LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Veterinary College 
 
 ITHACA, NEW YORK 
 
 -'' Moore, Veranus A . 
 
 "°' A report on Bovine Tuberculosis, 
 
 T^ 1903. 
 
 M82r 
 
 SF 
 
 hsar 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 
 
 ITHACA, N.Y. 
 
Cornell University Library 
 SF 967.T5M82r 
 
 A report on bovine tuberculosis. 
 
 3 1924 000 260 723 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000260723 
 
State of New York. 
 
 Department ok Aqriculture. 
 
 A REPORT 
 
 ON . 
 
 BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 BY VERANUS A. MOORE, 
 
 Professor of Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology, New York State 
 Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N; Y. 
 
 ALBANY: 
 
 THE ARGUS COMPANY, PRINTERS 
 
 1903 
 
Ithaca, N. Y., January 31, 1903. 
 
 Hon. C. A. WiETiNG, Commissioner of Agriculture, Alban/y, N. Y. 
 
 SiE. — I have the honor to submit herewith a report of progress 
 on the investigation which has been undertaken at your 
 request on the treatment of bovine tuberculosis. As suggested, 
 I have prepared a somewhat general statement concerning the 
 cause, morbid anatomy, economic and sanitary significance of 
 this disease in addition to the report on the experimental work. 
 It is hoped that the experiment may be repeated. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Veranus a. Moore, 
 2V. Y. State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
The following article on bovine tuberculosis was prepared by 
 Veranus A. iloore, Professor of Comparative Pathology and 
 Bacteriology at the Xew York State Veterinary College, Cornell 
 University, Ithaca, N. Y., at the request and under the direction, 
 of this Department. This was found necessary in order to meet 
 certain questions arising under Article IV of the Agricultural 
 Law. 
 
 CHARLES A. WIETING, 
 
 Commissioner of AgricultuH. 
 
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 
 
 A Discussion of its Nature and Economic Imi^oetancb, 
 Together With a Report op an Experiment With Air and 
 Oxygen in Checking the Disease in Infected Cattle. 
 
 By Yeranus A. Moore, M. D. ^ 
 
 Professor of Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology, 
 New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Bovine tuberculosis came into special prominence immediately 
 after the discovery of tuberculin by Koch in 1890. Prior to 
 that time the specific cause of tuberculosis was believed to be 
 the same, whether the disease existed in man or in domesticated 
 animals. This general opiniom caused it to be considered by 
 sanitarians, and to be treated by legislative bodies, more as a 
 menace to public health than a destructive disease of cattle. It 
 was natural that the fear of human infection from diseased 
 animals and their products led to vigorous enactments for pro- 
 tecting the people and that, in consequence of this, the considera- 
 tion of the disease from the point of view of the cattle owner 
 received little attention beyond the obvious fact that it was 
 better to eliminate the affected animals. The investigations 
 that have been made during the last decade, however, have 
 tended to modify the earlier views respecting the identity, and 
 to bring into somewhat bold relief additional truths concerning 
 the relation existing between the bovine and human forms of 
 tuberculosis. Agriculturists are likewise beginning to recognize 
 that the elimination of this affection from their herds is a matter 
 of more than ordinary economic importance. The question 
 which confronts them at present, and which is receiving much 
 
attention by a large number of cattle owners, is ; does it pay to 
 have such a destructive and transmissible disease affecting any of 
 the animals in our dairies? 
 
 Although tuberculosis in cattle has been known from very 
 early times, it was not until a comparatively recent date that 
 we came to realize the extent to which many of our herds are 
 affected. From the very nature of the disease, it has required 
 much time for the people to come to understand that it is infec- 
 tious and that it often spreads from animal to animal with 
 marked rapidity when once it is introduced into a susceptible 
 herd. The fear of human infection from the milk of tuber- 
 culous cows, and the enforcement of protective measures, have 
 caused many of the phases of the disease to be neglected with 
 attending financial losses to the live stock industry. Bpvine 
 tuberculosis presents a number of difflcult problems, each of 
 which should be given careful consideration by those who are 
 interested in this most destructive of the diseases of cattle as 
 well as of the human species. The time is ripe, certainly, in the 
 Empire State, for effective co-operation in ridding our herds of 
 this affection, thereby increasing the profit for the dairyman 
 and insuring safety to the consumers of milk and other dairy 
 products. The people should not be called upon to drink milk 
 that may contain tubercle bacteria, and the owners of herds are 
 weary of the constant financial drain from the death of tuber- 
 culous animals. In view of the existing conditions it seems 
 wise to consider the facts relative to this disease as they have 
 been revealed to us through the results of the untiring investi- 
 gations of numerous workei-s who have been seeking for the 
 truth concerning this affection. In tuberculosis, as in all other 
 infectious diseases, we are confronted with the manifestations 
 of a living cause which from its very nature defies the action 
 of man to control or to restrict, even by legislative enactments, 
 unless the efforts are intelligently directed toward the destruction 
 of this cause, or, to the obstruction of the natural channels 
 through which it is disseminated. If the latter is eflfectively done 
 the former will eventually be accomplished. 
 
Causes of Tuberculosis. 
 Tuberculosis is caused by a rod-shaped microorganism known as 
 Bacterium tuberculosis, or as it is more commonly called the 
 Bacillus of tuberculosis. It was discovered by Eobert Koch in 
 1882. The bacterium of tuberculosis is a slender, rod-shaped 
 organism with rounded ends from 2 to 5^* in length and from 
 0.3 to 0.5 fi broad. The rods are straight or slightly curved, and 
 occur singly or in pairs or in small 
 bundles. Frequently they cross one 
 another. They do not produce spores, \ ' 
 
 but vacuoles or clear spaces within the ^ ^ i ll i 
 
 organism are often observed. Branch- * ^ .^ . 
 
 ing forms have been described. The ^ 
 
 bacterium of tuberculosis is readily W "^ \ 
 
 cultivated on artificial media such as I \) ^ 
 
 blood serum, glycerinated agar and ' 
 
 Fig, 1. Tubercle bacttTia much 
 
 bouillon, and potato after it has been enlarged. 
 
 adapted to such artificial conditions.! It is, however^ not easy 
 to cultivate it directly from ordinary tuberculous lesions. 
 
 It was generally believed for a number of years after Koch's 
 discovery that the tubercle bacteria from man and from animals 
 were identical. In 1898, Dr. Theobald Smith pointed out the 
 fact that morphologically those from cattle were shorter and 
 thicker than those from man, that they grew slightly different 
 on blood serum, and that they were much more virulent for 
 cattle and rabbits than those from the human species. Since 
 that time his conclusions have been confirmed by a number of 
 investigators. At present, therefore, we must look upon the 
 tubercle bacteria coming from tuberculous people and those 
 found in tuberculous lesions of cattle as possessing certain dif- 
 ferences. The investigations that have been made with the de- 
 cidedly different forms of this organism found in tuberculosis 
 of fowls and of fish, have led a few experimenters to believe 
 
 * The Greek /* is an abbreviation for Micron, the unit in microscopic measurement. ' It is 
 equal to -25J06 of an inch. 
 
 t To accomplish this necessitates a very special and careful procedure. Dr. Theobald 
 Smith of Harvard University (Jour, of Exp. Med. Vol. III., 1898, p. 451.) has the credit of 
 formulating a method by combining details in such a manner that the procuring of artificial 
 cultures from tuberculous tissues is, in most cases, possible. 
 
that they are all simply varieties of the organism first described 
 by Koch. There seems to be no reason for doubting that the 
 bovine and human forms are races or varieties of the same 
 species. The difference in the conditions of life under which 
 they exist in the body of men and of cattle seems to be quite 
 enough to explain resulting differences in the properties of the 
 bacteria. 
 
