his own efforts. Mr. Greeley believed that the cost of establishing a complete univer- sity would amount to $100,000, and stated that he knew where $1,000 of that sum could be obtained. Even supposing that the university should ultimately cost $200,000, he believed that it could provide board and instruction for 1,000 boys, who would earn an interest of five per cent, on the capital ; or, in other words, that the labor of each student, apart from the cost of his education, would amount to ten dollars a year. The citizen who subscribed $1,000 should be entitled to designate one pupil for the university; subscribers of less amounts might associate, and their joint contributions amounting to $1,000 would authorize them to nominate a pupil. The labor question was at this time paramount, and the influence of a society like this mechanics' organization was able to exercise a power- ful influence in any election. On August 15, 1851, a company of seventeen men met in Lockport in the hall of the Mechanics' Mutual Protection, No, 1, and formed an organization to promote a mechanical college. They elected many of the most prominent men of the State as members. Among the names which appear in their records at this time are those of William H. Seward, Martin Van Buren, Sanford E. Church, afterwards chief judge of the State of New York, Erastus Corning, Thurlow Weed and Gen- eral James F. Wadsworth. A week later Horace Greeley was elected a member, and from this time his active participation in foimding the People's College, and his later connection with Cornell University, dates. The first officers of the association were Samuel Wright, president; Joel Cranson, vice-president; Harrison Howard, secretary; James P.. Murphy, treasurer. This organization proposed to make its power felt in the choice of candidates for the Legislature and State officers. With this purpose, letters were sent to candidates of both parties, inquiring as to their attitude toward the proposed college. Before the election of Washington Hunt as governor, Mr. Ho^yard wrote to him asking him if he would recommend Ihe college to the State CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 387 in his inaugural message. Mr. Hunt stated that he .had already, in a letter to the president of the American Institute, expressed him- self in favor of a mechanical school, such as was proposed, and added, "Whether in or out of office, I shall go with you and your friends in establishing such an institution and securing for it, not only a charter, but its full share in any bounty of the Slate. There is no doubt but that the State will endow an agricultural college. Why should not the mechanical interests be placed on the same footing? My impressions are in favor of one institution divided into two departments, one agricultural, the other mechanical. I made out a statement recently for some friends in New York, showing what the State had expended for colleges, while nothing had been done for the men who toil in farm- ing or mechanical pursuits. I wish to see these pursuits made intel- lectual as they should be." As Governor Hunt was elected by a majority of only 262, it is reasonable to suppose that the mechanical organizations throughout the State (seventy in number), which united to support his candidacy, con- tributed to determine his election. Similarly, when the Hon. Horatio Seymour was a candidate for governor in 1852, an inquiry was addressed to him as to whether he would favor the new college. While prudently refraining from entering into any engagement which would limit his action thereafter, his attitude was known to be favorable to an enter- prise in which so much public interest had been aroused, and he com- mended the subject of such a college to the favorable consideration of tlie legislature, in his first message. An important meeting of the People's College Association, as it was now called, was held in Rochester, Thursday, August 20, 1851, when resolutions were passed setting forth the need of an institution of this kind, and emphasizing the fact that education, to be universal, must be practical ; that the security and power of the State rest upon the in- telligence and virtue of the people ; and that no free community can suffer any portion of its youth to grow up in ignorance without damage to its vital interests and peril to its liberties. Among other resolutions it was Resolved, That education, to be universal, must be eminently and thoroughly practical, must be adapted to the wants morally, intellectually andphysically, of indi- viduals, in every sphere of life; and that the only rational hope of interest in the great majority for higher education, capable of inducing them to make sacrifices for its acquirements, must be based on its adaptation to the needs of industry and the uses of every day life. 388 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Resolved, That while many departments of professional life would seem to be crowded with aspirants for employment and success therein, there is a manifest and deplorable deficiency of scientific and thorougly qualified farmers, architects, miners, etc., who should bring the great truths of geology, chemistry, mechanics, etc., to bear intimately and beneficially on all the operations of productive labor, thereby increasing its efficiency and its fruitfulness, and we look to an improved system of c )llegiate education for the necessary and proper corrective. Jidsolved, That the current system of education is unjust to woman in its higher departments, excluding her from advantages and opportunities which are provided at the common cost for men alone, and we regard the arbitrary separation of the sexes in the pursuit of knowledge as conducive neither to propriety of manners nor purity of heart ; and while we recognize the truth that Nature has indicated for the two sexes diverse aptitudes and duties, we insist that woman, like man, shall be left free to acquire such an education and pursue such occupations as her own sense of fitness and propriety shall dictate. It was further resolved that, as all are commanded to work, and no one can be sure of passing througfh life exempt from the physical neces- sity of laboring with the hands for food, therefore, all should be so trained and educated as to qualify them for usefulness and efficiency in manual labor. It was provided that the People's College should be subject to the control of no sect or party ; that productive labor should be practically honored and inflexibly required of all ; that each student should be free to prosecute such studies as might be indicated by his parents or legal guardians, and to graduate master of those only. His employment should be adapted, as far as practicable, to his tastes, his strength and his capacities, and it was expected that after the first two years every student would be able to pay his way and prosecute his studies inde- pendently, without reliance on extraneous resources. It is noticeable that here the first plea for coeducation was presented, and after stren- uous debate passed almost unanimously, being vigorously supported by Mr. Greeley, who reported the resolutions. Not all the supporters of the People's College had contemplated coeducation as an inseparable part of the plan. On September 8, 1853, the Hon. Washington Hunt, in a letter commenting upon a proposed address, said: " My impression has been that the department (coeducation) does not properly come within the manual labor system proposed by the People's College. I think that young men and young women should be educated at differ- ent institutions. A majority of the trustees think differently, no doubt, and I will not object to having the experiment tried ; but I will not (with my present views) profess that I have any faith in its success. CORNELL UNIVHRSITY. 389 At the next meeting of the trustees, which I hope to attend, this sub- ject may be discussed, when I will give my views more fully; mean- while, if this part of the address is retained, I prefer to have my signa- tiire omitted. " In September of this year an industrial congress met in Albany and passed resolutions favoring the proposed university, and recommend- ing that at the vState Fair in Rochester the farmers should assemble in mass meeting and discuss this important proposition. The proposed grand assembly of the farmers of the State in Roches- ter did not occur ; but several men, including Mr. Greeley, the Hon. T. C. Peters and one or two others, met at the house of Mr. D. D. T. Moore and discussed the proposed college. Mr. Greeley prepared sub- sequently a draft of a plan of the college and sent it to Mr. Peters. In correspondence with Mr. Howard and Mr. Peters, the details of this prospectus were agreed upon and it was published. On September 11 the association of the new college met in Lockport and adopted the recommendation of the Hon. T. C. Peters, editor of the Wool Grower, that the farmers should be invited to participate in founding the new college. A meeting of the society, announced to be held in Buffalo, January 15, 1863, is interestmg as showing how the early conception and sup- port of this movement for the People's College rested upon the enthu- siasm of a few individuals. When the secretary reached the city to attend this meeting, a great snow storm had obstructed all communica- tion with the external world. ' ' The few who were interested had pre- vious engagements, one was busy getting the Commercial ready for the press, others had oxen to buy or wives to marry." In consequence of this the secretary was the only member present. This laborious but cheerful individual repaired to his hotel, shut himself in his room, elected officers and passed resolutions, submitted by the absent Peters and enlarged by himself. Letters were read from men interested in the progress of the movement, several honorary members elected, a committee appointed to memorialize the Legislature for an act of in- corporation of the People's College, the shares of which were limited to one dollar each, and an assessment of twenty-five cents was levied upon each member of the Association to meet current expenses. An elabo- rate report of this meeting was published in the press of the State. At the close of the records the secretary adds : "I hope, when the college is established, I shall be excused for this deception, as I believe that if S90 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKlNS COtTNTV. this meeting had been a failure, much delay would have been the result. Using men for a good purpose, provided it is clear that no injury can come to any human being as a result, is not a sin in my humble opinion. " Subsequent meetings were held, the main purpose of which was to secure an act of incorporation from the Legislature and to issue addi- tional appeals to secure the interest of the public. Meetings in Brook- lyn were attended by Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher and Professor Youmans. The attempt to secure a charter from the Legis- lature finally succeeded, and an act of incorporation was granted at an extra session, April 13, 1853. Since the period when the foundation of a People's College was first proposed, Mr. Howard, the imwearied agent, had canvassed the State, and addressed meetings in nearly all of the large cities, and various agricultural and educational conventions, in behalf of the proposed College. In this work he was engaged until August, 1855, when efforts to raise money were suspended on account of the financial stringency. The first meeting of the trustees of the People's College was held in Owego, May 25, 1853, at which D. C. McCalkim was elected president of the board ; A. I. Wynkoop, of Chemung, vice-president ; Tracy Mor- gan, treasurer; and Henry Howard, secretary and general agent. At a meeting of the stockholders of the People's College held at Bing- hamton, November 2G, 1850, a resolution was presented, "That, as a Board of Trustees, we will use our influence for the location of the college in the county which will first make up the balance of the $50,- 000 needed to locate." It appears that this resolution was a shrewd parliamentary device, the true object of which was not then recognized, to secure the influence of the trustees to have the college located in Havana. The active agent in securing this location was the Hon. Charles Cook, who later came forward and offered to make up the sub- scription necessary to authorize the trustees to choose the site for the college. Commissioners were appointed to visit Havana and to exam- ine the location which had been offered for the college by Mr. Cook. Previous failure and discouragement induced the trustees to look fav- orably upon any proposition that would secure the establishment of the college, for which many of them had labored so long. At a meeting of the stockholders, held in Havana, January 15, 1857, the question of location was voted upon. The previous excitement had been intense, and efforts had been made to secure favorable ballots and proxies in favor of the location in Havana. Amidst what is reported CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 391 as a perfect tempest of applause and the wildest enthusiasm, the num- ber of votes in favor of such location was reported as 1,847, and opposed as 1,137, leaving a majority of 710 in behalf of Havana. Active measures were now taken to organize the college. The site and the farm which had been offered were regarded as satisfactory, and an effort was made to raise a sum of $250,000 in order to secure the success of the enterprise. Committees were appointed to superintend the erection of buildings, to arrange a course of study, and to nominate professors. At the meeting of August 13, 1857, plans for the new college were presented, the main building of which should contain a chapel which would seat 500 students, also lecture rooms, a chemical laboratory, library, cabinets, etc. On the following day the Rev. Amos Brown was elected president of the college, and Mr. Cook was made chair- man of the Executive Committee and also of the Building Committee. Soon after, the national Land Grant Act in behalf of scientific and practical education, known as the Morrill Bill, was introduced in Con- gress, and the trustees made an appropriation to send President Brown to Washington in order, to promote the purposes of the bill. In the mean time, the erection of the proposed college building proceeded, the funds for which were largely contributed by Mr. Cook. It is probable that all the subscriptions which had been made during previous years had lapsed or that their collection had proved im- possible. The financial crisis of 1857 now began, and all hope of securing an endowment from popular subscription was at an end. The only hope of fulfilling the conditions upon which the charter was given was based on the national aid expected in the passage of the Morrill Bill. It is of interest to notice the provisions of the charter of the People's College. It was provided that the capital stock of the corporation of the college should consist of $350,000, that the stock should be in shares of one dollar each, and that every stockholder should be entitled to but one vote in the choice of trustees or in any other business to be determined by the votes of the stock- holders. Whenever the sum of $50,000 was subscribed and paid in to the trustees, it was their duty to call a meeting of said stockholders to elect commissioners, who should select the most advantageous location for the college, and report at a subsequent meeting. The dissemina- tion of practical science, including chemistry, mineralogy and those sciences most immediately and vitally essential to agriculture and the 392 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. useful arts, also for instruction in the classics, was said to be the aim of the new college. Manual labor for five days in the week in some branch of productive industry was required from every teacher and pupil, such labor in no case to exceed twenty nor to fall below ten hours; and each student was to be credited with and ultimately paid for the product of his labor, less the cost of qualifying him to perform it effectively. No student was to be permitted to graduate with honor until he had passed a certain examination with regard to his proficiency in agriculture, or some branch of manufacturing or mechanical industry, and a free choice wag accorded to the student to pursue such branches of learning as he might select. The special line of work which the student had followed was to be specified in his diploma. The corner stone of the college was laid on September 2, 1858, when it is estimated that 15,000 people were present. The address on that occasion was delivered by President Mark Hopkins of Williams College. The enthusiasm and hopes manifested throughout the State in favor of the new college were very great. The failure of Congress to pass the Land Grant Act, upon which so much depended, followed by the sickness of Mr. Cook, practically put an end to the further progress and formal opening of the college. Mr. Cook had frequently stated that he purposed to endow the college with four hun- dred thousand dollars and to bequeath to it his entire fortune. After the erection of the college building, his interest ceased, possibly on account of serious illness. A faculty, eminent in their various depart- ments, had been appointed, a few of whom met at the time of the pro- posed opening of the college. By an act of the Legislature, passed April M, 1802, the sum of $10,- 000 a year for two years was given by the Legislature to the college; but the comptroller refused to pay this sum, upon the grounds that the conditions of the grant had not been fulfilled. The Faculty, there- fore, disappointed in any prospect of recompense for their services with the exception of four professors, resigned. One further prospect of a successful existence arose after the passage by Congress of the Land Grant Act of July 2, 1862. After an exciting session of the Legis- lature, in which all the recognized ability of Mr. Cook as a lobbyist, and his remarkable power of managing men, were required, the trans- fer of this noble national gift to the People's College was effected on May 14, 1863. This gift was upon the condition the trustees should CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 393 show to the satisfaction of the Regents of the University within three years from the passage of the act that the college was provided with at least ten professors competent to give instruction in such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, includ- ing military tactics, as required by the act of Congress, and that the said trvistees owned and were possessed of suitable college grounds, and buildings properly arranged and furnished for the care and accommodation of at least 350 students, with a suitable library, philosophical and chemical apparatus and cabinets of- natural history, and also a suitable farm, of at least 200 acres, for the proper teach- ing of agriculture, with suitable farm buildings, farming implements and stock, and also the necessary shops, tools, machinery and other arrangements for teaching mechanic arts, all of which property must be held by the said trustees absolutely and fully paid for. One striking feature of the act of the Legislature bestowing this land upon the People's College was the provision for the free education of students from each county of the State. The number of such students was to be designated from time to time by the Regents of the Univer- sity, and the students themselves to be selected or caused to be selected by the Chancellor of the University and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who should jointly publish such rules and regulations in re- gard thereto as would in their opinion secure proper selections and stim- ulate competition in the academies and public and private schools in this State. Such students were to be exempt from any payment for board, tuition and room rent. Preference was to be given to the sons of those who had died in the military and naval service of the United States. The provision in the charter of Cornell University for free scholarships, by which it annually receives and educates free of charge 128 students, making a total of 612 who receive the privileges of the university without charge, was thus based upon this provision in the act bestowing the Land Grant upon the People's College. In receiving, therefore, this gift from the State, Cornell University voluntarily assumed, with the advantage of a more elaborate and definite specifica- tion of conditions, this provision of the People's College. It is also noticeable that in the charter of the People's College, as passed by the Legislature, the provision for coeducation and for the instruction of women students in various branches of female industry was omitted. One subject of instruction which had ^een advocated by the secre- tary in his various addresses in connection with the People's College, 60 394 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. was military science and tactics. In a note upon his lecture on this subject, he has this memorandum: "Handle the above carefully in country places ; only refer to West Point and the order that military duties produce. " In drawing up the proposed plan of study in 1854, Mr. Greeley was opposed to having military science in the course. Mr. Howard and Professor Lindsley took the opposite view in the committee, and after long discussion, Mr. Greeley assented to the following statement: "The students of the college shall be instructed in the principles of the tactics provided for the discipline of the militia of the State of New York, and shall be familiarized with their practice at stated and regular drills; but the performance of military duty shall not conflict with the proper pros- ecution of academic or other studies, nor shall it be required of any whose convictions or principles are incompatible with the bearing of arms." Later, in 1862, Mr. Greeley thought it well to have a few well drilled men scattered about the country in case of war. The location of the People's College in Havana, may be regarded as its death warrant ; it fell by that act under the immediate domination of Mr. Cook, upon whom, as the largest contributor to its funds, it became absolutely dependent. The long diiration of the struggle to raise funds had necessarily consumed in expenses most of what had been realized. The personal ascendancy of Mr. Cook was manifest in the choice of a location and in the election of a president. The weary subscribers, who had planned with enthusiasm a popular college, saw their influence weakened, and the future of the institution, for which they had sacri- ficed so much, imperiled in its fundamental character. The Hon. T. C. Peters, one of the first presidents of the Board of Trustees, who had espoused the cause among its earliest advocates and had labored for its interests in the Legislature, resigned his office on December C, 1858, from distrust of the influences under which the college had fallen, and from acertain pretentious, extravagant and impractical character which the college building had assumed. The appropriation of the entire national gift to the People's College can only be regarded as a triumph of legislative manipulation. The college was not organized or equipped, while the State Agricultural College, only twenty miles away was the child of the State, and had been founded by a loan of State funds and in obedience to a popular demand. To pass by this institution, whose work had already begun, but been interrupted by the war, and bestow this splendid endowment CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 895 upon a college not yet constituted, save prospectively, was an extra- ordinary proof of the power of a third house in legislation. As early as 1836, the Hon. James Talmadge, then lieutenant-goveraor of the State, in his report as chairman of the committee appointed to inquire into the condition of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, said: " Notwithstanding the liberal endowments made by this State in the support of its various literary institutions, yet great deficiences exist in supplying the requirements of society, and in the adaptation of the sciences to actual practice in the pursuits of common life. The rapid growth of this State, its multiplied resoui'ces, and the industry and enterprise of its citizens, make large demands upon the sciences to aid and co-operate in advancing the general prosperity. It is not sufficient that the sciences connected with agriculture and the mechanic arts should be diligently studied and correctly understood by a few votaries in our literary institutions. It seems very necessary that those sciences essential to the prosperity of manufacturing industry should be especially promoted." The report proposed that citizens to whom circumstances forbade the opportunities of an academic life, should have the opportunity to study arts as applied to manufacturing industries. A system of lect- ures in the public schools, having this purpose, would have great ad- vantages. "The moral effect, justly to be anticipated, upon the youth and middle classes of society should also induce to the proposed object. It will diffuse intelligence among a portion of society whose condition has been hitherto almost inaccessible to improvement, and remove that state of ignorance and oppression usually incident to and often urged against mechanical pursuits and manufacturing industries." It was suggested that in the existing colleges, and possibly in certain acad- emies, courses of lectures should be established for the purpose of promoting instruction in agriculture, mechanics and the useful arts. After various memorials by the State Agricultural Society and re- ports by legislative committees, a charter was granted for an agricul- tural college on May 6, 1836. It was proposed to purchase a farm near the city of Albany and erect an agricultural college ; but as the funds for the suppprt of such an institution were to be raised by shares in a stock company, the project failed. Later, commissioners from the eight Judicial Districts of the State met to mature a plan for an agricultural college and experimental farm, in obedience to a concurrent resolution of the Legislature, passed April 6, 1849. Their report was presented at 396 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. the session of the legislature of 1850. After various efforts, in which no result was reached, a charter was granted April 15, 1853, for the New York State Agricultural College. The passage of this act was largely due to the labor of John Delafield and John A. King, afterwards gover- nor of the State. It was proposed at first to locate the college, which was to be founded by popular subscription, upon the Oakland farm in Fayette, the home of Mr. Delafield. It is interesting to find among the names of the original trustees that of William Kelly, later one of the charter trustees and warmest friends and benefactors of Cornell Univer- sity. Owing to the death of Mr. Delafield, action in behalf of the new college ceased. After two years' delay, the citizens of Ovid, under the inspiring influence of the Rev. Amos Brown, (January 32, 1856) appointed a committee to petition the Legislature to locate the col- lege in their vicinity, instead of in Fayette. On August 1 of the same year, the citizens of this county met to dedicate the new Ovid Academy and to hear addresses on the proposal to establish the State Agricultural College among them. The citizens pledged themselves to raise $40,000, and asked $200,000 of the Legislature for its endow- ment. Through the influence of this meeting, the Legislature passed an act March 31, 1856, authorizing a loan to the trustees of the Agri- cultural College of the sum of $40,000 from the income of the United States deposit fund for the payment of the land and the erection of buildings, a mortgage upon the same being given to secure the repay- ment without interest twenty years later, on January 1, 1877. It was provided that $40,000 should be raised and applied by the trustees, as a condition precedent to this loan. Later, by an amendment to this act passed May 6, 1863, the grant was made in money from any funds in the treasury, as the deposit fund had failed to supply the sum. Amid all these proceedings we may, perhaps, properly regard the activity and enthusiasm of Principal Brown as the moving spring. In the Legisla- ture, the Hon. Erastus Brooks presented the matter before the Senate in a most vigorous and eloquent address. He begged that body to give practical vitality to the first agricultural college in the State and in the Union, adding that there were in this State between twelve and thirteen million acres of unimproved land, the value of which by intelligent and well directed efforts might be quadrupled. While Great Britain sup- ported seventy agricultural schools and colleges, France seventy-five, Prussia thirty-two, Austria thirty-three, and even despotic Russia sixty- eight, in New York there was not one, and in the United States not one. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 397 He added, "I feel mortified for my own State and country. " The inter- est in agricultural education which Mr. Brooks had thus manifested in the Senate of the State of New York was exhibited later in his connec- tion with Cornell University, of whicl) he, in company with Mr. Kelly, became one of the charter members. The passage of the act establish- ing this college was received with great enthusiasm among the people of Central New York. The question of the location of the new college awakened equal interest. Desirable sites were offered on the west shore of Lake Cayuga, the choice of which was supported by the citizens of Ithaca. The people of Seneca county desired its location upon the shores of the lake of that name. The Ithaca people of that day urged as advantages in behalf of a site upon Lake Cayuga the greater variety of soil, finer shores, and the better railroad connections. The citizens of Geneva supported the interests of the rival site on Seneca Lake. Finally a farm of G70 acres was purchased, the cost of which, at sixty- five dollars an acre, amounted to $43,000, more than the entire amount of the State loan. The trustees took possession of the farm April 1, 1857. The Hon. Samuel Cheever had been elected president of the col- lege. In December of this year plans were adopted for the college building. In May, 1858, the erection of the south wing was authorized at a cost not exceeding $30,000. The plan of the college contemplated a central building, ninety feet square, four stories high, surmounted by an observatory and towers, and having a north and south wing. The corner stone was not laid until July 7, 1859. The building progressed rapidly, but could not be completed until the autumn of the following year. On the 14th of November, 1800, a notice was published in the issue of the local paper' which contained the news of the election of Abraham Lincoln, that the college would be open December 5, 18G0. Major M. R. Patrick was president of the faculty; William H. Brewer, now of the Sheffield Scientific School, was professor of agricultural chemistry and botany; Rev. Dr. George Kerr, of Franklin, professor of philosophy and astronomy; and Messrs. Kimball and Mitchell jaro- fessors of chemistry and mathematics respectively. In the three years' course of study proposed, the languages were omitted, and the students at graduation were expected to be familiar with all details of a farmer's work, embracing the scientific knowledge of agriculture, landscape gar- dening, veterinary science, stock breeding, garden husbandry, plants and grasses, soils, etc. The popular excitement, destined to culminate in the Civil War was so great that students entering the college were 398 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. but few in number. Soon after the fall of Sumter, the president, a graduate of West Point and a soldier of the Mexican and Florida Wars, was summoned to Albany to assist in organizing the volunteers and preparing them for service. The isouthern students who were members of the college returned home; others enlisted, and the college came to an end. It was expected that it would soon reopen, but in March, 1802, it was officially announced that the college doors were closed for the present. Portions of the college domain, which were not covered by the mortgage to the State, were attached by the sheriff and sold. The unfortunate circumstances which had attended the opening of the college, together with its embarrassed financial condition, gave no hope of success in an effort to secure from the State a grant of the land be- stowed by Congress for technical and liberal education. In January, 18C6, the Willard Asylum for the insane was established on the site of what it had been proposed should be the first agricultural college of the State. IV. THE CHARTER OF THE UNIVERSITY. It is interesting to inquire what were the causes which led Mr. Cor- nell to devote so large a part of his unexpected and constantly increas- ing wealth to the founding of a university. He had always been thoughtful upon questions affecting the interests of the people. Originally a farmer's son, and later a mechanic, and brought into the association of scientific men in the practical application of the telegraph, he saw the great need of thoroughly trained and practical scientists. He realized that individual and national wealth would be promoted even by an imperfect popular knowledge of the sciences which relate to life, and also the incalculable loss to individuals and the nation from unsystematic, unscientific and prodigal methods. It is probable that his purpose to devote his wealth to the benefit of his fellow-men was formed slowly in his mind. The unexpected in- crease in his fortune, beyond his hopes, suggested to him the possibil- ity of using some portion of it for the public good. Beyond the natural desire to provide for his family, Mr. Cornell had no personal ambition for vast accumulation. In private life he was genuinely and unosten- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 399 tatiously generous. The desire that his gifts should assume a perma- nent form, blessing the future as well as the present, assumed shape silently and unspoken, like so many of his plans. In the summer of 1803 he was seriously ill for several months As he recovered he said to his physician, "When I am able to go out, I want you to bring your carriage and take me upon the hill. Since I have been upon this sick bed, I have realized as never before by what a feeble tenure man holds on to life. I have accumulated money, and I am going to spend it while I live." They drove later upon the hill, to what was then Mr. Cornell's farm. He spoke with the greatest enthusiasm of his deter- mination to build an institution for poor young men ; he wished an institution different from the ordinary college, where poor boys could acquire an education. He did not desire an entrance examination, but that they should study whatever they were inclined to. Mr. Cornell described the buildings which should crown the hillside, and pointed out where they should stand. Mr. Cornell's immediate attention was engrossed by the Cornell Library, which was chartered a few months later, and presented to the city of his residence. It is probable that, even with this noble intention, much was still vague in his mind as to the exact form which the institution should assume. He contemplated undoubtedly some form of industrial school. The immediate occasion which gave definiteness to his pur- pose was, as he himself stated, in answer to the inquiry whether he had purposed for many years to found a great university, or whether the plan had been presented to him by some fortuitous circumstance, that very much was due to his election as one of the trustees of the State Agricultural College at Ovid, and the discovery, which he had made at two meetings of the trustees of that institution, of the great need of some suitable provision in our own country for the education of young men in agriculture and the mechanic arts. Mr. Cornell had been for several years vice-president of the vState Agricultural Society. In 1862 he was its president, and in that capacity attended the great International Exposition in London as the official representative of the New York State Agricultural Society. He traveled extensively, and studied carefully the agriculture of the dif- ferent parts of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. He also studied with interest the methods of the famous school of agricultural science connected with the establishment of Lawes and Gilbert at Rothamstead. Upon his return, an opportunity presented itself to him 400 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. to do for his native country what he had seen so successfully instituted abroad. The work of the State Agricultural College in Ovid had ceased with the opening of the Civil War, after less than a half-year's exist- ence, and instruction had not been resumed. The college had enthusi- astic friends, among whom were many of the most advanced agricul- tui-ists of the State. Its governing board was, however, composed of men with little experience as educators and unfitted to carry out the great schemes which they had at heart. The funds of the college had been largely consumed in the purchase of a beautiful site of six hun- dred and twenty-seven acres of land overlooking Seneca Lake. The funds subscribed by the farmers of the vicinity, imder the lead of Principal Brown, had been wasted by unskillful management in the erection of a costly building left incomplete and unequipped for the purposes for which it was erected; and a mortgage of f-iOjOOO upon the property was held by the State. Under these circumstances the trustees, under the presidency of Governor King, met in Rochester, September 20, 1804, to hear the report of the finance committee. The war still continued. The prospects for the future of the college were depressing; the outlook for the future was apparently hopeless; the college was in effect bankrupt. Mr. Cornell listened silently to the discussion of the various plans of relief which were proposed. He then rose and read the following proposition : I have listened patiently to this discussion, which has so fully developed the present helpless situation of the college, and shown so little encouragement in its future pros- perity, until I have come tu the conclusion that the trustees would be justifiable in changing the location of the college, if it can be done with the approval of the citi- zens of Ovid, and an adequate endowment thereby secured for the college in some other proper locality. Therefore, I submit for your consideration, the following proi^osition. If you will locate the college at Ithaca, I will give you for that object a farm of three hundred acres of first quality of land, desirably located, overlooking the village of Ithaca and Cayuga Lake, and withui ten minutes' walk of the Cornell Library, the churches, the railroad station and st(;amboat landing. I will also erect on the farm suitable buildings for the use of the college, and give an additional sum of money to make up in the aggre- gate of three hundred thousand dollars, on condition that the Legislature will endow the college with at least thirty thousand dollars per annum from the Congressional Agricultural College Fund, and thus place the college upon a firm and substnntial basis, which shall be a guarantee of its future prosperity and usefulness, and give the farmers' sous of New York an institution worthy of the Empire State. This noble offer relieved the trustees from all embarrassment. An- other session was called to meet in Albany, at which it was proposed CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 401 to invite for consultation various friends of education who were not trustees. At this meeting, January 12, 1805, the sentiment among the intelligent friends of education was strongly developed in favor of re- taining the national grant intact, and not to dissipate or divert it by distribution among the various small colleges. The Hon. Victor Rice, superintendent of public instruction, in his report presented to the Legislature, January 1, 1863, announced the passage by Congress of the act donating land to private colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. He then added that he was persuaded that true economy and prac- tical wisdom required that this fund should go to the endowment and support of one institution. "If an attempt shall be made to endow two or more colleges, the whole income may be comparatively useless. The division of it into two parts would be made the entering wedge for applications for another and another division, until the whole will be so divided among many, that not any one will be complete in its facilities for instruction. The State has at various times made grants of land and money to colleges and academies until the aggregate sum amounts to millions. In numerous instances the chief result of its bounty has been to enable many of these institutions to prolong a precarious exist- ence, too weak to be of real public utility." After speaking of the de- mand for a more learned class of intellectual leaders, who, furnished with the means and leisure necessary to the prosecution of philosophical investigation, may be induced to pursue science itself, irrespective of the immediate practical benefit, he said: " We need only direct our at- tention to the universities of Europe to show the advantages of the plan which there furnishes such numerous patterns of ripe scholarship and so many examples of successful research in enlarging the bound- aries of knowledge. What we need most emphatically, therefore, is the establishment of one institution adequately endowed, offering ample inducements to learned men to become its inmates, and supplied with every attainable facility for instruction in the highest departments of literary and philosophical learning, as well as in the various branches of knowledge pertaining to the industrial and professional pursuits. Its corps of teachers should be composed of men of vigorous mental en- dowments and the best culture, and in numbers sufficient to allow a complete division of labor. When thus appointed, the doors of the institution should be opened to all who are prepared to enter. It should be free, so that lads born in poverty and obscurity who may have 51 402 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. shown themselves to be meritorious in the primary schools shall not be excluded. . . . Let study and manual labor go hand in hand and then learning will dignify labor and labor will utilize learning." Governor John A. Andrews, of Massachusetts, in an eloquent ad- dress to the Legislature, in January, 1863, favored the same views. In looking back it becomes impossible to determine the considera- tions which guided the Legislature in bestowing the national grant upon the People's College. Senators and representatives who were later of national reputation, among them Chief -Justice Polger, after- wards secretary of the treasury, and the noble chancellor of the University of the State of New York, Mr. Pruyn, supported this measure. On the other hand, the influential class interested in pro- moting agricultvire and applied science, upon which the wealth of all other classes so largely depends, earnestly opposed this appropriation of the land grant fund. Remonstrances and memorials from the State Board of Agriculture and from numerous societies protested against this disposal of the fund, but in vain. Among the prominent sym- pathizers with the latter view was Mr. Cornell, who introduced a bill to divide the fund between the two institutions. Here a difficulty arose. The act of the Legislature bestowing the land grants iipon the People's College allowed three years in which to fulfill the conditions imposed by the law, — that is, a compliance with that law before May 14, 18G6, was not required. The efforts to repeal the grant or to modify its provisions arose in the session of the Legislature of 1864, in which Mr. White first took his seat as senator. His views were opposed to those of Mr. Cornell. He insisted that the fund ought to be kept together at some one institution; that on no account should it be divided; that the endowment for higher education in the State of New York should be concentrated, which had already suifered suf- ficiently from scattering its resources. Mr. Cornell desired to have his bill referred to the Committee on Agriculture, of which he was chairman, and from which a report favorable to his own views might be expected. Mr. White desired its reference to the Committee on Litera- ture, of which he was chairman, and it was finally referred to a joint session of the two committees. Here he states: "On this double- headed committee I deliberately thwarted his purpose throughout the entire session, delaying action and preventing any report upon his bill at the same time urging Mr. Cornell to adopt a view favorable to the concentration of the fund in one institution." CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 40^ Danger of the failure of the national land grant was not at this time to be feared, as the original act allowed five years within which any State could provide one college for instruction in agriculture, which New York had already done. At an adjourned meeting of the trustees of the State Agricultural College, held in Albany, January 12, 18G5, Mr. Cornell offered to in- crease his gift to $500,000, provided the Legislature would transfer the public lands donated by the general government to the institution that he proposed to found, which was to be organized and located in Ithaca. A committee was appointed to correspond with gentlemen connected with the management of the People's College, and with other persons prominent in the educational interests of this State, and to invite them to meet the gentlemen connected with the New York State Agricul- tural College to take into consideration and jointly act on the proffer $500,000 for educational purposes by the Hon. Ezra Cornell. Mr. Andrew D. White, Mr. William Kelly and Mr. B. P. Johnson were appointed a committee to arrange for a conference to be held at the State Agricultural Rooms in Albany, January 24, 1865. Mr. Cornell had been a member of the Assembly from 1862 to 1864; from 1804 to 1868 he was a member of the Senate, and it was at this time that he made his proposal to endow a new institution in Ithaca. At this time Mr. Cornell came into intimate personal relations with Mr. Andrew D. White, who entered the Legislature as senator from Onondaga county in 1864. Mr. White's earnest and aggressive nature, as well as his warm enthusiasm for education, made him active in all questions affecting the educational policy of the State. He was made chairman of the Senate Committee on Literature, and naturally occupied an influential position in the questions which arose in connec- tion with the foundation of the new university. Mr. Rice, whose views of the wisdom of preserving the land grant undivided were known, was still Siiperintendent of Public Instruction, and Mr. White vigorously espoused his views. Mr. Cornell adhered strenuously to his original proposal. His views were opposed, as has been stated, by Mr. White and by the Department of Education. In a letter written several years later to the Chancellor of the University of the State of Missouri, Mr. Cornell nobly admitted that the wiser view, in education, required the concentration of all funds bestowed by the national government in a single institution, and ascribed pre-eminently to Mr. White the credit of influencing him to adopt the same position. 404 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. In pursuance of the plan of securing the national grant for the proposed college, Mr. White introduced a resolution in the Senate, February 4, requesting the Board of Regents to communicate to it any informa- tion in their possession in regard to the People's College in Havana, and to state whether in their opinion said college is, within the time specified, likely to be in a condition to avail itself of the fund granted to this State by the act of Congress. A committee was appointed on Febru- ary 6 to visit the People's College and to determine whether its present condition, or the measures already undertaken, were likely to prove adecjuate to secure compliance with the act of the Legislature. The committee, after visiting Havana and examining the authorities of the People's College, reported that the building was of substantial and excellent character and well calculated for the purposes for which it had been erected; that it contained ample room for the accommodation of 150 students with the number of professors and teachers required by the act of 18G3, but that it was not sufficient for the accommodation of 350 students and that up' to the present time it had not complied with the conditions of the act. It appeared from the testimony that at that time no library had been purchased by the college, that it pos- sessed no philosophical or chemical apparatus, and that it was not yet provided with shops, tools, machinery or other arrangements for teach- ing the mechanic arts, or with farm buildings, implements or stock. The amount which had been expended upon the college was at that time $70,230; of this sum $50,095 had been contributed by Mr. Charles Cook and $14,140 by others. It also appeared that the Hon. Charles Cook had paid out of his own funds the sum of $31,700 (in addition to his subscription of $25,000) for the erection of the People's College, and had donated to it sixty-two acres of land. This sum of $31,700 had been expended in the erection of the college edifice, in return for which the trustees of the People's College agreed that, in consideration of the conveyance to the college of a fee simple of the college edifice and sixty-two acres of land, this grant should always be held inviolate for the purposes of the college, and that in case the trustees should fail to maintain the college, this property should revert to Mr. Cook or his heirs. In the mean time, action looking toward the establishment of Cornell University was carried on in the Legislature. On February 3, Mr. White gave notice that at an early day he would ask leave to intro- duce a bill to establish the Cornell University and to appropriate to it the income from the sale of public lands, granted to this State by Con- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 405 gress on the 2d of July, 1803. This bill was formally introduced on February 7 and referred to the Committees on Literature and Agri- culture. Mr. White, in his " Reininiscences of Ezra Cornell," thus de- scribes the origin of the charter: We held frequent conferences as to the leading features of the institution to be created; in these I was more and more impressed by his sagacity and largeness of view, and when our sketch of the bill was fully developed, it was put into shape by Charles J. Folger, of Geneva, then chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the Sen- ate, afterwards Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. The provision forbidding any sectarian or partisan predominance in the Board of Trustees or Faculty was pro- posed by me, heartily acquiesced in by Mr. Cornell, and put into shape by Judge Folger. The State-scholarship feature and the system of alumni representation on the Board of Trustees were also iiccejJted by Mr. Cornell at my suggestion. 1 refer to these things especially because they show one striking characteristic of the man, namely, his willingness to give the largest mea.sure of confidence when he gave any confidence at all, and his readiness to be advised largely by others in matters which he felt to be outside his own province. On the other hand, the whole provision for the endowment, the part relating to the land-grant, and, above all, the supplementary bill allowing him to make a con- tract with the State for "locating" the lands, were thought out entirely by himself; and in all these matters he showed, not only a public spirit far beyond that displayed by any other benefactor of education in his time, but a foresight which seemed to me then, and seems to me now, almost miraculous. But, while he thus left the general educational features to me, he uttered, during one of our conversations, words which showed that he comprehended the true theory of a university : these words are now engraved upon the Cornell University seal : "1 would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any stud) ." Mr. White, on behalf of these committees, reported favorably on February 25 ati amended act to establish Cornell University. After being considered in the Committee of the Whole, the bill received a second reference to the committees on the Judiciary and Literature. This bill was favorably reported with amendments, March 15, and passed. The reopening of the question of the disposal of the public lands brought representatives of various colleges to Albany to urge the claims of their institutions. Various efforts were made to divide the fund by providing for the establishment of professors of agriculture in several institutions. In one case the effort to secure a portion of the appropri- ation was so strong that in order to defeat the lobby which was working in its behalf, Mr. Cornell consented to incorporate a provision by which he bound himself to pay to the Genesee College, in Lima, $35,000 for the support of a professorship, which should have in view the instruc- tion in agriculture required by the act of Congress. This, however, 406 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. removed only one competitor from the field. The interests which had been represented by the State Agricultural College had been harmon- ized, but the friends of the People's College, under the powerful leadership of Mr. Cook, were alert and vigorous. Mr. White gives the following graphic account of the legislative struggle for a charter in the Assembly: The coalition of forces against the Cornell University bill soon became very for- midable, and the Committee on Education in the Assembly, to which the bill had been referred, seemed more and more controlled by it. To meet this difficulty, we resorted to means intended to enlighten the great body of the Senators and Assemblymen as to the purposes of the bill. To this end Mr. Cornell invited the members, sometimes to his rooms at Congress Hall, sometimes to mine at the Delavan House; there he laid before them his general proposal and the financial side of the plan, while I dwelt upon the need of a university in the true sense of the work, — upon the opportunity offered by this great fund, — upon the necessity of keeping it together, — upon the need of large means to carry out any scheme of technical and general education, such as was contemplated by the Congressional Act of 1862, — showed the proofs that the People's College would and could do nothing to meet this want, — that division of the fund among the existing colleges was simply the annihilation of it, — and, in general, did my best to enlighten the reason and arouse the patriotism of the members on the subject of a worthy university in our State. In this way we made several strong friends in both Houses. While we were thus laboring with the Legislature as a whole, serious work had to be doi>e with the Assembly committee, and Mr. Cornell employed a very eminent lawyer to present his case, while Mr. Cook employed one no less noted to take the opposite side. The session of the committee was held in the Assembly chamber, and there was a large attendance of spectators; but, unfortunately, the lawyer em- ployed by Mr. Cornell having taken little pains with the case, his speech was cold, labored, perfunctory, and fell flat. The speech on the other side was much mi,re effective ; it was thin and demagogical in the extreme, but the speaker knew well the best tricks for catching the "average man;" he indulged in eloquent tirades against the Cornell bill as a " monopoly," denounced Mr. Cornell roundly as " seek- ing to erect a monument to himself;" hinted that he was "planning to rob the State," and, before he had finished, had pictured Mr. Cornell as a swindler, and the rest of us as dupes or knaves. I can never forget the quiet dignity with which Mr. Cornell sat and took this abuse. Mrs. Cornell sat at his right, I at his left. In one of the worst tirades against him, he turned to me and said quietly, and without the slightest anger or excitement, " If I could think of any other way in which half a million of dollars would do as much good to the State, I would give the Legislature no more trouble." Shortly afterward, when the invective was again especially bitter, he turned to me and said, " I am not sure but that it would be a good thing for me to give the half a million to old Harvard College in Massachusetts, to educate the descendants of the men who hanged my forefathers." There was more than his usual quaint humor in this,— there was that deep rever- ence which he always bore toward his Quaker ancestry, and which seemed to have CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 407 become part of him. I admired Mr. Cornell on many occasions, but never more than during that hour when he sat, without the slightest anger, mildly taking the abuse of that prostituted pettifogger, the indifference of the committee, and the laughter of the audience. It was a scene for a painter, and I trust that some day it will be filly pepetuated for the university. This struggle over, the committee could not be induced to report the bill; it was easy, after such a speech, for its members to pose as protectors of the State against a swindler and a monopoly. The chairman made pretext after pretext without report- ing, until it became evident that we must have a struggle in the Assembly, and drag the bill out of the committee in spite of him. To do this required a two-thirds vote ; all our friends were set at work, and some pains taken to scare the corporations which hafl allied themselves with the enemy, in regard to the fate of their own bills, by making them understand that unless they stopped their interested opposition to the university bill in the House, a feeling would be created in the Senate very unfor- tunate for them. In this way their clutch upon sundry members of the Assembly was somewhat relaxed, and these were allowed to vote according to their con- sciences. The Cornell bill was advocated most earnestly in the House by Hon. Henry B. Lord, afterwards for many years a valued trustee of the university, who marshaled the university forces, moved that the bill betaken from the committee and referred to the Committee of the Whole. Now came a struggle. Most of the best men in the Assembly stood nobly by us ; but the waverers— men who feared local pressure or sectarian hostility — attempted, if not to oppose the Cornell bill, at least to evade a vote upon it. In order to give them a little tone and strength, Mr. Cornell went with me to various leading editors in the city of New York, and we explained the whole matter to them, securing editorial articles favorable to the university; promi- nent among these gentlemen were Horace Greeley of the Tribune, Erastus Brooks of the Express, and Manton Marble of the World. This undoubtedlj' did much for us, yet when the vote was taken, the old loss of courage was again shown ; but sev- eral friends of the bill stood in the cloak-room, fairly shamed the waverers back into their places, and, as a result, to the surprise and disgust of the chairman of the Assembly committee, the bill was taken out of his control and referred to the Com- mittee of the Whole, where another long struggle now ensued, but the bill was finally passed, and received the approval of the Senate in the form in which it came from the House, and the signature of Governor Fenton. Through the influence of Mr. Cook, a provision, which we must re- gard as just in its nature, in view of the previous grant of land to the People's College, was inserted. It was further provided, in case the People's College could show within three months from the date of the passage of the charter of Cornell University, that it had upon deposit a sum of money, vyhich, in addition to the amount already expended, should in the opinion of the Regents of the University of New York enable it to comply fully with the conditions of the act of the Legis- lature, the provisional grant to it should take effect. Within the three months which were allowed, the trustees were required to show to the 408 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. satisfaction , of the Regents that they possessed adequate college grounds, farm, work-shops, fixtures, machinery, apparatus, cabinets and library, not encumbered. In case the trustees of the People's Col- lege failed to comply with these conditions, which were to be deter- mined by the Regents, the act conferring the land upon Cornell Uni- versity was to be of full effect. In accordance with this provision it was required that the trustees of the People's College should pur- chase within the specified time one hundred and twenty additional acres of land, and have funds sufficient for the erection of a new build- ing to provide accommodations for two hundred and fifty s'tudents, also for the purchase of collections, apparatus and library, the erection of shops, tools, machinery, etc., a sum of money equal to $243,000, and to meet these pvirchases, it was provided that the trustees must deposit $185,000 in one of the State deposit banks at Albany, within the time specified. The estimates upon which this sum was based, were made by scholars able to judge of the cost of such collections and apparatus. As it appeared at the expiration of the period 'designated that the trustees of the People's College had failed to comply with the law, the entire grant lapsed to Cornell University, according to the conditions imposed by the Regents, which required the People's Col- lege to raise only one-half of the sum which Mr. Cornell had- so gener- ously offered. Mr. Cook had promised to endow the People's College. He had failed to do this, and after a serious illness, his interest, so far as fulfilling the terms of his offer, ceased. The original friends of the college, who had labored so hopefully amid so many discouragements, gradually abandoned all expectations of its final success and withdrew either from connection with it or from any active support. Among those who remained faithful to the original idea of the People's College to the last were Horace Greeley, Governor Morgan and Erastus Brooks. It was seen by many of its friends that the dominating in- fliience of the largest benefactor was already controlling disadvantage- ously the execution of the original plan, and so modifying it that its friends no longer felt an interest in the institution. It died before its birth, and only a feeble preparatory department came into existence. Later the college building and grounds passed into the possession of Mr. Cook and formed the foundation of the present Cook Academy. The Legislature of New York, by a simple act passed at its session of 1803, accepted the national Land Grant, thus binding itself and the State of New York to comply with all the conditions and provisions of that CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 409 act. On May 5, 18GS], the Legislature passed a law by which the comp- troller, with the advice of the attorney-general, the treasurer and the chancellor of the university, was authorized to receive the land scrip issued under the authority of the Land Grant A.ct and to sell the same and invest the proceeds in any safe stocks yielding not less tlian five per cent, upon the par value. The money so received was to be invested by the comptroller in stocks of the United States or of this State, or in any other safe stocks yielding not less per annum than the rate above mentioned, which amount was to remain a perpetual fund, a capital to be forever undiminished, except as provided for in the act of Con- gress. He was authorized to pay from the State treasury all expenses for the selection, management, supenntendence and taxes upon the lands, previous to their sale, and all expenses incurred in the management and disbursement of the money received therefrom, and of all inciden- tal matters connected with or arising out of the care, management and sale of the lands, so that the entire proceeds should be applied without any diminution whatever to the purposes mentioned in the the act of Congress. The act providing for the administration of the Land Grant fund was followed on May 14, 1863, by a law transferring the income of this fund under certain conditions to the trustees of the People's Col- lege. Upon the failure of the trustees of this college to fulfill the re- quirements of the grant, a charter was given to the trustees of Cornell University. As regards the name of the university, the Hon. Andrew D. White has said: " While Mr. Cornell urged Ithaca as the site of the proposed institution, he never showed any wish to give his own name to it; the suggestion to that effect was mine. He, at first, doubted the policy of it, but, on my insisting that it was in accordance with time- honored American usage, as shown by the names of Harvard, Yale, Bowdoin, Brown, Williams, and the like, he yielded. " The first meeting of the trustees of Cornell University was held in the office of the secretary of the State Agricultural Society, in the State Geological Hall, in the city of Albany, on the 28th day of April, 18G5. Of the charter members there were present Ezra Cornell, Will- iam Kelly, Horace Greeley, Josiah B. Williams, George W. Schuyler, William Andrus, J. Meredith Read; and of the trustees, ex officio. Gov- ernor Reuben E. Fenton, Victor M. Rice, Superintendendent of Public Instruction, and Francis M. Finch, librarian of the Cornell Library. In accordance with the charter, seven additional trustees were elected, viz. : Andrew D. White, Abram B. Weaver, Charles J. Folger, George 52 410 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. H. Andrews, Edwin B. Morgan and Edwin D. Morgan. Of the original cliarter members, Messrs. William Kelly and J. B. Williams had been trustees of the Agricultural College, and Messrs. Horace Greeley and Erastus Brooks, of the People's College. Mr. White had by his in- fluence prevented the division of the Land Grant fund and been one of Mr. Cornell's most trusted advisers and supporters in procuring the charter of Cornell University. Mr. Erastus Brooks had been active in securing the charter of the Agricultural College, and had promoted the interests of the university by public advocacy in the New York Ex- press, of which he was editor. Mr. George H. Andrews was selected from the Senate on account -of his friendliness to the charter. Mr. Read had actively supported the charter outside of the Legislature. Mr. Charles J. Folger, afterwards secretary of the treasury, had like- wise used his able influence in behalf of securing the land grant to the university. Mr. Edwin D. Morgan, United States Senator from New York, had been active in Congress in promoting the passage of the Land Grant Act. Colonel Edwin B. Morgan, of Aurora, had been a member of Congress. Mr. Abram B. Weaver was for many years Superintendent of Public Instruction, and had exerted an honorable influence in behalf of popular education. At this meeting the condi- tions, privileges and powers of the act establishing the Cornell Univer- sity, also the terms of the act bestowing the land scrip, were accepted. The second meeting of the Board of Trustees was held on the 5th of September, 1865, and Mr. Cornell was elected president of the board, the Hon. Francis M. Finch secretary, the Hon. George W. Schuyler treasurer. A building committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. White, Cornell, Kelly, Weaver and Finch; and an executive committee consisting of Messrs. Andrus, Williams, Schuyler, A. B. Cornfell, E. B. Morgan, Parker, E. Cornell, Alvord and Greeley; and a finance com- mittee consisting of Messrs. E. D. Morgan, Williams, Kelly, McGraw and A. B. Cornell. The third meeting of the Board of Trustees was held in the Agricult- ural Rooms in Albany, March 14, 1866. A report was presented de- scribing the satisfactory conditian of the affairs of the university, and making suggestions as to its future monetary policy. A report of the building committee was presented. Five hundred thousand dollars were put at the disposal of the building committee, and it was voted to commence at the earliest day consistent with the interests of the uni- versity the necessary building or buildings. The building committee CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 411 and the executive committee w.ere authorized jointly to procure by pur- chase or otherwise any building or buildings and land near the proposed location of Cornell University suitable for the purposes and uses of said university. It is evident that the site of the university had been selected at this time, but no vote appears in any records of proceedings, by which the present location was formally adopted. The late Judge Boardman stated that, in company with Mr. Cornell and eleven other gentlemen, he went over the land upon East Hill which might be re- garded as adapted to the proposed university. The opinion of these gentlemen was, with a single exception, unanimous in favor of locating the university buildings upon the plateau west of the present site. This location would have afforded ampler space for the erection of build- ings, and avoided a large expense in grading. It would have afforded beautiful views and brought the university in those early days into more immediate connection with the village, and thus the great need of suitable accommodations for the students in the vicinity of the univer- sity would have been more satisfactorily met. At the entrance of the the present university grounds stood the vast and impracticable struc- ture known as the " Cascadilla, " the source of whose mysterious archi- tecture history has kindly veiled in obscurity. This building had been erected by subscriptions of the citizens of Ithaca, aided by a State grant, for the purpose of a water cure establishment. At this time the interior was incomplete. Mr. Cornell was the largest stockholder in the Cascadilla Company. By finishing this edifice, it would be available for a large number of the faculty who would arrive unprovided with residences, and for a considerable number of students. There were also several farm buildings at the north end of the present university campus, which might be used in connection with the proposed model farm. These considerations seem to have been decisive in determining the choice of the present site of the university. At the fourth meeting of the trustees, held in the Cornell Library in Ithaca, October 21, 186G, Mr. Cornell was authorized to sell, at his dis- cretion, 100,000 acres of land lately located by him in the interest of the university, at a price not less than five dollars per acre, and an able and elaborate report of the committee on organization was then read by its chairman, the Hon. Andrew D. White. In order to secure the expression of an impartial judgment in the choice of professors, and to avoid the risk of the introduction of a personal or prejudiced feeling in their election, it was voted that all officers of the university 412 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. should be elected by ballot. A committee to select and report upon the names of suitable professors for the university, subject to the approval of the board, was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Brooks, White, and John Stanton Gould, whose name appears for the first time in connection with the proceedings of the board during this year as president of the State Agricultural Society and ex-officio trustee. Mr. Andrew D. White was unanimously elected president of the university. Mr. White gives the following account of his election to the presidency: Mr. Cornell had asked me, from time to time, whether I could suggest any person for the presidency of the university. I mentioned various persons, and presented the arguments in their favor. One day he said to me quietly that he also had a candidate ; I asked him who it was, and he said that he preferred to keep the matter to himself until the next meeting of the trustees. Nothing more passed between tis on that subject ; I had no inkling of his purpose, but thought it most likely that his candidate was a Western gentleman whose claims had been strongly pressed upon him. When the trustees came together, and the subject was brought up, I presented the merits of various gentlemen, especially of one already at the head of an impor- tant college' in the State, who, I thought, would give us success. Upon this, Mr, Cornell rose, and, in a very simple but earnest speech, presented my name. It was entirely unexpected by me, and I endeavored to show the trustees that it was im- possible for me to take the place in view of other duties, — that it needed a man of more robust health, of greater age, and of wider reputation in the State. But Mr. Cornell quietly persisted, our colleagues declared themselves unanimously of his opinion, and, with many misgivings, I gave a provisional acceptance. The newspaper reports of this meeting state that provisions were made for the equipment of the university, so as to enable it to begin operations in the following summer of 1867, and for the erection of professors' residences. The fifth meeting of the board was held in the Agricultural Rooms in Albany, February 13, 1867. At this meeting the first professors were nominated. The committee on the selection of the faculty reported, nominating Professor E. W. Evans, A.M., to the chair of mathematics; Professor William C. Russell, A.M., to the chair of modern languages and as adjunct-professor of history. The professorship of mathematics was to include civil engineering, and the professorship of modern languages associate instruction in history. At the following meeting of the board, held in Albany, September 26, 1867, four additional professors were elected, viz. : Burt G. Wilder, M.D., as professor of natural history; Eli W. Blake, professor of physics; G. C. Caldwell, Ph.D., as professor of agricultural chemistry; and James M. Crafts, B.S., as professor of general chemistry. The salary of professors was fixed at twenty-five hundred dollars. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 413 At the seventh meeting of the board, held also in Albany, February 13, 1868, the following additional professors were elected: Joseph Har- ris, professor of agriculture; Major J. W. Whittlegey, professor of mili- tary science; L. H. Mitchell, professor of mining and metallurgy ; D. W. Fiske, professor of North European languages; and the following non-resident professors: Louis Agassiz, professor of natural history; Governor Fred Holbrooke, of agriculture; James Hall, of general geol- ogy; James Russell Lowell, of English literature ; George William Cur- tiss, of recent literature; and Theodore W. Dwight, of constitutional law. The term of office of non-resident professors, when not otherwise specified, was fixed at two years. A committee on a university print- ing house was appointed. At the eighth meeting of the trustees, held at the opening of the university, October 6, 1868, the remaining vacancies in the faculty were filled by the election of Charles Fred. Hartt as professor of geology; Albert S. Wheeler as professor of ancient languages; Albert N. Prentiss as professor of botany; Homer B. Sprague as professor of rhetoric ; and John L. Morris as professor of mechanical engineering and director of the shops. V. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE LAND GRANT.— MR. CORNELL'S SERVICES. Mr. Cornell's noble offer to the trustees of the State Agricultural College relieved them from the impending bankruptcy which hung over that institution, when they met in Rochester. The proposition received the hearty and grateful approval of the board. A committee of five was appointed to confer with the citizens of Ovid and obtain from them, if practicable, an approval of the transfer of the college property to Ithaca and their co-operation in procuring the necessary legislation to render Mr. Cornell's offer effective, and to sell the present college farm and building to the State for a soldiers' home or. for some other object of public benevolence. At the meeting in Albany, to which a large number of the friends of education were invited, the sentiment of all present was opposed to any 414 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. division of the land grant, and they decided to petition the Legislature to make a gift of the whole 990,000 acres of land to one institution, rather than to divide it among the separate colleges of the State. In a letter to the Chancellor of the University of Missouri, to which reference has already been made, Mr. Cornell described the change in his views of this question : When the friends of the People's College at Havana and those of the State Agri- cultural College at Ovid were each striving to secure a grant of the New York " College Land Scrip " for their respective colleges, I advised a compromise of the question by a division of the fund between them, by which means I supposed each col- lege would secure an endowment of a half million of dollars, a sum that I regarded at the time as ample for all purposes connected with a fully equipped college. My views, however, were wisely combatted by other friends of education (among whom President White was conspicuous), and the policy of concentration of resources was adopted by the Legislature, and the proceeds of the 990,000 acres allotted to New York were bestowed upon a single institution, conditioned upon the bestowal of half a million of dollars from other sources upon the same institution ; and with such resources, more is required to enable the trustees to place the faculty of the institu- tion in the possession of such facilities as the best interests of the students demand. The experience of the past five years has proved the error of my views then, and nobly vindicated the wisdom of those who said, "Let us concentrate our resources and unite our efforts, and build up u vuiiversity that shall be worthy of the name University, and worthy of the noble gift that Congress has bestowed upon the State in the aid of practical education." I now say to you, my noble friend, as my friends then said to me, cohcentrate, concentrate ; bring together all the resources the State can spare for a higher educa- tion, administer them wisely so as to produce the best results, and then what you lack, call on your rich men to give you, and go forward and build up such a Univer- sity as the growing wants of your great State demand. After the charter of Cornell University had been formally granted, the difficulty of realizing any sum commensurate with the magnificent amount .of land received from the State, faced the trustees. It was then that the sagacity of Mr. Cornell and his great devotion to the cause which he had espoused were fully manifested. He surrendered himself and all his powers during the nine years of his life which re- remained, to the one grand thought of realizing the highest possible proceeds from the sale of this land. During the year 18G5, most of the Northern States received their land scrip, which was practically a certificate authorizing the selection of the amount of land specified in the scrip from any of the public lands of the United States not mineral, and not otherwise disposed of. The act of Congress pro- vided that in no case should any State to which land scrip was issued CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 415 be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State or of any territory of the United States, but that their assignees might thus locate said land scrip upon any of the unappropriated government lands which were subject to sale by private entry. Most of the States, in order to realize immediately the value of the national grant, sold the land scrip issued to them in. great blocks to speculators. Inconse- quence of this, the public lands, whose nominal value was $1.35, could be obtained for the price at which the scrip was sold. The amount realized from this sale was in some cases as low as forty-one cents per acre, and the entire amount of the national land grant to all the States, amounting to 9,597,840 acres, realized only $15,860,371.39, an average of $1.65 per acre; of all the States, only California, Wisconsin, Ten- nessee, Kansas, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota, Michigan and New York realized over $1.26 per acre. Had the vast grant bestowed upon the State of New York been thrown upon the market at once, embracing as it did one-tenth of the entire land grant, the sacrifice on the part of the various States, to which this legacy had been entrusted by the national government for educational purposes, would have been far greater. Mr. Cornell made a careful estimate of the amount of land acquired each year by actual settlers from the national government. He saw that if the States could retain their lands for the present until the demand for desirable government land had been exhausted, the price of the land must inevitably increase in value. With this object in view he prepared a circular letter, which he addressed to the various institutions which had received the grant, and in certain cases to State authorities, urging them to withhold their scrip from the market. In his report of 1804 the comptroller stated that he had received the land scrip of the State of New York, consisting of 6,187 pieces of 160 acres each, amounting to 999,000 acres of land. In 1865 he re- ported that, after consultation with the officers designated in the act of the Legislature, directing a sale of the scrip, the price was fixed at eighty-five cents per acre, and the scrip advertised for sale. In the course of a few months sales were made to the extent of 475 pieces, equal to 76,000 acres, at the rate of eighty-five cents per acre, except upon the first parcel of fifty pieces sold. A rebate of two cents per acre was allowed in consideration of certain advantages offered in the matter of advertising in the Northwestern States. The total amount received on all the sales was $04,440. He reported that the sales of the scrip had recently almost entirely ceased, in consequence of other 416 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. i States reducing the price to a much lower rate than that at which it was held by this State. Therefore it became an important question whether the price should also be reduced here and a sacrifice made to induce sales, or the land be held as the best security for the fund until the sales could be made at fair rates. The comptroller himself favored the latter course. Mr. Cornell said: "After the passage of the act chartering Cornell University, finding 5,713 pieces of scrip in the possession of the comptroller, representing 913,920 acres of land, I turned my attention to the question of converting this scrip into the largest sum of money prac- ticable in a reasonable time. My investigation of the subject led to the conviction that the best policy was for me to purchase the scrip of the State, and locate the land and sell the same as opportunity offered, for the interest of the university." In 1860 the comptroller reported upon the college land scrip; " No sales were made during the year ending September 30, 1865. Since that date, with the concurrence of all the officers named in the act providing for the sale, except the chancellor of the university, who is absent from the country, a sale of 100,000 acres has been made to the Hon. Ezra Cornell for $50,000, for which sum he gave his bond properly secured, upon the condition that all the profits which should accrue from the sales of the landshould be paid to Cornell University, which he had so munificently endowed." His con- tract for this purchase was dated November 34, 1865. Of the 625 pieces of scrip thus purchased, twenty-five pieces were located in Kan- sas, fifty pieces in Minnesota, and the balance in Wisconsin, all, or nearly all, on good farming lands. On April 10, 1866, the Legislature passed an act to authorize and facilitate the early disposition by the comptroller of the land scrip do- nated to this State by the United States. Mr. Cornell thereupon opened negotiations with commissioners of the Land Office for the purchase of the balance of the scrip remaining in the possession of the comptroller, amounting to 5,087 pieces in July, 1860, which resulted in an agreement dated the 4th of August, 1806. In order that the gift to New York should not be wasted, Mr. Cor- nell made a contract with the people of the State of New York through their commissioners of the Land Office, which was sanctioned by the Legislature, by which he agreed to purchase all of the agricultural land scrip then in the possession of the State of New York, consisting of 5,087 certificates, each representing 160 acres, for which he promised to pay thirty cents per acre, and to deposit stocks or bonds for an CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 417 amount equal to an additional thirty cents per acre, the estimated market value of the land scrip at that time. Mr. Cornell also entered into obligation at the same time and by the same instrument, with ample security, to locate the lands with the scrip thus purchased, in his own name, and to pay the taxes and all expenses of such location, and to sell the land in twenty years and to pay all the net proceeds over and above the expenses and the sixty cents an acre above referred to, into the treasury of the State of New York. The amount originally received for the land scrip was to constitute the College Land Scrip Fund, and the amount realized from the sale of lands, over and above sixty cents per acre and the expenses, was to constitute a separate fund to be called the Cornell Endowment Fund, the income of which should be devoted forever to Cornell University. Mr. Cornell offered to purchase at once 100,000 acres of land at the highest market price at that time, and to give bonds for the faithful execution of his trust and for the payment to the university of every dollar which, in the future, he might be able to obtain from the sale of the land. Mr. Cornell sought to induce other wealthy men to purchase 100,000 acres of land at five dollars per acre for this benevolent purpose, and to wait for a return of their money until at some time in the future, when the lands would bring more than five dollars. This would have been a generous advance, with the land as security, and would have secured an immediate fund of half a million dollars for the university. He also organized and had incorporated the New York Lumber, Man- ufacturing and Improvement Company, the purpose of which was to purchase the most valuable unoccupied water power in the west, and a town site of a thousand acres, with a view to manufacture lumber, the sole object of which should be to enrich his beloved university. The proposed town was to be located at Brunett's Falls, the great water power of the Chippewa River in Wisconsin. When this arrangement was reached, by which Mr. Cornell assumed the vast task of locating the lands, the proceeds of which would consti- tute the future capital of the university, he felt a sense of relief that he was permitted by the State to carry out the views which commended themselves to his judgment, and which he fondly believed would secure forever the prosperity of the university that he loved. On the evening of that day he wrote:. "I now feel for the first time that the destiny of the university is fixed, and that its ultimate endowment will be ample for the vast field of labor it embraces, and, if properly organized, for the 53 418 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. development of truth, industry and. frugality. It will become a power in the land, which will control and mould the future of this great State, and carry it onward and upward in its industrial development and sup- port of civil and religious liberty, and its guarantee of equal rights and equal laws to all men. " The man who saw in the realization of his hopes no personal gain or glory, but only a contribixtion to truth and knowledge, and the support of civil and religious liberty and equal rights, had certainly a noble and prophetic vision of the highest ideals which society can reach. In a letter of tender reminiscence written a few years later, in which, serene in the consciousness of the future, he surveyed the struggles through which he had attained success, he said: "The trials and privations are past, and yet they are pleasant and profitable to look upon. Honors cheaply won are lightly estimated. Our honors were the price of long years of toil, patient persistence, scanty means, long absence from home and each other's society, anx- ious cares and perplexities, such as swamp many stout hearts and send them wrecked down the stream of time to the ocean of oblivion. Hap- pily we ,have reached a nobler goal. " At this time, his highest estimate of the proceeds of the national land grant was less than three million of dollars, even assuming a large suc- cess in carrying out his plans. He proceeded with the location of the land, 4,000 acres of which were located in Kansas, 8,000 acres in Minne- sota, and the balance, abput 513,920 acres, in Wisconsin. Of the amount located in Wisconsin, about 400,000 acres were selected as fine timber lands. The labor incurred in this vast undertaking for the good of the university which he had at heart, cannot be overestimated. It was necessary for him to spend a whole summer in the wilderness; to em- ploy skillful and experienced assistants; to encounter great exposure and fatigue ; and to spend large portions of his private fortune in sur- veying, locating and paying taxes upon these lands during a long series of years. The work was done as systematically as though the resultant gain were to be his own private possession. Mr. Cornell's faith would have led him to proceed further in the location of lands, and in enlarging his personal responsibility, for the cost of retaining them until they could be profitably disposed of. The trustees of the university, however, realized that Mr. Cornell's fortune, large as it was, would be inadequate to meet the demands of the task which he had undertaken. The act of Congress permitted the location of only one million acres of government land in any one State. The CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 419 entries o£ land based upon the college scrip had been filled in three great States, which afforded the promise of most immediate returns, viz. , in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. The balance of the scrip could not, therefore, be located in these States and it would be necessary to select lands further west or in the sotithwest. Such a division of the university domain would render its efficient management difficult, and make it impossible to concentrate attention upon the administration of the lands which had already been located. College land scrip had been selling in the two preceding years for less than sixty cents per acre. In view of these facts, the trustees united in a request to the State Commissioners of the Land Office to authorize Mr. Cornell to sell the balance of the college scrip at not less than seventy-five cents per acre, or to locate it as he might deem best. This petition was signed De- cember 1, 18G7, and Mr. Cornell's agreement with the State was modi- fied in accordance therewith on the 18th of the same month. Mr. Cornell succeeded in inducing one of the largest dealers in college land scrip to co-operate with him in withholding the scrip from the market, and to dispose of it to customers only so fast as it should be needed for location. In this manner Mr. Cornell was enabled to dis- pose advantageou.sly of 625 pieces of scrip, representing 100,000 acres of land at^ninety cents per acre, and 1,125 pieces or 180,000 acres of land at one dollar per acre, on April 13, 1868. On December 15, 1869, the remaining 637 pieces, representing 101,920 acres of land, were sold at eighty-six cents per acre. * Mr, Cornell was thus enabled to dis- pose of all the remaining land scrip for $357,651, realizing about ninety- four cents per acre. For all his services in effecting these sales, he re- ceived no compensation, and was content to see these profits placed to the credit of the university. Minor sales were made at the earnest entreaty of all the trustees of the university, Mr. Cornell remaining inflexible in his opinion that the retention of the land would add still further to its value. But the trustees, realizing that the cost of main- taining the university, even upon the limited scale on which it was in- augurated, exceeded its income, expressed the belief that a moderate addition to the resources of the university at that time would be of greater utility than a much larger addition at a later period ; that it would enable the institution to grow in departments where immediate growth was extremely desirable; and that there would remain after 1 Senate documents of the State of New York No. 103, January, 1874. 420 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. such sale, if reasonable expectations were fulfilled, an ample endow- ment from the profits of the land unsold, for all the futvire needs and requirements of the university. In this request the high officers of the State, who were ex-opcio trustees, including the governor and comptrol- ler, joined. About this time an article appeared in a leading paper in a city in the central part of the State, charging Mr. Cornell with a vast land speculation, in securing control of the university lands. Ills acquisition of the lands was said to be made with the prospect of ac- quiring from their sale from twenty-five to thirty millions of dollars. Mr. Cornell's statement was quoted, that the university will pi'obably receive two millions of dollars from these lands, and the question asked what becomes of the twenty-three millions and over of the balance, which will be realized. An unwarranted item in a local newspaper, stating that the value of these lands was sixty dollars per acre, was the basis of this extraordinary estimate of profits to Mr. Cornell. Mr. Cornell's purpose in incorporating a company, the object of which was to administer these lands, with special facilities for manufacturing lumber, was stated to be to dispose of them to the company for a limited sum, and secure for his family the profits, amounting to twenty- three millions of dollars. Mr. Cornell's gift of half a million of dollars to endow the university was in effect fraudulent, as he had never paid the sum, but only deposited stock of the Western Union Telegraph Company to guarantee such payment. This effort to secure, by a per- manent article in the Constitution of the State, a provision which would render sacred these funds which the State had received from the national government, and which it had solemnly pledged itself to main- tain at their par value, making up all losses which might arise in its administration, was stated to be one of the most stupendous jobs ever originated against the rights of the agricultural and mechanical popu- lation of the State. Mr. Cornell, in a dignified letter, reviewed the charge and vindicated the nobility and purity of his motives, as well as his generosity. He showed that every negotiation for the sale of the land had been undertaken in the interests of the university, and that the sale had yielded for the university far more than it otherwise would have done ; that these sales had been authorized by the Land Office of the State, and all returns had been paid over to the State, in many cases without pa;ssing through his hands ; that all the land scrip had been sold or accounted for; and that, instead of making a charge against the State for locating the lands payable out of this fund. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 421 he had incurred an expense of more than $200,000, in selecting ing lands, fees for entering the same, taxes, interest, and the various expenses that were involved in such undertaking, and that the State was in no wise responsible for what he had expended. If repay- ment were ever made to him, it would come from the increased profits upon the sale of the land, but the actual market value of the land when donated to Cornell University was secured to the State by his bond. " Feeling a deep interest in the question of practical educa- tion in agriculture and the mechanic arts, for which this fund was voted by Congress, I volunteered to undertake to create a fund three or four times as large as that which the State could produce for the same object that Congress intended, and at my own request and expense, without charging a single dime to anybody for my services. And this I under- took for the Cornell University only after the friends and founders of other colleges declined to join a united effort, in which I proposed to be responisible for one-tenth of the risk and expense of creating this larger sum for the endowment of those colleges. This is all there is of it; this is the sum total of my offending. Whether it will realize as much or more than I anticipated, whether it is three millions or thirty millions, it will be all paid over to the comptroller of the State of New York for the purposes specified in the agreement, and the State of New York will appropriate the proceeds of the fund as stipulated in the bond, whether the fund is protected by the organic law of the Constitution or not." Misconceptions of his motives and ingratitude for the services which he had rendered the State did not induce Mr. Cornell to swerve from his generous and self-sacrificing purpose. Of Mr. Cornell's answer to this charge, the Hon. William Kelly wrote: "I cannot refrain from expressing my gratification with the style and matter of your letter to the Rochester Union. It is so simple in style, so direct, so able, so conclusive, as to fully meet my hopes. I am delighted with it. No sensible man will again assail you as to your management of the finan- ces of the university or your motives of action. Your vindication from the slanderous charges is complete and final. " The unselfishness of Mr. Cornell's services in behalf of the univer- sit)"^ had not attained a final vindication with this letter. In 1873 a bill Was presented in the Legislature to facilitate a settlement between Ezra Cornell and the State with reference to the college land grant. Charges were made in the debate, by a political opponent of Mr. Cor- nell; of breach of trust in the execution of his contract with the State, 433 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of using the power entrusted to him to add to his own wealth, of not depositing with the State Comptroller adequate bonds and securities, and that the university as administered did not comply with the con- ditions of the law under which it was established. Mr. Cornell re- quested promptly that a committee be authorized by the Legislature, and appointed by the governor, the Hon. John A. Dix, a majority of which should consist of members of the party opposed to him in poli- tics, to investigate the whole question : whether the laws for the sale and disposition of the college lands had been complied with, whether the securities received for its sale were adequate, what contracts had been made and upon what terms, the value of the lands held by Mr. Cornell in behalf of the university, what charges had been made for his services, whether the law of Congress had been complied with by the university, and to report upon the present condition of the same. A commission of the highest character was appointed to conduct this inquiry, consisting of the Hon. Horatio Seymour, former governor of the State; the Hon. William A. Wheeler, later vice-president of the United States, and the Hon. John D. Van Buren. The report of this commission, which was presented after a most thorough and compre- hensive investigation, was a noble tribute to Mr. Cornell's integrity, his lofty purpose, his almost unparalleled generosity and sacrifice in behalf of the university, as well as to the sagacity which had reserved this part of the national land grant and made it possible to realize, as no other State had done, the objects of the law. Changes in detail of the form of the financial relations of the university to the State were suggested, with the view of the absolute protection of the land grant fund, and, at the same time, securing facility of administration in the sale of the land by Mr. Cornell. The commission was divided upon the question whether the State or the university was the owner of the proceeds of the sales of lands above the sum, at which it had been pur- chased by Mr. Cornell. The Hon. Horatio Seymour, the minority of the commission, held that all such proceeds constituted a personal gift of Mr. Cornell to the university, and were not subject to the conditions of the act of Congress, a view afterward sustained by the United States Supreme Court. Mr. Cornell's adherence to his conviction of the final value of the land to the university was often not received kindly by members of the Board of Trustees who desired to realize at once the whole of the en- dowment and did not share Mr. Cornell's faith. Even the president of CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 433 the university wrote, Decembers, 1872: " Better a million added to our endowment now than three millions five or ten years hence. The only way is to go on developing rapidly, showing that we are strong and pro- gressive and do not ask favors before the favors come. Then men think it an honor to give. We must go ahead promptly. We must show that we are not standing still; that we are not locjking forward vaguely; but that we know what we want and are marching straight toward it. Then gifts will come. Then it will be worthy of any man's ambition to aid in developing our plans. To push on vigorously now is to conquer. To .work slowly until our active men get sleepy and easy-going is not what we ought to do. I want to see the Cornell University the foremost in the land during our lifetime; it can be so, but only by prompt, vigorous strengthening and extension. Most earnestly, I say, if you can lop off the lands at a million and a half or even less, I think it wise policy to do it. The simple reason why we do not call Tyndall and other distin- guished non-resident professors, is because we cannot afford it. Our other necessities have forced us to cut off to a large extent that part of our original scheme. Now is the time to go on promptly with our policy. Hope deferred maketh the heart sick. Cure usby allowing us to spring ahead and to go on vigorously and promptly and let our university soon stand beside the greatest universities of the world, and for the conflict in which we shall triumph." Mr. Cornell possessed that quality of mind that could wait for results, having faith that the future would realize his far-seeing plans. VI. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY. 1. PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.— 2. THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT.— 3. MANUAL LABOR.— 4. COEDUCATION.'— 5. THE NON-RESIDENT LECTURE SYSTEM.— 6. THE UNIVERSITY SENATE.— 7. ALUMNI REPRESENTATION IN THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. At the second meeting of the trustees, held in Albany, September 6, 1865, Mr. Andrew D. White was appointed a committee to draft by- laws. There is nothing to show that his election to the presidency was at this time contemplated, although it is possible, and under this 424 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. modest title of by-laws, ths elaboratj report on organization was included. At the fourth meeting of the trustees, held in the Cornell Library, October 21, 18U0, this report was presented. As Mr. White was unanimously elected president of Cornell University at this meet- ing, his report has an authoritative value as embodying the fundamen- tal ideas, which, in his judgment, should determine the form and scope of the new iiniversity. While criticizing at times established views, it defended the plan of instruction which the new institution of learning was to illustrate. In surveying these views after the lapse of a quarter of a century since the opening of the university, and in connection with the methods and subjects of instruction which prevailed at that time, we must recognize their freshness, their catholicity, their sympathy with all learning, and at the same time their powerful advocacy of the new education, which gave prominence to the natural sciences, the study of history and the fine arts, as well as of applied science. There was also an appreciation of past learning, such as we might expect from a scholar whose special study had been directed to the history of culture and the forces which constituted modern societ)^. Much that was announced as to be tested in the new university has since become characteristic of modern education. Much tluit was incorporated in the original plan had been the subject of solitary advocacy, and even of agitation. The success of, the ideas which lay at the basis of the imiversity was due to the sagacity with which the importance of the new branches of study, and the demands of modern life upon a new institution of learning were recognized. To embody in a new university new views of education was far easier than to modify the conserv'ative courses of study which were enthroned in the older institutions. Some features in the proposed university were personal to the author of the plan of organization, others had been tested successfully in institutions of narrower scope. - The union and equality of various branches of study in classical and modern literature and science in one university and a recognition of the equal importance in society and modern , life of applied science, were the striking features in the new university. In the national and State legislation which formed the charter of the university, and in the views of the founder, two convictions were prominent: first, the need of thorough education in various special departments, among them the science and practice of agriculture, of industrial mechanics and kindred departments of study, to realize which, institutions should CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 425 be founded with every appliance for discovering and diffusing trulli, — that such instruction should not be subordinated to any other, and that the agricultural and industrial professions should be regarded as the peers of any other. At the same time, the liberal education of the in- dustrial classes in tlie several pursuits and professions in life should be included. The second of these convictions was that the system of colle- giate instruction, now dominant, leaves unsatisfied the wants of a very large number, and perhaps the majority, of those who desire an advanced general education; that although there are great numbers of noble men doing noble work in the existing system, it has devoted its strength and machinery mainly to a single combination of studies, into which com- paratively few enter heartily; that, where more latitude in study has been provided for, all courses outside of the single traditional one have been considered to imply a lower caste in those taking them. General education has, therefore, lost its hold upon the majority of trusted leaders of society, and become underestimated and distrusted by a majority of the people at large, and, therefore, neglected by a majority of our young men of energy and ability. To meet this need it was held that colleges of wider scope should be founded; that no single course should be insisted upon for all alike; that various combinations of studies should be provided to meet the need of various minds and different plans. It was proposed to divide the uni- versity into two great parts, the first of which should comprise depart- ments devoted to special sciences and arts. This was to include agriculture, the mechanic arts, civil engineering, commerce and trade, mining, medicine and surgery, law, jurisprudence, political science and history, and education. It is noticeable that the departments of law and medicine are included in the original plan, and that jurisprudence is not included under the department of law, but was evidently to be treated historically, and is, therefore, grouped with history and political science. The second division was to embrace science, literature and the arts in general, and was to include a "first general course," correspond- ing to the classical course in other colleges ; a "second general course," in which Latin was to be retained and German substituted for Greek, corres- ponding to the course which bore later the name of the course in "phil- osophy." The " third general course " embraced French and German instead of Latin and Greek. At this time few institutions exalted English literature and philology to rank as a study equal to foreign literatures, and no provision was made for it. To these courses a scien- 430 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. tific course and an optional course were added. The latter course was practical, and permission was granted to properly qualified stiidents to choose such courses of study as they were prepared to pursue, "in order to give to the student full and entire freedom in the selection of studies and freedom everywhere equal to that which prevails in the universities of continental Europe." Special students were those who desired to pursue a definite line of study, as mathematics or chemistry, under the direction of a professor having charge of a department. A student who had spent the requisite time at the university and passed the proper number of trimestrial examinations was to be permitted to apply for a degree, which should bear a relation to the character of the subjects which he had pursued. If his studies were, in the judgment of the faculty, equivalent to either of the general courses, he could receive one of the usual baccalaureate degrees. Soon after the opening of the university the general courses were arranged in the order of scientific, philosophical, and arts, and the third general course based upon the modern languages was dropped. Four special or technical courses were recommended, viz., agriculture, the mechanic arts, and civil and mining engineering. To these were added courses in chemistry and natural history, for all of which courses the degree of bachelor of science was to be given. Upon the question of the ability of students entering upon a course of study to choose wisely amid a multiplicity of courses those subjects best suited to his intellectual tastes and future needs, the re- port argues : The failure of college men of the highest standing in practical life is due to the existing system, but while the student may not be a perfect judge of the relative worth of the studies from which he may choose, or of their importance to him, his judgment still pos- sesses value; and an overwhelming majority of students are competent to choose between different courses of study carefully arranged. By the advice of older friends and the faculty of the university, a young man ought to be able to make a choice based upon his previous educa- tion and means of future education, upon his tastes, position and am- bition. No results could be more wretched than those of the existing system. The plan of organization here proposed would make possible a practically unlimited number of courses, based upon a choice of the student or the advice of some individual. The report assumes com- petency on the part of mere beginners in knowledge, whose powers are CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 4ii7 but imperfectly developed, who have as yet no vision of any other fields of knowledge, the goal of whose intellectual life is not clearly defined and whose future is in most cases undetermined, to select wisely and well among the variety of subjects presented in a great uni- versity. With adequate knowledge of the subjects necessary for their highest intellectual training and development, and for their future needs, men of the highest genius have frequently failed to recognize where they were strongest until late in life. The old education rested upon the harmonious development of all the powers of the youthful mind and the recognition of the varied value in life and culture of a sympathetic acquaintance with the world's knowledge. The aim of education was, by the study of natural science, to teach .observation, and to introduce the student to a knowledge of the world around him ; by language, to teach accuracy of thought and expression, and unlock the treasures of classical and modern literatures; by history, to enable him to know something of the world's intellectual, religious and polit- ical development ; by the study of the science of the mind, to introduce the .student to himself and to his immortal capacity and destiny ; by mathematics, to make accurate thinkers and to show something of the methods of investigation into the laws of the physical universe. Even if some students were silent and uninspired in the chambers of knowl- edge, they might have been equally blind and insensible had their choice been free, but limited to a narrower horizon, for in many cases they would be obliged to choose without a motive. A self-direction which is possible to all, indeed essentia] to all, in a certain stage of growth, presupposes a certain preliminary training and maturity, and is only possible when it is the flower of a thorough antecedent culture in which talent as well as taste has been developed. Upon the value of disciplinary studies the views of the committee are characteristic and suggestive. They advise those who have time and taste for the study of the classics should continue that study, the Greek for its wonderful perfection, the Latin for its value as a key to the modern languages and to the nomenclature of modern science, and both Greek and Latin for their value in the cultivation of the judg- ment. The modern languages, as well as the sciences, which, in in recent years, have attained such great importance, should be recognized at their full value in imparting instruction and in secur- ing mental discipline. The idea that the only mental discipline is that which promotes a certain keenness and precision of mind is regarded 438 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. as fallacious; there is another kind of discipline quite as valuable — discipline for breadth of mind. For the former, such studies as mathe- matics and philology are urged; for the latter, such studies as history and literatiire. To say that the latter are not disciplinary is to ignore perhaps the most important part of discipline. In American life, there will always be enough keennesss and sharpness of mind; but the danger is that there will be neglect of those noble studies which enlai-ge the mental horizon and increase the mental powers, studies which give material and suggestions for thought upon the great field of the his- tory of civilization. " Discipline comes by studies which are loved, not by studies which are loathed. There is no discipline to be ob- tained in droning over studies. Vigorous, energetic study, prompted by enthusiasm or a high sense of the value of the subject, is the only study not positively hurtful to mental power; hence the great evil of insisting upon the same curriculum for students regardless of their tastes or plans." It is not clear what mental injury is anticipated where the foregoing conditions are not met, as it is suggested rather than stated. The report deals elaborately with the chairs of instruction which should be established, and concludes that twenty-six professorships would be needed at an early day. These professorships were : of tlie theory and practice of agriculture, agricultural chemistry, veterinary surgery and the breeding of animals, general and analytical chemistry, botan}', zoology and comparative anatomy, geology, mineralog)'', physics and industrial piechanics, mathematics, astronomy, civil engineering, phys- iology, hygiene and physical culture, moral and physical culture, his- tory, political economy, municipal law, constitutional law, rhetoric, oratory and vocal culture, the English language and literature, French and the South European languages, German and the North European languages, the ancient languages (to be divided later into two or more professorships, when circumstances shall demand), aesthetics and history of the fine arts, architecture, military tactics and engineering, physical geography and meteorology. It was not, however, deemed necessary to fill all these professorships at once. The report elaborates at great length and defends a system of non-resident professors or lecturers and proposes that, of the preceding professorships, ten should be non- resident, viz. , those of veterinary surgery and the breeding of animals, physiology, hygiene and physical culture, political economy, municipal law, constitutional law, the English language and literature, fEsthetics CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 429 and the history of the fine arts, architecture, military tactics and engineering, physical geography and meteorology. It is interesting to examine this list at the present time, if for no other reason than to see the stress laid upon certain branches, and to note others which have become of commanding importance, for which no provision was sug- gested. Of the professorships first enumerated, a haze rests upon the one entitled moral and physical culture, as physical culture had been included under the head of physiology and hygiene. Possibly one professorship of physical culture was to be as.sociated with morality, and the other was not. Later we find among the resident professor- ships one established for moral and mental philosophy, which was perhaps designed to cover the same field as that of moral and physical culture, which was first proposed. It was thought that eight or ten professors would be sufficient for the work of the first year. The question of the character and qualifications, the terms of office and the salaries of the professors to be appointed was also discussed. It was recommended that the salaries of resident professors, who should be of equal rank, should be arranged in three grades, and should be relatively $2,250, $3,000 and $1,700; the salaries of assistant pro- fessors should be arranged in four grades, the first of which should re- ceive $1,750, the second $1,500, the third $1,200, the fourth $1,000 per year. The scheme of appointing non-resident professors was presented and argued with great earnestness. The university was to be fully equipped with regular professors, to whom it was proposed to add a class of non- resident, short-term professors, or university lecturers. For these it was proposed to select the most eminent men in various departments of literature and science who should present the "highest results or a summary of the main results of their labors." The advantages which were expected to come from this system would, in the first place, be favorable to the resident faculty, who, "remote from centers of thought and action, lose connection with the world at large save through books, and become provincial in spirit; they lose the enthusiasm which con- tact with other leading minds in the same pursuits would arouse." Under the new system ' ' there would be a constant influx of light and life, the views of the resident professors would be enlarged, their efforts stimulated, their whole life quickened." There can be no question that the conception of a university faculty alert in the pursuit of truth, every member of which should be a master in some department of 430 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. knowledge, a center of light, discovering and diffusing truth, and him- self an independent authority, is not here contemplated. The intimate communion of scholars, promoted by learned societies and scientific journals, by which fresh studies and investigations become at once the property of all, is overlooked in this somewhat cloistered conception of a university. The influence of non-resident lecturers upon students was especially extolled; in the case of men of the greatest ability and eminence, an enthusiasm would be aroused among students in vari- ous departments of knowledge, which would direct their energies into channels of thought and study. The public in general, which under ordinary circumstances did not avail itself of the privileges of the uni- versity, would be benefited, by the influence upon the minds of men already in active life. Such a system would contribute to the reputa- tion of the university by associating with it in addition to a meritorious resident faculty a number of special professors or lecturers, whose ability and research were acknowledged, " the* institution would arrive in a short time at a height of reputation which other institu- tions have failed to achieve during long years of ordinary administra- tion." A resident faculty could in that case be chosen for its " energy and working ability," and not for resident professors — for the hard work of the university' — men ivho have attained eminence and so outlived their zvillingness to do hard work. The danger that scholars who have attained eminence might " have outlived the necessity of hard thought and work," and so be less valu- able as teachers, is expressed repeatedly in the report — certainly, if true, a warning against eminence, and a frightful result to anticipate of a life devoted to true knowledge and the service of one's fellow-men. The plan of securing as professors young men " who have a name to make and can make it," was recommended. " We can thus secui-e en- thusiasm, energy, ambition, and willingness to work, without paying enormous salaries. " Great and proper stress is laid in the report upon general culture in the professors to be appointed, apart from mere scien- tific attainments. " The university must not only make scholars, it has a higher duty; it must make t/icn — men manly, earnest and of good general culture. " Young men were to receive the form and impress which they should bear through life. A noble ideal of the character of the university teacher was presented here, and one worthy of the author of the report, who in his own per- son so well illustrated the refining influences of letters and of associa- tion with men. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 431 For teachers of modern languages, Americans were recommended instead of foreigners. " The slight advantage in correct accent pos- sessed by an instructor from a foreign country is always too dearly purchased by the sacrifice of qualities which ensure success in lectures or-recitations. " To make the personality of the professors effective in exerting an in- fluence upon the character of the students, the freest and most intimate intercourse between professors and students was advocated. The Athenian ideal of culture was to be realized by a frank, full and genial conversation between teacher and taught; for a manly sympathy in thought and learning between the pupil and teacher is worth more than all educational machinery apart from it. To make possible and promote this intercourse, it was even proposed that additions to the salaries of professors be made to enable them to meet the cost of social entertainments to students. It is proper to say that the relations of students and professors in the university have been, from the first, of the most frank and cordial character. Harmony and co-operation in the faculty were insisted upon; in case of feuds and quarrels between pro- fessors it was recommended that all concerned be at once requested to resign, vmless the disturbing person could be recognized beyond reason- able doubt. It was affirmed, "better to have science taught less bril- liantly, than to have it rendered contemptible. " The relation which the faculty should sustain in the administration of the university was so conceived as to give great dignity and im- portance to their deliberations. That system of college government was criticized, in which the president appropriates the main functions of administration, originates action, and is responsible to the trustees alone for whatever he may do, while the faculty have no share, or only a limited one, in determining the courses of study and the char- acter of the work that shall be done in the university. The faculty "are not merely advisors, but legislators," they should have stated meetings for the purpose of conducting the general administration of the institution and memorializing the trustees, discussing general questions of educational policy, and presenting papers upon special subjects in literature, science and the arts. The entire faculty should constitute an Academic Senate, in which all members of the teaching staff should have the right to speak, but the right of voting should be confined to resident and non-resident professors, and assistant profes- sors representing departments in which no full professor has been ap- 433 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. pointed. The divisioti of the faculty into groups according to depart- ments, each presided over by the president or a dean, was also recom- mended. There is no specification of the distinct province of the facidty and trustees, the latter of whom have certain duties provided for in the charter, and a wide scope of undefined powers attaching by common academic law to their office. In order to avoid stagnation and lack of initiative which often prevails in bodies whose power is self-perpet- uating, it was distinctly recommended that the term of office of trustees should be fixed at five years, and that it should require a vote of two-thirds of the electing body to re-elect a former trustee. The active interest and participation of the alumni in the government of the university, in accordance with the' established usage at the Eng- lish universities, and as had been recently done at Harvard University, by which the alumni chose the members of the Board of Overseers in place of the Legislature, was to be secured by permitting the alumni of the university, whenever they reached the number of one hundred, to choose one trustee. From the formal discussion of the constitution of the new university, the report proceeded to discuss its equipment, and it was proposed that the agricultural department should include a model farm for the study and illustration of scientific agriculture, and that a museum of models of agricultural implements, products, etc., should be formed. The Department of Mechanic Arts should be equipped with collections of drawings, casts, sectional and working models, in general character like those in the Conservatory of Arts and Trades in Paris. The illustrative collection should be first, and the model workshop sec- ond. For the experiments in agriculture one farm would be siif- ficient, as the main outlines of procedure in practical culture and ex- periments are simple: a small range of implements is sufficient for the whole work ; in mechanics, as a rule, one workshop will answer only for the single branch to which it is devoted. " There is then no such need of experimental workshops in this department, as of experimental farms in the other." The vast development of shops for practical work in forging, casting, turning, and carpentry, was but dimly foreseen twenty-eight years ago. For mathematics and engineering, drawings, engravings, models and casts were i-ecommended; for natural history, collections in geol- ogy, mineralogy, zoology, comparative anatomy and botany; also the CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 433 acquisition of the best apparatus for physical and chemical investi- gation, especially that which would illustrate the solidification of carbonic acid gas; apparatus for the direct generation on a large scale of electricity from steam, the Boston modification of Ruhmkorf's coil, for presenting the effects of electricity induced by the galvanic current, and tlic new French apparatus for experimenting upon light. The author of the report regaixled this apparatus as especially brilliant and most worthy of acquisition, as best illustrating the progress of science in the departments of chemistry and physics at that time. Mr. White's love of art, and interest in it as illustrating the history of cul- ture, is shown by the proposal to found as soon as practicable a museum of casts, of which there were then few in the United States, and these of very limited extent. Provision should be soon made for a library as the culmination of all — touching all departments, and meeting the needs of teachers and taught. From the first, the building up of a library suited to the wants of the institution and worthy of its aims should be steadily kept in view. A large library is absolutely necessary to the efficiency of the various departments; without it, men of the highest ability will fre- quently be plodding in old circles and stumbling into old errors. The history of the progress of modern science is the history of a develop- ment and accretion — development out of previous thought and work — accretion upon previous thought and work. The discovery of truth and the diffusion of truth — the two great functions of a university — will be impossible without a liberal library. The government of the university in its relation to students, the manual labor system, the cost of tuition, physical culture, the dormitory system, the relation of the university to other institutions of learning and to the school system of the State, and the final general test of uni- versity education were then discussed. What was to be the theory of discipline in the new university? Should it be military, or the ordi- nary collegiate discipline, or an adaptation of the free university system of continental Europe? " The military system has undoubted advantages. It puts all students upon an equality in mere outward advantages of dress, style and living; it subjects students to a more perfect control; it gives from among the students officers to aid in en- forcing rigid military discipline. " On the other hand, uniformity in dress would lessen the individuality of students. The professor would be deprived of one of the best means of judging those who are before 65 434 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. him in his lecture room, and of knowing how to deal with the individ- ual. A student loses nothing in the estimation of the university world by a dress which indicates frugality or economy. In no community on earth is man estimated so exactly by what is supposed to be his real worth, as in a community of college students. It was not believed possible to apply a rigid military system to the whole university. By the fundamental theory of the university, there would be students of various ages and grades, some attending courses of instruction for a longer, some for a shorter time, some residing in the university build- ings, some in the town itself. Military science should always form a part of the instruction, but it was not recommended that the govern- ment be military except perhaps in some single departments, where efficiency would be promoted by military forms. The ordinary col- legiate plan of government, although necessary from a partial adoption of the dormitory system, was not regarded as final by the committee. It was believed that a system of university freedom would promote the best government. "In this system, laws are few but speedily executed, and the university is regarded neither as an asylum nor a reform school. Much is trusted to the manliness of the students. An attempt will be made to teach the students to govern themselves, also to cultivate acquaintance and confidence between the faculty and students. By the rigid execution of a few laws of discipline, by the promotion of extra-official intercourse between teachers and taught, by placing professors over students not as police but as a body of friends, a government would be secured better than any other." A system of manual labor in connection with the departments of agriculture and the mechanic arts, by which students could defray a portion of their expenses, was recommended. While experiments of this kind had been made unsuccessfully in certain cases, it was thought that they had not been fully or fairly tried, or with such ample means as the university would afford. It was not proposed to make, as in most agricultural colleges, labor obligatory upon all students. One practical objection would be conclusive against it, if theoretical objections were not, it would be impossible to provide labor for all. It might, how- ever, be necessary to require manual labor from all the students in certain departments. Labor corps would be organized and every in- ducement held out to students to join them. Such a system would be of mutual advantage to the students and to the university ; it would promote the muscular development of students and give substantial CORNELL UNIVERSITY. iSij pecuniary aid to many. It was not, however, thought that physical labor could take the place of athletic sports and gymnastic exercises, in giving restoration after mental labor. The mind could not be kept fresh, elastic and energetic, when the only relief from tension was the change from one form of labor to another. It was therefore recom- mended that a fully equipped gymnasium be erected, and that gym- nastic exercises under the direction of an instructor, or equivalent training in manual labor or exercises in the open air, be required of all. Boating, base ball and other recreations were to be encouraged, and deterioration in physical culture was to be held in the same category as want of progress in mental culture, and subject a delinquent to deprivation of university privileges. Attendance upon a course of lectures upon anatomy, physiology and hygiene was to be required. The only additional reference to military drill was contained in the recommendation that provision be made for teaching military engi- neering and tactics, and that some plan for encouraging military tactics or making it obligatory be adopted. In estimating the proper cost of tuition a comparison was made of the charges at various colleges ; tuition at Yale was given as forty- five dollars per year; at Harvard as one hundred dollars; at the Institute of Technology in Boston as about one hundred and thirty dollars; at the Lawrence Scientific School, from two hundred and fifty to three htmdred dollars. In the University of Michigan, students from without the State paid a matriculation fee of twenty dollars and five dollars per year thereafter; in the Agricultural College similar students paid twenty dollars, while in Dartmouth College and the Scientific School the fees were from thirty to fifty dollars. The com- mittee recommended therefore a matriculation fee of fifteen dollars, and an annual tuition fee of twenty dollars. The matriculation fee was, however, never charged, and the tuition fixed at ten dollars per term or thirty dollars per year. Room rent in the university dormi- tories was charged at from sixty cents to one dollar per week, accord- ing as two or three students occupied one room. While the dormitory system became thus a part of the organization of the university, its extension and permanent existence were regarded as undesirable. The residence of a large number of students in colleges had been the scource of fruitful evils; it made a certain oversight and surveillance necessary; it transformed the college officer into an agent of discipline and destroyed the friendly relations which existed between 43G LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. teacher and taught. It was. however, deemed necessary at the open- ing of the university; the town was still remote, and its immediate capacity to afford adequate accommodations was doubtful. It was besides necessary that students should find homes upon the university grounds in order to conduct the experiments and carry out the labor system which was proposed. MILITARY INSTRUCTION. During the war, the need of thoroughly trained officers to assume commands in the army was strongly felt. The number of cadets graduating each year from West Point was too small to supply vacan- , cies in the regular army. The existence of military schools through- out the South, in which a considerable portion of the young men were educated in military science and tactics, had given the vSouthern armies an especial advantage at the opening of the war. On April 4, 1807, Major J. W. Whittlesey, of the regular army, an experienced and skill- ful officer, was ordered by the Secretary of War to proceed to West Point and other colleges, and report a suitable method of instruction in military science for such colleges in the United States as might desire it, direct reference being made to the provisicju in the National Land Grant Act requiring military instruction in the new colleges. On November 25, 1807, Major Whittlesey presented an elaborate report to the secretary of war recommending the form of organization and in- struction in military science in these various colleges. By a law passed July 28, 1860, it had been provided that, under certain circumstances, the secretary of war should be authorized to detail an officer of the regular army to instruct in military science and tactics in the colleges established under the Land Grant Act. This plan for national military education was not presented to Congress, but came before the House Military Committee. General Garfield was, at the time, chairman of this committee and deeply interested in the proposed bill for military education, which, it was expected, would re- ceive the authority of Congress early in the year 1808. This report was referred to General Grant for his favorable recommendation to Con- gress. It was proposed to establish a bureau of the War Department in charge of a director-general of military education, whose duty it should be to inspect and supervise military academies, secure uniform- ity of instruction, and enforce faithful compliance with the laws and regulations on those subjects. Whenever such an institution should CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 437 have capacity sufficient to educate one hundred male students in a complete course of liberal studies, with grounds for military exercises, there should be detailed a competent officer of the army to act as mili- tary professor, with an assistant. The president of the United States was to have the right to prescribe the course of military exercises to be taught, and establish general regulations for the government of the officers so detailed, but without infringement of the rights of the in- stitution to self-government. In case any college established such a course of instruction in military science, it was proposed that the neces- sary text books, ordnance and ordnance stores, camp and garrison equipage, with a detail of one ordnance sergeant and two musicians, should be provided at the expense of the United States. In order to create enthusiasm in these studies, it was provided that the faculty of arts of the college might recr^mmend to the president of the United States each year one-tenth of the graduates distinguished for general proficiency in the college course, special attainments in military science and skill in military exercises,' of good moral character and sound health, whose names should be published in the army register, of whom one from each college should receive a commission in the army, as in the case of graduates from West Point. It was thus designed to bring the colleges of our country into immediate relation to the army, and make them indirect aids in contributing to the training of officers. It was still further proposed that each college thus constituted should re- ceive $3,000 from the Uni,ted States treasury, to be expended under the charge of the director of military education, in the purchase of the necessary books of reference, maps, models and text books, and also $10,000 to be expended in constructing a suitable building for the pur- pose of an armory. The report presented an elaborate scheme of in- struction in military engineering, the theory of ordnance and gunnery, the art of war, military history, the purpose of court-martials and the school of the soldier. The text books and mode of instruction were to be the same as those employed at West Point. The students were to be divided into companies of from fifty to sixty strong. The battalion staff and the company officers were to be taken from the Senior Class, the staff sergeants and the company sergeants from the Junior Class, the corporals from the Sophomore Class, with such modifications as may suit the case of students in shorter or longer courses. It was proposed that a uniform should be adopted to be worn by all students. It was thought that by this, economy would be promoted, since it 438 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. would save the expense of variety and change of' fashion. It would secure personal neatness, and place all students upon a footing of re- publican equality; sons of the rich and the poor, meeting upon a com- mon level, would have nothing in the apparel to stimulate the pride of the one or wound the self-respect of the other. It was believed that by wearing this badge, an honorable ambition to excel, refinement of manners, and a manly tone of character would be created, favorable to the reputation, of the class to which the student belonged and to the honor of the institution which was in his keeping. Daily martial exer- cises were to be rigidly enforced, and only to be remitted by reason of conscientious scruples or physical debility. The discipline of the insti- tution was to be placed under the care of the professor of the military department under the direction of the iiniversity authorities. The usual regulations of the camp as to exercise, recreation, sleep, the re- veille, the roll call, the call to and from duty, the tattoo, all in their regular order, were to aid and direct the observance of college duties and discipline. Later, artillery and cavalry drill was to be added to that of infantry study and drill, and it was proposed to fix a high standard at the outset. It is evident that so general an introduction of military studies could only have been recommended when the remembrance of the recent war, its perils and glorious achievements, were still vivid. The dom- ination of a military system in literary institutions did not at that time seem impracticable. Many of the students of the university will recognize in this report some of the regulations of their early daj's. The trustees at their seventh meeting resolved : That while we would not require all students in the special courses to undergo military instruction, since this would be to do violence to the fundamental prin- ciples of the university, yet we believe that all general courses of study in the university should include rudimentary knowledge of military science and a good deal of proficiency in military exercises. The trustees also approved the draft of the bill before Congress for the promotion of military instruction in the leading colleges, uni- versities and institutions of learning established under the Land Grant Act, and expressed a willingness to co-operate earnestly in any plan to promote the most thorough special military instruction whenever such means should be placed at their disposal so as to enable them to do it. At a subsequent meeting, held in Ithaca, October 6, 1868, a formal regulation, relating to the military department of the university, was passed : CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 439 Resolved, That the students of the university who residein the university buildings, for discipline, police, or administration, shall be placed on a military basis, under the immediate direction of the professor of military science, who shall be recognized as the military commandant of the students. That the military commandant shall enforce the necessary regulations which may from time to time be established by imiversity authority, to insure good order in the quarters and mess-halls, with pre- cision, and regular attendance upon stated duties; and that all regulations so estab- lished shall be of binding obligation upon students, under such sanctions as the pres- ident, by and with the advice of the faculty, may determine. That an appropriate and economical uniform shall be fixed upon, which, after the current academic year, shall be the habitual costume for all students pursuing regular courses of study; and that thereafter attention to the instruction in military tactics provided for in the Con- gressional Land Grant endowment of 1863, shall be obligatory upon all such students, the president having authority, at his discretion, to grant special exemptions there- from, for good cause shown. These resolutions, with the exception of that portion relating to the uniform, were adopted. Later, this was also proscribed. It is evident that the trustees construed the obligation to require military service in the strictest manner. Under the terms of the law, it was neces- sary that provision should be made for instruction in military science and tactics, without prescribing that it should be binding upon all students. The irksomeness of these petty military requirements was soon felt. Students to whom military instruction wasbtit an incident in a broad course of literary and scientific studies, did not submit will- ingly to these restrictions upon their personal liberty. The extent to which these regulations was enforced is shown by the first general order from the military commandant. Students rose and retired at the beat of the drum ; they marched to meals in military file; their officers kept watch and ward over their conduct at table; breaches of decorum or failure to comply with all the requirements regarding dress were reported and punished. Punish- ment consisted of arrest, confinement to one's room and other restric- tions. The officers of the corps were made responsible for the enforce- ment of these laws and for a general oversight of the order in the different dormitories. One captain, who so far forgot his rank as to join some of comrades in hazing mildly an obnoxious student, was ex- pelled from the university, and marched away amid'Vehement protests from the student world, and escorted by a procession of his fellow stu- dents. This minute oversight of student life was, after the departure of the first military commandant; greatly relaxed. The uniform was .still continued, and stirring* debates were held in the faculty upon the style 440 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. and fashion of various parts of the student's dress, which were brought before that body for api)roval. As the remembrance of the war grew more indistinct, it was difficult to awaken or continue enthusiasm in military drill. Mad military exer- cises been placed upon the basis of modern athletics, with the purpose of securing the health of the student and the benefits of military disci- pline in producing a manly bearing, less objection would have arisen and fewer petitions for exemption from what seemed a needless exac- tion on the part of the authorities of the university. The requirement that all classes should drill was lessened, military exercises on the part of the upper classes being reduced in number, or made voluntary in the case of officers, for which credit was given as for other university work. Drill was finally required only of the members of the freshman and sophomore classes during the fall and spring terms. The habitual wearing of the university uniform was dispensed with, and military costume was only required during the actual exercises of the student. One feature of the original report of Major Whittlesey is still carried out. The names of students who have shown special aptitude for mil- itary service are reported to the adjutant-general of the army and to the adjutant-general of the State of New York, and the names of the three most distinguished students in military science and tactics are, when graduated, inserted in the United States Army Register and published in general orders from the headquarters of the army. Such students are, under certain circumstances, allowed to present themselves for examination as commissioned officers in the United States Army, an opportunity of which several have availed themselves. MANUAL LABOR. One favorite theory of Mr. Cornell, which was prominent in the early history of the university, svas that of manual labor, by which students during their studies could support themselves by working from three to four hours per day. He believed that the activity which is usually devoted to recreation and athletic pursuits might be directed to some systematic employment; and students who possessed skill in some trade would be able to find occupation as mechanics and laborers upon the farm, that the agricultural and mechanical depart- ments would furnish opportunity for unskilled students to acquire a proficiency in some craft. No purpose lay nearer to Mr. Cornell's CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 441 heart in founding the university than this, viz., that poor boj'S and girls might, by devoting a somewhat longer period to their course of study, support themselves and graduate, possessed of an education and of some trade or profession, which would secure tlieir future support. The remembrance of his own early struggles with limited opportunities gave a tender feeling to him regarding all young men similarly situated. He gave much thought not only to systemat- izing the opportunities for work upon the university buildings and the university grounds, but also to introducing in the vicinity of the university new and profitable industries, which should be operated in connection with it. He loved his native city; he desired its prosperity; he was willing to itse his large resources to build up industries which should add to its wealth ; but most of all, during the last years of his life, he loved the university which bore his name and which was des- tined, as he fondly hoped, to be the most practical means of blessing his fellow-men. In those early days, many students of very limited means flocked to the university, with the anticipation that their support would be secured by scholarships, and that they would be enabled by extra labor to obtain whatever else might be necessary to acquire an educa- tion. The labor of janitors in the care of the university buildings, of assistants in the museums and libraries, of workmen on the university grounds, was to be given to students. Mr. Cornell hoped much from the establishment of the University Press, by which students might learn the printer's trade, and which would afford means for the issue of luiiversity publications. It is probable that Mr. White, while sympa- thizing with these views, did not have equal hopes of the success of this experiment. The most useful labor, he believed, would be of a scien- tific character, by which the student acquired a knowledge of mechan- ical processes. There are two problems intimately associated with a plan like that proposed. The first, and most important one, is whether a student is able, in connection with his university work, to carry on an additional daily task sufficient for his support. The featiire of teaching during the winter in country schools, which existed in New England colleges, facility for which was afforded by a long vacation, was here to be made continuous. Work was to be carried on inces- santly and in connection with study, and the question naturally arose, how far the physical health would be sufficient to meet this double demand ; how far study could be profitable when the strength upon which it depended for success was equally devoted to mechanical pur- se 443 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. suits. The second, and more practical question is, how far it is pos- sible to prosecute any industry profitably while relying upon student labor, which must necessarily be afforded in limited amount, and at intervals accommodated to the intellectual work of the student. If the opportunity for manual labor was furnished at a pecimiary loss, and at the possible sacrifice of the physical health of the student, why not make it a gift outright? These two factors have practically decided the possibility of success in this experiment. Competition is so keen, even with skilled labor, working with the entire time and under the most favorable opportunities on the part of the operative, that when brought into comparison with work relying upon labor at irregular intervals, the latter must necessarily suffer defeat, from the standpoint of mere business success. Looking back upon those early years, we see that many students who belonged to the labor corps, as it was called, were successful to an eminent degree in maintaining them- selves during their university life, and in attaining a distinguished rank among their fellow students. It would be possible to enumerate many now occupying leading positions in the educational and scientific world, whose education was obtained by heroic sacrifice, by willing limitation of pleasure, and by lofty devotion to an ideal of learning. But, as a rule, we must confess that the limitations inherent, in the system itself have been too great to be set aside. Many students who came here with exaggerated hopes of maintaining themselves were disappointed. The amount of work which the university could furnish, even at a loss, was not sufficient to support all students who came rely- ing upon it. The plan, too, gave the impression that self-support, so far from being an incident in the university life, constituted an essen- tial feature ; and for many years, in spite of specific statements sent out calculated to avoid- holding out undue hopes, the impression pre- vailed in educational circles throughout the country that the university was in large part a manual labor or trade school. COEDUCATION. It was a part of Mr. Cornell's original plan that the uijiversity should be open for the instruction of both young men and women. It was in accordance with his natiiral training and mode of thought; he was of Quaker ancestry, and was familiar with the traditions of that body in which an equal prominence is given to women in public meet- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 443 ings. To the eloquence and pure moral sense of women who have ad- vocated moral reform, education, and the abolition of slavery, the ad- vance of our country has been largely due. It was, therefore, natural that in any conception of the university, he should include coeducation of the sexes. In a letter written from Albany to his only grand- daughter, February 17, 18G7, nearly two years before the opening of the university, he said: "I want to have girls educated in the university as well as boys, so that they may have the same oppor- tunity to become wise and useful to society that the boys have." He even asked that his letter might be preserved, so as to show to the univei'sity authorities in the future what his wishes were. In his address at the opening of the university, he had distinctly stated : ' ' I believe we have made the beginning of an institution which will prove highly beneficial to the poor young men and poor young wo- men of our country." In a letter written a few months later to his wife, in which he paid a beautiful tribute to her sacrifices in his behalf, he expressed a hope that she may found a system of industry in connection with the university, by which girls through labor can secure the means of obtaining the highest and most useful education. He urged some plan through which this may be possible. President White in his inaugural address met the question with great frankness, when he said : "As to the question of sex, I have little doubt that within a very few years the experiment desired will be tried in some of our largest universities. There are many reasons for expecting its success. It has succeeded not only in the common schools, but what is much more to the point, in the normal schools and academies of the State. It has succeeded so far in some of the lecture rooms in some of our leading colleges, that it is very difficult to see why it should not succeed in all their lecture rooms; and if the experiment succeeds, as regards lect- ures, it is very difficult to see why it should not succeed as regards reci- tations. Speaking entirely for myself, I would say that I am perfectly willing to undertake the experiment as soon as it shall be possible to do so, but no fair-minded man or woman can ask us to undertake it now, as it is with the utmost difficulty that we are ready to receive young men. It has cost years of hard thought and labor to get ready to carry out the first intentions of the national and State authorities which had reference to young men. I trust the time will soon come when we can do more." 444 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. At the opening of the university, coeducation had already received a successful trial of more than thirty years in Oberlin, by the noble and devoted citizens of New England who settled the Western Reserve in Ohio. Horace Mann and his equally enthusiastic supporters had set onfoiyt a similar experiment in 1853. Mr. Mann had declined the nomi- nation to be governor of Massachusetts, in order to accept the presidency of the Antioch College, and to pass through the pathetic struggles which accompanied the foundation of that institution. Other institutions in the east had iidopted the Oberlin plan, but the movement had occurred on so small a scale that its presence as a decisive factor in educational life had not been widely felt. Michigan, which possessed the largest State university, had felt the powerful deinand among the people, and even in the Legislature, for the admission of women. In the years ISO'? and 1 808 the Legislature passed recominendations urging the regents to admit women to all the facilities of instruction in the State univer- sity. President White, while accepting theoretically the justice of the demand for the higher education of women, felt the limitations, both financial and otherwise, which would make immediate favorable action in that direction impossible. Upon the day on which the university was formally opened, the Hon. Henry W. Sage went to President White and said: " When you are ready to carry out the idea of educating young women as thoroughly as young men, I will provide the endowment to enable you to do so." With Mr. Sage, the higher education of women had become a thorough, conviction, and the wisdom and naturalness of educating both young men and women in the same institution admitted of no question. He was not at that time a member of the Board of Trustees, to which he was elected two years later on June 30, 1870. During the first year of his connection with the university, he offei-ed to erect and endow a college or hall for the residence of young women, and at the meeting of the Boai'd of Trustees held in Ithaca, June 31, 1871, President White, in presenting his annual report, discussed and favored the admission of women to the university. His recommenda- tions were referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. White, Weaver, Sage, Andrews, and Finch. The formal report of this committee was presented at the meeting of the Board of Txustees, which was held in Albany, February 13, 1872. The report was adopted unanimously, one member alone withholding his vote. The gift of Mr. Sage was formally accepted, and a special committee was appointed to decide upon the plans for the proposed building. In the mean time one soli- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 445 tary woman student, Miss Emma Sheffield Eastman, who had attended lectures in the university, was formally admitted, constitutinq; the first female student, although Mrs. Jennie Spencer had presented herself as early as September, 1870, with a certificate entitling her to a State scholarship, and passed with credit the additional examinations re- quired. The committee to which had been referred the investigation of the question, visited the leading institutions which had already admitted women students. They conducted an extended correspondence with eminent educators, seeking to obtain their views upon the principle in- volved. The majority of the responses to the committee were over- whelmingly against the admission of women. Some regarded it as con- trary to nature, as likely to produce confusion, dangerous, at variance with the ordinances of God; on the other hand, several principals of norm, 1 schools reported in favor of the success of the experiment in those institutions. The testiitiony was most positive from those who had seen the experiment of coeducation tried. Some of the oldest and most venerated educators of the country, men whose temper would cause them to be ranked with conservative educational forces, favored the experiment. President Hopkins of Williams Col- lege believed that a continuation of the association in study which had begun in the common schools would present many advantages, and he hoped that the experiment would be tried. President Nott, in a letter to a committee of the Board of Regents, had said: " I would like to see the experiment tried under proper regulations, and were I at the head of the university in Michigan, and public opinion called for the trial of the experiment, I should not oppose obedience to the call. Corpora- tions are conservative; it is their nature not to lead, but to follow pub- lic opinion, and often far in the rear. That it [coeducation] will not be approved by college corporations generally may be taken for granted." The testimony was, however, decisive from such institutions as Ober- lin, the State University of Michigan, the Northwestern University at Evanston, the State Industrial University in Illinois, and Antioch Col- lege. The testimony as to the influence of the young women in con- tributing to a higher tone in university life, to the abolition of certain rudeness and uncouthness in student manners, was abundant and con- clusive. It was deemed best that a separate home on the university grounds should be provided for the young ladies, and there seemed to be a pecul- iar fitness in connecting the departments of botany and horticulture 446 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. with it. The committee, therefore, recommended that in connection with the new college there should be associated a botanical lecture room, conservatory, greenhouse and botanical garden. The question which has been variously settled in different colleges for women, whether the "cottage" system, by which separate atti-active homes are erected upon the college grounds for a limited number of young ladies, or the system by which all are accommodated in one large building, was dis- cussed. It was decided to erect on the university grounds a large col- lege building, complete in all respects with lecture rooms, special reci- tation rooms, infirmary, gymnasium, bathing rooms, study and lodging rooms for from 150 to 300 lady students, a building which would form a striking architectural feature in connection with the university. The gift of Mr. Sage was formally accepted under the conditions named by him, and the establishment created under it designated as the Sage College of Cornell University. The corner-stone of this institution was laid on March 15, 1873. Among those who participated in this occasion were the Hon. Henry W. Sage, the Hon. Ezra Cornell, Presi- dent Angell, of the University of Michigan; Chancellor Winchell of Syracuse University, Dr. Moses Coit Tyler, Professor Goldwin Smith, and Col. Homer B Sprague who had been the first professor of rhetoric and oratory in the university. The address of the Hon. Henry W. Sage upon this occasion is noteworthy, as it illustrates the noble purpose which he had in view in making his gift. He said: "We meet to-day itpon this beautiful hillside to inaugurate an enterprise which cannot, I think, but have an important influence iipon the future of this Com- monwealth and of our race. It has been wisely said that ' who educates a woman educates a generation, ' and the structure which is to be erected over this conier-stone will be especially devoted to the education of women, and will carry with it a pledge of all the power and resources of Cornell University, to provide and forever maintain facilities for the education of women as broadly as for men. " He closed with the words : "When this structure shall be completed and ready for its use, let us look up and forward for results; and if woman be true to herself, if woman be true to woman, and both be true to God, there ought to be from the work inaugurated here this day an outflow which shall bless and elevate all mankind." The corner-stone was laid by Mrs. Sage with these words : I lay this corner-stone, in faith That structure fair and good Shall from it rise, and thenceforth come True Christian womanhood. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 447 Among the articles deposited beneath the corner-stone was a letter addressed by Mr. Cornell to the coming man and woman, the contents of which were unknown save to the author. In closing his remarks he said: "The letter, of which I have kept no copy, will relate to future generations the cause of the failure of this experiment, if it ever does fail, as I trust in God it never will." The mysterious contents of this letter are reserved for the information of some distant generation. The college was formally opened for the admission of women at the opening of the fall term of 1874. From that date, women have been admitted freely to the university. They have attended recitations and lectures, and engaged in laboratory work in all departments. Some have entered in agriculture, and in architecture, and one or more even in mechanical engineering. The proportion of lady students during the first yeai-s of the university was about one-tenth of the entire number of students. Since then it has somewhat .increased. The character of the scholarship which they have sustained, the scientific investigations which have been embodied in the theses submitted for graduation, and the high merit which has attached to their work as a whole, all bear witness to the wisdom of the policy by which young women were originally admitted to the university. THE NON-RESIDENT LECTURE SYSTEM. The non-resident lecture system which had been emphasized in the plan of organization was a characteristic part of the proposed imiversity. At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held in Albany, September 3G, 18G7, six lecturers or non-resident professors were appointed. The most prominent of these were Louis Agassiz, in Natural History; James Russell Lowell, in English Literature ; George William Curtis, in Recent Literature; Theodore W. Dwight, in Constitutional Law ; James Hall, in General Geology; and Governor Frederick Holbrook, of Vermont, in Agriculture. Most of these lecturers had exhibited a general interest in the new university and had co-operated by counsel and suggestion as to the form which it should assume. Lectures of the character proposed, so far as they were substituted for systematic instruction in a given department, were necessarily unsatisfactory. They were either popular and general in character, or, if scientific, they stood alone, not supplementing, save indirectly, any given course of study. Of such general lectures, treating of detached authors or periods in literature, or presenting a popular outline of science but constituting 448 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. no distinct chapter in tlie curriculum of a given course, the number, might be increased indefinitely. These lectures were delivered first in the spring of 1870. It is interesting to note the subjects. George William Curtis presented a Review of Modern Literature, the Novel, Dickens, Thackeray, Women in Literature, George Eliot, Carlyle, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Tennyson, Amer- ican Literature, Nathaniel Hawthorne. Mr. Lowell discussed the Ele- ments of Literature in three lectures, a Review of Literature, the Imaginative in Expression, Wit and Humor, the Troubadours and Trou- vferes, Piers Plowman's Vision, Dante, Chaucer, the authors between the time of Chaucer and Spenssr, early English ballads. Pope and higher culture. Professor Dwight's course upon Constitutional Law embraced twelve lectures the subjects of which included a defini- tion and explanation of terms ; the sources of the constitution ; mode of generating governments ; difference between the State and general gov- ernment ; structure of the United States government, and powers of Con- gress and restrictions upon Congress. There is no doubt that the names of these accomplished lecturers were a brilliant contribution to the university at its opening, as they would have been at any subsequent time. The personality of Professor Agassiz and his enthusiasm for Science not only interested the general students of the university, but incited some to an enthusiastic pursuit of science. His lectures were confined to a single course, as his engagements did not permit him to continue them. Professor Lowell's subjects, while more critical and remote than those of Mr. Curtis, possessed all that charm of composi- tion, that ample knowledge, that grace and delicacy of humor which have made him one of the prominent figures in American literature- Mr. Curtis, whose graceful style and pleasant discursive criticism charmed for so many years the readers of Harpier's Monthly, won an enthusiastic reception from the student world. The lectures of Gover- nor Holbrook, who had a popular interest in agriculture, and of Pro- fessor Hall were never cjelivered. Professor Curtis delivered his lec- tures a second time during the spring of 1871. Mr, Bayard Taylor delivered a course of lectures upon German literature, first in the spring of 1870, and repeated them in 1875 and 1877. These lectures were held in Library Hall, which enabled the citizens of Ithaca to at- tend them, as well as the students. Mr. Taylor who was widely known for his books of travels, and later for his translation of Faust, although not in a technical sense an authority upon German, was a master work- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 449 man in literature, and the lectures which he delivered, though popular in character and prepared expressly for the occasion, were suggestive from the interesting comparisons introduced, covering a wide range of reading, and from his sympathy with the writers whom he selected for treatment. The translations with which he illustrated his lectures were often very felicitous. Few American writers have possessed so remark- able a power to reproduce the words and metre, and to imitate the style of earlier and contemporary writers. The "Echo Club," which he wrote for the Atlantic Monthly, illustrates in a remarkable degree this peculiar gift. Professor George W. Greene, the author of the elaborate life of Gen- eral Greene, of the Revolutionary army, delivered several extended courses of lectures upon American History in the years from 1872-4. A bust of this distinguished scholar and delightful man, presented by his friend, the poet Longfellow, was placed in the library in 1879. Mr. John Fiske also delivered seven lectures upon the same subject in April, 1881. Mr. Froude, the English historian, delivered six lectures on the History of English Rule in Ireland, in October and November, 1872. Professor Von Hoist, of the University of Freiburg, the emineht au- thor of the great work on American Constitutional History, delivered ten lectures on that subject, May 19-30, 1879. Mr. Edward A. Free- man, the historian, also delivered several lectures, in November, 1881, in which he discussed the political institutions of Greece, Rome and Modern Europe, which, however, as they had been in part previously published, won but limited recognition. The system of non-resident lectureships has proved a valuable feature in Sibley College, under the skillful guidance of the Director, Dr. Robert H. Thurston. Eminent specialists have been invited to discuss some subject in technical or theoretical science of which they are the acknowledged masters. These subjects have constituted brilliant illustrations of certain investigations, which have already formed a part of the instruction of the students, who had thus been qualified to understand the latest discoveries in applied science. Many of the most eminent scholars in America have during the last eight years lectured before the students of Sibley College, among them Professor Bell, the inventor of the telephone; Horace See, on modern marine construction ; George H. Babcock, on the steam engine ; Elihu Thompson, on electric distribution; Henry Metcalfe, U. S. A., on costs and manufactures; Thomas C. Clarke, on the construction of large railroad bridges; 57 450 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Lieutenant Zalinski, on the pneumatic dynamite gun: R. W. Hunt, on the manufacture of Bessemer steel ; B. F. Thurston, on the theory of patent law; C. J.Woodbury, on the modern mill; Charles E. Emery, on the governing proportions of steam boilers, etc., etc. The first demand of a imiversity lecturer is that he should be didactic. Other gifts, of philosophical generalization and description have also their place, and the ability to interest and inspire, even where the content of the lecture is less, is a quality of high value in a university teacher. Professor Dwight was a great teacher. He had the power to group his material and present it in the most effective manner. His lectures had unity in themselves, and the course which he delivered here in successive years, while not supplemented by the study of text books and recitations, constituted a valuable series, upon a subject of importance to every citizen, when the resources of the, university were insufficient to equip the necessary chairs of instruction. A university in which adequate provision has been made for instruc- tion by eminent scholars in all departments of learning which form a part of its curriculum, will not need external assistance. If its means are not ample, and its teaching force inadaquate, the use of its resources for costly attractions from without is not justifiable. The province of all courses of extra lectures should be to supplement the established curriculum, and not in any sense a substitute for it. Superficial and merely popular knowledge cannot take the place of the accurate and scien- tific training required in a university. The most illustrious professors lecturing to minds unprepared would be a waste of intellectual power. Where students are specially prepared, the work of eminent scholars may be added to present brilliantly some phase of knowledge. Modern courses of study at-e, however, so crowded that the introduction of ad- ditional subjects can only divert, or be done at the expense of essential and systematic work. UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION. The plan of organization presented to the trustees two years before the opening of the university must be regarded as an expression of the views of a single trustee. It is signed by Mr. Andrew D. White in behalf of the committee on organization. There is no reference in the records of the trustees to the appointment of such a committee, and Mr. White himself states that the plan of organization as presented was CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 451 prepared at the suggestion of Mr. Cornell. Mr. Cornell studied it care- f^i^lyj gave it his approval, and a copy with the notes in his own hand is still preserved. There is no evidence that at the time this report was prepared, Mr, White was even a prospective candidate for the presidency. He states that he did not know the purpose of Mr. Cornell to present his name for such an appointment until he was formally nominated for election on October 21, 18GG, by Mr. Cornell. The report, however, was published tinder the authority of the trustees and may be regarded, in connection with the election of Mr. White as president at the same meeting, as receiving the endorsement of the board and as an expression of its views regarding the proposed form of the university. The charter was bestowed upon a corporation of ten persons, viz., Ezra Cornell, William Kelly, Horace Greeley, Josiah B. Williams, William Andrus, John McGraw, George W. Schuyler, Hiram Sibley, J. Meredith Read and John M. Parker, who were to constitute a body politic and corporate to be known as the Cornell University, having the rights and privileges necessary to the accomplishment of the object of its creation, and sub- ject to the provisions, and with the powers enumerated in the revised statutes of the State of New York as regards college corporations. This is a general grant or bestowal of power, without the specification of details, such as is made in the charter of other universities in the State and elsewhere in the country. Similarly, there is no specification of the duties or province of the faculty in regard to the consideration and determination of important questions in the educational policy of the university. The question of the establishment and approval of courses, the requirements for admission and graduation, the settlement of questions of discipline, or any specification of the important functions, which, by common university law and tradition, are possessed by the faculties of other institutions of learning, were not specified in the charter. A delimitation of the respective powers and prerogatives of the two bodies was not made until a formal codification of the Univer- sity statutes by a committee of the trustees, of which Judge Douglass Boardman was chairman, was adopted on May 19, 1891. We find in the early history of the university the executive committee exercising functions, which later, and naturally, were assigned to the faculty; such as changing the standard of requirements for admission, pre- scribing the uniform to be worn . by the university students and even inflicting discipline. An amusing, but not serious, difference of opinion arose at one time between these two bodies as to the expediency of re- 453 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. quiring all students of the university to wear a military uniform. The faculty were by no means united in the belief that the university should be transformed into a military school. They saw that in the very nature of the university, it would be impossible, as well as itndesir- able in its future growth and development as a seat of advanced study, to enforce the universal obligation of military drill and dress. The expense of such a costume, as well as a reluctance on the part of students to invest themselves permanently in a costume which was without beauty or variety, raised serious opposition on their part. Finally, as a compromise, it was enacted that as a distinguishing badge, all students should wear a military cap. The faculty seems to have raised some objection to even this compulsory badge, but the trustees claimed authority to dictate and determine a general policy, and directed that th« rule should be enforced. THE UNIVERSITY SENATE. At a meeting of the executive committee held October 30, 1889, it was provided that in the case of the appointment of a full professor of the university, no election shall be made except upon the nomination of the candidate by a committee composed of the president and all the full professors of the university. On November 4, 1889, it was pro- vided that the professors thus organized should constitute a body to be known as the Academic Senate. On November 12, the name Academic Senate was changed to University Senate. On December 2, a formal statute was enacted, as follows: "1. The University Senate shall consist of the president of the uni- versity and all the full professors. "2. It shall be the duty of the senate to counsel and advise in regard to all nominations for professorships; to consider and make recom- mendations in regard to such courses of study as may pertain to more than one faculty of the university; and, in general, to consider and make recommendations upon any question of vmiversity policy that may be submitted to this body by the trustees, or the president, or either of the faculties. " 3. The meetings of the senate may be called by the president, or by the secretary upon the written application of any five members; and at such meetings the president, or 'in his absence the dean of the general faculty, shall preside. The senate shall have a secretary CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 45a whose duty it shall be to keep a record of proceedings, and call all meetings under the direction of the proper authority." It was also ordered that on the reception from the president of any nomination for a full professorship, " the senate, after proper de- liberation, shall vote by ballot yea or nay upon the recommendation; and their action, with any reasons for it which the senate may see fit to submit, shall be certified to the Board of Trustees." On June 18, 1890, the statute regarding the senate was further modified by making it the duty of the president whenever a full profes- sorship was to be filled to nominate to the senate the person whom he shall consider most worthy to occupy the vacancy The change thus made provided simply that the president should take the initiative in all nominations, such action in the original form of the statute having been overlooked. On October 32, 1890, the constitution of the Senate was changed by the following statute of the Board of Trustees : Resolved, That whenever any full professorship is to be filled, the president of the university shall, upon request of the Board of Trustees or of the executive committee, seek diligently and to the best of his ability, bearing in mind the pro- vision of the fundamental charter of this university, whicli forbids hira to take cognizance in any political or religious views which any candidate may or may not hold, nominate to the senate the person whom he shall consider most worthy to occupy the vacancy to be filled; thereupon the senate, after proper deliberation, shall vote by ballot yea or nay upon the recommendation ; and their action with any reasons for it which the senate may see fit to submit, shall be certified to the Board of Trustees, who shall then confirm or reject such nomination. Said confirmation or rejection shall be by ballot, said ballot to be not by a single open vote cast by any one person, but by the ballots of all present and voting. The reasons which determined this action are obvioits. It was felt that in these important questions there should exist a responsible ad- visory body, which should take cognizance of the needs of the university as a whole and preserve a certain symmetry in its development. The pressure of individual departments for recognition and enlargement was a constant factor tending often to an undue expansion of any single field of instruction, at the expense of more important departments which demanded recognition. In the increasing field of the world's knowledge, it was necessary to take cognizance of new subjects, and a earful and deliberate judgment on the part of the senior professors was deemed of highest value as an aid in the deliberations of the trustees. Action, in itself admirable, might otherwise be taken without full con- 454 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. sideration of all the interests involved. The question which naturally arose was, how shall the university policy be directed to secure that intelligent and uniform administration, which shall enable it to develop in accordance with the advance of science? There could be but one answer to this question, and that was that all questions relating to courses of study, to the bestowal of degrees as well as the nomination of professors, should be entrusted to the appropriate faculty for decision. To entrust the decision of important legal questions to a body of artists, would be as unwarranted as to confer the control of questions of art upon a corresponding body of lawyers. Education, is a science and has a history coincident with the growth of knowledge and the development of the human mind. It is, therefore, in itself a historical question as well as one of philosophy. The history of every particular science must be investigated in order to choose wisely the methods of study in that science. There was on the part of the trustees a profound conviction that the faculty of the university should be the active and responsible governing body, and that it should determine the character of the instruction and advise in the appointment of all instructors and professors. The trustees should form the permanent corporation, holding in trust the property, and confirm or reject all nominations and, in conjunction with the faculty, make all regular appropriations. It was felt that the faculty was alone competent to estimate the amount and variety of instruction required, preliminary to a degree, the number of departments and instructors, and the needs of the library, museums and laboratories. It might properly express an opinion of the expediency and character of all buildings which were to be erected. As regards the establishment or enlargement of depart- ments, the resident instructors, who devote all their attention to an institution 'of learning are best fitted to judge of the wisdom of any change. A multiplication of departments may cause the regular and most essential courses of instruction to be neglected or deprived of the means of enlargement. The institution of a senate such as was con. templated exists in some of the most progressive institutions of our country, and is the established and historic mode of administration in Germany and in most other countries of Eui'ope. In ignoring a system approved by the results of a thousand years, American colleges have made an experiment fraiight with immeasurable loss to the efficiency of their development and to the progress of education. Two methods have been proposed for accomplishing this purpose : 1st, by authorizing CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 4r)5 the faculty to elect annually two or more delegates to sit with the corporation, participating freely into its deliberations and expressing their views on all questions, becoming thus the medium of communi- cation between the faculty and the trustees, or by establishing a university senate which may, represent the authoritative voice of the faculty to the trustees upon such educational questions. The provision in the statutes of several States, which forbids professors in a college from becoming members of the corporation, is so framed as to exclude those who have devoted a lifetime to the study of educational questions from having any voice in settling the most important interests con. nccted with academic culture. It is too often the case that the voice of tlie faculty is not heard in all questions affecting the welfare of the university, so that while sitting apparently in the place of authority, they are powerless to correct abuses and carry out important reforms. The law of this State, which formerly forbade professors in colleges from being members of the corporation, was repealed when the Hon. Samuel J. Tilden was governor; representatives of some one of the faculty of Harvard have served in the corporation and in the Board of Overseers repeatedly during the present century. The second method of attaining the end desired, by the establishment of the university senate, was that which was adopted by the trustees of this university. A profound and far-reaching wisdom was manifest in this action. It added dignity at once to the position of a professor and created an esprit (ill corps and sense of responsibility which were in the highest degree a contribution to the advancement of the educational interests of the university. A system so valuable in its results, winning at once the co-operation and enthusiastic participation of the faculty in sup- porting the executive of the university, and in promoting all interests which advance its welfare, could not have been otherwise obtained. The expediency of the establishment of a senate was abundantly verified in practice. Previously, there had been no common organization by which the members of both faculties, viz., the Academic and that of the Law School, could meet together for mutual counsel or authori- tative action. Many questions affecting the inter-relation of the Law School and other departments of the university demand such con- sideration in common. The provision establishing the Law School, which permits students in the Academic department to elect work in the Law School to a limited extent during the last two years of their course, as well as the qualifications and terms upon which such liberty 456 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. shall be allowed, as well as the question of a common calendar for the two faculties, demand an organization such as the senate. In practical operation, it abundantly vindicated its appointment. A conscientious effort on the part of professors constituting any group within the senate to secure candidates of the highest reputation and personal standing for the chairs which were to be filled, was manifested, All appointments during the period of the existence of the senate were made after a careful deliberation and comparison of the qualifications of all candi- dates named, and all appointments received the cordial support and endorsement of the faculty. Professors so elected came to the uni- versity with the consciousness of the approval of their appointment and a welcome to their new field of labor. The senate ceased to exist by action of the trustees October 6, 1893. ALUMNI REPRESENTATION ON THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. A new element in imiversity administration has been introduced, in giving to the alumni the right of representation upon the Board of Overseers or Trustees. It was expected that a double object would be attained by this measure, that new men having a personal interest in the university and a recent knowledge of its needs, would become a part of the government, and that the alumni would sustain a permanent relation to the institution, when directly associated in its management. This may be regarded as an adaptation of the English university system by which masters, in residence for a part of the year, at Cambridge form the senate, and at Oxford the convocation, legislative bodies to which all regulations are submitted for discussion and approval. Grad- uates who retain connection with the university are thus enabled to contribute the results of their learning to the decision of all matters affecting chairs of instruction, degrees and government. The contrast which exists in the scholarship of English and American students upon graduation makes the experiment in the two cases far from identical. The class to which authority is entrusted in the English universities is, in extent of study and experience, far in advance of our own graduates and is composed in most cases of professors, and resident masters pursuing liberal studies still further. In some colleges in this country, the right to participate in these elections is limited to graduates of five years standing, but if it is important to continue the relation of the alumni to their university, this delay in conferring the right of suffrage CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 457 until after a considerable period of separation from the college, has certain disadvantages. The fact that so. large a portion of the alumni of our colleges are scattered .throughout the land, and thus removed from an opportunity of voting in person at Commencement is obviated in some cases by a provision enabling a ballot for alumni trustees to be sent by mail, which is counted as if delivered in person. Any method which will retain the active interest of the alumni in their alma mater is worthy of examination, and possibly of trial. The first university in this country to introduce the principle of alumni representation in the choice of trustees was Harvard University. It was proposed as early as 1854, and a bill was introduced in the Senate of Massachusetts in that year which passed through most of the preliminary stages, but failed to be enacted owing, it is said, to the pressure of business at the close of the session. On April 38, 1805, an act was passed by which the right to choose the overseers of Harvard College was transferred from the General Court or Legislature to graduates of five years standing, who should vote by ballot on Commencement day, in the city of Cambridge. The choice of overseers was at first limited to citizens of Massachusetts, but by a supplementary act passed March 5, 1880, persons who were not inhabitants of the Commonwealth, but otherwise qualified, were made eligible as overseers of Harvard College. In the act establishing Cornell University, no mention is made of the election of trustees by the alumni, but in an amendment to the charter, passed April 24, 1807, it was provided that whenever the alumni of the university should reach the number of one hundred, they were empowered to elect one trustee. By an amendment to the charter passed May 15, 1883, it was provided that members of the alumni who were not present at Commenceinent might send in their ballots in writing. The difference between the Harvard provision and that of Cornell consists in the fact that at Harvard there are two governing^ bodies, the fellows or corporation, and the overseers who exercise the right of veto upon all action of the corporation. The graduates of Harvard have the right to elect the entire board of overseers consisting of thirty members. Their influence may thus be exerted at once effectively, in determining all questions of policy, through the overseers. At Cornell there are fifteen elective trustees, five of whom may be chosen by the alumni. The power thus conferred is limited, when compared with that of the alumni of Harvard. In further distinction from the Harvard system, all Cornell alumni, 58 458 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. wherever resident, may participate in the election of trustees. The system may now be tested by its results as nearly thirty years have passed since its introduction. It may be premised, that where there is a large and intelligent body of the alumni residing in the vicinity of a college, attendance upon the meetings of the trustees' and active partic- ipation in the decision of all university questions are possible, and the results attained of a different order, from what occurs when the alumni are widely scattered. A choice of the ablest and mo^it influential scholars and educators may be made whose residence will permit them to give the most careful attention to the interests of the university; but it may be questioned whether the results under the present system have fully equaled the expectations which had been formed. The character of the trustees or overseers elected by the alumni has not greatly differed from those previously chosen. In most colleges, a majority of the trustees have always been graduates of the college and • the fact of an election by the alumni did not change their essential character. Where alumni trustees have been substituted for a long list of ex-officio members as at Yale or Harvard or elsewhere, there has been a real gain. At Harvard, however, the substantial power still rests with the corporation, which is in the main a self-perpetuating body, while the overseers have only the I'ight of confirmation of its nominations, and do not originate action. An alumnus is chosen for prominence in social or political life, or for eminence as a lawyer or clergyman and not because he has any intelligent acquaintance with the history of education, or is qualified to judge of the demands of higher learning at the present time. Local considerations often influence the selection of candidates, and party interests are not always forgotten. Men are elected, who can snatch but a hasty moment from the pressing demands of professional life to decide upon questions affecting the permanent educational interests of the nation, and to judge of the standing and qualifications of professors in all departments of learning. The election is often determined by a small proportion of the alumni who are able to be present, or have an interest in voting. In such cases an active local interest or an aggressive partisanship may prevail, and a choice occur based upon some remote college or society popularity. The attendance of trustees so chosen has not always been secured, and only a measure of success under favorable circumstances may at present be considered as attained by the system. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 459 r On several occasions the influence of the alumni has been very ad- vantageously felt in presenting their views in regard to questions of uni- versity policy. One of the most notable instances of this kind was in connection with the subject of honorary degrees. It had been the settled policy of the university from the beginning to bestow no honorary degrees. Soon after the beginning of the administration of President Adams, he recommended the bestowal of honorary degrees, believing that a time had been reached in the history of the university when such, degrees might be properly conferred in recognition of distin- guished attainments by our own graduates or others. At the second Commencement of the university. President White had stated publicly and explicitly that it was the policy of the university to bestow no honorary degrees. The University of the State of New York had be- stowed upon Professor Goldwin Smith the degree of Doctor of Letters, in recognition of his high scholarship, and distinguished services to education both in England and America, and above all, of his generous identification of himself with the various educational interests of the State. This degree was formally presented at Commencement, 1870. Upon this occasion, President White stated that the trustees had deci- ded to confer no honorary degrees, but he was gratified to have the honor of announcing that the Regents of the State of New York had delegated to him the pleasure of conferring the degree of Doctor of Letters on one whose labors in the field of letters the world is proud to acknowledge, Goldwin Smith. The trustees, under the impression that the faculty of the university favored the proposed change in policy, passed a resolution in favor of granting such degrees. This resolution was opposed by the alumni representative in the Board of Trustees, who, however, decided that the provision requiring the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the faculty, would guard against any dan- ger which might arise from an indiscriminate and unguarded bestowal of such degrees. Immediately after this action, four names were pre- sented to the faculty for honorary degrees, whose merits the faculty would have been glad to recognize, had they not felt a pride in the honor of the university, which enabled them to say that every degree conferred had always been earned and established by satisfactory courses of study and confirmed by the requisite examinations and theses. Of the names presented to the faculty, one received twenty votes out of twenty-two cast, and one eighteen, in each case less than half the faculty. The question having been raised whether the resolu- 460 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. tion of the trustees contemplated the approval of any nomination by two-thirds of the resident members of the faculty, or by two-thirds of those voting, the question was referred to the trustees for decision, and the remaining names which had been presented were withdrawn. In reporting the action of the faculty to the trustees, the question of the interpretation of the law which had been raised, was not presented, and these two degrees were voted by the trustees, and stand alone as the only honorary degrees ever conferred by the university. Under these circumstances, a majority of the alumni presented a memorial to the trustees and faculty of the university, protesting against the adoption of the policy of bestowing such degrees as injurious to the imiversity. It was shown that in eighteen years 1,122 first degrees and 82 second degrees had been conferred, and that for every advanced degree a cer- tain specified amount of work under careful supervision, with residence, together with the presentation of the proper thesis and examination had been required ; that if the policy of conferring advanced degrees without study and residence were pursued, the value of all degrees would be impaired and gradviate students would have less incentive to pursue their studies in course for degrees which might be obtained honoris causa. It was believed that such a policy, involving as it did a distinction between different members of the alumni, would result in final harm and in an appreciable loosening of the bonds of loyalty. The various departments of the university were so numerous that it would be difficult to determine between the merit of students distinguished in different branches. To attempt to weigh, for example, the claims of an alumnus who has written a successful novel against the claims of one who has built a great bridge or made an important scientific discovery, or achieved marked success in any profession, was manifestly absurd. "You cannot," says D'Quincy, "affirm imparity, where the ground is occupied by disparity." Where there is no parity of principles, there is no basis for comparison. How, then, can any body of men determine the conflicting claims of the graduates of various and widely divergent departments? It was shown that in the year 1884, sixteen obscure col- leges in this country had conferred ninety-nine degrees in course, and seventy-two honorary degrees; and that in the year 1883, five hundred honorary were conferred in the United States. President Barnard at Columbia College had recommended a most stringent policy "in conse- quence of the constant and annoying pressure upon the board by out- siders, by whom every form of social and even occasionally political CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 401 influence was brought to bear to induce them to confer academic honors upon persons doubtfully deserving." President Oilman had stated: "The whole system as at present maintained is full of fraud towards the public, unfairness towards men of letters and dishonor to the name of learning and to the thought of academic honor." Boston University had boldly adopted the policy and announced it in its catalogue. " The university confers no honorary degrees of any kind." The claims which might be brought to bear upon the university by successful poli- ticians, who have risen to high positions in the State and National gov- ernments might not be easy to be resisted. This significant appeal to the faculty was signed by the presidents of all the alumni associations of Ithaca, New York, Central New York, Western New York, New England, North-Eastern Pennsylvania, Washington, Chicago, Minne- sota and Ohio. Upon its presentation in the faculty, the faculty re- ferred it to the trustees with a unanimous approval, where a resolution was likewise passed without a dissenting voice rescinding the vote con- cerning honorary degrees. On other occasions when the opinion of the alumni upon questions of university policy has been presented it has always received full and respectful consideration. Such occasions have occurred in connection with the choice of a president, with the questions of professors' salaries and the erection of buildings. At the annual meeting of the alumni held on June 18, 1884, it was Resolved, That the Trustee last elected by the alumni shall, at the end of the first year of his office, make a written report on the conditions and needs of the univer- sity, to the associate alumni at their annual meeting in Ithaca, said report to be sub- mitted in writing to the other alumni trustees, and their dissent or approval to be endorsed thereon before presentation. It was also Resolved, That such report be printed by the alumni, but that the as'^ociation shall not be considered as adopting the views presented. Since 1885 the alumni trustee last elected has presented to the as- sembled body of the alumni at their annual meeting in Commencement week, a report upon the condition of the university, with a review of its condition and policy, accompanied by such recommendations as he deemed best. At the meeting of the alumni held in June, 1890, a reso- lution was passed establishing an alumni bureau, the object of which should be to promote the interests of graduates of the university. It was proposed to establish a central bureau where the names of all stu- dents desiring educational or other positions should be preserved, and 462 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. to which application might be made and information of vacancies in educational and professional positions given. This bureau has been in operation four years, during which time assistance has been freely given to all applicants, and every year a large number of students, upon graduation, and older alumni, have received positions through its in- strumentality. A ftiller co-operation on the part of the alumni is alone needed to enable this bureau to exert a beneficent and extended influ- ence in behalf of graduates of the university. As it is, its influence has been widely felt. At the meeting of the alumni June 19, 1889, the question of what constituted an alumnus of the university was raised. The trustees had adopted at their meeting on October 24, 1888, in accordance with a sec- tion of the charter of the university, which required them to interpret who shall constitute the alumni of the university and be entitled to vote for alumni trustees, a resolution that all graduates in any department with the first degree, and all persons who have been admitted to any degree higher than the first in the university shall be alumni, and as such entitled to vote for alumni trustee. The executive committee of the Alumni Association issued a circular asking for an expression of the views of the alumni, whether they favored the ordinance as it stood, or an appeal to the trustees to rai.se immediately the standard of ad- mission and lengthen the course of instruction in the Law School until it should be equivalent to a four years course. In reply, answers were received from 060 graduates, of these 594 favored an appeal to the trustees to raise the standard of admission and lengthen the course of instruction in the Law School, 44 favored the ordinance as it stood, and 2C held conflicting views as to the course to be pursued. At the meeting in the following year, no favorable action having been taken by the trustees, the subject of the resolution was taken up and referred to the representatives of the alumni in the Board of Trustees to advocate and support the above views. At the meeting of the alumni in 1888, a resolution was offered in fa- vor of raising funds to erect an alumni hall. This committee reported at the above meeting on June 18, 1890, in favor of organizing a Cornell Central Club, the object of which should be to raise the sum of $50,000 for an alumni hall to be erected on the university grounds. Ex-Presi- dent White had offered to add flO.OOO to the above sum, in case the amount should be raised within five or six years. It was proposed to erect a building, the main hall of which should be utilized for the great CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 403 gatherings and entertainments of the club, and as a repository for memorials of former professors and students of the university. The effort to secure this fund is still in progress. VII. THE RELATION OF THE UNIVERSITY TO THE vSTATE : 1. SCHOLARSHIPS.