 Koch's experiments, reported at the tuberculosis congress in 
 London in July, 1901, give additional evidence of a difference 
 in the virulence for experimental animals of the bacteria of 
 human and of bovine tuberculosis. To what extent the human 
 species is infected with the bovine organism cannot be stated, 
 but the accumulating evidence tends to the conclusion that it is 
 of less signiiicance than it has hitherto been thought. However, 
 the direct and circumstantial evidence is very conclusive that 
 people, especially children, are frequently infected with the 
 bovine variety of tubercle bacteria. Quite recently a few cultures 
 have been isolated by different workers from the human species 
 that are quite rapidly fatal for cattle. Concerning the trans- 
 mission of the disease the conclusion seems to be warranted that 
 the virus of tuberculosis spreads very largely among men and 
 cattle from individual to individual of the same species rather 
 than from species to species. 
 
 Distribution, PEEVALsisrcE axd Ecoxoiiic Importance of Tuber- 
 culosis Among Cattle and Swine. 
 
 ' Tuberculosis is an exceedingly wide-spread disease. In earlier 
 times it was quite prevalent among cattle in central Europe. 
 Jt seeme to have existed in western Asia and northern Africa at 
 an early date. From these centres it has spread to nearly every 
 cattle raising country of the world. Its rapid spread during 
 the last fifty years is attributed to the increase in cattle ex- 
 change resulting in the introduction of tuberculous animals into 
 healthy herds. It is stated that in many countries, and in large 
 districts within others, tuberculosis did not exist until it was 
 introduced within recent years by the importation of diseased 
 animals. i ; " 
 
In countries where there has been little or no importation of 
 cattle, and in which the native breeds still exist unchanged, as 
 in many parts of Russia, Austria and Spain, in the northern 
 part of Sweden and Norway, and in parts of Africa, tuberculosis 
 is practically unknown. This is true of the cattle on the island 
 of Jersey, where for more than a hundred years foreign cattle 
 have not been introduced. 
 
 In the United States the disease is very widely distributed. 
 There are, however, large areas in which it is practically 
 unknown. The Western steers that are killed in the slaughter 
 houses of Kansas City, Omaha, Sioux City and Chicago, are 
 practically free from it. In other localities, especially where 
 there is an extensive interchange of animals, a large percentage 
 of the herds are more or less affected. 
 
 The committee on cattle diseases and animal food of the 
 American Public Health Association for 1901, reported the ap- 
 pended statistics concerning the extent and increase of tuber- 
 culosis in cattle and swine in various countries. 
 
 " The slaughter house statistics of Prussia show 14.6 per cent, 
 of the cattle, and 2.14 pier cent, of the swine, to be tuberculous. 
 In Saxony the percentage is 29.13 with cattle, and 3.10 with 
 swine. In the city of Leipzig the figures are 36.4 for cattle and 
 2.17 for swine (Siedamgrotzky). Of 20,850 animals in Belgium 
 tested with tuberculin in 1896, 48.88 per cent, reacted. Of 
 25,489 tested in Denmark from 1893 to 1895, 49.3 per cent, re- 
 acted; and of 67,263 tested from 1896 to 1898, 32.8 per cent, 
 reacted (Bang). An examination of 20,930 cattle in Great 
 Britain, either slaughtered, examined post mortem or tested 
 with tuberculin, showed 5,441, or 26 per cent, affected with 
 tuberculosis. M'Fadyean estimates that 30 per cent, of the cows 
 in Great Britain are tuberculous. Figures available in the 
 United States do not cover a sufficient area of our territory to 
 allow us to make a reliable estimate of the extent of tuber- 
 culosis in milch cows." 
 
 " Our beef cattle as they come to the large packing houses are 
 as yet free from tuberculosis. Of 4,841,166 cattle slaughtered 
 
10 
 
 in the year 1900, under the federal meat inspection, but 5,279, 
 or 0.11 per cent, were suflSciently affected to cause the condemna- 
 tion of any part of the. carcass. Of 23,336,884 hogs similarly 
 inspected, 5,440 were sufficiently affected to cause a condemna- 
 tion of some part of the carcass. This is equal to 0.023 per cent, 
 or slightly more than one-fifth the proportion found in beef 
 cattle." 
 
 " The slaughter. house statistics of all countries show that the 
 percentage of affected hogs increases as the disease becomes 
 more common in cattle, so that we must consider not only the 
 effect of the disease upon beef and milk producing animals, but 
 also upon swine. Tuberculosis is more acute with hogs than 
 with calttle, and there is a much greater tendency to generaliza- 
 tion, consequently the parts used for human food are more likely 
 to be affected, and if there is a possibility to communicate the 
 virus through the meat the dainger is increased by this peculiar- 
 ity in swine." 
 
 The most complete statistics in reference to the prevalence 
 of tuberculosis among cattle in the Eastern States, are based 
 on the results of tuberculin tests of herds. Since, however, such 
 tests are in most cases made where herds are known to be 
 infected before the test is applied, it is evident that the figures 
 so collected represent the extreme prevalence of tuberculosis 
 in the worst infected places. It has been found by testing herds 
 that the percentage of tuberculous animals varies from to 100 
 per cent. There are instances of many large herds in which 
 nearly all of the animals have been infected. As examples of 
 such herds the following are cited from Dr. Pearson's report on 
 this disease in the State of Pennsylvania: 
 
 174 cattle, of which 166 were tuberculous. 
 73 cattle, of which 59 were tuberculous. 
 22 cattle, of which 17 were tuberculous. 
 14 cattle, of which 14 were tuberculous. 
 63 cattle, of which 37 were tuberculous. 
 67 cattle, of which 37 were tuberculous. 
 20 cattle, of which 20 were tuberculous. 
 
11 
 
 61 cattle, of which 45 were tuberculous. 
 18 cattle, of which 16 were tuberculous. 
 13 cattle, of which 10 were tuberculous. 
 15 cattle, of which 10 were tuberculous. 
 59 cattle, of which 53 were tuberculous. 
 
 These figures of course represent extreme and exceptional con- 
 ditions. Of all the tubercular herds tested with tuberculin 
 under the auspices of the Pennsylvania State Live Stock Sani- 
 tary Board about 13 per cent, of the animals have proven to 
 be affected with tuberculosis.* 
 
 In New York the conditions are practically the same as they 
 are in Pennsylvania concerning the distribution of the disease. 
 Dr. F. W. Smith, former secretary of the tuberculosis committee 
 of the State Board of Health, estimated that about 4 per cent. 
 of the cattle of the State were affected. The tuberculin tests 
 that have been made show that in the herds tested the per- 
 centage is often very high, as illustrated from the following cita- 
 tions from the official reports of veterinarians: 
 
 20 cattle, of which 19 were tuberculous. 
 52 cattle, of which 40 were tuberculous. 
 6 cattle, of which 6 were tuberculous. 
 34 cattle, of which 18 were tuberculous. 
 