— 2. THE CHURCH. SCHOLARSHIPS. The question of providing State Scholarships in colleges founded under the National Land Grant Act was agitated very early. The State of Connecticut in the act establishing an agricultural and mechanical college in connection with the Sheffield Scientific School provided for gratuitous instruction to students especially selected under certain regulations to enjoy this privilege. ''The nuinber of pupils to be so received gratuitously into said school shall be in each year such a number as would expend a sum equal to one-half of the said interest (on the income of the National Land Grant) for the same year in paying for their instruction in said school, if they were required to pay for it at the regular rates charged to their pupils. " The State of Rhode Island in bestowing the Land Scrip upon Brown University provided that it should educate scholars each at the rate of one hundred dollars per annum, to the extent of the entire annual income from such proceeds, subject only to the provision permitting one-tenth part of the income to be expended in the purchase of lands. The senators and representatives from the several towns in the State were constituted a Board of Com- missioners to present to the governor and secretary of state the names of worthy young men to be educated as State beneficiaries, and the commissioners were instructed after one candidate had been presented from each town in the State, to select the candidates, as far as ma}'^ be, from the several towns in the ratio of their representation in the House of Representatives and from that class of persons who otherwise would not have the means of providing themselves with the like benefits. In New Jersey, students of agriculture and the mechanic arts were to be admitted to the proposed college upon the recommendation of the 464 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. board of chosen freeholders of their representative counties; and the number of students which a county should, at any one time, be entitled to have in the college, was to be equal to the number of representatives in the Legislature to which the county was entitled, or, in proportion to the same, and the trustees were required to furnish gratuitous instruction to pupils, the number of which each year should be such as would expend a sum equal to one-half of the said interest (on the National Grant) for the same year, in paying for their instruction, if they were required to pay for it at the regular rates. Some of the States in which agricultural colleges already existed provided for free instruction for all students from the State, as in the case of Iowa and Michigan. Others, like New Hampshire, provided for free tuition to indigent st^idents. The provision which most nearly aiifected the charter of Cornell University was a section in the act assigning the Land Scrip to the People's College, passed May 14, 1863, which ante-dated all others, providing that, from the year 18G8, or whenever in the opinion of the Regents of the University the income arising from the investments provided for in the act should warrant the same, the People's College should receive students from every county in the State, and "give and furnish to them instruction in any or all the prescribed branches of study pursued in any department of said institution, fi-ee from any tuition fee or any additional charges to be paid to said college ; and the Regents of the University shall from time to time designate the number of students to be so educated ; but they shall be selected or caused to be selected by the chancellor of the university and the super- intendent of public instruction, who shall jointly publish such rules and regulations in regard thereto as will in their opinion secure proper selections and stimulate competition in the academies, public or other schools in this State." It was also provided that the Regents should determine from year to year in accordance with the income of the college the number of youth who should be exempt from any payment of board, tuition or room rent; but in the selection of students prefer- ence should be given to the sons of those who have died in the military or naval service of the United States. This provision regarding prefer- ence to be shown to the sons of those who have died during the war appears also in the charter of other institutions, as in the case of the States of Connecticut and Wisconsin, which provisions were adopted subsequent to this date. Cornell University, in receiving from the State the Land Grant Fund, assumed the obligation which had been CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 465 imposed upon the People's College, but with a more definite specifica- tion of the number of those who should receive gratuitous instruction, it being provided that it should receive annually students, one from each assembly district of the State, that such free instruction should be accorded to students in consideration of their superior ability as a reward for superior scholarship in the academies and public schools of this State. It differed further from the act appropriating the proceeds of the Land Grant Act to the People's College by providing that the school commissioners of each county, or the Boards of Education in each city should select annually the best scholar from each academy and each public school of their respective counties or cities as candidates for the university scholarship, which candidates should meet, and after a special examination, the best scholars, one fi'om each assembly district in said county or city should be selected and receive certificates entitling the students to admission to the university, subject to the examination and approval of the faculty, which selection in the previous act was to be made by the chancellor of the university and the super- intendent of public instruction or under their direction. Under this provision Cornell University entered into a direct obligation with the State by which it was bound to educate contemporaneously four students from each assembly district, should that number apply for admission, making a total of 512 students, who should be drawn from the public schools and academies of the State. The free instruction, thus provided, secured the education of a larger number of students than the entire num- ber upon the catalogues of several colleges. This act placed an advanced liberal and technical education at the disposal of the most meritorious scholars from all parts of the State. It also brought the university into direct relationship to the courses of study in the high schools and acade- mies of the State, and it has become indirectly, through its powerful advo- cacy, and directly by its standard of requirement, an important factor in elevating and directing the entire system of public instruction throughout the State. All parts of the State did not share at once and equally in the advantages thus presented. Owing to the indifference of educational boards, in many cases examinations were not provided for students who desired to avail themselves of the benefits of the State law. Some of the most populous cities of the State took no ac- tion for years to admit the pupils of their public schools to this im- portant advantage. By an act amending the charter of the university, the immediate responsibility for the execution of this law was entrusted 59 460 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. to the superintendent of public instruction, by which it was further provided that, in case any county was unrepresented in the university, or the scholarship was not claimed by a student of that county, the State superintendent might, after notice had been served on the super- intendent or commissioner of schools of said county, appoint a candi- date from some other county, whose rank entitled him to such recog- nition. The superintendent was required also to prepare the examin- ation papers upon which appointments were based, and also to retain the papers presented by the different candidates, and to keep a record of the standing of candidates, and to notify them of their rights under this act. He was also charged with the general supervision and di- rection of all matters in connection with the filling of such scholar- ships. Under the wise provisions of this act, the full quota of scholar- ships allotted to the State was filled, and the number of students avail- ing themselves of the privileges of the university increased rapidly, the number admitted rising from 375 in 1886-7 to 442 in the following year, and 562 in the succeeding year. To these public provisions for scholarships should be added the fact that free tuition has been ac- corded to students who pursued the full course in agriculture, and also to graduate students, so that the number receiving free tuition at the present time is not far from 700 students. On October 27, 1884, the trustees of the university set apart the income of a fund of one hundred and fifty-five thousand dollars for the establish- ment of scholarships and fellowships. The origin of this fund illustrates one of the noblest acts of generosity in the history of the university. The cost of administration and equipment had exhausted the income for successive years ; a debt of more than one hundred and fifty thousand dollars threatened the serious embarrassment, if not the abridgment, of the work of the university ; the large plan outlined in its establish- ment had been proved to involve an expense far in excess of the avail- able funds. At a meeting of the Executive Committee, after serious debate respecting the financial difficulties in which the university was placed. President White made a proposal to pay a proportion of the imiversity debt according to his property, provided the whole debt could be paid in the same manner by individual members of the Boai-d of Trustees. Mr. Cornell offered to give fifty thousand dollars to dis- charge the debt, and finally increased his gift to seventy -five thousand dollars, provided the balance could be raised. The proposition awoke much enthusiasm, and confidence was expressed that the difficulties CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 467 which beset the university could in this manner be overcome. Messrs. John McGraw, Henry W. Sage, Hiram Sibley and Andrew D. White gave each twenty thousand dollars, which, with Mr. Cornell's generous gift, enabled the imiversity to discharge its liabilities. There seems to have been an understanding at this time, or subsequently, that in case the university revenue should ever be sufficient, to devote the income of this sum to found scholarships and fellowships for meritorious stu- dents. It seemed possible, at the meeting of the Board of Trustees on October 27, 1884, to carry out the proposition which had been formed so long before, and it was voted to establish twenty-four scholarships, six to be awarded each year, of the value of two hiindred dollars each, to be assigned to tlie students, passing the best examination for admis- sion, after special examination. Three scholarships were also estab- lished from the Sage fund, which were to be increased to twelve after the year 1887, three of which were to be open to each class upon en- tering. These scholarships were to be awarded to women, one of which was to be bestowed upon the woman passing the best examina- tion for entrance to the Course in Arts, and two to women students en- tering the freshman class in any other course. It was provided that these scholarships should be tenable for one year, and at the end of the first year the faculty should decide who should retain or receive the scholarships for the remaining three years of the course, either by the record made by the students through the first year or by competitive examination, or in whatever manner it should be deemed best. There were also established at the same meeting seven fellowships of the value of four hundred dollars each, to be awarded to graduate students of Cornell University, or of some institution of equal rank, who had distinguished themselves in some special department of study. Since this time one additional general university fellow.ship has been estab- lished; also three Susan Linn Sage fellowships in philosophy and ethics, and six graduate scholarships in the School of Philosophy, ac- cording to the terms of Mr. Sage's endowment, and also two President White scholarships in History and Political Science, two fellowships in Political Economy and Finance, two fellowships in Latin and Greek, and one fellowship in American History. At the meeting of the trus- tees held October 8, 1893, ten additional graduate scholarships were es- tablished of the annual value of three hundred dollars each, and five additional fellowships of the annual value of five hundred dollars each were established. At the same time the value of each of the existing 468 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. graduate scholarships and fellowships was increased by one hundred dollars per year. THE RELATION OF THE UNIVERSITY TO THE CHURCH. In the act passed May 1, 1784, at the close of the Revolutionary War, changing the name of King's College in New York to that of Columbia College, and erecting a university within the State, it was provided that no professor should in any wise whatsoever be accounted ineligible for, or by reason of any religious tenet or tenets that he may or shall pos- sess, or be compelled by any by-law or otherwise to take any religious oath. In the act of May 13, 1787, in the famous report recommending a revision of the charter of Columbia College presented by Alexander Hamilton, it was stated that the erection of public schools is an object of very great importance, which ought not to be left to the discretion of private men, but be promoted by public authority. On April 13, 1787, a law embodying the views of the Board of Regents was passed establishing a State imiversity, the general provisions of which still re- mained in force, and which has formed the basis of the present system of collegiate and academic instruction in the State. This act repeated the provision of the original law in different words, stating that no presi- dent or professor shall be ineligible for, or by reason of, any religious tenet that he may or shall profess, or be compelled by any law or other- wise to take any test oath whatever. Under this clause it was held that it was impossible for a college to be converted to sectarian purposes. The men who formed the Constitution of the United States were reso- lute in upholding the separation of Church and State, and in making the educational system of this country as free as its political. In the peti- tion for a charter for Union College presented December 18, 1794, the second provision of the proposed charter provided that a majoritj' of the Board of Trustees shall never be composed of persons of the same re- ligious sect or denomination. In the formal charter of the college this principle was fully incorporated. The first principle of religious equal- ity contained in any college charter in this country is perhaps that in the charter of Brown University, which was adopted on the last Mon- day in February, 1704: ^'■Provided, and furthermore it ishei^eby enacted and declared, that into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests ; but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute and uninterrupted liberty CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 469 of conscience, and that the places of professors, tutors and all other officers, the president alone excepted, shall be free and open for all de- nominations of Protestants, and that youth of all religious denomina- tions shall and may be freely admitted to equal advantages in the emoluments and honors of the university, . . . and that the sec- tarian difference of opinion shall not make any part of the public and classical instruction." Views like these constituted hereafter a part of the educational system of the State of New York. Similar views re- ceived recognition in the University of Michigan, where the policy in matters of religion was declared to be identical with that of the com- mon schools. Persons of every religious denomination were capable of being elected trustees, and no person, president, professor, instructor, or pupil, was to be refused admission for his conscientious persuasion in matters of religion. In the charter of Cornell University the prin- ciple contained in the charter of Union College was stated, with the ad- ditional limitation: " But at no time shall a majority of the board be of one religious or of no religious sect." This principle, therefore, cor- responded to the enlightened provisions of the charter of our State Uni- versity and to the broad and liberal spirit in matters of religion which pervaded the founder of the university. In the inaugural address of President White it was stated: " Into these foundation principles— that is, the union of the scientific and the aesthetic with the practical^ — was now wrought another at which every earnest man should rejoice: the principle of unsectarian education." Higher education in America had been begun and fostered in all institutions by Christian men, and had it not been for such support, no provision would perhaps have been made for many years for higher education in the United States. To education as a factor in social order was joined the desire- to train men for the ministiy and to Christianize the savages. A second provision was that persons of every religious denomination or of no religious denomi- nation should be equally eligible to all offices or appointments. And further, President White in his inaugural address said: "We shall not discard the idea of worship. This has never been dreamed of in our plans. The first plan of buildings and the last embraces the University Chapel. We might, indeed, find little encouragement in college chapel services as they are often conducted, — prayers dogmatic or ceremonial, pi-aise with doggerel hymns, thin music and feeble choir; the great body of students utterly listless or worse. From yonder chapel shall daily ascend praj^er and praise. Day after day it shall recognize in man 470 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. not only mental and moral, but religious want. We will labor to make this a Christian institution; a sectarian institution may it never be." This limitation upon the choice of trustees has probably never been seriously considered in the election of any member of the board ; and doubtless at no time has it been possible for any one to state the pro- portion of trustees who were members of any particular religious de- nomination or of no denomination. At the opening of the university, the large lecture room on the fourth floor of the south university building, now Morrill Hall, inconvenient as it was of access, was called the Chapel and religious exercises, to which attendance was voluntary, were held every morning at eight o'clock. Services were conducted by Reverend Professor W. D. Wil- son, consisting of the reading of a passage of scripture, the Lord's Prayer and certain collects from the Prayer Book. These exercises were conducted with great faithfulness by Dr. Wilson for five years. As few of the students were accommodated in the university buildings, and many had no recitations ;ipon the liill at the first hour, attendance upon morning prayers was very limited. The veteran chaplain, after continuing them for several years, stated with assiirance that he had always had one present. Inquiry did not elicit the fact whether that one constituted the reader or a solitary worshiper. In the erection of the Sage College, it was proposed that the present large botanical lecture room should constitute the University Chapel. The erection of the present chapel is immediately due to the pure and beautiful suggestion of Mrs. Henry W. Sage. As the plans for the new college were hastily examined in Brooklyn one evening, she in- quired: " Is that the only provision in that great university which is made for religious services?" On the following morning Mr. Sage called upon President White and stated that, if he would go with him and select the site of a chapel, he would give the same to the univer- sity. This occurred in 1872. Professor Babcock was the architect of the new chapel, which was erected during the year 1874-5. It was de- signed to accommodate 600 students, the number of students then in the university being about that number. The small chapel was de- signed to be occupied for morning prayers, but prayers were only held there a few times if at all. The number of students who resided upon the hill had gradually become smaller, as the needs of the viniversity made it necessary to use rooms in the two dormitories for purposes of instruction. The University Chapel was formally dedicated by the CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 471 Rev. Phillips Brooks, of Trinity Church, Boston, who preached from the text; "What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light," on June 13, 1875, in a memorable discourse. But after the erection of the Chapel, no funds were available for the support of preaching or of a university pastor. Under these circumstances, Mr. Dean Sage, of Albany, made possible the realization of the noble purpose of his father in the erection of the Chapel, by the gift of thirty thousand dol- lars, the income of which should be spent in paying the salary of a university pastor, or the expense of university preachers. The ques- tion of how the best results were to be obtained in the use of this fund was one which received serious consideration. President White was familiar in his own college experience with the institution of a college pastor, with obligatory attendance upon religious services. He op- posed energetically the idea of compulsory attendance at morning prayers and at chapel services, believing that worship, to be acceptable and successful when associated with a university, must be voluntary. His own visits to the services connected with the Engli,sb universities and his fondness for music led him to desire that the musical feature of the chapel service should be made prominent, and he has always advocated the establishment of a musical professorship in connection with the university, the holder of which should be musical director of the uni- versity. During the years past the most eloquent representatives of the various denominations have preached in the Chapel, and whatever eloquence and ability could contribute to make the present plan a suc- cess has been realized. The absence of a church organization in con- nection with the Chapel constantly leads large numbers of students to connect themselves with the churches in town, the services of which they attend. It is obviously necessary that preachers who are called to the university chapel should be gifted as pulpit orators, but above all that, that they possess the power to appeal to young men. Mere theo- logians who have appeared in the university chapel have, as a rule, failed to secure the attention of the students or produce a lasting im- pression. It is also necessary that the preachers should be known, men of recognized ability and reputation ; for in no organization, perhaps, does the reputation of the individual preacher exercise so important an influence upon his audience as in the voluntary system of chapel ser- vices. Men of great excellence and ability, but unknown, have con- stantly failed to attract an audience. It must be admitted that a pulpit thus conducted, without a church, has the character of a religious lee- 472 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. turesli'qj, and students are prone to regard attendance upon it as, in part, a matter of indifference. A chapel which will seat five hundred people has prdved adequate, as a rule, to accommodate a university population which numbers at least two thousand. It may well be queried, after an experiment extending over twenty years, whether the system in vogue has been so successful that the Chapel has become, as it properly should, the center of the religious life of the university, and has acquired a constantly increasing hold upon the students? Preachers come, fulfill their engagement, and disappear; they are often unknown, and after a few hours return to the local eminence from which they came, leaving little or no impression upon the university world. On the contrary, preachers who are well known, and who pos- sess a genuine sympathy with young men, seldom fail to meet a re- sponsive audience and to receive cordial recognition. Peculiar gifts are demanded of those called. upon to address students. The question has been solved of late in different ways. Harvard has probably at- tained the most satisfactory solution, with a resident college pastor of recognized ability as a preacher, who possesses an interest in all ques- tions which concern thoughtful students. He is in permanent resi- dence, to whom all students may go for counsel. To him are joined clergymen of different denominations, who are in residence for four weeks at a time. These are men of marked eminence, and chosen dis- tinctly for their power to influence young men. These five preachers, in conjunction with the professor of Christian Morals, arrange and conduct the religious services of the university. Each one conducts daily morning prayers for about three weeks in the first half of the year and about three weeks in the second half of the year, and preaches on four successive Sunday evenings. The preacher who conducts morning prayers is in attendance every morning during his term of duty, and is at the immediate service of any student who may desire to consult him. This arrangement places at the disposal of the students a greater amount of pastoral service than most ministers can give to their own parishes. On Thursday afternoons, from November until May, vesper services are held in the University Chapel, largely musical, with full male choir of forty members and with an address from one of the staff of preachers. College conferences are also held, at which ad- dresses are delivered by the professors upon the Bible, in its literary, ethical and religious aspects. Under this system there is a permanent pastor, and, at the same time, the pulpit services are conducted by CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 473 clergymen whom the students come to know, and who alike know their audience and can adapt their service tu them. Its success has been so great that in many colleges where there is a permanent pastor the es- sential features of this plan have been more or less fully adopted. The University of Virginia, also an undenominational institution, has a col- lege resident for a fixed number of years, and chosen in turn from sev- eral of the leading denominations of the State. Either system prom- ises more success than a series of disconnected preachers, with varying subjects, arranged without consultation, and acquiring during the few hours of their residence in Ithaca slight acquaintance with the needs of the student world. The absence of a dormitory system, through which students find a home upon the university grounds, has been a serious obstacle in the development of systematic attendance upon chapel services. An over- whelming majority of the students reside in the city, at a distance from the university, and .thus are not favorably situated to attend daily services, and are nearer to the churches of the city whose able preachers prove a stronger attraction to them than unknown preachers in the Chapel. The Christian Association was one of the earliest societies formed in connection with the universit)-. The first nimiber of the Cornellian, in a list of five hundred and seventy-one students, contains the names of forty members of the association. For many years, a devoted body of students met on Sunday, and for a Bible class or prayer meeting on week days, in the Society Hall in the north building, now White Hall. Later, under energetic leadership, it undertook the elaborate enterprise of raising funds to erect on the universit}*' campus a building for the use of the Christian Association. It had proceeded a certain distance in this enterprise, when Mr. Alfred S. Barnes of New York offered to give a sum sufficient to complete the proposed building. This building was designed to contain lecture rooms, Bible class rooms, reception rooms, parlors, library, and rooms for a permanent secretary and others. This beautiful structure, which was erected in 1889, has proved the center of the religious life of the university. Its rooms are freely at the disposal of all the religious societies. One recent feature of the religious life of the university has been the formation into societies, or circles, or unions, as thej^ are variously called, of the students of the several denominations. Thus the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Unitarian, Episcopalian, Roman Catholic and other students have been 60 474 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. united into guilds or organizations, the main purpose of which is to cultivate mutual sympathy, and to perpetuate the associations with which they are familiar at home. The greatest catholicity exists in the relation of these various organizations to one another, and they frequently participate in receptions, lectures and excursions in common. The religious activity of the students manifests itself in very beneficial ways : in the reception and care of new students arriving at the university; in a watchful interest over sick students, and in holding religious meet- ings in various communities at a distance from Ithaca, where no other religious services are held. Systematic and classified schemes for Bible study are presented each year, and numerous classes for the study of different portions of the Bible, its antiquities, literature, history, and of practical ethics, are arranged. Special lectures and addresses from clergymen, and often from members of the faculty, are held during the winter term when there is no preaching service in the chapel. The •number of members at the present time is about five hundred, making the association as it is said the largest university Christian Association in the country, possibly in the world. The association has supported for several years a graduate of the university in Japan, who is at work in that country in founding similar organizations in connection with the young men of the cities and universities of that country. VIII. THE OPENING OF THE UNIVERSITY. THE CAMPUS AND BUILDINGS. The university campus was originally bounded on the north by the Fall Creek road and on the south by President's Avenue. The square, lying between this avenue and Cascadilla Creek, and between East and West Avenues, containing fifty acres, forming now the most beautiful part of the univei'sity grounds, and having upon it Boardman Hall, the Chapel, the Sage College, the Armory, the Society Halls, and the pro- fessors' cottages along Central avenue, was obtained by purchase in 1873. By later purchases the university land was extended on the north to Fall Creek, and the territory on the south side of Cascadilla CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 475 Creek, on which Cascadilla is situated, was acquired. The original gift embraced two hundred and seven acres. The university domain now contains about two hundred and seventy acres. The university possessed only a right of way over the newly constructed road which now constitutes Central Avenue. At the second meeting of the Board of Trustees, held in Ithaca on the 5th of September, 18G5, various committees of trustees were ap- pointed; among them was an executive committee, a building com- mittee, and a finance committee. The committee on buildings was authorized to select a site for the university. The location chosen was at that time an uneven shelf of the hill which rose to the east of the city. Upon the level ground, where the Armory now stands, and on both sides of what is now Central Avenue, was an extensive orchard, and a second orchard, in the vicinity of a small farm house, existed on the northern portion of the grounds, south of the Sibley College. A consid- erable depression existed between Morrill and McGraw Halls, and also between McGraw and White Halls. To the north of White Hall the ground rose abruptly, almost to the height of the present second story. This land constituted the Hon. Ezra Cornell's farm at the opening of the university. From it a view extends following the winding lines of the valley to the southwest, and over the shores and waters of Lake Cayuga for many miles to the north. Westward across the valley rises a lofty line of hills covered with orchards and vineyards, beautiful in spring time with showers of blossoms, and at all times exhibiting an endless play of light and shade. Its square fields of forty acres are remnants of the early military survey of the State. At the meeting of the trustees, held March 14, 1866, $500,000 were placed at the service of the building committee, a sum equal to Mr. Cornell's entire gift in money, which certainly was not available from the endowment fund nor from the proceeds of the government grant, the use of which was to be "inviolably appropriated to the endowment, support and maintenance" of the university, and "no portion of which fund nor of the interest thereof was to be applied directly or indirectly under any pretence whatever to the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of any building or buildings," In the original law of Congress it was enacted that every State, within five years from the date of the passage of the act, should provide for at least one college ; and in the charter of the university, it was required that within two years provi- sion should be made satisfactory to the Regents in respect to buildings. 470 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. fixtures and arrangements. Few universities have had a fairer op- portunity to make all their buildings models of an intelligent taste in art. The future of the university was from the first assured. Un- fortunately, the architecture of the new university in its initial and most important features was entrusted to a local architect in a neighboring city, unfamiliar with the finest results of collegiate archi- tecture, and apparently unconscious of the new direction of art in the United States. A picturesque grouping of buildings under a skillful landscape gardener was possible, instead of the traditional arrangement of three buildings in a row, where, as in this case, the architectural front differed from the actual. The eminent landscape gardener whose genius has been manifested in the finest work in his department in America, and has been the admiration of foreign visitors in two inter- national exhibitions, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, was so impressed with the influence which the national system of colleges should exert upon our entire industrial population and upon our educational life, that he published several papers upon how such institutions might meet, not only practical demands, but those of a genuine and refined art taste. In emphasizing this side of the proposed national scientific schools, he stated: " A similar scheme of education was never before proposed to the mind of man in this country or any other. Why not set ourselves about it like men, and institute such means, and only such means as are adapted to our ends?" Owing to the limited time in which all preparations for the accom- modation and inauguration of the new university had to be made, measures were at once taken to erect the necessary buildings. At the third meeting of the Board of Trustees, held in Albany, March 4, 18G6, a report of the building committee was presented, and it was voted to commence the necessary building or buildings at the earliest day con- sistent with the interests of the university. The committee was author- ized to procure by purchase or otherwise any building or buildings or land needed near the proposed location of Cornell University suitable for the purposes and uses of the university. Work seems to have been begun at once, for at the following meeting of the trustees, held in Ithaca, October 21, 1866, a contract for the building under construc- tion was mentioned. In the records of the time we find the architec- ture of the new building described as Italian Renaissance. The bold- ness of this euphemism will be the admiration of future students of art. This building was designed mainly for a dormitory for the accommo- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 477 dation of students, which the city could not at that time furnish. The dormitory system seems to have been from the first regarded with disapprobation and only adopted reluctantly, to provide for the needs of the university at its opening. It appears from the records that at this time a building four stories high and ] 05 feet long by 50 feet wide, with a basement, which had been begun in August, was now so far advanced as to insure the immediate roofing of one-third of the building, and the probable covering of one-third more, possibly of the whole before winter, thereby enabling the work of finishing the interior to go on, and insure completion for use in the coming summer. It is apparent that a purpose existed at this time to open the university in the fall of 18G7. On February 13, 1807, the authority was given to erect a second building which should be a duplicate of the first, with rooms in the central division for the use of the facult}'. This seems to have been the first provision made to meet the most essential feature of a university, a building mainly for lecture rooms, museums and labo- ratories. The construction of this building was delayed, for a vote passed November 11, 1809, provided that it be opened, as soon as students from the town should be found to fill it. About this tiine a building to be devoted mainly to the needs of the chemical and phys- ical departments was begun, although there is no record of its early history. This was the original chemical building which stood west of the present building for dairy husbandry. It was intended to be temporary and was of wood, but admirably designed to meet the needs for which it was ei'ected, and it remained standing until within a few years. At the opening of the University, Morrill Hall stood alone upon the brow of a hill in an open field. There was no street across the univei'sity grounds, where Central Avenue now runs, and no bridge spanning Cascadilla Creek. At the exercises upon the university grounds, when the chimes were presented, the crowds of people ascended the hill through the cemetery or wound along the dusty way which passed the grounds of the present McGraw-Fiske house; or the bolder followed the bank of the creek beyond Cascadilla, to a place just north of the site of the present iron bridge, where by climbing half-way down the bank, they reached the top of a ladder which they descended ; they then crossed the stream upon two or three boards supported loosely upon timbers, and climbing the opposite bank by a similar ladder, scrambled to the top thi-ough brushwood and forest until they reached the open orchard 478 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. north of the present lodgfe of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. They then followed the line of a rambling stone wall which marked the boundary of the university property to the west, along the crest of the ridge in front of the present row of professors' cottages on Central Avenue. Two ravines of considerable depth had to be crossed to reach the eminence where the Library building now stands, and where the bells had been mounted on a rough frame work of timber. We have been permitted to use the accompanying contemporaiy account of the inauguration of the university, by George William Curtis, which, however, veils his own graceful participation in that event. "In the very height of the presidential campaign, one bright autumn morning was hailed in the pleasant town of Ithaca, in New York, with ringing bells and thundering cannon, but for no political celebration whatever. Had the -little town, dreaming upon the shore of the lake so long, suddenly resolved that it would justify the classic name with which Surveyor-General De Witt blessed its beginning, and as old Ithaca produced a wise man so the new should produce wise men ? The sur- veyor who so liberally diffused so Greek and Roman a system of names through the hapless wilderness of Central New York half a century ago, would have smiled with delight to see the town decorated through all its broad and cheerful streets with the yellow and red of autumn, and ringing its bells of joy because a university was to open its gates that day. But old Paris, Salamanca and Bologna, Salerno and Padua, Gottingen and Oxford and Cambridge would surely have failed to recognize a sister could they have looked into Ithaca. Indeed they would have felt plucked by the beard, and yet they would have seen only their fair, legitimate descendant. The hotels and the streets and the private houses were evidently full of strangers. Around the solid brick building, over the entrance of which was written "The Cornell Library," there was a moving crowd, and a thi-ong of young men poured in and out at the door, and loitered, vaguely expectant, upon the steps. By ten o'clock in the morning there were two or three hundred young men answering to a roll-call at a side door, and the hall above was filled with the citizens. Presently the young men pressed in, and a procession entered the hall and ascended the platform. Prayer and music followed, and then a 'tall man, spare, yet of a rugged frame and slightly stooping, his whole aspect marking an indomitable will, stood up and read a brief, simple, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 470 clear, and noble address. It said modestly that this was but the begin- ning of an institution of learning for those upon whom fortune had omitted to smile; an institution in which any person could acquire any instruction in any branch of knowledge, and in which every branch should be equally honorable. Every word hit the mark, and the long and sincere applause that followed the close of the little speech showed how fully every word had been weighed and how truly interpreted. But the face and voice of the speaker were unchanged throughout. Those who best know what he had done and what he was doing, knew with what sublime but wholly silent enthusiasm he had devoted his life and all his powers to the work. But the stranger saw only a sad, reserved earnestness, and gazed with interest at a man whose story will long be told with gratitude and admiration. After a graceful and felicitous speech from the lieutenant-governor of the State, an ex-officio trustee, the president of the new university arose to deliver his inaugural address. Of a most winning presence, modest, candid, refined, he proceeded to sketch the whole design and hope of the university with an intelligence and fervor that were cap- tivating. It was the discourse of a practical thinker, of a man remark- ably gifted for his responsible and difficult duty, who plainly saw the demand of the country and of the time in education, and who with sincere reverence for the fathers was still wise enough to know that wisdom did not die with them. But when he came to speak to the man who had begun the work and who had just spoken, when he paused to deny the false charges that had been busily and widely made, the pause was long, the heart could not stay for the measured delay of words, and the eloquent emotion consumed the slander as a white heat touches a withered leaf. It was a noble culmination to a noble discourse ; and again those who were most familiar with the men and the facts, knew best how peculiarly fitted to each other and to their common work the two men were. Ithaca had devoted this day to the opening festival of her university, and after dinner, through a warm and boisterous southerly gale, the whole town seemed to pour out and climb the bold high hill that overhangs it. The autumn haze was so thick that nothing distant could be seen. Only the edge of the lake was visible, and the houses and brilliant trees in the streets. Upon the hill there is one large building, and another rapidly rising. At a little distance from the finished building was a temporary tower, against which a platform was built. In front of the platform was gathered a great multitude. 480 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. and in the tower hiinj^ a chime of bellfi. The wild wind blew, but the presiding officer made a pleasant speech of welcome, and then the chime of bells was presented to the university in an address of great beauty and fitness. After a few words of reception from the lieutenant- governor the chimes rang out Old Hundred far over the silent lake and among the autumn hills. For the first time that strange and ex- quisite music was heard by the little town, "Ring out wild bells to the wild sky," and the heavy gale caught the sound and whirled it away. "Ring in the valiant man and free," and the w.ind was whist, and the heart of the multitude unconsciously responded Amen. Then Professor Agassiz — Louis, the well-beloved — -fresh from the Rocky Mountains, magnetized the ci-owd with his presence and his wise and hearty words; and with two or three more addresses, and another peal of the chimes, the Cornell University, was formally dedicated. ' The sun was sinking, a fire-ball in the haze, as the people dispersed. The hour and the occasion were alike solemn; and with meditative feet, his fancy peering into the future, the latest loiterer descended Professor Caldwell has thus described the inauguration of studies: "On the twenty-second day of September, twenty-five years ago, about a dozen men, of whom but three are now in the Faculty, assembled in a small room of the Cornell Library building down in the town, where the light was almost as scanty as in a photographer's dark room, and held the first meeting of the facult}' of Cornell University. A little later other appointments were made, ^so that the first Register gave a list of twenty-three professors, of whom six are now here. On the sixth of (Jctober, the first enti-ance examinations were held in a large basement room of the same building, where the supply of light and air was not much more liberal than in the temporary faculty room, under the general direction of the first registrar. Dr. Wilson. "The English examinations were held in one corner of the room, the examinaticjn in mathematics in another corner, the geography in another, and, when all the corners were filled, where there was light enough to write by, the lesser examinations were sandwiched in between. In these examinations all helped; a professor of chemistry had charge of the orthography. It might have been wise to have first examined the professor himself in that branch of English ; indeed, the earliest records of the faculty present incontrovertible evidence that the spelling of at least one of its members was not altogether beyond criticism. But there was no time for any such test of the ability of the examiners to CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 481 do the work assigned to them, and they had to be taken on trust. A professor appointed to teach in one of the departments of natural his- tory had, I believe, to look after the examination in algebra; and so one and another of us was temporarily drafted into this unanticipated service. " The crudity of this arrangement for the entrance examinations, a.s compared with the present methods was no greater than the crudity of everything else in those days. Rickety barns, and slovenly barn-yards offended the senses where the extension of Sibley College is now going up ; the second university building, now called White Hall, simply pro- truded out of an excavation, the top of which reached nearly to the second-story windows at one end. The ventilation of the chemical laboratory, in the basement of Morrill Hall, was partly into the library and reading room above it ; readers there, not being chemists, did not find the chemical odors agreeable. An ancient Virginia rail fence traversed the site of this building and its neighbor, Boardman Hall; the minutes of the faculty show that before the end of the first year the modest request was made of the founder of the university, that he per- mit said fence to be moved 150 feet further to the south, in order that there might be a sufficiently large piece of level ground adjoining the campus for the military evolutions and for ball games. ' ' Bridges, side walks, and even a road between the one university building and Cascadilla, the one home where almost everybody con- nected with the university lived, either did not exist at all, or were only partially completed. It was a long time before the multitude of foot- tracks was obliterated, made by the passing of teachers and students down and up the banks of the ravine north of the site of the gymnasium ; when snow, slush, and mud alternated with each other in November, even a professor sometimes forgot his dignity and slid down the bank, and by inadvertence not always all the way down on his feet either; the hearty sympathy bestowed upon such an unfortunate by student spectators can be imagined, if not believed in. "What those teachers and students would have done without Casca- dilla for shelter it would be hard to say ; for the people of the town had apparently not then learned that there was money in taking boarders ; nor were there hardly more than a dozen dwelling houses nearer the university than half-way up East Hill. So Cascadilla was full from basement to attic ; and a professor who had not lived there at all was, 61 483 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in later times, hardl)' considered by his colleagues as having fully- earned his right to be a professor in the university." THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. The formal opening of the university may fitly be taken by the anna- list as the beginning of the Library's independent existence ; but the principles which were to guide its formation and growth had -been clearly laid down in the "report of the committee on organization," and, of necessity, much had to done in the way of collecting books before the Library could be said to have an existence. At the sixth meeting of the Board of Trustees, held September 26, 1867, an appro- priation of $7,500 for the purchase of books was made, which was in- creased to $11,000 at the meeting of February 13, 1868. To all who were engaged in the preparations for establishing a fully equipped uni- versity on what had been till then a mere hillside farm, the summer of 1808 was an exceedingly busy season. One of the first purchases for the new university — the classical library of Charles Anthon, num- bering over six thousand volumes — had already been made. In the spring. President White had gone to Europe, armed with formidable lists of books and apparatus to be collected, and made large purchases of scientific and literary works, one of the most important of his acquisi- tions being the library of Franz Bopp, the famous philologist. Thus cases of books and apparatus began to arrive long before any place was prepared to receive them. A temporary shelter, however, was found for the books in the halls and attic rooms of the Cornell Library in this city. At the opening day in October, the only imiversity building under cover was Morrill Hall, better known to old Cornellians as the South Building. Of this building the middle section alone was available for library, lecture rooms and laboratories, both wings being wholly occupied as dormitories. To the Library were assigned the two rooms on the ground floor, the present faculty room and the registrar's office. The walls of these rooms were lined with tall book-cases, extending to the ceiling. Some of these book-cases, it may be noted, had already done service in the library of the short-lived State Agricultural College at Ovid. These wall book-cases, however, were by no means adequate to contain all the books even then received, and when the university opened, thousands CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 483 of volumes were still stored away in boxes. Nor was there immediate prospect of obtaining more shelf-room. Indeed, so great and so urgent was the demand for more class rooms, it was found necessary to hold lectures and recitations in the rooms occupied by the Library, much to the inconvenience of readers, who were thus, during the greater part of the day, deprived of the use of the books. This state of things con- tinued throughout the first two terms, and the greater part of the third. For though it was promised in January, 1869, that within a few weeks, at most, the new laboratory building would be completed, to which the lectures held in the library rooms would then be transferred, yet in ■this case, as in somany others, hopes proved delusive, and it was not until April that the laboratory building was ready for occupancy, and May was well advanced before the books were full in order on the shelves. Comparatively little use was made of the Library by the students in the first year. In December, 1868, the librarian. Professor Fiske, arrived and took charge of the Library, which was under his direction from that time until his resignation in 1883. In the latter part of 1808, the British government presented to the Library a complete set of Patent Specifi- cations, and estimates were obtained of the cost of binding them ; but as it was found that the binding would cost about $0,000, a sum which could not well be spared just then, they were ordered' to be stored in London until a more convenient season. There they remained until 1880, when a special appropriation was made for binding them, and finally, in 1881, this great set, numbering over two thousand seven hundred volumes, was received And shelved in the tower of the McGraw ' building. From a memorandum of a count of the Library made about the first of January, 1869, including, evidently, only the books then upon the shelves in Morrill Hall, it appears that the number of, volumes in the two rooms was fifteen thousand four hundred. About this time Goldwin Smith generously offered to give to the university his valuable private library, comprising some three thousand four hundred volumes. . It is needless to say that the offer was joyfully accepted, and instructions were at once sent to the Library's agent in London to remove the collection from Mortimer House, near Reading, where it then was, and forward it to Ithaca. Towards the end of March the books arrived, but the task of arranging them upon the shelves, was deferred until the summer vacation. This, it may be ob- served, was but the beginning of Goldwin Smith's benefactions to the 484 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Library. Later he gave two thousand five hundred dollars, and in June of 1870 one thousand dollars, to be spent in the purchase of books; in 1871 he gave a valuable collection of works on Canadian his- torj^ and from time to time since then has presented many important works. Meantime, in February, 1869, John McGraw, seeing how urgent was the need of more room for library purposes, had offered to erect a library building to cost fifty thousand dollars. Archimedes Russell, a Syracuse architect, was commissioned to prepare the plans, and in the spring the excavations for the foundations of the McGraw building were begun. At the first Commencement of the university, in June, 1869, the corner, stone of the building was laid with Masonic ceremonies, and addresses were given by Stewart L. Woodford and John Stanton Gould. At the opening of the second year, in September, 1869, the Library still occupied its first quarters in Morrill Hall. The present faculty room was then the reading room, to which the public entrance was at the west end of the central hall. Upon entering, the student found himself in a room about fifty feet in length by twenty-five in breadth, lighted by three windows at each end, the walls lined from floor to ceiling with books. The central portion of this room, a space about thirty- six feet long and twelve wide, was surrounded by pine tables, painted a dark chocolote color, and surmounted by a low railing. In front of these tables stood benches of the sort then used in all the lecture rooms, a few specimens of which may still be seen in some of the smaller class rooms in White Hall. These benches afforded seats for not more than forty readers at the most. It is therefore not sur- prising that frequent complaints were heard of lack of accommodations for readers. In this room the encyclopaedias, periodicals, and the works t>n arts and sciences, philosophy, theology and law were placed. In the cor- responding room on the south side of the hall were the books relating to philology, literature, history and geography. When, in 1870, Presi- dent White gave to the university his valuable collection of architect- ural works, with a sum of money for its increase, as there was no space available for its reception in either of these two rooms, the collection was placed in the small room at the southwest corner of Morrill Hall, now the treasurer's office. In this year, too, the pamphlets and unbound periodicals had become so numerous that the room now occu- pied by the business office was also taken possession of for library purposes. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 485 In the spring of this year an effort, which was all but successful, was made to obtain for Cornell the mathematical library of W. Hillhouse of Hartford, but, owing to an unfortunate delay in transmitting the decision of our trustees to purchase the collection, it was secured by the Sheffield Scientific School. President White generously offered to subscribe for the acquisition of this library, and to give, in addition, his entire architectural library — at that time richer than the entire corre- sponding collections in the Astor, Yale and Harvard libraries. A little later in the year, however, William Kelly, of Rhinebeck, one of the trustees of the university, gave $2,250 for the purchase of mathematical works to make good this loss. With this fund over fifteen hundred volumes were obtained, to which the name of the Kelly Mathematical Collection was given. For this collection a place was found in the room now used as the ladies' waiting room. In December, 1870, the Rever- end S. J. May, of Syracuse, an early and devoted champion of the abolition movement, presented to the university his collection of books and pamphlets relating to slavery. This was the beginning of what is now known as the May Anti-slavery Collection. A few months later, it was largely increased by gifts from R. D. Webb, of Dublin, and Mrs. Elizabeth Pease Nichols, of Edinburgh, both well-known supporters of the anti-slavery cause in the mother country. Since then the collection has received many additions from persons who took active part in the great struggle against slavery in this country, and to-day it is one of the largest and most complete collections on the subject. For this, and the rapidly growing newspaper collection, temporary accommoda- tion was provided in the room now occupied by the Horticultural department, in the northwest corner of Morrill Hall. In June, 1871, according to the report of the librarian, the number of volumes in the Library was twenty-seven thousand five hundred, and, notwithstanding the increased number of rooms which were occupied, the evils of overcrowding were keenly felt. Meanwhile the walls of the McGraw Building had been steadily rising, and by November it was so far advanced toward completion, that it became necessary to decide just what portion of it should be occupied by the Library, in order that the needful fittings might be prepared. The original intention seems to have been to lodge the Library on the second floor, in the space now occupied by the museum, but wiser counsels prevailed, and it was finally decided that the large room on the ground floor, which had at first been intended for a great lecture hall, should be made the home 480 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of the Library, leaving the second floor with its galleries free for mnsenm purposes. At the beginning of 1 872, thanks to the timely aid of Henry W. Sage, who advanced money for its purchase, the university fortunately suc- ceeded in securing the Spark's collection of American history, number- ing over five thousand volumes. In April the books began to arrive, but as the new quarters were not yet ready and there was no room to spare in the old, cheap accommodation was found in the south attic room of the new building and there the collection found temporary shelter. It is evident that the Library at this time was most inconven- iently situated, occupying, as it did, six widely separated and unsuit- able rooms in Morrill Hall, and one room in the upper story of the McGraw Building. It was hoped that the summer of 1872 would see these disjecta vievibra brought together, and the whole Library made readily accessible to students. But again our hopes were disappointed ; the summer passed and autumn was well advanced before the new quarters were ready for occupancy.. At last, on the 5th of October, the task of moving the books was begun, and for several weeks the Library was closed to readers while the books were being transported from the old building to the new. The work was mainly performed by students, who carried the books in boxes from the various rooms in Morrill Hall to the new quarters, where they were speedily arranged and placed on the shelves in substantially the same order as at present. On Monday, November 18, the Library was opened to students in its second home, a large room, with alcoves on either side and reading tables in the central space. A memorandum of a count of the books made in June, 1873, shows that the number of volumes on the shelves was then thirty-four thousand and one hundred, exclusive of eight thoiisand pamphlets. • Up to this point in its history, the growth of the Library, though somewhat irregular and spasmodic, had been rapid, and its career pros- perous. But not long after its removal to the McGraw Building, the university entered upon a period of financial distress, and one of the first departments to feel the pinch of poverty was the Library. One after another, important periodicals and transactions were perforce suffered to fall into arrears, and purchases of new books became fewer and fewer. In 1873, the librarian made an appeal for a large appro- priation for immediate use, pointing out that though the acquisition of several collections had made the Library comparatively rich in some CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 487 departments, it was deplorably weak in others, and urged the necessity of an annual appropriation of at least $10,000. In view of all the cir- cumstances, it is not surprising that the appeal was made in vain. Nor is it surprising that the Library should continue to fall behind, when we find that, from this time until 1880, the regular annual appropria- tion for the increase and maintenance of the Library was only $1,500. In 1877 the librarian reported that, during the past year, no orders for new books had been sent abroad; that the total number of volumes added during the year was only four hundred and forty-eight; that three hundred and seventy-six of these had been presented, so that only seventy-two volumes had been purchased; that of these seventy- two volumes, fifty-six were continuations of serial works, leaving six- teen as the number of new works purchased within the year. In 1878 and 1879 the same story is repeated with very slight variations in the numbers. At last, in the autumn of 1880, a full and forcible statement of the lamentable condition of the Library, accompanied by an urgent appeal for relief, was presented to the trustees, and, coming at a more favor- able time than the former one, it met with greater success. In Decem- ber a special appropriation of twenty thousand dollars was made for the increase of the library, of which five thousand dollars were avail- able for immediate use. Large orders for books were at once dis- patched, and in the annual report of June, 1881, it is stated that eight hundred volumes of new books had already been received, and many arrears canceled. By the untimely and lamented death of Mrs. Jennie McGraw-Fiske, in September, 1881, the university became the recipient of a fund, which, it was estimated, would prove to be not less than a million dol- lars, the income of which, by the terms of Mrs. Fiske's will, was to be devoted to the support, increase, and maintenance of the University Library. With such an endowment the future of the Library seemed se- cure, and the hardships of the past few years were almost forgotten in glowing anticipations of the rapid development which was now to be- gin. . In 1882 the first instalment of the fund, some seven hundred thousand dollars, was received, and for six months the Library enjoyed the income of this fund. , In July, 1883, however, a suit contesting the will was begun, and pending the issue of the contest, the Library, deprived of all income from this source, had to rely upon annual ap- propriations from the general funds of the university. Happily these 488 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. appropriations proved to be more nearly commensurate with its needs than those of former years had been. Meantime, however, the bequest had ah-eady begun to bear fruit. One of the greatest defects of the Library had always been the lack of any satisfactory catalogue. Early in 1882 it was decided to begin at once a general card catalogue of the books, and after careful consider- ation of the various forms of catalogues in vogue, the dictionary sys- tem was chosen as being, on the whole, better adapted' to the use of our students than a systematically classified catalogue, which would be chiefly of service to trained specialists. In January, 1883, a statute was passed establishing a Library Coun- cil, composed of the president and the librarian, one member of the Board of Trustees, and four members of the faculty. To this council was entrusted the general supervision of the Library and the apportion- ment of the funds. The removal of the architectural department to Morrill Hall, in 1883, left vacant several rooms in the north wing of the McGraw building, and these were taken possession of by the Library. The former draughting room was fitted up as a seminaiy room and room for special study for members of the senior class. The two smaller i-ooms on the west side of the hall were given to the cataloguing department and the bibliographical collection. The increasing growth of the library, how- ever, called for still further extension of its quarters, and in 1884 plans were prepared and estimates obtained for the conversion of the present geological lecture room into a general reading room, and for the erec- tion of bookcases in the lighter portions of the existing reading room. In this way it would have been possible, at slight cost, to provide suit- ably for the accessions of the next ten years. At that time, however, it was firmly hoped that within two or three years the contest over Mrs. Fiske's will would be concluded, and that the Library would again be placed in the possession of its endowment. In that event it was de- signed to erect at once a fire-proof library building, and it was there- fore thought best to make no further changes in the present building. But once more our hopes were dupes. The three years reached seven before the final decision came, and for the last five years of this period the overcrowded condition of the Library was a source of constant in- convenience and discomfort to all who used it. Thousands of volumes had to be stored away in an attic room where they were almost inac- cessible ; on many shelves the books were ranged in double rows ; many CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 489 of the larger volumes were piled upon the floor; and the attempt to preserve anything like a systematic arrangement of the books by sub- jects became almost hopeless. In the autumn of 1884, Eugene Schuyler gave to the library a valu- able collection, numbering some six hundred volumes, chiefly relating to folklore, Russian literature and history. In January, 1886, the elec- tric light was introduced, and the library hours which, until then, had been from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m., were greatly lengthened. Since then the hours have been from 8 a. m. to 9:30 p. m. in term time. In 188G the purchase of the law library of Merritt King, numbering some four thou- sand volumes, made an admii'able beginning of a library for the School of Law which was soon after established. In January, 1887, President White formally presented to the university his great historical library, containing over twenty thousand volumes, upon condition that a fire- proof room in the proposed library building should be provided for it, and suitable provision made for its increase. At that time the will suit was still undecided, and though it was determined to procure plans for a fire-proof library building, its erection seemed likely to be delayed for several years. In 1888, however, Henry W. Sage, recognizing the need for immediate action, generously offered to provide the funds for the construction of the biiilding, on the single condition that should the final decision in the will suit be favorable to the university, the money advanced for this purpose should be repaid. Should, however, the de- cision be adverse, the building was to become the gift of Mr. Sage, who also declared his intention, in that event, to endow the library with a fund of three hundred thousand dollars for its increase. From the designs submitted to the trustees, that of W. H. Miller, an old Cornellian, was selected, and in the summer of 1888 work was begun upon the foundations. The first stone of the foundation walls was laid in place on September 27, 1888. The corner stone of the building was laid with public and formal ceremonies on October 30, 1889. In May, 1890, a final decision in the will contest was given by the Supreme Court of the United States, and by it the Library was entirely deprived of the endowment bequeathed to it by Mrs. Fiske. Happily Mr. Sage's generosity had provided for this contingency, and the Li- brary was henceforth indebted to him for its new building and the en- dowment for the purchase of books. The general outlines of the library building are somewhat in the form of a cross, the bookstacks occupying the south and west arms, the 62 490 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. reading rooms the central space and eastern arm, while the northern provides accommodation for the offices of administration, the White Library and seven seminary rooms. In August, 1891, the removal of the books from McGraw Hall to the new building was safely accom- plished. In September the books of the White Library were transferred to the actual custody of the university and shelved in the room provided for them. On October 7, the building and the endowment fund of three hundred thousand dollars were formally presented to the univer- sity by the donor, the Hon. Henry W. Sage, and at the same time President White made the formal presentation of his library. At this time the number of volumes in the library was over 105,000. In December, 1891, the Library received from Willard Fiske the gift of a remarkable collection of Rhaeto-Romanic literature numbering aboiit one thousand volumes. In the spring of 1892, President White presented to the Library an interesting collection of Mormon literature. With the greater facilities for study afforded by the new reading room with its well equipped reference library, came a corresponding increase in the use of the library by students, it being estimated to be four times greater than in the previous year, while the seminary rooms offered every inducement for the prosecution of advanced study and research. The year 1893, the twenty-fifth of the library's existence, was made noteworthy by three remarkable gifts. First came in February the generous gift of the comprehensive and carefully selected law library of about twelve thousand volumes, collected by the late N. C. Moak of Albany. This collection, which had long been known to lawyers as the finest private law library in America, was purchased and presented to the Law School of Cornell University as a memorial of the first dean of the school, Douglass Boardman, by his widow and daughter. By this gift the law library was more than doubled in numbers and at once took rank among the leading law libraries of the country. Next came in June the noble gift of the extensive library of the late Friedrich Zarncke of Leipzig, an unusually complete working librai-y in the fields of Germanic philology and German literature, which was purchased and presented to the university by William H. Sage, a member of the Board of Trustees. This library, which numbers abuiit thirteen thousand volumes, is especially rich in German literature before the time of Luther, and contains three remarkably full special collections devoted to Lessing, Goethe and Christian Reuter. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 491 The third great gift of this year was an astonishingly complete col- lection of Dante literature, numbering about three thousand volumes, presented by Willard Fiske. This is undoubtedly the finest and largest collection of Dante literature to be' found outside of Italy. Following, close upon these, came the gift of an interesting collection of Spinoza literature, containing about four hundred and fifty volumes, presented to the Library by President White. At the present time the total extent of the University Library is in round numbers about 160,000 volumes and 30,000 pamphlets. To attempt any description of the contents of the Library is out of the question in a sketch like this. It may be said, however, that the Library is especially strong in collections of scientific periodicals and transactions of learned societies. The more important of the special collections have already been mentioned, but it may be noted that the White Historical Library contains large and valuable special collections on the following subjects: Reformation, Torture, Witchcraft, Thirty Years War, and the French Revolution, also a goodly number of incunabula and manuscripts. Another interesting collection consists of the works on telegraph and electro-magnetism, formerly owned by S. F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, which were purchased and presented to the library by Ezra Cornell in 1873. THE GREAT SUIT. Mr. John McGraw had been closely identified with the history of the university from the beginning, having been one of the trustees men- tioned in the act of incorporation. His active interest continued until his death. In the early history of the university he had presented the McGraw Hall, a building designed primarily to contain the library, and the collections of natural history, and to furnish lecture rooms and labora- tories for these departments. He did not regard his beneficence to the university at an end with this gift; he had considered other plans, but had left them to be executed by his only daughter in accordance with her own judgment and tastes. Miss Jennie McGraw was born in Dryden in September, 1849. She was educated in Canandaigua and at Pelham Priory, an Episcopal school in New Rochelle. Miss McGraw had a native enthusiasm for foreign travel, and a genuine unaffected literary taste. She spent the year 1859-60 in travel in Europe, and resided for a considerable time in 493 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Berlin for the purpose of Study. In 1875 and J 876, she again visited Europe, and made an extended trip through England and Scotland, visiting also France, Italy and Spain. After the death of her father, she sailed for Europe and extended her- travels to Sweden and Norway, going as far as the North Cape, and enjoying keenly the grand scenery of the mountains and fiords. She also visited Russia and Italy. She loved to spend days among the famous paintings of the Louvre and the Vatican. All foreign life possessed a charm for her. She visited Nor- mandy and Brittany, where she found delight in the picturesque archi- tecture and in the life "of the peasantry. She shared fully her father's interest in the university. The large wealth which she had inherited was spent in the purchase of paintings and statuary, with which she in- tended to fill the beautiful mansion which she was erecting on a site where, for many years, she had dreamed of having a home. It was her purpose that the numerous art treasui-es which she acquired should be- come the foundation of a gallery which was to be connected with the imi- versity. At the opening of the imiversity her fine taste was manifested in the presentation . of the chimes, which were her personal gift, and called forth that exquisite poem from Judge Finch, which will be sung by so many generations of students. Shrinking as regards the public, she revealed to those who knew her intimately a loyal and beautiful spirit, which won the deepest regard of those who shared her friendr ship; generous, it was her wish that her noble fortune should be a source of joy and blessing to others. Her strength was not equal to the fatigue and excitement of constant travel. Her health failed. The year before her death she was maiTied, and visited Egypt in the hope of being benefited; but the trip failed to restore her, and she desired to return to her native land. She died a few days after her arrival. Her generous spirit was shown by her will. After giving to her husband and friends, and to objects of benevolence more than a million dollars, the residue of her large fortune was left to the university to found a library which should equal her hopes for its future. Her marriage to Professor Willard Fiske took place at the American Legation at Berlin on July 14, 1880. Soon after the death of her father she made a will, in which , after ceitain specific bequests, she bequeathed to the university the sum of fifteen thousand dollars for a Student's Hos- pital and twenty-five thousand dollars to maintain it; fifty thousand dol- lars for the completion of the McGraw Hall and for a fund to sustain it; two hundred thousand dollars to constitute the McGraw Library CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 493 Fund, the income o£ which was to be spent in the support of the Library. She also made the university the legatee of her residuary estate. She had purchased a beautiful site adjacent to the university grounds and overlooking lake and valley, upon which, at the time of her death, she was erecting a fine residence of stone. The numerous paintings, statues and other works of art and books, which she had purchased abroad, became by the terms of her will the property of Cornell University. She died at her husband's residence upon the campus, September 30, 1881. On January 8, 1883, after due citation of the parties interested, there was a judicial settlement of her estate. On the Gth of September, 1883, a petition was presented by her husband, Willard Fiske, opening the decree of settlement, to which, on the Mth day of October following, her kinsmen, being heirs at law or legatees under her father's or her own will, were admitted as participants in the contest which now arose. The value of the estate which she had received from her father was estimated to be worth about $1,600,000. Her fortune at her death amou^nted to about $2,025,000, the property which she had inherited having increased rapidly in value during the prosperous years from 1877 to 1881, in addition to which there was a trust fund of $250,000 in her favor, from her father's estate, which she was to receive ten years later. This will was now contested on various grounds, the principal being, first, the provision in the charter of Cornell University which limited the property which it might hold, to $3,000,000; secondly, the provision of the statute which forbade a wife having a husband living to bequeath more than one-half of her property to religious or benev- olent purposes. The ablest counsel appeared to discuss the difficult and intricate questions of law which were involved. Great interest was felt, not only in the university, but abroad; especially among educational institutions. It was felt that the creation of a great university library, which would become possible by the realization of this gift, was a State and National blessing and would enable the rmiversity within a short time to gather about it facilities for study, as regards its literary collections, not surpassed by any university in the country. The question of greatest importance connected with this case, and upon which the other conclusions depended, was as to the value of the estate devised, and the amount of property which the university actually possessed. The National Land Grant had been bestowed upon the State 494 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of New York in trust for a specific purpose. It had received land scrip or promises of land, which might be subsequently selected, not land itself. The value of this land scrip when the university was chartered was sixty cents per acre. The entire amount which the State then held, would have yielded at the market price about half a million dollars. In this emergency Mr. Cornell had offered to purchase the remaining scrip, about eight hxindred thousand acres, tolocate the same on selected lands and pay all costs of surveys, taxes, etc., and when the market was favorable, to sell the land and pay all the proceeds into the State treasury, less the actual expenses which he had incurred, the same to constitute the "Cornell Endowment Fund,'' the income of which should be paid forever for the support of the university. The condition of the sale or conveyance of the land to him was that he should bind himself to pay all the profits to the State treasury for the university. He was to do for the State what it could not do for itself, for one State could not locate land in another State without producing a confusion of jurisdiction, which was, moreover, distinctly prohibited by the Land Grand Act. It would also have it in its power to affect the market value of property in another State by its action. The question was; Are these additional proceeds a part of the consideration which Mr. Cornell agreed to pay for the land; and if so, do they constitute a separate fund, not subject to the special provisions of act of Congress, but form a personal gift of Mr. Cor- nell to the university, a gift possible only through years of labor and through the risk of his personal fortune ? Was the State a trustee for the entire sum realized from the sale of the national land, responsible for its reception and administration, as it was for previous sales which con- stituted the "College Land Scrip Fund," or was the univer.«ity the owner? Had not the State of New York limited or modified the act of Con- gress? And if it apparently did so, would such action be sustained by the United vStates Supreme Court? These were some of the questions which were required to be passed upon by the highest State and National judicatories. The trustees of the university regarded the execution of the trust which they had received as of so binding a character that it was incumbent upon them to maintain the obligation imposed upon them by Mrs. Fiske's legacy. A decision in the Probate Court was not reached until May 35, 1886. From this decision an appeal was taken to the General Term of the Supreme Court of the State of New York which rendered a decision on the 30th of August, 1887, reversing the judgment pronounced by the surrogate, and deciding that Cornell Uni- CORNELL UNIVICRSITY. 405 versity had already reached the limit of property prescribed by its charter, at the time of the death of Mrs. Jennie McGraw-Fiske, and was not entitled to and could not take or hold any of the property or funds devised or bequeathed to it by her last will and testament. From this judgment of the court an appeal was then taken by the counsel of the university to the Coui't of Appeals, by which a decision was rendered on November 37, 1888. This decision sus- tained the position assumed by the contestants of the will. In an elaborate opinion pronounced by Judge Peckham, in which the remain- ing justices, with the exception of Justice Finch, who took no part, concurred, it was held that a corporation has the right to hold, pur- chase, and convey such real and personal estate as the purposes of the corporation shall require, not exceeding the amount specified in the charter; that no corporation possesses or can exercise any corporate powers, except such as shall be necessary to the exercise of the powers enumerated and given in its charter, or in the act under which it is in- corporated ; that no devise to the corporation shall be valid unless such corporation be expressly authorized by its charter, or by statute, to re- ceive it by devise; that the college, being a corporation, has power to take and hold by a gift, grant, or devise, any real or personal property, the yearly income or revenue of which shall not exceed the value of twenty-five thousand dollars. The decision was based on the following statement of facts, and of law: In the act of Congress donating the public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, a certain appropriation of the pub- lic lands was donated to the different States for the purposes above ex- pressed, but to such donation there were several conditions attached: (a). The land should be selected from the National lands in the State to which the grant was made, if there were public lands enough within it to permit it; if not, the Secretary of the Interior was directed to issue to each of the States land scrip to the amount in acres to which the State was entitled, which scrip was to be sold by the State and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in the act, and for no other use or purpose whatever. (b). In no case should a State to which land scrip was issued, be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State or Terri- tory, but their assignees might locate it on any of the unappropriated 496 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. lands of the United States which were subject to sale at private entry at $1.35 or less per acre. (c). All expenses of management, superintendence and taxes from the date of the selection of lands previous to their sale, and all ex- penses for the management and disbursement of the moneys received from such sales were to be paid by the State, so that the entire proceeds of the lands should be applied to the piirposes named. (d). All moneys derived from the sale of the lands by the States to which they were apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip, were to be invested by the States in stocks of the United States or of the States or some other safe stocks yielding not less than five per cent, upon the par value of such stocks, and the moneys so invested were to constitute a perpetual fund, the interest of which should be inviolably appropriated to the endowment and maintenance of at least one col- lege, where, among other subjects, agriculture and the mechanic arts should be taught. (e). If any portion of the invested fund, or any jjortion of the in- terest was lost, it was to be replaced by the State, so that the capital of the fund should remain forever undiminished and the annual interest should be regularly applied without diminution to the purposes men- tioned in the act. To these conditions the State was required to give its assent by legis- lative act, and the grant was only authorized upon the acceptance of them by the State. This gift was bestowed vipon Cornell University upon condition that the Hon. Ezra Cornell should give five hundred thousand dollars in money to the university, and twenty-five thousand dollars to the trustees of the Genesee College at Lima, in this State. The university having received this sum the question arose : How can it dispose of the scrip in the best possible manner so that the income of the university shall be increased to the greatest possible extent? The result of throwing upon the market such enormous amotmts of the public land as had been donated by Congress to the several States was a fall in the market value of the land and, of course, of the scrip which it represented, to a sum far less than the established price for govern- ment lands. In the fall of 1865, Mr. Cornell purchased of the comp- troller one hundred thousand acres of land-scrip for fifty thousand dollars, and gave his bond for that sum, upon the condition that all the profits which should accrue from the sale of the land should be paid to Cornell University. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 497 On April 10, 1866, the Legislature^ authorized the comptroller to fix the price at which he would sell and dispose of any or of all the lands or land scrips donated to this State, such price not to be less than thirty cents per acre for said lands. He might contract for the sale thereof to the trustees of Cornell University. If the trustees should not agree to purchase the same, then the commissioners of the Land Office might receive from any persons an application for the purchase of the whole or any part thereof at the price so fixed by the comp- troller. The trustees or such persons as should purchase the land scrip were required to make an agreement and give security for the per- formance thereof to the effect that the whole net avails and profits from the sale of the scrip or the location and use by said trustees, per- son or persons of the said land, should be paid over and devoted to the purposes of such institution or institutions as have been or shall be created in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress. On June 9, 1866, Mr Cornell in behalf of the trustees informed the comptroller that they would be unable to purchase and locate the land scrip as they had no funds belonging to the institution that could be appropriated to that purpose. On the same day Mr. Cornell made to the comptroller the proposition, by the acceptance of which a contract was made with him, by which he agreed to place the entire profits to be derived from the sale of the lands to be located v^ith the college land- scrip in the treasury of the State, if the State would receive the same, as a separate fund from that which might be derived from the sale of scrip, and would keep it permanently invested, and appropriate the proceeds from the income thereof annually to the Cornell University for the general purposes of said institution, and not to hold it subject to the re- strictions which the act of Congress placed upon the fund derivable from the sale of the college land-scrip, or as a donation from the gov- ernment of the United States ; but as a donation from Ezra Cornell to Cornell University. The comptroller had fixed the price of the scrip at fifty cents per acre which was somewhat less than the market price for small parcels, but which, in consideration of the large quantity which was to be dis- posed of, and the fact that the prospective profits to be derived from the sale and location of the lands were to go into the State treasury, he considered fair as well for the purchaser as for the State. ' 'Acting upon the above basis, I propose to purchase said land scrip as fast as I can advantageously locate the same, paying therefor at the rate of 63 498 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. thirty cents per acre in good seven per cent, bonds and securities and obligating myself to paying the profits into the treasury of the State as follows : Thirty cents per acre of said profits to be added to the college land scrip fund and the balance of said profits to be placed in a separate fund to be known as- the Cornell University fund and to be preserved and invested for the benefit of said institution, and the income to be derived therefrom to be paid over annually to the trustees of said university for the general purposes of said institution. " The question upon which the Court of Appeals decided this celebrated suit rested upon the interpretation of the agreement which is here cited. The counsel of the university virged that the conditions imposed upon Mr. Cornell in acquiring the land scrip by which he was obliged to return to the treasury of the State all profits from the same, consti- tuted a part of the contract and that it was a distinctly specified condi- tion, constitxiting a part of the agreement under which the land was sold to him, and under which condition it would have had to have been sold to any other person ; in fact, it was an obligation imposed by the Legislature upon any sale of the land by the comptroller acting with the Land Commissioners of the State. Mr. Cornell was in that case fulfilling a contract made with the State. As interpreted by the Court of Appeals, this condition did not constitute a contract, but the title to the land passed to Mr. Cornell, and he thus became the absolute owner of the land scrip. His profits were to be paid into the treasury of the State, but they were to be paid therein as profits and not as any portion of the purchase price of the scrip; and they were paid as profits of Mr. Cornell and received under that agreement as the property of Cornell University, the income of which was to be paid to it for its general pur- poses and the principal was to constitute the Cornell Endowment Fund. It was, in the view of the court, other than an agency created in behalf of .the State; the profits which he had hoped to be able to realize in the future were entirely speculative in character and amount, and were dependent largely upon the judgment with which the lands were located and the times and manner of the sale. The proceeds of the sale of these were, therefore, Mr. Cornell's own gift to the university. All the compensation he sought for his services, his trouble and his responsibilities, great and onerous as they were, was the fact that all this should go to the university. In 1874, just before Mr. Cornell's death, he transferred to the univer- sity all his right, title and interest in this vast property and the univer- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 499 sity assumed in his place the execution of all obligations and contracts which Mr. Cornell had undertaken in carrying out his noble and far- seeing purpose. The consti'uction placed on Mr. Cornell's agreement by the counsel of the university made it a debtor to the State for the entire amount realized from the sale of the lands. An additional point, presented with great learning by the counsel of the university, maintained a dis- tinction in law between the right to "take" and to "hold" property by devise. It was claimed that by the law of mortmain, corporations without special license might "take" the title to real property aliened, subject only to the right of the superior lord, in this case the State, to enter and take the land under the power of forfeiture. The charter of the university provided ' ' that it might hold real and personal property to the value of three million dollars. " This position received apparent support from the decisions of the courts of other States and from cer- tain decisions of the United States Supreme Court. It was held, how- ever, by the Court qf Appeals,' that the early mortmain acts in England bear no resemblance to the tenure by which a citizen of this State holds lands. Here there is no vassal and superior, but the title is absolute in the owner and subject only to the liability to escheat. Although some portions of the mortmain laws of England may have been enforced in other States, no such laws have been enforced in this State. As a large portion of the real estate bequeathed to the university by Mrs. Fiske was situated in other States, it was urged that such real estate could not in its descent be subject to the law of this State, but that the title to real estate is governed by the laws of the State where the real prop- erty is situated. But the court held that the direction in Mrs. Fiske's will to convert her estate into money or available securities operated as an equitable conversion of the estate, and hence no real estate in other States had been devised by her to the university. As the inter- pretation of an act of Congress was involved in the decision of this question, an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States where Senator George F. Edmunds, one of the ablest constitu- tional lawyers of this country, presented in a plea of great force the position of the university. He claimed that the whole of the moneys derived from the sale of the lands were trust moneys, and belong to a trust fund, and had no connection or relation to the limitation of the amount of property that the university might hold as provided in its charter. The fact that the State provided for other modes of invest- 600 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. ment than those mentioned in the law of Congress had no bearing upon the intrinsic nature of the trust itself. To hold that it could, would be to hold that a trustee may change the nature and responsibility of his duties imder atrust by mis-investment. The opinion of the court, which was pronounced by Mr. Justice Blatchford, followed that pronounced by the New York Court of Appeals. A dissenting opinion was presented by Mr. Justice Brewer, in which Mr. Justice Gray concurred. This opinion held that the act of the Legislature of New York, under which the land scrip was bestowe;d upon Cornell University was the legislation of a sovereign state prescribing the duties and powers of one of its officials, and also a declaration of the duties cast by a trustee upon his agent in respect to trust property. In either aspect its voice was potential in respect to that which was, under the authority, thereafter done by official or agent. In this view, the land commissioners had no authority to make a limitation in the contract, by which thirty cents an acre and the net proceeds were to pass to the national fund. No sub- sequent legislation on the part of the State of New York, and "no agreement between it and Cornell University as to the possession of these funds can have the effect to relieve the State from its liability as trustee, or place the title to those funds elsewhere than in the State," The use of the proceeds of the land scrip fund are stamped with the limitation imposed by the original act of Congress. Under the decision of the highest court of the State of New York and of the United States, the Cornell endowment fund was the gift of Mr. Cornell to the univer- sity. It was not, therefore, subject to any limitation which might apply to the land scrip fund, and can be used for any of the purposes of the university which the trustees deem proper. BUILDINGS, COLLECTIONS AND MUSEUMS. The attention of the trustees was early directed to the acquisition of collections of natural history and of art. One of the first collections obtained before the opening of the university was the Jewett collection in paleontology and geology, which was purchased by Mr. Cornell at a cost of ten thousand dollars and presented to the university. This col- lection, which had been made by a scientist in Albany, was regarded at the time as extremely complete, Soon after the charter of the uni- versity, the Legislature passed an act giving to the university a collection of duplicates in the same department from the State museum in Albany. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 001 A larger and more important acquisition was that of the Newcomb collection of shells which was purchased by the trustees in February, 18G8. Dr. Newcomb had spent many years in the Sandwich I.slands and in Central America, in which he had made an extensive, and almost une- qualed, collection of shells illustrating the conchology of that region. Many of these shells were of the highest value and some were absolutely unique, the only collections at the time which could be compared with it was the type-collection made by Professor Adams of Amherst and a simi- lar colle;ction at Yale. The university also authorized the purchase of the mineralogical cabinet of Professor Benjamin Silliman, jr., of Yale College. Smaller, but valuable, additions were made, ainong others a collection of four hundred birds, presented by Greene Smith, esq., the son of Gerrit Smith. Valuable gifts of books were also received which are mentioned in connection with the Library. The Museum of Archaeology is a recent, but most valuable, addition to classical study and to the history of art. This beautiful collection is the gift of the Honorable Henry W. Sage. When the Library was moved from the McGraw Building, the rooms which it had occupied were devoted to a Museum of Archaeology. This was fitted up for its purpose during the year 18915 and it was formally dedicated in February, 1894. President White had early insisted that a museum of casts would be one of the most valuable acquisitions for the study of the history of art which could be made in this country. The acquisition of original works of art was impossible, but in place of them the exact models almost equally valu- able for purposes of study could be obtained. Mr. Henry W. Sage, whose large interest in the development of the university was not con- fined to any one department, made this beautiful gift to the study of the humanities. The museum is an outgrowth of the system of instruction followed in the arts course and of the needs of graduate work in the classical departments at Cornell. The leading ideal in its formation is to furnish the best illustration of the develop- ment of antique sculpture. It therefore consists principally of a collection of full-size plaster casts, numbering nearly 600, of notable examples of Greek and Roman bronzes and marbles. These have been furnished or made to order, for the most part, under the direction of the foreign museums possessing the original. Some specimens of Egyptian, Chaldean, Assyrian, Persian and Etruscan sculpture have been added for purposes of comparison. The principal groups, distributed in eight sections over 5,300 square feet of floor area, illustrate Oriental and early Greek sculpture, classical mythology, Greek athletic statuary, architectural sculpture, the school of Praxiteles, later Greek, Pompeiian and Graeco-Roman sculpture. No attempt has been made to illustrate Christian sculpture. 502 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. As a museum of classical sculpture, the collection is actually excelled by no other university museum in the United States, and among other foundations only by the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston. The total cost of the collection and equipment is about $30,000. ■* On the 30th of June, 18G8, Mr. John McGraw proposed the erection of a fire-proof building suitable for the needs of the university. This building (the present McGraw Hall) was begun soon after, and was de- signed to accommodate the library, the collections of natural history and to afford lecture rooms for the departments of geology, anatomy and physiology. No provision had yet been provided for suitable accommodations for tlie department of mechanic arts, when, in the summer of 1870, the Hon. Hiram Sibley offered to erect a bviilding for that purpose. On the 9th of August a contract was made for its erection. The Sibley building as originally planned was designed to be one story in height . with a French roof. Mr. Sibley consented to increase the height of the building by one story on a pledge from President White to expend a sum equal to the cost of the extra story, in apparatus, models, etc., for the departments of civil and mechanical engineering. At the same time the need of residences for professors was being seri- ously felt. Most of the students and faculty were accommodated within the gloomy and disagreeable walls of Cascadilla. The city itself at this time contained no more residences than were needed for its own popu- lation. On January 24, 1870, the lease of land to prof essors, which would enable them to build upon the university ground, was authorized. This important action has contributed more than anything else, perhaps, to give the University a unique character by establishing upon its grounds a university colony. It was proposed at this time to erect a residence for Professor Goldwin Smith on the half lot additional as- signed to Professor Fiske and connected with his residence. The erection of the president's house by President White was originally proposed at the time of the offer of Mr. McGraw to erect the hall which bears his name. The first residences for professors upon the univer- sity grounds were those of Professors Law and Fiske. President White proposed on June 31, 1871, to erect a president's house for his own occupation, which, upon his resignation, should become the property of the university for the use of the president. The house thus begun was planned by one of the earliest students of the university interested in architecture, Mr. W. H. Miller, who has since been the architect of the CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 503 Sage Library and the School of Law. The president's house was not completed until the summer of 1873, President White retaining his resi- dence in Syracuse for the first five years after the opening of the uni- versity, and occupying rooms in Cascadilla Place during the occasion of his visits to Ithaca. Upon the acceptance of the report of the committee appointed to consider the subject of female education in the university February 13, 1873, a committee was appointed to prepare plans for the Sage College. These were drawn up by Professor Charles Babcock, and the building- remains one of the most simple and dignified in architecture and one of the most satisfactory of all structures on the university grounds. This building was erected during the year 1872-73 and formally opened for the use of students at the opening of the fall term, 1874. On May 7, 1873, the contract for the erection of the Sage Chapel, in accordance with the offer of the Hon. Henry W. Sage, was authorized and on the following morning the executive committee went in a body upon the grounds of the university and formally selected its present location. The plans originally contemplated a stone chapel, which were afterwards changed to one of brick. The chapel as proposed was designed to accommodate an audience of five hundred. The contract for its erection was made on June 33, 1873. Provision was made in the summer of 1874 for laying out the grounds of the Sage College by a skillful landscape gardener, and about the same time the wooden bridge across Cascadilla was replaced by the present structure of iron. At the meeting of the trustees upon June 16, 1880, the Hon. Henry W. Sage offered to erect at his own expense a conservatory for the botanical department at a cost not to exceed $15,000. On September 3, 1880, the erection of a physical laboratory was authorized, and it was directed that plans and estimates for it should be prepared at once, and on December 18, 1880, an appropriation was made to erect and equip the same. The erection of an armory was authorized April 29, 1883, and a new building for the departments of chemistry and physics on June 9 of the same year. On June 14, 1883, the erection of a memorial chapel, to serve as a mausoleum for the benefactors and officers of the university, was ordered. In the summer of 1887, Mr. Alfred S. Barnes offered to give $45,000 in addition to the amount already subscribed by the members of the 504 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Christian Association, to erect a building to be used for the purposes of the association. The ])lans of this building were authorized Sep- tember 27, 1887, and the construction was immediately entered upon, the building being formally opened for public use at Commencement, 1888. The erection of a building for the civil engineering department was ordered by the trustees at their meeting October 26, 1887. On June 20, 1888, it was provided that this building should be made of stone, in order to correspond with the other buildings of the quadrangle. On June 10, 1889, the name Lincoln Hall was bestowed upon it in honor of President Lincoln, by whose approval the act of Congress, donating public lands for agricultural and mechanical education, became a law. Work upon the same was begun in April, 1888. On September 19, 1888, the Hon. Henry W. Sage, feeling deeply the immediate need of a library building while litigation regarding the realization of Mrs. Fiske's will was still pending, proposed to advance to the imiversity the necessary funds for the erection of the building. By a letter July 15, 1889, Mr. Sage proposed that this library building should be a free gift, if by the decision of the United States Supreme Court the bequest of Jennie McGraw should fail. The erection of a new chemical laboratory was ordered at the meeting of the Board of Trustees October 24, 1888, the plans for which as prepared by Professor Osborne were formally adopted, and a site chosen. The erection of the building was begun in July, 1889. On February 18, 1891, an appropriation was made for the erection of a law school building, plans for which were, on April 25, 1891, accepted and the contract was made on September 21, 1891. On March 13, 1883, Mr. Hiram Sibley, of Rochester, presented $50,000 to the university to be spent in the erection of additions to the present buildings of Sibley College to provide additional accommo-. dations for the growing classes. IX. THE UNIVERSITY AS ESTABLISHED. The university may be regarded as especially fortunate in the choice of the first professors elected. They were, in general, young men CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 505 whose reputation and scholarship were such as to promise high success in the administration of the departments of instruction to which they were called. Professor Evan W. Evans, the first professor nominated, was born in Wales. He had graduated with high honor at Yale, and been instructor in mathematics in that institution, and afterward a pro- fessor in Marietta College, Ohio. He had contributed to Silliman's Journal, and was the author of a text book in mathematics. His in- terest in the language of his native country led him to pursue studies in the Cymric literature and philology, in which he had no superior in the United States. The editor of the leading foreign review of Welsh literature has stated that Professor 15vans was the only American scholar, whose researches in that language had received distinguished recognition abroad. Students of those early days will bear him in grateful memory. His instruction was marked by admirable clearness, and left the impression that the form in which it had been presented was almost the final form of definite and precise statement. Although a silent man, his judgment upon all questions of organization in those early days of the university, was of great value; that loyalty to con- viction and to friendship, which is characteristic of his nation, made Professor Evans's association valued by all his colleagues. Dr. George C. Caldwell had been an early student of scientific agri- culture, whose works upon agricultural chemistry had already won recognition. He had studied the methods of agricultural instruction abroad, especially at the famous Agricultural College of Cirencester, England, and had afterward received his degree at the University of (iiittingen. A .scholar of excellent judgment, careful and exact in all his work, his studies have contributed to the reputation of the university in his department. Professor Eli W. Blake had graduated both in the academic and scientific departments of Yale University, and later, studied at the University of Heidelberg. He had been professor of physics in the University of Vermont and, at the time of his election, was acting pro- fessor in Columbia College. While his residence here was confined to two years, his work bore the impression of a versatile and enthusiastic scholar. Professor James M. Crafts, professor of general and analytical chem- istry, was a graduate of the Harvard Scientific School, and had studied afterward in France and Germany. Some of his original investigations had already been published in the Proceedings of the French Academy 64 50() LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of Sciences, and in Silliman's Journal. At the time of his election he was an assistant in the Lawrence Scientific School. Although his con- nection with the university was limited on account of ill health, the private investigations which he has since pursued in France and in this country, have made him one of the most eminent chemists that America has produced. He is at the present time a professor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Burt G. Wilder was a graduate of the Lawrence Scientific School and a favorite pupil of Professor Agassiz. He had already won reputa- tion as a contributor to various scientific and popular journals, and had published some extremely curious and interesting investigations Upon the silk-spinning spiders of the south which had attracted attention. He had also served as an assistant surgeon in the army. During his residence in the university he has trained some of the ablest and most devoted scientists of this country. In investigations in the structure of the brain and the nervous structure of men and animals, and in the effort to promote a uniform system of nomenclature in anatomy, he has been one of the most active and influential representatives. Professor Albert N. Prentiss was one of the first graduates of the Michigan Agricultural College — the first institution of the kind in the United States. His scientific investigations had been of high merit, and he possessed unusual ability as an organizer. To his taste and skill as a landscape gardener much of the beauty of the university grounds is due. Few botanists in this country have trained so many eminent scholars. Mr. Lebbeus H. Mitchell, whose name appears in the early announce- ments as professor of mining and metallurgy, never entered upon his duties. His life has since been prominent for his explorations in Abyssinia, and later, for service as Vice Consul-General in London. Professor Law had already become eminent by his writings; Pro- fessor Wheeler was known as an admirable classical teacher, and Professor Morris's training had fitted him to organize instruction in the new field of practical mechanics. The university thus inaugurated, and accompanied by the enthusiastic hopes of the fi'iends of modern education, entered a period of stern limitation and embarrassment, from its restricted resources. Its wealth was in the future, in the national lands, the value of which would rise with the development of the industrial prosperity of the States in which they were located. An attempt to realize at once the proceeds CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 507 of these lands would have destroyed the benefits which were to spring from Mr. Cornell's far-i-eaching purpose. The support of the univer- sity was based on the income of Mr. Cornell's gift of |500,000 and of the college land scrip fund and the Cornell endowment fund. The sep- arate funds last mentioned amounted to about $405,000. Funds for the erection of buildings had to be derived from the interest on the endow- ment. Thus the university, embodying so vast a scheme of universal edu- cation, was limited from the beginning in carrying out the scheme of its founders. The university grounds were those of a country farm and rough in the extreme. Cattle roved over the campus and \yere sup- plied with water from a spring in front of the site of McGraw Hall. Anything like landscape gardening was almost beyond the wildest dream of any friend of order and beauty. From the funds which had accumtilated in three years all the necessary buildings had to be erected, and chemical and physical apparatus, collections and books acquired. The funds of the university were all needed for its current expenses without this additional cost, while it aimed to embody great departments of instruction and courses of study which did not exist in other institu- tions, and obliged at the same time to make provision for recognized and established branches of study. The faculty, from whom everything was expected, did not at first exceed in numbers that of smaller institutions with a limited course of study. Growth seemed impossible, and to maintain upon the original scale that for which provision had already been made, doubtful. In addition to this, the cost of non-resident lectui'ers impaired still fui-ther the available funds for regular depart- ments of work. A single building had been erected mainly for a dormi- tory. No provision had been made for a university building with lecture rooms, museums and general offices. At the same time, the cost of new buildings had to be taken from the regular annual income, all of which was needed for the support of an organized institution in full operation. The limitations and discouragements of those first years can scarcely be overestimated. The only hope of relief was in saci-ificing the land upon which the future of the university depended. To have done so would have reduced the university at once to the scale of one of the smaller colleges. Mr. Cornell maintained with a tenacity begotten of a lofty purpose his position that the lands must be retained. In the mean time, the financial difficulties increased. Generous friends gave McGraw Hall and Sibley College at a most opportune time. The execution of the national trust thus became in a degree possible ; but 508 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. financial bankruptcy seemed impending. At the same time the country was slowly approaching the crisis of 1873. Credit and currency, which had been inflated during the war, had to assume a normal standard and relation to business necessities. Twice the trustees intervened to meet a deficit of about $150,000. The ntxmber of students which had reached 413 the first year, and rose in the third year to slightly above (iOO, de- clined from that point. From 1873 to 1878 the numbers remained about the same; from 1878 to 1882 the numbers declined still further and in one term of this year the number of students in attendance in a single term reached only 313. President White had been absent for five years in Europe, with the exception of an interval of seven months, in which he was in residence from September to May in 1878-9. The friends of the university felt that his presence was necessary. The alumni passed passed resolutions at their meeting in June, 1880, asking the trustees to reqviest his return. In obedience to this action, the trustees themselves passed resolutions expressing their sense of the urgent need of a personal and responsible head of the university and desiring President White's return if consist- ent with his plans. Mr. White, therefoi'e, resigned his position as minister to the court of Berlin and, in the fall of 1881, resumed his posi- tion at the head of the university. This was the year of greatest decline in the history of the university. In the following year the number of students slightly increased, but it was not until 1884-5 that the number of students equaled that recorded thirteen years before. vSince this time the growth of the university has been very rapid. The increase in the number of students has been simply the index of the interior development. By favorable sales of land the endowment of the tmiver- sity had been greatly increased, the salaries of professors advanced and large appropriations made for fuller equipment and the erection of additional buildings. On June 17, 1885, President White- tendered his resignation of the office of president of the university, it being nearly nineteen years from the date of his original election to that position. He withdrew in obedience to a purpose which he had long since formed. In presenting his resignation, President White said: "The present meeting com- pletes twenty years since with our dear and venerated friend, Ezra Cornell, I took part in securing the charter of the university, submitted its plan of organization and entered this noble board. And now, in accordance with a purpose long since formed, I hereby present my CORNELL UNIVERSITY. r,09 resignation as president and professor of history. The university is at last in such condition that its future may well be considered secure, thanks to your wise administration; its endownent has been developed beyond our expectations; its debt extinguished; its equipment made ample; its faculty increased until it is one of the largest and most effective in our country, and an undergraduate body brought together, which by its numbers and spirit promises all that we can ask for the future." After reviewing the fundamental principles of the universit}' and expressing his satisfaction in their triumph after twenty years, he said: " At two different periods when about to leave the country for a time, I have placed my resignation in your hands and you have thought best not to accept it. I now contemplate another absence from the country in obedience to what seems to me a duty, and must respectfully insist that I be now permanently relieved and my resignation finally accepted. Although I have but reached what is generally kfiown as the middle period of life, I feel entitled to ask that the duties hitherto laid upon me be now transferred upon another, and that I be left free to take measures for the restoration of my health, to which I have for several years looked forward with longing, and which I hope can be made eventually useful to the university and possibly to the public at large." The trustees in accepting his resignation which was presented with so much urgency, adopted a preamble and resolutions. " The resignation by Andrew D. White of the presidency of Cornell Univer- sity becomes an era in its history. For twenty years he had devoted his best exertions, energy and industry, his large intellect and loyal zeal to the organization and growth of this institution. The project once con- ceived, he, hand in hand with its benefactor and founder, pressed it to a successful issue. Their dreams have been realized and their efforts crowned with noble and generous results. How great have been the cares and anxieties during those twenty years, few, if any, can realize. How large and generous his benefactions equally bestowed upon the university and its friends, few will ever know. How beautifully he has created for us friends by his social and personal character; how great has been his influence in our behalf is to become a part of our history. During these twenty years the respect and affection of all connected with the university towards him has grown and strengthened. The purity of his character, the blamelessness of his life, his noble ambition, his generous and self-sacrificing devotion to the cause of education, his wisdom and kindness of heart have made his name and person very near and dear to all of his associates." 510 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. In acceptingf his resignation the board expressed the hope that after a period of needed change and rest Mr. White might renew his relations to the university in a more congenial and less exacting position and give it the prestige of his high character and attainments. They there- fore requested that he would accept the nomination to act as honorary president of the university, and Resolved, That the Legislature be requested to amend the charter so as to make the first president of the university a member of the Board of Trustees for Hfe. The position of honorary president he declined in a letter from Paris dated December 22, 1885. While recognizing the confidence and kind- ness shown to him by the trustees in unanimously offering to him the honorary presidency of the university, he stated that he felt obliged to decline this especial honor on various grounds, "the most important being the consideration that there should not seem to be any division in the executive responsibility. " After expressing his grateful apprecia- tion of the proffer of the board to secure legislation making him a trustee for life, he declined this honor from a dislike to special legisla- tion of the sort required and distrust regarding the precedent which would be established and requested that the resolution be allowed to rest simply as a most striking expression of confidence. The faculty of the university at a meeting to be held on the same day expressed its sorrow at the severing of the relation which had lasted since the earliest existence of the university, and formed an essential part in the official life of every one of its members, and which on his side had been sus- tained with great wisdom and great labor, with inexhaustible enthu- siasm, with constant self-sacrifice and with increasing anxiety for the sound growth and welfare of the university. It also expressed its sense of the generous attitude which he had maintained toward the faculty in all manners of administration, and of the strong and inspiring influ- ence which he had exerted upon the body of undergraduates and upon the alumni, and the hope that he would continue a member of the teaching body of the university, giving to its deliberations the benefit of his ripe experience and to futtire classes of students the same instruc- tion and stimulation in historical work that had been previously enjoyed. The alumni also passed resolutions of appreciation and regret. The selection of a successor to President White was a subject of ear- nest consideration. Several names of men eminent as scholars and ad- ministrators were mentioned for the position, whose work would, it was believed, promote the prosperity of the university. President White's CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 511 choice fell upon a former pupil, Professor Charles Kendall Adams, of the University of Michigan, Mr. White's successor in the department of history in that institution. In an elaborate discussion of the quali- ties required, presented at the request of the trustees. Dr. White ex- pressed his views upon the choice of a successor. At a special meeting of the board, held on July 13, Dr. Charles Kendall Adams was elected president of the imiversity, and was formally inaugurated on the 19th of November of the same year. President Adams's inaugural address was entitled "The Development of Higher Education in America." President Adams brought to the university an experience of great value as an educator. He had been an attentive student of the various ques- tions discussed in connection with higher learning, to the solution of which he had himself contributed. A man of great industry and method in his work, he brought to the duties of his position qualities which were of high value. A president's office was established in one of the uni- versity buildings, where the president was accessible both by faculty and students at certain definite times, a feature of administration add- ing greatly to the efficiency of the office. Under President Adams's wise direction the whole arrangement of the bureau of administration con- nected with the executive office was remodeled and improved. Presi- dent Adams was a most laborious and conscientious executive officer, giving careful attention to every interest which affected the university, of practical and experienced judgment, and it was at once felt that every detail of business received at once immediate and adequate attention. Several extremely valuable features were introduced soon after his ac- cession in university administration, which made the faculty feel that there was an intelligent and sympathetic interest on the part of the pre- siding officer, not only with all questions of higher learning, but also with the individual interest of every professor. The system of grant- ing a leave of absence to members of the faculty after six years of serv- ice for purposes of travel and investigation was a valuable feature of the new administration. The salaries of professors were raised, so that they were more worthy of a university of high standing and influence. All these measures commended themselves to the faculty and contributed to give confidence in the new administration. The period which fol- lowed since 1885 has been one of uniform prosperity and growth. The presence at all times of a responsible presiding officer, and confidence in a uniform and judicious administration of affairs contributed to give stability and unity to the progress of the university. Among the im- 513 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. portant events connected with President Adams's administration from 1885 to 1803 may be mentioned the establishment of the Law School, the erection of the Chemical Laboratory and of the Sage Library, of Lincoln Hall for the Departments of Architecture and Civil Engineer- ing, the erection of Barnes Hall and the enlargement of the Armory, the establishment of the new President White School of History and Political Science, and also of the State Meteorological Station. Presi- dent Adams resigned in May, 1892, and was elected soon after president of the University of Wisconsin. Professor Jacob Gould Schurman, dean of the Sage vSchool of Philosophy, was elected as his successor. Profes- sor Schurman during the period of his connection with the university had established a reputation as a brilliant lecturer upon philosophical subjects, whose private lectures as well as his public and more popular lectures had been largely attended. Dr. Schurman possesses especially the gift of lucid exposition and analysis of philosophical systems. A series of lectures upon theism, which were delivered later before the students of Andover Theological Seminary and published in a volume, exhibited great acuteneys in stating and criticizing from a scientific and philo.sophical standpoint the current arguments by which this doctrine is defended. An earlier volume upon "The Ethical Import of Dar- winism " was also the product of Dr. Schurman's work while occupying his professorship here. Dr. Schurman entered upon his duties with great energy, and with a desire to carry forward the work which had already been begun. He has endeavored to unite the university more intimately with the State, and, since his accession, two grants have been made by the Legislature, partially fulfilling the duty assumed by the State in accepting the land grant, which pledged it to erect a build- ing for the accommodation of the college established by the Congres- sional gift. X. STUDENT LIFE. The university opened with four classes. Students who came from other colleges brought with them naturally the traditions of the life which they had left. The system here, however, was altogether new. The demand for lecture rooms in the two buildings which had been CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 513 erected limited the number of students who could find accommodation in those buildings. Cascadilla, on the contrary, was crowded, not only with students but with professors. The corner rooms, affording some- what larger accommodations for professors and their families, were usually occupied by some married member of the faculty. The others found quarters in the less desirable rooms, and the students were scat- tered in the inner rooms, which were often poorly lighted and worse ventilated. There was an enthusiastic, tumultuous life among the students of those early days. They espoused most thoroughly the principles upon which the university was founded ; they were exposed to criticism in common with the university itself, and they defended themselves vigorously; they loved the freedom which they enjoyed; they had faith in their university and in its future, and happily cherished no doubt of the position which the university had already attained. One student is reported to have asked Professor Goldwin Smith how long he thought it would take before this university would equal Oxford, who is said to have answered with grim truthfulness, realizing as he did that his- tory and tradition are necessary to constitute a true university life, that he thought about five hundred years. The military system which overhung, we might say overshadowed, everything in those early days, though defended as necessary from the charter, was cordially disliked. The martinet discipline of the first few years, so contrary to a university atmosphere, is a persistent memory in the minds of the students of those early days. The attempt was early made to abolish the class system, to classify students without reference to the familiar terms of Senior, Junior, Sophomore and Freshman. It was fondly believed that this illusion would cause students to forget the academic class to which they belonged and that class rivalries would be forgotten in a scholarly union. The large liberty in elective studies which was allowed to all students caused ambitious freshmen to select courses for which they were un- prepared. It was generally believed in the university world without, that the German university system prevailed here, that all instruction was by lectures, and that absolute freedom was the prerogative of every student. This loyalty to the university on the part of the students soon developed a genuine university life. Songs were written in which they proudly commemorated their alma mater. The first university song was "The Chimes," written by the Hon. Francis M. Finch, one of the trustees of the university, who had enriched the song book of his own 514 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. college, Yale, and whose poem, " The Blue and the Gray," has become more widely known than perhaps any other poem which was the pro- duct of our Civil War. The remark has been credited to President Woolsey that Judge Finch is the only poet whom Yale College ever graduated. At the second anniversary of the Cornell Library Association held in Library Hall, Ithaca, on the 21st of January, 1809, the Orpheus Glee Club sang this first college song to which Cornell University can lay claim, which was received with great enthusiasm, and which will be re- garded with constantly increasing interest as it is sung by successive classes. The next song which has obtained permanent acceptance was written by George K. Birge and was entitled "Cornell," with the re- frain : We honor thee, Cornell, ,We honor thee, Cornell, While breezes blow. Or waters flow, We'll honor thee, Cornell. The song, however, which has perhaps become the true university song is what is now called "Alma Mater," beginning "Far above Cayuga's waters, " and having a joint authorship. The circumstances under which it was composed are thus given in substance by one of the authors: "We were seated together one evening in our room, when some one mentioned the lack of university songs at Cornell. It was proposed that we should imdertake to compose one. One suggested : Far above Cayuga's waters, The second added : With its waves of blue, and so the composition proceeded to the end, the two contributing, but not always in the same order. Thus this favorite song arose. The entire number of students enrolled during the first year of the university was ■112. In the following year this number was increased by a little more than 150, to 503 ; but in the third year the number reached its maximum, and from that time the decline was continuous to the year 1881-2, when the number of students was only 384, and in one term fell as low as 315. It was not until the year 1885-0, that the number of students of fifteen years before was again attained CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 51C and surpassed. The decline in the number of students after the open- ing of the university may be attributed to various reasons, first among which is the financial crisis which followed in 1873, and secondly, per- haps, to a gradual readjustment of numbers according to the fixed and permanent relations which the university assumed, and the actual advantages which it offered. Many students flocked to it in the early days with inadequate preparation, and under the mistaken impression that they would be enabled to support themselves while coinpleting their education. These were necessarily disappointed. SOCIETIES. The new university was not merely to be a university in name, but it was to embody all the features that were distinctive of other institu- tions of learning, and as the young American is, by birth, a public or- ator, societies for literary culture and oratory were at once organized. The first society to be organized, soon after the opening of the univer- sity, was the Philalathean, and soon afterwards, on October 32, 1868, the Irving. The former society held public literary exercises two months later, on December 18, in the friendly shelter of the Aurora Street Methodist Episcopal Church. The aesthetic spirit was also rife, and one of the early numbers of the Era contains a record of the Or- pheus Club. The first place of meeting of the Philalathean was in a room in Cas- cadilla, while the Irving met in the university ; but as the universit)' opened with four classes, many of the new students had been members of secret societies at other institutions, chapters of which were soon formed among the students here. The first secret societies to be insti- tuted were the Zeta Psi and Chi Phi fraternities. A spirit, however, opposed to secret societies was also immediately developed and, as early as December 11, a meeting of students calling themselves Inde- pendents, who were opposed to all secret societies, was held in the par- lor of Cascadilla Place. Soon after an association of independents was formally organized who regarded secret societies as aristocratic, as introducing a distinction between students of the same university, and between members of the same class, and often as possessing no claim to existence from the literary culture imparted, being merely societies for dissipation. The college press of those days, which seems to have been under the control of members of the secret societies, ridiculed 516 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. vigorously the new anti-secret organization. On May 28th of the fol- lowing year, the Delta Upsilon was founded, composed mainly of the independents and those who sympathized with them. This organiza- tion, although opposed to secret societies, was never regarded as a pub- lic society, attendance upon whose exercises, literary or otherwise, was open to all students. The Christian students of the viniversity also united to form an association, which sems to have been organized formally on January 23, 1869. The meetings were at first held in the university buildings, but often in connection with the churches in town. The Classical Association, which has had a continued existence and has formed an important feature in connection with classical study, was organized on February 2, 1869. A month later, one of the largest and most influential of all the scientific societies connected with the uni- versity, the Natural History Sodety, was organized on March 7. The Kappa Alpha fraternity appears third on the list of secret societies, having been founded about November 27, 1868. Upon April 3 three other societies claimed recognition, viz. ; the Alpha Delta Phi, Chi Psi, and Phi Kappa Psi, since which date the establishment of other secret societies has been quite rapid until the present time, when there are about twenty-six such organizations. A distinguishing feature of university life in its later development has been the growth of chapter houses. From the very earliest date it was natural that the members of the different secret societies should arrange to secure rooms together, and many chapters rented private houses, which were used for fraternity purposes. This practice gave way subsequently to the erection of beautiful buildings for fraternity purposes. These buildings contain lodge room, library, parlors, recep- tion rooms and studies, and bed rooms for the members. In some cases board is also provided by a steward within the chapter house. The fraternity which first possessed an independent chapter house was the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, which was erected in 1878, when a large portion of the students still roomed in the city. Its con- venient site on Buffalo Street, half way up the hill, was favorably situated for the needs of that time. Later, the authorities granted lots to societies which should wish to build upon the university grounds. The first fraternity to avail itself of this privilege was the Psi Upsilon fraternity which chose the site at the entrance of the university grounds on the borders of Cascad'iUa ravine. It was followed by the Kappa Alpha fraternity, which erected a chapter house directly north, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 517 on the opposite side of the bank, in 1886-7. Since then, fraternity houses have been erected by the Sigma Phi, Delta Upsilon and Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternities on the university grounds. Other frater- nities have chosen to erect lodges off the university grounds, and the Chi Phi fraternity has erected a picturcscpie chapterhouse in Craigiclea Place, while the Zeta Psi lias erected a large and very fine building upon Stewart Avenue, and the Chi Psi fraternity has purchased and refitted a large building on Buffalo street. The attitude of the univer- sity to secret societies has, perhaps, been different from that of other institutions. The secret societies as established here have received stiidents during the freshman year, who have retained their connection with their society through the four years' course. In some other institutions full membership practically exists for only one or two years at the most. Here no arguments or influence has been used against their establishment. The faculty has insisted that all cere- monies connected with the admission should be without practical jokes, or anything like hazing. In many cases members of the faculty have been members of some one of these societies during the period of their own student days. In a few cases professors have accepted an honor- ary membership in societies with which they had not been previously associated. The frankest relations have always been sustained between members of the faculty and members of the various societies, while to the uninitiate a certain awe attaches to their m3'sterious names and mottoes. In the university world they are regarded rather as private clubs. The character of the influence of a secret society de- pends entirely upon its membership, and societies whose standing is high in other tmiversities, and who have a long list of illustrious graduates, possess naturally an ambition to maintain the reputation which they have inherited. It cannot be denied that occasionally, through the influence of a few bad members, a society may exert upon its membership an influence that is positively disastrous, and such influence may continue for more than a single year. Similarly, when the tone of scholarship in a chapter is low, and when its leading mem- bers are devoted to society, a low standard of scholarship may prevail. On the other hand, many societies have preserved uniformly for a series of years a reputation for distinguished scholarship. Membership in such societies is a badge of character and ability. It must be premised that a student upon entering an institution of learning, must have some companionship. He cannot, and it is not to be desired that he should. 518 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. live alone. Indeed, the most effective, perhaps the most influential part of a student's education is obtained from contact with his fellows. Through association, he acquires a knowledge of men, and becomes courteous and friendly in his dealings with them. His ambition is quickened by contact with brilliant scholars, and the social side of his nature is developed in connection with the intellectual. Assuming these facts, if a stvident can join a society of high standing early in his course, he is kept from the dangers and accidents which are associated with the promiscuous fellowship of the university world. His reputa- tion and scholarship become a part of the reputation of his society, and care is excercised over his life and studies The influence of the faculty, which is felt by the members of a secret society in its public receptions, tends to preserve them from decline, and the more fully the influence of the faculty is felt in the various chapters, the more per- fect is the guarantee of the character of their members. It has often been found that where official influence was powerless, the personal in- fluence of an instructor could be exerted advantageously to effect the reform of a student. It has not been of isolated occurrence that chap- ters themselves, for the sake of their own reputation, have severed the connection of undesirable members, and relieved the university indi- rectly from the incubus of unworthy students. Every year at Com- mencement and at other times, receptions are given by various societies to their alumni, members of the faculty, visitors and friends. Such in- vitations are gratefully responded to by members of the facultv, and their influence upon the student world can only be favorable. Another fact in connection with the establishment of chapter houses is not unworthy of notice. Early in the history of the iniiversity, President White expressed himself very decidedly against the dormitory system. Many educators haveregarded the dormitory system, by which large numbers of students were gathered together in one building, as a fruitful source of disorder. The introduction of society halls, which are owned and governed by the students themselves, guarantees a cer- tain self government in their own interest. It may perhaps be stated that one-fourth of the students of the university find homes in the va- rious chapter houses at the present time. The evils which are usually ascribed to secret societies are found in the clannish and exclusive spirit which is fostered by them. They have been held to be opposed to a bi'oad republican spirit, to the association of students on a footing of perfect equality, and to an enthusiastic and common participation in CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 519 the public and literary interests of the university. Such evils cannot perhaps, be absolutely disavowed. But in this university, where so large a portion of the work in laboratories, shops and seminaries brings students into intimate personal relations with one another, apart from mere association at lectures and recitations, a spirit of utter separation is impossible. Of late years the feeling in favor of attractive, well arranged and well lighted dormitories has increased among the faculty. A university spirit is cultivated, when the students reside upon the university grounds. The friendships of students constitute one of the most beau- tiful features associated with their lives, and are remembered with ardor and gratitude, when the mere acquisitions of the four years of study have been lost in later professional life. Such friendships among students are certainly fostered more when they are associated in a hall, and, weighing the advantages and the disadvantages, it seems unques- tionable that such a life is far preferable to the isolated existence and dreary lodgings and possibilities of temptation, which are associated ' with boarding houses scattered throughout the city. In the first report of President Adams, the attention of the trustees was called to the ex- pediency of the erection of dormitories, who presented in a very able manner the reasons for their introduction from an educational as well as a financial standpoint. President Schurman in his inaugural address speaks in favor of the dormitory systern, and it is hoped that at no distant day dormitories erected by friends of the university will con- stitute an important feature in university life. Among student organizations, the Students' Guild requires mention. Professor Hewett published an article in the Era of December 1, 1870, entitled " Students' Relief Association," in which he called atten- tion to the numerous cases of illness among students and the need of some systematic effort on the part of the university as a whole to pro- vide assistance. He said: " The university has appealed from the first to students of limited means, who are in part dependent upon their own efforts to secure an education. Such students, in case their health is preserved amid the arduous task of self-support and study, may succeed with many sacrifices in accomplishing their noble purpose ; but in case of illness, many occupy rooms remote from the university, with no one to whom- they can appeal for skillful nursing or care, and have to trust to the friendly and often accidental offices of some room mate or fellow student ; such kindly services are not always possible, and the 520 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Student's recovery is often hazarded or postponed by the lack of suffi- cient care. In case of recovery, the student is burdened not only with the cost of his maintenance, but also with that of his sickness. Some students come from families whose circumstances are not ade- quate to meet the extra expense of an illness away from home. Stvidents of larger means are also exposed to the dangers of sickness, without the comforts of home or scientific care. It was proposed in the article that the students should form a relief association or guild, and each contribute a limited sum, which could cause no burden to any one, to constitute a fund which could be used in behalf of invalid students. It was hoped that all students would unite cheerfully in the enterprise of relieving distress among their number, and that this organization would be recognized as a students' institution for the relief of those in need. It was proposed that the faculty should form, in union with representatives from different classes, an executive commit- tee to whom should be referred all cases of need and all applications for aid, whose duty it should be to investigate any cases of sickness or distress which might come to the attention of any member of the university. The suggestion for an organization like this came from the system in vogue in the German universities, by which every student is assessed a limited amount every semester for hospital dues, and in case of illness has the right to demand medical attendance and care in a special ward of the hospital. Such a system was impracticable here, and the method proposed was deemed Ihe best for meeting the existing need. A gen- erous co-operation attended this appeal. A large and representative meeting of the entire university was held in the chapel February 16, 1877, at which a permanent organization was effected. A general in- terest was felt outside the university world in the purposes of this or- ganization, and among those who sent letters promising co-operation was Miss Jennie McGraw, who requested that in case of any special demand being made upon the guild she might have an opportunity to contribute to meet it. It is probable that her attention was first called definitely at this time to the need of a university hospital, and a few months later, in drawing up her will, she made provision for the erec- tion of such a bviilding by a gift of forty thousand dollars for that pur- pose. Since its foundation the Cornell University Guild has constituted a permanent factor in university life. It has appealed to a generous in- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 521 terest on the part of students in behalf of one another, and has exer- cised a wide and beneficent influence. No year has passed when cases of distress have not occurred whicli have been relieved by its kindly ministrations. In some cases the entire expenses attending the sick- ness and funeral of students have been met from its funds. The ladies of the faculty have united to furnish and defray the cost of maintain- ing a student ward in the City Hospital, which has been recently es- tablished ; but the need of a university hospital, well lighted, with am- ple accommodations, with operating rooms, wards, libraries and pleas- ant parlors, where students can relieve the tedium of slow recovery, is constantly felt. The proposition of Miss McGraw to found a imiversity hospital was, perhaps, the first which was made in this country. Sev- eral universities now have such institutions admirably equipped, such as Yale and Princeton Universities. Scientific and literary societies have been formed by professors, the purpose of which has been to enable the members to become familiar with the various investigations which are being carried on by their colleagues in different fields of study. The most notable organization of this kind was a Philosophical Society composed of all members of the faculty, of which Professor Wilson was president, which met i-egu- larly for the reading and discussion of papers in all fields of knowledge. In the autumn of 1893 a Modern Language Conference was established by the professors in the departments of French, English and German, whose membership embraces all the instructors in those departments, and graduate students. It meets regularly six times a year, when papers presenting original investigations, and reviews of current litera- ture and criticism are read. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. The establishment of a University Press, after the example of the English universities, took place early in the history of Cornell. One of the early gifts was a Hoe printing press. It was expected that all the university publications, and works by the various professors, would be printed here, and that the university would become a center of pub- lication. A related purpose, cherished more warmly by some, was that it would open to students a valuable means of self-support who would, at the same time, acquire a valuable craft. Professor Fiske's experi- ence in journalism led to his appointment as "Director of the Univer- se 523 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. sity Press." The University Press was installed first in the basement of Morrill Hall, and the motive power was supplied by a small engine placed to the north. When the first building erected in connection with Sibley College was completed, the printing establishment found ample accommodations in a large room on the first floor. A stereotype foundr}'^ was added in the rear. For many years students found profit- able employment at the expense of the university. Many books were printed here for publishers in the large cities, also the college papers, examination papers, etc. This experiment demonstrated, however, that material profit was impossible in philanthropy, for a deficit occurred every year which the university treasury had to make good. The hope of success in maintaining a University Press was only abandoned reluctantly. In one of the extensions of Sibley College, as late as 1884, provision was made for rooms for printing and stereotyping. Soon after the opening of the university, a prospectus was issued for the establishment of a weekly paper to be devoted to the interests of the university, and to represent the voice of the students in all questions of educational policy. At the hour of midnight on Decem- ber 1, 1868, "just as the clocks were striking twelve, just at the dim witching hour of midnight, a new Era came into existence," and the Cornell Era, representative of the spirit of the young univer- sity, was issued. By three o'clock in the morning the seven hun- dredth copy had been printed and folded and laid away, and the editors were on their way to their rest. The first Era, however, bears the date of November 28. The Era was first published by members of the secret societies. The volume for 1874-5 was issued by editors chosen from the senior and junior classes. The paper thus issued has maintained a continiious existence to the present time. For several years, it was the sole organ for the publication of university news. At no period of its existence has it manifested more enterprise than during those early years. There was a pervading atmosphere of enthusiasm in the university, and in the ideas which it represented, in those early days. The ills and discomforts of the student world in a university insufficiently equipped, the hardships consequent upon a pioneer educational life were borne easily, and dismissed humorously, in the columns of the Era. The limited number of chairs of instruction which had been established gave a unity and common interest to university matters, which has never since been surpassed. All questions of university policy were frankly presented and discussed. Co-education CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 523 as a phantom to be feared was criticized in advance ; the wisdom of a non-resident lecture system praised and disparaged; the interests of the university were stoudly defended against foreign attack, and the students proved themselves vigorous champions of the principles upon which the university rested. One noticeable feature f)f those first years was the active participation of the faculty in the support of the Era. We find a review of current "Events in Europe," by Professor Goldwin Smith; "Concerning Food," by Professor Wilder; "The Relations of High Civilization to Poetry," and "Children's Books," by Professor Corson; "A Day's Ride in Spain," by Prof essor Crane ; " The University of Edinburgh," by Professor Law; "The Land of Fire," by Professor Fiske; "Canoe Life on the Tapajos," by Professor Prentiss; " Etymological Reveries," "Universities and Colleges in Japan " and " Buddistic Morality," by Professor Roehrig; "The Nature and Method of Teaching Mathematics," by Prof essor Wilson ; " Modern Athens, " by Professor Hewett; "A Chair of Didactics," by Professor Sprague; "Eton," by Professor Smith; "My Studies in the University of Cairo, " by Professor Fiske; several translations of articles on "Academic Study and its Mission," by Professor J. M. Hart; also translations and original articles, by Professors MacKoon, Wait and Russel and others. Professor Goldwin Smith contributed translations from his favorite Latin poets. Some of these have recently been included in his recently published volumes of translations from the classics. One of the most interesting features of the Era for many years was a series of Cornellian notes by Professor Fiske. These notes dis- cussed almost every question connected with university policy ; often- times they presented the first announcement of appointments and gifts. Many interesting sketches of foreign university life and experience are contained in these notes. The Cornell colors, the Cornell adjective and the Latinized name of the university were all treated by his versatile pen. He sought to rouse the university muse to write college songs and he himself led the way. These articles were published under a convenient and harmless anonymity. They furnish everywhere evidence of a skillful journalist, interesting in his individuality, and gifted in his power of description. The Eras of that day did not confine their attention primarily to local university news. A wide range of in- formation, and comment upon university life, and educational questions in other colleges, was also manifested. Discussions of popular questions were frequently quoted, and formed the basis of interesting comment. 524 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The enthusiasm of the students for their studies found expression in frequent translations from the German poets, and occasionally from the French and the Swedish. Professor Charles Fred Hartt contributed fascinating accounts of explorations in Brazil, and interesting trans- lations from the Portuguese poets. The Era, in short, mirrored at that time the whole life of the university world, its interests, enthusiasms, sports, jokes, as well as the wider educational life around. But the Era was not destined to pursue an entirely even tenor. Questions regarding its control, or the representation of the different classes upon the Era board came to disturb its supremac)'', and one day the Cornell Times appeared, published to sustain one side in a university contest regarding the constitvition of the Era. It was not long-lived, and few copies are in existence. A compromise, or readjustment of the method of choosing the editors, secured the objects for which it was founded and it quietly ceased to exist. During the first years of the university, a large body of Brazilian students were attracted hither, mainly through the personality of Professor Charles Fred Hartt. These published in the Portuguese language the Aurora Brasiliera for a short time in 1873-4. The Cornellian was the recognized organ of the secret societies and appeared first in 1870. Since that time its scope has been gi-eatly enlarged, and the artistic element in it increased, while retaining all those features which are so representative of the life of the student world, classes, secret and literary societies, clubs, contests, victories and obituaries. In October, 1873, a new publication appeared, the Cornell Review, designed to be the repository of original articles, essays, stories, Woodford orations, elaborate discussions and poems. It was published first by representatives of the literary societies, the Irving, Cvirtis and Philalathean, for which latter there was substituted in 1880 an editor from the Debating Club. From 1883, editors from the Irving and the Debating Club, and three appointed by the retiring board from each of the upper classes, conducted the Review. It was issued first as a quarterly, but after the first year as a monthly. It existed from October 1873 to June 1886. One of the most interesting features of this Review, as well as of its successor, the Cornell Magazine, has been a series of interesting notes by Professor Corson upon "English Literature," containing felicitous notes and interpretations of Shak- sperian verse and thought, which have appeared for many years, and form an extremely valuable collection of " Shaksperiana. " CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 525 In 1880, a daily paper was issued the first number of which appeared on September 16, 1880, the Cornell Sun, containing a daily resume of university news. The increased development of the Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering- led the students pursuing those studies to issue in March, 1887, The Crank, the brevity of whose title as well as its ambiguous character has been since changed into the Sibley College Journal of Engineering. It has afforded a valuable medium for pre- senting the history of this important department of the university, and has contained original investigations, and often full reports of lectures which have been delivered before the Sibley College, a record of various scientific excursions instituted by the college, and interesting discoveries and inventions in the technical departments. The Cornell Magazine, which was issued as the successor of the Cornell Review, appeared first April 13, 1888, and has been issued regularly ever since, has maintained the character of its original. The editorial direction of the Review has devolved upon instru^ctors in the department of English, and students, who have constituted a joint editorial board. A single illustrated paper is wortliy of mention as being the only effort to issue and sustain a comic weekly. This was published first April 1, 1878, and though it continued but a term, it exhibited during its brief existence great artistic skill and humor which was the delight of the university world. The cost and labor of issuing a paper of this kind led, however, to its early abandonment. Publication in connection with investigation constitutes an essential feature of the life of a university. In addition to the Philosophical Review, which has been mentioned in the description of the department of philosophy, a Review was founded to be the organ of the secondary schools called the School Review. This was published at the univer- sity under the general editorship of President Schurman from 1891 to 1893, when its publication was transferred to Colgate University, follow- ing the appointment of Instructor Thurber, who had been its managing editor, to that institution. President Schurman, however, still appears as editor-in-chief. The fact that no Review existed in this country devoted to the investigation of questions in physics led the university to establish the Physical Review, under the editorship of Professor Nichols and his colleagues in the department of physics. This Review has been issued bi-monthly and has appeared both in England and America and is recognized as a valuable organ for disseminating a 520 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. knowledge of investigations in physics. The department of classics has issued several important philological papers under the title of Cornell University Studies in Classical Philology. The latest university pub- lication is The Cornell Law Review, which appeared June 1, 1894. INTERCOLLEGIATE LITERARY CONTESTS. On February 19, 1874, the delegates of fourteen colleges met in Hartford, Conn., to form an intercollegiate literary association. Of these colleges, Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Wesleyan and Williams were in New England, while the others were from the Middle States. Yale was not represented on account of the small interest which was mani- fested there. It was decided to form an association to be called the In- tercollegiate Association of the United States, the object of which should be to hold annual competitive exercises and examinations. Col. T. W. Higginson, who participated actively in the proceedings, said: "At present the esprit du corps of the college is confined to athletic sports. No one hears of the smart men, the best orators, law- yers, writers, and thinkers in our colleges, but if this movement suc- ceeds, the better minds will be developed because there will be a strife to gain laurels for their representative colleges. We must show that oratory is not a mere outside show. In some colleges oratory is made a matter of training, others believe it to be a thing that cannot be taught. So long as the present state of affairs lasts, so long will each college think its own system the best ; but an immediate test, that will bring graduates together in actual trial, will inevitably open up the mat- ter and show which is the best method. " The representatives of Cor- nell at this meeting were Messrs. R. H. Wiles, G. R. Vandewater, and G. H. Fitch, all of whom, both in college and since, have won distin- guished honor. Mr. Wiles, while favoring an oratorical contest, re- garded the true culture of colleges as the main object, and hoped that in due time written examinations in Greek, Latin, literatixre, mathe- matics and science would be held. He opposed the introduction of declamations as school-boyish. The first contests for which provision was made were in essays and oratory, and the ptiblic exercises were ap- pointed for January 7, 1875, in New York. The contest in oratory was held in the Academy of Music, which was filled on this occasion. Ten colleges were represented in this contest. Mr. James Frazer Gluck de- livered his successful Woodford oration of the preceding year. Repre- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 527 seutative men had been chosen as the judges in both contests. Cor- nell University was successful in the literary contest, receiving two out of the four prizes which were awarded. Two subjects for essays had been announced, viz., the "Utilitarian System of Morals," and the "Clowns in Shaksperc." Princeton won the first prize for the best essay on the former subject, while George H. Fitch won the first, and James F. Gluck the second prize for essays on the second subject. The judges were Thomas Wentworth Higginson, James T. Fields and Rich- ard Grant White. The value of the first prize was one hundred and fifty dollars. For the following year the competition was extended to include not only oratory and essays but Greek and mathematics, and a special prize was offered for the best essay on ' ' Arbitration as a Sub- stitute for War." The prizes had been increased in value for this oc- casion. Eleven colleges competed for the prize in oratory. Hamilton College received the first prize, and D. J. Tompkins, of Cornell, the second prize of one hundred and fifty dollars. The two subjects an- nounced for the regular prize essays were "Dickens and Thackeray Compared," and the "Advantages and Disadvantages of Universal Suffrage." Seven colleges competed for these prizes, and Mr. Frank E. Heath of Cornell University received the first prize of two hundred dollars for the best essay on the first subject announced. Eleven col- leges had been represented in the contest for the mathematical prize which had been held in New York, the committee being Admiral C. H. Davis, Professor Simon Newcomb and Professor Peter Michie. The first prize of three hiuidred dollars was awarded to E. H. Pal- mer of Cornell; Princeton received the second prize. The committee upon oratory were William CuUen Bryant, George William Curtis and Whitelaw Reid. Eight colleges were represented in the contest in Greek. The examiners were Dr. T. W. Chambers, Dr. William R. Dimmock and Charlton T. Lewis. The first prize was awarded to Miss Julia J. Thomas of Cornell University. Great enthusiasm was mani- fested in Ithaca upon the reception of the news of the success of the tmiversity. A public meeting was held in Library Hall, participated in by the citizens and students, at which the successful oration was de- livered and the successful essay read, and special gifts bestowed upon the competitors by the enthusiastic citizens. For the third intercollegiate literary contest, which was held in the Academy of Music on January 3, 1877, one additional subject had been announced for competition, viz. : "Natural Science." The committee R28 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in oratory consisted of Bayard Taylor, Gen. J. R. Hawley and the Rev. Dr. E. H. Chapin. Cornell University was not represented in the oratorical contest, Mr. C. H. Esty, who had been announced to ap- pear, being txnable to be present. The committee on essays awarded honorable mention to N. A. Ran- dolph and S. H. Coon, both of Cornell, for essays upon the first subject announced, "Hawthorne's Place in Literature," and the first prize for an essay on the "Federalist Party in the United States, "to C. J. Brewer, also of Cornell. In the competition in Latin, the first prize was awarded to Emil Schwerdtfeger of Cornell, and the first prize in Greek to Eugene Prayer of Cornell. In mathematics the two papers were found to be so nearly equal that the prize was divided, C. A. Van Velzer, of Cor- nell, being mentioned first in the award. For the competition in Greek five colleges sent representatives; in mathematics, only two; in mental science, five; in oratory, ten; in Latin, five; in essays, five. At the fourth anntial contest held in New York, January 18, 1878, Cornell University was represented in the oratorical contest by Joseph Ness, who had changed his subject from "The Power of Ideas," the subject of his Woodford oration, to "The Catholic Church a Blessing to Civilization," which was regarded as less effective. The first prize for the best essay on ' ' The Growth of Political Parties in the United States," was awarded to Charles W. Ames of Cornell University. The second prize in mathematics was awarded to A. S. Hathaway of Cornell University. The fifth annual intercollegiate oratorical contest was held in Stein- way Hall, New York, Friday evening, January 10, 1879. In the oratori- cal contest Mr. A. C. Wakeley represented Cornell University. The second prize in Greek was divided between Mr. J. A. Ilaight of Cor- nell, and M. W. Nourse of Wesleyan. A. S. Hathaway, of Cornell, received the first prize in mathematics. Several wealthy persons in New York had contributed during the first years to pay for the prizes which were, awarded. When this sup- port of the Intercollegiate Association ceased, it was proposed to make the organization a college affair, to be supported by a tax of fifty dollars from each college which sent competitors, which was later lessened to twenty-five dollars. This change introduced an element of uncertainty in the support of the organization. The large number of colleges which had become members lessened the interest, and created uncer- tainty as to its future, and led to its final abandonment. Its judges CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 629 from the first had been men of the highest reputation, whose decision upon the merit of any question would be universally recognized as of authority. Had the support of the society been more skillfully arranged, and participation in the various contests limited, it is proba- ble that it would still have a useful existence. The success of the uni- versity in purely literary and scientific contests emphasized the solid character of the instruction which was given in its various departments. In Greek, Latin, mathematics and essays, it had won distinguished recognition; in oratorj', Hamilton College; in mental science, Prince- ton ; in Latin, Rutgers ; in mathematics, the University of the City of New York attained especial honor. ATHLETICS. As soon as the enthusiastic students of the university had familiar- ized themselves with their new home, they undertook the .organization of the various athletic interests. During the summer of 18G9, Har- vard had gallantly sent a crew to England to contest with Oxford the dominion of the seas, and during the same year the Undine Boat Club was formed here, which was more a prophecy of future success than an achievement, for it did little to promote practical boating. During the visit of Mr. Thomas Hughes to Ithaca in the autumn of 1870, he gave a personal narration of his own experiences as an oarsman, with which the students were in part familiar in "Tom Brown at Oxford." Discussion at once became rife, which, on April 17, 1871, resulted in the formation of the University Boat Club, composed of all classes of undergraduates. In May following, the name Cornell Navy was adopted as the final name for the boating interests of the university. A boathouse was erected on the inlet near the steamboat landing, and a clumsy eight-oared barge, the "Cornell," built in Ithaca, and a four- oared outrigger, "Buffalo," constituted the university fleet. A little later a six-oared lapstreak barge with blue and white stripes, called the " Striped Pig," was purchased. Tradition says that at the first meet- ing, the chairman's request that those gentlemen present who had ever used the spoon oar would rise, was answered by one individual, rising modestly and remotely, and also that upon the first trip in the ' ' Buf- falo " the crew was covered with disgrace and water in about equal proportions, by capsizing in the inlet at the order "oars a-peak. " The responsibility for this difficult and intricate manoeuvre was long dis- 67 530 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. puted; some maintaining that, the commodore being present, the com- mand was given in liis honor, the captain maintaining that tlie disas- trous command was given by the commodore himself. On June 1st this redoubtable craft, the "Buffalo," encountered a tow-boat and sunk, which ended the naval experience of the first year. Jiist before the organization of the Cornell Navy, a University Boat Club had been formed, somewhat exclusive in its membership, but, sus- tained by vigorous supporters, it became formidable to the regular or- ganization. In the middle of May a six-oared outrigger, known as the " Green Barge," also from an Ithaca shipyard, was launched, the home of which was a barn at the corner of the lake. In honor of Mr. Hughes this club received the name of the "Tom Hughes Boat Club.'' Mr. Hughes acknowledged the honor by sending a silver challenge cup, to be known as the "Tom Hughes" cup. On May 13, 1873, Cornell joined the Rowing Association of American Colleges, a step promoted by that most enthusiastic Cornellian, Mr. J. B. Edgerley, whose early death has a pathos which will always appeal to those who knew him. On May 2, the Tom Hughes Boat Club became part of the Navy, and a six-oared cedar shell was purchased from Yale and a professional trainer secured. The first regatta was held on Cayuga Lake on May 10 and 11, 1873. It was proposed to send a crew to Springfield, but the necessary funds were lacking, and at Commencement the crew dis- banded, after several months of vigorous training. The university first entered a college race, at Springfield, Mass., on June 17, 1873, with a new cedar six-oared boat, the gift of President White. The crew had been carefully trained by the oarsman, Henry Coulter, and was composed of excellent oarsmen. It drew a position in an eddy with an up-stream current, behind an island, around which it was forced to row. It, however, won fourth place beside Yale, Wes- leyan and Harvard, in a competition with eleven colleges. At the first contest in Saratoga, held on July IG, 1874, the crew won only fifth place among nine competitors. The arrangements for the race had been imperfect, the condition of the crew wretched, and their training probably crude. Four class clubs had been formed in the university which united September 18, 1874, to form the Sprague Boat Club, the two organi- zations together constituting the Navy. Mr. J. B. Sprague of Ithaca presented a challenge cup to be awarded to the successful crew. Under Captain Ostrom in the spring of J 875, boating in the university began CORNELL UNIVERSITY. G;!! to be a science. Training throughout the winter in the gymnasium was continued, and as soon as the ice left the inlet, practice upon the lake began. A new paper shell, built according to the directions of Captain Ostrom, was obtained. The crew consisted of Gillis, Jarvis, Gardiner, Barto and Waterman. The freshmen determined also to send a crew to Saratoga, and Jack Lewis, later a familiar name in Cornell annals in boating, was elected captain, with Carpenter, Graves, Smith, Camp and Palmer as associates. The victory which the university crew won over Courtney and his crew of Union Springs gave them great confidence. On July 13, 1875, the freshmen race was rowed on Saratoga Lake in which crews from Harvard, Brown and Princeton were defeated. Here, it is said, the Cornell yell was first inventcid. On an omnibus crowded with Cornellians driving from the city to the lake, Charley Raymond suggested trying a version of the Yale refrain — "eli, eli, eli, ell"; and an inverted form of it was attempted, Cornell! i-ell, i-ell, ell, ell. When, however, the Cornell crew passed that of Harvard, pressing on swift and straight to victory, a yell burst forth, caught up by the groups of students throughout the vast company of spectators and by the spectators themselves : "Hurrah! hurrah! hurrah! Cornell! I yell, yell, yell, Cornell! " which has since been adopted as a battle cry of the university on many closely contested fields. No university race has perhaps ever surpassed that which occurred on Saratoga Lake on July 14, 1875. Thirteen college crews were in line, each with a narrow lane marked out through the water before it. Three crews led from the beginning, Cornell on the left, Columbia in the center and Harvard on the right. When the goal was first reached, four thousand specta- tors rose from their seats, lifted the crew from their boat, and bore them on their shoulders in triumph. A palace car was placed at their dis- posal on their return and the crew was greeted by enthusiastic throngs at every station through which they passed. They were met at the rail- way station in Ithaca by processions of students and citizens, and rode upon a platform, proudly bearing the shell with which their victory had been won, amid fire works and beneath a triumphal arch, through the streets to the university. On July 17, 1876, a second race at Sara- toga between Cornell, Harvard, Columbia, Union, W;esleyan and Princeton was won by Cornell. In a single scull race which im- mediately followed, Charles S. Francis, now a chosen trustee of the alumni, was victorious over Harvard, Columbia and Princeton in a two-mile race, and on the following day the Cornell freshmen defeated 532 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. both Harvard and Columbia. This triple victory was received with enthusiasm equal to that of the preceding year. With the regatta of 1876, the Rowing Association of American Colleges dissolved. Yale withdrew early, Harvard remained to contest once more the supremacy of the waters. Cornell's friends raised in New York in a few days five thousand dollars to send the crew to England to row a four-oared race with cockswain, with Oxford and Cambridge. The crew would have consisted of Ostrom, King, Mason and Lewis with Fred. White as cockswain, but neither Oxford or Cambridge would accept the challenge. A challenge was sent to Harvard and Yale for an eight-oared race, which was, however, refused. In the fall of 1877 a freshman race was arranged with Harvard, which challenged Cornell. This race was rowed on Owasco Lake on July 17, with Harvard alone, and the imiversity again won. In 1879, the university sent a crew to the national regatta in Saratoga where, however, it had no competitors and rowed over the course alone. The single scull race was won by Lewis without com- petition. A race on Lake George during the same year with Columbia and Wesleyan, entered upon hastily, was lost. In 1879, a crew was again oi-ganized to contest supremacy with Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania on Lake George, and Cornell again won. During the summer of 1881, a race was arranged in England to be rowed on June 31, 1881 for the Steward's Cup at Henley. The crews with which they contested on this occasion were veteran oarsmen of the Thames Row- ing Club and the London Rowing Club. The position of the Cornell boat was bad and they were less familiar with the course, which was exposed to adverse currents and wind, and they were defeated by both opposing crews. On July 3, a second race was rowed with the Hert- ford College Boat Club of Oxford over the Henley course. Cornell led imtil it approached imexpectedly a shallow, when its boat grounded where the boat of the Thames Rowing Club had stopped on the preced- ing day, and again victory was lost. A third race for the Thames Chal- lenge Cup in the Metropolitan Regatta on July 14, with two leading London clubs was lost by bad steering., A fourth effort for success was made upon the Danube at Vienna. Cornell led until victory seemed assured, when the sudden illness of one of the crew checked the speed of their boat and the race was lost. These England races were accom- panied by charges of treachery and unprofessional conduct on the part of one member of the crew. Whatever the truth may have been, the charges made, though they could not be demonstrated, were generally CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 633 believed, and left a painful impression in connection with this experience of our crew abroad. In 1890, a new boat house with excellent accom- modations was erected by funds raised by the students, on ground generously leased to the navy by the Delaware and Lackawanna Railway. Mr. Charles S, Francis, the accomplished oarsman of 1870, thus writes of later boating : Passing over the various successes and reverses of several years we come to 1885, which marked a new era in boating at Cornell. The services of Charles E. Court- ney, the professional oarsman, were engaged in that year, and have been continu- ously retained ever since, as coach and trainer, and from then until now not a single defeat has been recorded against the Cornell Navy. While I would not take from the gallant oarsmen themselves one jot or tittle of their hard-earned laurels, and while I certainly appreciate at their proper value the advantages of good water and the big hill which does so much toward developing the leg muscles and lung power, I must be permitted to publicly express the opinion that to the intelligent and care- ful coaching of Mr. Courtney the Cornell Navy is more indebted for its phenomenal and unbroken record of victories during the last eight years than to all other causes combined. And it is an undeniable fact that Courtney's influence upon oarsmen, the freshmen particularly, has always been excellent. He not only frowns upon intem- perance, but will not tolerate immorality in any form. He is impressed with the belief that mental and physical training go well together, and the chief object of a young man's residence at college is to improve his mind — in other words, study first, play afterward. Courtney will not, knowingly, permit a man to occupy a seat in either the 'Varsity or freshmati crews who is behind in his university work, and he recently remarked to me that he had observed that the rowing men who stood well in their classes invariably proved conscientious, faithful oarsmen, and could always be depended upon "when the pinch came," "Give me good students," he added, " and I will make you fast crews. They have ambition, and that is a quality win- ning oarsmen must possess." The loyalty to, and unbounded confidence in their JMentor, shown by the boating men generally, clearly indicates the hold Courtney has on the supporters of the Cornell Navy and augurs well for its continued prosperity. Recollections of later-day victories are so fresh in mind that they hardly need re- cital in this article, to emphasize the fact that victory has been emblazoned on Cor- nell's aquatic banners for the last eight years and there never has been any occasion to substitute for it the word, defeat. Records have been broken by our crews with pleasing frequency. In 1889 the 'varsity crew won the Sharpless cup at Philadelphia and made the world's record for one and one half miles, time 6 min. 40 sec. The freshmen in '90, at New London, under the very noses of the New England Univer- sities — in fact defeating, the best Yale freshmen ci-ew ever organized — scored the best freshmen time on record — 11 min. 16 1-4 sec. Another world's record, that for three miles, was established by the Cornell 'varsity crew in the intercollegiate race over the same course in 1891, time 14 min. 17 J sec, while the following season the record for the Passaic River was lowered by the 'varsity to 7 min. 21 sec. — one and one half miles. 534 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. When one considers the unvarying aquatic successes of Cornell during these later years it seems almost incredible that such pre-eminence in boating could be acquired in so short a time and from the disheartening environments of the little rickety student-made boat house at the steamboat landing. The oarsmen of to-day can hardly realize the discouraging conditions that confronted sturdy John Ostrom and "Jack" Lewis and the other crewmen back in " the seventies," nor can they readily understand how much effort it required then to evoke the euthu.siasm demanded for successful training and development of speed. With Courtney as " coach," with improvement in boats and sweeps and with convenient boat house accommodations, it is not surprising that the Cornell crews of to-day row in better form and faster than their predecessors and are better qualified to defend the aquatic honor of the university against all comers. In this connection, however, I trust I will be par- doned if I express the hope that the crews, present and future, will not allow over- confidence in their ability to defeat opponents to beget listlessness and loose train- ing. Neither Courtney nor any other "coach" can teach crews to row fast unless the men themselves are willing to make the personal sacrifices demanded in strict training and are desirous of being taught. Nine times out of ten an exaggerated opinion of ability is fatal to success in any outdoor .sport, and especially is this true in boating. Past victories will not win future races. With such a long list of victories to its credit, Cornell is naturally desirous of en- larging the circle of her races. Persistent effort for years to arrange a varsity race with Yale and Harvard has proved unavailing. Occasionally Harvard and Yale have offered to row Cornell in Freshmen " eights " — and these events have always been won by the latter — but, for reasons known to themselves, although generally under- stood by all men, the New England universities have never been willing to meet Coi-nell on the water since the Saratoga regattas of '75 and '70. While the bars of exclusiveness have been taken down sufficiently to allow Columbia to compete with them, they have not been opened wide enough to permit Cornell's entry. Last sum- mer Cornell, in a friendly spirit, challenged Yale and Harvard to row on any course, for an}' distance and at any time. The invitation was not accepted. Casper W. Whitney, athletic editor of Harper's Weekly, thereupon published the following : " It is greatly to be regretted that Yale and Harvard should not have opened the freshmeii race at New London to Cornell; the same reason given for refusing a 'var- sity race does not apply since the event has been thrown open to Columbia. It is really much of a loss to college aquatics that a university so pre-eminently qualified to test its strength on the water with the best in the country .should be confined to events that are more or less walk-overs for its crews. Cornell's freshmen crew should unquestionably be admitted to the New London Harvard- Yale-Columbia race, pro- vided, of course, its members are governed by the same general university regula- tions as the freshmen of other colleges, and to bar it seems hardly sportsmanlike. "The best interests of college boating likewise demand a race between the 'var- sity crews of Harvard, Yale and Cornell. The 'varsity rivalry between Harvard and Yale is recognized, and that they should be indifferent to rowing any other crew is readily appreciated. The marked success Cornell has had on the water, and the wonderfully fast time her crews have made, seem to demand a test of the two sys- tems of rowing, which are totally at variance one with the other. To persist in a re. fusal is prejudicial to our national school of rowing. Cornell is willing to row either CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 535 Harvard or Yale, at any place, at any time, and for any distance ; it seems to rae as though such sportsmanship should receive some recognition other than continual re- buff." Friends of the Cornell Navy have earnestly hoped that a race might be arranged eitlier in this country or on the other side of the Atlantic, between the Oxford and Cornell 'varsity crews, but there does not seem at present to be any likelihood of such acontest between English and American aquatic skill and brawn. The Oxford- Cambridge race occurs early in the spring. At such a time it would be manifestly impossible for our crew to cross the ocean and meet the Englishmen on the Thames, and it could hardly be expected that the winners at Henley would be willing to re- main in training without a let-up until July to row Cornell in England. It is barely possible that another year, through early correspondence, a four mile race between Oxford and Cornell might be arranged to take place on the Thames in August. This would give the Cornell oarsmen sufficient time in England to become thoroughly ac- climated and to return home before the beginning of the university year. Such an event would be of absorbing interest; it would attract international attention and show the relative merits of the English and American university rowing as well as give the boating world an opportunity to ascertain the comparative values of wooden and paper racing shells, and old country and Yankee style of boat rigging. If Cor- nell could win such a contest and return home the acknowledged college champions of the world, it is believed the old New England college " exclusivene.ss-in-rowing" would receive a shock which, while it might result later in self-created, humiliating cm1)arra.'isnient, would be regarded with entire composure by the American college world at large — a just and discriminating public which always admires pluck and manliness wherever it may be found, on the broad waters of Cayuga Lake, the Charles River or the sinuous Connecticut. However, under the free institutions of this glorious country with its untrammeled liberty in speech and action, Harvard and Yale, if they so elected, might even then preserve their self-sufficient prestige in boating by continuing for an indefinite period to dwell in all the glory of their soli- tary grandeur ! Below is appended a list of victories won by Cornell on the water, and which, while it may be incomplete, is sufficiently formidable to be regarded with genuine pride by every friend of the Cornell Navy, and to claim for the red and white the respect of every fair-minded and manly boating man in America, in and out of col- lege: Intercollegiate regatta, Saratoga Lake, July 13, 1875. — Freshman six-oared race. Time, 17 min. 32 1-4 sec. Intercollegiate regatta, Saratoga Lake, July 14, 1870. — University six-oared race. Time, IG min. 53 1-4 sec. Intercollegiate regatta, Saratoga Lake, July 19, 1876.— -University six-oared race. Time, 17 min. 1 1-2 sec. Intercollegiate regatta, Saratoga Lake, July 19, 1876. — For Cornell University, Charles S. Francis, single scull race. Best intercollegiate time on record, two miles, 13 min. 42 3-4 sec. Intercollegiate regatta, Saratoga Lake, July 19, 1876. — Freshman six-oared race. Time, 17 min. 23 1-2 sec. Freshman eight-oared race, Owasco Lake, July 17, 1878. — Time, 17 min. 13 3-4 sec. 53G LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. National regatta, Saratoga Lake, July 9, 1879. — Four-oared race, one mile and one- half. Time, 9 min. 15 sec. North Hector regatta, Lake George, July, 1879, four-oared race. Lake George regatta. Lake George, July 17, 1880. — Four-oared race, one mile and half. Time, 9 min. 13 sec. Cazenovia regatta, four-oared race. May 25, 1883. Time, 11 min. 57 .sec. Intercollegiate regatta. Lake George, July 4, 1883. — University four-oared race. Time, 11 min. 57 sec. For Childs championship cup, Philadelphia, July 19, 1887. — Four-oared race. Amateur Rowing Association, Newark, N. J., Passaic River, July 11, 1887. Four- oared race. Intercollegiate regatta, Worcester, Mass., July 5, 1887. — Four-oared race, one mile and one-half. Time, 9 min. 38 3-4 sec. Childs championship cup, Philadelphia, July 19, 1887. — Four-oared race. People's regatta for Downing cup, Philadelphia, July 4, 1888. — University eight- oared race. Intercollegiate regatta. New London, June, 1889. — University eight-oared race. Time, 16 min. 4 sec. Philadelphia regatta, eight-oared race, July 4, 1889. — Time, 7 min. 3 sec. Intercollegiate regatta, for Sharpless cup, Philadelphia, July 5, 1889. — University eight-oared race. (World's record for one and one-half miles). Time, 6 min. 40 sec. Ithaca Intercollegiate regatta, Ithaca, June 18, 1890. — University eight-oared race. Time, 17 min. 30 1-5 sec. Intercollegiate freshman race. New London, June 24, 1890. — Eight-oared race. Time, 11 min. 16 1-4 sec. Best freshman time on record. Intercollegiate regatta. New London, June 26, 1890. — University eight-oared race. Time, 14 min. 43 sec. Intercollegiate regatta. New London, June 27, 1891. — University eight-oared race. (World's record for three miles). Time, 14 rain. 27 1-2 sec. Amateur Rowing As.sociation regatta, Passaic River, May 30, 1892. — Eight-oared race. Time, 7 min. 21 sec. Record for that course. Intercollegiate regatta, Ithaca, June 9, 1892. — Freshman eight-oared race. Time, 10 min. 56 sec. Intercollegiate regatta, Ithaca, June 15, 1892. — University eight-oared race. Three miles. Time, 17 min. 26 sec. Intercollegiate regatta. Lake Minnetonka, July 8, 1893, vs. the University of Penn- sylvania. — University eight-oared race. Cornell 23 min. 40 sec. Pennsylvania 23 min. 52 sec. Four miles. Freshman eight-oared race, two miles, New London, July, 1893. — Cornell 10 min. 8 sec. Columbia 10 min. 42 sec. Intercollegiate regatta, eight-oared race, Delaware River, near Philadelphia, June 6, 1894, vs. the University of Pennsylvania.— Cornell 21 min. 12|^ sec. Pennsylva- nia 21 min. 34^ sec. Four miles. Freshman eight-oared race, two miles, Lake Cayuga, Ithaca, June 19, 1894, vs. Dauntless Crew of New York. Freshman 11 rain. 15| sec. Dauntless 13 min. 11 sec. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 037 The Cornell 'varsity crews have won twenty-four races, lost six, and had one foul. The freshmen have won seven and lost none, while our sinjrle scullers have won nine and lost two. _ Among these we have world's records for one and one-half miles in 0.40, three miles in i4.27>^, besides the two mile intercollegiate record of 13.43^. Baseball and football have been cultivated at the university, and as these contests have now become a part of the calendar of every univer- sity year, it is impossible to chronicle their progress. The proposition to forin a baseball club was made as early as February 27, 1809, and upon May 8, a petition was presented to the Executive Committee for a baseball ground. During this month the first games with rival clubs were reported. The first efficient impulse to start a gymnasium is due to Professor Byerly whose enthusiasm in athletic sports led him to undertake the difficult task of erecting a gymnasium by soliciting funds among the students and citizens. This enterprise was begun in the autumn of 1873, and the erection qf the original gymnasium, just east of the present Sigma Phi chapter house on Central avenue, commenced in December of that year. This modest structure whose entire cost with equipment did not exceed f 1,000 contained the essential apparatus for the best physical clevelopment. Parallel bars, rings, trapezes, ladders, horses, lifting machines, lifting weights, rowing machine, etc., etc.; also apparatus for expanding the chest and increasing the capacity of the lungs. The apparatus was selected by Professor Byerly in New York, who was thoroughly familiar with the best modern equipments of a gymnasium. The gymnasium was finished and ready for use on Feb- ruary 31, 1874, and it formed for a long time a useful, almost indispen- sable element in the physical training of the students. The erection of the present Armory was authorized on April 29, 1883, and it was erected during the same year but was not finished so as to be open for use until the spring of the following year, when Dr. Edward Hitchcock, jr., was appointed acting professor of physical culture and director of the gymnasium. Under his inspiration the equipment of the gymna- sium took place rapidly and it was used not only for gymnastic exer- cises, but for an armory and drill hall, under the efficient administration of the Commandant, Major J. B. Burbank. Later additions to the gymnasium in the year 1893 furnished greatly increased facilities, swim ming tank, bath rooms, running course, etc., etc. 68 538 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The development of university athletics received a new impulse in the gift of an athletic field, of the value of three thousand dollars, in June, 1889, from William H. Sage, esq., situated just north of Fall creek. Mr. Sage has been the constant patron and promoter of all the athletic interests of the university. This field consists of aboixt seven acres, enclosed by a high fence, with a grand stand, cinder course, dressing rooms, etc. By two gifts of J. J. Hagerman, esq., of Colorado Springs, amounting in all to seven thousand dollars, the necessary preparation of the field was secured. The field was named ." Percy Field " in honor of a son of the donor of its equipment, who with his brother have shown an enthusiastic and generous interest in athletics. Mr. Robert H. Treman has contributed a valuable and active support to university athletics. The Athletic Council was succeeded by the Athletic Associ- ation of Cornell University, consisting of alumni and student represent- atives of the various athletic organizations. The Cornell Athletic Association was incorporated June 5, 1889, linder the laws of 18fi5, State of New York, chap. 368, p. 362. The incorporators were W. H. Sage, B. I Wheeler, H. S. White, J. F. Kemp, E. Hitchcock, jr., F. D. Davis, and H. S. Bronson. The pur- pose of the Association was: (1) To centralize the various athletic interests of the university. The four athletic organizations — the Navy, Baseball club. Football club, and the Athletic club — had heretofore existed in entire independence of each other, and had conducted their affairs, such as the raising of money, arrangement of games, etc. , each in disregard or ignorance of the plans of the others. The gift of the athletic field (Percy Field) in 1889, made it necessary that there should exist an organization not only to own and manage the field, but to co- ordinate the interests of the different clubs in its use. (2) To act as an advisory board for the managers of the athletic teams. Under the old system there had existed no check upon the powers of the managers. They expended money as they saw fit, and made no accounting. Shortly after the organization of the Association the power of choosing all managers, including the commodore, was delegated to it by the different clubs. (3) To assume control of property that might be donated to it in the interest of athletics. In accordance with this purpose it has assumed the ownership of the Percy Field and of the boat house, with the boats and equipments therein. It now keeps the field in order, attends to re- pairs of fence and buildings, and regulates the assignment of its use CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 53« among the different teams, deducting from the gate receipts at all the university games fifteen per cent, for the benefit of the field. The steam launch now building "for the use of the navy will become, when completed, the property of the Association. (4) To exercise oversight over the collection and expenditure of moneys on the part of the various organizations. The treasurer of the Association, who is a graduate, keeps a separate account with each or- ganization, as well as also an account with the field. He receives all money collected by each organization, whether in the form of gate re- ceipts or subscriptions, and pays all bills when approved by the man- agei-s who contracted them. The different accounts are published an- nually in the college papers by the treasurer, thus affording the uni- versity public a reliable means of knowing how the athletic funds are expended. The trustees of the association consisted originally of fourteen per- sons, viz., two representatives from the Navy, including the commo- dore; two from the Baseball club, including the manager; two from the Football club, including the manager; two from the Athletic club, including its president {i. e., manager); four members of the faculty, including the professor of Physical Culture; one representa- tive from the Executive Committee of the trustees of the university; and one member chosen at large. As amended in 1894, the constitu- tion added one representative from the La Crosse Club, namely, its man- ager, and provided that the eight other undergraduate members should consist of the commodore of the Navy and the captain of the crew, and the managers and captains of the three other organizations. The Faculty Committee on Athletics, which has, by vote of the fac- ulty, entire charge of the leaves of absence for the athletic teams, has thus far included the four faculty trustees of the association. This circumstance has contributed greatly to the solidarity of the whole athletic management, and provided a most efficient means for the regu- lation of athletics and the prevention of abuses. The influence of the faculty is thus exercised from within, and not from without, the central management itself. The faculty members of the Board of Trustees are at present (1894) Professors Dennis, Hitchcock, Wheeler and White, the representative from the university trustees is Mr. W. H. Sage, who is also president of the board; the member at large is Mr. Robert H. Treman, who has been the treasui'er from the beginning. i540 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS. XI. LANGUAGES. 1. THE CLASSICAL AND ORIENTAL LANGUAGES.— 2. THE GERMANIC AND ROMANCE LANGUAGES. At the opening of the university provision was made for instruction in the classics by the election of Professor Albert S. Wheeler as profes- sor of both Latin and Greek. Professor Wheeler was a graduate of Hobart College, in which he had been tutor from 185;$ to 1855, and as- sistant professor of Greek and Latin in 1855 and 1850. During the years 1857 to 1850 he held the professorship of rhetoric and elocution. From 1800 to 1868, the date of his call to Cornell University, he was professor of the Greek language and literature. All students of those early days will recall this admirable teacher. Having received a legal training for practice at the bar, he manifested the results of this train- ing in all that he did. An excellent and accurate scholar, with a judi- cial mind, he nianifested in his training of students similar qualities. They were expected to be thorough, systematic, logical, to take nothing for granted, to search for the foundations of all that was taught. For three years he filled the double chair of Latin and Greek. All students who graduated imderhim felt the impress of his personalit)' as much as of his learning. While the philological side of classical study was not disregarded, he appreciated classical study from its humane side for the value of its literature. Especially in the award of prizes Professor Wheeler pursued a characteristic method. He did not believe that prizes should be awarded simply for excellence in the ordinary curricu- lum of the class room, but that in addition to class room work, certain work should be set which would test the independence of the student by private study. Thus at an examination in Horace, the prize paper would embrace the entire writings of the poet, and the student would be ex- pected to discuss thoroughly from independent research whatever (pies- tions might arise in connection with the life and times of the poet, his verse and his theories of poetry. On one occasion of this kind one com- petitor committed to memory three books of the "Odes of Horace" and the " Ars Poetica;" and a second student was only slightly behind the first. Professor Goldwin Smithy with whom the poet had been a favorite study and who had translated a considerable portion of his verse CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 541 which has since been published, prepared the paper set for examination, and such as would have been given in a similar case in an English uni- versity, and awarded the prizes. Professor Wheeler resigned after three yeai-s' service and accepted a position in the vSheffield Scientific School, where the same distinguished ability as a scholar has won for him de- served recognition. Upon the resignation of Professor Wheeler the de- partment was divided as had been originally contemplated , whenever the resources of the university should permit, and Tracy Peck, a teacher in the High School of Cincinnati and former tutor in Yale, was elected to the professorship of the Latin language and literature, and Mr. Isaac Flagg, an assistant professor in Harvard, was chosen professor of the Greek language and literature. Professor Peck, who contributed to en- large the field of Latin study, remained connected with the depart- ment until 1880. He was an advocate of the Roman method of pronunciation, which he here introduced, and teaching Latin convei'sa- tion was a favorite branch of instruction with him. Professor Flagg was a teacher of fine literary taste, with an intimate knowledge of Greek literature, who, in his published writings, has devoted especial atten- tion to the dramatists. He remained associated with the university until 1888, when he resigned and accepted a position in the Universit)' of California. Professor Peck resigned in order to become the succes- sor of his former teacher, Professor Thatcher; in Yale University. Upon the resignation of Professor Peck, William Gardiner Hale, now of the University of Chicago, was chosen his successor. Professor Hale had won deserved recognition as instructor in Latin in Harvard Univer- sity, a reputation which has constantly increased. Under his leader- ship and under the fostering care of the trustees of the university, whose means at that time permitted a larger development, instruc- tion in Roman life and art became prominent. Professor Hale's per- sonal studies were, in addition to Roman life and art, directed to the scientific discussion of questions of Latin grammar, especially of those associated with the Moods. The department increased rapidly in num- bers during the period of Professor Hale's connection with the univer- sity. Professor Hale's large interest in all questions that concerned university administration made his participation in the deliberations of the faculty of great value. Upon the resignation of Professor Hale, Professor Charles E. Bennett of Brown University, who had held pro- fessorships in both the University of Nebraska and the University of Wisconsin, was elected his succe,ssor. Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, a 542 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. graduate of Brown University and an instructor in Harvard University, was elected acting professor of classical philology and instructor in Latin and Greek, and entered upon his duties beginning with the year 1886. Professor Wheeler's work upon receiving his degree at the Uni- versity of Heidelberg had won immediate recognition as a most valua- ble contributor to the study of the Indo-European languages. He had devoted especial attention to the science of language as well as to the comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages. With his accession, a department was filled, the needs of which had been long recognized by all professors in the department of languages. Syste- matic courses of lectures upon the science of language, together with instruction in Sanskrit and phonetics, with increased work in the depart- ment of Greek, to which Professor Bristol was elected from Hamilton College, gave an enlarged impulse to classical study in the university. At this time seminary instruction was introduced in all departments, facilities having been afforded by the purchase of special libraries for consultation by advanced students, and by the fitting up of seminary rooms. The extension and reorganization of the work in Greek since the con- nection of Professor B. I. Wheeler with that department include (1) a rearrangement of, the courses of instruction, (2) the introduction of the study of historical grammar and the science of language, (3) the introduction of systematic instruction in ancient life and institutions, (4) the organization of seminary instruction and the formation of a seminary library, (5) the collection of illustrative materials including a museum of casts. (1. ) The courses of instruction were remodeled with a view to sharply difiierentiate betweertthe required work of the freshman and sophomore years, and the elective work of those who looked forward to specializa- tion in the subject. To the work of the freshman year was assigned especially training in the accuracies of the language upon the basis of Lysias, Plato, and the Odyssey of Homer. The work of sophomore year was devoted almost exclusively to literary training, based upon the reading of Demosthenes, Sophocles and Aristophanes. Supplementarj' reading oiitside the regular requirements of the class exercises was assigned and required. In the belief that these earlier years demand the most experienced instruction, the work of the sophomore class was conducted by Professor Wheeler himself, and that of the freshman class supervised, and, for at least half the class, conducted bj' Professor Bristol. .CORNELL UNIVERSITY. . 543 The variety and scope of the advanced work was greatly enlarged. Regular advanced courses have been provided in (a) the tragedians, {/>) Aristophanes, (c) the orators, and historians, (d) the lyric and epic poets, (c) Plato, (/) Aristotle, (^) New Testament Greek, {/i) mod- ern Greek, (i) Greek composition, (y) history of Greek literature, (/t) Greek antiquities, private and legal, (/) Greek historical grammar. Beside these the seminary has offered opportunities of studying the Greek inscription or, on alternate years, some selected author. (2.) In historical grammar, courses have been given in general phi- lology, Indo-European comparative grammar, elementary Sanskrit, advanced Sanskrit including reading of the Vedas, Gothic grammar, and old Bulgarian grammar. The purpose has been to provide the teacher of language with a fundamental equipment for understanding the phenomena of speech, and at the same time to prepare the way for specialization for those who should choose it. (3.) The course in Greek life and institutions has been given in alter- nate years since Professor Wheeler came to Cornell in 1886, and was the first course of the kind given in the university. Illustration by means of the lantern and the various illustrative objects which have been col- lected has proved highly serviceable in making, ancient life real and the literature living. (4. ) Since 1887 a seminary library of great value has been in use. The nucleus of it was procured through the bounty of Mr. H. W. Sage, who gave $1,000 for this purpose. It was the first seminary library founded at Cornell. The seminary which is doing an important work in training teachers and specialists has at present seventeen members. (5.) The outfit of the Greek lecture rooms was purchased from university funds in 1887 and 1888; and the Museum of Arts, purchas- ed and equipped at a cost of over fifteen thousand dollars, was opened to the public on the eightieth birthday of its donor, Mr. Sage (January 31, 1894.) This museum is the completest of its kind con- nected directly with any educational institution in the country. In con- nection with the formation of this museum and the opportunities of instruction afforded by it, the chair of archaeology and art was erected in 1891. Professor Alfred Emerson was called to fill it. The selection of the casts and their successful installation was largely his work. He has given lectures in archaeology, the history of sculpture and the history of painting, and has conducted a seminary for the training of specialists in archaeology. 544 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The instruction in Greek in its various branches is now (1894) shared among four professors and an instructor ; Professors Wheeler, Bristol, Emerson, Hammond and Dr. Laird. Professor Hammond is connected with the Sage School of Philosophy, but conducts all the work of the Greek department in the reading and interpretation of Plato and Aris- totle. Dr. Laird has been instructor in Greek since 1892, having been called from a similar position at the Leland Stanford University. DEPARTMENT OF LATIN. The work of the Department of Latin may be grouped under the the following heads: (1). Reading Courses. Besides the customary required work of the sophomore year (Cicero, Livy, Horace, Terence, Tacitus) elective courses are offered in alternate years in the literature of the Republic (Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, Catullus), and of the Empire (Pliny's Letters, Juvenal, Tacitus's Annals). A special elective for sophomores (in addition to the required Latin of that year ), is offered in Cicero's Letters and the de Oratore ; while for freshmen an elective course in sight reading is provided (Nepos, Ovid and Gelleus). (3). To afford a' more thorough and sympathetic knowledge of Roman life than the courses in literature alone would give, a syste- matic course of lectures on private antiquities is given in alternate years. These lectures are abundantly illustrated, mainly by lantern views and photographs prepared from the remains of ancient Roman civilization preserved in Pompeii, Herculaneum, Rome and elsewhere. (3). To students whose interest extends to the scientific aspect of the language (and especially to those who are preparing to be teachers) ample provision is made by the Teachers' Training Course and by the Latin Seminary. The Teachei-s' Training Course embraces a study of the evidences of the pronunciation of Latin, hidden quantity, peciil- iarities of orthography, original force and historical development of the cases; the subjunctive mood, with speciaL reference to its primitive meaning and the history of its development in subordinate clauses. The Latin Seminary is designed primarily for graduate students and aims to familiarize its members with the habit and methods of independ- ent study and investigation. Two subjects of study are pursued in alternate years, viz : The Italic dialects ( Latin, Oscan, Umbrian) and Latin Syntax. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 545 Further provision for advanced students is made in a special course in Latin writing. (4). In order to give a general view of the entire field of Latin study, a course of lectures is given in alternate years on the history of Latin studies, the Latin language, Latin literature, Roman history, philosophy, law, religion, architecture, art, epigraphy, palaeography, lexicography, military and naval antiquities, etc. In this course a brief resume is given under each topic of the present state of our knowledge in that department, the methods of investigation, along with the statement of the more important' problems still awaiting solu- tion. (5) Besides the above courses offered by the Latin department, the related departments of comparative philology, ancient history and clas- sical archaeology provide instruction in the study of historical Latin grammar, Roman art, architecture and topography, and in Lalin palaeography. THE ORIENTAL LANGUAGES, No mention was made of the study of Sanskrit or comparative philol- ogy in the original plan of organization. Even a prospective place in the course of studies for which provision was made in the university curriculum does not appear. In the early years Dr. Wilson had occasionally, for a limited time, a student in Hebrew, who purposed to enter the ministry. Dr. Roehrig enlarged his field of instruction in French by giving lectures in Chinese and Japanese. These were frequeritly attended by large classes who enjoyed the skill and ease with which these difficult subjects were taught by the professor whose marvelovis memory enabled him to dispense with text books. Seldom has an equal acquisition been obtained with so little effort. Students who knew no Latin or Greek, and to whom French and German proved insurmountable, acquired with the greatest ease a certain knowledge of the bewildering characters on a tea chest, and even read simple tales and fables from the blackboard. These exercises seem to have been a recreation to the learned professor, and to have occupied at first only one hour a week. The first mention of Oriental instruction occurs in the Register for 1869, where instruction in Hebrew by Professor Wilson, and in Sanskrit 69 546 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. by Professor J. M. Hart was announced. In the following' year instruction in Chinese by Professor Roehrig, and in Persian by Professor Fiske, and in the science of language, for classical students, by Professor A. S. Wheeler. In the Register of 1874-5, under the title "Liv- ing Asiatic and Oriental Languages," courses in Persian, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese, Sanskrit, Hebrew and other Semitic langviages were mentioned. The conservative statement appears: "For a thorough appreciation of any literature a knowledge of the language in which it is written is indispensable." It was hoped that interest in these studies would warrant the establishment of classes in Arabic, Syriac and ftther languages, cognate with Hebrew, and that Semitic philology in its widest sense might find a home in the university. The enthusiastic professor announced in the Register for 1877-8, an elementary course of two years in Chinese, and lectures on Mantchoos, Turkish, the Tartar languages and Turanian philology. Some instruction in Sanskrit was given, and we find Chaldee and Syriac added to Hebrew under the charge of Professor Wilson. The Register for the following year contained systematic courses in Sanskrit, Arabic grammar, modern Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Malayan. The existence of this department was due to the eminence of Pi-ofessor Roehrig who early won distinction in these studies and who found pleasure in continuing them. The instruction was not co-ordinated with the courses in classics and did not contribute to genuine philological study. Few students had the requisite preparation for their successful pursuit, and, upon the resignation of the professor, the department came to an end. In March, 1874, Mr. Joseph Seligmann of New York offered to endow a professorship of Hebrew and Oriental literature and history in the university, for three years, on condition that he should nominate the incumbent. The offer was accepted, the appointment being rather in nature of a lectureship, the duties of which required residence at the university, while a course of ten, twelve or twenty lectures were given. It was expected that this appointment would fill an important deficiency inthe university curriculum, as scientific instruction m Hebrew wasdcsir- ed. Dr. Felix Adler, who was nominated to this chair, was a graduate of Columbia College and of the University of Heidelberg, a man of fresh scholarship, and of pronounced opinions on the history of religion, phil- osophy and ethics. Dr. Adler possessed great ability as a lecturer. He was an independent thinker and possessed the power of clear and eloquent CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 54^ statement, and attracted for a time many hearers. ,The expectation of systematic instruction in the Semitic languages was not realized, as Dr. Adler's lectures were devoted rather to the origin and history of the various religions of the East to modern philosophy in its relation to religion and to Hebrew religion and literature from a critical standpoint. Dr. Adler's lectures were given in the years 1874-70. THE STUDY OF RHETORIC, ENGLISH LITERATURE AND ENGLISH PHILOLOGY. Among the professors whose names appear in the first catalogue of the university is that of Homer B. Sprague as Professor of Rhetoric, Oratory and Vocal Culture. There is no mention of this title of Eng- lish literature, although instruction in it was assumed by the profes.sor. Professor Sprague had had a brilliant career in Yale, where he had won many of the highest honors of the college. Later, with characteristic ardor, he entered the army and attained the rank of colonel. Upon his return from the war he abandoned the career at the bar, for which he studied upon leaving college, and became principal of the Oread Institute in Worcester, Mass. Colonel Sprague was a man of brilliant gifts, and an attractive, popular lecturer. The study of English liter- ature as arranged by him was as follows : "The leading authors will be studied in their historical order during the first year. In the second year, the authors will be studied by groups, in periods and departments. The origin, structure, growth, and peculiarities of the languages will be explained and illustrated. In the third year there will be a critical examination and study of masterpieces of the great authors." In the fourth year there were to be lectures by the professor on special topics. In rhetoric there were to be exercises in writing, the analysis of sen- tences, the principles of composition, original essays, the scientific study of rhetoric based upon the analysis of the masterpieces of the best authors. This was to be accompanied by specimen orations or es- says. In oratory the elements of expression by voice and gesture were to be taught, and much time devoted to vocal culture. Declamations were required. Speeches were studied and analyzed to ascertain the ideas, sentiments and emotions, and apply the principles of expression, and finally the delivery of extemporaneous orations and lectures upon oratoiy and orators. The labor accompanying any adequate fulfillment of such a course, in a department where every student required indi- vidual attention, was enormous. This was especially true when the o48 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. requirements for, admission were so iinsatisfactory as in those early days. No provision was made for instruction in Early English or in English philology. Professor Sprague resigned at the end of two years, to ac- cept the presidency of the Adelphi Academy, and Professor Hiram Corson was elected on June 30, 1870, as professor of rhetoric. Professor Corson had been for many years a devoted student of English literature. His contributions to the study of Anglo-Saxon, and individual texts in early English which he had edited, had already won for him deserved recog- nition both in this country and abroad. With his coming, the systematic . study of Anglo-Saxon was introduced. In 1 871 the department was still further enlarged by the appointment of Charles Chauncej' Shackford, whose work lay more in the field of rhetoric and general literature. Professor Corson was thus enabled to devote more immediate attention to English literature, while the work in rhetoric,and lectures in general literature, including the philosophy of literature, with a discussion of the -various forms of the literary product in various nations, fell to Pro- fessor Shackford. Of Professor Corson we may say, there has been a unity in the aim of his department and of the work embraced under it from the beginning to the present time. He values the study of litera- tm-e for the spiritual activity which it may be made to induce, and for the i-esulting refining influences. Through his books upon Shakspere and Browning he is recognized as one of the greatest interpreters of literature which our country has produced. To him is due in a large degree the intelligent study of Browning in various centers, most of which have received his special aid. His elective classes, and special extra readings which he has given are always numerously attended. His work has received high recognition abroad from the most eminent scholars, from Tennyson himself. Browning and Dowden and Furnival. He has been invited to present papers before the Chaucer, the New Shakspere and the Browning Societies. Professor Corson's method of instruction in literature is as follows : "Lectures are given on English literature, poetical and prose, from the foui'teenth to the nineteenth century inclusive, in eight groiips, of which' Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden, Pope, Wordsworth, Browning and Tennyson are made the central fig- ures. The lectures are given daily, except Saturday, and to the same class, so that there are about two hundred lectures given during the academic year. A large portion of the class are special students who have come to devote most of their time to English literaturd. The)', CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 549 accordingly, do a great deal of reading in connection with the lectures. It is made a special object of the lectures to bring the students into di- rect relationship with the authors treated, and hence much reading is introduced. The literature is presented mainly in its essential char- acter, rather than in its historical, though the latter receives attention, but not such as to set the minds of students in that direction. It is considered of prime importance that they should first attain to a sym- pathetic appreciation of what is essential and intrinsic, before the ad- ventitious features of literature — features due to time and place — be considered. What is regarded as of great, of chief importance, indeed, in literary study, in some of our institutions of learning, namely, the relations of works of genius to their several times and places (miscalled the philosophy of literature), is of the least importance, so far as cul- ture in its truest sense is concerned. Literature is thus made chiefly an intellectual and philosophical study; its true function, namely, to quicken the spiritual faculties, is quite shut off. An exclusively intel- lectual attitude is taken toward whac is a production of the whole man, as a thinking, emotional, imaginative, moral and religious being, — a production which can be adequately responded to only by one in whom these several attributes are, in some degree, active; and literary edu- cation should especially aim after their activity ; should aim to bring the student into sympathetic relationship with the permanent and the eternal — with that which is independent of time and place. There is danger, too, in presenting literature to young people in its historical relations, and in "philosophizing" about it, of turning out cheap and premature philosophers. A work of genius renders the best service when it is assimilated in its absolute character. All great works of genius are intimately related to the several times and places in which they were produced ; and it is important to know these relations, in the-proper time — when the "years that bring the philosophic mind " have been reached, not before. But it is far more important to know the relations of these works to the universal, to the absolute, to that which is alive forevermore, by virtue of which alone they continue to live. Mrs. Browning, in her "Aurora Leigh," speaks of great poets as " the only truth tellers now left to God — the only speakers of essen- tial truth, opposed' to relative, comparative, and temporal truths; the only holders by His sun-skirts, through conventional grey glooms." The mode in which genius manifests itself, at certain times, in certain places, and under certain circumstances, may be explained to some 550 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. extent; but the genius itself cannot be explained. Environments stimulate or suppress, they do not and cannot make genius. The causes which bring it nearer to the essential world than men in general are brought, we cannot know. The explanation which can be given of its mode of manifestation should be called the physiology, not the philosophy, of literature. And how is the best response to the essential life of a poem to be secured by the teacher from the pupil? I answer, by the fullest inter- pretative vocal rendering of it. On the part of the teacher, two things are indispensable, first, that he sympathetically assimilate what constitutes the real life of the poem ; second, that he have that vocal cultivation demanded for an effective rendering of what he has assimi- lated. Lecturing about poetry does not, of itself, avail " any more for poetical cultivation than lecturing about music avails, of itself, for musical cultivation. Both may be valuable, in the way of giving shape to, or organizing, what has previously been felt to some extent; but they cannot take the place of inward experience. Vocal interpretation, too, is the most effective mode of cultivating in students a susceptibility to form — that unification of matter and manner upon which so much of the vitality and effectiveness of expressed spiritualized thought depend. There is no true estimate, among the leaders in the educational world, of what vocal culture, worthy of the name, costs; and the kind of encouragement which it receives from them is in keeping with their estimate. A system of vocal training should be instituted in the lower schools which would give pupils complete command of the muscles of articulation, extend the compass of the voice, and render it smooth, powerful and melodious. A power of varied intonation should . be especially cultivated, as it is tlirotigli intonation that the reader's sym- pathies are conducted, and the hearer's sympathies arc secured. The reading voice demands as much, and as systematic and scien- tific, cultivation, for the interpretation of the masterpieces of poetical and dramatic literature, as the singing voice demands for the rendering of the masterpieces of music. But what a ridiculous contrast is pre- sented by the methods usually employed for the training of the read- ing voice, and those employed, as in conservatories of music, for the training of the singing voice ! Readings are given every Saturday morning throughout the aca- demic year, from English and American prose writers. These are CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 551 open to all students and to any visitors who may wish to avail them- selves of them. The selections read are chiefly such as bear upon life and character, literature and art. The present year they have been, thus far. from essays of Georg-e Eliot, Professor Dowden, Mr. Ruskin, Mr. Leslie Stephen, Matthew Arnold, Emerson, Lowell, Frances Power Cobbe and some other essayists. The regular members of the class afterwards read for themselves the compositions entire from which the selections are made, and many are inspired to read further from the same authors. There are four English literature seminaries, devoted, severally, to nineteenth century prose not including novels, seventeenth and eight- eenth century prose not including novels, novelists of the nineteenth century, and novelists of the eighteenth century. The seminaries are open to graduates, special students and to undergraduates who have maintained a high rank in the lecture courses. A work is assigned to each member of a seminary, of which he or, she makes a careful study, and embodies the result in a paper which is read in the seminary and afterward discussed by the members, each member having been re- cpiired to read in advance the work in hand. The papers bear chiefly, almost exclusively, on what is understood by their authors to consti- tute the life, the informing spirit, the moral proportion, the motives, of the works treated. The merely technical is only incidentally, if at all, treated. The present year, essays have been read on all the novels of George Eliot, and her poem, "The Spanish Gypsy, "the seminary con- sisting of twenty-seven members. All the essays have been of high merit, showing much insight into George Eliot's "interpretation of life. " It should be added that twelve plays of Shakespeare are read by me during the present academic year, so cut down as to occupy two hours each in the reading. It is purposed so to read, in a separate course, next year, the thirty-seven plays, two hours a week to be devoted to each play. I would also add that by the end of the present year I shall have read entire, with requisite comment, to an outside class composed of graduate and special students. Browning's "The Ring and the Book. " The educating value of this great poem is of the highest character, embodying, as it does, the poet's ideal of a sanctified intellect." In 1800, the University Senate recommended a division of the depart- ment of English literature and rhetoric. It was proposed to establish two professorships, to one of which the chair of English literature should be assigned and to the other that of English philology and 552 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. rhetoric. The department of elocution and oratory was attached to the latter chair. After the resignation of Professor Shackford in 1880, the duties of both departments again devolved upon Professor Corson, until the election of Dr. James Morgan Hart as professor of rhetoric and English philology in 1890. Professor James Moi'gan Hart was the son of Dr. John S. Hart, the well-known educator, formerly a professor in Princeton College. Professor Hart graduated at Princeton and after- ward received his degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of Gottingen. During his first .residence abroad, between 1860-65, he resided in Geneva, Gottingen and Berlin. Upon his return to this country he entered upon the practice of law, but was soon called to Cornell University as assistant professor of French and German. lie remained here until 18715. From 1874-8, he was engaged in literary work in New York and in editing a series of German classics. During this time he published his very interesting work upon German universities. After residing for a second time abroad in which he devoted himself especially to the study of English philology, he was called to the Uni- versity of Cincinnati where he filled the chair of English and German from 1876-90, from which he was summoned again to Cornell Univer- sity, with which he had been associated in the early years of its history. Since the creation of a special chair for English philology, the work has been systematically arranged and received a large development and growth. Professor Hart has set himself vigorously to elevate the instruc- tion in rhetoric and especially in elementary English, in which he found the prevailing instruction in the secondary schools of the State very deficient. His services in this direction, both within the university and in the public schools, have effected a revolution in the character of the instruction in this study. The instruction of the first year in English is practical rather than literary. It consists chiefly of reading and interpreting good nineteenth century prose, De Quincy, Macaulay and Carlyle, and writing copiously upon the subjects embodied in or directly connected with the readings. The aim of the instruction is to widen the student's range of ideas and to enlarge his vocabulary and to quicken and guide his powers of ex- pression The work of the second year is more literaxy. The readings are in Johnson, Goldsmith, Gibbon and Burke, all writers of the eighteenth century. The essays are longer than in the previous year, and stress is laid upon the outline and general treatment of them ; also CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 053 Upon collateral reading. In the advanced elective work, the aim of the junior and senior years is to train teachers of English and persons of evident literary aptitude. Only such persons are admitted to the junior class as have received distinction in the lower classes. The readings in the senior year may be assigned to Bacon, Milton, Dryden and Swift, and the essays become more elaborate and represent .studies in the lives, writings and opinions of the authors read. Attention is also paid to the historical treatment of certain features in the formation of prose style and in the special study of the Elizabethan English. Senior rhetoric is professedly a seminary for the training of teachers of English. The instruction is adapted throughout to the needs of teachers. The general theory of composition is reviewed. The books prescribed for entrance examinations in English by the New Eng-land Association of Colleges are studied. Select passages are examined which illustrate the principles of invention and style, and model sub- jects are drawn up for the practical use of high-school classes. The study of English philology is entirely elective. There is one popular course, all the others are professional. The former course is open to all members of the university and is not designed for persons wishing to make a special study of philology. The work consists of lectures upon •the development of the language down to the present day, illustrated by the reading of very brief specimens from the successive periods. For the systematic study of English philology a knowledge of the classics is also required and apt acquaintance with modern German. One term is devoted to the study of Gothic, and two terms to' reading a very moderate amount of Anglo-Saxon prose and verse and to mas- tering the grammar; a good deal of comparative Indo-European grammar is introduced. The advanced course consists in readingjong texts both prose and verse and in reviewing the more difficult points of grammar and in noting dialectic peculiarities. A course in Middle En- glish, the general modificaton of the language from the Norman con- quest to Chaucer, is arranged, in which especial attention is paid to the Midland dialect. Courses also in English phonetics, in Old Saxon, in Icelandic and in general Germanic philology are given, but not in every year. The students making special study of English philology for the doctor's degree also pursue courses in Sanskrit or in Indo-European philology under Professor Wheeler. 