 17 cattle, of which 15 were tuberculous. 
 8 cattle, of which 3 were tuberculous. 
 23 cattle, of which 20 were tuberculous. 
 15 cattle, of which 1 was tuberculous. 
 25 cattle, of which 1 was tuberculous. 
 
 18 cattle, of which 2 were tuberculous. 
 115 cattle, of which 43 were tuberculous. 
 94 cattle of which 35 were tuberculous. 
 
 Important factors for consideration are the means and 
 rapidity by which the disease srpreads. The history of tuber- 
 culosis in cattle shows that when it is once introduced into a 
 
 * ThP rparfer is referred to the Pennsylvania plan of dealing with Bovine tuberculosis. 
 LiteSSr^onthfs subject may be obtained by a&ressing Dr Leonard Pearson, State Veteri- 
 narian, either at Harrisburg, Pa., or the Univer. of ipenn., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
12 
 
 previously uninfected district its tendency is to spread from 
 farm to farm with a rapidity which depends largely upon the 
 activity of the cattle trafflcl If the interchange of animals 
 between herds is frequent the disease usually spreads rapidly. 
 If, on the contrary, there is but little interchange of animals, 
 tuberculosis spreads slowly in the newly infected community. 
 This observation relates to the spread among herds; other con- 
 ditions govern the spread of tuberculosis after infected animals 
 are added. The latter factor is controlled by the degree of con- 
 tact between the diseased animals and their associates, and the 
 sanitary and other conditions to which the herd is subjected. 
 
 If a tuberculous cow is placed in conflnemeiit with other cattle 
 she will convey the disease to them more certainly and more 
 quickly than when the animals are at liberty, Ag bearing upon 
 this point, it has been noted repeatedly that tuberculosis spreads 
 more rapidly in herds when they are confined in winter than 
 when they are at pasture in summer, and there is reason to be- 
 lieve that this difference is due, not to the season, but to the 
 intimacy of contact. Moreover, tuberculosis once introduced, 
 spreads with increasing rapidity as the centres of infection are 
 multiplied. That this is the case is shown clearly by the tables 
 in the preceding section. So long as there is but one infected 
 herd from which it may spread in a district, the extending of 
 the disease will necessarily be slow, but when ten herds are 
 infected from this one the progress of the disease will be ten 
 times as rapid, and when five herds are infected from each of 
 the ten, the disease will, other factors being equal, spread at 
 fifty times the original rate of progress. 
 
 In some respects the conditions existing in this State are ex- 
 ceedingly unfortunate. The cattle shipped to the Eastern States, 
 where they will not allow tuberculous animals, are often tested 
 in this State where all the reacting animals are left. These are 
 sold largely to local dairymen, thus augmenting the source and 
 often increasing the centres of infection. The influence of this 
 procedure is being felt very keenly. It was voiced in the follow- 
 ing resolution passed by the Genesee Valley Veterinary Medical 
 Association, in 1900. 
 
13 
 
 At the annual meeting of the association, held January 25, 
 1900, the following resolutions were passed unanimously : 
 
 i 'Whereas, Tuberculosis has and is increasing to an alarming extent among 
 cattle in Western New York, thus causing extensive loss of cattle, and endanger- 
 ing the public health, and as most of these cases are in cattle imported from ad- 
 joining States, or traceable, to infection from such cases, be it 
 
 Resolved, That we, the members of the Genesee Valley Veterinary Medical 
 
 Association, urgently caU for the enactment of such laws as will give us protection, 
 
 and prevent this State from being made the dumping ground for diseased animals 
 
 , that cannot be sold in adjoining States where they have laws preventing the 
 
 importation of such diseased animals. 
 
 And that we urge each member of this association to call upon his representa- 
 tives in Assembly and Senate to urge the passage of such laws. " 
 
 Dr. J. W. Taylor, who introduced the above resolution, said: 
 " Something must be done, as we are being overrun with cases of 
 tuberculosis, nearly all of which are brought here from Buffalo. 
 I find ten cases now where I would find but one five years ago." 
 
 In a dairy belonging to a large institution in this State the 
 disease became very prevalent. The Entire herd was destroyed, 
 new barns were put up and great care exercised in selecting 
 stock. By this means the herd was kept perfectly free from tuber- 
 culosis for fourteen years. A few years since, cattle have been 
 bought without the tuberculin test and as a consequence the herd 
 is becoming badly affected. Recently twenty-three cows were 
 bought and three of them were found by the tuberculin test to be 
 tuberculous. 
 
 The whole history of the disease and its course in dairy coun- 
 tries, into which it has been introduced, shows that it has, no 
 tendency to become less virulent or to gradually die out, but, on 
 the contrary, it steadily reaches out for new victims. Without 
 control there is every reason to expect tuberculosis to become as 
 prevalent and destructive among the live stock in this state as 
 it is in the old infected regions abroad, where in large districts 
 from one-half to two-thirds of the cattle are infected, and where 
 in some countries, as in the Kingdom of Saxony, 30 per cent, of 
 the cattle killed for food are found to contain lesions of ttis dis- 
 ease. There is no reason to doubt, and history furnishes us every 
 reason to believe, that if the spread of tuberculosis is not 
 
14 
 
 restricted it will become fully as prevalent and destructive as it 
 is in any foreign country. 
 
 When tuberculosis in cattle was introduced into many of the 
 countries of Europe, and while it was gaining a foothold, there 
 was little knowledge as to the cause of the disease and its mode 
 of transmission, and less as to its recognition. Hence repressive 
 measures were not possible until after many herds were saturated 
 with the disease and large districts infected. We now have the 
 advantage of knowing the enemy and the means to be employed 
 in combating it, and if tuberculosis shall ever become more firmly 
 rooted in New York it will be because the lessons of experience 
 are unheeded and available protection ignored. 
 
 Symptoms or Manifestations of Tuberculosis in Cattle. 
 
 Tuberculosis is a very insidious disease and consequently ani- 
 mals are very often saturated with it before its presence is 
 suspected. For this reason the symptoms vary according to the 
 course of the disease. Two distinct classes are recognized 
 (1) those of the chronic and most common form of the disease 
 and (2) those of the acute form or miliary tuberculosis. 
 
 The symptoms of chronic tuberculosis depend upon the loca- 
 tion of the lesions as well as upon their extent. When the lesions 
 are situated deeply and are not of great extent they may exhibit 
 no visible evidence of their presence. In such cases the infected 
 animals may present the picture of perfect health and show no 
 disturbance of function. Indeed when some animals in which 
 the lesions are both extensive and widely distributed and which 
 have never presented noticeable signs of the disease are killed 
 for beef the owner is astonished to learn that his supposed 
 healthy animal contains large masses of tubercular tissue. (See 
 Plate I.) 
 