70 554 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. THE ROMANCE AND GERMANIC LANGUAGES. The first professor of languages in this department chosen was one of the two professors first elected in the university. William C. Russel was elected at the fifth meeting of the Board of Trustees held in Albany, February 13, 18G7. He was elected to the chair of modern languages and adjunct-professor of history. It is not clear whether it was the original purpose to combine the two chairs originally proposed, viz., that of the South European languages and of the North European languages, which were provided for in the plan of organization in one chair by this designation or not. Professor William C. Russel was a nephew of the famous William Channing whose name he bore. He was a graduate of Columbia College in the class of 183ii. After graduation he was admitted to the bar and engaged in the practice of his prof ession in New York until 1863. At that time there came a sudden and painful interruption in the practice of his profession, occasioned by the death of a beloved son, who had entered the army as an officer in Col. Shaw's regiment of colored troops and had been killed in battle. In order to recover his body, he went south. Later his philanthropic spirit led him to take service in the Freedman's Bureau, and, for a brief period, he gave instruction in the department of ihetaphysical, moral and political science in Antioch College. After his election to the chair of modern languages in Cornell University he went abroad to familiarize himself with the present state of modern literature in the department to which he had been elected. The first assistant professor in the department was James Morgan Hart, who was transferred in 1870 to the department of German. Then followed W. M. Howland, retired in 1870; F. L. O. Roehrig, retired in 1884; Alfred Stebbins, retired in 1882, and T. F. Crane, as- sistant from 1870 to 1873, when he was appointed professor of Spanish and Italian, while retaining his duties as assistant professor of French. In 1881, upon the retirement of Professor Russel, Professor Crane was placed at the head of the department, the title of which was, in 1882, changed to that of Romance Languages and Literature. Instructors have, since the retirement of Professors Stebbins and Roehrig, taken the place of the earlier assistant professors. Italian and Spanish were not taught regularly until the return from Europe of Professor Crane in the fall of 1870. Since that time classes in French, Spanish and Italian have been taught regularly, and in addition to CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 556 these the earlier dialects of French, including old Provencal and Ital- ian, have been taught to advanced students from time to time. Besides the usual courses in the language and literature of France, Spain and Italy, the philology of the Romance languages in general, and of the several languages in particular, have been taught in the Romance Seminary. The general library is well supplied with works on the languages and literature of the Romance people, and the Seminary Room con- tains the most important philological journals and special treatises needed for the mpst advanced study in this department, as well as palEEographical material for the study of early texts, etc. As at present organized the department consists of a full professor and four instructors, among whom the following work is divided: Nine sections of freshmen French; six sections of sophomore French; six sections of advanced French ; two sections each of Spani.sh and Italian, and two seminaries, one dealing with philology, the other with advanced literary history. Much attention is paid to the study of modern French, and instruction in conversation and reading, under the charge of a native Frenchman, is constantly offered. About 450 students are usually pursuing studies in this department. Although no fellowships have been attached to the department, a num- ber, usually in connection with the German department, have received special training in the department, of these Mr. C. R. Wilson is now professor of modern languages at Iowa State University, and Mr. Schmidt-Wartenberg is an associate professor of German in the Uni- versity of Chicago. Two other fellows, Mr. Ruyter (died in 1800) and Mr. Lapham have filled the position of instructor. In February, 1868. Mr. Willard Fiske was elected professor of the North Euro'pean Languages, and we may assume that by this action the chair of modern languages was definitely divided as originally contem- plated. Professor Fiske was born in Ellisburg, N. Y. , and removed in ■ early boyhood to Syracuse, where he formed a life-long friendship with Andrew D. White, later president of the university. Professor Fiske spent a short time in Hamilton College. Here he conceived a passion for the study of Icelandic, and, though a mere undei-graduate, visited Vermont in order to see George P. Marsh, the famous scholar and later diplomatist. Filled with a boyish enthu.siasm, young Fiske under- took a journey to the north of Europe, and next appears as a student in 656 LANDMARKS OP TOMEKINS COUNTY. the University of Upsala in Sweden. Here he spent two years partici- pating thoroughly in that Norse life which had such a fascination for him, interest in which he has retained until the present day. He visited Germany on his return to America, and soon after received an appoint- ment as assistant-librarian in the Astor Library. Here he remained for several years, but failing of promotion as he anticipated, he resigned and accepted the appointment of secretary of the American Geographi- cal Society. Later he became a journalist, and was for a time one of the editors of the Syracuse Journal in his native city. A man of great enthusiasm, a charming conversationalist, with the power of winning and retaining friends, he has had at dififerent times various enthusiasms. He collected the largest chess library in America, and organized the first chess congress at which Paul Morphy, the greatest name in modern chess, won such distinction. He also established the Chess Monthl5^ His experience as a librarian and his familiarity with the languages of Northern Europe suggested him as a suitable man for librarian of the vmiversity and as professor of the Norse Languages, but he assumed for a time the professorship of German as well. He entered upon his duties in January, 1860. At the opening of the imiversity he was traveling in Europe and acting as correspondent of one or more news- papers. The work in German was organized at the opening of the university by Mr. T. Frederick Ci-ane, at that time a young lawyer in Ithaca, who was engaged temporarily, in the absence of Professor Fiske, during the fall term. Mr. Crane on returning from Europe where he had prose- cuted studies in the Romance languages in Berlin, Florence, Madrid and Pari';, was elected assistant professor of Modern Languages on June 30, 1870. On September 10, of the same year. Waterman T. Hewett was elected first assistant-professor of North European Lan- guages, and Bela P. McKoon second assistant-professor of North European Languages, and Alfred Stebbins assistant-professor of the • South European Languages. Both departments were then fully con- stituted with one full professor and three assistant-professors. Professor Crane appearing as assistant-professor of Spanish and Italian. In lH7;i (upon the resignation of James Morgan Hart), Hjalmar H. Boyeson was appointed assistant-professor of the North European Languages, and three years later professor of German Literature. The depart- ment was thus constituted until the year 1877, when, during the ab- sence of Assistant-Professor Hewett in Europe, Assistant-Professor CORNELL UNIVERSITY. f)57 Horatio White of the classical department took much of his work' and on January 35, 1879, owing to the continued ill health of Profeskor Fiske, he was elected assistant-professor of German for one year. During the first decade in the history of the university, the field of instruction in modern languages was somewhat enlarged. Professor Boyeson delivered a course of lectures upon the history of German literature which had not been previously given, and Professor Crane offered new courses of instruction in Spanish and Italian. After this period, the field of instruction both in German literature and the related languages was enlarged. Instruction was given by Professor Hewett in Dutch and. later in Gothic, Old German and Middle High German. Additional electives were offered by Professor White in the modern literature. Upon the resignation , by Professor Fiske of the chair of North European Languages in 1883, two professorships of German were established to which Assistant-Professors Hewett and White were promoted. The department has collected a valuable material to illustrate the study of Gennan literature, in lantern slides containing views of old Gennan life and art, manuscripts, pictures of a;uthors, texts and of characters and scenes in literature and history. XII., THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY. Thk earliest instruction in Philosophy devolved upon Dr. William D. Wilson, who had held a similar professorship in Hobart College from 1850 to 1808, the date of his election to a chair in this university. Dr. Wilson's instruction embraced courses in Mental Science, Logic, the History of Philosophy, the Philosophy of History, and at times in Po- litical Economy. All students will recall the venerable professor whose appearance of age belied his genuine physical vigor. As registrar of the university he came in contact with all students for at least seven- teen years. Dr. Wilson seemed to possess an untiring capacity for the laborious clerical work associated with the registrar's ofifice. The nu- merous details, the multitudinous reports from various departments, it devolved upon the doctor to receive and enter, If, occasionally, a student incautiou.sly stepped into his presence with his hat on, a re- 558 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. minder from the punctilious registrar did not lessen the genuine esteem with which he was regarded. As a scholar, Doctor Wilson was an in- defatigable reader upon all questions of philosophy, theology, ecclesi- astical history, science and political economy. Several works which he published exhibited the acuteness of his mind, as well as a fresh and vigorous grasp of the new points presented for solution. Doctor Wilson's long educational experience, and his interest in the general educational policy of the State, as well as his attendance at the meet- ing of the University Convocation during many years, made him an in- fluential and esteemed character in the university life of our State. His theological interests caused him to be chosen for many years to the national triennial conventions of the church with which he was con- nected, where he filled important positions upon some of the most im- portant committees. The class of caused his portrait to be painted, and presented it as its memorial upon graduation to the uni- versity. Since his resignation here. Doctor Wilson has been active in theological instruction and advice in connection with the Divinity School of Syracuse, and in lectures before educational institutions in the State. At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held November 30, 1885, a proposition was presented from the Hon. Henry W. Sage to endow a professorship of Ethics and Philosphy in memory of his wife, which should bear her name. In nominating as he did, on January (>, 1880, Dr. J. G. Schurman as the first incumbent of this chair, he states: •' Be-' fore closing this report, I desire to pat vtpon record for permanent remem- brance this statement: that my chief 'object in founding this professor- ship is to secure to Cornell University for all coming time the services of a teacher who shall instruct students in mental philosophy and ethics from a definitely Christian standpoint, and while the title which I gave in my former communication comprehends in a general wa}' just what I mean, I think it best to ask that the following more exact wording of it be the one adopted for actual use, viz., Susan E. Linn Sage Professorship of Christian Ethics and Mental Philosophy." He added: "I was happy to find not only through the correspondence held with Doctor Schurman, but also through the personal interview above referred to, that his habits of teaching and thinking are quite in harmony with the desires I entertain in founding the chair. While Doctor Schurman attaches no importance to den(miinational distinc- tions, there is abundant evidence that all his teaching is fi'om a dis- tinctively Christian point of view." CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 539 The young professor to whom this important department was en- trusted was, as his name shows, the descendant of a Dutch family which came to New York and settled near New Rochelle more than two hundred j'ears ago. The family, not sympathizing with the popular cause, removed to Prince Edward's Island, where Jacob Gould Schur- nian was born in May, 1854. He studied at the Prince of Walps Col- lege, Georgetown, in 1870, where he won a government scholarship, which enabled him to pursue his education for two years more. Dur- ing the years 1873-4, he was a student at Arcadia College, where he also won first class honors in English and in classics. In 1875 he gained the Gilchrist scholarship for the Dominion of Canada, which enabled him to continue his studies in the University of London, where he re- ceived the degree of Bachelor of 'Arts after two years' residence, and obtained a scholarship in philosophy, tenable for three years, and also the Hume scholarship in political economy at University College, Lon- don, tenable for three years. In 1878 he received the degree of Master of Arts, mainly by studies in logic and psychology. Later, he received the degree of Doctor of Science at the University of Edinburgh, and obtained the Hibbert traveling scholarship for Great Britian and Ire- land, which enabled him to study in Germany and Italy for two years, from 1878-80. During this period he spent one year under the instruction of Professor Kuno Fischer at the University of Heidelberg. He also spent a semester at the University of Berlin, and also at the University of Gottingen. He had thus passed through an admirable preliminary training under the most advanced teachers, a course in English, Scotch and German philosophy. Upon his return to Nova Scotia, in 1880, he was appointed professor of English Literature in Acadia College. In 1882 he accepted the chair of Metaphysics and English Literature in Dalhousie College. At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held October 22, 1890, Mr. Sage announced his intention of adding to the endowment of the pro- fessorship which he had established in 1886 in memory of his wife, by a further gift of two hundred .thousand dollars to the Department of Philosophy. His object was to provide permanently at Cornell Uni- versity philosophical instruction and investigation of the most varied kind and of the highest order. To this end he stipulated that the trustees should for all time supplement the proceeds of his endow- ments with generous annual appropriations from the general funds of the University. The trustees accepted the gift with the condition at- 560 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. tached and to commemorate the munificence of Mr. Sage, and his pro- found interest in the subject of philosophy at Cornell University, they gave the name of the Susan Linn Sage School of Philosophy to the department thus enlarged. Mr. Sage announced his purpose to extend the Department of Phil- osophy into a complete school for the study of ethics and philosophy. His main purpose may be inferred from the words which he used in closing his letter announcing this gift to the university : " Heretofore Cornell has done little at her own proper cost to uplift the moral and religious element in her stvidents. True, we have had this department of ethics several years ; and we have had the chapel and its preachership eighteen years, but these have been carried on with very little expenditure from the funds of, the university. We have done much, very much, for the foundations In science, in technical work, in agriculture, the classics, and modern languages, in history and economic studies, in ornamentation of our campus, and noble build- ings for all purposes; but for the top work of man's structure and de- velopment, the crown of his character and achievement, through his moral and religious nature — little, very little! Our function here is to educate man, and through education to provide foundation of char- acter, based on moral principle, which shall underlie the whole man, and give impulse, tone and color to all the work of his life. We can not do that without facilities for cultivating and developing every side of his nature. Increase of knowledge addressed solely to the intellect does not produce full-rounded men ; quite too often it makes stronger and more dangerous animals, living moral quality dormant, and the whole power of cultivated intellect the servant of man's selfish, animal nature. No education can be complete which does not carry forward, with the acquisition of knowledge for his intellectijal side and physical wants, a broad and thorough cultivation of his moral and religious side, developing Christian virtues, veneration, benevolence, conscience, a sense of duty to God and man, purity and right living in the largest sense. In short, wise and broad education should and will ally man's intellect to his moral and religious, more coinpletely than to his animal nature, and from that alliance results all the real dignity there is in mankind, making moral and intellectual qualities regnant, all others subject! I am so fully impressed with the vital importance of this subject, and the purpose of the proposed gift, that as trustee of Cornell university (with greater love for its policies and functions than I can CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 561 express), I think you can afford to accept this gift with its attendant liabilities, and that you cannot afford to decline it. It is my free and voluntary offering for a purpose, the highest, the noblest and the best ever promoted by this noble university." His purpose to found a chair of Christian ethics and philosophy had been cherished by him for several years before its realization was pos- sible. Later he desired to enlarge the department which he had thus founded, and he requested Professor Schurman to go to Europe for the purpose of carefully investigating the best methods of teaching ethics and philosophy and to formulate from them and from his own experi- ence and judgment a plan of organization for a broad school embracing these subjects. Professor Schurman accepted with pleasure this op- portunity to enlarge the field of instruction in America in his favorite department of study, and upon his return submitted a plan of organ- ization which would satisfy the demands of modern science and scholar- ship and place the department abreast of philosophical schools in Europe. He proposed a chair of psychology to be filled by a professor versed in physiology and anatomy, especially of the brain and nervous system and skilled in the methods of experimental research in mental phenomena, the design being to establish here such investigations as are conducted in the great psychological laboratories of Paris and Leipsic ; secondly, a more liberal provision for those branches which constitute philosophy in the older sense of that term, viz., logic, metaphysics and ethics — the field of theoretical philosophy. A third line of development should account for the religions of mankind by the study of comparative religion. Professorships for the study of comparative religion exist in Holland, France and Scottish univer- sities. To' this chair it was proposed to assign the department of Christian ethics. Attention was called to the fact that every science in America had its organ save philosophy. It was proposed to found a philosophical periodical to stimulate and to some extent shape and control the philosophical activity of the continent. It was proposed to establish six scholarships and three fellowships in philosojihy and ethics, to be open to graduate students only, and also to found a psy- chological laboratory. The chair of pedagogy, which is simply psy- chology applied to teaching, which had already existed in the university for four years, was transferred to the School of Philosophy, as it is in other universities. To carry out this noble purpose Mr. Sage offered to give $200,000 upon condition that whatever additional support was 71 562 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. necessary for the development of the department, should be added from the general fund of the university. Dr. J. G. Schurman was appointed dean and professor of the new Susan Linn Sage School of Philosophy. The Reverend Charles Mellen Tyler, a graduate of Yale vmiversity and a resident clergyman in Ithaca, was elected to the professorship of the history and philosophy of religion and of Christian ethics, and pro- vision was made for the appointment of assistant professors of ancient and modern philosophy and a professorship of psychology. Three fel- lowships of four hundred dollars each were established and six scholar- ships of two hundred dollars each. Dr. Schurman established a philosophical seminary similar to those employed in the German uni- versities and also gave, during the spring term, a course of public weekly lectures open to all members of the university, on the elements of eth- ical theory and the history of ethical ideals and institutions among .mankind. In addition to the regular courses of instruction a series of public lectures were announced for the fall term, among which were included the inaugural address of Reverend Professor Tyler; a lecture by Professor Schurman on the Mental Development of Cardinal New- man; a lecture by Mr. Caldwell on the Latest German Pessimism; by Dr. Willcox on Marriage and Divorce in the United States, and b}"^ other members of the school. The first announcement of the school presents a required course of study in physiology, psychology and logic, and advanced courses in psychology, with experimental illustrations of men- tal phenomena susceptible of experimental treatment, sensations con- sidered in their physical, physiological and psychological aspects, etc. ; the history of Greek philosophy, including Alexandrian and Roman ; the history of modern philosophy ; contemporary philosophy in Europe ; the history of religions; ethics; two courses, elementary and advanced, on the science and art of teaching; the writings and philosophy of Plato and Aristotle ; Spinoza's Ethics; Leibnitz's philosophical works; Hume's treatise on Human Nature; metaphysics and epistemology ; Kant's Critique of Power and Reason; the philosophy of religion; ad- vanced ethics; practical ethics; the history of education. Four seminaries were organized in connection with the school, viz., psychological, metaphysical, ethical and pedagogical. And a general philsosophical symposium was announced to be held weekly to be de- voted to the literature of contemporary philosophy as presented in the periodicals of English and foreign languages with reports and abstracts of the important articles, and discussions of new books. Upon the CORN15LL UNlVERSlTV. 60:] resignation of Professor Angell, Edward B. Titchener of the University of Oxford was appointed his successor. Advanced sulDJects of instruc- tion have been- introduced and the department has received constant development. PEDAGOGY. In President White's final report presented to the trustees on June 17, 1885, the question of establishing a department of instruction for teachers was presented, and it was proposed that a lecturer on methods of instruction be appointed in order that graduates of this university who proposed to pursue the profession of teaching should be equipped by the study of the history of education and of the theories of the greatest educators as well as by the study of philosophical methods of instruction. It was thought in this way that students who had received a university training would likewise have it in their power to 'obtain the special specific training which was afforded in normal colleges. Teaching above all else must be taught by example, and thorough scientific training is the best preparation to qualify for imparting instruction. President Adams in his inaugural elaborated the suggestion which his predecessor had made and urged the appointment of a professor of the science and art of teaching, as a means of making more intimate the relations between the university and the school system of the State, On December 18, 1885, a professorship of the science and art of teaching was established and Dr. Samuel Gardiner Williams was transferred from the department of geology to the department of pedagog}^ Professor Williams had had a long and successful experience as an educator, and was familiar not only with current questions of education and school economy, but had occupied an influential position among the teachers of the State. The honored position which he held among the representatives of colleges and schools in the convocation qualified him to inaugurate the new department. The formal instruction in pedagogy began with the opening of the university j^ear of 188G-7. During the first two terms courses of instruction in the institutes and in the history of education were given. The third term was devoted to a conference for the discussion of educational subjects. It was soon found that the histor}' of education needed a full year for its treatment. The course of instruction in 564 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS • COUNTY. school supervision has been added, also a seminary for the examination of the great works of educational reformers. The aim of the depart- ment has been from the first to prepare graduates for successfvil work in the secondary schools. In this respect it has accomplished excellent results. With the organization of the School of Philcsophy, the Department of Pedagogy was incorporated with it. , XIII. THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. President White in his inaugural address had said that there were two permeating or crowning ideas which must enter into the work of the university in all its parts, ''first, the need of labor and sacrifice in developing the individual man in all his nature and in all his powers, as a being intellectual, moral and religious. The second of these per- meating ideas is that of bringing the powers of the man thus developed to bear upon society. In a republic like this, the way in which this is most generally done is by speech. A second mode of bringing thought to bear upon society is by the press. Its power is well-known, but its legit- imate power among us might be made greater and its illegitimate power less. I think that more and more the university should have the wants of the 'fourth estate' in view. We should, to meet its wants, provide ample instruction in history, in political science, in social science and in the modern literatures. " He had proposed to make much of scientific study. After speaking of the value of scientific study he said : "We believe that it will make the students strong for study in language and literature ; but while we would give precision and strength to the mind in these ways, we would give ample opportunity for those classes of study which give breadth to the mind, and which directly fit the stu- dents for dealing with state problems and world problems. In this view historical studies and studies in social and political science will hold an honored place, but these studies will not be pursued in the interest of any party. On points where honesty and earnest men differ, I trust we may have courses of lectures presenting both sides, I would have both the great schools in political economy represented here by CORNELL UNIVERSITY. r,C5 their ablest lecturers." The crowning ideas here indicated were worthy of the man and the occasion. They were fitted to express the double aim of a great national university, and they will remain as a noble tribute to him who uttered them. Similar views were contained in the plan of organization two years before. He emphasized the im- portance of a department of jurisprudence, political and social science and history, and said: "We believe that the State and Nation are constantly injured by their chosen servants, who lack the simplest rudi- ments of knowledge, which such a department could supply. No one can stand in any legislative position and not be struck with the frequent want in men otherwise strong and keen of the simplest knowledge of principles essential to public welfare. Of technical knowledge of law and of practical acquaintance with business, the supply is always plen- tiful ; but it is very common that in deciding great public questions, exploded errors in political and social science are revamped, funda- mental principles of law disregarded and the plainest teachings of history ignored. In any republic, and especially in this, the most frequent ambition among young men will be to rise to positions in the public service, and the committee think it well at least to attempt to provide a department in view of these wants ,. The main stock in political economy and history of most of our educated public men is what they learned before they studied their professions. Many an absurdity, uncorrected at college, has been wrought in the constitutions the statutes of our great Commonwealth ; and when we consider that constitution-making for new states and old is to be the great work in this country, of this and succeeding generations, surely we do well to attempt more thorough instruction of those on whom the work is likely to fall." The young president in these words exalted his own favorite studies, but they illustrate besides his personal interests in all political and social questions which concern the state and society — an interest so profound that it has led him, in the studies of his later years, to devote more attention to questions- of sociology than to the earlier his- torical subjects, to which he was devoted. HISTORY. In the organization of the Department of History, President White was made professor of history, and William Channing Russel, associate professor of history. Professor Goldwin Smith, who had purposed to come to the United States to study its political institutions, with the 56fi LANDMARKS OF TOMttCINS COUNTV. intention of residing in some university town, had been won for this university by President White, during his trip to Europe in the sum- mer of 1868. Professor Wilson lectured on the philosophy of history, the history of philosophy and also upon political economy, in addition to his distinctive field of philosophy. ' Professor Smith's name appeared in the first general announcement as non-resident professor of history. In the first catalogue he appears as professor of English and constitutional history. In the second catalogue, which was issued in the same year (1808-9), he appears as non-resident professor of English history. Professor Smith brought to the university not only the ripest scholarship, but an unusual sympathy with the aims of a new institution. He was willing to see it tested by the demands of this country and shaped by national needs. In a letter expressing his desire to be present at the opening, he said: "You say, you wish I could be with you, so I do, because the occasion will be one of the deepest interest; but you would not persuade me to give you any advice. I know too well the difference between the old and the new world; at least the only advice I should give you would be, without ignoring the educational experience of Europe, to act quite independentl}' of it, and to remain uninfluenced either in the way of imitation or antagonism by our educational institutions or ideas. Tlie question of academic education on this side of the water is mixed up with historical accidents and with political struggles, to which on your side there are happily no counterparts. . What I would say is, adapt j'our practical education, which must be the basis of the whole, to the practical needs of American life, and for the general culture, take those subjects which are most important and interesting to the citizen and the man. Whatever pai't may be assigned to my subject in the course of general culture, I will do what I can to meet the wishes of the authorities of the university without exaggerating the value of the subject or imduly extending its sphere." Professor vSmith's contribution to the study of hi.story in this university possessed a value which cannot be overestimated. During the first years of the historj' of the universit)' he lectured usually twice a week for two terms in a year. He delivered lectures upon the general and constitutional history of England. It is perhaps not too much to say that, at that time, no such lectui-es upon history had ever been delivered in this country. Professor vSmith is a brilliant word painter, with unsurpassedpower of grouping the essential facts relating to a given period or character, so as to leave a clear and CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 507 vivid impression upon the mind. A character was mirrored in a sentence ; the entire philosophy of a period was compressed into one terse picturesque statement. Associated with all, was a lofty moral judgment presiding over the acts of nations and of individuals, meting out with rigorous truthfulness, a nation's falsity to its ideals, or the fatal weakness of some great character. This inflexible moral standard pervaded his judgments, as it has pervaded his attitude toward every living question which has affected this nation since his residence among us. Professor Smith Was in sympathy with American institutions. He regarded this republican government as the noblest and grandest achievement of the human race, and its struggle for freedom and liberty as the noblest struggle, demanding sympathy, admiration and recogni- tion. When we consider that Professor Smith was an Englishman, who had only once before visited America, we must regard his thorough identification with the university, and with all its interests, as one of the most valuable gifts in its history. Soon after his arrival, finding how imperfect was the equipment for literary and historical study, he sent to England for his own private library, consisting of 3,400 volumes, the choice and valued books of his university life and of silent study, and presented them to the university. In the following year he gave $2,500 additional for the purchase of works in history. Thus he signal- ized his devotion to a new university in a land distant from his own. Professor Dwight of the Columbia Law School delivered yearly for four years a course of lectures on constitutional law. It is said that the term "College of History and Political Science" appeared first in this country in the second catalogue issued by the university, for 1868-0. Professor Dwight whose work as a jurist and lecturer ranks high in American legal education, delivered a systematic course of lectures, didactic. and expository in character, as befitted the subject, which made them distinguished for their practical value among the early lectures of non-resident professors. The historical and political sciences were taught chiefly through lectures, but in early medieval history there were regular class exercises, the text book being "Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. " The lectures tipon history were so arranged as to form a chronological sequence, ancient history being followed by the early medieval period, that by medieval and later modern history, and that again by the history of England and the constitutional history of the United States. The historical work as announced consisted of: 1. A course of lectures on ancient and early modern history by Professor 568 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Russel; 2. Modern history in general, and the philosophy of modern history by President White; 3. The general and constitutional history of England by Professor Gold win Smith; i. General history and the philosophy of history by Professor Wilson ; 5. American constitutional history by Professor Dwight ; 6. Political economy by Professor Wilson. It was announced that the lectures of the resident professors extended through each trimester, while those of Professor Dwight, which were twelve in number, were given in the spring term. In those early days there was a fair collection of mural charts, pho- tographic views, portraits, casts and diagrams, including historical wall maps, and maps in physical geography. President White had issued for the use of his classes in Michigan University, outlines of a course of lectures in history, and, also, analyses of, lectures on the greater states of continental Europe In choice of subjects. President White preferred to discuss periods and individual men as representative of movements, rather than the orderly sequence of political events. His lectures were devoted, save, pierhaps, in. the periods of the history of the Reformation and the history of the French Revolution, primarily to the history of culture. He had prepared elaborate studies of the lives of great artists, and he dwelt with especial fondness and interest' upon the history of art as 'an expression of the intellectual life. He re- viewed naturally the history of the church during the period of the middle ages, and in its later influence upon the political life of Europe. He studied the influence of the founders of the great religious orders, but devoted especial attention at that time, and later, to what may be called studies in abnormal opinions. He thus prepared an elaborate course of lectures upon the history of torture and witchcraft. His later writings have embodied much that is curious and abnormal in the history of individual opinion, and especially isolated views of theolo- gians — almost the sole scholars of the time — who did not possess a knowledge of the discoveries of modern science, but who opposed nu- merous theories of the physical universe, from quaint and fanciful reasons, often derived from theological speculation. Physical science did not at that time exist. There were chaotic visions of some of the results of modern science, not rising to the dignity of consistency, nor established by induction, but which, being unsupported, were often as much the product of the fancy as the opinions to which they were op- posed. They could not challenge universal faith, for they had no foundation, save in the dim, pathetic, and often beautiful dream of CORNELL UNIVERSITY. , 009 some solitary scholar. To withhold acceptance from unestablished truth, where faith may be opposed to linconfirmed science, is as much a duty as the challenge which conservative science gives to unsubstan- tiated scientific theory. Few lecturers in the university were so interesting as President White. While positive and aggressive in opinion, and pungent in state- ment, he always awakened the interest of those who heard him, and in- spired, them to an interest in the study of history. They began to read, and never lost their enthusiasm for the subject. Mr. White al- ways illustrated the bearing of history upon the solution of questions of modern politics and social science. "We find a bold and vivid treat- ment of such subjects as the fall of the Roman Empire; the feudal .system; the crusades; the rise of cities; Mohammedanism; chivalry; monachism; the development of Papal power; the development of commerce; Christian clearing up of Europe; the rise of institutions of learning; growth of literature, science and law; the laboring classes in the middle ages; cathedral builders and medieval sculptors; the revi- val of learning; revival of art; Erasmus; Luther and the reformation ill Germany; Luther's character, writings and influence; Ulrich von Ilutten; Charles the Fifth; Charles the First; the reformation in the Romanic countries; the Thirty Years' War. Mr. White's special courses embraced "The State Life of Modern Europe. He prepai-ed thirty-seven special lectures upon France, six upon Italy, three upon Spain, four upon Austria, six upon the Netherlands, five upon Prussia, five upon Russia, two upon Poland, and three upon the Turkish power. In this great field of modern historical politics, France was evidently his first choice, and in this special field the French revolution was clearly the supreme attraction. " When we review these striking and suggestive lectures by President White upon French history, we can only regret that these lectures, carefully elaborated, might not have been published, and that this field, which was so attractive to him, might not have retained his permanent attention, the value of which, in the study of modern history and in the instructive lessons which it presents, . far surpasses in importance Mr. White's later specialized field, in which his time has been spent in collecting a vast museuin of isolated opinions from unenlightened ages, when no science existed, and contrasting them with the views of modern science. Professor William Channing Russel's work was confined at first to medieval and modern history. While closely uniting the study of text books with 72 570 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. lecUires, he also embodied one feature of the modern seminary plan by occasionally requiring essays upon certain subjects studied. These essays did not have the character of original investigations, but rather a systematic presentation by the student of the main facts bearing upon a given question. Later, Professor Russel assumed systematic in- struction in American history, which was continued as long as he re- mained connected with the university. In 1878, a two years' course in history and political science went into operation, which continued for three years. It included most of the instruction in history which was given in the university, and involved few requirements 'for admission save the ordinary examinations and four books of Csesar. In 1881 this course was extended to four years. Students who had completed the first two years of study in arts, literature, or philosophy, might be ad- mitted to full standing as juniors in the course in History and Political Science, on passing a satisfactory examination in the history required in the first two years of this course. The first two years in this en- larged course were devoted to the languages, and to elementary math- ematics and historj'. Upon the resignation of Professor Russel in 1881, Professor Moses Coit Tyler, of the University of Michigan, was elected to the vacant chair of history in Cornell University. After accepting the position, he was permitted, at his own request, to devote himself to instruction in the field of American history exclusively. As early as the year 18(J8, President White had suggested the establishment of a chair of Ameri- can history as one of the necessities in the future education of this country, and in his report to the trustees of the imiversity for 1871-2, he had said: " As regards history, it is not known that any institution in the country has so extended a course, but there is a needed addition • here, and I hope 'at an early date to see the history of our countiy fairly and fully treated. It is a curious fact and one not very credit- able to our nation that at present if any person wishes to hear a full and thorough course of lectures on the history of this country, he must go to Paris or Berlin for it. That the subject can be made interesting is shown by the crowds who flocked to the lecture rooms of Neumann, the German, or Laboulaye, the Frenchman. That it is important needs no proof. We ought soon to have a series of lectures, with ju- dicial fairness going over the great periods of our history, doing justice to all parties and being unduly enthralled by' none. My plan would be to take four or five thoughtful men and assign to each a period, say to OOkNELL LtNlVEkSITV. 5'j'l the first, the colonial ^period ; to the second, the period of the Revolu- tion; to the third, the period from the Revolution to the war of 1812; to the fourth, the period extending from the war of 1812 to the be- j>innin_cf of our Civil war. I believe that such a course well prepared would be a powerful instrumentality in sending out from this institu- tion a great body of men above the level of mere partisanship and be- yond reach of corruption. " ,On September'22, 1871, George Washington Greene was appointed non-resident professor of American history for one term. Professor Greene had resided for many years abroad. In his first trip to Europe he had met by accident at an inn in southern France Mr. Henry W. Longfellow, and the friendship then formed grew with the succeeding years of their lives. Mr. Greene had made an exhaustive study of the period of American history at the close of the last century, for the preparation of an elaborate life of his grand- father, General Nathaniel Greene, one of the bravest soldiers of the Revolutionary war. Mr. Greene was a man of gentle spirit and de- lightful personality, full of reminiscences of his varied experiences, and of the famous men with whom he had been associated abroad, but of delicate health. His lectures were read quietly from manuscript. The)' were delightfully written but lacked, perhaps, a distinctively didactic character. Authorities upon American history were cited, but little work on the part of the students seems to have been done, apart from attendance upon the lecture course. Mr. Greene's lectures were de- livered first in the spring of 1872. At the time of Professor Tyler's appointment no department of American history existed in any univer- sity in the country; but it was the strong conviction of the new incum- bent of this chair at Cornell that the time had come when the claims of our own national history were to be more distinctly recognized in the arrangement of historical instruction in American universities. This conviction has since been abundantly justified, not only by the steady growth of the new department here, but by the fact that the example thus se,t by Cornell has been followed by many other univer- sities, with the probability tl)at it will in the course of time be followed by them all. In the study of American history, Professor Tyler holds that while the method should be thoroughly scientific its object should be practical. He says: "To this extent I believe in history with a tendency. My interest in our own past is chiefly derived from my interest in our own present and future, and I teach American history, not so.muchto make 572 LANnMARkS OP TOMPKtNS COtTNTY. historians as to make citizens and good leaders for the State and Nation. From this point of view I decided upon the selection of political topics for special study. At present I should describe them as follows: The native races, especially the mound builders and the North American Indians; the pre-Columbian discoveries; the origin and enforcement of England's claim to North America, as against competing European nations ; the motives and methods of English colony-planting in America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ; the development of ideas and institutions in the American colonies with particular refer- ence to religion, education, industry and, civil freedom; the grounds of intercolonial isolation and intercolonial fellowship; the causes and progress of the movement for colonial independence ; the history of the formation of the national constitution; the establishment and growth of political parties under the constitution; the history of slavery as a factor in American politics, culminating in the civil war." Professor Tyler emphasizes the use of the historical library by the students. On June 18, 1891, it was resolved by the trustees that steps be taken for the establishment of a Department of History, Political and (social Science, and General Jurisprudence in Cornell University. Professor Charles Kendall Adams of the University of Michigan was engaged as lecturer on the constitutional history of Eiirope, and Professor Herbert Tuttle as non-resident lecturer on international law for two years, his duties to consist of a course of lectures to be delivered during one term, of three months, in each year. At a subsequent meeting. Professor Henry C. Adams of the University of Michigan was elected professor of political economy for one year. These were the preliminary steps taken in President White's absence^ but upon his recommendation, to enlarge and give efficieficy to the proposed department. Professor Adams was the successor of President White in the Univer- sity of Michigan. An industrious, laborious scholar, systematic in work, his instruction exhibited these characteristics. The following courses in history were arranged : 1. General history, ancient, medieval and modern, with special refer- ence to the political and social development of the leading nations. a. The constitutional history of England, as that which has most strongly influenced our own. 3. The comparative, constitutional and legislative history of various modern states, as eliciting facts and principles of use in solving Ameri- can problems. CORNELL ITNIVRRSrrV. W3 4. The history, political, social and constitutional, of the United States, with a systematic effort to stimulate the students to original research into the sources of our national history. 5. The philosophy of history as shown by grouping the facts and thoughts elicited in tliese various courses. The field of instruction assigned to Professor Tuttle was enlarged to embrace theoretical and systematic politics. Under theoretical politics were treated primitive societies, and iinder systematic politics, the States in their constitutional organization, legislation, administration, and civil-service methods, justice, revenue, military system and a coinparative stud)' of state governments. It was the purpose, to make the students acquainted in a scientific sense with the true principles of state organization and practice, as well as with the existing institutions of the great civilized states. Under international law, the history and literature of the law of nations, the rules of war, neutrality, prizes, embassy, forms of diplomacy, the history of American diplomacy, together with discussions of some of the more famous international controversies in which the United States have been engaged, were treated. It was the design that these two courses in theoretical and systematic politics, and in international law should be given in succes- sive years. The subject of American law and jurisprudence in the proposed course was assigned to Professor Wilson. Systematic instruction in political economy with the aid of text-books ' was given by Professor Wilson, and lectures on the science of finance, embracing a study of the comparative financial administration oi the various constitutional nations, and of the various sources of public revenue, were given by Dr. Henry C. Adams. General history was treated in three periods of Greek and Roman, medieval and modern b}' President White, Professor C. K. Adams, Assistant-Professor Perkins and Instructor Burr. In 1883, Professor Tuttle was made associate-professor of the history and theory of politics and of international law; in 1887, professor of political and municipal institutions and international law, and, upon the formation of the President White School of History and Political Science in 1890, professor of modern history; Assistant-Professor Burr was made associate-professor, and later of ancient and medieval history; and soon after. Professor Dr. J. W. Jenks was appointed professor of political and social institutions and of international law. 574 LANDMARKS OF tOMPKlNS COUNTY. Upon the election of President Adams to the presidency, he asstimed also the professorship of history. Extended courses of lectures were given by him upon the theories and methods of English government, the political history of England since the Napoleonic wars, the rise of Prussia, the political and social history of Europe during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the period following the French Revokition. President Adams retained the position of professor of history until the close of the year 1888-89, when the increasing .executive duties which devolved upon him caused him to resign this position. During the year 1887-88 Assistant Professor Horatio S. White gave instruction in history in branches in which instriiction had been given previously by President White. President White's interest in everything that concerned the whole being of society led him to the study of sociology and in his final report he recommended a course of practical instruction calculated to fit young men to discuss intelligently such important social questions as the best methods of dealing practically with pauperism, intemperance, crime of various degrees and among persons of various ages, insanity, idiocy and the like. This was one of those germ ideas whi,ch the president presented in the original "plan of organization," which it yvas impossi- ble to realize for many years. In pursuance of this suggestion Mr. Prank B. Sanborn, who had been for many years Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Charities and of the American Social Science Association, was engaged to deliver a series of lectures annually upon the subjects here presented. He arranged also visits on the part of his students to the various State charitable institittions in the vicinity, to the Reformatory in Elniira, the insane asylum at Ovid, and the State Prison in Auburn. The attention of the students was thus called to the great need of legislation in behalf of the imfortunate classes and to the history of previous experiments in ameliorating their condition, and to the best methods of accomplishing the highest philanthropic purposes. JOURNALISM. The establishment of a course in journalism in the universitj' was a favorite idea of President White. Recognizing the power of the press, he believed that it would be wise to extend facilities to students to CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 575 prepare directly for the profession of journalism; In pursuance of his plan, courses of lectures were delivered at different times in the uni- versity. Professor Fiske, who had been devoted to journalism for a number of years, delivered a course of lectures mainly upon the prac- tical side of the journalist's profession. He discussed the arrangement of the matter in the newspaper and incidentally reviewed in a very suggestive way the methods of the leading journals; the special quali- ties and gifts of different men; the place of editorial comment; cor- respondence; foreign and local news in a popular journal. The Honorable James Brooks delivered four lectures, begihning May 25, 1880, based upon his own extended and successful experience in news- paper life. Mr. Charles E. Fitch delivered a course of five lectures in May, 188G, devoted mainly to the history of journalism in this country. Later, Professor Brainard Crardner Smith added to his regular duties a course in journalism in which, with the practical experience of a news- paper man, he sought to discuss the methods of a metropolitan daily and to give the students of his class practical drill in reporting actual and fictitious events. Members of the editorial boards of the college papers took great interest in these exercises. These young newspaper men not only used all the advantages placed at. their disposal, but they published in the press of which they were correspondents a description of the system here in vogue. In consequence, widespread comment and discussion were aroused upon the possibility of successful instruction in journalism. On one side, it was held with great truth that the preparation of a journalist consisted primarily in the symmetrical de- velopment of all his powers; and secondly, in an intelligent ac- quaintance with the subjects discussed in the press, such as history, political economy, sociology, political institutions and constittitional law. It was urged still further that journalism was a craft, which could only be attained by practice, by experience in the various branches of a newspaper office. Many graduates of the university who had attained prominence as editors of leading journals in New York e.ipressed this view. The relation of journalism to rhetoric and com- position was maintained by 'some, ^t was thought that the power to write interestingly and graphically might be acquired by special train- ing in the university, and the student be thus prepared to enter intel- ligently upon the practice of his profession. The demand for instruc- tion in work in definite subjects, and the limited time available for essential studies, led to the practical . abandonment of this experiment. 576 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. _ POLITICAL SCIENCE. From the foundation of the university until the year 1880, there was • no separate department of political science. Instruction in the sub- jects now embraced in that department was in the hands, so far as the resident force of instruction was concerned, of Dr. William D. Wilson, professor of moral and intellectual philosophy, who delivered a course of lectures on political economy one term each year. He published in 1875, chiefly for the use of his class in political economy, a treatise en- titled, "First Principles of Political Economy with reference to States- manship and Progress of Civilization. " In and after the years 1875-70, Dr. Wilson delivered also, one term each year, a course of lectures on the constitution of the United States, and American jurisprudence, this course taking the place of lectures on constitutional law, that had been delivered from 1808 to 1875 by non-i-esident Professor Theodore W. Dwight of New York city. The department may be said to have been organized in 1881 when a four years' course in history and political science was established, lead- ing to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In 1883, Professors Adams and Tuttlewere made resident associate professors of political economy and political science respectively, and the work of the department was enlarged to include additional courses in systematic politics, in public finance, and further, in 1884, courses in practical economic questions. During the year 1884, Mr. Ellis H. Roberts delivered a course of lec- tures on the tariff, which were published the next year in book form, under the title, "Government Revenue." In the years 1885 and 1880 courses of lectures on diplomacy and in- ternational law were delivered by the Hon, Eugene Schuyler, which were published in 1880 under the title of "American Diplomacy and the Furtherance of Commerce. " The same year Professor Henry C. Adams published .his book on " Public Debts: A Study in the Science of Finance. " Dr. Wilson was elected professor emeritus at the close of this year (1885-80). In 1887, the work in history and political science was grouped under the title of the President White School of History and Political Science, and in accordance with the conditions of the organization of the school, a fellowship in political and social science was established. Work in social science was begun in 1887 by Mr. Frank B. Sanborn, who gave a term's lectures each year on problems in social science, CORNJiLL UNIVHRSITY. 577 which lectures were supplemented by class visits to various charitable, penal and reformatory institutions in the vicinity of Ithaca. This work was kept up 'by Mr. Sanborn until the year 1880, after which time for two years somewhat similar work was carried on by Professor C. A. Collin. In 1887, Professor H. C. Adams,- all of whose time was required at the University of M.ichigan, gave up his work at Cornell, and the fol- lowing year work in political economy was given by Mr. Frank H. Hodder. Professor Tuttle was made professor of the history of politi- cal and municipal institutions and of international law. In 1888, Pro- fessor E. Benjamin Andrews was appointed professor of political economy and finance, but resigned after one year's work to accept the presidency of Brown University. During his year's residence he had printed outlines of his course of lectures for the use of students, which were afterwards gathered into book form under the title of " Institutes of Economics." Mr. Hodder again took charge of the work in econom- ics for one year, when, in 1890, Professor J. Lawrence Laughlin was appointed professor of political economy and finance, and the work of the department was further strengthened by the appointment of A. C. Miller as associate professor of political economy and finance. At this time, too, graduate work in the department was strengthened by the establishment of two fellowships. In 1881, Professor Tuttle, having been made professor of modern Europeaii history, gave up the work in political science. Professor J. W. Jenks was called to a chair of politi- cal, municipal and social institutions to do this work and that formerly done by Professors Sanborn and Collin. ~^ In 1892, Professors Laughlin and Miller resigning to accept positions in Chicago University, the departments of economics and finance and political and social institutions were combined into one, with a teaching force consisting of Professor Jenks, Associate Professor Edward A. Ross, Assistant Professor Walter F. Willcox and Dr. Charles H. Hull, Professor Jenks being granted leave of absence for the year. In 18!)3 Professor Ross resigned to accept a position at Leland Stanford, Jr., University; Dr. Hull was promoted to an assistant professorship, and Dr. L. S. Merriam was appointed instructor in political economy, the department now having four men whose full time was given to the work. The sad accident by which Dr. Merriam lost his life by drown- ing in Cayuga Lake checked the work of the department in part, but 73 578 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. most of Dr. Merriam's work was carried on by Professor Hull and the fellows in the department, Messrs. T. F. Carver and E. M. Wilson. In the spring of 1894 Mr. Frank Fetter was appointed instructor in political economy. Though the work of the department is conducted as a unit, so far as it is practicable, each of the different teachers de- votes his time to some special branch of the work. Professor Jenks gives his time chiefly to the work in political science and politics; Pro- fessor Willcox has charge especially of that in social science and sta- tistics ; while Professor Hull and Dr. Fetter conduct, in the main, the work in political economy and finance. In the year 1893-94 a new course in the mathematical methods of investigation in economic and social science was instituted by Professor Oliver for the especial ad- vantage of advanced students who had had good mathematical training. The department is further strengthened by the work in international law and jurisprudence, and in constitutional law, given by Professors Huffcut and Hutchins of the law school. XIV. MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS. I\[ATHEMATicS AND ASTRONOMY. This department was under the wise direction of Professor Evan Wilhelni Evans until within a few months before his decease in 1874. He was proficient not only in mathematics but in geology and botany. He is remembered as a man of few words, but of a remarkably sound and independent judgment that carried great weight in the faculty councils, and as an acute and thorough student, a philosophical and original thinker, a firm and loyal friend. The best of his published work in mathematics is his "New method of solving cubic and trinomial equations of all degrees;"" it is very suggestive, and follows quite dif- ferent lines from the usual methods; but the fuller statement of it pla,nned by him was prevented by his failing health. His unpublished university lectures on modern synthetic geometry were elaborate and beautiful, and marked at the time almost a new departure for American colleges. » Propeedings of University Convocation, 1870. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 579 Characteristic of his instruction or policy were : the remarkable power of concentration with which he would follow others' work without using his eyes, his uniform preference for oral above written examinations, and his^'habit of taking a calculus class over the same ground with two successive authors for the sake of the cross-light. With Professor Evans were associated here, at one time or another, Assistant-Professors Ziba H. Potter, William E. Arnold, Henry T, Eddy, William J. Hamilton, since deceased, Lucien A. Wait, and J. E. Oliver, and Instructor O. H. P. Cornell. The chief branches taught were algebra beginning with quadratics, plane geometry, solid geometry, trigonometry with navigation and mensuration, analytic geometry, calculus, synthetic geometry, and descriptive astronomy; analytic geometry occupying one or two terms, calculus three terms, and each of the other subjects one term, for commonly five hours per week. There was also land-surveying, for students in agriculture and other non-technical courses. Algebra, plane and solid geometry, and trig- onometry were required studies in all courses ; astronomy in the course in science; analytic geometry, calculus and synthetic geometry, in engineering, mechanic arts and architecture. Thus more of fine mathe- matics was required in the university then than now, but an off.set, except as to advanced mathematics in the technical courses, is in the increased entrance requirements and in the various electives now offered. The requirement of quadratics for admission was made in Professor Evans's day, that of plane geometry for all courses, and of solid for the technical, came later, and by degrees. From 1873-4 on, the department has been administered, first by Professor Oliver and afterwards by Professors Oliver and Wait. Thej'^ have been ably seconded by Associate- Professor George William Jones, Assistant-Professors William E. Byerly, James McMahon and Arthur S. Hathaway, and Instructors George T. Winston, Madison M. Garver, Morris R. Conable, Charles A. Van Velzer, Duane Studley, George E. Fisher, Charles S. Fowler, Walker G. Rappleye, John H. Tanner, Paul S. Saurel, and William R. Shoemaker. Four of the professors, and five instructors, remain to-day ; most of the others have become professors or presidents in other colleges, and several of these have achieved eminence. The work of the department to-day, like the earlier work out of which it has, grown, contemplates three great uses: 1. To help the average student in developing certain powers and habits which every good 580 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. citizen and good thinker requires, namely of sustained, exact, candid, independent reckoning, even when the subject-matter is general or abstract; of conscientiously scrutinizing a plausible argument, both in detail and in its general course; of imagination, to grasp as a whole a complex concept or scheme of thought ; of inventiveness as to methods and possible relations; of applying theory to practical problems; of precision and clearness in stating one's own convictions and the grounds of them. 2. For those who wish to make pure and applied mathematics a specialty, to give some outlook over its different fields ; and to fit these students for teaching, or for home reading and investigation, ,or for study at European universities. 3. To meet the needs of students in various branches of engineering, physics, and sociology. The endeavor is not usually to cover all the ground in a given field, but to master the fundamental difficulties of concept and method, and secure whatever peculiar culture this implies, — relying more upon in- sight and origination than upon memory, and making all necessar)' memory-work as philosophical as may be. Attention is also given to the criticism of methods and their motives, methods suggested by general considerations being preferred ; to the concrete interpretation of important steps as well as of results ; and to the separation of symbols and their laws from the particular subject-matter, so that either majr be stvidied separately. Whether instruction be given by text-books with recitations and problem-working, by written exercises and exam- inations, or by lecture, seminary and directed reading, the class are regarded rather as the teacher's fellow-Students than as mere recipients of instruction. Supplementary to the usual college curriculum of pure mathematics, including calculus, electives are at present offered in geometric, alge- braic and trigonometric problems, determinants and theory of equations, probabilities and least squares, modern analytic and synthetic geometry, advanced calculus, differentiated equations, finite differences, quantics, function-theory, theory of numbers, and mathematical essays meant partly as studies of style; also, in descriptive and dynamic astronomy, rational mechanics, potential theory and special harmonics, and the mathematical theories of fluid motion as applied to meteorology, and of sound, light and electricity. There is also a seminary for the discussion of fundamental methods in algebra; one in mathematical pedagogy, to consider ideals and methods in mathematical study and writing as well as in teaching; one for application of mathematics to economic and CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 5S1 social problems; and one. held in connection with the department of chemistry beginning with 1894-5, for the mathematical study of phys- ical chemistry. The number taking these various electives as undergraduate, graduate or special students has ab6ut kept pace with the general growth of the university; though the splendidly equipped technical courses on the one hand and the admirable scientific and humanistic work done here on the other hand, offer strong counter attractions. For, in the com- munity at large; mathematics is still thought of merely as a good logical drill, and a key to the physical sciences with their applications. One great mission of the mathematical department here, as elsewhere, is to show that in healthily developing the geometric and philosophic imag- ination ; in awakening an intelligent interest in the grand systems of worlds amid which our own is placed, as well as a sense of the beaut)^ of purely intellectual relations; in adding definiteness to certain meta- physical concepts; and in that corelation of the abstract with the con- crete and with the certain which will help to cure the prevalent distrust of ideals, mathematical studies have peculiar educational and even religious values that could ill be spared. In the equipment of the department are now many of Brill's beauti- ful and useful models, and others are being added. The University Library has some thousands of books on astronomy and pure and applied mathematics, besides most of the chief American, English, French and German journals, and the transactions of many scientific societies. A steady growth is assured by the Sage Library fund, so that in time the collection of mathematical classics apd sources will have become reasonably complete, thus facilitating kinds of work that were impossible in the university's earlier days. THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS. The Department of Physics was one of those organized at the opening of the university. The first incumbent was Professor Eli W. Blake now professor of physics in Brown University. Professor Blake was succeeded after two years of service by Professor John J. Brown, later of the University of Syracuse, who was followed, after one year, by Professor Loomis who served but two terms, and resigned in March 1873. After a short period, during which the chair was not filled, instruction in physics was given by Professor Morris, Assistant-Professor Eddy and others, William A. Anthony, Ph. B., a graduate of the Sheffield 583 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Scientific School of Yale University, was appointed to the professorship. Professor Anthony had previously filled similar positions in Antioch College, Ohio, and in the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Iowa. Under Professor Anthony, physics soon took a prominent position among the subjects of the university curriculum. Laboratory instruc- tion was almost at once begun. The quarters assigned to physics in 1873 consisted of a small lecture room in the south wing of McGraw Hall, with a small ante-room under the raised seats, which was intende'd to serve as apparatus room, professor's office and general laborator}'. Under the vigorous administration of Professor Anthony, the needs of the department soon outgrew these cramped quarters, and various rooms were obtained on the upper floors, and in the basement of White and Morrill Halls. The equipment of the department during all the earlier years of the university was of a meagre description, being in the main upon a par with that which might have been found in most of the smaller colleges of the country during that period of our educational development. There were a few noble pieces of illustrative apparatus for lecture room purposes, which had been purchased by President White, but the col- lection included no instruments of precision. This condition of affairs lasted, subject only to such amelioration as could be attained bj' the indefatigable industry and the mechanical skill of the head of the department and of his assistant, George S. Moler, who, from the time of his graduation in 1875, became a valuable attach^, serving succes- sively as laboratory assistant, instructor and assistant-professor. In 1881, the Board of Trustees decided to build a physical and chemi- cal laboratory combined. Franklin Hall was the result of that action. To the department of physics the lower floors and basement of this large four-storied building of brown sandstone were assigned, and a considerable sum of money was appropriated for the purchase of a suitable equipment. Professor Anthony spent some months in Europe in the summer of 1881, in selecting and purchasing apparatus. Many important instruments were, however, made in the United States, notably a large and very substantial comparator, designed for the department by Professor William A. Rogers, a dividing engine designed by the same physicist, a standard clock by Howard, and a large spec- trometer by Fauth, of Washington, together with chronographs. The building of this laboratory marks an epoch in the history of the depart- ment, but a more important period wafe about to begin in theinaugura- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 583 tion, two years later (1883), at the instance of Professor Anthony, of a course in electrical engineering. There was much opposition to the introduction of what was at that time a subject unrecognized upon the lists of the technical schools, and it was with difficulty that the Board of Trustees could be persuaded to sanction such an experiment. The course once announced, however, its success was immediate and marked. The Register of the following year, 1883-4, shows 13 students in electrical engineering; that of the tenth year following, 1893-4, contains 350 students, 28 of whom are in post graduate courses. In 1883, the instructing force of the department consisted of Professor Anthony and Assistant-Professor Moler. In 1893, it consisted of the head of the department, Profes.sor Edward L. Nichols who had suc- ceeded Professor Anthony in 1887, at which time the latter resigned his chair to engage in practical work in electrical engineering, of three assistant-professors, G. S. Moler, Ernest Merritt and Frederick Bedell, . and of seven instructors and assistants. During this last decade the growth of the technical schools connected with Gomel] University so increased the number of students having required work in chemistry and physics, that it became necessary to build a new chemical labor- atory and to assign the whole of Franklin Hall, together with the adjoining structure known as the chemical annex, to the latter depart- ment. In the year 1893-4, there were over six hundred undergraduates who were receiving instruction in laboratories " and class rooms in the department of physics, together with some forty graduate students who were engaged in advanced work and in investigation. In 1893, another important step in the history of physics of Cornell University was taken in the foundation of the Physical Review, a bi-monthly journal devoted to original work in experimental physics. This journal is edited by Professors Nichols and Merritt and is published for the university by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., of New York. XV. NATURAL SCIENCE. THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY. The Department of Chemistry was one of the first in which an ap- pointment was made. At the sixth meeting of the Board of Trustees, rm , ■ LANDMARKS OK TOMPKINS COUNTY. held September 36, 1807, four professors were elected, among them Dr. George C. Caldwell as professor of agricultural chemistry and James M. Crafts as professor of general chemistry. Professor Caldwell was a graduate of the University of Gottingen, and had also sttidied the methods of instruction in the model college of Cirencester, England, and was widely known for his investigations in agricultural chemistry. Professor Crafts was a graduate of the Lawrence Scientific School, and had afterwards spent several years in study in France and Germany, where he had published several original investigations of great merit. At the time of his appointment he was an instructor in the Lawrence Scientific School. Since then he has made many brilliant investiga- tions, which have caused him to rank among the most eminent of American chemists ; at the present time he is a professor in the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. Soon after the appointment of these professors of chemistry, they prepared lists of the most important Eng- lish, French and German standard works in their department and of the leading chemical periodicals, which were purchased by the imiver- sity abroad through President, White, and formed a portion of the equipment at the opening of the imiversity. Many complete sets of chemical journals were also obtained, thus constituting a valuable library for investigation, from the beginning. Chemical apparatus was also ordered, and arrived from Europe in the summer of 1868. The boxes which contained these scientific treasures were stored and opened in the northwest basement of what is now known as Morrill Hall. Pro- fessor Caldwell presents a graphic account of a professor's life in those early days. At that time he occupied a house partially completed near the head of Buffalo street. ' ' To reach the university it was necessary to climb a hill without sidewalks; to skirt Cascadilla, passing an old weather-stained mill which stood behind it, and avoid skillfully the debris airound these buildings ; to descend into a gorge by ladders, and to risk one's life in crossing planks; to wind through the woods upon the north bank, and then pass thi'ough fields and over two successive ravines, and clamber over fences, before the solitary building which con- stitutes the university was reached. The new professor found his earliest task in the manual labor of unpacking these European pur- chases. The first chemical laboratory was established in the basement of Morrill Hall, in the large room on the north side of the central en- trance. The private laboratory of Professor Crafts, for his own and for the special work of his students, consisted simply of one short table CORNELL UNIVERSITY. ' OSu at the end of this room, with a shelf and two capacious drawers below. Professor Caldwell's laboratory consisted of a similar table at the other end of the room. All the water supply was brought in pails, and the waste received and carried out in jars. The only ventilation was through chimney flues, and what did not escape through this uninvit- ing exit ascended to the library room, which was directly above. Lec- tures in agricultural chemistry were given in a small basement room adjoining this laboratory, and the lectures on general chemistry in the large room on the other side of the middle hallway. " Thus these pion- eers of education passed through hardships, the immortal humor of which is now their chief compensation. "During the fall and winter, a large wooden building was erected near the middle of what was then the campus, and in the spring vacation the chemical department for- sook its narrow and uncomfortable quarters in Morrill Hall for its new rooms in this wooden structure, and I have no doubt that those who were left behind were as glad to have us leave as we were to get away. Of room we had an abundance iii our new quarters, but of comfort, not so much. It was expected that we might occupy them for four or five years, and, of course, with such expectations, the building was cheaply constructed, and all its discomforts were endured for ten years or more, instead of the limited time originally anticipated. The build- ing was at first occupied by the departments of mechanical, engineer- ing, botany and physics, as well a chemistry. One by one these departments were transferred to better quarters, until finally it became the exclusive possession of the chemical department for a few years. Then the department of civil engineering moved into it, and was in its turn left its sole occupant, when in 1883 the chemical department moved into the second and third stories of Franklin Hall, where, for the first time, it was accommodated in quarters especially planned and constructed for its use; but this building soon became too small for the departments of physics and chemistry and finally, in 1890, the latter department moved into Morse Hall, which had been erected for its ex- clusive use. This last move will undoubtedly end its wanderings on thecampus. " This new building was called Morse Hall in honor of the inventor of the magnetic telegraph, Mr. S. B. F. Morse. The plan of this new chemical building makes it one of the amplest and best ar- ranged of any structure devoted to similar purposes in America. Pro- fessor Spencer Baird Newbury was at that time acting professor of prganic and applied chemistry, and later of general, organic and ap- 74 ■ 58fi LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. plied chemistry. He had an enthusiastic interest in the equipment of this new building and, in company with Professor Caldwell, carefully studied and designed its general arrangement. The scope of instruction in chemistry has been greatly widened. At first, only general, analytical and agricultural chemistry were taught, and laboratory practice was confined to analytic chemistry. A short time after the department was established in its first home, laboratory practice in general chemistry was introduced, suggested by the evident usefulness of such practice for a better understanding of the principles of elementary general chemistry, and also on account of the option of chemical laboratory practice, which was allowed for a few years in place of a part of the mathematics, which had hitherto been required in the general courses. Some kind of wprk in general chemistry seemed to be far more appropriate for this option than the more technical work of analytical chemistry. The inequality of the option of work in element- ary chemistry for mathematics soon became so evident that it was given up after a very brief trial, but laboratory work in general chemistry has been continued up to the present time. It was at first required only of those who later have analytical chemistry in their courses of study, but is now required of all who take the course in general chemistry. Tech- nical chemistry was also added in the history of the department, but was discontinued after two or three, years, on account of the resignation of the professor who first suggested its introduction, and taught it. Organic chemistry was taught by lectures, and laboratory practice added later, together with metallurgical chemistry. The latest addition to the field of instruction in this department consists of courses of instruction in the most advanced field of physical chemistry. A steady advance has thus been made along all these special lines of work in chemistry by the addition of new and more advanced courses, so that now thirty-one are offered in the department, and in the list of courses for' 1894-5, the nurhber will be increased to thirty-five. Professor James M. Crafts resigned at the end of the first year, and Professor Charles A. Schaeffer was elected professor of analytical chemistry and mineralogy, June 30, 18(59. Professor Schaeffer was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and also of the University of Gottingen, Germany. He remained connected with the department vmtil his elec- tion as President of the University of Iowa in 1887. During the year 1886-7 he acted as dean. One year later. Professor Chester H. Wing was elected to the chair of chemistry as aiDplied to manufactures. Pro- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 687 fessor Wing had graduated with distinguished honor at the Lawrence Scientific School, and had also had practical experience as a manufac- turing chemist. He was connected with the university from January, 1870, to 1873, and he delivered subsequently, each year until 1880 a series of lectures upon organic chemistry. After leaving this university he was appointed to a professorship in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where, through his efforts, one of the largest departments for instruction in chemistry in the country was created. A. A. Breneman was appointed assistant professor of industrial chemistry in 1875 and professor in 1879, which position he held until 1883. Professor Brene- man made many interesting investigations during his connection with the universit)^ and later, as consulting chemist in New York, valuable discoveries of colors available for use in the manufacture of potter)^ Dr. Spencer Baird Newbury, a graduate of the School of Mines, and later a student in the University of Berlin, was made assistant professor of general chemistry, mineralogy and assaying in 1882, and acting pro- fessor in 188G, which position he filled until 1892. Professor Newbury was an enthusiastic student of his chosen branch, and took great pleas- ure in the development of chemistry as applied to photography. At the exposition in Paris of 1889 he was appointed by the United States government to make the report upon certain branches of chemistr)', and later he was a representative of the State of Ohio, and judge in the Chicago Exposition of 1893. Assistant Professors William R. Orndorff, Ph. D., Louis Munroe Dennis, Ph. B., Joseph Ellis Trevor, Ph. D,, have contributed by investigation and instruction to extend the I'eputa- tion of the department. BOTANY. The Botanical Department was organized at the opening of the university in October 1868. Professor Albert N. Prentiss, then a professor in the Michigan Agricultural College, from which institution he had graduated in 1861, had been elected to the chair of botany, horticulture and agriculture, and placed in charge of the department. In the first general arrangement of courses of instruction in the univer- sity, the general and introductory course in botany was assigned to the spring term; but a more advanced course of lectures on systematic botany was offered for the fall term. This was attended by a class of four students who came fi*om other colleges and had taken some botanical 688 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKlNS COUNTY. work before entering the university. These lectures were given in what is now room 11, Morrill Hall. The university did not as yet possess botanical collections of any kindj so that the means for illus- trating the lectures were very insufficient. Morevover, the lecture room could be used for botanical purposes only for the single hour of the days on which the lectures were given. There could not, therefore, have been any proper preparation for a scientific lecture, even though suitable material had been available. In the winter term, the work was practically a continuation of that above described. In the spring term of the first year a general course of botanical lectures was offered, which was attended by 144 students. By this time the laboratory building, so called, a large wooden structure, designed more especially for the departments of chemistry and physics, had been partially completed, and two rooms were assigned to the use of the botanical department. These consisted of a small lecture room for special classes, and a smaller room for a laboratory and professor's study. As the lecture room was far too small for the class in general botany, the lectures were given in the chemical lecture room. The laboratory work for the large class consisted only of the study and determination of species of flowering plants of the local flora. No other place being available, this work was done in a large unfinished room in the north wing of the laboratory building. This room, still unfinished, was used in this way in the spring term for three years. At a later period this room, with others, was finished for the use of the civil engineering department. During this first spring term, in addition to the botanical work, a course of lectures on horticulture was given to a class of special students. During the second year, 1 860-70, the facilities for instruction were very considerably increased. Collections of models and diagrams, which had been purchased in Europe, began to arrive during the latter part of the pi-evious year, and were now available for use. The small lecture room and the small and meagerly equipped laboratory were still employed by the department. In the fall term a course of lectures was given on systematic botany, which could now be presented in a manner superior to that of the previous year. Some beginnings were also made in special laboratory work. In the spring term there was an enrollment of 335 students for the general course. The lectures were given in the large lecture room on the upper floor of the building now known as White Hall. Owing to inadequate facilities for so large a class, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 589 and the want of an assistant, no laboratory work was undertaken ; but all possible efforts were made to interest the members of the class in the study of the local flora. No lectures were given in the fall term of 1870-71, the professor of botany being^ absent in Brazil with the Cornell Exploring Expedition. This expedition was organized by Professor C. F. Hartt for the purpose of making studies and collections in natural history. The party, made •up of the two professors named, and about ten students, sailed from New York the latter part of June and returned early in the following January. The principal explorations were made in the valley of the Amazon for a distance of some 400 miles above Para, and on two of the chief tributaries of the main stream, the rivers Chingu and Tapajos. The advantages of this expedition to the botanical department con- sisted chiefly in the opportunity for the professor of botany to make an extended field study of tropical vegetation, and a considerable collection of material for the herbarium and museum. Lecture work was resumed in the winter term, and in the spring the general course was given to a large class. Laboratory and field work were attempted, but systematic work in the department was accom- panied by serious inconveniences. The collections and illustrative material were in the south wing of the chemical laboratory, the lectures were given in the room at the top of White Hall, while the laboratory work was done in the unfinished room in tlie laboratory. The labor of carrying the illustrative material needed for' the lectures from one building to another across the campus and up several flights of stairs, of condiicting the whole work of the department in practically three different buildings, by the professor in charge without any assistance except some undergraduate help in the laboratory, illustrate the extreme inconvenience and primitive conditions which prevailed during these earlier years. The event of the year 1871-72 was the bringing together of the different branches of the department under one roof. Sibley College was dedicated June 21, 1871, and through the courtesy of Professor J. L. Morris, dean of the department, some rooms not needed for the time being for his work, were temporarily assigned to the use of the botanical department. Those rooms were the large lecture room on the second floor south, and the corresponding room on the floor above, used for a laboratory. A smaller room was available as a study and office for the professor of botany, and another small room for the stor- 590 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. age of a part of the botanical collections. The lecture courses offered were similar to those of previous years, but the conveniences for doing the work of the department were now much increased. A small num- ber of advanced students were now engaged on special subjects, and the work in these lines began to show considerable improvement over previous years. During this year an instructor in botany was for the first time appointed, but only for the spring term. This officer was David S'. Jordan, now President of Stanford University, then a senior at Cornell and a most enthusiastic and accomplished student of botany. During these years, 1872-75, the department continued to occupy its quarters in the Sibley building. While the ground work was not greatly changed, some additional special courses were offered. In the spring term of 1873 a carefully organized course of lectures was given on Fungi to a class of fifteen students. The superior quality of the students who now elected special and advanced botanical work, is shown by the fact that several of the members of this class have since become well known naturalists, and at least seven have been, or now are, college professors. For the spring term of 1873 Mr. W. R. Dud- ley, then a junior and an excellent student in botany and other sub- jects in natural history, was appointed an instructor in botany to assist in the general laboratory work. He was again appointed for the spring term on the following year. During this period the enthusiasm for botanical excursions and the study of the flora of Ithaca and vicinity, which had been a conspicuous feature of the work of the department from the beginning, became very prominent. Every ravine, marsh, hillside and wood was explored and the discovery of a species not previoitsly recorded was hailed with great enthusiasm, not only by the discoverer, but by his companions in botanical study. Among the notable discoveries of the period was that of the ash-leaf maple, a tree not previously known as growing spontaneously within the limits of the State of New York. A number of specimens, some twenty or more, mostly small in size, were found in a small piece of undisturbed wood about two miles south of Ithaca. The discoverer was Mr. J. C. Branner, a botanical student of rare promise, who has since become a geologist of excellent reputation, and is now a professor in Stanford University. The period from 1875 to 1888. In the fall of 1875 the department began its work in its present quarters in the south wing of vSage Col- lege. The corner stone of this building had been laid with appi-opriate CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 591 ceremonies on May 15, 1873, and the building was now ready for use. Tlie rooms occupied by the department were a large lecture room, a professor's office and study, and a laboratory on the first floor; a mu- seum 28x4G feet on the second floor, and on the third floor a number of smaller rooms used for pressing and mounting specimens for the herbarium, storage for duplicates and apparatus, and other similar uses. The total floor area thus occupied by the department was upwards of 0,000 squai'e feet. The lecture room was handsomely finished in hard wood and provided with fixed seats with walnut arm rests for 150 students. By the use of chairs, the seating capacity of the room could be somewhat increased without undue crowding. The enrollment of some of the larger classes has been upwards of 175. The laboratory was lighted from the north, and adapted to microscopical as well as general laboratory work. In the museum were the general herbarium and other collections, for which suitable cases had been provided. Thus, after six years of pioneering, with inadequate but slowly im- proving facilities and the temporary occupancy of various buildings, the department found itself located in handsome quarters admirably adapted to its requirements. Beginning with the fall of 1875, Mr. W. R. Dudley was regularly apJDointed instructor in botany to devote his entire attention to the sub- ject, the previous appointment having been for a single term each year. At the beginning of the following year, 1876-77, he was ap- pointed assistant professor. The scope of instruction was now some- what increased, chiefly in cryptogamic subjects. In the spring of 1 877 a course of instruction was given on mosses and algse, and in the following autumn on ferns. Opportunities for special work were im- proved, and an increasing number of students was now ^conducting work of this kind. Within five years of the first occupancy of Sage College the facilities for laboratory work had become inadequate for want of room, and the need of a green-house from which living plants could be obtained at all seasons of. the year, was felt to be urgent. At this juncture the Hon. Henry W. Sage, who had already made princely gifts to the uni- versity, offered as a further gift the means for extending the labora- tory and erecting a conservatory, the whole to cost f 16, 000. Work was begun in the summer oi 1881. The laboratory extension was of brick, 24x36 feet, two stories in height, and corresponded in architecture to the older building. The conservatory consisted of five connected glass 592 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. structures, of different heights and adapted to different tempcratitres, the whole range being in extreme dimensions 50x152 feet. These im- provements were completed in the following spring, and were formally opened by appropriate exercises held in the botanical lecture room on the evening of June 15, 1883. Brief addresses were made by President White, Hon. Erastus Brooks and others. These increased facilities for botanical woi'k were of great moment. The available space in the phanerogamic and histological laboratory (on the first floor) was nearly doubled, and an office and study for the assistant professor of botany was provided. On the second floor was a well lighted laboratory, which has since been devoted wholly to crypto- gamic work. The conservatories, which were built in the most sub- stantial manner, proved to be admirably adapted to the uses for which they were intended, and soon began to afford material for work and illustration in all the courses of instruction offered by the department, as well as by affording opportunities for experimental work and in- vestigations on the physiology of plants. In the fall of 1882 Mr. Robert Shore was appointed head gardener, and placed in immediate charge of the conservatories. In 1886 the catalogue of the flowering plants of Ithaca and vicinity was published by Professor Dudley under the title. The Cayuga Flora. This important work was based upon the studies and explorations of the officers and students of the department from the beginning of the imiversity, this being supplemented by special and critical work carried on for several years by the author. , The field embraced in this flora is the territory drained by Cayuga Lake and its tributaries, of which Ithaca is approximately the center. The number of species and vari- eties catalogued was 1278. The catalogue proper forms a pamphlet of 140 pages, with two maps, and is preceded by an introduction of some thirty pages. The catalogue has been of great service to the depart- ment as a guide to explorations and field study ; and the thoroughness of the work is shown by the fact that, although the field studies have continued to the present time with unabated interest, only a small number of species have been added to those listed in the flora. For the year 1887-88, Mr. F. V. Coville was appointed instructor in botany. Professor Dudley being in Europe. Mr. Coville graduated at the Commencement of 1887, and had been a student of marked ability in botany throughout his university course. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. OOa 1888-!)a. In the summer of 1888, the Agricultural Experiment vSttition, provided for by the act of Congress known as the Hatch bill, was established at the university. After due consideration the Station Council decided that some botanical investigations concerning the diseases of plants, especially those of fungous origin, ought to be mider- taken in the interest of the station. This work was placed in the hands of Professor Dudley at his request, and the duties of cryptogamic botanist to the station assigned to him in the fall of 1888 To secure time for these new duties Professor Dudley was relieved of all work of instruction for one term, and a part of the work for the other two terms of the year. In connection with these changes, Mr. W. W. Rowlee who had graduated at the previous Commencement, was appointed instructor in botany. The evidences of improvement and increased interest in botanical work during this period were encouraging. The actual as well as the relative number of students engaged in special work, and in reseaixh and investigation of a more or less difficult nature was greater than ever before. In the last year of the period sixteen graduate students besides a still larger number of special undergraduate students, mainly seniors, were taking work in the department. A change of importance was made in the genei-al course. Heretofore this course of three lectures per week had been given in the spring term. Beginning with 1890-91, the course was given in the fall and winter terms, two lectures per week being given. This change neai-ly doubled the time assigned to the general course, and was important especially in this, that it made it possible to devote the entire winter term to a course of lectures on the physiology of plants. At the close of the collegiate year, 1891-2, Professor Dudley retired from the university in order to accept a professorship of botany in Stanford University. At the beginning of this year (1892) Professor G. F. Atkinson was appointed assistant (and since associate) professor of cryptogamic botany in the university, and cryptogamic botanist to the Experiment Station. Professor Atkinson graduated from Cornell in 1885, and had occupied the chair of botany in the University of North Carolina, but at the time of his appointment' was professor of biology in the Agricul- tural College of Alabama. His chief line of work had been in crypto- gamic botany, and his investigations and contributions, especially in fungi and in fungous diseases of plants, had become widely and favor- 75 594 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. ably known. His familiarity with the subject, and a very considerable increase in laboratory equipment, now rendered it possible to add to the courses already established, an important counse on the methods of study and culture of bacteria;. The GeneR'Al Plan of Instruction. — In arranging the courses of instruction in the department, the obligations to provide general instruc- tion for those who desire to begin the study of botany has been recog- nized from the first. This was demanded not only by the relation which the university bears to the State, but also by the fact that botany is not taught in all the schools of the State, and is adequately tavight in'only a few. No effort therefore, has been spared to make the general course as offered by the department in the highest degree effective. And this has been done for two reasons — to make the work as valuable as pos- sible to those whose study of botany ceased with the general course, and to serve as an introduction to future courses for those who intend to pursue the subject still further, there have. been, therefore, three lines of work constantly in progress; the general course; the advanced courses, in irecent years usually eight to ten in number; and the special and largely independent work for the most advanced students. The plan, although not an ideal one for univei-sity work, has nevertheless been attended with some satisfactory results. The classes in the gen- eral courses have been very large, but the department has from the first attracted a considerable number of advanced and special students. Numerous theses for first degrees, and a number for advanced degrees, have been prepared, many of which have shown marked ability in original research. A portion of these have been published as contribu- tions to botanical science. One of the earliest was the thesis of Mr. Hine (1877), an original study of the difficult and, at the time little known group, the Saprolegniea;. This paper, which was published in the American Microscopic Journal, was illustrated with lithograjDhic plates containing sixty-one figures. A considerable number of the special students of the department have become successful naturalists, teachers and authors. A list of these would include the names which follow. Those receiving first degrees from the university arc indicated by the dates of graduation. Most of the others have been graduate students, some of whom have received second degrees. Atkinson, G. F., (1885) associate professor of cryptogamic botany, Cornell Univer- .sity. Arthur, J. G., professor of vegetable physiology, Purdue University. Ashe, W. W., botanist to the geological survey of North Carolina. Craig, Moses, professor CORNELL UNIVERSITY. .'iOO of botany in the Oregon Agricultural College. Coville, F. V., (1887) chief of the botanical division United States Department of Agriculture. Dudley William R., (1874) professor of botany, Stanford University. Densmore, H. D., professor of bot- any, Beloit College. Durand, E. J., (1803) fellow in botany, Cornell University. Hough, R. B., (1881) author of American Woods. Howell, J. K. Miss, (1888) assist- ant in botany, Barnard College. Kellerman, W. A., (1874) professor of botany, Ohio University. Lazenby, W. R., (1874) formerly professor of botany, now profes.sor of horticulture, Ohio' University. Mathews, C. W., (1891) professor of horticulture and botany. State College of Kentucky. Moore, V. A., (1887) assistant in bacteriology. United States Department of Agriculture. Millspaugh, C. F. , author of American Medicinal Plants, now botanist to the Chicago Columbian Museum. Rowlee. W. W. , (1888) assistant professor of botany, Cornell University. Schrenk, H., (1893) assist- ant in botany. Harvard University. Trelease, W., (1880) professor of botany, Wash- ington University, and director of the •Mis.souri Botanic Gardeh. Thomas, M. B.. (1890) professor of botany, Wabash College. Yatabe, R., (1876) professor of botany and curator of the botanic gardens. University of Tokio. Nearly all of these botanists are investigators and writers as well as successful teachers; but the list of books, monographs, revisions of genera or other groups, floras, and iniscellaneous papers touching nearly all branches of botanical science, of which they are the authors, would be quite too long for pre.sentation in this con- nection. TnK Coi.i.Eci'ioNS. — At the organization of the university, as ah'eady stated, there were no collections available for class-room or laboratory purposes. Models and charts, however, began to arrive from Europe at the close of the first year; but the first most important accession was a collection of herbarium specimens made by Horace Mann, jr., who had been a student and herbarium assistant of Dr. Asa Gray. This collection was purchased in 1809 by President White, at a cost of $1,014 and presented to the university. There were upward of 7,500 mounted species, many of them represented by more than one specimen. The collection consisted mainly of flowering plants and ferns, and is espe- cially rich in Sandwich Island plants. Frotn these beginnings the col- lections have made a continuous growth. The general herbarium now contains some 15,000 mounted species; there are also many thousand duplicates; the local herbarium is nearly exhaustive of the species of the Cayuga flora; the cryptogamic herbarium contains ' from eight to ten thousand specimens, and there is a small garden herbarium of cul- tivated plants. In the museum are specimens of fruits, nuts, seeds, woods, fibres and various economic vegetable products. The depart- ment owns the Auzoux and Brendel models, the Achille Compte wall maps, the Kry charts and other diagrams, physiological apparatus, a lime lantern with 500 views, and a collection, of some 800 microscopic 596 LANDMARkS Ot? TOMfKlNS COUNTY. mounts. In the conservatories are a thousand or more species and varieties of living plants. The laboratories are equipped with thirty dissecting and compound microscopes, microtomes, reagents and the various appliances for microscopic and histological work. In the photo- graphic rooms are cameras, photo-micrographic apparatus and other apparatus for applying photography to scientific purposes. In the cryptogamic laboratory are steam sterilizers, Rohrbeck'slarge thermostat with electric thermo-regulator, culture rooms and other appliances for bacteriological study and research. THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. At the opening of the university the department of geology was en- trusted to Professor Charles Fred Hartt, a native of Nova Scotia. He graduated at Acadia College in 1800, and had spent three years as a special student of geology under Professor Agassiz in Cambridge. For one year (1804-5) he was an assistant on the geological survey of New Brunswick. In 1805-6 he was geologist of the Thayer expedition to Brazil. Here he found an entirely new field of investigation, not only in geology, but in ethnology, physical geography and the languages, customs and lore of the South American Indians. He published numerous papers which showed the versatility of his genius, not only in geology but in ethnology. He was unwearied in mastering the lan- guages of the Indians, and in acquiring the hidden treasures of their popular legends. In the brief period of his connection with the univer- sity Professor Hartt stimulated the scientific interest of numerous stu- dents who have since become famous in their chosen fields. In order to return for further investigation in Brazil, he organized in 1870 a company of professors and students, who volunteered to join him in a new expedition to Brazil. Among those who accompanied him were Professor Prentiss for the study of the tropical flora, and Messrs. Derby, Branner and Rathbun. In university history this expedition bears the name of the "Morgan Expedition, " in honor of the Hon. Edwin Barber Morgan of Aurora, who contributed a considerable sum to de- fray its cost. These enthusiastic scientists spent the summer and autumn of 1870 in Brazil and returned laden with valuable spec- imens to enrich the university museums. Three years later, Professor Hartt was offered the position of director of the geological survey of Brazil and received leave of absence to superintend that work. He CORNELL UNIVERSITY. fiOT filled the position from 1874 to 1878 but fell a sacrifice to his zeal for science on March 18, 1878. During Professor Hartt's absence, Dr. Theodore Bryant Comstock, one of his pupils, filled the position of assistant professor of geology until 1879, when Dr. Samuel Gardiner Williams was elected professor of general and economic geology, and Dr. Henry Shaler Williams as assistant professor. In the following year, Dr. Henry S. Williams was made assistant professor of palaeontology, and in 1884, professor. In 1880, upon the resignation of Dr. Samuel G. Williams, Dr. Henry vS. Williams was made professor of geology and palaeontology, with Mr. James F. Kemp assistant professor of geology and mineralogy. , Professor Kemp resigned at the close of the university year 1890-91, in order to accept a position as professor of geology in Columbia College, at first as associate, and later as the successor of his teacher, the late Professor Newberry. Dr. John Francis Williams, who had made a brilliant reputation as a petrographer by. his studies in Europe and Arkansas, was elected to succeed Professor Kemp, but his work had scarcely begun when he fell a victim to a disease which he had contracted by overwork. In the winter of 1893, Mr. Ralph S. Tarr was appointed his successor, and in the spring of that year Professor H. S. Williams resigned his position as head of the department to accept a position at Yale, where he suc- ceeded his illustrious teacher, James D. Dana. Prior to the departure of Professor H. S. Williams, the courses of instruction in the geological department had been mainly in the lines of palaentology and mineralogy, but after the resignation of Professor Williams, the former was necessarily dropped, and the latter work was continued, with some changes, under the direction of Instructor Arthur S. Cable. Courses in geology and physical geography were introduced, and it haS been the effort of Professor Tarr to develop these branches and to introduce methods of instruction by means of field and labora- tory work. For the next year (1894-5) an entirely new plan of organization has been adopted, and, instead of a single department, three sub-depart- ments have been created by the appointment of Mr, Gilbert D. Harris, assistant pi'ofessor of palaeontology; Dr. Adam C. Gill, assistant pro- fessor of mineralogy and petrography, and Mr. Ralph S. Tarr, assist- ant professor of dynamical geology and physical geography. Mr. ■ Eakle has resigned to go to Europe for study, and Mr. Stuart Weller, 598 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the assistant in geology, will go to Yale to accept a similar position there. Mr. S. P. Carll will succeed Mr. Weller as assistant in geology and mineralogy. The department is extremely well situated for instruction in palaeon- tology, since the university is built in the midst of a rich field of fos- siliferous Devonian rocks. Moreover; there has been, almost continu- ously since the opening of the university, a palaeontologist in the de- partment, and for the greater part of the time at the head of the de- pai-tment. Therefore the collection of fossils has grown to great size, and includes many typical and unique specimens. Aside from many smaller collections, there is the Farnuni Jewett collection, purchased by Ezra Cornell at a cost of ten thousand dollars, and the remarkable Newcomb collection of .recent shells, purchased at a cost of thirteen thousand dollars. Pew universities in the country have more valuable collections of fossils, and yet there is much that is needed in this branch. The department of mineralogy is also well supplied with collections, for, aside from the study series, there is the valuable Silliman collec- tion, which is on exhibition in the museum. Of late years, owing to the development of new methods in the study of minerals and rocks, a department of mineralogy needs much expensive apparatus, only a part of which is at present owned by the department. Upon the geological side there is much that is urgently needed. The collections of photographs, lantern slides, maps and models, need to be greatly enlarged to meet the demands of modern methods of instruc- tion. But the chief need of this department is facility for pursuing field work away from Ithaca. While in some respects the region is ad- mirably adapted to field instruction, there are numerous points of im- portance that are not illustrated in the vicmity. The geological in- struction should, therefore, be supplemented by vacation courses in field work in the Appalachian formation, and it is eai-nestly hoped that the means for this may be forthcoming. The brilliant success of some of Professor Hartt's pupils depended largely upon the training in the field that they received under him in Brazil. Since the first years of the imiversity, the constant aim in the geo- logical department has been to offer courses of a thoroughly scientific character, and to furnish to students training upon which a successful career in scientific investigation is based. That the effort has been successful is shown by the following list of names of students in this COKNEIyL UNIVERSITY. 690 department who have made geology a profession. This list does not pretend to be complete, but its length is surprising when the history, of the department and the frequent interruption in its continuity are con- sidered. Branner, Dr. J. C, professor of geology at Leland Stanford Jr. University and for- merly professor of geology in Indiana University, State geologist of Arkansas, etc., etc. Coinstock, Dr. T. B., president of the University of Arizona and formerly assist- ant professor of geology at Cornell, assistant geologist on the Arkansas and Texas Geological Surveys, etc., etc. Curtice, F. Cooper, Department of Agriculture, for- merly of the U. S. Geological Survey, etc. Derby, O. H., director of the Geological Commission of San Paolo, Brazil, formerly instructor in geology at Cornell, etc. Eakle, A. S., student at Leipzig, formerly instructor in mineralogy at Cornell. Fairchild, H. L. , professor of geology at Rochester University and secretary of the Geological Society of America. Gurley, W. F. E. , State geologist of Illinois. Har- ris, G. D. , assistant professor of paljeontology at Cornell, formerly assistant in the National Museum, and on the Texas Geological Survey, etc. Hill, R. T. , U. S. Geologi- cal Survey, formerly professor, of geology at the University of Texas, assistant on the Arkansas and Texas Geological Surveys, etc. Holmes, J. A., State geologist of North Carolina, professor of geology and botany. University of North Carolina, Marsters, V. F., professor of geology Indiana State University, and formerly instruc- tor of geology at Cornell. Prosser, C. S., professor of geology, Washburn College, formerly mstructor of geology at Ccrr.cll, etc. Simonds, F, W., professor of geology in the University of Texas, formerly instructor of geology at Cornell, etc. Turner, W. H., assistant geologist on the U. S. Geological Survey. White, D., assistant U. S. National Museum and U. S. Geological Survey. Weller, S. , assistant in geology, Yale College and formerly assistant in geology at Cornell. Van Ingen, G. D., assistant at Columbia and formerly museum assistant at Cornell. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. The Department of Vertebrate Zoology includes physiology, neu- rology, embryology, histology and anatomical and microscopical meth- ods. The present staff comprises a professor of physiology, vertebrate zoology and neurology, Burt G. Wilder, B. S., M. D. ; an associate professor of anatomy, histology and embryology, Simon H. Gage, B. S. ; with two instructors, Pierre A. Fish, B. S., D. 'Sc, and Grant S. Hop- kins, B. S., D. Sc, assigned respectively to the two groups and stib- jects embraced in the titles of the two professors. Apart from veterinary science, the zoological division of the itniver- sity was at first entrusted to a single professor, with the title of pro- fessor of comparative anatomy and natural history, and the department represented by him was first called the Medical. This was soon changed 600 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. to Anatomical. The title of the professor was made professor of physi- ology, comparative anatomy and zoology; later it was changed to its present form, indicating the three courses personally conducted in the three terms of the college year. In the earlier years instruction in invertebrate zoology, excepting insects, was shared, in part, with the professor of geology and palaeontology. In 1871-2 the course in the winter term was devoted to comparative neurology, and that in the spring to human embryology, thus, it is believed antedating the period of such specialization outside of some of the larger medical schools. A course in experimental physiology of muscle and nerve was given in 1880 and 1881, but abandoned for want of suitable apparatus. The anatomical laboratory was a basement room in the 50uth end of Morrill Hall. After the first two years an adjoining room was available, and later a small room on the third floor. Upon the completion of McGraw Hall .in 1871, the only laboratQry space was found beneath the rising seats of the lecture room, which was reserved for the head of the department and special students. Later the base- ment was fitted up for general laboratory work. There are now in the north wing separate rooms for the professor and associate professor ; also a histological laboratory. The horizontal division of the lofty lecture room enables it to be used for practicums as well as lectures, and provides four rooms above for storage and special work. At first the large room on the fourth floor of Morrill Hall was used for lectures in common with other departments. The lecture room in McGraw Hall was shared for many years with the geological depart- ment, and is now used in the fall and spring for the courses in inverte- brate zoology and entomology. The Auzoux models and other objects constituted the nucleus of the museum, and were first accommodated in a room on the second floor of Morrill Hall. Until recently the vertebrate collections have occupied cases in McGraw Hall, joining and commingled with cases containing collections of several other departments. Under these circumstances no proper scientific arrangement has been practicable. Besides the general effect of the teachings, writings and example of the elder Agassiz upon all branches of natural science in America, his influence was exerted directly upon this department in the university on three occasions. In 1867, his counsel was given as to its organiza- tion, when his recommendation led to the appointment of Professor Wilder; and again, at the opening of the university, when he was CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 601 present and gave an encouraging address; be also remained to deliver a course of twrenty lectures on zoology, which, to use the words of an alumnus who heard them, "were more useful to the university than any other one thing." In 1871, he enlisted the co-operation of Professor Wilder in making a series of preparations of the brains and embryos of domesticated animals 'for the Museum of Comparative Anatomy in Cambridge, with the privilege of publishing the results of his discoveries. Since that time the profes.sor has made neurology his special study, and his lectures and writings upon the subject have contributed to develop this study with- out as well as within the univefsity. A letter of ex-Presidcnt White upon the work of this department, dated in St. Petersburg, July -M), 1893, may properly be inserted here: Your proposal to puhhah a. J'es/si/iri/tiijv Professor Wilder, at the approaching university anniversary .seems to me admirable from every point of view. Such a tribute would not only show a spirit most honorable to his old students taking part in it', and, doubtless, most acceptable to him as indicating the opinion of those best able to judge regarding his noble work at Cornell, but it would reveal a beautiful chapter in the records of American science, indeed several chapters, since Professor Wilder has not only done his own immediate work admirably, but has stimulated others to make most excellent contributions in other fields. My acquaintance with the professor began in the earliest days of the university organization, when 'having been asked by the trustees to name candidates for the various i)rofessorsh)ps I visited Professor Agassiz at Cambridge and Nahant and con- sulted him regarding those to have charge of the various departments in natural science. Among the first whom he named to me was Dr. Wilder, and I remember his taking me into the building where the doctor was at work, and introduced me to him ; it was Agassiz's judgment that led nic to nominate Dr. Wilder, and cvcrytliing since has proved that his selection was most fortunate for the university. He came to us at the very beginning, and has borne the burden and heat of the dav ever since; working with a devotion to science, to his students, to the university, and to all truth as it presents itself to him, in a way which has entitled him to tlic grati- tude, love, and respect of us all. Not least among the services he has rendered has been his promotion of cheerful- ness and hope in the early dark and difficult days of the university organization. That is a service whicii I personally can feel as deeply perhaps as any one, but the services which he has rendered to science by the thoroughness of his researches in the laboratory, and the beauty of the presentations of his conclusions in the Ucture room, you and all those acting with you are able to appreciate better than I can, high as my opinion of them is. There is one point on which Prr)fessor Wilder in the early days was able to render a special service outside of his chosen field, and I may be pardoned for referring to it here. While the university was in its earliest beginnings, a sort of nebulous state, 76 602 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. I was greatly impressed by a remark by Herbert Spencer in his book on evolution, as regards the relative values of different kinds of knowledge. He named among the things to be taught to young men, human anatomy and physiology ; and his argu- ments seem to me now to be absolutely conclusive. For apart from the practical part of these studies, they seem to form a most stimulating beginning to study in natural history generally, not perhaps the logical beginning but the best practical beginning, as is shown by the fact that in all ages the great majority of students of note in natural science have been physicians. Under the influence of this impression I asked Professor Wilder to give a course of lectures every year to the freshman class on anatomy and physiology. Various arguments might have been used against this ; it would have been said that, later in their course, students would have been better prepared to ai>i3reciate the fine points of such lectures, and the example of all the older institution^ might have been pointed to in which such lectures, when given at all, were generally given as a hurried course in the senior year. But the idea of making an impression in favor of studies in natural science, and especially in human anatomy and physiology, just when young men were most awake to receive them, carried the day with me and hence my request to Dr. Wilder. He acceded to it at once and for several years, in fact, until the pressure of other duties drew him from this, he continued these lectures, and it turned out that I had builded better than I knew ; not only did the lectures produce admirable practical results, not only did they stimulate in many young men and women a love for natural science and give them an idea of the best methods in its pursuit, but they made a most happy literary im- pression upon the students generally; the professor's wonderful powers of clear presentation in extemporaneous lectures proved to be a wonderful factor in literary as well as scientific culture. There was another theory of mine proved to be true by the professor ; for I had often felt that mere talks about literature, mere writing of essays, the mere study of books of rhetoric, were as nothing in their influence on the plastic minds of students compared with lectures thoroughly good in matter and manner given in their hearing day after day. Naturally I have always felt exceedingly grateful to Professor Wilder for proving that theory true and at the same time rendering a great service to his students and to the university. On his personal characteristics, which we appreciate so highly, I surely need not dwell ; the deep affection in which he is held by all who have known him best is worth more than all words; and I beg to tender to him through you the assurance of my sincere respect a:id gratitude with the affection of an old colleague for one who bore burdens with him and to whom he is so largely indebted for any sviccess in the work entrusted to him. An entrance requirement in physiology and hygiene was early in- cluded among the elernentary subjects for admission to all courses in the university, and the standard has been steadily raised. So far as is known this antedates any similar scientific requirement for admission to any American university. Although the department possessed the only compound microscope in the university, no advanced work was done with it, or systematic in- > (JOkNliLL LfNlVERStTV. (iOit struction offered in its use until 1873. In that year Dr. W. S. Barnard, of the class of 1871, returned from Germany after a course under Gegenbaur, Leuckhart, Haeckel and others. During the two follow- ing years he did much original work as a graduate student in histol- ogy and in the study of the protozoa. In the fall of 1873 a freshman, Simon H. Gage, succeeded Professor Comstock as helper in the labora- tory. His zeal and ability, his prompt mastery of microscopical methods, his patience, and especially his early manifestation of the rare and precious quality which maybe designated as morphological insight, caused him to be entrusted more and more with the personal instruc- tion of the laboratory students, whose numbers and requirements were then rapidly increasing. In the year 1878 he was appointed instructor, and abandoned the idea of practicing medicine; he was made assistant professor in 1881 and associate in 1889. It is gratifying and encourag- ing to state that these promotions were due, not to the discovery of his merits by other institutions, but to the recognition here of his value to Cornell as a man, investigator and teacher. He has, however, declined several independent positions with higher salaries, because he appre- ciates the eai-nestness of his students, his opportunities for research and advanced instruction, and the spirit of mutual confidence and help- fulness that characterizes the whole department. Since 1885-G the courses in anatomical and microscopical methods, histology and embryology have been substantially conducted by Pro- fessor Gage, with the assistance since 1880 of Dr. G. S. Hopkins. No more accurate or complete instruction in microscopical methods and in vertebrate histology is elsewhere afforded. ^Mr. Fish has made a special study of the histology of the nervous system, so that unusual facilities are now afforded for instruction and advanced work therein. A special course in it is given by him this year for the first time The very great advantages for the study of zoology in Ithaca were immediately recognized, and from the first, every effort has been made to collect and investigate the local fauna. As the years have passed and the fauna been more carefully studied, the advantages of the situa- tion, with lakes at once isolated and yet with remote connections through the Oswego River, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River with the ocean, has been fully appreciated. Furthermore, in the gigan- tic experiment due to the glacial epoch, and the restocking of the lakes and streams with aquatic life, there was promise of most interesting and far-reaching conclusions, to be attained by a profound study of the 604 I.ANhMARkS Op TOMPKlNS COXTNTY. forms here presented. Believing in this great opportunity the fanna, especially that of the lake (Cayuga), has been the subject of the most extended and enthusiastic study on the part of both students and teachers. As all advanced and most graduating theses are based upon original observations and deductions, the various members of the lake fauna have served for subjects of theses. Many of the theses have been of great excellence, not only serving to initiate their writers into the modes of conducting and carefully reporting the results of investi- gation, but many of them have brought' out almost mihoped for facts and important generalizations^. Among the members of the lake fauna the lamprey, the lowest fresh water vertebrate, and the necturus, one of the .salamanders with permanent gills, was early recognized as espe- cially desirable for study and with promise of valuable results. The necturus has therefbi-e largely taken the place of the more specialized frog as a representative amphibian and vertebrate. The advantages of the necturus have been clearly pointed out by Professor Wilder, so that now it is a common object of study in many universities, and although it is found in otlier waters of the country, most "of those studied are obtained from Ca5''uga Lake. The same animal presents unusual ad- vantages for microscopical instruction and research. Its histologic elements or tissues are so coarse that thej' are easily studied. Indeed its blood corpuscles are so large that they may be seen with the' Tin- aided eye. Probably no other animal shows so well the circulation of the blood. The external gills are so vascular, and so easily ob.served under the microscope that its study has become a part of both general- and special students. Probably no other animal has done more to arouse interest in physiology and to cultivate an appreciation of the marvelous and beautiful things in nature, if we only look beyond an exterior sometimes unattractive. The lamprey, eel has replaced the ordinary fish as an object of study in the general classes in zoology, and has served also for some extended observations; the investigations have not only added to knowledge concerning the species and the gToup, but have led to general conclusions of great value concerning the possibilities of evolution. As an introduction to human, comparative, and veterinary anatomy and physiology, the domestic cat has been employed for dissection, for museum specimens and for expeinmentation About -100 of these are now consumed annually. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 605 It is one of the doctrines of the department that the members of the class in zoology shall be able to observe the natural behavior of the ob- jects of their study. Hence, in addition to what may be called the "stock series" of representative forms; — cats, frogs, necturi and other salamanders, alligators, turtles, serpents, amias and lampreys — less common animals have been kept alive in cages or aquariums, freely ac- cessible to the students and the public. Among the forms thus avail- able for quiet observation, may be mentioned a pair of deer with their fawn, two bears, several monkeys, raccoons, lynxes and opossums — some of the latter with yoxmg in the pouch — an armadillo, porcupines, woodchucks, muskrats, bats, hedgehogs, prairie dogs, eagles, hawks, owls, herons, loons, lizards, Gila monsters, "horned frogs," a megalo- batrachus (the great salamander of Japan), cryptobranchus, garpikes, and many kinds of fish from the lake and streams. The general and deep interest arou.sed by living animals, and the usefulness of their study, lead to the hope that a zoological garden may sometime be es- tablished, either by the city or by the university. For several years after the opening of the university, the animals for demonstration and dissection were obtained as needed, and kept but a short time befoi'e they were used. This rather primitive method be- came impracticable, however, as soon as the number of advanced and laboratory students increased. To avoid the delay occasioned b,}' going out to secure an animal' when it was required, and to render the work more prompt and satisfactory, there Was prepared what is known in the department as the "frog spring." At a short distance from the uni- versity is a series of springs along the margin of Fall creek. One of these was carefully dug out and supplied with a bottom and walls of Portland cement. Into this aquarium the water from a spring flowed, the outlet being diagonally opposite. A partition of wire separated it into two rooms, and a heavy oak cover with locks enclosed it from above, so that the animals in it would not be disturbed by predacious creatures like the mink, or the ordinary biped bent on mischief. In this spring, the winter supply of frogs, a stock of necturi, and other aquatic animals are kept, and specimens are obtained as desired. This spi-ing has proved one of the most truly economical acquisitions of the department. For storing the barrels of alcohol and other inflammables, and as a home for the cats and other of the higher animals used for dissection and demonstration, a deserted workman's cottage was first utilized, not ^ar 606 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. from the laboratory. When this was removed to give place to Lincoln Hall, a special building was put in the forest back of Sibley College. This building served, like the old one, for the live cats and other mammals used for dissection, and for the storage of alcohol, petroleum and rough specimens. In June, 1893, the building with its contents (including the bones of an elephant) were destroyed by fire, and its various uses are now better subserved by separate rooms in the basement of McGraw Hall. A special fire-proof room has been prepared in the basement laboi-a- tory for the incubator used in the courses in histology and embryology. This instrument, which must run night and day, is not therefore a source of danger, for it is so connected with a flue that if the entire contents of the room were to burn up ho injury to the building would result. One of the most vexed questions arising in every newly established laboratory is the disposal of the laboratory waste. In 1893 a "Gregory furnace" was obtained, and the waste is now consumed by fire without offence. The ideas upon which the vertebrate collections have been formed and arranged, are thus described in an article in Science: The exhibition cases should contain only specimens which can instruct or interest the visitor. Not only should the facts be displayed, but fundamental principles should be illustrated. There should not only be special series of embryos, brains, hearts, etc., but such preparations should be associated, to a certain extent, with the animals to which they belong. Preparations illustrating important facts should retain so much of the entire animal as may facilitate recognition and association ; when this is inconvenient, the preparation may be accompanied by a figure of the animal. When the relative rank of several forms is well determined, the lower or more generalized should be placed below or at the left, and the higher or more specialized above or at the right. Of natural series, the most conspicuous and complete should be the vertebrate branch synopsis: this should embrace, within a space easily covered by the eye, one stuffed example or model of a species representing each vertebrate class, together with four preparations exhibiting the vertebrate type of structure ; viz. , a transection of the whole body ; a hemisection of the whole, body ; a complete vertebral segment ; a hemisected skeleton showing the variation in size of the neural and haemal cavities. So far as pos.sible, these preparations should be made from members of different orders of the class, and be accompanied by outline diagrams and explanations. Each class, but first and especially the mammalian, should have its own special synoptic series, embracing one or more entire examples of each order, and prepara- tions illustrating the characters of the class. Among special series other than systematic, are analogous forms and structures which are sometimes mistaken for one another, but more readily discriminated when CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 607 brought together. Such series are the rostrated animals, .spinous forms, and those who have parachutes. Physiological series would contain the hibernating animals, those which are blind or nearly so, and such as are provided with scent-glands, tusks, and all poisonous vertebrates. A local collection should embrace all the animals of the vicinity, and will benefit the student, both as an example for him to follow or improve upon, and as exempli- fying the laws of geographical distribution and the influence of environment. The local collection need not contain anatomical preparations, but should exhibit both sexes, and all stages of growth of each species, — its mode of life, friends and foes, — so as to interest also the children, farmers, lishermen, hunters, and other residents of the neighborhood. The sums available from the annual appropriations for the increase of the Museum have been very small. Through the efforts of President White, a single grant made it possible to secure many important speci- mens from. Ward's Natural Science establishment at Rochester, but much is still needed to complete the series. ' With the exception of some mounted skins and skeletons, nearly all the specimens exhibited in the Museum have been prepared by mem- bers of the staff or their student assistants. Among the latter should be particularly mentioned Theobald Smith, F. L. Kilborne, B. L. Oviatt, E. H. Sargent, J. M. Wilson, Miss O. O. Strong, R. B. Hough and M. J. Roberts. Some of the preparations which they have made are not only instructive but elegant and even unique. Donations to the Museum have been numerous and often valuable. Besides constant remembrances from former students, there should be mentioned particularly the collection of 300 mounted birds, mostly from North Arnerica, presented by the late Mr. Greene Smith, of Peterboro, in 1868, and a series of bows and weapons and implements of Anglo- Saxons, Romans and Britons, presented in 1870 by me late Professor George Rolleston, of Oxford University. To render the educational value of the Museum as great as possible, it is intended that each specimen should.be accompanied by a concise statement of the most important facts respecting it in particular and such specimens in general ; and, if it is an anatomical preparation, also a figure or photograph bearing the names of the principal parts, and an enumeration of the points illustrated by it. It is one of the canons of the department that all of the work done bv the student in investigation shall be accurately described; but as verbal descriptions alone are inadequate, careful drawings are required as an essential part of the description. Since 1874 photography has been very largely employed in the exact delineation of complex objects. 608 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. It was early seen, however, that in order to render photography appli- cable to the reproduction of figures of the great variety of objects studied, it "would be necessary to devise some means by which the specimens could rest in the position most natural and least liable to injury; sometimes in a liquid to support delicate parts and prevent their collapse. Hence a vertical camera was devised by the associate professor. In photographing with, this, the object rests horizontally, and the camera points directly downward. With this camera hundreds of pictures of the most varied objects have been rr^ade ; many of which have served as the basis for drawings to illustrate special investigations ; and some, of entire animals photographed in the water, have served for half tone and photogravure reproduction. Rare animals or specimens are photographed upon their receipt by the department; before dissec- tion, and frequently during various stages of dissection. Fresh fishes and other aquatic animals are photographed under water, either immedi- ately after death or while etherized. In this way the fins and other flexible parts float out in their natural condition and a most truthful picture of the animal results. Beside the ordinary photographic cameras and objectives, the depart- ment possesses a very complete and perfect outfit for photo-micrography. Indeed it may be said that the scientific work of the department and its publication have been greatly advanced and encouraged by the above photographic facilities. ' Among the special features which have been introduced as aids to study are the card catalogues, containing names and descriptions of the various objects preserved, a book catalogue, the slip system of notes and photographs of objects studied, which are inserted in portfolios or moimted. Alinjection designates the method of preparing and preserving ani- mals or their parts, and especially hollow organs, by the injection of the preparation into the arteries or the carotids. The transmission of preservative liquids to the tissues by a constant pressure-apparatus connected with the vessels by which blood reached the parts during life, is really so .simple, as well as effectual, that it is hard to account for its comparatively infrequent adoption. Without previous acquain- tance with what had been done by others, Dr' Wilder began, with the 1 For the figures and description of the vertical camera and its application to the reproduction of natural history figures see Science, vol. Ill, page 443, and the " Microscope and Microscopical Methods," fifth edition, page 140, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 609 co-operation of Professor S. H. Gage, on October 7, 1883, upon the body of a young chimpanzee, an alinjection of the entire body, which was prolonged for ten days, and was completely successful. In No- vember, 1885, a manatee, 150 ctm. long, was prepared in like manner; all the cats used by the general class in physiology are alinjected and packed away till wanted; still-born children are commonly so pre- served, and all anatomical material in medical dissecting rooms may be thus rendered innocuous, free from unpleasant odor and fit ■ for pro- longed and thorough examination. This method of preservation, for the more satisfactory display and study of hollow organs like the heart, is believed to be one of the most valuable methods introduced by the department. By its means, the heart of the sheep, used by the general class in the laboratory work or " practicums," becomes almost as easy of dissection and of compre- hension as the elaborate and costly papier mache models. This method of preparing the eyes used for class dissection has also been of the greatest service; for the study of the cavities of the brain, its value can- not be overestimated. Since 1880 the members of the department have united in an effort to improve the terminology of anatomy in two ways: First, as to the terms of position and direction ; to employ such as relate to the organ- ism itself and are applicable to all the vertebrates, e.g., dorsal and ventral for posterior and anterior, or upper and lower. Second, to re- place the names consisting of two or more words by names of one word, e. g., corpus callosum by callosum; commissura anterior by precommissura. The objects attained by the change are brevity; ca- pacity for adjective inflection, and substantial uniformity in all lan- guages, since the Latin original can be adopted with unessential changes to modern languages. What effect the precept and example Of this department may have exerted, cannot now be estimated, but progress is making steadily along these lines irrespective of the general adoption of any special .set of terms. Much of the success of the instruction has been due to the habit of consistently employing only one series of names in a given lecture, article, or book. The head of the department is in the habit of urging his students to strive in composition for clearness, consistency, correctness, conciseness, and completeness. These he calls his five C's. 77 610 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. In all the courses, general as well as special, in the laboratory work and in publication, weights, lengths and volumes are stated in the metric system, although the common equivalents are sometimes added. The lectures in physiology have been illustrated by experiments mostly upon the cat and frog. But the charge of cruelty cannot be mantained against the department. Although our subject is the physiology of man, yet — because most of the organs are out of sight and experimentation upon human beings is limited. — the bulk of ac- curate physiological knowledge has been gained from animals and must be illus- trated therefrom. All the experiments in this course are (and always have been) performed upon ani- mals just killed or completely anesthetized; the utmost pain inflicted is in killing a frog by "pithing" with a sharp knife, and this is approved as a humane method of slaughtering animals for food. The writer holds that nothing more is warranted in the way of illustrative experiment ; his proposition that the two kinds of vivisection should be verbally distinguished as se?ttiseciion aud callisection (the latter from the Latin callus, insensitive) was published in Nature at the request of the late Charles Darwin. No lecture in the department has ever been given without specimens or models, and sometimes as many as forty different specimens are brought from the museum or laboratories to illustrate a single lecture. When practicable they remain for more leisurely examination by the class. Each class, whether general or special, is invited to regard the lec- ture room as its "study" for the term, and there is unrestricted ac- cess to the specimens, books and diagrams. The museum now contains more well prepared htiman cerebrums than any other institution in this country. The objects of the collec- tion arc set forth in the following paragraph from an article by Profes- sor Wilder: Tiui NiiEi) oi' Pakticular Buains. — From the physiological and psychological standpoint it is clearly desirable to study the cerebrums of persons whose mental or physical powers were marked and well known. The present condition of things is illogical aud unprofitable. We scrutinize and record the characters and attainments of public men, clei-gymen and friends, whose brains are unobtainable. We study the brains of paupers, insane and criminals, whose characters are unknown, or, per- haps, not worth knowing. Another aspect of the matter is the need of u fissural standard, based upon the careful comparison of large numbers of average, intelligent, educated, and moral in- dividuals, excluding the eminent aswellas the immoral, the ignorant and the insane. It must be borne in mind that the fissural pattern of the average, intelligent, edu- cated, and moral human being is undetermined. CORNELL DNiVERStTV. (til When the university opened and for several years afterward, all of the instruction was given by the head of the department. After a lecture to a large class of freshmen, he gave special instruction in the laboratory, thus passing from the simplest facts in anatomy and physiology to a discussion of the prof oundest .problems in transcendental anatomy. As there were many things to be done, like arranging diagrams, and putting away specimens, etc., and students with limited means were anxious to do something to aid in their support, there arose the custom of having student assistants. The number of students employed to render assistance bf various kinds in the anatomical department has been, from. first to last, quite large, and many have been enabled to com- plete their university course by the money thus earned. But while this compensation was important, the inspiration gained by the stitdents from the intimate association into which they were brought with the head and other teachers of the department, was of greater value. This association was at once pleasant and stimulating. No student assistant was ever asked or expected to render any service that the teacher him- self was afraid or ashamed to undertake, consequently a dignity was given to the work of the department, often disagreeable in itself, and the assistants only needed to know what was desired in order to accomplish it. The intimate knowledge and manipulative skill gained by this co-operation were regarded by more than one of those assistants as an ample recompense, even if no money had been received. Among those who thus rendered help in the anatomical department, one is now a full professor, one an associate-professor, and two, instructors in the university; one, at the time of his death, was a distinguished professor and orthopedic surgeon ; and one holds an important position under the government and is one of the highest authorities in bacteriology and pathology in America; one is director of a government experiment station ; one has a responsible position in the United States Geological Survey ; one as agent of the State Board of Health is endeavoring to stamp tuberculosis out of the dairy herds of New York; others are physicians and teachers in various parts of the country. They all look back to the experience and inspiration gained in their assistant days as among the most powerful factors of their lives. Early in the year 1893-4, a series of weekly conferences was begun, in which Professor Gage also participated, at which recent observations or conclusions of the speakers or other neurologists were presented and discussed. 612 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. The actual work of the department has always been in advance of the facilities offered. If the only room was a poorly lighted basement or the triangular space under the rising lecture seats, th'e most advanced work was always in progress, such as gave the students the real and living knowledge that would enable them to do their part in life honorably and to be in the front rank. When apparatus or books were not furnished by the university, the teachers supplied the need at their own expense. The methods of work, and the subjects for special study in biology have changed greatly since the opening of the university, and an honorable part has been taken by this department in bringing about these changes. As stated above, one of the features of the instruction has been a combination of laboratory practice and lectures for all students doing special work in the department; from the beginning the general courses in physiology and zoology have been abundantly illus- trated by lecture room experiments, and the exhibition of specimens as well as by special demonstrations; but so fully was the head of the department convinced of the necessity of personal contact of the student with specimens, that he conceived the plan, and took the bold step of makhig practical work a constituent part of the genera.1 lecture courses, so that, even with classes numbering nearly 300, a third of the time is given to the "practicums. " This began in 1880-81 in zoology, and in 1880-87 in physiology. When this was publicly announced at a meeting of the American Society of Naturalists in 1883, it seemed like a hazardous innovation, but time and experience have shown the wisdom of the step, and also that the large majority of general students appre. ciate real knowledge and are willing to undergo the slight inconvenience of attaining it. For the general classes, the material to be studied — cats, sheep-hearts, brains and eyes, etc., — are preserved in alcohol and prepared so that the minimum of dissection is required of the student. That minimum, however, is considerable, and its accomplishment in the time available is only possible by the aid of printed directions, and of assistants, mostly advanced students, who stand ready to explain difficult points. Whenever it is deemed desirable to introduce new subjects into the curriculum, the head of the department, with indefatigable zeal and energy took the work upon his own already overburdened shoulders or encouraged some of his assistants to undertake it. Thus the special lecture and laboratory courses in anatomical methods, microscopy, em- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. (il3 bryology, general histology and the special histology of the nervous system have arisen. The equipment of those courses was at first very inadequate, but earnestness and enthusiasm, while they could not take the place of proper appliances, still made the courses eminently suc- cessful and inspiring both to students and teachers. Every step in ad- vance so thoroughly proved its wisdom that material equipment was soon provided, until now it is so complete for the above courses that no student, graduate or undergraduate, is hampered for the want of opportunity, and his attainments are limited only by his own ability. In the work of the department, as to both research and instruction, while accuracy of observation, description and delineation have been insisted upon, the mere accumulation, publication and communication of isolated facts has never been sought ; the effort has been rather to co-ordinate and corelate the facts and to determine their bearing upon general or special questions in morphology, oteology or classification. Several hundred graduates of this and other universities have worked in the laboratories of this department. The head of the department has published numerous papers in scien- tific pei-odicals; eight articles or parts as colaborator in Foster's En- cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, Buck's Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences; also Anatomical Technology, as senior author with Professor Gage; What Young People Should Know; Health Notes for Students; Emergencies: How to Meet Them; and Physiology and Practicums. Besides the publications recorded above, Professor Wilder has written many articles on. natural history subjects for Harper's Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, Galaxy, Our Young Folks, The New York Tribune, etc. He has also written critical reviews of many scien- tific works for The Nation and for scientific periodicals. The results of the scientific activity of Associate Prof essor Gage, B. S. (Cornell, 1877) are embodied in about fifty papers published in scien- tific journals and in the proceedings of learned societies ; eight articles or parts contribi,ited as colaborator in Foster's Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary, Buck's Reference Hand-book of the Medical Sciences, Johnson's Cyclopedia and the Wilder Quarter-Century Book; and in three books, The Anatomical Technology, as junior author with Pro- fessor Wilder, Vertebrate Histology, and The Microscope and Micro- scopical Methods. The first book has reached a third edition, the sec- ond a second and the third a fifth edition. 014 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The instructor in anatoiny, microscopy and embryology, Dr. G. S. Hopkins, Cornell B. S., 1889 D. So. 1893, has published four scientific papers. The instructor in physiology, vertebrate zoology and neurology, P. A. Fish, Cornell B. S. 1890, D. Sc. 1894, has published five scientific papers and contributed an article on histological formulae to the sup- plemental volume of Buck's Reference Hand-book of the Medical Sciences. The publications of the members of the departmental stafT embody the results of original investigation in zoology, physiology and his- tology, or describe new methods devised in the laboratory. Many of these methods have found wide application elsewhere. THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. Although it was not till the fifteenth year of the active work of the university (the year 1883-83) that a full professorship was assigned to this department, the establishment of a department of entomology was part of the original plan of organization of the university. In the first general announcement of the university there is given a list of seventeen professors that had been elected, and the titles of nine others that were to be elected at an early date. In the latter list the title Professor of Economic Entomology and Lecturer on Insects In- jurious to Vegetation appeared. This long period between the opening of the university and the es- tablishment of a full professorship of entomology was not, however, a period of inactivity in entomological work. A limited amount of in- struction in this subject was given each year from the first, and the starting of an entomological collection was begun. Dr. B. G. Wilder, the professor of comparative anatomy and natural history, had given considerable attention to the study of insects, and had made what was considered at that time a large collection. He was able, therefore, to give in his course on zoology a fuller treatment of insects than was usual in courses of this kind. The gift of his collection of insects con- stituted the beginning of an entomological museum. The increase of this collection by additions made by students began at once. The most important of these additions during the first two years was a collection illustrating the transformations of the larger moths, which was made by Mr. W. D. Scott, who was then a special student in zoology. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 615 At the beginning of the third year of the university, Mr. J. H. Corn- stock, then a freshman in the course in natural history, was appointed laboratory assistant to Professor Wilder. The very first task that was assigned to the young assistant was the arrangement in systematic or- der of the collection of insects and other invertebrates that had accumu- lated during the preceding two years on the shelves of the laboratory. Very soon after this the entire charge of this part of the collection was placed in his hands by Dr. Wilder. Thus the growth of his personal interest in this part of the work of the university began, a part, the development of which has been associated with his life. Mr. Comstock has been so intimately associated with the entomolog- ical work of the university that the following bit of personal history is not out of place in the history of the department: While preparing for college, Mr. Comstock became greatly interested in the study of in- sects, and determined that he would, if possible, devote his life to this study. The statement in the first general announcement of the univer- sity that a professor on entomology was soon to be elected, led him to come to Cornell, in order that he might study with this professor. Thus the opportunity to follow his chosen specialty came to him in due time in a very unexpected way. It came much earlier than would have otherwise been possible, but for the policy of the senior professor of zoology of encouraging his assistants, and stimulating their devel- opment, by placing large responsibilities upon them. During the fourth year of the university (1873-73) thirteen students in the courses in agriculture and natural history petitioned the faculty of the university to allow Mr. Comstock to give a course of lectures on insects injurious to vegetation. This petition, having the approval of Professor Wilder, was granted, and a course of lectures extending through the spring term of that year was delivered. This was the first course devoted entirely to entoniology that was given in this uni- versity. At the close of this year an arrangement was made by which Mr. ■ Comstock spent the summer in study with Doctor Hagen at the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College. This short period of study had an important influence in the development of the depart- ment of entomology, which was soon afterward established at Cornell. Not only did Doctor Hagen give daily lectures to his single student, but the great entomological collections of that museum were thrown open to him for unrestricted use. In this way he was able to gain a 616 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. knowledge of museum methods, and of systematic entomology, that was of great importance to his future work. The vindetermined species in the Cornell collection at this time were taken to Cambridge and classified by comparison with the collections there, and in the mu- seum of the Boston Society of Natural History. In the fall term of the following year (October, 1872,) a course of twelve lectures on economic entomology was given by Mr. C. V. Riley, then State Entomologist of Missouri; and in the spring term of the same college year (May 2, 1873,) provision was made for continuous instruction in this subject, by the appointment of Mr. Comstock as in- structor in entomology, A separate entomological laboratory was at once established in one of the upper rooms of the tower of McGraw Hall, the room adjoining the upper .gallery of the museum ; and thus a modest beginning of a distinct department of entomology was made. Within a month after the establishment of the department, it re- ceived from Mr. H. H, Smith the gift of his collection of insects, a collection which represented about two years of field work on the part of this unrivalled collector. The specimens were mostly txnclassified. But they were immediately placed in the hands of specialists for deter- mination, and soon became available for the use of the department. The collection was especially rich in hymenoptera and diptera; and as the former were determined by Mr. E. Cresson, and the latter by Baron Osten-Sacken, they became exceedingly valuable. The growth of the department for a considerable period was neces- sarily slow. The instructor, being still an undergraduate student, could give only a part of his time to it, and the funds at the disposal of the department did not admit of the purchase of any specimens, and of but few books. But so hearty was the sympathy and encouragement extended to the young instructor by President White, Professor Wilder, and other members of the faculty, that the lack of time, of specimens, and of books, was hardly considered. Another source of great en- couragement in those days of small beginnings was the attitude of the students. If any of them appreciated the crudeness of the facilities offered, they did not express it by word or look, but each did his part to make the work as successful as possible. In the summer of 1875 plans were made for an extension of the de- partment of entomology by transferring to it the work in invertebrate zoology. In anticipation of this change, a leave of absence was granted to instructor Comstock, in order that he might spend a part of the fol- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. (ilT lowinjj year in study with Professor Verill at Yale College. This he did, returning in time to give his lectures on entomology in the spring term. The proposed extension of the department was made in the fall of 1 87G by the promotion of Instructor Comstock to the rank of assistant professor, with the title assistant professor of entomology and inverte- brate zoology. The wording of this title indicates the direction in which it was determined that the growth of the department should proceed. Although instruction was to be offered in the general subject of invertebrate zoology, the department was to remain essentially entomological. This was in accordance with the plan of organization of the university, by which subjects relating to agriculture were to receive especial attention. In carrying out this plan, however, the constant aim of the instructor has been to give the students thorough training in the science of ento- mology. It has seemed wiser to enable the students to lay a broad foundation for their entomological studies by giving them a thorough knowledge of the structure and development of insects injurious to agriculture. At the same time, great pains have been taken to present in lectures and field work the applications of the science. This has been largely accomplished by selecting, for purposes of illustration, those species that are of economic importance. In addition to the desire to strengthen the work of the College of Agriculture there has been another important factor in determining the direction of the growth of the department of entomology. Owing to the difficulty of studying marine animals at any place remote from a sea coast, and to the exceptionally good facilities for the study of insects at this university, it has been felt that the best interests of science would be subserved by concentrating our advanced work on insects, and frankly advising those students that wish to make a special study of marine forms to go to some university situated near the sea. It has seemed better to lead in one specialty than to hold a mediocre place in the whole field. An opportunity is offered the student to lay a broad foundation for zoological studies by lectures covering in a general way the field of invertebrate zoology, and by a study in the laboratory of a wide series of typical forms, illustrating the more important groups of invertebrates. These two courses, taken in connection with similar courses oifered by the Department of Physiology and Vertebrate Zoology afford the instruction needed in zoology by students in the 78 618 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. general courses, and serve as an introduction to the more advanced work of those who wish to make a special study of zoology. »Snch students can then continue their study of insects or of vertebrates at this university or can take up the special study of marine forms at some of the seaside laboratories. The summer of 1878 Assistant Professor Comstock spent in the Southern States, as a special agent of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, making a study of the insects injurious to cotton. The results of these studies formed the basis of an exhaustive report published by the government in 1880. In the spring of 1879 Mr. Comstock was called to the position of entomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Appreciating the value of the experience to be gained in this position, and at the same time being unwilling to sever permanently his connection with Cornell Univer-sity, he requested and obtained a leave of absence from the university for two years. During his absence the work of this department was carried on by Assistant Professor William Stebbins Barnard. Dr. Barnard was a graduate of Cornell of the class of 1871 and had taken the degree of Ph. ID. at Jena in 1873. He had served as lecturer on Protozoa at the Anderson school at Penikeese in 1871:, and had resigned the position of professor of natural science at Oskaloosa College, in order to accept the position at Cornell. During Dr. Barnard's administration of the department he made important contributions to our knowledge of the habits of certain ■ insects. The most notable of these was his account of the habits of the pear psylla, which was published in the proceedings of the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science for 1879. In this paper he pointed out the serious nature of this pest, which ten years later destroyed many of the pear orchards of this State, and was the subject of an exhaustive investigation, conducted by this department in 1891 and 1892. Immediately after the return of Mr. Comstock, at the expiration of his leave of absence in 1881, the laboratory was moved from its limited quarters in McGraw Hall to its present home in White Hall. During the year 1881-2, much time was given to the completion of ■ certain investigations begun in Washington but still incomplete. Financial aid was furnished by the government, including the salary of an assistant, Mr. Henry Ward Turner. The results of these investiga- CORNELL tJNIVRRSlTV. (Jilt tions were published, partly in the Annual Report of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture for 1881, and partly by the university in the Second Report of the Cornell University Experiment Station (1883). At the close of the year 1881-2, Mr. Comstock's connection with the government work ceased; and early in the following year he was pro- moted to a full professorship. This promotion placed the Department ■ of Entomology on a footing co-ordinate with the other departments of the universit)'. On the completion, at the close of the preceding year, of the investi- gations for the U. S. Government, Professor Comstock began a task which he had long had in mind, the preparation of a text book of ento- mology. The need of a suitable text-book had greatly hampered the work of instruction; and it seemed clear that the most important thing to be done for the advancement of the department was the preparation of such a work. As American entomology is still in its infancy, it is impossible to compile a satisfactory text book; its preparation must necessarily be to a great extent original work, based on the study of specimens. Although the entomological collection had become of considerable size, it was still inadequate for the purpose. Fortunately the financial condition of the university at this time was such that appropriations could be made for the purchase of specimens ; and there began a sys- tematic filling up of the more important gaps in the collection, which has been continued to the present time; so that now, with the excep- tion of the great collections of insects at Cambridge, Philadelphia and Washington, ours is one of the most important in the United States. At the same time that the increase of the entomological collection by purchase began, important additions were made to the illustrative material in other departments of invertebrate zoology. Among these additions was a complete set of the glass models of invertebrates made by Blaschka. During, the growth of the entomological collections, much thought has been given to the methods of arranging and displaying specimens in the museum. This has resulted in the development of a new method of arranging them, which is known as the block system. This method allows the rearrangement of a collection with great facility, and the interpolation of new material at any desired point. The rapid growth of the collection rendered necessary the employ- ment of help in the laboratory, and in the fall of 188:5 Mr. J. M. Sted- (12(1 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. man was appointed laboratory assistant. In 1888 Mr. Stedman was succeeded by Mr. A. D. McGillivray, who still holds this position. On April 30, 1888, the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station was established under the provisions of a national law known as the Hatch Act. At the organization of this station it was decided to give considerable attention to entomological investigations, and there resulted in conseqiience a considerable enlargement of the scope of the work of the entomological department of the university. In order that the new duties of the department might be carried on with the greatest facility, a building especially designed for the ptir- pose of experimental entomology was planned and erected. This build- ing, the first of its kind, was named the Insectary, and has served as a model for similar buildings at several of the experiment stations in other States, and at the Department of Agriculture in Washington. The new duties connected with the establishment of the experi- mental work at the Insectary necessitated an interruption in the prep- aration of the text book of entomology, upon which Professor Com- stock had been engaged for six years. This work was about one-half written, and as its completion seemed indefinitely postponed by these new duties, that part which was ready for the printer was published under the title. An Introduction to Entomology, Part First. The more striking features of this text book are the use of analytical keys, similar to those used in botany, by which a student can readily determine to what family any insect of which he has a specimen be- longs, and a large number of original wood engravings of insects, en- graved by Mrs. Comstock. Work on the concluding part of this text book was not entirely suspended, but for about three yeai's, the greater part of the time that could be devoted to research was absorbed by the new duties at the Insectary. At the end of this period, the assistant entomologist, Mr. M. V. Slingerland, had acquired so much skill in investigations in ap- plied entomology, that it was no longer necessaiy for Professor Com- stock to do more than to exercise a general supervision of the work at the Insectary, and he was able to devote the greater part of his time, not required for teaching, to work on the text book. The carrying out of the plan upon which the Introduction to. Ento- mology is based has proved a much greater luidertaking than was expected. And as the need of a completed text book is very pressing, work on the Introduction to Entomology was suspended in the spring CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 021 of 1891, and a more elementary work, entitled First Lessons in the Study of Insects, has been prepared. This is now in press and as soon as it is published, work on the Introduction to Entomology will be re- sumed. The present is a period of great activity and rapid growth in this department. The laboratory is well filled with students, many of whom are graduate students conducting original investigations. Pro- fessor Comstock has just finished a revision of the order lepidoptera on the lines indicated in his essay on Evolution and .Taxonomy, published in the Wilder Quarter-Century Book. Mr. McGillivray is publishing a series of papers on the classification of the thysanura, and Mr. Slinger- land is publishing results of the highest practical importance in the bulletins of the experiment station. THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS. XVI. THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The demand for scientific education in agriculture was the occasion of the establishment of these national schools of science. The vast wealth of this country is founded upon agriculture and the products of the soil. With the rise of great cities, the need of the more skillful culture of the land in their vicinity was felt. The development of horti- culture, and scientific market gaixlening became essential for the supply of the needs of the great centers of manufacturing and commercial life. A second need, which was more widely felt throughout the Eastern and Central Middle States, was the decline in the value of farm lands and products, caused by the gradual removal of large numbers of the farm- ing population to the broad and fertile prairies of the West, where land was cheap and abundant harvests were obtained with less labor. Un- scientific farming had been the rule throughout the early history of the country. Thrift, energy and industry always existed, but as thei^e was no science of chemistry, and botany was but an empirical rec- reation, the scientific cultivation of the soil was impossible. To re- store prosperity to the great agricultural domains of the East, which 622 LANDMARKS OP 'TOMPKINS COtTNl^Y. had supported for two hundred years the population of the State, and to repair the need which the soil, once fertile, could no longer supply, to attract and retain the citizens of the East in their old homes and thiis prevent the transfer of agricultural prosperity from its center to the West, was the subject of earnest thought of many of the wisest men of the time. Such considerations as these had profoundly impressed the author of the National Land Grant Act. Prosperity was dependent not merely upon industry but upon intelligent industry, and for thirty years the demand for agricultural education found expression in the discussions in village lyceums, in conferences of farmers, in resolutions and mem- orials of agricultural societies, and in reports of legislative committees. The Legislature of Illinois as early as 1854 passed resolutions calling upon Congress to establish an Industrial University. One of the earliest duties of the governing board of this university was to make provision to fulfill the obligations of the National Land Grant. Con- ferences were held with the leading educators of the State and with the ofificers of the State Agricultural Society. One of the two professors first chosen was a professor of agricultural chemistry, but no professor of scientific and practical agriculture was appointed. There was a farm consisting of the land presented by Mr. Cornell, not reserved for a campus, upon which stood a small farm house, situated near the eastern extension of Sibley College, and several blackened barns. At ths meeting of the trustees of Februar)' 13, 1868, Joseph Harris, a gentleman widely known as the editor of a popular agricultural paper, who had some personal acquaintance with foreign agriculture, was appointed to the professorship of agriculture. He never entered, however, upon the duties of his position. Soon after the opening of the second term on February 18, 1869, Lewis Spaulding was appointed assistant -professor of agriculture and farm director. It was evident, that the entire organization of this department was inchoate, and the first specific instruction was elementary in character, and confined to the observation of farm work. Two prominent agricultiirists were early appointed as lecturers in the university, Mr. Johxi Stanton Gould, on June 30, 1869, who had been president of the State Agricultural Society and was actively interested in promoting the agricultural welfare of the State. This noble Friend was a man of great practical wisdom, and of large influence in the denomination with which he was connected, whose life had been devoted to the amelioration of the con- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 623 dition of the suffering and criminal classes in the connnunity. He delivered for several years two courses of lectures, one upon general agriculture and another upon mechanics as applied to agriculture. All who knew this man, so grand in every quality of his being, will rejoice in the memory of his association in those early years. Governor Frederick Holbrook, of Vei^mont, had been appointed a lecturer on one portion of the field covered b)"^ Mr. Gould, that of mechanics as applied to agriculture, but had never performed any duties. The trustees at this time interpreted the law of Congress as requiring all students in the university to receive certain instruction in agriculture. It was even provided that no students should receive a diploma, who had not attended lectures upon general agriculture. This compulsory baptism of unwilling literary recipients with agricultural knowledge, afforded a subject of humorous and earnest protest during those early years. The law imposed no obligation that agriculture should be a part of the course of instruction of all students in these national schools, but only that provision should be made for instruction in agriculture and the mechanic arts. Both Mr. Cornell and President White were dis- appointed at the failure of their efforts to secure an able scientist and teacher as professor of agriculture, during the first three years of the history of the university. The department had been equipped with professorships of agricultural chemistry, of veterinary medicine and surgery, of botany, horticulture and arboriculture. Three courses of study were, however, arranged, a thorough and systematic course of four years leading to the degree of bachelor of science, and two abridged courses, one of three and the other of two years comprising most of the instruction immediately relating to agriculture. These courses were designed to meet the need of students who were unable to complete a full course of study, and who desired to avail themselves of a certain amount of agricultural knowledge before returning to their profession as farmers. The requisites for admission to these courses were low, as they were to all courses in the university. For admission to the freshman class in the full course, a good sound English education, including algebra to quadratics was required ; but for admission to the abridged, courses an examination in elementary English was alone demanded. Facility was offered to special students to follow certain lines of work in the laboratories and gardens under the direction of the respective professors. On February 10, 1870, the Honorable George. Geddes was elected professor of agriculture. He, too, had been promi- 634 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY, nent in the promotion of the agricultural interests in the State, but did not accept the position. There were, however, in various colleges scientific professors of agriculture, who had won distinction for their success in developing instruction 'in this field, but who were not avail- able. Those who had been nominated here were men rather of general interest in agriculture, than of special scientific attainments. Mr. Louis Spaulding remained in connection with the agricultural department but one year. At the end of that time a practical farmer was made director of the university farm, and the professorship of agriculture remained vacant for a year, when, on June 28, 1871, Henry H. McCandless was appointed professor of agriculture. Mr. McCandless had been connected with an agricultural school at Glasnevin in Ireland. Mr. McCandless -had directed the farm, or been foreman or super- intendent of some portion of the agricultural interests of that institution, but was unfamiliar with the demands of American agriculture. During his period of service the south barn was erected, whose architecture has been the subject of amusing comment ever since. In 1873, Professor Isaac P. Roberts of the Iowa Agricultural College was appointed assistant -professor of agriculture. From this tiijie, the proper devel- opment of the department and the scientific direction of the farm date. The farm was no longer cultivated simply for the production .of crops, but to test certain important principles. Soon after his appointment an appropriation of one thousand dollars was made to fit up the agri- cultural museum. Certain illustrative material had previously been ordered by President White, among them the Rau models, a series of one himdred and eighty-seven models of plows illustrating the history, development and varied use of the plow in different ages, also a collec- tion of cereal grains, a duidicate of the royal collection in Edinburgh which had been presented by the British government. The subjects for which provision was made in the early history of the department were, first, the chemistry of agriculture, including the constituents and chemical agencies of the atmosphere and water, and the composition of manures. The lectures and exercises now embraced in this course comprise the following subjects: 1. The chemistry of agriculture, including the constituents and chemical agencies of the atmosphere and of water, and the composition of manures. 2. The geology of agriculture, in- cluding the formation of soils, their chemical, physical, and economic character; their suitability to different kinds of crops, and the princi- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 625 pal geological features of the various portions of the United States as affecting the soils and productions. 3. The physics of agriculture, in- cluding meteorology, or the laws of climate, and of light and heat, as influencing plant life. 4. The mechanics of agriculture, and their ap- plication to the various descriptions of implements and labor required on the farm. 5. The botany of agriculture, including structural bot- any, vegetable physiology, vegetable pathology, and a knowledge of crops cultivated for food and for technical purposes. 6. The zoology of agriculture, including the habits, diseases and treatment of live stock ; the anatomy of the horse, the cow, the sheep, and other farm animals, and all branches of veterinary surgery and medicine, as well as a special consideration of insects injurious to vegetation. 7. The economics of agriculture, including the sequence of agricultural opera- tions, the economical division of labor, rearing, feeding and handling of domestic animals, the rotation of crops, the improvement of the soil by manuring, draining and liming, farm engineering and construc- tion, general agricultural policy, and the management of landed prop- erty. The graduates from the department of agriculture have taken a prominent part in like work in other institutions, notably the following : Wm. Arnon Henry, professor of agriculture in the University of Wisconsin, and director of the agricultural experiment station. • Wm. R. Lazenby, professor of horticulture in the Ohio State Uni- versity. Joseph A. Holmes, State Geologist of North Carolina. Fred. L. Kilborne, director of the experiment stations for animal diseases in the United States department of agriculture. Clinton De Witt Smith, professor of agriculture in the Michigan Agricultural College. Geo. C. Watson, assistant agriculturist in the Cornell University agricultural experiment station. Thos. L. Brunk, late professor of horticulture in the Maryland Agri- cultural College. Loren P. Smith, late professor of agriculture in the Iowa Agricul- tural College. Henry H. Wing, professor of animal industry and dairy husbandry in Cornell University. Joseph R. Chamberlain, late professor of agriculture in the Agricul- tural College of North Carolina. 79 636 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. In February, 1879, the Cornell University Experiment Station was organized for the purpose of promoting agriculture by scientific experi- mentation and investigation. A board of control was appointed, con- sisting of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University, with one representative each from the State Agricultural Society, the State Grange, the State Dairymen's Association, the Western New York Farmer's Club, the Central New York Farmer's Club, the American In- stitute Farmer's Club, and the Ithaca Farmer's Club. Professor I. P. Roberts was elected president, and Professor C. C. Caldwell director. This experiment station seems to have been a voluntary association of the professors, who invited the co-operation of the representatives of various agricultural societies. It marks the beginning of a series of investigations whose value to the economic and scientific side of agri- culture can scarcely be overestimated. It would be difficult to sum- marize the numerous publications of this organization. There have been investigations in the chemistry of milk, iri the manufacture of dairy products, in the value of fertilizers with various crops, in the diseases of cattle, in the results of feeding, in experiments with self- sown seeds, field experiments with various crops and the various varie- ties of grains and grasses; experiments in the feeding of cattle, with reference to the production of milk, and also of flesh; valuable ex- periments in entomology, in insects injurious to vegetation ; in the an- alysis of commercial foods and fertilizers, etc., etc. A special appro- priation was made by the trustees for the use of the station for the year 1881-2, and Dr. S. B. Newbury was appointed chemist, and a second appropriation, somewhat larger, made for the following year. Upon the resignation of Dr. Newbury, Mr. F. E. Furry was appointed in his place. About this time Congress took action, which added, in- directly, to the original endowment for the support of these national schools. To meet the cost of investigation, in addition to instruction, a special appropriation was made "In order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and ap- plications of agricultural science, there shall be established under di- rection of the college or coU'eges, or. agricultural departments of col- leges in each State or Territory, in accordance with ' the Congressional Land Grant, ' a department to be known and designated as an Agricul- tural Experiment Station." The act of Congress provided, " That it CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 637 shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches, or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same ; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages 6f growth ; the comparative advantages of rota- tive cropping, as pursued under a varying series of crops ; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation ; the analysis of soils and water ; the chemical composition of manures, natural or artificial, with experi- ments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds ; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants ; the com- position and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in the produc- tion of butter and cheese ; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States, as may in each case be deemed advisable, having' due regard to the vary- ing conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories. " To meet the necessary expenses of conducting investigations and ex- periments, and. printing and distributing the results, the sum of $16,000 per annum was appropriated to each State to be paid out of any money in the treasury proceeding from sales of public lands. It was provided that the results of investigations or experiments should be submitted annually to the governor of the State in which the college was situated, and the bulletins or reports of progress of these stations should be sent to every newspaper in the State in which the experiment station was located, and also to individuals actually engaged in farming who might request the same, so far as the means of the station permitted. This is the important "Hatch law," under the action of which the work of the experiment station, previously established, has been con- tinued with enlarged facilities. The department as organized did not consist simply of the special scientists who were attached to it, but all professors in the university, whose chairs were allied, have constituted the staff of investigation, and every year has seen special reports in chemistry, general botany, cryptogamic botany, entomology, agricul- ture, horticulture and veterinary science. The splendid equipment of the university has been thus utilized to contribute to the efficiency of the experiment station. The mere utilitarian value of these investiga- tions has been such as to contribute to national wealth and elevate the entire work of the farm. It has been found that by using scientifically the familiar material which has always been available, the annual 638 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. value of the products of the farm, may be increased, and the danger to growing fruits and grains from insects harmful to plant life, mitigated, if not overcome. The introduction of new varieties of fruits and grains and breeds of cattle and fowls has added enormously to the materials of wealth at the disposal of the farmer. Single investiga- tions, patiently conducted in the laboratory, have resulted in discov- eries, whose annual contribution to the national wealth reaches many millions. The diseases of cattle, which are more serious from the pos- sibility of communication to human beings, have been investigated. The relation of climate, soil and locality to the profitable production of grain has received elucidation, and the use of proper plant foods has been determined by scientific analysis. Production has not been merely improved, but doubled. In the year 1892, Governor Flower called the attention of the Legislature to the advantages offered by Cor- nell University for conducting successfully the various State agencies for the promotion of agriculture, which had been heretofore divided and which, in his view, should be concentrated under the direction of one bureau. He said: "I think it will be conceded that more effec- tive scientific work of this nature can be done in connection with a great educational institution, and the grouping of these now scattered departments of agriculture at one place and under one general super- vision, will also be a considerable saving of expense and maintenance. Cornell University furnishes an excellent nucleus for carrying on this work, and its facilities and instructors might be utilized by the State to great advantage to agricultual interests. The State Meteorological Bureau is already located there. There is also an Agricultural Ex- periment Station already established and doing effective work. More- over, the institution has established practical courses of instruction in agriculture, botany, horticulture, dairy husbandry, animal industry, poultry keeping and veterinary science. It offers free of charge and without examination to all persons who are sixteen years of age com- petent instruction in these subjects for one or more terms." The Gov- ernor proceeds : ' ' All this is exactly in line with what the State is now trying to accomplish through miscellaneous agencies for the en- couragement of modern methods of agricultui-e. The question pre- sented is whether official efforts can be combined with these private efforts in the interests of both economy and efficiency. . . . It is entirely, however, with a view to such advantage that I would urge the concentration at Cornell University of the various agencies for CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 629 promoting scientific agriculture. To carry out this suggestion would not only enable the State to do more effective work immediately and at less expense, but would permit the State from time to time to ex- tend its field of usefulness in this direction without the creation of new boards and new officers. The proper diffusion of knowledge with reference to the preservation law of our forests is of vital interest to the future welfare of the State and could be obtained through such an agency. The same is true of the spread of veterinary science. Public attention has only lately been called to the vast importance of this subject, not merely as it affects' the value of our live stock, but because of its intimate relation to the question of public health. Modern science has demonstrated that a large proportion of human diseases is directly traceable to diseases of animals. . . And proper regard for the health of the community will eventually demand scientific protection against dangers of this kind. . . . Our State is too thoroughly com- mitted to the encouragement of agriculture to abandon it. State energy and public money, however, should not be frittered away by misappropriation and misdirection. The time is ripe for the adoption of some comprehensive, systematic and intelligent policy which shall assure the best results at the least expenditure. " Acting in accordance with these suggestions the Legislature appropriated fifty thousand dol- lars for a building and its equipment for dairy husbandry. This fine and skillfully designed edifice of Ohio sandstone was erected in 1893 upon the east side of the north quadrangle of the university. It con- tains lecture rooms, a reading room, laboratory for general agricultural analysis, and a smaller laboratory for special investigations, and the office of the professor of dairy husbandry ; also rooms for the manu- facture of butter and cheese and also storage rooms, together with a steam engine for furnishing the requisite power to be einploj'^ed. The university has recognized fully its duty to the State. It received 990,000 acres of land, the value of which did not exceed sixty cents per acre, or a total endowment of $594,000. The annual proceeds of this sum at five per cent, interest would amount to $29,700; yet the average expenditure by Cornell University during, the last ten years for purposes of agricultural instruction alone has much exceeded this amount. The expenditures in the five departments of agriculture, horticulture, botany, entomology, and veterinary science have averaged $36,763 per year for a decade. This does not include instruction in chemistry, which is a part of the Agricultural College, nor any of the expenditures 630 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. for the great Department of Mechanic Arts, which, with agriculture is a twin child of the Land Grant. Professor Bailey has outlined the future form of agricultural education. He says that the university must be taken to the people. ' ' For the teaching of agriculture, then, we must make a new species of curriculum and some of the instruction must be given away from the university, where special needs or special equipments exist. This instruction for best results should be given partly in class room work, partly in actual laboratory practice upon a sufificient scale to demonstrate the value of the methods as farm operations, and partly upon farms and gardens in various parts of the State. Instruction by the teachers and instructors in charge must be liberally supplemented by lectures upon special topics from men who have made signal success in those directions. " After citing the several proposed courses as they exist in this university, he says: "In addition to all this there should be definite instruction by means of correspond- ence and extension lectures, and any mature student, who desires special instruction in a particular topic, should be allowed to come and go at any time. " Acting upon views like these, which expressed the jitdgment of the College of Agriculture, a special course of instruction extending through the winter term was introduced. Lectures present- ing a rapid survey of agricultural processes with a discussion of the best materials for the farmer's profession were given. This course attracted wide attention. Young men came from the farms, practical farmers came even from without the State to listen to the most advanced scientific discussion of the raising of grain, the preparation of the soil ; the subject of daily farming; breeding; and the various questions connected with farm economy. During the first winter of 1893, in which this special course in agriculture was given, it was attended by forty-eight students. In the winter of 1893, the attendance reached sixty-five, thus vindicating at once the success of the plan, which became the means of diffusing the freshest intelligence in agricultural communities throughout the State. Attention has been called also to the importance of new departments of study such as forestry, flori- culttire, including in its practice twenty thousand people with an annual value of over twenty-six million of dollars, etc. The Department of Horticulture was reorganized upon its present basis in 1888, upon the establishment of the National Experiment Station. At that time Professor L. H. Bailey, who held the chair of horticulture and landscape gardening in the Michigan Agricultural CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 631 College, was selected to inaugurate the new department. This horti- cultural department is dual in its character, its energies being divided systematically between experiment and teaching. The title of the chair in the university is General and Experimental Horticulture, and it was probably the first full professorship devoted solely to horticulture in any American university, and probably the first in any academic insti- tution in the country. Ordinarily, landscape gardening, botany or entomology are associated with the subject. Practically, however, the chair now includes landscape gardening, which is taught to students in architecture and agriculture. The horticultural department is organized upon an entirely different basis from any like department in the country. In teaching, its object is to place horticulture upon much the same basis as those sciences which 'are generally recognized as elements in a liberal education, rather than to make it a purely technical course or an academic apprenticeship to a profession. In experimentation, the object is also rather to monograph certain subjects than to attempt any general tests of varieties of plants, or to raise a general and miscellaneous collection. Cultivated plants, because of their immense variations and great numbers of species, afford one of the readiest 'means of studying and understanding the fundamental problems of the evolution of the organic world; and this phase of the subject, which elsewhere in America is practically untouched, is here extended into a special course of study. Facilities, are, of course, fully given for the acquirement of the immediately practical arts of horticulture; and greenhouses, gar- dens and orchards are maintained for this purpose. The forcing- houses comprise about 9,000 square feet of glass, and the grounds about twenty acres, of various soils and exposures. Although the department of horticulture was formally established in 1888, instruction did not begin until the opening of 1889, owing to the absence of Professor Bailey in Europe. There was then no horti- cultural equipment of any kind at the university, not even .a growing orchard. Results up to this time, therefore, have not been great. There has been an earnest body of students from the first, however, largely due to the fact that all the horticultural courses are elective. Amongst the students from the department who have already assumed prominent responsibilities, are the following : W. M. Munson, professor of horticulture in the Agricultural College of Maine ; C. W. Mathews, professor of horticulture and botany in the University of Kentucky ; 632 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKlNS COUNTY. F. W. Rane, professor of horticulture and agriculture in the University of West Virginia ; L. C. Corbett, professor of horticulture and forestry in the Agricultural College of South Dakota; F. W. Card, professor of horticulture in the University of Nebraska; H. L. Hutt, professor of horticulture in the Agricultural College of Ontario; F. H. Burnette, horticulturist to the Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; W. E. Britton, assistant in the Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; and E. G. Lodeman, instructor in horticulture and assistant-horticulturist to the Experiment Station, Cornell University. Twenty-six separate bulletins have been issued from the Experiment Station by the horticultural department, beside thirty-nine articles in general bulletins. The most important of these bulletins are mono- graphs on certain groups of plants, as the native plums and cherries, Japanese plums, dewberries, mulberries, egg-plants, etc. The experi- ments upon the influence of the electric light upon vegetation, which have been farther extended here than elsewhere in the world, have also been prominent contributions. VETERINARY SCIENCE. The Veterinary Department of Cornell University was organized in 1868 as a division of agricultural education, which was imperatively prescribed in the Land Grant Act. This early recognition of veteri- nary science was doubtless largely due to the personal interest taken in the subject by the founder, who appreciated the culture of the soil as the foundation of all solid national prosperity, and the multiplication and improvement of farm animals as the basis of a permanent fertility of the land. He had already shown his faith by his works by gather- ing at his farm a valuable herd of imported short-horn cattle, a flock of Southdown sheep and an Arabian stallion — a representative of that race from which all that is excellent in the equine family has been de- rived. ' For the first year the work of the veterinary professor was confined to the delivery of a course of lectures on anatomy, physiology and hygiene, dietetics, breeding, veterinary medicine and surgery. Atten- tion was also given to such clinical instruction as was afforded by the presentation of animals for treatment. President White, however, early expressed his intention of securing a fully equipped veterinary college, and in the second academic year (1869-70), at the urgent re- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 633 quest of several students, special classes in veterinary anatomy, phys- iology and hygiene were begun, supplemented later by others in the science of pathology, the practice of medicine and surgery and the various cognate subjects that go to make up a professional education. Of the students that pursued these special courses, a number entered veterinary schools elsewhere, where they could secure a degree at an earlier date; others entered medical schools and some devoted them- selves to other departmentis of science. Representatives of these special classes 'are found t0;day teaching in veterinary, medical and other col- leges. Four only secured the Cornell degree in veterinary medicine, and of these, three are now employed in the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington ; one, for a period of ten years, as chief, and the other two as valued co-workers in the field of veterinary sanitary science. The work of these students, as published in the yearly reports of the bureau, reflect the highest credit on their alma mater, and on their own scientific devotion and acumen. Dr. Salmon, chief of the bureau, has served four years as alumni trustee in Cornell University. As time passed without any material addition to the equipment, it became only too plain that to maintain the semblance of a veterinary school with existing means, and to grant degrees, was unfair to all concerned, institution, teacher and students, and in the absence of any immediate prospect of an adequate equipment, it was judged better to refuse all students who came with the object of obtaining a veterinary degree. For a number of years, therefore, the veterinary department has been remanded to the position which it occupied in the first year of the university, as a simple chair in the College of Agriculture. In connection with the failure of the department to develop into a veterinary college, it should be stated that the executive committee twice appropriated the sum of $10,000 to construct a veterinary build- ing, but as no suitable site could be agreed upon, the appropriation lapsed, and veterinary instruction is still given in connection with a small room for a museum and the use of a lecture room devoted, in the main, to another science. But if we have failed in the first twenty-five years of the institution to furnish a veterinary college, the chair has not been without influence upon the State and Nation apart from the instruction furnished to students. Since 1869 the veterinary professor has been consulting veterinarian to the New York State Agricultural Society, and, besides attendance at the State fairs and examination of animals on exhibition, 80 034 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. he has contributed at intervals to the Transactions of the Society, some of which contributions have been translated and republished in Europe. In 1878 he was appointed by Governor Robinson as veterinary counsel in dealing with the lung plague of cattle in the State of New York. In 1881 he was appointed chairman of the United States Treasury Cat- tle Commission, and prepared three yearly reports on the restriction and suppression of epizootics, together with a number of lesser reports on particular outbreaks of contagious and other animal diseases. As a member of this commission he superintended the location, erection and starting of , the cattle quarantine stations at the ports of Portland, Boston, New 'York and Baltimore, which have been conducted by the Department of Agriculture since the formation of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry in 1884. In 1883 he represented the United States De- partment of Agriculture at the International Veterinary Congress at Brussels, Belgium, and embodied in a paper the deliberations and resolutions of that body for the report of the Department of Agricul- ture of that year. To this was appended a report on the veterinary colleges of Europe. In 1885 he was appointed by the governor as State veterinarian and served in that capacity until called in 1887 by the United States Department of Agriculture to direct the work for the extinction of the lung plague in cattle in Illinois. Having accomplished this object, and having been granted a year's leave of absence by the university, he went successively to Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York to assist in the organization of the work for the extinction of this plague in Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York. In this latter State, he remained in charge of the work, in the double ca- pacity of agent of the governor and veterinary superintendent for the United States Department of Agriculture, until the fall of 1888, when he resigned to resume his university duties. The sanitary work was, how- ever, continued on the same lines, and in three years the continent was rid of the lung plague in cattle, which it had harbored for forty years, at a loss in its exports alone of $3,000,000 per annum. Beside these official services the incumbent of the veterinary chair has contributed largely to educate the public on veterinary medicine and surgery, and veterinary sanitary matters. His Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, which has been used as a text book in many agricultural colleges, has reached its 10th edition and has been republished in Canada and England. For years he was a constant contributer to the New York Tribune, The Live Stock Journal, The Breeders' Gazette, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 035 and others papers, and a number of his public lectures have been published in the transactions of different societies. As contributions to standard works may be named : Articles on Anthrax and Glanders in Ziemssen's "Cyclopedia of Medicine;" on Veterinary Science in the American edition of the "Encyclopedia Britannica;" on Rabies, Anthrax and Glanders in Pepper's "System of Medicine by American Authors;" on Horse Training in Appleton's "Cyclopedia;" and on Rabies, Anthrax, Actinomycosis and Glanders in the "American System of Medicine." This work has not been without its influence in preparing the public mind for the appreciation and fostering of veterinary science and especially of veterinary sanitary science. The extinction of one animal plague has demontrated the possibility and economy of stamping out other animal plagues dependent like that on a pure parasitic infection. The work of Pasteur and his followers in producing germs of dimin- ished potency, capable of producing non-fatal forms of a given plague, giving immunity from the more destructive forms, has shown how science may abolish the mortality of diseases which still continue to exist. The still more important fact, to which the Cornell veterinary professor has contributed by his experiments with swine plague, anthrax and rabies, that the sterilized chemical poisons, produced by the microbes of a self-limiting disease, can be used on the susceptible animal to produce immunity from that disease, opens a way to do away with the mortality of a disease, though the germs still exist in the locality. The use of antitoxins, produced in the system of an immunized animal, of protective serums, and of protective extracts of different organs to cure an infected subject or immunize a susceptible one, though less familiar to the general public, is becoming so with the ad- vanced members of the medical fraternity, and through them tends to reach the people at large. The use of the chemical products of the germs as a means of diagnosis of • occult forms of disease (tuberculosis, glanders) opens a way for the discovery and extinction of cases of disease which would heretofore have escaped the most skillful inspection. The source of tuberculosis in our herds niay be completely removed, by the aid of such means of diagnosis, and the production of a safe and efficient product for such diagnosis is the duty of a veterinary insti- tution. So, too, with the production of other sterilized disease poisons, of protective and curative antitoxins, serums, and animal extracts. Further, the investigation of the composition of such disease-poisons and 636 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of their appropriate antidotes is the natural work of such institutions. The more this field is studied, the wider its possibilities appear, and to those who already know something of the subject, the demand for investigation becomes more and more imperative. At the present moment the all but universal interest in the tuberculosis of cattle and its conveyance to man through meat and milk, creates a demand for veterinary supervision of our herds, and of veterinarians sufficiently well educated in bacteriology, epidemiology and sanitation to be en- trusted with the extinction of thfe disease in animals. Hence the latest movement in reference to our veterinary department has been the appropriation by the Legislature of fifty thousand dollars as the first instalment toward the bviilding and equipment of a Veterinary College in connection with Cornell University. If this is followed up in a manner becoming to the great State of New York, we may hope for a center of education and investigation which will furnish this and other States with accomplished men, equipped not only to deal with animal plagues, but with every other disease and injury of domestic animals, and with the whole subject of their improvement and hygiene. To do justice to the subject will demand a liberal outlay, first for veterinary education and second for veterinary sanitary work throughout the State, and the aroused public sentiment may be trusted to carry this out. What was impossible twenty-five years ago, though no less necessary and no less imperative in the estimation, of those of us who know the field, has become not only possible but a public demand, which must be supplied at no distant date. The province of this work is admirably expressed in a review of Professor Law's bulletin on tu- berculosis : ' ' Two enormous tasks are naturally presented to the State and to economists for solution. One is that of exterminating all tuber- culosis by means of test examinations of the .animals ; the other. is the thorough inspection at the abattbirs of every animal slaughtered for food, and the rejection of all animals that are in the slightest degree infected. "The difficulty and expense attending such work will be at first very great, but it seems to us that the course to be pursued is a plain one. Tuberculosis kills one- twelfth of the population and maims many more. The most potent and serious source of danger is in the animals that supply us with milk and meat. We do not hesitate to spend millions on a navy and army that are to be used only against possible future enemies. Why should we hesitate to spend still more on an enemy which is real and which is constantly assailing us?" CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 037 These are truly "enormous tasks," but they are only the beginning of the work that looms up before the veterinary college of the future. The State that will furnish a college equal to the demands of the pres- ent day and of the new era now dawning, will deserve well of the nation and of humanity. Colleges that have been conducted as private corporations, have in some cases striven nobly and have accomplished much, but their day is past and the eve of the twentieth century de- mands an institution in keeping with the rapidly growing knowledge of the day, and with the uses to which such knowledge must now be applied. XVII. THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE. Among the professorships proposed by Mr. White in the organiza- tion of the university, was a professorship of architecture. Attention had already been called to the great need in this country of scientific instruction in this important branch. Professor William B. Rogers, to whom, we may perhaps say, the Institute of Technology in Boston primarily owes its existence, in an address on the "Objects and plan of an Institute of Technology proposed to be established in Boston," published in 1860, had presented an eloquent plea for the organization . of a Society of Arts and an Industrial Museum, and also for a School of Industrial Science and Art. He embodied in the plan of the' Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology a course in architecture. Seldom have the beginnings of an institution, been guided by a higher scien- tific wisdom and experience than' in this case. Its foundation enlisted many of the most intelligent and progressive scholars in Boston, and all the discussions connected with the establishment of this school show an admirable mastery of the history of industrial education abroad, as well as a clear grasp of the demands of such an institution in America. This department of instruction went into operation in the Institute in 18G5. President Barnard, that sagacious educator and noble man, whose services as an investigator rank with his great merit in advancing the interests of Columbia College, of which he had be- come president two years before, said in his annual report presented 638 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. June 4, 1866 : " There is no country in the world in which building in a style of costly magnificence is more constantly going on than this; and yet, in the whole country there does not exist a school of scientific architecture. " President White, in his lectures upon the history of cul- ture, had naturally become interested in the fine arts as illustrating in- tellectual development and typifying national character.' He admired the English colleges with their picturesque quadrangles and cloister- like appearance ; their halls and chapels as miracles in the history of English art ; and it was with something of the feeling derived from the contemplation of these buildings, having their origin in the ecclesiasti- cal foundations of English culture, that he sought to transplant their form to this country, to a new atmosphere, but with a suggestion of the external glory and traditions of their home. This accounts for the attempted arrangement of the university buildings in the form of quadrangles. There seems to have been a suggestion at first, that the department of architecture should be linked with that of civil engineer- ing, for we find it so grouped in the original announcements of the courses of study. It was, however, impossible to realize at once Presi- dent White's broad conception of the university as a center of all de- partments of industrial science, and it was not until September 18, 1871, that the Reverend Charles Babcock was elected professor of architecture. Professor Babcock was a graduate of Union College, and had been associated with that brilliant architect, Richard Upjohn, in architectural work in New York. To a mind loving art in every form he added practical skill as a designer and draftsman. Eccle- siastical architecture he studied with especial fondness. Upon entering upon his duties, there was little equipment available for specific instruc- tion in his department. Models, plans and designs, which are indis- pensable for training in drawing, and as an illustration of styles and historical periods in art, were lacking. One valuable feature, however, for his work was available in a collection of splendid works upon the history of architecture which had constituted a part of President White's private library, and which he offered to present to the univer- sity in consideration of the acquisition of a mathematical library, were at the disposal of the department of architecture. Technical instruc- tion in physics, in chemistry, in mechanics and mathematics, and to a limited extent in drawing, was supplied by associated departments of instruction; but the entire work of teaching architecture devolved at the beginning upon one professor. Not only was it necessary for him CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 639 to give courses of lectures upon the history of classical, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and later architecture, and the history of its development in various countries, but to discuss the question of the materials of construction, and the designing of public and private buildings, and to give instruction in drawing in all the forms essential to the architect. No department, whose full equipment demands large appropriations for architectural models, has so grown, with limited sup- port, as the department of architecture. It now ranks as one of the three great technical schools of the university. It was not until 1876 that the department was enlarged by the appointment of a single in- structor in architectural drawing. In 1880 Charles Francis Osborne was made instructor in architecture, and in the following year assist- ant, and later associate professor of architecture. The first accommo- dations for the architectural department were found in a single room on the second floor of the west division of Sibley College. Later it occu- pied two rooms in McGraw Hall ; it was then transferred to Morrill Hall, north end, where it occupied the second and third floors. It was finally removed to Lincoln Hall, to accommodations that seemed ample when the building was erected, but the great increase in numbers has caused instruction to be given the present year to nearly one hundred students in rooms originally planned for fifty. With ample museum accommodations, the collections in this department wquld soon become among the most valuable in the university. XVIII THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. The first professor chosen to th.s chair was William Charles Cleve- land. Professor Cleveland was a graduate of the Lawrence Scientific School, a scholar accomplished in several departments of science, an excellent botanist and geologist, gifted in his own profession and an enthusiastic and inspiring teacher. He left his impress upon the stu- dents whom he taught during the first four years of the history of the university. The Era of that day pays a beautiful and pathetic tribute to his memory. It says: "How shall we adequately describe him, claiming as he did to a degree rare as it was beautiful, veneration as a 640 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. professor, esteem and profound respect as a friend? Of his scholastic acquirements we need not speak. The extent of his studies was only- equaled by his thoroughness. An erudite mathematician, an ardent geologist, thoroughly conversant with literature, language and science in almost every department and proficient in sculpture and music, he was indeed a rare example of thoroughness and widely diversified scholarship. He aimed to make his department at Cornell the best of its kind in the country, and he succeeded to a wonderful degree." President White said of him: " He was a builder, and his ambition was nothing less than to build a great college of engineering which should be known for good throughout the United States, and.be a tower of strength for the university. In all this he planned most sa- gaciously and labored most devotedly. Against all persuasion to lower the standard of scholarship in his department, he insisted on holding it high, maintaining that this was the only policy which would give it permanent success. The originality of his methods and the extent of his knowledge was a constant surprise to his associates. On the practi- cal side of his department he was admirable. In the construction of models for illustration he showed very great skill, nor was his skill en- tirely mechanical or mathematical ; he showed a capacity for work in art, which, if carried out, would have certainly brought him high reputation. The sketching of a landscape that pleased him, the model- ing of the bust of a brother professor whom he loved, these were pas- times with him." Upon the death of Professor Cleveland, Professor E. A. Fuertes, a graduate of the Troy Polytechnic Institute in this country, but who had studied with distinction in several foreign schools, was called to be his successor. Professor Fuertes was a scholar of thorough literary as well as scientific training. He had been the en- gineer in charge of the Nicaragua survey, and had had wide experience as a consulting engineer in the erection of important municipal works in New York. The College of Civil Engineering began with the establishment of a department of engineering, which originally bore the name of engineering and architecture. Like every other branch of the university at that time, the engineering work was still in a pri- mordial or chaotic condition. A vast amount of well directed effort had outlined the work in certain directions, which waited to assume useful shape, when Professor Cleveland was cut down, before he could fully organize his evident intentions with reference to the development of this school. The quarters of the department were in a single room CORNELL UNIVERSITY. G41 about thirty feet long by fifteen feet wide, and all its equipment found ample space under the stairs, in a corner of the same room, leading to a garret. The organization of the present college is the outgrowth of what has been considered the duty of raising both the social and pro- fessional standing of the engineers of this country. Progress was at first slow, owing to lack of resources and the absence, at the time, in the university of the proper atmosphere, in which alone technical and professional studies can be prosecuted. The difficulty of engrafting upon our curriculum certain needed studies was greatly enhanced by the lack of that ready sympathy, which is not less influential than the lack of material resources. In the course of time, as the university broadened in every direction, it has been possible to carry out the evi- dent purposes of the organizer of the school, viz., that catholicity of sympathy and appreciation of intellectual activity in every field must be an all-prevading purpose in any institution of learning. The plain wooden building bearing the name of the Chemical Laboratory, which, soon after the opening of the second term, furnished scant accommodation for the departments of chemistry, physics, civil and mechanical engineering, botany and veterinary science, and even gen- eral store rooms for the university, was in process of time, vacated, as better accommodations were opened to them elsewhere, and the entire building was devoted to civil engineering. The growth of the depart- ment was maintained in the depressing years which followed the finan- cial crisis of 1873. The trustees suddenly changed the cautious policy which they had pursued as regards appropriations. The need of a vigorous development and of wise and enthusiastic leadership was felt throughout the university. The trustees felt that to inspire new life into all departments, additional appropriations must be made, even if the capital of the university was temporarily impaired. At a single meeting, December 18, 1880, one hundred thousand dollars were ap- propriated to equip certain departments in the university. In the summer of 1880, the dean of the department purchased in Europe the nucleus of the present equipment, which has been steadily increased until it has no equal in this country, and, considering the mutual rela- tions of the entire equipment in the imiversity, it can be safely said that it has no equal in the world. The single teacher, in 1873, upon whom devolved all the professional and other work of the college, has been supplanted to-day by fifteen men who dedicate their entire lives to the subdivided labor submitted to their charge, while the advance 8L 642 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in other departments of the university, supplements, in extra-profes- sional studies, the distinctive work of the College of Civil Engineering. Many graduates have become eminent as authors, investigators or en- gineers, not only in the material industrialism of the country, but also in the development of transcendental engineering and cognate sciences. The proportion of graduates of this department who have charge of important works in the field of. engineering, exceeds possibly that of any other institution. The striking feature of the educational aims of the college has- been to impress upon its graduates the habit of well-con- trolled self-reliance, to which in no small degree is due the orderly and industriotis qualities which they manifest, and without which success would be impossible. The theory has been to regulate instruction by the needs of the country, which are entirely different and, in some cases, even incompatible with those of older societies. To this is due the progress in professional preferment characteristic of our gradu- ates. They are educated f^r the purposes for which they are needed. The effort to render useful our educational" theories has given rise to novelties in method for which Cornell can clairn priority of inception. Prominent among these is a feature now universally adopted, not only in the schools of this country, but in Canada, and is gaining favor in Europe, viz. , that of 'teaching engineering in laboratories, a method which appeared for the first time some- eighteen years since in the an- nouncement of this, work. - . ';'■. XIX. THE DEPARTMENT OF. MECHANIC ARTS. Provision was made upon the opening of the university for a depart- ment of mechanic arts as required by the charter and by the Land Grant Act, by the election of Professor John L. Morris, a graduate of Union College as professor of practical mechanics and director of the shops. Professor Morris, in addition to special training under Professor William L. Gillespie, a graduate of West Point, and one of the first professors of civil engineering in this country, and Professor Isaac W. Jackson whose reputation in the departments of mathematics and of natural philosophy made him one of the most prominent of the ■'^ '%^- Ei^i' It/ PH.H.'IU ,'>»n:3,>: CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 043 earlier scholars in that department, had had a valuable experience in practical engineering. One of the earliest chairs of civil engi- neering in this country had been established in Union College. Although this department was one of the twin departments which gave rise to tlic Land Grant, no preparation had been made for its equipment until after the opening of the university. There were no shops, laboratories, drafting rooms, or models of machinery, to prepare this important department for successful work. For the first two terms, so little provision was afforded for instruction, that the attention of the professor was devoted entirely to instruction in mathematics, and, for a time, in physics. A single room in Morrill Hall was shared in company with other professors. In the late winter of 18G9, when the chemical laboratory was finished, it became the temporary home of the .department of niechanic arts, in connection with other departments, but it was not until the last term of the first year that initial instruction in drafting and designing was given, ' THE SIBLEY COLLEGE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Sibley College, so named in honor of its founder, the Hon. Hiram Sibley, of Rochester, N. Y., since deceased, is the school of mechanical engineei-ing and of the mechanic arts, founded as a department of Cornell University in compliance with the law of Congress and the charter to carry into effect the requirements of the law establishing the university. The college dates from the year 1870, in which year Mr. Sibley began. a series of contributions to the treasury of the university which have culminated in this great institution. The first building was begun in the summer of that year, a stone structure 100 feet in length, forty feet in width and three stories high, in which not only the college . of engineering was established, but other departments of the university, including the printing establishment and the department of botany. This building was lengthened in 1884-6, and an extensive line of shops added, making the main building 166 feet in length. The workshops, which were one story in height, embraced a similar floor area. Attached to the latter, was a janitor's house and suitable store rooms and toilet rooms. After the death of the founder, his son, Mr. Hiram W. Sibley, succeeded to the trusteeship vacated by the father, and to the guardian- ship of the college. The last addition made by the founder to the buildings of the college was an extension of the line of workshops 644 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. erected in 1888, consisting of a two-story structure, fifty feet in length, in which were placed, for the time, the equipments and apparatus of the laboratory of experimental engineering and research. The son continued his father's work, by the erection, in 1893-4, of a second main building, 165 feet long, 50 feet in width and three stories high, with a lofty and well-lighted basement; following a plan which had been prepared by the architect, for the founder, as a guide in further extensions, and which he approved only a brief period before his death. The plan thus provided embraces the two large buildings described, each of which constitutes a wing of the contemplated structure; the space between being occupied by a central mass surmounted by a dome, and containing a large auditorium and the offices of administration. At either end of the front thus constructed, it was also proposed to erect, when needed, flanking structures, making, with the front and the shop line in the rear, a quadrangle of something like 500 feet in total length on the front, with a depth of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet. The plan is exceedingly imposing, and was prepared on the assumption that it would accommodate 1,000 students, receiving professional instruction in engmeering to the extent and in the manner now practiced. As now arranged, the first of the two main buildings is occupied by the departments of electrical engiiieering, and of art and industrial drawing; the former using the lower floor, the latter the upper floors. The eastern wing affords drawing rooms for the Graduate School of Marine Engineering, and for various other drawing classes, and the needed lecture and class rooms. Its lower floor is occupied principally by the museums of the college, which cover a space of about 7,000 square feet. The basement is assigned to the lubricant- testing and hydraulic work of the department of experimental engi- neering. The accounts of Mr. Sibley show a total of disbursements in behalf of the Sibley College of Cornell University amounting to above $160,- 000. These include the cost of the building erected in 1870-71, the first in the Sibley College group, $30,100; a complete set of the models of kinematic combinations and mechanical movements by Dr. Reu- leaux, $8,000, in 1883; an endowment fund for the professorship of mechanic arts, in 1885, of $50,000; buildings added in 1885-88, $63,- 307.44; total, $157,528.38; and the sum of $30,000 given to the univer- sity in 1873, and later devoted to the establishment of scholarships and fellowships, thus making a total of $177,538.38. The cost of the CORNELL UNIVERSITY. G4r) second main building was $54,000, and the total expenditures to 1804, inclusive, were thus $331,528. The university has expended, besides, about $25,000 on the buildings and accessories, $50,000 in additions to the equipment which, through the generosity of Mr. Sibley and other friends of the institution, has risen to a total value of about $150,000, making the total inventory of the college and its outfit in all depart- ments, in 1894, about $350,000. Hiram Sihlf.v, the foimder of Sibley College, was a man of marked individuality and power of thought. His whole life abounded in inci- dents illustrating his originality and purposeful energy. He was, in the truest sense, a "self-made man." He was born at North Adams, Mass., February 0, 1807. He had very little opportunity for early edu- cation and left school before he was sixteen years of age. He sought to support himself in various ways, and once earned a livelihood by ' sawing wood for his neighbors. A shower coming up he took refuge in the shop of a shoemaker, close at hand, and while sharpening and setting his saw, watched the workmen until he was confident that he conld himself make a shoe. His proposition to try was met in the same spirit by the proprietor of the shop, and his success led to his taking up the trade. Soon after this, however, he found cotton and woolen manufactures more attractive, and, when of age, had learned these va- rious kinds of business, and had also conducted a machine shop. In 1823 he removed to Monroe county, N. Y., and settled near Rochester, where he became, in 1843, the sheriff of the county. He had pre- viously made the acquaintance of Professor Morse and Ezra Cornell, and had assisted them in their efforts, at Washington, to secure the kid of Congress in the promotion of their plans for the introduction of the telegraph, the result of their effort being the erection of the line be- tween Washington and Baltimore at a cost of $40,000, which sum was appropriated by Congress. The success of the first line of telegraph led to the establishment of numerous isolated companies, which were formed with the purpose of connecting certain cities in various parts of tjie country. None were very successful, and Mr. Sibley saw that, to insure thoroughly satisfac- tory operation and financial returns, complete consolidation and the formation of a single organization covering the whole territory of the United States was essential. He had accumulated by this time a con- siderable property, and, securing the aid of other large capitalists, he organized the Western Union Telegraph Company, at Chicago, which 046 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. absorbed all the lines in that part of the country, and those connecting that city with New York, and, later, substantially, all the working tele- graph systems of the United States. He was the first president of the consolidated organization, and, under his administration, it attained extraordinary success. His services were retained by the company for sixteen years, and the number of its offices increased in that time from 132 to about 4,000, and its capital from an original $330,000 to $40,- 000,000. He made himself and all his companions enormously wealthy by the enterprise. Among the large stockholders in various lines was Ezra Cornell. The assent of the latter to the consolidation of the small companies in which he was interested was only secured by Mr. Sibley with difficulty; but the participation thus obtained was very ad- vantageous to Mr. Cornell, and resulted in the fortune which made pos- sible the foundation of Cornell University; and Sibley College, one of its most important departments, was founded by Mr. Sibley with a part of the wealth which he had similarly acquired by this and other no less bold and far-seeing undertakings. The whole system of telegraphy for the Eastern, Middle and South- ern States having been arranged, the next step was the construction of a line crossing the continent to San Francisco. This was quickly and successfully accomplished by Mr. Sibley, without the aid or counte- nance of his colleagues in the directory of the Western Union; and the Pacific coast was soon covered with a network of wires, which were connected with the East by the transcontinental line. But Mr. Sibley was not yet satisfied, and proposed to carry his lines across the ocean, and to unite the Western with the Eastern Continent by a line across Alaska and Siberia, including a submarine cable across Behring Straits. The completion of the first line of cable across the Atlantic made this unnecessary; but not before Mr. Sibley had secured the privileges which he sought from the Russian government, and expended a large sum of money in beginning the work. To secure the needed conces- sions, Mr. Sibley went to Europe and was received with great distinc- tion by the Czar and the imperial court. He spent some time in trav- eling over Europe, and returned to the United States satisfied with the success of his greatest undertaking, which now seemed assured. His loss in this enterprise was estimated at about three million dollars. Mr. Sibley retired from active participation in 18G0, and became inter- ested in farming and seed-raising on a large scale. He bought the Sullivant farm of forty thousand acres in Illinois, which he divided CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 047 into a hundred and fift)' or more small farms and rented them to se- lected tenants, after having supplied each with good buildings and a complete system of underdrainage. Mr. Sibley died at Rochester, July J 2, J 888, at the age of eighty-one, after a short illness which terminated in apoplexy. His health had been failing for some years. He had, however, attended to business without interruption, and only laid aside the management of his vast interests at the very last. Throughout his whole later life, he was in- tensely interested in the promotion of the prosperity of Cornell Uni- versity and of Sibley College. He attended ever}' meeting of the Board of Trustees, of which he was a charter member, and he never hesitated to give time, thought, and pecuniary assistance when needed. At one time, when the university was greatly embarrassed by a debt of $155,000, it was relieved by a generous gift of the entire sum by Messrs. Cornell, McGraw, Sage, Sible}', and White. The money thus contributed was afterward set aside by the university as a fund for scholarship and fellowships, which bear the names of these noble bene- factors. Mr. Hiram W. Sibley, son of the founder of Sibley College, has, since liis father's deatli, taken his place on the Board of Trustees, and in various ways has shown an affectionate pride in his father's work, and a warm interest in the welfare of the university and of the college. His effective aid rescued the college in a most critical time from serious difficulties. The growth of the instructing corps in the department of mechanic arts, as stated in the report of Mr. James Frazer Gkick, alumni trustee in 1884, was at first very slow, corresponding to the limited means which were placed at its disposal. At its opening in 18G8-G9, one pro- fessor was assigned to the subject of " practical mechanics," industrial mechanics constituting a part of the title of the professor of physics. In 1872-73 an assistant professor of mechanical drawing was appointed ; in 1874-75 an instructor was appointed to take charge of the machine shops. From 1809 to 1873 Mr. John Stanton Gould lectured annually on mechanics as applied to agriculture. From that time the staff re- mained substantially the same in number, as did also the distribution of work, fluctuating slightly, as numbers varied from year to year. It was not until 1885 that a complete reorganization of the institution, so as to constitute a complete college of mechanical engineering and the mechanic arts, was made, with a single supervising head, and a defin- 048' LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. itely planned schedule of work and distinctly assigned duties for its of- ficers. The reorganization of Sibley College in its present form, which oc- curred in 1885, began with the appointment of a director whose duties and responsibilities were thus established :-• It is proposed to appouit a " director" who shall be the official head of that depart- ment, who shall direct the workings of the whole department, shall nominate the assistants and be held responsible for their efficiency, shall be custodian of the build- ings, tools, models and apparatus of the department, and shall be held responsible for their proper use and preservation, and for the ethciency of the motive jiower, as well as the machinery generally ; who shall make requisitions on the treasurer for funds appropriated by the trustees, whenever needed, in that college, aud shall be held responsible for their expenditure, aud who shall assign to all who may take part in the work of instruction of the schools included in that college, such parts of the work as he may find best for the interests and prosperity of the college and of the university, all to be subject to the approval of the president and trustees, so far as affected by, or affecting, the general policy and the controlling regulations of the university. The director will be expected to assume the professorship of mechanical engineer- ing, to plan and to direct that course, as above provided, and also to take such part in instruction as he may find practicable and desirable, nominating such additional assistants a.s may be found to be needed to make the course as complete, as credit- able, and as fruitful of result as possible. The director will be held responsible for results, and will be allowed to take such course, in the organization and administration of the internal affairs of the college, as may seem to hini best calculated to secure the re.sults aimed at by the authorities from whom he receives his powers. The president and trustees may be relied upon to give all proper support to the director, in the administration of the college, of its schools of trade-instruction, and of mechanical engineering, and may be trusted to supply all essential material, up to the limit of financial ability consistent with the welfare of the university as a whole. The authorities will expect the director to make proper suggestions and recom- mendations for the extension of the department, as opportunity may offer, and for the institution of advanced schools of special branches of mechanical engineering, as they may be called for, and as the progress of the general course of university in- struction may permit. The results of the reorganization of 1885 and its work as reconsti- tuted were immediately seen in the increased numbers of students and in a no less rapid growth and improvement of the courses taught and the quality of the student-body. The director lectured during his first year of service, 1885-0, to a senior class numbering five men ; in the second year, to fifteen; in the third, to about twenty; in the fourth, to > Sibley College Reports ; 1885. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 649 thirty; in the fifth, to fifty; in the sixth, to seventy-five; in the seventh to one hundred, and growth has not yet ceased. The number of gradu- ate students, at first an unknown feature in engineering scliools, be- came soon an important element in the college, and in a few years forty such students were enrolled in the graduate departments as can- didates for second degrees, and many in the regular undergraduate classes. The number of regular undergraduate students enrolled as given in the university " register," for each year, has been as follows : '85 '80 '87 '88 "89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 Enrolled .... 03 100 108 230 283 309 428 601 546 550 Graduated.. . . 5 » 18 22 32 54 52 90 107 The number of graduate students has also gradually risen to about forty and the number of " special " students, formerly comparatively numerous, has fallen to an insignificant number. The total enrollment for the year 1893-4 has thus been over 600 for Sibley College alone, and about 1800 for the university as a whole; Sibley College having registered about one-third. Mr. Cornell's ambition was declared in the now famous saying, "I would found an institution where any person may find instruction in any study;" he hoped that the time would come, as he sometimes said to his friends, when a great university would cover his homestead farm with its buildings, and thousands of students flock to its halls. His personal interest was mainly directed to the technical side of the uni- versity, though no part escaped his watchful care. He was especially interested in the establishment of workshops, in which young men should be given instruction in the use of tools, and acquire trades, and, if possible, at the same time enjoy the opportunity of supporting them- selves while attending the university. The last plan did not succeed, and Cornell's manual training and trade schools have risen far above the level then assigned them, and have become schools of engineering. Whether this elevation of grade is an advantage to the State or to the nation may be an open question ; but the facts above stated constitute the history of the inauguration and growth of the technical schools of Cornell University. The rate and the extent of that growth during the first dozen years of the work of the university are presented in the r Until 1886, no students in electrical engineering were formally registered in Sib- ley College. 82 650 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. next table, which shows that the "leading purposes" of the institution were not at first accomplished; while the older education, which the Land Grant Act was founded to supplement, became, for a time, the principal work of the institution. During the last decade, however, the growth of the departments "related to Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts" has been rapid, and the purposes of the National Grant, and of the charter of Cornell University have been correspondingly promoted. Since 1880, the whole country has witnessed the advance in the education of the "industrial classes," which has presented the most encouraging results. Cornell University and Sibley College have done their full part in this great work, and the extension of their various departments of engineering and architecture, and of applied science has been more than commensurate with the development of the technical side of general education in the United States. This develop- ment has been quickened by the new demands of applied science, and the progress in the schools of engineering, of both public and private endowment. This progress has been especially remarkable in the pro- fession of mechanical engineering. The extent to which mechanical engineering has advanced as a pro- fession, and as a learned profession, since its first establishment, dis- tinct from civil engineering, only twenty-five years ago, will be seen on examining the following table, which table was compiled for the year 1892. ' GRADUATES OF PROFESSIONAL M. E. SCHOOLS, JUNE, 1893. 1 school (Sibley Coll., Coruell) had 79 graduates." 1 " (Mass. Inst. Tech.) had 61 1 " (Yale, Sheffield S. S.) had _ 49 1 " (Stevens Inst. Tech.) had 39 1 " (Rose Polyt. Inst.) had. __ __ 23 1 " (Wore. Polyt. Inst.) had _. 33 Total of 6 schools (average 45J each) 273 2 had 20 graduates each 40 1 had 19 graduates _._ U) 1 had 17 graduates _. 17 Total of 10 largest schools _ 349 ' By Mr. A. M. Wellington. ' The reported number is less than the actual, which was 90 in 1892, and, including students taking second degrees, 107 in 1893. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 051 The magnitude of the outfit required by the technical school of higher grade is not always realized, even by the educator engaged in this depart- ment of education. The following is collated from the reports and inven- tories of the schools of applied science of Cornell University, and shows that over $300,000 have been expended by the university or given by its friends for its apparatus of instruction ; and it is desirable that it should be increased to meet the needs of the increasing number of students. It is, of course, true that this equipment is useful in the university instruction of the students in the "general courses;" but the students in the engineering schools are those who mainly crowd the laboratories of pure, as well as of applied, science, and compel the collection of such immense aggregations of machinery and apparatus. The figures here given are growing at the rate of from f 35, 000 to $50,000 annually. Technical library, drawings, etc. . . .' $19,000 Collections, models, etc 61,000 Surveying instruments 30,000 Chemical laboratory appliances _ 17,000 Physical " " 43,000 Mechanical " " 54,000 Steam-power plant 31,000 Electrical plant 31,000 Workshop appliances _ 29,000 Astronomical appliances 13,000 $328,000 Should the proposed new graduate and undergraduate schools of mining, of railway work, of textiles, and of other branches of engineer- ing be founded, not less than an average of $25,000 each will be demanded for a beginning of their collections, and the amount here given will rise to $400,000, or possibly to even $500,000, if buildings of even an inexpensive character are included. In the above instance, as in most others in the United States, the collections are made mainly by private contributions, not by puixhase by either State or college. The character of the equipment, as well as its extent, in a large technical college of the first rank, may be exhibited, perhaps, by the following inventory of the outfit of the mechanical engineering depart- ments alone: ' ' The two main buildings are each one hundred and sixty feet long, fifty feet in width, and three stories in height. The workshops consist of a machine shop, a foundry, a blacksmith shop, and a wood-working shop. The forge and the foundry are in a single detached building. 652 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Besides these, there is a building one hundred and fifty feet by forty, and two stories in height, occupied by the laboratories of experimental engineering. At the bottom of an adjacent gorge are the turbines which supply the power required for driving the machinery of the college, and the electric apparatus for lighting the campus and the buildings. The large engine and dynamo room, containing all the engines and dynamos employed in lightfng the university, is adjacent to the shops, and beside the boiler-room in which are placed the boilers. "The two principal rooms on the first floor of the main building are devoted to the purposes of a museum of illustrative apparatus, machinery, products of manufacturing, and collections exhibiting pro- cesses and methods, new inventions, forms of motors, and other collections of value in the courses of technical instruction. Here are placed a full Reuleaux collection of models of kinematic movements. Beside these are the Schroeder and other models, exhibiting parts of machinery, the construction of steam engines and other machines. In the museum are placed a large number of samples of machines con- structed to illustrate special forms and methods of manufacture: Many machines and tools have been made in the shops. The lecture rooms are each supplied with a collection of materials, drawings, models and machines, especially adapted to the wants of the lecturer. The course of instruction is illustrated by a collection of Steam-engines, gas and vapor engines, water-wheels and other motors, models and drawings of every standard or historical form of prime mover, of parts of machines, and of completed machinery. "The collections of the department of drawing also include a large variety of studies of natural and conventional forms, shaded and in outline, geometrical models, casts and illustrations of historical ornament. " The workshops are supplied with machine-tools, including lathes, and hand and bench tools sufficient to meet the wants of two hundred students of the first year, in wood-working; in the foundry and forge, all needed tools for a class of one hundred and fifty in the second year ; in the machine shop, machine tools from the best builders, and a great variety of special and hand tools, which are sufficient for a class of one hundred and fifty in the third year, and a hundred and twenty-five seniors and graduate students. "The department of experimental engineering possesses experimental engines and boilers, and other heat motors, such as air and gas engines, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 053 and is well supplied with testing machines in great number and variety, as well as the apparatus required, as indicators, dynamometers, etc., for determining the efficiency of engines. " The mechanical laboratories constitute the department of demon- stration and experimental research, in which not only instruction but investigation is conducted. They arc principally located in an annex to the college main building, and occupy its entire space. They are supplied with the apparatus for experimental work in the determination of power and etlficiency of motors, and of the turbines driving the machinery of the establishment; with the boiler- testing plant and instruments; and with many machines, of the various standard types, for testing the strength of metals, including one each of the common type, of 50,100, and 150 tons capacity, and one Emery te.sting machine; all of great accuracy and delicacy. Numerous steam engines and boilers, air and gas engines, several kinds of dynamometers, lubricant- testing machines, standard pressure-gauges and a large collection of steam-engine indicators and other apparatus and instruments of pre- cision employed by the engineer in such researches as he is called upon to make, are collected here. "Apparatus is provided for delicate testing, for the exact study and determination of alternate current energy, for conductivity and insu- lation tests, and for the determination of the properties of the magnetic materials. Means for making quantitative measurements are supplied through a well-equipped photometer room for the photometry of arc and incandescent lamps; several Brackett 'cradle' dynamometers for efficiency tests of dynamos and motors; a rheostat of German silver wire, for a working resistance, with a capacity ranging from twenty- two hundred ohms and four amperes, to four-tenths of an ohm and three hundred amperes." The mechanical laboratory, the department of research of the modern American engineering school, has come to be so important and essential a division of the most successful schools and colleges of engineering that an article should be specially devoted to this subject. Although not recent in origin or absolutely modern in form and purpose, it is only within a comparatively short time, that it has taken its proper place ill the organization of these schools and commenced that work which has come, to-day, to be recognized by engineers and educators alike to be the most fruitful of result, the most beneficial to the student, and the most productive of both knowledge and discipline, of all the 654 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. methods of instruction and of study and practice forming parts of the contemporary scheme of professional engineering instruction. The Sibley College laboratory of mechanical engineering was organ- ized by Dr. Thurston in 1885, on first assuming the duties of director of Sibley College. Improvements in the plant were made from time to time, and in 1890 the laboratory was organized as one of the departments of the college. The time devoted by the students to laboratory work was then very much increased, and a large sum of money was devoted to the improvement of the equipment. In this laboratory are included special laboratories for the investiga- tion of the following subjects: Strength of materials; hydraulics and hydraulic motors; friction and lubrification ; transmission of power, dynamometers; steam engines, hot-air and gas engines; air-compressing machinery, rock drills; heating and ventilating machinery; elevators and mining machinery. While these laboratories are largely devoted to investigation and research, they are also of great value educationally, as they afford the best possible opportunity of illustrating and applying the principles advanced in the class room. They thus tend to fix in mind and show the application of what woxild otherwise be regarded by the student as abstract and without practical value. The laboratories also give valuable instruction regarding methods of- testing, and serve to train skilled observers for accurate investigation later. Incidentally they afford students an opportunity, and about the only opportunity they can obtain, for practically handling and directing the operations of variotis machines or engines, and such knowledge is of great service in after-life. The investigations which can be carried on in such a labora- tory may be as varied in character as the scope of the course or extent of the equipment will permit, and are not likely to be limited by an)'' consideration of the course of instruction laid down in the catalogue. The laboratory is equipped for commercial testing as well as for educational purposes. While commercial testing is primarily of value only to the persons for whom the test is made, incidentally it is found of great value educationally, as giving variety to the laboratory inves- tigation, and showing the practical nature and the usefulness of experi- mental work. Such income as may be obtained from that work is largely or entirely devoted to extending the laboratory plant, or in scientific research. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 65J The laboratory for strength of materials has in its equipment one Emery testing machine of 300,000 pounds capacity, of especially fine workmanship, and one of 60,000 pounds from the Yale & Towne Co., especially constructed for the purpose of standardizing Emery machines. The hydraulic laboratory is equipped with stationary and portable weirs, nozzles, and Venturi tubes, by means of which the ilow of water can be measured. The hydraulic machines to which the students have access for experimental purposes consist of several small water motors, centrifugal and rotary pumps, and hydraulic ram, in rooms of the laboratory, and in addition they have access to the hydraulic machinery used for power purposes and for the water works. The laboratory for the measurement of friction is equipped with four of Thurston's machines for the determination of the coefficient of friction, and one of Bouldt's oil-testing machines for cylinder oils, and apparatus for the measurements of the viscosity, chilling points, and flashing points of various oils. The laboratory for the measurement of transmitted power is supplied with several dynamometers, having a capacity ranging from one-half to ] 00 horse power each. For experiments with compressed air the laboratory is supplied with two air compressors, a Westinghouse air brake outfit, and a rock drill. With heating and ventilating apparatus a number of experiinents have been made, but no systematic course has been laid out. The laboratory of steam engineering is the most important in princi- l?al use, from its relation to the motive power. This is located in two rooms remote from the principal laboratory building, but adjacent to the boiler plant which supplies the university with both heat and power. The "experimental engine" is a triple-expansion engine with Corliss valve gear. The engine will give about 200 horse power and is so arranged that it can be run as a simple engine, as triple -expansion or compound, condensing or non-condensing, with or without steam jackets as required. The engine occupies with its accessories a floor space of 36 by 40 feet. It is this latest field of engineering work which is to be occupied by the graduates of Sibley College and its rivals throughout the world. The course of instruction commences where the high school instruction in the higher mathematics and in the physical sciences ends, and col- lege work in those subjects begins. It includes so much of the most advanced mathematics, and of physics and chemistry, as are required 650 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. for application in professional practice, and adds to these the purely professional instruction which constitutes the formal part of the work of training- the j'^oung engineer for entrance upon the duties of his chosen vocation. Meantime, also, the several mechanic arts are taught to the young engineer as systematically and completely as is possible in the small amount of time available in the midst of his studies. He learns the art of woodworking by a series of graded and carefully planned exercises, each leading from a simpler and easier to a more in- tricate and difficult problem in the use of the tools of his trade, and, in a marvelously short time, becomes, if he has the genius for it (withoxit which he should never enter an engineering school), a good carJDenter and patternmaker. He enters the foundry or the blacksmith shop in his second year, and learns there the best methods of molding, or of black - smithing and toolmaking, and leaves with two additional trades more or less completely at his command. In many cases, very admirable, often beautiful, work is performed by these novices after a wonderfully short period of practice. Leaviiig the blacksmith shop and the foun- dry, the student concludes his course of trade instruction in the ma- chine shop, where he is given, first, as in the other .trades, a series of graded exercises, which gradually lead up to the most difficult and ex- acting tests of skill known to the skilled mechanic, and, once con- quered, the young man is able to use any tool, and with it do any ap- propriate work. He is then allowed to test his powers in the construc- tion of steam engines, lathes, and other machine tools, and on impor- tant work of construction of all kinds. Meantime, and throughout the whole four years of his college course, he receives an uninterrupted line of instruction and practice in the draughting room, and learns there to employ freehand drawing in making the sketches from which he is taught to make later finished drawings. He is also, at the same time, and in parallel courses of lectui-es and text-book work, instructed in the principles of the resistance of materials, and their application in the proportioning of parts and of completed machines, in such a manner that he can, if he makes the most of his opportunities, easily and correctly plan any form of machine, the purpose of which is pre- scribed. The student in Sibley College is thus made competent to earn a living at any one of five different trades, and is given a professional, scientific, and practical education. At the same time he is prepared to enter upon the practice of one of the most lucrative of professions, and to direct intelligently every operation which is involved in the car- rying out of his plans. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. G5'. Sibley College lias for its main purpose the education of young men in the scientific branches, upon which the constructive professions, and especially that of mechanical engineering in all its many departments, are based. Engineering, as a profession, has for its field of action the construction of all forms of structures and machiner}^, and is divided, as it becomes more and more specialized, into many departments. A century ago, engineers like Smeaton, Telford, and their contempo- raries, were expected to be prepared to give advice in all engineering lines, to make designs, to supervise the construction of docks and ca- nals, of steam engines and factories alike, and to have perfect familiar- ity with all their details. In the early part of the century the builder of public works, of the ■ recently instituted railways, and of roads and bridges, found it im- possible to keep himself informed of the progress of the mechanic arts which had then, through the genius of Watt and others, com- menced a wonderful development, and the civil engineer surrendered all the work of the construction of machinery to the mechanical en- gineer, retaining only stationary structures not architectural. In these later days the mechanical engineer finds the same process of specializa- tion and of differentiation going on which divide his work into marine, railway, locomotive, electrical and mill engineering, the construction of textile machinery, and possibly still others ; all of which are simply subdivisions of the larger half of the profession of engineering. Speqialization is to some extent practicable, even in the regular course ; and the student proposing to enter upon the work of electrical distribution of light or of power, if well prepared in the earlier por- tion of the work in Sibley College, may, in the latter part of the four years' course, give special attention to this attractive subject. Fully one-half of all the students who enter the college make this division in their final work. The student may also, if fully prepared, stud)' ma- rine engineering and naval architecture. A graduate school in this de- partment was established in Sibley College, by authority of the trus- tees, in 1890, and it has accomplished excellent work. Those who de- sire special instruction in locomotive construction, find the department of industrial drawing prepared to give instruction in this line of de- sign. Other departments of engineering are expected to be opened as opportunity offers, and capital — the primary essential of all progress in the schools as well as in business — can be secured. In all special, as well as in regular instruction, the student comes to his work well 83 058 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. preparer! in mathematics, in applied mechanics, and in the physical sciences, which have been investigated with the aid of higher mathe- matics. Extended instruction is given in the principles of machine designing, and in proportioning the parts of machinery; in the princi- ples and practice of metallurgy, and in the study of the nature, the characteristics, and the uses of the various materials of engineering construction; in kinematics, the science of motion in machines, and in the study of the history, the present standard forms and the principles of economical design, construction, and operation of the most impor- tant representative classes of machinery. The student who graduates with five trades at his command, and his scientific education, with such extended practical applications, if he has the right spirit and even but moderate talent in his chosen field, is evidently fairly independent of the world. Hundreds of young men have graduated from Sibley College in the few years of its work in this highest field, doubly and triply armored against the vicissitudes of life, and prepared to conquer the highest success in their chosen vocation. They have already taken possession of their full share of the most desirable positions in the engineering profession, and of the great work in progress throughout the country. They fill professor's chairs in almost all the most important engineer- ing schools and colleges of the country, and are introducing every- where methods of practical instruction which first received form in Sib- ley College. The professors of engineering of other institutions also come to Sibley College, in considerable numbers, to learn there, by practice, the best laboratory methods and the best methods of fitting lip their own departments for similar work. Sibley College is thus do- ing its work within its own walls and outside them, in the instruction of large bodies of students of all departments of engineering, in train- ing teachers of engineering, and in its gift to the world of the results of its own experience. Its departments of research are training numer- ous talented men in the methods of experimental investigation, and its professors and their pupils in the graduate department — sometimes even in the undergraduate — are continually giving to the profession and to the world new and valuable contributions to existing knowledge in the fields of pure and applied science, and in the as yet nnconquered fields of the inventor, the mechanic, and the engineer. These contri- butions are published in the Sibley Journal of Engineering, a monthly magazine of high character, conducted by a board of editors elected CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 0o9 by the student-body from among themselves, with an advisory board selected from the faculty. These are also issued, often in elaborate form, in the transactions of learned societies, of which many of the faculty are members, and to whose proceedings they are frequent con- tributors, as well as to scientific and technical journals on both sides the Atlantic. Sibley College has thus become the largest department of the Cornell University, and aims to fulfill its prescribed mission so as to promote the best interests of the engineering profession, and con- tribute to the advance of science throughout the world. The officers of Sibley College are: Dr. R. H. Thurston, director; Professor W. R. Durand, principal of the graduate school of marine engineering; Professor J. L. Morris, head of the department of me- chanic arts; Professor R. C. Carpenter, head of the department of ex- perimental engineering; Professor H. J. Ryan, head of the department of electrical engineering; Professor E. C. Cleaves, head of the depart- ment of drawing; and Professor J. H. Barr, head of the department of machine design, and associated with the director, who is also pro- fessor of mechanical engineering, also a large body of assistants and instructors of various grades. XX PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. Early in the history of the university, propositions were made for the establishment of professional schools. At the fourth meeting of the Board of Trustees, held in Ithaca, October 31, 1866, a communication was presented from certain prominent physicians in New York propos- ing the organization of a medical department of the university, to be located in that city. This application was referred to a committee of the trustees to examine and report. This report was presented on the 13th of February, 1867. The committee decided that the establishment of a medical department in Ithaca was not at that time desirable, on account of the impossibility of combining theoretical and clinical in- struction successfully. The committee were, however, of the opinion that a medical school should be established in connection with the uni- versity, and that its location should be in the city of New York. As 660 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the gentlemen who presented this application were members of the homeopathic school, the question of the recognition of a body differing in theory from the regular school of medical science had to be con- sidered. It was recognized that in the essential features, the science of medicine as taught in the two schools was alike, viz., in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, surgery, toxicology and materia medica, but that in the department of therapeutics there was an essential differ- ence. In view of the fact that schools of medicine representing the established practice were attached to several existing colleges, the com- mittee felt that the science of medicine as represented by the homeo- pathic school should receive favorable consideration. It was proposed, therefore, that the board should accept the proposition of the phy- sicians who had presented the memorial, and that details of the ar- rangement of the proposed school should be referred to a committee, who should be empowered to confer with the applicants upon the fol- lowing basis: First, that the professors of the medical school should be appointed by the trustees on the recommendation and nomination of the New York State Homeopathic Medical Society,, it being under- stood that the trustees would not withhold their assent from any nomi- nation upon any other grounds than want of high professional stand- ing, or of personal character in the nominee. The university reserved the right, in order to avoid any charge of partiality to either school, to appoint in the proposed school professors of allopathic and eclectic thei-apeutics, whenever they should think proper to do so, who should enjoy all privileges of the regular professor of therapeutics, or to es- tablish a department under the charge of allopathic professors. Students graduating should receive their degree without any reference to the school in which they desired to practice. The university reserved the right to impart instruction in medicine at Ithaca to any degree, and in any manner thought advisable, and the university was not to be re- sponsible for the financial support of the proposed school. At the same meeting, a memorial was presented from a committee of the Congregational State Association, consisting of the Rev. Drs. J. Douglas and Joseph Thompson, of New York, and W. A. Budington, of Brooklyn, acting in behalf of the association, which asked the board to approve a plan to endow certain professorships, which could not be deemed denominational. It was proposed to establish a theological seminary in connection with the miiversity. Halls or colleges for theological study have been established in connection with the univer- CORNELL UNIVERSITY. G61 sity of Oxford, like Mansfield Colleg;e and with Harvard University, which, in addition to the Harvard Divinity School, containing profes- sorships filled by eminent scholars of various denominations, has, in its immediate vicinity, the Episcopal Theological School, to whose students certain privileges of attendance at lectures and in the use of the univer- sity library are extended. The attitude of the governing boards at Harvard has always been favorable to the establishment of such schools in its vicinity. These separate colleges constitute together one center of learning. Presi:leut Eliot has sought with wise liberality to enlarge the Harvard Divinity School, so that it shall represent in its broadest sense the scientific study of Oriental languages, ecclesiastical history and theology. The report of the committee of the trustees of Cornell University, held that it would be inexpedient to furnish facilities for the use of lecture room.';, or dormitory accommodations for any such school. They were willing that such a seminary should be established in Ithaca, and would welcome similar institutions by other denomina- tions. They placed on record the statement that, "we value any in- stitution which will bring earnest men of scholarship and culture near to the university. They, therefore, recommend that university statutes be passed, admitting theological students to the lecture rooms and libraries on the same easy terms required of resident graduates of the university itself ; and secondly, that every privilege of the university regarding lectures or librar)' be extended to the faculty of any theo- logical institution established in Ithaca, which is extended to the faculty of the university." Difficulties seem to have arisen in the execution of both these plans. In March, 1873, an additional effort was made by the physicians in New York to secure the establishment of a medical school in that city, constituting a part of this university. It was be- lieved by those who presented the memorial, that a sufficient sum would be immediately available, to erect a building and supply its equipment, and also that a faculty of great eminence could be at once secured. This application, as presented, does not seem to have been considered favorably. The school, as proposed, was to contain lecturei's repre- senting varioiis theories, or views of medical science. It was believed that, the inability of the university to provide certain important chairs of instruction, made it inexpedient to attempt to found a medical school at a distance, whose administration would necessarily present difficul- ties, and possibly complications. A third effort to establish a medical department in connection with the university was made in 1887, when Gfi2 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. at the meeting of the trustees of June 6, a committee was appointed to consider the desirability of taking preliminary measures for the es- tablishment of a medical department, either independently, or by ar- rangement with some existing institution. Certain propositions had been presented by those interested in the Graduate School of Medicine in New York, looking to its incorporation as a part of the universit)^ The question of constituting Bellevuc Medical C(jllegc a part of tlie university was agitated, and a committee appointed to consider the sub- ject, February 33, 1893. No final agreement was reached in the case of either of these applications. For many years there has existed in connection with this university, what has been termed a medical prepar- atory course, which, under the efficient direction of Dr. Wilder, imparted valuable instruction in comparative and human anatomy and phys- iology, also in microscopy and biology. Many graduates of this school have attained the highest eminence in their profession In a single year four pupils received the highest recognition of scholarship, upon graduating from as many different medical schools. The subject of es- tablishing a medical school in connection with the university in Ithaca has appealed strongly to the trustees. They have recognized the necessity of securing in advance an adequate endowment for its sup- port, as well as the establishment of hospitals or wards in the vicinity of the university, which should afford the necessary clinical and hospital practice. The establishment of such a school must be regarded as an event of a not remote future. On the 7th of March, 1887, the trustees decided to establish a school of pharmacy, to be open for the admission of students at the beginning of the fall term of that year. It was proposed to found a course of study ijf equal rank in point of thoroughness and scientific character with the coui'ses in the university, and that the training given should be adequate to prepare students for positions of responsibility as dis- pensing or manufacturing chemists. The law establishing a State Board of Pharmacy, which should license all druggists, was designed to advance the standing of that profession, and it was thought that stu- dents in large numbers would be induced to prepare themselves for pharmaceutical chemists, for which the existing courses in chemistry, botany and microscopical technology, offered special inducements. Mr. William Angell Viall was appointed instructor, and later assistant pro- fessor of practical pharmacy and lecturer on materia medica. The hopes of attracting large numbers of students to the school were not CORNELL UNlVliKSITY. GG3 realized, and the department was formally abolished on September 24, 1890, LAW SCHOOL. Attention was also early called to the expediency of establishing a law department in connection with the university. The courses in history and political science, in constitutional and international law, and in the history of institutions already fiirnished instruction in depart- ments closely related to the curriculum of a law school. Many students who contemplated professional studies desired the facilities for pursuing them here. Articles appeared in the college press in favor of such an institution long before its realization seemed possible, President Adams, in his first report, recommended to the trustees for favorable consider- ation, the establishment of a law department to be opened in the autumn of 1887. At the meeting of the trustees, held November 20, 1885, a committee was appointed to consider and report on the practi- cability and expediency of the early establishment of a law department in this university, such report to include the whole subject of the plan of organization. This committee consisted of President Adams, Messrs. Boardman, Gluek, Williams and Woodford. This committee presented a careful report upon the questions involved in the establishment of such a school, at the meeting of the trustees held June 16, 1880, which report was accepted and its recommendation unanimously adopted. The importance of a thorough legal training was considered, and it was held that the provision for legal education already existing was not ample, and that in many cases, where schools existed, they were private enterprises without endowment, in which instruction was often not of that character which was demanded by the present state of legal science. It was held that the University was favorably situated for a law school, and that such a school might be established in accordance with the letter and .spirit of the charter. The original Land Grant Act stated that its purpose was to promote ^'' tlic liberal and practical education " of the industrial cla.sses in the several pursuits and professions of life. The proper equipment, and the additional demands which would be made upon the university in founding a law school, were considered and its establishment was at once recommended. The plan of the pro- posed law school was issued and the beginning of the school was fixed for September 23, 1887. The Honorable Douglass Boardman, whose extended experience upon the bench made his counsel of great value, 664 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. was elected dean, and Professor Harry B. Hutchins of the Law School of Michigan University, secretary, upon whom the executive adminis- tration of the school has devolved. As a preliminary step in the equipment of the school, the university purchased the valuable law library of Mr. Merritt King, consisting of 4,001 volumes. The opening of the school justified at once the confident hopes of its founders. The first year there were fifty-five students; in two years the numbers reached 105, and at the present time there are about 300 students. An important addition to the library of the school was made by the gift of the Moak law library which was presented to the university for the use of the school, as a memorial of its first dean. Judge Douglass Board- man, by his widow, Mrs. A. M. Boardman, and his daughter, Mrs. Ellen D. Williams. In presenting this library to the university, the Honor- able Francis M, Finch stated: " Even beyond the value of the gift, is the grace of it, for it came with the cheerful and happy freedom which waited for none to persuade, and sought only the assurance that the gift was worthy of the purpose from which it sprang. It is hardly possible to overestimate its value. I know of but one or two collec- tions in the land which are as perfect and complete. Beginning back in the shadows of the early centuries when Bracton, whose true name is in dispute, and Fleta, by an author unknown, set growing in the bark and sap of the Saxon branches innumerable grafts from the older Roinan law, arid with the quaint and curious year-books couched in their bar- barous Latin and primitive Norman French, the series of English reports comes down without a break to the present day. The State Trials beginning in 11G3 with the arraignment of Becket, that Arch- bishop of Canterbury who ventured to question the religious suprem- acy of a not over-religious king, and passing on to their tragic and terrible stories of the blood through which liberty and justice waded to the shores of a higher civilization, the chancery volumes along the lines of which one can trace the growing strength and courage with which equity tempered the severities of the law, the colonial reports reflecting the thoughts of the motherland, but coloring all with the necessities of climate and situation, and changes born of Canadian snows, the Aus- tralian bush and the customs of many islands, all these are here in orderly rank and array and none are wanting at the call of the muster roll ; and with them are massed the reports of that newer and younger life in our own land, gathered from every State in the Union omitting none, not one . . . And with all these which garner up the whole CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 665 legal knowledge and wisdom of the English speaking race, are com- mentaries and text books without number, discussing all phases of jurisprudence and all forms of adjudication, so that it may be truth- fully said of the gift which these ladies make to you to-day, that no authority will ever be cited, no case will ever be referred to, no existing doctrine will ever be asserted, which cannot at once be verified in the library thus added to your treasures." The Law School was first accommodated in the rooms on the fourth floor of Morrill Hall, but aside from the inconvenience and the difficulty of access to these rooms, they only partially met the needs of the school. In February, 1891, the trustees made a liberal appropriation for the erection of a special building for the school, which was completed in the summer of 1892. It is a large three-story structure of Cleveland stone, having the general architectural features of the Sage Library, and is practically fire-proof. On the first floor are three large lecture rooms and the necessary halls and cloak rooms. Seminary rooms and the offices of the several resident professors occupy the second floor, while the third is devoted to library purposes. Here are three large, well lighted and elegantly furnished library rooms, which have accom- modations for thirty thousand volumes, and for three hundred readers. The building is heated by steam and lighted by electricity, and is thoroughly well ventilated. The erection and furnishing of the build- ing, cost $110,000. At a meeting of the trustees held on September 14, 1892, it was resolved unanimously that, in view of the long and valuable services of the late Judge Douglass Boardman as a member of their body, and of his official connection with the School of Law, the home of the school should be designated as Boardman Hall. The library of the school contains 23,000 volumes. The building was first occupied for the purposes of a school at the opening of the fall term of 1892, and was formally dedicated and named on the 14th of February, 1893, with addresses by the Hon. Francis M. Finch, who presented the MoakLaw Library in behalf of the donors, and President Schurman accepting the gift, and by the Hon. Chas. Andrews, chief judge of New York Court of Appeals. The able address by Judge Andrews traced the history of legal study in the formation of the Constitution of the United States and of the separate States, and described the increasing demands which the future would make in settling problems which affect the rights of the people, and social order. 84 666 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. The faculty of the Law School first appointed, consisted of the Hon. Douglass Boardman, dean. Judge Boardman had served on the Board of Trustees, first as alumni trustee from 1875-1885, and from that date as a regular trustee, elected by the board. He had served on the bench of the Supreme Covirt from 1866-1881, a portion of the time as a member of the General Term, when he voluntarily retired, bearing with him the respect of his colleagues on the bench and the members of the bar. He was an upright and indvistrious judge, who, while possessing positive views, was courteous and tolerant, while maintaining the dignity of his judicial office. The associate dean of the school. Professor Harry B. Hutchins, a graduate of the University of Michigan, and afterward Jay professor of law in that institution. He lectures on American constitutional law, the law of real property, common law pleading and practice, equity-jurisprudence and equity-pleading and procedure. The Hon. Charles A. Collin graduated at Yale in 18G6, and was later city attorney in Elmira. For several years Professor Collin has been one of the commissioners on statutory revision, where his work has been recognized as of the highest value to the State, and also legal adviser of the governor to report upon the constitutional and legal character of bills submitted for approval. He has also devoted much attention to sociology and to the amelioration of the condition of the dependent and criminal classes. He lectures in the Law School upon elementary law, criminal law and procedure, civil procedure under the codes, private and municipal corporations, and partnership. Professor Francis M. Burdick, now of the Columbia Law School, came from Hamilton College, where he held a similar position. His instruction embraced elementary law, contracts including agency, evi- dence, bailments, mercantile law including bills, partnership, sales, suretyship, and Roman law. Upon Professor Burdick's resignation in 1891, his position was filled with brilliant ability by Professor Charles E. Hughes, who resigned after two years' service, and was succeeded by Professor Ernest Wilson Huffcut, a graduate of the university in the class of 1884, and at the Law School in 1888, who had filled the position of instructor in English, from 1885-88, and had later, after a period of practice at the bar, held a professorship of law in the University of Indiana, and in the Law School of the Northwestern University in Chicago. Professor Huff cut's instruction embraces the subjects for- merly taught by Professor Burdick, with the exception of elementary law, bailments_and partnership. CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 0C7 William A. Finch, esq., of the class of 1880, has been assistant- professor (1891-2) and later associate professor in the Law School. He lectures upon wills and administration, evidence, chattel mortgages, domestic relations, bailments and insurance. Professor Herbert Tuttle, L.H.D., lectures upon English constitutional history (1887-94), and Professor Moses Coit Tyler, LL.D., has lectured upon American con- stitutional history since the opening of the school. Notable lectures before the school have been delivered by the Hon. Francis M. Finch, LL.D., of the Court of Appeals, on the Statute of Frauds and Fraudulent Conveyances; by the Hon. Daniel H. Chamber- lain on Constitutional Law; by the Hon. Alfred C. Coxe of the United States District Court on Admirality ; by the Hon. Orlow W. Chapman on the Law of Life Insurance; by the Hon. Goodwin Brown on the Law of Extradition, and others. XXI. THE QUARTER-CENTENNIAL. At the meeting of the trustees of June 15, 1893, a committee was appointed to arrange for the appropriate observance of the twenty- fifth anniversary of the organization of Cornell Uuiversity. It was decided to arrange for the celebration of the opening of the university on October 6, 7 and 8, 1893. Such an occasion afforded an opportunity to review the history, and to estimate the influence of the university as an educational force in the nation, in the twenty-five years of its exist- ence, and for a reunion of former students and friends, who were present in large numbers. The exercises began on Friday evening, October the sixth, with a reception in the University Library, at which delegates from other universities, and invited guests were present. Among the attractions of the library many recent additions were exhibited, among them the Zarncke library, previously one of the finest collections for the study of German literature and philology among the private libraries of Germany, which had been recently presented to the university by Mr. William H. Sage; a rare Dante collection from Pro- fessor Willard Fiske : several richly illustrated volumes upon events in Russian history, from the Hon. Andrew D. White, minister to Russia ; two portraits by the artist, Mr. J. Colin Forbes, one of the Hon. Ezra Cornell, painted in accordance with a resolution of the Legislature of 668 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the State of New York, for the State Library in Albany, and a replica of a foot-length portrait of Mr. Gladstone, painted for the Liberal Club in London. The literary exercises in connection with this event were held on Saturday, October 7, in the lecture room of the library. The oration upon this occasion was delivered by the Honorable Chauncey M. Depew. The address which the eloquent orator delivered upon this occasion was perhaps one of the most notable of his life; it glowed with the emotion which such an academic occasion suggests, and with the spirit of a scholar who is permeated with the thought of the glory of the history of universities in the past, and of their place in the world's progress, and who, at the same time, is full of memories of academic life which are at once tender and ennobling. The occasion, aside from politics and the fever of political life, was worthy of a celebration commemorating a university which has been representa- tive in the history of the new learning. At the same time it was a glorious prophecy of the future, and of the influence which the university should exert in the coming educational life of the nation. Seldom, possibly never, has the province of the university been por- trayed with more eloquence and beauty than was done by Mr. Depew on this occasion. One of the noblest passages of the address was, as was proper, a tribute to the memory of the founder, with whom Mr. Depew has been personally associated : The life of Ezra Cornell is a lesson and an inspiration. The study of his strug- gles and success is a liberal education. Our meeting would lose much of its signifi- cance if it failed to enforce the lesson of the career and commemorate the character of the founder, Sixty-five years ago young Cornell, who had just attaiued his ma- jority and started out to seek his fortune, after a walk of forty miles rested upon one of the hills overlooking this beautiful lake. This reticent Quaker was passionately fond of nature, and he was entranced by the superb panorama spread out before him. Few places on earth possess so many scenic attractions. The only view I know which compares with this, is the view from the Acropolis, at Athens, with the plain in front, the Pentelic mountains behind, and the blue ..^Egean in the distance. The young mechanic had neither friends nor acquaintances in the village which nestled at his feet, and his worldly possessions were all in a little bundle on the end of the stick which served for staff and baggage-wagon. He had no money, and only a spare suit of clothes ; but with health, good habits, ambition, industry, and a perfect knowledge of what he intended to do, and an equal determination to do it, he entered Ithaca a conqueror. No delegation of citizens met him at the gates; no triumphal procession bore him in a chariot ; no arches spanned the streets ; but the man who was to make this then secluded hamlet known throughout the world had done for Ithaca the greatest service it could receive by deciding to become its citizen. Though poor, he was far removed from poverty. His situation illustrates one of the hopeful features of American conditions. Neither doubt nor despair was in his CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 669 mind. He had found his place and he knew he could improve it. He saw his ladder and began to chmb it. It is the genius of our people to get on, and it is the pleasure of the community to help and applaud. Occasional failures test the metal of the as- pirant, and hard knocks develop grip or gelatin. There are, unhappily, suffering and helplessness incident to the practical workings of the doctrine of the survival of the fittest, but vigor and manhood win their rewards. Faith and works were the principles of Ezra Cornell, and the carpenter's bench a platform and preparation for larger efforts. . . As a carpenter he improved the methods of his village master; as a mechanic he devised machines which overcame unexpected difficulties; as an unprejudiced, practical man, he became familiar with the uses of electricity while the professor was still lecturing upon its dangers. The inventor needed an undaunted and indomitable man of affairs to demonstrate to capitalists its possibilities and to the public its beneficence, and he found him in Ezra Cornell, who saw its future, and upon his judgment staked the accumulations of his life and the almost superhuman labors of a decade. He owned electric shares of the face value of millions and went hungry to bed because he had not the means, to pay for a meal, and his family .suffered because they could not be trusted for a barrel of flour. But neither want, nor debt, nor the sheriff', could wrest from him his telegraph stock. I know of no more dramatic scene in the lives of any of our successful men than the spectacle of this potential millionaire tramping through the highways and byways of penury, suffering, and sickness, upheld by his sublime faith in his work and the certainty of its recognition. Suddenly the dark- ness was dispelled and the day dawned. People woke up to the necessity of the tel- egraph for the government and for commerce, and Cornell's faith had coined for him a fortune. . . . A most noble and brilliant representative of this class was the founder of this university. Prosperity made him neitlier an idler nor a voluptuary. It added fresh vigor to his work, enlarged his vision and broadened his sympathies. No mawkish sentimentality nor theatrical surprises were in his character. He deter- mined to devote a portion of his fortune to the welfare of his countrymen and coun- trywomen, and decided that the best way was to give them the education and train- ing with which to help themselves. He had the self-rriade man's belief that a suc- cessful career is possible to every one who tries, but he knew from sore experience how difficult is progress for the poorly equipped in the sharp competition of life. He did not give up money-making. On the contrary, the more beneficent the purpose to which he found it could be applied, the harder he worked to gain more. His was the ideal of the divine injunction to be "diligent in business, serving the Lord." It was my privilege as a young man, and the youngest member of the Legislature, to sit beside Ezra Cornell. I learned to love and revere him. " In those days, so full of the strife and passions of the civil war, it was a wonder and inspiration to listen to the peaceful plans of this practical philanthropist for the benefit of his fellow men. The times were big with gigantic schemes for the acquisition of sudden fortunes, and his colleagues could not understand this most earnest and unselfish worker. To most of them he was a schemer whose purposes they could not fathom, and to the ' rest of us he seemed a dreamer whose visions would never materialize. These doubters of a quarter of a century ago esteem it a high privilege to stand in this 670 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. presence, and an honor to have the opportunity to contribute a chaplet to the wreaths which crown the statue of Ezra Cornell. Other addresses were delivered by the Hon. Stewart L. Woodford, LL.D., who, as lieutenant-governor, had responded on behalf of the State at the opening of the university; by. Chancellor Upson of the University of the State of New York; by Professor G. C. Caldwell in behalf of the original faculty; and by the Hon. Joseph C. Hendrix, member of Congress from Brooklyn, one of the early students. An interesting feature of the occasion was the presentation to Dr. Burt G. Wildes, by Dr. Theobald Smith, of a Festschrift, a volume containing contributions in science from his former pupils, designed to express their gratitude for his instruction and services to the cause of science; also of a manuscript history of the university, prepared by Professor Ernest W. Huffcut. General regret was felt that President Cleveland, who, as governor, and at other times, has always manifested his interest in the imiversity, was unable to be present, owing to the demand of important legislation in Congress. At the dinner which followed congratulations were received from ex- President White in St. Petersburg, to which a grateful response was sent, from General Meredith Read in Paris, the only survivor of the ten trustees named in the charter of the university; and a letter was read from Professor Goldwin Smith in Toronto, who regretted his inability to be present. Speeches were made in behalf of the trustees by the Hon. S. D. Halliday; the faculty, by Professor Crane; the Common- wealth, by the Hon. Chauncey M. Depew; sister institutions of the east, by President Seth Low of Columbia College; the earlier students, by Hon. Joseph C. Hendrix; theosophy and education, by General A. C. Barnes; practical education, by Andrew Carnegie ; sister institutions of the west, by President Cyrus Northrup of the University of Minnesota; the university and the press, by St. Clair McKelway; the education of women, by President James M. Taylor of Vassar College; the college graduate and the men of affairs, by Hon. Oscar A. Straus, late United States minister to Turkey ; the later alumni, by Seward A. Simons, A. B. 70. On Sunday, the 8th of October, an impressive anniversary sermon was delivered in the Armory by the Right Reverend William Croswell Doane, D. D. , bishop of Albany and vice-chancellor of the University of the State of New York, thus closing this academic festival. For special co-operation in the foregoing work the author is indebted to the Hon. Andrew D. White, LL.D., Hon. Henry W. Sage, Hon. Alonzo B. Cornell, Hon. Justin S. Morrill, U. S. Senator from Ver- mont, Col. Charles H. Blair, Professor William H. Brewer, of Yale University, whose valuable contribution relating to the efforts for agri- cultural education in this State was received too late to be used in this volume; and among his colleagues, to Professors Caldwell, Wilder, Low. Prentiss, Crane, Corson, Oliver, Fuertes, Comstock, Williams, M. C. Tyler, Thurston, Wheeler, Nichols, Bailey, Hart, Jenks, Burr, Bennett, Gage and Harris, and to many others for minor suggestions. He is also indebted to the Hon. William T. Harris, United States Commissioner of Education, to the Hon. Melvil Dewey, Secretary of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, to Dr. Herbert B. Adams, whose monograph on the Study of History in American Col- leges and Universities has been used; to President James B. Angell, LL.D., of the University of Michigan, Professor J. H. Gilmore, of the University of Rochester, Professor J. W. Chickering, of the National Deaf-Mute College, and to others whose aid he would not fail to acknowledge. BIOGRAPHICAL THE HONORABLE EZRA CORNELL. "A statui-e somewhat above the average, a form slender and rigid, a thin face of the well-known Puritan type, with lips which expressed in their compression an un- wonted firmness of character, the slow, steady, stiff gait, a demeanor of unusual gravity, but which was sometimes a little too brusque to be dignified, a sharp eye with a straightforward look in it, a voice tending a little to shrillness and harshness, but in its more quiet modulations not unpleasant, an utterance slow and precise as if every word was carefully if not painfully thought out, such was the founder of Cor- nell University as he walked among us during the first six years of the institution's history. In whatever community, or in the midst of whatever surroundings his lot had been cast, he would have been a man of mark. A stranger, meeting him in the crowded railway car, would strightway see that he was not a mere individual of the ordinary type, that he possessed strong characteristics which made him noticeably different from other men. He had a good memory and a quick eye, and was a close and careful observer of men and things. . . . His most predominant trait, over- looking all others, was his complete self-abnegation. He was an utterly intensely unselfish man ; no human being, with similar qualificatons in other respects, could be more thoroughly uninfluenced by any considerations of his own comfort, of his own aggrandizement, or of his own tame. He was generous alike of his time, his labor and his wealth, and no thought of his own interest ever limited the flow of this generosity." In such words as these the death of Mr. Cornell was announced to the university world. They characterize his outward bearing and many of the predominant charac- teristics of a stern, silent, warm-hearted nature. Mr. Ezra Cornell was of Puritan descent, his family having settled in Swansea, Massachusetts. His ancestors on both sides had been members of the Society of Friends. Like most of the early residents of New England, the family was of limited resources, and industry, simplicity and economy were prevailing traits in the family life of the time. Mr. Cornell's father learned the potter's trade, but he was besides, a mechanic both practical and skillful. He early removed to Westchester Landing, New York, and engaged for a time, in ship building. After a residence in Bergen county, New Jersey, near the site -of the present beautiful village of Englewood, where he resumed his original craft as a potter, he removed to De Ruyter, New York. Here he established himself upon a farm, and, at the same time, carried on /-/'' immA. ©©msfif iLE,c CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 673 profitably the manufacture of earthenware. This was the early home of his son, Ezra ' Cornell, where, in a community of Friends, he grew up in the simple and healthy life which characterizes the members of this communion. Even as a boy, amid the re- stricted advantages of a new country, his education was limited; and once, when but sixteen years of age, in order to earn the privilege of attending a winter school, in company with a younger brother, he cut down and cleared the timber upon four acres of forest, transforming it into tillable land. A year or two later, he cut timber in a forest, and with the aid of the same brother erected a two-story dwelling house for his father, at that time the largest residence in the town. Having thus tested his capacity for work, he went forth, and was engaged for the next three years in the work of cutting timber for shipment to New York, and later as a machinist. Ithaca was at this time a village of two thousand inhabitants, and enjoyed the benefit of a thriving trade with the large territory which depended upon it for communication with the markets of the external world. "With a spare suit of clothes and a few dollars in his pocket, the earnings of his previous labors, Ezra Cornell entered Ithaca' on foot, having walked from his father's house in De Ruyter, a distance of forty, miles. He had chosen to make the journey thus, not only for the purpose of saving the expense of riding, but also for the pleasure he enjoyed in walking. He could travel forty miles per day with perfect ease. Without a single acquaintance in the village, and with no introduction or certificate of character in any form, except such as he could offer in his own behalf, he arrived in Ithaca wi,th youth, courage and ambition as capital stock, determined by his own exertions to earn a living and es- tablish himself on a permanent and prosperous basis." It was in April, 1828, soon after his arrival, that Mr. Cornell secured work as a carpenter, and erected at the corner of Geneva and Clinton streets a residence which is still standing, and which has for many years been the home of the Bloodgood family. Mr. Cornell's experi- ence for a year as a mill-wright secured employrrient for him in certain flouring and plaster mills at Fall Creek, and for the next twelve years he was a manager of ex- tensive interests, which often involved the disbursement of hundreds of thousands of dollars annually. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler, in a letter written thirty years after- wards, said that he used to see sitting on the counter-of his uncle's store (Mr. John James Speed) "a shrewd managing chap unfolding schemes for carrying the town- ship for the Whig ticket. That obscure but keen-witted man is now the Ezra Cor- nell who has founded the most promising university in New York." Mr. Cornell's early interest in politics is manifest from this statement. His ability as a mechanic of a high order was shown still further, not merely in erecting mills, but also in de- vising and executing a feat of engineering of very great difficulty, viz., in cutting a tunnel above the falls, thi-ough several hundred feet of solid rock, thus securing an abundant supply of water for numerous manufactories below, which has remained in constant use up to the present time. This important work was finished in 1831. The tunnel was cut through a cliff and work was begun at both extremities. When the two galleries met in the center, a variation of less than two inches from an exact line was found. During these years Mr. Cornell was active in local politics, advocating with great energy the principles of the Whig party. At the age of thirty-five, an interruption in the industrial prosperity of Ithaca threw Mr. Cornell out of employment, and his 85 074 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. life now began upon a wider sphere. He purchased the patent rights for an improved plow and journeyed to Maine mostly on foot to effect its sale, and later, he made a tour through the Southern States, going as far as Georgia. During this journey he walked a distance of one thousand five hundred miles. A second journey to Maine was undertaken in the year 1843. On his previous visit Mr. Cornell had met the Hon. Francis O. J. Smith, a Democratic congressman from Maine, the editor of the Maine Farmer. Mr. Smith was a politician of great ability, and though greatly defamed for his skill and adroitness by political enemies, a man of unusual ability. He had become interested in the electric telegraph. This enterprise in its initial steps was involved in great difficulty. Many important facts necessary for its practical use were as yet undiscovered, and it was only slowly that experience called attention to the necessity of essential improvements, before its inventor's dream of success could be realized, and the public share in the advantages of this brilliant in- vention. It was supposed that two wires were necessary in order to form a complete metallic circuit. No mode had then been devised for the treatment of India rubber to make it available for the purposes of insulation, and gutta-percha was wholly un- known as an article of use or commerce in this country. It was not yet determined how the wires could be extended between cities. It was thought at first that the wires should be enclosed in an underground tube. Upon the occasion of Mr. Cornell's second visit to Portland, he found Mr. Smith upon the floor of his office, with designs around him for the manufacture of a plow which should excavate the furrow for the underground telegraph pipe. It was proposed also to cover the pipe by means of a second machine. Mr. Smith had taken the contract to lay the pipe at one hundred dollars per mile, and it was necessary to invent some machine capable of executing his purpose successfully. He hailed the arrival of Mr. Cornell as the person to solve his difficulties. Mr. Cornell after examining the plan was convinced that a single machine would suffice for the purpose. He thus describes the event ; "I, therefore, with my pencil sketched a rough diagram of a machine that seemed to me adapted to his necessities. It provided that the pipe with the wires enclosed therein was to be coiled around a drum or reel, from whence it was to pass over and through a hollow standard protected by shives directly in the rear of the coulter or cutter, which was so arranged as to cut a furrow two and one-half feet deep and one and one-fourth inches wide. Arranged something like a plow, it was to bo drawn by a powerful team, and to deposit the pipe in the bottom of the furrow as it moved along; the furrow, being so narrow, would soon close itself and conceal the pipe from view." Overcoming his scepticism, Mr. Smith authorized Mr. Cornell to make the pattern for the necessary castings, who also, in the mean time, constructed the wood- work for the frame. On the 17th of August, 1843, a successful trial of Mr. Cornell's invention was made on Mr. Smith's farm in Westbrook, a few miles north of Portland. "The complete success of ihy machine, and the prompt manner of making the in- vention, the moment that circumstances demanded its use, inspired Mr. Smith with great confidence in ray ability both as a mechanic and a practical man. He therefore urged me to go to Baltimore with the machine, and take charge of laying the pipe between that city and Washington. As this proposition involved the abandonment of the business which I came to Maine to look after, it was with some hesitation that I entertained it. A little reflection, however, convinced me that the telegraph was to become a grand enterprise, and this seemed a particularly advantageous opportunity CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 075 for me to identify myself with it. Finally, convinced that it would shortly lead me on the road of fortune, I acceded to Mr. Smith's earnest solicitation, and engaged to undertake the work on condition that I should first devote a little time to the settle- ment of my business in Maine." This was the beginning of Mr. Cornell's connection with the electric telegraph, which became the source of his fortune. It has been shown how incomplete the invention was as a practical achievement. Professor Morse says that up to the autumn of 1837, his telegraph apparatus existed in so crude a form that he felt a reluctance to have it seen ; but on the 6th of January, 1838, he operated his system successfully over a wire three miles long, in the presence of a number of personal friends, at Morristown, N. J. Later, the leading scientists of New York and the faculty of the University, as well as the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, recognized its pre-eminent merit. Mr. Morse removed his apparatus from Philadelphia to 'VVashington, where he demonstrated its success in the presence of President Van Bureu and his cabinet, foreign ministers, and members of Congress. Congress finally appropriated at the close of the session of 1843 thirty thousand dollars for the erection of an experimental line of telegraph between Washington and Baltimore. The original plan of placing the wires underground proved unsuccessful from the impossibility of effective insulation. Mr. Cornell then made a careful study of all the available scientific works which treated of electrical science, and finally urged the adoption of the method which had proved successful in England, in the hands of Cooke and Wheatstone — of placing the wires on poles. On May 1, 1644, the line was completed and in operation between Washington and Baltimore. Mr. Morse now offered to sell the patent to the United States government, to be used in con- nection with the postal service, for one hundred thousand dollars. The post-office department, to which this proposition was referred, reported that the operation of the telegraph between Washington and Baltimore had not satisfied the postmaster- general, and that at any possible rate of postage, could its revenues be made to cover its expenditures. Under the influence of this report. Congress declined to accept the offer of the patentees, and the telegraph was left to seek development by the aid of private capital. Mr. Cornell was now formally enlisted in the depelopraent of this invention. He had short lines of telegraph erected across streets or between buildings in Boston and New York, with the purpose of interesting capitalists in the formation of a company to erect a line between New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Washington. Mr. Cornell constructed the section of the line between Fort Lee, opposite New York, and Philadelphia, in the summer of 1845. His compensation for superintendence was at this time one thousand dollars per annum. All the money that he could spare was now invested in the capital stock of the Magnetic Telegraph Company, the first incorporated organization to promote this new enterprise. It was not merely as a superintendent and constructor of telegraph that Mr. Cornell's admi- rable powers were displayed. He designed apparatus to facilitate the transmission of messages, among other things, a relay magnet which was used successfully for a considerable time. Mr. Cornell next erected a line between New York and Albany, under contract with the New York, Albany and Buffalo Telegraph Company, which was completed successfully in the autumn of 1846. From this enterprise Mr. Cornell realized a profit of six thousand dollars, his first substantial gain after three years of labor in connection with the telegraph. Later, he also erected lines from Troy to Montreal, and a portion of a line to Quebec. Mr. Cornell now assumed a. larger 676 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. responsibility in establishing the telegraph system of this country. He organized the Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company to provide a line of telegraph between Buffalo and Milwaukee via Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago, and also the New York and Erie Telegraph Company to connect Dunkirk with the city of New York, passing throuth the southern counties of the State. In much of the territory west of Buffalo, telegraph lines were established before the railways, branch lines were erected to connect with the Erie and Michigan Company's lines, from Cleveland to Pittsburgh, from Cleveland to Zanesville and Wheeling, and from Cleveland to Columbus and Cincinnati. The rapid development of telegraphic communication created a rivalry between opposing lines, and competing offices were erected in various cities for the transaction of business. In 1855, the Western Union Telegraph Company was organized, by which these conflicting interests were consolidated. This company embraced at first the lines in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a portion of Illinois. The success of this union of opposing interests was at once manifested. The profits of the enterprise increased rapidly, and the company em- ployed its accumulating profits in extending its system over a wider field. Other lines were purchased, new lines were built, others leased in perpetuity, and thus the position of the new company was rendered complete and impregnable. Later, the Western Union Telegraph Company assumed the contract of Mr. Sibley, and extended its lines across the continent ten years in advance of the railroad. In 1862 Mr. Cornell took his seat in the Legislature of the State. He served for two terms as representative, and for two terms as senator. His term of service fell, in part, within the years of the Civil War, when it was necessary to sustain the Fed- eral Government with every influence emanating from its most powerful State. In all the questions to which the war gave rise, Mr. Cornell supported earnestly the na- tional cause. During his residence in Albany he was chairman of the committee on agriculture in the Senate, and, also, chairman of the committee on finance. He was an uncompromising advocate of sustaining the credit of the State by payment of the principal and interest of the public debt in specie, in accordance with the true spirit under which the obligation was incurred. He also advocated the creation of sinking funds for the gradual extinction of the debts of the State. These wise measures have almost extinguished the entire indebtedness of the State. We find him active in the labor of the committees of which he was a member. Although not an orator, his remarks were terse and convincing. His name is associated with numer- ous measures for the benefit of agriculture, finance, and education. His services in the Legislature were recognized by his constituents by a unanimous renomination for senator. When he retired, it was at his personal wish, in order to devote himself to the interests of the university which he had founded. All Mr. Cornell's acts ex- pressed his strong individuality. Definiteness characterized all his opinions, and views, once adopted, were sustained with tenacity in the face of all opposition. All idealists are perhaps visionary, and the erection of the university which bears his name was a noble ideal which Mr. Cornell set before him as the. crown of his life. Visionary he may have been in other things, but a humane purpose underlay all. To promote its interests, he was led to withdraw his capital from the telegraph, in which it was rapidly increasing, and where its security seemed unassailable, in order to promote the erection of railways through his native city. Mr. Cornell's letter- b , Crane, Thomas Frederick, was born at New York, July 12, 1844, and received his early education at the old Lancasterian School in Ithaca, under the superintendence 696 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of M. R. Barnard, and later at the public school and academy of the same place (the last named institution being then in charge of Mr. Carr) In 1858 Mr. Crane removed to Elizabeth, N. J., and continued his education at the private school of Mr. Pierson, until his entrance to the College of New Jersey, Princeton, in August, 1860. Mr. Crane was one of the editors of the Nassau Literary Magazine, and ivy orator of his class. He graduated in 1864, and entered at once the Law School of Columbia College. The following year (1865) Mr. Crane returned to Ithaca, where he has since resided, and pursued his legal studies with the firm of Boardman & Finch. He was admitted to the bar at Binghamton in June, 1866, and occupied for a time the office of Mr. F. M. Finch. Later he practiced law by himself and assisted Mr. Wesley Hooker in collecting the internal revenue of the district. During all this time Mr. Crane continued his literary studies and took up the study of German, French, and Spanish. He was also much interested in the foundation of the Cornell University and acted as secretary to Mr. Cornell and Mr. Finch during the summer preceding the opening of the university. When that event occurred in October, 1868, Mr. A. D. White, the first president of Cornell, asked Mr. Crane to take the chair of German until the return of Professor Willard Fiske. Mr. Crane occupied this position until the close of the first term, and then decided to devote his life to uni- versity work, and went abroad for two years, dividing his time between Germany, Italy, Spain, and France. In 1870 he returned to Ithaca to accept the position of assistant-professor of the Romance languages. In 1891 he accompanied President White to Santo Domingo. He was made professor of Spanish and Italian in 1872, and professor of the Romance languages in 1881 , which position he now fills. He received the degree of A.M. from Princeton in 1867, and Ph.D. in 1874. Professor Crane is a member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Palermo, Italy. Professor Crane has con- tributed a large number of articles to the North American Review, International Review, Harper's Magazine, Lippincott's Magazine, and the Nation on Folk-Lore, and the literary history and philology of the Romance languages, especially during the period of the middle ages. Since his article on Italian Popular Tales in the North American Review for July, 1876, he has devoted much attention, to the subject of the origin and diffusion of popular tales, and was one of the founders of the American Folk-Lore Society (1888). Professor Crane is the, author of a series of French classics, among which are: Le Romantisme Frangais, and La Society Frangaise au XVII« Siecle (New York 1887-89), Italian Popular Tales (Boston 1885), Chansons Populaires de la France (New York 1891), and an edition (1890) for the English Folk- Lore Society of the Exempla, or illustrative stories contained in the sermons of Jacques de Vitry, Bishop of Acre (died 1340), containing the Latin text, English analysis, elaborate notes on the origin and diffusion of the individual stories and an introduction on the life of the author and the use of illustrative stories in mediaeval sermons, etc. In 1874 Professor Crane married Sarah Fay Tourtellot, by whom he has one daughter, Frederika Waldron, born in 1885. Professor Crane's family (of English and Dutch descent) settled in Ithaca in 1818. where his grandmother married as her second husband Jeremiah Tourtellot of Huguenot ancestry. Durand, William Frederick, was barn at Beacon Falls, Conn., March 5, 1859, educated at the Derby High School, U. S. Naval Academy, and Lafayette College, Easton, Pa, He was graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in June, 1880, and CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 697 received the degree of Ph.D. in course in June, 1888, from Lafayette College. He has taught at Lafayette College (1883-85), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (March to June 1887), Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical College (1887-91), Cornell Univer- sity (1891). His literary work has been limited thus far to numerous articles in engineering and professional periodicals, and to various papers read before "Learned Societies." He is understood to be engaged in the preparation of a text book of naval architecture. Professor Uurand came to Cornell in September. 1891, as principal of the graduate school of naval architecture and marine engineering, which position he no^ fills. He married, October 33, 1883, Charlotte Kneen, and they have one son, William Leavenworth Durand. The ancestry of the family is English and Huguenot French. Emerson, Alfred, associate professor of classical archaeology, Cornell University, was born in Greencastle, Franklin county. Pa. , and educated in Paris, France, and London, England, in elementary schools in Dresden, Saxony, and Neuwied-on- the-Rhine, Pnissia (Moravian Brethren's School) for his high school course, also attending, later, the School of Technology, Munich, Bavaria, and the School of Arts, Athens, Greece. He studied philology, archaeology, history, philosophy, etc., at the Royal University of Munich, Bavaria, at Princeton College, Princeton, N. J., and at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. He received the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Munich in June, 1881 ; was fellow in Greek at Johns Hopkins, 1882-84, and instructor in classical archaeology in tha same university during 1884-85. Was professor of Latin at Miami University, Oxford, O., 1887-88, professor of Greek at Lake Forest University, 111., 1888-91. Some of Professor Emersbn's literary work is comprised in the following: Doctorate dissertation De Hercule Homerico, Munich, 1881; Recent Progress in Classical Archaeology, Boston, 1890 ; contributor to The Nation, to the American Journal of Philology, to the American Journal of Archaeology, and to Johnson's Universal Encyclopaedia. He came to Cornell in 1891, and has organized the university col- lection of plaster casts, of which he is curator. July 28, 1887, he married Alice Louisa, daughter of Henry S. Edwards, of Hinsdale, 111., and they have two children; Edith, born July 27, 1888, and Gertrude, born May 6, 1890. The ancestry of the Emerson family is Anglo-Irish, the grandfathers being James Emerson, born in Cuba in 1800 ; and Samuel D. Ingham, born in Pennsylvania in 1784, who was Presi- dent Jackson's first secretary of the treasury. Fuertes, Estevan Antonio, was born at St. John's, Porto Rico, W. I,, and received his education at Porto Rico, Spain, and the United States, He graduated from the Conciliar Seminary, St. Yldefonso, St. Juan Seminary, Salamanca Jurisdiction, and Rensselear Polytechnic Institute, receiving the degrees of bachelor of philosophy, doctor of philosophy, doctor of medicine, civil engineer, and having many diplomas, prizes and decorations. Professor Fuertes has been the author of many municipal and governmental reports, with monographs and other contributions to scientific societies and periodicals. He came to Cornell in 1873 as dean of the department of civil engineering, of which college he is now director and professor of the same. To him is due the introduction of laboratory work in connection with technical courses in civil engineering. December 31, 1860, he married Mary Stone Perry, daughter of Amos S. Perry, of Vermont, and Sarah Hillhouse of New York, and their children 88 698 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. are: Estevan J., James Hillhouse, civil engineer, George (deceased), Sarah Demetria, Louis Agassiz, and Mary Katharine. The ancestry of our subject is from the families of Fuertes, Charbonnier, C6rdova, Padilla, O'Neil, Catald, Bobouslauski and Ahem. Hart, James Morgan, was born November 2, 1839, at Princeton, N. J., was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia, Pa., finishing at the Central High School in 1857. He graduated in 1860 from Princeton College, with the degree of A. B. ; in 1863, with the degree of A.M., and from Gottingen, Germany, in 1864, with the degree of Juris Utriusque Doctor. Also studied again in 1872-73 in Leipzig, Marburg, and Berlin, and in 1886 at Tiibingen. He taught at Cornell, 1868-72, as assistant-professor of modern languages; Cincinnati, l''76-90, as professor of modern languages and English literature ; 1890 to date, as professor of rhetoric and English philology in Cornell. In June, 1883, he married Clara Doherty, of Cincinnati. His parents were John Seely Hart and Amelia C. Morford ; his father was principal of the Central High School at Philadelphia, of the New Jersey State Normal and Model Schools of Trenton, and professor of English at Princeton. The literary work done by Professor Hart is comprised in the following : Books : The Amazon, translated from the German of Franz Dingelstedt, New York, Putnam, 1868 ; Cav6 on Color, translated from the French, New York, Putnam, 1869 ; The Family and the Church, edited by L. W. Bacon, translated. The Church, six sermons by Father Hyacinth, pages 165-262; Pastoral Letter of Bishop Dupanloup, pages 393-343, New York, Putnam, 1870; Laugel, England Political and Social, translated from the French, New York, Put- nam, 1874; German Universities, etc.. New York, Putnam, 1874; German Classics (with introduction and notes), a) Herman u. Dorothea, 1875; * ) Piccolomini, 1875; c) Goethe's Prose (Selections), 1876; rf) Faust, first part, 1878, New York, Putnam; Syllabus of Anglo Saxon Literature, Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati, 1881. Magazine articles — University Life in Germany, Putnam's Magazine, 1868 ; Ascent of Monte Rosa, Putnam's Magazine, 1869; Shakespeare in German of To- Day, Putnam's Magazine, 1870; The Higher Education in America, Galaxy, 1871; Review of Taylor's Faust (I), Galaxy, 1871 ; Review of Taylor's Faust (II), Galaxy, 1871 ; Modern Lan- guages in the American College, 1872, Galaxy; Cornell University, The Century, 1873; Vienna, and the Centennial, International Review, 1875; Professor and Teacher, Lippincott's, 1876; The College Student, Lippincott's, 1876; Berlin and Vienna, Lippincott's, 1876; Higher Education, Lippincott's, 1876; Celtic and Ger- manic, American Journal of Philology, vol. I. Also some shorter papers and book reviews, in American Journal of Philology, and others in Modern Language Notes. To the New York Nation, many hundred pages of articles and book reviews ; to the School Review, several papers, notably the one on Regents' English, in the first number, which has induced the regents to introduce a thorough reform in this department. He is engaged at present in preparirig a manual of English compo- sition for High Schools, in hopes of introducing better methods. He is also accumu- lating material for a full (perhaps complete) dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. Hitchcock, Edward, jr., was born in Stratford, Conn., September 1, 1854, was edu- cated at Bridgeport, Conn., at Easthampton, Mass., Amherst College, the medical course at Dartmouth College, and the Bellevue Medical College at New York city. He graduated in 1878 from Amherst with the degree of A.B., and in 1881 .of JV.M., CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 699 in 1881 from Dartmouth with the degree of M.D., and taught at Amherst College in 1881-84, at the Massachusetts State Agricultural College in 1883-84. His literary work is comprised in various magazines, articles on subjects belonging to physical culture, anthropometry, etc. He came to Cornell, February 23, 1884, as acting pro- fessor of physical education, his present position being professor of physical cultm'e and hygiene, and director of the gymnasium. Professor Hitchcock married Ida I. Bering, daughter of J. E. Bering, of Decatur, 111. She died in October, 1884, and he married second, in 1888 (June 20), Sarah Demetria Fuertes. His children are: Ed- ward Bering Hitckcock, by his first wife, and Mary Katharine Hitchcock, by his pres- ent wife. His grandfather, Edward Hitchcock, was president of Amherst College, in which his father, Edward Hitchcock, was also professor. His mother was Mary Lewis Judson. Huffcut, Ernest Wilson, professor of law in the Cornell University Law School, was born in Kent, Litchfield county. Conn., November 31, 1860. In 1865 his parents removed to New York, in which State they have since resided. He was fitted for col- lege in the public schools, at Afton, N. Y., and entered Cornell in 1880, graduating in 1884 with the degree of B.S. During the next year he acted as private secretary to President "White, upon whose resignation, in 1885, he became instructor in Eng- lish. This position he held three years, meantime studying law and graduating with the first class from the Law School in 1888. In the fall of that year Mr. Huflf- cut removed to Minneapolis, where he practiced law for two years, serving most of the time as judge adyocate-general of the State. In 1890 he accepted the position of professor of law in Indiana University, and in 1893 in Northwestern University, Chi- cago. In 1893 he was called as professor of law at Cornell, which position he still holds. Mr. Huffcut has been a frequent contributor to legal periodicals and period- icals devoted to political science. He is deeply interested in public questions, is an enthusiastic Republican, and has taken part in almost every national or State cam- paign since he attained his majority. On the appointment of ex-President White as minister to Russia, Mr. Huffcut was strongly urged for the position of secretary of legation, but owing to his engagement with Northwestern University Law School was obliged to withdraw his name from consideration. Jenks, Jeremiah W., was born September 2,' 1856, at St. Clair, Mich. He was edu- cated in the district school, the High School, University of Michigan, and in Germany. He graduated from the University of M ichigan with the degree of A. B. in 1878, A. M. in 1879, received the degree Ph. D. in 1885, from the University of Halle, Germany. He has taught at Mt. Morris College, 111. ; Peoria High School, 111. ; Knox College, Gales- burg, 111. ; Indiana State University, Bloomington, Ind. ; and at Cornell University. Professor Jenks has written the following works: Henry C. Carey als National- okonom, Jena, 1885 ; Road Legislation for the American State, American Economic Association, 1889; The Michigan Salt Association, Political Science Quarterly, March, 1888 ; Development of the Whiskey Trust, ibid, June, 1889 ; School Book Legislation, ibid, March, 1891 ; A Critique of Educational Values, Educational Review, January, 1893; Die "Trusts" in den Vereinigten Staaten Nord Amerikas, Jahrbiicher fiir National-Okonoraie und Statistik, January, 1891 ; translated and republished with additions in Economic Journal, London, March, 1893 ; Money in Elections, Century Magazine, October, 1893; Suppression of Bribery in England, ibid, March, 1889; A 700 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Greek Prime Minister, Charilaos Tricoupis, Atlantic Monthly, March, 1894 ; Articles on Ballot Reform, Lobby Methods of Law Making, Monopolies, Primary Elections, Political Science, Representation, in Johnson's New Cyclopedia, several articles in Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, besides many lesser articles, book re- views, etc. He came to Cornell in 1891, in the capacity of professor of political, municipal and social institutions ; in 1893 was appointed professor of political econ- omy and civil and social institutions. August 28, 1884, he married Georgia Bixler, and their children are: Margaret Bixler, Benjamin Lane, and Ernest Ellsworth. The ancestry of the family was originally Welsh, and came to Massachusetts in 1042, settling in Rhode island. Later the branch of the family to which Mr. Jenks be- • longs moved to New Hampshire. His father went from there to New York, and thence to Michigan. Jones, George W., was born in Corinth, Me., in 1837, and was educated at Yale College, from which he graduated in 1859, with the degrees of A. B. and A.M. in 1862. From 1859 to 1802 he taught in General Russell's Military School at New Haven, Conn., from 1862 to 1868 in the Delaware Literary Institute at Franklin, N. Y. ; from 1868 to 1873 in the Iowa State Agricultural College at Ames, Iowa. The literary work done by him comprises Oliver, Wait & Jones Treatise on Algebra and on Trig- onometry, with others; Jones's Logarithmic Tables; and Jones's Drill-book in Al- gebra. He came to Cornell University in 1877 as assistant professjor of mathematics, his present position being as^ociate professor of mathematics. In 1802 he married Caroline T. Barber, the daughter of the historian, John W. Barber. His ancestors were of pure American stock. Morris, John Lewis, was born in Utica, N. Y. , educated in Whitestown Seminary, Ovid Academy, and Union College, graduated from the Union College of Schenectady, N. Y., with the degrees of A.B., C.E., July, 1856, and the degree of A.M. in 1800. He came to Cornell in September, 1808, as pi-ofessor of mechanic arts, a position he still fills. He married, .September 1, 1856, Louise A. Sutton, of Romulus, Seneca county. The ancestry of this family is Welch._ Thurston, Robert H., was born in Providence, R. I., October 25, 1839, educated in the public schools of the city and at JJrown University, graduating from the latter institution with the degrees of Ph.B. and C.E. in 1859; later (1869) M.A. and (1889) LL.D. from the same institution. He practiced engineering until the outbreak of the war, 1861 ; then entered the Navy Engineer Corps, and at the close of the war was oi'dered to duty at the United States Naval Academy, serving there six years as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy, and for some time as head of that department ; then resigning, taught at the Stevens Institute of Tech- nology fourteen years, then at Cornell Since 1885. He came to Cornell, July 1, 1885, as director of Sibley College and professor of mechanical engineering, which posi- tion he still fills. His literary work has been as follows: (See biographical sketch in Men and Women of the Time), Contributions Johnson's Qyclopedia, Appleton's Cyclopedia, Dictionary of Biography, translations of various learned societies, some fifteen volumes of technical work, etc., etc. He married, October 5, 1865, Susan T. Gladding, of Providence, R. I., who died March'31, 1878, and second Leonora Bough- ton, of New York, August 4, 1880. He has three children : Harriet Taylor, Olive Gladiling, Leonora Thurston. The ancestry of the family is old North-English and CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 701 Northman stock, presumably descended from Thorstein, connected with the stock of Thurston of York, etc. ; the first in this country being the Edward Thurston family of Newport, R. I., coming to America in 1637 or 1638. (See Thurston Genealogies in the C. U. Library). Titcheneri Edward Bradford, was born in Chichester, England. January 11, 1867, and was educated at private schools, the Prebendal school at Chichester, and at Great Malv6rn College. He was graduated from the Oxford University m 1889 with the degree of H..A., and M.A. in 1894; University of Leipzig with the degree of Ph.D. in 1892, F. Z. S. , member of the Neurological Society of London, member of the American Psychological Association, and coeditor of Mind. Professor Titchener taught in the summer school at O.tford in 1892 (Biology); Cornell University (Psychol- ogy); summer school, Cornell, 1898— (Cerebral Physiology, Psychology and Physical Culture). He has contributed various articles and reviews to Mind, Brain, Nature, the Philosophische Studieu, the New York Medical Record, the Philosophical Review, the American Journal of Psychology, etc. He came to Cornell in the autumn of 1892 as assistant professor of psychology, and director of the psychological laboratory, which position he now fills. He is of English ancestry. Tuttle, Herbert, was born in Bennington, Vt., November 29, 1846, educated at Bennington, Hoosic Falls, Rensselaer county, N. Y. , Burlington, Vt., graduating from the University of Vermont in 1869 with the degree of A. B. ; A.M. in 1880 and honorary L.H.D. in 1889; also studied irregularly at the University of Paris and of Berlin. He taught at the University of Michigan in 1880, and Cornell University in 1881. His literary works have been: German Political Leaders, 1 vol., New York and London, 1876, and three volumes on the history of Prussia, from the earliest times to the outbreak of the Seven Years' War. The author is now at work on the continuation of the "Prussia" to the death of Frederic the Great in 1786. He came to Cornell in 1881 as lecturer on international law, etc. , and at present is professor of modern European history. He married in 1876 Mary McArthur Thompson, of Hills- borough, O. He comes from the Tuttle and Boynton stock, the former originally English, the latter probably Dutch. So far as their American origin can be traced, the Tuttles came from Connecticut, the Boyntons from the Dutch settlement in Rens- selaer county, or from Massachusetts. Tyler, Charles Mellen, was born in Limington, Me., in 1831, and thence removed to Boston, Mass. ; was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and 'entered Yale University in 1851, from which he graduated in 1855 with the degree of A. B, He received afterward the degree of A.M., and in 1893 the degree of D.D. , from Yale. Professor Tyler was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1801. He entered the army and served in the battle of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and around Petersburg. He first settled in Natick, near Boston,- as pastor for nine years, then became pastor of a church in Chicago for six years. After the fire he left that city and settled in Ithaca in 1872, as pastor of the First Congregational Church imtil 1891. He was for several years a trustee of Cornell University. He was appointed professor of the history and philosophy of rehgion and Christian ethics in 1891 in Cornell University. He is a member of the Loy^l Legion of the United Stales, a military order formed by Generals' Grant, Sherman and others. Professor Tyler's literary work is comprised in the following: Various i^ublications in reviews, maga- 702 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. zines, etc., and a contribution to Professor Pfleiderer's " Philosophy of Religion," published in Berlin. In 1857 he married Miss Ellen A. Davis, of New Haven, Conn. His second marriage was with Miss Kate E. Stark, formerly professor of music in Syracuse University, in 1892. He has two children by his first wife: Mrs. James Fraser Gluck, of Buffalo, and Beatrice D. Tyler, of Ithaca. He comes from Scotch and English ancestors. His great-grandfather served in the French and Indian war, and was wounded at Ticonderoga, and his grandfather was an officer under Wash- ington in the Revolution. Wait, Lucien Augustus, was born February 8, 1846, at Highgale, Vt., educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard University, graduating fi-ora the latter in 187U with the degree of A.B. He came to Cornell in 1870 as assistant professor of mathe- matics. He was made associate professor of mathematics in 1877, and full professor in 1891. He married August 12, 1873, Anna J. DoUoff, and their children are: Olga Athena, Alice DoUoff, and Zeta (deceased). Professor Wait's father was Norval Douglas Wait, and his mother, Marion Sarah Wilson. Mr. Wait was United States consul at Athens and Peiraeus, Greece, in 1873-74. White, Horatio Stevens, was born in Syracuse, N. Y., April 23, 1852, educated in the public schools, graduate of the High School in 1868, studied with Rev. S. R. Calthrop in 1868-69, graduated from Harvard College in 1873 with the degree of A.B., and studied and traveled in Europe in 1872-73, 1873-75, 1881, 1883, 1886-87, 1894. He taught private pupils at various times between 1873 and 1876, when he began teaching in Cornell University. His literary work has been as follows ; Selections from Lessing's Prose, 1888 ; Otis's Elementary German, sixth edition, 1889 ; Selections from Heine's Poems, 1890; German Prose Composition, 1891; Deutsche Volkslieder, 1892. Contributor to various American, English and German periodicals. He came to Cornell University in September, 1876, as assistant professor of Greek and Latin. He is at present professor of the German lapguage and literature, and dean of the general faculty. He married June 14, 1883, Fanny Clary Gott, of Syracuse, and their children are: Joseph Lyman and Dorothy. The ancestry of the family is of New England and English descent. Wilder, Burt Green, B.S. , M.D. , neurologist and comparative anatomist, was born in Boston, Ma.ss., August 11, 1841. From Nicholas, who in 1497 received from Henry VII. the estate of Shiplake on the Thames, with a coat of arms, he is descended through Thomas, whose widow, Martha, came to America with her children in 1638. His grandfather, David, of Leominster, Mass., published a history of that town, served as State treasurer and in the Legislature, and was the first in his vicinity to break the custom of providing liquor in the harvest field. His father, also David, and member of the Legislature, was State auditor. Inheriting on the paternal side a tendency to seek new facts and to devise original methods; from his mother, a Burt of Longmeadow, the subject of the present sketch has derived a disposition at once active and cautious, an unwillingness to sacrifice principle to expediency, and a tenderness towards animals which has prevented his hunting or fishing for sport, and restricted his physiological experiments to such as are painless. When he was four years old the family removed to Brookline, Mass Impressed by the newspaper accounts of the hanging of Professor Webster for the murder of Dr. Parkman in 1850, he tested the method upon himself, and the experiment would have ended fa- tally but for the approach of another person. His natural history studies began at CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 703 the age of fourteen, with recorded observations upon living spiders. They were brought to the notice of the elder Agassiz by an assistant, James E Mills, and led to an invitation to visit the great naturalist. Encouraged a:lso by the principal of the High School, J. E. Hoar, Harv. 1852, and in company with Carleton A., son of Samuel A. Shurtleff, young Wilder made extensive collections of insects, some of which are still preserved in the Cornell University Museum. A walnut cabinet for them was earned by writing for the Worcester Railroad, of which his father was then auditor. The last two years at the High School was devoted to Latin and Greek, and in the fall of 18.59 he entered the Lawrence Scientific School (Harvard) as a special student of comparative anatomy, with Jeffries Wyraan, although attend- ing, also, courses by Agassiz and Gray. He became self-supporting early in 1861. He was elected to the Boston Society of Natural History December 7, 1859 ; served a year as president of the Agassiz Zoological Club, and gave the annual address be- fore the Harvard Natural History Society. In 1860 he gave a few public lectures upon Du Chaillu's African collections, but soon persuaded the explorer that he could do this more acceptably himself. Immediately after receiving the degree of B.S. {m anatomia yiimma cum laude), upon the invitation of Dr. F. H. Brown, he en- tered Judiciary Square Hospital, Washington, D. C. , as acting medical cadet. The hospital experience and hard study under Dr. Brown's directions, enabled him to pass the examinations as Medical Cadet U. S. A. In May, 1863, he passed the ex- amination as licentiate of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and was appointed as- sistant surgeon of the 55th Massachusetts Infantry (colored). In this capacity, and later as surgeon, he served until the regiment was discharged, in September, 1865. While stationed on Folly Island, near Charleston, S. C. , August 20, 1863, he discov- ered a large and handsome spider (since named Nephila Wilderi by McCook) from which, while alive, he reeled of one hundred and fifty yards of yellow silk. At the close of the war accounts of this spider were presented to scientific bodies, in lectures before the Lowell Institute, and, at the suggestion of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, in the Atlantic Monthly for August, 1866. Although not intending to practice, he attended medical courses at Dartmouth and Harvard, and received the degree of M. D. at the latter, his thesis being read at the Commencement, March 7, 1866. In October of the same year he became assistant in comparative anatomy.at the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology, under an arrangement with Professor Agassiz, by which his time was equally divided between the anatomy of sharks and rays and more general studies. While at the museum he served for a year as curator of herpetology in the Boston Society of Natural History, and in the winter of 1867-68 he gave a course of university lectures on "The morphological value and relations of the human hand." In 1867 he described what is now known as the "slip system of notes," and in 1885 the use of " correspondence slips " was suggested. His elec- tion as professor of zoology in Cornell University at Ithaca took place September26, 1807 ; but the university did not open until the following fall. During his connection with Cornell, he has also been profesi5or of physiology in the Medical School of Maine (1874^4), and has lectured on that subject in the medical department of the University of Michigan (1876-77). In 1877 he was selected as chief of the scientific staff of the unrealized "Woodruff expedition around the world;" was lecturer (1873-74) on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates at the "Anderson Summer School of Natural History," and has lectured before the Lowell Institute in Boston, institutes in New York, Brooklyn, Chicago, and other cities, and the alumni asso- ciation of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, 1884. He is a member of several scientific bodies ; was delegate to the American Medical Associa- tion (1880), and in 1885 vice-president of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science (biological section), and in the same year president of the American Neurological Association. He has tried to improve and extend preliminary medical education, especially from the practical side. With the co-operation of the first pres- dent of Cornell University, Andrew D. White, prominence has always been given to physiology and hygiene, and until 1889 Dr. Wilder lectured upon the latter subject as well, and his little "Emergencies," and "Health Notes for Students," are re- quired for admission, together with elementary physiology. With Prof. S. H. Gage, he is author of "Anatomical Technology as applied to the Domestic Cat," 704 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. 18S2-88-92. His other writings embrace about one hundred and twenty technical pa- pers, about fifty I'eviews, mostly in the New York Nation, and about fifty articles, mostly illustrated, in various magazines. The following are representative publica- cations; Muscles of the Chimpanzee, 1861; Intermembral Homologies, 1871; The Brain of the Cat, 1881; Garpikes, Old and Young, 1877; The Triangle Spider, 1875; Educational Museums of Vertebrates, 1885; Jeffiries Wyman, 1874; Should Com- parative Anatomy be Included in a Medical Course? Is Nature Inconsistent? 1876; The Brain of the Ceratodus, 1887 ; The Gross Anatomy of the Brain ; Wood's Refer- ence Handbook, 1889-1893. Since 1883 he has given much time to the simplification of anatomical nomenclature, mainly along lines indicated by Barclay and Owen, viz.. (1) to replace ambiguous descriptive (toponymic) terms referring to the erect hu- man body by intrinsic and explicit terms (ventral, dorsal, etc.) applicable alike to all vertebrates in any position ; (2) to replace polonyms (names consisting of two or more words) by mononyras capable of inflection as adjectives, and of adoption with- out essential change into other languages (paronymy); representative new terms proposed by him are : Meson and mesal, ectal and ental, porta (for foramen of Monro), postpcdunele (for posterior peduncle) alinjection (for alcoholic injection), paronym and heteronyin. His lectures are based on compact notes, which are annually re-cast and supplied til the class. The comparatively modern system of the actual study of specimens by general classes, in the shape of practicums, as distinguished from regular laboratory work, has been carried to a high degree in his department. His chief anatomical theses are the symmetrical relations of the two ends of the body; the greater mor- phological value of the heart and the brain, as compared with the skeleton or other organs, and of the brain cavities as compared with their walls; the primitive and morphological subordination of the cerebrum proper to the olfactory portion of the brain ; the advantages of fiEtal over monkey brains for the elucidation of the human cerebral fissures; the desirability of determining the fissural pattern by the compari- son of many brains of moral and educated persons. Through his influence several such have been secured for Cornell University, or promised in writing by students, graduates, officers, or other friends of the institution. The vertebrate division of the University Museum, of which he is curator, consists largely of specimens pre- pared by him or his assistants and students, and contains a thousand preparations of the vertebrate brain and many preparations of other hollow organs, which are in most cases injected with alcohol (alinjected) ; an eflort is made to illustrate evolution, natural classification, and important functions, by a comparatively small number of specimens, well prepared, displayed and explained. The museum was characterized by an expert in the Fiske will case as the " most perfect in detail " that he had ever seen. As a college officer, his uncompromising antagonism to secret organizations, intercollegiate athletics, class spirit, public smoking, stamping in the class rooms, and the retention of other than earnest students, has made him far from popular with a certain set; but the studious and well-disjiosed come to him with confidence. Among those who ascribe special inspiration to their work in his laboratory, the fol- lowing are widely known as naturalists or physicians: David S. Jordan, John Henry Comstock, Simon II. Gage, Hermann M. Biggs, Milton Josiah Roberts, Theobald Smith, Eugene R. Corson, William C. Kraurs, Charles G. Wagner. The first has been a trustee of the university, and the second and third have charge of important branches of Professor Wilder's original department. At the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the opening of Cornell, Oc- tober 7, 1893, there was presented to Professor Wilder a "Quarter-Century Book, '' a volume of 500 pages, 36 plates, 36 figures in the text, and a portrait. It comi:)rises papers prepared for the occasion by fifteen of his former pupils. The ceremony is believed to have been the first of a kind at an English-speaking university. He has advocated temperance as distinguished from total abstinence, painless ex- periments upon animals as a means of general instruction, the removal of the appen- dix from all young children, and the use of chloroform as a lethal agent for con- demned criminals and animals. He is an evolutionist and a member of the New Church (Swedenborgian denomination). June 9, 1868, he married Sarah Cowell, daughter of Dr. William Nichols, of Boston. PART II. BIOGRAPHICAL. BIOGRAPHICAL. HON. HENRY W. SAGE. It is extremely diflicult within the limits at our disposal in this work to give a just and fail- biography of a man who, reaching success by untiring industry and force of character, rounds out his life with benefactions so judiciously chosen, so munificent, and looking to such practical results as those selected by the subject of this sketch. No man in America from youth to age has by his career better illustrated the genius of our institutions, or whose endowments have been on so liberal a scale as not only to attract attention, but to command admiration for their wisdom and far-reaching results. The early life of Henrj' W. Sage was like the life of thousands of American youth who by their efforts have reached competence and distinction, and who by individ- ual personality finally stood in the front rank of those building up and controlling great and successful enterprises. But no one within the author's line of research can be shown to have contributed so largely of his wealth and thrown into the manage- ment of any great educational institution the unselfish and absorbing interest which Mr. Sage has devoted to Cornell University. From the date of Mr. Cornell's death Mr. Sage has been chairman of the Board of Trustees and has taken no inconsider- able share of the burden of oversight in Cornell University affairs. With President White and later with President Adams, and an able and industrious Board of Trus- tees, he has been faithful and assiduous in building up and completing the purposes of Mr. Cornell. From a carefully prepared and exhaustive sketch of Mr. Sage and his benefactions, published in the Troy Times of a recent date, we make copious extracts. The author of the sketch referred to had access to many sources of information not heretofore obtainable by the public, and his statements are entirely authoritative in character: " Strong character is portrayed in every line of the face which looks out from the pages of the Troy Times as the portrait of Henry W. Sage. And a strong character in every sense of the term is what Hon. Henry W. Sage possesses. He also has a kindly nature and a mind filled with lofty ideas of usefulness to his fellow-men. With such a combination of mental and moral qualities it is not surprising that Mr. Sage has made a record for practical munificence hardly surpassed in the annals of American benevolence. ' His works do praise him,' and they have been those which enlisted not only his well-disciplined business faculties, but his heart and soul as well, in short, labors of love, the achievements of one in whom abounds the milk of hu- man kindness. In writing of such a man the best tribute that can be paid him is to 4 LANDMARKS OF TOMrKINS COUNTY. enumerate the deeds which make his name illustrious. Ful.some praise or high-sound- ing eulogy would be out of place, as it would be distasteful to the man. But facts speak for themselves, and the facts of Henry W. Sage's career make up a sum of good accomplished that places his name high up on the roll of those who have made the world better for living in it. "Mr. Sage's earl)' life was similar in its experiences to that of the large class of self-made, self-reliant men who form such a distinct type of American citizenship. He was born at Middletown, Conn., January 31, 1814, and lived at Bristol, Conn., until 1821, when his family removed to Ithaca, N. Y. It had been his desire to enter Yale College, and he pursued a course of study with that end in view. But a change of plan was necessitated by the removal to this State, and it may be said to have involved the fortunes of tlje great educational, institution which afterwai'd became to him the object of so much affection and liberality. In Ithaca Mr. Sage also began the study of medicine, but ill health forced him to abandon it, and in 1832 he entered the employ of his uncles, Williams & Brothers, becoming a clerk in their extensive merchandise, produce and transportation establishment. Here he developed the business capacity that has marked his whole life since, and in 1887 he succeeded to his uncles' business, and later enlarged it to far greater proportions. He established a large manufactory on Lake Simcoe, Canada, in 1854, and a few years later with John McGraw, built another an Wenona, Mich., at that time the largest in the world. He also pui-chased timber lands in Michigan and elsewhere until he held al- together over 500,000 acres and ranked as the largest land-owner in the State. All these vast business interests were managed with a vigor and intelligence that assured the greatest success and pushed Mr. Sage forward until he stood in the front rank of the noble guild of the princes of trfide. " Mr. Sage was the steadfast ally and lifelong friend of the late Ezra Cornell, and from the inception of that great philanthropist's plan for a university at Ithaca, his trusted confidant and sympathetic adviser. At the first commencement of the uni- versity the proposition was made by him to Mr. Cornell and President Andrew D. White that ' Cornell University should provide and forever maintain facilities for the education of women as broadly as for men.' The way to carry the suggestion into ef- fect was not immediately opened, but a few years later the building and endowment of Sage College amply attested the sincerity and generosity of this noble-hearted friend of education. After the death of Ezra Cornell Mr. Sage was elected president of the Board of Trustees of the university, which position he has held continuously ever since. "While Mr. Sage is so conspicuously associated with Ithaca, its business interests and the university of which it is the seat, he has not held an unbroken residence since he located there in boyhood. From 1857 to 1880 he lived in Brooklyn, where he was a member and one of the trustees of Plymouth Church and intimately identified with the social, commercial and religious life of the city. But he never for a moment re- linquished his interest in the university that had so large a place in his heart, and when he returned to make his home in Ithaca it was doubtless with the well-defined intention to dedicate his life to the work in which he has since shown such zeal. In truth, he may be considered the guiding spirit of Cornell University and the one man to whom, next to its founder and its first ijresident, Andrew D. White, it owes its present success and usefulness. He has been its bountiful benefactor, its steadfast, BIOGRAPHICAL. 5 generous friend, its ready helper, when wise counsel, judicious business manage- ment and contributions of ready money were in demand. " As is well known, Cornell University was founded in the expectation of receiving the benefits of the land grant voted by Congress in 1802. In 1881 the university was in sore straits, needing a large sum of money which was not forthcoming from any other source within reach. Accordingly the trustees determined to sell the land, consisting practically of about .'500, (K)() acres in Wisconsin. They had an offer of .'$l,2.')(l,0fl0 for the property, but the proposing purchaser could not make the first pay- ment, and the trustees would gladly have accepted $1,000,000. But Mr. Sage stren- uously objected, basing his opposition on his personal knowledge of the value of pine lands, and the matter was held in abeyance and referred to him for a special report. He prepai'ed an exhaustive statement showing in detail the exact value of the lands, which he estimated were at that time worth more than $3,000,000 at a fair market price. The thorough manner in which the work was done is demonstrated by the fact that he employed experts to go over the ground, estimating the whole in .sections of forty acres, a careful report being made of each section and the amount of stump- age, etc., in the whole vast tract. In this minute, painstaking and systematic man- ner the precise nature and value of the property were established. Mr. Sage's re- port to the trustees June l."), 1881, and the recommendations with which it was accom- panied were convincing as to the wisdom of retaining possession of the land. The policy as to the care of the property and the sale of such portions of it as they deemed it advisable to dispose of from time to time suggested by Mr. Sage was adopted by the trustees and has been adhered to ever since. That his conclusions wore sound is shown by the present value of the land, which is estimated, with that already sold, to be not less than $0,000,000. Thus the adoption of Mr. Sage's recommendations saved the university a large sum of money. Since 1881 the care of the university lands has been left mostly in his hands as chairman of the land coinmittee. He had per- .sonally attended to the selling, and with the assistance of the treasurer of the univer- sity, to drawing up papers, making collections and all the details connected with this great estate, and without expense to the university other than the clerk's com- pensation. Thus in the entire twelve years he has carried on ' a land office business ' for Cornell and it has not cost that institution a single dollar. "John McGraw was a warm and personal friend of Mr. Sage for over fifty years, and during a considerable part of that period his partner in extensive lumbering operations in the West. Jennie McGraw, his friend's daughter, was beloved by Mr. Sage from her earliest childhood. She united with her father in the purpose to give the bulk of the McGraw estate toward the erection and maintenance of a magnificent library for Cornell University. In 1880 Jennie McGraw married Professor D. W. Fiske, a member of the Cornell faculty, and in 1881 she died. After her death came the suit of Fiske, who claimed the whole estate. But the McGraw heirs, claiming that their rights were superior to his, commenced another suit, which resulted in a compromise with Fiske and in the complete success of the contestants, who took over $3,000,000 willed by Jennie McGraw to Cornell University. The Board of Trustees entrusted Mr. Sage and the late Judge Boardman with the sole direction and policy of the suit as representatives of the university's interests. In September, 1885, Mr. Sage, fearing the decision would be adverse to the university and that he might die before the settlement of the case, added a codicil to his will in which he bound his LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. estate, in the event of the McGraw legacy being set aside, to erect a library building at a cost of $300,000, and also to provide the additional sum of $300,000 as an endow- ment fund for the maintenance of the library. But the noble benefactor lived to carry out in person this additional scheme of benevolence, and the library building built in 1891, with its endowment, is the enduring testmionial to his munificence. On a tablet near the main entrance of the building is the following inscription ; ' In loving memory of Jennie McGraw Fiske, whose purpose to found a great library for Cornell University has been defeated, this house has been built and endowed by her friend, Henry W. Sage.' A remarkable exhibition not only of a lofty purpose to do good with his money, but of loyalty to and affection for the memory of those he loved. " Mr. Sage long had a strong determination to found a college of ethics and philos- ophy, and it was his purpose to make it the best and most comprehensive in the land. He suggested that Professor (now President) Schurraan visit Europe to study the best methods employed in the various countries as applied to these studies. On his return Professor Schurman presented a report embodying the results of his observa- tions and the recommendations based thereon. To carry into effect the plan sug- gested would necessitate an endo\yment of $400,0(10. At that time Mr. Sage, in ad- dition to other large contributions to the university, had assumed the responsibility of building the library, together with its endowment, representing a total of $1)00,000, and he felt that the conditicm of his finances would not warrant him in providing the further sum of $400,000 necessary to found and endow the department of ethics and philosophy. However, his heart was in this work, as in everything else connected with the great institution for which he has done so much, and he was determined to bring about the desired result if possible. Presenting Professor Schurman's report to the trustees, he proposed to give outright the sum of $300,000 toward the necessary endowment if the university would bind itself to maintain the department according to the plan si^ggested — equivalent to the university giving annually the interest on $300,000 for this purpose. In a letter addressed to the trustees of Cornell University, dated October 30, 1890, Mr. Sage, referring to his endowment of the Susan E. Linn Sage chair of Christian Ethics and Philosophy, amounting with costs of a house for the permanent use of its occupant to $01,000, offered to endow the Susan E. Linn Sage School of Ethics and Philosophy in the sum of $300,000 provided the university bound itself to forever maintain the department upon the basis proposed, which would practically demand the interest on $400,000. As Mr. Sage expressed it: ' With these conditions assented to by a proper resolution of this board, and other proper legal obligations, I propose to add to my former endowment $300,000, payable in cash, or approved securities, October 1, 1891, to enlarge the basis of the Susan E. Linn Sage foundation and es- tablish the Susan E. Linn Sage School of Philosophy.' After presenting an outline of the plan suggested, Mr. Sage added: 'I will now discuss briefly the question. Should you accept this proposition ? Can Cornell University afford the department of ethics and philosophy at the cost of so large an annual draft upon its general fund ($7,500)? Is the purpose to be accomplished by and through it worthy in itself; will it add value and dignity to our processes of education equal to its cost? Heretofore Cornell has done little at her own proper cost to uplift the moral and religious ele- ments in her students. BIOGRAPHICAL. 7 "'True, we have had this department of ethics several years, we have had the chapel and its preachership eighteen years, Init these have been carried with very little expenditure from the funds of the university. We have done much, very much, for the foundations in science, in teclinical work, in agriculture, the classics and mod- ern languages, in history and economic studies, in ornamentation of our campus and noble buildings for all purposes. But for the top work of man's structure and devel- opment, the crown of his character and achievement through his moral and religious nature little, very little ! "' Our function here is to educate men, and, through education, to provide the foundations of character based on moral principles which shall underlie the whole man and give impulse, tone and color to all the work of his life. We cannot do that without facilities for cultivating and developing every side of his nature. Increase of knowledge, addressed solely to the intellect, does not produce fully rounded men. Quite too often it makes stronger and more dangerous animals, leaving moral qual- ities dormant and the whole power of cultivated intellect the servant of man's selfish and animal nature. " ' No education can bo complete which does not carry forward with the acquisition of knowledge for its intellectual side and physical wants a broad and thorough cul- tivation of his moral and religious side. Developing Christian virtues, veneration, benevolence, conscience, a sense of duty to God and man, purity and right living in the largest sense. In short, wise and broad education should and will ally man's in- tellect to his moral and religious character more completely than to his animal na- ture, and from this alliance results all the real dignity there is in mankind, making moral and intellectual qualities regnant, all others subject! " ' I am so fully impressed with the vital importance of this subject and the purpose of the proposed gift that as a trustee of Cornell University (with greater love for its policies and functions than I can express) I think you can afford to accept this gift with its attendant liabilities and that you cannot afford to decline it, " ' It is my free and voluntary offering for a purpose the highest, the noblest and best ever promoted by this noble university. ' "This generous proposition was accepted by the trustees without a dissenting vote. " The above recital of some of Mr. Sage's characteristic acts indicates the generos- ity of his nature. Below appears a list of his chief gifts to the university which has so large a share of his affections : Sage College for Women with endowment fund, 187B $300,000 Sage Chapel, 1873 30,000 Contribution toward extinguishment of a floating indebtedness in 1881 30,000 House of Sage professor of philosophy, 1880 _ 11,000 Susan E. Linn Sage chair of philosophy, 1886 50,000 Susan E. Linn School of Philosophy, 1801 300,000 University Library building, 1891..-. 360,000 University Library endowment. 1891 - 300,000 Casts for Archaeological Museum, 1891 _ - 8,000 $1,155,000 8 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. •' Besides these gifts to Cornell University Mr. Sage has presented West Bay City, Mich., with a library which cost |50,()00. " Mr. Sage's munificent donations, it will be observed by reading this list of bene- factions, is in the line of aids to the education of the moral side of men and women. Mr. Sage regards these acts with the utmost satisfaction as effective agencies in car- rying out the dearest wish of his heart — the promotion of the moral improvement of mankind. "All this has been heartwork with Mr. Sage and expressed the predominating tendencies of his nature. It had much of its inspiration no doubt in the sweet com- panionship and tender memories of his lamented wife, Susan E. Linn Sage. She was of a most lovely Christian character, whose influence for good was felt and rec- ognized by every one who knew her intimately. A lovely and lovable woman, stead- fast in friendship, devoted to the right, her life filled with deeds of true charity, she won the unbounded affection and esteem of all privileged to enter the circle of her accjuaintance. When some years ago she lost her life in a runaway accident, the ca- lamity brought a shock to all her friends, and a deep sense of personal bereavement that generated for Mr. Sage a sympathy so genuine and profound that all his ac- quaintances might be said to have shared his great sorrow. " Mr. Sage in a recent conversation declaimed there would always be a tender feel- ing in his heart for the university chapel to which he could not give expression. It was the original design, though this is not generally known, to have a small chapel in one of the wings of Sage College. One evening Mrs. Sage, after looking over the plans for the proposed college, an enterprise close to her heart and thoughts at that time, remarked to her husband, ' Henry, is that small chapel to be the only place provided for the worship of God for the young men and women of Cornell Univer- sity? ' This question dwelt in the mind of Mr. Sage after he had retired ; and the next morning after breakfast he announced to his wife that he was determined to provide other and better facilities for religious worship. Soon afterward at Ithaca he called upon Prdsident White and offered to give 1^30,000 toward the erection of a university chapel. Within half an hour the site was decided upon and later his son. Dean Sage of Albany, endowed the chapel in the sum of |)30,000 to provide for the cost of bringing the best theological talent of all denominations to preach there. ' Heart history,' remarked Mr. Sage, ' can be clearly seen in all that I have ever done for Cornell University,' and the facts we have enumerated amply substantiate the declaration. ' ' Two short extracts from the address of Mr. Sage at the laying of the corner-stone of Sage College, May 15, 1873, will make an appropriate conclusion to this sketch of his work for education. They voice the noblest sentiments and are a key to the character of the man who uttered them: " ' It has been wisely said that " who educates a woman educates a generation ;" and the structure which is to be erected over this corner-stone will be especially de- voted to the education of women, and will carry with it a pledge of all the power and resources of Cornell University to " provide for and forever maintain facilities for the education of women as broadly as for men." This may be. truly said to mark a new era in the history of education; for, although the education of women with men has been heretofore practically conducted, notably at Oberlin, Ohio, for many years, and at Ann Arbor, Mich., for three years past, this is the first university in this country, if BIOGRAPHICAL. 9 not in the world, which has at the same time bodily recognized the rights of woman as well as man to all the education she will ask, and pledged itself to the policy and duty of maintaining equal facilities for both. It is, then, no small matter of con- gratulation that this university, a State institution, endowed by our general govern- ment with a princely gift of lands and by Ezra Cornell, its founder, with his own fortune, and, more than that, with his own great, earnest heart and zealous love for man, is fairly committed to the education and elevation of woman, and that hence- forth the structures now standing here, and those which shall hereafter be added to them, are to be used forever for the education of woman with man, to whom God gave her as a helpmeet, and as the mother and chief educator of his race. * * * " ' Brief reference to some of the ideas and motives which underlie this offering of a university education to the women of America is enough for the hour. When this structure shall be completed and ready for its uses , let us look upward and forward for results. And if woman be true to herself, if man be true to woman, and both be true to God, there ought to be from the work inaugurated here this day an outflow which shall bless and elevate all mankind!' " The corner-stone was then laid by Mrs. Sage with the following words; " ' I lay this corner-stone, in faith That structure fair and good Shall from it rise and thenceforth come True Christian womanhood. ' "And the history of the university, having recently celebrated its ' silver anniver- sary,' proves how well was laid the foundation and how wisely its managers, with Henry W. Sage chief among them, have built the superstructure." DOUGLASS BOARDMAN. Douoi.Ass BoARDMAN was born in the town of Covert, county of Seneca, on the 31st day of October, 1822. He was the youngest of twelve children, of whom his brother, the Hon. Truman Boardman who represented his district in the State Senate of 1858, and two sisters, Mrs. Lucy B. Smith and Miss Emily Boardman, alone survive. The youngest son of this large family early sought an education which might fit him for a professional life. In a private school of his native town and afterwards in the academy at Ovid he prepared for a collegiate course, and, after three year^ of study in Hobart College at Geneva, he entered the senior class at Yale and graduated from that institution in 1842. He immediately began the study of law and was admitted to the bar after the usual period of preparation. He was married in 1846 to the wife who now survives. He held the office of district attorney of the county of Tomp- kins from 1848 to 1851, and of county judge and surrogate from 1852 to 1856. In both positions he displayed unusual ability, and met his duties and responsibilities with an unflagging industry and a promptness and accuracy which characterized his whole life. At the closp of his term as county judge he formed a partnership with Judge Francis M. Finch, which lasted for ten years, and until Judge Boardman B 10 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. was called to the bench of the Supreme Court. Those were years of hard study and severe labor, which alone could enable the young practitioners to cope with an exist- ing bar of unusual .strength and ability. Whatever of .success they attained was largely due to the clear and discriminating judgment, and the wise and prudent dis- cretion of the older member of the firm. And it is a source of satisfaction to the sur- vivor to remember that the connection was never marred or disturbed by the slight- est disagreement, the least misunderstanding, or even one worried or hasty word. In 1805 Judge Boardman was elected a justice of the Supreme Court for the Sixth District to serve for a term of eight years. In the convention which nominated him there were numerous candidates, each having his own zealous and earnest friends, and when the result was reached after a long struggle it was largely due to a con- viction on the part of the delegates that Judge Boardman possessed in unusual degree the character and habit of mind, the firmness and decision of purpose, the patience and strict integrity which should attend the judicial office. The result outran even the expectation of partial friends. The new judge found in his work the field and the arena best suited for his development and success. Pleasant but firm, cheerful but in earnest, patient but determined, prompt but careful and prudent, and always thoroughly impartial and striving only for exact justice, he so won the confidence of the bar and of the people that at the close of his term he was re-elected for a new terra of fourteen years without an antagonist and practically by an unanimous vote. His judicial ability was at that time so well understood and appreciated that he was at once assigned to the General Term of the Third Department, and so passed from the trial courts to an appellate tribunal, presided over at first by Judge Miller, who later passed to the bench of the court of last resort, and afterwards by Judge Learned, ■who still presides at a General Term. Undoubtedly Judge Boardman preferred the variety and mental excitement of the Circuit where point and decision follow each other with swift velocity, to the slower and more studious labors of. the appellate court, but he soon demonstrated that there also he was in his proper place, and fully equipped for his new duties and responsibilities. His opinions were almost without exception terse and brief, with no waste of words and little elaboration of argument, but marked always by the strong good sense and sound judgment which were his chief characteristics. He easily won the respect and the friendship of his associates, and came to be universally regarded as a prudent and careful and able judge. And so his life and his work ran on until 1887 when his term expired. He might have been again cho.sen for the five years remaining before reaching the age of seventy, but resolutely declined, saying that he needed rest, and was entitled to it after twenty- six years of judicial labor. But rest, with him, meant only change of occupation; to duties less exacting and laborious, but still requiring the exerci.se of all his ability and discretion. He possessed in an unusual degree the qualities of a. thorough business man. In the management of his own affairs he was systematic, thrifty and pi-udent; averse to anything like wa.ste or extravagance, and inclined to a plain and simple life. His finan- cial prudence and ability found a wide field and a severe test in the management of two large estates committed to his care as executor. The first came to his hands heavily burdened with debts accumulated by the owner in a determined struggle to hold his assets against the sacrifice of a falling market. To Judge Boardman, who seldom appi'oved of a debt and dreaded its risks, the situation was peculiarly disquieting, but I >hi}\'^>'' BIOGRAPHICAL. 11 he met the emergency both with skill and courageandsaved the large fortune entrusted to his care from loss or sacrifice, and transmitted it unharmed to the daughter who was substantially the sole legatee. Naturally he became the executor of her will, and was compelled to hold the estate through a long and severely contested litigation which ended in the diversion to private and personal use of a laige residue which the testatrix had devoted to a worthy public purpo.se, and the educational benefit of the youth of the land. Judge Boardman was a director of the First National Bank of Ithaca from its organi- zation, in 1864, to the time of his death, and became its president, .succeeding in that office the Hon. J. B. Williams in 1884. He became a trustee of the Cornell University by vote of the alumni in 187.') and was re-elected by the tru.stees in 188.5. Upon the or- ganization of the Law School of the University he was appointed its dean and became active and efficient in promoting its success. In all these positions his business sagacity and prudence were of great value to the interests which he served. In the investment and management of the large endow- ment of the university and the appropriation and administration of its income, in the care of the bank and a watchful oversight of its finances, in the control of the estates committed to his trust, he found heavy burdens and large responsibilities which were borne with far more than the usual ability. To these duties it was a pleasure to him to add his governing aid to the law school and his advice in its management, always thoughtful and wise. And so in these labors his days were usefully spent after the close of his judicial career. EDWARD S. ESTY. The genealogy of the Esty family is traced back to the early .settlement of Jlassa- chusetts. In the year 179G the family of Elijah Esty started from Roxbviry, Mass., for what is now the State of New York. Their journey was made with an ox team and a single horse. Reaching Westmoreland, now in Oneida county, N. Y., they established a primitive home. The wife of Elijah Esty, who was his companion in the wilderness, was, prior to marriage, Sally Winslow Williams, a direct descendant of the Puritans who came over in the Mayflower in 1642. After two years spent in the arduous work of clearing up a forest, Elijah Esty, who was a practical tanner, decided to engage in that business, and for that purpose removed to what is now the city of Auburn, then called " Hardenburgh's Corners." There he established a small tannery and carried on'the business until his death in 1812. While the family of Elijah Esty were living in Westmoreland, Joseph Esty, father of Edward S. Esty, was born, June 20, 1798. At the death of his father the estate was badly involved and the family were thrown upon their own resources. Joseph, then fourteen years old, took up the business of his father and was apprenticed to Ezekiel Williams, of New Hartford, N. Y. He .sub.sequently returned to Albany, where R. & J. Patty built a tannery under Mr. Esty's supervision. In 1822 Mr. Esty removed to Ithaca, where he purchased a small tannery of Comfort Butler, borrow- ing a thousand dollars for the purpose. This he operated successfully, and a few years later purcha,sed land on the comer of Tioga and Green streets and there built 12 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. a larger tanueiy, which he conducted until 1852. He was then succeeded by Ed- ward S. Esty, his son, and the subject of this sketch. Joseph Esty was a man of marked characteristics. Nurtured through his personal experience in a school of rigid economy; possessed of excellent bu.siness judgment; of undoubted integrity, he so conducted his business and his investments that he acquired a well-earned for- tune. He was a trustee of the village in 1829, and in the same year served as over- seer of the poor for the town ; in 1836 he was elected supervisor. He was chosen a director in the old Ithaca Bank, and was finally one of the trustees selected to close up its affairs. He was an original stockholder in the First National Bank, was made a director in the first board and so continued until his death. He was also made one of the trustees of the Ithaca Savings Bank when it was chartered in 1868. He was a prominent member of the Presbyterian Church, and without his previous knowledge was chosen for the offices of deacon and elder, being an office bearer in the chui-ch for fifty-five years. He died in the year 1881 at the advanced age of eighty-thiee, in the enjoyment of the utmost respect of the community. His wife was Mary Selover,' daughter of Isaac Selover, of Auburn. Edward S. Esty was one of three sons of Joseph Esty, and he .survived both of his brothers. He was born in Ithaca, July 17, 1834, and died in Boston, Mass., Octo- ber 2, 1890. His education was obtained in the public schools and the Academy of Ithaca. As before stated, the large tanning business established by his father came into his control in 1852; but he had many years before that date begun an as- sociation with his father. After the business came into his possession he greatly ex- tended it, establishing tanneries at other points, and became one of the largest and most successful producers of leather in this section of the State. Mr. Esty was a Republican in politics, and was chosen to fill some of the higher State offices. In 1858 he represented Tompkins county in the Legislature, where his sturdy honesty and courageous resistance of wrongs made him quite obnoxious to unscrupulous political leaders. In 1884-85 he represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate with distinguished ability and manly courage. The confidence of his fellow citizens in his business ability was evidenced in their association with him in the organization of the First National Bank, of which he was a. director until his death, and vice-president after 1883. But it was, perhaps, in his liberality towards, and his solicitude for, the cause of education that Mr. Esty left the deepest and most beneficent impression upon the community. He early showed a devoted interest in Cornell University, and one •of its largest legacies may be ti-aced directly to Mr. Esty's influence. He was many years a tnistee and vice-president of the Cornell Library Association. In later years lie was made trustee of the academy and its treasurer, and the prosperity of that institution was largely due to his prudence and business sagacity. When the acad- emy ceased to exist and the pi'e.sent school systetn was established, Mr. Esty was made one of the coniniissiouers and was president of the board from its organization until his death. To the duties of this office he gave unsparingly of his time, energy, business wisdom, and enthusiasm ; and it is not too much to say that to him more than to any other one person is due the present excellence of the Ithaca schools and school buildings. In 1873-4 Mr. Esty passed nearly a year in traveling in Europe, whence he wrote a series of interesting letters to his home paper. He gave $10,000 for the organize- BIOGRAPHICAL. 13 tion of the "Children's Home," au institution which has confeiTed great benefits up- on the community. Indeed, in all benevolent and charitable undertakings, or other enteiprises for the public good, Mr. Esty was found in the front rank of supporters. Mr. Esty left a devoted wife, Amelia Wilgus, to whom he was married May 12, 1846, and three children ; Albert H. Esty, Amelia W., wife of Calvin D. Stowell, of Ithaca, and Clarence H. Ilis sons, who were since their majority associated with him in business, continued the same until about a year ago, when it was merged into the United States Leather Company. A proper estimate of Mr. Esty's character, the respect in which he was held both at home and abroad, the friendship of his associates, can be gained from extracts from various publications at the time or soon after his death. The Board of Direc- tors of the First National Bank adopted the following memorial : "In the death of Edward S. Esty this board has lost a valued and most efficient member. "He was one of the organizers of the bank in 1863, and its vice-president for the past seven years. From the beginning of the bank's existence until the time of his death, as a director, his counsel and services have been held in the highest esteem by his associates. "The same business capacity and wisdom with which he conducted his own affairs and those of his family, were always at the service of the bank, and to whatever busi- ness success it may have attained, his ability contributed in no small degree. His extended knowledge of commercial affairs, his broad and enlightened views, his wide acquaintance with men in all spheres of life, and his just appreciation of character, are well known in this community. Here, as in ever)' other position of trust occu- pied by him, he managed the interests confided to his care with an eye single to their safety and welfare, and with no other thought than of devoting to them the best of his talent and abilities. "While enterprising and progressive in the management of his affairs, his judg- ment was always guided by prudence. By his sagacity and scrupulous integrity he commanded the respect of his fellow directors, and his kindly nature, evidenced by a never failing courtesy, won their affection. "As vice-president of the bank he has discharged his duties with tact and discre- tion, and with entire satisfaction to his as.sociates. "But not alone nor chiefly for his financial ability and rare business capacity will he be remembered. To these qualities were united in his well rounded character a sympathetic nature ; an enthusiasm for all that is noblest and best, as well in small and restricted circles, as in the more ambitious fields of State and National concerns ; a personal interest in individual worth ; a contempt for all forms of baseness, tem- pered by a charitable recognition of the infirmities of human nature ; a readiness to assist in the development of all that tends to the uplifting of mankind. "A leader and benefactor in the community, he was in every relation of life a true man. Such a life is in itself an educational influence of inestimable worth, and must be an encouragement tb all who are striving for the realization of high ideals of pub- lic and private conduct. " It is the desire of his former associates to place upon record an expression of their appreciation of the great service Mr. Esty has rendered to the bank, and of 14 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. their feeling of profound sorrow at his sudden death, and to this end it is directed that this paper be entered in full on the minutes of the Board." The Board of Education of the city of Ithaca, at their meeting held October 7, unanimously adopted the following as a tribute of respect to their deceased president, Hon. E. S. Esty: ' ' The death of Hon. E. S. Esty is a source of sincere sorrow to his associate mem- bers of the Board of Education. His long business career in our community, char- acterized by unswerving integrity and a prompt response to every call af duty, had won for him the confidence, respect and esteem of all our citizens. Often called to serve in places of trust and honor, his public duties were discharged with the same conscientious fidelity that has made his business life a success. As president of this board for more than sixteen years since its organization, April 14, 1874, his most earnest efforts were freely given to build up a system of public school education that would be worthy of his native city, and with great satisfaction he saw that system develop from year to year. Our well equipped school buildings, erected through his persevering efforts, will long stand as enduring monuments to his wisdom and sagac- ity. A cultivated Christian gentleman of refined tastes, a faithful and devoted friend, a judicious and trustworthy counselor, a generous benefactor of the needy and distressed, a capable, far-sighted leader among men, an earnest worker for the prosperity of his city, Mr. Esty's death is an irreparable loss. May we revere his memoi'y and strive to imitate his virtues. ' ' Resolved, That in the death of Hon E. S. Esty this board has lost a member and presiding officer of great worth, whose many sterling qualities had won for him the entire confidence, the greatest respect and the highest esteem of his fellw-mem- bers, and our schools have lost a. warm and earnest friend, whose untiring labors were unstintedly given in their behalf. ' ' Resolved, That we tender to the family of Mr. Esty our sincere sympathy in this their sore bereavement. " At a meeting of the trustees of Cornell Library on Tuesday, October 14, the fol- lowing resolutions were adopted; ••Resolved, That in the death of Hon.E. S. Esty, the Cornell Library Association, of which he was for five years the honored president, shares an irreparable loss, with the city in which he lived, and with the State itself; that the wisdom and integrity with which he has presided over our deliberations, and the financial solicitude and ability with which as treasurer of the libraiy fund, he promoted the welfare of the li- brary, deserved and will receive our enduring gratitude. ' ' Resolved, As trastees of the libraiy, that we sincerely deplore the great affliction which has thus suddenly fallen upon the family and relatives of Mr. Esty, and desire to convej' to them, our as.surance of profound sympathy for them in their deep dis- tress." From the New York Tribune of October 11th. "THE LOSS OF HIGHER EDUCATION. "The cause of education, both of the common schools and higher education, lost one of its most efficient friends in the death last week of ex-Senator Edward S. Esty, of Ithaca. He was an intimate friend of Ezra Cornell, and in full sympathy with him when, in 1865, he decided to devote a considerable part of his fortune to the es- BIOGRAPHICAL. 15 tablishment upon the hills overlooking the beautiful Cayuga Lake of a university that would furnish a broader practical education than any of the older institutions provided. Among Mr. Cornell's friends at Ithaca few were so sanguine of the final success of the undertaking as Mr. Esty. "When Cornell University was established upon a firm basis Mr. Esty became greatly interested in the idea of building up in this community a system of schools which, beginning with the lowest forms, should be graduated to the highest kind of instruction preparatory to university studies. Twenty years ago, when Cornell Universit)' was barely beginning its work, the character of the schools of Ithaca was about on a level with, but in no way superior to, that prevailing in other towns of the State of 10,000 inhabitants. Mr. Esty undertook to arouse public sentiment in favor of his cherished plans "In 1874 the Board of Education of that city was organized, with Mr. Esty as its president, an office which he continued to hold until his death. He lived to see his ideas carried to the most successful consummation. It would be difficult to find a more complete and admirable school system than that which exists to-day in that little city of less that in,000 inhabitants. So widely and favorably have its advanta- ges become known as an adjunct to the university that of the 400 or more students that now enter Cornell each year a very considerable number are the sons of parents who have either .sent their children or have come to live with them there, that they may receive the best and most appropriate preparation for their college work. In fact the standard of the requirements for entrance to the university is said, upon good authority, to have been considerably raised by the influence of the work in the Ithaca schools. For this success chief credit is freely conceded to Mr. Esty. At this week's meeting of the Board of Education resolutions were adopted expressing the appreciation felt for his services for education in that community." THE TREMAN FAMILY IN TOMPKINS COUNTY. This family, whose name is so familiar to all residents of Tompkins county, and whose members have been conspicuous in the community from its earliest settle- ment, are of English descent, their direct ancestry being from Sydenham, County Devon in that country. The family derived its designation at a very remote period from the manor of Tremayne, in the parish of St. Martin, on the banks of Helford- Haven., The first one of the name to emigrate to America was Joseph Tremaine who came over in 1666 and settled at New London, Conn. He had five children, two of whom were sons named Joseph and Thomas, respectively. Thomas was the father of four sons named respectively John, Simeon, Nathan and Benjamin. John Tre- maine, of this family, was a farmer by occupation and lived near Pittsfield, Berkshire county, Mass., a section from whence many of the pioneers of Tompkins county came. He was a man of more than ordinary natural ability and possessed of high character. He was honored with various public offices in all of which he was dis- tinguished for integrity and efficiency. He was the father of eight sons whose names were Philip, Gains, Julius, John, Daniel, Jared, Abner and Jonathan. 16 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Of these sons Abner was the one with whom we are most deeply interested in the early pages of this sketch. His father became a resident of Hillsdale, Columbia county, N. Y., and there his children were born. Abner's birth occurred on the 35th of December, 1761. He passed his boyhood and reached an age of responsibility just as the struggle for freedom by the American colonies was being inaugurated and with four brothers patriotically assumed his share in the memorable contest, although it is recorded that some members of another branch of the family residing in New York city remained loyal to the British king and fled to Nova Scotia on the evacuation of the city by the British. Abner Treman was sixteen years of age when he enlisted in Colonel Van Courtland's regiment and wasassigned to the Fifth Company, serving until the close of the war. His courage, firmness and ability were such that he was selected by General Washington himself, as one of those to assist in the capture of Stony Point, on the Hudson River. General "Wayne was in command of the expe- dition ; Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury had the immediate command of the right wing, which was composed of one hundred and fifty volunteers, and these were led by twenty men under Lieutenant Gibbon as a forlorn hope. Of these twenty men Ab- ner Treman was one. He was in General Sullivan's army and accompanied him on his expedition through the Wyoming Valley and up the Susquehanna. He was suc- cessively corporal, sergeant and sergeant-major. It- appears from the records at Washington that he was honored with a Badge of Merit for faithful service. He re- ceived as a bounty for his services in the Continental army six hundred acres of land located in what was then the county of Herkimer. The Indian title had been ex- tinguished, and the State of New York had divided a large tract of land into twenty- eight townships of one hundred lots each, and each lot containing six hundred and sixty acres of land, to pay, as a bounty, to her soldiers who were in the army of the Revolution. Abner Treman's number drawn was Lot No. 2, Township No. 33. It proved to be a strip of land three-fourths of a mile wide, and about two miles in length, on which is now located the beautiful village of Trumansburgh. He came in 1793 with his wife, three children, his brother Philip and Philip's son Benjamin and his wife's brother (John McLallen), with his bounty warrant to take possession of his land. He immediately commenced clearing up his land and gave a man a deed of one hundred acres of it for one year's service to work on it. In 1794 he concluded to build a grist mill, and went east to Chenango Point, now Bingham ton , to purchase the necessary machinery. On his return he stopped all night at Davenport's tavern, which was located a mile from here on West Hill. It was in the month of February, and there came on a snow storm which covered the ground about two feet deep. He left the tavern at nine o'clock in the morning ; after walking all day and until about midnight he arrived at the house of Mr. Wayburn on Goodwin's Point, and about two milesfrom home. He could go no farther, he was exhausted, frozen and nearly dead. They knidly cared for him, and as far as they knew did what was for the best, but they imprudently put his feet into warm water; one of them had to be cut off , and it was this that made him a cripple for life. He died August 18, 1823, aged six- ty-one years. His brother Philip located in Ledyard, Cayuga county, and there reared a family, the descendants of whom in 1893, celebrated the centennial of their settlement there, Abner Treman took up land on the site of what is now the village of Trumans- burgh. The settlement at this point has had several names, but its present one is de- BIOGRAPHICAL. IT rived wholly from the fact of Mr. Treman's settlement there. It was first called " McLallen's Tavern,'' audit is said that at one time it was known as "Shin Hollow." Upon the authority of De Witt Clinton it was also, and much more appropriately, known at an early day as " Tremaine's Village.'' Just how or when the final tran- sition to its present name occurred is not known. Mr. Treman had married Mary McLallen,' daughter of John McLallen, several years before his migration westward. For their dwelling he built the first house on a lot opposite the present M. E. Church. It was of course u primitive log cabin, its roof covered with bark. There several of his children were born and on the same lot he eventually erected the house which is still standing. It has been written of Abner Treman that he was a man of marked characteris- tics, full of life atjd animal spirit, of robust physique and powerful voice, brusque and sometimes rough in speech, generous and charitable, yet exacting as to his rights ; he was respected by all good citizens and feared by the bad. The blood that flowed in his veins was good and strong and he transmitted to his posterity the sterling qualities which he possessed in so eminent a degree, and his children and children's children in turn became prominent and representative people wherever they lived. Mr. Treman's eldest child was Mary Treman, afterwards Mrs. Leroy Valentine, born in Columbia county in 1788 and died in 1869. His eldest son. Jonathan, was also born in Columbia county, July 17, 1790; married Annis Trembly and died in 1853. Annis Treman, another daughter of Abner, was born June 2.7, 1792, and be- came the wife of Gen. Isaiah Smith. Calvin Treman was born September 13, 1794, married Ann Ayers, and died in 1849. Ashbel Treman was born September 1, 1796 ; married Mary Ayers in 1817 and died in 1837. Luciuda Treman was born August 17, 1793, and married Jeremiah Ayers. Jared Treman was born October 5, 1800 ; his (irst wife was Mr.s. Louisa Paddock ; his second wife was Wealthy, the widow of Dr. S. E. Clark; he died July 11, 1889. Abner Treman, jr., was born January 12, 1803, and married Jemirtia Thomas, January 30, 1823. He died January 30, 1883. Charlotte Treman, born June 30, 1806, married Minor King. Alfred Treman was born January 31, 1811, and married Mary Ann Trembly. Erastus Treman was born July 31, 1813, married Mary Buck, who survives him. Ashbel Treman, son of Abner and mentioned above, was the father of Leonard, Lafayette L. and Elias Treman, three men who have been long identified with the business interests of Ithaca, and two of whom are still active in the affairs of the city. He also had two daughters, Mary C. and Ann P., as will have been seen by fore- going dates. Ashbel Treman died at a comparatively early age and his sons were early made to realize that they must succeed in life, if at all, by their own efforts. Leonard Treman, the eldest of the three brothers justmentioned, was born at Meck- lenburg, then in Tompkins county, June 18, 1819. His early education was obtained in the district schools of his native village, finishing with a term in the Ithaca Acad- ' John McLallen, then nineteen years old, came with his brother-in-law in 1792 to what is now Trumansburgh, employed by Mr. Treman as a teamster. Obtaining a piece of land from Mr. Treman he built thereon the first public house in the present town of Ulysses. It was this fact which gave the settlement at one time the before- mentioned name of "McLallen's Tavern." Several of Mr. McLallen's descendants were men of character and good repute in this locality, c 18 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. emy in the winter of 1834-5. In the latter year he took up his first occupation on his own accoujit by engaging as clerk in the store of Wood & Nye in Ithaca, where he re- mained two years, when his father died and he returned to Mecklenburg. His early tastes were wholly turned towards a mercantile career, and with the purpose of mak- ing that his life work he again came to Ithaca and entered the employ of Edmund G. Pelton, who was carrying on the hardware trade. From that time onward until near the time of his death he retained his connection with that business. In the year 1844 his brother, Lafayette L. (a sketch of whose life follows this), joined him, and the firm of L. & L. L. Treman was founded as successors of Mr. Pelton. The business pros- pered as most business will when superintended by men of ability, integrity and in- dustry. On the 1st of February, 1849, Elias, the youngest brother (also noticed a little further on), came to Ithaca and joined the firm, the style becpming Treraan & Brothers. On the 1st of February, 1857, Leander King, a cousin of the Tremans, who had been long and faithful in their employ, was admitted to the partnership and the style was again changed to Treman, King & Co., and so remains at the present time, though other changes have been made in its membership. In the year 1849, when Elias Treman came into the firm, they acquired a foundry and machine business then located on the East Hill on the south bank of the Casca- dilla Creek. These works were subsequently burned and the business was then transferred to Cayuga and Green streets, and was very successfully conducted under the firm name of Treman & Brothers and distinct from the hardware trade. Under the firm name of Treman & Co., Leonard Treman also established a general hard- ware business in Watkins, Schuyler county, which was continued until a few years ago. While these extensive operations would seem to have been sufficient to satisfy the ambition of most men, as well as to employ one's whole time, such was not the case with Mr. Treman or his brothers. They foresaw the future inportance of the village and its needs, and were the builders and owners of a large portion of the stock of the Ithaca Water Works, which has continued in the family ever since, and they took a large share of the stock of the Ithaca Gas Light Company. Mr. Treraan was made president of the former company in 1864 and of the latter in 1870 and held the offices until his death. They are now filled by his brother, as noted further on. He was elected president of the village in 1850 and again in 1868-9 ; was a director of the Ithaca and Newfield Plank Road Company in 1850 ; of the Ithaca and Athens Rail- road Company from 1869 to 1874, and of the Cayuga Lake Railroad from 1871 to 1874. He was a charter trustee of the Ithaca Savings Bank from 1868 and president at the time of his death, and for many years was a trustee of the Congregational church. It hardly need be added that these various important positions were filled and their duties administered with the same faithfulness and ability that had long character- ized the conduct of his private afliairs. In the business and social life of Ithaca his position was an enviable one and was honored by him in the same degree that it hon- ored him. Mr. Treman was married to Almira Corley, of Ithaca, on the 20th of October, 1846. They had three children, two of whom died in infancy, and the third is the wife of John W. Bush, of Buffalo. Lafayette Lepine Treman was born at Mecklenburg, April 8, 1831, He received his education in the common schools supplemented by a period of study in the Penn BIOGRAPHICAL. 19 Yan Academy. In that village he found his first employment away from home as a, clerk in the hardware store of James D. Morgan. In the year 1844, when he was twenty-three years old, he came to Ithacaand joined with his elder brother, Leonard, in the hardware trade under the firm name of L. & L. L. Treman, succeeding Ed- mund G. Pelton. This young man was possessed of exceptional natural business ability, which he laad assiduously cultivated during his clerkship in Penn Yan, and when the two brothers joined their interests in Ithaca it was with a firm determination to accom- plish just what they ultimately did accomplish, the building up of a successful and extensive trade in an establishment that would be an honor to the place and bring them a justly earned competence. This determined purpose has governed Mr. Tre- man ever since, and while other interests have in later years claimed much of his at- teution, he has never permitted his allegiance to his first legitimate business to falter. The qualifications before noted soon gave Mr. Treman an acknowledged position among the most enterprising men of Tompkins county, while his reputation for staunch integrity led to his being called to several positions of trust and responsibil- ity. He served for a time as secretary of the Ithaca and Athens Railroad before its consolidation with the Lehigh Valley system. He early became a director in the Tompkins County Bank, and in 1873 was chosen its president, a position which he still holds. Under his skillful financial guidance this sound old institution is known as one of the most successful of the banks in the interior of the State. In 1888 he was made president of the Ithaca Gas Light Company and the Ithaca Water Works Com- pany, both of which positions he still occupies. In their management his counsel has always been for enterprising liberality towards the public, a policy that has at the same time been to the interest and prosperity of the companies. He is also a direc- tor and one of the principal promoters of the Lyceum Company, which has just completed one of the finest opera houses in the State. He is also one of the original Board of Directors of the Ithaca Trust Company. In all of these positions Mr. Tre- man has won the entire confidence and respect of those with whom he has been as- sociated. Modest and retiring in his temperament, with unfailing courtesy for all and a broad charity and kindliness for the weaknesses of human nature, Mr. Treman has found a warm place in the community outside of his large cii'cle of business con- nections. He is a member of the St. John's Episcopal church and since 1847 has continuously held the office of warden, contributing cheerfully of his means to the building up of the cause of religion. Like other members of his family Mr. Treman is a Democrat in politics, but en- tirely without desire or taste for public office. On the 9th of April, 1849, Mr. Treman married Eliza Ann Mack, daughter of the Hon. Ebenezer Mack, one of Ithaca's most prominent early citizens. Their children are as follows: Ebenezer Mack Treman, born December 13, 1850. Jeannie liiead Treman, widow of John S. Waterman, of Cumberland Hill, R. I. Anna Louisa Treman, now residing in Ithaca. Elias Treman, the youngest of the three brothers, was bom in Mecklenburg, De- cember 9, 1823, attended school in his native village and finished in the Penn Yan Academy, after which he entered the employ of Morgan & Armstrong in Penn Yan 20 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. as clerk in their hardware store (where his brother was already engaged) and re- mained there six years. In 1847 he came to Ithaca and entered the employ of the then well established firm of L. & L. L. Treman. becoming a partner in said firm on February 1, 1849, the style being thereby changed to Treman & Brothers. In this connection he has ever since remained. Uniting his admirable business qualifi- cations with tho.se of his brothers, the foundry and machine shop before mentioned was built up and the hardware trade largely extended. When the building of the water works was taken up he was made one of the directors of the company, and also in the Gas Company, which positions he holds at the present time. He is also a di- rector in the Tompkins County Bank ; also in the Ithaca Savings Bank, in the Ithaca Trust Company, and a member of the Board of Education. At the present time a large share of the burden of directing the mercantile business of the firm falls upon his .shoulders. He is a Democrat in politics, like his brothers, but also like them has never become an aspirant for public office, though he has capably filled the position of president of the village of Ithaca. Mr. Treman enjoys to the fullest extent the confidence and respect of the community. Mr. Treman was married on July G, 1853, to Elizabeth Lovejoy, of Owego. They have three children; Elizabeth, married on December 21, 1882, to Mynderse Van Cleef, one of the leading attorneys of Tompkins county (they have two children). Robert H., born March 31, W.'iS, now a member of the firm of Treman, King & Co. ; graduated from Cornell University in the class of 1888. He is a director in both the Water and the Gas Companies; also in the Tompkins County Bank and is a trustee of Cornell University; married Laura Hosie of Detroit, Mich., June 24, 1885 (they have one child). Charles E., born October 11, 18G8, a graduate of Cornell in the class of 1889, and is employed as a clerk in the business of Treman, King & Co. Ebenezer Mack Treman, the oldest child of Lafayette L. and Eliza Ann Treman, was born in Ithaca, December 13, 1850, and received his education in his native place, entering Cornell in the class of 1872. He became associated with the large in- terests of his father, though not a member of the hardware firm. He is secretary and superintendent of both the Water and Gas Companies, positions which require executive ability of a high order and fully occupy his time. He is al.so president of the recently formed' Lyceum Company, and the erection of the new theatre in Ithaca is the realization of plans which he has had under consideration for many years. He is a young man of popular .social qualities and highly esteemed in the business cir- cles of his native city. He married first April 22, 1884, Eugenie McMahan, Lyons, Iowa. She died August 17, 1886; he married second on April 23, 1891, Isabelle Nor- wood, adopted daughter of Miles L. Clinton, of Ithaca. The other children of Lafayette Treman have been mentioned. THADDEUS S. THOMPSON. Thaddeus S. Thompson was born in the town of Ithaca, May 22, ,1838, a son of Samuel, a native of New England, and one of the earliest settlers of this county. For many years he was the proprietor of a hotel in the town, and was one of the en- BIOGRAPHICAL. . 