 Since the lesions of tuberculosis vary so much in different 
 cases, it is not possible to give a description of what can be 
 designated the characteristic or even the usual symptoms of 
 this disease. There are, however, certain general manifestations 
 that appear in most of the advanced cases, such as emaciation, 
 
15 
 
 while the appetite may continue to be fairly good. This is al- 
 ways a suspicious indication especially if accompanied by a 
 cough, rough coat and tight, harsh skin. Rough or loud respira- 
 tory sounds are suspicious, and, in advanced cases, it is often 
 found that the animal groans when pressure is brought to bear 
 upon the chest wall. Many cases bloat habitually, and hard, 
 painless swellings (enlarged lymphatic glands) beneath the skin 
 in the region of the escutcheon, flank, shoulder or throat are 
 suspicious. 
 
 In tuberculosis of the lungs it may be said that coughing is 
 the most noticeable symptom. It is most common after feeding, 
 drinking, or after rapid moving following a period of repose, but 
 sometimes it occurs without any apparent cause. The cough is 
 usually strong, dry and frequently of a high pitch. Sometimes 
 it is very violent, accompanied by protrusion of the tongue. Aus- 
 cultation reveals modified and abnormal sounds of different kinds 
 in the lungs; sibilant, sonorous and mucous rales are most com- 
 mon. A dull sound is often detected on percussion. It is also to 
 be noted that this condition is of slow development and of long 
 duration, thus aiding one to distinguish it, in many cases, from 
 bronchitis or pneumonia. 
 
 Where the mediastinal lymph glands are enlarged and press 
 upon the oesophagus, it is stated that the animal bloats habitu- 
 ally. Chronic or habitual bloating accompanied by a good ap- 
 petite and no other evidence of disease of the digestive tract, 
 especially if there is shortness of breath and a cough, may be 
 looked upon as strongly indicative of tuberculosis with enlarged 
 mediastinal lymphatic glands. 
 
 Sometimes large tubercular masses develop on the pleura. In 
 such cases the principal symptom is a friction sound that is heard 
 most distinctly during inspiration. If the masses are large 
 enough they give rise to a dull sound upon percussion. In tuber- 
 culosis of the stomach and intestines, digestion is interfered 
 with. This gives rise to poor appetite, frequently to diarrhoea 
 and sometimes to alternation of diarrhoea and constipation. In 
 tuberculosis of the peritoneum or the lining of the abdominal 
 
16 
 
 cavity, the lymphatic glands of the flank are often enlarged and 
 hard. Sometimes this condition can be diagnosed positively 
 by a rectal examination and the discovery by this means of the 
 hard nodulated masses. Tuberculosis of the liver does not 
 give rise to any symptoms unless the disease is of very great 
 extent, in which case jaundice may be observed. 
 
 In animals in which the post-pharyngeal lymphatic glands 
 are enlarged from tuberculosis, the breathing is harsh and noisy.i 
 In this condition there is sometimes difficulty in swallowing, and 
 particles of chewed up food are occasionally expelled from the 
 mouth, either voluntarily, when it is found that they cannot be 
 swallowed conveniently, or by the coughing they occasion upon 
 reaching the pharynx. These enlarged glands may sometimes 
 be detected by palpation placing one hand on each side of the 
 throat above the larynx and then pressing from opposite sides. 
 
 Tuberculosis of the udder is detected by an enlargement and 
 hardening of the affected part, usually with the absence of pain 
 and the fact that the secretion is not altered until the part has 
 been diseased for some time. In advanced cases, instead of 
 milk, the udder secretes a yellowish, cloudy and sometimes floc- 
 culent fluid. In acute, rapidly developing cases, there may be 
 pain and oedema of the skin. In nearly all cases of udder tuber- 
 culosis, the supra-mammary lymphatic glands, situated above 
 the udder in the middle of the escutcheon, are enlarged and 
 hard. If there is doubt as to the character of the disease of 
 the udder, the milk, or possibly a piece of excised udder tissue, 
 may be examined bacterioiogically. 
 
 In tuberculosis of the brain, the animal is unsteady and un- 
 certain in its movements. It lies down much of the time, is 
 usually subject to occasional cramps and is apt to carry the 
 head in an unusual poisition. Such cases tend to decline rapidly 
 and terminate in death following coma or convulsions. In tuber- 
 cular disease of the bones and joints, these parts are enlarged, 
 there is loss of motion, pain and usually abscesses form, followed 
 by the discharge of thick, yellow pus. In tuberculosis of the 
 uterus or ovaries and sometimes in peritoneal tuberculosis, in 
 
the cow, the subject is almost cointinually in heat. In tubercu- 
 losis of the uterus there is sometimes a discharge of thick, yel- 
 lowish material mixed with mucus and slime. In tuberculosis of 
 the testicles, the organs become enlarged and hard. 
 
 In all advanced cases, the nutrition of the animal is interfered 
 with and, sooner or later, the "tuberculous cachexia" appears. 
 It is however in many cases remarkable to note the extent of 
 the lesions in the animals that are well nourished and present 
 no external signs of disease. Animals killed in prime condition 
 by the butcher are sometimes found to contain not only localized 
 but extensive and widely distributed lesions of tuberculosis. In 
 general tuberculosis many of the symptoms described above may 
 occur simultaneously: 
 
 The symptoms of acute miliary tuberculosis, " galloping con- 
 sumption," are rapid loss of flesh, depi^ession, poor appetite, 
 cough, weakness, rapid breathing, harsh respiratory sounds, 
 some elevation of temperature, increased pulse rate and, some- 
 times, enlarged lymphatic glands. The course of this form of 
 tuberculosis is rapid and always terminates in death. Acute 
 miliary tuberculosis occurs when large numbers of tubercle 
 bacteria are discharged into the blood or lymph currents. They are 
 then carried to other parts of the body and are filtered out in the 
 capillaries of the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and elsewhere, 
 causing tuberculous lesions in each of these localities. The 
 lesion from which the infectious material entered the circulation 
 may have been a comparatively small nodule. This form of di- 
 sease is more likely to appear in young animals than in adults, 
 and is more common among swine than in cattle. 
 
 The Morbid Anatomy or Nature of the Tissue Changes in 
 
 Tuberculosis. 
 The usual direct anatomical changes following the invasion 
 of tubercle bacteria are the formation of nodules or tubercles. A 
 tubercle has been defined as "a small nonvascular nodule com- 
 posed of cells varying in form and size with some basement sub- 
 2 
 
18 
 
 stance between them and with an inherent tendency to undergo 
 central necrosis." In a large number Of cases the individual 
 tubercles are distinct and easily recognizable while in others they 
 are coalesced, forming a mass of necrotic tissue. The lesions 
 
 Fig. 2. Drawing of a very young tubercle from the liver. 
 
 vary, therefore, from well isolated minute or larger nodules to 
 large masses, or cavities containing a purulent, caseous or calci- 
 fied substance. 
 
 The location of the primary lesion depends upon the channel of 
 infection. If the specific organisms are lodged in the oral cavity 
 or pharynx they may, through an accidental abrasion of the 
 mucosa, be taken to some of the lymphatic glands about the head ; 
 if they are taken directly through the respiratory passages into 
 the -lungs they either develop nodules in the lung tissue proper, 
 or they are carried through the lymphatic system, draining the 
 lungs, to the lymph glands where the lesions first appear. (See 
 Plate II for location of bronchial glands.) If the specific bacteria 
 are first lodged in the intestinal mucosa, primary tubercular ul- 
 cers may develop or they may pass into the mesenteric lympha- 
 tics or the portal vein. It may happen that the bacteria may be 
 carried by means of the lymph or blood streams and lodge in any 
 part of the body such as the brain, kidneys, spleen, testes, ovaries, 
 
19 
 
 bones, joints and subcutaneous and intermuscular glands and 
 serous membranes. The evidence at hand, however, seems to 
 show that in a large majority of cases the primary lesions are, 
 (1) in the lungs or lymphatic glands draining them, (2) in the 
 lymphatic glands about the head, (3) the intestines and mesen- 
 teric glands, and (4) in the portal glands or liver substance itself. 
 Primary' lesions sometimes occur in the generative organs and 
 udder. 
 
 It not infrequently happens that the apparent primary lesions 
 occur on the pleura, peritoneum, meninges or synovial mem- 
 branes while the organs remain free from disease. In such cases 
 the lesions consist of many tubercles varying from one to ten or 
 more millimeters in diameter or of bunches of closely set tuber- 
 cles which are more or less flattened or irregular in shape owing 
 to their mutual pressure. Sometimes these tubercles are at- 
 tached to the serous membrance by a small, tough, fibrous pedicle; 
 frequently, however, this is absent and the nodules rest bodily 
 upon the membrane. 
 
 The structtti'e of the tubercle consists, in the beginning, of a few 
 cells surrounding the invading specific organisms. These are 
 soon encased by a zone of epithelioid cells or of giant cells which 
 
 Fig. 3. Diagram of the structure of a tubercle (Gould). 
 
 is soon surrounded by an outer layer of round or lymphoid cells. 
 The central portion becomes necrosed and as the nodule enlarges 
 the central necrotic portion becomes correspondingly large. In 
 
20 
 
 cattle thiere is a strong tendency for the necrotic tissue to become 
 infiltrated with lime salts and encapsulated. In certain other 
 species a deposit of fibrous tissue in the outer zone of the tubercle 
 has been observed. In the smaller and more susceptible experi- 
 mental animals such as the guinea pig and rabbit and frequently 
 in swine the lesions are of a more diffuse nature, infiltrating the 
 interstitial tissue with the tuberculous mass and gradually en- 
 croaching upon the parenchyma although circumscribed tubercles 
 ' are also present.' 
 
 In secondary or generalized tuberculosis one or more of the 
 organs, omentum, serous membranes or lymphatic system may 
 become more or less thickly sprinkled with minute, greyish 
 nodules about the size of a millet seed. These tubercles are at 
 first almost the color of mother-of-pearl, but later, as the central 
 caseous degeneration begins, they become greyish. Giant cells 
 are usually numerous. 
 
 In studying the lesions in a fatal case of tuberculosis one may 
 find with varying modifications one or more of the following 
 conditions, viz. : 
 
 (1.) The primary lesions may be found in any one of the or- 
 gans or membranes. Its comparative age is determined by the 
 character of the anatomical changes. It may be entirely encysted, 
 caseous or calcareous and -possibly dead. In addition to this 
 primary focus there may be a succession of tubercles of various 
 ages distributed in one or more organs. 
 
 (2.) The lesions may be restricted to one organ, as the liver, 
 in which the primary focus has spread by continuity due to its in- 
 filtrating nature until the destruction of the tissues of the organ 
 has become so extensive that death results. Such cases do not 
 seem to be common. . 
 
 (3.) The primary focus may be well marked and miliary tuber- 
 cles be sprinkled extensively throughout the organs and tissues 
 of the entire body. 
 
 (4.) The lesions throughout the body may resemble each other 
 very closely, so that difficulty may be experienced in determining 
 the primary focus. 
 
21 
 
 In the lungs two distinct forms of lesions are observed. (1) The 
 air cells may be infiltrated with the tuberculous mass spreading 
 directly from the primary lesion. This may be purulent, caseous 
 or calcareous. The color may be whiti&h grey or of a yellowish 
 tinge. (2) The lesions, may consist of miliary tubercles. In 
 later stages these more or less translucent nodules may become 
 yellowish, caseated and calcareous in their centres. Large tuber- 
 cular nodules frequently- result from the massing of several of 
 these tubercular growths. 
 
 When the lungs are primarily attacked the caudal (principal) 
 lobes are most frequently involved. Smith considers the seeming 
 predilection "of the larger lobes to be due to mechanical condi- 
 tions. The writer has found, however, that in certain herds that 
 have been killed after the tuberculin test, the primary and only 
 lung lesions were in the ventral and cephalic lobes. It is import- 
 ant to note that usually the bronchial glands are also involved. 
 When the plurae are affected the lesions consist of nodules vary 
 ing in size from that of a millet seed to a large pea, sprinkled 
 more or less thickly on one or both of the viceral or parietal sur- 
 faces. These form the "pearl disease" (Perlsucht) of the Ger- 
 man and the " grape disease " of the English writers. If they 
 become confluent, large masses are found. 
 
 Tuberculosis of the thoracic glands is very common and usu- 
 ally accompanies lesions in the lungs (Plate III), but often the 
 lungs may be healthy and the glands involved. The primary 
 lesions may be and often are found in the lymphatic glands about 
 the head. 
 
 In the abdominal cavity the organs most frequently involved 
 are the peritoneum, omentum (Plate IV), mesenteric lymph 
 glands, portal lymph glands and the liver. The kidneys, spleen, 
 ovaries and uterus are more rarely the seat pf the tuberculous 
 growth. Ulcers in th^ intestines have not been common in the 
 writer's observation, although rarely they appear (Plate V). 
 Tuberculosis of the testes is sometimes found. The udder often 
 becomes the seat of tubercular deposits in cases of generalized 
 tuberculosis. 
 
22 
 
 When the primary infection is restricted to a single locality 
 the disease is said to be localized. When, however, the specific 
 bacteria are spread from the primary lesion through the agency 
 of the lymph and blood streams, sprinkling other organs with 
 the infecting bacteria, each of which becomes the starting point 
 for the development of a new tubercle, the disease has become 
 generalized.* 
 
 The Detection ov Tuubrculo.sis in Cattle. By (1) Physical 
 Examination and (2) the Use op Tubbeculin. 
 
 From what has been said concerning the nature of the diseased 
 tissues it is evident that when the disease is advanced sufiSciently 
 to be detected by phj'sical examination the animal might be very 
 close to death. There are exceptions, such as where the lesions 
 are restricted to the glands of the throat, groin or udder. In 
 these cases, however, a positive diagnosis is diificult from physi- 
 cal examination alone. It is necessary, therefore, that a more 
 reliable test be applied if the disease is to be detected before it 
 has reached an advanced stage. For this purpose we have tuber- 
 culin which is as near an infallible diagnostic agent as medical 
 science knows. 
 