21 gineers in the street construction of the city. In politics he was Democratic. Sam- uel died in 1873, aged seventy-eight years. Of his three children, our .subject is the only son. He was educated in the old Lancastrian School, and after leaving .school served an apprenticeship at the machinist's trade, which he followed nineteen years, bcMig eleven years with tlie D., L. and W. Co., seven years with Foster Ilixon and nearly two years with the N. Y. and E. at Elmira. In 1876 he engaged in the meat business, abandoning his trade on account of his weak eyes. For three years he ran a market on Farm street, and for one year at the corner of Plain and Seneca streets. Since 1880 he has been in the grocery business at 29 West Mill street, starting with a small building and a small stock; but in 1887 he erected his present commodious store, and carrries a complete stock of groceries and provisions. In 1893 Mr. Thompson was elected city .supervi.sor on the Democratic ticket, and was re-elected in March, 1894. He was a candidate for sheriff in the fall of 1893. He is a member of the I. O. of O. F., having pa.ssed all the chairs, and is also a mem- ber of the Encampment. He is a charter member of Cascadilla Lodge K. of P. , has held all the offices, and was the representative to the Grand Lodge. He is a mem- ber of Hobasco Lodge No. 716 F. and A. M., Eagle Chapter No. 58, St. Augu.stine Commandery No. 38, Ithaca Council No. 68 R. and S. M., and Damascus Temple, My.stic Shrine, of Rochester. He is a director, secretary and treasurer of the Co- operative Building Bank of New York. For thirty-eight years he has been a member of the Ithaca Fire Department, in which he has held all the offices. In 1893 he was piesident of the board, and for fifteen years was engineer of a steamer. He is a life member of the State organization. On January 17, 1861, he married RhodaCarr, of Auburn, and they have one daugh- ter, the wife of John Wilgus, architect, of Ithaca. CHARLES S. SEAMAN. The subject of this sketch was born in Ithaca, April 9, 1848. His father was Daniel J. Seaman, who, during more than twenty years, carried on a livery business in Ith- aca. Charles S. Seaman was educated in the old academy in his native village, and found his first employment after leaving school in the grocery of Geo. W. Frost, where he soon acquired a good general knowledge of correct business methods. His father was the owner of a near-by farm, and the young man afterwards worked on that to some extent, and then engaged in the livery. After his father's death in 1887 he assumed the management of the business, and has since successfully conducted it. Mr.. Seaman is a Republican in politics, and has been an active worker in the party. Social and courteous with all, he early became very popular with his fellow citizens, and in 1893 received the nomination for sheriff of the county. He was elected by a flattering majority, and now holds the office, for which he is peculiarly adapted. Mr. Seaman is a member of Fidelity Lodge, F. and A. M., Eagle Chapter, St. Augustine Commandery, and Damascus Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He has been 23 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. a member of the Republican County Committee, and chairman of the City Committee at times. Hb is a member of Ithaca Lodge, I. O. O. F. ; Cascadilla Lodge K. of P., and Taughannock Tribe I. O. R. M. Mr. Seaman married, in 1875, Gussie C. Space, of Basking Ridge, N. J. MYRON N. TOMPKINS. This brilliant and successful member of the Tompkins county bar was born in the town of Newfield, Tompkins county, on the 3d of October, 1859; he is, therefore, one of the younger members of the profession in this county. The grandfather of Mr. Tompkins was Nathaniel, a native of Hudson county. N. Y., and one of the pioneers of Newfield. His son, Bradford R. Tompkins, was born in Newfield, where he has passed most of his life and still lives, a respected citizen. Bradford R. Tompkins married Rachel Bloom, a descendant of the early pioneers of that name ; she is deceased. They had three children, all of whom are living. Myron N. Tompkins received his education in the common schools, supi^lemented with two years in Cornell University. He had early determined to follow the pro- fession of the law, and had read extensively before he left the university, and to such good purpose that after less than one year in the Albany Law School, from the fall of 1879, to May, 1880, he was admitted to the bar. He was then thoroughly equipped as far as mere education goes, for his life work, and it was not long before the re- sults of his study were supplemented by the still more valuable acquirements to be secured only in the field of active practice. After his admission Mr. Tompkins came at once to Ithaca and began practice as a partner of the late Merritt King. After a few years this connection ceased, and since that time he has been associated with several diflierent per.sons. He is now in the enjoyment of a volume of legal business that commands his entire energies. Mr. Tompkins is adapted by nature for a successful lawyer; and his natural traits are emphasized and made more readily available by the habits of his life. His early formed determination that whatever .success he might be able to attain should be founded upon integrity and honorable action towards those who placed their interests in his hands, has never been deviated from ; while his persistent industry and untiring energy continually drive him to the accomplishment of a vast amount of business. He has been connected with several important litigations, among others the Cornell chlorine case and the Ezra Cornell estate contest. Mr. Tompkins is an active Republican in politics, and has been highly honored by his constituents. He was chairman of the County Committee one year, and was the first recorder of the city from 1887 to 1890, succeeding D. F, Van Vleet. He was city attorney from 1891 to 1893, and has been attorney for the Pavement Commission since its creation. Mr. Tompkins was married on February 15, 1883, to Ada B. Kellogg, of Newfield. They have one son and one daughter. \^^M\trv;^ J\^H^^ l^AA^A^ BIOGRAPHICAL. 23 JAMES L. BAKER. Prominent amoug the younger members of the bar of Tompkins county is James L. Baker. Mr. Baker is descended from one of the earliest pioneers of the western part of the town of Ithaca. This pioneer was James Baker, great-grandfather of James L. Among his children was Lawrence Baker, who had a son named Jeremiah Mulford Baker, who was the father of James L. The mother of the latter was Mary J. Helms, of Montgomery, Orange county, N. Y. There was a family of six chil- dren, all but one of whom are living; four of them are sons. James L. Baker was born in Montgomery, Orange county, on the 2d of February, 1847. Six years of his life were passed in his native town, when in 1853 his father removed to Enfield, Tompkins county, and purchased a farm of William Jewett, which has ever since remained as the homestead and still remains in possession of members of the family. His father died in October, 1882, and his mother in August, 1883. James L. Baker attended the common schools until he was eighteen years of age, when he entered the Ithaca Academy and there continued his studies until he was twenty-one, teaching a part of each year to earn the needed money to pay the ex- pense of his education. He first taught in the oil region of Pennsylvania, and after that in districts in this county. He had early determined upon law as his life work and began his studies in the office of Beers & Howard. He -was an ardent and ear- nest student and was admitted to the bar on the 9th of February, 1871, having pre- vious to that date entered the Albany Law School from which he graduated after his admission to practice, in May, 1871. Mr. Baker is one of that large and honorable class of professional and business men who was forced to rely upon his own efforts to reach the goal which his ambition desired. As before noted, a large part of the expenses of his education, both in school and as a lawyer, he provided for himself. When he graduated from the law school he found himself in debt. Returning to the office of Beers & Howard he continued reading until January 1, 1872, when he opened an office in Ithaca. He has ever since practiced alone, with the exception of inter- vals when he employed a salaried partner. This last mentioned fact is aij indica- tion of one of Mr. Baker's strongest traits of character — self-reliance. While his practice has been of a general character, it has been and now is, very large, and has embraced cases of importance ; but he has never felt impelled to share the respon- sibilities of his business with others. He has a modest and justifiable confidence in his own ability to safely represent the interests of his clients ; and it is perfectly proper to state that his success has warranted his course of action. He holds the reputation of his profession high and is ever watchful of his own good repute. His industry is untiring and he never spares himself in the preparation of the cases entrusted to him. It is therefore not a marvel that he has been unusually successful in building up a large practice. Mr. Baker is a consistent Republican in politics. He was chosen village attorney for the last time before the organization of the city government, and was the first city attorney. He has also been special county judge and was a prominent can- didate for the office of county judge in 1891. Mr. Baker is a conspicuous member of the Order of Knights of Pythias, which he entered in 1874, having been a member of Cascadilla Lodge since that time. He is a past grand chancellor of the State of New York, and past supreme representative. 24 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Mr. Baker was married in 1878 to Annie M. Cooper, of Truraansburg, formerly of South Danby, daughter of Alanson Cooper, one of the old and most respected residents of that town. DEXTER HUBBARD MARSH. Among the pioneers of Groton village was the father of D. H. Marsh. His name was Lucius H. Marsh, and his wife was Huldah Finney. He had a farm just outside of the village and later in life also operated the grist mill one mile north of the village. He subsequently engaged in the mercantile business in the village with Martin S. Delano, in which he continued until 1858. He was a man of excellent character, good ability and enjoyed the respect of the community. He was the father of four children, of whom the subject of this sketch was the youngest. The eldest was Eugene A. Marsh, now postmaster of Groton, and formerly for six years was deputy county clerk of Tompkins county. The next son was Hiram C. Marsh, of the firm of Hiram C. Marsh & Son, extensive job printers of Chicago. The fourth child is a daughter, Creusa J. Marsh, who married Dr. L. A. Barber, of Auburn, and is deceased. Dexter H. Marsh was born August 16, 1840. He received his education in the Groton Academy, and early evincing a taste for mercantile bu.^iness, he entered his father's store, where he rapidly made himself entirely familiar with the best business methods. In 1858 he succeeded his father in trade, and successfully conducted the store seven years. At the end of that period he sold out his stock to his brothers, E. A. & H. C. Marsh, and in association with Charles Perrigo, organized the First National Bank of Groton, Mr. Perrigo being elected president, and Mr. Marsh, cashier. For twenty-five years Mr. Marsh successfully and honorably con- ducted the institution, Mr. Perrigo remaining nominally as president, but the larger share of the burden of responsibilty resting upon Mr. Marsh. The capital of the bank is $100,000, and it now has a surplus of $50,000. On the 14th of January, 1890, he was elected president and now fills that office. Mr. Marsh is a man of resources and with mind broad enough to comprehend the management of varied interests; and during the period of his connection with the bank he has become prominently identified with various projects. He was foremost in organizing the Crandall Typewriter Company, and the Groton Carriage Company, of both of which he is president and both being successful industries. He is also a director in the Groton Bridge Company; secretary and treasurer of tlie Dwight Farm Land Company, and a member of the manufacturing firm of N. R. Streeter& Co., of Groton. In most of these companies he was the chief promoter and organizer and is now the largest stockholder. He has been a director in the Southern Central Railroad twenty-five years. In all of these active relations Mr. Marsh has secured the confi- dence and respect of his associates. He is essentially a self-made man, having begun his business career with but small means, consisting of his earnings during the period of his early clerkship in the store. In politics he has been active in the Republican party, but has always declined to be its candidate for office. He has always been actively interested in temperance and BIOGRAPHICAL. 25 church work, being one of the officers of the Congregational church, and at one time superintendent of the Sunday school. He has been a member of the church thirty- three years. Mr. Marsh was married on December 3, 1863, to Welthea M. Backus, of Groton. They have two children living — Florence Lillian, wife of Frank J. Tanner, treasurer of the Typewriter Company; and Carrie S. Marsh; a son was born to them in 1871, but died in infancy. ALONZO B. CORNELL. Few counties, of the same relative importance in population, have, during their civil history, exerted greater influence in the public counsels and administration of the State of New York than Tompkins county. Its domain was first reclaimed from aboriginal control by settlers under the leadership of the distinguished State engineer and surveyor. General Simeon De Witt, who had selected it as his future home on account of its romantic scenery and its natural strategic location, aflfording the most advantageous point of union between the Susquehanna River and Lake Ontario. Under such auspices men of education, enei-gy, and enterprise were induced to come from the older counties bordering the Hudson River, and from other States, to cast their fortunes into the early development of the county. They established and maintained a superior system of local education, and, as a natural result, their de- scendants have proved to be worthy representatives of an honored ancestry. One of the most conspicuous of the natjve sons of Tompkins county is Alonro B. Cornell, the twenty-fifth governor of the State of New York, who was born at Ithaca, Janu- uary 22, 1832. Governor Cornell was the oldest son of the eminent philanthropist, the Honorable Ezra Cornell, foynder of Cornell University, who was associated with Professor S. F. B. Morse in the original development of the Magnetic Telegraph in America. Educated at the Ithaca Academy until the age of fourteen, when he became a telegjraph oper- ator, young Cornell entered upon the activities and responsibilities of a business career, in which he soon became conspicuous for success and rapid promotion, and early attained an enviable position in the telegraphic profession. After more than twenty years of active experience in all of the various grades of telegraph service, from that of operator to general superintendent, Governor Cornell was in 1868 elected a director of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and has been re-elected to that position at twenty-five successive annual elections by the stock- holders of that great corporation. For more than twenty^years he has been a mem- ber of the Executive Comnaittee and for the past twelve years chairman of the Law Committee. From 1870 to 1877 he was the senior vice-president, and during the year 1875 was designated by the directors as acting president, and discharged the onerous duties of that position during the prolonged absence of President Orton in Europe. Mr. Cornell was an early promoter of and for many years controlled the management of the Gold & Stock Telegraph Company, the American District Tele- graph Company, and the American Railway Electric Light Company. 26 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Having in 1861 acquired by purchase the line of steamboats on Cayuga Lake, Mr. Cornell assumed the personal management of that valuable property. He instituted many improvements to the great satisfaction of the traveling public. Under his liberal and intelligent direction the prosperity of the enterprise rapidly increased until he parted with its control by sale at a largely advanced price. Mr. Cornell was for several years an officer of the Tompkins County Bank at Ithaca, 'and in 1864 he united with several personal friends in organizing the First National Bank of Ithaca. He was the first cashier and subsequently vice-president, and for more than twenty- five years was one of the directors of that successful financial institution. He has been a trustee of the Cornell Library at Ithaca from its first organization, and for the past twenty years has been the president of its Board of Trustees. He has been a trustee of Cornell University from its foundation in 1865, and has given much valuable service to the administration and development of that great institution of learning. I While pursuing a life of ceaseless activity in business affairs, Mr. Cornell found time to devote much attention to political interests. He became affiliated with the Republican party upon its original formation, and has ever since exerted an impor- tant influence in its counsels both local and general. He was elected chairman of the Tompkins County Republican Committee in 1858, and served in that capacity. until 1866, when he became a member of the New York Republican State Commit- tee, of which he was elected chairman in 1870, and served continuously until he was , nominated for governor of New York in 1879. He rendered valuable service to his party in affecting its reorganization in 1870-71, and his management of the Republi- can campaign in 1872, which resulted in the triumphant re-election of President Grant, won for him eminent repute as a sagacious and effective political organizer. The results of that exciting and important canvass were largely credited to the wise and vigorous measures undertaken and sustained under his inspiration and leader- ship. His services were generously acknowledged by many of the leading Republi- cans of the United States, who united in tendering him a magnificent souvenir testi- monial which is one of his most valued possessions. He was one of the New York State delegates-at-large to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1880, and was also a member of the National Republican Executive Committee from 1876 to 1880, and he has been a member of the Union League Club of New York since 1867. As the supervisor of his native town of Ithaca in 1864 and '65, Mr. Cornell began official life and discharged the onerous duties incident to the closing years of the civil war in such manner as to command the grateful appreciation of his constituents of all political predilections. In 1868 he was selected by the Legislature as one of the first Board of New Capitol Commissioners, and the same year he was nominated for the office of lieutenant-governor by the Republican State Convention, but the Republican ticket of that year was defeated by the outrageous naturalization frauds perpetrated by Tammany politicians in New York and adjacent counties. Upon the accession of General Grant to the presidency in 1860, he appointed Mr. Cornell to the important position of surveyor of customs for the port of New York. He soon discovered the existence of an extensive conspiracy between customs officials and dishonest importers to defraud the government of its revenue, and was soon brought into active conflict with the conspirators. The penalties resulting from his II • I ' AiLiiJ)iii;y;u2) K,CiO)0^M EHIL, BIOGRAPHICAL. 37 energetic enforcement of the revenue laws were quite unprecedented in the entire history of the nation. In 1870 President Grant nominated Mr. Cornell for assistant treasurer of the United States at New York, but he promptly declined the appoint- ment, preferring to continue the important work of customs reform which he had so successfully begun and carried forward. He continued to discharge the duties of surveyor with marked success until December, 1872, when he tendered his resigna- tion to the secretary of the treasury to accept a seat in the New York Legislature. At the annual election in 1873 Mr. Cornell was elected Member of the New York State Assembly from the Eleventh Assembly District of New York city, and upon the organization of that body he was chosen speaker by acclamation in the Republi- can caucus of ninety-six members. This unusual distinction was conferred upon him despite the fact that he had never before been a member of a legislative body, while nearly a dozen members of long experience had been earnestly supported by their friends as competitors for the position. It was considered a well merited tribute to his efficient services in the great campaign just closed, and he achieved still higher honor by the marked success of his service as speaker of the Assembly. Few men have won equal repute as presiding officers even after many years' experience. Declining a proffered re-election to the Assembly in 1873, Mr. Cornell resumed active duty as vice-president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and devoted himself to the service of that corporation until February, 1877, when he was again called into the federal service by President Grant, by whom he was appointed naval officer of customs for the port of New York. After the accession of Mr. Hayes as president, he called upon Mr. Cornell to resign the chairmanship of the New York Republican State Committee, as the condi tion of remaining naval officer. This he regarded as an invasion of his civil rights, and declined to comply with the presi- dent's request, whereupon a successor was nominated, who was rejected by the Senate by a very decided majority, thus vindicating Mr. Cornell's position of inde- pendence from presidential dictation. Shortly after the adjournment of Congress in 1878, Mr. Hayes suspended the col- lector and naval officer of New York for alleged interference in political affairs, and appointed successors, who were finally confirmed after a heated controversy in the Senate. That this action was not approved by the great body of Republicans was singularly demonstrated by the fact that at the subsequent elections Mr. Cornell was elected governor of New York, and Mr. Arthur was chosen vice-president of the United States. The Republican nomination for governor of New York in 1879 was earnestly con- vassed by the friends of several strong candidates, but Mr. Cornell proved to be sufficiently the favorite to command a majority vote of the delegates in convention, and was therefore nominated on the first ballot. The political' campaign was vigor- ously contested and resulted in the election of Mr. Cornell to the governorship by a majority of more than forty thousand over Governor Lucius Robinson, who was the Democratic candidate nominated for re-election. Inaugurated governor January 1, 1880, Governor Cornell urged upon the Legisla- ture the importance of reformation in the State revenue laws, and under his admin- istration laws were projected and enacted tvhich have very largely increased the revenues of the State. He recommended the eligibility of women as school officers and approved a bill providing that women should both vote at school meetings and 28 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. render public service as school officers. He brought the State Prisons up to a self- supporting basis and conducted thera upon thorough business principles, free from all political influence or dictation. He abstained from the abuse of the pardoning power, which had often been a discredit of preceding administrations. His appoint- ments to office were noted for fitness for duty required, and it is gratifying to record that no scandal ever resulted from any appointment made by him in the conduct of the executive office. The most prominent characteristic of Goyernor Cornell's administration was the sturdy and independent exercise of the veto power. Friends and fofes admitted the resolute and impartial hand with which he protected the public interest from spoli- ation ; special legislation sought for selfish private interest was firmly resisted and improvident appropriations were ruthlessly vetoed. The National Guard was re- duced in numbers by disbanding inefficient organizations and the remainder com- pactly organized into a strong and effective body. A State camp of instruction was established, and under the influence of the new regime the citizen soldiery of New York has become noted for the superiority of its appearance and discipline, The scandalous condition of many of the county jails and poor-houses was vividly portrayed by Governor Cornell in his successive annual messages to the Legislature and the deplorable situation of helpless debtors imprisoned in the New York county jail for trifling amounts of indebtedness was vigorously denounced by his trenchant pen Under pressure of his urgent recommendation the Legislature created the State Railway commission which has rendered effective service in the regulation and elevation of the important public interests under its jurisdiction. The establishment of the New York State Board of Health, which was accomplished pursuant to enactment of law in the first year of Governor Cornell's administration, has proved to be one of the most important and beneficent steps in the progress of the State toward a better and higher civilization. By this simple instrumentality the majesty and power of the people are rendered available for the prompt and effective remedy of local evils which the neglect of ignorant and inefficient town officials too often permitted to become dangerous to the public health. Thus disease and death have been driven from many an humble cottage by the strong arm of the State. For more than thirty years there had been continued agitation for the repeal of the usury law, which had generally resulted in a drawn battle in the Legislature. In his annual message in 1883, Governor Cornell recommended a form of modification of the usury law which commanded the approval of public sentiment so entirely that the law was amended in conformity with his suggestion by the unanimous action of both Houses of the Legislature. The result of this modification of the old law has been extremely favorable to borrowers, and has done more to equalize the importance of New York with London, as a monetary center, than any other event in our history. Contrary to the general custom of his jiredecessors in the executive office. Gov- ernor Cornell confined his annual messages to the discussion of State affairs only, carefully avoiding any reference to federal politics. He took this course in the be- lief that all of his influence was due to the people of the State who had entrusted him with their great commission, and that it was his duty to devote himself exclusively to their service, leaving federal affairs to be cared for by the representatives in either branch of Congress, who had been especially selected for that purpose. BIOGRAPHICAL. 29 An occasion of unusual political excitement throughout the State of New York occurred in the second year of Governor Cornell's administration, in consequence of political differences between the president of the United States and the two senators representing this State, which resulted in their resignations. This action precipi- tated an angry controversy, under which the Republican majority in both branches of the Legislature was divided into bitter partisan factions. This unhappy condition continued two months and thus prolonged the legislative session of 1881 beyond all precedent. It is not surprising that this remarkable experience resulted in the return, at the ensuing election, of a Legislatuie of opposite political complexion in both houses. Despite the natural embarrassments proceeding from the disturbed condition of Repulilican politics. Governor Cornell's administration had given such satisfaction to the people that he was strongly supported by them for renomination at the Republi- can State Convention called to select a candidate as his successor. His renomina- tion was, however, bitterly opposed by active friends of the federal administra- tion and a coterie of disappointed politicians who had failed to secure satisfactory recognition from the governor during his official teirm. It is an undisputed fact that a decided majority of delegates to the Saratoga Convention of 1882 were elected in favor of his renomination, but the minority faction, led by unscrupulous men, vreTf enabled by various discreditable means, including both bribery and forgery, to so manipulate the State Committee as to secure control of the temporary organiza- tion of the convention adverse to the governor's friends. Using this point of advan- tage they arbitrarily unseated nearly forty regularly elected delegates and thrust into their places bogus contestants, thus fraudulently reversing the true complexion of the convention as originally elected. By such forbidden and abhorent means, the deliberately expressed choice of a large majority of the true hearted Republicans throughout the State was ignored, and the renomination of Governor Cornell, which had been so confidently expected, was de- feated by a small majority and the rival candidate was formally nominated. These extraordinary proceedings of the State Convention aroused the deepest indignation among Republicans throughout the State to such an extent that the successful candidate, although of eminent personal respectability, was repudiated at the election by a majority of 192,000, and the Republican party was plunged into an abyss of degradation from which it required years of patient labor to redeem it. Retiring from the gubernatorial office at the age of fifty. Governor Cornell re- sumed his residence in the city of New York and devoted himself to business pursuits, having extensive interests in various electrical, railway and insurance corporations. In his domestic life Governor Cornell has been peculiarly fortunate. He was mar- ried November 9, 1852, to Elen Augusta, daughter of Deacon George Covert, of Ithaca. Four boys resulted from this union, of whom one died in infancy and one met with an accidental death at the age of eight, while two have grown to mature life and are happily married. Mrs. Cornell was a lady of superior accomplishments, and her home was always the seat of cordial and refined hospitality. As a presiding genius of the Executive Mansion at Albany Mrs. Cornell will long be remembered as one of the most charming and agreeable ladies known to public life. After a long and painful illness she was called to her rest May 11, 1893, lamented by a wide and devoted circle of friends. The following year the governor was again married to a younger sister of his first wife. 30 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. FRANCIS M. FINCH. Hon. Francis M. Finch, associate judge of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., June 9, 1827. " His parents were of New England extraction. His father, Miles Finch, was appointed surrogate of Tompkins county, March 37, 1823, but afterwards engaged in mercantile pursuits, which he continued until a short time before his death. Even in his youth Mr. Finch mani- fested a remarkable literary talent, which he still retains, though he stoutly avers that "the practice of law has chastened and choked it down." If he had followed his own strong inclinations, he would doubtless have drifted entirely into literature and become, perhaps, one of those who " care not to make the laws of a nation so long as they can make its songs." He was one of the editors of the Yale Literary Magazine during his senior year, and took an oration at Commencement. At that time, and in fact throughout his life, he has been peculiarly felicitous in making impromptu speeches. His college songs, "Gather ye Smiles," "Smoking Song," "Nathan Hale,'' " Linonia," and later "The Blue and the Gray," with others, thrown off in his moments of relaxation, have, to use the language of another, ' ' been crystallized and set with the classic gems of the recognized poets of the country," while many of his graver poems will live long after he has passed away. But young Mr. Finch early forsaw that literature was a precarious vocation, and the promptings of a sense of sterner duty compelled him to turn regretfully from its inviting paths and plunge into the law with all his native vigor and earnestness. He studied his profession in Ithaca, and was admitted to the bar in little over a year. Mr. Finch's practice was of rapid growth ; he was a gentleman of fine scholarship, a hard stu- dent, a clear and persuasive reasoner,' a wise, reliable counsellor, conscientious in a marked degree in the fulfillment of his relations to his clients, and tenacious in the advocacy of their rights, and he soon took a commanding position among the ablest lawyers of the Sixth District. The most important cases were confided to him, and his opinions upon legal questions were eagerly sought by the most eminent of his brethren at the bar. Early in General Grant's first presidential term he was ap- pointed collector of internal revenue for the Twenty-sixth District, New York, which office he resigned after holding it for four years. At the organization of Cornell University, Mr. Finch became warmly interested in the institution, was one of its trustees, and its counsel and friendly adviser through its early troubles. In May, 1880, Mr. Finch was appointed judge of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York to fill a vacancy of six months. In 1881 he was reappointed to fill a vacancy of one year. In the fall of 1881 he was elected to a full term of fourteen years, which will expire December 31, 1895. Mr. Finch possesses a natural mental grasp which seems able to take in the manifold bearings of a subject, to perceive its resemblances and harmonies, as well as its inconsistences, almost at a glance; he has a judicial tem- perment without bias. In speech he is methodical, correct, rounded and concise ; his critical analysis of a subject, or resum6 of a case, covers all its points and leaves no gaps to fill. His opinions have been always characterized by the utmost fairness of spirit, depth of learning, and thorough research. In short it may be truly said that he possesses all the elements necessary for the high judicial position which he has so ably filled. He is approachable, genial, and affable ; and while he possesses large perceptive faculties and keen discrimination, he is almost philosophically tolerant. BIOGRAPHICAL. 81 His chief relaxation is his large and well selected library, to which he turns with delight from his arduous legal and judicial labors. On the death of Hon. Douglass Boardman in the year 1801, and the consequent vacancy in the deanship in the School of Law in Cornell University, Judge Finch was unanimously elected by the trustees. of that institution as dean of the Law School. Since his election he has found time outside of his duties on the bench to give much time and thought to the development of the school, and to prepare and , deliver before the law students a series of lectures, which are masterpieces in their literary style and legal acumen. Judge Finch has always taken a warm interest in all things relating to the progress of his native place, and has identified himself with various business enterprises of local prominence. He is now vice-president of the Ithaca Trust Company and a director of the First National Bank of Ithaca. Mr. Finch waSi married May 25, 1853, to Elizabeth A., daughter of Robert May Brooke, of Philadelphia. She died ou March 38, 1803. He has three children; a son, Robert Brooke, and two daughters, Mary Sibley and Helen Elizabeth. MILO GOODRICH. Mild Goodrich was born at East Homer, N. Y., January 3, 1815. His parents. Philander and Almira (Swift) Goodrich, were in humble but respectable circum- stances, and had then recently emigrated from their native place at Sharon, Conn. Soon afterwards they purchased a farm near the Marl Ponds, in the town of Cort- landville, where the childhood of the subject of this, sketch was spent, and where his education was commenced. He early manifested a great fondness for books, and at the age of sixteen com- menced to teach the district school, where his education up to that time had been obtained. For the succeeding few years he pursued his studies, first at Homer Academy and afterwards at the Oberlin Institute, then a new institution in Ohio, designated to enable students to sustain themselves while completing their educa- tion ; but he found it necessary to teach school during the winter months, and never fully succeeded in completing the course of study which he had designed for him- ' self. In 1838 he commenced his law studies at the office of Judge Barton, of Wor- ■ cester, Mass. , where he was admitted to practice law in the year 1840. He then seems to have anticipated the advice afterwards given by Horace Greeley and went West to what was then the Territory of Wisconsin, where he remained two years practicing law at Beloit, at the expiratioxi of which time he returned to his native county. In the year 1844 he married Eunice Eastman in the town of Groton, N. Y., and soon afterwards removed to the adjoining town of Dryden, which was his home for ' the succeeding thirty years, and where by untiring energy, united with great natural strength of mind and a vigorous physical constitution, he rose from the lowest to the highest grade of his profession. His business was at first confined to the local courts, where his success as a lawyer first developed, but he soon became a prominent figure at the circuits of Tompkins and adjoining counties, where his power as an ad- 32 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. vocate before juries will long be remembered. He loved his chosen profession and practiced it for the success which he attained in it, rather than for pecuniary com- pensation for his efforts, which was, with him, a secondary consideration. He was common and unobtrusive in his manners, generous with his means, and exemplary in his habits. He early took a serious and active interest in public affairs; held the appointment as postmaster at Dryden in 1849 ; served as superintendent of schools soon after, and was subsequently elected u member of the House of Representatives of the Forty-second Congress. He was also elected a delegate to the Constitutional Con- vention of the State of New York in 1867, where, as a member of the Judiciary Com- mittee, he alone submitted a minority report favoring on elective judiciary with a term of fourteen years, which was subsequently adopted. In the year 1875 he removed to Auburn, N. Y., where Jie continued his practice in the higher State and United States Courts until near the time of his death, which occurred April 15, 1881. His wife and three children survived him, the former of whom now resides near her early home in the town of Groton, and the latter consist of George E. Goodrich, who still occupies the old home of his father at Dryden ; Frank P. Goodrich, who was until recently an instructor in Yale University, but has just accepted a position of Professor of German in Williams College, Mass., and Fannie Schweinfurth, who now resides at San -Francisco, Cal. It would be useless for the writer of this brief sketch to attempt to convey to a. stranger to Milo Goodrich an adequate conception of his magnetic power as a speaker, or his native ability and commendable attributes as a man. He was self-made so far as his early advantages were concerned, and had certain original qualities which impressed themselves upon those who came in contact with him, and which causes his memory to be cherished by those who knew him. JEREMIAH W. ■ DWIGHT. Jeremiah Wilbur D wight was born in the village of Cincinnatus, Cortland county, N. Y., on the 17th day of April, 1819. . He was the eldest son of Elijah and Olive Standish Dwight. A sister, Mrs. E. S. Farnham, of Owego, N. Y. , and a brother, R. R. Dwight, of Harford, N. Y., survive him. In 1830 his parents moved into the town of Caroline, Tompkins county, N. Y., where as a boy he attended school, worked on a farm and assisted his father in his blacksmith shop. In 1836 he moved with his parents into the town of Dryden, where for two years he worked on a farm and in his father's shop summers, attending school during the winter. In 1838 he entered the store of A. Benjamin, in Dryden, village,, as a clerk; later with A. L. Bushnell, with whom he became a. business partner ultimately, forming a business partnership known as Dwight & Ferguson, which continued for, many years. In 1853 he erected a stone store which is now in the village of Dryden, which was operated for some years under the old firm name. He then organized the firm of J. W. Dwight & Co., of which he was the head, his store becoming the business center of the eastern portion of Tompkins county. BIOGRAPHICAL. 33 In his business life in Dryden he won the respect of all, and was soon chosen to places of trust. He was one of the incorjiorators of Dryden village ; was also one of the organizers and incorporators of the Southern Central Railroad, of which he was always a director and vice-president. He. was also trustee and president of the Southworth Library Association. Mr. Dwight showed an early interest in politics, and was one of the charter mem- bers of the Republican party. In 1857 and 1858 he represented his town in the Board of Supervisors of Tompkins county, being chairman of that board both years. His services were so acceptable in that capacity that in 1859 he received the Republican nomination for member of assembly, and was a member of that body for two years. At the breaking out of the war he became greatly interested in the organization of the various regiments raised in this part of the State, being appointed a member of the War Committee for his senatorial district by Gov. E. D. Morgan. In 1868 he was a delegate to the Chicago Republican Convention, voting for the nomination of General Grant for the presidency. In 1870 Mr. Dwight was elected to the Forty-fifth Congress; was re-elected to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses, retiring March 4, 1881, being the only member in the history of his district sent for three successive terms. In 1884 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, held at Chicago, and was among the supporters of James G. Blaine for president. Mr. Dwight, as a politician, was noted for his loyalty to principle and for his utility of resources ; always a stalwart Republican, putting forth his earnest efforts for party unity and advancing the cause f)f Republicanism. In 1880 he organized the corporation known as the Dwight Farm & Land Co., of which he was the president until his death. This company purchased over 60,000 acres of land in the Red River valley, in North Dakota, 10,000 of which >vas put under cultivation, and was known as one of the largest wheat farms in that section of the country. He was also a partner of John McGraw, of Ithaca, N. Y., in exten- sive pine land operations in the State of Wisconsin. They were also largely mter- ested in real estate in Jersey City, N. J. He was gifted with keen commercial faculties, able judgment, sterling integrity, and a high moral character. He was also known in a quiet and unostentatious wav to be a generous benefactor, ever ready to proffer the hand of aid and the voice of .sympathy to his fellow men, and particularly to the soldiers of the late war. He accepted the christian faith, and was a devout listener to the gospel when presented according to the laws of love and reason. Mr. Dwight ■ married Rebecca A. Cady, daughter of Hon. Elias W. Cady, who survives him, with four daughters and one son. Mr. Dwight's death occurred No- vember 25, 1885. He was laid at rest in Greenhill Cemetery in Dryden village. E. C. VAN KIRK. E. C. Van Kirk, the present recorder of the city of Ithaca, was born in the town of Enfield on the 38d of June, 1836. He is a son of Enoch Van Kirk, a respected B 34 LANDMARKS OK 'J'OMPKINS COUNTY. farmer of that town and a member of the Van Kirk family, who have been prominent in tlie history of Tompliins county. Enoch Van Kirlv was born on the homestead, where he still lives, on the 22d of January, 180i). His wife was Sophia Curry, of the town of Ulysses. Besides the subject of this sketch they had one son, F. C. Van Kirk, who now occupies the homestead with his father. E. C. Van Kirk received his education in the district schools and the Ithaca Acad- emy, which he left when he was about .seventeen years old to bey;in teaching in the common schools of the county. This vocation he followed nine winters, working al home most of the summers. On the 11th of August, 1863, he enlisted in Company fi, 109th Regiment N. Y. Vols. , and served honorably to the close of the war. In the battle of Spottsylvania he received a peculiar slight wound across the bridge of his nose. Soon thereafter he was taken fi-om the ranks to secure his services as a clerk and accountant on the quartermaster's and adjutant's reports and accounts. This deprived him of opportunity to gain promotion, and his service in the clerical work mentioned was of such value that he was not again permitted to return to the ranks. Returning at the close of the war, Mr. Van Kirk purchased a farm in Enfield. Before entering the army he had married Henrietta, daughter of David Purdy, of Ith- aca, and they took up the labor of the farm in expectation of continuing it indefi- nitely. But he remained on the farm only from April 1, 1800, to the 1st of January following; this course was adopted on aceountof his receiving, in the fall of 1800, the nomination for sheriff, followed by his election to the office. The nomination was made wholly without the knowledge or consent of Mr. Van Kirk ; it was, how- ever, none the less acceptable, and he entered upon its duties with a determination to so perform them as to win the approbation of his fellow citizens. He sold his farm and removed to Ithaca, where he has since resided. At the close of his terin f)f tlirce years as sheriff, and an interval of three years, he was again elected sherilf, serving down to 1877. Mr. Van Kirk showed special qualifications to fit him for this responsible office, and his two administrations were marked by active and careful watchfulness of the interests of the county. In 1877 he was appointed deputy postmaster in Ithaca, serving thus until 1888, when he received the appointment of postmaster from President Arthur, holding the office until the regular appointment of his successor. During the following year and a half he conducted the Tompkins House in Itliaca, after which he spent a portion of the years 1887-8 in California and Mexico. After a short period of bvisiness engage- ments, he was appointed in the summer of 1889 as .special inspector of customsat Platts- burg under President Harrison. This position he filled to the entire satisfaction of those to whom he was responsible until June, 1893. Mr. Van Kirk has correspondence and certificates from jiersons high in office in connection with the customs department, testifying to his ability, integrity, and courtesy while in the office of inspector, of which he feels modestly proud. He was retired by Secrcttu-y Carli.sle for political reasons. Returning to Ithaca, Mr. Van Kirk was tendered the nomination for the office of recorder of the city of llhaca, and was elected in Marcli, 1894. In the various stations to which Mr. Van Kirk has Ijeen called, it is his due to state that he has never betrayed a trust. He is a member of the Unitarian church; is a Mason a Knight Templar, and member of St. Augustine Commandery. He is recognized as a prominent factor in the Republican party in the county and served in one cam- paign as delegate to the State Convention. HlOCiRAl'IllCAL. Kf) The children of Mr. aud Mrs. Van Kirk are Ida A., Mary S. , Anna, George H., Lucy II. , and Nellie P. FRANK J. ENZ. Tills prominent business man of the city of Ithaca was born in Wurtemburg, Ger- many, on the loth of April, lyU!). His father was a respected citizen of that country, engaged in the baking and hotel business, and died there in 1809. During his later years and down to the time of his death he served as chief magistrate of his native village. The boyhood of Frank J. Enz was spent in his native place, where he attended school until he was fifteen years old, when his early ambition to better his position led him to join the great tide of emigration that is constantly ilowing from Europe to America. Without means other than sufficient to defray his travel- ing expenses, the boy left his fatherland in 1854, alone as far as any relative was con- cerned, and without influential friends, to seek his fortune in a strange land. Arriving in New York city in the spring, he found temporary employment in a bakery for about nine monlhs, where he was found by Luther Lewis, a farmer in what is now the town of Ithaca, on West Hill. Mr. Lewis was in need of help for his farm, and had the good judgment to foresee the value to him of the faithful Ger- man boy. Young Enz came home with the farmer and worked faithfully for him from 1855 to 1800. To Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, who became almost foster parents, Mr. Enz is wont to ascribe the foundation of his later success and his rapid education as an American citizen. He became naturalized in 1800, and cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln. The 5'oung man had now reached his majority, and at once sought for a wider lield of effort, which resulted in his beginning a jieriod of service for the (irm of An- drua. McChain & Co , of Ithaca, extending over a period of eighteen years. That (irm, as is well known in this part of the State, were large dealers in school books, paper supplies, etc., and before most of the railroads were built in this section, kept several peddlers' teams on the road selling their goods. One of these was placed in charge of Mr Enz, and it need scarcely be said that he conducted the business of his employers with the same energy and determination, the same good judgment and the same integrity that has for many years characterized his methods in his o\\tn business affairs. During the last two years of his .service for Andrus, McChain & Co. Mr. Enz trav- eled on the railroads. The conlidencc reposed in him by his cm[)loycrs, and his own devotion to their interests rendered this long business connection mutually satisfac- tory. In 1878 Mr. Enz, who had accumulated .some means, and a fund of business knowledge and experience, became associated with Thomas G. Miller, in Ithaca, in a similar line to that in which he had been engaged — wholesale paper, etc. The (irm has been successful in every sense and stands high in the business community. In 1880 they purchased one of the Ithaca paper mills, formerly owned by Andrus & McChain, and now turn out large quantities of brown paper. HO I.ANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Mv. Enz is a Republican in politics, uncompromising, and devoted to the interests of that party. He, moreover, is possessed of a natural talent for the innumerable phases of practical political work, and his fellow citizens long ago learned that fact. In 1885 the local party was considerably disorganized, if not demoralized. The County Committee was considerably in debt and no one seemed to be able to find a way out of the difficulty. It was a happy thought that led to the effort which resulted in placing Mr. Enz in the responsible position of chairman of the committee. He linally accepted it, and in a year he had cleared away the debt and had the local forces splendidly organized. It seemed easy enough for him to do this ; he simply aj)- plied his sturdy common sense and sagacious judgment, and his large experience as a bu-iness man, to the situation, and promptly accomplished his purpose. His party rewarded him by the nomination by acclamation for the Assembly in 1H87. He was elected by a remarkable majority, and the succeeding year was again placed in nomination by acclamation and returned to the Legislature by a majority increased over that of the previous year. These honors were worthily bestowed, and the people of the district never had the shadow of cause for regret at their choice. Mr. Enz was placed upon the important Ways and Means Committee during both terms; on the Committee on Trade and Manufactures, of which he was chairman, in he first year, on the Committee on Printing of which he was chairman in the second year. While not a brilliant speaker in public, Mr. Enz never lacks for words to forcibly imi)re.ss his views upon others, and in the Assembly he at once took a prominent j)o- sition as a clear headed, energetic, honest legislator, who was sent there to represent the best interests of his constituents and the people of the State, and who would be satisfied with nothing but their best interests. It was during Mr. Enz's term that Ithaca obtained a city charter and other important legislation for Tompkins county was carried through. Since his retirement from public olHce Mr. Enz has continued his active participa- tion in local politics, where his practical work is always appreciated, as well as effec- tive, and is now the chairman of the Republican County Committee. His actiuaint- ance in this part of the State is very extensive and of long standing, and the great respect in which his character for manliness and integrity is held in the city of his home will in all probability lead to his further elevation to responsible public station. Mr. Enz was married in 1863 to Martha J. Snow, of Caroline, N. Y. CHARLES M. TITUS. As a resident of Ithaca for over forty years, as a public spirited citizen, enjoying the confidence of his fellows, as a recipient of political honors time and time again the highest in the town, as a member of the State Legislature twice re-elected, and as a gentleman universally recognized as enterprising and honorable in all his transac- tions, the incidents of his life are very properly a part of the history of Tompkins BIOGRAPHICAL. 37 county, and space awarded him is so appropriate as to need no apology for its allow- ance. The life history of Mr. Titus is the history of thousands denied early pecuniary or even educational advantages beyond the most ordinary, but who by force of charac- ter, energy of purpose and adherence to business rules, step to the front and occupy positions of great prominence before the public. The father of Mr. Titus removed from Trenton, N. J., at an early day, and died before reaching middle age. The mother of the subject of this sketch was a Miss Sarah Ann Gilbert, of Jacksonville, whose father was a pioneer in this county, serv- ing as a soldier in the war of 1813. As the father of Mr. Titus died when he was a mere child, stern necessity soon taught the boy he must depend on his own exertions for success and advancement. Ho began his active life, meeting and overcoming difficulties which would have ap- palled and entirely dismayed almost any one of less self-reliance and less determina- tion to win a place among the workers of the world. He was born at Jacksonville, in this county, on the 29th of December, 1832, and his education was limited to the district school, and circumstances allowed him but a very brief period of time for even that. When a mere boy he entered a drug store at Trumansburgh, remaining there for a time, and establishing a character and rep- utation for efficiency and trustworthiness. Ambitious of a larger field, he came to Ithaca and entered the employ of Mr. H. F. Hibbard, then a prominent general merchant. He soon won the confidence of his employer, and his services were high- ly appreciated. Steady application to duties and confinement in doors told upon his health, and he became convinced that outdoor employment must be secured. A traveling sales- man, exhibiting an extensive line of American made sewing silks of all the various shades, attracted the attention of Mr. Titus, and he thought he saw therein the op- portunity he had sought of establishing an outdoor business, becoming a salesman to the trade of products of eastern silk manufacture in this and other States. For many years in the early fifties Mr. Titus put forth his efforts as a wholesale dealer of fancy goods with reasonable success. Not content to buy .silks of eastern producers, he with others formed the firm of C. M. Titus & Co., erected a building,- introduced the best machinery then known, and entered upon the manufacture of silk threads of the higher grades and superior quality. The business was carried on in a building, afterwards burned, upon the site of the present H. V. Bostwick wood working industry. The products of the firm were readily absorbed by the trade in New York city, and this led to an expansion of the business, and a general jobbing house was opened there and continued until fire destroyed the stock and broke up the enterprise. Because of the threatening aspect of public affairs, Mr. Titus then en- gaged with Bowen, Holmes & Co. , a leading dry goods house in New York city. At this time, the fall of 18G0, thoughtful men saw in the trend of affairs a great strug- gle must soon take place upon sectional lines, and, moved by patriotic motives, Mr. Titus severed his New York connection and started for Springfield, 111., intending to offer his sei-vices to Mr. Lincoln, whom he was confident must be elected, ready to be assigned to any position in which he might be useful in the approaching crisis. En- route to the West he reached Northern Pennsylvania when the wonderful oil produc- 38 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. tion just commenced, and he saw great opportunity for his active temperament therein. He was insensibly drawn into the excitement of oil speculation, and became an ex- tensive producer and operator. Selecting Oil City as his office point, he soon identi- fied himself with the early history of that place. He was one of the promoters of the Oil City bridge, spanning the river there. He was also one of the organizers and a director in the First National Bank. He was selected at a public meeting of oil pro- ducers to represent their interests at Washington relative to the war tax upon petro- leum, which mission was successfully performed. When but twenty-three years of age he purchased his present residence. The grounds attached were then vacant, but they now contain six fine dwellings. He has held Ithaca as his home all the years since as a boy he came from Triimansburgh. Concluding to give np his business in Pennsylvania, and feeling that he must have active employment to hold him at his homo, he purchased the manufacturing \)lant for many years conducted by J, Foster Hixson. Associated with William L. Bost- wick, the firm of Titus & Bostwick was organized, manufacturers of machinery and agricultural implements. Thisfirm introduced the well known and useful implement, "The Ithaca Steel Toothed Horse Rake." The business was very successful, and afterwards Mr. Titus disposed of his interest therein to Mr. George R. Williams, in order that he might devote his energies to the improvement of what was known as the Hloodgood Tract, consisting of some 'lOO acres of marsh and hillsides on tjie sonUi bounds of the village, which he ditched, drained and otherwise greatly imjjroved. About one-half of this tract was sold to the late John McGraw. Within the part re- tained by Mr. Titus was laid out that beautiful roadway known as " 'I'itus Avenue," which he located, built and bordered with trees now grown to great size. The ex- l^ense of this entire work was borne by the enterprising projector. In this vicinity and part of the purchase are some of our finest streets and avenues, as well as many of the most costly and desirable residences in the city. The present Fair Ground lies within its borders. Since 1871 he has carried on a very large farm, supplying much of the milk consumed in Ithaca ; and also farmed 5U0 acres of lands, the most productive in the county. Through portions of these lands streets are soon to be laid out and fine dwellings erected thereon. He built the "Titus Block" on West State street in 1870, as well as many residences and business buildings, before and since. The father of Mr. Titus possessed a mechanical and inventive temperament and was the inventor and patentee of the device and manner of making lead pipe in con- tinuous lengths. The .son, inheriting the inventive and mechanical temperament of the parent, has pi'oduced and patented some valuable devices. For several years he has been engaged as a promoter, with others, in bringing forward and perfecting what is now known as the "Peerless Type Writer." This machine is fully believed in by Mr. Titus, as destined to take the lead of all machines now in use. The man- ufacturing of it upon an extended scale has just begun in this city, and Mr. Titus is to receive a royalty upon each one produced. When the railroad from Ithaca to Geneva was projected Mr. Ezra Cornell was deep- ly interested in the success of the enterijrise, and recognizing Mr. Titus's abilities insisted he should assume the responsible position of its president. Mr. Titus be- lieved the interest of the road could be better secured, substituted the name of Mr. [j^-'^y-' BIOGRAPHICAL. 39 Thomas Hillhouse, of Geneva, that gentleman was made president, but soon after- wards resigned. Mr. Cornell then insisted his first choice should be adhered to, and Mr. Titus assumed the arduous duties of the position, and although almost insur- mountable difficulties appeared, carried the enterprise through to successful com- pletion. This link in the chain is a part of the through route of the Lehigh Valley Railroad from New York to the West. Deeply imbued with advanced Republican principles, Mr. Titus has always been active in the counsels of the party, helping to place the first Fremont banner in Ithaca in 1856. In addition to being upon the Republican electoral ticket in 1868, and his ■supervisorships, he has served three terms in the Assembly, and was unanimously ■selected as the candidate of the county for the senatorship of this district in 1893, but his nomination was defeated by a combination of delegates from the other coun- ties. Mr. Titus was married on the 11th of June, 1855, to Isabella Johnson, youngest daughter of Ben Johnson, the ablest member of the bar of Tompkins county. At his comfortable residence in this city, graced by the presence of his wife, is dispensed hospitality 'of the highest character, crowned by dignity, and enjoyed by hosts of friends who feel the value of the family acquaintance and friendship. Mrs. Titus made an extended European tour in 1893. GEORGE W. MELOTTE, M. D. S. Gkorge W. Mei.otte was born in the city of Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y., on the 33d of April, 1836. His father was Gabriel Melotte, a skillful mechanic, of French ancestry, and died in 1866 in Watertown. His mother was Mary Schwarts- figeur, a native of Montreal, Canada. There were six children- in the family, of whom three are now living. The subject of this notice was educated in the Jefferson County Institute at Water- town, and early in life determined to adopt the profession of dentistry. Reaching his majority he entered the office of Dr. S. M. Robinson, in Watertown, where he re- mained five years. Here his taste for the profession, as well as his skill, were rap- idly developed by constant practice and the persistent study of whatever works were then in print relating to the profession. An incident occurring during this period is worthy of record, as showing the early development of that natural mechanical tal. ent which became conspicuous with him in after years. It was the construction of an artificial nose for a resident who had been unfortunately deprived of that member. Governor Roswell P. Flower,, at that time a clerk in the post-office of Watertown, was delighted at the successful operation, and to this day often refers to it. In 1881, at the close of five years. Dr. Melotte removed to Potsdam, N. Y., where he remained through another five years, in the enjoyment of a good practice and striving constantly for further excellence as an operator. In 1866 he came to Ithaca and purchased the business established by Dr. A. H. Fowler, who upon his retire- ment published a card stating that "when he left Ithaca his patrons would find in Dr. Melotte a gentleman worthy of their continued patronage and competent to build 40 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. up the largest dental practice ever established in Ithaca." It is well known that this has proved a prophetic statement. As before indicated, Dr. Melotte is possessed of exceptional mechanical and inven. five genius. ' He continued in regular practice until 1883, in which year he went to New York to perfect himself in the then new branch of dental work, known as crown and bridge-work, under Dr. Sheffield, one of its , inventors. He also brought back to Ithaca with him Dr. Charles P. Grout, an expert in that work, who remained two months, giving the doctor further instruction. In this important branch of the profession Dr. Melotte became an expert, and has done work for prominent persons from many of the large cities of this State. Since that time Dr. Melotte has made important discoveries and has a number of valuable inventions connected with his profession and the jewel- ers' trade. He has taken out nine separate patents for dental appliances and apparatus. A few years since he formed a partnership withWm. Hazlitt Smith, of Ithaca, in the manufacture and sale of these devices, Mr. Smith attending to the business manage- ment, and employing Charles M. Clinton, the expert Ithaca mechanic, to manufac- ture them. Under this arrangement, the dental appliances are sold only by the S. S. White Dental House, of Philadelphia. These inventions have given Dr. Melotte's name an honorable and familiar character in every State in the Union, and are ad- vertised all over the world in four different languages. Dr. Melotte was examined by the State Dental Censors, May, 1887, and was given the degree of M.D.S., Master of Dental Surgery. In 1890 Dr. Melotte was chosen delegate from the United States to Berlin at the International Medical Congress, in the section of Dentistry, and where he acted as clinical demonstrator. He visited Paris where he was entertained by the world-re- nowned Dr. Bing, a noted crown and bridge worker and inventor, and appeared by special invitation at clinic before the dental college of that city. He also visited Lon- don where he gave a clinic at the great establishment of Ash & Sons, the largest deal- erii in dental goods in the old world. From there he attended by invitation the British Dental Association at Exeter, where he gave demonstrations in crown and bridge work. He returned home on the 6th of September, 1890. Dr. Melotte has been since 1893 a non-resident lecturer in the Buffalo Dental College, and in every way stands foremost in his profession in this country. Outside of his profession Dr. Melotte's life is one that is in every way honorable and enviable. His business has always been conducted upon a basis of integrity and dignity; his genial temperament and courteous social qualities have made him friends of all his acquaintances. As a member of the Masonic order he has been past commander of St. Augustine Commandery and prelate of the same for sixteen years. He is prominent in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having filled the chair of noble grand and of chief patriarch in the Encampment branch. He has long been a member of the Episcopal church and vestryman of St. John's in Ithaca twenty-two years. Dr. Melotte was first married in 1860 to Adela Gould, of Pamela, Jefferson county, N. Y., who died in 1862, leaving one daughter, now Mrs. J. P. Hale Armstrong, of Minneapolis. He afterwards married Mrs. Loraine Brown Pinney, who is the mother of two daughters, the elder of whom is a graduate of Cornell University. ^^o^i-^T^-^^^i— 7!vc^^- has since conducted a drug store. One son died at the age of seventeen years, and a. daughter married H. W. Butler, of Iowa, she being now deceased. Her son is Edwin Butler. George was educated in the old Lancasterian School, and at the age of thirteen was taken out of school and put to work ; he entered the grocery store of Stewart & Manchester as clerk, remain- ing one year. He was then employed variously until 1879, when in partnership with F. C. Mead he established a grocery at the corner of State and Corn streets. In 1881 they removed to the corner of Seneca and Plain streets, where he is now located. In 1884 Mr. Mead died, and our subject became sole proprietor, conducting one of the best exclusive grocery stores in the city, no tobacco being kept in the place. Mr. Buck is a prominent worker in the State Street Church. He is also a member of the Royal Arcanum. In 1879 he married Libbie Matthews, of Ithaca, and they have six children. His mother is still living at the age of seventy-six. 8 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Brooks, Arthur B. , was born January 16, 1845, in Stratford, Conn. His father, Frederick, moved with his family to this country in the spring of 1853, having pur- chased the hatting business of Isaac Tichenor, which business he carried on until his death in 1871. Arthur B. was educated in the old Ithaca Academy, and at the age of sixteen entered the employ of George Halsey, and then occupied the store in which Mr. Brooks is now located, remaining with him for six months, during which time he assisted in moving the stock to the store now occupied by White & Burdick, and then went with Schuyler & Curtiss for about four years. In 1867 he went in partnership with John and J. C. Gauntlett, under the firm name of Gauntlett & Brooks. Mr. John Gauntlett died in 1876, but the business was continued by the surviving part- ners until 1890, when J. C. Gauntlett retired from business, and since then it has been conducted by Mr. Brooks alone. In 1893 he moved from the old stand, which for forty years had been occupied as a drug store, to his present location No. 30 East State street, where he first began as a clerk. His present store has been entirely re- fitted with new and modern fixtures. Mr. Brooks is putting up a number of prepa- rations, which are meeting with a ready sale, and also carries a full line of druggists' supplies, toilet articles, cigars, etc. In 1870 he married Mary, the daughter of John Gauntlett, and they have two sons, Alfred C. , a graduate of Cornell University, class of '93, architecture, and John G., a graduate of the Ithaca High School, and is now studying pharmacy under his father. Banfield, Isaac, was born June 7, 1813, in the town of Danby, and received his ed- ucation in the common schools of his day. At the age of twenty-four he married Laura Lewis, daughter of Eli and Cena Lewis, who died September 15, 1843, from which one child survives, Mrs. Susan Gardner, of Springport, Mich. At the age of thirty-three he again married Harriett C. Mabee, daughter of John and Catherine Mabee, who died March 10, 1853; one child, George F., of Danby, surviving. And August 3, 1853, he again married Laura Tuthill, daughter of Gideon and Marguett Tuthill, who lived until March 33, 1888. Mr. Banfield is a Democrat in politics, and one of the respected and substantial citizens of the locality. Brewer, Byron, was born in Pultneyville, Wayne county, on the bank of Lake On- tario, June 1, 1845. The life he led as a boy, sporting, fishing, and sailing boats on the lake, fitted him admirably for the life of a sailor, and he followed the life of a sea- man for some eight years. He is one of the few whalers, once so numerous, we sometimes run across and whose reminiscences of those times when whaling was a large and profitable industry is perhaps more highly prized than any part of his sub- sequent life. After fourteen years of active life in the Western States he returned to this State, and in 1883 bought the old "White Mill" at Freeville, which he has made into a modern mill, making a specialty of fancy buckwheat flour, which is well and favorably known throughout the State and in many localities in Western and Southern States. In 1890 he took his son, Geo. A. Brewer, into partnership with him, and the firm is known as B. Brewer & Son. They are among the leading and substantial citizens of the town. Brown, Holden T., was born in this town September 35, 1813. His father, Abra- ham Brown, was a native of Westchester county, and the maternal grandfather of our subject, Isaac Tripp, was a native of Rhode Island. Abraham Brown settled in Tompkins county when about thirty years of age, and followed chiefly farming. FAMILY SKIiTCHES. J) though he kept hotel also for about thirty years, the bui kliiig standing \\-ithin eighty rods of our subject's present home. His first hotel was a log house, but soon after he built a frame house, and had a large patronage, often having twenty- teams and their occupants to provide for at once. His wife was Susanna, daughter of Isaac Tripp, and they had six children, the youngest of whom was our subject, Holden T., who married in 1839 Margaret Crawford, of Newfield, by whom he had ten children, one deceased. The others are as follows: Hiram H., IraT., H. W., E. A., Margaret A., Abraham M., Delia, Lina, Charles H., and May E. Mr. Brown is a Patron of Husbandry and in politics a Republican. Mrs, Margaret Brown died in 1873. Barden, John, was born m New Hampshire in 1825 and is a descendant of old New England stock. The first of the family came to this country from Scotland early in the 17th century and suffered in common with others from the French and Indian wars. He was educated in the common schools of his day, after leaving which, he was for a time in his father's store and factory. In 1846 he engaged in railroad busi- ness. He assisted in the construction of the Northern Railroad of New Hampshire, and the Nashua and Wilton Railroad. In 1849 he came to Ithaca with contractor P. W. Jones, to construct the present Cayuga and Susquehanna branch of the D. L. & W. from Ithaca to Owego. The .spring following he went to Scranton and was engaged in building the road from there to Great Bend. When the road was com- pleted he returned to Ithaca, where he has resided until the present time. Mr. Bar- den is a Democrat, and in 1889 was elected mayor of the city of Ithaca, which office he held two years. He has been director of Tompkins County Bank for over twelve years. He has been twice married ; his first wife was Eliza A. Coddiugton, and his present wife Abby S. Shaw, of Towanda, Pa. Buck, Benjamin, came from Great Bend, Pa., in 1805, with his wife and twelve children. Three more were born to them after coming here. He settled near the Baptist church in East Lansing, where he died in 1850, aged eighty-eight years. Daniel Buck, his S3cond son, married Sallie Garrison, and settled on a farm in East Lansing. He died in 1856. He was a deacon in the Baptist church for more than forty years. By his marriage he had twelve children : Simeon, Levi, Nancy, Almi- ra, Louisa, Lorana, Benjamin, Phoebe, Lydia, Daniel, James, and Alvah B. The latter, Alvah B. Buck, was born August 12, 1834, and has always been a farmer. December 30, 1858, he married Helen M. Hatch, who died September 25, 1865. Oc- tober 11, 1866, he married Harriet E. Hatch, sister of his first wife, and they had four children: Fred H., Earle D., Ellard A., and Leon F. Alvah is a. successful far- mer, living in Groton, who bought the "Hatch Home Farm'' of 115 acres. Ede Hatch was born September 20, 1760. He was a native of Connecticut and served with the American army in the Revolution. He married Eunice Chapman, and in 1815 with his wife and nine children removed to New York State. About 1825 he settled on a farm in West Groton with his youngest .son, Eleazer. In 1838 Eleazer married Maria Haring. She died in 1853, and in 1854 he married Lorena Buck (now Mrs. Alanson Tallmadge). The children of his first marriage were : Helen M., Sa- rah J., and Harriet E. Eleazer Hatch was a successful farmer and was prominently connected with the Baptist church. He died March 15, 1871. Phoebe Buck married Simeon Conger, January 7, 1846, and had five children: Annette, Eddie, N. P. Wil- 10 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. lis, Charles Fay, and Fred B. Simeon was a mechanic and book-keeper at Groton village. He was also an occasional preacher, but was not ordained. He died in 1866. Booth, John Isaac, was born in what is now Schuyler county, November 9, 1838, the son of John Isaac and Hannah (Thompson) Booth. The father was a farmer and school teacher, and our subject was brought up to farm woik, while in the win- ter he attended the district school. Later on he attended the Burdett Academy. At the age of sixteen he learned the carpenter's trade, at which he worked about five years. About 1860 Mr. Booth came to Groton and found employment in the Separa- tor works, where he remained five years, and then entered upon a more active career as one of the firm of Williams & Booth, general furniture dealers and undertakers. About 1868 Mr. Williams retired from the firm, and a year later Smith Booth became associated with the business, and so continued until 1880. For eight years thereafter J. I. Booth was sole proprietor, and in 1888 George Alvin Booth acquired an interest in the firm, and the present firm of J. I. Booth & Son was iformed. Their factory and sales- rooms on Main street are well stocked and supplied with all the machinery and equip- ment necessary for the conduct of their extensive business, and it is almost needless to say that from the time of its original beginning, in 1866, the business has been abundantly successful, while its senior proprietor has ever been regarded as one of Groton's first business men. In 18G6 Mr. Booth married Sarah M. Hard, of which union four children have been born : Henrietta, wife of David L. Morey, of Bridge- port, Conn. ; George Alvin, in partnership with his father; Emmett Ray, vice-presi- dent of the Owego Bridge Company; and Bertha Belle, wife of Guernsey B. Will- iams, who holds a resposible position in the large mercantile house of 1). McCarthys- Co. , of Syracuse. Boice, James, was born in Caroline, May 24, 1843, a son of Emery, who was born in Ulster county, March 3, 1806, and came with his parents to this county at the age of ten years. Here he followed fai-ming all his life, beginning with his father, Abram Boice, who gave the name to Boiceville, where he owned a farm of 150 acres. Emery started in life on the Erie Canal, which he followed two years, then began work on the farm. His wife was Penelope Krum, of Ulster county, by whom he had two chil- dren : William K. and James. The latter has followed his father's occupation of farm- ing, and was at home with his parents until the age of twenty-three, when he mar- ried Margaret F. Thomas, daughter of Benjamin Thomas, of Dryden, now Caroline, December 6, 1865, and about April 1, 1867, they settled on their present place of 185 acres. Mr. Boice is at present special agent of the dairy department of the State Agricultural Department, having received his appointment from Governor Flower in 1893. Mr. and Mrs. Boice have had two children : Arthur J. and Nellie E. Our sub- ject is a Mason of Caroline Lodge No. 681. He is a Democrat, and has sei-ved as as- ■sessor and supervisor. Bull, Justus, was born in Caroline, August 80, 1822. His father, Aaron, was one of the pioneer settlers of the town of Dryden, being a native of Connecticut, who set- tled on the place now owned by Aaron Scliutt. He began with a limited stock of funds, but his father- in-law gave him fifty acres of land, on which he started, and at that time Caroline, as it is now known, was a settlement of Dutch. Aaron Bull at one time kept a hotel in this town (about 1807), some ten years before the county of FAMILY SKETCHES. 11 Tompkins was set off, and he became the owner of a great many acres of valuable land in this section, and also owned a distillery and a saw mill. In 1850 he went west and bought State lands in Wisconsin, which cost him several thousand dollars, and at his death he was preparing to retire to the West. He died April 31, IS.'iO, aged seventy-five years. His wife was Mary Krum, and they had ten children. Our sub- ject has always lived in this town, where he was educated for a school teacher. In 186.^ he married Amelia Rightmire, a native of Somerset county, N. J., and they have had five children: Julia E., born June 16, 1866; Durward B., born March 28, 1868; Maggie, born August 4, 1870; May E., born November 5, 1872; and Kate, born April 29, 1875. All were educated in the Brookton School and at Ithaca High School, and two in the Normal School at Cortland. One daughter has taught seventeen terms, being very successful in her work. Three of the children are school teachers, and the son lives at home with his parents. Four of the family are members of the Bap- tist church. Robertson, Burnett F., was born in Dryden, April 12, 1845. the oldest of three chil- dren of Oakley and Sylvia Robertson. Burnett was brought up on a farm and edu- cated in the district schools and Groton Academy. He lived at home with his par- ents until his marriage on February 17, 1869, to Laura L., daughter of Volney and Samantha Stevens, of West Groton. Soon after his marriage our subject, with his brother, purchased the home farm, where he lived nine years, and then exchanged ■with his father for a farm north of McLean village. Here he lived till 1884, then re- moved to the Volne)"- Stevens farm in West Groton. He is a Prohibitionist in poli- tics. Volney Stevens was the son of pioneer John Stevens, and was born January 18, 1809. He married Samantha, daughter of Nathan Benson. She was born March 21, 1808, and they had five children: Persis M., Manson, Ellen, Nathan B. (a mem- ber of Company F, 109th Regiment, who served three years), and Laura L. , wife of our subject, Burnett Robertson. Volney Stevens died September 22, 1875, and his wife January 20, 1876. Benton, Orange N., was born in Virgil, Cortland county, November 15, 1824, one of eleven children of Frederick and Rachel Benton. He lived on his father's farm until sixteen years of age, then started for himself and learned the carpenter's trade. In 1854 he married Phcebe Ann Mix, youngest daughter of Ethan and Welthea Mix, of Groton. Mr. and Mrs. Mix came to Groton in 1813 from Vermont. Imbued with true New England spirit, a tract of land was cleared and a handsome home built. They raised a family of nine children. Mr. Mix became a. man of prominence in town af- fairs, being twice elected supervisor. He died in 1870, and his estimable wife a year later. Orange Benton and family came to Groton in 1866 and bought the old Hop- kins farm, a mile east of the village. They have had three children: Emily E. , a teacher in the Groton Union School ; Elmer M. , who died in 1893 in Moravia, N. Y. He was a Christian gentleman, whose earnest, faithful work in places of trust lives after; and Olia S., who died in 1887 while visiting in Minneapolis, Minn. Mr. Ben- ton has had marked success in selecting and raising colts to fine horses, and has sold some of the handsomest carriage teams in the State. Besemer, John J., -was born in Caroline, July 12, 1822. James, his father, was also a native here, and lived on the farm now owned by J. A. D. Cooper. He followed farming all his life, and married Sallie Depew, taking the farm her 12 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. widowed mother then lived on, which farm he worked to within a year of his death, our subject then coming to the farm on which his father died, where he has since remained. James and wife had five children, of whom John J. was the second. He married Nelly C. Eignor, daughter of John Eignor of Caroline. He bought a farm on what is known as Bald Hill, where he stayed ten years, then came to his present place, known as the homestead. He is the father of seven children : Oscar, Charles, Frank, Arthur, John, Edwin and Erma; the first three children all died during the yearlSfiS; the others are all in business for themselves, except Erma, who lives at home. Arthur is a physician in practice in Dundee; John works his father's farm, and lives on the farm ; Edwin is a salesman on the road. The children \\'ere educated in the High School at Ithaca, with the exception of Edwin. John J. had the benefit I of a common school education. He is a Granger and also a member of the M. E. church at Slaterville, and in jjolitics a Republican. Benson, Nathan, was one of the early settlers in the western part of Groton, and was the head of a respected family in whose honor the locality known as Benson's Corners received its name. Mr. Benson was a man of influence in the early history ^f the town, and was identified with many of the prominent measures for the welfare of the locality. In his family were four boys and five girls, one of the former being Chandler Benson, subject of sketch. Like his father. Chandler was an im- portant man in West Groton, and is remembered as having been a successful farmer. He died March 8, 1873. Mr. Benson was three times married. His first wife was Maria Townley, by whom he had three children : Eveline, Addie and Elvira. His second wife was the daughter of Lewis Townley, and of this marriage there were no children who grew to maturity. Mr. Benson's third wife was I'hilena Buck, by A\'hom he had three children; Giles H., Cliarles F. and Orlin D. Mr. Benson was originally a Whig and afterward a Republican, and was frequently elected to the office of assessor. Moreover, he was a successful farmer, and left a good farm to his children. Giles H. Benson was born in Groton, May 15, 1849, and has always lived in the town. October 35, 1871, he married Mary, daughter of John H. Haring, of Lansin.if, and they have one child. Mr. Benson lives on part of the old home farm, and his buildings are among the best in town. Baldwin, M. M., M.A., LL.B.— By Mrs. B. H. Parliaman. Elisha Baldwin, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in New Marlborough, Conn. At the early age of sixteen he enlisted in the army of the Revolution and served six years, much of the time under Generals Lee and Washington. He was in the cele- brated battles at Brandywine and Monmouth. In the latter he stood but a short distance from General Lee, and distinctly heard the altercation between him and GCAieral Washington. His grandchildren loved to gather around him and listen with bated breath while he portrayed the fearful sufferings of Washington and his heroic army during that dreadful winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge. At the close of the war Mr. Baldwin retired from the service with only a few dollars of nearly worthless Continental money. He married, and, after several removals, settled at Clarence, Erie county, N. Y., where he brought up a large family of children. In 1818 he was granted an annual life pension, and his certificate was signed by Hon. John C. Calhoun, secretary of war. General Anson, the seventh child, was married to Huldah A. Murdock in April, 1819, the Rev. Glezea Fillmore, officiating. Miss FAMILY SKETCHES. 13 Murdock was a daughter of Joshua Murdock, one of .the first settlers of Venice, •Cayuga county, and a sister of Hon. Lyman Murdock, projector of the " Murdock Railroad," so called. Mr. and Mrs. Geo. A. Baldwin soon settled at Royal Center, Niagara county, where three children were born to them: Marvin, Charlotte and Calvin. Here, at Royal Center Academy, Marvin accomplished a full college course of study, under the excellent management of Donald G. Fraser, A.M., and Edward D. Kennicotl, A.M. He soon afterwards received the degree of M. A. from Genesee, now Hobart College, New York, under Dr. Benjamin Hale, president. Mr. Baldwin then entered the law and land offices of Hon. Washington Hunt, first judge of Niagara county and afterwards comptroller, member of congress and governor of the State. Before commencing practice he attended the Dane Law School of Harvard Univeisity, under Hon. Joseph Story of the United States Supreme Court, with whom he read "Story on the Constitution," and Hon. Simon Greenleaf, author of Greenleaf on "Evidence." He afterwards attended a course of lectures before the senior class of the Hamilton College Law School, and received the degree of LL.B. in course. In 1847 Mr. Baldwm married Francina, daughter of Isaac Morse, esq., a sister of Dr. Julius G. Morse, late of San Francisco. Finding the law un- suited to his taste, he decided to devote his life mainly to teaching. He has occupied successfully the proud and honorable, if onerous, position of principal of several of the best academies and seminaries of New York, leaving them in a much better and more flourishing condition than he found them in. He also received numerous appointments from the state superintendent of public instruction for instructing in teachers' institutes and for lecturing in important counties of this State. In July, 1861, after six years of faithful labor as principal of Medina Academy, Mr. Baldwin located at Groton, N. Y., where he managed the Groton Acrdemy for eleven years to general acceptation. In 1872 he sold to the school district his entire interest in the academy, of which he had purchased the stock in 1862. In March, 1882, the first building burned down, and a new one of brick has since been erected and finished at an expense of about $20,000. * * * For a third of a century, a goodly portion of a long and useful life, has Prof. Baldwin spent in teaching, and many who have been his pupils now occupy honorable positions in the world and in the home, doubt- less remember many noble sentiments inculcated with the curriculum of knowledge. In a recent conversation one of his pupils said: "Prof. Baldwin was my ideal of a teacher. I venerated him then, I venerate him now." A multitude now living would doubtless sincerely echo these heartfelt words of tribute to an earnest, zealous, noble-minded principal. A. M. Baldwin, Ph.B., M.D., was prepared for college at the Groton Academy under his father's instruction ; then passed two years at Hamil- ton College, two years at Cornell University, and then one year at Leipsic University, Germany, after which he engaged as principal of Groton Academy, Leavenworth Institute, State Normal School at Muncey, Pa., and Williamsport High School, with about sixty teachers under him; when, finding this calling too confining for health, he read medicine with the then celebrated Dr. Reinhalt, of Williamsport, and enter- ing the Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, was cho.sen for the second year president of his class, and received his degree of M.D. in regular course. He -was then married to Miss Kate M. Shoemaker, of Muncey, a graduate of the National School of Elocution and Oratory, Philadelphia, in the class of 1879. Dr. Baldwin has ever since resided and practiced in the village of Groton, with eminent success. 14 LANDMARKS Or TOMPKINS COUNTY. Boyd, Andrew, was born April 17, 1832, educated in the village of Silverstone, Eng- land, and at the age of twenty-three came to this country and settled in the town of Caroline. In 1857 he went to Kansas, where he was a spectator of the burning of Ossawatamie by the Missourians at the time of the Free Soil troubles. In 1859 he went to Pike's Peak and located a mining claim, living on the game of the place, elk, antelope, deer and buffalo being very plenty. In the fall he returned to Kansas,, traveling 800 miles across the country at night to avoid hostile Indians. Our subject has had a varied and extremely exciting experience as a. trader and miner in all the Western States, spending fourteen years at that business. He returned to Tompkins county in 1871, where he married Laura, daughter of Spencer Hungerford, of the town of Caroline, who died in 1881. He married second Lucy A., daughter of Will- iam AVake, of Canton, she being a graduate of the Normal School of Fredonia. Mrs. Boyd has borne him two children: Mildred, and one who died. Mr. Boyd is a Re- publican in politics, and is active in religious and educational matters, being a mem- ber of the Episcopal church at Candor. In 1873 he bought a farm of 140 acres, whpre he now resides, and is regarded as a practical and successful farmer. Boardman, Truman, was born in Covert, Seneca county, February 7, 1810. He re- ceived a common school education, and in early life became an agent; afterwards fol- lowing farming until 1863, when he sold his farm and moved to Trumansburgh. He was supervisor of the town of Covert three years, and was also State senator in 1858-9. He was member of assembly in 1881, and was trustee of the old Trumans- burgh Academy until it was merged into the High School, and was its president sev- eral years. He has also been and is now a director in the First National Bank of Ithaca, and has been president of Grove Cemetery of Trumansburgh for fourteen years. June 5, 1834, he married Aurelia C. Whiting, formerly of Winsted, Litchfield county. Conn. They had four children; Gertrude, who married David G. Arnold, of Ulysses; Myron, a graduate of the medical department. University of Georgetown, Washington, D. C, who married first Almira L. Heustis, and second Annie G. Stutz- man ; Herbert, a graduate of the Yale College and of the medical department, Uni- versity of Georgetown, Washington, D. C. , who practiced in Rochester three years, and there died July 4, 1875; and Stella, who resides at home. Mrs. Boardman was born October 7, 1810, and died April 7, 1893. Mr. Boardman's father, Allyn, was born in Whethersfield, Conn., in 1774. In 1797 he married Phebe Wood worth at Great Barrington, Mass., a native of Fairfield, Conn., and they had twelve children, ten of whom grew to maturity. Bogardus, Ira, was born in the town of Caroline, April 18, 184(5. Calvin, his father, was a native of Caroline also, and was a farmer. He married Maria, daughter of Marlin Merrills, and they had five children, of whom Ira was the second. He mar- ried in 1872 Charity Rounseville, daughter of Charles J., of Caroline Center, her father being at one time member of assembly. Mr. and Mrs. Bogardus have two children ; Harlen and Homer, both now in school. Mr. Bogardus is a member of the Baptist church and also of the Grange. He is a Democrat, and has served as road commissioner two terms, though the town is Republican, and in February, 1894, he was re-elected for two years ; he has also served as overseer of the poor. Mrs. Har- riet Krum, an aunt of our subject's wife, was the first white child born in the town of Caroline. FAMILY SKETCHES. 15 Baker, George H. , was born in Paris, Oneida county. May 28, 1846, and was only :an infant when his parents moved into Herkimer county, where his boyhood was spent, and his early education was derived in the common schools and West Winfield Academy. At the age of seventeen, in 1863, Prof. S. G. Williams, a half-brother, in- duced him to come to Ilhax:a, wberehe was employed at first in the oWics? »>f the llhaea Democrat. He afterward acted as clerk in the stores of Wilgus Bros, three years, J. T. Morrison six years, and with James Quigg three years. In 1885 Mr. Baker started in business for himself by establishing a meat market at the corner of Cayuga and Green streets, where he has ever since been located. In politics he is a Demo- crat, and has held offices of honor and trust in his town. January 5, 1892, he was •elected president of the Tompkins County Agricultural Society, and re-elected in Jan- uary, 1893. He was the candidate of his party in 1893 for the office of county treas- urer, but the regular Republican majority defeated him. Mr. Baker married in 1872 Helen M. Martin, niece of William S. Hoyt, one of the early business men of this tf)wn. Brown, E. A., of Newfield, was born here January 15, 1845. Holden Brown, his -father, was also a na,tive of this town, born September 25, 1812, and he was a son of Abraham Brown, a native of Pennsylvania, who came to Newfield in 1820, when the locality was a wilderness. He took up and cleared about 250 acres, and here he lived in a log house for the first years of his life in the new settlement. Holden married Margaret Crawford and had ten children, of whom our subject was the fourth. The latter worked on the farm until twenty-seven years old, when he married Mary La Barre, of this town, a daughter of Richard La Barre, and they are the parents of four children : Hattie, Edna, Blanch, and Walter, the son being deceased. Hattie is now a student at the Brockport Normal School, and the others are at the graded schools of Newfield. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are members of the Presbyterian church, ;and of the Patrons of Husbandry. Bliss, Luther, the pioneer head of a large family in Groton, was a native of War- ren, Mass., born December 5, 1786, and he married, November 14, 1816, Fanny Haw- kins, born in Sunderland, Vt. , October 19, 1800. Mercy Hawkins and family settled in this town in 1806, and Luther Bliss came in 1809. The children of Luther and wife were; Isaac, Amelia, Abiel, Sylvester, Lyman, Philo and Phila (twins), Emily and Daniel. Luther Bliss was a prominent man in the Congregational church, and was .a. strong Abolitionist. He died April 17, 1867, and his wife January 27, 1888. His son Isaac was born September 9, 1817, and in 1844 married Eunice Lucas, by whom "he had four children : Ellen Laverna, George Andrew, Emma Lauretta and Harvey Ernest, the first and last being deceased. George A. and Emma L. still live on the old farm, which has been in the family since 1809. George is a deacon m the Con- gregational church at Summer Hill, and Emma is secretary of the Groton Sunday .School Association and president of the Young People's Christian Temperance En- deavor Society of Groton city. Isaac Bliss died February 24, 1876, and his wife April' 24, 1889. Abiel H. Bliss married Lucy J. Webster, and their children were: Lyman L., Harriet L., Henry R., Francis A. and Charles C. Abiel died April 6, 1890, and liis wife February 13, 1869. He married a second wife, Emma B. Lucas, but they ;had no children. 16 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Brown, Enos L., was born in Windsor county, Vt., November 10, 1822, and came- with his parents when about eight years of age to this county. He was a blacksmith by trade, and afterwards took up farming, but retired some years ago. He became- keeper of the county house in the spring of 1880, and continued there for three years. His first marriage was with Cynthia M. Wilcox, of this town, by whom he had three- children, all deceased. Charles was a soldier in Company M., 1st Veteran Cavalry, New York Volunteers, was captured and died in Andersonville prison. Mrs. Brown died June 6, 1862, and he married second, June 3, 1H63, Harriet A. Thompson, of the town of Groton, and they have three daughters; Eva C, Cora E. and Emma M. Eva C. married Howard A. Hotchkiss ; Cora married Irving W. Sparks, both families- living in Wins'ted, Conn. Emma M. lives at home. Mr. Brown's father, Elam, was born in Norwich, Windsor county, Vt., in 1782, and married Candace Sawyer, of his native town. Six children were bom of this union: Mary, Emeline, Eunice, Abel, Orvis and Enos L. The family came to Dundee, Yates county, about 1831, and to- this county in 1843. He died about 18.57, and his wife in 1833. Mrs. Brown's father,. Jacob Thompson, was born in Lansing, this county, in 1804, was educated in the common schools of his day, and was a carpenter and farmer. In 1825 he married Mrs. Susan Allen, whose maiden name was Sellen, and they had five children; Har- ris J., Franklin, Mary A., Susan S., and Harriet A. He died in 1876, and his wife in 1881. Mr. Brown is a member of Trumansburgh Lodge No. 157, F. & A. M. , and also of the M. E. church of Jacksonville. Brown, C. C, of Newfield, was born in Connecticut, February 10, 1815, and fol- lowed the occupation of shingle-making, working in the woods. He then took up carpentry, and in 1880 came to this locality and has since operated a planing mill here, having all the necessary machinery for first-class custom work, and having a fine trade. Mr. Brown married first, Harriet B. States, and second, Jane Crawford, the latter in 1845. His third wife was Phila C. Miller, whom he married in 1886, and he has four children, two by his first wife and two by his second. The oldest son is a bookkeeper in New York, and the daughter is in Texas. One son by his second wife- is in the telephone business, and the other follows farming. Bates, Abram, was born in Hartford, Conn., August 28, 1810. He is a son of Selick Bates, who was also a native of Connecticut, but moved to Danby, N. Y. , in 1812,. where he resided until his death in 1836. He had nine children, of whom Abram was- the fifth. Their names are; Elizabeth, Sally A., Hannah, Hezekiah, Abram, Isaac, Fannie and Chailes, All are now deceased except Abram, Hannah and Hezekiah. Charles was killed when only twenty-one years of age ; his team ran away and threw him from his wagon. Abram resided with his father until eighteen years of age, then went to learn blacksmith ing. For nine months he was with R. L. Cowdry. For a time after this he worked nights and mornings with William Sanford and went to school during the day. Finally, after working with various men, he returned to Danby, where he opened a shop of his own. He was successful and the second year hired a farm, and operated his shop and farm at the same time for five years. He next bought a farm on Ithaca Hill, moved on to it in 1830, and cultivated it for six years. In 1842 he bought the farm in Caroline upon which he still lives. He married Mary E., daughter of Charles Wright, on November 1, 1832. They had nine children; Charles W., Mary J., Francis A., Sai-ah A., Frederick E., Caroline FAMILY SKIiTCHES. 17 A., MarUu L., Kate E. and Theron A. Charles W., Martin L. and Theron A. died unmarried. Abram Bates received a common school education, but his children had the benefit of high school and academy. Our subject is a large owner of real estate in New York and Pennsylvania. He is also a large owner in the Ithaca Hotel, and has other property' in the city. He takes a great interest in politics, but has always declined to hold office. Bull, John, was born in the town of Caroline, May 24, 1827, a son of Aaron, a native of Litchfield county. Conn., born in 1784, and one of the finst settlers here. He bought a farm in the town of Dryden, about a mile north of Slaterville, and was engaged in farming, lumbering and shipping to New York city. It is said he took the first canal boat to that city. He died in 1859. His wife, Mary Krum, was a native of Ulster county, and died in 1865, aged seventy-nine years. They were the parents of nine children, eight surviving, of whom our subject was the youngest. He was educated in the common schools, and assisted' on his father's farm until twenty-two years of age, when he established a general store at Mott's Corner's, now Brookton, remaining two years. He next came to Slaterville Springs and established a store there, which lie has ever since conducted. He has also been a dealer in butter and wool, and in a general milling business, his mills being located a quarter of a mile east of Slaterville. The mills were burned in 1891. Mr. Bull has served as supervisor of Caroline (1856-57), and in 1892 he was again elected to the position, but the question arising as to his eligibility, he being at the time sole trustee of the Slaterville school, did not serve, and in 1893 he was again nominated and elected on the Democratic ticket, the town being Republican. He is a Mason of Caroline Lodge No. 681, and one of the directors of the Co-operative Insurance Company at Ithaca. In 1849 he married Deborah D. Green of this town and they have three children: Dr. Edward L. Bull of Jersey City; John Bull, jr., a lawyer of Elmira; and Mary L. at home. Bull, Moses, was born in Dryden, February 12, 1810. Aaron, his father, was a native of Connecticut, who moved to Dryden in 1805, and also followed piloting on the North River, going as far south as the West Indies. He married in Ulster county, Mary Krum, in 1804. She was a daughter of Henry Krum. He then came with his wife to this county, clearing up a farm, and remained twelve years on what is known as the Calskill Turnpike, and then he kept a hotel for a number of years. After this he bought a canal boat, which plied to New York city and back. Of his nine children Moses was the third. He following farming and lumbering as soon as he left school, which occupation he has continued ever since. In 1851 he married Susa J. Krum of Caroline. ' Mr. Bull is a Mason of Caroline Lodge, No. 681, and is now living retired from active work. He has one son, (icorge M., now located in Slaterville Springs, in John Bull's place of business. He married Ella Hollister, daughter of Hiram Hollister, and he and wife lived with his parents for five years, when Mrs. George Bull died, leaving one daughter. Mrs. Moses Bull died February 3, 1887, aged sixty years. Batty, George, was born in Tompkins county, December 6, 1857, was educated in the public schools, and reared on the farm. When he grew to mature years he learned the butcher's trade and began business for himself, first in Enfield, and later in Jacksonville, in which he has been a success from the first. January 29, 1887, he 18 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. married Emma, adopted daughter of William Booth, of Jacksonville, by whom he has two children: William H. and Mildred M. Mr. Batty's father, Charles, was born in Lincolnshire, England, about 1825, and married Susan Gilbert, of his native country. Of their ten children, two were born in England ; John T. and William W. died at sea ; WiUiam W. 2d, as above ; Charlotte, Mary A. , John T. 3d, Katie M. , Emma J. and Susie. His father died April 7, 1877, and his mother survives. Soon after the death of his father, Mr. Batty took entire charge of the family until they were able to care for themselves. Through energy, thrift, and sobriety he has ac- cumulated a good property. He is a Prohibitionist in politics, and is class leader in the M. E. church. Bartholomew, Daniel, was born in the town of Di-yden, April 23, 1824, and was educated in the common schools and finished at the Dryden High School under Prof. Robertson. His father, Daniel Bartholomew, was born in Locke, Cayuga county, in 1798, on June 15, and came to Dryden about 1810. Our subject after leaving school took up the carpenter's trade during the summer months and taught school winters. At the age of twenty-seven he married Dora A. Wheeler, daughter of Enos Wheeler, of Dryden, and they have three childi-en, Lee, Mary and D. Paige. D. Bartholo- mew is one of the leading builders and contractors in his town, having erected fifty "houses, factories, churches and school buildings. Also has been engaged in buying and selling real estate in many of the Western States. He has been prominently identified with the leading interests of his town, and while he has passed a very busy and prosperous life, has found time to take an active and intelligent interest in edu- cational and religious matters. Burtt, David L. (deceased), was born in New Jersey, and at an early da' removed rto Ithaca. He acquired his early education at the district schools, and finished it lunder Prof. Burt at the Ithaca Academy. He then adopted the profession of [teacher, and taught school for a period of thirty-five years, fifteen years of which ■was in Ithaca, at the same time getting relaxation and recreation in carrying on a iarm. He was a Democrat in politics, and held the office of supervisor for a number of years. At the age of forty-one he married Frances M. Shangle, who now survives him, and by whom he had three children, two sons and one daughter. Of the sons, •one, John J., is now engaged in the furniture business at Loclcport, N. Y. ; the other •.son, Hugh, and daughter remaining at the home farm. For six years our subject -was principal of the Fall Creek school, and afterwards was connected with the Lan- <:asterian school. Mr. Burtt was known throughout the country as an active, ener- getic man of unimpeachable integrity. He died June 1, 1893. Brown, S. N., was born in the town of Dryden, July 14, 1826. His father, Free- man Brown, was born in 1800 and came to Dryden in 1804, and settled on lot 23, where his son now resides. Our subject was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of twenty-seven he married Miss Sarah J. Morgan, of Groton, who passed away in 1858, and in 1860 he married Miss Nancy Taylor, daughter of John A. Taylor, of Port Byron, N. Y. They are the parents of three children, one son, Edward T. Brown, and two daughters. Miss Estelle Brown and Mrs. Alice Bartholomew, of Binghamton. In 1806 he bought the Reuben Brown property of eighty-seven acres, which adjoins ihe homestead property, having 143 acres of the best farm lands in Di-yden, raising FAMILY SKETCHES. 19 hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of fancy Jersey butter from a herd of forty pure bred Jersey cattle. Our subject is one of the prominent farmers of his- town. Beers, Andrew Jackson, was born in Walton, Delaware county, August ]!i, 18^4. His early life was spent in his native county, where he was educated. At the age of nineteen years he went to Erie county, Pa., where he engaged in contractmg for the building of the Lake Shore Railroad, in company with Harvey Beers, his brother. He followed this business for about four years, and was injured by a horse falling on him, after which he did no active business for several years. He was engaged in farming till 18G9, when he went into the livery and stage business in Canton, Brad- ford county. Pa., where he remained till 1888. The last five years of his residence in Canton he was engaged in the furniture and undertaking business. In 1888 he came to Ithaca and established the undertaking business, which has assumed large propor- tions here. He is the leader of the profession in this city, thoroughly competent in his work. He has been a member of the K. of P. for about twenty-five years. He has been twice married, first to Elthea Fisher, of New York city, by whom he had two children; Ella and F. Eugene, the latter a telegrapher in Susquehanna, Pa. His present wife is Celia Dann, of Bradford county. Pa. Bergholtz, Herman, was born in Sweden, and came to this country in 1883, since which time he has been associated with the development of electric lighting and rail- ways. He has been connected with the Edison and Thomson-Houston Electric Com- panies in the development of the modern electric railway as an engineer and promo- ter. He is associated with Horace E. Hand, esq., a Scranton capitalist, in several electric railway projects. His education was acquired at the University of Lund, Sweden. He is a member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. In 1890 he married, in Philadelphia, Miss Adelina O. Thomson, sister of the celebrated electrician. Prof. Elihu Thomson, of the Thomson-Houston Company, and they have one daughter. Brown, W. E., was born in Dryden, November 14, 1828, and was educated in the common schools and finished at the Groton and Homer Academies. At the age of twenty-seven he married Miss Elizabeth Morgan, daughter of Richard Morgan, of Dryden, and they were the parents of five children, only two of whom are now liv- ing, Frank' E. and William E. Our subject resides on part of the original purchase of Reuben Brown on lot 23, which he bought in 1804, and which has been in the fam- ily ninety years. He also has part of the Calvin Bush estate, who was his grand- father on his mother's side. This was also taken up in 1804. In 1856 he bought part of the Chapman Fulkerson property, and now has 120 acres of farm land in the town, on which he makes a specialty of raising Percheron horses and producing fancy Jer- sey butter; also takes pleasure in furnishing choice foundation stock to those who de- sire to build up other Jersey herds. He takes the Republican side in politics, and has served as justice of the peace for the past fifteen years. He is actively interested in educational and religious matters, and has been a member of the West Dryden M. E. church for the past fifty-three years. Baker, Andrew, was born in the town of Dryden, July 8, 1850. His father, Reuben T. Baker, came from Pittstown, Rensselaer county, about 1816, and has always been 20 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. known as one of the substantial citizens. Andrew Baker was educated at the com- mon schools, and finished at the Ithaca Academy under Prof. Williams. At the age of twenty-three he married Amana M. Peck, daughter of F. H. Peck, of Guilford, Chenango county, N. Y., and they are the parents of three children; Arthur W., Francis R., and A, Alvord. In 1884 he bought the old W. T. George property of 100 acres, now known as " Mapleton farm," on which he makes a specialty of breeding pure Jersey cattle. He was the first lo introduce this breed into this county. At the first exhibition of his herd in Elmira in 1884 he received the gold medal of the New York State Agricultural Society, there being eight other herds in competition. Our subject is an intelligent, well read citizen, taking an active interest in school and church matters, and known as a practical and successful farmer. Burr, Edwin S., was born in Genoa, Cayuga county, August 15, 1857. His father, John W. Burr, came to Tompkins county in 18(56, and bought what was known as the T. Knowd property, which was afterwards bought by E. S. Burr in 1890, and where he now resides, having ninety-four acres of some of the best farm lands in Tompkins county, and raising hay, grain and stock. Our subject was educated in the ccmimon schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of thirty-two he married Minnie, daughter of William Crutts, of the town of Dryden, and they have one daughter, Abbie C. He takes the Republican side in politics, and is actively interested in temperance principles. He takes an intelligent interest in educational and religious matters, and is active in advancing the best in- terests of the town, where he is known as a successful and practical farmer. Burch, Thomas" J., was born in Dryden, May 14, 1841. His father, John Burch, jr., was among the early settlers of the locality. Thomas J. was educated in the com- mon schools of his native town, and attended the Dryden Academy. After leaving school he enlisted, in August, 1863, in the 109th N. Y. Volunteers, commanded by Colonel Treacy, and served until the close of the war ; he received an honorable dis- charge in June, 1865, having risen from the ranks to be third sergeant of his com- pany. After the close of the war he went west and remained four years. Return- ing to Dryden he married, at the age of twenty-six years, Isidora A. Hill, daughter ■of Austin Hill, and they have two children ; Earl G. and Leland H. In 1889 he bought the James Sweetland farm of 133 acres, on which he raises hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of dairying. Campbell, Thomas B., was born in Fayetteville, Onondaga county, January 8, 1854, and was two years old when his parents moved to Ithaca. George, father of our subject, was a miller, employed first in Ithaca by the Halseys, then by H. C. Williams, where he remained for several years as foreman miller ; in 1881 he bought a mill in Brookton, where he still remains. Thomas B. was the oldest of seven chil- dren; he was educated in the public schools and Ithaca Academy. At the age of sixteen years he was apprenticed to learn the mason's trade, serving four years, af- ter which he followed the trade as journeyman for three or four years ; then he began the business of building and contracting, which he has steadily followed since, and many of our public and private edifices can attest to his ability in that direction. In politics he is a Republican, and in 1889-90 represented the fourth ward in the Board of Alderman. He married in February, 1881, Laura" F., daughter of Edwin V. Poole £1 merchant. They have one daughter, Louise. FAMILY SKETCHES. 31 Cregar, James F. , was born in New Jersey in 1818 and came to this county about 1844, after spending a few years in Hector and Dryden, he settled in Danby. In 1866 he bought the William Carpenter farm of ninety acres, on which he now resides. He married a second time, in 1873, Ellen A., daughter of Bela Moore, of Bradford county. Pa. Our subject received his education in New Jersey. He is a Republican in politics and takes au active and intelligent interest in church and educational matters, having been connected as a member with the M. E. church at Danby since about 1848. Culver, Thomas S. , was born in Ithaca, Jani\ary 1, 1842, a son of Lewis H., who ^vas a native of Ulysses, bom August 9, 1808. At the age of twenty-two the latter came to Ithaca and started a small restaurant where the store of John Northrup now stands. The business rapidly increased, and in 1833 he bought the property where the Bool Company is now located. In 1836 this store burned, and for two years he was located at the corner of Cayuga and State streets, during which time he erected the large brick structure where Bool's furniture establishment now is, and he started this store with a full line of general merchandise, having the largest business of the kind in the county. He was a prominent Democrat and held many of the town of- fices. His death occurred July 18, 1876. Of his nine children our subject was the second .son. He was educated in the village schools and at the Ithaca Academy, and was in the store with his father until 1869, when he went to Chicago and remained five years. Returning in 1874 he became a member of the firm of L. H. Culver & Sons, and on the death of his father it became Culver & Co., dissolving fifteen months later. Mr. Culver then moved to Aurora street and bought the toy stock of E. I. Moore, turning the establishment into a grocery, which he conducted for three j'ears, then built the store at the corner of Aurora and Marshall streets, which he sold in 1885. For three years he followed the cigar business. In 1888 he ran a grocery in the Coon block, then spent a year on Tioga street, and for two j ears did a road business. In 1891 he established a store on West State street, carrying now a com- plete line of groceries and provisions. He is a member of the I. O. R. M., of which he is treasurer. In 1863 he married Eliza Jones, of Ithaca, who died in 1869, and in 1873 he married Fanny Pegan of Chicago. They have three daughters and one son. Chapman, Dr. Clark, one of the leading physicians in the southeast part of the town for a period of twenty or more years, was a native of Sharon, Conn., born March 5, 1797. He was educated at New Haven and graduated from the medical department ■of Yale College, practicing about fifteen years in Connecticut before coming to Gro- ton. He also married in the east, his wife being Laura Morey. Their children were : Lucinda, who married Zerah Fuller; Albert G. and David N. In 1835, for the pur- pose of establishing a comfortable farm home for his sons, and also to find a desirable field for his professional work. Dr. Chapman came to this town and located on the "Salt Road," where he practiced about twenty years. He died in May, 1893, his wife having died ten years earlier. While in Connecticut Mr. Chapman was a mem- ber of assembly. While in Groton he served three terms as supervisor. Our subject, Albert G. Chapman, was born June 30, 1836, and was brought up to farm work, which has been his chief occupation during life, though during later years he has engaged in poultry raising quite extensively. April 5, 1849, he married Helen, ■daughter of Israel Woodruff, of Groton, and they have now living six sons and one 22 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. daughter. Two of the sons have chosen the medical profession, one the mercantile^ one is engaged in teaching and two are farming, in connection with other business. Mr. Chapman although not politically inclined, was for six successive terms elected as supervisor for the town of Groton. He has for many years been connected with and an active worker in the Congregational society and Sunday school. He has- been successful in his calling to the extent of having no fear of want in his late years — and has a pleasant home in which to welcome all his friends. Chapman, W. E., was born at Salisbiiry, Conn., January 16, 1830. He was edu- cated in the common schools and married at the age of thirty-five Diana T. Judson, only daughter of Elbert Judson of the town of Danby. Our subject is a supporter of the Prohibition party and takes an active interest in church and school matters. He bought what was known as the Harvey D. Miller residence in the village of Danby, and also carries on a farm of 140 acres, on which he raises large amounts of hay, grain and stock. Conger, Benn, was extensively and favorably known in connection with the active management of the large mercantile house known as Conger's Store. He was born in Groton, October 29, 1856, was educated at Groton Academy and the Union Free- School, and before the age of twenty-one became connected with his present business. In this store, of which he is one of the proprietors, he has charge of the dry goods and the boot and shoe department. Notwithstanding his business demands, he has found time to indulge somewhat in the various enterprises of the village, connected with the fire department, president of the first Board of Water Commissioners, and was actively connected with the construction of the present water system of the village. He has also been one of the village trustees, and is one of the Board of Education. June 9, 1880, he married Florence Buck and they have one child, Lawrence J. Clinton, Charles M., was born in Newark Valley, Tioga county, N. Y., January 26, 1834, a son of Samuel Clinton, who moved to Candor in 1841, and in the spring of 1845 came to Ithaca, locating first on a farm and later moving into the city, where Samuel Clinton died in 1858. Our subject is the youngest son of Samuel Clinton, and he early developed a taste for machinery, going in 1850 into the machine shop of E. G. Pelton to learn the trade; there he remained, one year, during which time he was promoted, and the following year was engaged with Treman Brothers on sewing machine work. In 1853 he and his brother. Miles L., started a small shop in their residence, their first attempt at model making and experimental work, using foot power, and they built a 10 H. P. engine in their little shop. About 1856 they bought a power privilege on Cascadilla Creek and built a foundry and machine shop 130 by 40 feet in dimensions, where they did general job work and manufactured boilers and engines. In 1858 they patented the Clinton sewing machine and manufactured about 600 machines. In 1861 fire destroyed their works[and in 1862 Mr. Clinton went to Yonkers to work in the armory of the Star Arms Co. He returned to Ithaca in 1863. On December 4, 1863, Mr. Clinton married Addie Rolfe, of Enfield; they had one son who died aged six years. In 1864 he engaged in the manufacture of models- and experimental work, which he has since followed except about one year. He was the designer of all tools used in the Ithaca Calander Clock Co. , and superintended the manufacture. In 1868, in company with Lynfred Mood, they patented the Ma- rine Calender Clock, which patent they sold to the Ithaca Clock Co. Clinton & Mood FAMILY SKETCHES. 23 also patented a self -dumping horse rake. He and his brother Miles L. patented a vegetable sheer, which he now manufactures. He patented a railroad indicator, al- so grain binder, and indicator for water meter, and improvements in grain drills. He patented the Clinton fishing reel, the finest trout reel made. He made many im- provements in dental appliances, besides all machinery and tools used in his model making and machine shop. He has assisted many other parties in perfecting inven- tions. Mr. Clinton's reputation as a model maker and experimenter is second to none. His last invention is a typewriter, which, in company with James McNamara he was working for over two years, and it has proved one of the best machines ever invented. It is named the Peerless, and is to be manufactured by the Ithaca Gun Co., which is just starting work on it. Clapp, Charles, was born in the town of Covert, Seneca county, February 21, 1829. He was educated in the common schools of that time, and learned the machinist's trade, also pattern making. He married first, in November, 1853, Sarah M. Van Noy, and they had one son, Charles S., who is also a. machinist, residing at home. Mrs. Clapp died in June, 1861, and he married second, December 11, 1862, Sarah W. Peck, of Farmer Village. James, father of our subject, was born in Connecticut, January 2, 1802, and came to this State when a young man. He married Charlotte Remington, of Genoa, Cayuga county, who was born in 1801. They had nine chil- dren who grew to maturity; MirtillowR., Charles, John, Walker, William, James A., Rachael, Charlotte, and Mary. James Clapp died in 1867 and his wife January 12, 1881. Mr. Clapp came to Trumansburgh with the Gregg concern from Farmer Vil- lage in 1865. Cole, James H., was born in the town of Dryden, November 7, 1835. His grand- father, James McKee, was among the first settlers m the town. His mother was born here October 14, 1804. Our subject was educated in the common schools and at the Homer Academy. After leaving school he retuned to his father's farm, the old homestead, which was known as the James McKee property and which he bought in 1862. At the age of twenty-six he married Anna E. Updike, daughter of Jacob Updike of Ulysses, and they are the parents of four children, three daughters and one son. In 1865 he sold his farm and came to the village of Dry den in 1866. In 1867 he bought the Thomas Lewis property and in 1870 built the Grove Hotel, which is the leading hotel in the town. In 1866 he bought the George Phillips property on Mill street, having forty-one acres of land in the village corporate limits, where he is known as one of its leading and substantial citizens. Clark, Spencer L., was born in Caroline in 1838, and from early boyhood has fol- lowed farming. At the age of twenty-four he started for himself, working a farm with his father and brother, the one he now owns consisting of 120 acres, mostly cleared land. He married in 1862 Mary J. Nixon, of Candor. Tioga county, and they have three children, viz.. E. Eloise, Julia F., and Mason J. ; the latter being- now engaged in inventing a new appliance for bicycles, the oldest daughter being a school teacher in New York city. Mrs. Julia A. Clark, our subject's mother, is now living with them at the age of eighty years. They are members of the M. E. church, and Mr. Clark is a Republican in politics. Crandall, Harris L., was born in Richford, Tioga county, June 31, 1833. Ira, his father, was born in Pennsylvania, a carpenter by trade, who worked at that and 24 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. farming. He never came to Tompkins county, tliougli he owned land here. His wife was Olive Robinson, whom he married in 1831, and they were the parents of four children, of whom Harris L. was the oldest, he now being sixty. He also fol- lowed the carpenter's trade and farming, and now owns a nice place of fifty-two acres in this town. In 1852 he married Mary Royce, of Richford, and they have one child, Charles, now thirty-one years of age. Mr. Crandall supports the Democratic part)'. Carpenter, Leonard W., was born in Bi-idgewater, Oneida county, November 18, 1832. He received a collegiate education and studied medicine with Dr. Budlong, of Cassville, Oneida county, graduating from Hamilton College in 1863. He was a graduate of Albany Medical College also, and from Cleveland Homeopathic College. Mr. Carpenter married first, in 1857, Bmeline Converse, by whom he had two daugh- ters, Grace, who married Delos Schank, of Rochester ; and Carrie L. , who married Edward Lawrence, of San Francisco. He married second, Ellen D. Weed, of Tru- mansburgh, November 10, 1882. Mrs. Carpenter's father, Eliphalet, was born in New Canaan, Conn, in 1794, and married, April 26, 1825, Celina Waring, of Walton, Delaware county, and in 1835 they came to Trumansburgh. They were the parents of nine children. Mr. Weed was justice of the peace in Trumansburgh about twenty years, and his decisions were never questioned. He died February 3, 1865, and his wife June 30, 1892. Dr. Carpenter began to practice in 1859, and has continued since in various places, with the exception of the time he served in the army, until the present time. He enlisted September 4, 1892, in Co. G, 146th N. Y. Vols., and was honorably discharged on accouut of disability December 4, 1H63. He is a member of Post 391, G. A. C, of Rochester, and also a member of Lodge 660, F. it A. M., of Rochester, and of the Commandery of St. Augustine, No. 32, of Ithaca. Mrs. Car- penter's father was a soldier in the war of 1812. Colegrove, David, was born in the town of Ulysses, November 16, 1842, was edu- cated in the district schools, and is a farmer. His home and farm, where he has re- sided for the past twelve years, tells the stoi-y of his energy, thrift and industry, well seconded by his wife's efforts. October 23, 1864, he married Lavina A. Ward, of his native town, formerly of New York. Mr. Colegrove's father, James, was born in the town, in 1806, and was a farmer and drover, doing an extensive and profitable busi- ness. He married Maria Vann, formerly of New Jersey, and they had nine children, two daughters, who died young, and Caroline, John, Samuel and Susan (twins), Eliza, David, and Ella. Mr. Colegrove died March 1, 1872, and his wife in April, 1893. Mrs. Colegrove's father, William T. Ward, was born m Westchester county, N. Y., December 13, 1812, and married Mary A. Tompkins, of his native place, by whom he had ten children: Martha A., Elizabeth A., Charles H., LaviniaA., James U., Nathaniel T., Emily E., Mary E., Theodore W., and John G. Our subject's grandfather, Silas, was the first of the Colegroves in this country. The ancestry of the family is German, French, and Dutch. Cady, Ellis W. , was born in Dryden, September 25, 1860, and is a grandson of Hon. Elias W. Cady of that town. He was educated in the public schools and grad- uated from Dryden High School, taking a four years course in preparation for Cor- nell University. He changed his plans however, and went west, where he remained ten years, part of the time being spent in the wholesale grocery trade. April 29, FAMILY SKETCHES. 25 1886, he married Hattie Kyle, of New Orleans, La., and they have one daughter, Florence K. Mrs. Cady's father, David O. Kyle, was born in Mississippi, January 5, 1840. He was a planter and attorney by occupation. He married January 2, 1858, Mary Ward, a native of Memphis, Tenn., and they had four children: Thomas O., Chadburn, Leola B., Hattie. Both maternal and paternal sides of the house be- longed to the best families of the South. Mr. Cady's father, Charles, was born at the old home in Dryden, and married Nancy Hiles, of Dryden, by whom he had four children : Emma, who died young ; Ellis W. , Edward C. , and Daniel E. Mr. Cady is now a resident of Auburn, N. Y,, an enterprising produce dealer, doing business under the firm name of Cady & Thorne, one of the largest concerns in the country, his son Ellis doing a fine business here in the same line. Hon. Elias Cady, the grand- father, served the town (Dryden) as supervisor several terms, and represented the county in the State Legislature in 1850 and 1857. Bloom, James H., was born in Tompkins county, January 25, 1825. His father, Abram Bloom, was born in the town of Lansing in 1801, and with his father. Cap- tain Bloom, settled on a tract of land in the towns of Lansing and Dryden, which has descended to liis heirs, Abram Bloom and others. James H. Bloom was educated in the common schools. A roving disposition prevented him from finishing his educa- tion, and he has been over a large part of the United States, being one of the Forty- niners of California fame, and making the trip by way of the Isthmus of Panama. At the age of thirty-five he married Lavina Teeter, daughter of William Teeter, and they are the parents of one daughter, Cora S. Piatt. In 1808 he bought the Haliban Fulkerson property of seventy-three acres, on which he now resides. Our subject is recognized throughout his town as a conservative independent citizen and a prac- tical and successful farmer. Carr, James M. , was born in the town of Dryden, May 29, 1834, and was educated in the common schools, and finished at Etna under the late Judge Van Valkenburg. At the age of twenty-eight he married Mary P. Bovver, daughter of Simon Bower, of the town of Dryden. He takes the Democratic side in politics, and in March, 1893, was appointed postmaster in his town, being the first fourth class postmaster appointed in the State. Our subject is one of the prominent men in his village, taking an act- ive and intelligent interest in church and school matters, and in advancing the best interests of the town. Cole, Charles, was born in the town of Dryden August 20, 1843. His father, Jo- seph J. Cole, came to the town in 1835 and settled on lot 67, which has remained in the possession of the family up to the present time. Charles received his education in the common schools and is pre-eminently a self-made man. At the age of thirty he married Nancy A. Simons, daughter of Adam Simons, of Dryden, and they have one daughter, Anna. In 1892 Mr. Cole bought the J. E. Hiles property on lot 59, comprising fifty acres. Crandall, Albert, was born in 1769, and was one of the original settlers of Tru- mansburgh, coming here from Owego in 1806. His son. Minor, was born May 9, 1802, and was four years old when he arrived here. He well remembers the journey, especially the latter part of it. They encountered many dangers through the wilder- ness, and when about half way from Ithaca to Trumansburgh they were enveloped d ae LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in almost total darkness caused by the great solar eclipse of that year. Mr. Crandall and his father before him were anxious for the growth and prosperity of Trunians- burgh for the greater part of this century. His father died in 1845, aged seventy-six years. S. Minor Crandall was identified with the shipping interests of the lake port of Truniansburgh (now Frontenac), and held the confidence and respect of all who came in contact with him in business, or in social life. In politics he was a lifelong Democrat, and from early manhood a devoted Mason. December 20, 1820, he mar- ried Eliza Belknap; of this village, formerly of Orange county, and they had seven children; Margaret L., who married L. D. Rich of Tioga county; Ann E., who mar- ried J. Parker King; Susan C, who married Algernon C. Belcher, of Woodstock, 111. ; Antoinette A., who married Wm. Peirson; and L. Elizabeth, who resides with Mrs. Peirson. Two died young. Mr. Crandall died October 24, 1893, and Mrs. Crandall died February 19, 1S«4. Mrs. Peirson's husband, William Peirson, was born at Mount Hope, Orange county. May 8, 1816, was educated in the common schools, and was a constant reader and a deep thinker. He came to reside in Ulysses at an early day, and to Trumansburgh in 1H.')8, from Jacksonville. He married twice, iir.st Sep- tember 30, 1840, Jane Luckly, and went to reside in Tioga county. He was supervi- sor, also member of assembly one term. For his second wife, on December 16, 1858, he married Antoinette A. Crandall of Trumansburgh. Mr. Peirson was a merchant in company with Mr. David Dumont fourteen years. He died January 1 1888. Clark, Harriet, is the widow of Veranus Clark, born in Almond Village, Allegany county, N. Y., March 18, , 183ii. He \yas educated in the public schools of that day, and for many years was a carpenter and builder, though his last years were spent in farming. November 3, 1856, he married Harriet Boyer, of Lodi, Seneca county, and they had four children, Clarence B., and Adolphe, who are taking charge of the home- •stead farm for their mother, Mary E., and Maud S. The latter married Walter J. iGenung, of Ithaca, and they have one son, Claude. Mr. Clark died July 27, 1890. Hugh Boyer, father of Mrs. Clark, was born in Kent county, Md., May 7, 1801, and came to this county when twenty-two years old. He married Mary Paine, of Sag Harbor, L. I., and they had three children: Marshall, who died at the age of two years; Harriet, and Augustine, who married Kate Campbell, of New Jersey. Mr. Boyer died October 11, 1863, and his wife May 17, 1854. Mrs. Boyer's father, Sylva- nus Paine, was a soldier in the Revolution. The ancestry of the family is English on both sides. Clark, A. M., was born in the town of Dryden, May 14, 1850. He was educated at the Dryden Academy under Prof. Jackson Graves. After leaving school he returned to the farm of his father, Albert S. Clark. In 1873 he engaged in the mercantile business, which he exchanged for real estate in Cortland in 1875. In 1887 he bought the Dryden Stone Mills, which he runs as a custom feed mill, making a specialty of fine buckwheat flour, and handling the largest portion of the crop grown in and around the eastern part of the town of Dryden. He buys on an average' about 6,000 bushels a year. The Stone Mill of Dryden has been widely known since it was built by Ly- man Corbin in 1845. At the age of twenty-two he married Eva Calvert, daughter of M. W. Calvert, of Sterling, Cayuga county, N. Y. , and they have two children, one son, Albert H., sixteen years of age, and one daughter, Lena, twelve years of Age. He takes the Republican side in politics. He is at present water commissioner, FAMILY SKETCHES. 27 president of the Green Hill Cemetery Society, and trustee and treasurer of the Pres- byterian church. He has been connected prominently with the Odd Fellows lodge for the past eighteen years, being district deputy grand master of Tompkins county for the years 1892 and '93. He is also a member of the Masonic Lodge of Dryden, No. 472. Cunningham, John, who for the last sixteen years has been the pastor of the West Groton Congregational church, was a native of England, born January 13, 1820. In 1835 his father and family came to America, locating at Poughkeepsie, where the head of the family worked as shoemaker. John had received his early education in England, and in this country attended Oberlin College. Failing health prompted him to study medicine, nevertheless he had before resolved to enter the ministry. Accordingly, after a somewhat broken preparation he was licensed to preach the gospel, entering upon active church work in 1848 at Boonton and Paterson, N. J. For thirty-six years he has held a pastorate in Central New York, ten years in Swe- den, alike term in Wyoming county, and sixteen years in his present connection at West Groton. In 1846 Mr. Cunningham was married to Adeline C. Turner, by whom he had one son, now living in San Francisco. In 1853 his wife died, and in 1855 Mr. Cunningham was married to Frances M. Kinne, of Colchester, Conn. Of the second marriage one daughter has been born — the wife of Rev. J. B. Arnold, of Scottsburgh, Livingston county. Clark, William S., sr., was born in Bennington, Vt., October 10 1777. In 1806 he came to Groton, and built the first dam across the creek, the watersof which he util- ized in his business of cloth dressing. Later he removed to Summer Hill, and still later to McLean, where he died June 33, 1861. His property and accumulations were all swept away by a defect in the title to his lands. He married, October 13, 1799, Zilpha Ellsworth, by whom he had these children; Erasmus D., born July 12, 1803; R. Ellsworth, born September 17, 1804; Charles V.,. born February 1, 1808; Laura, born May 28, 1811; Jerusha C, born October 24, 1813, Sophia B., born January 13, 1816; and William S., jr., born March 25, 1821. William S. Clark, jr., is an almost lifelong resident of McLean, with the growth of which he has been identified very closely. He was born at Summer Hill, and came \yhen an infant with his father to this locality, and at the age of fifteen began painting with his father, and also making wooden ware at McLean. In 1840 he went to Cortland and learned tinsmithing. In ' 1806 he established a shop at McLean, and became a prominent business man of that place, until his retirement in 1886. During these years his income was much in- creased by his ability on the violin, being in great demand for dancing parties. He also acquired considerable property at the death of his brother, R. Ellsworth. De- cember 23, 1848, he married Sarah A., daughter of Thomas Brigden, of Newfield, and they had one child, R. A. Clark, who died February 3, 1865. Clark, Jesse, was a captain in the Revolution and served throughout the war. His devoted wife was with him during much of his army life and two of their children were born in camp. Her name was Sarah Foote, and she was a cousin of that fa- mous statesman, Solomon Foote, United States senator. Soon after the close of the war Captain Clark brought his family and settled near where Groton is situated, and here the pioneer bought 640 acres of land. He built a grist mill on Fall Creek, and was the leading man of the region. His children were : Eli, Cynthia, Sally, Millie, 38 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Jesse, who became a prominent Seneca county lawyer ; was a Van Buren elector, and was elevated to the supreme bench; John, whose son Solomon has attained fame in the legal profession in Arkansas ; Charles, Alma, Tryphena, Ruth, who lives in La Porte, Ind. , and who caused to be built the noted Ruth Sabin's Home ; Mrs. Sabin, the last of the eleven, died February 28, 1894, aged ninety-two years. Chauncey, who practiced law forty years in Wayne county. The pioneer and his wife both died in Groton. They were generous contributors to all good causes. Charles, son of Jesse, was born in Lee, Mass. , in 1803, and was three years of age when the family came to this region. His wife was Sophronia Phelps, daughter of Judge Phelps, of Preble-, Cortland county. They had six children; Franklin B., Chauncey, Martin, captain of Co. H, 23d N. Y. Vol Inf., in the late war, a lawyer, who was accidentally killed while returning from the service; Tryphena, Henrietta, who married Erasmus Ball, a cashier of a bank in Indiana; and Baldwin P., a farmer of Groton. Charles was a farmer. He died in 18C0 and his wife in 1890. Franklin B. Clark was born in Groton, February 14, 1833, and March 31, 1860, married Jane, daughter of James and Nancy Spence of McLean. They have had children as follows: Helen, Charles M., Frank E., and Irving (both died young), Josephine N. , and Irving D. Franklin B. is a farmer and resides on the old homestead, a farm of 172 acres. He is a strong Republican. Cooper, John A. D., was born in Olive, Ulster county, March 21, 1815. Hisfather, Charles, was a native of Connecticut, who came to Ulster county, and was a nail inaker by trade, though he chiefly followed farming. He married Betsey North, by whom he had eight children. Of the.se John was the fifth child. He lived with his parents till nearly the time of his father's death, and married Maudana, daughter of Luther Heath, of Drydeu in 1854. He continued to live in a house on the same farm with his father, he buying the place, and later selling his father four acres, where he lived till within a year of his death. Our subject has one child by his first wife, a daughter, who is married and lives in Brookton. His wife died in 1859 and he mar- ried second Mrs. Emily L. Hill, of Candor. He has been a member of the Baptist .church for fifty years, and an active worker therein. He is a Republican. Curtis, David W., was born in Newfield, November 6, 1822. His grandfather, Amasa Curtis, and family moved from Orange county, N. Y., to Newfield in 181(), :and settled on the farm where he lived till his death in 1837. David W., the present owner of the homestead, learned the mason's trade, but has chiefly followed farming, owning several farms besides the homestead, in all 675 acres. In 1845 he married Amelia Hine. who came from England with her parents in 1834, settling in Newfield, where her father was a blacksmith and farmer. Mr. Curtis is a Republican, and all .the family from the grandparents down have been and are in faith Presbyterians. Crawford, Alpheus, was born in Ithaca, September 4, 1818. His father, II. B. Crawford, was a native of Hopewell, Orange county, born May 20, 1793, and he was a harness and boot and shoe maker. He also bought a farm, part of which is now owned by our subject, and in 1817 he married Maria Rowe, of Montgomery, Orange .county, by whom he had four children. Of these our subject was the oldest. The latter married, December 22, 1844, Matilda J. Stamp, of Auburn, and they had eight children, one of whom died at the age of thirty-three years. All are married save two, one son, from whom they have not heard in fifteen years, and the oldest FAMILY SKETCHES. ' 29 ■daughter, who remains with her parents. In politics Mr. Crawford is Democratic. Alpheus Crawford died February 19, 1894. Cannon, J. D. , was born in Connecticut, December 21, 1819. In early life he was ■employed as clerk in various stores, continuing from the age of sixteen to' thirty-six. He then gave up this calling and began farming and speculating in farms, having owned in Cortland, Tompkins and Broome counties no less than twenty-three farms, though he owns at present only the one on which he lives, located near Slaterville Springs, and known as the Boice farm. This consists of fifty acres, which cost him $4,000. In 1847 our subject married Celinda E., daughter of David Hunt, of Towan- da. Pa., and has two daughters living, both married and living near their parents. Mrs. Cannon died September 30, 1890. Mr. Cannon was educated in the common schools of Cannonsville, Delaware county, and cast his first vote for William Henry Harrison. Corcoran, Edward M., was corn in Queens county, Ireland, September 6, 1846, and ■came to this country in 1803. From Brooklyn, August 18, 18G4, he enlisted in Co. M, 13th Heavy Artillery New York Vols., was mustered in at Fort Ringgold, Va., and ■ordered for duty to Kurrituck, Dismal Swamp, N. C. , afterwards to Point of Rocks, Va. This branch of the artillery was attached to the Naval Brigade, doing water guard duty on the rivers in Virginia and North Carolina. They also took part in the operations against Fort Fisher, under Admiral Porter and General Butler in Decem- ber, 1864. After the fall of Richmond they went to that place and conveyed Alex. H. Stephens and Secretary of War Mallory of the Confederacy, to Fortress Monroe, -when Mr. Corcoran stood guard over Vice-President Stephens. He aftei-wards guarded the prisoners surrendered by General Lee at Appomattox, at Newport News, and was honorably discharged July 12, 1865, at Hart's Island. He then went to Penn Yan, Yates county, and learned the machinist's trade, came to Trumansburgh in 1868, and entered the employ of Gregg & Co. , where he remained five years. May 12, 1870, he married Elizabeth O'Neil, of Farmer Village, who died on November 80, 1893. Their children, all living, are in number four sons and four daughters; Dora E., Mary E., William H. and Edward B. (twins), Angelo, Margaret, Isabel E., and Jo- seph Hendrick, all live in Trumansburgh except Dora E. , who married Daniel J. Egan, of Boston, where they live. Mr. Corcoran is a past commander of Treman Post No. 672 G. A. R., at Trumansburgh, which post he helped to organize, and was the first charter, member. During l§72-'73-'74 he was in the employ of the Silsby Steam Fire Engine Mfg. Co. , at Seneca Falls, but on account of ill health left their employ. In 1875 he engaged in the grocery business in this town on Main street, where he contin- ues. He and family are members of St. James Catholic church. Corey, the late Jesse G. , was born in Herkimer county in 1805, and came to Groton when a child, where he was educated. He came to Ulysses when a young man and located at Jacksonville, where he carried on farming. He married first Harriet Ford of Jacksonville, by whom he had two children: William, who married Mary Town, of Batavia, and Cordelia, who married Grover J. McLallen, of this town. Mrs. Co- rey died in 1867, and he married second, in 1869, Emily B. Church, of Ovid. He re- tired from active business in 1860 and came to reside in Trumansburgh. Here he died June 16, 1873. Mrs. Corey's father, Asa, was born in Dutchess county in 1786, and married Catherine Hayet, of his native place, and their children were as follows. 30 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. George, Mary, Emily B., Charles and Jane. Mr. Church died in 1850 and his wife in 1858. Mrs. Corey is the only surviving member of the family. Crutts, Edwin, was born in Dryden, January 31, 1886. His father, Jacob Crutts, was also born in the county in 1819. The family originally came from New Jersey, the grandfather, Jacob Crutts, being the original settler in 1800. Edwin Crutts was educated in the common schools and finished at the High School in Ithaca under Prof. S. D. Carr. At the age of twenty-five he married Miss Ellen Whipple, daugh- ter of Solomon Whipple, of Barton, Tioga county, N. Y., and they have three daugh- ters: Mrs. Alice L. Mix, Misses Emma L. and Ella P. Crutts. In 1891 he inherited part of his father's estate of 175 acres. In 1889 he bought the Henry Sayles property in Varna, also owns in common with his brother three other farms and village property in Varna and the Varna gprist mills. Our subject is one of the largest farmers in his- town, taking an active interest in educational and religious matters, and is recognized as a man of sterling integrity and worth. Conger, Corydon W., was born in Ithaca, May 19, 1826, the second of six children of Jonathan and Thankful (Guthrie) Conger. His father was a. weaver and farmer, and during the later years of his life a speculator and wool dealer. At the time Cory- don started- out on his own business career the father had not the means to give him any substantial assistance, nor has he ever had any such from any source during his- many ventures. In 1848 he married Mary Brown, whose father. Deacon Benoni Brown, still survives in a vigor truly wonderful, at the ripe age of ninety-six. Of this union there are three sons: Frank, bom in 1849, Jay in 1854, and Benn in 1856, The black Friday of 1857 swept away the savings of nine laborious years, and the fall of values at the end of the war wiped out those of six more, but Mr. Conger is of a nature which does not resign itself to defeat, and in 1867 and 1868 we find him en- gaged in building the five miles of S. C. R. R. which lie in Groton. Having finished this he concluded to enter into what had been his lifelong coveted manner of living, and a store and small stock of goods were bought in 1870. The sons were taken in- to the concern as they became of age, and the unbroken fraternal confidence, busi- ness ability, and irreproachable integrity of the family have made "The Congers" a well known firm, one of the very few strictly cash buyers in Central New York. In all things they have found able and enthusiastic helpers in the women of the family, Mrs. C. W. Conger, Mrs. Frank Conger (Miss Jennie Conant), Mrs. Jay Conger (Miss Florence Hathaway), and Mrs. Benn Conger (Miss Florence Buck), having acted as bookkeepers or saleswomen for a large share of the time since the marriage of the sons. Earnest attention to firm business has not prevented the Congers from taking eager and helpful part in matters of local interest. Mr. Conger gave great help in originating the Groton Carriage Company and acted as its president until it was an assured succcess. The Groton Bridge and Manufacturing Co. owes its origin and success greatly to this family, who act as members of the Board of Directors and of the Executive Committee; the Crandall Typewriter Co., the Groton Water Works, the new and commodious school building, the several churches, and the Groton fire companies (one of which calls itself the C. W. Conger Hose Company), have benefited by the public spirit of Mr. Conger and his sons. With all his other numerous duties he has found time to fill the office of president of the Cayuga, Cortland and Tomp- kins County Fire Insurance Co. in a very acceptable manner for several years. FAMILY SKETCllJCS. yi Frazier, Isaac J., was bom in New Jersey, October 17, 1813, and with his parents moved in 1817 to Saratoga county, N. Y , where he received his early education in the common schools, which he attended winters and worked on the farm during the summer time. At the age of twenty -seven he opened a store at Dunning's Street Corners, and the same year married Dorothy Ann Usher, of Saratoga county, by whom he had six children. Of these, three survive; Sheldon Fiske Frazier, the son, enlisted in 1862 and served till the close of the war, since which he has been ordained as a minister of the M. E. church. Our subject came to this county in 1845 from Saratoga county, making the journey in a wagon and starting in the spring. The journey was remarkable, as the waters of the Mohawk River, which he was forced to cross, were very high, and the roads almost impassable. He first settled about two miles east of Ithaca, where he remained three years, then in 1848 bought what was known as the Wyatt farm, of seventy-five acres, to which he afterwards added, raising grain, hay and stock, and paying special attention to dairying. He is a Re- publican, and has been a member of the M. E. church since 1839. He is regarded as one of the foremost men of the town. Fowler, A. H., D.D.S., was born in the town of Ulysses, January 25, 1825, son of Stephen Fowler, a mechanic of that town. The early life of our subject was spent in Trumansburgh, and his first occupation was a short apprenticeship at the tailor's trade. Upon reaching his majority he began the study of dentistry in the office of Dr. Peter. Stanbrough, at Farmer Village, where after one year he began the prac- tice of the profession. In the early fifties Dr. Fowler moved to Ithaca, where he be- came a partner with Dr. IngersoU. The years of 1856-'57 he spent in Europe, en- gaged in Paris at his .profession. For eight years he practiced in Ithaca, and in 1866 moved to Rochester, returning to Ithaca in 1873, to r.esume a practice to which he has ever since devoted his attention. Dr. Fowler is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity, and also of the I. O. O. F. He married, in 1847, Jane A. Du Mont, of Ovid, who died July 3, 1890, leaving two children : Prof. Fred C. Fowler, of Cornell Uni- versity, and Lida May. Frost, George W., was born in McDonough, Chenango county, September 23, 1842. The early life of our subject was spent on a farm in his native town. He was educated in the common schools and assisted on a farm until 1863, when he removed to Ithaca, engaging in ornamental gardening, which he followed for six months and then spent one year with Teeter & Hern, of this town. He was also two years with George P. Covert. In 1867, in partnership with William H. Covert, they bought out the business, which they conducted as a firm but four months. Mr. Frost bought out iis partner and has ever since conducted the business, winning an enviable reputa- tion as a successful merchant and the leading grocer of this city. He is a staunch Republican, and in 1887 was elected supervisor of the town, and re-elected in 1888 by a greatly increased majority. In 1892 he was elected one of the two supervisors of the city, which office he tilled with honor. He has been connected with the First M. E. church for twenty-six years, most of the time being an officer. Mr. Frost mar- ried, in 1869, Martha Ford, of Chenango county, and they have three children : Fran- cis P., a graduate of Cornell University, class of '93, now testing electrical apparatus at the World's Fair; Arthur B., a student, and Mary Grace. 32 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Francis, Richard, was bora in Connecticut, and before the beginning of the present century left his native State with his father's family, and settled in Genoa. In 1800, soon after his marriage, he and his wife came to Groton, where they settled on a sev- enty-five acre tract of land, the tract now forming part of the farm of A. M. Francis. It was on a much traveled thoroughfare, and Richard opened and for many years maintained a public house, which during the war of 1813 was a general rendezvous for the militia, as it was also for the citizens of the community. Richard was ensign of the company organized in the region, all of the members of which were above the average size and height. Mr. Francis was a leading man in the town, and also a succes.sful farmer. He took an active part in public affairs, but devoted his best time to the welfare of his family. He died about 1850, his children being as follows : Ros- well, residing in Virgil, is ninety-one years of age ; Clarissa, who is famous for a re- markably retentive memory, married George Fish; Patterson, born in Groton in 1807; Richard, who died in Cortland county ; James, who died young; Phoebe, who mar- ried David Whipple ; Edwin, who died in Clinton county ; Hadley, deceased ; Gil- bert, living in Groton ; and Charles, deceased. Patterson is remembered as having been an extensive farmer and saw mill operator in this part of the town. He died in 1883, and his wife in 1865. The latter was Julia, daughter of Amos Hart. Their children were Adelia, wife of T. B. Smith, and now deceased ; A. Morace, of Groton, and Mary, wife of Nathan Darby. A. Morace was born August 20, 1834, and like his father, has led the busy life of a farmer and lumberman. He married in 1862,' Adelia, daughter of Joseph Fisher, of Dryden, and they have had seven children, five of whom survive. In politics Mr. Francis is a staunch Republican, and one of the lead- ers of his party in the town. He has ever refused office, yet in the party councils his influence is felt. For four years he was county conimitteuman from Groton. Fitch, William Henry, who for the last five years hasfiUed the position of president of the Groton Bridge and Manufacturing Co. , was a native of Lansing, born Novem- ber 23, 1835. His parents were William R. and Aurelia (Dunning) Fitch, William R. being numbered among the prominent early lawyers of the county, and was one of the county judges several years, and represented the town for five years as supervisor, although he lived the greater part of the time on his farm. In his family were four children, of whom William H. was the younge.st. Our subject was brought up on the farm, attended the district schools, and also for two years at the Groton Academy. He continued to live and work on the home farm until 1876, when he came to Groton and for three years engaged in mercantile business, then returning to the farm where- he remained seven years. The farm on which he was born has been in the possession of the family since 1817. He then came agam to Groton and was elected treasurer of the Bridge Company, which position he held until March 1, 1889, when he was elected its president. Mr. Fitch was originally a Democrat, but following the Van Buren presidential campaign, became identified with the Republican party. In 1872, however, he with may others in this vicinity supported Horace Greeley, returning again to the Republican ranks upon the close of that eventful struggle. For four years Mr. Fitch was justice of the peace of Lansing, and likewise served three terms- as supervisor of Groton. In 1856 William H. Fitch married Fanny A., daughter of Deacon Benoni Brown, of which marriage two children, Charles C. and Clara B., have been born. FAMILY SKETCHES. 88 Fulkerson, Talmadge D., was born in Dryden, December 10, 1846. His father,. Burnett C. Fulkerson, was born in Dryden and spent his life of eighty years in Tomp- kins county, in which he was born in 1797. At the age of twenty-two he married Parintha Sutliff, who came to Cayuga in 1804. In 1822 he took a part of his father's- farm of seventy-five acres, on which he built himself a house and where his descend- ants reside to the pre.sent day. He raised a family of thirteen children, who lived to manhood and womanhood and have been prominently identified in the prosperity and development of the country. T. D. Fulkerson was educated in the common schools, to which he added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of twenty-four he married Elerene Gaston, and they have one son, Laroy H. He takes the Republican side in politics and an intelligent interest in church and school matters. Our subject has added to the original estate and is recognized in his town as a practical and successful farmer. Frear, William, was born in the town of Ulysses, August 15, 1836, the youngest son of Baltus Frear, a native of Poughkeepsie, who came to this county in 1826, and died in 1881. The latter was an active church worker, and assisted in organizing the Presbyterian church of Trumansburgh, and also the academy there. The early life of our subject was spent on the old homestead farm, and he acquired his education in the Homer and Ithaca Academies. His first occupation was as a farmer in Ulysses, which calling he followed till in 1862. He then went to Elmira and learned the pho- tographer's trade, which he followed in Jamestown and Ithaca till 1884 and then en- gaged in the news and confectionery trade in Ithaca. In 1889 Mr. Frear devised an invention for the manufacture of popcorn balls, and in 1890 established a manufac- tory, which he has since conducted, employing ten hands in his factory and two salesmen on the road. He is a Republican in politics, but has never held office, other than trustee of the village. In 1860 he married Ann A. Hopkins, of Enfield, and they have two children living. Mr. Frear is also a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716, Eagle Chapter No. 58, and St. Augustine Commandery No. 38. Ferguson, Isaac P., was born in the town of Dryden, November 3, 1823. His fa- ther, Isaac Ferguson, settled on lot 48 in 1816, and was obliged to draw his wheat to Albany and sell it for fifty cents per bushel to get money to pay his taxes. Our sub- ject was educated in the common schools, but from force of character has added to this fund by readmg and close observation. He was married at the age of thirty-one to Harriet S. Cady, daughter of the Hon. Elias W. Cady, of the town of Dryden. He takes the Democratic side in pohtics, but has paid the subject no attention. In the year 1846 he went into partnership with the late Hon J. W. Dwight in the mer- cantile business, which he continued for twenty-four years, then going into the coal business, also handling lumber, shingles and fertilizers. He is still engaged in this business. Our subject has through life been prommently identified with the business interests of his town, taking a leading part in advancing its material interests and finding time during his active life to attend to educational matters and the leading events of the day. French, Edwin C, was born in Dryden, June 13, 1859, and was educated in the Graded Union School of Dryden. At the age of twenty-seven he married Miss Jennie L. Sperry, daughter of Charles J. Sperry. In the year 1879 he went into partnership «4 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. with his father in the general line of hardware, and is now a member of the firm of C. French & Son. In 1887 in connection with his brother-in-law, Chas. H. Sperry, he opened a furniture store in the village of Dryden, and in 1892 he opened a branch store in the village of Moravia, and in each town stood at the head of this line in business, carrying the largest, stock and finest goods in this line in each town, their Ijusiness motto being, " Attention and courtesy to all," and fine goods at a small ■margin of profit. Under their management they are now doing five times as much tiuriness as they did in 1887. While leading an active business life, Mr. French finds time to take an active interest in educational and religious matters March 1, 1894, Mr. French sold his interest in the Moravia store to his partner and became the sole proprietor of the Dryden store, and the firm of French & Son, hardware dealers, became E, C. & J. R. French. Egbert, William Grant, was born dn a farm in the town of Danby, December 38, 1868, a son of William L., also a native of Danby, who had three children, our sub- ject being the second son. The wife of William L. was Esther Grant, who is still a resident of Danby, her husband having died in June, 1881. At the age of fourteen William G. went to Syracu.se, entering the university there, where he took the mu- sical course. He was a member of the Euterpe Society and was Dr. Schultze's as- sistant for two years as instructor. He then followed concert giving for a year and a half, making seven years in all which he devoted to his studies. He^ad his first violin at the age of eight years. He comes of a musical family, his mother being a pianist. In 1890 and 1891 our subject visited the European continent, studying in Berlin principally. He was admitted to the Royal Hochschule on first examination, and later became a pupil of Joachim. After this school he studied violin, piano, har- mony, history of music, singing, orchestration and conducting. In June, 1862, he returned and founded the Ithaca Conservatory of Music, having for the first year J25 students, and the second year considerably over 200 students. This institution is fast becoming one of the finest schools of its kind in the country, and will event- ually embrace all of the fine arts. In 1890 Mr. Egbert married Gertrude, daughter of George Walker, a banker of Emporium. Emig, Peter, was born in Bavaria, Germany, August 13, 1868, and came to Amer- ica in 1881, locating first in Syracuse, whei-e he remained but a short time, then came to Ilhaca, and entered the shop of his brother Adam, who was a member of the firm of Paris & Emig. He was employed as a journeyman barber until July, 1893, when he bought the shop at the corner of State and Tioga streets, having six chairs and employing five assistants, and has three of the finest bath-rooms in town. Mr. Emig is a member of Ithaca Lodge I. O. O. F., and is chief patriarch af Iroquois Encamp- ment. He is also a member of Fidelity Lodge F. & A. M. No. 51. Ellis, Benjamin, was born in the town of Di-yden, November 30, 1849. His father, John Ellis, jr., was a son of Judge Ellis, who was a prominent man in the town of Dryden. Our subject was educated in the common schools and at the Dryden Acad- emy under Jackson Graves. At the age of twenty-five he married Ella Harter, daughter of Henry Harter, of Dryden. In 1872 he inherited part of his father's es- tate of forty-four acres where he has erected a beautiful residence and barns. He raises hay „ grain and stock. He takes the Republican side in politics, being assessor in his town and trustee of his school and a strong supporter of educational and re- FAMILY SKETCHES. 35 ligious institutions. Mr. and Mrs. Ellis are the parents of six children, four sons, Frank C, William H., Earl B., and Ray, and two daughters. Edna M. and Pearl E. Our subject is one of the leading men in his town, where he is recognized as a prac- tical and successful farmer. Elston, Judsou A., was born in Erin, Chemung county, June 26, tSni. He was a son of Stephen B. Elston, a farmer of that town. Judson A. was educated at the old Ithaca Academy and at Starkey Seminary. At the age of twenty-five he entered the office of S. D. Halliday in Ithaca, where he began the study of law. At the close, of one year in this office he attended Albany Law School, graduating in 1878, and was admitted to the bar May 8, 1878. His first position after admittance was as man- aging clerk for Merritt King, with whom he remained two and a half years, and No- vember 1, 1881, embarked on a practice alone, which he has since continued. His only political position was the appointment in 1888 of special county judge of Tomp- kins county. October 9, 1873, he married May Ida Lawrence, of this county, and they have two children. English, Jesse U., was born three miles southeast of Cornell University, in the neighborhood called Snyder Hill, in the town of Dryden, September 1, 1848. His- father, Jesse English, was also born in the same town in 1811. The family originally came from New Jersey, and during the early days made one or two trips to New Jersey and back on foot. They settled on lot 73, which is still in the possession of their descendants. Jesse U. laid the foundations of his education in the common schools, and is pre-eminently a self-educated man. At the age of thirty-one he mar- ried Corilla, daughter of Wm. Teetfer, of Lansing, and they are the parents of one son, Myron T. , born August 4, 1881. In 1880 he inherited 133 acres, a part of his fa- ther's property, erecting a handsome residence and barns and raising hay, grain and stock. He takes the Democratic side in politics and an active interest in church and school matters. Our subject is one of the representative men of his town and is rec- ognized as a man of sterling worth and high integrity. Ellis, John R., was born in the town of Dryden, July 27, 1836. His father, Ira El- lis, was born in the town about 1801, and John, the grandfather of John R. , was one of the first settlers in this town. John R. was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of thirty-five he married Kate, daughter of Abram Boice, who passed away in 1804, and in 1869 he married LaviHa A. , daughter of Wm. West, of Dryden, and they have four sons: Horton H., Wm. W., Fred S., and Louis D. He takes the Republican side in politics and an active interest in school and church affairs. ' In 1871 he bought the John Ogden farm of seventy-seven acres, where he now raises hay, grain and stock. Our subject is one of the substantial men of his town, taking an active interest in the leading events of the day. Darling, Fred E., was born in Orwell, Bradford county. Pa., April 2, 1852, and came to Freeville in 1876 and remained four years, when he removed to Ithaca. He returned to Freeville and established himself in the hardware and general tin jobbing business, carrying a full line of stoves, agricultural implements and shelf hardware. He takes the Republican side in politics and is at present town clerk, and has been president of the village, taking also an active interest in educational and religiou.'; 36 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. matters. At the age of thirty he was married to Olive E. Stoddard, daughter of Al- fred Stoddard, of Thompson, Susquehanna county, Pa. He is one of the leading Mierchants of his town, where he is recognized as a conservative, independent citizen. Darling, Edward, was born in Groton, March 5, 1837. His father, Reuben Dar- ling, came from Vermont and settled at Locke in 1810, and enlisted in the United States army and took part in the war of 1813, in which he was a musician. Edward Darling was educated in the common schools and finished at the Groton Academy. At the age of twenty-two he married Mary, daughter of Charles Niven, of Groton, and they are the parents of two sons; Chas. R. , and Fred L. In 18()7 he bought the Wesley Underwood farm of 110 acres on which he has erected one of the handsomest residences in the town. He raises hay, grain and stock, making a specialty of dairy- ing. Our subject is one of the leading farmers in the town, where he is known as a: iman of sterling worth and integrity and is recognized as a practical and successful farmer. De Puy, George G., was born in the town of Caroline, December 14, 1847. His father, Henry De Puy, came from Ulster county. Our subject was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and observation. At the age of twenty-two he married Eunice Smith, daughter of Bradford Smith. He takes the Republican side in politics and has been president of his village and is now trustee, and takes an active interest in church and school matters. Our subject is one of the leading men in his town, prominently interested in its advancement. For the past eighteen years he has been continuously in the employ of railroads and coal companies in New York and Pennsylvania and for the past eight years he has been in charge of the Elmira, Cortland and Northern interests in his town. Davis, Albert H., was born in the town of Danby, October 1, 1853, on the old homestead, where he now lives, also owning two other farms, comprising some of the best farming land in the town. He was educated in the district schools, and to this lie has added a close observation of the affairs of the day. Mr. Davis married, at .the age of twenty-four, Sarah J., daughter of Jesse Mann, of Ithaca, by whom he has ;a daughter and a son. For nine years he was a resident of Ithaca, being connected with the Calender Clock Co. , which connection he severed and returned to his farm. He is a Democrat in politics. Dewey, Eugene V., was born in Prattsville, Greene county, February 24, 1833, was educated in the schools there and learned the trade of a miller with his father. He married first. May 14, 1871, Lydia Collins, of Broome county, and they had one daughter, Lydia. Mrs. Dewey died iu 1873, and he married second Cornelia Barthol- omew, of Vestal, Broome county, July 15, 1873. They have three sons: Lindsley A., Fayette and Guy Mac. Anson, father of E. V., was born at the old home in Greene county in 1817, and was a miller. His first marriage was with Elsie Fink, by whom he had five children; Martin M., Wallace P., Clarence A., Elsie E., and Eugene V. For his second wife he married Catherine M. Cisim, and they had four children : Josephine, Sarah, Viola and William. He died in 1889 and his wife in 1886. Arch- ibald Bartholomew, father of Mrs. Dewey, was born in Broome county in 1807 and married Mary Loomis, of Yates county. Their children were: John, Caroline, Mary .A., Henry, George, Charles, Irene, Delphine, and Cornelia. He died May 32, 1887 FAMILY SKETCHES. 37 and his wife July 12, 1880. Mr. Dewey is the owner of the Taughannock roller pro- cess flouring mill, and has resided here four years. He does a fine line of business in ■custom grinding and merchant milling. Dorsey, Lloyd, was horn a slave in Maryland, November 18, 1818, was owned by Elijah Griffin, and made his escape from slavery in 1842. He first locatad for ten months in Pennsylvania, then carrie to Trumansburgh. December 18, 1844, he mar- ried Nancy M. Hemans, of Caroline, Tompkins county, by whom he had nine chil- dren; William H., James E., George P., Clinton C. Frances R., Charles A., Mary A. , Lilly L. , and Emma S. The oldest son died July 17, 1857 ; Clinton C. died Au- gust 18, 1859, and Lilly L. died in infancy. Mrs. Dorsey died August 31, 1886. She •was born November 20, 1819. Frances R. married Rev. Charles A. Smith, formerly of Pennsylvania. James E. married Frances Robbins of Owego; they have two children : Lilly R. , who married Albert Hall, of Florida, and Richard. Mrs. James E. Dorsey died February 6, 1878. Charles A. is not married, is a farmer at present, residing at home, where his father has lived over fifty years. Mary A. is house- keeper for her father, who has spent his life in this town as farmer, gardener, etc. Davis, Orlando H. , was born November 29, 1841, was educated in the district schools, and finished under S. D. Carr at Ithaca Select School. He is an independent in politics, and an active, energetic business man, carrying on a saw mill, a feed mill, and also making a specialty of Refined Hop Tonic Cider, one of the purest and most invigorating tonics known, and used largely by invalids for medicinal purposes. Mr. Davis also manufactures the well known Buckey's corn planter, and handles and sells giant powder and dynamite, the only place in the county where it is kept for sale. Mr. Davis's father was born in 1804 iri the town of Genoa and died in 1888, having spent his lifetime in Ithaca, where he moved at the age of eleven years. Mr. Davis's grandfather bought a military lot of 700 acres about 1813, settling on the same his seven sons. Dearman, Henry A., was born in the town of Lansing, March 8, 1828. His father, Wm. Dearman, was one of the early settlers in that town. Their ancestors came originally from Holland. Henry A. was educated in the common schools, but was obliged to take care of himself at the age of fourteen, when Wm. Dearman was killed Ijy a fall from a building. Being of an energetic nature, Henry continued his edu- cation alone. He takes the Democratic side in politics, and has been committeeman for several terms. In 1892 he bought what was known as the Orrie Hill property in Freeville where he now resides. In early life he learned the carriageraaker's trade, in which he continued until 1852 in the village of Dryden, and then returned to Lansing. He is recognized as a man of great strength of chax-acter and of integrity, his word being as good as his bond. Dimick, Samuel G., was born in Hector, Tompkins county (now Schuyler), March ■23, 1838. April 4, 1861, he married Catherine Davis, of his native town, and they Tiave three children, two sons and a daughter: Willis D., who was educated in the public schools and Trumansburgh Academy, and is a teacher and farmer ; Fred A. , who married Carrie H. Hart, of Trumansburgh, and has one child, Emma C. ; and Mary E., who resides at home. Mr. Dimick's father, Samuel, was born in Delaware ,county, February 28, 1807, and came to Schuyler county at the age of nineteen. He 38 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. married Mary Kettle of his native place, and they had seven children : Nelson, Elsie, Adelia, Hannah, Samuel G., Delos and Jefferson. His father is now a resident of Lodi, Seneca county, his mother having died in 1879, Mrs. Dimick's father, Reuben Davis, was born in Delaware, August 14, 1800, and came to this State at the age of five. He married Catherine Reed, of Cayuga county, and their children were ; Mar- garet, Lydia, Caroline, Charles, Catherine, Mary, Clarissa, Reuben, jr., and Ella A. Mr. Davis died May 5, 18T5, and his wife May 37, 1870. Mr. Dimick's two brothers, Delos and Jefferson, served in the late war. Delos died soon after his arrival home, on account of ill health contracted there. Jefferson was honorably discharged at the close of the war. Davis, L. C. , was born in Marbletown, Ulster county, May 14, 1832, a son of Isaac B., one of the early settlers of Marbletown, whose wife was Lavina Freer, daughter . of James Freer, of Slaterville, and they had six sons. Of this family, L. C. was the third child. In his early life he learned blacksmithing, which he followed a number of years. In 1855 he married Eudora, daughter of Abram T. Harding of Slaterville, and he then continued his trade up to 1880, when he took up undertaking, which he now follows. He held the office of town clerk nine years in Caroline, and was trustee of the school for twelve years, being then compelled to ask them to elect another man in his place. Mr. Davis has always taken an interest in religious matters in Slaterville, and in politics is a Democrat. He has had four children, two daughters' and two sons. House, Willard E. , was born in the town of Spencer, Tioga county, N. Y. He wa& educated in the common schools and the old Ithaca Academy, and folio wed teachi ng for a short time. At the age of twenty he began the study of dentistry with Dr. David Hines, of Spencer. In 1879 he established an office. in Candor, Tioga county, conducting a very successful practice for twelve years. He removed to Ithaca in 1891 where he has since been located. Dr. House is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity and is a Republican in politics. He was married in 1876 to Alice M. Chand- ler, of Trumansburgh ; they have one child, Fredd Chandler House, a student of Ithaca High School. Hanford, William, deceased, was born at Pompey Hill, Onondaga county, August 25, 1816. His parents came to Tompkins county in that year, and settled at McLean. William Hanford was educated in the common schools, to which he added through life by reading and observation, being pre-eminently a self-made man. At the age- of twenty-five he married Miss Altlia C. Todd, daughter of James Todd, and they are the parents of one son, G. Elbridge Hanford, Our subject was one of the lead- ing and prominent men of his town, identified in advancing its best interests, a firm supporter of the anti-slavery movement even in its earliest days, and at all times of the temperance cause. ' At his death, which-occurred on January 18, 1893, his family and townspeople lost a firm friend and supporter of life's higher aims and interests,, regretted by all who knew him. He had fulfilled his mission. Hopkins, George A., was born in Keeseville, Essex county, N. Y., September 5, 1860. He was educated in the district schools, also the High School of that place. He has held the position of clerk in several stores. At the age of eighteen he becam e- a druggist, and is now a licensed pharmacist. On account of the death of his father. FAMILY SKETCHES. 39 ■who was a pliysician and druggist, he and his brother carried on the drug business for five years at Keeseville, N. Y. He then went to Vergennes, Vermont, and re- mained one year and then came to Trumansburgh, purchased the Wickesdrug store, where he keeps a full line of drugs, patent medicines, and a full line of school books, also a good assortment of all kinds of books and magazines, newspapers, etc. Oc- tober 21, 1800, he married Cora, daughter of C. F. Hunter, of Trumansburgh. Mr. Hopkins is a deacon in tlie Presbyterian church, and is one of the village trustees. His father, Franklin M., was born in the town of Montgomery, September 15, 1823, was a graduate of a medical college in Vermont, and a, practicing physician. He married Mariette M. Maynard, and they had five children : Edgar, who died in in- fancy ; Nellie, Charles M. , Frank H. , and George A. He died November 35, 1879, and his wife October 14, 1893. This family settled in the United States as early as 1626, one of them at one time being governor of the State of Connecticut. Hiles, John W. , was born in the town of Dryden, September 15, 1838. His father, George Hiles, came from New Jersey in 1812 and settled with his father on a farm. George Hiles at the age of twenty-two was married to Percy West, daughter of John West of Dryden, who came to the town in 1806. Our subject was educated in the common schools and finished at the Dryden Academy, after leaving which at the age of twenty-three he married Kate Tyler, of Dryden, and they are the parents of one .son, G. Avery Hiles. John W. Hiles now resides on the farm of 100 acres which his grandfather cleared up, and who was obliged to go to Albany on foot to make his first payment, it requiring two weeks to make the journey. They have now a handsome residence. Mr. Hiles is known throughout his town as a conserv- ative, independent man, and a practical and successful farmer, who takes an active interest in educational and religious matters, having been trustee of the school and a member of the Cemetery Association. Hubbard, Wm. B., was born in McLean, October 14, 1831. His father, Elijah Hub- bard, came from Pittsfield, Mass. , and settled in McLean in 1827 and worked the old Samuel Noyes farm. Wm. B. was educated in the common schools and finished at the Cortland Academy. At the age of twenty-one he married Sarah A. Mineah, daughter of Peter Mineah, of Cortland, and thej' are the parents of six children, all living. In the year 1869 Mr. Hubbard bought the James McKee farm of seventy-five acres, where he now resides, raising hay, grain and stock. He takes the Democratic side in politics, and has also an active interest in educational and religious matters. Our subject is one of the substantial farmers in his town, and is an independent, conservative man. Hill, O. J. was born in the town of Virgil, June 39, 1840, and educated at the Dry- den Academy. After leaving school he taught penmanship, and in 1878 went into the mercantile business in the village of Dryden with Lee Bartholomew, and contin- ued the partnership for four years, when they separated and went on in the same business, which he now carries on with a general line of dry-goods and groceries. At the age of twenty-three he was married to Miss Louise M. Watkins, daughter of Ira "W. Watkins, of Cortland. He takes the Republican side in politics. He enlisted in Co. F, 76th N. Y. Infantry, October 9, 1861, and received his honorable discharge August 10, 1862, returning to the town of Dryden and resuming his former business. 40 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. While leading an active business life he has found time to take an active interest in religious and educational matters, being treasurer of the Dryden Union School. Halliday, Samuel D. , was born in Dryden, January 7, 1847, was educated in the district schools until the age of fourteen, then entered the Ithaca Academy, where he prepared for college. In the fall of 1866 he entered the sophomore class at Hamilton College, remaining one year. The succeeding year he taught in Ithaca Academy, and upon the opening of Cornell University in 1868, entered the junior class, grad- uating therefrom, in 1870. Then followed two years of preparation for the bar, to which he was admitted in 1872. In 1873 he was elected district attorney by a major- ity of 415, being the only Democrat the people had chosen for a county officer in twenty years. In June, 1874, he was made a trustee of Cornell University, by a vote- of the alumni thereof, in accordance with its charter. This position he held for ten years. He is now a trustee of Cornell University by virtue of an election by the trustees themselves. He represented Tompkins county in the New York Assembly of 1876 and 1878 ; was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1876, and also in 1880, and a member of the Democratic State Committee in 1884. Since his retirement from the Legislature, in 1878, he has devoted himself entirely to the practice of law. Hill, R. Byron, was born in Lancaster, Erie county, October 7, 1845, and moved with his parents to Chenango county when a child, where he was educated in the public schools and studied dentistry with his father. . The family have been dentists and druggists for several generations. Mr. Hill began business in Trumansburgh with his brother, C. C. Hill, in 1874. This continued two years, and he then returned to Chenango county with his father for three years. He began business on his own account in February, 1879, with a branch office in Farmer Village one day in each week in summer, which has continued since with success. November 10, 1869, he married Julia A. Johnson, of Farmer Village, and they have four children : Albert B., who is a dentist with his uncle in Rochester; Grace, Marian and Marguerite. Th& father of our subject, Orville S., was born in Tompkins, Delaware county, in 1817. He is also a first-class dentist, who has practiced over fifty years. He married Eliza Merritt, of his native county, and had five children ; R. Byron, Charles C. , Homer H. , and two who died in infancy. The doctor is a member of Farmerville Lodge No. 149, F. & A. M. His brother, Charles C, is a dentist in Rochester, and Homer H. is a dentist and druggist in Owego, N. Y. Hart, Deacon Charles D. , son of Deacon Amos Hart, the latter being elsewhere mentioned, was born January 23, 1801, and died May 2, 1880, aged seventy-nine years. His wife, Catharine (Butts) Hart, was born March 20, 1805, and died Decem- cember 27, 1887. They had four children: John B., born May 20, 1822, died August 24, 1883; Edwin F., born December 8, 1827, and died April 16, 1865; Eliza, born September 28, 1823, married Daniel Wilcox, and died November 21, 1893 in Iowa; Charilla Ruth, born January 9, 1832, died June 14, 1840; Deacon John B., the oldest of these children, was one of the substantial farmers ot this town, He was promi- nently connected with some important measures relating to town affairs. Also was thoroughly interested in church affairs, having been a member of the same church (the Baptist) as his father and grandfather. He married Anna E. Breed, and by her he had these children : Emma J., who died aged nineteen ; Eugene P., Charles A.,. FAMILY SKETCHES. 41 Carrie and Edwin, both of whom died young; Kate E., wife of George P. Hallenbeek, and May, who also died young. Eugene P. was born in Groton June 9, 18f)6, and has always been a farmer. October 7, 1878, Mr. Hart married Helen Amelia, daughter of V. B. Gross, of McLean, and they have three children; Cora L., Ed- ward E., and Kate A. Hanford, Ernest E., was born in Dryden, January S.'i, 1869, a son of G. Elbridge Hanford, a farmer of Dryden, who has acquired considerable prominence as a justice of the peace, now serving'Tiis third term. Ernest E., our subject, was the oldest son of a family of four children. He was educated at the common schools and Dryden Academy, and after leaving he assisted his father on the old homestead farm until 1891, when he moved into the town of Ithaca, conductmg Jasper Hanford's farm for two years. In March, 1893, he bought the Hedden farm of ninety-five acres, which he is now conducting as a dairy farm with twenty head of cattle. He finds a market in Ithaca by having a milk route, and handles about 320 quarts per day. Mr. Hau^ ford is a member of Forest City Grange No. 288. In politics he is a Prohibitionist. He was married in 1891 to Estella, daughter of Andrew Lormer, a farmer of Dryden, and they have two children: Harold L. and Wm. Walter. Hill, C. J., was born August 4, 1819, in the town of Danby, and was educated in the district schools. At the age of eighteen he was given the charge and care of the farm by his father, and when twenty-four years of age he married Hannah M. At- well, of the town of Pharsalia, Chenango county, who died four years later. One child, a daughter, -Frances Josephine, was the fruit of this marriage, but died after reaching womanhood. At the age of thirty-one he married second Sarah D. Ireland, of Danby, and they have had six children, three sons and three daughters, three of whom are living. The oldest son, Uri J. resides in Kansas City, Mo. ; C. Elbert resides in Ithaca, and the daughter, Hattie Louise, is at home. Mr. Hill is a Repub- lican in politics, never having having missed an election since twenty-one years of age, and has always been interested in promoting all interests for the moral and religious up-building of the town in which he was born. He has been trustee of the M. E. church, and is recognized as a public spirited man, and one of Danby's most substantial citizens. In 1860 he bought and improved the J. Miller farm, where he now lives. Mr. Hill has made as many improvements as any citizen of Danby, hav- ing been actively eniplo\ ed from an early age up to the present. Hunt, Warren, was born in Middlesex county, Mass., September 26, 1825, of Eng- lish descent. He was educated in the public schools of Boston, and his first occupation was as clerk in a store. In 1844 he engaged in the flour and feed business and ship- ping at Belfast, Me. He was in that town eight years, and then engaged in the tan- ning business at Liberty, Me., having also a tannery at Orford, N. H. He also had a tannery at Owego, N. Y., coming from the latter in 1873 to Ithaca. His tannery having burned, he engaged in the coal business under the firm name of Hunt & Coryell. This firm dissolved in 1877, and Mr. Hunt conducted it alone till 1882, when he sold the business and in 1884 became a member of the Cayuga Lake Transporta- tion Co., of which company he was president. In 1890 he bought the mterests of the other stockholders, retaining the original name of the company. In politics Mr. Hunt has always been an active Republican, and in 1888' was the candidate of his party for mayor. t 42 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Hasbrouck, Alfred, was born in Ulster county, June 26, 1831. After a thorough common school education he read law with J. C. Jones, of Lloyd, Ulster county, and was admitted to the bar in February, 1853. He practiced four years in Ulster county, then in 1857 moved into the town of Ithaca, and engaged in the leather business with Mills McKinney, remaining only a year. He then returned east for two years. Re- turning to the town of Ithaca in the spring of 1860, he again gave his- attention to the leather business. In October, 1860, he married Sarah, daughter of David McKinney, by whom he had one son, a graduate of Cornell University, class of '84, and now living in Chicago. Mr. Hasbrouck is a Republican in politics, and while declining to take a prominent position, keeps well abreast of the events of the day, and takes an intelligent interest in educational and religious subjects. Hinckley, Louis E , was born in the town of Venice, Cayuga county, March 9, 1855. His ancestors were New England people, and his father was a farmer. Louis was educated at Syracuse University, class of '75. He engaged in mercantile business at Ledyard, Cayuga county, and after his marriage went to Colorado, where he accepted a position as cashier of the First National Bank of Fort Collins, which position he filled until his death, on September 10, 1886. October 30, 1879, he married Emma M. Perry, daughter of Hiram Perry of the town of Lansing, by whom he had one son. Perry C. Mrs. Hinckley with her son came to Ithaca about a year after the death of her husband. She is a member of the Episcopal Church. Hardy, Charles Elias, was born in New Brunswick in 1798, and his younger days were spent in Albany, where he was trained for the hardware business under the Delevan Brothers. In 1820 he established a store in Utica, which he conducted till 18!iO, that year coming to Ithaca. While in Utica he murried Louisa, daughter of Thomas Walker, who died in 1888. After coming to Ithaca he established a hard- ware store in partnership with George McCormick, which firm existed until Mr. Hardy sold his interest to Mr. McCormick. This is the store now occupied by Mr. Rumsey. Our subject died July 7, 1808. He always took an active interest in whatever was for the good of the city. He was the father of three daughters; Mrs. J. B. Williams, Jane L. Hardy, and Louise W. Hardy, who died in 1866. The latter years of Mr. Hardy's life were spent in the Merchant's & Farmer's Bank, as cashier. Howes, Charles H., was born in the town of South East, Putnam county,' N. Y., March 16, 1857, and his early life was spent in his native county. He was educated in the common schools, after leaving which he worked at the carpenter's trade with his father until 1875, when he removed to Ithaca for a year, employed in the shoe store of W. D. Ireland. In 1876 he begun the study of photography with William Frear, with whom he worked si\ years. He also spent some time in Cleveland, Ohio, with J. F. Ryder, then seven months in Rochester in a leading gallery, after which he was employed in the Oliver gallery. Oswego, N. Y., for thirteen months. April 11, 1885, he returned to Ithaca and bought out his former employer, Mr., Frear. and has since conducted the gallery at 40 and 42 East State street. He has added many improvements in the gallery, and for the past three years has been class photographev for Cornell University, also Ithaca High School. Mr. Howes is a Democrat and a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716 P. & A. M. In 1887 he married Virginia, daugh- ter of Thompson and Marguretta Kyle, of Harrisville, Pa., and brother of Dr. E. H. FAMILY SKETCHES. 43 Kyle, of Ithaca. After a lingering illness of three years she died on February 20, 1893. Holman, Frederick D., was born in Trumansburgh, April 5, 1862, and received his education in the public schools, and in the old academy. His first employment was- as clerk in a drug store, and later he became clerk at the station, in the employ oil Richard H. Stone, who was station master. He then became telegraph operator and assistant station master for about eight years. In 1892 he was promoted station master of the Lehigh Valley Railway Company at Trumansburgh. March 20, 1890, he married Mary B. Buckley, of his native town, and they have one daughter, Blanches. Mr. Holman's father, Arthur, was born in 182.'5 in Ulysses, and he too was educated in the public schools. He was a merchant and bookkeeper through life. He married Martha, daughter of Joseph L. Iredell of this town, and they had four children: Sarah L. , Frederick D., Ellen I., and Levi O., who assisted his brother at the station. Frederick D. is a member of Trumansburgh Lodge No. 157 F. & A. M. , and of Fidelity Chapter, No. 77, R. A. M. , and St. Augustine Command- ery Knights Templar of Ithaca. This family is one of the oldest in the village. Hinckley, Henry L., was born in Stockbridge, Mass., February 10, 1841. The early life of our subject was spent in his native State, where he was given an aca- demic education, and was a bookkeeper in mercantile business. In 1862 he enlisted in the 110th N. Y. Vols., and was in service for three and one-half years, retiring as captain. In 1874 he entered the bank of Henry D. Barto & Co., at Trumansburgh, of which he was the presideutand cashier until January 1, 1881, when became to the Tompkins County National Bank, where he has been the cashier since. He is a Ma- son and a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, composed of officers of the army who served through the War of the Rebellion, He married, in 1882, Helen M. Noble, Trumansburgh, and they have one child. Hildebrant, H. A., was born in Ithaca, September 6, 1851, a son of Charles Hilde- brant, a native of Huntingdon county, N. J. , who moved to this county in 1824, being then eight years of age. In early life he followed boating, after which he took up the business of scaling logs in Pennsylvania, then received an appointment on the police force in Ithaca, holding the same six years, when he became a farmer in Car- oline in 1800. Here he died in 1885. His wife was Angeline Eaton, of Ithaca, and they had two children, C. A. and H. A; Charles died in 1885; our subject was the youngest. He was educated in the district school, and has always been a farmer. In 1881 he raaried Alice Owen, of Berkshire, and they have two children: Fannie and Mattie. Mr. Hilderbrant is a Republican, and is now serving as assessor. He is a member of Caroline Lodge No. 081 F. & A. M. Haskin, Clinton A., was born in Dryden in 1834. His great-great-grandfather was Elkanah Haskin, born in Scotland about 1700, coming to America in 1730. He settled in Connecticut, and died in 1870. He had six children, of whom Enoch was born in 1740 and married Mrs. Mary Williams, removing in 1700 to Pittstown, N. Y., where he died in 1833, aged ninety-three. His wife died in 1820. They reared five children, of whom Abel, born in 1767, married Claranna Phelps, by whom he had three children. He died in Pittstown in 1792. His son, Abel second, born in 1789, married Hannah Raymer and settled in Tompkins county. In 1836 became to Lan- sing, where he followed milling and the distilleiy business, retiring in 1853, and 44 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. leaving tlae trade to his son, William. He died in 1870, aged eiglity-one, and his wife died eight years later. They had eight children: Charles R., Catherine E.j Lavilla S., William S. , Julia A., Hiram P., Harvey J. and Clinton A. The latter — born in Dryden in 1834 — was educated at the old Ithaca Academy, where he re iiiained three years, then took up a course of civil engineering in Union College in Schenectady, graduating in 1855. For the next six years he followed railroad engi- neering. In 1859 he went to Benham, Tex., and was connected with the Washington County R. R. Co., for two years. While there the Rebellion broke out, and he re- turned home in June, 1801. In 1808 he married Marian, daughter of Dr. Darius and Mary E. {Baker) Hall, and they have three children; Dr. Herbert P. Haskin, of Gaines, Pa. ; Florence E. , wife of Allen D. Rose ; and Erwin C. , who resides at home. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. , and a Republican. In farming he makes a spe- cialty of Jersey cattle and Shropshire .sheep. Hutchings, Thomas, deceased, came to the town of Dryden in 1807 and associated himself with his brother John, who came in 1805. The latter, with the assistance of his brother Thomas, who had learned the^blacksmith trade, constructed a ilour and feed mill, Thomas doing the necessary iron work. The mill was located about a half mile of the farm residence. John having learned the trade of ship carpenter, manufactured the mill stones from the granite rocks found in the fields and these he used during his entire life. This mill was celebrated throughout the town, the people being obliged to go to Ludlowville for flour until its completion. Thomas Hutchings followed farming and blacksraithing, and in 1837 he bought the Abram Carmor property of seventy acres, on which his daughters now reside. He was a well known man in his town and commanded the respect and good will of all who knew him to the time of his death, which occurred Januai-y 19, 1865. Humphrey, William Ross, was born in the town of Ithaca, April 10, 1820, the old- est son of Charles Humphrey, a native of Little Britain, Orange county, born in 1792, who came to Tompkins county in 1818 as the attorney for the Newbui-g Branch Bank. He studied law in Newburg, and was a soldier in the war of 1812, in which he was captain. In 1850 his death occurred at Albany. He was elected to Congress in 1824, and was member of assembly in 1834-35-80-42, being speaker in 1835-36. In the county he held the office of surrogate, and was one of the leading Democrats in his county. lie was clerk of the old Supreme Court for several years, and was located at Albany, where he lived from 1842 to 1847, and at the time of his death was attend- ing Supreme Court in that city. Charles D., the brother of our subject, after serving through the war of the Rebellion in *rmy and navy, died in Utica in 1870. The school days of William R. were spent in the old Ithaca Academy, and in 1838 he was employed on the survey of the Hax'lem Railroad. The year afterward he entered the law office of Bate & McKifesock at Newbui-g, was admitted to the bar in January, 1842, beginning practice in Ithaca. In 1849 he gave up the practice of his profession and became connected with the Ithaca and O wego Railroad, known now as the Cayu- ga and Susquehanna Railroad, which road was rebuilt in 1849 by parties who subse- quently organized the D. L. & W. Co., and afterwards leased to this company and known as the Cayuga Division, of which he was superintendent thii-ty-seven years. For thirty years he was trustee of the school district. While superintendent of the D. L. & W. he was also manager of their extensive coal operations at this post. FAMILY SKETCHES. 45 handling many million tons of coal in that time. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Cornell University a number of years, and secretary of the institution. He was trustee of the village of Ithaca several years, and charter member of the Cornell Library Association, and trustee since 1864. He was charter member of Ithaca Lodge I. O. O. F. in 1843, and is the only one living to-day. He has also been trustee of the Presb\terian church fourteen years. In 1848 he married Mary H. Wheeler, of Orwell, Vt. , and they have four children. Of these, George S. is with the C. W. Hunt Mfg. Co., as treasurer in New York city; Charles is in the mining business in Salt Lake City ; the youngest daughter married C. W. Hunt, of New York, and the other daughter resides at home. Holden, William, son of John W. and Elizabeth (Brown) Holden, and grandson of John Holden, of Lansing, was born in Lansing, November 26, 1838. Until of age he lived on the home farm, and when twenty-two years old he went to Illinois to work. December 22, 1861, he enlisted in Co. H, 10th 111. Inft. for three years. He served with his regiment through seven engagements; first, at the siege of New Madrid, Mo., while in the Army of the Mississippi, and the capture of 3,000 prisoners near Tipton ville, Ky., by his regiment 600 strong after a forced march; the support- ing troops came up the next morning in time to guard these prisoners, who were gathered from the woods where they were driven the night before. Then being transferred to the Army of the Tennessee, he participated in the siege of Corinth, Tenn. In the fall of 1862 he was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, where lie performed the greater part of his service; was at the defence of Nashville, Tenn., Resaca, Ga. , and other points of importance ; he was also with Sherman on his fa- mous march to the sea. Our subject endured many hardships and forced marches in the States of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia. While not wounded in battle, he was seriously injured by being accidentally struck with an ax, which kept him in hospital four months ; later he was in the hospital service, but on recovery he rejoined the ranks and served with credit until he was mustered out at Savannah, Ga., at the expiration of his term of service, December 27, 1864, and re- turned to Tomjikins county. On the 9th of March, 1805, Mr. Holden was married to •Catherine E., daughter of Peter Howser, of Lansing, and they have three children. They lived four years in Groton, then five years in Lansing, but in 1874, he bought the old Miller or Peck farm in Groton, where he has since lived. Howe, Dr. John B., was born in Dryden, N. Y., August 15, 1803. He is the elder son of Dr. Freeman S. Howe, a prominent dentist in Dryden and Ithaca for over thirty-five years.' After three years' apprenticeship in ths office of his father, Dr. John B. attended the full course in dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania, grad- uating in 1887, since which time he has practiced in Ithaca. He is now enjoying a large and lucrative practice in partnership with his brother. Dr. Fred B. Howe. Hopkins, Herman S., the subject of this sketch, now a practicing lawyer of this town, was born in Groton, Tompkins county, N. Y., June 19, 1848, and is a son of Sidney and Caroline Hopkins. His ancestors were among the first settlers of this town, his great-grandfather, Isaac Hopkins, with his family, having moved from Washington county, N. Y. , and settled on a farm in the eastern part of this town in 1800 or 1801. He had a large family of children, among whom were Stephen, Da- -vid, Isaac, John, Elisha, Hiram, and several daughters, all of whom took an active 46 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. interest in the early settlement of this town. Of these sons Isaac married Martha P. Clark, and they had two sons, Volney and Sidney Hopkins. Sidney Hopkins married Caroline Howser, and was in his lifetime a prominent citizen of the town and took an active interest in its affairs ; he was for a number of years a trustee of the Groton Academy, a trustee of the Groton Union School ; was justice of the peace in the town for a number of years, and from 1872 to 1880 he was a U. S. inspector of customs at the port af New York, when he returned to Groton, where he died in 1887, his wife still surviving him. Herman S. Hopkins was educated at the Grotcni Acad- emy and the State Normal School at Cortland, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 1872, and after teaching for a short time, read law in the office of W. W. Hare, esq. , at Groton, and was admitted as an attorney and counselor at law in 1877, and has since practiced his profession at Groton. He has taken quite a prominent part in . town affairs, and has held the office of justice of the peace in the town for a number of years; also held the offices of clerk and trustee of Groton village, and also treas- virer of Groton Union School for a number of years. In politics he has always been a Republican, frequently representing his town in Republican conventions. Chipman, Albert Edwin, was born in the city of Rochester, November 22, 1857, a son of Albert Chipman, who for twenty years was a baggage master on the N. Y. C. and H. R, R. R. He died in 1877. Our subject is the only son ; a sister. Miss Alice Chapman, is living in Michigan. A. E. was educated in the public schools of Roch- ester. His first occupation was in the office of the Union and Advertiser, and at the age of fourteen he went into the furniture manufactory and store of Haun, Smith & Spencer, with whom he was employed about five years, and then was two years with Minzer & Shale, of Rochester. In 1881 became to Ithaca and entered the employ of Henry Bool in his furniture manufactory, where he had charge of the upholstery de- partment for seven years. In March, 1888, he established a furniture store at 10 East State street, where he has since been located. In 1891 Mr. Chipman established a linen and embroidery department in the store, which has proved a very valuable addition to the business. This department is managed by Mrs. Chipman, whose rare taste and good judgment have established her reputation as a connoisseur of the art of embroidery. The designs used by Mrs. Chipman are furnished by one of the best artists in the country. In the furniture department the stock is exclusively of the best quality and latest style. Mr. Chipman' s specialty is upholstery, and his long experience and ability qualify us in saying he is the most competent workman in the line in this city. , Of his home life, we can say without intruding on family affairs that he was'married in 1884 to Miss Joanna DriscoU, daughter of the late Thomas DriscoU, a farmer of Lansing. They have two children, Thomas A. and Ruth Ellen. Herrington, Henry S., was born in Dryden September 19, 1835. His father, Thomas Herrington, was one of the early settlers in the town and was a son of Jacob Herrington, dying on the same farm as the latter in the western part of the town of Dryden. Henry S. was educated in the common schools to which he has added by reading and close observation through life. At the age of twenty-two he married Margaret Stewart, daughter of John Stewart, of Dryden, and they have had two children, one son, J. Henry Herrington, and one daughter, Jennie E. , a beautiful and accomplished young lady, who passed away at the age of twenty-eight, a devout christian, and a dutiful daughter. He takes the Republican side in politics and an FAMILY SKETCHES. 47 active interest in educational and. religious matters, being trustee of his school and a member of the Presbyterian church of Dryden. In 1870 he bought the pi-operty on lot 46, of ninety acres, making a specialty of dairying and potatoes. Our subject is recognized throughout his town as a practical and successful farmer and a conserva- tive, intelligent citizen. Hazen, John P., of Newfield, was born in New Jersey near Belvidere, October 20, 18R0, a son of Jacob Hazen, of New Jersey, who moved to Tompkins county in 1830. He then settled in Dryden. and later in Danby, finally moving to this town, and then back to Danby, where he passed his life, dying in 1843. His wife was Ann Smith, of his native State, by whom he had eight children, our subject being the fourth. John P. has always worked at carpentry and farming. January 6, 1850, he married Mary Gibbs, of Dryden. He owns a farm of sixty acres, and is a member of the Grange. In politics he is a Democrat, but has never cared for public office. Halsey, Hugh, the pioneer head of a family who settled in Lansing about or soon after the war of 1812, came from Suffolk county, L. I. He had been a sailor and as such acquired a fortune, but on his last voyage was robbed of his property, and emi- :grated to this country a poor man. He had a family of two sons and several daugh- ters. One of these sons, Hampton Halsey, was born April 16, 1801, and in Lansing became a farmer. He' married Eliza Ann Sweazey, by whom he had five children : Hugh, Rachel, Ezra.and two others (twins) who died at birth. Hampton Halsey died in March, 1849, and his wife in August, 1840. Hugh Halsey was born January ■3B, 1833, was brought up and has always lived on a farm. At the age of twenty-two he began life for himself, and in addition to his farm work taught school during the winter, March 13, 1863, he married Jane H., daughter of Alanson T. Howell, and they have had eight children, seven of whom are still living. In politics Mr. Halsey is an earnest Republican, and as such held the office of justice of the peace over nine -years, being first appointed, then elected to fill a vacancy, and afterward elected for two full terms. Mr. Halsey's farm is located in the northeast part of the town of Groton, and he is recognized as one of the leading farmers of the locality. Hart, A. O., was born in the town of Dryden, July 14,1832; he gained his early edu- <;ation in the district school. His father, William M. , was a native of that town, born in 1802, and lived to the age of eighty years. Throughout his life Mr. Hart paid special attention to milling and in his later years carried on a flour and feed store in Ithaca. Our subject, A. O. Hart, married December 27, 1853, Mary, daughter of Isaac Bishop, who died August 3, 1891, leaving no children, since which he has de- voted himself more closely than ever to business, buying and shipping large quan- tities of live stock, and handling most of the crop of wool produced in his neighbor- hood. In spite of his active business life Mr. Hart finds time to take an interest in the events of the day, both educational and political, being a Republican in politics. Mr. Hart has served as excise commissioner and is now one of the town committee. Hedden, Mrs. Louisa, was born m Enfield, March 38, 1834, a daughter of Reuben Harvey, a native of New Jersey, born in 1807, died 1893. His parents were Asher and Mary Harvey, also of New Jersey, who came to Tompkins county about 1813, •clearing a home in the woods, where they died. Their three children were Reuben, John and Holmes. Reuben married Mary Wager, and they had three children: 48 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Louisa, Mary A. , widow of C. H. North of Avon Springs; and Frances, wife of J. L. Parker, of New York city. Mrs. Harvey died in June, 1890. She was an active church woman, and a member of the M. E. church. Louisa attended the district school and later attended the Ithaca schools, but was forced, to leave on account of poor health, before her graduation. In 1863 she married Wright A. Hedden, born in Lan- sing in 1834, a son of Richard and Emily (Brown) Hedden. About 1869 Mr. and Mrs. Hedden bought the farm of 180 acres on which our subject now resides, and which .she conducts herself, doing a diversified farming, the place being highly adapted for fruit growing on the south hill slope towards Lake Cayuga, and on this farm is Hed- den' s Station and post-office, the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and a lumber and coal yard; also a phosphate house, a steamboat dock, a salt well, and mineral springs. The farm has large and commodious buildings, and is a fine place. Mrs. Hedden has one daughter, Eloise, born in January, 1864, wife of E. E. Scribner, of Trumans- burgh, who is professor in the school. Mrs. Hedden is a member of the Episcopal church at King's Ferry. Hanshaw, John J., was born in Ithaca, October 11, 1850, a son of Samuel Hanshaw, one of the old residents of that town. He was educated in the Ithaca High School, and attended the academy under Prof Williams. At the age of twenty-four he mar- ried Aurelia Dargee, of Dryden. He is a Democrat in politics^ now holding the office of justice of the peace, and also takes an active interest in school matters in his dis- trict. He is an intelligent farmer, keeping well posted on the leading events of the day, he and his father having one of the handsomest farms lying in the northeast part of the town, in v'hich they are recognized as thorough and successful farmers. Hazlitt, William H., was born in Sussex county, N. J., October 2, 1816, and came with his parents to this State when he was seven years old. They first located in Danby and afterwards in Mecklenburg in Schuyler county, where he was educated in the public schools and became one of that county's enterprising farmers. He mar- ried first Elizabeth Johnson, formerly of New Jersey, and second Rachel Atwater, of Trumansburgh. James, father of William H. , was born in New Jersey about 1780, and married Mary Branes, by whom he had ten children: John, David, Anna, Mary A., William H., Abram, Sarah, Matilda, James, and one who died young. In 1828 the family came to this State and located as above, being nine days on the journey. James Hazlitt died about 1866 and his wife in 1855. Mrs. Hazlitt's father, Elijah At- water, was born near New Haven, Conn. , April 4, 1790, and came with his parents to this State when a boy. April 3, 1814, he married Sally Hitchcock, of Catharine, Schuyler county, and they had eight children : Caroline D., David, Russell, Sarah L. Lyman, William Y., Rachel O., and Martha M. Mr. Atwater was a leading man in this community, having been member of assembly one term, justice of the peace many years, and filled other offices. He died November 10, 1851, and his wife June 19, 1871. Mr. Hazlitt has been a produce dealer and commission merchant here for twenty years, and is steward and trustee of the M. E. church, of which he and wife are members. Hedges, Elijah C, deceased, was born in Caroline, February 11, 1838, and was ed- ucated in the district schools, At the age of twenty-four he married Charlotte H. Teeter, daughter of Isaac Teeter, who bore him three children: Mrs. John Elyea, of Danby; Isaac, of Kansas City ; and Lamont, who lives at home. Mr. Hedges was a Democrat FAMILY SKETCHES. 49 and took an active interest in educational and religious matters. He had been in fail- ing health for some years, so he left the farm and bought a residence in the town of Ithaca, but failed to recover his health, and passed away in November, 1883. After his death Mrs. Hedges took the management of the farm into her hands, and has achieved a merited success. Davey, George W., was born in Somersetshire, England, March 6, 1826. He was the youngest of nine children, and came to this country with his parents, John and Elizabeth Davey, in 18i!0 and settled in Auburn, N. Y. Thence the family moved to Skaneateles, N. Y., in 1831, at which place his father and mother lived to the advanced ages of eighty and sixty-seven years respectively, and his brother John to the age of eighty-two. The only surviving members of the family are George, his sister Eliza- beth, of Marcellus, and his brother Edward, who is a prosperous carriage manufac- turer at Medina, N. Y., now eighty years of age. In 1843 George went to Canada and one year later thence to Newport, N. Y. , where he learned the trade of carriage painting. In 1847 he came to Groton to work for Allen & Carpenter, carriage mak- ers. Since that time Mr. Davey has been a resident of Groton village, and has de- voted himself almost continuously to his trade until quite recently. In 1870 he be- came a member of the carriage manufacturing firm of Hicks, Adams & Davey, of Groton. This partnership was dissolved four years later. Mr. Davey was an ardent anti-slavery man, and later found himself at home in the Republican party. August 23, 1849, he married Mary Eliza, daughter of Stephen F. and Lora (Stowell) Barrows, who came from New England in 1834. Mr. Barrows was a farmer and wagon mak- er. He was one of the founders and first deacons of the Congregational Church. He died December 31, 1854, and his wife March 1, 1888. One son and three daugh- ters survived them. Paddock, Mary, Sarah and Wealthea. Mr. and Mrs. Davey have three children: Eva, who married D. H. Naramore, resides in Alexandria, Va. ; Mer-. ton L., a contracting carriage trimmer at Whitney's Point, N. Y. ; and Vernon L., superintendent of schools at East Orange, N. J. The latter was educated at the Groton Academy and Cornell University, graduating in 1875 ; was principal of Gro- ton Union School (formerly Groton Academy) three years, during which time the first graduating course was adopted. He went to East Orange in 1878 as principal of the public school, and has since been elected superintendent of the East Orange schools. G. W. Daveywas early identified with the prosperity of Groton. He helped re-establish and maintain Groton Academy, which had been sold at sherifFs sale, and was for many year's a trustee of that institution. He was one of the founders and first trustees of the Groton Rural Cemetery Association. In 1864, while its president, he invented and patented a " Weed Eradicator," which is still used in many places, for clearing walks and avenues of weeds by means of horse power. He is also a stockholder in the National Bank, and one of the charter members of the Groton Iron Bridge Co., and Crandall Typewriter Co., of Groton. He also aided in erecting the Congregational house of worship. Mr. Davey has been a Sunday school worker from his youth, and in recent years has entered heartily into special Sunday school work outside of his own town — organizing town associations in Tompkins county, while president of its county association, and adddressing Sunday schools in this and other counties, E 50 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Duryee, Richard, was born in Schnectady, N. Y., April 26, 1818, and came to the town of Dryden in 1850. He received his education in the common schools, but is a .self-educated and self-made man. At the age of twenty-one he married Rachel Cuykendall, of Skaneateles, who died in 1846, leaving one son, John M. In 1847 he married Eliza, daughter of W. H. Sutfin, and they are the parents of two daughters, Mrs. Mary J. Simons, and Mrs. Aurelia Hanshaw. In 1866 he bought the other in- terest in the Sutfirf estate of 115 acres, on which he has built one of the handsomest residences in town. Our subject is one of the substantial men of his town, where he is recognized as a man of sterling worth and integrity, and as a practical and success- ful farmer. Dorn, Alexander, was born November 8, 1808. He came from Dutchess county about 1825 and settled in the south part of the town, where he lived and reared ten sons, and three daughters, and died in 1876. Wesley Dorn, liis son, was born in Danby February 29, 1840; he was educated in the common schools, where he laid the foundation of a solid education, which he has supplemented through life by reading and observation. At the age of twenty-five he married Sarah J., daughter of Ensign • Dorn, who died in 1879, leaving two children, one now surviving, Jennie E. Logan. He married second, in 1884, Saloma E. Bogardus, daughter of Calvin Bogardus, of the town of Caroline, and they have one daughter, Mabel E. In 1885 he bought what was known as the Norton farm, having sixty-five acres, where he has built one of the handsomest residences in Danby. Our subject is a conservative, independent man, recognized throughout his town as a practical and successful farmer. Estabrook, Robert C. , was born in East Haddam, Conn., April 20, 1810. In his earlier years he was a surveyor and a farmer, living at home with his father, Hobart Estabrook, who settled in Tompkins county, in 1827, in Pony Hollow, the farm con- taining about 500 acres. His father's object in coming here was the sale of a tract of 16,019 acres of land which the school fund of Connecticut had a claim on, and Mr. Estabrook never moved back. Our subject moved from Pony Hollow to Newfield village in 1860, and now has aplace of thirty-two acres and lives a retired life. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; was married, January 5, 1833, to Polly M. Smith, by whom he has had seven children, five surviving. Their golden wedding was celebrated January 5, 1888. Mr. Estabrook is a Republican, and has served his town as assessor and justice of the peace. Field, Elisha, was born in the town of New Haven, Conn., December 30, 1788, and came with his wife and family to Lansing, Tompkins county, in 1823. He was a far- mer and an ingenious mechanic, and settled in the southern part of Lansing. The descendants of Mr. Field were quite numerous in the county. His children were; Hester Ann, born December 28, 1810; Susan, born January 6, 1813; Elizabeth, born March 18, 1815; Sarah, born April 27, 1817; Alanson, born July 4, 1819; Selden L., born September 11, 1821 ; Henry M., born October 2, 1824; Samuel B., born January 30, 1827. Elisha Field died in 1864, and his wife about four years later. Susan married James D. Egbert; Elizabeth married Joseph Apgar; Sarah married Buell J. Smith and now lives in Maryland ; Alanson maried Maria Terpenning, March 24, 1843, who was a daughter of J. T. Terpenning, forme:-ly of Ulster county; Selden L. married Eliza Personius ; Samuel B. married Katherine Tichenor. The descendants of Alanson Field were Elisha; Peter E., a merchant of Binghamton, N. Y. ; Mary I., FAMILY SKETCHES. 51 wife of Leroy Jenks, of Groton; Henry M., of Lansing; Lina L., wife of Edward M. Avery ; Ella J. , wife of Charles A. Hart, of McLean ; and Florence J. , who died aged two years. Elisha Field, who for more than twenty-seven years has lived in Groton, was born in Lansing, April 1, 1843. He was brought up on a farm and was educated in the common .schools of his town and also in the Ithaca Academy, In 1866 he came to Groton and worked as a mechanic for more than eight years in the shops of Perrigo & Avery and Charles Perrigo & Co. For five years Mr. Field was in the mercantile business in Groton, and in 1879 was employed as draftsman by the Groton Bridge Co., with which he has ever since been connected. On May 19, 1868, he married Martha A., daughter of Aaron and Caroline Woodbury. They have two children : Carrie M. and George R., both graduates from Groton Union School; later George R. was employed for three years in the engineering department of the Groton Bridge and Manufacturing Co., and now holds a responsible position in the Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works of San Francisco, Cal. Elisha Field was for many years a mem- ber of the Board of Education, and is well known in the municipal affairs of Groton village, having held several of its important offices. Foster, Luther C, was born in Granville, Bradford county. Pa., the son of the Rev. Peregrine P. Foster, a Baptist minister and farmer. Our subject was educated af Farmington Seminary, Farmington, O. For two winters he taught district schools and then went to Tennessee, where he taught a private school four and a half years, from 1848 to 1853, when he returned to New York State, locating in Ehnira. In 1855 he was appointed principal of school No. 1, which position he held for twenty years. When he entered upon his principalship there were only thirty-three pupils in atten- dance; when he left, the attendance was 1,100, including two branch schools under his supervision. In 1875 he was employed to take the position of superintendent of instruction of the public schools of Ithaca, which position he has since held.. He at once reorganized the school system, and the Ithaca Academy became the Ithaca High School. In 1886-87 he served a term as president of the New York State Council of School Superintendents. Mr. Foster is a member of the Masonic fraternity with Fidelity Lodge No. 51 F. & A. M. He married, in 1854, Charlotte Lindsay, of El- mira, and they have six children. Green, William La Mar, was bom in the town of Lock, Cayuga county, in 1840, a son of Wilson and Eunice (Mead) Green, born in Genoa. The grandfather, William, was a native of Connecticut, born in 1789, who came to Genoa while a young man, with his wife, Susan Fay, and settled on a piece of land, which he cleared. He was the owner of vast tracts of land before his death, which was at the ripe age of ninety, his wife surviving him only a year and a half. Of their nine children, the father of our subject was the oldest. He was a farmer and a speculator in live stock. He had five children, as follows: Amy, who died young; Althea, wife of M. E. Bower, of Ge- noa; Wilson La Mott (deceased); William L. ; and Watson La Vern, of Lock, who died about 1865. Our subject attended the district schools while young, working on the farm at the same time. At the age of twenty-two he married (in 1862) Almira M., daughter of Isaac and Sally (Osmun) Davis, old residents of Lansing, and they have had two children: Agnes, wife of Bert Mosely, of Genoa; and William L., born in 1874, who resides with his parents. Our subject's mother died in 1878. William L. bought a farm of 110 acres on lot 51 soon after his marriage, where he has ever since lived. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the I. O. O. F. 52 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Griswold, Luther, was born August 37, 1822, in the town of Dryden and is a de- scendant of Edward, who settled in the town in 1803 and who received a grant from New York State as a reward for his services in the Revolutionary war, in which he was wounded. He selected lot 39, taking up a section of 640 acres, which embraces the northeast corner of Dryden village, the site of the present church edifices. Chas. Griswold, the father of our subject, was born February 19, 1793, and was killed by the falling of a tree March 19, 1834. His son Luther was educated in the common schools. At the age of twenty-six he married Miss Lucy Foote, who passed away in 1863, and in 1863 he married Miss Marietta Mineah, and they, have three children, Mrs. Celia McClintock, Mrs. Grace L. Goodrich, and 'Miss Minnnie M. Griswold. Our subject takes the Democratic side in politics since 1873, and has served as su- pervisor from 1861 to 1865, having been assessor for several terms previous. He has been president of the Agricultural Society of Dryden and a director in the Dryden and Groton Fire Insurance Co. Luther Griswold now resides on part of the old homestead, taking possession in 1849, and in 1850 he bought with his brother Leonard part of the John McGraw property of 50 acres. In 1871 he bought the Abram Butt.s property, having 175 acres, and raising hay, etc., and making a specialty of fine fruits. Gregory, O. H., was born in Berkshire, Tioga county, October 32, 1818, and came with his parents to this town when an infant. His father, Henry G., was a clerk in the store of General Huntington, at Ithaca, for about six years, then moved on to the farm of his father-in-law at Owego, where he died in 1824. Our subject was educa- ted in the common schools and lived with his grandfather on the farm until the age o£ sixteen. In 1884 he located in Ithaca, and was for three years a clerk in the store of L. H. Culver, then went into the employ of his uncle, W. T. Huntington, and had charge of his brewery for seven years. In 1844 he established a restaurant, buying out the interest of Anson Braman, of the firm of Braman & Rice. Rice & Gregory conducted this for several years, and then Mr. Gregory became the sole proi^rietor. In 1861 he bought a store at 18 East State street, which he fitted up for a restaurant and conducted until 1873, when he sold to the father of George F. Simpson, and since 1872 he has lived a retired life. In 1875 he was elected a director of the Savings Bank, and at the death of Mr. Curran in 1879, Mr. Gregory was elected treasurer of the bank, which position he filled for four and a half years, then resigned on account of ill health. At the election of officers in 1884 he was made vice-president, which place he held to the time of his death. In 1843 our subject married Mary L. Martin, of Ithaca. They had no children. On the death of Mr. Curran, who was one of the commissioners on railroad bonding, Mr. Gregory was appointed in his stead, holding that position at the time of his death, which occurred on the 39th day of De- cember, 1893. He was also at the time of his death bonding commissioner of the town, on the Ithaca and Athens Railroad, and the Geneva and Ithaca Railroad, and president of the Board of Paving Commissioners, of the city of Ithaca. Mr. Gregory was a Republican in politics. Griswold, Benjamin, was born in Dryden, June 14, 1833. His father, Nathan Gris- wold, came from Fairfield, Herkimer county, N. Y., in 1803. Benjamin Griswold ■ was educated in the common schools and finished at the Dryden Academy. At the age of thirty-two he married Laura E. Hurd, daughter of James H. Hurd, of Dryden FAMILY SKETCHES. 63 and they have two sons, Harvey D. and Frank, and two daughters, Mrs. Kate Bal- lard, and Miss AnnaGriswold. In 1850 he bought part of his father's farm of forty- four acres. In 1860 he bought forty-four acres of Daniel Griswold, in 1805 he bought twenty-five acres of Layette Sweetland, in 1870 he bought ninety-one acres of his father's farm; from this he sold twenty-seven acres, leaving 175 acres that he now owns, devoted to raising hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of dairying and (ine fruits, and also having a herd of grade Jersey cattle. Our subject is one of the leading farmers in his town, taking an intelligent interest in educational and religious matters and in advancing the best interests of his town. He is recognized as a man of high character and sterling integrity, whose life has proven his word to be as good as his bond. His son, Hervey D. Griswold and his wife, who was Miss Fan" nie Sheldon, daughter of Edward Sheldon, are now in India as missionaries of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions.' Guthrie, William, son of Captain John Guthrie, the pioneer, was boi-n on the old homestead farm (situated in the western part of Groton, now occupied by John G, Cobb), November 21}, 1807. He was reared on a farm, and became a hard worker. He lived with his father until his marriage. May 1, 1833, his wife being IJiana, daughter of Isaac Brown. They had three children : Olive Lavina, born April 8, 1834, who married LoomisKnapp and died in Groton; John, so named for his grandfather, the pioneer; and William Nelson, born March 13, 1845, enlisted in 1804 in the 9th N. Y. Heavy Artillery, and killed before Petersburg in April, 1865. William Guthrie died November 8, 1846. John Guthrie was born August. 19, 183S, and was brought up on the farm. At the age of twenty-two he began work for himself, and March 22, 1803, he njarried. He then bought the old home farm where he has since resided, and which he has brought into a state of excellent cultivation, the result of much la- bor and good judgment. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Guthrie, three of whom are now living ; Floy A. , wife of Frank Sovocool ; John C. , and Hattie B. While perhaps not one of the largest farmers of Groton, Mr. Guthrie is none the less enterprising and industrious, and a comfortable home is the result of hiseffort.s. He is a Republican in politics, and the entire family are devoted members of the East Lansing Baptist church. Genung, Homer, was born in the town of Dryden, November 12, 1857. His father, Benjamin Genung, was also a native of Dryden and is now seventy years of age and a resident of Ithaca. Our subject was educated in Brookton and is a graduate of the Homeopathic Hospital College of Cleveland, Ohio, graduating in March, 1884, and is now in practice at Freeville, where he settled in May, 1884. At the age of thirty-one he was married to Lena B. Stone, daughter of Albert C. Stone, and they are the parents of Albert B. Genung. Our subject isone of the leading men of his town, taking an active part in advancing its best interests and recognized as a conservative and independent citizen. As a practitioner of medicine and surgery, he is ambitious and earnest in his work, and progressive in his views. George, A. W., was born in the old homestead, August 4, 1834. His father, John George, with two brothers, were among the original settlers in the town, and the residence and farm of ninety acres has been in the family for the past eighty, years. A. W. George was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. He takes the Republican side in politics and 54 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. has been prominently identified in advancing the best interests of his town, having been assessor for six years, postmaster for tliree years, and justice of tlie peace for four years, receiving the nomination for the second time from the three parties, and of seven hundred votes received all but three. He was also census enumerator in 1875. At the age of twenty-three he married Ellen Primrose, and they are the pa- rents of two children, Mrs. Edith M. Wright and Elizabeth George. Our subject is recognized throughout his town as a man of sterling worth and integrity and a prac- tical and successful farmer. George, Japhus, was born in Redwood, town of Alexandria, Jefferson county, February 5, 1846, a sou of Benjamin George, a native of Vermont, who was one of the oldest potash burners of those times. He was the father of twelve children, of whom our subject was the youngest. His early life was spent in Jefferson county, and he was educated in the common schools. As soon as he was old enough he went into the glass factory, first as a helper, and then as a gatherer and blower. He re- mained in the Redwood factory till 1877, when he went with the company that started the co-operative works at Blossburg, staying until the next season, when he went to Pittsburgh. In the spring of 1881 he came to Ithaca, and was first employed with Hagany. These works burned, and he became interested in the Washington Works, having ever since been employed in their factory. In 1893 Mr. George, in partnei-- ship with C. Shorter, of Bernhardt's Bay, patented and built a new annealing oven, which revolutionized the annealing of glass. He is a member of Alexandrian Lodge F. & A. M., and is also a member of the Aurora St. M. E. Church. He was maiTied, February 14, 1807, to Mattie McLona^ of Redwood, Jefferson county, and they have two children, Benjamin F., and Mabel. Messrs. George & Shorterhave just received a patent of a muffler to protect glass being annealed while in the flattening oven. Ganoung, William H., was born in Ulysses, October 13, 1827, was educated in the common schools, and learned the carpenter's trade. He followed carpentry and building until 1877, when he became a farmer. In politics he is a good Republican, and has filled the office of road commissioner a great many years. May 18, 1853, he married Eliza Westervelt, of this town, and they have two children: Alice A., and James H., both residing at home. James, father of Wilham H., was born in Dutch- ess county, October 20, 1801', and came here with his parents in 1812. He married Eliza A. Jarvis, formerly of Long Island, by whom he had five children ; William H. , Jonathan, Jarvis, Adeline, and Oliver B. Mr. Ganoung died July 34, 1885. His wife was born April 15, 1805, and died November 23, 1890, mourned by a bereaved family. Mrs. Ganoung's father, Isaac Green, died when she was a child. Our sub- ject's grandfather, Jonathan Ganoung, was a soldier in the war of 1813, and his father was a captain in the State militia. Griffin, George, was born in Devonshire, England, and came to this country in 1870. He located first in Syracuse, where he worked for a short time at the tailor's trade, which he had learned in his native country. In 1873 he came to Ithaca, being em- ployed by C. F. Blood for ten years, and in 1883 he bought him out and has since been engaged in the business for himself at No 9 N. Tioga street. When he bought the business it was one of the oldest merchant tailoring establishments in the coun- try, having been run over thirty years. Mr. Grffin has advanced with the times and has made a decided increase in the amount of business done. He employs from fif- FAMILY SKETCHES. 55 teen to twenty hands, and carries a complete line of foreign and domestic goods, and being a practical tailor has charge of all details connectf-d with the business. Mr. Griffin is a meml>er of the Fidelity Lodge No. 58, St Augustine Commandery No. 38. He was married in 1873 to Miss Mosher, of Cortland county, N. Y. Graves, Mary Jane Bishop, was born in the village of Ithaca, May li!, 183'J, the eldest of five children of Joel and Maria Bishop who we're natives of Lansing. They soon, however, removed to Dryden, where Mr. Bishop engaged in the manufacture of guns. He was a son of Dr. James Bishop. Their children, when old enough, were sent to the village school, and Mary at an early age determined to qualify her- self for a teacher. She attended school at Homer Academy and Cazenovia Seminary for several terms, and at the age of sixteen began teaching, receiving for her first term ten shillings per week, with the privilege of "boarding around." After having taught several terms, during which time she gathered, analyzed, and arranged a specimen of each plant in the town of Dryden, she purchased a scholarship, which entitled her to a four-years course of study at Oberlin College, Ohio. At the age of twenty-two she entered the sophomore class and completed the course and graduated in three years. She taught for two years immediately after leaving her alma mater. In the summer of 1857 she married Jackson Graves, a teacher in the Pottsville (Pa.) Union Graded School, During the three years she resided there she read and stud- ied much and and sketched and painted scenes from nature. She and her husband accepted an invitation to open a select school in Dryden, N. Y., in the fall of 1800, and this developed into what was known for ten years as the Dryden Seminary. In the spring of 1861 they bought about three acres of land and erected the building now occupied by the Dryden Union Graded School, and for the next ten years our subject labored in the school room, where she had the happy faculty of inspiring her students to work for their own development, physically, mentally, and spiritually, and never failed to gain the confidence of all who knew her intimately. " Do all the good you can'' was her oft-repeated sentiment. Th€ last twenty-one years of her life were spent on the farm in the town of Danby. Her health was not good, but she accompli.shed more by her industry and energy than most who were blessed with more rugged constitutions. If the way was not open, she devised means to open it. The sick and afflicted among her neighbors were objects of her careful attention, and she often took the place of a "good Samaritan." At the age of fourteen she united with the M. E. church of Dryden, in which she was an active and untiring worker, especially in the Sabbath school. She passed to the other side January 21, 1893; her faith was strong and her hope bright to the last. One of her last utterances was. "I am willing to go whenever my Heavenly Father shall open the way. I have no fear of what we call death. It is only the final separation of soul and body I dread." Givens, Edward, was born in the town of Dryden on May 14, 1833. His father. Col. Charles Givens, was one of the early settlers in the town and a man of promi- nence and note. Our subject was educated in the common schools, which he attended winters and worked on his father's farm summers, where he now resides. His grand- father was the original settler of this property, which has always been in the Givens family. At the age of twenty-six he married Jeanette Godfrey, daughter of Philo Godfrey, of the town of Dryden, and they are the parents of two children; one son, Philo, who died Angust 23, 1889, at thirty-four years of age, and one daughter, Mrs. 56 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Fidelia Sims, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Our subject takes the Republican side in politics and an active interest in reliijious and educational matters. He is a px'actical and successful faimer and a prominent man in his town. Givens, W. R. was born in the town of Drydeh, April 15, 1831. His father. Col. Chas. Givens, came from Orange county, to the town of Dryden when he was six years of age and took a prominent part in the affairs of his town, being supervisor and holding other offices all his life, until' he wa.s obliged to decline the nominations ten dered him. Our subject was educated in common schools tind finished at the old Ithaca Academy, after leaving which he taught school for twelve years, working on his farm summers. In 1862 he bought the Fortner place of 150 acres; in 1865 he. bought the Wm. Trapp property of fifty-eight acres and part of the Scofield property, and part of the Allen property, all of which adjoins. At the age of twenty-seven he was married to Nancy Lamont, daughter of Archibald Lamont, of the Isle of Bute, Scotland, and they are the parents of four children, three of whom are living, two daughters, Mrs. Raymond Smith, of Ithaca, and Mrs. F. S. Jennings, of Dryden, and son Archibald, who is now living at home. He takes the Republican side in politics and has held various offices in his town, and has freely supported school and church matters. Our subject is one of the leading men in his town where he is rec- ognized as a substantial and conscientious citizen. Griswold, Leonard, was born April 19, 1820. His father, Chas. Griswold, was born in this town, and was a soldier in the war of 1812, holding the position of captain in the militia of New York State. After his death, which occurred in 1834, his family was awarded a land warrant for his services. Leonard Griswold laid the foundation of his education in the log school house, district 16 of Uryden, but is pre-eminently a self-made and self-educated man. At the age of twenty-four he married Miss De- lana M. Wheeler, daughter of Enos Wheeler, and they are the parents of three children, two sons. Jay and Charles D., and one daughter, Mrs. Laura Mahan. In 18iJ4 he inherited a part of his father's estate including the homestead where he now resides. In 1873 he bought the George Hill property in the town of Virgil of eighty acres. In 1875 he bought part of the Austin Hill estate of forty-three acres, making 240 acres, raising hay, grain and stock and making a specialty of dairy farming. Our subject is one of the leading farmers in his town, taking an active interest in temperance, educational and religious matters and in advancing the best interests of his town. He is recognized as a man of high character and sterling integrity, and has been an officer of the Presbyterian church of Dryden for the past forty years. Grant, Schuyler, was born in Ithaca, August 22, 1865, a son of Chauncy L. and Martha S. (Schuyler) Grant. He was educated at the common schools' and Ithaca High School, on leaving which, in 1881, he entered the drugstoi-e which was estab- lished by his grandfather in 1831, and he, at the death of his grandfather, became proprietor. Mr. Grant is a Democrat in politics, a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716, F. & A. M., of the Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias. Schuyler, George Washington, was born February .3, 1810, at Stillwater, Saratoga county, and was educated in the University of the City of New York, from which he graduated in 1837. He studied theology, but subsequently, in order to extricate a brother from diffidulties, engaged in business in Ithaca. He was elected treasurer of FAMILY SKETCHES. 57 the State of New York November 3, 1863, and served for two 5'ears. He was appointed superintendant of the Banking Department of the State, January 3, 1800, and served till February 14, 1870; was member of assembly in 1875 and chairman of its Committee on Banks and Banking, during which time he obtained the passage of the General Savings Bank law, and a law for the protection of railway employees. He was, from January 1, 1870, to May, 1880, auditor of the Canal Department, and was the first to propose making the canals free waterways, by the abolition of tolls, a recommendation which was subsequently effected by a constitutional amendment. As auditor, he was at the same time one of the new capitol commissioners. He was a trustee of Cornell University from the time of its organization until his death, and was its treasurer (without remuneration) from 1868 to October, 1874, when he resigned. Mr. Schuyler married, in 1839, Matilda Scribner. Gifford, Norman R., was born near Rensselaerville, Albany cmnty, September 1, 1838. He was educated in the public schools and Rensselaerville Academy, and worked on his father's farm in Schoharie county until he came to reside in Trumans- burgh in 1859. He then became a canvasser, and later a clerk in his cousin's drug store. October 1, 1801, he enlisted in Co. D, 10th N. Y. Cavalry, and held the position of orderly sergeant. He also acted as lieutenant, and was slightly wounded in the hand. He was honorably discharged July 24, 1805, and returned to Trumans- burgh, where he has been einployed in various occupations. He and his brother engaged in the drug business in Vineland until 1877. June 0, 1871, he married Annie I?. Woodworth, of this village, and they have two children: Elizabeth W., who holds a position in Burtulo; and Lloyd II., who is now attending school. Mr. Gilford was appointed justice of the peace in 1891, and was elected in 1893 for four years. His father, Lloyd B., was born in Albany county, August 24, 1812, and married Martha A. Reeve, of Rensselaerville. They had five children: Norman R., William P., Alexander M., MelvinB., and Adelbert L. Mr. Gifford's ancestors were of Revolu- tionary stock, and on his father's side many of them were in the United States Navy, and on his mother's side all the sons were in the Revolution. Mr. Gifford was a charter member of the first post here, and is a member of Treman Post No. 672, G. A. R. , and is commander of the post. Mr. Gifford is a member of the Baptist church and church clerk. Gardner, Edward T. , was born in the village of Ithaca, September 20, 1840, the only son now living of six children of Ira M, Gardner,. He was educated in the pub- lic schools of this city and early took up the trade of his father, lathing the Catholic church of this city at the age of sixteen. He rapidly worked into different branches of the trade and acquired such proficiency that he soon became a contractor. In 1877 he went into partnership with Thomas B. Campbell and Robert Richardson, and their first large contract was the building of the residence of William H. Sage, after which they built the Jane P. McGraw residence, and also the annex of Wells College, at Aurora. The summer of 1870 our subject spent in Colorado. Since the dissolution of the above firm Mr. Gardner has built many of the most prominent buildings in this city — Small's planing mill, reftiodeling the Culver block, and others. He has made a specialty of glass factory work, and built the United Glass Company's ovens and furnaces. He became interested in a new device for annealing glass, and machin- ery for handling it, and traveled all through the gas belt of Ohio, Indiana, and Penn- 58 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. sylvania, setting up these ovens. Mr. Gardner is a member of Fidelity Lodge, Eagle Chapter, and St. Augustine Commandery. He is also a member of the 1. O. O. F. and of the Encampment. He belongs to the Aurora Street M. E. church. October 16, 1878, he married Minnie D. Sandborn, of Ithaca. Their fine residence was erec- ted by Mr. Gardner in 1885. Gooding Family, The. — Seth Crane Gooding and family moved from the northern part of this State and took up their abode about one mile east of Groton village in a then comparatively wild and unsettled region. There was a large family of sons and daughters, as follows: Sidney; George, who died in Chicago; Williams, who died in California; Rodney, who died in Buffalo; David; Matthew, who was killed while hunting near Detroit ; James, who died at St. Paul ; Abbie who died in Groton, and • Sarah. Of these children only Sidney, David and Sarah are now living. Sidney Gooding was born near Whitehall, N. Y., in 1806, and at the age of nine years came with his father's family to what is now Groton. On reaching his majority he pur- chased land near his father's farm, and there began his business life as a farmer and afterward cattle buyer, both of which were successful ventures for him. His wife was Hannah Bradley, daughter of one of the pioneers of the town, by whom he had these children: Mary, wife of S. C. Reynolds, and Seth C, the latter a business man of Groton village, though still residing on the old home farm of his father. Seth C. Gooding was born on the farm where he now lives, June 4, 1843, and like his father in many respects, has been an extensive speculator and as well a successful farmer. During the war of 1861-5 he was in the government service for a period of six months. The present firm of Robinson & Gooding was formed June 1, 1893, and deals exten- sively in feed, grain, flour, farm produce, lumber and coal. In 1867 Mr. Gooding was married to Mary E. Brown, of which marriage three children — one son and two daughters — have been born. Goodrich, L. Levi, was born in Tioga county, July 1, 1837, a son of Elizur Good- rich, who was a sea captain sixteen years, and finally having acquired a competency in that business he settled on what was known as the Watson farm, from which he moved to the place occupied by our subject, and there he and his wife died. In early life Levi followed farming, and also traveled quite extensively. He now owns a fine farm of 485 acres, the place being noted for its grain product, and he also raises and ships great quantities of hay, employing many hands in this branch; also raises blooded cattle. He has built fine buildings on his farm and made other valuable im- provements. He has a half-mile trotting track, and has raised some very fine and fast horses, that sold in New York for prices running into the thousands. He also conducts an extensive milk business, keeping fifty cows. He married in 1870 Clara Covert, of Seneca, her grandfather being one of the first settlers of that town. They have had three sons; Lewis C, Chauncey S. and Wirt W. Lewis, who is a graduate of the Ithaca High School, class of 'ill, is now teaching at Speedsville. Chauncey is also a graduate of that school, class of '93, and Wirt is now in the grammar school. Mr. Goodrich is a Maspn, Lodge No. 265 of Caroline, and has always been an active worker in the Democratic ranks. Gage, L. A., was born in Silver Lake, Pa., August 13, 1839, and was educated in the district school, to which he has added by an intelligent system of reading. After leaving school he gave hisattention to farming, which he has made his life work. At FAMILY SKETCHES. 59 the age of twenty-six he married Hannah A. Meaker, daughter of Reuben B. Meaker by whom he has had four children : Flora, Matie, Richard J. and Ralph, the last two deceased. Our subject is a Republican in politics, and takes a deep interest in edu- cational and religious matters. In 1872 he bought what was known as the Patmore farm of fifty acres, and in 1879 he built a fine residence, where he now lives. Mr. Gage is one of the prominent men of this town, where he is recognized as a conserv- ative and practical citizen. Gregg, Chauncy P. , was born in Covert, Seneca county, May 26, 1833, and received a common school and academic education. He came to Trumansburgh in 1855, where he has been an active, thorough business man. He first conducted a hard- ware store in company with Biggs Bros. In 1858 he bought the warehouse at Tru- mansburgh Landing, and continued it ten years. While thus engaged he began the manufacture of mowers, reapers, etc., which he has continued until the present time. In December, 1803, he married Sarah Conde, of West Troy, and they have had four children; Elizabeth C, Holland C, Sarah M., and James G. Mrs. Gregg died Au- gust 26, 1886. Mr. Gregg's father, Erastus C, was born in Enfield in 1805, and in early life was a merchant and mail contractor. He married Sarah Pratt, of Covert, and they had six children: Chauncy P., Alexander H., who married Helen Mundy of Farmer "Village; Sarah A., who married Dr. Hoysradt, of Ithaca; Harriet E., Edla E., and Evangeline. Subject's father died in 1887, and his mother survives, aged eighty-two years. The ancestry of the family on the paternal side is Scotch and on the maternal side of New England stock. Gross, Van Buren, was born in Marathon, , Cortland county, September 22, 1832, the youngest of twelve children of Freeman and Susanna (Preston) Gross. Freeman was a cooper and builder of distilleries, and in the early history of Cortland county his services were in constant demand in the building of "stills". Van Buren, our subject, was early apprenticed to his brother to learn the cooper's trade. He attended the district schools and one term at Homer Academy, and early in 1853 he started to make his own way in life, with little capital but the determination to succeed, and not- withstanding the hardships and limited advantages attending his early life, he has made good his ambitions and hopes. April 7, 1853, Mr. Gross reached Peruville, and there entered the cooper shop of Horace Baker, with whom and Harry Hill he worked four years. In 1858 he rented the McLean firkin factory, and in partnership with T. M. Wicks operated it for three years. Later he was partner with John Lewis and still later worked in the same shop for Lewis & Beckwith. He then moved to Mal- loryville, where he worked for a Mr. Howe, and the following fall bought the Smith Townleyfarm of thirty acres. For several years afterwards Mr. Gross continued his work in the shop at McLean, also operating the farm. He finally bought the McLean factory, enlarged and added to its capacity, established both barrel and churn-making departments, and made it in all respects the chief industry of the village, building up an extensive trade, through his straightforward business methods. Mr. Gross is a Republican and was elected to the Board of Supervisors in 1873-74-75, and when the E. C. & N. R. R. was being constructed through Groton he was town commissioner. March 29, 1858, he married Azubah A., daughter of Henry and Azubah Teeter, and they have four children. 60 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Gee, Rev. Hiram, was born in Cincinnatus, Cortland county, April 29, 1820. His parents came from Orange county and bought a large farm in 1812. In 1822 his father was killed in a tornado. He remained on the farm until 1840, when he came to Ithaca, and was employed as a clerk for two years in the store of David Hanmer. He then removed to Burlington, Pa., and engaged in the mercantile business with "William Coryell. He became a member of the Methodist Church in 1850, and a year later began preaching. He was stationed at Marathon for one year, Coventry one year, Greene two years, O.'iford two years. Homer two years,' Ithaca Second Church two years, Ludlowville two years; and was presiding elder of the Auburn and Ithaca district four years. He has resided in Ithaca since. Mr. Gee has been most liberal in endowments, having given and pledged over $50,000 to Methodist denominational ed- ucation, besides over $5,000 to the two churches in Ithaca. Thomas Gee, grandfather of our subject, was an adjutant-general in Sullivan's expedition in 1779. His origi- nal order book is now in Cornell University. Algart, Mrs. Christina, widow of Philip Algart, an old resident of Lansing, was born in Canada in December, 1813. She is the daughter of Philip and Mary (La Bar) Peck, natives of Pennsylvania. They moved to Canada in 1801, and there lived fif- teen years, then moved to Genoa, Cayuga county, where they spent their lives, the father dying in 1841 and the mother in 1873. Of their twelve children, three died young, and the others were: Sarah, wife of James Wagner, of Michigan; Mary, wife of Joseph Bower, of Lansmg; Rachel, wife of Samuel Boyer, of Lansing; Elizabeth, wife of Barnabas Haws, of Genoa; Barbara, widow of John Snyder, of Genoa; Christine, as above; Susan, wife of Philip Kratzer, of Genoa; Daniel. Christine attended the common schools of Genoa, and in 1836 married Philip Algart, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1810, a son of Henry and Mary Algart. Philip was a shoe- maker by trade, at which he worked for several years at Genoa, having in the mean time bought a small farm which he conducted later, abandoning the shoe business in 1888. He sold his land in Genoa and removed to Lansing, where he bought the farm of 100 acres on which he lived till November 8, 1891, the date of his death. He was a Republican in politics. He and wife had four children: Rachel, wife of Luther Sanford, of Ithaca; Willis P., who lives on the estate with his mother, and Lewis and Carrie, both deceased. Willis P. married Ellen, daughter of Samuel and Harriet (Goodyear) Knapp, of Genoa. Carman, Frank W., was born in the town of Hector, March 7, 1853, was educated in the public schools and Ithaca Academy, and for a time followed teaching, but later took up farming. March 23, 1881, he married Julia, daughter of. John A. and Lucin- da Letts, and they have one son, Charles Owen, born February 17, 1883. Mr. Car- man's father, Jacob, was born on the homestead in Hector, August 19, 1820, was ed- ucated in the schools of his day, and married, Febuary 3, 1847, Julia Waters, of Oneida county, by whom he had five children : Garrett S. , Frank W. , James S. , Fred- erick, and Alice B. Mrs. Carman's father, John A. Letts, was born in Ulysses, Jan- uary 28, 1809, and married May 1, 1834, Lucinda Harri.son, of his native town, by whom he had six children : Mary, Lydia, Adeline, Sarah, Eliza and Julia. Mr. Letts died December 16, 1880, and his wife March 0, 1886. Mrs. Carman's grandfather, Azariah, was born in Middlesex couuty, N. J., August 20, 1778, and married Marga- ret Wortman in 1801, and the same year came to Ulysses. They had six children, as FAMILY SKETCHES. 61 follows: Betsey, Amelia A., Mary, Lucinda, John A. and Ursula. He died in 1801 and his wife in 1859. Mrs. Carman's great-grandfather, Peter, came with his son Azariah to this county, and the old place is now owned and occupied by a Miss Van- derbilt, one of the fourth generation. Evans, Evan D. , was born in Myrthur Tydville, Wales, June 38, 1849, and came to this country with his parexits when only eleven years of age. His father located at Scranton, Pa., and there our subject's early education was acquired. At the age of eighteen he went to Portsmouth, O., where he began the study of photography, a business he has ever since followed. In 1874 he went to Corning, N. Y., where for seven years he conducted Evans's Art Gallery. In 1881 he moved to Ithaca and es- tablished a gallery at 74 and 76 East State street, now known as the University Art Gallery. Each year for the past eleven years Mr. Evans has been elected by the Senior Class as the photographer for their division. He has acquired a reputation for doing good work, and will not cater to the cheaper grades. He is a Republican and a member of the Oil Creek Lodge 303 of Titusville, Pa., F. & A. M. He mar- ried in Titusville in July, 1873, Anna L. Reed, of that town, and they have two sons and one daughter, students of Ithaca High School. Davis, Joshua B. , was born in 1833, a son of Joshua Davis, also a native of Lansing, who died in 1868. The latter married Phoebe Bacon, who died in 1872. In his boy- hood days Mr. Davis attended the common schools, and at the age of twenty-one he rented his father's farm on shares, and began for himself. Some years later he bought a tract of thirty acres, which ho fanned, in addition to his father's place. On the death of his father he bought out the other heirs, and since then has bought other farm property. He raises a mixed crop of grain, but makes fruit a Specialty. He has served his town as commissioner and is now postmaster at Lake Ridge. He has always taken an interest in the Republican party. In 1805 he married Anna M., daughter of Edward and Charry(Sannis) King, natives of Cayuga county. Mr. Davis is the only son of a family of four children, two being deceased. Estabrook, William B., was born at Catharine, N. Y., and is a grandson of Capt. Hobart Estabrook, who settled at Pony Hollow in 1827, and a' son of ex-sherifE Her- man L. Estabrook, formerly of Schuyler county. He was admitted to the bar in 1880, and practiced law at Havana, N. Y., until 1883, when he removed to Ithaca. He was for a number of years stenographer for the courts of Schuyler, Tioga and Tomp- kins counties, and filled the position of clerk of Surrogate's Court of Tompkins county four years. In 1889 he was appointed by Governer Hill, special county judge of Tompkins county. He was official stenographer and librarian for Court of Appeals, Second Division, during its continuance. At present he is librarian of the Buffalo Law Library. Emig, Adam, was born in Bavaria, Germany, November 22, 1856, and came to this county in 1871. He was for a short time a resident of Syracuse and also of Weeds- port. In 1874 he came to Ithaca and was employed as a barber until 1878. That year, in partnership with H. Paris, he bought a shop in the Ithaca Hotel, which the firm of Paris & Emig conducted until 1884, and then Mr. Emig was sole proprietor for six years. In 1890 he was joined in partnership by Frank Eskenburg. In July, 1893, Mr. Emig retired, selling his interest, and since that time he has been engaged in (13 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. commercial traveling, etc. He is a Democrat in politics, and in 1893 was made alder- man of the Second Ward, and is still a member of the City Council. He was chair- man of the Fire Department and Water Works Committee in 1893, and is a member of the Finance Committee and other committees at present. He is a member of Fi- delity Lodge F. & A. M., Eagle Chapter, and St, Augustine Cornmandery. He is also a member of the I. O. O. F., and of the Encampment. In 1886 he married Elizabeth Brown, of Syracuse, and they have two sons. Cams, W. J. &Son. — These gentlemen are the proprietors of the "Fountain House,'' which they purchased three years ago, refitting and furnishing it throughout with all modern improvements, baths, etc., and it is now conducted in connection with the "Magnetic Springs House." This charming and healthful resort is located in a beau- tiful valley, eight miles from Ithaca and Cayuga Lake, and has an altitude of 3,000 feet above tide water. It has exquisite scenery, fine roads and a pure atmosphere, besides its magnetic mineral water, and is an ideal locality for the hunter, fisherman and tourist. The famous Magnetic Springs have attracted great attention from every l^art of the country. The water is highly impregnated with magnetic properties, and many are the cures that have resulted from its use. The water is shipped to all parts of the United States, and has been found to give great relief and often cures that puz- zle to medical science, diabetes; also having cured many other chronic diseases. The proprietors make a point of the excellent table which they are enabled to place before their guests, they having extra facilities for obtaining pure milk, newly churned butter, vegetables, etc., fresh from their own farm, and with the best meats and fruits from the city markets. The i-ooms are all large, well lighted, ventilated, and connected with the office by electric bells, and the service is unsurpassed. Drake, William, a native and lifelong resident of Lansing, and a prominent and highly successful farmer, was born April 2, 1833, the son of Freeman Drake, of Penn- sylvania, who was a carpenter and farmer, and came to this town about 1800. He married Catharine, daughter of Henry Bloom, an early settler of Lansing, and they had nine children: Henry, Caroline, William, Harrison, John, Fanny, Julia Ann, George, Lewis and Catharine. William attended the common schools, and worked on the farm until the age of twenty, when he engaged on the farm by the month, for his uncle, and about five years later began boating on the lake and canal, but his first venture was disheartening. lie bought ^ boat, and soon after was taken ill. and had to hire a man to run it, on whom he lost money, and in the fall of the same year his boat sank. His illness lasted three years, and at the end of that time he had no money left. He then formed a partnership with another man and bought another boat, for which they ran in debt, and two months later they sold this boat to advan- tage. He then engaged to run a boat by the month for William C. Taber of Ithaca, remaining with him eight years. At the end of this time he and another man built a canal boat, which they .sold, and then he bought a farm in Ithaca, which he con- ducted the next seven years. After this he rented a farm for three years, and in 1869 bought the farm of ninety-two acres on which he now lives, in the mean time having bought and sold stock to some extent. In 1849 he married Mary Elizabeth La Bar, daughterof William and Margaret (Collins) La Bar, of Lansing, Mr. and Mrs. Drake have had three children : Emma A. , Isabel, and William Henry, all living at home. FAMILY SKETCHES. 63 Ford, James M., one of Lansing's enterprising citizens, isanative of Dryden, born in Freeville, February 18, 1845, a son of Major Ford, wlio was born in Massacliusetts and came to Cortland county a yonng man and soon was associated with John Perri- go at Freeville, where they combined and bought a grist mill and saw mill, and also a mill at Peruville, and soon afterwards they divided, Mr. Ford taking the latter mill, where he remained until his death, about 1883. He married Lucinda K. Millard, and they had sixteen children, twelve now living. James M. was brought up to milling, attended the public schools in Freeville and Peruville with one term in Groton Acad- emy, and at the age of seventeen, in August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. F, 109th Regt. under Capt. W. E. Mount, serving two years and nine months, and participating in the engagements of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and numerous minor skirmishes. At the last named battle he was wounded in the head, and taken to the hospital at Fredericksburg, from there to Washington, and thence to Satterlee Hospital, in Phil- adelphia, from which he received his discharge May 17, 1865, In this latter hospital he was retained as fifer. On his return from the war he worked in a custom mill in Union, Oneida county, where he remained fourteen months, then worked in Groton for about three years, then in Locke for a year, and in 1870 came to his present loca- tion and bought the mill property from the W. S. Haskin estate, now known as the Lansingville mill. He has made many additions to this property, among them being machinery for the manufacture of baskets. In 1867 he married Minerva, daughter of Russell and Clarinda (Lauterman) Hall, of Groton, now of Homer. Mr. and Mrs. Ford have had six children : Jennie G., wife of H. S. Bower of Lansingville ; Archie; Helen R., who died aged twenty months; Anna C. ; Major R. ; and Merry L. Mr. Ford is a Free Mason, an Odd Fellow, and a Grand Army man. In politics he favors the Republican party. Bush, Stroud, was born in Lansing on his present farm. May 4, 1840, a son of Dan- iels., whose parents were John and Jane Bush, of Stroudsburg, Pa., of Dutch ances- try. Daniel came with his parents to this county in 1804 and settled in Lansing. His wife was Rhoda, daughter of John and Elizabeth Manning, of this town, and by her he had eight children: Sally, Eli, Jane, Albert, Peter, Daniel, David, Jacob and Stroud. Daniel S. died July 11, 1869, and his wife June 9, 1869. Our subject was educated in the district schools, working during the summer months and attending school winters. On the death of his father he came into possession of the portion of , the seventy-two acres of homestead on which stood the buildings, and here he has ever since resided. In February, 1864, he married Jane Robertson, who was born February 7, 1840, the daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Teeter) Robertson, of Lan- sing. Of their three children, Hattie died aged three years ; Dana was born Decem- ber 28, 1869 ; and Ruie Rhoda was born January 29, 1882. Hall, Edwin M., was born in the town of Venice, Cayuga county, N. Y., April 9, 1845, the only son of Pliny Hall, who for a great many years was a merchant of Au- burn, Lansingville and Peruville. He is still living, now a resident of Ithaca, in his eighty-second year. The early life of Edwin M. was spent in Cayuga and Tompkins counties. He was educated in the common schools and Ithaca Academy, coming here in 1861. After leaving school he went into the mercantile busmess, the first year as clerk with James Quigg, and after that six years as clerk with J. S. Granger & Co., dry goods dealers. In 1871 he formed a copartnership with John O. Marsh, and the 64 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. firm of Marsh & Hall conducted a dry goods store until 1889. They were located at the corner of Tioga' and State streets. Mr. Marsh died in 188-i and the son was a partner until 1889, when the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Hall established a carpet and general house furnishing goods store, which be has since conducted. He is a Republican. He has taken an active interest in school work, and in 1891 was made collector, and treasurer for the city and school, holding the office two years. He is a member of the Masonic fraiernity, Hobasco Lodge No. 710, Eagle Chapter 58, St. Augustine Commandery 38. Mr. Hall married in 1807 Miss Bothwell, of Ithaca, who died in 1871, leaving one son, now in his father's store. He married in 1874 Miss Rappleye of p-armer, Seneca county, and they have one daughter. Hoff, S. S., was born in the town of Tioga, October 17, 1858, was educated in the common schools, finishing at Kingston College, from which he graduated in 1878. After leaving school he entered into' business in Van Etten in a general store. In. 1881 he removed the business to Freeville and continued until 1885, and then ex- changed the business for the Junction Hotel property, which he sold in 1886. At the age of twenty-one he married Nellie Nourse, daughter of Edwin A. Nourse, of Van Ettenville, and they are the parents of four children, two sons, Arthur and Harry, and two daughters, Flora and Luella. In 1886 he took an interest in the Freeville Cathedral Glass Works, of which he has been superintendent for the past eight years. He takes the Republican side in politics, and is now justice of the peace in his town, is also trustee of the school, and trustee of the village. Hagin, Barnard M. , was born in Lansing on the farm he now owns, March 33, 1828, the son of Charles Hagin, a native of Ireland, born in 1793, who came to America as a soldier in the British army in the war of 1813, being seized in the streets of Belfast and pressed into service. Reaching Canada, he made his escape to the American side, and a few days later lost his arm in the battle of Lundy's Lane, in the American cause. After leaving the hospital he came to Lansing, where he taught school. Later he was elected constable and mail carrier between Ithaca and Auburn, which latter he followed ten years. He was finally thrown from his horse, dying from the injuries received. His wife was Mary Ann, daughter of John Yates and Mary M. Smith, by whom he had six children: Francis S., John B., Sarah Ann, Matilda E., Charles A., and Barnard M. Mrs. Hagin died in 1873. Our subject was educated in the district schools, and his first occupation was as boatman on the canal and on Lake Cayuga. Later his employer assistea him to secure a boat to run at $125 per month, he to furnish his crew of two men and board them. At this time he was but twenty yeai's of age, and his successful venture in this direction led him to continue the business for ten years. He then began buying and selling grain, shipping to New York city by canal, which business he has followed since, and of late has dealt largely in hay. He has built many canal boats also, for sale. He has also for many years owned and superintended the operation of a farm, and has accumulated a large prop- erty. He now owns about 300 acres of farmland, on which he resides. In 1848 he married Catherine, daughter of Ephraim and Clara (Ives) La Bar, by whom he has had four children ; Charles, Ernest (who married Julia F. Bush, daughter of Robert Bush, of Lansing) ; Clara, Edith, wife of Dr. Walter H. Lockerby, of Ithaca ; Ida Kate, wife of Wilson D. Curtis, of Lansing; and Andrew La Bar, who lives at home, and assists in the work of the farm. Charles Ernest is interestea in the produce and FAMILY SKETCHES. 65 shipping business with his father, and is the buyer. Mr. Hagin was at one time sheriff of this county, and served as justice of the peace three terms. He is a Repub- ican. Houpt, Henry H., was born in Dryden March 4, 1814. His father, PhiHpT. Houpt, came to the county about 1800, and bought a farm near Dryden village. Henry H. was educated in the common schools, and finished at Ovid and Cortland Academies, receiving a State certificate for scholarship. After leaving school he taught, and for several years was superintendent of the Seneca county .schools. In 1884 he gave up teaching and came to Dryden, buying a farm known as the old Houpt homestead, where he now resides. At the age of twenty-eight he married Catherine P. Smith, daughter of Jacob Smith, of Seneca county, and they have had two children, a son and a daughter. Mrs. Houpt died in 1883 after a life of usefulness. Mr. Houpt held the office of loan commissioner for Tompkins county for twelve years, justice of the peace and other minor offices, and is now engaged in practical farming and fruit cul- ture. Campbell, Frank Eugene, was born on a farm in Lansing, December 8, 1852, the oldest son of two children of David Campbell. David, the father, was a native of Seneca county, born in Covert about 1821. HecametoTompkinscounty in 1849 and settled on a farm, where he died in December, 1865. The mother of our subject, Jerusha Bower, was a daughter of John Bower, jr. , of Lansing. She is still living, a resident of this town. John Newell Campbell died October 5, 1890, at thirty-five years of age. Frank was educated in the common schools and Moravia Academy, and after the death of his father, he in company with his brother conducted the old homestead farm. The .spring of 1880 Mr. Campbell bought a farm of sixty-five acres on lot 68, where he has ever since been engaged in general farming. He is a Repub- lican in politics, but is not an aspirant to public office. He is a charter member of Lansingville Grange No. 283. He marriedin 1879 Emma, daughter of John Hedden, of Lansing, and they have three children, Winifred Clare, Ina Jerusha, Earl David. A daughter, Lina Camilla, died April 13, 1887, at six years of age. ■ Chatfield, David A., was born in Saratoga county, N. Y., June 1, 1825. His father, ' Wm. A. Chatfield, came to Dryden in 1831 and moved into a new log house on lot 57, where he purchased fifty acres of John Cramer and which is still in possession of the family. David A. Chatfield was educated in the common schools but is pre-eminently a self-educated and self-made man. After receiving such instruction as the schools of that day afforded he taught school himself for seven years. At the age of twenty- five he married Miss Elizabeth Brown, of Lansing, who passed away in 1861, and in 1865 he married Miss Mary J. Miller, daughter of Archibald Miller, and they have six children; Clarence B., Estella, Warren A., William, Archibald, and David A. In politics he is a Republican and has been assessor for three years. He takes an act- ive, intelligent interest in educational and religious matters, having been a member of the Presbyterian Church for the past forty years and an officer in that church for the past thirty years. Our subject is one of the prominent farmers of his town, hav- ing a farm of 200 acres of the best land in the town, raising large quantities of hay, grain and stock. 1 06 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Colton, Edwin n. , was born in Dryden, September 37, 1807. His fatlier, Marvin B., was among the early settlers of 'the town. Edwin H. was educated in the com- mon schools, and finished at the Dryden Union School. At the age of twenty-one he married Nellie E. Lewis, daughter of Lorenzo Lewis. Our subject is a Democrat in politics, and takes an active and intelligent interest in all the leading questions and events of the day. He is one of the prominent young men of the tovyn, and is iden- tified with its best interests. Marvin B. was born in Dryden ; his people came from New Jersey, and were early settlers. Buck, Edward E., is one of Lansing's well known enterprising and representative young men, born in this town January 31, 1862, son of William N. Buck, also a native of Lansing, born in 1835. He was a farmer and a prominent man in the community. He was a Republican and served as assessor three years, poormaster eleven years, and spent his whole life in Lansing. He died in June, 1887. His wife w^as Lydia, daughter of Jacob Teeter, of Lansing, and they had four children: Lettie, died at twenty-nine years of age; FrUnk Eugene, Ella A., wife of Roswell M. Holden of East Lansing ; and Edward E. Mrs. Buck died in 1888. The grandfather of our subject was Marvin Buck, who came to Lansing at an early day. Our subject was reared to farm life, and remained with his parents until twenty-six years of age when his father died. After the estate was settled he purchased the farm of sixty acres where he has since resided, doing general mixed farming. In April, 1894, he married Hattie, daughter of Cyrus and Helen Knapp, of Dryden. She is the fourth of twelve children, of whom the seven eldest are college graduates. In politics our subject is a Republican, and was elected in 1893 as collector. Bacon, Daniel Lucius, an old and prominent citizen, was born in Lansing, January 17, 1815, a son of Daniel Bacon, a native of Connecticut, who came to Lansing in an early day. His wife was Anna, daughter of Capt. B. Strong, and they had five children: Jane, wife of Dr. Lemuel Powers; Sarah, wife of Dr. Daniel Johnson; George, Phoebe, wife of Joshua Davis, and Daniel L. The letter was educated in the district schools, and lost his father when a child. His mother married again and he remained with her until the age of twenty-one, when he came into possession of fifty-seven acre-s of land, a portion of his father's farm on which he moved and e- ected . a dwelling, later trading this place for the one he now conducts. He has added to his real estate from time to time, now owning two farms, comprising 248 acres. In 1837 he married Mariett, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Howser) Bower of Lansing, and they have had two children; Charles Henry, born October 5, 1841, and George Daniel, born July 22, 1843, who died while attending college, in 1863, and his wife in June, 1868. Daniel L. is a Republican, but devotes most of his energies to home affairs, having accumulated a fine property. His son, Charles H., has always remained on the farm with his father. His education was finished at Union College, Schenectady.. In June, 1863, he married Ella Townley, daughter of Benoni and Hannah Brown, of Lansing, and they have had three children; GlenL., born in 1804; George Townley, born in 1870 ; Claud B., born in 1873. Glen is married and has one child, Ella A., making her the great-grandchild of our subject. The wife of Charles H. died in 1881, and he married second in 1882 Jennie Sellen, who died the following year. His present wife is Minnie L. Bastedo, and they have one child, Alden Charles, born in 1889. FAMILY SKETCHES. 67 Bull, John E., was born in Dryden, this county, April 24, 1843. Ambrose, his father, was a native of Connecticut and came to Tompkins county in 1838, being a millwright. This trade he followed in this county also, though for thirty years he was unable to do active work on account of rheumatism brought on through exposure in building waterwheels, etc. He lived with his son John E. during his declining years. He married Katherine Kallam, daughter of James Kallara, and they had ten children, of whom our subject was the third. Both parents of our subject lived to be ninety years old. He has followed farming all his life, living at home with his parents for the first twenty years and then he enlisted in the 15th N. Y. Cavalry, Co. I, under Colonel Robert Richardson, of Syracuse. He never received any serious wounds. When he returned home his father gave him a deed of a place of forty-five acres, he in turning giving abend for the maintenance of his father. This farm he sold and bought and moved on his present farm in 18G6. In 1870 he married Emma Van Pelt of Dryden. Mr. Bull follows general farming, though he makes rather a specialty of sheeepraising, owning now a .flock of 135. He has been a member of the M. E. church over thirty years, and is also commander of the Wilson Post, G. A. R., having filled that position nine years out of fourteen, and has been delegate to the State Encampment every year but two since its organization. In politics he is a Repub- lican, and in 1893 was collector of the town. BrinkerhofE, William D. , father of of Sherman S. . was born in Dutchess county, March 20, 1834, and moved with his parents to Ulster county when two years old. He was educated in the common schools, and at the age of sixteen began to learn the miller's trade with his father. January 14, 1854, he married Helen Van Nosdall, of New Hamburg, Dutchess county, and they have two children: Sherman S. and Hattie B. Mr. Brinkerhoff's family came to Halseyville to reside in 1864. Sherman S. has been in the milling business with his father until the present time, with the exception of eight years spent as commercial traveler. He married Nina A. Grover, of Rock Island, 111., and they have two children, Verne W. and Nina B. Hattie B., second child of William D. Brinkerhoff, lives with her parents. John R. Van Nos- dall, maternal grandfather of Sherman S. , was born in Dutchess county about 1811 and married Eliza J. Sirine, by whom he had eight children. Mrs. Sherman S. Brinkerhoff's father, Andrew J. Grover, was born in Pennsylvania May 3, 1824, and was a practicing physician. He married Olivia W. Hazard, and they had one daugh- ter, Nina A. Dr. Grover died October 14, 1876, in Reno, Nev. The mills at Halsey- ville had new machinery placed in them for the roller process and the whole mills have been renovated for the manufacture of the best flour, also for custom grinding. This was completed in 1892. Mr. Brinkerhoff and son are operating these mills under the firm name of W. D. Brinkerhoff & Son. Beers, John E., M. D., was born October 10, 1840, in the town of Danby, received his early education in the district school, and is a graduate of the old Ithaca Academy , after leaving which he attended the Georgetown University, D. C, from which he received his medical diploma. In the spring of 1862 he joined the medical staff of the army, where he remained eight years, returning to Danby in 1874, where he resumed the practice of his profession, though without severing his connection with the govern- ment, as he was appointed a member of the U. S. Pension Examining Board, serving between four and five years. In 1883 he represented his county in the State Legis- 68 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. lature as assemblj^man and has also served his town on the Board of Supervisors for sixteen years, his medical practice forcing him finally to decline renomination. Dr. Beers is the representative of one of the oldest familes in this town. His father was Dr. Eli, and his great-uncle Dr. Lewis Beers, who came to Danby in 1804, and both have practiced medicine here before him. He is one of the town's leading men. Halladay, Benton M., a prominent farmer of Lansing, was born in Groton, Mai-ch 2, 1857, son of Myron, also a native of Groton, born December 8, 1823. He is a Demo- crat in politics. He married Sarah, daughter of Henry and Mary Howser. She is one of seven children; Julia, wife of Jacob Metzgar of Groton, both deceased; Cal- • vin, deceased; Eliza, wife of Charles Witt of Watertown ; Jefferson C. , Sarah, Caro- line, widow of Sidney Hopkins of Groton, Thompson of Iowa, and Laura J. Mr. and Mrs. Halladay had two children, Emerson L. , born August 25, 1852, and Benton M. Mr. Halladay removed to Lansing in 1870, and settled on the farm now operated by the Halladay Bros., where he died in November, 1882. His father was Lyman, also a native of Groton. He devoted his entire time to his farm. He married Belinda Arm- strong, and they had seven children. His wife died in Lansing, on the farm of our subject. Elihu and Nancy (Wilson) Halladay were the great-grandparents of our subject. His wife was a native of Cayuga county. Subject was reared on the farm and educated in the common schools and Groton Union School. After the death of his father he with his brother conducted the farm. Sheep raising is one of their prin- cipal industries. The farm consists of 197 acres, on which they have erected large horse and sheep barns and other necessary buildings and improvements essential to such a farm. In politics the Halladay brothers are Democrats. Subject married in December, 1883, Carrie L. , daughter of John and Miriam (Howden) Nottingham, of Dryden. She is one of five children : Gertrude M. , wife of Charles Sovocool of Gro- ton; Carrie L., Jennie H., wife of Delmar Singer of Geneva ; Arthur J., Elmer Leroy. Thoy have two children, Grace M., bornOctober8, 1885, and Frank M., born Novem- ber 11, 1887. Subject is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows orders. Mrs. Halladay is a member ot the Rebecca degree of Odd Fellows. Hagin, Charles G., was born in Lansing in 1826, a son of Charles Hagin, a native of Ireland born about 1790. During the war of 1812 he was pressed into the British service while yet in his native country. After landing in America he deserted to the American side at the first opportunity, where he fought valiantly, losing his left arm in the service. He afterwards came to Lansing, where for many years he distributed newspapers on horseback. He was finally thrown from his horse receiving injuries which caused his death. He married Mary Ann, daughter of Joseph and Mary Smith, who came from Pennsylvania to Lansing among the early settlers. Mr. and Mrs. Hagin had six children, of whom two are deceased, Charles G. being the fifth child. The latter attended the district schools, and while yet a boy worked on the canal as boatman, later owning his own boats. He bought grain, wool and other I^roducts, and in 1867 he bought the farm of ninety-eight acres, where he has since resided. February 22, 1855, he married Fannie M., daughter of Freeman and Cath- arine Drake, who was born November 16, 1831, and died September 16, 1888. They had five children: Agnes D., wife of Frank Townley; Hobart G. , born in Januai-y 1864, an attorney in Olympia, Wash. ; Freeman; Charles, born April 11, 1866; John B. , born June 12, 1873, died in August, 1892 ; Carrie M. , born December 28, 1874, who FAMILY SKETCHES. 09 keeps house for h»r father. Mr. Hagin's brother, Frank, and eldest son, enhsted in the late war, and were followed by his two younger sons, aged fifteen and seven- teen respectively, who enlisted as cavalrymen, and were taken prisoners, but made their escape, and all four served three years, returning home without a scratch. Hibbard, Family, The. — The first of the Hibbards to come to this county was Henry, a native oE Windham, Conn., who came here in 1813, and in partnership with Julius Ackley established the first hat manufactory in Ithaca, later adding a store in the same line. In 1816 he married Rhoda Ackley, who died without issue, and he mar- ried .second Nancy TiUottson, in 1819, by whom he had two children: Mary, who married Thomas St. John ; and Henry Fitch Hibbard. Timothy, the father of Henry, first mentioned, came to this county about 1818, and settled on a farm in the ' northeastern portion of this town, which settlement has ever since borne the name of Hibbard's Corners. He died in 1837. Henry Hibbard was one of the most promi- nent bu.siness men in the early history of this city, taking an important part in all enterprises for the public good. He was heavily interested in real estate, and in 1828 in connection with Ackley & Eeebe built the Clinton Hou.se, which still stands as a landmark of the county. He died in 1863. Henry F. Hibbard was for a number of years the teller in the old Ithaca Bank, and later conducted a general store. In 1853, in company with Thomas P. St. John, he established a factory for the manufacture of sewing silks, which until 1861 was one of the leading industries of this section, at that year however he returned to the mercantile business. He was at one time gi-eatly interested in .speculation, but during his later years withdrew from all active business with the exception of his connection with the Savings Bank, of which he was a founder. He was a Democrat and served as .supervisor at one time. His wife was Susan Mack, by whom he had four children: Henry F. jr., who died in Sioux City in 1885; Mary L. , Mrs. C. T. Stephens, and Horace M., who has been connected with the Autophone Company since 1880, having been made treasurer in 1881, which office he now holds. In 1891 he was made supervisor. Henry F. Hibbard died August 4, 1880, his widow surviving. White, Walter Watts, was a native of Windsor, Mass., born July 14, 1812. He was a farmer, and in his native State married Laura Bliss, after which he came to Groton and located on a farm south of the principal village. Their only child was Ellen D. White, who married James H. Eldridge. The latter was a native of Washington county, N. Y. , born in 1829, and when a lad came with his father, Thomas Eldridge, and settled in the west part of Groton. The family afterward moved to Pennsyl- vania, but James remained in this town. In 1863 Mr. Eldridge enlisted in Co. K, 137th N. Y. Vols, but after a year of service, although a strong man in former years, he was discharged for disabilities. He never afterward regained his full health, and was obliged to abandon farming as an occupation. He kept a hotel in Steuben county a few years, and died in 1869. Pe6k, William Mitchell, was born in South New Berlin, Chenango county, Sep- tember 21, 1823. He lived with his parents until 1845, and worked on the farm, also learned the mason's trade. His family, however, moved to Truxton in 1824, and there the young life of our subject was spent. In 1869 Mr. Peck first came to the town of Groton, where he was a farmer, but later on returned to Cortland county, and at one time maintained a dairy farm of sixty cows. In the spring of 1872 Mr. 70 LANDMARKS? OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Peck bought a half interest in a mercantile business in Groton village, his partner being Nelson Trumbull. Six months later he retired and purchased the S. B. Marsh shoe stock, and with the latter enterprise he was connected for nineteen years, retiring in 1891. On November 19, 1845, hemarried Jane A. Robbins by vyhora he had eleven children, nine of whom grew to maturity. His wife died February 3, 1871, and he married second October d5, 1871, Ellen D. Eldridge, widow of James H. Eldridge, and daughter of Walter Watts White, the latter an early resident of Groton. Mr. Peck was an Abolitionist, later a Republican, and finally a Prohibitionist. Genung, Joseph A., was born in the town of Dryden, January 17, 1835. His father, Aaron Genung, came to Tompkins county in 1801 and settled on lot 93 which is in the possession of his descendants. Joseph A. was educated in the common schools, and is a self-made and self-educated man. At the age of twenty-three he married Mary E., daughter of James Cornehus, and they are the parents of three children, two of whom, Mrs. Nellie M. Gillmer and Mary Josephine Genung, survive. Mr. Genung takes the Democratic side in politics, and an active, intelligent interest in church and school matters. In 18(18 he bought his father's estate which has been in the family since 1801, having 150 acres of land, and raising hay, grain and stock. Our subject is one of the prominent farmers in his town, taking part in advancing its best interests and is a man of sterling character and high worth. Griffin, Benjamin L., Enfield. — AVilliam H. Griffin, a son of William and a native of Westchester county, N. Y. was a soldier in the war of 1813 and drew a bounty. He came to Enfield about 1816, followed farming, and died here m the spring of 1868. He married Joanna Byron, who died March 22, 1873, aged nearly seventy-four. Their children were Deborah (deceased), Hetty (deceased), George (deceased), Mary, •Stephen (deceased,) Benjamin L. , Albert and Jane. Benjamin L. Griffin was born in Enfield, April 2, 1833, was reared a farmer, and on August 27, 1868, enlisted in Co. E, 140th N. Y. Vols. With his company he joined the regiment at Culpepper, and during the ensuing seven months participated in eleven engagements, including the Wilder- ness. June 2, 1864, at the battle of Cold Harbor, he was taken prisoner, and for five months and eighteen days was incarcerated in the rebel prison pen at Anderspnville, where he suffered indescribable privations and became emaciated to almost a living skeleton. In November he was paroled and on Christmas day reached home on a furlough. Sixty days later he returned to Annapolis and was transferred to Co. K, 5th N. Y. Zouaves, with which he served, notwithstanding his ill health, in the closing scenes of the war around Richmond, being in the front line on the day of Lee's sur- render. He then went with his regiment to Hart's Island, where he remained until his discharge, August 31, 1865. Since the war Mr. Griffin has been an invalid and for nine years has not left his bed. The terrible exposure in prison completely ruined his once robust health, shattered his once strong physique, and undermined his once hardy constitution. Excepting two years spent in Westchester county, he has always resided in Enfield. George, James H., was born in Dryden, March 1, 1825. His father, William T. George, came to the town in 1804. J. H. George received his education in the com- mon schools and finished at the select school of Prof. Burt in Ithaca. At the age of forty he was married to Miss Mary O. Snyder, daughter of Peter V. Snyder, and they have one son, Herbert A. George. He takes the Republican side in politics and has FAMILY SKETCHES. 71 been road commissioner for two years, and justice of the peacefor twelve years, and supervisor seven years. In 1853 he bought of his father what was Icnown as the Gary Gilky property of 100 acres, on which he now resides and raises large quantities of hay, grain and stock. Our subject is one of the prominent and substantial men of his town, taking an active interest in political, educational and religious matters, and is a practical and successful farmer. Genung, Luther G., was born October 2, 1810, in the town of Dryden, educated in the district schools of the day, and remained on his father's farm till the age of twen- ty-one. He then married Phoebe, daughter of Moses Banfield, of the town of Danby, who bore him four children, of whom one son and one daughter survive. In 1850 our subject bought the Edson Williams farm, to which he ha's added several adjoin- ing farms. He now has 150 acres of some of the most productive land in the town, on which he raises the usual crops of the vicinity, making a specialty of stock raising and dealing largely in sheep. In politics he is Democratic. Green, Charles, was born in the town of Venice, Cayuga county, October 38, 18G6, a son of Dewitt C. Green, a harness maker of that town. He was educated in the common schools, together with a. course at the Ithaca Academy, and at the age of fifteen he went to serve an apprenticeship with the Ithaca Cigar Mfg. Co. where he spent three years. In November, 1884, he established a manufactory in Ithaca, which he has ever since conducted. He employs four hands, and produces 120,000 cigars yearly. A very popular cigar of his manufacture is the "C. G. " which is found at all well appomted cigar stands. Mr. Green is a Democrat, and is a worker in his party. In March, 1892, he was elected alderman of the Third Ward, the youngest man ever appointed to the position in this city. He is still an incumbent, and has won popularity and distinction by good judgment in all meetings of the Council. In November, 1889. he married Fanny M. Van Natta; daughter of James Van Natta of this city, and they have a son and a daughter. De Camp, Daniel, is a prominent citizen of Lansing, a son of Morris De Camp, born in New Jersey in 1799, who came to this town in 1803 with his parents, Jacob and Rhoda De Camp, where they settled on a large tract of wild land and cleared a home. Jacob and Rhoda had ten children: Susanna, Gemima, Sally, Betsey, Abra- ham, Charlotte, Daniel, Morris and Joseph (twins), and Clarissa. At the death of his father Morris came into possession of a part of this large farm, on which he and wife spent their lives. He married Rachel Learn, a native of Pennsylvania, and they had eleven children : Harvey who married Sarah, daughter of Edward and Mary Schenk, Henry who married Sarah, daughter of Andrew and Hannah Miller, Catha- rine wife of Henry Teeter of Groton, Mary, wife of Ira Osmun of Lansing, Ange- line, wife of Jerry Osmun of Lansing, Daniel, Alvin who married Mary, daughter of Samuel and Phana Davis, NeLson, who died aged five years, Lovina, wife of William A. Singer of Geneva, Armena, wife of Ezekiel Woodruff of North Lansing ; and Ma- linda, who died aged fifteen. The death of the father occurred in 1890. and that of the mother in 1877. Our subject was reared on the home farm, where he lived until twenty-one years of age, then managed it himself for two years, after which he bought a farm of seventy-five acres where he has since resided, and to which he has added until he now has 213 acres. Mr. De Camp also deals in agricultural imple- ments and farm produce. In 185,') ho married Chloe Ann, daughter of John and Catli- 73 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. erine Miller of Lansing, by whom he had two children : Addie, who died aged six years; and Willie M., born in July, 1869, who married Belle Sharpsteen of Lansing, and they reside with our subject on the farm. Mrs. De Camp died in September, 1890. Mr. De Camp is a member of the North Lansing Grange, and is a Democrat. Douglass, Mrs. Mary A., Newfield, widow of William C. Douglass, was born on the farm now owned and worked by our subject. James Douglass, father of her husband, was killed on this farm. One brother, Oliver, died in Libby Prison. James, the father, was one of the first settlers in Newfield. William Douglass, hus- band of our subject, was a stock raiser and farmer, was a very prominent and active worker in the Democratic party, and held the office of road commissioner. He was a worker in the County Fair, and died a member of the Masonic fraternity, Fidelity Lodge No. 51. He married Mary A., daughter of Joseph Smith, November 19, 1849. They had four children ; James W., LenaC, Lewis W., and Smith J. Lewis and James are both deceased. Dick, James, was born in the city of Buffalo in 1850, and his early life was spent in his native town. He was educated in the common schools, and in 1809 went as a clerk in a coal office in that city, where he remained till 1873, when he came to Ithaca to ship coal from here to his firm, E. L. Hedstrom & Co., in Buffalo, which position he filled two years, when he was recalled to the Buffalo office. He was on the road for them and shipping till 1878. when he established a business for himself at the corner of Meadow and Seneca streets, where he has ever since conducted business. He is now handling from three to four thousand tons of Lehigh coal per year, and his wood yard has a patronage of from 350 to 450 cords per year. Mr. Dick is a mem- ber of the K. of P. , and of the I. O. O. F. , also the Encampment. In 1870 he married Nellie M. Parrett, daughter of John Parrett of this city and they have six children, five sons and a daughter. Chase, Dr. Abram, was born in Jacksonville, Tompkins county, N. Y., where his grandfather practiced medicine before him. He was educated in Trumansburgh and Ithaca Academies, studied medicine with his father at the age of seventeen, and graduated from the Medical University of Buffalo in February, 1882. September 19, 1876, he married Mary C. Farrington of Jacksonville and they have six children : Fannie J., Walter F., William A., Edith, Ethel M. and Catharine. Henry B., father of our subject, was born in Whitestown, near Utica, January 8, 1822. He graduated from the Geneva Medical College in 1845 and married Tamer A. , daughter of Joseph Genung, by whom he had seven children: Abram, William, who died young; Fred- erick and Edgar H. (twins), George, Henry B. and John J. Dr. Henry B. Chase died November 8, 1880, and his wife December 19, 1893. He practiced here thirty-six years. Dr. Abram Chase, grandfather of our subject, was born in Dutchess county in 1776 and practiced medicine in New Haven, Conn., afterwards in Whitestown near Utica. He married Fannie Davis of Vienna, now Phelps, Ontario county, and they had two children: Henry B. and Julia, who died aged twelve years. He came to this locality as above noted, in 1833. The ancestry of the family is Scotch, Eng- lish and French. The, first of the family to come to this country was one William Chase, who arrived in the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Crutts, William B., deceased, was born in the town of Dryden, August 27, 1836, and was a descendant of Jacob Crutls, one of the earliest settlers in the town, taking up FAMILY SKKTCHKS. 73 most of lot 63. Wm. B. Crutts was educated in the common schools and finished under S. D. Carr at Ithaca. 'He married Miss Olive Bryant of Ithaca and they have six children, three sons, Fred J., Lewis S., and Jay L., and three daughters, Mrs. Minnie Burr, Misses Cora and Carrie. William H. Crutts died owning the Crutts homestead farm of 140 acres which has been in the family for three generations, and other property, raising hay, grain and stock. William B. Crutts died May 20, 1891, leaving a wife and six children to take up his many burdens aud carry them to a successful completion. He was known throughout his town as a man of high char- acter and recognized ability, identified with the best interests of his town, and was regretted by a large circle of friends and acquaintances. The Crutts grist mill is now owned and operated by the family of William Crutts. Clark, Baldwin Phelps, was born on the old home farm of pioneer Captain Jesse Clark at Groton, June 14, 4843. lie was brought up on the farm, educated at the district school at Groton and lived at the old home till 1808, when he bought and moved to the Russell Hall farm, remaining there till the spring of 1889, when he bought and occupies the Watrous farm, located just north of the village. Mr. Clark is an active, energetic and successful farmer, and in connection with his regular work is also an extensive dealer in agricultural implements and machines. For more than thirty years he has dealt with farmers throughout this region, and his acquaint- ance is vast and varied. He has been twice married: fii'st on March 7, 1867, to Libbie Flynu of Cortland; she died in 1875. They had an adopted son; Ralph Stew- art. October 4, 1877, Mr. Clark married Lucia McNish, also of Cortland, and they have four children : Martin Carl, Ruth Louise, Ruberta Tryphenia, and Laura Marie. Bower, Mervin, a native of Lansing was born August 34, 1837, the son of John Bower, born in 1799, a native of Pennsylvania, who came to Tompkins county with his parents John and Rosina (Youngs) Bower. John married Lucretia Bunell, born in 1800, daughterof Henry Bunell of Lansing, and they reared four children : Gerusha, Mervin, Hannah R., and Susan. Mr. Bower died in January, 1887, and his wife June 3, 1878. Our subject attended the common schools in his neighborhood winters and worked on the farm summers. He finally purchased a farm of sixty-two acres, where he has since lived and has erected a commodious house and barns. He married in December 18G0, Wealthy, daughter of Porter and Lucinda (Slocum) White of Lock. Mr. aud Mrs. Bower have three children: John C, bom December 31, 1862; Charles R., born August 38, 1864; Ella M., bom July 3, 1869, wife of Clifford Townsend of Lansing. John C. married Ella Bower, and Charles R. married Emma J. McCar- gar. The family are members of the Lansingville Grange. Mr. Bower has served as assessor and is a trustee of the M. E. church at Lansingville. In politics he is a Republican. Boyer, Charles, one of Lansing's prosperous farmers, a native of Genoa, Cayuga county, was born January 11, 1834, son of Samuel Boyer, a native of Pcnn.sylvania, who was born in 1803. He came to Lansing about 1833, purchasing a farm near North Lansing, which he sold a year later and removed to Genoa, Cayuga county, where he lived forty years. Selling there he returned to Lansing and purchased another farm, on which he spent the remainder of his life. He was a Democrat. His wife was Rachael, daughter of Philip and Mary Beck, now called Peck in this J 74 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. vicinity. She was a native of Canada, and one of nine children. Samuel was one of three children: Jacob, Malinda and Samuel. He died December, 1870. His wife sur- vived him sixteen years, and died March 30, 1886. They raised eleven children : John, Mary, wife of James Searles of Lansing, both deceased; Margaret, wife of Seymour Eccleston of Nebraska City, both deceased ; Jacob, deceased ; Malinda, wife of John J. Wilson of Burr, Neb., Charles, Sarah, wife of Lucius Hubbard of Lansing; Lettie, wife of Daniel Lane of Lansing ; Susan, Emily and Rachael, deceased, wife of Jacob Teeter of Lansing. Subject was reared a farmer and educated in the common schools. He remained on the farm with his father until he was twenty-seven years of age, when he purchased the farm where he now resides, and where he has raised his family. He has added to his real estate possessions until he now owns over 200 acres, and does a general mixed farming. In 1860 he married Mary Harriet, daughter of Sylvester and Mary (Jacobs) Culver of Lansing. She was born in May, 1840, and was one of eleven children. They have had five children : Mary I. , wife of Charles W. Strong of Lansing, and they have one child, Lucy, born in September, 1886 ; Grace L., C. Jay, Myron H., and Blanch R. Mrs. Boyer, Myron and Grace are mem- bers of the North Lansing Grange Lodge. In politics our subject is a Democrat. Bower, Charles F., was born on a farm in the town of Lansing, July 5, 1834. The grandfather of our subject, Honteter Bower, was the first of this family to locate in this county. He settled on a farm north of Lansingville, and it was there he reared a family of fourteen children and spent the balance of his days. Abram was the sixth son, born November 10, 1805. He married in 1831 Francina Baker, and they were the parents of seven children, of which our subject was the second. Abram Bower died in May, 1882. Charles F. was educated in the common school and lived on his father's farm until 1861, when he started for himself on a farm of his father's in the northern part of the town. He married in June, 1862, Sarah, daughter of Caleb Brown of this town, and they moved to their present place, a good grain and hay farm of 100 acres. They have had five children, three now living: Genie L., Anna E. , end Le Roy C. Warren A. , the oldest son, died April 19, 1892, aged twenty-one years, loved by all who knew him. His death was caused by the kick of a horse. Bush, Francis M., was born in Bristol, R. I., October 11, 1841, received his educa- tion in the common schools and the High School, and entered in the mercantile business in Bristol as clerk in a dry goods store, where he was employed till 1860. That year he went to Niagara Falls, where, in partnership with R. H. Jackson, he conducted a store for eight years. In 1878 they removed to Ithaca, where the firm of Jackson & Bush existed for seven years. At the end of that time Mr. Jackson with- drew from the firm, and Mr. Dean became a partner with Mr. Bush, the firm ever since being Bush & Dean. Our subject is a member of the Presbyterian church, and also of the Masonic fraternity, Hobasco Lodge, Eagle Chapter, St. Augustine Com- mandery. September 20, 1876, he married Mary L. Jackson, daughter of his former partner, and they have one son, a dentist of Gloversville. Bailey, George W., was born in Virgil, January 19, 1819. His grandfather, Joseph Bailey, was one of our first settlers in the city of Ithaca and drew a pension for ser- vices in the Revolutionary war. He was with Washington from the date of his enlistment to the close of the war, and then returned to Ithaca, and afterwards moved into the town of Dryden on lot 19. Our subject was educated in the common schools FAMILY SKETCHES, 75 and was obliged to pay part of his tuition in wood, delivered at the school-house. At the age of twenty-one he went to work for Moses Tyler at $10 per month. At twen- ty-seven he was married to Miss Sally A. Pulling, daughter of Daniel P. Pulling, and they have one daughter, Mrs. Clara B. Cloyes. In 1804 he bought the Michael Butts property where he now resides. In 18(5.') he bought the M. E. Tripp property, in 1808 he bought the Rochester Marsh property, in 1882 bouglit the Saltsman property, in 1874 he bought the D. P. Pulling property, and also owns the Edward Branch farm in Virgil of 150 acres. Our subject is one of the prominent men in his town, taking an active interest in temperance principles, in church and school matters. He is recognized as a practical and successful farmer. Brooks, Mrs. Coi-nelia, a native of Colechester, N. Y., was born July 5, 1814, the daughter of John and Sarah (Hager) Horton, of Westchester and Schoharie counties respectively, who .settled in Colechester. They reared ten children : Daniel, Peter, David, Samuel, Mary, Elizabeth, Enoch, a colonel in the late war ; Cornelia, George W., and Benjamin P., all now deceased except Elizabeth, Enoch and Cornelia. The grandfather was William Horton, who served as county judge and member of assem- bly three terms. He died in 1830 at the age of ninety. His wife was Elizabeth Covert, and they reared eight children. Our subject resided with her parents and attended the common school, which was supported by contributions in those days. At the age of nineteen she came to Lansing to live with a married sister and taught school about four years. Here she was wedded to Alfred Brooks, a native of Lan- sing, born November 25, 1810. He was the son of James Brooks of Philadelphia, Pa., who came to Lansing at au early date. His wife was Margaret Hargan, and they raised eight children: Mark, Samuel, Hiram, Alfred, Jefferson, Mary, Hannah and Margaret. He served in the war of 1813. Alfred was reared to farm life and at the age of sixteen began life for himself. He engaged in making shingles for several years, then engaged in farm work. Later he began farming for himself on fifty acres in Lansing, adding to this forty more acres. In 1800 he purchased a farm of 145 acres, where he spent the remainder of his days. He was a Republican, but would not accept public office. His death occurred in 1889 at the age of seventy-nine. Mr. and Mrs. Brooks raised eight children.- Roseltha, Hiram, Sarah (deceased), Mar- garet, John L. , James A. , Ella, wife of Joseph A. Reed of Ithaca, and Effie D. Hi- ram and John now own the farm, which consists of 260 acres of fine farm land. They with their mother and sisters live on the farm enjoying a happy home. , Peter Hager was a captain in the Revolutionary war, and was a second cousin of Martin Van Buren. Hagerstown, Md., took its name from her uncle, who came from Germany. Bower, George L., was born December 18, 1838, on the farm which he now owns. He is a son of Joseph W., also a native of this town, who married Mary Peck, and reared seven children: Lucinda. wife of Joseph Kratzer of Genoa; Philinda, wife of Lewis De Camp of Lansing; Mary, wife of Rufus J. Drake of Genoa ; Elizabeth, wife of Ferdinand Sperry ; Fanny, wife of Wesley Bloom ; George, Calvin D. The father died in 1861, and the mother in 1890. The grandfather came to this place from Penn- sylvania at an early day. Our subject attended the district school and worked on the farm with his parents, after the death of his father buying the home farm of 101 acres, and has ever since resided thereon. He raises a mixed crop of grain, and makes a specialty of Shropshiredown sheep. He has also erected a large and com- 7fi LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. modious house and stables, and now owns a fine premises. In December, 1873, lie married Sarah Van Zant, daugliter of Philip and Susan Kibler of Michigan, and they have had four cliildren: Clarence G., born in April, 1876; Lewis L., born August 29 _ 1879; Jacob Bates, born October 16, 1881 ; and Mary E., born August 9, 1884. He is a member of the order of Free Masons, and is a Republican in politics. Fitts, Paschal, was born in Charlton, Mass. , and married Eliza King. Soon after they came to Groton and located on the farm now owned and occupied by their son, George. Paschal Fitts was a brick-maker by trade, though he followed farming chiefly. He acquired a handsome property, and became a man of prominence in his town. Of his three children, one died in Massachusetts, Lucy Ann became the wife of Ezra Beach, and George, our subject. In 1864, two years after the death of his first wife, Mr. Fitts married Mrs. Noyes, and lived at McLean till his death. George was born in Groton, March 2, 1836, and has always lived on the farm he now occu- pies, the property, which he has materially improved, having been purchased from his father. It is now one of the most valuable and desirable farms in the town. November 15, 1858, he married Samantha, daughter of John and Samantha Calvert, of Cortland county, and they have four children: Jerome C. , Fred E., Jennie E. , and J. P., the latter, however, having died at the age of seven years. Jerome C. Fitts married Lena Hart and now lives on the old Hart farm. They have two children: George, aged five years, and Hart, aged seven. The farm joins that of his father, making together nearly 400 acres of as good land as can be found anywhere. Fisher family. The, Enfield. — Gilbert H. Fisher, born in North Castle, Westchester county, in 1792, was for several years a merchant in New York. He was captain of a company in the war of 1812, and was stationed at Mamaroneck when the British made an unsuccessful attempt to land. His wife, Deborah, was the second daughter of Daniel Matthews, of Westchester county, a. granddaughter of Abel Smith, of the same place, and a direct descendant of Richard Smith, the founder of Smithtown, L. I., who bought 20,000 acres of land of the Narragansett Indians (Historical collec- tions of the State of New York.) Their children were Abel Smith, born in January, 1816; Charles Wright ; Daniel, born in June, 1820, killed by a horse in White Plains in 1835 ; William Matthews ; Dr. George Jackson ; and Dorinda A. Abel Smith Fisher was his father's youngest clerk in his dry goods house on Grand street in New York ; he finally settled in Enfield, had nine children, of whom three sons and one daughter survive, and now lives on a farm in sight of Ithaca. Charles Wright Fisher, born February 33, 1818, married Sabella Barr, daughter of David Bryson, in 1856. She was born December 24, 1818, and died December 10, 1882. He was a great reader, and was a wealthy and practical farmer. He went to St. Augustine, Fla., for his health and died suddenly May 1, 1892, and was buried in the cemetery at Mecklein- burg. Two daughters survive him. William Mathews Fisher, born June 26, 1822, settledon his present farm in 1850. September 27, 1846, he mai-ried Charlotte Ann, daughter of Moses H. and Lavina Marshall, and has been prominently connected with the M. E. church at Enfield Center. Their children are Marshall, born in Oc- tober, 1848, joined the Central New York M. E. Conference, and died in De Land, Fla., March 27, 1884; Fred B. ; Georgiana, who died young; and David N., born January 34, 1858, married Ida Estelle Wortman, and lives with his father. George Jackson Fisher, A. M., M. D., born in November, 1825, married, in 1853, FAMILY SKETCHES. 77 Mary Bodle, of Mecklenburg, where he began the practice of medicine. He was a graduate of the New York College of Medicine, was appointed physician to Sing Sing Prison, and was president of the New York State and the Westchester County Medi- cal Societies several years. By invitation of President Lincoln he attended the wounded at Antietam after the battle there, among whom were some confederates, who afterward gave him an ovation on his visit to South Carolina. Dr. Fisher was the author of several medical works, at one time the editor of a medical journal, and the founder and president of the Ossining Hospital, where he contracted blood poi- soning in amputating a limb of a sick patient, and died in February, 1893. His wid- ow, a son Fred, and one daughter, Mrs. Carpenter, survive him. Dorinda A. Fisher, born in April, 1828, married Henry Haight, of Enfield, has two daughters living, and died November 4, 1881, at the home of her brother, Charles W., where she spent the greater part of her life. Brink, Andrew James, was born in Bui-dette, Schuyler county, July 24, 1845. He is the son of James Brink, of Genoa, born in Sullivan county, October 21, 1804, who was the son of Cornelius and Lydia Brink, of Long Island, who came to Sullivan county about 1800, and later to Orange county, where they reared eight children: Mrs. Smith, of Bloomingburg; Mrs. Miller, of the same town; Mrs. Harding; Elsie Brink, all of the same town ; James, Abram and Hiram. He married second a widow whose maiden name was Drake, by whom he had two children Cornelius and Will- iam. James, father of Andrew J., was reared to farm life, and remained with his father until about twenty-one, when he bought a small farm in Sullivan county, on which he lived. Some years later he bought a hotel at Bloomingsburg, which he conducted about three years, when he sold out and returned to farming. He spent some time in Schuyler county, and some time in traveling, finally locating in Genoa, where he has since resided. He has always been a Democrat. His first wife was Jane Horton, of Orange county, by whom he had six children : Maria, widow of Solomon Williams, of Burdette; one who died in infancy; Leander, of Middletown ; Martha ; Ann Eliza ; Francis HoUister, of Five Corners ; Harriet, who resides with her father. His wife died in Schuyler county, September 33, 1840, and in March, 1841, he married second, Delilah Marton , of Burdette, and they had seven children : George W. , Andrew J., Charles H., Margaret Jane, Augusta, William C. , and Elsie. March 20, 1891, Mr. and Mrs. Brink celebrated their golden wedding, they being the par- ents, grandparents and great-grandparents of forty-eight living children. Our sub- ject resided with his parents until the age of twenty-one, then engaged in work for himself for some time, returning to his father's farm later. In 1871 he was engaged in the sewing-machine business in New Jersey, and remained three years, and for the next three years engaged in farming. He married in 1871, and removed to Tomp- kins county. He married, September 26, 1877, Frances J.; daughter of Roswell and Isabel (Conrad) Beardsley, of North Lansing, born June 2, 1847. Mrs. Brink's father has held the office of postmaster ever since the time of President Adams, a tertn of sixty-six years, he having .been born in 1809, this being the longest term of contin- uous office on record. Mr. and Mrs. Brink are members of the North Lansing Grange. Mr. Brink has been a Free Mason since the age of twenty-one. In politics he is a Democrat, having held the office of inspector of elections several terms. 78 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Anderson, B. B., of Newfield, was born August 15, 1815, in Sullivan, bordering on Oi'ange county, a son of James N. Anderson, a farmer, and also a native of the county, who married Mary Solomon, of Long Island, and had five children, of whom our subject was the third. The occupation of the latter has been that of blacksmith for the past thirty years, though he has followed farming for some time, and given up his trade. In 1845 he married Margaret McCorn, of Newfield, by whom he had four children, two daughters and two sons. In 1865 he married Emiline McCorn, of Newfield. He was educated in the common schools and in politics is a Democrat. The late Daniel Johnson was born in Orange county, October 28, 1801, and came when a young man to Taghannic Falls, where he built the first house. He married , August 29, 1847, Sarah M. Lee, of Ulysses, and they had six children ; Elsie, Fred- erick, Mary, Diantha, Edwin S. and Sarah. Mary died aged five years ; Elsie mar- ried Henry Blanchard and lives in Ithaca; Frederick married Maria Follett, of Ulysses, and they reside in Ithaca ; Diantha lives at home with her mother ; Edwin S. married Anna Smith, of this town, and Sarah married Dr. John Kirkeudall, of Ithaca. Mr. Johnson died November 1, 1885. Mrs, Johnson's grandfather, Jep- tha Lee, was born in Dutchess county, March 1, 1764, and was a soldier in the Revo- lution, and the farm now occupied by Mrs. Johnson is part of the grant which he received for his services. He married Esther Franklin, born February 8, 1704, and they had twelve children, two of whom died young, the others being as follows: John, Delilah, Daniel, Amos, Lucy, Polly A., Sally A., Hannah, Franklin and William. Ives, Charles A. , was born in Ithaca, December 9, 1849, the only son of the late Joseph N. Ives, who was born in the town of Lansing September 23, 1833, and died November 23, 1891. He was always a member of the Republican party, and at one time a trustee of the village of Ithaca. He was a carpenter by trade, and his later years were spent in the car shop of the Lehigh railroad. For a number of years he was interested with W. W. Esty in building canal boats in Ithaca, always connected with the fire department, and a life-long member of the Presbyterian church. The mother of our subject, Fannie M. Cooley, was a descendant of the old New England stock. She died November 7, 1891. Charles A. was educated in the public schools and graduated from the Ithaca Academy. He was for ten years employed in the hardware store of John Rumsey, and in February, 1877, was appointed by the L. V. Railroad Co. city agent to handle their business in this town. He is a Republican in politics and was town clerk for two years, was the last village clerk, and first city clerk. He was also, for a term of years, assistant chief of the fire department. He married in March, 1878, Janet L., daughter of M. F. Brown, of Ithaca, and they have a son and a daughter. Johnson, Harlan P., wasborn in Ithaca, in October, 1838, son of Benjamin L. John- son, a native of Delaware county, who was for a number of years engaged in the transportation business on the Erie canal, running a line of passenger and freight boats between Ithaca and Buffalo, N. Y., which he followed until the building of the first railroad through New York State, when he engaged in mercantile business in Ithaca, which he followed until 1870, when he retired from business. He was always active in church and temperance work, and died July 6, 1883. The mother of our subject, Lucinda Newcomb, was a native of Vermont, of English descent, whose an- cestors came to this country about the middle of the 17th century. She died in April, FAMILY SKETCHES. 79 1891. The grandfather of Mrs. Johnson, Daniel Newcomb, was a lieutenant in the army of the Revolution. Our subject is the oldest son of a family of three sons and two daughters. He was educated. in the Ithaca Academy, and on leaving school was three years in his father's store. In 1860 he went to New York where he engaged in business, first a,s a clerk and rapidly rose to partnership, living there fourteen years. Returning to Ithacain 1874, he has been engaged in various enterprises, now a dealer in real estate and investment securities, and representative of some of the old line insurance companies. Jennings, Frank S., was born in Moravia, February 16, 1857, and was educated in the Moravia High School under Prof. C. O. Roundy. He also attended the Medica' Department of the Syracuse University for one year and afterwards ' graduated from the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York, receiving a phy- sician's diploma from that institution, and has been a practicing physician since. At the age of twenty-three he married Mary Given, daughter of William R. Given, of the town of Dryden, to which town he removed in the spring of 1884. Pie has one daughter, Laura Jennings. In addition to his regular practice, he has added the con- ducting of a drug store with a full line of drugs, toilet and fancy articles. In 1888 he received the appointment of postmaster, and for four years the post-office was located in his present store. He takes an active interest in educational and religious matters, being a member of the Board of Education. Jones, M. E., was born July 4, 1864, in the town of Ithaca and educated in the com- mon schools. After leaving school he learned the miller's trade, going into partner- ship with J. E. Van Natta, then went to Ohio, and built a hundred-barrel mill for the North Jackson Milling Co. Our subject married at the age of twenty-six May Rhodes, daughter of George Rhodes, of Ithaca. He is a Republican in politics, and takes an active and intelligent interest in church and school matters. In March, 1892, he bought the Pugsley farm of seventy acres, where he now resides, raising the usual farm crops of hay, grain and stock. Also he makes a specialty of lumbering, cutting pine and hemlock, for which he finds a ready market in Ithaca. Mr. Jones is known as an energetic and prosperous young farmer. Janson, Henry, was born in Caroline, January 15, 1828. Daniel, his father, was a native of Ulster county, and came here with his parents when three years of age. He followed farming all his life on the place now occupied by our subject. His wife was Sallie Bush of Tompkins county, and Henry was their oldest son. The latter has been twice married, first to Miss McWhorter, by whom he had one son, now living on a farm near his father. His present wife was Miss Silsby, of Tioga county. Mr. Janson is a Granger, and a Republican. Jervis, Benjamin Franklin, son of Timothy and Phoebe Bloomfield Jervis, was born at Rome, Oneida county, July 2, 1816. He was educated at the Grosvenor Acad- emy in Rome. At the age of seventeen he engaged as clerk in the hardware store kept by Jas. Sayre & Co. at Utica. In 1834 he was appointed clerk in the Bank of Rome. In 1836 he received appointment in the Albany City Bank. His heath fail- ing he accepted the place of teller in the Madison County Bank at Cazenovia, N. Y. remaining there about two years. These jMaces were filled with satisfaction to him- self and to his employers. At the suggestion and under the advice of his oldest 80 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. brother, John B. Jervis, he engaged in mercantile and milling business at Rome, Annsville and New York City, about twelve years. In 1856 he was appointed cashier of the Bank of Cazenovia and held this appointment about fifteen years, at the end of which time the affairs of the bank were in very satisfactory condition. He was then elected president. Soon after this the bank suffered heavy losses from the failure of parties to whom large consignments had been made and from the fire at Chicago which nearly destroyed the city and in which the bank held large amount of property, making this portion of his experience distressingly unfortunate. Froni Cazenovia he went to Toledo, Ohio, and engaged as auditor of the Toledo, Ann Ar- bor and North Michigan Railway Co. He remained with that company fourteen years, acting in the capacity of auditor and treasurer and secretary — the last two years being as secretary and located in New York City, which office he resigned in 1891 and removed to Ithaca. He was married in 1840 to Miss Louise M. Chandler, of Cazenovia, who died at Toledo, July 3, 1879. From this marriage there was one son, John Bloomfield, Second, who died March 10, 1869, aged nineteen years. He was again married on November 28, 1882, to Miss Martha Mar.sh, daughter of the late Doctor Richard and Rebecca Jacques Marsh, of Rahway, N. J. The Jervis family are of French descent, dating back in this country to the seventeenth century. Janson, John, was born in Caroline, April 4, 1825, a son of Daniel, who was born in Ulster county, and moved to this county when three years old. Daniel married Sallie, daughter of D. Bush, and of their nine children our subject was the second, he being sixty-eight years old at the present writing. He worked at carpentry for about five years, and since that has followed it more or less, together with farming, during the past forty years. August 21, .1853, he married Anna M., daughter of William Van Iderstine, of Caroline, and they were the parents of four children, one being deceased at the age of eighteen years. In politics Mr. Janson has always voted with the Republicans. Hall, John L. , was born February 10, 1844, in the town of Danby and educated in the district school, to which he has added by reading and close observation. He married at tlie age of twenty-two Fannie M., daughter of Almond Pitts, of East Charleston, Tioga county. Pa., by whom he has had two children, a son and a daughter. He is a Republican in political views, and has held the office of school trustee for eight years. In 1868 he bought the farm of 100 acres where he now lives, and on which he raises large quantities of grain, hay and stock. Our subject is known as a conservative man of high principles and as a man who takes great inter- est in the welfare of his town, being one of the leading members of the old Farmer's Club, of which he was presiding officer several years. Houtz, Col. George H., wasborn inthe townof Dryden, July 16, 1835. His father, John H. Houtz, was engaged in the merchandise and milling business, building the Etna mills in 1835, which at his decease, which occurred in 1869, was continued by his son. Col. George H. Houtz. Our subject received his education in the common schools and after leaving school at once joined his father in his many business inter- ests. He takes the Republican side in politics and has been town cleric for twenty- five consecutive years, but an active business life has prevented the acceptance of many nominations tendered him. Our subject is one of the prominent business men FAMILY SKETCHES. 81 in his town, a man noted for liis ability and energy, prominently identified in advanc- ing its best interests and in educational and religious matters. Houpt, Theron, was born in the town of Ovid, Seneca county, June 22, 184'J, and received his early education ip the common .schools, finishing at the Dryden Acad- emy, under Jack.son Graves. At the age of thirty he married Laura E. Tyler, daughter of RicliardC. Tyler, of Virgil, Cortland county. In 1890 Mr. Houpt bought the R. C. Tyler property, and in 1893 purchased a part of the Anson Sticlcle estate, owning eighty-six acres in all, and raising hay, grain, etc. He however makes a specialty of winter dairving. He is a well-known citizen, and takes a thorough in- terest in educational and religious matters. Farrington, Warren G. , was born at Jacksonville, Ulysses, January 19, 1840, was educated in the public schools and follows farming. December 27, 1865, he married Charlotte Tichenor, of Trumansburgh, and they have had five children : W. Sherman, Edgar H., Clarence M., George L. , and Leroy. W. Sherman married Nettie Craw- ford, of Ithaca, and they have two children, W. Russell and Ruth. Edgar H. mar- ried Anna Riddle, of Jacksonville, and they have a daughter, Hazel. Mr. Farring- ton's father, William, was born in Dutchess county, November 15, 1807, and was a shoemaker in early life, later taking up farming, but returning to the boot and shoe trade again in Jacksonville. He married Catherine Kelley, formerly of New Jersey, and came to this county in 1833. They had four children ; George K., Warren G., Martha M. , and Mary C. William died in 1892, and his wife in 1890. Mrs. Farring- ton's father, Sherman Tichenor, was a native of Dutchess county, who came to this region, where he married Amy Rudy, of Trumansburgh, by whom he had three daughters i Charlotte, Lucy, and Emma. Mr. Tichenor died in 1887, and his wife in 1880. Cormish, Mary, widow of Dyer Cormish, was born in Newfield in 1839. Dyer Cormish, her deceased husband, was born in Lansing July 20, 1829. His occupation through life was that of a farmer. His father, Hiram, was a native of Tompkins county, always following farming, owning his farm until within a few years of his death. He married Abigail Patchen, of Lansing, and they had seven children, the husband of our subject being next to the oldest. He died at the age of sixty-four years. He was always an active Republican. Cole, Frank C, was born in the town of Caroline, April 30, 1853, a son of William D. , a native of Pompey, Onondaga county, who died in Ithaca in 1889. William D. was the father of nine children, of whom Frank was the third son. The latter was educated at the public schools and at the age of seventeen he began learning the tinner's trade. He- afterwards came to Ithaca, whcie ho was employed with Mr. Fillingham for eight years, and then went with Treman, King & Co., as foreman, where he has ever since been engaged. Mr. Cole is a member of the K. of P., the I. O. R. M., and of the R. A. In 1871 he became a member of the Fire Department, and he is now serving his fifth term as chief. In 1876 Mr. Cole married Lydia A. Kings- bury, daughter of John H. Kingsbury, a retired grocer of this city, and they have had two children, both deceased. Cooper, William, was born in Ulster county, September 29, 1808. His father, Charles, was a native of Connecticut, who settled in Ulster county on a farm, and k 82 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. moved iu 1810 to this county, where in 1804 he died. He married Hetsey, daughter of Orsenious North, of Ulster county, and they had eight children. William, our subject, lived at home until his twenty-third year, when he started for himself. He also worked for the D. L. & W. Railroad a short time. At the age of twenty-five in November, 1833, he married Abigail, daughter of Henry Seely, of this county. He has had four children; Charles H., Ezelia, Elosia, and Homer, the latter two de. ceased. Mr. Cooper's education was acquired in the common schools and he has lived on his present farm ever since his marriage. He is Republican in politics. Chase, D. Wesley, was born in Groton, April 6, 1827, a son of David K., a native of Vermont, born June 5, 1797, an axmaker and shoemaker by trade, who came tO' Groton with his parents about 1800. In 1819 he married Bathsheba Leonard, born in 1808, a daughter of Andrew and Anna (Morton) Leonard, natives of Vermont, and they had four children; Leonard W. , Hardin W., D. Wesley, and Anna Jane. In 18ii8 Mr. Chase went to Toledo, O., where he spent the remainder of his life. His widow married Aaron Hotchkiss, and died in Cortland. The parents of David were Amariah and Sophia Chase, of Vermont, "who came to Groton and settled on the soldier's claim of Mr. Chase, he having served in the Revolution, and been in General Washington's service. The family dates back in America, to one Aquilla Chase, son of Sir Robert Chase, who was grandfather to Sir William To wnley, who joined Charles Stewart at Manchester and was taken prisoner at the Battle of Bannockburn. Ho was executed for high treason, his property confiscated, and in 1844 the estate was released from confiscation by Lord Brougham. Aquilla came to Hampton, N. H. from Cornwall, England, in 1639. He was born in, 1618. D. Wesley Chase was bound out at the age;Of seven to a farmer named Martin Howe where he remained until fourteen years of age, then learned the blacksmith's trade, farming on shares, etc. , and in 1853 went to California where he engaged in mining for two years, then returned to Lansing. Later he bought two farms in Homer, which he conducted for seven years then sold and went to Groton, where he bought and sold again. In 1870 he removed to Lansing and bought a place of 106 acres, where he has since lived, and to which he has added fifty acres. In 1846 he married Phoebe Ann Howe, daughter of Martin and Zillah (Buck) Howe, of Lansing, who was born in 1823. Mr. and Mrs. Chase have had five children ; Lovinus and Lovina (twins), born in 1847 ; O.scar E., born in 1850; John Wesley, born in 1853; Mai-ietta, born in 1800, wife of George H. Strong, of Lan.sing. Lovina married J. J. Chase, of Mason, 111. Lovinus died at the age of eleven. Oscar was killed by the cars in Cincinnati, O. Beers, Fred E., was born in Waverly, June 29, 1801, and came to the town of Danby with his father, A. J. Beers. In 1863 he bought what was known as the George Adriance property, comprising 360 acres, and here he now resides. A. J. Beers died February 24, 1891, leaving his estate to our subject and his brothei'S. In 1885 he bought tlie property known as the Allen place, of eighty acres. Fred E. was edu- cated in the district schools, to whicli he has added by reading and intelligent obser- vation, also taking a ct)urse of business preparation at Eastman's College, Pough- keepsie. Mr. Beers is a Republican in politics, and takes much interest in educational matters, having served as trustee of the school for some time. He is also steward of the M. E. church of South Danby. He handles fertilizers, etc., and his principal crops are hay and grain. At the age of twenty-one he married Annie, daughter of George Denniston, and they have one daughter, Mertie. FAMILY SKETCHES. hH Mandeville, the Rev. Gerrit, was born at Pompton Plains, Morris county, N. J. , on tlie 9th day of April, 1775. Of his ancestors, we only know that they came from Holland at an early day and settled near New Amsterdam. His father was a far- mer, presumably a good one, certainly a careful one, as we learn from an anecdote which has come down from Revolutionary times, in which it is said: General Wash- ington, while making his house headquarters, paid his farming a compliment by tak- ing him to task as being unduly particular, in taking up and resetting one of a long line of posts in a new post-and-rail fence, because it had not been set quite deep enough. According to the Dutch custom of that time, of educating the bright boy for a preacher, Gerrit seems to have been dedicated to the ministry while quite young, and his studies directed towards it. He entered Hackensack Academy at an early age, and made .so good progress that at the age of thirteen he was fitted for the high school of Flatbush, I^ong Island, known as Erasmus Hall. Here he completed his classical studies; becoming very proficient iu Latin, Greek and Hebrew, as well as Dutch, in which language he preached much of the time while on his first charge ; in fact, Dutch was his mother tongue, and Engli.sh the second language he acquired. He studied divinity under Dr. John Livingston, and entered the ministry of the Re- formed Protestant Dutch Church when twenty-two years of age. He was first set- tled in the town of Warwarsing, Ulster county, N. Y., where, and in the adjoining town of Rochester, he preached alternately about five years. While there he married a Miss Maria De Witt, of Warwarsing, a cousin of Simeon De Witt ; and there his fir.st son was born. At that time the conquest of the western wilderness had become the great ambition of the enterprising of the East; and Central and Western New York were the Great West to New England andNew York then. Scouts went thither and brought back wonderful stories of the grandeur of its forests and the fertility of its soil; often bringing some of the earth with them to prove their statements. Ar- mies for the conquest of this northern El Dorado were being recruited in every ham- let of the East ; and Warwarsing contributed its full quota, no doubt stimulated in this by their townsman, Simeon De Witt, surveyor-general of the State, who had taken much interest in the .settlement of Central New York. The subject of this sketch concluded to join the army of occupation; so one day iu 1804 he mounted his horse and started for the wilds of the West — more wild then, perhaps, than now can be found between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. After a long ride through the wild- erness he reached the hamlet of Ithaca at the head of Cayuga Lake. Here he found a Presbyterian Church newly organized, consisting of thirteen members, to whom he preached, and from whom he received acall to be their settled pastor. In the follow- ing year he brought his family from Ulster county, and was installed pastor of the little church. He held service here and at Trumansburgh on alternate Sundays until about 1813, when he removed to the town of Caroline in the same county, where he organized a Reformed Dutch Church — the church of his fathers — with which he re- mained connected during the remainder of his life, as pastor for twenty-five years, and as occasional supply until his death. Mr. Mandeville was a man of much learn- ing and ability ; and his influence was for good, in the literary advancement of the town of his adoption, as well as were his moral and religious teachings. He taught school, preached, and cleared up a new farm, leading a life uneventful, perhaps, but active and useful. The Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler was one of his pupils; and that eminent divine tells with pleasure of the years he spent in study, on the farm among H4 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. the hills of Caroline, with the good dominie. Those social reforms which came into prominence during his lifetime, temperance and abolition, had, as was fitting, his most earnest advocacy. He proclaimed and talked against the drink evil, when to do so was to I'un counter to the current of general thought and practice, even among the educated and moial class of that community. And so with slavery; while its apologists had the chief seats in the synagogue, it met with his most unqualified condemnation. While the cause of temperance made great advances during his life, becoming popular instead of being a term of derision, abolition was still a by- word and reproach at the time of his death in 1853. Of his ten children, seven sur- vived him. Lawrence, Azel, was born in Otsego county, N. Y. , December 31, 1823. His father came to Tompkins in 1835. Azel Lawrence was educated in the common schools to which he has added through life by reading and close observation and is pre-emi- nently a self-educated and self-made man. At the age of twenty-seven he married Mary A., daughter of Isaac S. Smith, wh(5 was a very prominent contractor and builder in the town. They ai-e the parents of one daughter, Mrs. May I. Elston, of Ithaca. In 1855 he bought the Isaac S. Smith farm of 110 acres, raising hay, grain and stock. He takes the Democratic side in politics and an active interest in educa- tional and religious matters. Our .subject is one of the leading and substantial men of his town, of conservative character and recognized integrity. He has been a di- rector in the Dryden and Groton Fire Insurance Company for twelve years, and is identified with the best interests of the town. Lormor, James, Sr., was born in the town of Dryden, August 4, IHIH, and was ed- ucated in the common schools, after leaving which he went to farming, wliich he has ' made his life business, being known throughout his town as a successful and practi- cal farmer. At the age of twenty-six he was married to Lorinda Hamblin, who died in 1853 leaving two children, and in 1855 he married Minerva E. Hopkins. They have had four children, three of whom are now living, two sons and one daughter, James E., William H. and Isabella H. Those who have passed away are Margaret C, the eldest, Mary E., and one son, Lee H. In 1802 he bought what was known as the Godfrey property of sixty-five acres ; in 1870 he bought the Bradshaw property of seventy acres, and in 1872 he bought the Carpenter place on South Hill of seventy acres, and in 1878 he bought a beautiful residence in the village of Dryden, wheie he now resides. He also owns a farm in Virgil, Coi-tland county. Our subject is one of the substantial n?en of his town, being respected for his energy and ability. Lormor, Robert H., was born in Dryden June 10, 1845. His father, William Lor- mor, came to the town of Dryden in 1836, and settled at Malloryville, where he bought a farm and remained for thirty-eight years. Robert H. was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of thirty-one he married Loretta Givens, and they are the parents of one son, A. T. Lormor. In 1885 he bought the Thomas Givens property of 110 acres, raising hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of dairying. Our subject is known throughout his town as a conservative, independent man, taking an intelligent interest in church and school matters, and identified in advancing the best interests of his town. FAMILY SKETCHES. 85 Lang, John B. , was born in Stockport, Columbia county, N. Y., December 22, 1833. When about two years old his parents moved into the State of Massachusetts, town of Great Barrington, where his boyhood days were spent and his education acquired. At the age of seventeen years he was apprenticed to learn the machinist trade at New Hartford, Conn. At the expiration of his apprenticeship he returned to Great Harrington where he worked at his trade for afew months, then accepted apo.sition with the Cui-tis Calendar Clock Co., of Hartford, Conn., with whom he remained three years in Hartford and one year in New York city. He then went to Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained working at his trade until 1865, when he removed to Ith- aca, and formed a partner.ship with James S. Reynolds in a general foundry and machine business, under the firm name of Reynolds & Lang, which business has continued ever since. In 1870 the firm commenced the manufacture of steam engines in connection with their other bu.siness, and now make the building of engines a spe- cialty. Mr. Lang is a Republican and served the then village of Ithaca fouryears as trustee. He is now the president of the local board of the Central City Building and Loan A.ssociation (of Syracuse, N. Y.), and is a trustee of the First Baptist Church; also secretary of the East Lawn Cemetei-y, and a trustee of Y. M. C. A. In 1856 he was made a Mason in Daskam Lodge No. 84, and is now a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716 this city. Mr. Lang married Frances G. Patterson, of Glastonbury, Conn. Three children have been born to them, of which one, Bessie G., is now liv- ing; is sixteen years of age, and a student of the Ithaca Conservatory of Music. Latta, Elmer M., was born August 6, 1829, and educated in Orange county. At tlie age of twenty-one he came to Candor, wherfe he was employed as foreman on the building of the D. L. & W. R. R., remaining with this company nine years. In 1883 he located in Ithaca, where he has ever since made his home, with the exception of a year and a half spent in Iowa. In 1858 he went into the wood working shop where Mr. HoUister now is, and in 1875 he engaged in the ice business in this town, which he followed thirteen years, and has since been in the shop. Mr. Latta is a Republi- can in politics and has held the office of trustee of the village of Ithaca during the years 1872-73-76-77-78-79. He is a member of the Park Baptist Church, of which he is a deacon and a trustee. He is also a member of the R. A., and a director of the P. C, also of the Y. M. C. A. In 1853 Mr. Latta married Louisa Hollister, of Ithaca, and they had one son, Frank E., born January 1, 1855, and graduated from the "old Ithaca Academy" in June, 1878; he was injured April 7, 1879, by being thrown from hi.s horse, which resulted in his death three days after. Lane, Jacob, was born in Ulster county, April 3, 1820. His father, Richard Lane, was a native of that county, and moved to Tompkins county when our subject was but six years of age. He married at the age of twenty-five Edie North, of Ulster county, and they had eight children, of whom Jacob was the third. He has always followed farming and lumbering, working at home till the age of twenty-five, when he married Sarah Hoose, a native of Caroline. They had two daughters: Frank A., who married at the age of nineteen a Mr. Charles Regodar; and Mary who married at the age of twenty-one Mr. DeWitt Van Etten. Mr. Lane has been twice married; his present wife was Elrie J. Hollister, of the town of Candor. Lyon, Marcus, was born in Cayuga county, September 23, 1827. His early life was spent in his native county. He was educated at Yale College, graduating with the m LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. class of 1853 and came to Ithaca the same year, where he began the study of law with the late Judge Boardman. He was admitted to the bar in 1854 and in 1856 was elected district attorney by a majority of over 1200, being appointed by the combined vote of a candidate supported by the Democrat and American parties and was re- elected in 1860. Soon after this Judge Lyon removed to the West, resigning his po- sition. Returning he resumed the pi-actice of his profession, and was appointed postmaster in 1800. In 1873 he was elected county judge and twice re-elected, mak- ing twenty-one years he was connected with the judicial bench of thi.s county. lie has been prominently identified with the public schools of the county, and served one term as school commissioner for the second district. He is a member of the Ma- sonic order and a Knight Templar. He married in 1855 Susan, daughter of Philip Schuyler, and they have had five children ; Philip Schuyler, a graduate of Cornell, was killed in a cable car accident in Chicago June 1 , 1 890 ; Lucy is the wife of Walter C. Kerr, of New York; Laura is the wife of Otis L. Williams, New York; Mary lives at home, and Newell is a student in Cornell University. Lamont, John D., was born in the Highlands of Scotland, July 8, 1834, and came to the United States with his parents m 1843. His father, Peter Lamont, settled in the town of Diyden the same year, coming from Albany to Ithaca by canal boat. Our subject was educated in the common schools and finished at the Cortland Acail- emy, after leaving which he taught school winters and worked on his father's farm summers. At the age of thirty-one he was mfirried to Miss Laura Givens, and they are the parents of one daughter. Miss Emm^ Lamont. In 1805 he bought what is known as the Ananias Scofield property of fifty acres, to which he afterwards added over seventy-five acres adjoining, making a beautiful farm of 127 acres. He also owns a timber lot bought of A. S. Clarke. In 1878 he erected a handsome residence which he now occupies. He is a Republican and also takes an active interest in ed- ucational and religious matters. Our subject is one of the leading men in his town, being recognized as a conservative, independent citizen and a practical and success- ful farmer. Lewis, Lorenzo, was born in Harford, Cortland county, July 11, 1834. The family came from Vermont and settled in Cortland county. Lorenzo Lewis was educated in the common schools, but is pre-eminently a self-made and self-educated man. He bought his time when fourteen years old, giving his father $50, and came to Tomp- kins and hired out to Deacon John Tyler. At the age of twenty-five he married Miss Harriet C. Hair, daughter of Joseph Hair, who passed away in 1882, and in 1889 he married Miss Clara Mespell, and they have one son, Ernest W. Lewis, and two daughters, Mrs. Nellie Colton and Grace C. Lewis. In 1854 he bought part of the Deacon Tyler farm, and in 1859 he bought the balance of the Tyler estate. In 1802 he bought part of the Olivia Tyler farm, and in 1803 he bought part of the Wm. Hubbell farm, having 122 acres, raising hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of dairying. Our subject is one of the leading farmers in his town, identi- fied with the best interests of his town and keeping abreast of the times. Luckey, Henry, was born in Poughkeepsie, November 12, 1831, and came here with his parents when an infant. He was educated in the common schools, with two years at Ithaca Academy, and has always followed farming. Feburary 10, 1853, he mar- ried Susan, daughter of James Colegrove, of Ulysses, and they have one daughter, FAMILY SKETCHES. 87 Marietta, who married Jay C. Mott, of this town, and has two children; Mabel L. and Homer C. Robert T., father of our subject, was born in Dutchess county at the old homestead September 17, 1807. He was a well educated man, and November 13, 182U, married Barbara Du Bois, of his native town, a lady of French Huguenot na- tivity. They had one son, Henry, as noted above. Hedied January 1, 1839, and his widow married second William Willis, of Enfield. She died August 29, 1875. Mrs. Luckey's father, James Colegrove, was born June 22, 1806, and August 19, 1827, he married Maria Vann, who was born near New Brunswick, N. J., September 14, 1805. They had ten children, seven of whom grew to maturity; Caroline, John, Susan, and Samuel (twins), Louisa, David, and Eleanor A. Mrs. Luckey's grandfather, Samuel Vann, lived to the age of 105 years. An ancestor of Mr. Luckey was a soldier in the Revolution, and our subject owns the musket he carried in that war, together with many interesting heirlooms of the family. Lupton, G. M., was born in the town of Dryden, August 15, 1827. His father, Nathan Lupton, came from Orange county, N. Y., about 1800 and was one of the first settlers in the town. Our subject was educated in the common schools and fin- ished at the Dryden Academy and afterwards returned to his father's farm. At the age of twenty-seven he married Caroline Weaver, daughter of Henry B. Weaver, and they are the parents of four children, three sons; Henry B., Seward G., and Ed- ward B. and one daughter, Hattie M. At the death of his father, which occurred in 1804, he inherited the Lupton homestead of 250 acres, where he now resides. In 1870 he bought what was known as the Piatt Knickerbocker property of 100 acres, having !J50 acres of some of the best farmuig land in the town. He takes the Dem- ocratic side in politics and an intelligent interest in educational and religious matters. ( )ur subject is one of the largest fanners in his town, where he is recognized as prac- tical and successful. Lormore, James C, was born in Newark Valley, Tioga county, N. Y., April 32, 1842, and educated here in the common schools and finished at the Dryden High, School. His father, Thomas Lormore, came to the town of Virgil in 1857 and pur- chased the Tyler farm of one hundred acres. In 1866 he bought the Amos Lewis place to which he removed. Our subject enlisted March 17, 1862, in Co. I, Seward's' Infantry, N. Y. Volunteers, and served in Burnside's expedition into North Carolina, South Mountain and /^ntietam, Burnside's march from Maryland to Fredericksburg,' and was also at the bombardments of Forts Sumter and Wagner. He went up the Shenandoah Valley with Sheridan. December 25, 1864, he left for Washington and wes incorporated in Gen. U. S. Grant's army lying between the James and Appo- mattox Rivers. He received an honorable discharge April 17, 1805. On returning home he was married to Ella Tanner, daughter of Barnham S. Tanner, of Dryden and they are the parents of one son, Eugene Lormore. He takes the Republican side in politics, and has served his town as street commissioner, overseer of the poor, etc. In the spring of 1893 he opened a ready-made clothing and gent's furnishing store, in Dryden, in which line he is the leading merchant in his town. Luther, Orson, was born in Groton, January 1, 1833. His father, Philip Luther, came from Dutchess county in 1802 when he was nineteen years of age. Orson Lu- ther was educated in the common schools, to which he has added by reading and close observation. He lived on his father's farm until he was twenty-one, and then 88 LANDMARKS f)F TOMPKINS COUNTY, married Miss Mary L. Sherwood, daujjhter of William Sherwood, of Varna. He left the hoiiiestead farm in 1859 and moved to Varna, living there six years, and in 1807 bought the Red Mills of Freeville, which he remodeled and soon established a well deserved reputation throughout the town and county, and remained there fifteen years. In 1881 he sold the mill and moved into the village of Freeville, where he has talcen a prominent part in advancing its best interests, being president of the village. He has filled the offices of road commissioner and assessor. He is Democratic in politics, and the town being strongly Republican indicates the standing of our sub- ject, a man who deserves and retains the respect of all with whom he comes in con- tact. Lormor, Andrew W., was born in the town of Dryden, July 7, 1835. His father, Thomas Lormor, came to the county in 1812 and in 1815 bought the property of John Lawrence, of New York city, consisting of 106 acres, where his son now resides. Thomas Lormor died in 1874 at the age of eighty-two years, a man of ability and strict integrity., Andrew W. Lormor was educated in the common schools and is a self-educated and self-made man. At the age of twenty-seven he married Miss Har- riet Ford, daughter of Major Ford, of Peruville, Tompkins county. They have three children, one son, Thomas M., and two daughters, Mrs. Ernest W. Hanford, of Ith- aca, and Miss Nellie Lormor. He takes a decided interest in temperance principles, and also in educational and religious matters. He is a practical and successful far- mer, making a specialty of daii-ying. Lathrop, Joseph A., was born in Cayuga county, February 8, 1858, and came to Tompkins in 1893. In 1892 he bought the Daniel Bills farm of sixty-eight acres, on which he makes a specialty of dairying, running a De Laval cream and milk separa- tor and a Babcock milk tester, and has just built a model dairy room, and produces fancy Jersey butter from a pure Jei'sey herd. At the age of thirty-six he married Jennie, daughter of John W. Burr, of Dryden, and they are the parents of one son, Fred B. Our subject is one of the most progressive and intelligent farmers of his town, taking an active part in advancing its best interests. Landon, Albert H., was born in Brookton, May, 14, 1856. In early life he followed farming with his father, Sextus B. Landon, and at the age of eighteen started for himself, learning the trade of millwright, at which he worked for seventeen years. He has built a fine residence in Brookton, and on October 1, 1892, he married Cora B. ■ Ault, daughter of Freeman Ault, of Elmira, the wedding taking place in his own home. Mr. Landon has never aspired to political office, but is a Republican in politics. Lamont, A. B., was born in the town of Dryden, October 16, 1855. His father, A. B. Lamont, was also born in the town of Dryden, March 10, 1830. He spent his life as a farmer, where his son now resides. The family originally came from Edin- burgh, Scotland. Our subject was educated in the common schools and finished at the Union School, of Moravia At the age of eighteen he married Alice M. Hvibbard, daughter of W. B. Hubbard, and they are the parents of three children, two sons, Lee H., and Chas T., and one daughter, Louise P. Lamont. He takes the Demo- cratic side in politics, and an active interest in school and church matters. He is one of the prominent farmers of his vicinity, having 200 acres of fine farm land, and raising large quantities of hay, grain and stock. The family inherit from their FAMILY SKETCHES. 89 Scotch ancestry the trait of thrift, and are known as conservative and independent men. Luce, George N., was born in Lansing, October 20, 1839, the son of Israel Luce, also of this town, who was born in 1802, and was a millwright and carpenter. The latter was a prominent man in the town, and held various offices of trust. He was also colonel in the State militia. He married first Lemira Comfort, by whom he had these children : Emeline, who died young, Eleanor (deceased), James, Catharine (de- ceased), Warren, Sarah and Franklin. Franklin was a soldier and died in Libby prison. He married second Catharine, a sister of his first wife, and they had these children : Matilda, George N. , Mary, Martha, Chauncey, Emma and Willis. Israel died in 1883, and his wife in 1893. He was a son of Franklin Luce, one of the pioneer settlers of this town. George N. Luce was educated in the common schools, and remained on the farm until the age of twenty-seven, when he began for himself, and in 1871 he bought the place of seventy-five acres on which he has since lived. In 1866 he married Rebecca M. Teeter. Mrs. Luce's mother died September 19, 1891, at the age of seventy-six years, mourned by all who knew her. Our subject and wife have had five children: HattieE., born October 6, 1867, wife of Alson E. Buck, of Lansing; Maggie M., born May 31, 1874, died young; Frank, born May 11, 1878, died in in- fancy; George R., born April 23, 1883; and William A., born November 14, 1885. Mr. Luce is a Prohibitionist in politics, and he and wife are members of the Baptist Church. The first Le Barre came to this country from France in the year 1730. He was a French Huguenot, and came over with others during the reign of Louis XIV. He lived to be one hundred and five years old. As he settled near Philadelphia, his chil- dren married mostly among the Germans and Hollanders. He had one son and one grandson who lived to be over one hundred years old. One of his descendants, George La Barre, married one Catherine Bloom, who moved from Pennsylvania to Tompkins county with a family of six boys and one girl. After living here several years he returned, with all of his family except two (Abraham and John) to the vicin- ity of WilHamsport, Pa. Abraham, who married (before coming to this countj') one Anna Christina Stribi, left seven boys and three girls, of whom there are four living in the town of Lansing at the present time, viz., Jesse, Henry and James Le Barre, and Catherine Le Barre-Fish. Of his grandchildren and great-grandchildren there ' are seventy -five: nearly all residing in this county. John married Jane McGowan and left one son, Wm. Le Barre, who still resides in Lansing. Caleb B. was bom in Lansing August 15, 1839, the son of Elijah, of Lansing, born in 1809, who was the son of Abraham Le Barre, the first settler by that name in Lansing. He was a soldier in the war of 1813. Elijah married Amanda, daughter of Richard and Lydia Man- ning, of Ithaca. They reared six children: Ira, who died while young; Caleb B., Johanna, wife of Warren Miller, of Farmer, Seneca county ; Amy, deceased wife of Charles Price, of Ithaca ; Richard V. , Lydia, wife of Theron Manning, of Ithaca. Our subject was reared to farm life, and attended the district schools until the age of fifteen, then entered the Ithaca Academy. About 1867 he, with his brother Richard, bought a farm in Dryden, which they traded some time later, and finally our subject bought the place where he now resides, and is engaged in mixed farming and dairy- ing, having for nine years sold milk at retail in Ithaca, selling now at wholesale. 1 90 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. May 31, 1859, he married Helen, daughter of Joseph and Letitia Iredell, of Jackson- ville, N. Y., born March 6, 1838. Mr. and Mrs. Le Barre have had two children: Allen E., born July 28, 1860; and Myron, born January 4, 1868. Our subject and wife are members of the Grange at Ithaca, and Mr. Le Barre is a Democrat in poli- tics. Allen E. married Laura Welch, by whom he has two children: Nellie and Her- bert; Myron married Susan Bennett, by whom he has. two children, Harry and Willie. Kirby, Jonas W., was born in Northamptonshire, England, October. 8, 1838, and came to the United States at the age of sixteen, locating in the town of Caroline, and moving two months later to Ulysses. February 18, 1854, he married Martha E. Richardson, formerly of Connecticut, and they have one adopted son, Christopher M. , who is a stenographer in the Fisheries Department at Washington, D. C. , and is studying in the Columbia Law School of that place. Mr. Kirby's father, Thomas, was born at the old homestead in England in 1806, and married Rachel Welch, of Cas- grove, that shire, by whom he had four children: Jonas W., Reuben, Thomas and Robert. The family, except Jonas W., landed at Ithaca May 15, 1842. He died May 31, 1887, and his wife May 15, 1841. Mrs. Kirby's father, William Richardson, rharried Esther Barnes, of the town of Canaan, Conn. , and they had six children ; Polly, Gilbert, Edward, Huldah, William and Martha E. Mrs. Kirby's mother died when the daughter was six years old. The latter lived in Dutchess county four years then came to Ulysses with Jacob Arnold, in November, 1844. Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Kirby were residents of the town of Caroline eleven years. He is a member of Tru- mansburgh Lodge No. 157 F. & A. M., also of Fidelity Chapter No. 77, R. A. M. and of St. Augustine Commandery of Ithaca No. 38. He has served as assessor fifteen years. Kyle, Edmond H., M. D., was born near Pittsburg, Pa., September 37, 1848. He was educated in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, after tak- ing a private preparatory course. His degree was granted from the university in 1876, and he immediately located in Havana, where he remained but a short time and then removed to Enfield, where he was engaged in the practice of his profession until Sep- tember 11, 1882, the date of his coming to Ithaca. The doctor has now an enviable reputation as a successful practitioner, and has a host of friends. He was for three years coroner of the county. He married in 1873 Ida A. Rice, of Pennsylvania, by whom he had four children. She died July 20, 1891. King, Sylvester, was born in Ulysses near Willow Creek, December 1, 1826, and was educated in the schools of that day, following farming. November 17, 1849, he married Rachel King, of Greenwood, Steuben county, and they have one daughter, Addie A., who married Edward P. Boughton, of Trumansburgh, and their four chil- dren are: Harry M., Arthur E., Edward P., and Rachel K. Mr. King's father, John, was born in Chenango county, N. Y. , in 1792, and came here at an early day. He married Elizabeth Genong, of Chenango county, and they had ten children who grew to maturity: Jehiel, Lucy, Judah, Hiram, Orrin, Sylvester, Aaron, Orsemus, Judson and Adonirum. They came to reside in this county about 1814, where his father died in 1875 and his wife about 1870. Mrs. King's father, Jeremiah, was born in Dutch- ess county, N. Y., in 1784 and came to this county in an early day. He married Sarah Campbell by whom he had thirteen children, twelve of whom grew to maturity: FAMILY SKETCHES. 91 Chauncey, Nancy, Diantha, Delaney, Cordancy, Samantha, John F., Hannah, Howells, Ann Catharine and Rachael. The father died in 1870 and the mother in 1846. Mrs. King's father was a soldier in the war of 1813. Kirkendall, John S., M. D., was born in the town of Danby, January 31, 1854, a son of Samuel Kirkendall, a farmer. Our subject was educated in the common schools and Ithaca Academy, and at the age of twenty-one he began the study of medicine in the drug store of George W. Schuyler, going from there to Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, where he spent one year, then to the Cleveland Homeopathic College , where he spent two years. He graduated from Cleveland College in 1880, commenc- ing practice with Dr. David White, in Ithaca. Here he remained till Augfust, 1883, and then went to New York, where he was with Drs. Agnew and Webster, making a special study of eye and ear work, at the New York Polyclinic. In January of the followrag year he returned to Ithaca and resumed practice, occupying a foremost po- sition in the practice of his profession. Five months of the year 1890 he spent in Moorefield's Eye and Ear Hospital in London, England. In 1886-87 he held the of- fice of village trustee, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland pension ex- aminer for this district, and was reappointed under the present administration. December 8, 1881, he married Sarah M. Johnson, of Jacksonville, by whom he has one daughter. In August, 1893, he gave up his general practice and now devotes his time exclusively to his specialty, that of the eye and ear. Willson Herbert G., was born in the city of Ithaca, March 16, 1865, the youngest son of Wm. W. Willson (see biography). Herbert was educated in 'the common schools and Ithaca High School, and after leaving school he went into his father's store, where he remained until March 15, 1898, when he bought the hat store of Geo. W. Culver at No, 64 E. State street, where he has since conducted a business. He has a fine store, with twenty-six feet front and fifty feet deep. He carries a complete line of hats, furs, trunks and satchels, and is a representative of "Knox, the Hatter " of New York. Mr. Willson is a member of the Presbyterian church, and an active member of the Y. M. C. A. of this city. He was married in 1889, on October 3, to Donna L., daughter of William Frear (see biography). _^ Wheeler, Levi J., was born in Farmer Village, April 33, 1844; was educated in the public schools, removed to Trumansburgh in the fall of 1861, and embarked in the ' mercantile business first as clerk and afterwards on his own account. . This he con- tinued until 1884. In 1885 he established the banking house of L. J. Wheeler & Co. , and has since carried on the banking business with much success. Mr. Wheeler has been prominent in all public enterprises in Trumansburgh, having been instrumental in the erection of the new Union School and Academy building, and is still president of the Board of Education. Young, Er-ra, .jr.^ was born in Ulysses, JSTovember 31, -I860. He -was educated in t(l»^f»Mt);i<}.Sk){myfes,a»n»6 t^years, and afterwards at Skaneateles and Geneva. In 1849 he came to Groton and started a foundry, now a part of the Bridge Company's extensive works. For about thirty-seven years Mr. Perrigo conducted a highly successful business, and during that time was also iden- tified with other prominent interests of the village. In 1865 he was one of the organizers of the First National Bank of Groton, was its first president and held that position until January 14, 1890. He retired from active business life about seven 136 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. years ago. In 1844 Charles Perrigo married Adelia Jessup, by whom he had one child, Urania, wife of Charles S. Barney, of Groton. His wife died in 1853, and in 1855 he married Fanny Jessup, sister-in-law of his first, by whom he had two children, both of whom died during childhood. His second wife died in 1861, and he married third, Mmnie S. Williams, sister of Professor Williams, of Cornell University, by whom he has one child, now the wife of Alvin Booth. The third wife died April 19, 1893. Mr. Perrigo was originally a Whig, later a Republican, and Was one of the organizers of the latter party in the county. Although an earnest partisan Mr. Perrigo has not been in any sense a politician. lie was at one time a member of the Board of Education, and also president of the Board of Water Commissioners of Groton village. Reynolds, William, was born in the town of Niles, Cayuga county, July 35, 1851. His father, David Reynolds, was a native of that town. Our subject was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of twenty-one he married Elizabeth Graves, and they have one son, George Reynolds. He takes the Democratic side in politics and an active interest in educational and religious matters. Through life he has followed the business of milling, commencing at ten years of age. In July, 1893, he bought the Red Mills at Freeville, where he does a general milling business, having one of the best water powers in the State. Our subject is knowri in his town as an active, energetic business man of conservative and independent character. Rummer, Gabriel, was born in the town of Dryden, May 29, 1848. His father, Eli Rummer, was a native of the town in which he spent his life of sixty years, born in 1820, and passing away in 1880. Our subject was educated in the common schools and in Dryden Academy under Jackson Graves. At the age of twenty he married Licetna Johnson, daugter of Philo A. Johnson, who died in 1892. In 1893 he bought the John Morgan property of sixty acres, on which he raises hay, grain and stock, making a specialty of dairying. He takes the Republican side in politics and an active interest in school and church matters. In 1893 he bought the Lombard stock of boots and shoes in connection with his son, Charles E. Rummer, and they are the leading merchants in their line in the town of Dryden. He is noted for energy and business ability. Rhodes, Bertrand, was born in the west portion of the town of Dryden, May 30, 1837. His father, W. S. Rhodes, was born in Dryden in 1812, and spent his life-time of sixty-six years as a farmer, also engaging in the lumber business. Bertrand Rhodes received a common school education, but through force of character soon became known as one of the prominent farmers of his town, having 12(i acres of laud, a part of his father's estate, to which he has added different pieces of adjoining property. At the age of twenty-six he married Maggie Brennan, who died in 1874, leaving four sons, Elmer, Earl, William, and Orra. In 187G he married Rosa Fogarty, daughter of John Fogarty, of Dryden, and they have one daughter, Estella. He takes the Democratic side in politics and an intelligent interest in edu- cational and religious matters. He is a progressive well informed citizen, keeping well abreast of the times and recognized in his town as a practical and successful farmer. FAMILY SKETCHES. 137 Puff, John L. , was born June 15, 1838, at Bayonne Point, N. J. He was a farmer until twenty years of age. At that time he entered the store of P. S. Dudley as clerk, without making any bargain or knowing the salary he was to receive. He remained for five years. At this time he entered into partnership with Mr. Bush, each buying one-half interest; afterward he formed a partnership with John W. Dean, which lasted for seven years. He next bought Mr. Dean's interest, then sold to Mr. Kel- logg, and took an interest in the firm of Pierson, Puff & Co. Mr. Pierson retiring, the firm became J. L. Puff & Co., now changed to J. L. Puff & Son, doing a business in general merchandise. In 1858 he married Mary L. Dudley, and their children were: Adah A., La Monte D., and Katie E., who died at the age of seventeen years. Mr. Puff is a Republican, and was supervisor of the town in 1864 and 1865. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, King Hiram Lodge No. 784, and his son is also a Mason. Pierce, Ebenezer, known as Captain Pierce, was a native of Massachusetts, and came with his family to Groton soon after the War of 1813, and settled in the Bear Swamp neighborhood. His wife was Hannah Spooner, and their children were: Susan, who married David Teeter, and lived and died in Groton,; Otis, born in 1831, married Mary Ann Savacool, and died December 24, 1879 ; J. Prescott, living in Free- ville, N. Y. , a. minister of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection. His first wife was Phebe J. Moe, who died in Peruville, N. Y. , August 9, 1889; his second wife was Mrs. Jane E. Lane, widow of Isaac Lane ; she died in Freeville, September 18, 1892 ; he married third Mrs. Louisa Johnston, April 13, 1898, widow of Ira Johnston, of Wellsboro, Pa. ; Harrison, born in 1826, living in Ohio, married Rachel Gray, who died in February, 1893; Phebe Jane, who married Luther Townley; Stillman, born in 1833, married Emeline, daughter of Dr. Isaac Underwood, ill 1855, and died in Peruville in July, 1864 ; and Zeno, born in 1830, married Caroline Morgan in 1854, and died in February, 1880, at Groton. Captain Pierce was a large and successful farmer of Groton, and a man highly respected in the community. He was a strong ■ Whig, and later on a Republican. He was a member of the Baptist church. He died in the spring of 1858, and his wife in 1888. Moses, son of Captain Pierce, pioneer, was born in Groton in 1881, was brought up and has always lived on a farm, and while not a large farmer, there are none whose farms are kept under better cultiva- tion. In 1853 Mr. Pierce married Elizabeth, daughter of William Underwood, of Groton. Mrs. Pierce died April 25, 1891. Palmer, William O., vpas born in Orange county. Mount Hope, July 27, 1830, Daniel, his father, was a native of this State, and was a cabinetmaker and farmer. William O. was always an agriculturist, at one time owning three farms. He died September 27, 1898. His education was acquired in the common schools, where he was a bright scholar. March 39, 1857, he married Mary A. Linderman, of Tompkins county, a daughter of Harvey Linderman, and they were the parents of two children , Ida and Emma, twins, who are both married and reside in this county. Mr. Palmer was a member of the Newfield Lodge, and was a Democrat. Pinckney, the late Henry, was born in New York city, January 31, 1800, and came with his parents to this county when two years old. He received his education in the district schools, and was always a farmer. He married first Harriet Owen, of 138 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. this town, and they had one son, Owen. For his second wife he married Caroline S. Follett, of the town of Enfield, and they had seven children; Harriet, Margaret, Webb, John, Jay. Levett, and Fred. Mr. Pinckney died December 2, 1878, and his widow survives. Fred married Susie Kirby of this town. Mrs. Pinckney's father, Silas Follett, was born in Winchester, January 28, 1786, and married first Hannah May, by whom he had four children, Fanny, Emily, Harriet, and Sophronia. He married second Nancy Curry, of this county, and they had nine children : William, James, ■ Caroline, John, Betsey, Alexander, Lutherna, Pamelia S., and Mary. He died October 1, 1864, and his wife August 23, 1862. Jay Pinckney now conducts the farm, Levett and Fred now owning a farm together next to the county house farm. Palmer, H. B., of Newfield, was born in Orange county, October 12, 1822, a son of Daniel Palmer, who was a native of Orange county, but removed to this locality in 1882, settling in the town of Newfield, in what was known as the Sebrmg Settlement. Later he removed to Enfield, but returned again to the Settlement, and there he died in 1872. His wife was Phoebe Horton, of Orange county, by whom he had thirteen children, of whom our subject was the seventh, being now seventy-one years of age. The latter has always been a farmer and tobacco raiser, and at one time operated a saw mill. July 1, 1846, he married Catharine Smith, of this county, a. daughter of Nathan Smith, a native of Dutchess county, having removed to this locality in 1832, by whom he had three children: Sarah J., who died aged eighteen months; Lucy M., and Helen L., both of whom live at home, and both are artists in oil. Mrs. Palmer died in April, 1891. Our subject is a member of the Grange, is a Republican in poli- tics, and at present is postmaster at Stratton's. Quigg, James, was born in Ithaca, July 29, 1821, a son of David Quigg, a native of New Hampshire, who came the fii'st time to this section in 1801 and located in Spen- cer, where he tried farming, but gave it up in disgust and returned to his native State, and the next year moved to Ithaca and established a mercantile business, con- ducting a general store in a log house on Linn street, where artist Beardsley's resi- dence now is ; after a few years locating in a frame building opposite the Tompkins House. His whole life was devoted to the mercantile business, and closed December 17, 1862, ripe with years and the honor of his townspeople. Our subject was edu- cated in the Ithaca Academy, and all spare hours were spent in the store. In the fall of 1847 the father gave up the business and the firm became John William and James Quigg, the sons of the establisher. This firm continued until the death of J. William, November 33, 1865, since which time James has continued alone. This firm was for many years large shippers of produce, but have now given that up and conduct only a store. In 1852 they bought the property on State street, where the store has since been located. Mr. Quigg married in 1848 Julia A. Rose, of Chenango county, and they have had three children, only one now living, Mrs. Whitney New- ton, of Pueblo, Col. Reynolds, Robert Crandall, came to Groton about 1816, and from that time until his death, February 15, 1874, was one of the foremost men of the town. He was generous and public spirited in all local interests, especially educational matters, be- ing one of the founders of the old academy and one of its chief supporters, sending many a poor youth to the institution at his own expense, who could not otherwise have enjoyed those privileges. Mr. Reynolds was born in Bristol, Mass., June 6, FAMILY SKETCHES. 139 1793, one of two sons of Gideon Reynolds, a shoemaker of Bristol, who came to Her- kimer county, where he met with an accidental death. On coming to Groton our subject started in trade with Jeremiah Stevens, and also purchased the old Groton Hotel, added to it, and was its proprietor for about twenty-five years. At the same time he was engaged in other enterprises, remaining in active business till 1866, when he retired with a well earned competency. His wife was Louisa Stevens, a lady of refinement and education, who died July 20, 1866. They had no children. Mr. Reynolds was a firm Democrat, but sought no political preferment. Samuel Clark Reynolds was the nephew of Robert C, and became a resident of Groton in 1852, having, been born in Herkimer county, February 28, 1833, the son of William Reynolds. On coming to the village Samuel was a clerk in the employ of his uncle, and in later years became his business partner (185.5-66). Robert was succeeded in 1866 by H. K. Clark. In 1880 Samuel retired from active business, and has since been a traveling salesman. Like his uncle, Mr. Reynolds has ever been a staunch Democrat, and has been candidate for the Assembly. October 27-, 1859, he married Mary, daughter of Sidney Gooding, and they have had three children. Reed, Levi H. , was born in the town of Ithaca, December 8, 1824. His father, Andrew W., came to Tompkins county in 1806, and settled in the town of Ulysses, there being only one frame house in Ithaca at the time of his arrival. L. H. Reed was educated in the common schools and is a self-made and self-educated man. At the age of twenty-five he married Susan Manning, who died in 1851, and in 1856 he married Katie A. Morris, daughter or John Morris, of Lansing, and they have two children; Edgar J., and Susan C. In 1850 he bought the George Brown farm of fifty acres. In 1870 he bought part of the Warren D. Ellis property, and in 1872 he bought part of the Scott property, adding in 1888 a section of the Horace and William Smith, and now has 125 acres in all, making a specialty of hay, though he raises grain and the usual crops also. He is one of the substantial men of the town, taking an active interest in education and religious matters. Rood, G. L., M. D., was born in Centre Lisle, Broome county, N. Y., July 16, 1855, and was educated in the common schools and afterwards graduated from Starkey Academy and then made a trip west, and on his return took a course of medical study, and in 1882 graduated from the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio , and then returned and established a general practice of medicine in Etna. At the age of twenty-eight he married Ida A. Ayers, daughter of Job Ayers, of Richford, Tioga county, N. Y. They have two children, one son, Vaughn, and a daughter, Olive. He takes the Republican side in politics and also an active interest in school and church matters and in advancing the best interests of his town, where he is recognized as a citizen of ability and high merit. Roper, Luther, was born October 12, 1826, in the town of Danby, and was educated in the district schools, to which he has added by intelligent reading and close obser- vation. At the age of twenty-four he married Fannie M, Egbert, by whom he, had two sons and a daughter. The eldest, W. E. Roper, is now a practicing physician in Candor. The other son, T. Eugene Roper, is also a physician, located in Pueblo, Colo. The daughter, Mary E., died, aged twenty-two. Our subject is a Republican in politics, and is interested in all matters relating to education aud religion, being connected with the old Presbyterian church of Danby. He is a practical and sue- 140 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. cessful farmer, cultivating 150 acres of land on which he raises large crops of hay and grain. Roe, Moses, was born in the town of Danby, now part of Caroline, March 12, 1833. He has always been a carpenter and joiner, having followed the same for forty years, in connection with his farm work. He has a place consisting of about fourteen acres of fine farm land. July 4, 1843, Mr. Roe married Margaret A. Barnard, of Ulysses, and they are the parents of eight children, of whom one son and one daughter live at home, all the others being married and away. They have celebrated their fiftieth marriage anniversary, with all their children around them. William Roe, the great-grandfather of our subject, was a quartermaster in the colonial army under General Washington, and lived to a good old age, all the family being long lived. Our subject is a member of the G. A. R., and also of the Grange, and is a Republican in politics. Rowe, Judge Jerome, deceased, Avas a native of Berkshire county, Mass., was edu- cated at Union College, and followed teaching till 1857, when he look up the study of law. He was a man of very extended education, being the master of seven languages, and he practiced his profession in Ithaca for twenty-one years. He was a soldier in the late war, leading the first company from this county as their captain. Since his death his wife, Mrs. Fannie P. Rowe, has taken up the work he left undone, and has become a pension attorney of considerable prominence, having made a specialty of rejected claims. It was her first intention only to prove her own claim, but her successful securing of it and others for some of her friends, induced her to follow it as a profession, and she has been very successful. Mrs. Rowe was appointed by Governor Hill as notary public in 1885, and has held the office con- tinuously since. Judge Rowe died July 30, 1878, leaving four children, three now living. Bertrand P. is a graduate of Cornell, class of 1893 ; Anna M. is a teacher in Central School, and Mildred L. is a student at the Grammar School. Rubin, Henry, is a native of Russian Poland, and came to this country in 1868. He was a student of photography in his native land, and when he landed in this country, went immediately to Ithaca, and for a few years was engaged in painting and crayon work. In 1876 he bought out the gallery at 38 and 30 State street, of John C. Gauntlet, sr. , where he has ever since been in business. Mr. Rubin has acquired a reputation for fine work, and exactness and neatness second to none. He is prepared at all times to enlarge either in painting or crayon work. Mr. Rubin is a member of the Society of United Friends. He married in his native land, and is the father of one son and one daughter. The gallery where he is now located, is not the same one in which he started in, but after spending five years at 38 and 30 State street, he removed to 15 and 17 State street, where he has large and commodious parlors, fully equipped for all kinds of photographic work. Randolph, Frederick P., was born in the town of Ithaca, November 33, 1836, a son of Isaac, a native of Dutchess county, . who came here in 1809, a mason and builder by trade. Among his buildings may be mentioned the old Town Hall, and the residence built for General Hubbell on Geneva street. He died here in 1873, aged eighty-four years. Frederick P. was the third son in a family of seven children, and his whole life has been spent in this city. At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to Henry FAMILY SKETCHES. 141 H. Moore to learn the carpenter's trade, serving three years and eight months, and after his time expired he remained two years longer. He was a journeyman carpenter about four years, then took his first building contract at the age of twenty-five. Among some of the buildings for which he contracted may be mentioned the resi- dences of O. G. Howard, Mrs. Vail, D. W. Burdick, and the Unitarian church, the Reed block, HoUister hotel, and the annex of the High School. He is a Republican and a member of Aurora Street Methodist Church, of which he was for many years a trustee. In 1854 he married Adelaide, daughter or Selah T. Benjamin, a harness- maker, of this town. Mr. and MrS. Randolph had one daughter, Mary Ella, who died November 18, 1866, aged twelve years. He has a fine residence, with office in the rear, built in 1875. Robertson, Orris, was born in Lansing, March 18, 1855, the son of Thomas Robertson, a native of Saratoga county, born January 2, 1798, whose parents were George and Mary (Smith) Robertson. Thomas spent his life on the farm, and was constable for Dryden twelve consecutive years. He was also collector and deputy sheriff several years. In the year 1839 he was elected sheriff. In 1830 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob and Mary Teeter, of Lansing, and they had ten children: Newton, born August 29, 1833; Olive, born July 15, 1834; Rome, born June 1, 1836 (deceased) ; Mary, born March 27, 1838; Jane, born February 7, 1840, wife of Stroud Bush, of Lansing; Fame, born February 11, 1843, wife of Samuel Smith, of Lansing; Paris, born July 2, 1844; Serene, born March 28, 1846, wife of J. B. Spaulding, of Ulysses; Homer T., born March 4, 1849 (deceased); and Orris,' born March 18, 1855. In 1832 Mr. Robertson moved to Lansing, w^iere he died in 1886, and his wife in 1884. Orris Robertson was educated in the district schools, and at the age of twenty-one left home and spent some years in various enterprises. In 1882 he returned home and took charge of the farm, which became his at the death of his father. In 1883 he married Louise Jewell, born in 1866, daughter of Moni-oe and Hannah (Dixon) Jewell, of Danby; Mr. and Mrs. Robertson have had three children: Glen, born October 35, 1884; Elizabeth H., born June 27, 1889; Elma, born January 11, 1894. Mr. Robertson is a Republican. Rudy, Henry, jr., was born in Ulysses, July 15, 1835, at the old homestead. He was educated in the common schools and two terms at Trumansburgh Academy. He was one of a family of nine children, and grew to manhood on the home farm. At the age of twenty-one he began teaching school, and taught three winters. In 1857 he went to Rockford, 111., and taught school two winters in the town of Owen. In the spring of 1858 he went on the Dakota frontier and assisted in the survey of Sioux Falls town site, remaining there through the summer. He returned to the home farm in 1859. August 22, 1802, he enlisted in Company I, 137th N. Y. Vols. ; was promoted to sergeant, and at Lookout Mountain to first lieutenant. He took part in eighteen engagements, including Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Lookout Mountain ; was with Sherman in the great march to the sea. He was wounded three times once in his side, was shot through the neck, and received a shell wound in his forehead, and was twice carried off the field for dead. He missed only one engage- ment the regiment was in, because in the hospital thirty-two days from scurvy, sores on legs, during a three years' service. He was mustered out by reason of the close of the war, in June, 1865, and received an honorable discharge. He is not 143 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. pensioned. June 18, 1872, he married CoraC. Sirrine, of Trumansburgh ; they have had two children: Arthur H., born September 13, 1873, died August 33, 1879, and Laura C. , who is living at home. Mr. Rudy continued farming some years after the war, but is now retired from active labor, and is living in the village of Trumansburgh. His father, Henry Rudy, sr., was born on his father's farm near where he settled January 31, 1808, and died December 14, 1893. He married Eleanor Owen, of Hector, by whom he had nine children; Lewis, Ann, Miner, John, Henry, jr., Mary, James, William, and Julia. Mr. Rudy, since- his retirement, has been active for the public, having been president of the Fair for three years and a director, member of the school board, church trustee and deacon of the Baptist church, president of the Board of Health, and post commander of Treman Post, G. A. R. No. 573. John Rudy, grandfather of the subject, was born in Bucks county. Pa., February 33, 1774, and settled near Trumansburgh in 1800. His wife, Lucy Easling, was born in Ulysses, April 37, 1784, and died March 9, 1843 ; he died January 14, 1833. Wartrous, Ezra Jason, was born in Freetown, Cortland county, March 3, 1814, one of thirteen children of Austin and Sally (Backus) Wartrous. Ezra was brought up on the farm, and at the age of twenty-three started for himself, traveling for a wagon company. In 1851 he came to Groton and bought a farm, and thereafter was recognized as a progressive and successful farmer for a period of thirty-three years. He retired from active work about ten years ago, and in 1889 purchased the beautiful residence and property formerly owned by Dye Williams. Mr. Wartrous married Julia, daughter of Judge Walton Swetland, a distinguished member of the old Cortland county bar, and they had three children: Martha, wife of D. H. Brown, of Cortland ; Edgar, who died August 30, 1849 ; and Ellen, who died September 6, 1849. In 1851 our subject married Rhoda Perkins, also a daughter of Judge Swetland, and the widow of C. V. Perkins, of Cincinnatus. Two children have been born of the second marriage: Edgar P., who holds a prominent position with the Groton Bridge Co., and Mary, who died September 16, 1863. Julia Swetland Wartrous died Septem- ber 6, 1849. In political affairs Mr. Wartrous has ever been a consistent Whig and Republican, though in no sense a politician. For one year he was supervisor of the town of Groton. He is a member of the Baptist church, and his wife and son Edgar of the M. E. church. Willey, F. R., was born in the town of Dryden, January 39, 1871, and was edu- cated in the common schools, to which he has added by an intelligent course of reading and close observation. At the age of twenty he married Nettie Sager, of Dryden, and they are the parents of one daughter, Helen. He takes the Democratic side in politics, and an active interest in church and school matters. In 1893 he bought a half interest in the general merchandise stock of Shaver & Willey, and in ,1893 purchased the interest of his brother, which he now conducts alone, having a large stock of dry goods, groceries, clothing, boots and shoes, hats and caps, and has doubled the volume of his business. Our subject is recognized in his town as a merchant of ability, and progressive ideas, taking a prominent part in advancing its best interests. Wright, Horatio D., born in Danby April. 15, 1819. His father, Orson Wright, came to Danby in 1808, where he and Zebulon, Charles Robbins and Isaac Wright bought and cleared up adjoining farms. Orson Wright died May 31, 1878, at the ad- FAMILY SKETCHES, , ■ 143 vanced age of ninety-two. Our subject laid the foundation of his education in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and observation. At the age of thirty he married Caroline, daughter of James Ireland, of Danby, andthey have eight children, of whom five are Hving: Emogene, Louisa, Edward, Carrie and Ar- thur. In 1864 he bought what was known as the Captain Denton property, having 135 acres of fine farm lands, raising hay, grain and stock. Our subject is one of the leading farmers in his town, taking an active and intelligent interest in educational and religious matters. The grandmother of Mr, Wright was a Douglass, and in that way was connected and intimate with the family of Stephen A. Douglass. Welch, John B., was born in Danby June 4, 1850, educated in common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and observation. He married when twenty-three years of age Cora Belle Manning, daughter of Silas Manning, who is now seventy- four years old, and who was born in this town. His father, John Man- ning, was one of the earliest settlers in the town, buying a portion of the old Watkins & Flint tract. Our subject purchased and now resides on the same farm, which through his wife has been in the family since 1806. They have one son, John B. Welch. He is a Republican in politics and takes an active interest in educational and religious matters, having been trustee and steward In the M, E. church in Dan- by. Mr, Welch is recognized in his town as a man of sterling worth, and as a prac- tical and successful farmer. Warren, James C, was born in Albany November 30, 1827, moved into Tompkins county in 1875, and was educated at Pompey Hill Academy, N. Y. Mr. Warren has a beautiful residence and farm on the west side of Cayuga Lake, and gives attention to raising fruits, fine fowls and grain. He is a Democrat, has been mayor pro tern. on several different occasions of the city of Ithaca, and was alderman two years. Mr. Warren is known throughout his neighborhood as an active, energetic man, whose word is as good as his bond, and whose integrity is above suspicion. Whitlock, Lorenzo R. , born March 3, 1849, in Ithaca, received his early education in the district schools, but was soon called from school to assist his father on the farm, upon whose death, at the age of sixty-three, he took the entire control. Subject's mother was born in Lansing, Tompkins county, and lived to the age of ninety years, eighty-five of which was spent in Ithaca. Mr. Whitlock has given his attention to farming throughout his life, but takes an active interest in educational and political matters, being a RepubUcan. He has also thoroughly identified himself with the Aurora Street Methodist church in Ithaca,*of which he has been a consistent member for twenty years. White, Walter Watts, was a native of .Windsor, Mass., born July 14, 1812. He married Laura Bliss and came to Groton, locating on a farm. Their only child was Ellen D. White, who married James H. Eldridge, a native of Washington county, N. Y. , born in 1829. When a lad he came with his father, Thomas Eldridge, and settled in the western part of this town. In 1863 M. Eldridge enlisted in Co. K, 137th N. Y. Vols., and after a year of service was discharged for disability. He never afterward regained his full health, and was obliged to abandon farmmg. He kept a hotel in Steuben county for a few years, and died in 1869. 144 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Peck, William Mitchell, was born in South New Berlin, Chenango county, Septem. ber 21, 1823, and lived with his parents till 1845, wprking on a farm and also learning the mason's trade. His people moved to Truxton in 1824, and there the young life of our subject was spent. It 1869 Mr. Peck came to Groton, where he was a farmer, but later returned to Cortland county, and at one time had a dairy farm of sixty cows. In 1872 he bought a half interest in a mercantile business in Groton, his partner being Nelson Trumbull. Six months later he retired and bought the S. B. Marsh shoe stock, and with the latter enterprise he was connected for nineteen years, retiring in 1801. November 10, 1845, Mr. Peck married Jane A. Robbins, by whom he liiul eleven children, nine of whom grew to maturity. His wife died February 3, 1871, and on October 25 of that year he married second Elleft D. Eldridge, daughter of Walter W. White, and widow of James H. Eldridge. Mr. Peck was originally a Whig, then an Abolitionist, later a strong Republican, and now believes equally strong in Prohibition. Wilcox, William H., was born April 6, 1841, on the farm where he now resides, in the town of Danby, was educated in the common schools, and at the age of twenty- seven married Mary E., daughter of Reuben Meeker, also of this town. They had one son, who was killed at the age of nineteen, by the accidental discharge of a can- non. Mr. Wilcox is a Republican in politics, and takes an active and intelligent in- terest in all educational and religious matters, being trustee and steward of the M. E. church in South Danby. Our subject is one of the leading farmers in his part of the town, having a fine farm of 125 acres on which he raises large quantities of grain, hay and stock. Rumsey, Charles J., was born in the town of Enfield, January 80, 1849, the son of James Rumsey, a farmer of Enfield, who died in 1868. Charles was educated in the common schools and the old Ithaca Academy, living on the homestead farm until reaching his majority. In 1870 he came. to Ithaca, where he acted as clerk for his brother, John, in the hardware store established in 1858. In 1876 he became a part- ner in the firm of John Rumsey & Co. The senior member retiring in 1879 the firm became Charles J. Rumsey & Co. For three years his partners were Edwin Gillette and E. M. Finch, since then only Mr. Gillette being the company. Mr. Rumsey is a Democrat in politics, and was president of Ithaca in 1882-83-84, this being the time of the establishment of the electric light plant. He was civil seryice commissioner three years, also a prominent member of the Masonic order. He married in 1880 Sa- rah Cooper, of Catharine, Schuyler county, and they have two sons, John and Law- rence. Rightmire, Trotter, and Townsend. — Mrs. Townsend's father, Addison Right- mire, was born in Ulysses, on the old homestead, (recently known as the Vann prop- erty) in October, 1818, was educated in the schools of that day, and was a teacher and farmer. He married Hannah M. Franklin, and they had six children; Arietta George, WiUiam, Henry, Emma and Sarah. William is a judge at Cottonwood Falls, Kan. Mr. Rightmire died about 1876 and his wife about 1864. Mr. Townsend's grandfather, John Rightmire, was born in Westchester county, and was a soldier in the war of 1812. Her great-grandfather was a soldier in the Revolution and was one of the first settlers of the town, locating on his land bounty claim, on the above noted property. Arietta married twice, first on August 7, 1861, Abram M. Trotter, of the FAMILY SKETCHES. 14r, town of Enfield, who died February 19, 1884. For her second husband, she married in 1886 Orville R. Townsend, born in Ovid, Seneca county, who was educated in the district schools, and was one of the town's intelligent farmers. For some years, he was a resident of the town of Hector, Schuyler county. Mr. Townsend's father, William W. , was born in Hector and married Deborah Auble, of Seneca county. They had twelve children all now living except one. Robinson, Almon, was born in Exeter, Otsego pounty, January 22, 1813. He read medicine with Dr. Haywood, and practiced a short time there, but soon removed to South Cortland, where he remained about seven years, and in 1850 came to McLean, where he liVed until his death, June 5, 1889. He was an extensive and successful practitioner, and a large hearted and generous man. He married in Exeter, Bar- bara Robinson, by whom he had one child, Helen M. Robinson. His second wife was Eliza Fassett, by whom he had two children: Celia E., wife of W. C. Heming- way, of Dryden, and Barzilla L. , of McLean. The latter was born at South Cortland, February 1, 1849, was educated in Homer Academy and entered Cornell, taking an elective course, hence was not graduated. He was a teacher for a time, having been principal of the Groton Union school. Later on he read law two years in the office of Milo Goodrich of Dryden, but his eyesight being impaired he was compelled to abandon his law Studies. Upon his full recovery he read medicine nearly two years with his father, attended Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia for two years and graduated; his diploma from Jefferson College was endorsed by Bellevue, Hospital Medical College. Dr. Robinson began practice at McLean in 1887, and has an ex- tensive and increasing clientage. His specialty is the treatment of cancerous diseases, in which field he has attained an enviable degree of prominence. In 1872 he married Emily S., daughter of Lucius and Emily La Motte, of McLean and they have two children. He is a Democrat. He is one of the presentBoard of Pension Examining Surgeons for this county. Brenizer, W. I., D.D.S., was born in Worcester, Wayne county, Ohio, March 24, 1858, a son of a farmer and a veterinary surgeon. The doctor was educated in the common schools, Bryant & Stratton's Business College at Cleveland, and Baldwin University at Berea, Ohio. Afterward he took a course in civil engineering at Cin- cinnati. At the ^ge of sixteen he began to^teach, and in this way worked for his education. He first began the study of dentistry in 1883 in Akron, Ohio, entered the dental department of the University of Pennsylvania, where he received the degree of D.D.S. January 11, 1892, he located in Ithaca, buying the office of Frank E. Howe, in the Masonic block, where he has since conducted a very successful practice. Barnes, Stephen I., an old resident of Lansing, was born in Erin, Chemung county, December 20, 1833, son of Jeremiah and Eleanor (Swartwood) Barnes, the father born in Delaware county, January 8, 1800. ' He was a son of Abram Barnes, also a native of New York State. The mother was a daughter of Gen. Jacob and Catharine (Van Etten) Swartwood. Jacob was the first postmaster of Cayuta Creek, now known as Swartwood. Jeremiah, father of our subject, came to Lansing in 1844 and settled where our subject now lives, and where he resided until his death April 1, 1878. ■The mother died August 27, 1860. Jeremiah was a Democrat in politics, but when the Republican party was formed he joined with them. Our subject was educated in MU ' LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. the common schools and attended one term at Aurora Academy. At the age of twenty-four he took an extended trip west through Iowa and Minnesota, three years later returning home and settling on his father's farm. In 1858 he married Eunice M., daughter of Ashley and Phoebe Taylor, of Illinois, formerly of New York State, and they had four children : Fred, born in February, 1861 ; Floyd, born in June, 1864; Ruth, died in infancy; John, born in March, 1870. Fred married Elizabeth Rurasey of Chemung county, and they have two children : George, bom in June, 1885, and Charles, born in 1889. John married Lora Ferriss, of Cayuga county, and they have one child. Earl, born in 1891. Our subject is one of a family of eight children; Ja- cob, Rubin, John, James R., Stephen I., Charles (died in the army), Elizabeth, Cath- arine and Ruth (twins), the wives of Francis Smith of Lansing and J. G. Waldwin of Ithaca respectively. Mrs. Barnes died September 4, 1890. Subject is now serving his third term as assessor, a member of the I. O. O. F., the Rebecca Grange Lodge 288, and I. O. G. T. He has a farm of seventy-three acres, and makes a specialty of fruit growing. Brown, Richard H., of Lansing, was born in Dryden December?, 1840, the son of Benjamin Brown, a native of Lansing, born about 1807, whose father was Christo- pher Brown. The latter married Mary Snyder and reared ten children; Benjamin, the eldest, was captain of a military company in Dryden. He married Hannah, daughter of Henry and Wintchy (Sly) Teeter of Lansing. He was an active, ener- getic man, in politics a Republican. His wife still survives him. They reared five children: Henry, Jennie, wife of Dr. D. T. Barr of Ludlowville ; Richard H.| George, Elizabeth, wife of Eugene M. Baker of Harden. Our subject was reared on the farm, attended the district schools winters and worked on a farm summers. At the age of twenty-three he rented a farm one year in Danby, and the following year (1866) pur- chased a farm of sixty-six acres. Later he added to this until he owned 155 acres. Some years later he set off fifty-five acres of this farm to his son. He married in 1863 Olive, daughter of Andrew W. , and Nellie (Ostrander) Reed, of the town of Ithaca. She was born in Augvist, 1838. Mr. and Mrs. Brown have one son. Miles S., born August 30, 1863. Mr. Brown's first wife died July 33, 1893, and he married second October 8, 1893, Mary Reed, a sister of his deceased wife. Bacon, h, D. , was born in Canton, Bradford county. Pa., March 31, 1841. Isaiah, his father, was born in Rome, February 11, 1831, and came to this State when our subject was an infant. Here he lived till his death in 1889 at the age of seventy-two years. He was a lumber dealer, and served in the late war a short time, but was obliged to return home on account of rheumatism contracted in the service. At the age of eighteen years-he married Jane Harrington, and, they had three children, of ■whom L. D. was the second. The latter was a moulder in early life, following this till the age of twenty. In 1861 he enlisted in the 86th N. Y. Vols., remaining in the service until August 30, 1863. When in the second battle of Bull Run he was wounded and lay in the hospital five months, being for six years unable to walk without crutches, ior which he now receives a pension. When he became able to walk he took up the grocery business, and later began driving piling, in which he has been very successful. In 1863 he married Emeline Vangilder, of Southport, Elmira, and they have three sons, the youngest being eighteen years of age, and living at home. Our subject is a member of the G. A. R. and is a Republican. FAMILY SKETCHES. 147 Bailor, Daniel, was born in King George county, Va., in 1843. He was a slave to a Mr. Lummis of that county, and was about eighteen years of age when the war be- gan. After he was free he went to Winchester, andfrom there to Washington, D. C, where he remained a year. He then came to New York State, being then about twenty-two years old. He has followed farming ever since he came to this State, now being the owner of a. farm in Tompkins county consisting of 110 acres. He married in Danby in 1869 Rachael Dickson, she being formerly of Virginia, and they have eleven children. They are members of the Baptist church. In politics he is a Republican. Boice, John, was born in the town of Caroline, October 24, 1847. His father, Eli, was born in Ulster county, and came here when quite young with his father, Abram. The latter died when Eli was twenty-five years of age, and the latter made his home with his brother John for a time. Later, on his marriage, he took up a piece of land, which he cleared and built a logcabin upon, and later bought still another place, near where he had been living. He next went to the place known as the Charles Mulks farm, when our subject was five years of age. Eli died in 1885, cared for by his son John until the last. John then rented the farm of his father to outside parties, and moved to another place, where he lived three years,' in the mean time building a fine residence for himself, which he now occupies. This is situated near Slaterville Springs, and consists of ninety acres of the finest land, with twenty-five acres of timber. He married in 1870 Sarah, daughter of John Everlin, of Tioga county. Mr. Boice makes dairying his special occupation, owning about fifteen head of cattle. He is a Mason of Caroline Lodge No. 681, and is a Democrat, having held town office. Bogardus, Andrew B., a promment farmer of Lansing, was born in EUenville, Ul- ster county, June 8, 1833, a son of Jacob E. and Ann (Bruyn) Bogardus, of Kingston, Ulster county, who came to this town in 1833, and bought a tract of over 300 acres, a portion of which our subject now owns, and on which he resides. Jacob died in 1859 and his wife in 1866. He was a prominent man in his towtl, taking an active part in political affairs, he being a Democrat. They had eight children, of whom our subject was the sixth. The grandfather was Evert Bogardus, and in his house in Kingston was held the first Assembly during the war of 1812. Andrew B. was educated in the academy at Ithaca, and after leaving school he returned to the farm, where he has since lived. At his father's death he came into possession of a portion of the farm, and at the mother's death the brothers divided the property, Andrew B. having the portion on which were the home buildings. In 1888 he married Fannie, daughter of Hiram Herrick of Lansing. Mr. Bogardus is a Democrat. Bogardus, E. K. , a prominent and successful farmer of Lansing, was born in Ulster county, N. Y., March 16, 1827, the son of Jacob E. Bogardus, who was a sloop cap- tain on the Hudson River between Rondout and New York city. He followed the river seven years, then went to EUenville and bought an interest in a tract of 300 acres where the village of EUenville now stands, and this they portioned off into lots and sold. About seventeen years later he returned with his family to Lansing and bought 240 acres of cleared farm, where he died in 1857. His wife was Ann Bruyn, by whom he had eight children. She died in 1865, Our subject attended the com- mon schools, with one year in Ithaca, and has always remained on the farm, whicli 148 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. was divided after the death of his parents, he taking 108 acres where he now 1 ives. He follows general farming, but makes a specialty of sheep raising. In 1879 he married Harriet Adelaide Seager, daughter of Philip and Ann (Gardner) Seager, of Dryden. Both Mr. and Mrs. Bogardus's ancestry are Holland Dutch. Our subject's grandfather, Jacob Bogardus, was a captain in the Revolution, who kept a public house and conducted a blacksmith shop in Kingston, N. Y. When Kingston was burned by the British his was the only house that escaped the flames. It was in this building that the first State Assembly was held many years later. When it was finally torn down there was found concealed in the walls a box of continental money placed there by him. Mr. Bogardus is a Democrat in politics. Cooper, Festus, was born in the town of Danby, June 27, 1833. His father was Henry Cooper, who came to this town in 1815. Our subject acquired his learning in the district schools, supplemented by reading and observation, and after leaving school followed farming. At the age of twenty-eight he married Almira, daughter of Andrew U. Hill, of the same town, and they have one son, Lewis E. In 1867 Mr. Cooper bought the farm of 114 acres where he now resides, known as the Josiah Wells property, and he raises large quantities of hay and grain, also raising stock to a considerable extent, his specialty being grade Jersey and Holstein cattle. Carpenter, L. T., was born in Newfield June 13, 1832. Joseph, his father, born in Dutchess county September 11, 1794, died at the age of ninety-six. Our subject is one of eleven children. He received his education in the common schools of New- field. His first business was that of a farmer, has been assessor of the town, is a member of the Grange, and married in 1854, Caroline Holmes, born in Newfield, daughter of George Holmes. They have two children; Eliza C. , and Fannie T. Eliza married S. J. Douglass, and they have two children; H. B. Douglass and Nellie G. Clark, William, was born in Newfield, March 4, 1843, a sou of Israel O., a native of Tompkins county, born in 1813, who owned a farm of 140 acres in Ne wfield, and married November 2, 1837, Emeline, daughter of Charles Mallory, of Chemung county. They had three children; Martha A., James M., and William. The latter is a farmer- and lumberman, having a saw mill and quite a tract of land. He is working from 150,000 to 300,000 acres, consisting of hemlock, chestnut and pine lumber. He was married on October 7, 1868, and has had three children; Nora S., Cora C. , and Em- ma (deceased). Nora was educated in Havana, and Cora at the Ithaca High School. Our subject is k Republican, but has never aspired to office. Carpenter, Jay, of Newfield, was born in this town June 11, 1855, a son of William Carpenter, also of this county, who followed carpentry for fifty-six years, though he owned a farm of 100 acres. He married Rebecca Volk, by whom he had two chil- dren, of whom our subject was the youngest. The latter follows farming. In 1885 he married May Hall, of Ithaca, and they have one child, Ray, now four years of age. Mr. Carpenter is a Democrat in politics, though he has never aspired to public office. Cole, Lewis, was born in the town of Dryden, November 24, 1838. His father, Edmund Cole, came from Ballston, Saratoga county, N. Y., in 1851 and was among the earliest settlers in the town. Lewis Cole was a self-educated and self-made man. FAMILY SKETCHES. 140 having received his education in the common schools, and having made a success in life solely by his own unaided efforts. At the age of twenty-nine he married Alice Dodge, who passed away April 10, 1877, and remarried, in 1878, Maggie Henry, and they are the parents of four children, one son, James L., and three daughters, Florence M., Sarah J. and Lenora. In 1868 he bought the old Henry White place, just west of Freeville, of fifty-eight acres, and in March, 1872, he bought the Jesse Blanchard property of 102 acres, having 160 acres in all, on which he raises hay, etc. , and where he has put up new buildingsand erected a handsome residence. Our sub- ject is one ofthe largest farmers in his town, being identified with its be.st interests and known as a successful and practical farmer. Crowley, Timothy, is a native of Ireland, born in County Cork, September 21, 184y, who came to this county in 1868, locating in Ithaca the same year, where he followed his trade of carpentry. His first employment was on the first of the tini- versity buildings, since which time he has assisted in the erection of a number of them. Mr. Crowley started in business for himself in 1884, and hehas been the con- tractor for a great many fine residences in this city, as well as the McWhorter Block and his latest and most prominent contract, the new Lyceum. In 1890 he formed a partnership with Michael DriscoU, and the firm of Crowley & Driscoll still exists. Oiir subject is a Democrat, and in 1893 was elected alderman of the First Ward. He married in 1883 Margaret Handlen, of Ithaca, and they have three children, a son and two daughters. Cole, George, was born in the town of Dryden, August 5, 1845, and was educated in the common schools, and finishedunder Prof. Jackson Graves at Dryden Academy. After leaving school he returned to the farm of his father, Joseph Cole, who was one of the earliest residents of the town of Dryden, settling on the south hill about 1830. In 1884 he left the farm and established himself in the coal and produce business, which he now carries on. At the age of forty-one he married Emma Miller, daugh- ter of Archibald Miller, of the town of Dryden, and they have one son, Samuel Cole. He takes the Democratic side in politics, is a' trustee of the village of Dryden, and while leading an active business life finds time to take an interest in church and school matters. Conklin, John H., one of the county's representative farmers, was born here, Jan- uary 4, 1834, a son of Gilbert Conklin,' also a native of Lansing, born in 1798, whose father, John, was born in Orange county, and served in the Revolution. The latter was with Sullivan's army when it marched through Tompkins county, and being favorably impressed with the locality, he moved here with his family after his dis- charge, settling on what is now Lake Ridge, about 1788. The family is of Scotch and English ancestry. Mr. Conklin received his education in the common schools work- ing summers, and attending school winters until the age of eighteen. In 1854 he married Elizabeth Osborn, daughter of Abram Osborn, of Lansing, and they had two children: Emma A., wife of John Miller, of Lansing; and Etta M. His wife died in 1868, and he married second in 1874, Ann, daughter of Henry and Marilda (Ludlow) Rhodes, of Lansing, and they have hadone son, born May 19, . 1876. George Rhodes, the grandfather of Mrs. Conklin, was born in Pennsylvania, and came to this county about 1788, settling on the land which now comprises Mr. Conklin's farm of 240 acres, some of the original buildings yet standing. Mr. Conklin has served as supervisor, 150 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. justice of the peace, etc. , and is a Mason and an Odd Fellow. He is a Democrat in politics. Calauch, Isaac H., was born in the town of Dryden, September 35, 1825. His father, Benjamin Calauch, came to Dryden about 1812 and was among the earliest settlers in the town. I. H. Calauch was educated in the common schools and is a self-educated and self-made man, having achieved an independence by his own ef- forts. At the age of twenty-six he married Aurelia, daughter of W. H. Sutfin, of Dryden, and they are the parents of two sons, E. Jay and Fred D. , and one daugh- ter, Mrs. Henry Brown. In 1874 he bought the John Skilliman property of thirty- five acres, and afterwards bought part of the Fisher estate and part of the John Sharp, farm, also part of the Hunter estate, having sixty-eight acres, on which he has erected a handsome house and barns. Our subject is a well known man in his town, where he is respected for his sterling qualities of ability and integrity and is a prac- tical and successful farmer. Crandall, Clayton, was born in the town of Bridgewater, Oneida county, February 4, 1858; he was educated in the public schools and the Ithaca Academy, and entered Cornell in 1874, graduating with the class of 1878, with the degree of B. S. After leaving school he engaged in farming and gardening. .His father came to this town in 1868 and located on a. farm on the west hill, where he made his home for the bal- ance of his life, dying in July, 1893. Clayton assumed control and management of the farm, which has become a fine fruit and garden tract, containing thirty-five acres of the best soil. He ran a wagon for the handling of garden produce until Septem- ber, 1891, when he established a market at 20 West State street, whex'e he buys and ■ sells all kinds of produce, doing quite an extensive business in shipping fruit. Mr. Crandall is a Democrat, and in 1889 was elected alderman of the First Ward, and held the office two years. In 1888 he married Emma Cook of the town of Caroline, and they have two children, both sons. Crawford, Tohn R., D.D.S., was born in the town of Newfield, January 16, 1865, son of Andrew G. Crawford, a wagonmaker of that town, later of Ithaca. John R. was educated at Trumaasburgh Academy, and at the age of nineteen began the study of dentistry in the office of his brother-in-law. Dr. Green, of Geneva. After two and one half years he entered the New York College of Dentistry, from which he graduated March 9, 1887, and the September following opened an office in Ithaca. He married, June 23, 1893, Kittle Miller, of Ithaca, and they have one daughter. The doctor is a member of the K. of P. Fenner, Mrs. Elizabeth, widow of Casper Fanner of Lake Ridge, Lansing, was born in 1828 at Venice, Cayuga county. She is a daughter of Dr. .Jared Foots (born in Vermont in 1795) and Eliza Ann Clark, (born in Rhode Island in 1803). They reared nine children: Marcia, born in 1826; Elizabeth, born in 1828; Darwin, born in 1830; Lovina, born in 1832; Mary, born in 1835; Clark, born in 1837 ; Lucinda, who died young ; Caroline, born in 1842, and Jared, born in 1845. The grandfather, Jared Foote, a native of Rhode Island, was born in 1771 and died in 1859, at the age of eighty-eight vears. The grandmother was Lucinda Jennings, died at the age of ninety-seven, and they reared eight children : Jared, Lucinda, Anna, David, Eli, Betsey, Clark and La- vina. The great-grandfather, Jared Foote, was a Revolutionary soldier and a prisoner FAMILY SKETCHES. 151 of war in the English prison in New Yorlj, where he died of starvation. Dr. Jared Foote, the father of our subject, was a physician of large practice in Venice, Cayuga county. Mrs. Fenner attended the district schools. She was married on New Year's morning, 1851, to Casper Fenner, born in 1825 in Lansing. He was the son of George and Catharine (Marsh) Fenner, of Pennsylvania. He was reared to farm life, attended school at Genoa and Groton until about twenty-one years of age, then settled down on the farm, and in 1849 purchased the farm of 100 acres of his father. His parents lived with him on the farm until their death, the father July 4, 1860, and the mother August 8, 1884. He was the youngest of five children, was a member of the Grange Onward Lodge No. 106 and in politics was a Republican, though not an aspi- rant to office. They had four children, Olark G, born in 1853 ; Luie L., died in infancy ; Casper, jr., born in 1860 ; Leslie A., born ,in 1867. Clark married Sadie L. McCarthy, of Denver, Col., and they had one child, Helen Elizabeth, born in 1889. Casper, jr., married in 1891 Hattie Gillette of Auburn. Mr. Fenner died May 24, 1882, on the old homestead. Mrs. Fenner has provided all her children with a liberal education. Her youngest son, Leslie, graduated from Cornell University with the class of 1893, as elec- trical engineer. Rhodes Family, The. — In 1798 George Rhodes (this surname was originally Roths, indicating Dutch descent) and Frederick Storm came from Northampton county. Pa., were p'oneers of Lansing, the former settling on the farm now owned by two of his grandchildren, Mrs. Dr. Gibson, and Mrs. J. H. Conklin. Here this pioneer and his wife reared their children and passed their days, and at their death (George in 1823 and his wife in 1824) were buried in the old Dutch burying ground nearLansingvillein the town of Lansing. The children in this family were : Elizabeth (Mrs. Snyder) ; Margaret (Mrs. Henry Newman); Jacob, who died in Dryden; George, who died in Hector; John an J Frederick, who died in the town of Ithaca; Andrew who died on the old homestead ; and Henry who was born, lived and died (in August, 1873) on the old home farm. Henry Rhodes was born in 1799, and was a successful farmer and at his death left a goodly inheritance to his children. He married Marilda Ludlow, by whom he had twelve children: George A., who died in 1886; Stephen 0., Mary 0. (Mrs. Bben Lobdell), John, who died in 1841, Jacob F., Dana, Ellen A. (Mrs. Dr. Gib- son of Wilkesbarre, Pa.); Mariette, who died in 1862, Francis L. (Mrs. James Bow- ker) ; J. Henry. Ann R. (Mrs. J. H. Conklin), now resident upon the old homestead, and Alice who died in infancy. J. H. Rhodes is a prominent lawyer of Little Falls, Minn. He has been for a number of years attorney for the Northern Pacific Railroad. In addition to a lucrative practice he is largely interested m farming, being the owner of a large stock farm containing 1,500 acres, known as the Rhodesland Stock Farm. He has raised on this farm in one year, over 16,000 bushels of wheat, besides several thou- sand bushels of other grain. Dana Rhodes was born in Lansing January 18, 1839, being named after Judge Dana of Ithaca, a prominent member of the old Tompkins Co. bar. He was brought up on the farm, attended the district schools of that town, and afterward the Groton Academy. Later on be located in Gtoton village, and conducted a drug store, and while so engaged was for twelve years justice of the peace. He was then induced by J. B. Kline, a lawyer of the village, now of Syracuse, to enter the 153 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. legal profession ; consequently after being registered in accordance with the rules of the court, he was duly admitted to the practice of law. However, he continued his drug business until about eight years ago, when he was succeeded by his son, Chas. 0. Rhodes. Mr. Rhodes is attorney for the Groton Carriage Co., of which he is also vice-president, and this position in connection with his farm and other interests, engages his attention. Mr. Rhodes is an active and earnest Republican. He was elected super- visor in 1892, and re-elected the next year. On May 30, 1858, he married Sarah, daughter of Israel Jacobs of Lansing, and they have three children : Clias. 0., of Gro- ton, N. Y., Mrs. F. A. Mangang of Cortland, N. Y., and W. G. Rhodes, of Saginaw^ Mich. Rounseville, Judson, was born in CaroHne, July 7, 1853. In his early life he fitted . liimself for a school teacher, finishing his education in the State Normal School at Cort- land, but taught only one term and that at the age of nineteen, then learned to be an operative in the Institute of Telegraphy in Buffalo. He has, however, lived on his pres- ent place since the fall of 1875. His wife was Elizabeth Hugill, whom he married in 1881, she being of the town of Dryden. Mrs. Rounseville (lied in 1883, and he mar- ried second Annis Salisbury of Sandy Creek, Oswego county, and they have two chil- dren : Leroy E. and Clara Louise. Our subject is a member of the Baptist church, and in politics is a Prohibitionist, formerly a Republican casting his first vote for Pres- ident Hayes. Robinson, Charles D., was born September 26, 1859, a son of David, also a native of this town, born in 1826. The latter married Melvina, daughter of George and Calista Myers, by whom he had these children : Calista, now a widow of the late Bbenezer McArthur, of Dryden ; Mary Ann, Henrietta, George H, Arthur J., Charles D., Viola who died aged seven years, Eva, and Emma. Mr. Robinson now lives in the town of Groton. His wife died January 17, 1894. His parents were Henry and Polly (Ross) Robinson, Henry Robinson having come to Lansing from Long Island with his father David, when a child. Charles .settled on wild land one and one-fourth mile east of North Lansing, nowr owned by William Patterson, near the year 1800, which they im- proved, and on which they erected a large house, which, by its fine finish, exquisite carvings and size, showed its builders to have been artists in their time. It was famous in its day and known as the " Bellou House." In later years it was used by many poor families. Charles D. attended the common schools and worked on different farms until nineteen years of age, when he married, March 5, 1879, Ida L., daughter of John W. and Elizabeth (Brown) Holden, of Lansing and Pennsylvania respectively. She was born Feburary 4, 1853, in Lansing., Mr. and Mrs. Robinson are members of the North Lansing Grange, and he is a Republican in politics, and a spiritualist in belief. Their farm consists of sixty-two acres, and on this place Mrs. Robinson was born, her parents having settled here in 1835. At the death of her father, in 1877, she became possessed of the farm. Her mother died in 1884. Mr. Robinson has been for several years en- gaged in the bee business, and has been engaged in the sale of various manufactured articles. Reed, Truman B. was born in ,the town of Ithaca May 26, 1826, and was the son of Andrew Reed. Truman B. Reed was educated in the common schools to which he has FAMILY SKETCHES. 153 added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of thirty-two he mar- ried Amelia Snyder, daughter of Ira Snyder, and they are the parents of seven children, five of whom are living : two sons, A. I. Reed and Roy B. Reed, and three daughters, Mrs. Rena Scutt, Mrs. Carrie A. Snyder and Mrs. Ida E. Roe. In 1869 he bought the Peter Ostrander property, which had been in the family possession ever since it was bought of the United States government in 1813. In 1863 he bought part of the Artemas Tyler lot, having 105 acres, and raising hay, grain and stocli, and making a specialty of sheep breeding and dairying. Our subject is one of the leading farmers of his town, taking an active interest in educational, religious and temperance principles, and is recognized as a man of sterling worth and high integrity. Rhodes Omar E., was born in the town of Dryden, October 22,' 1854. His father was also born in the town December 30, 1812. The grandfather bought a military title of part of lot forty-four and afterwards bought the whole of lot fifty- four, which has been handed down to and is now occupied by his descendants. Omar R. Rhodes was educated in the common schools, to which he has added by reading and close observation. At twenty-one he married Ellen A. Dart, daughter of William Dart of Rock Run, Stephenson county. 111., and they are the parents of one daughter, Mabel 0. Our subject is one of the largest farmers of his town, having 333 acres of some of the finest farming lands and wood lands in his town, and running a saw mill and shingle mill and planing mill in connection with his farm. He is recognized as a conservative and independent citizen, and a man of high business ability and talent and taking an active interest in the leading events of his day^ Rhodes, Miles, deceased, was born in Dryden, July 29, 1818. His father, Jacob Rhodes, was one of the earliest settlers in the town of Dryden. Miles Rhodes laid the foundation of his education in the old log school house and finished at the Groton Academy. He married Miss Margaret Dart, daughter of Thomas Dart of Ithaca, and they are parents to two daughters, Mrs. Roaine Lombard and Miss Maud Rhodes. He died January 27, 1891, at the age of seventy-two years. His life has been full of deeds of charity and kindness to his fellow men. An appeal to his generosity was never made in vain. Quiet, unostentatious, he lived his life and was regretted by a large circle of acquaintances! His wife and daughters were left to complete his unfinished work. Rumsey, Myron K., of Newfield, was born in this town July 1, 1855. Isaac N. Rumsey, his father, was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, in 1808 ; was a farmer and hotel keeper, and came to Tompkins county in 1816, and settled in Enfield Falls. He married in 1828 Joanna N. Pilgram, of this county, and they had three children. His second wife, whom he married in 1845, was Susan J. Dunning, of Orange county, and by her he had seven children, of whom our subject was the fourth. The latter mar- ried, August 11, 1880, Sarah J. Labar, of Tompkins county. He has always been engaged in agriculture, and in politics is Democratic. Robertson, Mott J., was born in the town of Dryden, l^ovember 19, 1822. His father, .George Robertson, came to the town in 1798, March 12, and was the first free- holder in the town of Dryden, and settled on lot No. 53, where his son now resides, t 154 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. He received his education in the old eight square brick school house, which was quite a celebrated institution in its day. At the age of forty-six he married Martha J. Teeter, daughter of Isaac Teeter, of Ithaca. He takes the Republican side in politics and an intelligent interest in educational and religious matters. Our subject has 175 acres of the original Robertson homestead, and in 1891 bought what was known as the James Giles farm fif 220 acres, and has nearly 400 acres of some of the best farm and wood land in his town, where he is recognized as a practical and successful farmer. The family originally came from Scotland, and has always been prominently identified in the leading eventsof the day and in advancing the best interests of the town. Cap- tain George Robertson has a family of thirteen children, nine sons and four daughters. Sullivan, Charles W., was born in the town of Caroline, April 18, 1852. David, the father of our subject, was also a native of the county, born in the town of Lansing, October 6, 1812. He was a contractor and farmer, and was only a child when his parents moved into the town of Caroline. David was the father of three children ; Abram C, of Union City, Michigan, Mrs. Mary A. Iwan, of Union City, and Charles, our subject. David 0. died June 10, 1891. With the exception of one year spent in Michigan, he has always been a resident of the county. He was educated in the com- mon schools of his native town, and as soon as he was old enough began working. In 1872 he moved to Ithaca, where, for fifteen years, he has been engaged in various wood working establishments and as a carpenter. In 1877 he took his first contract, and since that time has erected sixteen of the finest residences of the city, many of them from his own designs. He also does repair work. Mr. Sullivan is reporter of the Enights of Honor of this city, a position he has held for nine years, and is a mem- ber of the Knights of Pythias. His beautiful residence, at 85 Cascadilla street, was erected in 1874 from his own design. September 28, 1871, he married Susie N. Nor- wood, of Caroline, and they have two children, Edward C. and Flora B. Smith, William F. — Christopher Smith was born in Hunterdon, N. J., in 1750, and came to Hector (then in Tompkins county) as early as 1798, where he died. His chil- dren were John, Elias, Christiann (Mrs. Travis), Mary (Mrs. Robinson), James, Isaiah, Peter and William. John was a captain in the State militia, and with his company was called out in the war of 1812, on the Niagara frontier. Isaiah was a major- general in the State militia, and served as colonel in the war of 1812 on Niagara frontier. Peter Smith, born June 9, 1777, married Clarissa, daughter of David Fithin and Mary (Haines) Halsey, March 7, 1799, and settled in Ulysses in 1802. Mrs. Smith was born February 24, 1778. Their children were Fithen Halsey; Lucinda, born August 20, 1802, died July 2, 1805; Polly P. (Mrs. Watson Aldridge), born August 26, 1804, died September 10, 1873 ; Charity, born July 10, 1806, died November 3, 1807; William, born January 12, 1809, died May 17, 1889 ; Jared H., born March 10, 1811, died January 7, 1891; Henry 0., born April 14, 1813, died in Wisconsin ; Elias A., born March 7, 1816, and Harriet W. (Mrs. Peter Wicks), born March 7, 1818. Mr. Peter Smith died in June, 1858. Fithen Halsey Smith, born March 1, 1800, died May 14; 1875. October 30, 1825, he married Betsey Curry, who was born March 14, 1802, and who died May 15, 1886. They settled in Enfield in 1826, but late in life removed to Covert, Seneca county. He was a self-educated man, taught school for many years FAMILY SKETCHES. IGG and wag long school commissioner of Enfield. His children were Clara S. (Mrs. Prances Hallenbeck), born November 11, 1826 ; Nancy M. (Mrs, Sidney P. Stevenson), born August '20, 1828; Harris A., born January 22, 1830; William P. and Elizabeth S. (Mrs. Lyman Ostrom), twins, born July 9, 1834, and Viola L., born May 26, 1836, died June 4, 1855. William P. Smith married, Pebruary 12, 1858, Mary B, Farrar, of Mas- sachusetts, who was born November 12, 1830, died September 14, 1891. Their children are Anna E. (Mrs. H. Knappenberger), of Illinois; Samuel Frederick, born September 24, 1862, married Mary Smiley ; Ellen P. (Mrs. Q-eorge A. Kresga) ; Harriet Halsey, born Pebruary 24, 1867, died July 21, 1888; Charles P., born May 7, 1868, married Myrtle B. Rolfe in August, 1892; and William Herbert, born April 22, 1875, married Anna Belle Kresga. Mr. Smith began teaching school when eighteen years of age, and continued until 1890, three years of this time in Connecticut and two in Ithaca. He has been justice of the peace sixteen years, and was supervisor of Enfield one term. Snyder, Ernest, was- born in the town of Dryden, March 2, 1844. His father, Peter T. Snyder, was one of the earliest settlers in the town, being born in 1808, and lived to the age of sixty-six, following the occupation of farming. Ernest Snyder received his education in the common school and is a self-educated and self-made man. At the age of twenty-four he married Ida, daughter of Wm. Nixon, who passed away in 1885,, and in 1890 he married Olive, daughter of Jacob Seaman. He had three children by his first wife : Carrie M., Eva May, and lua Belle. In 1887 he bought the homestead and his father's estate of eighty-six acres, which has been in the family for sixty-one years. Our subject is one of the substantial men in his town, taking an active mterest in educational matters, and recognized as a man of sterling integrity and high character. Selover, Elnathan W., was born in the town of Covert, Seneca county, March 12, ' 1837. He moved to Tompkins county in 1873, and in 1875 he bought the Welch farm of J. C. Nelson, and here he now resides, keeping a dairy which produces about forty quarts per day. Our subject is a Democrat in politics, and takes quite an active interest in educational matters and the general events of the day. He married at the age of thirty, Helen, daughter of J. O. Nelson, and has a son and a daughter, both of whom are now at home and assist in managing the farm. Searles, Marcus Williamson, was born in Lansing, October 19, 1833, a son of Walter, a native of Tioga county, born in 1808, who at the age of twenty-one came to Lansing where he worked at farming for a time, then engaged as boatman on the Erie Canal, which he followed twelve years. After retiring from the boat business he bought the farm of 103 acres, which our subject now owns. His wife was Mary, daughter of Marcus Williamson, by whom he had six children : Cornelius, MarkW., WiUiam, Mary Ann, Mortimer, and W. Monroe. William enlisted in the 51st Begiment N. T. Vol- unteers in 1861, and was killed at the battle of Predricksburg, December 13, 1862. He died in June, 1879, and his widow still survives at the age of eighty- eight. Our sub- ject's grandfather was Daniel Searles of Tioga county, who married Polly Galpin, by whom he had seven children. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Marcus William- son was in the Revolution, serving seven years. Marcus Williamson Searles was edu- 156 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. cated in the common schools and remained on the home farm till the age of twenty-five, when he worked for himself on rented land for three years. For the next five seasons by the month on a farm, for two years on shares, and the next two years he devoted to railroading. He then removed to Orleans county and engaged in farming for eight years, when he returned to Lansing and bought the home- stead, where he has since remained. In 1888 he bought another farm of seventy-seven acres. In March, 1862, he married Nancy M., daughter of Jacob and Letty (Wood) Bower of Lansing, born in 1838. Mr. and Mrs. Searles have had six children: William F., born October, 1863; Sherman, born in September, 1865; Susan, born in December, 1870; Adella and Adelbert, twins, born in December, 1872; Charles, born in June, 1878. Smith, William J., was born in the town of Dryden, August 30, 1821. His father, John Smith, came to the town about 1790, from Stroudsburg, Pa. William J. was educated in the common schools and finished at the Ithaca Academy. At the age of forty-eight he married Pamelia, daughter of Spencer Apgar, of Dryden, and they are the parents of three children, two sons, Horatio S., and William A., and one daughter, Susie. He takes an active interest in temperance principles and has been prominently identified in his county's affairs, being elected sheriiF in the fall of 1878. In 1870 he bought what was known as the Amon Apgar property of twenty-eight acres, which adjoined the old homestead and he now has 118 acres of some of the best land in the town, raising hay, grain and stock, and paying some attention to dairying. He ia recognized in his town as a conservative, independent citizen, taking considerable interest in school and church matters, and in advancing the best interests of his town. Sheldon, E., was born in Columbia county, N. T., January 2, 1819, and came to Dryden in 1854. He was educated in the common schools and is a self-educated and self-made man. At the age of twenty-two he married Laney, daughter of F Rote, of Columbia county, and they are the parents of seven children. In 1856 he bought the John Southworth property, now owned by his son Benjamin ; in 1872 he bought the Jesse Tappan property ; 1874 the Ed. Wheeler property ; in 1878 the Tom Mack prop- erty, and in 1891 the Jacob Updike property, having 230 acres in all, and raising hay, grain and stock, and making potatoes a specialty. Our subject is one of the largest farmers in hi» town, identified in advancing its best interests and is recognized as a practical and successful farmer. , Sutfin, James Gr., was born in Dryden April 20, 1838. His father was W. H. Sutfin, came from New Jersey about 1825, and settled on lot twenty-seven. Our subject was educated in the common schools, but is pre-eminently a self-made and self-educated man. At the age of twenty-one he married Helen A. M. Skillings, daughter of W. W. Skillings of Dryden, and they are the parents . of two children, one son, E. J. Sutfin, and one daughter, Mrs. Anna M. Sager. In 1861 he bought the W. W. SkiUings prop- erty of 100 acres, and in 1871 he bought another portion of that estate. In 1875 he bought part of the Luddington estate ; in 1880 the 0. J. Wheeler farm ; and in 1892 he purchased and inherited another portion of the Skillings estate, which has been in the possession of the family since 1836. He has 180 acres of some of the finest farm FAMILY SKETCHES. 167 land in Dryden, raising hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of dairying. He takes the Republican side in politics and an intelligent interest in educational and religious matters, being trustee of his school district, and is known in his town as a practical and successful farmer. Sickmon, George B., was born in the town of Diyden, May 7, 1864. His father, Sanford Sickmon, was for many years a prominent farmer in the town, and is now a resident of McLean. Our subject was educated in the common schools, finishing in the McLean graded, and also the Cortland Normal schools. He commenced teaching in 1883 in the district school at Dryden, and taught two years at McLean. He is now teaching his fifth year at Freeville Grraded School; which has under his principalship become the leading village school of this county and now has a daily attendance of 100. He is one of the prominent men in his town, taking great interest in political, educa- tional and religious matters, and is now pfesident of the Teachers' Association of the Second Commissioner's District of Tompkins county, which office he has held for several years. He was candidate for school commissioner in his district in 1893, receiving a majority of eighty -five male votes, and losing his election to a lady candidate. He is a man of high standing and education, always ready to aid in anything that will elevate mankind or be for the interest of the community, and fearless in denouncing evil. He stands a friend to the needy and distressed, bearing the respect of all of his towns- people. Sisson, P. P., was born in Seneca Falls October 6, 1839, a son of Philip Sisson, a native of this county, born in Danby in 1808, and from here, after reaching his ma- jority, he went west for a short time. He next located in Seneca Falls. He is a builder by trade, but since 1868 he has owned a farm on the bank of Cayuga Lake. Of his eight children our subject was the oldest son. He was educated in Seneca Falls Academy after leaving which he was for one year a clerk in the post-office at Seneca Falls. After spending six months in Chicago and one year in New York he came, in 1862, to Ithaca, engaging in boat-building which he followed two years. He was then in the manufactory of Mr. Hickson nine years. Then H. B. Williams, W. L. Bostwick and Mr. Sisson went into the sash and blind business, which existed for two years, then Mr. Williams dropped out, and it was conducted by the remaining partners for two years. It was then turned over to the Ithaca Organ & Piano Company, of which Mr. Sisson was secretary and treasurer eight years. He was five years with the re- ceiver, George R. Williams, and on August 1, 1889, he bought the merchant tailoring establishment of H. K. Jones, and now employs seventeen hands, carrying a very com- plete line of goods. He is experienced in tailoring and does a successful business. Mr. Sisson is a member of the Masonic fraternity, Eagle Chapter, St. Augustine Com- mandery. He is a Republican, and has been president of the village of Ithaca. In 1864 Mr. Sisson married Eliza S. Hill of Ithaca, and they have three children. Sweet, Galusha C, was born in the town of "Virgil, November 24, 1849, and was edu- cated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and observation. After leaving school he learned the marble-cutter's trade, which he fol- lowed for four years and then learned the carriage-maker's trade about ten years. 158 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. In 1882 he came to the village of Dryden and went into the undertaker's business, soon taking the lead in his line and receiving calls from Ithaca, Cortland, Virgil, Harford, and Harford Mills as the director of the obsequies of .the dead. Our subject has acquired a vride and well deserved reputation throughout the country. At the age of twenty-one he was married to Miss Hattie Williams, daughter of the late W H. Williams of the town of Virgil, who died in January, 1888, and they have two children, Miss Lida and Miss Allie. Mr. Sweet takes the Bepublican side in politics and an active interest in educational and religious matters. Sanford, Lyman, deceased, was born March 29, 1813, in the town of Dryden and with his father, Lyman Sanford, was one of the earliest settlers of the town. At the age of thirty he married Nancy Hutchings, and they were the parents of six children. The daughters, Jeanette, De Btte and Alice and the son, Frank, are now living on the old homestead. Lyman Sanford was one of the leading men in his town, an honor- able, upright man whose word was as good as his bond, and known and recognized as a practical and successful farmer. Sandwick, Wm. H., was born in the town of Moravia, June 1, 1862, and was educated in the graded schools. His father, John Sandwick, was a welt-known tanner and currier of that town. Our subject came to the village of Dryden in 1877 and en- gaged in Rockwell's Woolen Factory, which business he followed for three years, and in 1880 engaged in the barber's business in a small way, which by energy and business ability he has been able to increase and fix up a store carrying a fine line of gent's fur- nishing goods, tobacco, cigars and confectionery, with tonsorial parlors in connection with his store. He was appointed postmaster October 1, 1893. At the age of twenty he married Miss Nellie M. Givens, daughter of Darius Givens, and they have three children, Mildred, Mabel and Florence. Mr. Sandwick was one of the instigators in the establishing of the water works in this village. Stoddard, David, born November 5, 1773, a native and former resident of Litchfield, Conn., settled in Otselic, Chenango county, in 1803, and his wife died October 11, 1813, after which the pioneer divided his farm among his three sons and then came to Gro- ton, where he purchased a farm of 300 acres. In 1815 he married Lois Cobb, daughter of one of Groton's pioneers, and by this marriage he had these children: Ida, born in September 1816, died in 1866; Ira, born in 1820, died in Salisbury rebel prison in 1864; Isa, who married Alanso Durfee of Groton ; Ireu, born August 13, 1825 ; Iva, born July 5, 1828, died September 6, 1864 ; Irena, born December 4, 1830, married Charles Francis, and lives on the old home farm in Groton; Athelia, who became the wife of Augustus Moe. Iren Stoddard' married Fanny, daughter of Frederick Miller of Groton, and his six children : Fay L., Giles M., Omar C, Frank A., Edward and Jerome, all of whom live in Groton. Giles M. Stoddard was born September 22, 1854, and was educated at the Groton Academy and Union Free school. He read law with W. W. Hare and was admitted to the bar in May, 1879. Mr. Stoddard is a Democrat, and one of the leaders of his party in this part of the county. He was candidate for the office of district attorney in 1884. He has twice been president of the village and member of the School Board three terms. February 7, 1888, he was appointed postmaster at FAMILY SKETCHES. 159 Groton village. In'l882 Mr. Stoddard married Maude, daughter of Solomon Loomis of Groton, and they have one child, Leola. Stewart, Olin L., was born in the town of Newfield, January 24, 1852, the youngest son of Horace S. Stewart. He was educated in the common schools, and after leaving same was engaged with his brother in the tobacco business. In 1871 he went to Cort- land where he established a cigar manufactory, which he conducted for two years. Returning to Ithaca he was one year in the employ -of his brother, and for one year was in partnership with him. In 1880 he established a bottling business in this city, to which he added by the purchase of the Bartholomew Agency of Schwartz, and from this start he has built up the present large and extensive establishment at 16 South Aurora street. He is also agent for the Standard Brewing Co., of Rochester. Mr. Stewart is a Democrat in politics, and in 1892 he was elected alderman of the second ward of the city. He is a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716, F. & A. M., and a mem- ber of the K. of P. Lodge No. 89. He was married in April, 1890, to Eva Jarvis of Ithaca. Synnott, Rev. S. H., was born in St. John, N. B., was educated in the University of New Brunswick and in the General Theological Seminary in New Yorlc City. He acted as assistant in St. Peter's church in New York city for a year and a half, and his first rectorship was at Cooperstown, Otsego Co., N. Y., where he staid seven years. From there he went to St. Paul's church, Poughkeepsie, where he was the rector for seventeen years, coming to Ithaca in 1885 as rector of St. John's church. In 1891 he was elected librarian by the trustees of the Cornell City Library, making him ex-officio trustee of the University. He is a member of Fidelity Lodge, F. & A. M., Eagle Chap- ter, St. Augustine Oommandery and Knights of Pythias, and chaplain of the blue lodge. In 1863 he married Alice T. Worthington of Cooperstown, and they have one child, the wife of E. A. Pattison of Troy, N. Y. Smith, William Hazlitt, was born in Hector, September 24, 1853, a son of Jeremy Smith. He prepared for college at Starkey Seminary and entered Cornell University in the fall of 1869, graduating in June, 1873 with the degree of A. B. He taught Latin and Greek one year in Ithaca Academy, and then entered the law office of King & Montgomery at Ithaca, was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1876 and formed a part- nership January 1, 1877, with his brother Simeon, which existed until May, 1885. He then opened an office for himself and has since been alone, doing a general practice, but making a specialty of real estate transactions. He is a Democrat, and a member of Fidelity Lodge F. & A. M., and also of the U. A. He is a member of the Presbyterian church. In 1881 he married Celia Mattison of this county, and they have one daughter. Mrs. Smith is recently the inventor and patentee of the cloth tabby cat and other animals which have been on the market for the past two years and have been very popular. Stephens, Clements T., was born in Ithaca in 1849, only surviving son of Philip Stephens. He was educated at the High School, Clinton, N. Y., and at Briar CliflF Military School on the Hudson. In 1878 he bought out the firm of E. C. Gregg, agri- cultural implements and seeds, and located there until the summer of 1893, when he re- 160 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. moved to the corner of Aurora and State streets, and has changed his line from agricul- tural to stoves and house furnishings. In 1889 he bought the Bast Hill Coal Yard of Harmon Hill, which he still conducts, in connection with his other business. He is a member of Fidelity Lodge, F. &. A. M., Eagle Chapter, Ithaca Council. St. Augustine Commandery. In 1881 he married Susan M. Hibbard, and they have one son. Fitch Hibbard Stephens, a student in the grammer school. Stephens, Jesse W., was born in England, June 3, 1845. His father, John L., emi- grated, to this country in 1849 and after spending one year in Quebec, Canada, he moved to Ithaca and with his brother, Thomas, established a marble and mpnumental yard on S. Tioga street. He dissolved partnership after several years and located where the grocery of J. W. Stephens now stands on State street. John B. Stephens died at the age of fifty-nine. Since J. W. was five years of age he has made his home in this town. He was educated in the old Lancastrian school and his first occupation was as a marble cutter in his father's shop. He w^as only sixteen years of age when the war broke out, and August 16, 1862, he enlisted in Company D, 137th Regiment, New York Volunteers, to serve for three years or during the war. He saw service in the battle of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and other minor engagements, and was then transferred to the Twelfth Corps and from there to the Twentieth Corps, which joined Sherman in his march to the sea. He was dispatch bearer for General Geary, division commander, and General Green, brigade commander, and was discharged June 9, 1865. On his return he resumed his tiade and worked on the Cornell house, also Andrew D. White's house, and did the lettering on some of the College buildings. In 1878 he established a grocery on 78 Casoadilla street, and in a few years moved to Eddy street, starting the first store there, which he afterward sold to George Frost, and returned to Cascadilla street. He sold this store on Cascadilla street and took the store left by D. B. Stewart on State street, which he conducted but a short time and sold to Moses Shepard. During this time he bought and sold several other small concerns. In 1892 he bought out the store of his brother, George Stephens at 110 W. State street, which he conducted in connection with his Cascadilla street store. His line is groceries and dry goods and meats in winter time. In politics he is a Kepub- lican and in 1887 was the candidate for alderman, taking the second nomination only four days before election and defeated by only four votes. The following year he was elected by 144 majority in a Democratic ward. For the past seven years he has been a vestryman of St. John's Episcopal church and a member of the Masonic frater- nity, Hobasco Lodge No. 716, of which he is the junior warden. Eagle Chapter, Ithaca Council, St. Augustine Commandery. He has passed all chairs of the Knights of Pythias and vice-chancellor the year of the Grand Lodge meeting in this city and the next year was elected chancellor commander. He is a member of Sidney Post, G. A. R. He was married in Guilford, Conn., in June, 1867, to Mary Harrigan, and they are the parents of six children, two sons and four daughters. Smith, Simeon, was born in the town of Hector, Schuyler county, N. Y., August 2, 1850. Both of his parents at the age of seventy-five years are still living and in good health at Ithaca, N. Y. He was educated at Starkey Seminary and Cornell University, graduating from the latter with honor in the class of 1873. After graduation he took FAMILY SKETCHES. 161 up the study of law, spending one year in the office of Ferris & Dowe, and one year in the Albany Law School, from which he graduated and was admitted to the bar May 15, 1875. Returning to Ithaca he opened an office at once, and has ever since been in the active practice of his profession. In the fall of 1875 Mr. Smith was appointed by Grovernor Tilden, district attorney of Tompkins county, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of S. D. Halliday, who had been elected to the Assembly. In the fall of 1875 he was the candidate of his party for county judge, and ran largely ahead of the State ticket at the election. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Hill, without solicitation on his part, commissioner of the State Meteorological Bureau and Weather Service, and reappointed three years later by Governor Flower. He has always been a moderate Democrat and has repeatedly represented his party in the county and State conventions. In March, 1893, he was appointed city attorney by the reform anti- license mayor. Smith, WiUiam M., was born in Dryden in 1838, a son of William R., a native of Massachusetts, who came to this State when quite young, taking up farming, and set- tling on the place now owned by his son William, consisting of 130 acres. He mar- ried Polly Viokery of Vermont, and they had thirteen children, our subject being the eleventh. The latter married Esther Hulselander of Dryden, in 1866, and they are the parents of two children, George A. and Bert S., both residing at home with their pa- rents. Mr. Smith supports the Republican party. Stevens, Smith D,, was born August 5, 1833, in the town of Caroline, and was the son of Harvey Stevens, who came from Ridgefield, Conn., to the town of Caroline in 1816, was educated in the district schools and finished at the Ithaca Academy, under Professor S. D. Carr. After leaving school returned to his father's farm. At the age of twenty-three he married Lucy M., daughter of D. Marsh, of the town of Danby, and they have one son, Fred A., living at home. Our subject is one of the prominent farmers of the town, owning 200 acres of fine laud, which he devotes to the raising of hay, grain and stock, making a specialty of the breeding of pure Berkshire swine and Shropshire sheep. He is a Republican, and has served as assessor six years and as supervisor two years. Both he and his father have always been identified with all the leading movements of the town. George, David, was born in Monmouth county, N. J., in the year 1768. At the battle of Monmouth, which occurred June 28, 1778, he carried water all day to the wounded soldiers, and at night nearly fell from exhaustion. In 1793 he married Aletta Shepard, and in 1804 or 5 moved with his family into the town of Dryden, settling about three-fourths of a mile east of West Dryden upon a farm of 100 acres. Mr. George and family passed through all the hardships of the earlier settlers of the town, bears, wolves and other wild animals vvere plentiful at this time. Mr. George lived on the same farm till his death in 1848, aged eighty years. His widow survived him twenty-one years, and died in 1869, aged ninety-six years. She, too, remembered seeing the British soldiers in the Revolutionary war passing her father's house on their way through the Jerseys. Mr. George raised a family of twelve children, of whom two only are living. None of his descendents survive in Tompkins county. His 1G2 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. brother, Joel Q-eorge, moved into the town of Dryden about the same time, and settled ■west of West Dryden, and a number of his descendants are still living in the town. Silver, Solomon, jr., the subject of this sketch, was born at Chenango Point (now the city of Biaghamton), November 5, 1806. His father, Solomon Silver, sr., conducted a tannery at the Point and toolj trips yearly, spring and fall, through the lake regions, visiting Elmira, Jefferson (now Watkins), thence to Ovid, from there to Cayuga Bridge, crossing the ferry there, then to Ithaca and Owego, and so returning home. About the year 1808, on one of these trips, his father was murdered between Ovid and Cayuga Bridge, and it was supposed his body was thrown into Cayuga Lake, as it was never found, after a protracted search, nor was his murderer ever apprehended, as communi- cation was slow in those days. In 1810 his mother married the second time a Mr. Allen, and the family moved to Tompkins county and settled near North Lansing. His step-father and mother died while he was young, and at the age of eighteen he went and lived with a Mr. Christie for three years at Ludlowville, and learned the tanning and shoe business. While there the temperance movement began, and he and twelve others formed what was known as the "Washington Temperance Society." Mr. Sil- ver at his death was the last one of the original twelve that formed the society. At the age of twenty-ohe he entered the Homer Academy, and after finishing his studies taught school in Lansing and elsewhere for several terms. He was the first to use a black board in a district school house, adopting this method in Tompkins and Cortland counties. He settled at Peruville, and carried on the boot and shoe business. In July, 1836, he married Hannah George, of West Dryden, a daughter of David George. It was in Mr. Silver's shop that Charles Sanders (author of Sanders' series of school books) and Mr. William Woodbury wrote and compiled Sanders' first spelling book. While living at Peruville Mr. Silver, with Mr. Mount and others, helped to establish a church there. He was also one of the foremost in the abolition movement Mr. Silver died near Jamestown, N. Y., in May, 1886. Shaffer, Amos D., was born in Monroe county, Pa., November 28, 1824. Adam, his father, was also born in Pennsylvania in 1795, and made a prospective tour to New York State when Amos was two years[of age, but returned to Pennsylvania, where he took up farming. Philip, his father, died at the age of ninety-eight years, and he was a son of Matthew Shaffer, who lived to be 102 years of age. Adam married Mary Van Buskirk, born in Pennsylvania of Scotch descent, a daughter of Moses Van Buskirk, and they had nine children, our subject being the fifth. He has always been a farmer from early life. He married, at the age of twenty-four, Elizabeth Walter, of Pike county. Pa., and they had four children. Mrs. Shaffer died at the age of seventy-two years in 1891. Mr. Shaffer has made a specialty of the raising of early lambs, and at present has a flock of 104 sheep. He is a Granger, but has never taken an active part in public affairs. Sheffer, Charles E., was born in the town of Clermont, Columbia county, N. Y., April 26, 1831, was educated in the common schools and made his home on the farm which had been in the family two generations before him. He assisted his father on the farm till becoming of age, when he learned the carpenter's trade and became a practical FAMILY SKETCHES. 168 builder. He made a specialty of bridge work, and at the age of twenty-eight he entered the employ of the H. R. R. Co, with whom he was at the time of its consolida- tion with the N. Y. 0. R. R. He was the assistant builder of the first bridge across the Hudson River at Albany in 1866, which has since been replaced with an iron struc- ture. In 1869 he became an employee of the D., L. & W. R. R. Co., and was assigned as assistant superintendent of the shops at Scranton, where he remained but seven .months, when he was transferred to Ithaca, and had charge of the car shops, and also attended to the bridge building on the line. He was employed with this company until the change of administration in 1885, and the next year he established a grocery and provision store at the corner of Mill and North Plain streets, where he has ever since been in the business. Mr. Sheffer is a Republican in politics, and a member of Fidelity Lodge, No. 51, F. & A. M. ; also of the Knights of Honor. In 1849 he married Hannah A. Shephard, of Hillsdale, Columbia county, and they have three children, Sarah E., Alice P., who is principal of West Hill school, and Reuben W. Gibbs, James, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1789, married Almena Colegrove of the same place, was on the frontier service during the war of 1812, and settled at Oroton in 1815. He was a man of large intellect and ranked high as a man of business ability, was a successful financier, and in early life had acquired a large competency. But at the age of forty-four he heard the master, call to a higher work, and leaving secular afifairs to his sons, he entered the ministry of the Baptist denomination as an evangelist, and died December 23, 1863, aged seventy-four years. Their children were : Eliza, James, Oliver, Julia and Norman. Eliza received a liberal education and after teaching several terms, married the Rev. Francisco Dusenbury, Baptist minister, and settled at Etna, N. Y. Three years later they moved to Newfield and afterward settled at Lake Ridge, where she died, April 15, 1868. James Gibbs, jr., was of a very genial, happy disposition, made friends everywhere, devoted his time to teaching, both vocal and instrumental music. He married Nancy Richardson of Freetown, N. T., and died October 6, 1864, aged forty-eight years, leaving one son, Edgar Gibbs. Oliver graduated from Hamilton Theological College, married Arvilla Hopkins of Ohio, and entered the Baptist ministry at the age of twenty -eight, was » faithful, efficient pastor until failing health drove him from his loved employ. He died at Groton February 1, 1888, leaving one daughter and two sons. Julia, second daughter, received her education at Groton and in 1844 married Abram J. Stout, born October 14, 1819, a thriving mechanic, own- ing the leading blacksmithing business of Groton. Two years later they removed to Lake Ridge, N. Y., remaining in the same business ten years. They then returned to Groton, bought the Ira Riggs farm east of Groton village, where they have lived con- tinuously with the exception of eight years in Cortland. They had one son, Jerome W., who at the age of twelve years entered the High School at Groton, working on the farm summers and attending school winters, until eighteen, when he commenced teach- ing winters with marked success. He married Mary E. Smith of Pontiac, Mich.' After a few years of farm life he graduated from Elmira Business College, and accepted a call from a mercantile house and extensive lumbering business in Tuscola county, Mich., having in charge the entire book accounts and post-office of the place. He was a man of business ability and true moral worth, having the confidence of all who knew 164 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. him, until his sudden death February 14, 1890. He left a wife and daughter. Bertha B. Stout. Norman G-ibbs, the youngest son of James Q-ibbs, Tfr&s born in Groton in 1829, and was a young man of marked ability, he was a teacher for many years, then entered upon the practice of law, removed to Mount Vernon, Mo., where he has an extensive law practice and is also a large real estate owner, at the present time. The period preceding the war Abram Stout was a Democrat, but a thorough abolitionist and assisted many fugitive slaves who came to him for refuge. Jonathan, father of Abram Stout, was ft native of Bordentown, N. J., born January 18, 1782, who married Mary Buckellew, who was born June 3, 1786. They settled in Dryden in 1809, and Mr. Stout participated in the war of 1812. Their children were : Charlotte, Andrew, Mary, Purman, Margaret, Abram J., Ellen, Sarah and Allen. Mr. Stout died March 19, 1846. Sabin, Jefferson L., was born in Ithaca, November 27, 1838, His father was born in Lewis county and came to Ithaca in 1835, bought what was known as the David D. Spencer property, and where our subject was born. He was educated in the common schools, and finished at the old Ithaca Academy, under Professors Carr and Williams. At the age of twenty-five he married Miranda Van Order, daughter of Henry Van Order of Ithaca, and they have two children, Burritt and Charles. In 1869 he bought what is known as the Stephen Bucklin property and in 1884 he bought the Ireland farm, having 156 acres of some of the most productive farm land in the town, raising large amounts of hay, grain and stock, making a specialty of hay crop. He is recognized in his town as a practiced and successful farmer, a man of conservative and independant ideas, taking an active and intelligent interest in educational and religious matters. Smith, Wheeler H. and EarlV., are sons of Hugh H. Smith, who came to this town with his father, Joseph Smith, when twenty-two years of age., Joseph Smith was born in Susquehanna, Pa., December 23, 1787, and died February 12, 1875. He served six months at Black Rock during the latter part of the war of 1812 and afterward drew a pension. His wife, Polly Van Tyle, was born in Minnisink, Orange county, June 19, 1787, and died December 2, 1822. Their children were Rebecca, born November 4, 1809, died August 2, 1823 ; Sally A., born October 13, 1810, died August 10, 1830 ; Hugh H., born November 24, 1815, died October 10, 1845. Joseph married second in Jan- uary, 1824, Sally Polly, born February 15, 1803, in Minnisink, died September 17, 1837, by whom he had these children: Mary Ann (Mrs. W. C. Douglass), born October 26, 1824; Lewis W., born December 25, 1826; Jane, born May 20, 1829 ; Jacob, born December 22, 1832; George V., born March 13, 1837 ; the last four are dead. His third wife was Abigail Carpenter, of Carmel, Putnam county, born October 27, 1802, whom he married July 22, 1838, and who died February 14, 1875. She bore him these children : Hannah, born April 17, 1839; William, born February 10, 1841 (deceased); Caroline, born October 13, 1842; WiUiam, born December 9, 1844 (deceased); Fannie, born April .15,1850. Joseph Smith settled in Enfield on what is known as the Andrew Brown farm in 1837, where he died as above stated. He was a good farmer and for thirty years was a deacon in the Baptist church in Mecklenburg. He and Colonel Brewer brought the first shorthorn Durham cattle into Tompkins county. Hugh H. Smith was also a representative farmer. In 1839 he married Marinda Hawey (born July 2, 1809 FAMILY SKETCHES. 165 died in 1884), by whom he had these children : Elizabeth, born June 21, 1841, died February 2, 1865 ; Earl V. and Wheeler H. He was a man of more than ordinary ability and was entrusted with the settlement of numerous estates. Earl V. Smith was born September 19, 1843, and married Olive N. Kirby. He has been postmaster at Mecklenburg four years, and is a farmer in the west part of the town. Wheeler H. Smith, who owns and occupies a large tract of land near the southwest corner of Enfield, was born June 26, 1846. He has been twice married, first to Miss Frank Williams, and second to Miss Ella A. Spencer. He has had three children : Elizabeth, born May 21, 1880, died August 1, 1892; Roxana M., born August 3, 1883; and Hugh H., born September 23, 1888. Saylor, Samuel, was born in the town of Lansing, August 27, 1811, was educated in the town of Hector, Schuyler county, where he was taken by his parents when six months old, and he has always followed farming, until his retirement about thirteen years ago. November 8, 1832, he married Lydia Payne, of Hector, born May 18, 1813, and they had five children : Hannah, Olarinda, Charles, Frances and Schuyler. Frances died October 10, 1865; Olarinda died September 11, 1892. John, father of our subject, was born in New Jersey in 1786, and came to this country when a young man, marry- ing Mary Bowers, born near Easton, Pa., in 1788, her parents moved to Lansing about 1800, and are buried at New Millford, 111., by whom he had nine children : Samuel, Daniel, Sarah M., John, Mary, Harriet, Alma, Cynthia and William. He died April 2, 1842, and his wife May 9, 1857. Ira Payne, father of Mrs. Saylor, was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, N. Y., and married Hannah Harvey, by whom he had three daughters and one son : Cynthia, Electa, Lydia and Silas, who died in infancy. Mr. Payne was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died from the efiFects of exposure in that war. Mr. Saylor came to reside in Trumansburgh in 1879. Clarrinda (Saylor) Hillock died the 11th day of September last, aged fifty-eight years, less eleven days, and is buried in the North-side Cemetery above Eockford, Ills. Smith, Rev. William A., who for seventeen years has held the pastorate of the Con- gregational church at Groton, is a native of Scotland, born in Aberdeen, November 10, 1834. His parents were William and Jean (Raffin) Smith, and of their four children he was the youngest. He was educated in Scotland, and in 1853 was graduated from the King's College University. Although educated for the ministry Mr. Smith did not at once enter upon that calling, but engaged in mercantile pursuits. After several years thus employed he resumed theological study, and in 1860 entered the ministry. His first pastorate was at Douglass, England, where he' remained twelve years. His work there, which was largely of a missionary character,was marked with wonderful success. In September, 1860, he married for his first wife Ann Creer of Douglass, who died in December, 1869. In August, 1873, he married Annie Caley, likewise of Douglass, by whom he had five children. After leaving his first charge, he accepted acall to achurch in the North of London, England ; here he remained nearly four years. In the spring of 1877 he came to the United States, and was at once called to the Congregational church at Groton, and has since been its pastor and leader. Mr. Smith's pastorate of this church has been marked by a degree of success never before attained in its history. He is an advocate of the " new theology " and his views have met with the hearty ap- 160 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. proval of the greater part of his parishioners. More than this, Mr. Smith has built up the church numerically as well as spiritually, and during his pastorate the present beautiful edifice has been erected. Its membership now reaches 200, with a like num- ber in the Sunday school, while the various societies connected with the church give abundant proof of an excellent pastoral head. Stone, Kichard H., was born in Trumansburgh, July 16, 1842, was educated in the public schools and old Academy. He then clerked in his father's store, was afterwards engaged by the Ithaca, Geneva & Sayre Railroad Company as station agent, and was in the employ of the road through its various changes for fifteen years. In the mean time he established an extensive general produce business, has built an elevator with a capacity of 25,000 bushels, coal trestle, warehouses, fruit cellars and hay barns, all pro- vided with machinery for handling produce, pressing hay, etc. The coal trestle has a capacity of 3,000 tons. His shipments last year were over one thousand car loads of produce, and he received about 900 cars of coal, etc. This year indicates an increase of ten per cent, and his average cash payments are about $1,000 per day. He resigned his position as station agent in May, 1893. June 29, 1864, he married Nancy, daughter of Stephen Lamport, of Trumansburgh, and they have nii e children : Stephen L., who married Fannie Howe of Kaowlesville, Orleans county, N.T., and has two children, Ruth and Margarete; Albert G., Le Pine, Louise M., R. Harry, Edward C, Charlotte L., Nancy L., and Bstelle D. Mr. Stone's father, Albert Q., was born in Litchfield county. Conn., and came to Tompkins county at an early day. March 21, 1833, he married Ann B. Camp of this village, and they had ten children, six of whom surviVe : James L., Louise C, Richard H., Hermon C, Albertine and George, of Washington, who is chief clerk to the second assistant postmaster general ; two sisters reside with him. Mr. Stone's father was postmaster here about twelve years, and died April 12, 1870. Stewart, David B., the first mayor of the city of Ithaca, was born in the town of Newfield, second son of Horace S. Stewart, who was a native of Delaware county and came to Tompkins county in 1808 with his parents and has resided in the town of New- field ever since, now living about half a mile from Newfield village. The early life of our subject was spent in the town of his birth, attending common school and assisting on the farm. He was also a student of the old Ithaca Academy and Cazenovia Semi- nary. He followed various employments, but mostly in mercantile and manufacturing business until 1867, whan ne moved to Ithaca and established at No. 7 East State street, a wholesale and retail grocery, bakery, confectionery and cigar manufactory, which he conducted for fourteen years. In 1882 he sold this business, and with Mr. S. H. Winton engaged in wholesale grocery. business and cigar manufacturing exclusively. The firm of Winton & Stewart continued until 1889, when the firm of D. B. Stewart & Company was established, and is now being conducted at 15, 17 and 19 South Tioga street. He is a member of Hobasco Lodge F. & A.M., Eagle Chapter, St. Augustinf Comraandery, Ithaca Lodge No. 71, I.O.O.F., Protective Police, director of the Ithaca Trust Company, and trustee of the Ithaca Savings Bank. He married in 1856, A. Louisa Crowell of Newfield, and they have one son, Edwin C. Stewart, with his father in business. FAMILY SKETCHES. 167 Smiley, Joseph, came with his wife from Bloomingburgh, Sullivan county, his birth place, to the town of Ulysses about 1824. A year later he moved to the town of Groton and settled at Peruville, where for many years he was a successful tanner and farmer. He died September 1, 1879, His wife, Hannah Dickison Smiley, died several years earlier. Four children, of the five born to them, are still living, two sons and two daughters. Everett Smiley, the older son, was born in Peruville, January 29, 1828, where he lived until twenty-six years of age, assisting his father on the farm and in the tannery, A year later, he, with his brother, bought a farm near West Dryden. He occupied this farm until 1863, when he exchanged it for the Smiiey homestead, which is still in his possession. Here he conducted a highly successful farming busi- ness until 1879, when he removed to Groton village, where he still resides. In 1865, he was married to Nancy Halladay, daughter of Lyman Halladay of West Groton. They have one child, Mary, wife of Charles 0. Rhodes. Mr. Smiley has been a con- servative Republican. He supported Mr. Greeley for the presidency in 1872 and in later years has favored the Prohibition party. He is not a man who ever sought public office, yet has held many positions of trust, always retaining the confidence of his fel- low-men in his business ability, honor and integrity. He was a member of the Groton village Board of Education for several terms, and declined a re-election in August, 1893, preferring complete retirement from public and business affairs, nevertheless taking a deep interest in the welfare of his native town. Smith, Clarence L., was born in Ulysses February 5, 1851. His father, Minor T. Smith, was a native of the town of Hector. He has been a farmer all his life, but is now a resident of Trumansburgh village. The mother of our subject, Maria King, was a native of Hector and is still living. Clarence is the only child. He was educated in the common schools, prepared for college at Trumansburgh, and entered Cornell in 1869, graduating in 1873. He went at once as a student in the law office of S. D. Hal- liday and the fall of 1874 entered Albany Law School, being admitted to the bar in 1875. His first practice was in Ithaca for two years a partner with Mr. Halliday, and since alone. He is a Republican in politics and in 1879 was elected justice of the pea.ce, being re-elected in 1882. He resigned that fall to take the office of district attorney, which he held six years. One of the important cases during his service was the cele- brated Barber murder trial. In 1890 he was elected to a four year term as recorder of the city of Ithaca. He married in 1879 Evelyn D. Spaulding of Caroline, and they have two children, a son and a daughter. Smith, Elias, was born in Ulysses, December 10, 1828, was educated in the public schools and taught during winters for seventeen years. September 21, 1852, he married Camilla Iredell of this town by whom he had three children : Amanda E., Will I., and Anna R. Amanda is principal of the school at Jacksonville ; Will I. married Ella A. Williams of Ithaca, where they reside. Anna R. married Edwin S. Johnson, of Jacksonville. The father of our subject, John H., was born in New Jersey, April 20, 1806 and married Catharine Longstreet, of this State, by whom he had three children, two sons and a daughter, Elias, Amos, and Margaret. He died in March, 1893, and his wife in 1876. Mrs. Smith's father, Joseph L. Iredell, was born in Montgomery county, Pa., December 9, 1797, and married Letitia Quinby, formerly of New Jersey. 168 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. They came here and located on the farm on which Mr. and Mrs. Smith reside. Their nine children were : Hannah, Camilla, Sarah, Hester, Mary Elizabeth, Martha Q., Helen, and Susanna. He died April 15, 1891, and his wife April 23, 1891. Mr. and Mrs. Iredell were both greatly respected in the neighborhood. Mr. Smith has been county superintendent for the past six years. The ancestry of the family is English, Welsh and Irish. Pease, Augustine R., was born in Ulysses, November 19, 1817, was educated in the public schools of that day, aud reared on his father's farm until he attained his ma- jority. He then entered Union College, where Dr. Nott was president, graduating in July, 1843. In 1853 he received the degree of A. M., and taught in the west and also in the south, as well as at his own home and in Canton, Madison county, Miss. He was principal of Trumansburgh Academy two years, and afterward took up farming. In 1867 he purchased twenty-four acres of land in the village of Trumansburgh, the greater part of which he covered with buildings, sold to working people. April 8, 184:6, he married Bebecca A., daughter of Samuel Hopkins, one of the first settlers in Covert, Seneca county, and they have two daughters, ladies of culture and refinement ; Ida and Lucy S. Mr. Pease's father, Simeon, was born in Enfield, Conn., May 29, 1790, and January 8, 1815, he married Cynthia Markham. About 1814 he moved to this town, where tie bought fifty acres, and upon his marriage came to live. Of his thir- teen children, ten grew to maturity: Augustine H., Cynthia D., Sarah, Simeon G-., Harriet, Annis, Minerva, Antoinette, Emily and Benjamin P. Mr. Pease died in 1867, and his wife, September 2, 1869. Both of our subject's grandfathers served in the Eevolutionaiy war, where they were non-commissioned officers. The ancestors of the family were English. Pratt, J. H., was born in the village of Groton, September 11, 1844. His father, Geo. D. Pratt, settled in the village of Groton and established a harness, trunks, robes, etc.. business about 1839. Ten years later, in March, 1849, he removed to the village of Dryden, and carried on the same business, assisted by his son, who succeeds him. About 1840 Geo. D. Pratt married Betsey M. Foster, daughter of Aaron Poster, who came to Dryden near 1830 and located at Willow Glen on the farm which he after- wards sold to John McGraw. Aaron Foster was connected with and carried on the flour and saw mills located at Willow Glen. Our subject was educated at the common schools, finishing at the Dryden Academy. At the age of thirty-eight he married Mary P. Kurd, daughter of DenisonHurd, of Ithaca, and they are the parents of one daughter, Betsey L. Pratt. In politics he takes the Republican side. He has been president of the village and is now treasurer. He is the leading man in his business of fine hand-made harness, wagons, sleighs, robes, etc. A brother of our subject, Hail F. Pratt, is associated with him in business. Another brother, George P., is a farmer of the town of Caroline. Perry, William M., was born near Buffalo, February 21, 1839, his family having cocne from Otsego county. He was given his early education in Buffalo, and at the age of eleven years was left an orphan and thrown upon his own resources. At the age of seventeen h/e shipped aboard a whaler and followed the sea for eleven years, the last FAMILY SKETCHES. 169 four being spent in the United States Navy. In 1869 ha came to Ithaca to visit a relative, and while here married Miss Matilda M. Barnes of Newfield, and settled here, where he has since made his home. The following spring he took up carpentry with William Nelson and after two years went with Hyatt & Oltz. Four years later he went with John Snaith. In 1881, when the Piske mansion was started he took charge of the carpenter work, and after the death of the owner it was finished by contract, and this was Mr. Perry's first financial enterprise. Since that time he has built many of the finest residences and public buildings in this city. Beginning with the Fiske house, his erections include the Dr. Dennis residence of Elberon, N. J., and of Warren E. Den- nis of the same place. In New York city he also remodeled the houses of W. E. Den- nis and Mrs. J. D. Ripley, and in Ithaca he has built the residences of Professor Puertes, Professor Thurston, Professor Nichols, the Kappa Alpha and the Ohi Phi Society houses and was also the contractor for the wood work on the Cornell University Library and the Congregational church, and is now building the Unitarian church, the woodwork for Mr. W. 0. Wyokoffs house on Oarleton Island, and rebuilding a house for Dr. P. S. Dennis at Norfolk, Conn. Mr. Perry is a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716 P. & A. M., and is a trustee of the Unitarian church. He has one daughter and five sons, the oldest son following the trade of his father. Pierce, W. B., was born at Providence, R. I., Feb. 17, 1841. His early life wag spent in the city of Providence. He was educated in the public schools and was a bookkeeper in a counting-room until, at the breaking out of the war, June 6, 1861, he enlisted in the First Rhode Island Artillery, serving until March, 1864. The first year be was a private and sergeant and the second year a commissioned lieutenant. He was with the Second Corps during all the war, and was in every Union engage- ment in which the Second Corps took part in the State of Virginia. On his return he entered the employ of the D., L. & W. R. R. Co., first as clerk, then station agent, then assistant division superintendent ; resigned on account of poor health in 1876 ; entered their service October 1, 1881, as passenger conductor, and in May, 1885, he was appointed division superintendent of the D., L. & W. R. R. Co., and also the repre- sentative of their coal interests at this point. He is a Republican in politics, but he has never been an aspirant for office. Mr. Pierce is a member of Fidelity Lodge, F. & A. M., and has been a Mason since 1865. In 1861 he married Helen A. King, of Susque- hanna county. Pa. They have one son, Clarence, who has charge of the retail coal business at Ithaca. Peck, Solomon H., M. D., was born at White Lake, Sullivan county, N, T., Sep- tember 15, 1825. His grandfather was a nephew of General Richard Henry Lee, of Revolutionary fame, and an officer himself on General Spencer's stafif in the Revolu- tionary war. His maternal grandmother was a sister of Rev. Adoniram Judson, one of the first missionaries. His father was Joseph Peck, a farmer. The doctor was edu- cated at Liberty Norrnal Institute in his native county, and taught for five years while finishing his education. He began the study of medicine in 1853 with Dr. A. A. Gil- lespie at Bethel, N. T. He attended lectures at Albany and two terms at the medical department of the University of New Tork, while there on the staff of Dr, 170 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Valentine Mott. He began practice at Jeffersonville, Sullivan county, in 1856, and in 1858 removed to Ithaca, where be has ever since followed a general practice of his profession. He is a member of the County Medical Society, and has been its president a number of times. After being a delegate to the State Society several years, in 1881 he became a member of that body, and is also a member of the International Medical Congress, to which he was elected at Washington in 1883. He married in 1858 Ange- hne R. Pratt, daughter of Ool. Chauncey Pratt, of Covert, Seneca county, N. Y. They have no children. Ogden, Lewis M., was born in Genoa, Cayuga county, September 10, 1823, the old- est of seven children of Joseph and Sally Ogden. At the age of seventeen Lewis began work for himself, working at farming first in Cayuga and Cortland counties, and later in Tompkins county, town of Groton, where he married, January 25, 1854, Samjntha, daughter of John Hopkins, from that time on IVIr. Ogden has been a per- manent resident here, as well as an influential man in town affairs. His children are as follows: Charles B., of Genoa; William S. and David H., both of South Dakota. Lewis M. Ogden was originally a Whig, later a Republican, but supported Greeley in 1872, and has since been a Democrat. He has been assessor two terms, and now is one of the excise commissioners. John Hopkins, above mentioned, was descended from one of the pioneers of this town, and was born August 7, 1793. He married Damaris Miller, born October 24, 1807, and their children were : Samantha and Sophronia, also an adopted son, Alva B. Hopkins. John died February 18, 1847, and his wife Febru- ary 22, 1865. And I, Mrs. Ogden, his daughter, live on the old farm that my grand- father bought in 1800, when it was all a wilderness. Was born on it and here lived on the farm sixty-three years. Ozmun, William A. J., a native of Lansing, was born September 21, 1827, a son of William, of Orange county, born in 1783,- who came to Lansing in 1793 with his father Abram, who settled here and reared eight children. Here William grew to manhood, and to a prominent position in his town, being an active and energetic man. He ac- quired a large property, and always transacted his own business, never requiring an assistant in the drawing up of contracts, making of will, etc. He was a director of the Tompkins County Bank, and a man of high standing. He married Catharine Newman, a native of Pennsylvania, by whom he had nine children. The father died in January, 1862, and his wife in .September, 1861. His son, William A. J., was reared on the farm, educated in the Groton Academy, and at the age of twenty took charge of the farm. In 1866 he removed to Ithaca to educate his children, and there lived five years, during which he embarked in the real estate business with success. After returning to the farm he erected a saw mill and engaged in the manufacture of lumber, and had in connection a planing mill, his property being twice destroyed by fire. He was instrumental in securing a station also, the railroad running through the town, and he was made station agent and express egent. He also erected store buildings, etc., and a wagon repair shop. At this time a post-office was also established, with our subject as postmaster, which office he has filled ever since, for nineteen years, the station being known as Midway, but in 1889 the railraod company abandoned the road, and the little village of course suffered, both financially and numerically. In 1852 Mr. Ozmun FAMILY SKETCHES. ITl married Mary M., daughter of Isaac and Sarah Davis, by -whom he bad five children : William A., born in 1853 ; J. Davis, born in 1856, who married Clara Norton of Lan- sing; Frank W., born in 1859, died aged eleven ; Burt L., born in 1862, married Minnie L. Q-iltner, and has four children, Melta F., William A. J., J. Davis, and Bertha L. ; and Kate F., born in 1872, who married William Phillips of Cleveland, 0. Our subject is a Mason, and Knight Templar of St. Augustine Commandery No. 38 J. Davis, son of William A. J., is a graduate of Syracuse University, from which he went to New Tork city and took a post graduate course, settling in Canajoharie, where he now practices his profession. Oltz, the late John, was born oq West Hill, Ithaca, May 23, 1835, was educated in the public schools, and early in life learned the capenter's trade, becoming a contractor and builder. November 12, 1868, he married Margaret Neideck, of Ithaca, of which union two children were born : John, born November 4, 1874, who is one of . the intelligent young farmers of the town of Ulysses, managing his mother's' farm ; and a daughter Flora, who died in infancy. Mr. Oltz died March 17, 1889, mourned by a large circle of friends as well as by his bereaved family. They came to reside in the town of Ulysses in 1889. Mrs. Oltz's father, Adam Neideck, was born near the Mosell River, Germany, and at the death of his father, he resided with his uncle, in France. He was born February 11, 1812, and after a time, he returned to his native place. About 1839 he married Margaret Loucks, and they came to America in 1850. Of their eight chil- dren, two died in infancy, and six survive : Adam, Anna, Albert, Lana, Margaret, Cath- arine, and Mary. Mr. Neidick enlisted in Company B, Eighty-ninth New York Vol- unteers, and was wounded at the battle of Antietam, dying three days later of his wounds. Albert, his son, was also a soldier in the late war, and was honorably dis- charged at its close. Osborn, Fred W., the subject of this sketch, was born in the village (now city) of Ithaca, July 19, 1849, was educated in the public schools, and is a farmer, gardener and nurseryman by occupation. September 29, 1872, he married Eliza M., daughter of Captain John 0. Smith, of Farmer, Seneca county, and they have one adopted daugh- ter, Nellie B., who is a successful school teacher, residing at home. Mrs. Osborn's father, Captain John 0. Smith, was born in Friendship, N. J., November 19, 1825, and came to this locality with his parents wheii young. He was an architect and con- tractor. July 4, 1844, he married Persis M. Loomis, of Aurora, Cayuga county, and they had two children : Eliza M., as above noted, and Chester 0. Mr Smith enlisted in 1864, in Company I, 111th New York Volunteers, as first lieutenant, and was hon- orably discharged at the close of the war. He died in Ovid, January 24, 1870, and his wife died October 23, 1879, aged fifty-two. Mr. Osborn came to Jacksonville in 1880, and has been overseer of the poor in this part of the town four years. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church and by integrity and industry they have gained a pleasant home where they now reside. Owen, Charles B., was born on the old homestead near Jacksonville, July 15, 1822. He was educated in his father's select school at home, with six months at the Friends' Nine Partners Boarding School and is one of the leading farmers of his town. He 173 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. married, May 15, 1844, Sarah Otis, of Sherwood, Cayuga county, and of their children two survive : Herman P., and Eebecca. The former married Jane Aldrich, of Steuben county, and the latter married Jesse Mekeel. Mrs. Owen died February 29, 1876, and he married second Flora A. Housel, of Ithaca, born at Townsendville, Seneca county, and they have one daughter, Mary A. Mr. Owen's father, Aaron K., was born in Orange county, in 1794, and came here with his parents when a boy. His first wife was Mary Dunham, and his second was Martha Carman, by whom he had six children : Parvis W., Mary, Charles B., Deborah, Martha, and Freelove. Mrs. Owen was born in G-reene county in 1795. Aaron K. Owen died May 15, 1847, and his wife November 7, 1871. Ouan, S. D., was born in the town of Dryden, September 2, 1833. His father, Samuel, came from Ireland when a young man, located in Dryden, where our subject was educated in the district school, but his father dying when he was eleven years of age, he was soon taken from school and put to work on the farm. At the age of twenty-seven he married Martha A. Snyder, daughter of Joseph Snyder, of Dryden, and they hi^ve a daughter, Minnie, who is a graduate of the Ithaca High School. Our subject IS a Democrat in politics and takes a great interest in all questions of the day, both political and educational. In 1861 he came to the town of Ithaca, where he bought the Abram Bates farm, now known as Lake View farm, of 147 acres, and he raises large quantities of hay, grain and stock. He is one of the largest farmers in the town, a conservative man, and a practical and successful farmer. Northrup, George H., was born in Ithaca, November 16, 1845, son of John Northrup 73 B. State St. The whole life of George H. has been spent in this town. He was educated in the public schools and in the old Ithaca Academy. After leaving school he was engaged with his father in carriage trimming and spring bed business, and became a member of the firm of John Northrup & Son. He was engaged with his father until 1891, when betook charge of the retail department of the D. L. & W. coal business for one year, and July 27, 1893, he bought out the insurance business of George L. Gray, which he is now conducting with office in No. 3 Clinton Block, N. Cayuga St. Mr. Northrup has always been an active Republican, and has held numerous offices of honor and trust. In 1880 he was elected tax receiver of Ithaca, serving one year, and the following year was elected county treasurer of Tompkins county and twice re-elected, making nine years he filled this office. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, Fidelity Lodge No. 51, Eagle Chapter No. 58, and St. Augustine Commandery No. 38 ; also a member of Ithaca Lodge No. 71, I. 0. 0. F., member of the Congregational church, and one of the trustees. Mr. Northrup married, January 18, 1872, Addie, daughter of M. D. Bruce, a farmer of Danby. He is also treasurer of the T. M. C. A. Northrop, Amos B., was born in Winfield, Herkimer county, N.T.,Feburary 11, 1817, raised in Rome, N. Y., and came to the town of Dryden in 1852, was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of twenty-eight he married Almira Dodge, daughter of Samuel Dodge, of Rome, N. Y., and they were the parents of three sons : Fred, George and Samuel D. In 1866 he came to the village of Yarna and established a boot and shoe manufactory. FAMILY SKETCHES. 173 Our subject is one of the substantial citizens in his town, where he is known as a con- servative, independent citizen, of strong forceful character, a man whose life has proven his word to be as good as his bond. Newman, Jared T., was born in the town of Enfield November 4, 1855, u son of Isaac H. Newman, who was a native of the town of Lansing, born April 10, 1823, and died June 7, 1893. The father was a Republican in politics and one of the most prom- inent and respected citizens in the town of Enfield, in Which he held the offices of supervisor and railroad commissioner. His mother, Cornelia A., was the daughter of Jared Treman, from whose family the village of Trumansburgh takes its name. Ellen A. Newman, the only sister of our subject, is now a resident of Ithaca. Jared was edu- cated at Ithaca Academy and Cornell University, graduating with the class of '75. He was for a time principal of Blossburg, Pa., graded school, and January], 1878, began the study of law with Hon. Marcus Lyon. The next fall he entered the Albany Law School and graduated in 1879, and being immediately admitted to the bar, began practice January 1, 1880. He was a partner with James McLachlan, under the firm name of Newman & McLachlan, from May, 1883, to May, 1887, afterwhich he continued the practice of law alone until April, 1894, when the firm of Newman & Blood was formed with Charles H. Blood as the other partner. He was special county judge from January 1, 1882, to 1886. He was a delegate to the general assembly of the Presbyterian church, held at Washington, D. C, in May 1893. He married, October 7, 1886, JaneB., daughter of the late Josiah B. Williams ; they have four children. Newman, Levi J., born November 16, 1852, received his early education in the dis- trict schools, after leaving which he attended the Ithaca Academy, where he qualified hiinself to be a teacher, following that profession for some years, but soon gave his attention to farming. He is a son of W. 0. Newman of Ithaca, one of the early settlers in Enfield, and has always been considered one of the most successful and prominent farmers of the town. L. J.Newman married Ann B., daughter of Seymour Korts of Ithaca, by whom he had four children, three sons and one daughter. He is known throughout the town as a man of ability and culture, and whose merit his townspeople recognized by electing him as supervisor for 1893, and re-elected in .1894 for a term of two years. Marsh, Walker, deceased, was born in Vermont, November 4, 1810. His parents came to New York State when he was only six years of age. At the age of twenty- three he married Caroline C. Winslow of Groton, and came to Etna to make a home where he lived over fifty years. He was a man of large information and extensive reading and commanded the respect and esteem of the whole community. Politically a Democrat, he was postmaster and acting postmaster over forty years, was many years justice of the peace, and town clerk. As secretary he virtually organized and perfected the Dryden and Groton Insurance Company, which has been a model for all subsequent organizations of that kind. His honor and probity were above reproach and his counsel and advice frequently sought by neighbors and friends. He died at the age of seventy- six, leaving a widow and five children, three daughters, Misses May, Bmiline and Sophie, Mr. George Marsh and Mr. Frank P. Marsh. lU LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. McKinney, James Monroe, an old and prominent resident of Lansing, is a native of this town, born on the farm he now owns, January 22, 1820, a son of Jesse, who came to Lansing at the age of about twelve, from New Jersey, his native State. The latter had but limited advantages of education, but he improved his opportunities, and became a prominent man in his community, having served sixteen years as justice of the peace, and in 1840 he was elected member of Assembly, on the Whig ticket. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel and Christina Brown of Dryden, and they had eleven children ; Jesse died in 1862 aged seventy-two years, and his wife in 1864 aged sixty- eight. Our subject, who was the second child, was reared on the farm and educated in the common schools, and in 1843, at the age of twenty -three, he went to Michigan, and took up 260 acres of land, where he lived nine years, but was forced to return to the old home, on account of malaria, and here he has ever since resided. At the death of his father he came into possession of one-half of the original tract of homestead. While in Michigan Mr. McKinney was one of the organizers of the school in his locality, was inspector of schools, and justice of the peace. On Mr. McKinney's farm is the McKinney Station, of which our subject is station agent, having filled that position for twenty years. He has two children : James H. and Mary Josephine. His second marriage was with Sarah L. Pisk, of Chicago, 111., in 1877. Morrison, James T., was born at Ludlowville, March 22, 1829, the youngest son of a family of three children of James Morrison, who was a native of Saratoga county, coming to this county in 1816. He was a cabinet maker and engaged in that business in East Lansing. In 1826, he settled on a farm east of Ludlowville, and conducted cabinet making, chair manufacturing and farming. He was also the only undertaker in the town of Lansing for a great many years. He died November 24, 1870, at seventy-four years of age. The mother of our subject, Mary Townley, was a daughter of Deacon Charles Townley, who was one of the first settlers of this county, with his brother Richard Townley, Richard and Charles Townley were natives of New Jersey and Revolutionary soldiers. They married sisters and in 1802, immigrated from Pennsylvania to Tompkins county, stopping over night with their ox team and house- hold effects in Ithaca when there was but one house, the residence of the McDowells, and the next day resumed their journey to the town of Lansing, where they took the the military tract assigned them. James T. spent his boyhood days in Lansing, and attended school until fifteen, when he entered the employ of Henry L. Burr, who was conducting a gen»ral store at Ludlowville. He remained with Burr until 1847, when he went to New York and that year spent part of the time in Rochester. The spring of 1848 he came to Ithaca, where he was clerk for Finch & Stowell three years. In 1851 he returned to Ludlowville, where he engaged in business for himself six years. He then traded his property for a farm of 150 acres in Lansing, where he lived one year, and then came back to Ithaca in 1858, buying an interest in the business of Avery, Woodruff & Co., and the firm name became Morrison, Woodruff & Granger, existed two years, and then became Morrison & Woodrufif. After one year Mr. Woodruff sold his interest to Hawkins & Finch, making the firm Morrison, Hawkins & Co. This firm continued eight years. The spring of 1869, Mr. Morrison purchased of the Downing estate what is now known as the Morrison block, where he removed his half interest FAMILY SKETCHES. , 175 and was alone in business until February, 1889, when he sold to Theodore Dobsin. Mr. Morrison is a Prohibitionist. He was twice married, and was the father of three sons and one daughter. The oldest son, William H., graduate of Cornell, is an instructor in Wilmington, Del.; Maurice, is now a student of the law department of Cornell Univer- sity. The daughter and one son are deceased. Myers, Andrew, was born in Pennsylvania, October 7, 1828. William R., his father, was a native of New Jersey, who went to reside in Pennsylvania, where he followed different occupations, among them being blacksmithing and carpentry. He married Mary Cox, a native of Ireland, who came to America when quite young, and of their seven children our subject was the youngest. He has been a farmer from boyhood, March 17, 1849, he married Susan A. Willey, a native of this county, and they have one son, Alfred, now iu Waverly, working at his trade of plumbing and gas fitting, in which he is very efficient. Mr. Myers is a Democrat in politics, but has not aspired to public oflBce. McKee, James and Robert, were among the first settlers of Dryden, the former locat- ing there in 1801 and the latter five years later. They were brothers, of Scotch descent and Irish birth and both brought familes to this country. James had eight children, among whom was one son, Thomas, who married a Miss Calvert of Cortland county, in 1806, and by her had one son, John 0. The latter married Janette Stuart, and had eleven children, as follows: Thomas, now in Indiana; John, in Missouri; Alexander (deceased); Margaret, now living on the home farm ; Elizabeth (deceased) ; Anna, (deceased) ; Janette, wife of John Lamberson (deceased) ; Mahala, wife of Edward Carpenter (deceased); and James and Henry, living on the home farm in the south- east part of Groton. The place comprises 200 acres of excellent land, finely located and under good cultivation. And Andrew living in Michigan. John the head of the family just mentioned, was a successful farmer, and died September 16, 1883. His wife died in 1877. ' Meany, Edward, M. D., was born in the town of Enfield, November 17, 1865, son of John Meany, a farmer of that town, who died in November, 1890. Dr. Meany was educated in the common schools, and at the age of eighteen began the study of medicine with Dr. F. A. Kerst, of Jacksonville, and soon after entered Buffalo Medical College, from which institution he graduated with high honor (standing seventh on honor roll in a class of fifty) March 1, 1887. In April of the same year he established an oiBce in Ithaca, where he has built up an extensive and lucrative practice. The doctor has always been an enthusiastic Democrat, and was three years health ofiEicer of this city. He is a member of the Tompkins County Medical Society, and holds the office of treasurer. Messenger, Levi H., was born in the town of Virgil, March 2, 1830, and was educated in the common schools, but is pre-eminently a self-educated and self-made man. At the age of thirty-two he married Apilona Miller, daughter of Isaac Miller of Dryden, and they are the parents of three children, two sons, Gideon and George L., also one daughter, Clara. Gideon died in December, 1881, age sixteen, and George died in May, 1893, age 23 ; he was a very brilliant young man, having graduated from the Dryden 176 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. graded school with a college entrance diploma and entered Cornell University. From overstudying his health began to fail and he entered the Leland Stanford University in California. His ambition was boundless, his talents of a high order, but overwork, together with disease, cut him off in the flower of his young manhood. In 1870 Mr. Messenger bought the Michael Thomas property of fifty-five acres, on which he erected handsome buildings. He is one of the conservative men of his towff, identified in ad- vancing its best interests, and known as a practical and successful farmer and a man of strict integrity. Macey, Fred H.^ was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., December 21, 1867, and came to Dryden with his parents in 1870, where he was educated at the common schools, finish- ing at the Dryden Academy. At the age of twenty-three years he married Nellie B. Shepard, daughter of A. 3. Shepard of the town of Ithaca, and they have two children: Leo A., and F. Earl. In 1894 Mrs. Macey inherited the E. McArthur " Hill farm," of seventy-acres, where he now lives. He has a fine farm, and raises hay, grain and stock, making a specialty of hay and potatoes. In politics he is a Republican and takes an interest in all the leading events of the day, participating in all movements for the good of his town. Montgomery, Daniel R., was born in the town of Dryden, March 7, 1838, and was educated in the common schools, after leaving which he went back to his father's farm. When the war broke out he enlisted in Company F, 76th N. T. Infantry, December 16 1861, and received an honorable discharge December 16, 1864, serving three years, and being engaged in the battles of Gainesville, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam and Gettysburg, and being promoted to color sergeant for bravery in action. He carried the first set of colors carried by infantry in the battle of Gettysburg, when he was wounded through the hand supporting the colors, the same bullet passing through the shoulder. At the age of forty-two he married Miss Sarah M. Wilson, daughter of Henry Wilson of Dryden, and they have two daughters, Misses Fannie and Florence In 1872 he went into the coal and lumber business with Mr. Sperry, who in 187.'5 sold out to I. P. Ferguson, and is now the junior member of the firm of Ferguson and Mont- gomery, the leading firm in the town of Dryden. He takes the Republican side in politics and has always been an active worker for the success of his party. Messenger, D. S., was born in the town of Dryden, July 7, 1836. His father, Nathan was born in Virgil, and came to Dryden in 1835, and bought what was known as the Dr. Taylor farm of sixty acres, where he passed his life. D. S. was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. He married at the age of twenty-six. Miss Henrietta Kennedy, daughter of Bradford Kennedy of Dryden, and they are the parents of one daughter, Anna A. He is a Republican in politics, but through life has been too actively engaged in busines to give much attention to politics, although he has always taken a deep interest in educational and religious afi^airs. In 1873 he purchased what was known as the old Orrin Smith farm of 102 acres. In 1883 he purchased the Chambers farm of eighty acres, and in 1885 he bought the Benjamin Simonds farm of sixty acres, having 250 acres of some of the beet farm lands in the town of Dryden. FAMILY SKETCHES. 177 I MoArthur, Ebenezer, deceased, was born in Dryden. December 4, 1813. His father, Elder Daniel McArthur, came from Scotland to Dryden in 1811, and lived in a log house across the road from the homestead. In 1815, he built the handsome house which is known as the McArthur Homestead, and which our subject rebuilt and remodeled in 1873. Ebenezer McArthur was educated in the common schools and finished at the Homer Academy, and taught school for nearly twenty years, devoting the energies of his life to educating the young people of his town, and by his will directing that the larger portion of his estate should revert to the town of Dryden for educational uses. He married in 1846, Miss Maria Hutchings, who passed away in 1871. In the same year he married Miss Calista Robinson, daughter of David Robinson of Lansing, who was left to take up his many benevolent and business interests and carry them forward to completion, which, with unexpected business ability she has been able to do. Our subject was well known through this town, prominently interested in advancing the best interest of his town, and recognized as a man of high ability and sterling integrity. McKellar, John. — Among the Scotch families who settled in &roton many years ago was that of John McKellar, a native of Argyleshire, born about 1780, who married Mary Stuart and had these children : Nancy, Archibald, Mary, Jean, Catherine, Eu- phemia, and John. In 1841 the family settled three miles east of Ithaca, and later came to G-roton, where the pioneer died in 1850 and his wife in 1871. John McKel- lar wae a thrifty and prosperous farmer, and established for himself and family a com- fortable home. His son, John, was born July 4, 1829, and resided at home until his marriage, when he started for himself, and now owns a fine place. He married Aman- da Halliday, and they have had five children, four daughters. The names of the daughters are, Helena, Minnie, Katherine and Grace and one son, the latter deceased. Archibald McKellar was also one of Groton's thrifty farmers. He came with his father to this town, and lived on the old farm until his death in 1892, Catherine, his sister, having kept house for him until 1809 when she died. Manning, Thompson, was born on the farm which he now owns, January 12, 1822. His father was one of the early settlers of the county and cleared up the farm on which his son now resides. He received his education in the district schools, after leaving which, he devoted himself to farming, at the same time taking an active in- terest in the events of the day, both political and educational. He was trustee of the school in the district in which he lives for eight or more years, and finally declined the office. Our subject is a prosperous farmer in his neighborhood, and raises large amounts of hay, grain and stock, and makes a specialty of sheep. About the year 1800, David Morton and four sons, named, David, Zachariah, Michael, and Robert, came from Massachusetts and settled in Groton ; of the sons, David married Mercy Williams ; they had three sons and five daughters. The sons' names were, Adin, William and George. Of these, Adin Morton was very prominent as a pioneer abolitionist when it was popular to heap opprobrium upon the cause. He contributed liberally, and voted and worked for the overthrow of slavery from 1842 to 1860. Five of his sons are now living in Groton ; the youngest. Porter Morton, owns 178 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. and lives on the same farm that his grandfather (David Morton) bought over ninety years ago, and where his father (Adin Morton) was born in 1805 and died in 1867. McGillivray, Ellsworth, was born in the town of Caroline, September 30, 1862. Josiah McGillivray, the father of our subject, is a farmer and resident of Iihaca, and has only one son, the subject. He was educated in the common schools and Ithaca High School and his first occupation after leaving school was as a painter, which he followed only long enough to learn the trade. In 1881 he went into the photograph gallery to study for the profession. He was employed by Geo. Stanley about two years and then went with E. D. Evans and was with him for six years. After spend- ing one year in Cortland he returned to Ithaca and August, 1890, h6 bought the For- est City Art Gallery, which he has since conducted. Mr. McGillivray makes a spe- cialty of large work, such as water colors, crayons, paintings, groups, and photography in all its branches. He also carries a complete line of photographic supplies and cameras for amateurs. He is a member of the order of I. 0. 0, P. and Knights of Pythias. Sep- tember 5, 1893, he married Jessie L. Shaw of Albion, N. T. McElheny, John E., was born in the town of Dryden September 13, 1822. His father, James J., was one of the earliest settlers in the town. Our subject was edu- cated in the common schools to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of thirteen his father died and he took charge of the farm until 1846 when he moved into the town of Dryden, At the age of thirty-seven he married Adelia Aldridge, daughter of Benjamin Aldridge. He is one of the leading men of his town having been president, and is now president of the Dryden and Groton Fire Insurance Company. He is also president of the Southworth Library Association, which is now building a handsome structure under his personal supervision. While active in educatipnal matters he also finds time to further the interests of the Presby- terian Church, of which he is a member. Mason, F. Oscar, was born in Richland county, Ohio, May 26, 1838, and with his father, Edward Mason, who was from Lincolnshire, England, came to the town of Dryden in 1840. Our subject was educated in the common schools and finished at Cortland Academy, after leaving which he tanght school for several years, and also engaged in the grocery business in Dryden, and afterward at Ludlowville. At twenty- five he was married to Miss Harriet 0. Ralph, who lived until 1884. In 1889 he mar- ried Miss Carrie Gardner, daughter of D. P. Gardner of Dryden, N. Y. They have two sons and one daughter. In ] 867 he bought part of his father's estate of sixty acres where he now resides, raising hay, grain and stock. He is recognized m his town as a practical and successful farmer, a man of sound views, taking an active interest in advancing the best welfare of his town. His son. Professor Arthur R. Mason, is a graduate of the Cortland Normal School and is now professor at Whitney's Point Union School and Academy. McCorn, Moses, was born in Orange county, July 14, 1820. Moses, his father, was a native of Ireland and came to America at the age of about thirty, settling in Orange county at first, but later removed to Tompkins county. He married Mary Allen, of Ireland, and they were the parents of six children, of whom our subject was the fifth. FAMILY SKETCHES. 179 His occupation has been lumbering and farming, his place comprising sixty acres with a small dairy. He married Adaline Starr and they have one son living at home. He has held the office of assessor eleven years. In politics he is Democratic. Mekeel, Walter and Isaiah, are sons of the late William Mekeel, who was born in Westchester county January 30, 1815, and came to what is now Schuyler county with his parents when four years old. He was educated in a, select school in his father's house and in the Friends Boarding School, Nine Partners, Dutchess county, New York. September 16, 1835, he married Sarah D., daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Tripp, and they had five children ; James, Elizabeth, Jesse, Amy and Charles. Mrs. Mekeel died April 27,, 1847, and he married second Mary G. Grorham, of Nantucket, Massachusetts, June 18, 1849, and they had four children : George, Sarah J., Walter and Isaiah. Mrs. Mekeel died May 7, 1867, and for his third wife he married Martha Hassey, of Nan- tucket, Massachusetts. He died June 28, 1871, and his widow survives him. Walter and Isaiah have a small stock of registered Jersey cattle and a flock of Shropshire sheep on the homestead now called Maple Shade Stock Farm. They make stock raising a specialty. Their barn contains a silo and all the necessary arrangements for the com- fort of stock. Melzgar, William, one of fifteen children of Jonas and Mary Metzgar, was born in Monroe county, Pennsylvania, January 29, 1821. In 1830 the family came to Groton where the pioneer and his wife died. William was brought up on a farm, made his start in life when he became of age, and fifty years of constant and honest labor have been rewarded with substantial results, and our subject is ndw the possessor of an excellent farm of 178 acres in the western part of the town, while he is a man highly respected in the town. In 1849 Mr. Metzgar married Mary Ann, daughter of Samuel and Margaret Newman. They have had three children: Nelson C, who died aged twelve ; Samuel E., of Dryden ; Ella L., wife of D. W. Francis, of Groton. Mary Ann, wife of William Metzgar, died January 19, 1891. Mr. Metzgar is one of the leading Democrats in Groton, but is not an office seeker. He has voted without missing an election since he became of .age. "" Marsh, Zimri, pioneer of Groton, was a native of Amherst, Mass. In 1824 he came to Groton where he engaged in trade. Mr. Marsh was a man of influence in the early days of village history, and is remembered as having attracted much attention as the possessor of the first " gig " brought to Groton, and in this he traveled to Albany and New York to purchase goods. His wife was Oreusa Hubbard, and their children were : Augustus 0., Lucius H., Ebenezer S., Abigail, William and Caleb P. Lucius H. was also a prominent merchant of the village for many years. His wife was Huldah Finney, and their children were: Eugene A., Hiram C, now of Chicago; Dexter H., and Oreusa (Mrs. L, A. Barber, who died in Auburn, N. Y., March 30, 1883). Eugene A. Marsh was born in Groton in 1834, and from his early manhood has been identified with the business interests of the village. He is prominently connected with Masonic and G. A. R. affiiirs. In 1861 Mr. Marsh enlisted in Company K, 137th Volunteers, and was elected first lieutenant. For six years he was deputy county clerk, living for the time in Ithaca, and for some years past he has been book-keeper for, the Groton Car- 180 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. riage Company, and also one of its directors. February 29, 1892, Mr. Marsh was appointed postmaster at Groton village. In 1869 he married Minnie M. Davies, of Athens, of which marriage four children have been born. McWhorter, Lookwood S., was born in the town of Lansing, June 15, 1822. The father of our subject, Richard B., was a native of Orange county, N. Y., born in 1800 and came with his mother to this county when a young man of twelve years. He was a mechanic, and after leaving this county in 1855 located on a farm in Huron county, Ohio, where he died in 1876. He was the father of six children, of whom our subject was the eldest. The boyhood of Lockwood S. was spent in his native town and his education was received in the common schools. At the age of seventeen he came to Ithaca, being employed as a clerk in the store of L. H. Culver and Henry F. Hibbard for fifteen years, and in 1858 in company with F. Barnard for nine years he established a store for himself at the corner of State and Cayuga streets, and for thirty years he conducted a grocery and provision store, retiring in 1888. He also spent three years assisting his father in clearing up his farm in Ohio. Mr. McWhorter is a staunch Democrat in politics, but has never been willing to become an aspirant for public office. He was for years a member of Fidelity Lodge, P. & A. M. In 1848 he married Lorinda, daughter of Abram Mott, a farmer of Caroline. She died January 15, 1894. They have one son, Charles Fred, who was for a number of years engaged with his father. Charles F. is a member of Fidelity Lodge, F. & A. M., Eagle Chapter, St. Augustine Oommandery and a charter member of Ithaca Council. He married in 1877 Cora Brooks of Trumansburgh, and they have a son and a daughter. Charles F. is also a Democrat. Our subject bought the property in 1847 and built the house he now occupies in 1856 and has always lived on the same spot. Mount, James Harrison, was born at Peruville, June 10, 1845, and was the son of William Dye Mount, the latter being remembered as a man of large influence in Peru- ville and vicinity during the period of the early history of that hamlet. Our subject was educated in the common and select schools and Groton Academy. In 1865 he began teaching winter school, and so continued until about ten years ago. During this time Mr. Mount was employed in the summer months as a practical butter and cheese maker, principally in the towns of Groton, Dryden and Caroline. In March, 1883, he established a general store in Peruville, and' has built up a successful mercantile busi- ness. April 30, 1871, Mr. Mount married Martha Adeline Larned, a descendant of one of the pioneer families of this county. They have one child. He was formerly a Republican, but his earnest interest in temperance work has naturally led him into the Prohibition party. The firm of Egbert & Merrill, drugs, is composed of John F. Egbert and Isaac H. Merrill, and was established in 1890, at No. 79 Eddy street. They carry a full line of drugs, chemicals and patent medicines, fancy articles, toilet articles, cigars, tobacco and students' and university supplies. They cater particularly to ihe university trade and carry a stock of the finest goods which they sell at margins for their support only. McClune, Gideon C, was born in Ulysses, November 16, 1830, the oldest son of William G. McGlune, a native of Ireland born near Belfast, who came to this country FAMILY SKETCHES. 181 in 1802 when but three years of age, landing at Philadelphia, where his mother died six weeks after landing. He was about twelve years of age when he came to Tompkins county, locating at Jacksonville. In 1836 he moved to Ithaca, where he spent the balance of his days. He died in 1862. The mother of our subject, Sarah F. Colgrove, was a native oE this State. She died in February, 1892, at eighty-nine years of age. The boyhood of Gideon 0. was spent in his native town, where his early education was derived in the common schools. After coming to Ithaca he attended school at the academy with Judge Finch, Hon. B. S. Esty, and later at the Auburn Academy, with the sons of Hon. William H. Seward and the Hon. Lewis Paddock, Hon. Eoscoe Conklin, Rev. Hanibal Goodwin, Rev. M. M. Casa and others. In 1849 Mr. McClune established a grocery and dry goods store in Ithaca, but was obliged to give it up in two years on account of ill health. He followed various occupations until 1851, when he established the first ice business in Ithaca, handling ice ten years, six years of which he was also engaged in farming. In 1859 he bought a stone quarry in the town of Ithaca, to which he has added the laying of walks, sewers, foundations, etc. He has laid nearly all the stone walks at Cornell University and full three-fourths of the walks in this city. Mr. MoOlune is an ardent Republican and has held the offices of com- missioner of highways nine years, city treasurer, and was twice the candidate of the minority party for supervisor. Mr. McClune has also held the office of treasurer of the Tompkins County Agricultural Society twelve years. He married in 1848 Julia E. Forsyth of Ulysses. They have tour children : Wilbur F., of the post-office ; Gilbert L., a dentist of Ovid, with fifteen years' practice; James Otis, a druggist of Ithaca; and Fred A., in the bicycle office, South Cayuga street. McKay, Arthur A., was born in New York city, August 7, 1864, and was educated in the public schools of that city, after finishing which he entered business for a num- ber of years. He was converted to the cause of Christ at the age of thirteen, being the son of religious parents. At the age of eighteen he became assistant secretary of the Y. M. 0. A. at Syracuse, serving three years in that capacity. March 1, 1890, he came to Ithaca, where he was called by the Board of Directors to fill the position of general secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association at Ithaca, which position he has filled with credit to himself and benefit to the society. He is also a member of the Choral Club, in which he is second tenor. In 1890 Mr. McKay married Lila Everts, daughter of W. O. Everts, of Auburn, N. Y., and they have one son. Mr. McKay is a member of the First Presbyterian church of Ithaca. Mandeville, W. B., was born in Dryden, July 16, 1853, a son of James H., who was born in Ulster county in 1804. The latter in early life learned the trade of cloth man- ufacturer, and followed this business for ten years in Cortland county, after which he took up farming, and finally settled on a place of 132 acres in the town of Dryden, now Caroline where he died in 1888. He married Caroline, daughter of Charles Cantine, of this town, and their nine children were as follows: Charles, John, James, Jennie, Theodore Margaret, Garretta, Harriet and William. Our subject remained at home until the age of twenty- five, with the exception of two years, when he travelled on the road for a nursery firm. In 1877 he married Ophelia, daughter of J. B. Ostrander, of Dryden, and bought afarm in Tioga county of 127 acres, partly covered with timber, 182 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. where he lived for six years, taking from this place 400,000 feet of timber, and then bought the farm he now occupies. Since coming to this county he has made a specialty of raising fruit of all kinds, and also the breeding of the Cheshire swine. He is an active Republican. Morgan, Evan, was the pioneer of a large family who came from Stroudsburg, Penn- sylvania, about 1799, and settled on a farm one mile east of South Lansing. The pioneer himself died on the old farm, aged eighty-two years, and his wife, Sally Good- win, died in the same place a few years before her husband. The descendants of Evan Morgan are still living in the county, although a number of them settled in other States, noticeably in, Michigan. Their children were: William &., who married Fanny White; Thomas, who was killed in the war of 1812 ; Richard G,, who married Elizabeth Ozmun ; Charles, who married Phoebe Gibbs; Nelson, who married Melissa Talmadge; Edwin G., who married Cordelia Talmadge; Betsey, who married John Mead ; Ruth, who married Abel Beach ; Phoebe," who married John Tichenor ; and Susan, who married Lemuel Kelsey. William G. Morgan, the oldest son of Evan, was born in Pennsylva- nia in 1789, and at the age of ten came with his parents to Lansing. He married Fanny White, and in 1832 moved to a farm near Benson's Corners, and died in Groton. His children were : Miles A., Nelson, Thomas, Phoebe, Richard, Fanny, Jerusha, Susan and Caroline. William G. Morgan died in 1870, and_ his wife in 1844. Richard Mor- gan was born June 18, 1820. Richard G. Morgan, son of Evan the pioneer, was born in Lansing in 1797, and died in Dryden in February, 1865. His wife, Elizabeth Ozmun, was born in 1805, and died in Dryden in 1868. They were married in 1824, and lived in the north part of the town. Their children were; Catharine, who married D. W. Manier, of Groton ; Rich ; Sara, who married W. R. Sanford ; Elizabeth, who married William E. Brown ; Isabelle, who married A. B. Snyder ; Almira, who died in Dryden in 1870; Maria J., who married W. R. Fisher; and Adeline P., who married Joshua Dans. Rich Morgan, son of Richard G., and grandson of Evan, was born in Dryden in 1827. In 1855 he married Luana Van Nortwick, by whom he had four children : Ella v., wife of C. B. Tarbell ; C. Glenn, Rich V., and one other who died in infancy. Rich Morgan died October 5, 1861, on the farm in Groton now owned by Richard Morgan, the latter having married the widow of Rich Morgan in 1864. Monfort, Cornelius L., and his brother John, were former residents of Schoharie county, and came to Peruville in 1830. Cornelius L, brought with him his wife, he be- ing then just married, and in this town their two children, John M. and Peter, were born. The latter was killed in the army during the late war. After the death of his first wife Mr. Monfort married Esther, daughter of George Gray, by whom he had one child, Isabel], now the wife of Jonathan N. Fox. Cornelius L. is remembered as hav- ing been a merchant in Peruville, although by trade he was a shoemaker, and at the same time he successfully carried on a farm. He accumulated a good property, and was a man highly respected in the community. He was an active Whig, later a Repub- lican, but being somewhat deaf, did not engage in politics to a great extent. He was prominently identified with' the M. E. church. He died in 1875, aged seventy-eight, and his wife in 1879, aged eighty-three years. Jonathan N. Fox was born in Dryden, FAMILY SKETCHES. 183 February 1, 1830. December 20, 1876, he married Isabell Monfort, and they reside at Peruville. Mead, Benjamin Franklin, was born in Caroline, July 7, 1823, a son of Dr. Daniel L. Mead, who came to Groton in 1813, and thence went to Slatervillein 1820, being the first pliysician in the section. He practiced his profession for forty years until 1860, and owned the place where our subject now resides. He married in 1812, in West- chester, N; Y., Priscilla Perry, a native of Greenwich, Conn., who caiiie to Westchester when young. They had nine children, of whom B. P. Mead was the fifth, he now be- ing seventy years of age. He followed carpentry and building from early lite to 1860, since which time he has lived retired. He built a great many buildings in the town, and especially in'Slaterville, and he now owns and has worked the farm now occupied by himself, keeping a house-keeper, he never having married. He supports the Re- publican party, though he has never aspired to public office. Morgan, Howard, was born on the old homestead south of Waterburg, in Ulysses, February 23, 1832. He was educated in the public schools, and is a farmer by occupa- tion. May 27, 1857, he married Jane Bower, daughter of David and Jane Bower, of Ulysses. Mr. Morgan's father, William Morgan, was born in the town of Alabama, Genesee county, N. Y., September 7, 1795, and married Betsey Atwater, of Trumans- burg, N. Y. S be was born September 15, 1802, and they had three children: David, who died in infancy, Willis H., and Howard. William Morgan, grandfather of our subject, was born in Wales, Great Britain, and came to the United States at an early day. The ancestry of the family were Welsh and Scotch. McCormick, Walter, was born in the city of Ithaca, October 25, 1854, a son of Michael McCormick, who has been a resident here since 1840. Walter was educated in the public schools and Ithaca Academy, after leaving which he entered the dry goods store of Hawkins, Finch & Co., with whom he was employed as a clerk for three years. He then formed a partnership with Patrick Conway, which continued three years, when our subject sold his interest to Mr. Conway and followed the meat business for a year. He then went into a retail liquor store on South Cayuga street, remaining five years. He next went into a foundry and machine shop at Waverly, the firm being Francis & McCormick, which concern existed one year, then Mr. McCor- mick sold his interest and returned to Ithaca in 1883, buying the St. John Hotel. He conducted the hotel, on the south side of the street, nine years, and in 1892 he bought the American House, at the corner of State and Fulton streets, where he has since been engaged in business, having a fine hotel of seventeen rooms and every conven- ience for the traveling public. He is a Democrat in politics, and has always been an active worker in the party. In 1892 he was elected alderman of the First Ward. He is a member of the street commission and lighting commission. He was acting mayor of the city for three months during the illness of Mayor Bouton. In 1878 our subject married Ellen Dugan, of Pennsylvania, and they have five children. Montgomery, Dr. J. J., was born in the town of Dryden, May 5, 1843; His father, J. W. Montgomery, M. D., came from Stillwater, Saratoga county, about 1825. He was educated at the Dryden Academy under Professor Graves. After leaving school 184 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. he entered the United States army and was attached to the medical service, after leav- ing which he graduated from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New York in 1867 ; then returned to Dryden and entered into regular practice. He is a Republican in politics, and is now one of the coroners of the county, and takes an active interest in educational and religious matters. There has been a physician by this name in the town for seventy years. His father, Hon. J. W. Montgomery, was a very prominent man in his town, being member of assembly in 1845, and through the war took an active part in raising men and means to send to the front, neglecting his own business to push those matters. His son, taking up his father's practice, has become widely known in the profession, and is also prominently identified in the interests of his town. Miller, Thomas G., is a native of Scotland, born in 1850, and came to America with his parents in 1853. His father, Thomas, settled in Ithaca, where he was employed as a mechanic. He was the father of five children, of which our subject was the fourth. He was educated in the Ithaca Academy and the old Lancasterian school, after leaving which he went into the store of Andrus, MoChain & Co., where he was employed till 1878. That year he formed a partnership with Frank J. Enz, and they established a general wholesale paper warehouse, and now conduct a paper mill. Mr. Miller is a member of the Masonic fraternity and has advanced to the Commandery. In 1876 he married Ella Preston, of the town of Caroline, and they have two sons in the High School and a daughter, Ada. Manning, Julius (deceased), was born in the town of Danby in 1842, was educated in the district schools, and at the age of thirty married Sarah G-., daughter of Charles C Keeler, of the town of Danby. They had four children, three of whom are now living. The oldest, Anna B., died early in 1893, when nearly eighteen years of age, a beautiful girl who was called away when just stepping into womanhood. Mr. Man- ning was a Republican in politics, and also gave an intelligent interest to educational and church matters. In 1866 be bought of his grandfather, William Davis, a farm of _ seventy- five acres, where the family now live. Our subject died suddenly in the spring of 1883, leaving a wife and four small children, and regretted by all with whom he had been associated. Mrs. Manning has displayed remarkable business talents and energy, and has carried on the farm successfully since the death of her husband. Mineah, N. H., the subject of this sketch, was born in the town of Dryden, Septem- ber 22, 1835. His father, Wm. C. Mineah, was one of the early settlers, and a promi- nent man in his town. N. H. Mineah was educated in the common schools, and is a good practical business man. At the age of twenty-nine he married Cordelia, daughter of Nelson Morgan of Groton, and they are the parents of one daughter, Annett Louise, who married B. La Vern Buck of East Lansing, October 20, 1887. In 1861 he bought the property known as the Samuel Fulkerson farm of 100 acres. He takes the Re- publican side in politics and an active interest in church and school matters. He is known throughout his town as a practical and successful farmer. McCutohan, William and Newton R., were the sons of Robt. McCutchan, who came to the town of Dryden in 1807, and settled on lot forty-two, where his sons now re- side, owning the homestead in common. The boys were educated in the common FAMILY SKETCHES. 185 schools, but were self-made men. At the age of fifty-five Newton married Aivina Morris, daughter of Levi Morris of Ithaca. The brothers have 164 acres of some of the best farmlands in the town, raising hay, grain and stock, paying special attention to dairying. They are recognized in their town as substantial, conservative farmers, men of ability and high integrity, whose lives have proven their word to be as good as their bond. The family came from Gllasgow, Scotland, and settled in. Saratoga county, N. Y. The grandfather, George McCutchan, served in the continental army for six years, and Robert McOutchan took part in the war of 1812. The sons inherited the best of the Scottish traits. ' , McKee, Samuel, was born in the town of Dryden, November 23, 1839. His father, John McKee, was one of the early settlers, and came to Dryden in 1801, when only four years old. John McKee was married in 1835 to Martha Cunningham, daughter of Samuel Cunningham of North Ireland. They cleared up the farm where our sub- ject now resides. , Samuel received his education in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. After leaving school he re- turned to his father's farm and at the age of twenty-one married Jennie Sharp, daughter of John Sharp of Dryden, and they are the parents of two children, Mrs. Wm. H. Lormor and James B. He takes the Republican side in politics and an active interest in educational and religious matters. Our subject is a conservative independent man, and is recognized as a successful and practical farmer. Mitchell, William L., was born in the town of Ithaca, March 7, 1825. His early education was acquired, at the district schools, with a course at the Ithaca Academy under Prof. W. S. Burt. In 1846, at the age of twenty-one, he took charge of the con- struction of the first telegraph line between New York and Philadelphia, under the late Hon. Ezra Cornell and his associates. In 1847 he married Emily Steenburg, daughter of HoflFman Steenburg of Ithaca, by whom he had one daughter, now Mrs. Samuel Barnes of White Plains, N. Y. Mrs. Emily Mitchell died October 11, 1848, and in 1849 he married Susan T. Bradley, daughter of Hemingway H. Bradley of the town of Enfield, who bore him four children, two of whom are now living, Ella B. Cochran, now residing in Montclair, New Jersey, and Cora B. Hegeman, now residing at Middle Falls, Washington county, N. Y. Mr. Mitchell is independent in politics as he is in all his views, taking an active interest in the events of the day and in the promotion of education and religion. Mineah, John H., was born in the town of Dryden, April 17, 1826. His father, William C. Mineah, was one of the earliest settlers in the town, and with his grand- father took up part of lot sixteen, part of which is still in the family. J. H. Mmeah was educated in ,the common schools, but is a self-educated and self-made man. At the age of thirty he married Martha, daughter of Leonard Longooy of Dundee, Yates county, N. Y., and they are the parents of four children, two sons and two daughters. Two sons, W. L. Mineah of Haddam, Kansas, and Fred B. Mineah in this county, are now living. In 1855 he bought the Ambrose Hill property of 108 acres ; in 1864 he bought part of the De Groff estate ; in 1876 part of the Henry Teeter estate, having 138 acres of some of the best farm lands in the town. Our subject is one of the 186 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. prominent men in his tQwn, taking an interest in the leading events of the day, and is a director in the Fire Insurance Company of Dryiten and Groton, and is a practical and successful farmer. Metagar, Andrew, was born in Genoa, May 17, 1826, one of fifteen children of Jonas and Mary (Merwin) Metzgar.- His father was a blacksmith and farmer, and Andrew- was brought up to farm work. At the age of twenty-one he began life for himself, with no capital save his own determination to succeed. He is now the owner of a good farm in Groton, the buildings of which are substantial and attractive. In Janu- ary, 1853, Mr. Metzgar married Harriet N., daughter of Amza and Susan (Sp oner) Armstrong, of which marriage there were two children : Norman, who died in 1882, and Edgar G., who now lives at home with his parents. Amza Armstrong was a native of Goshen, Orange county, and came with his father, Moses, to Genoa at a very early day. They located in Groton on the farm now owned by Andrew Metzgar. Amza married Susan Spooper, and had nine children ; Albert, Delilah, Harriet N., Czarina Louisa (wife of Lyman Perrigoj ; Sarah Jane, Emily, Lucina A., Mary E., and one who died in infancy,' Amza Armstrong was born July 1, 1795, and died February 26, 1875. His wife, Susan Spooner, was born June 24, 1798, and died February 27, 1887. They were married May 1, 1825. Mount, William Dye, a native of New Jersey came in 1828 to the town of Dryden, bringing with him his young wife to whom he had then been recently married. A short time afterward he moved to Lansing and became foreman of the tannery of John O. Christie, he being a practical tanner and currier. Five years later he returned to Dryden, but soon after (1837) located permanently at Peruville, where he became a man of much influence in town and church affairs, successful in business, and where he ' continued to reside until .the time of his death, August 27, 1887. In 1854 he was one of the organizers of the Bepublican party in the town, and in the next year was elected justice of the peace and thereafter held that ofQce for a period of twenty-four years. In 1859 and the three succeeding years, and again in 1869 he was elected supervisor of Groton. He was prominently connected with the Methodist Episcopal church for more than sixty years, and was a member of what was known as the First Methodist Sipiscopal church of Groton and Dryden, after removing to Peruville, and continued an active and supporting connection with the society to the time of his death. He had seven children, four of whom are now living, viz. : William S., Joseph, James H., and Robert N. Joseph and James live in Peruville, and Robert N. upon a farm in the town of Groton. Joseph is unmarried; James H. married Martha, daughter of Ed- ward D. Larned, and granddaughter of Sylvanus Lamed, long and prominently connected with the affairs of Groton. Robert N. married Annette, daughter of Nelson Morgan, a life-long resident of the town. William E. Mount was the third child of the pioneer just mentioned, born in Dryden September 15, 1834, and moved with the family to Peruville in 1837. In 1852 he was apprenticed to the joiner's trade which he learned thoroughly,' and was educated at Groton Academy and the Conference Seminary at Caz- enovia. Hewoiked at his trade several years and taught school about twelve years. During the summer of 1862 he enlisted about fifty men in Company F, 109th Regiment, FAMILY SKETCHES. 187 and in consideration of this service was elected its. captain. After serving thirty- tliree months, Captain Mount veas mustered out of service with his command, June 6, 1865. Returning home he worked at his trade and taught school until 1882, when he moved to Groton village. In 1878, and again in 1882 our subject was elected justice of the peace of the town. On October 10, 1865, Mr. Mount was married to Barbara L., daughter of James and Barbara Giles of Dryden. Three children have been born of the marriage, two of whom are now living, William Dye Mount, assistant professor in Brown University; and Joseph, who also is teaching school. James Giles was born in Orange county, September 14, 1800, and was one of ten children of Isaiah and Sarah Giles, the latter being the pioneer heads of a family who settled in Lansing in 1802, but who soon afterward moved to Dryden. James Giles married Barbara Raymer, and to them these children were born : Lavilla, who married Arad S. Beach ; Mary, who married Alanson Burlingame; Marcella, who married W. S. Brown ; Susan A., the wife of A. M. Ford ; Barbara L., wife cf Captain W. E. Mount; John J., of Freeville ; Sarah E., now Mrs. S. Skillings ; and Nancy, wife of E. Hanford. James Giles was a successful farmer, an active and useful citizen, one of 'the first to introduce and use improved machinery in farm work, and the inventor of the churn thermom- eter. His death occurred October 11, 1890, his wife having died three years before, November 21, 1887. Miller, William Henry, was born in Trenton, Oneida county, in 1848, a son of Major Henry Miller of that town. His early education was derived in the common school, private instruction, and at Mechanicsville Academy. He spent two years in Clinton Liberal Institute and was one of the first students at Cornell, a special student in the class of '71-72, really the first student of that school of Architecture. He began work . in Ithaca in 1873, his first design being President Andrew D. White's residence. Since that time, he was architect of Barnes Hall, the Law School, and the University Library building. In Ithaca he designed the Savings Bank building, the Baptist and Congre- gational churches, also the Unitarian church, of which he was organist for several years. He has done much work out of the city, and his work can be found in Canada and fifteen States. Mr. Miller is a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity at Cornell, and of the Masonic Fraternity. He married in 1876, Emma, daughter of Henry Halsey, of Ithaca, and they have four children. Miller, Irving C, is a native of Lansing, born July 18, 1835, » son of Frederick H. Miller, also a native of Lansing, born July 17, 1805. The latter spent his life in farm- ing, remaining with.his parents till the age of twenty-one, then beginning for himself on a portion of his father's farm at first, His wife was Alvira N. IngersoU, of Kinder- hook, N. T. Their five children were : Martha E., wife of Benoni Head ; Dwight, Russell P., Irving C'and Henrietta, wife of James D. Smith. Mr. Miller died in 1869, aged sixty- four. His wife died in 1875, aged sixty-nine. Henry Miller, grandfather of Irving C, was a native of Pennsylvania, and came to Lansing where he acquired considerable property, owning and operatiiig a distillery, a grocery, and a cabinet shop all on his farm. He reared ten children. Irving C, our subject, lived on the home- stead until the age of twenty-one, then hired to his father by the month, and after the death of the latter, he and one of his brothers bought two-thirds of the home farm, the 188 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. remaining third being held by his. mother. Three years later they divided the property and Irving came to the farm where he novr lives. In 1868 he married Esther Loomis, ■who was born in 1844 in Groton, a daughter of Solomon and Hannah (Armstrong) Loomis. Solomon was a native of Hartford, Conn., born in 1798, who early came to &roton. He served in the war of 1812 and died in 1884, aged eighty-six years. Mr. and Mrs. Miller have one child, Clara Alvira, born October, 3, 1880. Morris, Charles L., was born July 21, 1868, in the town of Ithaca, where he was educated. In early manhood he married Emma F., daughter of James Hanshaw of the town of Dryden, and they have had one son. Mr. Morris is a Democrat in politics and takes an active interestin both politics and educational matters. He is one of thei most successful young farmers of the locality, raising large quantities of hay, grain and stock and is recognized as an active and energetic young man who is bound to succeed. Moore, William H., was born in the town of Dryden, April 26, 1840, and was edu- cated in Homer and Cortland. After leaving school he took up the shoe trade, coming to Dryden, April 1, 1861. In 1869 he established a business of his own in the manu- facture of custom made boots and shoes, together with a general retail trade which he now carries on. His grandfather. Dr. Zopher Moore, came from Vermont and was one of the early settlers of Virgil, Cortland county, being the first postmaster and prac- ticing physician of that place. At the age of twenty-three he married Miss Maria Pond, daughter of Timothy Pond of Virgil, late of Dryden, and they are the parents of six children, three sons and three daughters, four of whom are now living, three daughters and one son. The Eldest, a son, Charles L. Moore, at the age of twenty-one obtained a position as superintendent salesman in a large retail shoe house in Cortland, N. T. where near the end of three years he was taken with typhoid malarial fever brought on by over work, came home and died five days later, September 13, 1888. The eldest daughter, Hattie E. Moore, at the age of eighteen entered upon the voca- tion of teacher. At the end of three years learning the millinery business which she how carries on. Anna E. Moore, the second daughter, after leaving school and learning the millinery business, at the age of eighteen married Mr. E. B. Briggs, two years later, spring of 1894, removing to Solomon City, Kansas, where she now resides. Victoria, Moore, youngest daughter, after graduating from Dryden Union School and Academy, at the age of sixteen entered Ithaca Conservatory of Music, taking up the study of elo- cution. After taking two terms, spring of 1894, entering the school of oratory con- nected with the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary at Lima,-N. T. where she now is. Our subject has spent a life time in the town in which he now lives and has always been known as an active upright business man and has found time to take a deep interest in educational matters. Wattles, Chauncey Lathrop, of Caroline, son of Capt. Lathrop Wattles and Jerusha Surdam Wattles, his wife, was born in Virgil, Cortland county, N. Y., March 27, 1826 ; he was the eldest son in a family of five sons and seven daughters, all of whom grew to manhood and womanhood. Capt. Wattles removed to Caroline about 1840, and pur- chased a farm on Blackman Hill, in the south part of the town ; the subject of this FAMILY SKETCHES. 189 sketch was at that time a boy of fourteen, and he at once set about doing his share in paying for the homestead and in providing for tne wants of a large and growing family. He lived at home until the farm was paid for, with suitable buildings; and until he was twenty-four years of age ; he then entered the employ of Andrus & Mc- Ohain, booksellers and paper-dealers of Ithaca, for whom he traveled extensively for ten years. In 1855 he purchased the farm now known as "Wattles Farm", and on which he resided from 1860 to his death, after a short illness, January 8, 1890. He married Almira J. Barker, of Tully, Cortland county, October 19, 1857 ; and to them were born two children, a son, Cephas B., April 11, 1863, who died in infancy, and u. daughter, Mary Josephine, August 29, 1864, now the wife of James W. Reed, of Ithaca. Mr. Wattliss was for more than twenty years treasurer of the Caroline Cheese Factory Association, treasurer also of the Caroline Farmers' Fire Insurance Co., and a Charter member of Caroline Lodge No. 784, F. & A. M. In politics a life long Democrat, h« was four times elected supervisor of a strong Republican town. Chauncey L.Watties united a geniality of manner with a certain benignity of countenance which stamped him as a man eminently to be trusted and respected ; and he was universally trusted and respected wherever known. It is the rule that each community possesses some two or three men to whom all naturally turn, as do certain flowers to the sun; Mr. Wattles was one of the choice few bearing this relation to the entire neighborhood. With an excellent knowledge of general affairs and a practical knowledge, gained in no easy school, he united a genial and sturdy integrity which invited confidence. In all his long lifetime in one locality, he never by act or omission forfeited the good- will or trust with which he was invested ; and by his death Caroline lost one of its most valued citizens. Welch, William M., was born in Herkimer county, January 16, 1821, and was edu- cated in the common schools. He was a son of Walter B., who moved into the town of Dryden, and afterward to Danby, where he died in 1863. William M. married, at the age of twenty-eight, a Miss Apgar, who died, and he married second, March 17, 1867, Naomi A., daughter of William Spaulding of the town of Caroline. They had four children, of whom James B., William S., and Florence A. are now living. One daughter, Philma, died aged twenty-two years. In 1869 Mr. Welch bought the Abram Gardner property of ninety-two acres, and also part of the Hutchens farm. Afterward he bought part of the Mandeville estate, and the same year purchased a portion of the Hart place, where he now lives, having 200 acres of some of the best farm land in the town, on which he raises large amounts of hay, grain and stock. Our subject is a con- servative, practical farmer, taking a deep interest in the leading events of the day. Wood, A. B., was born in the town of Warwick, Orange county, in April, 1850, a son of Washington Wood, a farmer of that county. Our subject was educated in Warwick Academy and Cornell University, studying architecture while in Cornell, and he began the practice of his profession in Ithaca. He was the designer of the High School building, and also of many residences and store buildings. He was also the designer for the L. V. R. R. Co. north of Wilkes-Barre for fifteen years. In 1889 he formed a partnership with T. B. Campbell, since which they have built many large buildings, in- cluding the chemical laboratory at Cornell, the annex to the gymnasium, Crane's place 190 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. at Sheldrake, Zeta Pai Chapter House, and they are now engaged in •constructing the addition to Sibley College. Mr. Wood has also acted as the representative ot several fire insurance companies. He is a Republican and a member of Fidelity Lodge, Eagle Chapter, St. Augustine Commandery, F. & A. M. He married in 1876 Ella Potter of Ithaca, and they have five children. White, D. M., vcas born in Monroeton, Bradford county. Pa., March 29, 1852. John, father of our subject, was born in Caroline, and was a farmer, now owning a farm in Bradford bounty, where he lives. He has been four times married. Our subject's mother, Sophia Mingus, daughter of John Mingus, was a native of Bradford county, Pa. D. M. was only an infant when he went to live with his grandfather, Sylvester White, and where he lived till the age of seventeen years, then he went to live with an uncle in Caroline. He worked at milling until nineteen years old, and then started out for himself, entering a machine shop in Bridgeport, Conn., where he took the place of an experienced band, and worked five years. He next returned to Brookton for a year, and then went to Tioga county, where he worked at carpentry two years He came to Caroline where he still continued at carpentry and building for five years, and con- nected with his trade the saw mill at Brookton, which he operated nine years. Mr. White built a fine residence in this town a few years ago, in which he now resides. He is a Republican, and has served as commissioner and postmaster. Willis, Morris S., of Lansing, was born in Enfield in 1848, the son of John H. and Caroline (Marshall) Willis. His grandparents were John and Mary (Sivalls) Willis, natives ot New Rochelle, N. T., who came to Tompkins county in 1838, and settled in Enfield. They raised three children : William, James and John. The latter learned the harnessmaker's trade, which he followed about two years, then went back to the farm. At the death of his father, in 184:7, he continued farming on a portion of the homestead. His mother died in October, 1848. He married in September, 1843, Caroline Marshall, by whom he had one child, Morris S. The latter was educated at the Angelica Academy, and at the age of twenty returned to the farm and worked with his father about ten years. He then rented a farm for five years on shares, the last year of which he met with an accident which disabled him for physical labor for about four years, and from which he has never fully recovered. In 1886 he purchased a farm of 150 acres with fine, large and commodious buildings, and a stream of water flowing near the buildings, affording sufiSoient power to grind grain for food and saw wood. Here Mr. Willis has ever since resided. He married, December 12, 1877, Ella, daughter of Stephen Kennedy of Ithaca. She died September 16, 1883, and he married second December 6, 1888, Louisa (Norton) Drake, daughter of Jonathan and Emma Norton, natives of Lansing. Mr. Willis's parents reside with him. He is a member ot the Grange, and in politics is a Republican. Wright, Charles L., was born in the town of Danby, November 22, 1828, and is the son of Charles W. Wright, who came to this town about 1812, and was among the early settlers in the town. Our subject received his education at the district schools, to which he has added through life by intelligent reading and observation. • After leaving school he took up farming, and at the age of twenty-three married Phoebe Dakin, FAMILY SKETCHES. 191 daughter o£ Percy Dakin, ot the town of Danby. She died in 1860, leaving one child, Phoebe 0. Mr. "Wright married again in 1863, Lydia A., daughter of Thompson Keithline, of Windotn, Pa., who bore to him three children. In 1848 Mr. Wright bought the old homestead, and in 1866 bought what was known as the Eobbins Wright property, having 145 acres of some of the best farm lands in the county. Mr. Wright is one of Danby's most prominent men. White, David, M. D., was born in Delhi, Delaware county, K T., June 20, 1834, a son of James White a farmer. The doctor was educated in the academy and high school of his native town. He began the study of medicine in 1855 in the office of Dr. J. 0. Hill of Parmer Village, with whom he remained two years and then entered the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, graduating in February, 1859. After spending one year with Dr. Hill he practiced two years in Danby and one year in Trumansburgh. In May, 1864, he came to Ithaca where he has ever since been located.. He was mar- ried in 1860 to Antoinette J. Crandall of Delaware county. They have three children. Williams, Nathan, of Lansing, was born October 23, 1847, the son of Egbert Wil- liams of this town, born June 10, 1817, in a log cabin, where now stands the Sne resi- dence of our subject. He spent his whole life in Lansing. He was bound out to do farm work until he was sixteen, when he began for himself. He worked on shares for a few years, when he purchased a small tract of timber land, which he cleared and sold, then bought another farm on which he lived three years, when he sold and moved to a larger one, where he resided five years, during which time he purchased a half interest in a saw mill. Two years later he purchased his partner's interest in the mill. This he conducted eight years, then sold the mill. He finally bought the homestead farm of fifty acres, and here spent the remainder of his days. During war time he took an active pirt in securing recruits for the Union army. He was justice of the peace, ■ assessor, notary public, etc. He married Louise, daughter of Bchobit Beardsley of Newfield, and they raised seven children: Ann Ehza, Nathan, Frank, died at four; Margarette, Estira 0., Charles B. and Egbert A. (deceased). The father died in June, 1889, and the mother in April, 1892. Our subject was educated in the common and high schools, and remained with his father until he was twenty-one. when he began for himself by operating one of his father's farms, where he remained ten years. He then , went to Maryland, but after two years he returned to Lansing and soon after rented a store in East GTenoa and engaged in the general mercantile business for two years. He sold and engaged as traveling salesman four years, when he turned his attention again to farming. After his father's death he removed to Q-roton and followed carpentry for a year, when he purchased a bakery in this place which he conducted two years, then sold in 1893 and purchased the old homestead, on which he now resides. He married first in 1867 Laura A., daughter of Charles Francis of Q-rbton, and they had three chil- dren: AlidaM., born in 1870, wife of Alvin B. Teeter of Groton ; Lillie B., born in 1872, wife of John Betts of Q-roton ; and Charles R, born in 1876. Mrs. Williams died in 1884, and he married second Edith M., daughter of Charles and Mary Ann Fritts of Ludlowville. She was born September 12, 1861. Our subject is an Odd Fellow and a Republican. Mrs. Williams's mother died October 15, 1879. Five months later her father was instantly 'killed by being caught by a belt and thrown on to a circular saw. 192 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Wade, Edwin R., was born in Sempronius, Cayaga county (now Niles), July 27, 1822, of New England ancestry, the grandfather. Major Amos Wade, having served in a regiment of colonial troops at th^ battle of Quebec, and fought in the War of the Rev- olution at the battle of Bunker Hill. He was the father of seventeen sons and one daughter. The father of our subject, Ebenezer, studied for the ministry and was one of the earliest advocates of Congregationalism. He removed to Cayuga county in 1810, and continued his ministry till his death, August 16, 1864. He married Hannah Flower, 'a native of Connecticut, by whom he had ten children. One was scalded to death, an infant, nine reached adult age, and only two — our subject and a sister, Mehitable C. Ammerman of Owasco — are living. Edward R. Wade was educated in the public schools, and has always been an ardent student of Republicanism, but like his ancestors has been a clergyman, He vras for two years at Plainville, and at Enfield Centre two years, making his home at McLean. In 1867 he bought the property where the factory was located, and has always made his home here. During the war he worked hard in the recruiting service. In politics he has always been at heart a Republican and has held many offices of honor and trust. He was for two years supervisor of Niles, elected third time and refused to qualify. He was supervisor of the town of Dryden, elected by the union of the Democrats and Liberal Republicans. He has also served in State and county conventions. Elder Wade has been twice married, first in 1842 to Eliza- beth Forbush, who died one year and ten mouths later. His second marriage occurred December 5, 1845, to Abigail M. Mosher, and they had one daughter, who married Rev. S. Edwin Koona of La Porte, Iowa. Mrs. Wade is deceased. ■ Willson, William H., was born in Ithaca, November 12, 1840, the oldest son of seven children of William H. Willson, sr. The father was a native of New York city, born in 1810, and settled in Ithaca, in company with M. Hawkins. He was employed in the manufactory for a few years and then returned to New York, where he remained, and shortly alter settled in Ithaca. Here he followed the hatmaker's trade until 1860. That year he went to Lockport where he spent four years, and then to Hornellsville where he was in business for four years, and then spent five years in the same busi- ness ; he then returned to Ithaca, where he spent the balance of his days. He died in August, 1892. In politics a staunch Democrat, he filled the office of town collector. He was a member of the Episcopal church. The mother of our subject, Rachael Ann Bradford, was also a native of New York city. She died in 1887, at seventy-six years of age. The early life of our subject was spent in Ithaca, where he was educated in the common schools and in 1861 went to Lockport, remaining but a year, when he was burned out. From there he went to Buffalo where for four years he acted as a commercial traveler for a wholesale firm. He was five years with a New York firm and then returned to his native town, where he established the hat and fur store, which he has ever since conducted, on the south side of State street. He carries a full line of hats, furs, robes, blankets, trunks, umbrellas, etc. Mr. Willson is a Democrat, and has been a hard worker for his party. He has been appointed member of the Health Board, city collector, and school collector. He has also been a delegate to numerous State conventions and a member of the county committee for fifteen years, of which he has been secretary part of the time. He is a member of the First Presbyterian FAMILY SKETCHES. 193 church. Mr. Willson owns a summer cottage at McKinneys, where he spends his vacation. He married, July 11, 1860, Ellen M., daughter of the late Joseph 0. Burritt, and they have two sons. Vorhis, F. C, was born in Spencer, Tioga county, August 24, 1861. Andrew 0., his father, was a native of Spencer also, where he followed farming until 1877, at which) time he bought the old grist mill at Brookton, and was in partnership with his brother for two years, then from 1879 to 1887 he was sole proprietor. After this he was succeeded by his two sons, the business being conducted under the firm name of Vorhis Brothers. This continued till April 1, 1893. The old mill burning down January 28, 1889, they sold the water dam to Frederick Bates, and he built the new mill now stand- ing on the old site. The firm was afterwards Bates, Vorhis & Company for a year then the Vorhis boys in 1890 bought out Mr. Bates's interest, and since 1893 our sub- ject has conducted the business himself, buying out his brother. The capacity of the mill is fifty barrels of flour each day, fifty barrels of buckwheat in the same time. They will run another mill in connection soon. Mr. Vorhis is a member of the Congregational church, and in politics he is Democratic. Van Iderstine, James, was born in Caroline February 26, 1826. In early life he learned the blacksmith's trade, at which he worked about four years, but being hurt while at his work, he was compelled to give it up, and take up farming. His first purchase was on Bald Hill, near Mott's Corners, now known as Brookton. This he sold and bought his present place of eighty-seven acres, which he devotes to general farming. In 1853 he married Carohne Taple, daughter of Harris Taple, and they have had three children : Arthur L., Bertha A., and Cora G., the latter being the only one at home. Mr. Van Iderstine is a member of the Grange and in politics is a Democrat. Underwood, Q-eorge E., was born in Glroton, September 19, 1842. His father, Isaac Underwood, M.D., was a physician and farmer in the town, raising a family of nine children, and spending his life there, dying at the age of eighty-eight years. G-eorge E. was educated in the common schools and finished in the Groton Academy under Professor Baldwin. At the age of twenty-six he married Maru Morris, daughter of Zimri Morris of Lansing. He takes the Republican side in politics, and has served as justice of the peace for the past eleven years. He has taken an active interest in educational and religious matters, having been trustee of his church for the past fifteen years and being prominently identified in advancing the best interests of his town. In 1889 he inherited the farm property known as the Zimri Morris property of aixty acres, and the residence in the village. Our subject is one of the prominent citizens in his village, a man of sterling worth and integrity, who has proven by his life that his word is as good as his bond. Van Orman, Myron, was born November 1, 1840, was educated in the district schools and finished at the Lancasterian School under Professor D. L. Burt. He is a Democrat, and takes an active interest in school and political matters. His father lived on the same homestead during his life time. He was born May 11, 1811, and died January 29, 1890. Mr. Van Orman has a beautiful farm lying at the foot of Buttermilk Falls, on which he raises large quantities of vegetables and makes a specialty of Havana 194 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. tobacco, which he buys and sells, handling most of the crops raised in his neighbor- hood. Mr. Van Orman's grandfather came to the town of Ithaca about 1790, and first bought a military title from a soldier of the .Judge Gere farm, but the title proving faulty, he took a journey to Albany on horseback, and returning home he gave up his first purchase and removed to the east side, taking up the apple trees on the judge's farm, and resetting them on the farm where he spent his life., Tibbetts, J. Warren, was born in Athens, Pa., August 20, 1843, a son of Dr. Aaron Tibbetts, the leading physician of Danby for over forty years. J. W. was the second son of the family of two children ; Frank B. Tibbetts is a lawyer of Ithaca. Our sub- ject was educated in the common schools and at Bastman's Business College at Pough- keepsie. He was not yet eighteen years old when the war broke out, and August 27, 1861, he enlisted in Company I, of the First Cavalry, for three months. He served his three months and was taken sick and brought home from Alexandria, Va., by Hon. Ezra Cornell. He re-enlisted in 1862 in the 109th New Tork Regiment, known as General Tracey's, and served till the close of the war. Mr. Tibbetts participated in thirty-one of the leading battles. After his return he engaged with the civil engineer- ing corps that laid out the line of the G. I. and S. Railroad, and the following fall went to Eastman's College. In the fall of 1867 he went to Pond Eddy, Sullivan county, N. Y., where he engaged in the mercantile business, and made his home there twelve years. In 1879 he returned to Ithaca, where he engaged in the manufacture of paints, oils and colors. In 1885 he was elected sheriff of Tompkins county, and is now serving his second term, being elected again in 1891. Mr. Tibbetts married in 1869 Annie L., daughter of Rodman Fuller, a merchant of Pond Eddy. They have two children, Lucy F., a registry clerk in the post-office, and Alice H., student in the Grammar School. Townsend, Andrew J., was born in the town of Ithaca, March 15, 1843, and was educated in the district schools. At the age of twenty-one he married Mary, daughter of John Scott, by whom he had three sons and two daughters. Mr. Townsend is Democratic in politics, and takes an active interest in educational matters, having been school trustee for two years. He gives his attention chiefly to the milk business, hand- ling about 120 quarts daily. He has a farm of 120 acres, and raises large quantities of grain and hay. His father wasborn in the town of Ithaca in 1815, and spent his life in this town, keeping a grocery store for a number of years. Townsend, Jabez B., was born December 25, 1867, educated in the district schools and finished at the old Ithaca Academy. The father and grandfather of our subject were among the early settlers of the town of Ithaca. After leaving school Mr. Town- send bought a milk route in Ithaca, handling about 250 quarts per day. At the age of twenty-one he married Carrie B. Jewell, daughter of John Jewell, of the town of Danby, and they have had one daughter. Norma, aged five years, and one son, Lynn, aged three 3'ears. In 1892 Mr. Townsend bought the John Jewell farm of 114 acres, on which he now lives, and which is devoted chiefly to dairying. He is independent in his political views, and was elected collector of the town in 1893, FAMILY SKETCHES. 195 Titus, 0. A., was born in Ovid, Seneca county, May 6, 1856; was educated in the district schools, and finished under Professor ■Williams at the old Ithaca Academy. He then gave his attention to farming, moving into the town of Ithaca in 1877, and in 1884 he bought the Daniel A. Wood' place, which comprises 244 acres, lying about a miles west of the city of Ithaca. This is chiefly a dairy farm, and produces about 300 quarts of milk per day. Mr. Titus is a Republican in his politics, and takes general and intelligent interest in educational and religious matters. Tyler, Cyrus, was born in Lebanon, Wayne Co., Pa., August 25, 1838, and came to the town of Dryden with his father, Stephen Tyler, in the same year, and now resides on the farm which his father cleared, and which has been in the possession of the fam- ily for the past sixty-one years. Cyrus Tyler laid the foundation of his education in the old log school house, but is pre-eminently a self-educated and self-made man. At the age of twenty -four he married Likinda L. Givens, daughter of Samuel Givens, and they are the parents of two children, Irving and Looey. Irving Tyler was a young man of brilliant promise, but was out ofiF at the age of twenty-four in the prime of young manhood. Mr. Tyler takes the Republican side in politics and has held various offices. He has been a member of the Etna Baptist Church for the past sixteen years. In 1862 he bought the Walter Knapp property of sixty acres ; in 1867 he boilght the old homestead of forty acres, and in 1869 inherited twenty-five acres of his father's estate, having 125 acres and raising large quantities of. hay and potatoes, of which he makes a specialty. Trew, Samuel W., was born in England, August 24, 1833, and at the age of eleven years he came to Ithaca, where he was educated in the Lancastrian School. He went into Treman's foundry and machine works and became an expert machinist and engineer. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in Company F, 75th N.Y. Volunteers, and served from August 9, 1861, till November, 1865, when he received an honorable discharge. He was shot through the thigh while in service. After returning home he again took up farming in Danby, buying a place of 107 acres, which he later sold and bought a farm of Albert H. Martin, consisting of eighty-two acres, which be now owns. He married at the age of thirty-seven, Anice Aldrioh, daughter of Watson Aldrich of Ulysses. His wife died in 1881, and he married second Mary E. HoUister, of Danby. He is a Republican and takes an active interest in politics and educational matters. He is a member of the M. B. church at Danby. Tailby, John, was born in Lincolnshire, England, Ociober 28, 1841, and came with his parents to this country in 1851, locating near Trumansburgh. He was educated in the common schools, and has always been a farmer. June 30. 1862, he married Helen M. Swartwout. of Perry City, Schuyler county, and they have seven children living : Francis A., William E., Edith A., Mary E., J. Arthur, Georgiana H., and Arlo. William E. married Mary B. Shuler, of Owego ; Mary B. married Fred Rappalye, of Farmer, Seneca county, and they have a daughter, Grace T.; Mr. Tailby's father, William, was born at the old homestead in England in 1807 and married Maria Woodward, of his his native place. They had ten children, six sons and four daughters : William, Mary A., John, Edward, William 2d, Charles, George W., Mary A. 2d, Anna M. and Eliza J. 196 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Mr. Tailby died in 1884, and his wife in 1868. Mrs. Taijby's father, Vanardus Swart- out, was born in this county in 1798 and married twice, first Sarah J. Smith by whom he had three children: Addison, Sarah J. and Robert. He married second Mary Jeflfery, of his native county, and they had nine children : Augustus J., Vanardus, Gustavus A., Caroline M., Robert, Mary E., Helen M., Julia A., and Cyiithia M. Mr. Swartwout died in 1872, and his wife survives, aged eighty-four years. He was a member of the State Assembly several terms, and his father, Robert Swartwout, was a county judge of Schuyler county, and a member of Congress. Mr. Tailby enlisted January 28, 1864, in Company A, 89th N. Y. Volunteers, and was honorably discharged October 12, 1865. He is a member of Truman Post, No. 572 &. A, R., of Trumansburgh. Townley, Richard, was one of the pioneers of Lansing, having come from New Jersey and settled in the town in 1793, and is remembered as having been among the foremost of the pioneers of the county. One of his nine children was Effingham Town- ley, a native of Lansing, born in 1801 and remembered as a farmer and more particu- larly as a surveyor, in which latter capacity he gained a large acquaintance in the northern part of the county, and was regarded as one of the leading men of the town. His wife was Fanny Bower and they had a large family of children, nine of whom grew to maturity : Sarah, who married Henry Hayes ; Charles A., Susan, who married Calvin Van Buskirli; Luther H., Jemima, Effingham, Richard A., Prances, who married Augustus Moe, and Mary. Effingham Townley came to Groton in 1831, and took up his residence where his son, Charles A., now resides. Here he died in the fall of 1867, and his wife in 1876. Charles A. was born February 3,1823, and has been many years a farmer in the town. December 10, 1856, he married Susan Fulkerson, and five years later occupied the old home farm of his father, where he now resides. They have had ten children, nine of whom are still living. Mr. Townley is recognized as one of the substantial Republicans of Groton (originally he was a Whig), and has frequently been called to fill some of the important town offices. He has been one of the assessors of the town, and is now one of its excise commissioners. Sutfin, W. B., was born in the town of Dryden, June 4, 1864. His father, W. J. Sutfin, is one of the leading farmers of the town. He was educated in the common schools aud graduated from the Cortland Normal School in 1886 and taught school at McLean and other places for two years. In 1889 he bought a half interest in the gen- eral merchandise store of H. W. Roe and is now junior partner in the leading^house in his town. At the age of twenty-four he married Nola C. Stone, daughter of A. C. Stone of Freeville. He takes the Republican side in politics and an intelligent interest in educational and religious matters. Mr. Sutfin is a conservative and independent citizen, taking a prominent part in advancing the interests of his town. Stout, Jonathan, was a native of Bordentown, N. J., born January 18, 1782, and married Mary Buck Allen, who was bom June 3,. 1786. They settled in Dryden in 1809, and Mr. Stout participated in the war of 1812. Their children were: Charlotte, Andrew, Mary, Furman, Margaret, Abram J;, Ellen, Sarah and Allen. Mr. Stout died March 9, 1846. Abram J. was born October 14, 1819, and at the age of nineteen Started out to learn the blacksmith trade in Groton, and two years later had a shop of FAMILY SKETCHES. 197 his own. In 1846 he went to Lake Ridge, remaining two years, then bought the Ira Riggs farm, east of &roton village, where he has lived continually, with the exception of eight years residence in Cortland. He has acquired a comfortable competency. April 30, 1844, he married Julia Qibbs of Groton, and they have had one child, Jerome W., a young man of much promise, who settled in Michigan, and there died in 1890. During the period preceding the war Mr. Stout was a Democrat but a thorough Abolitionist, and assisted many fugitive slaves who came to him for refuge. Later on he became a Republican, though taking no interest in public affairs. James Gibbs, of Windsor, Conn., settled here about 1815, and became a Baptist clergyman. He married Almena Colgrove of Connecticut, and their children were : Eliza, James, Oliver, Julia, and Norman. James Gibbs was on the frontier service during the war of 1812. Smith, Henry M., was born in Newfield, December 22, 1828. Joseph Smith, his father, was a native of Pennsylvania, who moved to Tompkins county when quite a. young man, taking up a farm, and following this occupation all his life. His son, Henry M., lives on a part of the old homestead. He married Lizzie Pratts of Penn- sylvania, by whom he had seven children. His second wife was Catharine Miller of Pennsylvania, by whom he had five children. Mr. Smith married third, in 1863, Mary' A. Singer and they have had three children. He has lost two children, one aged twenty-four and one aged twenty-seven. He has always been engaged in agriculture. Stewart, Horace S., of Newfield, was born in Meredith, Delaware county, June 15, 1804. Nathan S., his father, moved to Tompkins county in 1811, buying a year later the place, about three miles from Newfield, which then consisted of 118 acres. His wife was Phoebe Tiffany, by whom he had eight children, our subject being the oldest. He has always followed farming and stock raising and handling. He married first in 1830, Calista Barnes, and second, in 1864, Ruth E. Crane, and he has two sons living in Ithaca, his eldest being a wholesale grocer and his youngest being a dealer in butter, who does a thriving business. Mr. Stewart has held the office of road commissioner, and is a prominent member of the M. B. church. Schutt, Aaron B., was born in Caroline, November 4, 1826, a son of John, born in Dutchess county, who removed at the age of seven years with his parents to Ulster county and there acquired his education, becoming in time a noted school teacher. He followed this ten years, then moved to this town, and with his brother James erected a carding mill at Mott's Corners. Leaving his brother in charge of the mill, he bought a farm of 114 acres in Dryden, which was then a wilderness, and he was compelled to go on foot to this new place. Here he built a log cabin and reared his family of twelve children. Our subject remained with his father until he was twenty-nine years old. He had married at the age of twenty-one Marilla Belknap, daughter of Justin Belknap, (December 24, 1847), and in 1854 they came to their present home in Caroline, where Mr. Schutt has made a specialty of horse raising, having received $2j600 for one team. He is a Republican, though he has never oared for public office. He has had four children : Maud, Katie May, who died aged nine years ; Francis G., and Douglass, who lives at home on the farm.. Francis is engaged in the gocery business at Hornellsville, Steuben county. 198 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Stephens, J. L., was born in Ithaca, April 5, 1826. The father,' J. L. Stephens, sr., was a native of Connecticut, who moved to Ithaca, where he carried on the cooperage business in connection with his farm. He moved to Caroline in 1840, and in 1848 moved to Dryden, retiring from active work, and there he died in 1856. He married Lydia Reynolds, her parents being natives of Connecticut, and they had seven children, our subject being the sixth. In early life the latter worked at coopering in the town of Dryden. He has worked chiefly, however, at farming, cwning a farm in the town of Dryden, which he sold in 1853. He then moved into Danby, and then sold and moved to his present place in Slaterville Springs. He married in 1853, Katie, daughter of Jacob Hazen of Dryden, and they have two sons and a daughter, who received their education in the district schools, two of them being married and away from home, and one son living at home. They are members of the M. E. Church at Slaterville. Sellen Family, The. — The surname Sellen stands for pioneership in G-roton, and the head of the family seems to have been Samuel Sellen, a native of Massachusetts, whose wife was Maria Pratt. In his native State Samuel was a merchant, but in Groton, where he settled at an early day, he was a successful farmer. In his family were ten children : Maria, who married J. Clement ; Orlando, who died in 1893 ; Susan, who married Leonard Peck; Major, of Groton; John, Martha, wife of Jerome Clement ; Aurilla, who married Henry Van Guilder; Moses and Wesley, both of whom are now dead ; and Amanda, who married Truman Clement. John Sellen, a progressive and successful farmer of "West Groton, was born November 25, 1820, and has always lived on and devoted his energies to agricultural pursuits. April 19, 1849, he married Siphronia Hayden, by whom he has had six children : Mary, Willis, Hiram, Jennie, Nettie and Allena. Mr. Sellen is a Republican, but not active in political affairs. Both he and his wife are members of the Baptist Church. Swarthoutj Reuben, was born in the town of Danby, March 11, 1826. His early education was obtained in the district schools, which he soon left and learned the blacksmith trade, which he followed up to 1887, in the mean time spending four years in California, taking the trip via the Isthmus of Panama, and making the journey in twenty-eight days. Returning he bought a farm of Luther Wright of 100 acres, which he sold in 18G7, and bought the old Mahlon La Rue farm of 1 50 acres, which he rents. A Democrat in politics, Mr. Swarthout takes an active interest in educational and church matters. He is known in his neighborhood as a conservative man, who has made a success of farming. Stevens, John, was born in Washington county, N. T., November 2, 1785, and died April 6, 1866. When a young man he came to Groton and bought (about 1816) a fifty- acre tract of land, part of the home farm now owned by his son Nelson, and in a small way the pioneer began his farming career in this county. Later on he added to his farm and became known as one of the most persevering and energetic men of the town. On coming to the tract Mr. Stevens had only one pair of oxen, and his wife owned one cow, and these were fed through the first winter mainly on "browse." John Stevens married, February 13, 1805, Polly Wilson, by whom he had these children : James, Volney, Harriet, Louisa, Amanda and Marilla, Polly Stevens died July 13, 1822, and FAMILY SKETCHES. 199 all of their children are also now dead. The second wife of John was Mary, widow of Simeon Conger, and of this marriage four children were born : Mary, Laura, John and Nelson. Nelson Stevens was born December 10, 1830, in the house in which he now lives, where his entire life has been spent, although he has somewhat increased the acreage of the farm and enlarged and remodeled the buildings. Nelson Stevens is known as one of the leading men of Groton. In 1859 he was elected justice of the peace, and with the exception of eight years has held that office to the present time. In 1889, and again in 1890, he was elected to the Assembly, and in both sessions he filled the office with credit to himself and his constituency. He was also for five years supervisor of Groton. On November 21, 1856, he married Laura M. Conger, by whom he has had six children : Mary S., wife of Lorenzo Buckley of Columbus, 0.; Eveline, who died an infant; Fred C, who died aged seven ; John, who died at> three: Herman 0. and Herbert J. (twins), both of Groton. Stearns, Joseph W., who is well remembered in this vicinity as having been for many years the faithful pastor of the now extinct Christian church near West Groton, was a native of Westhampton, Mass., born February 21, 1808. He was the son of Stockwell and Seviah (Wilcott) Stearns and the second of their nine children. The young life of our subject was passed in his native State, where his father was a shoe- maker, and he learned to work at whatever presented itself for him lo do. He educated himself and later on entered the ministry. He came to West Groton at an early day where he took the pastorate of the Christian church, and at the same time interested himself in the welfare of those about him, and was particularly active during the days of the agitation of the abolition of slavery, he being one of the most earnest advocates of that measure. More than this, his house was the refuge of escaping negroes, and no man did more to facilitate the freedom of the refugees than Mr. Stearns. His life was a success from every point of view, and he held the respect and esteem of the entire community. He died in April, 1888, aged eighty years, and a little later (September 14, 1889) his wife followed him to the grave. Joseph W. Stearns married Amanda daughter of pioneer Isaac Allen, and to them were born three children; Joseph W., now a clergyman residing in Huntersland, N. Y.; Alvin Stuart, remembered as a mer- chant and produce dealer, and also postmaster at West Groton, and who died April 18, 1892 ; and Eugene A., the enterprising quarryman and farmer of West Groton. The latter was born May 3, 1847, and now lives on a part of the old home farm of his grandsire, Isaac Allen, the site of the first Allen log cabin being only a few rods distant from Mr. Stearns's house. In 1871 Eugene A. Stearns married Sarah Jane Rockafeller, of Onondaga county. They have one child. Smith, A. Belmont, was born in Trumansburgh April 15, 1860, and was educated in the Union School and the Academy. He is a coal dealer and insurance agent by occupation. June 22, 1893, he married Fannie Ogden of Covert, Seneca county. Mr. Smith's father, John De Motte Smith, was born in Lodi, Seneca county, December 10, 1832, was educated in Ovid Academy, Rutgers College, and graduated from Hobart Collage, Geneva. He studied law with Smith & Barto and was admitted to the bar. Upon the retirement of Mr. Smith, who went to Syracuse, he became a partner with Judge Henry C. Barto. He was a sound lawyer, an able advocate, and a generous foe, 200 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. and his death created a vacancy in the bar of this county which was hard to fill. He was a Mason, and from early manhood was prominently indentified with its affairs. He was one of the most companionable of men, a good husband and father. May 5, 1857, he married Mary E. Owen of Waterburg, town of Ulysses, and they had two children, Cora 0., and A. Belmont. Early in life he took much interest in the State militia and rose through the successive grades to the rank of colonel of the Fiftieth Begiment of the National Guard. During the war he was a Union man, a war Democrat, and was identified with such men as General Dix, Daniel S. Dickenson of New York, and others. He died February 25, 1892, and his wife survives him, residing at his late home on Elm street with his daughter. Sarsfield, Thomas, was born in Ireland in 1837, and came to the United States in 1848, locating in Trumansburgh. He is a moulder by trade. In 1859 he married Catharine Flynn of Ulysses, by whom he had eight children : Maurice, Julia, Thomas, jr., John, Mary, William, Michael and Catharine. Maurice is a cigar manufacturer, and married Margaret Ward, of Lodi, Seneca county. They had two sons, Maurice L. and Charles L. His vvife died January 13, 1892. Julia married John Bussell and lives in the West. Mary married George Gregg of Trumansburgh. Thomas Sarsfield was a gallant soldier of the late war, having enlisted August 22, 1861, in Co. A, 89th N. Y. Vols. He participated in eighteen general engagements, beginning at Hatteras, N. C, and ending before Petersburg, Va., where he was wounded in the lower part of his neck, the ball passing through his body. He was honoraMy discharged for disabil- ity on, account of the above wound, in November, 1864. Mr. Sarsfield is a member of Treman Post No. 572, of Trumansburgh, G. A. R., and has held the office of officer of the day for several years. Streeter, Nelson R., was born in the town of Pitcher, Chenango county, October 7, 1838, a son of William and Elizabeth Streeter, and the youngest but one of tbeir thirteen children. Nelson was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and in due time becoming a journeyman, but he worked most of his lite either as a foreman or proprietor. His old size stick, hammer and pincers are treasured remembrances of his early life and hang, gilded and elegantly framed, in the parlor of their owner. When a child, Mr. Streeter's family and parents removed from Pitcher to Onondaga county and there the greater part of his early life was passed. At the age of eight years, his parents being both deceased, he was practically thrown upon his own resources, and his success in life has been due entirely to his own efforts. In 1869 he came to this town, and was thereafter connected with various partners and firms in the shoe business. While so engaged he invented an attachment to a last, a valuable appliance, but one which lost him his accumulations to develop. In 1876 he engaged in the manufacture of novel- ties under the firm name of N. R. Streeter & Co., and though comparatively unknown outside this village, the firm is one of the largest business houses in the county. The firm deals in useful and valuable novelties of all kinds, many of them being the inven- tion of Mr. Streeter himself; in fact he owns and controls no less, than forty difierent patents. In the prosecutions of his vast interests Mr, Streeter has traveled extensively and has cultivated a wide acquaintance with traveling and business men, being par- ticularly interested in the commercial traveler or "drummer," and possessing literary FAMILY Sketches. 201 tastes, he has compiled a book of choice poems many of which are in circulation under the head of "Gems from an Old Drummer's Grip." In village affairs our subject also takes a deep interest, being a temperance man and a Republican. He has served on the Board of Trustees and also on the Board of Education. In 1860 he married Adelia Randolph of Chenango county, and they have four children. Shurter, Willis, veas born in Ulster county, May 17, 1841, a son of .Tosiah, also born in Ulster county. At the age of tvrenty the latter vras apprenticed to a vyheelwright for three years, and then built a shop in Sampsonville, Ulster county, vyhere he con- ducted a business for eight years. In 1848 he moved to Tompkins county, v?here he followed his trade until within a few years of his death. He also built several large mills, being a millwright also. In connection with his other enterprises he worked at farming for about fifteen years, and for some years prior to his death was » wagon maker. His death occurred August 5, 1877. His children were : Julia, \yillis, Ellen, Harrison, Harriet, Filmore, and Mary Louisa ; Julia, Filmore and Mary being deceased. Willis remained at home till July, 1862, when he enlisted in Company A, 109th N. T. Volunteers. While in service he contracted a cold, which with its attendant evils has followed him ever since, and which entitled him to the pension he receives. After re- turning home he married Jennie, daughter of James Girman of Dryden, after which he started at milling, working for four years, then built a plaster mill, which he is still operating. He is now living with his second wife, Betsey Merald, by whom he has two children, Jennie and Jessie, who are just entering the High School. He is a mem- ber of the G. A. R. and is a Republican. Scott, Jabez B., deceased, was born in Ithaca, January 27, 1837, was educated in Ithaca, and married Phoebe J., daughter of Orry Ostrander of Danby, by whom he had three children, a son and two daughters. Mr. Scott was at one time preprietor of the Farmer's Hotel, and afterward kept a wholesale and retail meat market in Ithaca. He was a Democrat and took an active interest in educational matters and the general events of the day. He was a well known citizen and a man of high standing in the town, well educated, and a good friend and neighbor. He purchased the Widow Townsend farm of eighty-five acres, lying two miles south of where his son now re- sides. Mr. Scott died June 4, 1875. Shoemaker, Jacob, one of Lansing's prominent men, was born on the farm he now owns, November 19, 1837, a son of Jacob, also a native of Lansing, born on the same farm, who married Christina, daughter of William Ozmun of Lansing, by whom he reared five children : Anna, deceased wife of Anson WyckoflF, of Moravia ; Almira, widow of Oliver Breckinridge, of Slippery Rook, Pa. ; Sallie, deceased wife of Dennis Kelley, of Lansing ; Jacob ; Emma, wife of Randall Smith, of Cato. He died in De- cember, 1890, at the age of ninety years and eight months. His wife died in 1874. Our subject was reared on this farm and attended the common schools. At the age of about thirty-four his father gave him the farm of 100 acres on lot eighty-three, where he has since remained. In 1860 he married Louisa, daughter of John and Electa (Searles) Bloom, of Lansing, and they have had two children : one who died in infancy, and Elmer Ellsworth, born January 27, 1862. His wife died March 11, 1877, and he 302 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. married second, Alice, daughter of Ambrose Parsons, of Ithaca, and they have one son, Frank, born April 27, 1879. Mr. Shoemaker was at one time a sergeant in the State militia, serving fou;-teen years, and received an honorable discharge in 1874. Smith, James, w^as born in the town of Franklin, Warren county. May 14, 1832, a son of John, who was a farmer. Our subject was educated in the common schools, after leaving which he served a three years' apprenticeship at carpentry. After ser- ving three yearsas a journeyman carpenter, he entered the employ of the D. L. & W. R. R. in 1852, and for eighteen years was employed with this company, building bridges and tracks. In 1872 he removed to Ithaca to build the road between Ithaca and Qeneva, and after its construction acted as its superintendent until its consolidation with the Lehigh Valley Road. He was then employed as roadmaster on the U. I. & E. R. R. between Elmira and Canastota, holding the position four years. He was then roadmaster and assistant superintendent on the Lehigh Yalley Division running into Auburn, then known as the Midland, running ten years as conductor and superintend- ent. He spent three years in the West at the same business, building 150 miles of track in Montana, and was then in Chicago for a year, employed on the Chicago and Northwestern Road. He next came to Elmira for three years, and in 1892, returned to Ithaca. March 23, 1893 he was appointed superintendent of streets for Ithaca. He has been instrumental in constructing one of the best systems of gutters in any city, and is an authority on the sewag« question. In 1854 he married Oarolme J. Carr, of Wyoming county, Pa., and they have had three children : A. C. Smith, conductor on the D. L. & W. R. R. ; Bffie, who died June 13, 1892, aged thirty-one years; the other son is a graduate of the medical department of the University of Michigan. Smith, Charles A., was born in the town of Ithaca, October 9, 1845, a son of G-abriel Smith, who was also a native of this county, born in Dryden February 4, 1818. In early life he followed farming, and later was a drayman of this place. Of his five sons, our subject was the third. Charles was educated in the public schools of this town, and at the age of sixteen went in with his father in the dray business, which he has always followed. He was fourteen years with the latter, and for eight years was a partner with his brother, John Smith, for the past ten years having been alone. He has followed draying for thirty-two years, and has fifteen horses and six men. He is a Democrat and in 1874 was collector for the village of Ithaca. He is a member of Hobasco Lodge F. & A. M., Eagle Chapter, Ithaca Council, St. Augustine Com- mandery, a member of the K. of P. and I. Oj R. M. In 1870 he married Sarah E. Nor- ton, daughter of James Norton, a grocer of this city, and they have two children, Ada and Lizzie. Stephens, Thomas J., was born in Cheltham, England, October 16, 1845, and came across the water when ten years of age. His father, Thomas, located in Quebec for two years, and it was there that our subject's mother died, and October 16, 1857, they removed to Ithaca, where Mr. Stephens established a marble yard on South Tioga street, where IngersoU's livery now is. Mr. Stephens was first in partnership with his brother John, but in 1859 they dissolved, and Thomas bought the corner where the Bates Block now stands, at the corner of Seneca and Aurora streets, where he con- ' FAMILY SKETCHES. 303 tinued in business until his death on November 22, 1869. Mr. Stephens was always a staunch supporter of the Republican party, but never aspired to office. A daughter, Mrs. W. N. Sandborn, is a resident of Ithaca. Thomas J. was educated in the old Lancasterian School, and before he had completed his education the war broke out, and December 20, 1863, he enlisted in the 21st N. T. Cavalry and was with the Army of the Shenandoah in all of their important engagements. During the latter part of his ser- vice he was acting chief bugler of his regiment. On his return to Ithaca he was em- ployed with his father until the death of the latter, when he took charge of the shop, which in 1872 he removed to another location, and in 1874 he again moved to his pres- ent location on Tioga street, buying two lots. He has acquired a reputation as a granite worker, which has given him a very extensive trade all over the State. He was the contractor for the soldier's monument in Ithaca among others. He is now serving his sixth year as adjutant of Sidney Post G-. A. R. He is a member of the R. A., and is secretary and treasurer of the' local branch of the Atlantic Savings and Loan Association of Syracuse. In 1869 he married Sarah, daughter of the late James McBride, a grocer of this city, and they have one daughter, Florence Marion, a student at the High School. Storms, John B., was born in the town of Mentz, Cayuga county, April, 1839, one of five children of George M. Storms, a blacksmith of that county, who came from New York city in 1838. He died November 3, 1854, aged forty-one years. The boyhood of our subject was spent in his native town, and at the time of his father's death he was fourteen years of age, and apprenticed himself to a marble cutter. He was employed in Auburn two years, and April 25, 1859, he came to Ithaca, where he was employed by Beers & Groodrich, whose shop stood where the Cornell Library now stands. For twenty-seven years he was with the above firm, and in 1886 he bought out the former proprietors who had their shops at 21 Bast Q-reen street Mr. Storms has worked up an extensive trade in this county, and is prepared to furnish everything needed in the line of fine marble-cutting and monument work. He is a Democrat and a member of Fidelity Lodge F. & A. M., and also of No. 5 Hose Company of the Fire Department. In 1892 he married Kate E. Dilta of Ithaca, and they have one daughter. Shefifer Reuben W., was born in the town of Livingston, Columbia county, March 19 1865 a son of Charles E., who moved into this county in 1871. The latter was master mechanic on the D. L. & W. R. R. from the time of his arrival here till 1888, when he engaged in the mercantile business, and is now conducting a grocery at the corner of Mill and Plain streets. Of his four ohildt;en, Reuben W. is the only son. He was educated in the Ithaca High School and the Poughkeepsie Business College, and filled the position of book-keeper at the First National Bank for two years. De- cember 1, 1886, he was engaged as book-keeper for the Ithaca Beef Company, which position he filled till November 19, 1891, when he was appointed manager of their business in this city, and April 19, 1893, he was given the management of the Geneva house in connection with the business at Ithaca. Mr. Sheffer ia a director of the Geneva Ice Company also. He is a Republican, and was for three years a mail clerk on the Ithaca & Owego Railroad. In. 1889 he married Josephine Little, of Candor. 204 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Stephens, Henry W., was born in Q-loustershire, England, March 24, 1838, and was eleven years of age when his parents came to this country. William, the father, was a mason by trade, and located in Auburn for a short time, then moved to Ithaca, where he followed his trade tjll his death in 1879, aged seventy-two years ; his wife died in 1890, aged ninety-three years. Of their six children, Henry W. was next to the youngest. He was educated in the old Lancasterian School and his first occupation was with his father. After a short time he went to learn the printer's trade, which he followed till the breaking out of the war. September 25 1862, he enlisted in the 137th New York Volunteers, and saw service with this regiment till the battle of Gettys- burg, where he was seriously wounded, from the effects of which he lay in hospital until May of the next year, when he was discharged and returned to Ithaca. In 1865 he entered the employ of the D. L. & W. R. R., and for tV7enty-one years he filled the position of telegraph dispatcher for this company. In 1885 he resigned this position, and the same year bought the general grocery store of T. S. Culver, at the corner of Aurora and Marshall streets, where he has ever since been in business. Mr. Stephens i^ a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716, F. & A. M. In February, 1858, he married Julia A. Carey, of Romulus, Seneca county, and they have four children : Henry B., a machinist of Elgin, 111., Will H., an artist, Mrs. Julia E. Judd, and Clara S. Sprague Joseph Brittin, deceased, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., September 19, 1826. He came to Tompkins county in 1871, and made his home in Ithaca. His boy- hood was spent in Rochester, where he received his early education, afterward attend- ing the Albany Academy. His father, Asa, was one of the pioneers of railroad con- struction, and was superintendent of one of the divisions of the N. Y. C. R. R. before its consolidation. Our subject was a Democrat and a worker in his party. After his removal to Ithaca he took an active interest in the popularity of the town, holding the ofiBce of village president one year. He was a member of the I. 0. 0. F. His death occurred November 30, 1878, and he left a widow only, who survives him. Mrs. Sprague is a daughter of Benjamin Johnson, one of the early settlers of the town of Ithaca, to which he came about 1816, from New Hampshire. He studied law in Troy. His three sons are still residents of this town, Jesse, Charles, and William. Benjamin Johnson died March 19, 1848. His wife was Jane Dey, a native of New Jersey. Slocum, Benjamin Franklin, was born in the town of Venice, April 12, 1842, a son of Godfrey W. Slocum, a farmer of Cayuga county. B. P. Slocum was educated in the common school, and also a private school in New York city, following teaching several years, for four of which he was principal of Union Springs School. He was also principal of two different schools in Genoa. In 1881 he moved to Ithaca, where he formed the Washington Glass Company, and built a ten-pot factory, which has been steadily employed, with the exception of four years, manufacturing window glass, Mr. Slocum being superintendent and manager of the company. In 1889 this factory was merged with the United Glass Company, of which organization Mr. Slocum was vice-president one year. At the present time our subject, in partnership with Mr. Wilcox, is proprietor of the Ithaca Drop Forge Company, with works in this city, for the manufacture of a general line of drop forge articles. The company was formed in 1889, doing about $20,000 worth of business yearly. Our subject is also a partner in FAMILY sketches; 205 the clothing store of G. W. Slocum & Company, ready-made clothiers and dealers in furnishing goods, boots and shoes, etc. He is a Mason, a member of Hobasco Lodge, Aurora Chapter, and was the master of Genoa Lodge No. 421 at the time of the dedi- cation of the Masonic Temple at New York. In 1863 Mr. Slocum married Kate Young, of Genoa, and they have two sons and two daughters. Schoonmaker, Helen, was born in Ithaca and educated in the Ithaca Academy. At the age of eighteen she was married to W. D. Schoonmaker, who died in 1874, leaving the farm to his wife, who has carried it on successfully. Mrs. Schoonmaker takes an interest in social and church matters, as well as the educational questions, and is a mem- ber of the Aurora Street Church. Her father, Benjamin Pew, came to the town of Ithaca in 1801 from New Jersey, being then nine years of age. He located on a farm, and in after life, having acquired a competency, he retired from active work and moved into the village. Smith, Horace I., was born in Dryden, April 5, 1829, the sixth of a family of eight children of Isaac S. Smith, also a native of this county, who died in 1836. The early education of our subject was obtained in his native town. In 1853 he left the farm and came to Ithaca, and has since been engaged in various employments. He was in the mercantile business for two years, and for four years was engaged in the manufac- ture of sewing silks. He has also dealt in real estate. May 1, 1888, he became con- nected with Cornell University, at first holding the position of superintendent of con- tractors in >the erection of their buildings. He held that position during the greater part of the next four years, until May 1, 1892, when he was appointed superintendent of construction and grounds for the university, which po ition he now holds. In pol- itics Mr. Smith is independent. In 1857 he married Mary E. Gay, of this town. Simpson, George F., was born in Ithaca, October 19, 1841, a son of Edwin Simpson, a native of Steuben county, who came here when a youth and followed farming and stock dealing. Our subject was his only child. He was educated in the old Ithaca Academy, and after leaving school engaged in the hotel business, conducting the Alhambra about fifteen years. In 1891 he engaged in the real estate and brokerage business, and is now conducting an office in the same line. He is a member of Hobasco Lodge, Eagle Chapter, St. Augustine Commandery, No. 38, and the Mystic Shrine at Rochester. He married, in 1878, Mary Post, of Spencer, Tioga county, N. Y. Sabin, John, was born in the town of Ithaca, August 7, 1854, a son of Abel, who was a native of Lewis county, and came to this section about fifty years ago, locating in the town of Ithaca. He moved to Danby about twenty-five years ago, where he now resides. He had seven children, six now living. John finished his education at the Ithaca Academy,, and his first occupation was as a farmer. In 1890 he left the farm and came to the town of Ithaca, where he established a wagon mart at 43 Cay- uga street, where he now carries a complete line of lumber wagons, sleighs, cutters, horse blankets, lap robes, hand-made and oak-tanned harnesses, wagon boxes, spring seats, road carts, democrat wagons, and everything of the line needed on the farm and city stables. Mr. Sabin has established a reputation for fair and correct dealing, which has made him a leader of this class of trade in the country. He is a Democrat, but not an aspirant for political honors. He married, in 1881, Cora Stewart, of Caroline. 300 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Swartwood, G. M., was born in the town of Newfleld, April 13, 1837. William, his father, was a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1807, was a farmer all his life, and also a blacksmith. He settled in this county in 1834, taking a farm in Newfleld, about a mile north of where our subject now lives, his farm consisting of 233 acres, on which .he built a log cabin at first. He married Priscilla Brown, of Pennsylvania, and they had seven children, six surviving. Of these children G-. M. was the third, and began busi- ness as a mechanic and carpenter. This he followed several years, and has built sev- eral buildings in the town. He is also a farmer. February 13, 1868, he married Ade- laide Ousmun, of Newfleld, by whom he has four children, all living at home, though one son is in the Havana school. Mr. Swartwood is a prominent member of the G. A. R. of Newfleld, Gregg Post, No. 123, having served in the late war six months, when he was compelled to leave on account of disease contracted in the service. He enlisted in July, 1862, and returned in January, 1863. He has held the office of senior vice-commander and quartermaster, and has been road commissioner for one term. He is a Republican. Sher,wood, William I., was born in Ulysses, July 8, 1849; was educated in the pub- lic schools and Trumansburgh Academy, and for fourteen years has been in partnership with the late G. H. Stewart in the undertaking business, and is now a farmer. Feb- ruary 25, 1874, he married Phoebe M. Tripp of Kingston, Pa., and they had two sons : Edwin S., who died young, and Merritt T., who died aged ten years. Mr. Sher- wood's father, Augustine M., was born in the town of Covert, Seneca county, August 5, 1812, and came with his parents to this county when young, February 1, 1837, he married Charlotte S. King of this town, and they had eight children: Mary H.,' Maria K., Minerva B., Blias K., William I., Ida M., Annie A. »nd Minnie A. The father died August 7, 1885, and the mother resides on the homestead. Mrs. Sherwood's father, Isaac Tripp, was born in Soranton, Pa., September 7, 1817, and February 17,1840, married Margaret Shoemaker of Wyoming, Pa. They had six children: Mary A., Penelope B., Phoebe M., Isaac E., Margaret B. and Emma C. Mr. Sherwood's family was well represented in the late war. He was elected postmaster of the town in 1886, and has held that position since with the exception of one year. He has been assistant engineer of the Fire Department, and for the past two years chief engineer. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., being its present secretary, also of the A. O. U. W., in which he is recorder. Smiley, SanfordB.," was bom in the town of Dry den, March 6, 1852. His father, Robert Smiley, was among the early settlers in the town. Sanford E. Smiley was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and observation. At the age of twenty he married Almeda L Snyder, daughter of Joseph Snyder, and they are the parents of two children, Leroy and Fred K. He takes the Republican side in politics and now holds theofflce.of highway commissioner, and takes an intelligent interest in educational and religious matters, and in advancing the best interests of his town. In 1872 he bought part of the Joseph Snyder estate, having seventy-seven acres of some of the best farm and wood land in his town, raising hay, grain and stock. He is recognized in his town as a conservative, independent and in- telligent citizen, and a practical and successful farmer. FAMILY SKETCHKS. 207 Shaver, Williard, was born February 26, 1844. His father, Ira C. Shaver, was born in Ithaca, August 2, 1817, and came to the town of Dryden in the spring of 1823 with his father, John 0. Shaver and bought of Luther Gere a farm of 145 acres, wliich is in the possession of the family to the present day. Mrs. Ira C. Sliaver was a daughter of W. H. Sut6n. In 1854 he bought the George White property, just northwest of Free- ville, where the family now resides, and has eighty acres of some of the beet farm land in the town. Williard Shaver, at the age of twenty-nine, married Fannie, daughter of Peter Saulpaugh of Buffalo, and they have three children, James G., Ira C. and Frank. W. In 1891 he purchased of his father the old homestead property where he now re- sides. Our subject is a well read, intelligentcitizen, taking an active interest in church and school matters, having been trustee of the school district for four years, his father having held the same ofiSce for fifteen consecutive years. The family have always taken a prominent part in advancing the best interest of the town, and are practical and successful farmers. Stickle, Theodore, was born in the town of Dryden, November 9, 1864. His father, Anson Stickle, came from Dutchess (jounty in 1837, and in 1860 he bought Ihe Albert Twogood property of 288 acre.". Mr. Stickle was educated in the Dryden Academy, after which he returned to his father's farm. He takes the Republican side in politics and an active interest in educational and religious matters. Anson Stickle married Susan Van Buskirk of Hamilton, Monroe county. Pa. Our subject is one of the largest farmers in his town, raising large quantities of hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of sheep raising and dairying, and is recognized as a practical and successful farmer. Scott, Adelbert C, was born in the town of Dryden, July 5, 1859, was educated in the common schools, and finished at Cortland Normal School. At the age of twenty- four be married Flora L., daughter of William R. Curtis of Cortland, and they have had one son, William A., born in 1881. Mr. Scott bought the homestead, which has been in the possession of the family for sixty years. It comprises 114 acres of fine land, and in 1893 Mr. Scott purchased part of the Rose estate adjoining, having now 135 acres, which he devotes principally to dairying and the raising of hay. Our subject takes an. active interest in all movements for the best interests of the town. ShultB, Theophilus, was born in Palatine, Montgomery county, March 15, 1822, and came to this county, town of Dryden, in 1874. He bought part of the Jesse M. Blanch- ard property of 161 acres, and in 1889 bought the Abel White property of forty-five acres, and in 1882 bought the Giles farm of 100 acres, having now 306 acres, on which he raises large crops of hay and grain, and makes a specialty of breeding pure Holstein cattle. At the aee of twenty-two Mr. Shultz married Lany Flander, daughter of Jacob H. Flander of St. Johnaville, and they have had .seven children, one of whom, Charles A., is now living, and is managing the farm. At the age of twenty-two the latter married Miss Ida E., daughter of Romanzo George of Grand Rapids, Mich., and they have three children : RoUo T., Altha C, and Christine. Our subject is identified with all the leading movements of the town, and is a practical and energetic farmer. 208 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Snyder, Mrs. Caroline, was born in Montezuma, Wayne county, October 4, 1845. Her father, George G. Ellison, came to the town of Dryden in 1859 and died in 1860, when the burden of the family fell upon Mrs. Susan Ellison, and her five children, of whom Caroline was the eldest and who, seeing the necessity of being self-supporting, at once went to work, and has through force of character provided for herself from thirteen years of age up to the present. At twenty-two she married Conwell Snyder, son of John Snyder, who died in 1888, leaving his many business affairs to be taken up and carried on by his wife, who with unexpected business ability has accepted the task and achieved a remarkable success. Mrs. Snyder lives with her mother, Mrs. Susan Ellison, and also the mother of her husband, Mrs. Maria Snyder, and is known as a true hearted, benevolent woman, superintending the farm of 125 acres, which has forced her to lead an active life. Snyder, Bradford, was born in the town of Dryden, February 24, 1836. His father, Jeremiah, came to this town in June, 1801, and settled on lot forty-three. The family were of German descent, and came to Kew Jersey from Germany, two of the brothers, ifenry and Christopher, being among the pioneer settlers in Dryden, Peter taking up a section of 640 acres, to which he afterwards added, acquiring eventually 1,000 acres, which he distributed among his seven sons, two daughters and a granddaughter. Our subject now resides on the homstead, having 160 acres of the original Snyder purchase. !3radford Snyder was educated at the old eight-square brick school bouse, and finished dt the Ithaca Academy under S. D. Carr. At the age of thirty-six he married Ann, daughter of William Doxtader of Stratford, Fulton county, and they have four children : Ward, Nora, Lena and Beva. Mr. Snyder is a Republican, and is now serving as over- seer of the poor. He is also secretary of the Dryd.^'n and Groton Fire Insurance company, having held both offices for the past twelve years. Shank, Mrs. Lucy J., of Lake Ridge, proprietor of the Lake Ridge Hotel and general store, was born in Lansing in 1853. She is the daughter of Lo'ronzo D. and Mary J. Ives, natives of Cayuga county. The grandparents were Noah and Anna (Clark) Ives of Connecticut, but early settlers in Cayuga county. The father of our subject was a carpenter in his earlier days, later a farmer in Lansing. In 1871 he purchased the store aud hotel at Lake Ilidge, and operated them bolli until his death ill December, 1884. The mother died in November, 1865. They had two children : Emaline and Lucy. Mrs. Shank received her education in the common schools in Lansing. At the death of her father she came into possession of the farm of 130 acres, which she still owns. In 1893 she purchased the store and hotel property at Lake Ridge of her sister Emaline, and with her husband, B. C. Shank, carries on a general merchandise business and hotel. In July, 1891, Mrs. Shank took an extended trip west through Canada, Washington to San Francisco, returning home in March, 1892. She has one child by a former hus- band, Ives W. Morey, born July 13, 1886. She is a lady of fine tastes and youthful appearance. Van Nortwick, W. J., was born in the town of Dryden, October 2, 1828. His father, John Van Nortwick, son of Simeon, came from New Jersey and they were among the first settlers in the town. W. J. Van Nortwick was educated in the common schools. FAMILY SKETCHES. 209 to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of thirty-fix he married Nancy, daughter of Alexander McKinney, of Dryden, and they are the parents of two children, one son, William, and one daughter, Lulu May. In 1850, he began to acquire real estate, buying out other heirs and part of his uncle's estate, having sixty-six acres on which he has erected handsome buildings, raising hay, grain and stock, making a specialty of dairying. Our subject is one of the conservative, independent men of his town, where he is recognized as a practical and successful farmer. He takes an interest in the leading events of the day and in advancing the best interests of his town. Yandemarks, Benjamin, was born in the town of Caroline, November 15, 1830. James M., his father, a native of Ulster county, moved to Tompkins county when quite small, and always followed farming, owning a farm near Brookton. He married Rachael Personious of the town of Caroline, and they had eight children, our subject being the second, and now sixty-three years old. The latter has followed farming from early life, working at home with his father until his marriage in 1863 to Charlotte, daughter of Feter Dennis of the town of Caroline. They are the parents of five chil- dren, all at home but one. All were educated in the common schools except one, who graduated from the Ithaca High School, viz., Charles. In politics our subject is ■> Democrat. Thomas, John, was born December U, 1825, in the town of Dover, Dutchess county, and came to Tompkins county at the age of six months with his parents. He was educated in. the district schools, to which be added by reading and observation. He married Amelia, daughter of James Mulks of Ithaca, by whom he had two children, a son and a daughter. Mrs. Thomas died ten years after their marriage. Our subject afterwards sold bis farm in Ithaca, and bought what was known as the Lewis Hanford farm of seventy acres, to which he has added since. In 1864 he married second Mary E. Swartout^.daughter of Adam Hoffman of the town of Caroline. He is a Democrat in politics and takes an active interest in temperance, education and religion, being one of the leading men of the place. Thomas, E. J., was born in Dryden, May 26, 1840, a son of Benjamin, a native of Dutchess county, who was left an orphan when young, and worked at farming till he reached manhood, when he married Mary, daughter of Bryant Thomas, of Dutchess county, and in 1834 moved to the farm now occuppied by our subject. Here he died in 1872, having been a prosperous farmer and a good citizen. He and wife had four children, E. J. being the third. He also followed farming through early life. He was educated in the public schools and at the age of twenty-three married Olive RWinfield, daughter of William WinBeld of Slaterville, and they had two children, Mary and Jane. Mr. Thomas has always voted the Republican ticket Taggart, William, was born in Ireland, August 21, 1832, and came to this county in 1849. He settled in Dryden, remaining five years, then worked for different farmers, and in 1857 he started for himself, buying a farm of thirty acres, which he traded for eighty acres in Newfield, then traded that for his present place, about eleven years ago. He served one year in the Bebellion. In 1860 he married Margaret Hodges and thej 210 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. have had six children, two deceased. Mr. Taggart is a member of the Grange, also oE Ct A. R. In politics he is a Republican. Tree, Edward, was born in England, July 5, 1844, and was less than two years ot age when his parents came to this country. His father, Edward, sr., came to this country and located in the town of Lansing, and here made his home till 1837, when he moved to Ithaca and engaged in paper making. He died February "19, 1885, aged seventy-one years. Of his ten children, eight survive, our subject being the oldest son. The latter was educated in the public schools, and his first occupation was as a paper maker. At the age of fifteen he began as an apprentice in the Ithaca paper mill, and rapidly rose to higher positions, following the business thirty-two years. January 10, 1878, Mr. Tree established a general grocery and provision store at 227 Aurora street, which his son conducted while Mr. Tree worked in the paper mill. January 1, 1890, the son became a partner in the firm, and under the name of E. Tree & Son, the con- cern is well known in commercial circles. In 1891 they added a market to their store, and now have one of the finest stores of the kind in the place. Mr. Tree is a Democrat and in 1878 was elected on the Democratic and Workingmen's ticket as trustee of the village. He is a member of the Aurora street church and also of the R. A. November 22, 1866, he married Sarah J. Sincepaugh of Ithaca, and they have had two children : William, and Maud R. Tucker, George S., was born in the town of Dryden, February 5, 1850. His father, George W. Tucker, was one of the early settlers. He was educated in the common schools to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of thirty he married Ella Mericle, and they have one son, George 0., and one daughter, Blanche D. He takes the Republican side in politics and an active interest in school and church matters, being now trustee of the school. In the year 1886 he bought the Joseph Fisher place of six acres where be now resides. Our subject through life has followed the trade ot carpenter and builder, making a specialty of bridge building and railroad work. Teeter, George W., a life resident of Lansing, was born on the farm he now owns December 29, 1817, the son of Henry Teeter, who came to Lansing with his father, Henry, from Northampton county, Pa., in 1791, and settled in this county. The grand- father, Henry, died in 1804, leaving nine children ; all now deceased. Henry, son ot the latter, and father of George W., spent his life on his father's farm. He married a Miss Wintchy Sly, daughter of Michael Sly of Elmira, formerly of Pennsylvania, and ot their thirteen children, eleven grew to maturity : John, Joseph, Daniel, Sally, Vin- cent, Hannah, Sly, Catharine, George, Henry and Smith. Henry died about 1844, and his wife in 1872. George W. attended the district schools and has always made this farm his home. He followed boating on the Erie Canal for ten years, plying between Buffalo and New York city. In the mean time he sold the farm left him by his father, and after leaving the canal bought a farm in Dryden, and a year later traded with his brother for the homestead farm, which he has improved with new buildings, etc. Jan- uary 15, 1849, he married Matilda E. Hagin, born in 1822, daughter of Charles Hagin, and they have had five children : Foris May, born December 1, 1849, now of Portland, FAMILY SKETCHES. 211 Ore.; Florence Belle, born in 1852, wife of Cicero Miller, of Kirkwood, Broome county; Frances E., wife of R. Miller of Lansing, born in 1855; George H., born in 18G0; Charles 8. twin of George H., who died aged three years; Lena L., born in 1867, wife of L. E. Holden of Tennessee. Mr. Teeter is a Democrat, and has served as commissioner of roads. Reynolds, James Spencer, deceased, was born in the town of Lansing, Tompkins county, October 2, 1825, a son of Spencer Reynolds, a native of New. Jersey and one of the early settlers of this county, who was three times married and had nine children. James S. was the first born and was educated in the old Ithaca Academy. After leav- ing school, and at the age of sixteen, he was apprenticed to learn the iron moulder's trade in the Coy foundry, and after finishing his apprenticeship he was employed in the same foundry until be established a business for himself, and besides the foundry added a machine shop, which he conducted alone for some lime, and then was joined by J. B. Lang, and the firm is still in existence, the estate of our subject being a part of the firm. Mr. Reynolds died October 31, 1891, mourned and lamented by all who knew him. He was a Republican, and although often urged to accept office invariably declined on account of his private business interests. In 1854 he married Francis P. Keny on, tlaughter of William Kenyon, formerly a cabinetmaker of Hector, but late of the Western States, who died in. Shasta, Cat. Ross, J. D., was born in Savona, Steuben county, N. T., May 29, 1867. His father, James H. Ross, is a retired clergyman of the M. E. Church after a pastorate of forty years. Our subject was educated in the Cook Academy, Havana, N. Y., and afterwards attended Cornell University. After leaving the university he took up the study of law in connection with D. F. Van Vleet, of Ithaca, and removed to the village of Drjrden in 1890, where be was elected justice of the peace in 1891. At the age of twenty-five be married Alice Sweetland, daughter of George J. Sweetland of Dryden. Our sub- ject is one of the rising young lawyers in his town, where he is recognized as a man of conservative character and ability, being selected by his townspeople to fill various positions of trust. Roe, H. W., was born in the town of Dryden May 9, 1859, and was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. After leaving school he served as clerk in the general store at Etna for three years, and then came to Freeville as clerk for A. C. Stone, and has continued in the same business up to the present date, the firm being Roe & Sutfin, carrying a general line of dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, wall paper, crockery and drugs. Our subject is the leading merchant in his town, carrying the largest and most complete stock of mer- chandise in the town. At the age of twenty-nine he married Ida C. Reed, daughter of T. B. Reed of Dryden, and they have one son, Clinton M. Roe. He takes an active interest in temperance principles, and in advancing the best interests of his town, where he is recognized as a citizen of high principles and strict integrity. Reed, Joseph A., was born in the city of Ithaca, September 23, 1838. In 1882 he went into the wholesale pork packing business and conducted a market for fifteen years. Since 1890 he has done nothing. In 1890 he erected the fine buildings at the 212 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. corner of Aurora and Buffalo streets, known as the Reed block. It is sixty six by sixty-eight feet, of brick, three stories, the lower floor occupied by stores, the two upper doors by living compartments. In 1880 he married Ella A. Brook of the town of Lansing, daughter of Alfred Brook, a farmer. He has a beautiful residence on Green street, rebuilt in 1879. Rothschild Brothers. — This firm is composed of Jacob, Isaac and Daniel G. Roths- child, who first started in business about eighteen years ago in Binghamton. After seven years they removed to Ithaca, starting in on the corner of Aurora and State streets, and removed to their present grand headquarters during the spring of 1888. Their stock consists of everything in the dry goods line, with cloaks, shawls and bed- ding on the main floor of their large double store (55 x 100 feet). The basement is given up to china, of the finest quality, also glassware and crockery, suitable for the mechanic or the connoisseur, lamps of all varieties, brackets, tinware, eta Rhodes, George,. was born November 2, 1821, in the town of Ithaca, and was edu- cated in the district schools, but at an early age he went to work on his father's farm, which he helped to clear. His grandfather bought the farm for his two sons, John and Frederick, the place comprising 314 acres, and in 1853 George R. bought the place of his father and now owns it. Our subject is Democratic in politics. December 14, 1865, he married Hannah M. Teachmen, daughter of L. M. Teachmen of Hector, and they have had two daughters, both now married and settled in homes of their own. Reed, Dr. F. A., was born in Caroline, September 14, 1849, a son of H. C. Reed, also born in this county in 1812, who was a carpenter for four years in Ithaca. H. C. married, in 1836, Mary A., daughter of Bethel Gray, of Chenango county, and con- tinued his work in Ithaca for nearly eight years, living at Mott's Corners, now Brook- ton.. He then bought a farm on Bald Hill, though he continued to work at his trade for the next three years, then settled down to farm work. He was a Republican and served as commissioner for two terms, was trustee of the school and a prominent mem- ber of the M. £. Church. He had four sons and one daughter, our subject being the fourth child. He remained at home with his parents for a number of years, and at the age of thirty-seven married Hattie, daughter of John D. Cannon, of Connecticut, from which place he moved into Delaware county, N. Y. His nratriage occurred February 27, 1878, after which he resided on his father's farm ten years, then moved to West Slaterville, where they remained two years, our subject attending college part of the time in Cleveland, Ohio. Returning, he located in Brockton, where he has since had a successful practice. He still owns a farm, however, which is worked by a tenant. He is a Republican, a Mason of Caroline Lodge, No. 681 ; also a member of the Grange. He has two children, Maggie E. and Herman 0. Richardson, W. H., was born in Freetown, Cortland county, December 15, 1835, and was educated in the common schools and finished at the Groton Academy. At the age of twenty-five was married to Miss Ellen Van Nortwick, daughter of William Van Nortwick, and they have one son, Clarke H. Richardson. In 1863 he bought part of the Van Nortwick estate, and in 1866 he bought what was known as the Palmer Drake property of sixty-eight acres, which adjoins his own property, having in all about 150 FAMILY SKETCHES. 213 acres. In 1875 he came to the village and established a coal, lime, lumber and agricul- tural implements business, and as buyer and shipper of produce. Our subject is one of the oldest merchants in his town, taking an active interest in temperance, educational and religious matters, and is recognized as an independent, conservative citizen of stee- ling v7orth and high integrity. Rummer, Charles E:, was born in the tovfn of Dryden, May 1, 1869, and was edu- cated in the common schools and finished at Groton Academy. After leaving school he went to Sparrow Point, Md., and served as a clerk in the Sparrow Point Company's store tor two years and then returned to Dryden. In the fall of 1893, in connection with his father, Q-. Rummer, he bought the stock of boots and shoes and rubber goods of the W. J. Lombard estate, and they have the leading house in their line in the town of Dryden. At the age of twenty-three he married Corinne Powers, daughter of Frederick Powers, of Groton. Our subject takbs the Republican side in politics and is recognized in his town as a man of high business ability and character. Rummer, Richard C, was born in Dryden, October 5, 1852, and was among the earliest settlers in the town. He was educated in the common schools and finished at Dryden Academy, under Professor Jackson Graves. At the age of twenty-three he married Olive Heffron, who passed away in 1880, and in 1889 he married Louisa A., daughter of John Turk, of Caroline, and they have one daughter and one son. In 1889 he bought the homestead farm of 200 acres, and in 1891' part of the Cady estate of forty-eight acres, having 248 acres, and raising hay, grain and stock, making a specialty of dairying. Our subject takes the Republican side in poli- tics, and is now president of the Board of Health of Freeville. He is interested in school and church matters and takes a prominent part in advancing the best interests of his town. Robinson, Edmund B., was born in the village of Groton, September 22, 1853. Filan- der H., the father of our subject, was born in Vesper, Onondaga county, and is a miller by trade. The boyhood of our subject was passed in his native town, and at the age of seventeen he went as an operator on the Union Pacific Railroad, and spent four years in Wyoming, Utah, and Montana. He was educated in the public schools and Groton Academy, before going west. On his return in 1874 he was a short time at home, then spent'.one year on the Illinois Central Railroad at Cairo. In 1875 he came east on a visit, and while at home was offered a position as ticket agent and operator for Sayre on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, which he accepted, and the next year was made agent for the L. V., the G. I. & S., and the S. C. Tne next year, at the consol- idation of these roads, Mr. Robmson was made superintendent of the telegraph, and train dispatcher, and transferred to Ithaca in July, 1877, since which time he has been a resident of this city. He remained in the employ of this company until May 16, 1892, and on his retirement bad the satisfaction of feeling he had never lost the company a dollar nor made a mistake. Mr. Robinson is a Republican, and in May, 1883, he was appointed deputy revenue collector for the twenty-first district under James Armstrong, which position he held until 1885. He was also elected assistant chief engineer of the Fire Department, and in 1885 elected chief, filling that office until July 21, 1889, at 314 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. which time he was appointed postmaster. During 1887-'88-'89 he was chairman o£ the Republican County Committee. In 1888 he was nominated for alderman of the first ward, but declined to serve. He is a member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716 F. &A.M. In 1876 Mr. Robinson married Alice A., daughter of Anson WyckotF, a farmer of Moravia, and they have three children : E. Winifred, Frederica, and Nathan Lavere. Mr. Robinson has been a delegate to every senatorial and district convention for the past twelve years, and to him the Republican party is indebted for much of its pros- perity in this locality. Robinson, H. H., was born in Caroline, May 29, 1841, a son of Solomon, a native of Ulster county, who came to this county when eight years old with his parents, settling in Slaterville Springs, where his father kept a hotel. At the age of eighteen Solomon started out for himself, following various occupations, and built a grist-mill in 1836 at Slaterville Springs. In connection with this work he conducted a large farm of 309 acres, employing many hands. In 1857 he sold his mill, and in 1859 sold half of his farm, after which his son H. H. took charge of the remaining part, a large farm in itself, in 1877 commencing a dairy with seven head of cattle, which he has increased to twenty-five head. He has three horses, and does a large trade in butter and milk, being unable sometimes to fill his orders. He married Frances L., daughter of David L. Clark of Richford, Tioga county, in 1860, and they occupy a pleasant and comfort- able liome. He is a Granger, and a liberal supporter of the Methodist Episcopal church. He is also an active worker in the Republican party. Pratt, Ephraim S., was born in Tolland, Mass., December 25, 1811, and came with his parents to Wolcott, Wayne county, at the age of seven years. He was educated in the schools of that day, and moved to Seneca county. November 9, 1834, he mar- ried Huldah B. Williams, of Weston, Conn., by whom he had eight children, four sons and four daughters: David S., Thomas H., Abby A., Tamsen L., Orlo H., Olive h., Flor- ence, and James R. Mrs. Pratt died May 26, 1885, and he married second, April 12, 1886, Susan P. Pease, widow of Orman Osborne, a farmer of Fairfield, Conn., who died May 5, 1873, leaving one son, Alvin P. Osborne. Mr. Pratt's father, Silas, was born in Sandersfield, Mass., August 17, 1781, a son of Justin, born in Granville, Mass., October 21, 1731. He was the son of Barnard, born at Hingham, Mass., July 1, 1710. The latter was the son of Aaron, son of Phineas, whos<) father, Henry, was born at Hingham, England, in 1599. In 1635 the latter emigrated with nine others,, to Mass- achusetts, and Hingham was given as a name to the new home, which name has con- tinued to the present day. Mr. Pratt has resided in Ulysses over forty years. Quick, Daniel, was born in Caroline, December 9, 1821. Henry, father of our sub- ject, was a native of Ulster county, a farmer, who came to this county and bought 100 acres of land, to which he added 160, which he owned at time of his death, besides other i)roperty. The only capital he owned when he came to Tompkins county was an axe and one shilling in money, lie married Sallie, daughter of Daniel Ersley, one of tho first settlers of the county, and they reared a family of nine children, of whom our subject is the youngest. Daniel lived with his father until he married at the age ot thirty-three, to Caroline Ivory, and they have had three children, one daughter FAMILY SKETCHES. 215 surviving, Georgie, who married » Mr. Quick, who was, however, no relative. She has one son, Clifford D. Quick, aged five months. Mr. Quick is assessor of the town, a Democrat, and a member of the Grange. Pratt, David S., was born in the town of Covert, Seneca county, January 13, 1836, was educated m the public schools and Trumansburgh Academy ; also Union College, Schenectady. April 9, 1860, he married Emily M., daughter of the late Simeon Pease, of Trumansburgh. They have one son and two daughters : Leslie, Antoinette L., and Agnes H. Leslie married Augusta Seiglemah, and has three children : Harold, Cora, and Agnes. Antoinette L. married James N. Layne, of Missouri, and Agnes H. lives at home. Mr. Pratt is for the present engaged in farming in the west. Pratts, George W., of Newfield, was born December 27, 1823, a son of Peter Pratts, who was born in 1801, who was a farmer by occupation and married Sophronia Cha£Fee, by whom he had six children. Of these our subject was the oldest, being now seventy years of age. He has been a farmer as was his father before him, the farm being owned by himself and L. C. Pratts, his brother. Our subject has never married. He is a member of the Grange and in politics is a Republican. Pratts, C. W., was born in Newfield, September 9, 1831. Adam, his father, was a native of Pennsylvania, who came to this county when quite young, settling in this town, where he took up farming at which he was very successful. He married Cath- arine Sebring of this county, and they had three children. C. W. Pratts has always followed farming. He marrried in 1852 Delilah Sherman of this town, and they had two children, both deceased, one dying at the age of six months, and the other aged twenty-two years. Mr. Pratts votes the Democratic ticket. Pratt, Charles F., was born in Groton, January 21, 1856. His father, Benjamin F. Pratt, was a well known resident of Groton. He was educated in the Dryden Acad- emy after leaving the common schools. At the age of thirty four he married Josephine Montgomery, daughter of John Montgomery of Dryden. In 1878 he bought part of the John Southworth estate of ninety-five acres, in 1889 he bought forty acres of the Joseph Thomas estate and in the spring of 1893 he bought part of the Eliag Cady estate of sixty-one acres, lying just west of the village of Dryden. Our subject is one of the prominent men of his town, having nearly 200 acres of the best farm lands in his town, where he is known as » conservative man of energy and ability and as a successful and practical farmer. Pierce, Clarence W., was born in Susquehanna county. Pa., February 16, 1862. He was educated in the common schools and Wyoming Seminary at Kingston, Pa. After leaving school he remained on the farm for about three years, and then entered the employ of the D., L. & W. R. R. Co. At first he was a passenger brakeman and rose to passenger conductor, and in 1890 he came to Ithaca to take charge of the retail coal trade. He is a Republican in politics, but has held no offices. He is a member of Fidelity Lodge, F. & A. M. and Eagle Chapter. In 1884 he married Emma Mills of Susquehanna county, Pa. They have one child, a daughter. Pike William L., the present secretary and general manager of the Groton Carriage Company, was a native of Richmond county, N. Y., born January 9, 1853. He began 216 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. active business life on reaching tiis majority, and was then a well trained and competent practical wagonmaker. About 1870 he established himself at Tully, N. Y.; and soon became ths head of the firm of Pike, Smith & Walsh, which for several years was well known in that part of Onondaga county. Pike & Walsh succeeded the older firm and afterward established the Waterloo Wagon Company, at Waterloo, in Seneca county. After about three years this business was disposed of, and in 1895 Mr. Pike came to Groton to take the general management and the secretaryship of the local company. That he has been abundantly successful in that capacity is attested by the fact that the business of the company has been largely increased during the period of his connection with it; and it is a conceded fact that the Oroton Carriage Company is one of the most successful institutions of its kind in Central New York. On coming to Groton Mr. Pike found the business of the concern conducted according to old usages, and to him is due the credit of having successfully remodeled its working arrangements and inaug- urating a system in every department in accordance with the modern and now popular ideas of wagon, carriage and sleigh making. Although much engrossed in business Mr. Pike has found time to interest himself somewhat in local politics. He is a firm Democrat and was candidate for the Assembly in 1892, and though defeated at the polls the result of the vote was the source of gratification to himself and his friends. Again in February, 1893, he was the nominee of his party for the office of supervisor against Dana Rhodes, the latter vice-president of the carriage company, and a man of great strength and popularity throughout the town. However, in this last canvass Mr. Pike was reluctant to become a candidate and only consented to do so in oider to fill a breach in the party ticket. Quigley, Mrs. D. C, is a daughter of James C. Knight, who was born in Lodi, Seneca county, June 15, 1810. He was well educated and taught school several seasons. He began his mercantile career in Farmer Village in 1833 with a capital of $140, to which he added gradually until he obtained a competency. He married Luvezar, daughter of William Mundy, and they had four children : William, who died young ; Edward, Henrietta, and Mary. Edward married Josephine Covert of Lodi, Henrietta married Oscar G. Wheeler of Farmer, and Mary, our subject, married Henry Bean of Geneva, a hardware merchant, who died in 1878. For her second hnsband she married David C. Quigley, who was born in New Jersey, and came here in company with his parents in 1844. They had one son, James K., born June 20, 1880. Mr. Quigley was a mer- chant tailor, doing a large and successful business. He died January 31, 1881. He was an active member of the Presbyterian church of Trumansburgh, and a leader of the choir. Mrs. Quigley's father was one of the leading men of Seneca county, and always ready to give good advice to all who called on him for it, many dating their success in life to his timely counsel. He died November 26, 1881, and his wife June 23. 1886. Pearson, Pierce (deceased), was born in the town of Newfield, February 22, 1840. His father, Robert, came from Borduntown, N. J., to Newfield in 1835, remaining there until his death, in 18G4, The family originally came from Yorkshire, Engknd. Pierce Pearson received his early education in the district schools, and completed it by his own efforts through his life. He was looked upon as a leader in the town in which he FAMILY SKETCHES. 217 lived, known and recognized as a man ot signal ability. In the fall nt 1867, lie with his brother Nicholas, bought the well known farm "up the Inlet" of John Fisher, to which they soon added their other adjoming farm, and then engaged in the nursery business. At the age of thirty-one he married Alma J. Foster of Ithaca, who bore him six children, two sons and two daughters now living, and with the help ot their mother carry on the farm, and raising large amounts of tobacco, grain and stock. Mr. Pearson attended the Congregational church ot Ithaca, to which he gave his hearty support. He died in April, 1891. Quick, Charles, was born in the town of Caroline, May 7, 1848. He has followed farming from early boyhood, working at home for his father most of the time until he reached his majority, and he then went to work for his grandfather. At the age ot twenty-one he married Charlotte Hubbard of the town of Dryden, and they have had four children, two sons and two daughters. Mr. Quick is not a politician, though he always votes the Democratic ticket. Poole, Hon. Murray Edward, was torn July 17, 1857, at Centre Moreland, Wyom- ing county, Pa., at the head of the historic Wyoming Valley. He is a son of the late Edward V. Poole, a prominent business man and private banker of Tioga county, and a descendant from Captain Edward Poole, the founder ot Weymouth, Mass., in 1635. Six of his ancestors were officers in the Revolutionary War, and another served in the Massachusetts Colonial Assembly during the same period. He was prepared at Wyom- ing Seminary at Kingston, Pa., and graduated at Cornell University as A. B., in 1880. lie studied law with Judge Marcus Lyon, Judge Bradley Almy, Col. Charles H. Blair and Hon. Jared T. Newman, of Ithaca; Judge Charles A. Clark and Frank A. Darrow, esq., ot Owego, and Judge Adolphus C. Allen, of Waverly. He was admitted to the bar May 3, 1889, at Syracuse. He married November i, 1891, Eva, daughter of James Zeliffe, ot Limestone, N. Y. She was born March 31, 1862, and graduated at Baxter University of Music, Friendship, N. Y., in 1880. They have one daughter, Laura France."