 Tuberculin is the concentrated liquid, usually glycerinated 
 bouillon, on which tubercle bacteria have grown until the liquid 
 is saturated with the products resulting from their multiplica- 
 tion. This inhibits the further growth of the tubercle bacteria, 
 A summary of the procedure in the preparation of tuberculin is 
 as follows: 
 
 1. The bouillon containing glycerine is prepared, distributed 
 in flasks containing about 250 c.c. each, sterilized and inoculated 
 with the growth from a pure culture of the tubercle bacteria. 
 
 2. The flasks are placed in an incubator at a temperature of 
 about 37° C, where they remain until the growth ceases. The 
 length of time necessary to accomplish this depends upon the 
 age and condition of the culture from which the inoculations 
 were made. From four to ten weeks are usually required. 
 
 * '^''r ^a'^^'^w Meat Inspection Regulations state that animals affected with " extensive or 
 generahzed tuberculosis " are to be condemned. They also provide that " any oroan or Da?t 
 of a carcass which IS badly bruised or affected by tuberculosis * * * must be condemned" 
 
23 
 
 3. After the maximum growth is attained the cultures are ster- 
 ilized by heat, either by boiling in a closed water bath or heating 
 to a higher temperature in an autoclav. 
 
 4. After sterilization, the cultures are filtered to remove all of 
 the dead bacteria, and then the filtrate is evaporated to the de 
 sired degree of concentration over a water bath. 
 
 5. The concentrated liquid is passed through a Pasteur or 
 Berkefelter filter, standardized, bottled for distribution and 
 labeled with the name, quantity contained and size of the dose. 
 It should be perfectly clear, although the color may vary. If it 
 is cloudy it should be rejected when received. 
 
 A careful consideration of these various procedures assures 
 one that each and every step requires careful attention. It is 
 logical, at least, to presume that if each part of the process is 
 not looked after the product may, to that extent, be unreliable. 
 Of the possible errors in its preparation the danger of using too 
 young cultures — that is before the required degree of saturation 
 of the bacterial products takes place — is, perhaps, the most 
 liable to occur. For example, if the flasks of bouillon are inocu- 
 lated from an old culture several weeks may elapse before the 
 new growth begins ; but if a young, growing culture is used it 
 begins at once, or, better, continues with but slight interruption, 
 as in the mother flask. However, unfavorable conditions of 
 medium or temperature may retard these growths. It is usually 
 the delay in getting the tubercle bacteria to begin to multiply 
 in the newly inoculated medium that causes the variation in the 
 length of time necessary to incubate the cultures before they 
 contain the proper amount of the tuberculin elements. 
 
 If the method of preparation is further examined it will be 
 seen that tuberculin cannot possibly contain living tubercle bac- 
 teria. It is heated, on two occasions, to a temperature, and for 
 a length of time, far in excess of that required to destroy the 
 bacteria besides being passed through a filter capable of Removing 
 all bacteria. It is a physical impossibility, therefore, for tuber- 
 culin which has been properly made to cause tuberculosis. What- 
 ever physiological disturbances it may excite, it cannot impart 
 
24 
 
 that which it does not possess, the contagmm vivwm of the 
 disease. 
 
 The original tuberculin or lymph of Koch was concentrated to 
 one-tenth of the volume of the saturated culture. This gave a 
 thick, syrupy liquid, owing to the presence of the glycerine. The 
 diagnostic dose which came to be recommended for cattle of 
 medium weight was 0.25 c.c. On account of its consistency as 
 well as the minuteness of the dose it was found to be practicable 
 to dilute this quantity with seven parts of a diluent. A weak 
 solution of carbolic acid was ordinarily used. The diflSculties 
 and dangers involved in making the dilutions in the field led to 
 the method of diluting the tuberculin in the laboratory before 
 sending it out. This has been the practice of the Bureau of Ani- 
 mal Industry for a number of years. Equally good results are ob- 
 tained by concentrating the saturated culture to the point where 
 2 c.c. contains an equivalent of the 0.25 c.c. of the highly concen- 
 trated lymph. This process avoids the necessity of dilutions. 
 With the addition of a few drops of carbolic acid the weaker 
 solution keeps perfectly. 
 
 Concerning the source of the bacteria used in making tubercu- 
 lin, it seems that cultures of the human, or sputum, bacterium 
 are ordinarily employed. Tuberculin has been made from the 
 bovine bacterium in a number of laboratories, but no difference 
 could be detected between it and that made from the human 
 bacterium in its efficiency. 
 
 Tuberculin, in the dose necessary to bring out its diagnostic 
 effects, is absolutely harmless to the healthy animal. Thousands 
 of observations which have been reported assure us of this fact. 
 Tuberculin is in daily use in every State in the Union, in Canada, 
 and in every country in Europe, yet, so far as I can learn, not 
 a single case of injury following its use in healthy cattle has 
 been reported. Cases of septic infection following its use must 
 be attributed to other causes, i. e., dirty syringe or carelessness 
 in the operation. In tuberculous animals it produces a rise of 
 temperature, which within certain limits follows a definite course, 
 usually terminating in from eighteen to twenty-four hours after 
 the injection. The temperature usually begins to rise in about 
 
25 
 
 eight hours, giving a steady but quite rapid elevation for from 
 one to three hours, a continuous high elevation of from four to 
 twelve hours, and a general decline (Plate VII). This is 
 practically constant, be the rise moderate or extreme. In addi- 
 tion to the elevation of the temperature there is sometimes a 
 marked nervous chill. 
 
 The Application of Tuherculin. — The application of tuber- 
 culin in detecting tuberculosis in cattle, while simple in detail, 
 is a matter of greater moment than is sometimes thought. To 
 -understand this fully necessitates a familiarity with the pro- 
 cedure and the tuberculin temperature curve just described in 
 reacting animals. In brief, in applying tuberculin the following 
 precautions are necessary: 
 
 1. The normal temperature of the animal to be tested must be 
 determined. It is recommended that it be taken hourly or every 
 two hours for the day preceding the test. 
 
 2. The tuberculin is injected subcutaneously, The side of the 
 neck is recommended as a suitable and convenient place. Care 
 must be taken that the syringe is sterile. The size of the dose 
 (from 0.25 to 2 c.c.) depends upon the preparation.' 
 
 3. Beginning six or eight hours after the injection, the tem- 
 perature should be taken hourly, or at least every two hours, for 
 fully three-fourths of a day. 
 
 4. During the time of testing the cattle should be kept quiet, 
 free from all exposure, and fed normally. 
 
 5. Ill ca.^e of reaction there shoald be a rise of at least 1.5° F. 
 above the maximum individual normal temperature, as deter- 
 mined on the preceding daj. The elevation should come on gradu- 
 ally, remaining practically at its fastigium for a few hours, and 
 gradually subside. Erratic elevations of short duration are to 
 be excluded. In cases of doubt the animals should be retested. 
 
 6. Animals advanced in pregnancy and those known to be suf- 
 fering from any disease or in cestrum should be excluded. All 
 methods of treatment, including exposure to cold, kind of food 
 and drink, which would tend to modify the temperature should 
 be avoided. 
 
26 
 
 Animals in which the disease is well advanced sometimes fail 
 to react. 
 
 7. The dose should vary to correspond with the weight of the 
 animal. In cases of a second test within a few days the quantity 
 of tuberculin injected should be larger than that used in the 
 first test. 
 
 As the tuberculin reaction consists simply in n tempor-jry 
 hyperthermia which is ordinarily thought to be easily determined, 
 it is not infrequently stated that the precautions imposed in its 
 application are too stringent. In the bovine species the animal 
 temperature varies, in comparison with man, to a marked degree. 
 In cattle there is not infrequently a variation of two degrees, 
 and even of three degrees, within twenty-four hours. Cold water 
 when drunk in considerable quantities, lowers the temperature 
 from two to four degrees (Plate VII). A temporary excite- 
 ment may cause an elevation of from 1 to 1.5° F. There is often 
 found a marked variation in the temperature of the same animal 
 on consecutive days. The temperature (taken hourly for two 
 weeks) at 12 noon and 12 midnight is often the same. In some 
 cases the maximum elevation occurs near midnight, and on the 
 following day the minimum temperature will be recorded at that 
 time. It is not uncommon for the maximum temperature to occur 
 twice a day and occasionally several times within the twenty-four 
 hours. There is marked individual variations in the effect of 
 ordinary conditions such as food, excitement and temperature of 
 the air, upon the temperature. A hot spell (temperature 90° P.) 
 caused a rise of two degrees and in some cases four degrees. The 
 average temperature of the animals in the three herds tested was 
 102.5, 102.6 and 101° P. respectively. 
 
 In a well kept government herd that was tested with tubercu- 
 lin the temperature of part of the animals was taken hourly for 
 twenty-four hours and a paxt of them for sixteen hours (7 a. m. 
 to 11 p. m.) preceding the injection. An examination of the 
 records shows the average daily variation of twenty animals in 
 which the temperature was taken for twenty-four hours to be 
 2.31° P. The maximum individual variation in a single day was 
 4.3° P., the minimum 0.5° P. In twenty-flve others where the 
 
27 
 
 temperature was taken for sixteen hours, the average variation 
 was 1.79° F. In these the maximum variation was 3.2° F., the 
 minimum 0.6° F. Ten healthy animals (did not react to tubercu- 
 lin) in the same herd gave an average variation of 2.08° F. In 
 these the maximum daily variation was 4.1° F., the minimum, 
 1° F. The lowest temperature was usually, but not invariably, 
 in the morning, and the highest in the afternoon or evening. I 
 have appended the records of the temperature of two of these 
 animals : 
 The Initial Temperature, Pulse and Respiration of Two Cows. 
 
 319.1 318.2 
 
 Temp. 
 
 9 a. m 99.8° F. 
 
 10 a. m 99.0° F. 
 
 11 a. m 99.0° F. 
 
 12 m 100.8° F. 
 
 1 p. m 101.4° F. 
 
 2 p. m 101.6° F. 
 
 3 p. m 102.0° F. 
 
 4 p. m 103.0° F. 
 
 5 p. m 103.3° F. 
 
 6 p. m 103.1° F. 
 
 7 p. m 102.2° F. 
 
 8 p. m 103.0° F. 
 
 9 p. m 103.1° F. 
 
 10 p. m 102.5° F. 
 
 11 p. m 102.5° F. 
 
 12 midnight. . . 102.4° F. 
 
 1 a.m 101.8° F. 
 
 2 a. m 102.0° F. 
 
 3 a. m 102.0° F. 
 
 4 a.m 102.2° F. 
 
 5 a.m 101.6° F. 
 
 6 a.m 101.8° F. 
 
 8a.m 102.5° F. 
 
 iDid not react to tuberculin. =Gave a maximum reaction of 107.4° F. 
 
 Pulse. 
 
 Resp. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Pulse. 
 
 Resp. 
 
 48 
 
 18 
 
 99.8° F. 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 66 
 
 18 
 
 98.6° F. 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 99.0° F. 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 99.4° F. 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 100.0° F. 
 
 54 
 
 18 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 100.2° F. 
 
 54 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 101.4° F. 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 102.7° F. 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 102.8° F. 
 
 72 
 
 27 
 
 57 
 
 18 
 
 103.0° F. 
 
 60 
 
 27 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 102.4° F. 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 56 
 
 16 
 
 102.0° F. 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 102.2° F. 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 102.0° F. 
 
 56 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 102.0° F. 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 56 
 
 16 
 
 101.6° F. 
 
 64 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 101.4° F. 
 
 56 
 
 24 
 
 64 
 
 18 
 
 102.2° F. 
 
 52 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 101.6° F. 
 
 56 
 
 18 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 
 101.5° F. 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 56 
 
 24 
 
 102.0° F. 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 102.2° F. 
 
 72 
 
 20 
 
 56 
 
 16 
 
 103.2° F. 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
28 
 
 With a knowledge of these normal variations, which often ex- 
 ceed the tuberculin reaction, it is obvious that before applying the 
 test the normal temperature of the animals should be approxi- 
 mately determined, and when they are being subjected to the test 
 they should be cautiously protected, otherwise the comparatively 
 slight elevation necessary to detect the disease may be disguised. 
 
 As the reaction seems to be the result of an affinity existing 
 between tuberculin and the living tuberculous lesion, it is natural 
 to suppose that when the two are brought together in the same 
 animal it would invariably take place. Experience has shown 
 that it almost always does. It is important, however, that wo 
 understand as far as possible the reason for the reported excep- 
 tions and the extent to which they occur. Exceptions or errors 
 in the tuberculin test fall into two classes, viz.: (1) where there 
 is a reaction and no disease is found, and (2) where there is no 
 reaction and the disease exists. 
 
 In explaining the first of these alleged errors the records of 
 the cases which have come to my attention have been so deficient 
 in data concerning the normal temperature variation of the ani- 
 mal and in the completeness of the post mortem examination, 
 that I have felt the probability that the error rested with the 
 observer quite as much as with the tuberculin. Unfortunately, 
 we are yet unable to determine, by the reaction, the extent of the 
 disease, so that a beginning lesion no larger than a pea may cause 
 a pronounced rise of temperature, and such a tubercle is difficult 
 to find in any organ, and practically impossible if located in the 
 marrow of a bone. 
 
 In the second class, it is admitted that advanced cases gener- 
 ally fail to react; but here the test itself is of less importance, 
 as the disease can be detected by the clinician on physical exami- 
 nation. The occasions are quite numerous where this has hap- 
 pened. For reasons as yet unexplained, a reaction may not 
 occur in rare cases where the disease is recent and active. Medi- 
 cal science recognizes individual idiosyncrasies in respect to the 
 action of other specifics, and all laws in the biological world 
 admit of exceptions and variations. Why, then, should tubercu- 
 
29 
 
 lin and the tuberculous animal be debarre4 from this universally 
 acceded privilege? When, however, tuberculin is carefully pre- 
 pared and scientifically administered these exceptions are exceed- 
 ingly rare. There is no positive evidence that they have occurred. 
 