!, born December 4, 1893. He has always taken an active interest in Demo- cratic politics, Avas appointed special county judge of Tompkins county, October 24, 1889, by Governor Hill, to fill a vacancy, and held the office until January 1, 1890 ; has been justice ot the peace since January 1, 1891, acting recorder of the city of Ithaca since April 10, 1893 ; Democratic candidate for special county judge in 1889, and delegate to the constitutional convention in 1893. He is also a prominent Mason, having attained the thirty-third degree. He was one of the founders of the Waverly Farmer in 1883, and is a member ot the New York State Press Association, ot the Society ot the Sons ot the Revolution, Society ot the War ot 1812, New England Historic Genealogical Society, New York Genealogical and Biographical Society and American Historical Association. Also author ot the ''History of Edward Poole, ot AVeymoulh, Mass., 1635, and his Descendants, 1893," author of (he History ot the Town ot Tioga in "Gay's Historical Gazetteer of Tioga County, N. Y.," 1887, and •'Biographical Sketches in Landmarks of Tompkins County ;" associate editor ot "Gil- more's Cyclopedia ot American Biography,'' of the " Cyclopedia of the Medical Pro- fession," '■ White's National Cyclopedia of American Biography," also ot " Appleton's 218 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Annual Cyclopedia," contributor to the University Magazine (N. Y. City), Magazine of American History, Harper's Weelily, Detroit Free Press, Buffalo Illustrated Express, Utica Saturday Globe and others. He resides in Ithaca. Ostrander, Charles H., was born in the town of Danby, March 13, 1845, was edu- cated in the district schools, and to this has added by careful and intelligent reading. After leaving school he began farming on his father's farm. Orrin Ostrander, his father, was one of the first settlers in the town. Our subject married at the age of twenty-three, Rebecca A., daughter of Lewis Scott, of Ithaca, by whom he had three daughters, the eldest, Emma L. Smiley, now of Soutli Danby, living on the old home- stead. Mr. Ostrander is a Democrat in politics, and is a member of the M. E. Church of South Danby. In the fall of 1893 he bought the stock of dry goods, groceries and hardware of William Bierce, and has now the principal store in the town, and does a large business. He is known throughout the town as a conservative man of fine busi- ness ability and high principle. Ozmun, Ira, was born in Lansing, on his present farm, December 28, 1825. He is the son of Jacob L., a native of Orange county and an early settler in Lansmg. who came here witli his parents, John and Folly (Linderman) Ozmun, at an early date. Jacob settled on the farm now owned by his son, and there passed his life, with the exception of his last three years. He was a prominent man in his town, and was edu- cated in both English and German. He was a veterinary surgeon, and was prominent in both town and county politics, being a Democrat. He married Sally Ingley, of Groton, and they had eight children, Polly, Alvira, Abby A., Elmira, Jerry I. (all deceased), Ira, Emily and Julia. During his last years he engaged in the lumber busi- ness with our subject. He died in June, 18G4, aged sixty- three years, and his wife died three years later, aged sixty-six years. Ira attended the common schools, and remained on the farm of his father till twenty-five years of age. At the age of twenty he bought a saw mill, and engaged in the manufacture of lumber, which he followed fourteen years, in connection with his farm business, having bought with his brother, in IS-tS, the farm of 245 acres. Some years later they divided the farm. Since he retired from the lumber business he has confined himself to farming exclusively. In 1855 he married Mary, daughter of Morris and Rachael (Learn) De Camp, of Lansing. She was born in 1827. Mr. and Mrs. Ozmun have three adopted children, N. Breese, now a resident of California ; Oscar D. Dolson, of Peoria, III. ; and Hester Ann Dal- ton, wife of Willie Teeter, of Groton, Mr. and Mrs. Ozmun are members of the North Lansing Grange, of which they have been active workers for twenty years. Owen, Duane D., was born in Homer, Cortland county, February 26, 1845, a son of F. M. Owen of the mercantile interests of Homer. The education of Duane was derived in the common schools, followed farming about eight years, and then was employed in a shoe peg factory for about eight years. After this he was engaged in manufacturing iron gears for sleighs and wagons until 1890. That year he moved to Ithaca, where he bought the Van Houter lumber yard, and has ever since conducted it, handling all kinds of hard and soft lumber, and is prepared to furnish everything needed in building, such as shingles, lath, etc., as well as trimmings, posts, ornaments, etc. Mr. Owen is a FAMILY SKETCHES. 211) staunch Republican, but never an aspirant for political olTice. He is a member of the order of K. of P., also a member of the Baptist Church. He married, December 9, 1891, Frances E. Dunham, of Ithaca. By his former wife he has one daughter, in her fourteenth year. Nye, Edwin R., was born in Locke, June 7, 1842, the son of Washington and Mary Nye. He was brought up on the farm where he lived until he reached the age of twenty-eight years, then moved to Groton and for the next four years engaged in the livery business. In 1871 he purchased from Doctor Goodyear the large block now known as the Odd Fellows Hall building, the upper portion of which was formerly occupied for public purposes. In 1884 Mr. Nye built the rink in the rear of the block, and in 1892 remodeled it and arranged its interior for an opera house, the opening entertainments being given there in December of that year. After this the Odd Fellows became established occupants of the upper portion of the building on Main street. March 15, 1863, Edwin R. Nye married Alice H., daughter of John Green. Of this marriage seven children have been born. Nixon, William J., was born in Lincolnshire, England, March 16, 1838, and came to this country in 1856, first locating in New Jersey, and later in the town of Hector, Schuyler county. He was educated in the public schools of this country, and Septem- ber 28, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, 89th N. T. Volunteers, was wounded in the battle of Antietam, and honorably discharged January 20, 1863. January 20, 1864, he married Rachel A. Smith of Ulysses, and they have had two children, Clara M. and Ina M., the latter dying aged four months. Elias Smith, Mrs. Noxon's father, was born in New Jersey in 1780, coming to this town in 1803. He married Rachel Skinner of his native State, and they had nine children : Charity, Sally, Christopher, James S., Clarissa, Watson A., Susan M., Rachel A., and Minerva P. Mr. Nixon has a deed dating back to May 28, 1818. Elias Smith located on the farm in 1807. Mr. Nixon is a member of Treman Post No. 672 Or. A. R.: he is one of the representative men of the town, and also deals in agricultural implements and fertilizers. Nelson, Robert C, was born in Dryden, December 5, 1819. His father, Robert Nel- son, came from Orange county in 1812 and settled on lot sventy-six. Robert Nelson wag educated in the common schools and finished at the select school in Dryden. At the age of thirty he married Louisa Card of this town. In 1849 he bought a farm of John Southworth of 100 acres. Our subject is one of the leading farmers of this town, where he is known as a man of high character and integrity, interested in educational and religious matters and in leading events of the day, and is known as a practical and successful farmer. McLall'en, James G., was born in the town of Ulysses, at Trumansburgh, May 25, 1860, was educated in the public schools of that place, with one year in Cornell Uni- versity, and is by occupation an accountant. September 10, 1884, he married Susie Osborn, of his native place, by whom he had three children : Grover J., Osborn, and Jane. His father, Grover Judson MoLallen, was born here, December 11, 1834, and'' October 14, 1857, he married Cordelia H. Corey, of the town of Ulysses, and they had three children: Jesse, who died in infancy ; James G. and Ella C. His grandfather, 220 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. James, was born October 12, 1800, and became a merchant here. His great-grand- father, John McLallen, was born in West Stockbridge, Mass., December 25, 1773, and came to Trumansburgh with his brother- in-law, Abner Treman, in 1792. He built the first tavern in this town, Trumansburgh, near the creek, where M. R. Bennett's livery stables are now. It was a log structure. The first postoffice was established in it. He married Mary King, and it is believed on good authority, that this was the first wedding in the town. Moe, R. Palmer, was born in Groton, September 18, 1824. He was reared on a farm, but during his early life he woiked at other occupations. In 1848 he married Harriet, daughter of Lewis Jones of McLean. Mrs. Moe died November 2.3, 1892. For ten years after his marriage Palmer Moe worked his father's farm, and afterwards spent two years in Allegany county. He then returned to Groton, and bought the Prescott Pierce farm, located south of Groton village, where he now resides. Eugene Benton Moe is a son by adoption of Palmer Moe, Moe, John, was a native of Connecticut, who moved to Genoa at a very early date, and thence to Lansing. His twelve children were as follows: Robert, Marcus, Mary, James, John, Roderick, Lucas, Anna, Susan, Sally, Hiram and Phoebe. Robert married Lois -Knapp and settled in Groton on the farm now owned by his son, R. Augustus Moe. The children of Robert and Lois Moe were as follows: Leonard, Ann who married Sheldon Castle, John who died in 1893, Phoebe who married Prescott Pierce, R. Palmer, of Groton, R. Augustus, of Groton, and Charles, who died aged four years. Robert died in 18C9, aged eighty years, and his wife Lois died in 1862. R. Augustus Moe, who purchased from his father, and still occupies, the old homestead farm, was born July 3, 1827, and at the age of twenty-four married Maria, daughter of Daniel Dimon. They had two children, both now deceased. Maria Moe died in 1857, and in 1858 he married second, Atha, daughter of David Stoddard, and of this imion there is one child, Florence, wife of Avery Guyon. Moe, Hiram, was uotu in Cayuga county in 1803, and died in Tompkins county in 1849. He was an early physician of the northern part of this county, living for many years in Lansing, where he enjoyed an extensive practice. He was married three times. Erastus C. Moe, remembered as an able medical practitioner in Lansing, Groton and Ithaca, and particularly for his acknowledged skill in surgery, was one of the sons of Dr. Hiram Moe, and v.-as born in Lansing in 1823. He was educated at Groton and Cortland, and studied medicine at Geneva, attending the Geneva Medical College and also the Buffalo Medical College, graduating from the latter. After years of residence and practice at Ludlowville, East Lansing and Groton, Dr. Moe went to Ithaca in 1872, and there he died April 17, 1876. His wife was Polly, daughter of Bbenezer Allen of Lansing, by whom he had two children, Ida, now the wife of Rev. Thomas A, Edwards of Gloucester, Mass. and Hiram G., cashier of the First National Bank of Groton. She died at Ithaca May 17, 1873. Hiram Q. Moe was elected cashier of the First National Bank March 14. 1890. His wife, whom he married in May, 1872, was Ella, daughter of Eliphalet Hall, and they have no children. Mr. Moe is prominently identified with the Baptist Church, being one of its board of trustees, and also deacon. KAMILY SKBTCIIES. 221 McAllaster, B. R., was born in Newfield, October 18, 181G. David, his father, was a native of Vermont, who came to this county in 1814. He was a physician and mar- ried Polly Thomas of Vermont, by whom he had five children, our subject being the second. The latter has always been a farmer. He served three years in the Rebellion in the 109th N. Y. Volunteers, under Col. R. F. Tracey, late secretary of the navy, and escaped without a wound. He married Prudence L. Barger of Cayuga county and they had five children: David IC, Harriet L., Ellen, Frank and Charles. Harriet and Charles are deceased. Mre. McAllaster died in March, 1893, aged seventy-three years. Our subject is a member of the Gr. A. R., Gregg Post. He has held the office of road commissioner seven years, and lias -been supervisor three terms. In politics he is Republican. Morgan, Philip, was born in New Jersey in 1823, a son of Enoch, who came from Belvidere, N. J., with his family and settled in the town of Groton sixty years ago, m 1833. Of his family of nine children, only three survive. Enoch was a successful and industrious farmer, and a lite of toil was rewarded with a fair competency. Philip was ten years of age when his parents settled here. He was brought up on a farm, and at the age of thirty began his own career, being now the owner of a good eighty-acre farm about three miles east of Groton village. At the age of about forty years Mr. Morgan married Sebra A. Seager. Mr. Morgan is a Demociat in politics. Meaker, Reuben, was born in the town of Silver Lake, Susquehanna county. Pa., March 16, 1823, and was there educated in the district schools, which he attended winters, and to this he has added by reading and observation. He married at the age of twenty, Elsie B., daughter of John Montgomery of Athens, Pa., and they were the parents of eight children, five now living. Our subject is o:: the Republican side in politics, and also takes an active interest in the educational question as well as religious matters, having been a member of the M. E. Church tor fifty-five years. In 1868 he came to the town of Danby, where he bought what was known as the Charles Hill farm of 102 acres, on which he now lives, devoting his attention to the raising of hay, grain and stock. He is one of the solid men of the county, and practical and successful in his work. Mount, Robert Newton, who for thirty years was well known as a teacher in the imblic schools of Tompkins and Cayuga counties, was a native of Groton, born June 10, 1843, a son of William Dye aiid Eliza Mount, both of the latter being pioneers of Dryden and Groton. Robert N. was brought up to work in his father's tannery and ciurieishop, and on the farm, and he lived at home until the summer of 1862. Then, on August 9, he enlisted in Company F, 109th N. Y. Volunteers, as a musician, and followed the fortunes of his regiment and the famous Ninth Corps imtil June 22, 1865, when he was mustered out of service. At Spottsylvania while carrying a stretcher he was disabled for life, though he served with his regiment until it was finally discharged from service. Our subject was educated in the common and select schools, also the Groton Academy. Thus equipped he began a career of teaching thai continued for thirty years, and he only retired from that occupation in 188S. He owns a good farm Ih the south part of Groton. In 1874 Mr. Mount married Annette, daughter of Nelson 222 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Morgan, the latter being the son of pioneer Evan Morgan. Robert N. and Annette Mount have one son, Nelson Morgan Mount. MoOlure, J. Otis, was born in Ithaca, October 26, 185"J, the third son of Gr. 0. McClure. J. Otis was educated in the common schools and Ithaca Academy, and his first occupation was as clerk in the drug store of Oauntlett & Brooks, with whom he remained fourteen years. December 7, 1889, he established a copartnership with John A. Fisher of Ithaca, and bought the drug store on the corner of State and Plain streets, where they have a fine brick store with twenty-five feet front and seventy feet in depth, carrying a full line of drugs and chemicals, patent medicines, toilet articles and stationery. Mr. McOlure is a Republican, but not an aspirant for public office. He is a member of Tornado Hook and Ladder Company, joined in 1878, and was first assist- ant one year. He married in January, 1891, Jennie E., daughter of the late Luke V. Maurice, a contractor and builder of Ithaca. They have one daughter. Merrill, Jason P., was born in Caroline, May 29, 1846, a son of Alvin Merrill, a native of Tioga county, who settled in Tompkins county in 1823. Jason P. is the oldest and only son of seven children, five now living. He was educated in the common schools and in the oM Lancasterian school and Ithaca Academy, after leaving which he learned telegraphy, and was the first operative employed by the D. L. & W. Railroad Company in this town. He followed this until 1884, when he was elected justice of the peace on the Democratic ticket, and reelected in 1888. He was acting recorder of the city from its organization until February, 1893. He was justice of the peace in the town of Caroline from 1875 to 1880. He came to Ithaca in 1880. Judge Merrill began his carreer as an artist at an early age, inheriti g his artistic taste from his grandfather. Although he never took a drawing lesson in his life, his sketches and cartoons have attracted attention throughout the country. He has been offered a position as an artist on the New York World, but preferred to remain in this city. His cartoons show great originality and ingenuity. He married in 1868 Ida L., daughter of Davis Baldwin, of Danby. They have two sons, Lynn, a designer of Stanford's Novelty Works, Ithaca ; find Charles, a student of the public school. Mockford, Richard, was born in Winchester, England, October 13, 1839, where he was educated and learned the trade of a miller. He started for the United States August 1, 1800, landing in New York on the 13th of the same month. He became a merchant in the flour and feed business, also keeping a bakery, and on May 12, 1864, he married Mary Gilbert, formerly of Phelps, Ontario county, and they have had two children : Spencer G., and Ida M. The former died at the age of twenty-one years and eight months, esteemed by all who knew him. The daughter resides at home. Mr. Mockford came to Trumansburgh to reside in 1878, doing a fine business in jewelry and notions. Marshall, E. H., was born in November 14, 1859, in the town of Enfield, and was educated in the town of Angelica in the district schools, finishing by u course under Porfessor L. 0. Foster at the Ithaca High School. March 18, 1886, he married Rose, daughter of Conrad Whitlock, by whom he has two sons. In 1886 he bought the Willis farm of sixty-three acres on which he raises grain and hay, making a spe- FAMILY SKETCHES. 223 cialty of tobacco. He takes the Republican side in politics and is actively interested In educational matters, being now trustee ot the school in district No. H. Mr. Marshall is known in his neighborhood as an active, energetic business man of ability. Morgan, Thomas, who for forty years was the owner and proprietor of the famed " Elm Tree House" at McLean, was the son of William Gr. and Fanny (White) Morgan and the grandson of pioneer Evan Morgan, wlio settled in Lansing previous to 1800. In 1843 Thomas Morgan married Elizabeth, daughter ot Frederick and Elizabeth Benton. In 1844 he bought from the Rowley estate the old Groton hotel, which he kept a year then sold. In 1849 he bought the Elm Tree House, enlarged it, and was its owner until the winter of 1888-89. Feb. 20, 1890, he died. Daniel W. Rowley was born Sep- tember 11, 1841. When about a year old his father died, and while still a child his mother died, after which he was taken into the family ot Thomas Morgan, where he lived for several years, then started out to make his own way in life. For two years he conducted two markets in Cortland, after which he was proprietor of the Elm Tree House in McLean for a little time. After three years on a faim he again kept hotel for three years, this time the Junction House at Freeville. The following eleven years he spent at farming, and in 1889 he came to Groton to live, where he has been very active and successful in business life. He is a Democrat, but has alway declined office. Feb- ruary 26, 1867, he married Ruth, daughter ot John P. Hart. They have no children, though in their family lives Mary Hart, a young lady who has been a member ot the household since she was an infant. Washington Rowley, father ot Daniel W., was born at Lexington, Dutchess county, and came to Virgil at an early day. His wife was Phoebe Benton, by whom he had four children, A. B. Rowley, ot Syracuse ; Helen, wife of A J. Pettis; Nathan, who died, aged tour years, and Daniel W. About 1840 Washington Rowley went to Groton village and bought and became proprietor ot the Groton House. Two years later he died. John P. Hart, father of Mrs. D. W. Rowley, was a son of Amos Hart, and was born January 25, 1816. On December 17, 1840, he married Eliza Boynton, and had eight children, Helen, who died aged twenty-one years; Ruth, wife ot D. W. Rowley; George, ot Dryden ; Ada, who died young; Nancy, who married William De Couders; A. J., of McLean, and Laura, wife of Jerome Fitz. John P. Hart died July 23, 1870, and his wife May 30, 1888. Mabee, Theodore, was born April 15, 1835, in the village ot Ithaca. He was edu- cated in the district schools and at the age of twenly-two he married Rebecca S., daughter ot Ira Martin ot Danby, by whom he had three sons, one of whom now resides on the homestead place, and assists in carrying on the farm. Our subject is Democratic in politics, taking an intelligent interest in the general events of the day, and is known as a man of high ability. He holds the position ot treasurer of the school, and has resided on his present farm ot ninety- eight acres for the last five years, movinir from a farm in Spencer, of 258 acres, which is now carried on by one ot his sons. Mr. Mabee makes a specialty of the dairy and milk business, handling about 200 quarts of milk per day. Meeks, C. B., was born in the town ot Berkshire, October 30, 1804. In his early life he worked at farming, but for the past six years he has been in the butcher business 224 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. in Brookton, for one year working in the Asylum for the Insane, and about a year and a half he was in the Cortland wagon shops. December 18, 1888, he married Susan C. White of the town of Newark, and they have two children, Gertie J. and Edmund. Mr. Meeks is town clerk of Caroline, having been elected on the Democratic ticket. Mitchell, Frank, was born December 11, 1831, educated in the district schools, and gave his attention to farming with his father, who settled in Tompkins county in 1802, and who helped to erect the first frame house in the city of Ithaca. At the age of twenty-eight Frank M. married Anna A., daughter of Elias Taylor, of Boston Mass., and soon afterwards bought the farm where he now lives. He is a Republican in poli- tics, taking an active interest in educational and religious matters, and keeping well posted on all the events of the day. Munroe, George E., was born in the town of Dryden, March 7, 1845. His father, William Munroe, came from the Mohawk valley in 1820, and married Catharine, daugh- ter of Marcus Edgecombe, of Cortland. Our subject was educated in the Ithaca Acad- emy, and finished at the Albany Normal School, from which he graduated in 1865. Afterwards he taught school for fifteen years, and then took up the study of law with Milo C. Goodrich. In 1880 he opened a law office, and has followed his profession ever since, having been justice of sessions and local magistrate thirteen years. At the age of twenty-two he married Mary A., daughter of Henry Grant, of Caroline, and they were the parents of four children, two sons and two daughters, now deceased. Mabee, Charles C, was born in the town of Danby, August 13, 1850. His father was among the early settlers of the town. He enlisted in the 137th N. Y. Volunteers, and went to the front at once, participating in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsyl- vania and others, up to the time of Gettysburg, where he was killed. His son, our subject, received his education in the district schools of his town and finished at the Ithaca Academy, under Professor Ginn. After leaving school he returned to the farm, where he now resides. At the age of twenty-four he married Mary E., daughter of Samuel Drew, of Poughkeepsie, and they have one daughter, Fannie E; Mr. Mabee is a Democrat in politics, and has served his town as school trustee for several years. His farm comprises 103 acres of some of the best land in the locality, on which the crops are hay and grain chiefly, and he also raises stock. Mack, William, was born in the town of Ulysses, November 3, 1832. The father of William was Daniel Mack, a son of Nathaniel, from whom the Mack settlement of the town of Ulysses was named. He conducted a distillery there for many years, and was the owner of what is now the Du Bois farm, which is a mile square. Daniel was a boat builder by trade and died in 1862, aged fifty-four- years. William was educated in the common schools, and followed farming until the age of sixteen. He then learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed for forty-three years. In 1873 he re- moved to Ithaca, and in 1874 went into partnership with J^. S. Granger in the dry goods business, in which he was engaged for three years, then returned to his trade. This he followed till 1893, when he gave it up, and October 1 of that year established the Lyceum Billiard Room on West State street, the place containing six tables, and is FAMILY SKETCHES. 225 finely fitted up. He is a Republican in politics, and for three terms was overseer of the poor. He is a member of Sidney Post G-. A. R, No. 41, having served three years with the 109th N. Y. "Volunteers during the war. In November, 1853, he married Catharine Carr, a native of England, and they have four daughters. Mosso, C. A., was born in Frankfort, Herkimer county, October 3, 1854, and laid the foundation of his education in the common schools, but is a self-educated and self- made man. At the age of twenty he married Emma Fitts, and they are the parents of three sons: Edd. Louie, and Lee. At an early age our subject evinced a decided mechanical talent, which he developed for several years. In 1882 he discovered a pro- cess for tempering steel, revolutionizing the system of 3,000 years. The process has been subjected to the severest tests before the scientific men of the country, and in every case has met the expectations of the inventor. C. A. Mosso is recognized as a citizen of high business ability, taking a prominent part in advancing the- best interests of his town. Manning, David, was born in the town of Ithaca, December 29, 1808, and acquired his early education in the district schools. After receiving the training which the schools of that date afforded he gave his attention to farming, and soon took a promi- nent position in his neighborhood, as a leading and successful farmer. He married Maria, daughter of John Morris of the town Lansing. Our subject is a Republican in politics, and attends the Methodist Church at Varna, to which he contributes largely. Moran, Frank, one of Lansing's prominent and successful farmers, was born in Genoa, Cayuga county, in 1852, a son of Frank Moran, a native of Ireland, who came to America with his wife, Honora, at the age of about thirty, coming direct to Syra- cuse, where be engaged in the garden and truck business, later being engaged in con- struction work for the railroad, and finally purchasing a small place in North Lansing. They had five children : Thomas, Elnora, Mary, Frank and Margaret. Mr. Moran died at the home of our subject, April 4, 1888, and the widow now lives on the farm with her son. Our subject was educated in the common schools and at the age of twelve began farm work, which he continued twelve years. For the next three years he en- gaged in various enterprises, and went to Kansas, remaining a year, then on account of poor health returned to Lansing and engaged in construction work on the Midland Railroad. This he followed till the road was completed, when he took charge of seven miles of the road lying between North Lansing and Asbury stations, which position he held three years. In 1852 he bought a place of fifty acres, and in 1890 bought another tract of fifty-three acres adjoining, on which he does a general farming business, being also interested in dairying to some extent. His mother and sister Mary live with him, and he has by strict attention to business accumulated a fine property. Mitchell, John Wilson, is one of Lansing's successful and influential residents. He was born in 1851 on the farm where he now resides, and is the son of John H. Mitchell, a native of Saratoga county, who died in Lake Ridge in 1866. The latter married Chloe M. Wilson of Genoa, who died at her son's residence in 1890. John and Ruth Mitchell, the grandparents, bought this farm in 1831, later a portion of it was owned by an 236 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. unole of John W., and at his death our subject became possessed of it. The place com- prises 582 acres, and is a fine farm. Mr. Mitchell attended the district schools until the age of sixteen, then was ■ obliged to take charge of the farm work at home, his father having died when he was fifteen. The larger portioT of his farm he leases, or causes to be worked, not taking an active part in the work himself. He is a Mason, and in politics favors the Republicans. He is one of five children, Emily J., deceased, John Wilson, Edward M., deceased, Theodore, deceased, and Mary L., wife of Thomas J. Bradford of Lake Ridge. Moss, James H., was born in Sterling, Cayuga county, August 18, 1844. At the age of four years he went with his parents to Chemung county, where he was educated in the common schools and learned the milling business with his father. This he continued till the death of his father in 1881, when his brother, JohnW., and himself bought the Waterburg mills and engaged in business under the firm name of the Moss Brothers. October 1, 1889, the same was dissolved. September 20, 1888, he married Mrs. Flor- ence A. Parsons, born De Munn, of Ulysses, and they have a daushter, Fannie A. Mrs. Moss had two children by her first marriage : Oscar 0. and Aurelia. John, father of James Moss, was born in Braintree, Essex county, Eng., March 16, 1819, and came to this country in 1836, learning milling at Black Rock, near Bufi'alo. After working in various places he began business on his own account in Sterling, Cayuga county, where he married Emily Ingorsoll, by whom he had seven children ; John W., James H., Mary, Edward R, Lemon B., Ruth E. and Carrie. He died October 11, 1881, and his wife survives him. Miller, Ephraim, was born in the town of Enfield, September 7, 1845, and was edu- cated in the common schools and at the old academy at Trumansburgh. He has always followed farming. February 14, 1867, he married Minerva E. Sherwood of the town of Ulysses, and they have two daughters, Edith A. and Inez L. Edith married John Belew, a grocery merchant at Sheldrake, Seneca county. Mr. Miller's father, Jonathan L., was born in New Jersey, and came to Enfield with his parents in an early day. He married Cyrene Gould of that town, and they had seven children: Ephraim, Amelia A., now Mrs. Ouderdown of this town ; Joshua S., who married Ella Workman of the town of Enfield; Sula B., now Mrs. Balcome, of Hillsdale, Mich., Eva and Ella (twins), Eva, now Mrs Fletcher of Enfield, and Ella, now Mrs. George of Enfield. Miller, Peter, was born in what is now Monroe county. Pa., in 1821, the son of Andrew Miller, who came to Lansing with his family in 1823, settling on 140 acres in that town, where he spent his life. By his wife, Hannah Snyder, he had fourteen children, all of whom grew to maturity. They are : Mary, deceased, wife of Daniel Leary of Genoa; John, Andrew, Christian, Melcher, Peter, Simon, Henry, Daniel, Lucy, deceased, wife of Girard Green of Genoa ; Sarah, widow of Henry De Camp of Lansing; J. J., Lavina, wife of James Tarbell of West Groton ; Hannah, widow of David Raynor, of Locke, Cayuga county. The parents died October 12, 1866, and February 14, 1848, respectively. The grandfather of our subject was Christian Miller, of Pennsylvania, who lived to be 112 years old. Peter Miller was reared on the farm, where he remained until his majority, working for his father. He then hired out to his FAMILY SKETCHES. 227 father for a year, and then took charge of the place on his own account for eight years, during which he hought a farm of fifty acres in Genoa, Cayuga county, adjoining, on which he moved and began farming. He now owns 112 acres. In 1851 he mar- ried Louisa, daughter of Jacob D. and Susanna (Bowker) Ross, cf Lansing, where she was born October 16, 1832. John Bowker, the pioneer settler in Lansing was her grandfather. Mr. and Mrs. Miller have had two children ; Andrew Jacob, born in 1851, who married Prances Johnson, and has one child, Cora ; and Emma, born in 1861, wife of Charles Williams. They have two children : Pearl and Paul. Andrew J. and family live on the farm of our subject, which the son manages for his father. He has at dif- ferent times been engaged in the mercantile world, before settling down to the farm, having resided in Oswego, Auburn, Michigan, etc. Both father and son are Republicans. McKellar, Duncan, was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, December 10, 1814, and came to the United States and settled in Tompkins county in 1839. He bought the Josiah Weeks property of 292 acres, raising hay, grain and stock and making a specialty of dairying. Our subject is one of the leading and substantial farmers in his town, where he is recognized as a man of sterling worth and integrity, whose life has proven his word to be as good as his bond. Loomis, Simon, was born in the town to Groton, December 7, 1825, educated in the district school, and at an early age learned the trade of mason, also carrying on a farm. In 1866 he moved into the town of Danby and bought what was known as the David Van Inwagen farm of twenty-two acres, which he has made a beautiful place. In 1873 he married Evelyn R. Watkins of Danby, who bore him two daughters and one son. Mr. Loomis is a Republican, and a member of the Congregational church of. Danby, and is recognized as a man of sterling worth in his town. Leary, Prank H., was born in Ithaca, October 3, 1861, son of Cornelius Leary, a coal merchant, who has been a resident of this city for over forty years. Frank was edu- cated at Ithaca High School and Cornell University, graduating from the latter in June, 1882. He began the study of law in 1879 with Perry G. Ellsworth, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1882. He has always been an earnest worker in the Demo- crat party, and was a delegate to the State Convention in 1889. He is the present chairman of the Democrat County Committee. He married, October 26, 1887, Helen I. Brenan of Au Sable Forks, Essex county, and they have two sons. Little, John, was born July 30, 1812. His father, Robert Little, came from New Jersey in 1810, and was among the earliest settlers in the northeast part of the town of Danby, and in connection with Richard Van Etten bought a wood lot of 114 acres. He was educated in the common schools, but was soon forced to go to work clearing up his father's farm, the country being new. At the age of twenty-eight he married Lydia A. Hedges, who died in 1843, and afterwards Amanda Youngs, and they are the parents of two children. In 1843 he exchanged the old homestead farm with his brother for the farm where he now resides, having sixty acres of some of the best farm land in Danby. His daughter, Cora L., married in 1885, Frank D. Fuller, and they have one son and a daughter, Claude D., and Viola L. 228 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Lamberson, Royal V., president of Cayuga Lake Salt Company, whose plant is located on the shore of Cayuga Lake at the mouth of Salmon Creek, and a resident of Ludlowville, was born in Allegany county, January 28, 1856. He is a son of Jere- miah Lamberson, formerly o£ Fairfield, Herkimer county. He was educated in the common schools until twelve years of age, when he went to Union School at Warsaw, where he remained three years. During his vacations he worked in a planing mill piling headings. At fifteen he entered a store as clerk ; three years later went to Chi- cago, III., as clerk in a wholesale jewelry store, where he remained three years. One of these years he acted as traveling salesman. He then returned to Wyoming county and embarked in the cheese factory business. This he followed for seven years, at the expiration of which time he was sole proprietor of three factories. The first one he went in debt for. He next interested himself in the salt business, and with other gen- tlemen erected the Pearl Salt Works at Pearl Creek, N. T., in 1884. Of these works he was superintendeot, and five years later sold his interest to his partners. He then spent some time in search of a location for another salt plant. In 1891, in company with Mr. Oliver, he made a careful study of the geological survey and located the pres- ent site. The careful study and good judgment exerted by Mr. Lamberson in locating their present site clearly demonstrates him lo be a master in his line. They immedi- ately began operacions by sinking their wells and erecting their offices, our subject as president, A. L. White, vice-president, W. W. Olute, secretary and treasurer. He mar- ried, in 1890, Jennie Herrington, of Rochester, N. Y., and they had one child, Jennie Louise, born June, 1892. He is a Republican, is a gentleman of high social standing. His ancestors were of the Mohawk Dutch and early settlers in America. Lane, Mrs. Eliza, an old, well-known and highly respected lady, is a native of Lansing, born November 19, 1811, a daughter of Benjamin and Mary (Lowder) Shaver, natives of Germany and' Pennsylvania respectively, who came to Lansing about 1809 and set- tled on what is called West Hill, where they reared a family of twelve children, Benja- min, Hannah, Sophia, Eliza, Phoebe, Martha, Lucy, Julia, Irena, Mary, George and Diana, all of whom grew to maturity except Benjamin, who died aged two years Of this large family but three are left, Eliza, Irena, wife of Robert Lane, of Lansing ; Diana, wife of John Van Marter, of Cayuga county. The parents died in 1854 and 1867 respectively. Daniel and Mary Lowder were the grandparents of our subject, on her mother's side. Mrs. Eliza Lane was reared and educated in her native town. She went to Allegany county and lived a year with her sister at the age of seventeen, during which she taught school six months, then returned home and engaged in spin- ning, at which she was an adept. The following year she began to learn the tailor's trade, receiving her board for her work. This trade she followed many years, spinning during the summer and tailoring during the winters. In September, 1831, she married William Lane, a native of Lansing, born September 22, 1810. He was a son of Daniel and Betsey (Robinson) Lane, of Long Island, who came to Lansing at an early date. Mr. Lane was one of thirteen children, and was of an enterprising and energetic nature. In 1832 his father gave him sixty-five acres of land, on which he and his wife settled. They were very prosperous, and Mr. Lane left at his death 525 acres of land. He always took an active interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of his town FAMILY SKETCHES. 229 and county. He was a Republican, and was deacon in the Christian Church in Groton for twenty years, and was a man of sterling quahties, kind and generous, and at his death, which occurred March 12, 1877, a host of friends mourned him. Mr. and Mrs. Lane had four children : Delilah, born November 13, 1831, wife of Philip Schafer, of Genoa; Araminta, born June 2, 1838, wife of Leander Durfee, of Lansing; William Henry, born May 13, 1842; Daniel, born September 2, 1844. William Henry was drowned in the Missouri river on New Year's night in 1886, falling through an air hole while crossing the ice. Mrs. Lane's farm, where she now lives, is coaducted by her son-in-law, Mr. Durfee. It consists of 200 acress, and is a well-equipped farm. Por- tions of the original large farm of 525 acres have been set aside at various times and given to her children. Lormor, Jackson, was born in the town of Dryden, June 20, 1831, and was the son ' of Thomas Lormor, who came to the town of Dryden in 1812. Jackson Lormor was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of twenty-four be married Martha J. Sperry, who passed away in 1863. In 1867 he married Lucy J. Sperry, daughter of. Zina B. Sperry, and they are the parents of one son, Z. B. Lormor, who is now a student of elocution and vocal and instrumental music at the New England Conservatory of Music at Bos- ton, Mass. In 1870 he bought the Sperry farm of eighty-two acres, having now 175 acres and raising hay, grain and stock. Our subject takes an active interest in temper- ance, educational and religious principles, and has been school trustee for six years. He is identified with advancing the best interests of his town, where he is recognized as a practical and successful farmer and a man of sterling worth. Lormor, George W., was born in Newark Valley, Tioga county, January 2, 1840, and came to Dryden village in 1868, and in 1893 bought and exchanged village property for the D. S. Messenger farm of sixty seven acres, raising hay, grain and stock and making a specialty of dairying. George W. Lormor received his education in the com- mon schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of twenty-three he married Elizabeth Wilson, daughter of William Wilson, and they have one son, Harold W. He takes the Republican side in politics and has held various offices in the tovrn, keepmg well posted on the leading questions of the day, and identified in advancing the best interests of his town, where he is recognized as a man of sterling worth and high integrity. Kerst, John, was born in HalseyviUe, August 1, 1843. He was educated in the public schools and has been a general merchant since the age of nineteen. In March, ' 1864, he enlisted in Company I, 6th Heavy Artillery, N. Y. Volunteers, and participated in the following battles: Wilderness, Laurel Hill and Spottslyvania Court House. He was honorably discharged from the hospital at Philadelphia for disability at the close of the war. February 15, 1861, he married Adeline Decker, formerly of Greene county, and they have three children : M. Loraine, Nettie P., and Mabel E. The former married John Jehu of Ludlowville ; Nettie P. married Olin Miller of Jacksonville and has one daughter, Elizabeth A. Isaac, father of John Kerst, was born in Berks county, Pa., March 10, 1811, and came to Halseyville in 1835, where he, acted as miller for 330 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Judge Halsey for two years. He then went back to his former home, returning how- ever, after two and a half years, and worked the mill on shares. In 1840 he married Catharine Belknap ■ of this town, and they had eight children : Chaunoey, William, John, Clinton, who died in infancy; Louisa J., Mary, George, and Prank. Mrs. Kerst died February 6, 1885. Isaac Decker, father of Mrs. Kerst, was bdrn in Greene county and married Clarissa Thorpe of Greene county. Their seven children were : Justus, Daniel, Adeline, Frederick, Edwin, Emily L., and Thorpe. Our subject is a member of Sidney Post No. 41, G. A. R. of Ithaca. King, Frank, was born in the town of Danby, October 13, 1815, and moved into Ithaca town.ship about 1840. He was educated in the district schools and at an early age gave his entire attention to farming-, buying several adjoining farms, until he now owns about 300 acres, all in one piece. Mr. King married, at the age of twenty-eight, Mary, daughter of George Everhart of Newfield, and they have five children, three sons and two daughters, now living at home. Mr. King is a Democrat in politics, and is at present serving as assessor, having also been trustee of the school for a number of years. He is a member of the State Street M. B. Church of Ithaca, to nrhich he is a liberal supporter. ' King, Charles F., was born in the town of Dryden, February 12, 1837. His father, R. C. King, came from the town of Lansing to Dryden in 1836 and bought farm lot 14, which he afterwards sold and returned to Lansing. Our suVject was educated at the Groton Academy. At the age of thirty he was married to Melissa Snyder, daughter of Jeremiah Snyder, and they are the parents of one son, Nolan A., and one daughter, Maggie. He takes the Republican side in politics and is interested in educational and religious matters. In 1872 he bought the James Lormor property, and also the Alvah Oarr property of eighty- seven acres, on which he raises large amounts of hay, grain, and stock, making a specialty of dairying. Our subject is a conservative and inde- pendent citizen, and is recognized as a practical and successful farmer. Krum, Henry S., was born in the town of Caroline, March 12, 1839. He was the oldest of six children, and always remained at home with his' parents until his marriage, at which time he moved to his present farm, which is located on the road from Slater- ville Springs to Brookton and consists of sixty acres of fine farming land, for which he paid in 1860, $6,000 in cash. In 1865 he married Mrs. Martha A. Landon, a widow, with one child, four years of age. They have never had any children. Mrs. Krum's daughter is now a teacher in Ithaca. Our subject is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first vote for Stephen A. Douglass. He has been commissioner of highways for three terms in succession. He is a Alason of Caroline Lodge No 681. Knapp, Cyrus, was born in Greene county, N. Y., August 17, 1830, and came to the town of Dryden in 1834, with his father, Newcomb Knapp. Cyrus Knapp laid the foundation of his education in the old log school house, but is pre- eminently a self-edu- cated and self-made man. At the age of twenty-eight he married Helen Wilson, daughter of Henry Wilson, and they are the parents of twelve children, six sons and six daughters. In 1860 Newcomb Knapp passed away and Cyrus inherited and purchased the homestead property. In 1874 he bought part of the Tyler estate, and in 1882 he FAMILY SKETCHES. 231 bought part of the Thomas Pew farm, having 143 acres on which he raises hay, grain, p.nd stock, making a specialty oE dairying and potatces. Our subject is one of the leading farmers in his town, taking a deep interest in educational and religious mat- ters. He has been assessor in his town for nine years and is a man of sterling integ- rity and high worth. King, Edmund A., was born in Cayuga county in 1837, a son of Philander King, a native of Genoa, born in 1806. The grandparents, David and Rachel King, were natives of Pennsylvania, coming to Cayuga county about 1800. They had eight chil- dren, Philander being the second. The latter was a farmer, also a practicing physician at Genoa. His wife was Emeline Wightman, by whom he had eight children : David Philander, Edwm A., Louisa, Rachel, Emma, Francis, and Addie. He died in 1889, and his wife in 1892. Edmund A. was reared to farm life, and attended the Ithaca Academy until about twenty-three, when he returned to Genoa in 1861, and engaged m the business of growing fruit. Here he lived until 1880, then bought the farm of 198 acres on which he now lives. He has fifty- three acres of grapes, twenty-four acres of. plums, fourteen acres of peaches, four acres of raspberries, and a small portion devoted to general farming. In 1861 he married Mary Jennings, of Genoa, who died in 1869, and in February, 1871, he married Jane Jennings, sister of his first wife. She died in 1884. They had three children : Verne, born in 1872; Edmund A., jr., born in 1875; Mamie E , born in 1877, died in 1884. In 1886 Mr. King married third Mary Benson, of Lansing, by whom he has had two children: Mamie, born in 1887, and Claud, born in 1892. His oldest son conducts a fruit farm in Lansing, his wife being Etta Davis, daughter of Calvin Davis, of West Groton. Mrs. King is a daughter of Charles and Mary Benson. Jefferson, Theodore T., an old and prominent resident of Lansing, was born in Ulysses in 1828, a son of Benjamin Jeflferson, a boatman on Cayuga Lake, who married Betsey Cold, and had four children : Sanford, Clinton, Theodore T., and Marvin. His wife died in 1831, and he married second Sophia Earl, by whom he had four children : Alvira Emeline, Adaline, and Firman, the latter killed in the Rebellion. Mr. Jefferson died about 1875. Theodore T. came with his parents to Lansing in 1839. He re- mained on the farm until the age of twenty, then engaged as boatman on the canal, be- tween his place and New York city, following this about twelve years. He then re- turned to farming, which he has ever since followed. In 1876 he bought a place of ei"hty-eight acres to which he has since added, and now owns about 100 acres, the farm sloping towards Cayuga Lake. On this farm the Mormon, Brigham Young, lived ill his boyhood days, attending the district school in the neighborhood. In 1848 Mr. Jefferson married Eliza, daughter of George and Margaret (Houtz) Bunnell, and they had three children, John, Frank, and Ida (deceased). Mrs. Jefferson died in 1891. John married Augusta Morey of Lansing, by whom he has one son, Clarence B. Frank was educated in the common schools, and has made his home with his parents. He and his brother bought the old homestead in 1886, and they make grape culture a specialty. In 1878 Frank married Lucy A. King, of Groton. Both Mr. Jefferson and his sons are Democrats. 232 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Johnson, Frederick D., was born in the town of Ulysses in 1852, a son of Baniel, who was a native of Orange county, born in Nfiwburg in 1818. He bought a tract of land about Taughannock Falls, where he built the first hotel at that resort, and where he made his home, dying in 1885. The mother of our subject, Sarah Lee, was a de- scendant of Jefferson Lee of Revolutionary fame. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were the parents of six children, five surviving. Our subject acquired his education in the com- mon schools and the Ithaca Academy, and his first business venture was as proprietor of a general store at Jacksonville, which he conducted three years. In 1879 he came to Ithaca. He was for six months book-keeper for H. B. Tillottson, becoming the proprietor after his failure. For a number of years he conducted this store, then sold out and was engaged with Mr. Reed for four years. January 17, 1893, he became a partner with Sherman Collins in his shoe store on State street, where he is at the present time. Mr. Johnson is a Republican and in 1802 was elected alderman from the Fourth Ward. He is a member of Hobasco Lodge F. & A. M. In 1872 he married Marie S. FoUet of Ulysses and they have two daughters. Johnson, Theron, was born in Virgil January 20, 1847. His father, Philo Johnson, was one of the first settlers in that town. He was educated in the common schools and finished at Harford. At the age of thirty he married Mary Hollister, daughter of Hiram Hollister, and they are the parents of three children, two sons, Frank and Hol- lister, and one daughter, Anna. In 1879 he bought the S. D. Hamblin properly of ninety acres, on which he resides, raising hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of dairying. He takes the Republican side in politics and is always identified in ad- vancing the best interests of his town. He is now treasurer of the Dryden and Groton Fire Insurance Company, the treasurer of the Willow Glen Cemetery Association and a director in the Dryden Agricultural Society, and is recognized throughout the town as a conservative and independent citizen and a practical and successful farmer. Jamison, Jackson, was born in the town of Dryden, May 24. 1824. His father, Thomas Jamison, came from Orange county about 1800 and resided on the Cramer lot which he partially cleared up, but afterwards was dispossessed, and then bought a farm about a mile and a half south. He took part in the War of 1812, going in the place of one of his neighbors who was a married man and had a family to support. Our subject was educated in the common schools, finishing at the Dryden Academy. At the age of thirty he married Miss Sarah A. Lovinor, daughter of Thomas-Lovinor. He takes an active interest in temperance principles and in educational and religious matters. In 1860 he bought part of his father's estate of ninety acres, also bought a wood lot on the old homestead farm. In 1867 he built a handsome residence, in which he now lives. He is known as a conservative, independent man, and a practical and successful farmer, making a specialty of fine grade sheep, Jones, James W., was born March 16, 1826, in the town of Ithaca. He was edu- cated in the district schools and Ithaca Academy under Professors Williams and Carr. After leaving he taught school for six years, then bought a farm, to which he has given his sole attention since. At the age of twenty-eight he married Susan Bverhart, daugh- ter of John Bverhart of Newfield. He is a Republican in politics, and takes an active FAMILY SKETCHES. 233 interest in educational matters, having been trustee for a number ot years. He has two sons and four daughters, who are all taking prominent positions in social and business life. Mr. Jones is a practical and successful farmer. Judson, Stockton B., was born April G, 1818, in the town of Danby, on the farm where he now lives, and where his father, Joseph, resided before him. The latter came into the town in 1797. Our subject was educated in the district schools, but from force of character and ability soon became one of the leading men of the town. At the age of thirty-eight he married Elizabeth M., daughter of E. L. Hills of Syracuse. Mr. Jud- son is a Republican, and takes an active and intelligent interest in the events of the time. He is the owner .of a place of 184 acres, comprising some of the best farming lands in the town, and is a practical and successful farmer. Jones, Heth T., was born in Ithaca, December 1, 1872, educated in the common schools, and Snished at the Ithaca Academy, under Prof. S. D. Carr. Our subject is a Republican and has been inspector of elections for seven successive years, taking an active and intelligent interest in the leading events of the day. Mr. Jones has a farm ot 170 acres on which he raises large quantities of grain and hay, the old homestead adjoining being also his property, he having bought the claims of the other heirs on the death of his father in 1887. He is a leading farmer in the neighborhood, and is recog- nized as a man of sound judgment and high ability. Jenks, Anson L., was born in the town of Caroline, May 9, 1862, a son of D. B. Jenks, a native of Tioga county, who came to this locality in 1843, buying the farm now owned by Anson L. He married, fifty-one years agoi Nancy Lyman of Berkshire, Tioga county, by whom he had four children, our subject being the youngest. The latter has conducted the farm since he was seventeen years of age, his father having been an invalid for twenty-five years. He has made a specialty of raising blooded horses, and his farm is known as the Hillside Stock Farm. He has about forty head of cattle and six Percheron horses. His wife was Mary Blackraan of Caroline, and they have one daughter, Anna M., now five years of age. Our subject is a Good Templar, a member of the G-range, and supports the Prohibition party. Jarvis, William, was born in Lowestoft, Sufifolk, England, December 9, 1841, the only living child of Henry Jarvis, a ropemaker ot that country. Subject was educated in private schools and at fourteen years of age went as an apprentice to learn the boat and ship builder's trade with Samuel Sparrum, with whom he remained seven years, and then spent six years in Woolwich Navy Yard on government vessels. In 1869 he emigrated to this country. He first located in Watkins, N. T., where for three years he had charge of the Morris Run Coal Company's boat yard. He was engaged in boat building in Watkins until the spring of 1874, when he removed to Ithaca and estab- lished a boat yard, principally for the construction of boats for the Cornell Navy. He has ever since been engaged here in the construction of row boats, sailing yachts, and all boats of that class. He also conducts a boat livery of forty boats. Mr. Jarvis married in his native land, Maria M, Smith, and they are the parents of four daughters: Eva P"., wife of O. L, Stewart, Louise E., Beatrice and Florence. (Id 234 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Jacobs, Jesse, was bora in Lansing, January 7, 1822, a son of Benjamin, a native of Pennsylvania, born March 29,' 1775, a clothier by trade, who came to Lansing at an early day with his family. Here he cleared a farm, and remained until his death. He married Catharine Geist, born May 10, 1779, a native of Pennsylvania, by whom he had nine children : John, Betsey, Catharine, Richard, Benjamin, Mary, Sally, Israel and Jesse. He died October 7, 1858, aged eighty-three. His wife died May 10, 1871, aged ninety-two. Jesse was educated in the district schools and has followed farming all his life. When about eighteen he began for himself, working at farming until twenty-three, when he bought a piece of land for himself, and five years later traded this for a part of his present farm of ninety acres. In 1844 he married Sarah, daughter of Ellas D. and Elizabeth (Sindelbox) Kent, natives of New Jersey. She was born in Lansing, in October, 1825, one of ten children. Mr. and Mrs. Jacobs have reared eight children : Henry. C, born July 11, 1845; Catharine, born November 7, 1846; Calvin, born October 1, 1848;. Elizabeth, born April 26, 1851 ; George, born March 17, 1853; Bdson, born July 13, 1855; Mary, born May 1, 1860, and Ella, born April 14, 1869. Mr. Jacobs is a Populist in politics, and is known as a thoroughly upright man. Hill, Elbert B., was born July 12, 1866, iq the town of Danby, a son of Edward B., who died in 1885, and was one of the prominent men of the Incality. Our subject was educated in the district schools, to which he added by reading and close observation, and on the death of h;s father he took charge of the farm where he now lives, and which contains, with his mother's estate, 209 acres of some of the best farming land in the town. He makes a specialty of Chester white swine and Oxforddown sheep, also raising large quantities of hay and grain. At the age of twenty-one our subject married Anna, daughter of Andrew J. Beers of this town, who bore him three children, one son and two daughters. He takes and active interest in educational and religious matters, being a member of the M. E. Church at South Danby. Hamblin, S. D., was born in Albany county, April 18, 1818. He was educated in the district schools of Dutchess county, which he attended during the winter time, working summers on his father's farm. In 1835 he came to Tompkins county and settled near Dryden, and at the age of twenty-eight he married Almira J., daughter of James Toogood of the town of Dryden, and they were the parents of four children three now living. He is a Democrat in politics, taking an intelligent interest in edu- cational and religious matters. In 1886 he came to the town of Danby and bought the George Nourse farm of 244 acres, five years later exchanging this for property in Beloit, W^is., and in 1877 bought it back, and resides there at the present time. His crops consist chiefly of hay and grain, and the farm also supports a quantity of stock. Hall, William L., was born ita New York, October 16, 1844, was educated in the public schools, and finished bis education in a boarding school. In that city he learned photography, and made several trips into the country, working at his favorite profession for others, also in the city. Fmally he came to Trumansburgh, and some time after- wards bought a half interest in J. E, Lewis's gallery. He has passed through many changes and vicissitudes, but has always been successful in his undertakings. In the summer of 1893 he invented a new enamel process for printing photographs, which is FAMILY SKETCHES. 235 unsurpassed and will be found of much beneBt to the trade. He has secured letters patent on this valuable invention, which will be a source of much revenue to him. He keeps one of the largest stocks of frames, manufactured by himself, in the place. He is also a very fine ornamental carver, and competes with the largest cities successfully. In 18G8he married Mary F. Allen of Trumansburgh, and they had two children: Henry St. Clair, and Elizabeth C. Mr. Hall's father was born in Woodstock, Ulster county, and at the age of seventeen became a school teacher. Later he entered a dry goods house in New York as' clerk and afterwards as partner, becoming finally its sole pro- prietor. He married Cornelia Turner of that city, and these children were born to him : Klizabeth, Cornelia, William S. and Ogden H. He died aged forty-eight years, and his wife survives him, residing in Brooklyn. Our subject is treasurer of the Fire Depart- ment, is active in Republican affairs, and holds various offices in the several societies of the place. Howell, Milo, was born in Lansing, March 4, 1846, a son of Alanson T., a native of New Jersey, born in 1800, who came to Lansing, and followed cabinet-making, car- pentry, etc., for twenty -five years, then removed with his family to Great Bend, Pa. Ten years later he moved to Groton, and in 1868 to Ludlowville, where he spent the remainder of his life. He married Celesta, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Scutt) La Bar of Lansing, and they had twelve children : Hannibal, Darwin, Elizabeth, Wel- lington, Myron, Marion, Serena, Byron C, Jane, Tappan, Addison and Milo. He died in 1890, aged ninety years, and his wife died in 1882, aged seventy-six years. Our subject was educated in the common schools and Groton Academy, and lear^ied the painter's trade. In 1863 he enlisted in the United States navy at New York city whence he was sentto the Pacific via Panama, to the flagship Lancaster, and with this ship he remained till the close of the war, cruising along the coast of South America, Mexico and California, under Captain Davenport, their chief work being the capture of pirates who had boarded the mail steamship San Salvador from Panama, with the in- tention of capturing it and turning it into a pirate ship. Mr. Howell received his dis- charge at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He then returned home and engaged in painting, farming, etc., in Hector, then went to Cedar Rapids, la., where he was. clerk in a hotel for two years. He returned to Lansing and was then engaged in railroad work in this State, Ohio and West Virginia. Again returning to farming, he remained seven years, then went again into public works, which took him to Kentucky, West Virginia, New York Harbor, Charleston Harbor and Greytown, South America. He remained at the latter place five months, but was obliged to return on account of fever contracted there. He started the first hydraulic dredge on the Nicaragua Canal, acting as superintendent for the Joseph Edwards Dredging Company, the United States Dredging Company and the North America Dredging Company. Returning again to Lansing he settled down to farming. In 1869 he married Ella, daughter of Abram and Frances D. Bower of Lansing. Mr. Howell is a Republican, and a Free Mason, also a member of the G. A. R. Hamblin, James B., was born in the town of Dryden November 1, 1853. His father, S. D. Hamblin, was one of the prominent farmers of the town. ' James B. was educated in the common schools and finished at the Ithaca Academy. At the age of twenty- four he married Carrie, daughter of Z. Lupton, of Dryden, and they are the parents of 330 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. two daughters : Edna and Oora. In 1890 he bought the Robert Smiley property of ninety-four acres, raising hay, grain and stock, and making a specialty of dairying. He has rebuilt the house, barns and fences and has thoroughly changed the appearance of the property. Our subject is one of the leading men of his town, identified in advanc- ing its best interests and recognized as a man of sterling worth and character, taking an intelligent interest in temperance, educational and religious matters. Hiies, Andrew, was born in Dryden, Pebruury 20, 1824. His father, John Hiles, came from New Jersey in 1814, and settled on Fall Creek, movmg from there to the foot of Dryden Lake and for years operating the largest saw raill in the town. He diec) in May, 1865. Andrew was educated in the common schools and at the age of twenty-flve married Sarah H. Sweetland, and they have two children, Hiram D. and Frances A. In 1855 our subject bought of his father sixty- five acres, and in 1865 he inherited another portion of his father's estate. In 1872 he bought the George A. Sweetland farm of sixty acres7 making 150 acres in all, on which he raises the regular farm produce, making a specialty of the breeding of grade fine wool sheep. Hungerford, Amasa A., was born in the town b£ Sherman, Fairfield county, Conn., May 13, 1848, a son of Levi, a lawyer of Connecticut. The latter was a Republican in the State Legislature, and was at one lime judge of probate. He was a lieutenant in the 28th Connecticut Regiment, and was wounded at Port Hudson, dying at Vicksburg in August, 1863. His only son was Amasa A., who was educated in the common school and was a drummer boy in his father's regiment for three months, going only as far as New Haven, when his father sent him home. December 11, 1863, he enlisted from the towB of Danby, where he had come on a visit, and served till July 5, 1866, being discharged at Denver, Colo. He was in twenty-eight different engagements, and the most important part of his army life was in Hunter's raid, where they were the first troops to enter Lynchburg. After the close of the war he located in Ithaca, where he began the study of law under Judge Jerome Rowe, and afterwards was with Moses Crowe, being admitted to practice in January, 1871, at Albany. He began practice in Ithaca, where he has ever since been engaged, making a specialty of criminal cases. He was the attorney for the defense on the Blakesley case, and also on the Barber trial. Mr. Hungerford is a Democrat and has served several years as justice of the peace. He is a member of Sidney Post, G. A. R., and has always worked hard for the organ- ization. He is also a member of the S. 0. Y. and of the Baptist Church. In 1867 he married Clara White, of the town of Lansing, and they have six children. Our sub- ject's store was opened January 1, 1889, as a grocery and provision store, and is man- aged by his son-in-law, L. M. Rigby. Hook, John, was born December 12, 1815, in Norwich Corners, Herkimer county, was educated in the common schools, and at the age of thirteen was put to work on the farm. When he attained his majority he married Mary L. Mitchell, of Edmeston, Otsego county, by whom he had two sons. Mr. Hook is a man of conservative and independent views, and a firm advocate of prohibition principles, being also interested in church and school. In 1861 he, in company with P. B. Orandall, bought the east side of what was known as the Purdy farm, which they divided between them, Mr. Hook retaining fifty acres, which comprises one of the finest fruit farms' in New York State. FAMILY SKETCHES. 337 Hildebrant, Theodore, was born in New Jersey, November 19, 1820, and came to the town of Ithaca in 1822 with his parents. At the age of twenty-eight he mar- ried Mary, daughter of Sylvanus Kellogg, of Newfield, by whom he had one son, now at home. In 1857 our subject bought the farm known as the old Hildebrant farm of 100 acres, to which he afterwards added forty acres, and on which he now resides. He devotes his farm largely to dairying, producing about 175 quarts per day. He is a Republican and takes an active interest in educational and religious affairs. Hazen, Blair A., was born in the town of Ithaca, May 18, 1833, educated in the common schools, and finished at the Ithaca Academy under Professor Carr. Upon leaving school he returned to his father's farm. He is a son of Allen B. Hazen, who came from Putnam county in 1832 and bought a farm on the Ooddington road, con- sisting of 140 acres, where Blair A. was born, and which he now owns. At the age of twerity-five the latter married Caroline L. Downing, daughter of Thomas Downing, and they have two children, one now living, Fred D. Charles T. died, aged eleven years. Our subject is a Republican and takes an intelligent interest in the events and questions of the day. In 1879 he bought out the interests of the other heirs in the city property on Marshall street and rebuilt and beautified the grounds and house, hav- ' ing now a handsome and commodious home. Hatmaker, Peter A., was born April 1, 1817, in Chestnut Hill, Northampton county. Pa. He first moved to Newfield, Tompkins county, and in the spring of 1867 moved into the town of Ithaca, buying the Daniel Seaman farm of ninety-five acres. Hfi mar- ried Oraminta, daughter of David Atwater, of Trumansburgh, by whom he had a son and a daughter. He is a Democrat in politics, and takes an intelligent interest in the events of the day. Mr. Hatmaker has always lived on the same farm which he first purchased, and is recognized as a thoroughly practical farmer. When a boy his father sent him from Pennsylvania to find a suitable location to settle on. He made the journey on foot to Owego, and returned to Pennsylvania, taking the cars from Owego to Ithaca, and steam cars only reaching to Candor ; the balance of the distance the cars were drawn by horses. Hurlbut, Christopher, who since 1869 has held the responsible position of station agent at Groton village, and whose residence in the town dates back more than forty years, was born in Venice, Cayuga county, October 15, 1842. He was the oldest but one of six children of Nelson and Easter (Scott) Hurlbut, the parents being farmers in Venice and later on in Groton, but who afterward moved to Lake Ridge, where the ■ mother died. The father went west, and died there in 1865. Christopher Hurlbut was brought up on a farm, but at the age of sixteen began to learn the blacksmith's trade. He served faithfully three years with William Allen, and afterwards worked as a journeyman in a carriage shop until he was twenty-one, when he came to Groton to work for Spencer & Son in the old Separator shops. August 14, 1861, Mr. Hurlbut enlisted as a private in Co. K, 137th N. Y. Volunteers, and served until the final muster out of the regiment, June 9, 1865. A large part of the time he was connected with the quartermaster's department. Returning to Groton he started a blacksmith shop in the village, and conducted it until 1869, when he was appointed station agent at the 238 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. opening of the Southern Central Bailroad through the town. The next year he was appointed express agent, and has held that position continuously to the present time. December 20, 1859, Christopher Hurlbut married Charrojte A. Carpenter, by whom he has had four children, three of whom are still living. Mr. Hurlbut has been connected with some of the earlier industries of Groton village, beginning with the carriage works, then with the Separator Company, both of which have developed into industries of importance in this county. He has not only watched the growth of these enter- prises, but has had an interest in their welfare, as also in everything that tends to build up and promote the welfare of the village. Hazen, Harrison (deceased), was born in Covert, Seneca county, July 10, 1832. He was educated at the district schools, and married at the age of twenty-two Lydia A. HufT of the town of Bomulus. He enlisted in the war in 1862 and received an honor- able discbarge in 1864 ; and he was a charter member of Sidney Post, G. A. R., of Ithaca. He has two sons and one daughter, one son dying at the age of five years, and the other now living on the homestead. The daughter, Mrs. Tames S. Stone, is now a resident of Chicago. Mr. Haven was a Republican and was active in educational and religious matters. He was known throughout his neighborhood as a man of high in- tegrity and whose word was above question. Mr. Hazen was private secretary 1o General Wietzel, and on the death of Adjutant-General Hubbard, Mr. Hazen was appointed to bis place until the fall 6t Port Hudson, he beirg the first Union man to enter that town upon its surrender to the United States forces. Hart, George H., was born in the town of Groton, September 17, 1846. His father, John P. Hart, was a native of New Jersey and came to Tompkins county in 1820, and followed farming and dairying. Our subject was educated at the common schools and afterwards took a business course at the Eastman College, Poughkeepsie. At the age of twenty- two he married Ellen M, Outt, daughter of John J. Outt, of Preble, Cortland county, and they are the parents of seven children, three sons and four daughters. He takes the Democratic side in politics and has been a member of the county commit- tee for several years past. He takes an active and intelligent interest in church and school matters. In connection with Ogden Bart, he is the largest dealer and shipper of live-stock in Tompkins county, where he is recognized as an active, energetic business man, respected and selected by his townspeople to fill different positions of trust in the town. Hart, John 0., was born August 2, 1867, was educated in Ithaca, and finished under Professor Williams at the academy. He married Edna, daughter of Orrin Moffatt of Ithaca, Mr. Hart is a Democrat and takes an active interest in the political and educa- tional events of the day. He carries on the old homestead farm of 103 acres, and makes a specialty of the milk business, handling about 241 quarts per day. Higgins, 0. B. was born in the town of Caroline, near the Center, November 30, 1823. Reuben, his father, was born in Cayuga county and followed farming, working in early life with his father, John, who carried on farming in Caroline His uncle, Moses Beed, was one of the pioneers. Beuben moved finally to his farm located about a half mile north of Caroline Center, known as the Davis farm, consisting of ninety FAMILY SKETCHES. 239 acres, and here he died in March, 1889, aged ninety years, his wife dying two years later at the age of eighty-nine. They had nine children : 0. B., Rozanna, John, Robert, Gilbert, Moses, Elizabeth, Mary, and Louisa. Our subject was the oldest of these chil- dren. He worked at shoemaking from fifteen till thirty years of age, and then took up farming which he has since followed, his place consisting of seventy-five acres, but he sold that farm, and bought the one he now occupies, which consists of about 221 acres. He has made a specialty of dairying. Mr. Higgins married first Eliza, daughter of Lathrop Wattles of this town, and second a Miss Robbins, whose father, W, 0. Rob- bins, is a native of Caroline. By his first wife Mr. Higgins had two children: Frank and Clara, the former being in business in Cortland, and the latter a teacher of music in Binghamton. Ham, George W., was born in Ithaca, July 7, 1823, and his occupation has been clerking and keeping a general merchandise store in this place. He conducted his store for two years, then began farming on his own land, which is situated in the town of Newfield, and consists of forty-six acres. August 13, 1844, he married Susan M. Earl of Ithaca, who died November 2, 1891, and they had six children, two daughters and two sons living, and two sons deceased, one having been drowned and one accidentally shot. M. Ham is a member of the Grange and has been collector, town clerk and in- spector of elections. He is a Republican. Holman, I. M., of Newfield, was born in this town May 18, 1852. John W., his father, was a native of Ulysses, born November 29, 1821, whose occupation has been farming, with the exception of a few years when he woi-ked at wagonmaking. He is now retired. He married Laura A. Forsythe of TJlysses, and of their seven children our subject was the eldest. He has followed the occupation ot his father, farming, and is part owner of the place they now work, consisting of eighty-seven acres. He is un- married, is a member of Phoenix Lodge of the Grange, and was the town collector in 1886. In politics he is a Republican. Harris, Nelson, who for more than forty years has been known and identified with some of the best business interests of Groton, was born in the town of Locke, Septem- ber 24, 1825, one of ten children born to Howard and Melinda Harris. His father being a farmer. Nelson was brought up to that occupation. In 1852, with his brother, Leonard, Nelson came to Groton to work a tract of land, but after a year he purchased twenty acres and began for himself. Later on by the death of an uncle, Mr. Harris became the owner oE a good farm located east of the village. After successfully work- ing this property several years, it was rented and finally sold, after which Mr. Harris purchased eighteen acres oE the village tract. About 1871, then being a village resi- dent, Mr. Harris started a coal and lumber yard, which he carried on about eighteen years, then sold out and two years later engaged in the hardware business. This he also sold after about two years and retired from active business Hfe, having, however, capi- tal invested in the leading manufacturing enterprises of Groton, also in the First National Bank, of which institution he has been a director about twenty-five years. In 1852 he married Maria Harris, who died leaving no children. His second wife was Adeline Bothwell, by whom he has two children. Our subject has been a Whig and a Republican, and has been village trustee and is now one of the assessors of the town. 240 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. , Hart, Charles Aaron, was born in Grroton on the farm where he now lives, March 19, 1859, a son of John B. and grandson of Charles D. Hart, and the great-grandson of the pioneer, Amos Hart, better known during his lifetime as "Deacon" Amos Hart. This family are mentioned at length el.sewhere among these sketches. Charles A. was the third of seven children born to John B. and Anne E. (Breed) Hart, and has always re- sided on his farm.. He received his education in the common and Normal schools of Cortland. He married, June 22, 1882, Ella Josephine, daughter of Alanson and Maria Field, and they have three children : Grace Mildred, Anna Maria, and John B. Horton, William H., of Newfield, was born January 27, 1833. His father, Henry, was born in Orange county, April 11, 1811, Joseph Horton, his father, being a native of Orange county also. Henry came with his father to Tompkins county in 1813, he then being two years old. His wife was Sarah Smith of Pennsylvania, and they had three children, our subject being the oldest. He has also followed farming, and has a fine place of 177 acres. December 3, 1863, he married Fhilena Nobles of Newfield, a daughter of Anson Nobles, and they have three children : Maude, who died, aged seven- teen ; Katie, aged twenty-three ; and Blanch, aged fourteen. Mr. Horton is a member of the Grange, and a Republican. Gifford, Gardner C, attorney, of Ludlowville, was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, October 17, 1825, the son of S. J. Gifford, who was born in New Bedford, Mass. At the age of twenty-one the latter came to Cayuga county, and married in 1824 Phoebe Chidister of Scipio, and they have one child, our subject. His wife having died in 1835, he moved to Calhoun county, Mich., where he died in 1880. The grandfather was a native of Saratoga county, and was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Our subject was reared in the family of his grandfather Chidister, in Scipio, was educated in the district schools and Genoa Academy, and at the age of nineteen taught school, which he followed about four years. Returning home he went to farming, but soon abandoned it and in 1860-entered the law office of Wright & Pomeroy of Auburn, and was admitted to the bar June 9, 1864. Prom that time until 1875 he practiced in Aurora, Cayuga county, thence to Ludlowville, where he has ever since resided and practiced. He served as school commissioner four years, was justice of the peace thirteen years, and in 1863-4 was deputy county clerk of Cayuga county. In 1867 he was elected special surrogate of Cayuga county, holding this office three years. He married, October 17, 1850, Anna M., daughter of Richard and Mary B. (Haynes) Sear- ing of Ledyard, Cayuga county, formerly of Long Island. They had two children : Mamie El, wife of Harry Bower of Ludlowville, and Charles S., born September 25, 1867. The latter having a taste for law, passed the required examination in 1887, at the age of twenty, and entered the first junior o£ Cornell Law School, graduating with his class in 1889. He was admitted to the bar in 1890, when he entered the office of D. M. Dean of Ithaca for a few months. In August, 1892, he went to New York, and there began practice. Griswold, Clarence, was born in Spencer, Tioga county, January 28, 1861, and re- ceived his education in the common schools, finishing at the Cortland Normal School. At the age of twenty-two he married Adelaide Glazier, daughter of Joseph A. Glazier FAMILY SKETCHES. 241 of Cortland. Mr. and Mrs. Griswold have had four children : Earl, Grace, Ina and Iva. In 1890 he bought the Israel Hunting property on lot thirty-nine, comprising 115 acres, on which he raises hay, grain, etc., and makes a specialty of dairying. In politics our subject is a Republican, and has served in various town offices, being always identified with the best interests of the place. Glenzier, John J., was born near Hesse Casael, Germany, May 30, 1834, and came to this country in 1854. He learned the cabinetmaker's trade in his native land and followed that trade in New York city until November of that same year. • That month he moved to Tompkins county, following his trade in Newfield until March, 1855. He was then employed by Justice Denning, and in 1859 became a partner under the firm name of Denning & Glenzier. This partnership existed until June 1, 1861, and then Mr. Glenzier embarked in the general grocery and provision business. The first store was located on the corner of West State and Westford streets, under tne firm name of Glenzier & Kiper. In 1863 Mr. Kiper sold his interest to Samuel D. Sawyer, and the firm of Sawyer & Glenzier has become one of the most popular in the city. Mr. Glenzier is a Democrat in politics, and has held the office of alderman of the First Ward two years, and in 1876 was elected school commissioner of this district, and has held the office ever since. He is a member of the Congregational Church, in which he is a deacon. He :s also a member of the Board of Health. He was married in 1865 to Antoinette Kiper, a native of Ludlowville, and they have no children. Garrett, Charles C, was born in Ithaca, December 2, 1857, and is a son of Gilbert T. Garrett, for many years a boat builder of this town. Charles was educated in the public schools of this city, and after leaving school entered the West End Drug store. He became a competent pharmacist and for a number of years has been the head clerk in White & Burdick's drug store. He is prominent in the different Masonic organiza- tions, and in January, 1893, was made the first assistant engineer of the Ithaca Fire Department. Gardner, Ira M., was born on a farm in the town of Newfield, January 2, 1819, a son of Thomas S., a native of Newark, N. J., born April 12, 1789. The latter learned the cooper's trade, and in 1812 moved to Tompkins county and took up a farm of sixty-four acres in Newfield, the land being then a wilderness, and Mr. Gardner suf- fered all the hardships of a pioneer in making the place into a home. His first crops he carried nine miles to the village^ to be ground, and his first house was a log cabin, his second house being erected in 1835. He married in New Jersey in 1812, Abbey Earl, of Newark, and they had six children, only two now living : Aaron B., of Michi- gan ; and Ira M., our subject. Thomas S. died June 14, 1851. The early life of Ira was spent on the homestead. At the age of seventeen he came to Ithaca to learn the mason's trade with Isaac Randolph, with whom he remained about nine years. In 1845 he began business for himself, and since that time he has built and been employed on many of the meet important buildings of the city. He was the mason for the con- struction of the first two buildings of Cornell and was employed on Sibley College, also the Cascadilla Place, the Baptist Church, the Dunning Block, the Grant Block, Hibbard Block, also being employed in the construction of the Gas Works, the Water !i43 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Works and a large number of fine^residenoes in this city. He is a Republican and was assessor in 1878-79-80. December 3, 1843, he married Mary A., daughter of Samuel Hill, a native of England, who came to this country in 1819 and settled in Ithaca. Mr. and Mrs. Gardner have had six children, three now living : Edward T., Mrs. George PoUay, and Emma, widow of Cassius Taber. George, William R, was born in the town of Alexandria, Jefferson county, February 3, 1861, the oldest son of James J., also a native of that county. Our subject was edu- cated in the public schools of Bedwood, and at the age of eighteen went to clerk in the station of the Utica and Black River Railroad at Redwood. Three years later he started to learn the trade of glassmaker, first as helper, then gatherer, and rose to be a journeyman blower in 1884. In 1882 he removed to Ithaca, where he entered the em- ploy of the Ithaca Glass Company, and then spent one season at Monongahela City, since which time he has resided in Ithaca. H^ is a Democrat, and in 1893 was elected alderman of the Third Ward, which office he now holds. He is the chief preceptor of Local Assembly No. 300, K. of L. In 1882 he married Jennie Pickert of Redwood, and they have five children. In 1883 Mr, George established a store at 51 Hancock street, which he still conducts, the stock consisting of groceries and provisions, bake- stuffs and workingmen's clothes. Gray, Almon, was born in Connecticut February 19, 1824, and came to Tompkins county in 1851. His father, Rufus Gray, came in 1849 and settled on lot seventy-five. Almon Gray laid the foundation of his education in the common schools, but is a self- educated and self-made man. At the age of twenty he married Sarah, daughter of Robert Lawrence of Patterson, Putnam county. In 1886 he bought the Wesley Hurd property of 133 acres, raising hay, grain and stock. Our subject, in connection with his father, has been a prominent contractor and builder, erecting some of the finest buildings in the town. He takes the Republican side in politics, and an active intelli- gent interest in school and church affairs, having been connected with the Ellis Hollow M. B. church for forty years. He takes a prominent part in the events of the town, and is known as a man of sterling worth and high integrity. Graves, the late Orange S., was born in Delaware county, N. Y., July 4, 1804, and was educated in the public schools, coming to Seneca county with his parents at the age of ten years. September 18, 1842, he married Mrs. Sarah Hopkins of Trumans- burgh, whose maiden name was Pease, and they had three daughters : Julia, now Mrs. Gregory of Ithaca; Frances, now Mrs. Leggett, of Covert; and Laura H., now Mrs. Gillett of Ithaca. Mr. Graves died April 11, 1873. Mrs. Graves's first husband was > John S. Hopkins of Ithaca, by whom she had one daughter who died in infancy. Mr. Hopkins died in October, 1841. Sylvanus, father of Orange S. Graves, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. Mr. Graves moved from Seneca to Trumansburgh about 1850. Galloup, Ernest G., the enterprising and well known merchant of McLean, was born in Farmer, Seneca county, November 23, 1849. He was the son of William and Elizabeth Galloup, and the second of their five children. Ernest learned the druggist's trade in the store of his uncle atLodi, with whom he worked three years. In 1871 he FAMILY SKETCHES. 243 came to McLean, where he opened a drug store, and in the course of the next flv.e years added teas and coffees and a few groceries, which was followed a few years later by a full line of the latter, together with other merchandise, and for better arcon mo- dations moved to his present location in 1880. He also dealt extensively in coal, plas- ter and phosphates, but in 1880 discontinued the latter branch and became a general undertaker and funeral director. Mr. Qalloup also handles annually thousands of fence posts. He is one of the trustees of McLean M. E. Church, and for ten years has been superintendent of the Sunday school. In 1873 Mr. Galloup married Miss J. J. King, daughter of B. D. King of Moravia, and they had one child, Bera, who died at the age of nine years. Our subject is interested in local and county affairs and is a strong Republican. He has been delegate to the county conventions and has also served as county committeeman for his town. Grould, Lotan H., was born in Trumansburgh, December 19, 1850. He was educated in the public schools and Trumansburgh Academy, and in early life assisted in his father's planing mill, and finally succeeded to. the business. He is now a contractor and builder, and his business is expanding and prosperous. February 19, 1875 he mar- ried Julia F. Ash, formerly of Fairfield, Conn., and they have two children : Lotan E., and Q-race D. Mr. Gould's father, Joseph, was born in Hector, Schuyler county, July 28, 1821, and was a contractor and builder. December 1, 1847, he married Bmeline Q-. Pease of Trumansburgh, and they had one son, Lotan H. Mr. Gould died July 23, 1879, and his wife resides with her son. The grandfather, Abel, was born January 23, 1798, in Greenfield, Conn. Mr. Gould is a member of Trumansburgh Lodge No. 157, F. & A. M. Mr. Gould's grandfather, on his mother's side, Allen Pease, was born in Enfield, Conn., June 18, 1792, and came to this region at an early day. Mr. Gould's great-grandfather, Simeon Pease, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. Gale, William, an early settler of Groton, came from Fairfield county. Conn., and married Polly Welch, who bore him these children : John P., Betsey, James, Maria, Peter B., Samuel S. and Hannah. Mrs. Gale died August 16, 1822, in Locke, the family having moved to Cayuga county. The second wife o£ Williana was Lydia Smith, by whom he had these children : Zenas S'., who died in October, 1883 ; William W., Mary and Eliza, who died young ; Thirza Jane, wife of C. B. Green ; Amelia D., now in Michigan ; Manly P. and Mary E., wife of Daniel Mcintosh of Locke. William Gale died April 11, 1850, and his wife March 13, 1872. Manly P., son of William, was born in Groton April 5, 1835, and until sixteen years of age lived on the farm. In 1851 he came to Groton and learned the trade of wagonmaking with B. & J. Williams, and since that time has been connected with this important industry in the village, being now a contractor for certain work in connection with the Groton Carriage Compasy. His partner is P. B. Sawyer, the firm name being Gale & Swayer. Mr. Gale has served his town in various offices, notably those of trustee and member of the Board of Educa- tion. September 16, 1858, he married Mary M., daughter of David Backus, and they have two children ; Ella and Walter, the latter a clerk in the. First National Bank of Groton, and also one of the shoe firm of Stevens & Gale of this village. Ella Gale was educated at the Groton Academy and Union School and graduated from the Cortland Normal School. She taught school for six months on Long Island and for eight and a 244 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. half years in Moravia. In the fall of 1892, as a candidate of the Prohibition party Miss Gale was elected county .school commissioner of the second Tompkins county dis- trict, and she qualified and entered on her duties January 1, 1893. Francis, Gilbert, son of Pioneer Richard Francis, was born in Groton (on Jackson Hill) July 17, 1826, was brought up to farm life and work, and except for a few terms spent in teaching school, has devoted his whole attention to agricultural pursuits. At the age of twenty-one he began for himself, but the greater part of his his life has been spent on the old home farm. In 1889 Mr. Francis married Lucinda Tyler of Richford, and they have one son, Gilbert Tyler Francis. In politics he is a Republican, and was once elected justice of the peace, but not desiring the office declined to qualify. He is connected with the McLean Universalist Church, and has held the office of trustee therein. Hall, John L., was born February 10, 1844, in the town of Danby and was educated in the district school, to which he has added by reading and close observation. He mar- ried at the age of twenty-two Fannie M., daughter of Almond Pitts, of Bast Charles- ton, Tioga county, Pa., by whom he has had two children, a son and a daughter. He is Republican in his political views, and has held the office of school trustee for eight years. In 1868 ht bought a farm of 100 acres where he now lives, and on which he ' raises large quantities of grain, hay and stock. Our subject is known as a conservative man of high principles and as a man who takes a great interest in the welfare of his town, being one of the leading members of the old Farmer's Club, of which he was pre- siding officer for several years. Fulkerson, Sairiuel C, was born in West Dryden, July 19, 1823. His father, Chap- man Fulkerson, was born in New Jersey and came to the town of Lansing with the first settlers. He came to Dryden about 1812 and was drafted in the war of that time, but being a married, sent a substitute and taking his own team to draw provisions for the continental army, and assisting in various ways. Samuel C, was educated in the common schools to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. At the age of twenty-six he married Lucinda Hill, daughter of Joseph Hill, of Dryden, and they are the parents of five children : three sons and two daughters, James, Joseph and Elias and Sarah and Esther. In 1852 he bought the Andrew Hill property of 100 acres, which he exchanged for Wm. Minah's in 1864. In 1871 he bought the R. J. Lany homestead which he now occupies. In 1889 he bought sixty-eight acres of the Oliver Cady estate and be also owns a farm of sixteen acres in Marion, Linn county, Iowa. Our subject is one of the prominent men of his town being recognized as a man of sterling worth and integrity. Fowler, Eli, deceased, was born near Cayuga Lake in the town of Ulysses, February 22, 1819. He was educated in the schools of that day and was a teacher and farmer. February 12, 1843, he married Mary M. Carman, formerly of Orange county. She came here with her parents when five years of age, and Mr. and Mrs. Fowler had two children : Elizabeth and George H, Miss Fowler lives at home, and the son, who resides at the Falls station, married Flora Wilcox, and has two children. Mr. Fowler died October 6, 1885. Mrs. Fowler's father, John Carman, was born in Orange county. FAMILY SKETCHES. 245 and married Bethia Bloomer, of his native county. Ten children were born of this union, as follows: Robert, William, Anna, Haschel, Cornelius, George, Andrew, Mar- tha, Caroline and Mary M. Mr. Carman died about 1867, and his wife the same year. Mr. Carman's father, John C, was a soldier in the Revolution. Farmer, William E., was born in Steuben county, September 19, 1841, and has lived in Newfield since infancy. He worked at his trade of harnessmaking for ten years, then engaged in the hardware business in 1871, which he has conducted ever since, being the oldest firm on the street, having a very large store, and carrying everything in the hardware line. In 1868 he married Thirza Westmiller, cf Lansing, and they have two children : Myrtie M. and Maude A. Our subject has served as town clerk for seven years, and has also served on the School Board. In politics he is a Demo- crat. Fuller, Wilson A., was born in Delaware county, December 1, 1830. He was edu- cated in the public schools, but owing to the death of his father when Wilson was nineteen, he and his mother moved to this section, where he had a variety of occupa- tions, and finally learned the painter's trade, which he followed many years, but for ten years has been a retail grocer. He married, in 1851, S. Antoinette Teed, of Tru- mansburgh, by whom he had one son, Truman R., who resides in New York. Mrs. Fuller died in 1882, and he married second Anna Daley, of Auburn, who died in 1889. In 1861 Mr. Fuller enlisted in Company F, 75th N. Y. Volunteers, and was promoted second sergeant. Through losses in nineteen battles the regiment was consolidated into a battalion, and he was made orderly sergeant. He participated in all the battles and was honorably discharged at the close of the war. Fish, George, was born in Groton, Conn., in 1798, and at the age of nineteen came to this town, where he married Clarissa, daughter of Richard Francis, a lady noted for her influence for good in the community. Their children were : Harriet and Clarissa, both of whom died young ; Hobart, who moved to Wisconsin ; Mary, who married Samuel Crittenden; Lucinda, who married George H.~Mmeah; James, who died in 1863; and Edwin. George Fish was an influential man in public affairs and died in 1882, his wife some years later. For several years he was supervisor, poormaster, etc., / and was a strong Whig and Republican. On the occasion of the raising of the frame for the mill at La Fayette, Mr. Fish was called upon to christen the building, in accord- ance with the customs of the period. This happened on the day on which the Marquis de La Fayette, was at Auburn, and being fired by the spirit of the occasion he named the mill the " La Fayette." Edwin Fish was born in Groton, March 20, 1839, worked on a farm till 1861, and in September of that year enlisted in Company C, 76th Regi- ment, and was promoted to sergeant. He served twenty months and was then dis- charged on account of disabilities contracted at the south. For three years he lived in Iowa, and then returned to this town, where he has lived since. June 1, 1870, he mar- ried Rowena E. Dean, and they have one child, Gilbert Francis Fish. Fish, Charles H., was born in the town of Enfield, May 4, 1832. He was educated in the public schools and learned the mason's tride, which he has followed most of his life until he retired two years ago. January 5, 1854, he married Lorinda Terry, of 246 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Trumansburgh, and they have eight children : Lucy 0,, Lizzie, Cora M., Bertha K., Charles B., Kittie T., Fra and A. De Vere. Lucy C. married Q-eorge Northrup ; Lizzie married Henry Weed, and has one daughter, Lola; Bertha K. married Arthur D. Stout, of Farmers ; Fra married Charles Voorhees of Elmira, and has two children, Hamilton and George. Mr. Fish's father, John R., was born in Delaware county, April 23, 1805, and married Charlotte Harvey, of Enfield, and had seven children : Lydia, Marinda, Charles H., Reuben H., J. Corey, Rosina and Florence B. In September, 1863, Charles H. enlisted in Company M, 21st N. Y. Calvary, was wounded near Martinsburg, in the Shenandoah Valley, and was honorably discharged at the close of the war. Freeman, Lyman D., was born in tlie village of Etna, July 3, 1823. His father, Thomas D. Freeman, was among the early settlers. Our subject was educated in the common schools, to which he has added through life by reading and close observation. After leaving school he learned the trade of carding wool and dressing cloth. But for the past thirty-nine years he has engaged in the business of moving buildings, and his reputation soon became so well established that his services were in demand over the entire county. He is deeply interested in temperance principles and educational and religious matters. In 1869 he bought what was known as the Robt. McCutcheon prop- erty of thirty-one acres. In 1882 he bought the Michael Van Derhoff property of forty acres. In 1854 he bought a building in Etna of Harvey H. Harris and erected a a fine house, where he now resides. At he age of thirty-seven he married Catherine, McCutcheon, daughter of Robt. McCutcheon, and they are the parents of one son, Orria R. Freeman. Our subject is known throughout his town as a man of unswerving integrity, a man whose life has proven his word to be as good as his bond. Fish, Cary B., was born in the town of Danby, July 28, 1865. John B. Fish, the father of our subject, was also a native of the county, born in Enfield June 11, 1829, and he followed farming nearly all of his life. He died December 16, 1892. Ke was the father of two sons, Dr. Wilbur G. Fish of Ithaca, and Cary B., our subject. The The boyhood of the latter was spent in Danby and he was educated in the common schools, the Ithaca High School and Cornell University, graduating with the degree LL. D. in the class of 1889. He was with J. A. Ellston for four or five years, and in December, 1892, he opened an office on the second floor of 22 State street, where he has since been in practice. In politics Mr. Fish is a Republican and was clerk of the Board of Supervisors during the years '88 and '89. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, Fidelity Lodge, Eagle Chapter, and Ithaca Council, St Augustine Comman- dery and of the Damascus Temple of Rochester. Mr. Fish practiced a year in Denver previous to opening an office here. Force, Albert W., was born in Bergen county, N. J., April 29, 1834, a son of Edward B. Force, a manufacturer of woolen goods, who died when Albert was sixteen years old. The latter came to Seneca county to serve an apprenticeship at the wagonmaker's trade, which business he followed for seven years, and in 1861 he moved to Trumans- burgh, working at boat building until 1865, and then went into a machine shop, where he remained until 1870, when he moved to Ithaca and filled the position of foreman with the Ithaca Agricultural Works for fifteen years. He has followed various employ- FAMILY SKETCHES. 247 ments since that time, spending the last four years in the store of Collins & Johnson. Mr. Force has been prominent among Masons in this county since June, 1855, his initia- tion having been in Farmer Lodge No. 183 in Seneca county. He has passed all the chairs in the Blue Lodge Chapter, Council and Commandery. December 28, 1858, he married Eliza J. Hopkins of Farmer, and they have two children : Edward B. of Water- loo, N. Y., and Anna Force. Francis, Jonathan, came with his family from Vermont in 1818 and settled in the town of Danby, later removing to Ithaca, where he became a merchant and general trader, but was drowned in 1836 at Kidder's Ferry. Of their seven children, six were born in this county, the oldest, Charles C, being a native of Vermont, born in May, 1818. His early life was spent in assisting his father at his work, but at the age of fifteen he became a boatman, which pursuit he followed more or less until 1848. Dur- ing his young life Mr. Francis had become acquainted with David Stoddard, a pioneer of Groton, hence after the death of Jonathan Francis, and also of his own wife, Charles 0. was induced by Mr. Stoddard to become a resident of Groton in 1849, and on May 31 of that year he married Irena Stoddard, by whom he had two children : Maria, wife of Dr, Gibbs; and David W., of Groton. His first wife, whom lie married in 1842, was Maria Davenport, by whom he had two children, Orrie A. and Laura. His first wife died in 1848. Mr. Francis, during his long residence in Groton, has been regarded as one of the most enterprising of its citizens. He has never been active in political life, and in his views sides with the Prohibitionists. ' French, Mrs. Sarah (Bowker), is a native of Lansing, born in January, 1838, a daughter of Madison and Sallie (Davis) Bowker, also of this town. Mr. Bowker was born March 23, 1808, and when a young man bought the farm of forty acres at Beards- ley Corners (now North Lansing), where he kept hotel for several years, also conduct- ing a grocery store. He had three children: William, deceased; Margaret, wife of John H. IngersoU, of Iowa ; and Sarah, our subject. Mr. Bowker died in 1838, aged thirty years. His wife survived him many years, and died in 1883 at the age of aev- enty-four. John Bowker, grandfather of Mrs. French, was born in Ulster county in 1771 and came to Lansing with his two brothers, Joseph and Noah, bringing their pro- visions on their backs from Owego. They cut and cleared away on the land where they settled, building themselves a log cabin, and when their stock of provisions was exhausted they had to walk to Owego for more. John bought one hundred acres of the State (where A. J. Brink now lives), where he spent the remainder of his days, growing into prominence in his town. He was the first justice and constable in the town of Milton, and was also supervisor. He was twice married. By his second wife, Jerusha Robinson, he had twelve children, and at his death, in 1855, he had 140 child- ren, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. The great-grandparents of our subject were Silas and Esther (Hubbs) Bowker, of Massachusetts, the former a Revolutionary soldier. The Bowker family is of Welsh ancestry. Sarah Bowker married in 1853, Johnson French, a native of Oswego county, born in 1832, «. son of Thomas and Polly (Bull) French, of Canada, and they had two children : Ida, born October 26, 1857, died March 12, 1883; and Edward, born March 14, 1861. Mr. French was a farmer, and the last years of his life went to Pennsylvania to visit the oil regions, where he con- 248 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. traded a fever. Returning home he died seventeen days later (in February, 1863.) For many years Mrs. French conducted the farm alone, until her son was old enough to assist, and later to take charge of it. In 1886 she bought her sisters' interest in the homestead, and rempved to this farm where she and her eon have since resided. Mrs. French is a member of the North Lansing Baptist Church, in which she is an active worker. Eagles, Joseph Dunlap, was born in Waterloo, Seneca county, January 18, 1837. He was educated in the High School of his native town, and at sixteen years of age began an apprenticeship with 0. Bellew, the celebrated painter, and was with him for nearly five years in portrait and landscape painting., He was with Shultz for a year and a halt. In I860 he opened a photograph gallery in Waterloo, which he conducted in that town until 1865. He has been located in Auburn, Buffalo, Bochester, Detroit and Philadelphia. In 1875 he located in Ithaca, where he has ever since been engaged. In the fall of 1893 he removed to the opposite side of the street from where he had built a a gallery, and is now engaged in the photographic supply business, catering to the ama- teur photogiaphers of the University. Ellsworth, Perry C, was born at Saratoga Springs, May 20, 1818. After having taken a preparatory course in the common and graded schools he entered Union Col- lege, from which he graduated in 1838. He had, from, the age of thirteen, been a fix- ture of the law office, and after leaving college spent two years as a student with one of the leading lawyers of Saratoga county. He was admitted to practice in 1840, and until 1844 conducted business at home. That year he removed to Florida, but returned in 1845 to this State and settled in Plattsburg, where he acquired the prominent repu- tation as ajurist that caused his election to the office of judge of Clinton county for two terms. His health failing in 1863, he settled on a farm near Madison, where he lived until 1870, the year of his settlement in Ithaca, where he has since followed the practice of his profession. He married in 1849, Chloe A. Deming, of Burlington county, Vt., who has borne him five children, four now living. Davis, Samuel L., a life resident of Lansing, was born in Lansing, November 19 1839. He is the son of Llewelyn Davis, also a native of Lansing, born in November, 1816. The grandparents were Samuel and Margaret Davis, formerly of Pennsylvania, of Welch and Dutch ancestry. They were among the pioneer settlers of Tompkins county. They raised eight children, William, John, Joshua, Joseph, Isaac, Samuel Llewelyn and Sally. Llewelyn, the father of our subject, married Mary Osmun, who was born November 24, 1815, daughter of Jacob L. Osmun, of Lansing, and they had four children : Jacob L., Samuel, Isaac and Ariminta, who died in infancy. The father died in 18G1 and the mother m February, 1844. Our subject attended the common schools of his neighborhood and the Ithaca Academy one term. He remained on his father's farm until 1863, when he, with his brother Isaac, purchased the farm cf 110 acres, where he has ever since resided. They now own 280 acres. He married in April, 1863, Emma S., daughter of John Bloom, of Genoa, and they had one son Llewelyn B., who died in infancy. His wife died in August, 1864. Mr. Davis married in 1872, Abigail L., daughter of Erastus D. and Mary (Cummings) Shaw, of Groton. FAMILY SKETCHES. 249 Her grandparents were Benjamin and Sarah Shaw, natives of Vermont. They came to Tompkins county in 1816. Mrs. Davis's grandparents Cummings, were Gurdon and Abigail (Pettis) Cummings, from Connecticut, and came to Tompliins county in 1812. Mrs. Davis is one of seven children : Daniel J., of Wesica, Minn. ; Abigail L., Mary B., wife of 0. H. Cummings, of Groton ; Ella A., .Emma, died at seven years ; Ida, wife of H. 8. Bradt, of Groton ; Rhoda, died at four years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Davis have one child. Ruby A., born December 16, 1877. Mr. Davis is a member of the Lansing- ville Grange and is a Republican. Isaac Davis, a brother and partner in business of our subject, was born in July, 1842. , They live together and have farmed it ever since they left the old homestead farm. Llewelyn, father of our subject, married second Mary Ward, of Lansing, April 30, 1846, and they have had one child, Arminta, born January 2, 1847, wife of Theodore Swayze, of Lansing. The mother died December 4, 1849. His third wife was Lydia B. Shaw, whom he married in February, 1851, and they, had two sons, Frank L., born July 1, 1853, and Edwin F., born April 28, 1856. She died in October, 1891. Durling, J. J. Ayres, was born in the town of Ithaca, March 17, 1838, a son of Aaron Durling, who was born in Ulysses in 1809. The father of Aaron was Garret Durling, one of the earliest settlers of the county. Aaron came to Ithaca in 1830, and after learn- ing his trade he followed it the balance of his days, dying June 6, 1886. Our subject was educated in the common schools and in the old Lancasterian Academy, after leav- ing which he learned the painter's trade, which he followed sixteen years. In 1872 he entered the employ of Johnjson Brothers, where he remained five years. In 1877 he opened a general store at Jacksonville, which he conducted successfully for ten years and then returned to Ithaca, where he built a large store and stocked it. fully with groceries and provisions of all kinds, dry goods, drugs, boots and shoes, etc. Mr. Dur- ling has always been an active worker in the Republican party, but never was a candi- date for office. May 8, 1860, he married Sarah L. Barnes, daughter of Samuel Barnes, a shoemaker in the village of Yarna, town of Dryden. Drake, Henry B., an old and highly respected resident of Lansing, was born May 16, 1820, a son of Freeman Drake of Wilkes-Barre, Pa. The grandfrather was Fufers Drake, also a native of the latter town, where he died. About 1808 Freeman came and settled in Lansing, being a carpenter by trade, and a' farmer. He married Cathar- ine, daughter of General Henry Bloom of Lansing, a veteran of the war of 1812, and they had ten children. He died May 12, 1862, and his wife in March, 1861. Henry B. was reared on the farm, received a common school education, and at the age of nineteen began farming, working for nine years for his uncle. In 1848 he bought the farm of 125 acres where he now lives, to which he has also added until now he owns 187 acres. He has been very successful in agriculture, and has acquired more than a competency. He has always been a staunch temperance advocate. In 1845 be married Lucinda, daughter of Daniel and Catharine (La Bar) Teeter, of Lansing. Mr. and Mrs. Drake have no children of their own, but have adopted two : John, born January 31, 1869, and Jennie N., born January 4, 1871, both children of his deceased brother, Lewis J, Drake. tt 250 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. ^lyea, Horace, was born in (he town of Danby, on the farm where be now-resides, April 6, 1822. He acquired his early education in the district school, and on leaving school went back to his father's farm, which afterwards came to him through his buy- ing out the other heir, and here he now resides, baring built new barns and a beautiful house on the west side of the main road. He is a Republican' in politics, and hag served in various offices in the town, having been collector and assessor for the past six years. He has nearly 100 acres of fine farming land, and is one of the town's prominent men. He makes a specialty of dairying, the produce being about 200 quarts per day. In 1865 he married Francis Nelson, daughter of William Nelson, of Danby, and they have had five children, two sons surviving. Emmens, Daniel, was born in Ithaca, November 9, 1818, and has passed a lifetime on the farm on which he now resides. He was educated at the district schools, but at an early age devoted himself to farming. He married at the age of twenty-two Delilah McCutchen, daughter of Robert McGutchen, by whom he had one son, Theodore, who now lives on the farm with him. The wife of Mr. Enimens died in April, 1877, and he married second Orvilla McCutchen. Mr. Emmens is a Republican and takes a deep interest in educational and religious matters, being a regular attendant at the M. E. Church at Varna, to which he gives liberal support. He is known and recognized in his neighborhood as a successful farmer. Drake, N. Eugene, was born in the town of Newfield, September 10, 1854, a son of William H., also a native of this county, born September 6, 1825. He was a farmer and lived in the town of Newfield until thirty years of age, when he removed to En- field, where he still resides. His wife was Sarah Henry, of Irish descent, born July 18, 1830, and died August 3, 1856, leaving two children: Joseph H., a carpenter of Cleve- land, 0., and Eugene. The latter was educated in the common schools and assisted his father on the farm until the age of twenty-one, after which he was for two years em- ployed in wagonmaking in Newfield. In 1878 became to Ithaca, engaging with S. G. Wattles in his produce store, where he remained four years. He was with George W. Frost for over three years, after which, in company with James Mitchell, he es- tablished a general grocery and provision store at 67 East State Street. The firm of Mitchell & Drake existed about eighteen months, and then Mr. Mitchell sold his in- terest to Herbert B. Townsend. Drake & Townsend conducted business till March 6, 1892, and Mr. Drake bought his partner's interest and has since conducted the business alone. He is one of the leading grocers of the city, carrying a line of staples, and also dealing in fruit. He has been a member of Ithaca Lodge I. O. 0. F. since 1893 and is also a* member of the Fire Department. In 1883 he married Jennie Card, daughter of Timothy Card of Candor. Dale, Alfred D., was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire county, England, February 15, 1830, educated in the public schools and under private instruction in hi.s native country. At fifteen he went to learn the carpenter's trade, which he followed five years in England. In 1845 he came to this country and located in Ithaca, where for four years he was employed as a journeyman carpenter, then going into business for himself which he conducted twenty years, the first man to pay cash for labor in this FAMILY SKETCHES. , ■ 251 city. He always had a natural tact for drawing, and spent a year with I. Q-. Perry, superintendent of architecture of the State capitol ; and as Ithaca at that time had no architect, in 1870 he established an office there, which he has ever since conducted. Mr. Dale was the designer of the Masonic Hall, Sprague block, Wilgus block. Journal block, the Gregg block, Titus block, the Ferrey and Bates block ; the first High school building he planned, and many stores, residences, etc. He is a member of the Demo- cratic party, and is now serving his fifth year as an assessor, in which office he ha^ won the respect and admiration of the community by his impartiality and honesty. He married in 1853, Julia A. Whitlock, a native of the town. Mr. Dale is a mfember of Fidelity Lodge No. 71, F. & A. M., Eagle Chapter, and St. Augustine Commandery. Dean, Oscar K., was born in Jacksonville, educated in the public schools, and before the war was a tinsmith. August 5, 1862, he enlisted in Company G, I09th N. T. Vol- unteers, and was in the department of the Army of the Potomac. He was wounded in the battle of Hatcher's Run, October 27, 1864, his right arm being amputated on the field. He was afterwards in Howard Hospital, Washington, D. C, and was honorably discharged for disability, January 14, 1865. March 13, 1872, he married Addie Folett, of Ulysses, and they had one daughter, Edith R. Mrs. Dean died May 15, 1888. Wil- liam C,, father of Oscar, was born in Connecticut in 1803 and came here when a young man. He married SallieB. Smith, formerly of his native county, and they had nine children : Amy, Beverly S., Hattie E., Emily E., Julia P., William B., Alden, Oscar K., and Chauncey. He died November 13, 1876, and his wife December 22, 1889. Beverly Smith, grandfather of our subject, was a soldier in the war of 1812. Dorsey, Mrs. Adel, was born in Washington, D. C, in 1852, her maiden name being Thornton. She came north in 1870, locating in Lodi, Seneca county, and afterwards in North Hector, coming toTrumansburgh in 1871; The same year she married George P. Dorsey of Trumansburgh, and they had six children : Lottie, who died aged nineteen years ; Mary J., Ella M., Leona, who died in infancy, Walter P. and Nancy. Mrs. Dorsey, through her own well directed and continuous efforts has paid for a comfort- able home in Trumansburgh. ~^~- ^ Dumont, Waldron B., was born in Cairo, Greene county, December 15, 1810, was educated in the common schools of that day, and has always been a farmer. He came to Seneca county at an early day, and to Tompkins county in 1857. About the year 1859 he married Melinda M. Van Duser of Trumausburgh, by whom he had two sons and a daughter: Frederick S., who died in 1873 ; Balle, who died in 1873 ; and Charles, a meqhanic in Weedsport. Mrs. Dumont died April 29, 1892. Walter, father of W. B., was born at the old home about 1775, and married Halsey Smith. They had six chil- dren : John, Elizabeth, Mary, Frederick, Waldron B. and William. He died about 1848 and his wife about 1852. The ancestry of the family is French, German and Dutch. Darling, Reuben, was a native of New Hampshire, and from that State served as a musician (fiter) in the War of 1812-15. In the course of his army experience he be- came acquainted with the fertility of the land in Central New York, hence after the close of the war he came to Moravia and thence to Groton, settling at Peruville, where 253 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. he worked at his trade (cabinetmaker) about twenty years. He then bought a farm, a part of the extensive farm now owned by his son Lyman, and here resided until his death. His wife was Frances, daughter of Timothy Hart, and by whom he had the.se children : Emeline, who married Julius Bement; Caroline Matilda, who married Daniel Conger ; Lyman, Rebecca Jane, the second wife of Daniel Conger, and Edward, now living in Dryden. Reuben Darling died in 1870, aged [seventy-nine years, his wife preceding him by a number of years. Lyman Darling, known throughout the region of his residence as one of the most thrifty and successful farmers, also as a man of much personal influence, was born August 24, 1826, and has devoted his life to farm work. That he has been abundantly successful is attested in the fact that his present farm of 228 acres is one of the best cultivated and most productive of the county, while its buildings and equipment are not to be surpassed in the region. In February, 1872, he married Sarah, daughter of Joseph Smiley. Pour children have been born of this mar- riage, all of whom are now living. In politics Mr. Darling has generally been a Repub- lican, but during later years he has been somewhat identified with the principles of Prohibition. Dusenberry, Corry G., was born November 16, 1863, in the town of Dryden. His father, Henry L., was also a native of the town, the family having originally come from Hall among the early settlers, Henry L. married Catharine Smiley, daughter of John Smiley, and they had two children; Mrs. Ellen Reed of Freeville, and our subject, Corry Q-; Henry L. died January 9, 1890. He was a well-known man in his town, and of recognized ability and integrity. Corry Q-. was educated in the common schools of his native town, finishing at the Cortland Normal, and later taking up a business course at the Elmira Business College. He is now living on the old homestead, which has been in the possession of the family for seventy-five years. The farm comprises 103 acres of fine dairy land. Dean, David M., was born in the town of Newfield, October 31, 1852, the youngest son of Jefferson Dean, a farmer, who is a native of Ithaca, still living at eighty-two years of age. The mother of our subject was Matilda Barnes of Newfield. The grand- father, Eliakim Dean, was one of the pioneers of the county, and owned a tract of 600 acres of land in Newfield. He was justice of the peace, appointed by Governor Clinton. David was educated in the common schools and the old Ithaca Academy ; leaving the latter in 1869, he followed teaching in the common schools for two years, and then en- tered the office of Merritt King. He had been a student of law with him from the age of sixteen, teaching winters and studying summers. His last teaching was as principal of Newfield High School with 100 scholars. He was admitted to the bar at Albany Jan- uarys, 1874, opened an office in his native village, and was engaged in practice there until the fall of 1876, when he was nominated for district attorney and elected, an office he held for six years. He married, December 27, 1882, Hattie B. Lebarre of Newfield. Mr. Dean enjoys the reputation of being one of Ithaca's leading lawyers. Dates, William Morehouse, one of Lansing's prominent farmers, was born on the farm he now owns, June 21, 1847, the son of John D. Dates, of New Jersey, born in June, 1808, who, when a' lad of thirteen years, started out in life for himself. The FAMILY SKETCHES. 253 latter when a young man bought a threshing machine, and returned to New Jersey with it, following threshing for a few seasons, then engaged in farming, which he fol- lowed for the rest of his life, though at the age of about forty he studied law and prac- ticed in the justice's courts; this he followed till within ten years of his death. His practice was extensive in all parts of the county. He was a Republican. His father was Derrick Dates of New Jersey, who came to Tompkins county about 1820. John D. married Mrs. Electa Jane CMorehouse) Mack, of Lansing, by whom he had three children :, Charles H., born in 1845 ; William M., born in 1847, and Mary J., born in 1850. John D. Dates died May 5, 1885, after a long and useful career. William M. received his education in the common schools and in Groton Academy, and after leav- ing school he returned to the farm. At the age of twenty-two he bought of his father a portion of the farm and began for himself. To this he has added, until he now owns about 300 acres of farm land, all of which he operates, raising fruit to quite an extent. In October, 1869, he married Mary A., daughter of Hiram and Abby Ann (Baker) Holden, of Lansing, and they have had six children: John D., born July 26, 1870 ; Myra S., born December 8, 1874 ; Helen St. John, born May 22, 1880 ; Mary L., born August 29, 1882 ; Florence H., born April 18, 1885, and Abbie May, born January 14, 1892. Mr. Dates is a Granger of Lansingville Lodge, No. 282, and an Odd Fellow, Lodge No. 544, Bebekah Degree, of which latter Mrs. Dates is a member. Our sub- ject's mother resides with him, and is still a well preserved woman at the age of eighty- five years, having been a member o£ the Presbyterian Church seventy-five years. Drake, A. 0., was born in Newfleld, June 21, 1846. Joshua Drake, his grand- father, was a native of Connecticut. William Drake, father of our subject, was a native of New York State ; Prudy, his wife, also being a native of New York State. The father of our subject was a prosperous farmer A. 0. was educated in the Newfield schools. His business through life has been farming, never aspiring to any political office. He married, in 1866, Alice Drake, of Catherine, N. Y., and they have one child now at home. Our subject is a member of the Grange and Newfield Lodge Dassance, Albert, was born in Newfield, June 2, 1856. Hosea, his father, was a native of Yermont and came to this town in 1816. He was a farmer and carpenter. He married Elizabeth Tense, born in Lansing, and of their six children our subject was the youngest. He has followed his father's occupation of farming and carpentry, and in 1890 he married Nora B. Grant, of Danby, by whom he has two children, Ruth E. and Deland G. Mr. Dassance ii a Mason, of King Hiram Lodge, No. 784, is a Repub- lican and has been collector two terms. Driscoll, Brothers. — This firm is composed of Patrick, John C. and William M. Dris- coU, and was established in 1880 to carry on general contracting, with a specialty of mason work. Their line is to furnish all building material and execute all kinds of -building, and they employ about sixty men. Many of the buildings they have erected are from their own designs, and the most of their work has been residences. They contracted for the laying of Telford Macadam three-quarters of a mile on Aurora street and for about 1,200 feet of Medina stone on State street; also for the whole of the mason work of the new Lyceum Theater. This firm also represents the Glen Falls 354 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. and British American Fire Insurance Companies for this county, and they are special agents for the sale of the Alba and Atlas Portland Cements. Their office and store rooms are located at 14 South Tioga street. Dowell, William, was born in London, England, in 1828, and came to this country in 1859, settling first in Danby, where he remained four years, and then coming to Ithaca in 1863, where he bought a farm of ninety-nine acres, on which he still resides. He married at the age of nineteen, Rhoda Sable, of England. Mr. and Mrs. Dowell have never had any children, but during their life have adopted twelve, all now settled in homes of their own with the exception of two, who reside at home. Mr. Dowell maices a specialty of dairying, having a milk route in the city of Ithaca. The daily output of his dairy is about 125 quarts. Curtis, E. L. B., was born in the town of Danby, September 9, 1822, was educated in the schools of the day and Anished at Mount Yernon Street School in Boston, after leaving which he returned to the homestead farm. In 1860, Anna E. Mills (daughter of Charles L. Mills of Corning) became his wife, and they have had six children, of whom two sons and three daughters survive. Charles B., the oldest, is now a resident of Ouray county, Colo.; Arthur M., the youngest son, is now principal of the Union School of Mount Morris, Livingston county. Our subject is a prominent Bepublican of the town and in 1864 was tendered the nomination to the Assembly, which he de- clined, preferring to give his sole attention to his business afifairs. He is the owner of about 500 acres of some of the best farming lands in the locality, and makes special- ties of dairying and sheep -raising. He is an active and energetic man and takes a prominent part in all the local events of the day in his town. Crittenden, Samuel was a native of Guilford, Conn., born December 18, 1778. At the age of nineteen he came to this region, traveling the entire distance with an ox- team. He finally located near McLean village, where he died April 1, 1862. He was one of the early judges of the court 'of the county, was a man of large interest in local affairs, and generally known as Judge Crittenden. He married Hannah Terry, who bore him nine children : Seth, who died in infancy ; Seth Rossiter, Asa, Samuel, an early lawyer of Ithaca; Chauncey, Sally, Norman, a merchant of Ithaca, and a prominent man in town afifairs ;. Polly, and Caroline. Asa Crittenden mar- ried Sally Harris, and had three children : Minerva, born December 12, 1823, died the same year; Gilman D., born, Norn November 18, 1825; Samuel R. born December 25, 1827 ; Mary Jane, born May 4, 1830, who married James Wilcox ; Sarah Ann, born February 10, 1832, married first William T. Lormor, and second Elliot B. Wheeler. Asa Crittenden died May 5, 1891, and his wife October 5, 1859. Oilman D., son of Asa, was born November 18, 1825, and in the war of the Rebellion was a prominent figure in the Tompkins county militia. He was elected captain of Company C, 76th Regiment, and served with honor three years and six months. His wife was Helen, daughter of Jehiel Backus, by whom he had five sons, three of whom are liv- ing: Elmer 0., now on the farm; Wilbur, of Cortland village; and Floren W., a member of the firm of Begent & Crittenden, of Oroton. The latter was born August FAMILY SKETCHES. 255 26, 1866, was educated in the Q-roton Union School, and in 1886 was cleric for D. Mc- Lachlan. In November, 1890, the firm o£ Begent & Crittenden succeded Mr. McLachlan. Camp, Edward, was born in Ulysses June 13, 1842, educated in the public Echools and Trumansburgh Academy, and at the breaking out of the war enlisted in Company I, 32d New York Volunteers, being the first to volunteer in his town. He was wounded in the foot at West Point, Va., May 7, 1862, was promoted duty sergeant, and honor- ably discharged in September, 1862, on account of his wound. Mr. Camp has been president of Trumansburgh, and is serving his second term as supervisor of his town. January 28, 1862, he married Susan J. Winfield of this village, and they have two children : Hermon W., and M. Hermione, both living at home. Mr. Camp's father Hermon, was born in New Milford, Conn., October 6, 1787, and came to Trumans- burgh in 1805. His first wife was Caroline Cook of Geneva, by whom he had two children. His second wife was Catharine Cook, a cousin of his first wife, by whom he had two children : Edward and Hermon, the latter dying in infancy. He married third Sarah P., widow of Frederick Camp, and they had one daughter, who married Major P. H. Q-riswold and now resides in Rochester. Mr. Camp, sr., was a member of assembly in 1820, was president of Trumansburgh Academy, which he, with several others, was instrumental in founding, and was a prominent temperance man, having been elected president of the State Temperance Society. He was commissioned cap- tain of cavalry in 1810 and as lieutenant-colonel soon afterwards, and held the rank of colonel of cavalry in the war of 1812. He was greatly interested in the growth and prosperity of Trumansburgh, to which he contributed not a little. Edward has resided in Virginia for twenty years since the war, having an interest in the Norfolk Knitting Mills there. He was deputy United States marshal for the eastern district for five years after his discharge, and was appointed recruiting ofBcer until the close of the war. He is a member of Treman Post No. 572 G. A. R, and one of its past comman- ders. He is also a member of Trumansburgh Lodge 157, F. & A. M., Fidelity Chapter 77, R. A. M., and was its high priest two years. He is a member also of St. Augustine Commandery of Ithaca. Coggshall, David H., respected head of one of Groton's substantial pioneer families, came from Saratoga county in 1820, and settled on the farm now owned by John Smith. Here the pioneer lived, and in connection with his farm work, worked as a tailor, having learned the trade during his young life. In his family were : William, Alanso, David, Tamasy and Clara. The third son, David Hoyt, came to the town with the family, and although he began his business life with very little help, he nevertheless succeeded in building up a goodly fortune for his children, and his accumulations were the result of his industry and perseverance. He possessed 1,000 acres of good land in the town, and likewise was a man of large influence in public afiairs. He was captain of one of the State militia companies. His wife was Lois Green, by whom he had these children : Calphronia, who married John Smith and now lives on the old home farm; Van Buren, now living in Locke; David H., and William Lamar. David H. Coggshall, son of David Hoyt, and grandson of the pioneer David H., was born in Groton, December 1, 1847, and has alwas been a farmer of the town. He is also an apiarian of prominence, was one of the pioneers of bee culture in the region, and one 256 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. of the most successful, honey producers in Central New York. His new residence is unquestionably the most complete and attractive in Groton, February 24, 1869, he married Olarinda F., daughter of John Smith, by whom he has had three children ; Louis Le Boy, Ella N., and Claude. The latter died in infancy. INDEX-PART I. Abel, Loretta, Dr., 91. John J., ^53- Academy, Ithaca, 184 et seq. Trumansburgh, 22. Ackley. Gibbons J.» 176. Henry, gy, 127, 128, 134,137, i6^ 1751 187. Julius, 104. 122, 128, 130. 147, 148, 162, 175, 176. Adams, C. L., 46, 220. Charles Kendall, 511, 518, 563, 572-574* 663. Henry C, 572, 573i 576- Nathan, 298. Nathan and Seymour H., 2^6. MoseS, Rev., 309. Seymour H , 298. Adler, Felix, 546. Agassiz, Louis, 413, 447,448,480. Agricultural Society, Dryden, 262. Society^ Tompkins county, 48. Akins, W. H., 177. Albright, Andrew, 260. Jacob, 262. Aldrich, Fred. E., 150. Alexander, Robert, 332. Allen, A. F., 46. Andrew and David, 314. Chas. De L., Rev., 242. Clinton B., Dr., 90. D. K., Dr.,87. E. Davis, 258. Edward D., Dr., 87. Isaac, 312, 315. iob, 48. . R., Rev., 302, (vman, 322. Oliver E., 149. Mary A., Dr,, 90. Perry W., 327. Rachel, loi. W. E., Rev., 243. William. 322. W. H., 47. 324. Ailing, Job, 313, 3«5- Almy, Bradford, 59, 72. 144. i57» 180. E. C, 244. (jr. H., 220, 221. Samuel, 221, 232. American party, the, 37. Andrews, Ezra, 315. George H., 410. Henry C, Rev., 309. Isaac C, 189. John P.« 62. gg Andrus, Elnathan, 167. Frederick H., 150, 188. William, 42, 104, 148, 150, 163, 187, 2no, 201, 409, 451. Anthonv, Alonzo, 321. Will'iam A., 581, 582. Anti-Masonic excitement, 27. Apgar, D. J., 43, 200. George W., 44, 195. Peter, 149, 150. Apley, Griswold, 149. Applegate, C. C, 353. John, 13, 350, 353, 354. Applegate's Corners, 350, 354. Armitage, B. B., Dr., 78. Armstrong, T. S., 26. Ashdown, James, 155. Ashley, James, Dr., 78, 280, 288. James and Simeon, Drs.. 275. Samuel P., 287, 290. Assemblymen, 24, Atkinson, George F., 593, 6gi. Atwater, David, 209, 353. Edward, 18. Elijah, 24. Jason, Dr., 77, 78. Leonard, 18. Wm., 3^4. Atvffood, C. P., 324. E. P., 322. Origen, 148, 170. Austin, Francis M.,215. William, 72. Avery, Eliakim, 63. E. M.,321. Frederick, 321. Oliver, 523. Oliver, jr., 322. Ayers, E. J., 219. Mathaniel, 219. Ayres, Clinton, 151. David, 121, 122, 130, 185, 186, 192, 193. D. H., 221. Richard, a 10. William W., 26. Babcock, Charles, 503, 638, 691. George W., 146, 151. Horace^ 449. John L., Dr., 01. Bachelor, Rev. Elijah, 302. Bacon, Daniel, 333 Horace, Dr., 78. William, Dr., 78. Badger, H. C, Rev., 196. Bailey, Daniel W.r 353- James, 351. Bailey, Liberty H., ^30, 6gi. Baker, Albert, 20. Albert J., 359. A. M., 201, Brothers, 261. David J., 250, 258. Eugene, Dr., 79, 80, 90. George H., 50, 166. James L., 60, 72, 146, 147,203. Judah, 349, Samuel, 330. Stephen, 215. William H., 179, 299. Balch. Charles, Rev., 194. Balcolm, F. D. C, Dr., 92. Ransom, ig, Baldwin, Alva M., 320. Asa, 314. A. M., Dr., 80. 81, 86. Emery R.. Rev., 321, 327. Myron, Dr., 79. M. M., 72, 319, William D., 319. Ballard, D. Clarke, 263. Erasmus, 132. Banfield, Moses, 297. Peter, 13. Bar, early members of the, 65 et seq. the present, 72. Barager, Charles F., 24- Barber, Charles R., Dr., 89. D., Dr., 79. William, 354. Barden, John, 151, 162. Wallace W., 200. 201. Baright, Julia S., Dr., 91. Barker, Moses, 297, 301. Oliver, Dr., 79. Barnaby, A. E., 44. & Hedges, 133. Barnard, Frederick, 148, 149. iohn, ;oo, 204. -. A., 203. M. R., 184. W. S., 603. & Allen, 262. Barnes, Alfred S., 473, 502. Myron S , 46. Barney, E. R., Dr., 86. Barnum, R. W., 262. Barr, D. C, Dr., 82. David T., Dr., 86. John H.,6s9, 692. William, Dr., 81. W.H.,Dr., 88. Bartholomew, Caleb, 254, 262, Daniel, 249, 263. Jesse, 249, 328. 258 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Bartlett^ George, 19. Hartley, John, 53. Barto, C. P., 220. Daniel O., 188, 222, 240. F D., 221. Henry D., 19, 58, 59, 63, 65, 211, 242, R. v., 220. Barton, Lewis, 258, 259, Bates, Charles W , 104. Daniel, 127, 128, 147, i6i, 165, 173. 74, 184. Fred li^., 287, 291. N. L., 258. Rufus, 150, 153, 159, 188. Selick, 297. Baucus, Nettie, 189. W. I., 262, 263. Beach, Amos, Rev., 195. D. A., 301. Judson, Dr., 79, 80, 87. Beaman, Charles P., Dr., 93. - Beardslee, C. M., 306. Noah, 505. Beardsley, George F., 198. Henry, 300. f., 155- ohn, S. T., 194. rewis, 296, 298, 300. Roswell, 162, 337, 348. Becker, G. P., 230, 221. Beckwith, Geo. M., Dr., 86. Beebe, Alvah, 39, 175. John C , Dr., 92. Jeremiahs., 104, 120, 127, 133, 134, 161, 162, 170. Beers, Abner, 300. Abner, jr., 296. David B., 120, 173. Eli, Dr., 24, 78, 87, 298, 299. Frederick. Dr., 78, 298, 299. Tabez, 13, 295, 296. James L., Dr., 90. John E., Dr., 25, 87, 299, Lewis, Dr., 13, 78, 199, 295, ■ 296, 298, 300, 302. George D.. 20, 23, 68. Ira, 185. Isaac, 103, 119, 127, 128. Isaac M., 148, 149. Levi C, 299. L. L., 50, Nathan, 296. Samuel, 146. Stephen, 298, 300. Begent, F A., 320. Bell, Prof., 449. Benedict, John, 315. Benjamin, Charles G., 346. Charles M., 43, 200. G., 185. Joseph, 34, 125, 127. Bennett, Aaron. 298. Charles E., 541, 692. L, 63. James B., 150. J. D., US- Jonathan, 311, 315. L. D., 233. M. R„22I. Phineas, 37, 124,128, 169, 174. Benson, Nathan, 24, 315. William, 155. Benton, Frank R., 72. Bergholtz,H., 160. Berry, Levi A., 155. Thomas, Rev., 243. William S., 153. Besemer, Howard B., Dr., 86, 92. Martin, Dr., 89. Bierce. Erastus,3oo. Biggs, C. P., Dr., 79, 80. D. S., 221, 233. Frederick C, 221. Joseph, 227. Joseph H.. 216. aSons, D. S., 233. Bingham, Charles, 63, 64. Bishop, Daniel, 197. Daniel L., 187. Alonson, Dr., 80, 87. Samuel P., Dr., 78. Thomas, 24. Blackman, Abram, 288. W. F., Rev., iq8. Blair, Andrew S., Dr., 91. Charles H., 177. George, 282, 286. James A., Dr., 93. William H., 287. Blake, Eli W., 412, 505, 581. Blieamer, C. A., 320. Bliss, Luther, 311, 314. Blodgett, Admatha, 311, 315. Samuel, 3'k>. Xury, 315. Blood, Charles H.,72. C. F. , 153, 157, 164, 166, x8o, ^ 183, 192. Seth, 315. Bloodgood, Francis A , 23, 39, no, 161. S. De Witt, 35, 39. tract, no, Bloom, Ephraim, 331. Henry. 16, 23, 62, 63, 338. Bloomfield, A. G., Rev., 302. Blue, Michael, 167, Blythe, George, 128, 147, 173. Samuel J., 122, 133, 173. Boardnian, Allen, 210. Douglas^, 58, 59, 61, 70, T45, 162, 163, 188, 210, 451, 663, 664, 666. Henry, 210. \ Truman, 25, 163, 210, 216, 221, 222, 234. Bogardus, J. B., 339. Bogart, William H., 24, 70, 207. Boice, Abraham, jr., 280. Eli, 280. William, 332. . James, 287. William K., 287, 288. Booth, John I., 320, Bostwick, Andrew, 351. Hermon V., 157, 181, 195. William L., 19, 25, 104, 188, 353 Bouton, Clmtqn D. W., 72, 144, 151, 26a. Edwin P., 221. T.D..221. Nathan, 262. llowen, Ichabod, 311. Ellas, Rev., 193. Bower, Alexander, 25, 48, 209, 214, 215, 219, Alonzo, 305. Charles R., 339, David, 24, Daniel, 214. D. E., 261, 263. Horace A., 215, Ira, 130, 148. Bower, Thomas, 214, 215. Tilman, 332. Bowker, Harrison, 322, John, 6\, 64, 330. Bowman, John, 63, 64. M. J., Mrs., 738. Boyce, Charles A., Dr., 89. Boyeson, H. H., 556, Boyd, L. S., Rev., 242, Boyer, Augustine, 277, 281,287, 292. Charles, 104. Boynton. John, 315. Frank D., 188, 189, 193. Boys, Almon, 155, 156. R. Willard, 155. Bradley, Daniel, 314. Daniel L., 319, 320. Major Lemi, 328. Sara K., 224. Bragdon, George C, 43. Braman, Anson, 149. Bi'anch, Nathan, Dr., 311, 314. Branner, J. C, 590. Brearley, Joseph, 284. Brewer, Henry, 19, 24, 352^ 353. Bridges, Jonathan, 174. Briggs, Diana C, Dr., 86. klisha, Dr., 275. Isaac S., Dr., 79, 87. James and Isaac. 297. Mary L., Dr., 87. Brigham, G. H., Rev., 320. Brink, Robert E., 292. Brinkerhoff & Son, W. D., 233. Bristol, George H., 25. George P., 692 Britton, J. H., Rev., 355. Brodwiek, T. F., Rev., 355. Brokaw, Isaac, 156. Bronson, O. A., 46. Brooks, Alfred, 183, 200. Arthur B., 146, 151, 189, 192. Erastus, 407, 41.8, 410. F. W., 153, 166. Phillips, Rev., 471. Brookton -Mott's Corners) 290. Broome. Joseph R., Dr , 91, Brost, Henry, 154. Brow^n, Abraham, 304. Amos, Rev., 381-383, 396. A. F., Rev., 293. C, 2d, 63. Charles, 104. C. A., 172. p. B., 145, 150, 151, 157, 195, 20-), 202. D. H , 320 Edmund, Dr., 78. Eleazer, 27. F A., 153. Horatio, 339. Ichabod, 14. John, 336. John K., 146, 147. J. Watson, Dr., 80, 81, 87, 146, 348. M. M., Dr., 79, 203. Samuel R. and Christopher, „ 333. Sumner, 315. Wm. Rev., 172. W. Jerome, 150. Brundage, Wm. H., 167. Brush, George, 214. Bruyn, Andrew D. W., 15, 16, 39, 58-60, 63,65,67, 103, 104, 128, 147, t6i, 173, 186. , INDEX. 359 Bitchanan, Samuel, 130. Buck, George E., 194. James G.. 339. Buckbee, Enos, 148, Buell, Don C.,2iq. Salmon, 174, Bull, Aaron, 270. Henry W., Dr., 8q. John, ig, 287, 29 J. Moses, 294. Bunstead, Chas. H., 203, Burch, Calvin D., 50, 26^. Wm. S.,214. Burchell, Geo. R.. 72. Burdick. Francis M.,666 D. W., isi, 157, 160, igs, 204. iohn F., Dr., 79, 89. [. A., 221. Wm. P., 103. Burleuw. Frederick, 210. Burling-, Walter, 153. Burns, Thos. W., 72. Burr, Calvin, i6t, 333, 339. 346. George L., 573,603. J. E , Dr., 80. Walter, 221. Burritt, Abel, 159. E.J..151. Joseph, 119, 122, 123, 130, 148, T94. William A., 47. Burt. David L., 104. William S , 187, 188. Burtt, Hugh T , 104. Bush, Charles, 168. E. G., Dr., 79- Francis M., 192. Isaac L,, 290. John J.. 19, 287. Oakley, 272. Richard, 272, 287. Butler, Comfort, 124, 172, 296. Byington, Abram, 167. William, 76. Cad V, Charles, 262, Elias W , 24, 25, 251, 254, 262. John E.. 25. Caldwell, G. C, 196, 412. 480, 505, 584. 670, 693. Camp, Edward, 215, 220, 221, ^234. Hermon, 16, 23, 24, 62, 63, 161, 162, 2iif 2zq, 222, 227, 233-237- Campbell, John, 231. John, jr., 146, 147. Martin V., 205. P. A., 203 Canal, the Sodus. 37. Canals, projected, 38. Cane, Elbert, 130. Cantine, Caroline, 288. John, 23, 270, 271, 288, 291. John M , 130. Locations," 271. Moses I., 23. Carbeii, Father, missionary, 3. Card, Elnathan H., 288. Carder, Rev. Dr., 195. Carey, William L.. 150. Carman, James S.» Dr., 90. W., 181. Cams, W. J., 289, 290. Caroline, churches, 293. early settlers of, 279. supervisors of, 287. town of, 267. Caroline, Center, 292. Depot, 292. Post-Offlce, 291. Carpenter, L. W., Dr., 81,82,86. Ezra, 311, 315. E. S., 104. George, 322. Isaac. 197. Jencks, 315. t. W..22I. Matthew, 139. RoUa C. 659, 694, 3. Jenks, 311, 317. Carr, James M., 264. John, 242. Samuel D., 187, 319 Case, Philip, 150. Cass, Aaron, 283. Cathell, J. Everest, Rev,, 243. Cayuga Lake Salt Company, 346. Chadwick, Jabez, Rev., 265, 344. Chaffee, J. B., 200. Chambers, Ephraim. 287, 288. Jacob, 209. John, 287. Joseph, 272, 287, 291, 293, 303, Richard, 287. Chandler, G. W., Rev., 193. Chapin, L. N., 47, 324. Joseph, 33, 246. Chapman, A. G., 315, 320. Clara, 224. Clark, Dr., 314, 315. Newton D., Dr., 92. James, 130. Jedediali, Rev., igr, 240. Chase, Abraham, Dr., 79, 89. Ezra, Rev., 309, Henry B., Dr., 79, 86, 214, 215- Salmon P., 364. Chatterton, John, 132. T. S.,44. Christiance, Ralph C, 200, 202. Christopher, Wm. B., Dr., 92. Chronicle, the Ithaca, 44. Church, Austin, Dr., 79. Irving P., 694. William A., 198,201. Churches, Caroline, 293. Dan by, 301. Enfield, 355. Groton, 320. Lansing, 341. Newfield, 308. Civil divisions, 4. Clapp, Asahel, 44, 45. Charles, 154, 221. Lewis A , 44. Clark, A. M., 259, 260, 263. Daniel, 33. David, 296, 300. Guy C, trial and execution of, 76. Hezekiah, Dr., 296, 298, 300, 301. Hiland K., 20, 25. 320, 322, 325- Jesse, Capt., 311, 314, 328. John S., Gen.,) notes of, on Sullivan's expedition, 2. J. W., 308. Lyttleton F., 299. Otis O., 202. R. A., 130. Samuel E., Dr., 79. Stephen W., 319. Clark, Uri, 153, 157, 183, 192, 300. W. S., 14. 311, 314, 328. Clarke, Thomas C, 449, Clausen, Ebenezer, 13. 246, 254. Cleaves, E. C, 659, 604. Cleveland, William C., 639, 640. Climatology, 9. Clinton, Charles M., 180. De Witt, Governor, extracts from letters of, 112, 218. Clisbe, Samuel C, 44. Clock, Fred L., 72, 151. Close, R. H., Rev., 319. Clough, Stephen, 242. Cobb, Amasa, 325. Elisha, 313. Lyman, 121, 122, 285. William, 315. Coborne, Chester, 63. Coburn, Chester. Rev., 196. Coddington, A, P., 221. David, 103, Cogswell, James F., 187. Coggshall, David H., 313. Colbert, William, Rev., 192,340. Colburn, Adolphus, i^o. Asaph, 132. Elias, 130. Colby, Ellery, 318, 322, 323. Cole, Alvin, 259. A S., 156. Frank, 146,156. George, 258. Colegrove, Daniel, 353. iames, 63. rockwood F„ 104. Collier, J., 185. Collin, Charles A., 145, C66, 695. Collins, John, Dr.. 78. P. W., 220. William R., 48, 115, 121, 128, 147, 148, 161, 162, 163, 184, 193, 214. Collis, H. J., Rev., 194. Colston, John, 130. Comfort, George, 220. Compton, Peter, Rev., 302. Comstock, Alex. McG., Dr., 77, 78. J. H., 61S-621, 695. Oliver C, 16, 23, 58, 59, 63, 77 -79, 196, 210, 219, 233, 240. Theodore B., 597. Conde, S. C, 221. Congdon, Lyman, 20, 25, 215. Conjier, Benn, 318, 320. Corydon W., 315, 322, 323. Corydon W., Mrs., 324. Frank, 323. Jay, 324. Jonathan, 313. Conklin, John H., 339. Connor, Charles W., 134,1128, i6i. 186. Conrad, Dayton, 292. Jacob, 24. Vincent, 121, 179. Wallace W., 291. Conway, Michael P., Dr., 90. Cook Charles, 390-392, 404-408. Christopher C, Dr., 20, 79, 88. Nathan, 130. 2., 50. & Conrad, 134. Cooley, Charles, 130, Coon, David, 139. 260 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Coon, William C.» 25. Cooper, Horace G., 215. Pelton &Co., 173. Thomas, 2og. William, 132, 287. Corbin, E. N., 203. Cornell, Alonzo B., 36, 104, 159, 163, 191. Benjamin F,, Dr., 89. Kzra, 24, 25, 133, 162, 163, 168, 1701 175. 190. 398-400, 402, 403, 405-407, 409-411, 413-423, 440 -442, 44G, 447, 451, 46G, 497, 498, 5071 668, biography of, 672, F.C., 145-47. 151. 156.157. 164. 189, ^91, 291. Library, igo. University ; Agriculture, depart- ment o£, 621. Alumni representation in the Board of Trus- tees, 456. ■ Architecture, depart- ment of, 6^7. Athletics, 529. Botany, department of, 587- Buildings, collections and museums, 500 Campus and buildings, 474- Charter of the univer- sity, 398. Chemistry, department of, 583. Church, the, 468. Civil engineering, de- partment of, 639. Coeducation, 442. Constitution of the uni- versity, 423. English literature, etc., 547- Entomology, depart- ment of, 614. Geology, department'of, 596- History and political science, department of, 564 History, department of, 565. Intercollegiate literary contests, 526 Introduction, 359. iournalism, 574. and Grant Act, the, 360. Land Grant, manage- ment of the, 413. Languages, 540 Latin, department of, 544- Law School, 66^. Library, the, 482. Manual labor, 440. Mathematics and as- tronomy, 578. Mathematics and phys- ics, 578. Mechanic! arts, depart- ment of, 642. Military department, the, 436. National government, the, and higher educa- tion, 360. Cornell University : Natural Science, 583. New York State Agri- cultural College, the, 384. Non-resident lecture system, the, 447. Opening of the univer- sity, 474. Oriental languages, the, 545- Pedagogy, 563. People's College, the, 384- Philosophy,department of. 557- Physics, department of, 581. Plan of organization, 423- Political Science, de- partment of. 576. Preliminary history, 384. Professional schools, 659- guarter-centennial^ 667. elation of the univer- sity to the State, 463. Romance and[Germanic languages, 554. Scholarships, 463. Sibley College of me- chanical engineering, 643. Societies, 515. Special Departments, 540. Student life, 512. Suit, thegreat, 491. TechnicalDepartments, 621. University administra- tion, 450. University Press, the, 52T. University Senate, the, 452. University, the, as es- tablished, 504. Vertibrate zoology, de- partment of, 599. Veterinary science, de- partment of, 632. Corson, Hiram, 548. Corwin, Abel, 161, Coryell, Charles, Dr., 78, 149. Counties, erection of, 5. County clerks, 25. seat, 62. superintendents of schools, treasurers, 25. Court, County, 58. house, 63. house, jail and clerk's office, 164. of Appeals, 54- of Common Pleas, the first, 64. of General Sessions, the first held in the county, 63. of Special Sessions, 61. Supreme, 55. Surrogate's, 60. Courts, evolution of, 53. Covert, George, 149. Coville» F. v., 59a. Cowdry, Adam S,, 149, 150. Chauncey, 148, 153. Resolve L., 148. Cox, William, 306, 309. Crafts, Tames M., 412, 505, 584. Grain, E. W,, Dr., 325. Crandall, Albert, 209. C. L., 145, 146, 196, 695. Peter B., 188. Typewriter Co., 323. Crane, Eleaaur, Dr., 79. T. Frederick, 556, 695. Crary, Augustus, Ur., 77, 78. Spencer, 315. Creque, John, jr., 45, 210, 219, 230, 234- W. F., 220 Cristman, Jacob, Dr., 90. Crittenden, Norman, 25. Samuel, 24, 148, 312, 315. Crocker, David, ao, 24, 336, 339. Cross, Richard E., 91. Crowley, Patrick, 151 Crozier, Richard A., 104, 150, 157, 166. Crum, Daniel and Lyman, 283. Crutts Brothers, 264. Cully, Matt , 220. Culver, Lewis H,, 125, 148, 149. Miner, 200. Thomas, 203. Cummings, Hermon, 204. Joshua, 33. Cunningham, H. D., 43, 45, 47. John, Rev , 328. Curran, Obadiah B., 163. Curry, Amos, 353. James F., 209, 214. Curtis, Aaron, 288. C. E., Rev,, 327. David, 103, 128. Elbeft, Dr,, 50, 297, 298,' 299. E. L. B., 19, 24, 295, 299, 301. George William, 413, 447, 448, 478. Levi, 299. William, 19, 287. Curtiss, Albert, Dr.. 78. Gushing, Stephen B., 24,28,71, J04, 119, 148, 202. Cutler, Manasseh, Rev., 363, 364. Cuyler, Dr. V., 78. Daggett, Clark, 242. Dailey, John, 220. Dake, L. E., 221. Dana, Amasa, 24, 58. 59, 61, 67, 75, 104, 148, 162. Danby, churches of, 301, pioneers of, 295 et seq. supervisors of, 298. village, 300, Dann, HollisE., 166, 189. Dans, Frank, 146, 147. Darragh, Robt. L., 37. Dart, George, 249. Davenport, Abram, 102. Cornelius, 214. E. P., 203. Moses, 103, 167. Nathaniel, 100, 102, 214. W. G., 155. Davey, George W., 324. Vernon L., 320. Davidson. Edward, 130. Davis, Caleb, 103. Charles, 162. Clarkson T.,''26o. Geo, B., 72, 201, INDEX. 201 Davis, Geo. W., Dr., 90, John, 292. Joshua B., ^47- Peter and William, 297. Day. Chailes G., 25, 72. Isaac, 184. John W., Rev., 196. S M., 45. Dayton. M. M., 193. Dean. David M., 6r, 72. Eliakira, 103, 214, 306. Fred. N., 72. Ira M.. 220. Jefferson, 306 Joshua 315. J. W. &C. W., 233. Oliver L., 154, 192, 200. Samuel H.,24, 287. Dearborn, Col. Henry, 1, 2. Dedrich, Adelbert M.. 288. Deland, James. Dr., 79. Delano, Daniel S.. 318. Martin S.. 25. Will, Dr., gi. Deming-, Frederick, 104, 130, 148, 149, 170. Justus 149. 155. Democrat, the Tompkins, 44. Demond, Peter, 214. De Mund, Mathlas, 210 Denman, J. T., 25 Dennis & Vail, 133. Densmore, George, Rev., 193. Depeu, Moses and Nicholas, 331 Depew, Chauncey M.. 668. De Rienier, Petor, 132. Dewey, Kiigcne, 233. De Witt Guard, the, 18, 182. Richard Varick, 35, 39. 136. Simeon, 23, 106, 109, no, 121, 136. Dexter, James E., 319, Deyo. Elias, 296. Dickerman Aaron B., 214 221. Dickinson, James A., 18. Diltz, John. 153- Dimon H. G.. 319, 320. District attorneys, 61. Dix, John A-, 42^. Dixon, George J., 154, t8i, 201. Dodsley. Rev. Joseph E., 326. Doolittle, Rev. N.^ 294. Downing M. A.,3is. Donnelly. H. D.. 188. Donovan, John, 146, 147. Douglass, C. B., 220. William B., 161. Dowe, Harvey A., 61, 149. Downing, Thomas, 12B. Drake, Amasa I. . 153. Amasa L., 155. Benjamin, 115-T18, 122, 127, 130, 132, 147, 161, 185. Caleb, B., 119, 148, 184, 199. Sidney, 333. Theophilus, 149, 197. Thomas N., 203. DriscoU, J. E., 154. Dryden, town of, 244 et seq. early settlers in, 250. supervisors of, 254. Agricultural Society, 262. churches of, 264. village, 255. early settlers of, 257. mercantile interests of, 261. Dryden village, officers of, 259. original land titles in, 255 schools of 259. secret societies of, 263. Dudley, George, 307. George F., Dr ,88. P. S.. 20, 307. William, 305. W. K.. 5qo, 591, 592, 593. Dumond, Isaac, 12, 94, 95, g8. 295, 297. John, 95, 98, 295, 298. Marcus A., Dr., 86. Peter, 102. Dumont, David, 20, 242. Frederick S., 24, 216, 234. W. B., 242. Dunning, Benjamin Dr., 88, 242. Urban, 130. Durand, William F., 659, 6g6, Durphy, H M., 150, 155, 177. Dutton. J. P., Rev., ig6. Dwight, Jeremiah W., 25, 251. 253. 254 258. John W.. 19 261. Theodore W., 413, 447, 44B, 450, 567, 576. Dykeman, Jacob G., 48. Eakin, Emory A., Dr., 90. Earl, Isaac, 149. Earsley. Francis, 291. Maria, Widow, 13, 269, 270, 291, 203. East Lansing, 348. Eastman. Emma Shiffield, 445. I'2nton, W. M.. 151. Eddy, Hannah 183. L _S.. 43- Otis, 130, 148, 171, 173, 175, 185. i86. W. T., 15. 34, 123-125, 183. Edmunds, Charles, Dr., 79. George F., 499. Edsall, George 155. Edwards. Edward, 127. Timothy. 12^. Eels & Co , H. P., 47, 324. EgHn, William. 156, Eebert, Charles M.,348. Eldridge Kd. H., Dr.. 78, 79. Lyman. Dr.. 78. Elliott', David. 130. Helen M.. 197. Ellis, Elias M., 201, 202, Francis B., 255. Jofin, 24, 63. 64. 248, 254, 259. Peleg, 247. 254, 259. Richard W , Dr., 90. Ellison, M.P.. 197. Ellsworth. Perry G., 72, 145, 201. Elston, Judson A., 60, 72. Ely, Daniel, 235. Edward, 219. Elyea, John, 297. FJraerson, Alfred, 543, 697. Emery. Charles E,, 450. J. R., 22t, 227. Emig, Adam, 151. Emmons, Charles, Dr., 77. Richard, 146, 147. Enfield Center, 354. churches of, 355. supervisors of, 353. topography and settlement of, 349. English, Andrew, 213, 214. Ennest, Hartman, 272. Ensign, Orville S., Dr., 26, 86. I'inz, Frank J., 25, 145, 157, 194, 200. & Miller, 172. Estabrook, H. A., iqg. W. B , 72, 166. Esty, Albert II , 151, 157, 163, 164, 189, 191, 192. Clarence H., 72, 163. Edward S., 24, 25, 143, 145, 146, 150, 152, 15s, 159, 163, 178, 188. Jo,seph, 104, 130, 148, 163, 175, 178. Joseph, jr., 153, 183. William W., 155. Etna village, 263. Evans, Alfred J., Rev. Father, 199. David H., 24. E. W , 412, 505, 578. Evarts, George W., 146 Everitt, E. A., Dr., 8g. Ewers, Paul, 251. Fahey. J. P., Dr. 80, 92. Fairbrother. F. A., 301. Fairchild, David, 45. Farley, T. H., 172. Farlin, Chauncy P,, Dr., 79. Farr, Eva, 224. Farrington, J. M., Dr., 70, 88, 2EI. Fenner, Frederick, 347. Fereruson, I. P., 258, 262, 263. Michael, trial and execution of, 76. T. R., 26. Fernback, O. H , 202. Ferris, Benjamin G., 24; 70, 104, iiQ, 130, 148, 149. Field, Elisha, 318. Fields, David, 121. Financial crisis of 1837, 17. panics of 1857 and 1873, 22. Finch, Dudley F., 191. Edwin M., 183. Francis M., 55, 72, 84, 163, 164, 178, 188, 409, 513, 665. Miles, 62, 124. Wm. A., 72, 667. W. F., 178. First National Hank. 162. Fish. Carey B., 50, 72, 200. Florence, 220. George, 328. Henry, 1 r., 78, R. H., 76 Wilbur G., Dr., 93. "William H., Rev., 195. Fisher, John A., 154. Fiske, A. S., Rev., 192. D Willard, 261, 4x3, 483, 490, 49=1 49^1 S2i» 523* 546, 555. „575. 667. George, Dr., 91. John, 449- Fitch, A. Norton, 320. Mortimer D., 315. William H., 323. William R,, Dr., 24, 79, 87, 313. Fitts, Edwm, 258. Horace G., 258. Paschal, 314. Fiagg, Isaac, 541. Fletcher, M. J., 259. 263 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Flickinger. John, Dr., 88. Flood ot 1857 in Ithaca, 138. Folger, Charles J., 4oq. Follett, John K., 62,219-221, Foot, David, 13, 246, 254. Foote, Dyer, Dr , 16, 77, 78. Force, Albert W,, 200-202. Ford, Isaac, 258 J. B. & W. A., 46. J. I., 290. Forest Home, 204. Fortner, Lewis, 254. Foster, James P., Rev., 243. L. C, 189. Lottie A,, i8g. Newel K., Dr., 80, 81, 88. Fowler, Daniel, 150. George, 150. Fowles, Geo, W., 150. Fox, Dana, Rev., 193. Fiancis, Charles S., 53^ 533- Richard, 312. Franklin, Benjamin. Rev., 340, 344- Frazier, Samuel, 215. Frear, Alexander, 104. William, 150 157. Fredenburg, E. E., 72 Frederick, Adam, 181. Freeland, E. L„ 290. Robert, 276, 287, 289. Freeman, Edward A,, 449. Wm. C, Rev , 91. Freer, Henry D., 169. George G., 43, 61, 68. John A., 234. Freeville, 264. French, John B.. 204. Frisbee, Felicia A., 222. Salmon, Dr , 79. Fritts, D. J.. 221 Frost, George P., 104, 121, 130, 132, 148, 194 Froude, James Anthony, 449, Fuertes, Estevan A., 697.' Fulkerson, E. V., 18. J. B., 261, 263 Fury, John, 166. Furry, F. E.. 626. Gage, Simon H., 603. S. H. and Mrs., 80. Gager, R. E . 194, 204, Gale, Ella, 26. Manley P., 319. Gallagher. W. C., Dr., 79, 80, 88, 289, 292. Galpin, S. !>., Rev., 302. Gannung, Jarvis, 215. Gardiner, A. B., 153. Gardner, D. P., 262. G W. L., 204. James, 204. John, Capt., 251. Garrett, Charles C, 156, 199, 200, 202, Garrison, William, 254. Gastin, Alexander, 298. Gaston, Norman, Dr., 79. Gates, R. F., Dr., 91. Gauntlett, John, 104, 150, 188. John C., 157. 162-165, 183- Gay, Charles W., 151, 198. John S., 203. Gee, Hiram, Rev., 193. Reuben, 204. Geer, Ezekiel, Rev., 194. Genung, Amasa G., 26, 104, 151. Genung, Ben. W., Dr., 92. Homer, Dr., 90. George, J., 181. James H., 254. Japhet, 179. William F., 151, i8i. Georgia, William, Dr., 78. W. B., 199. Gere, Isaac B., 132.. Luther, 48, 103, 109, 112, 122, 123, 125, 127, 161, 165, 167, 184, 185, 186. Gibbs, Barnabas, 304. Judson S., Dr., 88. Giflford, Gardner C., 72. N. R., 219, 220. Gilbert, D. B., 290. Edward P., 192. PC., 204. Giles, Samuel, 104, 148. W. H.,Rev., 193 Gillett, Charles, 31-4. Gillette, E„ 181. Giltner, John, 13, 349. Ginn, Wesley C, 187. Givens, Charles, 19, 254, 262. Glazier, Walker, 234. Glenzer, J. J., 146, 150, 151, 189, 198. Goddard, Sam, 153. WiUet B., 25. Godfrey, Edgar O , 146, 147, 203. Godley, Wm. M., 18. Goewey, John E., 159. Goldsmid, A W., 150. Goodhue, David P.,258, 259, 262. Goodnough, Alfred, Rev., 196. Goodrich, EJeazer, 286. Geo. E., 72, 258, 259. Joseph, 274. Milo, 71. Goodsell, H. S., 194. Goodwin, Benjamin, 208. Elijah H., 35, 219. H. C, 46, 100, 335. Joseph, 63. Richard, 208, 214. Richard 2d, 214. William, 333. W. H., 262, 263. Goodyear, John, Dr., 87. J. J., Dr., 86. Lewis, 221. M. D., Dr., 88, 319. Gosman, Jonath.sn B,, 24, 43, 104, 298. Robert, 202. Gould, Bethuel V., 353. John Stanton, 412, 484,622, L.fi',233 M. C, 220. Graham, Alexander, 24. Henry A., 354. John, trial of, 76. Samuel V., 19, 353. Grand Army of the' Republic, Ithaca, 204. Granger, M. L., 153. Grant, Chauncey L., lao, 148, 162, 168, 171. Henry J., 159. Jesse, 120, 128, 168. Schuyler, 151, & Co , Chauncey L , 33. & Son, Jesse, 33. Graves, Herbert H., Rev., 326. Jackson, 26. Graves, R. O., 319. Gray, Cyrus, 353. F. D., 154- Geo. W., 204. John, 45, 46. Greeley, Horace, 385, 386^ 388- ^ 39°t 394i 407-409, 4»Oi 451' Green, Archer, 16, 23, 25, d^i, loi, 103, 124, 173, 174, 185, 193, 199,214. Charles, 151. H. D., 150 Samuel E., 287. Greene, George W., 449, 571. Greenly, Calvin C, 183. Frederick T., 149. Gregg, A. H., E. C, and C. P., 233. Chauncey P., 220, 224. Kdla, 224. G. C, 221, H. C, 220. Gregory, John R., Dr., 79, 8g. Lewis, 148. O. H., 166, 174. Ward, 44 William U., 202. Gress, S. S., 155, 156. Griffin, H L., Rev., 355. Griffis, William K.. Rev., 198. Griggs. Elmji, Dr., 92. Griswold, C. D., 2t)3. Charles F., Dr.. 92. Edward, 249, 256. John, 339. i^uther, 19, 254, 262. Nathan, 256. Gross, V B., 315, 325. Grotto, 328. Groton Bridge and Manufac- turing Co., 322. Carriage Company, 322. churches of, 320. erection and topography of, 310. newspapers of, 324. settlement of, 311. supervisors of, 315. village, 316. cemetery, 324. fire department, 31B. manufacturers of, 321. schools, 319. water works, 3'S- City. 328. Grover, Lemi, 254, 262. Grumnion, Michael, 311. Guild, E. C, Rev., 195. Guinnip, Gettrge B., 24, 251. Gulick, W. J.,T)r.,88. Gunderman, W. R., 300. Gunn, Newton, 130. Guthrie, John, 14, 50, 311, 313, 338. Gutstadt, M. M., 166. Hairer, Petei ad, 23, 24, 62, 76, Hagin, Barnard M., 62, 330. Hahnemann, Frederick, So. Halbert, Edwin G., 24. Hale, William G., 541. Hall, Amos, 297. Darius, Dr., 24, 88, Edwin M., 156, 157. E. G. W., Rev., 302. TameSj 413, 447. Jeremiah, 307. J. C, Dr., 78. INDEX. 303 Hall. Pliny, iq8. R. H.,202. ' Wni, Henry, 162, 20a. W. L., 220 Halliday, Samuel D., 25, 6t, 72, T4S, 147, 148, 157, 163, 233. Halsey, Gilbert. 237. Lewis, Dr., 24, 79, 237. J S., 242. NicoU, 24, 50, 62, 75, 98, log, 210, 214, 219, 234. Robert 148, 155, 162. R. S., 354. Saniord, 233. Warren, 242. Hamblin, S. D., 258. Hamilton, D. H., 206. Hammond, W. H., 153. Hance, E. G., 154, Jcihn L , 299 William, J48. Hand, Abraham. 219.- L. P., 234. Hanford. William, 251. Hanley, Cornelius, 218. Hantner, David, 148, 161. Jabez, 214, 349. Hanshaw, Comfort, 146, 150. Hardenburg, John, 353, Harding, Fied, 204. Hardy, Charles E., 21, 121, 148, 158, 162. Miss Jane 1 .,19- & Rich, 134. Hare. William W., 72, 319. Haring-, Chauncey, 348. Cornelius, 331. DelosC.,33g.' Harmon, George, Rev., 193, 293. Harned, William, 254. Harriman, Jesse, 208, 2141 217. 352- Harring, Delos, 50. Harrington, Theodore J., 204. W. P.. 104, 15'- Harris, H., Dr., 79. Joseph, 413. Nelson, 319, 324. Harrison, Lucy W., 88. Hart, Alexander, 178. Alonzo, 255. Amos, 3141 325- Amos O., 104. Anna, 224. Charles A., i88, igg, 202. George H., 258. James Morgan, 552, 554, 6g8. John P., 20, 262. Joseph, 250. Hartt, Charles Fred, 413, 524, 589, 596. Harvey, Samuel, 352. Seth li , 353- Hasbrnuck, Alfred, 104. Haskell, S. H., Rev., 343, 344- Haskin, H. L., 156, 203. Hatch, Oliver, 313. Hathaway, Abiatha. 311, 314. Terotne, 320. Pelcg, 311. Hause, M. D., Dr., 78. Haven, Alfred H., Dr., 89. Havens, Ebenezer, 353. Hawes, Josiah, ig, 2gg. J..H.,177- & iHooker. 45. Hawlf'ins, John, 124. J. F., i53«203- N. S , 166. Hayt, A. C, Dr., 77. John C. Dr., 78, 184. Hawley, Joel E., Dr., 78. Hazard, Uri Y., 130. Hazen, John C, i8:j. Healy, Edwin P., Dr., 7g. Hearmans, C. P., Dr., 78, 121. Heatu, Chauncey G., 148. Milo, 288. Hedden, Josiah, 24, s^g. Luther, 339. Hedger, Louise, 222. Heermans, Cornelius P., 39. Heggie, J. M., jr., 155, 200. Hendrick, John P., 187. Henning, George, 124, 148. Henry, John H., aoo. Henshaw, Robert, 209, 218, 234. Herald, the Dryden, 46. Herrick, Nathan, 103, 104, 120, 128, I2g, 147, 148, 165, 186. Herrington, W. H., 156, 204. Herson, Michael, 154. Hewett. Waterman T., 519, 556. Hibbard. George P., Rev., 195. Henry, 130, 134, 148, 175. Henry P., 104, 153, 178. Horace M., 36, 104, 145, 156, 157, 178, 20T. Lydia. 183. Hicks, Benjamin, Major, 311. David, William and James, 312 Hjggins, Moses, 276. Hiles, John, 250, Hill, Arthur R., 203. C. D , 258. Isaac E., Dr., 89. Frank D., 258. Harmon, 150. O. J., 261, 263. R.l}.,220. Uri, 298 Hiller, Fred. L., Rev., 365. Hills, William S., Rev., 294. Himrod. Edward, 45- Peter, 48. Hinckley, Charles, 130. H. L,. 36, 157, 162. Henry W., 130. Hinepaw, Peter, 12, 94, gs, 98. Hitchcock, E. H., Dr , 80. 90, 698. W. A., Rev., 195. Hixson, Amos, 104. Joseph S., 104. Hoagland, E. B , i6g. Hodson, H. N., 193. Hoffi. vS. S., 264. Hoffman, William D., Dr., 89. Hogg, Samuel, 14.3". Holeomb, E., 221. Holbrook, Frederick, 413, 447* 623. Holden, Cora L., 261. Fox. 188. John, 332. Hoi lister, George, 130. Holmes, 166. John, 132. Holman, A. M., 215. Irving, 306. John, 148. Jonas. 130. Holmes. Samuel A., i6g, 202. William, Dr., 79. Holt, Channing A., Dr., 92. Holton, Isaac, 220- Mark E., 264. Hood, John N., 220, 221. Hooker, Wesley. 25, 163. Hopkins, George A., 221. Hermon S., 72, 320. Isaac, 312. Peter W , 24. Horton, Clinton, 219. Henry B., 177, 178. Randolph, 72, 305, 308. Hottes. C. F., 104, 151. Houghtaling, J., 14, 311. Houpt, Henry H., 262. House. William A., Rev., .294. Houtz, George H., 263. Hovey, James A., Dr.. 78. Howard. Henry, 384, 390. & Lyons, 125. Howe, Epenetus, ig, 287. Frank E.. 200-202. George W., 148. Henry H., 150, J. 'P., 221, 224, 233. Bolomon L , 26. Howell, Charies C, 62. Milo. 339. Howland, A. J., 220. Abner W., 122, 124. Hovt, Charles G., 200. 'John C , Dr.,if>. William, 132. William S., 25, 104, 148, Hubbell, Levi, 24, 136, 148. Sullivan D., 50. Huffcutt, Ernest W., 666, 699. Huv'g, David F., 148, 194- William, 301. Hughes, Thomas, 229, 530. Hulburt, Alvah, 24. Hull, A. M., 21, 146, 150, 171, 189. Joel, 248, 354, 256. Humphrey, Andrew B., 26. Cnaiies, 15, 24,34, 61, 65, 66^ 103, 120, 127, 130, 136, 148, 186. Cornelius, 214. Krastus, 283. Evans, 61. Roswell, sr., 283. Wm. R., 72, I20, 148, 149, 184, 187, 191, 202, 203. Hungerford, A. A., 72, 204. Edward, 62, 287. Newell, 149. Spencer, 287. Hunt, Horton, 251, Isaiah, 130. J., jr., 46. R. J.,2i6, 2 R. W., 450. 19, 220, 233. Sylvester, 13c, 193, Warren, 36. Washington, 385-388. Hunter, Albina, Dr., 91. C. F , 220 J. S., 227. Thomas, 24. William, 353. Huntington, Orestes S., 132. Wait T., 2T, 25, 121, 127, 14 149, 174, 183, 186, 199. Hurd, Lyman, 247. Hurlburt, E. R.,204. Hutchings, Henry, 215, 299. Hutchins, H. B., 666. Hutchinson, James. i8x! Silas, 143, 288. Stephen, 181. Hyatt, George F., 150. 204 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Hyde, Orange P., 25, 198, 201, 202. Robert. 75, 287. Robert H., 277. Robert H. S., 25, 287 Hyninpough, Peter, 213, Illston, F. K., 150. Incorporation of county, 16. Indians, local tribe, i. Ingalls, Samuel, 311. Ingersoll, Charles, 25, 150. Henry, Dr., 78. H., jr., Dr., 78. Jonathan, 42. Samuel, jr., 318. Irving, William A., 132, 187. Ireland, William J., 156. Ithaca Autophone Company, 178. Calendar Clock Company, 177. city, banks of, 160 churches of, igi. fire department of, 151. incorporation of, 145. manufrctures of, 169 et seq. officers of, 151. protective police of, 157. public houses of, 167. public schools of, 183. Recorder's Court, 164. secret societies of, 199. streets of, 166. early officers of, 102. Gas Light Company, 159. Lyceum Company, 166. statistics of, 105. supervisors of, 104, Trust Company, 163. village, 106. business concerns of, in 1834, 132. business concerns ot, in 1865, 141. cemetery, first, 129. early ordinances of, 128. east view of, in 1836, (illustration), 135. fire department, estab- lishment of, 130. fire engine, first, 130. incorporation ot, 127. legislative acts for im- provements in, 143. presidents and trustees of, 147. State street in, about 1866 (illustration-, 142. view of, from West Hill in 1839 (illustration), 137- Water works Company, 15S. what formed from, 93. Ithacan, the Weekly, 44. Ives Charles A., '46, 147, 155. Joseph N., 150, 155. Richard J., 6z. Jackson, Byron, 353. M. J,, Dr., 90. William. 287. Iacksonville, 244. acoby, H. S., 193. amieson, J, M., 166. ansen, Matthew, 274. arvis, E., 153. Jarvis, Jacob S., 74. • N.S.,Dr., 78. William, 181. Jayne, B. G., 20, 48, 150, 177. Jefferson, Thomas, 361. Jeffrey, Jeremiah, 102, 215. Jenkins, Ebenezer, 176.' Jenks, Jeremiah W., 699. Laban, 287, 290, Laban, Elisha and Michael, 283. " Jenksville," 290. Jennings, Benjamin, 24, 296, 298, 300. F. S., Dr.. 88, 263. Homer, 62. Hudson, 298, 300. Isaac, 297. Jesse H., 61, 72. Lemuel, 299. Jerome, J. H , Dr., 78, 234. Jervis, B. F., 166. Jessup, David G., Dr., 78. John, 24. Jewell, Henry, 220. Johnson, Abram, oq, 100, 102", 214 Arthur S., 25, 60, 61, 124, 148. Ben, 64, 65, 6g, 75, 104, 127, 148. CD., 153,157. Daniel, Dr., 77, 79. Edward K., 25, 145, 146, 157, . 189. Fred D., 151. Ira C, 221. Jesse, 155, 182. John, 103, 124, 130, 165, 185, 204. John J., 354. Ransom Dr;, 89. Robert C. and Samuel W., 267. Theron, 263. & Humjahrey, 121. Johnston, John, 25, Jones, George W., 579, 700. H, B., 227. H.J., 193. John W., 315. J. R., Rev., 301. Molo C, 203. R. T , Rev., 197 5 N., Dr., 82.88, 320. Tertelus, 353. Thomas. 312. Wilfred M., 203. Will. 220. William T., Dr., 92. Jordan, David S., 590. Journal, the Groton, 47. the Ithaca, 42. Toy, Benjamin 24, 336, 337. Judd, Reuben, 103. Rev. Dr., 195. Judson, Joseph, 296, 298. Keeler, Charles B., 299, Keene, E. 308. Keency, E. S., 47. Kellogg, Charles, 36. M. C., Dr., 78. Joseph, 167. Kelly, Charles, 63, 6 M., 156. Freeman, 153. Johri R., 130. William, 396, 403, 409, 410, 421, 451, 485. Kelly, William D., no. Kelsey, Charles T., Dr., 88. James. Rev , 192, 309. Kennedy, Isaac, 175. John, 259. John H., 254, 259, 260, 262, 263 Kenney L , 153, 157, 164, 166, 183. Kenyon, Geo. J., 153, 155. H. L., 150 Kerr, George W., 161. Jacob, 167, Walter O., 202. Kerst. Frank A., Dr., 89. Ketchum, Piatt, 48. Keyser, Koland S., 320. King, Barzillai, jr., 65. Francis, 188, 214. Horace, 12 68, 95, 96, 99, 106, 118, 138, 167. Joseph, 188. Joseph C, 149, 150, 153,155, 188, J. Parker, 215, L. R., 20, 159, 162, 166. Merrit, 61, 71, 201. Rufus, 188,363. R. Willard, 149. Warren L., 188. William E , 188. Kimball, Jacob M., 2co, 202. Kingman, Lyman, 287. Kirkendall, J. S., Dr., 80-82,86, Kirkham, Levi, 197. Kirtland, J. C , 221. Kittle, T. L., 203 Knapp, Frank W., 26, George, 247 Knettles, Anson, 25. A, W., 20. Joseph, 336. Knights of Pythias, Ithaca, 203. Koykendall, Jacob, 214. Krum, Adelbert J.. 215. Henry, 287. Henry, sr., 283. Matthew, 279. Michael C, 286,287. William B., 229. Kyle, E. H., Dr., 79, 87. Labar, Ephraim, 62. George, 333. Lacy, Aaron, 247. Benjamin, 256. Brothers, the, 248. D., Dr , 79. Daniel, 254. John C, 258, 25Q. M.L.W.,Dr.,gi,86. Ladies' Volunteer Association, ig. La Fayette, 328. Lake Ridge, 347. Lfuiihert. W.'J., 155. La Mont, A. H., 262. Lamport, Stephen H., 25. Landon, Edward, 753. Langj John H , 150, 179, 197,20-1. Lanning, Benjamin, 209. Richard, Dr., 79, 86, 325. / Lansing, churches of, 341. ' early settlers of, 330 et fieq. minor poft-offices of, 34J/. supervisors of, 339. topography and erection of, 329. 1?' INDEX^ 265 fansingville, 348. Larned, Sylvanus, 24, 315, 325. Latourette, R., 153- Latta, E. M., 150, 153, 157, 197 James, 155. Lattemore, George, igg. Law, James, Dr., 80, 197, 506, 633 -637- Lawrence, Josian, 290. Samuel, 24. Lawyers, first, 15. Leary, Cornelius, 146, i8g. Frank M., 72. Lee, Hart, 132. * Jeptha, 209 Joshua S., 121, 130. Leet, Samuel, 283. Legg, Reuben, 282. , Legge, W S., 290. Leonard, Henry, 124. Levi, 148. William H., 36 Lesley, William. 148, 176. Letts, Azariah. 210, Levensworth, Lucas, 133. William, Rev , 309. Lewis, Charles, 288. George B., Dr., 92. Justus, Dr., 78. James A., Dr., 90, 146, 151. J. D., Dr., 79, 220. 7. Van Vranken, Dr , 93. LighthiU Edward B., Dr., 91. Linderman, David, 304. James F., 308. Linn, William, 68, 121, 185. T^isbee, William, Rev., 293. Lisk, Charles, 220. Livernlore, George, 180, 194. Lobdell, R. F., 204. Lockerby, Walter H., Dr., 80, 89. Lockner. W. S., 320. Longhead, Wm. H., jr.. Dr., 92. Loomis. Ezra, 311, 315. Richard, 97. Lord, Chester W., 298. Erastus H,, 259 Harley, 148, 298. Henry B., 2a, 25, 145- >59i 163, 198, 261, 339, 346, 407- Lormor, James C , 255, 260. Lounsberry, Peter, 24, 285, 287. IjOux, Hendrick, 108, 109 Love, Samuel, 25, 27, 61, 63, 314. Lovell, Ashbel, 350. H. M , 220. Low, Addison L., Dr., 91. Lowell, James Russell, 413,447, 448. Luce, A. D., 201. Ludlow, Henry, 329, 338. Jehiel, 24, 62, 330. John, 64. Silas, 329. Silas and Henry, 14. Thomas, 338. Ludlowville, 34<5- Lumbard, Jacob, 251, Lupton, G. M,, 262, 263. Luther, James, 315. Lyon, A. T., 47- Joseph M,. 104, 153, 200. Marcus, 26, 59, 61, 72, i57i 188, 198, 200. Nelson E., 346. McAllister, B. R., 20. bh McAllister, David, Dr., 78. McCarty, Thomas, 150. McCham, George, 149, 150, 159. McCool, Bernard, Rev., gg. McCormick, B. P., 154. George, 121, 130. 148. Jacob, 1 99. Jacob M., 104, 148, 155, 173. Walter, 151. McCorn, Charles W.. 308. William A., Dr. 89. McCullough, R. W., Rev., 241. McDaniels, Howard, 305. McDowell. John, 109. Robert, 23, 97, 98, 102, log, 214,215. McElheny, J. E., 258, 259, 261. M. D.,261. Thomas J., 19, 25, 157, 193, ' zs8, 262. McGill. Clinton, 18. McGillivray, E., 154. McGowan, Minos, 62, 76. McGraine, William, 154. McGraw, John, no, 162, 163, 251 -253 45r, 467- 484. 49*' 502 John, biography of, 686. Jennie, Miss, 491. 520. McGraw-Fiske, Jennie, 252, 261, 487 Mcintosh, John E., 204. Mclntire, D., 151, 179. Mclntyre, Arnold, 205, McKee, Wm.. 263. McKinney, Jesse, 24, 60, James A., 146, 150, 151, 200, 202. J. M.. 166, McLachlan. Arch., 320. Tames, Jr., 26. McLallen, D. K., Dr., 79. Henry; 209, 214, 218. James, 219, 233, 234, 241. John, 207, 308, 214, 217, 237. Robert, 209, 215. McLean, 325, McNamara, J[ames, 180. McNetten, Dixon H., 216. McNish, Rev. C. W., 293, 294. McQueen, John, 33. McTaggart, John E., Dr., 92. McWhorter, C. Fred, 202. Mack, Ebenezer, 23, 39, 42, 120, 127, 147, 161, 185. Horace, 24, 25, 104, 120, 130, 148-150, 1611 162, 171. Nathaniel and John, 209. Nathaniel F., 63. Stephen, 68, 120, 121, 186. William, 146. Andrus & Woodruff, 133. & Andrus, etc., 172, 285. & Morgan, 172. Mackey, L. S., 204. Macomber, I. J., 193. Madden, Father M. T., Rev., 243. Madison, James, 360. Major, Chas. W., 156. William F., 150, 156, 201. Mallery, L. D., 72. Mallory ville, 264. Maloney, C. F., 154. Timothy, 44, Manchester, Chas. W., 150. Mandeville, Gerrit, Rev., 191, ^ 275. 293. Lyman A., 227. Mandeville, W. A., 19, 299. Mann, Alexander M,, Rev., 197. Horace, 444. Seth H., 162. Manning, Eri, 220. Map o£ estate of Simeon De- Witt, III. Ithaca in 1807, 107. Ithaca in 1836, 131. Marion, Ezra, 305. Markell, Joseph, 333. Market, public, in Ithaca, 129. Markle, Abram, 100-102, 213, 214. Henry, 102. 214. Marsh, Arad S., 324. Augustus C, 162. • D. B , 20, 315, 319. D. H., 322-324. Dioclesian A., 299. Ebenezer S., 24. H. a, 47. 324. H. H., 320. Rochester, 258, 259. Walker, 262. William, 61. W. M., 324. Zimri, 317. Marshall, E. M., 153, 157. Martin, William, 63. Marvin, Harrison, 254, 259. Mason. J., 315. Masonic, Caroline, 292. Dryden, 263. Ithaca, 199. Newfield, 308. Masters, Edgar, 104. Mastin, H., 153. Lucius, igg, 200, 202. Maston, Henry, 321. Matson, Aurelia, i88. Mathews. S. F., Rev., 321. Matthewson, Thomas, 124. Thomas S., 171. Maurice, L. V. B., 150, 155. May, Samuel J., Rev., igs, 485. Mayo, Warren, Rev., 2gg. Mead, Daniel, Dr., 16, 317. Daniel L-, Dr., 77, 78. 287. John, 332. M. M., 72. Silas, 133. William, 339. Meaney, Edward, Dr., 79, 80, 92, 146. ■ Meddaugh, R. W.. Dr., 78. Medical Society, Homeopathic, of Tompkins county, 80. Tompkius County, 77. study, early methods of, 77. Meeks, Charles E , 288. Melotte, Geo. W., Dr., 195, 200, 202. Merchants' and Farmers' Bank, 18. Merrill. Jason P., 147. Jesse, 127. Marlin, 286. Merritt, Jesse, 103, 121, 193. Metcalfe, Henry, 449. Metzgar, Jonas and Mary, 313. Lyman, 321. Middaugh, w. S., 254. , Miles, Charles F., 194. Miller, Abijah, 63. Abraham, Dr., 78. Andrew J., Dr., 16, 77, 78, 130, 147. Christopher, 353, 2G0 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Miller. Harvey D.. 19. Horace, 154. Isaac, 274. Joseph, 336. Joshua S.. Dr., 78, 353. James M., 46, 115. John M., 214. Sherman. 24, 2g8. Thomas G., 192. William, 254. 263. W, H., 196, 502. Milis, K. M., 291. Millspaugh, Leander, 25, 149. Milne, John A., 72. Minier, Abram, 331. Daniel D., 339. Minturn, Alexander, 194. Mirrick, Frederick A., 74. Mitchell,!^. H., 413. William G., 188. Mix, Edwin, 148, Miles C, 298. ' Nathan, 315. Moe, Hiram, Dr., 79. H. G., 321, 324. Robert, 313. Mofeat, W. S., 262. Mogg, C. E., Rev., 193. Moler, G. S., 193, 582. Monroe, George E., 72, 259, 260, 262, 263. Montfort, James M., 315, 337- Montgomery, Daniel R., 259, 261. John I., Dr„ J. J., 261. J. W.. Dr., 7^ James W., 24, 251. John, 254. Moore, C, E., 202, C. W., 220 Edward I., 150, 153. * Henry H,, 130, 148, 188, 194. William, 155. '* Moral Society," the, 115. Moreland, Sherman, Rev., 294. Morgan Edwin B., 410 Edwin D. 410. E, T., jr., Dr., 80-82, 87. E. J., sr. Dr., 80, 82, 87. 159. Pliny B., Rev., 195. Morrell, Charles H., 285. Morrill, Justin S., 366-368, 370, 378. Morris, John, 65. John L., 19S, 413, 642, 659, 700. Morrison^ William, 48. Morse, Ben, 173. Royal T., 314. Virgil D., 173. Mortimer, J. A., 201. Morton, David, 312, 315. L. M., 320. Mordecai, Dr., 79, Mosher, Albert P., 224. Pred,3i8. Horace A., 216, 219-221, 234. Mott, William, 284. Mott's Corners (Brockton), 290, Morent, James H., 287, 327. William D., 20,314, 315. William E., 318, 320. Mowry, E. H., 155, 156. Geo. C, 20I. Mulks. Benoni, 272. Charles, 50, 287. Charles P., 177, 255, 276, 280, 286. Mulks family, the, 273. Frank "P., 291 James, 148. John, 281. Munger, Svlvester, 130,148. Munn, Stephen B., jr., 130, 148, 306, Murphy, Edward, 221. Murray, Isaac, 242. James. 305. Myers, Andrew, 331. Myres, Joseph, 154. Napier, H. B., 261. Nash, Horace W., Dr., 91. Sylvester, 315. Neideck, Albert, 146, 147. Neill, Louis S , 156. Nelson, Lyle, 104. Caleb, Rev., 196, Newbury, Spencer B., 587. Newcomb, Wesley, Dr., 88. Newfield. churches of, 308. organization and settle- ment of, 303. town officers of, 305, village, 306. Newman, Isaac, 353 iared T., 60, 72, 192. .evi, 149, Levi J-. 353. W. O., 50. Newspaper, the first, 15, 42. Newspapers, defunct, 46. of Groton, 324. of Ithaca, 42. of Trumansburgh, 45. Nichols, Edward L,, 583. Elizabeth Pease, Mrs., 485. James, 148, i6i, 185. Niles, \Vm., Rev. Dr., 240. Nina, 308. Niver, A. L., 151, 199. Nivision, Anna T.. ur.. 87. Nelson, Dr., 78. Oziel, Dr., 87. Samantha S., Dr., 86, 261. Nixon, George H., 288. William, 50, 150. Noble, Timoihy B. and Squire J-, 35'- William N., 72, 180, 198. Ossian G., 72, 219, North, Joshua, 24. Northrup, Charles, Rev,, 294. George H., 25, 198, 200. John, 197. John A., Dr., 86, 204. North Lansing, 348. Norton, C. S., 204. Edward D , 45, 47. George, 153. M. H.. 155. Sylvester, 153. Norwood, Francis, 289. Jonathan, 276. Nourse, Krancis, 299. O'Connell, M. J., Dr., 92. O'Connor, Franci-S, 150, 188. Odd Fellows, Dryden, s6'^. Ithaca, 202. Odeli, David, 260. Official list, 23 et seq. Ogden, Amos and Gilbert J., 351- Gilbert J., 50, 353. Oliver, James E., 196. 579. Olmsted, Fredericit Law, 476. Oltz, A. B., 146. 156. B.,50. . Orton, G. E., Dr.. 80, 87. Ormsbee, A, H., Rev., 242. Osborn, A. P., 36, 45, 72, 212, 721. Horace, 219. R. C, 193. Osborne, C. Francis, 639, Osburn, J :mes, 194. Osmun, W. E., 262. Osterhout, Edi.'ar R., Dr., 90. Owen, Anning, Rev., 339, 340, 341- Jonathan, 209. Levi H., 214, 215. Page, Emmett D., Dr., 91. John, Dr., 79. Wm., Rev., 355. Paine, Edward and Thomas, 275. Palmer, Joel, 175. Nelson, 148. & Maxson, 45. Pangborn, Richard, 102. Parker, Carleton, 319 John M.,451. S. J., Dr., 80-82, 88. Partenheimer, Ferdinand, 188. Henry, 188. H.p.,153. Philip J., 25, 104, 149, 150, 155, 162, 1S2, 200, 202, 203. Patchen, Ebenezer, 305. Ira, 301. Isaac, 102, 211. Jared, 24. John, 30T. Patterson, Ashbel, Dr., 78. Ira, 130. Payne, J. W., Rev., 195. Walter, 353, 353 Pearsall, Edward" 242. Pearson, John M., 109. Nicholas, 104. Pierce, 104. Peck, George W., 308. S. H., Dr.. 79, 80, 88. Tracy, 541. Peet, Amnah, 254. Peirce, Cla-ence W , 199 Pelton, Benjamin, 23, 100, 102, 103, 109, 127, 169, S14. Edmund G., 60, 68, 162. Richard W., 102, 100, 173. W. S., Dr..78. ^ Pennoyer, JustusP.,24,315, 321, 324- Perkins, J. Newton, 130. Simmons, 269. Perrigo, Charles, 20, 320, 322, , 3231 325- John, 259. Lyman, 322, 325. William, 323. Perrin, John, 311, 314, 316. Lemuel, 311, 314. Perry^ G. H , 290. William H., 150, 186, 196. I'ersonius, James, 282. Peruville, 326. Peters, Henry L., 199, 200, 202. Jacob, 151, 200. Pew, Richard, 103. William P., 184, 187, 202. Phelps, A. E , Dr., 79. Cicero, 315. Oliver, 34. 336, 346- INDEX. 3fi7 Phelps, "W. W.. 45. Phillips, Albert, 147. Augustus H.,258. George W., Dr., 77, 78. 148, 184. F W., 166. John W., Dr., 77, 79, 259. Joshua. 24, 254. 250. Mlchncl, Dr., 79, Nathan, 148. Thomas J , 10, 300 W. W., 154. Phinney, Samuel, Rev., 194. Physicians, first, 16. 1 egister of. 86 et seq. Pickens, George, 319 Pickering, Charles, 360. George, 153. Pierce, Itbenezer, Capt., 313. Franklin D., Dr., 92. K. J.,3t5. Plerrion Albert H., 25, 26, 50, Z15. 221. William, 215. Pike, William ->., 318, 322. Pioneers, work of, 14. Piatt, C. C, 19b. Jonathan, 161. Platts, Albert H., 145, 150. Hervey, 149, 177. Political, 26 et seq. Pomeroy, Hunt. 130. Poole, Murray E , 72. Poorhouse, county, 50. Popplewell. C. 153. James, 150 Population, 6. Porter, Edward L,, G2, 76, 130, .48. Ephraim, 130. F.J.,352. Lewis, 216, Z19. Solomon, 170. Post, W D., 290. Potter. Bina A., Dr., 90. Ithiel, 130, 148. Jeanette M.. Dr., 92. , J. M., Dr., 80. Ziba H., Dr., 87, 204. Powers, Elijah, 286. Geo. E., Dr., 79. Herman, 148 Prager, E. W., 156. John H., 155, 259. Pratt, Chauncey, 171. Daniel, 130, 197. Ephraim S., 234. H. F., 263. John H., 260. Prentiss, Adeline E., Dr., 89. Albert N., 413, 506, 587. Prescott, C. W. E., 174. Preswick, Ed., 121, I'riest, Geo. E , 43. Primrose, Jacob, 249. Pringle, W. J., 154. Puff, John L., 308 Oliver, 20. Pumpelly, James, 34. 39, 267. John, 296, 300. Purdy, Ebenezer, 150. Purvis, Robert, 262. Quick, Henry, 276. UuigpTi David, too, 123, 167. James, 153, 157, 200, 201. Quigley, D. C., 221. Railroads, 39. Randall, Nathan, 43. William, 161. Randolph, A. W., 156. F. P., '57. Isaac, 148, 149. T. L., Rev., 242. Kankin,Geo. S., 192. Kappleye, Charles F., 197, 204. Kuppleyu, PeLcr, ('13. Kayiiioiid, James. 133, 174. Real estate speculation, 136. Rebellion period, the, 18. 1-i.ead, J. Meredith, 409, 451. Reed, Bertha P.. 189. Edward C, 162. family, the, 162. Fitch, Rev., 193. Hei-man C, 287. Moses, 287. Robert, 166. Reeves, Daniel, 139. Regiments, volunteer, 22. Reid, D. F. A., Dr., 92. Renwick, Major, 124. Robert J., 130. Republican party, the, 27. Reynolds. J. S., 179. Robert C, 317. Sanniel, 130, Rhodes, Dana, 72, 315, 322 George, 332. Rice, Victor M,. 401, 403, 409. Rich. David, Capt . 13, 268 William P., 288. Richford, James. 321. Ridgeway, James, 149. Riegel, P. J., Rev., 266. liife, John, 109, 200. Rightmire. George, Dr., 79. Homer, 233. Rinkham, Henry S., Dr., 79. Roads, the first, 32. Robbins, Charles. 43. Roberts, D. W.. Dr., 79. Ellis H., 576 Isaac P., 624. Robertson, F. H., 317. George, 48, 246. 254- Harry D., 147. Perry, 154. P. D., 146. Philip S., 254. Smith, 19, 25, 62, 254, 262. Thomas 62, Robison, James, 287, John, 273, 274, 288, 289. Robinson, Almon, Dr., 88. B. L., Dr., 91. Charles, 148. David, 264. Edmund E., 146, 156. Isaiah, 1-15, 150. James, 150. Rodney G., 181. Rockwell, Erastus, 257. George M., 254, 261, 263. Ira, 150. Roe. David C, 291. N. J , 200, 201. William, 284. & Sutfin, 264. Roehrig, F. U O., 546. Rogers, Job, 209 Samuel R.,3oG. Rolfe, Chester, 353. lonathan, 350. Joseph, 19, 353. Samuel, 351. Squire H., 23. Rollins, Charles. 220. Romer, Frank H., 154, 199, 202. Rood, George L., Dr., 90, 263. I Root, Horace L., 62. 76, Roper, Sylvester, 170 Rose, Peter, Dr., 209. Roskelly, Thomas C;., Rev., 266. Ross, J. Dolpli, 260, 2G3. Rothwcll. E. J., Dr., 79, SO. Roilnsvell, Abiathar, 75. brothers, the, 275. John, 275. William, 287. I^ounsville, Charles J., 24, 287. Kowe, Jerome, Capt., 18, Co. Royal Arcanum, Ithaca, 203. Rudy, Henry, jr., 224. Ruhey. Robert, 214. RuUoff, Edward H., career of, 72. Rumsey, Burr, 308, 353. Charles J., 126, 150, 191, 199. Henry D., 44, 259. Isaac, 351. James, 351. John, 126, 150, 159, 163, 191. William H., 354. Rundle, Lester, 156. Rush, Benjamin, Dr., 361. Russell, \Vm. C, 412, 554, 565, 57"- Ryan, H. J., 659. Ryder. William, Dr., 92. Sabin, Benjamin, Rev., 193. Pliny, Rev., 294. Sackett, D. E., Mrs., 319. Solon P., Dr., 79, 80, 86. Sage, A. H., 320. Dean, 471. Henry W., 24, 158, ig8, 204, 444, 446, 467, 470, 486, 489, 490, 501, 502, 504, 543, 558, 559-561. 59 • Henry W, biography of, 681. William H., 157,164,490,538, 667. Sager, George, 99. St. John, Ancel, 136, 161. Edgar, 46. H. A., 145, 146, 151, 153, 157, 166, T78, 183, 189, 198. R., 45- Thomas P., 143, 149, 150, t6i, . 203. ' Salt. 96. licks, 97. discovery in Ithaca, 182. Sanborn, Frank B.. 574, 576. Sandford, Ezekiel, 13. Sandwick. W. H., 258. vSanford, A. C, 15c. E7.ekiel, 246, 254. L. J., 157. Mary A., Dr., 88. Savings Bank. Ithaca, 163. Sawyer, Samuel D., 198. Saxton, Charles T,, 24. Ed., 204. Sayles, Henry, Dr,, 78, 202. Savior, John, 24. Schaeffer, Charles A., 586. Schenck, George, 258. Schermerhorn, John H., Rev., 197. Schofield, Joseph, 354. .Schoonmaker, Moses and Sim- eon, 284. 268 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Schriver, A., 156. Schurman, Jacob Gould, 512, 525, 558, 561. 562- Schuyler, Abram, Capt., 36. Anthony^ 66. Eugene, 489, .576. George W., 25, 149, 159, 163, 409, 451. John H.. 108. Scott, Charles. 204. John M.. Rev., ig6. Jtiauph IC, 3iy. Scovell, Nathan, Dr., 78, Scribner, B. 15., 219, 224, 243. Seabring, C, 50. Richard, 304. S. Augustus, Dr , 89, 305. Seaman, Ai G., 203. Chas. S., 50. 62, 154, 156, 203 William F., Dr., 01. Searing, Augustus P., 46, 128, 172. Sears, C. C, 219. II. W.. 258. John, Rev., 196. K. D., 220. Marcus, 320. Thomas H., 24. See, Horace, 449 Seely, Thaddeus W., 149, 150. Zalnion, 148. Selkreg, John H., 24, 25, 43, 150, 159- »^3i 177- Sellen, Samuel, 313. Selover, C. G., 156. Senators, 23. Sentinel, the Trumansburgh, 46 Settlement, first, 10. o£ towns, 13. Seymour, E. C, 20, 25. Horatio, 422. Miles, 122, 128. Shackford, Charles C, 548 ; biography of, 690. Shannon, Patrick, 150, 151. Sharp, Dennis P., 200, 201. Godfrey, 258. Mathew, 104. Solomon, 50. Shaver, George I., 264. W. J., 264. Shiiwu, Alpha, 24. A. O., 200, 201. Hert, 155. C. G., 193. Daniel J., 325. Joseph E., i4g, 158. Shelden, Nathaniel, 256, 257. Sheldon, Benjamin, 263. Samuel L.,130. Shepard, Daniel, 174. Jonathan, 132. Shepherd, George B., 18. Owen, Rev., 342. Sheriffs, 61. Sherman, Belle, 189. Sherrill, Augustus, 68, 187, 197. Sherwood, Andrew, 249. A C, Dr., 78. S. A , 221. Samuel P., 177. W. I., 221. Shoemaker, Jacob, 333. Sibley, Hiram, 451, 50a, 504, 643- 647. Hiram W., 647. Samuel L., Dr., 85, Sidney, Joseph S.. 102. Simonds, A. D., Dr., 79, 86. Sinclair, Thomas, 148. Sisson, P. Frank, 150. Skinner. Chester L., Dr., 90. J. W., 204. Slack, E. S., 181. Slater, Levi, 273, 280, 287, 289. Sharrad, 287. Slaterville, 289. Slave case, a, 74. Slavery, ifi, Slocum, B. P., 170, 180. Sloughter, C, 153. Small, George, 181, 196, 204. Smeed, Zach. P. 219, Smiley, Kverett, 323. Frank D., 299. Smith. Abram, 98, Abram, and Joseph, 97. Alexander, 150. Asa, 321. Brainai'd G., 575. Caleb, 63. Charles, 204. Clarence L., 61, 72, 156, 164. David, 2e4, 296. Franklin B., Dr., 90. Goldwin. 446, 459, 483, 502, 513. 540, 565. 566, 567 ; bi- ography of, 687. Horace, Dr., 78. HuldahT., Dr., 86. H. G., Dr., 81. Isaac L., 304. James, 214. John, 103, 109, 122. John, Gen,, 173. J. De Motte, 20, 216, 238. John M., 16S, 254. Lyman F., 219. L. H., 180. Myron A., Dr., 78, 79, go. M. Truman, 224. N. B., 234. P. B.. 172. Reuben L., Dr., 86. Richard, 58, 59, 63, 64. Robertum L., Dr., 92. ' Sidney S,, 202. Simeon, 61, 72. S. Fred, 156. Wiilter G., 25. William, 46. Win. A., Rev., 320. William F., 353. W. Hazlett, 72. Wm. H., 320. William jf , 62. William M.. 196. " Smoke boat," the, 37. Sneed, Moses, 204. Snow, James H., 287. Snyder, Alviras, 26, 262. Henry, 249. Hiram, 254. Jeremiah, 254, 262. Peter and Christopher, 240. P. v., 262. Simeon, 262. W. W., 19. Southwick, Solomon, 132, 133, 134. »36. 17*1 175, 176 Southworth, John, 162, Thomas, 250. William T., 48, 163. Library, 261. South 13anby, 301. 250, 251, South Lansing, 348. Sowles, James W., 130. Spaulding, Ephraim, 311. Jarvis, Rev., 195. Louis, 624, Myra L., 189. Spear, Eli A., 259, 262. Speed, Diana Caroline, 288. family, the, 277. Henry, 279. James R., 287. John (i., 75. John Jaint'S, jr., 24, 1U4, 148, 171, 278 280, 293. John J., sr., 287. Joseph, Dr., 78, 277, 280, 287, 288. Robert G, H., 26, 50, 287. William P., Mrs., 294. Speedsville, 290. Spence, John, 153. Spencer, Anson, 44, 123, 130, 148, 149, 158, 187. Daniel, 323. David D., 44. Thadeus, 134. Sperry, G. H., 259. Spicer, Seneca, 215. Spink, George T., 24, 234. Sprague, Homer B., 413, 446, r 547- J. B., 150, 530. Springer, Wm. O. G., 1 i., 87. Stage lines, 33. Stagg, S. Fayette, Dr., 91. Stamp. A. B., 169. Jonathan, 308. Stanford, O R , 197. Stanley, Frederick G., 69. Starr, Benjamin, 20. Daniel L., 353. Micajah, 332. State law, growth of, 53. Steamboats, 34. Stearns, Joseph W., Rev., 313. Stebbins, Alfred, 188. Amanda, 188. Freeman, 258, 259. R. P., Rev. Dr., .96. Steittenroth, William, 244. Stephens, George, 154. Jesse W., 146, 200. Thomas J., 'ju.t Stevens, H. B., 320. John, Dr., 78. Moses, 162. Nelson, 25, 315. Smith D., 287. Stewart, David B., 145, 146, 157, 164. Edwin C.,25. E. S.,22T. G. H., 220, 221. Jacob M , 150, Olin L., 151. R. H., 220, 221. Stickles, Jacob, 251. Stillwell, Isaac, 219. Stockholm. Derrick B., 148. Stockton, Henry K., 130. Stoddard, David, 312. Edward, 149. Giles M.. 72, 318, 320. John, 203. Samuel, 149, 150, 153. Stone, Albert G., 154, aio, 933. Richard H., 221, 224. William J., 210, 214. INDEX. 269 Storms. Frederick, 332, W. T., 163, 164, 177, igz. Story, Judge, 164. Stoughton, Henry, 204. Stout, Jesse, 254. Monroe, 20. Wilson, 209. Stoweil, Calvin D., 163. 192. John C, 163, IQ2. Strader, Bmmet C , Ur., 89. Strang, William H., Rev., 293. Street railways, 159. Strobridge, H L., 221. Lyman, 24, 211, 219, 230, 232, 233. Strong, Benaja, Capt., 330. Herman A., 255. Rev. Dr.. jgj. Simeon F.. 63. StrowbridRe, John, 188. Stryker, M. w., Rev., 192, Stuart, Charles V., 149, 202. Silas, 311. Sullivan's expedition, 2. Sutherland, L., Dr., 78. Sutton, John, 24. 63, 214. Swarthout, Thomas, John, William, Abraham, James and Samuel, 297. Swartwood, Daniel B., 24. M. K.. 222 Swartwout, Bernardus, 24. Robert, 24. Sweetj Amos, 13, 246, 256. William I/., 24 Sweetland, John B., 258. Monroe M., 25, 72. Swick, T. A., 219. Swift. Charles K., Dr., 85. Sydney, Joseph S., 214. Synnott, S. H., Rev., 191, 195. Taber. B. F., 146, 149, 181, 188, 189, 194. Charles. 204. Curtis, 149. W. C, 154. Willard W., 130. Taft, John, 281. William, ig, Talmadge, James, 395. Tallmadge, E. H., 220. Kufus, Dr., 80-82,87. Tallman, George F.. 136. Tanner, Abraham, 258. Charles B., 258, 263. Frank J., 323. W. W., 258. Tarbell, Charles H., 315. Doctor, 18, 25. Frank L., 315. George S.. 199, 200, 204. Tnughannock Creek and Falls, traditions concerning name of. 206. Taylor, Andrew, 298. Bayard, 448. Eleazur, 299. Henry, 210, 219. James B., 149, 150, T53, 157 John, Dr.. 257. "Tecum^eh," and his procla- mations, 116. Teed, Jerome B., 200. W. H., 220. Teers, Henry, 287. Isaac and John, 251, Teeter, Henry, 314,332. Terry, David P., 91. Kugene, 72, Frank, 215. (leoige E., 155, 200. Jacob, 148. 149. J. W.. Rev , 265, 326. O I)., 155, 203.' Terwilltger, Charles, 155. lohn. 146. Tetiey, J. F., 156. Thatcher, John D., 26, Thayer, R., 122, 130. Thomas. Elisha H., 130. Henry D., 50. James, 14,303. Minor, 218. Thompson, Elihu, 449. Harriet W., 189. James, 187. John, 214. J. F., 121, 122, 170. John O., Dr., 78. John McL,, 220. N. H.,264. P. H., 23S, 242. Sewell D., 153, 159, 167, 168. Thadeus S., 104, 151,155,200, V03. Thurston, Robert H., 151, 4^q, 650, 654, 700. Tibb, Joseph. 354. Tibbetts, Aaron, Dr., 297. Frank E., 72, 204. J. Warren, 62, 146. Tichenor Edwin C, 72, 202. James H., 18, 72, 153, 157. 204 J. R., 124. Zenas, 332. Tillotson. Daniel T., 132. Ira, 24, 50, 104, 127, 132, 148, 161, 184, 193. John, 130, 147. T48, Tisdale, Charles L., Dr.. 91. Titchener, Edward B.. 701. Titus, Charles M.. 25, 36, 104, no, 145, 150. & Bostwick, 179. Tobey, Mary F., Mrs., 294. Nathaniel and Samuel, 275. Nathaniel, 287, 291 Tobie, W. N., 193. Todd. Frank A., 299. iohn, 304. r. G. 104. 151, 200. Tompkins, B P.. 219, 224. county as originally organ- ized, 5. County BanU, 162. Moses, Dr.. 78. M, N., 72, 146, 164. R. C, 221. Tondeur, C, 264. Tooker, Jonah. 332, 338. Lewis, 34, 63, 121. Topography, 7. Torrey. Alvm, Rev., 241, 265. Tourgee, Arthur, 156. Tourtellot, Stephen, 150. Towner, Daniel A., 148. D. R., Dr., 78. Townley, Charles, 331. J. N., 20. Lewis J., 47. 320, 324. Martin A., Dr., 9:. Mary L., Mrs., 334. Nicholas, 50, 6z, 124. Richard, 23, 33T. Tracy, B. P., 19. Giflford, 130. Thomas, 270. Transportation, early, 113 early (illustration), 114. Tree, Edward, T51. Ed., jr., 150, 153. Frank D . 156. Thotnas, 156. Trembley, Leroy, 218. Tremaine, Abner and Philip, ^ 14- Treman, Abner, 207, 2t4, 217, 218, 241, C E,. 154, 166. Elias, 145, 146, Hg, 153, 155, *57i I59i 162, 164- 166, 180, 192. E. M., 159, I' 6. F. W., 193. John 231, iared, 209. onathan, 231. -afayette L, 159, 162. 164, 166, 105. Leonard, 149, 15^, 163. Philip, 207,208, 213, Robert H., 162, 166, 538. k. R ,159. Trench, James. 124, 172. J- J-, 197- Xhomas, 148. Trialr and crimes, important, 72 et seq, Tripp, Delmer C, Dr., 86. Martin E.. 263. Trowbridge, Elisha, 209. 'I'rue, George, 153. Truman, Lyman", 19. Trumansburgh, 216 et seq. cemetery, 234. churches of, 239. great fire in, 226. historical sketch of, 211. hotels of, 237. incorporation and fire de- partment of, 219. manufactures of, 220. mercantile business of, 234. schools of, 121. sketch of, from Free Press publication, 225, 228. Trumbull, Jacob A. and James. 305, 338. Luther, 312. I.uther, jr., 317. Nelson, 321. Trumbull's Corners, 308. TurnbuU, Thomas, jr., 91, Turner, Charles M., Dr., 24, 78. Ebenezer T., 162, 163. Samuel B., 72, 163, 164, 166, '95. Urial, 219, 232, Turrell, Daniel, 215. Tuthill, Gideon, 299. Tuttle, Herbert, 572, 573, 667, 701. Slephen, 161. Twis(, P. L., 323 Twoirood, Albert J , 254. Tyler, C. M., Rev., 197, igS, 562, 701. John, 60. Moses, Coit, 446, 570, 571, 667. Ulysses, organization of town of, 213. 270 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Ulysses, supervisors of, 214. topography of, 205. Umbria,-32g Underwood. George E., 255. Updike, Jacob, 210. Vail, Henjamin C, 148. Van Cleef. Charles E., Dr., 81, 82, 87, 164. . Mynderse, 72, 157, 163, 164, 166. Van Buren, John D., 422. Vandemark, "Widow Jemima I*., 282. Van Dervere, Peter, 231, Van Dorn, Peter, 353. Van Duyn, John, 221. Van Etten, John E., 288. Van Hoesen, D. N., 193. Van Hoist, Prof., 449. VanKirk, A. J., 308. Charles C, 71. Eron C, 62, 151, 157, 164, 202. Joseph, 350. John C, 202. Leroy H., ig, 25, 50, 353. Lewis H., 62, 350, Morgan P., 30S. Van Marter, Charles, 26. Edwin M., 328. Isaac and Margaret, 312. Van Natta, J. E., 104, 146, 150, 151, 176, 179. Van Order, Abram, 36. 194. Lunn, s6, 157. William, 104. Van Orman, William, 98, 102, 215. Van Ostrand, William, ."05. ^ Wm. H.. 307. Van Schaick, Mynderse, 39. Van Valkenburg, Mills, 59, 200, 201, z6z Van Vleet, D. F., 72, 157, 160, 164 Van Vorhees, Koert S., 25, 149, 204. Van Vradenburg, F. A., 155. Van Winkle, M.,, Rev., 242. Viin Zoil, A. R., 155. Vann, Samuel, 210. Vannorman, William, 213. Vant, John, 36. Varick, A., 121. Varna, 264 Vaughn, J. E., 203. Vernooy, Charles D., Dr., 92, Vickery, Ebenexer, 6z, 103. Vickery, George, 275. Vorhees, Charles A., 46. Vosburg, Samuel L., 200, 201. Vose, S. S.. Rev., 302. Vote of the county from i8i8 to 1894,29-32. Vrooman, Jacob S., 167. Wade, E. R., 254. 264. Wagner, Edward A., 60. Lena, 224 Walt, George D., 315. Lucien A., 579, 702. Walbridge, Chester, 124, 172. Henry S., 24, 59, 65, 69, 130, 148, i7r, 187. , Walker, Rev. Dr., 195. Robert, 146, 147. Wall, John C, Dr., 88. Walley, Milo, 155. Walters, A. A., 172. Walton, Henry, 37. Wanzer, D. H., 145. War committees, 19. Ward, A. R.. 201. Warne, G. W., 220. Warner, J. M., Rev., 244. Warren, A. O., Rev., 294 J.C, I5i. Washburn, Frank L., Dr., 93, George H., 259. Washington, President, 361. Waterburg, 244, Water courses, 6. Watkins, Edmund H., 33. & Flint, 267. Watrous, E. Jason, 315, 321. E. P., 321. Watson, Elijah, 264. G. M.,264. Wattles, Chauncey L., 287. E. M., Mrs., 289. Wavle, Henry, 262. Weatherwax, Ada, 324. Weaver, Abram IJ., 409. Elias R., Dr., 87. Everett F.,254. Ezra, 25. Henry B., 25, 254, J- 63. Webb, R. D., 485, Webster, Daniel, 364, H. K.Dr.,78. Weed, Rice. 251. Weidraan, Charles E., Dr., 87. Welch. C. A., Dr., 85. Lute, 20Z. O. B., is3> 168. W H., Col., 168. Weils, Alfred, 43, 59, 70, 158, 167, 195- George, 170. Henry R., 159. Lucius, 129, 130, 147, 148. Welsh, J. M., 156. West, Alpheus, 24. R. M„ 263. Westervelr, jfames, 219. Weston, Joseph, 213. West Dan by, 301. West Groti-n, 327. Wetherell, William, 305. Wm. H., 307. Weyburn, Samuel, 207. Wheeler, Albert S., 413, 540. Benjamin Ide, 541, 542. Dewitt P., 263. D. T., 259. T. C. 220. Tames K., 234, 237. Levi J., 215, 224. Orin W., 258, zfij. Seth, 249. Wm. A., 422. & Co.. D T.,261. Whiney Ruloff, 257 White, A. C 19^. Andrew D., 402-406, 409-412, 423, 424! 443. 444i 450, 459. 467, 469, 482, 484. 485, 489 -491, 502, 508-510, 518, 563- 565, 568, 569, 601, 632, 638, 667, biography of, 677. Arthur D., Dr , 93. A, J., Dr., 79. 86. Chas. H., 160, 166, 177, 181, 196. White, Daniel, 247. Daniel and Albert, 333. Daniel M., zgi. David, Dr , 80,86, 203. Henry S., 194. ■Horatio S., 557, 702. John, 13, 50, 304. Lysander T., Dr., 90, 353. N. G., 204, Thomas, 63, 64. Walter W., 315. Whiting, Jonas, 102, 214. Whitlock, Chas. E., 200, 202. John, Capt., 19. Whitmore, Parley, 254, 256. Peter, 63. Whiton.Frederic J. .72,164, 166,195. George, 149 John, 103, 176. John L. , 2o, 104, 149, 159, 163, 188. Whittemore, William, 222. Whittlesey, J. W., 413, 436, Wick, Michael, 150. Wickes, Silas R., 20, 35, 221, 233, Wickham, Gecrge. 260. Wigton, Wm., 63, 64. Wilcox. C. F., 179. Samuel H., 61. Seth, ISO. . T. D., Capt., 35, 36. Wm., 179. Wilder, B. G., Dr.. 80', 89, 412, 506, 599-614. 702. Wiley, Edward B., Dr., 90. Wilgus. H. L., 159. H.W., 153. John M., 156. Willard, I. N., Dr.,9a. Willey, Albert L., 264. F. R , 264. Williams, A. J., 322, , Barnum R., 44, 152, 155, 183, 20.^, 323. Benjamin, 315. Benjamin and William, 512. Bros., 179. Charles F., 46. Charles M., 146, 157, 164, i66, 189. David, 339, 331. De F., 166, 180. Ebenezer, 311, 314, 317. Emmons L., 157, 164. E. R., 230. George R., 163, 166, 192 Henry S., 597! Horace C, 150. Howard C, 104. J.iM»3"- John A , 6i. John E., 148. , John Francis, 597. Jonas, 314, ^i6. Josiah B., ig, 23, 101, 126, 143, 149.' J62. 163, 352, 354, 409, 410, 451. Manuel R , 162. Nathan T., 104, 148, 149, 162, 187. Nelson C, 299. Parvis A., Dr., 24, 77, 78. Roger B., 145, 146, 157, 163, 166, i8g, igo, 191. ' S. G., 151, 187, igs, 319, 563, ^597- Timothy S., 33, 148, 149, 162, i7fi. 352. 354- INDEX. 271 Williams, WiUiam,'3i6, 318.322. Williamson, M T., 220, 224. Willis, John, 242. William. 242. Williston, Ralph, Rev., iqs. Willoughby, Franklin, j2'5. Wilson, H. J., 153, 157. Jesse R., 263. O. M., 46, 221. W. D., Rev., 470, 521, 545, , 546, 557i .S66, 57.H, 576. W. D., biography of, 688. Wing, Chester H , 586. Winget, Benjamin, Rev , 194. Winne. Christian W., Rev., 30^ Winslow, John, Dr., 79. 8g, 314. Winton, Samuel H., i66, 198. Wise, Jacob, 299. Wisner, Kamuel P., 59. William, Rev., 48, 187, iqt. Wixoin, Caleb, 216. John, 219. Wolcott, John, 287. Wood, A. B., 146. Charles E., 339. George W.,'43, 60, Jacob, 130. Wood, Merritt L., 155. Otis E., 177, 262, 264. O. W.,320. Woodbury, Caleb, 24. . C.J.,450. James M., 339. Marshall, 315, William, 25,315,318. Woodcock, David, 15, 16, 23, 24. 34. 35> 61, 63, 66, 119, 123, 127, 132, 147, 148, 170, 174, 184-186. Don C, 66, Woodford, Ira, 322. Stewart L., 484, 670. WoodrufT, Amasa, 103, 130. W. A., 154 Woodward, Wm., Dr., 78. William A., 136, 148. - Woodworth, Alfred B., 215. John, 242. Jonathan, 98. Jonathan, Nehemiah, and Charles, 97. Nehemiah, 98 Stephen, 63, 21 , 218. W. C, 214. Wolcott, Clarence R., 72. Wolf, R., io,j, i66j 203. Wortraan. John G , 353, 354. J. R.. 150, 153,155 200. Wright, Charles, 354. Ellsworth D., 103. H. B.. 194. Henry L., 47,324. Ira, Dr., 79. Moses R., '^9, 202. Wyckoff, Joseph, 336. Wm. O., 18. ■ Wynans, James, 130. Yaple, Jacob, 12, 94, 95, 130, 295, 298. John, 94, 95, 102, 214, 295. 298. Yates, Lemuel, 273, 274, 289. Young, Daniel, 130. Ezra, 231. J., Dr., 77, 78. John, 315. Youngs, John J ,315 Zachos, J. C, Rev., 195. Zalinski, Lieut., 450. INDEX-PART II. Almy, Bradford, 44 Baker, Eugene, Dr., 67. Baker, James L., 23, Barnard, John, 56. Besemer, Martin, Dr., 49. Blood, Charles F., 66. Boardman, Douglass, 9. Carey, William L., 63. Collins, Sherman, 67. Cook, Andrew B., 54. Cornell, Alonzo B., 25. Corson, Hiram, 45. Crandall, Peter B.,57. Davis, George B., 70. Dwight, Jeremiah W., 32. Enz, Frank J., 35. Esty, Edwards., n. Finch, Francis M., 30. Gee. Hiram, 69. Goodrich, Milo, 31. Hall, Darius, Dr., 51. Ingersoll, Charles, 64. Jennings, Jesse H., 52. ohnson, Ben, 60 >acy, John C, 41. Mclfilheny, Thomas J., 55. McKinney, Samuel J., 64. Marsh, Dexter H., 24. Melotte, George W., 39. Paddock, Stephen M., 65. Rurasey Family, the, 70. Sage, Henry W., 3. Seabring, Samuel A., Dr., 50. Seaman. Charles S., 21. Selkreg, John H.,6i. Sheldon, Benjamin, 52. Stiles, Charles A., 68. Terry, Eugene, 53. Thompson, Thaddeus S., 20. Titus, Charles M„ 36. Tompkins, Mj^ron S., 22. Treman Family, the, '5. Van Cleef, Mynderse, 59. Van Kirk, E. C, 33. Van Kirk, Leroy H., 62, Van Vleet, De Forest, 42. Wiliams, Josiah B., 60. PART III. CAROLINE. Atwood, George W., 3. Bacon, L. D., 146. Bailor, Daniel, 147. Bates, Abram, 16. Besemer, John J., n. Bo^ardus, Ira, 14. Boice, James, 10. Boice, John, 147. Bull, John, 17. Bull, John B., 67. Bull, Justus, 10. Bull. Moses, 17. Cannon, J. D., 29. Cams, W. J. & Son, 62. Clark, Spencer L., 23. 272 LANDMARKS OP TOMPKINS COUNTY. Cooper, John A. D., 28 Cooptr, William, 81. Crandall, Harris L., 23. Davis, L. C, 38. Giiodrich, L. Levi, 58. Hiirgins. C. B., 238. Hildebrant, H. A., 43. Janson, Henry, 79. Tanson, John, 80. lenkSi Anson L., 233. Krum, Henry S., 230. Kru'm, M. C, 95. Landon, Albert H., 88 Lane, Jacob, 85. MandeviUe, Rev. Gerrit, 83. Mandeville, W. K., i8r. Mead, Benjamin F., 183. Meeka, C. E.. 223. Myers, Andrew, 175. Patch, Horace E., 133. Peters. John J., 134. Quick, ChariCS, 217 auick, Daniel, 214. uick, Mary J., 134 Reed, F. A., Dr., 212. Robinson, H. H., 214. Roe, Moses, 140 Kounseville, Judson, 152. Schiitt, Aaron B.. 197. Shurtev, Willis, 201. Smith, William M., i6i. Speed, Robert G.H., 125. Stephens, J. L., igS. Thomas, E. J.. 209. Thomas, H. D , 123 Vandemarks, Benjamin, 209. Van Ideratine, James, 193. Vorhis, K C 193. Wattles, Chauncey L., 188. Webb, Frederick M., 98. Walcott, George, 108 White, D. M., 190. Yaple, J. J., 92. DANBY. Banfield, Isaac, 8. Beardsley, Kenry S., 112. Beers, Fred E., 82 Heers, John E., M D,, 67. Beers, Lncien B., 133. Black, John, 112. Bogart, David P., 130. Boyd, Andrew, 14. Bruce, Mathias D., 131. Chapman. W. E , 22. Cooper, Festus, 148. Curtis, E. L. B.. 254. Davis, Albert H., 36. Dorn, Alexander, 50. Elyea, Horace, 250. Frazier, Isaac J., 31. Gage, L. A., 58. Genung, Luther G., 71. Graves, Mary Jane Bishop, 55, Hall, John L., 80 Humblin, S D., 234. }lilI,C. J., 41. Hill. Elbert B,, 234 i Jones. James W., 232. Jones, M. E., 79. udson. Stockton B., 233. ittle. John, 227. Loomis, Simon, 227, Mabee, Charles C, 224. Manning. Julius, 184. Meaker, Reuben, 221. Ostrander, Charles H., 218. Roper, Luther, 139, Sabin, Jefferson L., 164. Stevens Smith D., 161. Swarthout. Keuben, 198. Thomas, John, 209. Townsend, Jabcz B., 194. Trew, Samuel W., 195. Vorhis, Chester L.. 113. Weed. William M., loS. Welch, John B , lu- Welch, William M., 189. Wilcox, William H., 144. Wright, Charles L., 190. Wright, Horatio D., 142. DRYDEN. Bailey, George W., 74. Baker, Andrew, ig. Baker, William H., 5. Barnum, R. W., 5. Bartholomew, Caleb, iii. Bartholomew, Daniel, 18. Bloom, James H., 25. Brewer. Byron, 8. Brown, S. N., 18. Brown, W. E , 19. , Burch, Chester D., 6. Burch, Thomas J., 20. Burlingame, Dewitt C, 5. Burr, Edwin S., 20. Burton, Orrin W., 131. Calauch, Isaac H.. 15?. Carr, James M,, 25. Chatfield, David A., 65. Clark. A. M., 26. Cole, Charles, 25. Cole, George, 149. Cole, James H., 23. Cole, Lewis, 148 Colton, Edwin H., 66. Crutts, Edwin, 30. Crutts William B., 72. Darling, Edward, 36. Darling, Fred E., 35. Dearman, Henry A.. 37. De Puy, George G., 36. l"»uryee, Richard, 50. Dusenbury, Corry G., 252 Ellis, Benjamin, 34. Ellis, John R., is. ISnglish, Jesse U,, 35. Ferguson, Isaac P,, 33. Freeman, Lyman D., 246. French, Edwin C, 33. Fulkerson, Samuel C, 244. Fulkerson Talmadge D., 33. Genung, Homer, 53. Genung, Joseph A., 70. Gray, Almon, 242. George, A. W., 5^. George, David, 161 George, James H., 70. Givens, Edward, 55. Givens, W. R., 56. Griswold, Benjamin, 52. Griswold, Clarence, 240. Griswold, Leonard, 56. Grisw.'ld, Luther, 52. Hamblin, James E., 235. Hanford, William, 38. Hart. George H., 238. Herrington, Henry S., 46. Hiles, Andrew, 236. Hiles, John W., 39. Hill. O.J. .39. Hoff, S. S.. 64, Houpt, Henry H., 65. Houpt, Theron, 81. Houtz, Col. George A. 80. Hubbard, Wm. H., 39. Hutchings, Thomas, 44. Jamison, Jackson. 232. Jennings, Frank S., 79. Johnson, Theron, 232. Kennedy, J. H . 96. King, Charles F., 230. Knapp, Cyrus, 230. Lamont, A. B., 88. Lamont, John D., 86. Lathrop, Joseph A., 88. Lawrence, Azel, 84. Lewis, Lorenzo. 86 Lormor, Andrew W., 88. Lormor, George W., 229. Lormor, Jackson, 229. Lormor, James, sr., 84. Lormor Robert H., 84. Lormore. James C, 87- Lupton. G. M., 87. Luther, Orson, 87. McArthur, Ebenezer, 177. McCutchan, William and New- ton R , 184. McElheny, John, 178. McKee, Samuel, 185. McKellar, Duncan, 227. ' Macey, Fred H., 176. Marsh, Walker, 173. Mason, F. Oscar, 178. Messenger, D S., 176. Messenger, Levi H , 175. Mmeah, John H., 185. Mineah, N. H., 184. Montgomery, Daniel R., 176. Montgomery, J. J., Dr., 18:;. Moore, William H., i88. Mosso, C. A., 225. Munroe, George E.. 224. Nelson, Robert C, 219. Northrop, Amos B., 172. Pratt, Charles F., 215. Pratt, J. H., 168. Reed. Levi H., 139. Reed, T uman B , 152, Reynolds, William, 136. Rhodes, Bertrand, 136. Rhodes, Miles, 153. INDEX. 273 Rhodes. Omar R., 153. Richardson, W, H., 212. Robertson, Mott J., 153. Roe, H. W.,2ii. Rood, G. L„ Dr., 139. Ross, J. D., 211. Rmnmer, Charles E., '- 13, Rummer, Gabriel, 136. Rummer, Richard C., 213. Sandwick, Wm. H., 158. Sanford, Lyman, 158. Scott, Adelbert C, 207. Shaver, Williard, 207. Sheldon, E., 156. Sherwood, William W., 125. Shultz, Theophilus, 207. Sickmon, George B., 157. Simons, William A., 120. Skillings, S. M., 127. Smiley, Sanford E,, 206. Smith, William J., 156. Snyder, Bradford, 208. Snyder, Caroline, Mrs., 208. Snyder, 15rnest, 155. Snyder, George, 125. Snyder, Philips., 121. Space, Thomas, 126. Stickle, Theodore, 207, Sutfin, James G., 156. Sutfin, W. B., 196. Sweet, Galusha C, 157. Trapp, Almond, 116. Tripp, M. E., 115 Tucker, George S., 210. Tyler, Cyrus, 195. Underwood, George E., 193. Van Nortwick, Simeon, 114. Van Nortwick, W. J., 268. Wade, Edwin R., 102. Watson, George Milton, 106. Wheeler, D. T., 107. Willey, Albert L , 113. Willey, F. R., 142. Williams, C. D., 107. ENFIELD. Fisher Family, the, 76. GriflSn, Benjamin L., 70. Newman, Levi J., 173. Smith Wheeler H. and Earl V. 164. Smith, William F., 154. Teeter, Frank, 116. GROTON. Allen, Isaac, 4. Ashton, James, 132. Avery, Edward M., 3. Avery, Oliver, 132. Baldwin, Asa, 129. Baldwin, M. M,, 12. Benedict, Thomas, 129. Benson, Nathan, 12. Benton, Orange N., n. Bliss, Luther, 15. Booth, John Isaac, 10. • Bradley, Daniel, 6. Bresee, Thomas R., iii. Brown, Bbenezer, 7. Urown, Jacob Emmons, no. Buck, Benjamin, 9. Bulkly, Hill, 110. Butts, Michael, no. Chapman, Dr. Clark, 21. Clarlc, Baldwin Phelps, 73. Clark, Jesse, 27. Clark, William S., sr., 27. Coggshall, David H., 255. Conger, Benn, 22. Conger, Corydon W., 30. Crittenden, Samuel, 254, Cunningham, John, 27. Darling, Reuben, 251. Davey, George W., 49. Field, Elisha, 50. Fish, Geor§:e, 245. Fitch, William Henry, 32. Fitts, Paschal, 76. Francis, Gilbert, 244. Francis, Jonathan, 247. Francis, Richard, 32. Gale, William, 243. Galloup, Ernest G., 242. Gibbs, James, 163. Gooding Family, the, 58. Gross, Van Buren, 59. ' Guthrie, John, 95. Guthrie, WilUam, 53. Halsey, Hugh, 47. Harris, Nelson, 239. Hart, Charles A., 240. . Hart, Charles D., 40. Holden, William, 45. Hopkins, Herman S , 45. Hurlbut, Christopher, 237. Kimple, John, 94. Ladd, Daniel. 99. McKee, James and Robert, 175. McKellar, John, 177. Marsh, Zimri, 179, Metzgar, Andrew, 186. Metzgar, Casper, 93. Metzgar, William, 179. , Moe, Hiram, 220. Moe, John, 220. Moe, R. Palmer, 220. Monfort, Cornelius L., 182. Morgan, Evan, 182. Morgan, Philip, 221. Morgan, Thomas, 223. Morton, David, 177. Mount, James H., 180. Mount, Robert N., 321. Mount, William Dye, 186. Nye, Edwin R., 219. Ogden, Lewis M., 170. Peck, William Mitchell, 69. Perrigo, Charles, 135. Pierce, Ebenezer, 137. Pike, William L., 215. Reynolds, Robert C, 138. Rhodes Family, the, 151. Robertson, Burnett F., 11. Robinson, Almon, 145. Rowley, Daniel W., 223. Sellen Family, the, 198. Silver, Solomon, jr., 162. Smiley, Joseph, 167. Smith, William A., Rev., 165. Stearns, Joseph W., 199. Stevens, John, iq8. Stoddard, David, 158. Stout, Jonathan, 196. Streeter, Nelson R., 200. Tallmadge, Alanson, 122. Tallmadge, Edgar F., 122. Townley, Lewis J., 117. Townley, Richard, 196. Townley, Richard A., 121. Van Marter, Mansfield^ 113. Vough, Aaron H., 113, Wartrous. Ezra Jason, 142. Wheeler, Seth, 107. White, Walter Watts, 69. Williams, Bfirnum R,, 105. Wood, Dr. Annette, 104. Wyckoff, Jesse, 93, ITHACA. Babcock, George W., 130. Baker, George H., 15. Barden, John, 9. Biers, Andrew Jackson, 19. Bentley & Eaton, 109. Bergholtz, Herman, ig. Bishop. Dr. Alonson, 6, Bishop, Asa, 10 1. Blackman Brothers, 109. Bostwick, Hermon V., 5. Brenizer, W. I., 145. 11 Brooks, Arthur B., 8. Brown, Horace A , in. Brown, J. W., M.D., m. Buck, George B., 7. Burtt, David L., 18. Bush, Francis M., 74. Bush, Hattie, 6. Campbell, Thomas B., 20. Chipman, Albert Edwin, 46. Clinton, Charles M,, 22. Cole, Frank C, 81. Crandall, Clayton, 150. Crawford, John R., 150. Cregar, James F., 21. Crowley, Timothy, 149, Culver, Thomas S., 21. Dale, Alfred B., 250. Davis, Orlando H., 37. Dean David M., 252. Dick, James, 72. Dowefl, William, 254. Drake, N. Eugene, 250. 374 LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. DriscoU Brothers, 253. Durhng, J. J. Ayres, 249. Eagles, Joseph D., 248. Egbert, William Grant, 34. Egbert & Merrill, 180, Eiston, Judson A„ 35. Ellsworth, Perry G., 248. Emig, Adam, 61. Emig, Peter, 2^. Emmens, Daniel, 250. Estabrook, William B., 61. Evans, Evan D., 61. Fish, Gary B., 246. Fiske, Asa Ssverance, ia6. Force, Albert W., 246. Foster, Luther C., 51. Fowler, A. H., 31. Frear» William, 33. Frost, George W, 31. Gardner, Edward T., 57. Gardner, Ira M., 241. Garrett, Charles C, 241. Gee, Hiram, Rev., 60. George, Taphus, 54. George, William P., 242. Glenzier, John J., 241. Grant, Schuyler, 56. Green, Charles, 71. Gregory, O. H., 52. Griffin, George, 54. Gunderman, WiUiam A., 100. Hall, Edwin M., 63. Halliday, Samuel D., 40. Hanford, Ernest E., 41. Hanshaw, John T., 48. Hardy. Charles Elias, 42, Hart, A. 0.,47. Hart, John C.,238. Hasbrouck, Alfred, 42. Haskin, Hiram L., 97. Hatmaker, Peter A., 337. Hazen, Blair A., 237. Hazen, Harrison, 338. Hedges, Elijah C, 48. Hibbard Family, the, 69. Hildebrant, Theodore, 237. Hinckley, Henry L., 43. Hinckley, Louis E., 43. Hook, John, 236. Horton, Randolph, 97. House, Willard E , 38. Howe, Dr. John B., 45. Howes, Charles H., 42. Humphrey, William Ross, 44. Hungerford, Amasa A., 336. Hunt, Warren, 41. Ives, Charles A., 78. Jarvis, William, 233. Jervis, Benjamin F., 79. Johnson, Frederick D., 232. Johnson, Harlan P., 78. Jones, Heth T., 233. King, Frank, 230. Kirkendall, John S., M.D., 91. Kline, Peter, 95. Kyle, Bdmond H., 90. Latta, Elmer M., 85. Lang, John B,, 85. Leary, Frank M » 337. Lyon, Marcus, 85, McClure, Gideon C, 180. McClure, J. Otis, 222. McCormick, Walter, 183. McGillivray, Ellsworth, 178. McKay, Arthur A., i8i. McWhorter, Lockwood S., 180. Mabee, Theodore, 233. Mack, William, 324. Manning, David, 225. Manning, Thompson, 177. Marshall. E. H., 222. Meaney, Edward, M.D., 175. Merrill, "Jason P., 232. Miller, Thomas G., 184. Miller, William H., 1S7. Mitchell, Frank, 224. Mitchell, William L., 185. Morris, Charles L„ 1S8. Morrison, James T., 174. Newman, Jared T., 173 Northrup, George H., 172. Ouan, S. D., 172. Owen, Duane D,, 2181 Pearson, Pierce 316. Peck, Solomon H., M.D , 169. Perry, William H., 168. Peters, Jacob, 135. Pierce, Clarence W,, 215. Pierce, W. B., 169. Poole, Murray B., 217. Putney, George E., 135. Qwiggi James, 138. Randolph, Frederick P., 140. Reed, Joseph A., 211. Reynolds, James S., 211. . Rhodes, George, 212. Robinson, Edmund E., 213. Rothschilds Brothers, 212. Rowe, Jerome, 140. Rubin, Henry, 140, Rumsey, Chas. I., 344. Sabin, John, 205. Schoonmaker, Heleu, 205. Scott, Jabez B., 301. Schuyler, George W., 56. Selover, Elnathan W., 155. Sheifer, Charles E., 162. Sheffer, Reuben W., 203, Simpson, George F., 205. Sisson, P. F., 157. Slocum, Bemarain F., 204. Smith, Charles A., 202. Smith, Clarence L., 167. Smith, Horace I., 205. Smith, James, 202. Smith, Simeon, 160, Smith, William Hazlitt, 159. Sprague, Joseph B., 204. Stephens, Clements T., 159. Stephens, Henry W., 304. Stephens, Jesse W., 160. Stephens, Philip, 127. Stephens, Thomas J., 203. Stewart, David B., i66. Stewart, Edwin C, 124, Stewart, Olin L., 159. Stoddard, Edward Schuyler, 122. Storms, John B., 203. Sullivan, Charles W., 154. Synnott. S. H., Rev., 159. Taber, Benjamin F., 118. Tarbell, Doctor, 119. Tarbell, ThomasB., 119. Teeter, William H., 123. Tibbetts, Frank E., 116. Tibbetts, J, Warren, 194, Tichenor, James H., 118. Titus, C. A., 195 Tompkins, Joseph A., 117. Townsend, Andrew J., 194. Tree, Edward, 310. Van Order, W. A., 115. Van Orman, Myron, 193. Vorhis, Jotham, 115. Warner, Frank A., 103. Warren, James C, 143. White, David, M.D., 191. Whitlock, Charles, E., 105. Whitlock, Lorenzo R,, 143. Williams, De Forest, 104. Williams, George O., 102. Willson, Herbert G., 91 Willson, William H., 102. Winslow, John A., M.D., 100. Winton, Samuel W., 98. Wolf, Reinhold, 103. Wood, A. B., 189. Woodford, Frank D., 103. Wortman, Jacob, 106. LANSING. Algart, Mrs. Christina, 60. Bacon, Daniel Lucius, 66, Ba nes, Stephen I., 145. Bower, Charles F., 74. Bower, (ieor^e L., 75. Bower, Murvin, 73. Bogaraus, Andrew B., 147. I5ogardus, B. K„ 147. Boyer, Charles, 73. Brink, Andrew James, 77. Brooks, Mrs. Cornelia, 75. Brown, Bichard H., 146. Buck, Edward E.. 66. Bush. Stroud, 63. Campbell, Frank Eugene, 65. Chase, D. Wesley, 83. Conklin, John H., 140. Dates, William Morehouse, 352. Davis, Joshua B., 61. Davis, Samuel L., 248. De Camp, Daniel, 71. Drake, Henry B., 349. Drake, William, 62. Egbert, Peter V., 94. Fenner, Elizabeth, Mrs., 150. Ford, James M., 63. French, Sarah, Mrs., 247. Gifford, Gardner C.,240, Green, William La Mar, 51. Hagin, Barnard M., 64. Hagin, Charles G., 68. Halladay, Benton M., 68. Haskin, Clinton A., 43. Hedden, Mrs. Louisa, 47. Howell, Milo, 235. Jacobs, Jesse, 234. Jefferson, Theodore T., 231, Kelley, Dennis, 95. King, Edmund A., 231. Lamberson, Royal V., 228. Lane, Eliza, Mrs., 328 Le Barre Family, the, 89. Lobdell, Denton M., 92 Luce, George N., 89. Lyon, Nelson B., 93. McKinney, James M., 174. Miller, Irving C, 187. Miller, Peter, 336. INDKX. 275 Mitchell, John Wilson, 225. Moran, Frank, 225. Ozmun. Ira, 218. Ozmun, William A. J., 170. ■'.obertson, Orris* 141. iobinson, Charles D., 152. Schenck, Amasa Dana, 120. Searles, Marcus W., 155. Shank, Lucy J., Mrs., 208. Shoemaker, Jacob, 201. Smith, Henry, 128. Stout, Wilmer, 124. Tarbell, Frank H., 116. Teetei", George W,, 210. Townley, Frank, 124. Wflfjer, Frances M., Mrs., 106. Wilcox, Charles Henry,^ji2. Williams, Nalhan. itji. Willis, MorriH S.. 19^. Wood, Charle'^ E., 137, NEWFIELD. Albright, J. B., 132. Alexander, Mary J., 4. Anderson, B. B., 78. Bower, Jacoc, 131. Boyer, Herman K , no. Brown, Alvah D., 130. Brown, C.C., 16. Brown, 15, A., 15. Brown, Holden T., 8. Bush, Nelson, 131. Carpenter, Jay, 148. Carpenter. L. T.. 148. Clark, William, 148. I ormish, Mary, 81. Crawford, Atpheus, 28. Curtis, David W., 28. Dassance, Albert, 253. Douglass, Mary A., Mrs., 72. Drake, A. O.. 253. Dudley, P. S., 97. lilstabrook, Robert C, 50. Karmer, William E,, 245. Ham, George W., 239. Hazen, John P., 47.' Holman, I. M , 230. Horton, William H., 240. Kellogp. Joseph, 96. McAllaster, B. R., 221, McCorn, Moses, 178. Palmer, H. B., 138. Palmer, '""lUiam O,, 137. Pratts, C. W.. 2t5. Pratts. George W., 215. Puff, John L., 137. Rumsey, Myron K., 153. Shaffer, Amos D., 162. Smith, Henry M., 197. Stewart, Horace S., 197. Swartwood, G. M,, 206. Taber. W. P., 123. Taggart, William, 209. Thompson, John C., 123. Tompkins, C A., 117. Weatherell, William H., loi. Whitney, M. C, 101. ULYSSES. Almy, Erastus C, 132. Atwater, Manning, 3. Batty, George, 17. Boardraan, Truman, 14. Brinkerhoff, William D., 67. Brotherton, George, 129. Brown, Enos L., \6, Cady, Ellis W., 24. Camp, Edward, 255. Carman, Frank W., 60 Carpenter, Leonard W., 24. Chase, Abram, Dr , 72 Clapp, Charles, 23 Clark, Harriet, 26. Colegrove, David, 24. Corcoran. Edward M., 29, Corey, Jesse G.. 29 Crandall, Albert, 25. Dean, Oscar K., 251. Dewey, Eugene v., 36. Dimick, Samuel G., 37. Dorsey, Adel, Mrs., 251. Dorsey, Lloyd, 37. Dumont, Waldron B., 251. Farrington, Warren G., 81. Fish, Oiarles H., 245. Fowler, Eli, 244. Fuller, Wilson A., 245. Ganoung, William H., 54. GifEord, Norman R.. 57. , Gould, Lotan H., 243. Graves, Orange S., 242. Oregg, Chauncy P., 59. Hair. William L., 234. Hazlitt, William H., 48. Hill, R. Byron, 40. Holman, Frederick, 43. Hopkins, George A., 38. Johnson, Daniel, 78. Kerst, John, 229. King, f. Parker, 96. King, Sylvester, 90. Kirby, Jonas W., 90. Krum, Landon D., 09. Lupkey, Henry, 86. McLallen. James G., 219. Mekeel, Walter and Isaiah, 179. Miller, Ephraim, 226, Mockfora, Richard, 222. Morgan, Howard, 183. Moss, James H., 226. Nixon, William J., 219 Oltz, John, 171. Osborn, Fred W., 171. Owen, Charles B., 171. Pearsall, Frank S,, 134. Pease, Augustine H., 168. Pinckney, Henry, 137. Pratt, David S., 215. Pratt, Ephraim S., 224. Quigley, D. C, Mrs., 216. Rightmire, Trotter and Town- send, 144. Rudy, Henry, jr., 141. Sarsfield, Thomas, 200. Saylor, Cynthia. 120. Saylor, Samuel, 165 Scribner, Eliphalet E., 128. Sherwood, WilHam I., 20C. Sisson, Edward, 127. Smith, A. Belmont, 199. Smith, Elias, 167. Stone. Kichard H., 1G6. Tailby, John, 195. Tichenor, William J , 123. Wheeler, Levi J., 91. Wilcox, Roswell, 104. Wood, Charles, 103. Woodworth, Jonathan, 109. Young, Ezra, jr., 91. PORTRAITS. Almy, Bradford, facing 58, Part I. Baker, Eugene, Dr., facing 78, Part I. Baker, James L., facing 60, Part I. Barnard, John, facing 56, Part II. Hesemer, Martin, Dr., facing 80, Part I. Blood, Charles P., facing 166, Part I. Boardman, D., facing 56, Part I. Carey, W. L., facing 63, Part II. Collins, Sherman, facing 67, Part II. Cook, Andrew B., facing 220, Part I. Cornell, A. B., facing 26, Part II. Cornell, Ezra, facing 672, Part I. 27f) LANDMARKS OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Corson, Hiram, facing 548, Part I. Crandall, P. B., facing 58, Part II. En7,. Frank J., facing 145, Part I. Estv, E. S., facing ii, Part II. Dwiuhf, J. W., fac:ng 252, Part I. Finch, F. M., facing 54, Part I. Gee, Hiram, Rev., facing 193, Pairt I. Goodrich, Milo, facing 71, Part I. 11.-.:;, Dnrins Dr.- facing 336, Part I. Hand, L. P., fac.ig 208, Pait I. Ingersoll, Charles, facing 64, Part II. Jennings, Jesse H., facing 61, Part I. Johnson, Hen, facing- "^j. Part I, Lacy. John C, facing 41, Part II. McElhehy, T. J , facing 55, Part II. McKinney, S. J., facing 182, Part I. Marsh, D. H., facing 319, Part I. Melotte, George W,, Dr., facing 38. Part II. Morgan, E. J., Dr., facing 82, Part I. Paddock, S. J., facing 212, Part I. Sage, H. W., facing 681, Part I. Seabring, S. A., Dr., facing 50, Part II. Seaman, Charles S., facing 62, Part I. Selkreg, J. H., facing 42, Part I. Sheldon, Benjamin, facing 262, Part I. Sibley, Hiram, facing 642, Part I. Stiles, C. A., facing 68, Part II. Terry, Eugene, facing 53, Part II. Thompson, Thaddeus S.. facing 200, Part I. Titus, C. M., facing 179, Part I. Tompkins, Myron H., facing 22, Part II. Treman, L., facing 15, Part 11. Van Cleef, Mynderse, facing 74, Part I. Van Kirk, E C, facing 164, Part I. Van Kirk, L. H., facing 25, Part I. Van Vleet, D. P., facing 160, Part I. Williams, J. B., facing 126, Part I. This preservation photocopy was made at BookLab, Inc. in compliance with copyright law. The paper is Weyerhaeuser Cougar Opaque Natural, which exceeds ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984. 1992