 The practical value of tuberculin, however, lies in its efficiency 
 in the arts of comparative and sanitary medicine. It is in the 
 practical application that difficulties are encountered. The many 
 details and precautions enumerated as absolutely essential to 
 the best results are often considered too tedious and time-con- 
 suming, and, consequently, the practice has come too generally 
 into vogue of neglecting and ignoring many of these instructions. 
 In order that the test may be practicable it seems to be necessary 
 to resort to the shorter method, even at the risk of an occasional 
 failure. Moreover, the reaction is usually so well marked that 
 the disease can nearly always be detected by the usual procedure. 
 If, however, a diseased animal escapes by virtue of neglecting 
 precautions in making the test, the error should be charged to the 
 examiner and not to the tuberculin. 
 
 As tuberculin is a commercial product, it can be procured and 
 used by those who are incompetent, professionally, to do 
 so. It is the errors incident to ignorance, or deliber- 
 ate deviations from truth, that have led to most of the charges 
 against its use. Tuberculin can not impart knowledge to its 
 user or virtue to the corrupt, but, like other chemical reagents, 
 when the conditions are right it produces its specific effect. It 
 is the task of the examiner to see that this eftect is differentiated 
 from somewhat similar manifestations that may arise from other 
 causes and that its reaction is correctly recorded. Tuberculin 
 cannot disclose irregularities, but if it is put in the hands of 
 those who know its powers and how to use it, it will take a knave 
 indeed to disguise its reaction from him who applies it. 
 
 If we exclude, as we should, the objections to tuberculin due 
 to Ihe deliberate intention to deceive, and again search the rec- 
 ords, we find that even the unskilled and often careless user 
 obtains most remarkably accurate results. Omitting practically 
 all of the precautions enjoined, and following the shorter pro- 
 
30 
 
 cedure of many practitioners, we cannot find positive evidence 
 of five per cent, of error. When but one initial and but three or 
 four subsequent temperatures are taken and little or no atten- 
 tion is paid to the other influencing conditions, an error of not 
 more than five or even of ten per cent, speaks in unmistakable 
 terms of the efficiency of this agent. 
 
 Tuberculin has been thought to be inefficient because in certain 
 dairies where it has been used and the reacting animals removed, 
 the disease has subsequently appeared. In all such herds of 
 which I have knowledge there is a reasonable explanation for 
 such a recurrence in one or more of the three following condi- 
 tions, viz.: (1) the advanced cases which did not react were not 
 detected on physical examination and removed, or (2) the disin- 
 fection of the premises was imperfectly done, or (3) certain ani- 
 mals at the time of the test may have been infected, but the lesion 
 or tubercle not yet developed. It is not yet determined how long 
 tubercle bacteria may remain on mucous ^membranes or in the 
 tissues before they begin to multiply, but undoubtedly a number 
 of days may intervene. It is not claimed that tuberculin will 
 produce a reaction during this period of incubation. On account 
 of these possible conditions it may be necessary to apply the 
 test a second or even a third time before all traces of the disease 
 can be detected and the infected animals removed. 
 
 What Disposition Should be Made of Cattle that Keact to 
 
 TuiSERCULIN. 
 
 In times of destructive epizootics, the disease has been elimi- 
 nated by the actual killing of all affected, and in some instances, 
 exposed animals. In these cases the owners were compensated 
 from the state or national treasury because the elimination of 
 the disease was for the good of the many. It was thought some 
 years ago, and such views are still entertained by many people, 
 that such treatment should be applied to bovine tuberculosis. 
 The accuracy of the tuberculin test furnished a means by which 
 all infected animals could be detected and their immediate 
 destruction seemed to be desirable. In some states such a cru- 
 sade against the disease was started. It was found, however. 
 
31 
 
 when the extent of the disease was appreciated that the cost 
 would be so enormous thgt legislative bodies hesitated to make 
 the necessary appropriations. A further, and more telling oppo- 
 sition to the immediate official eradication of infected animals 
 with indemnity appeared in the change of sentiment brought 
 about by a better understanding of the real nature of the disease 
 as revealed by careful scientific investigations. Thus the pendu- 
 lum swung to one extreme for the sanitarian who felt that much 
 of human tuberculosis came from cattle, and to the other for the 
 agriculturist who has been slow to recognize the import- 
 ance of the disease. At present, the feeling is strong, and justly 
 so, against using dairy products from tuberculous cows, but the 
 diseased cattle are left, in this State, with the owners to decide 
 what shall be done with them. It is because of this that the 
 question of the disposition of such animals appeals more forcibly 
 than ever before to the cattle owners in. our commonwealth. 
 
 It has already been pointed out that the disease spreads rapidly 
 among cattle when once it is introduced into a herd, and that 
 after a few years have elapsed the animals will begin to die, 
 causing a steady loss to the owner. The fact that calves and 
 swine fed upon the milk of tuberculous cattle often contract the 
 disease, adds in many instances another loss. With these purely 
 economic considerations, regardless of the danger to the lives of 
 people, especially children, who consume dairy products, it is 
 very evident that every cattle owner wants to have and for profit 
 must have his herd free from this disease. The farmer is neces- 
 sarily anxious to know the facts relative to the testing and the 
 disposition of reacting animals. 
 
 It is an unfortunate fact that tuberculin will cause the same 
 reaction when the tuberculous lesions are still local and exceed- 
 ingly small (Plate VI), that it does when the disease is gen- 
 eralized and possibly far advanced. It has already been shown 
 that animals often appear to be in excellent condition when the 
 lesions are very extensive. It is impossible from the test alone, 
 therefore, to determine the extent of the disease in the affected 
 animal. The experience of the past has clearly shown that usu- 
 
32 
 
 ally when a number of animals react in a herd, especially when 
 the disease was not suspected, that a large percentage of them 
 are but very slightly afEected. I have seen as many as thirty- 
 five of forty cows destroyed from one herd after the tuberculin 
 test that were so slightly affected that they would, if they had 
 been killed by a regular butcher, have passed without a suspicion 
 of disease. In a number of instances quite as large a percentage 
 of the animals have been equally as little afCected. Under the 
 existing State law, the Department of Agriculture must condemn 
 all affected carcasses, no matter how slight the lesions may be. 
 
 If we look to the practice in other countries, and even to that 
 permitted by the legislation in at least two of our sister States, 
 we find that in lieu of compensating the owner of the animals 
 from the public treasury, and as a partial restoration for prop- 
 erty loss, the unaffected parts of the animals, when the disease 
 is not too extensive, are allowed, after proper inspection, to be 
 sold for food. If the nature of the morbid process is taken fully 
 into account (pages 17-22), it will be evident that in those cases 
 where the lesions are local, i. e., restricted to a single part, there 
 is very little danger of tubercle bacteria being elsewhere in the 
 body. Basing their action upon this biological fact in the history 
 of the disease itself within the body, there seems to be no reason 
 why the methods about to be mentioned and in actual practice 
 are not both safe and equitable. That the results issuing from 
 them have not be^n attended with bad results argues still more 
 strongly for their adoption. 
 
 It was resolved at the International Veterinary Congress held 
 at Baden Baden in 1899 ." that there is need for a general inspec- 
 tion of food animals both before and after slaughter. It was 
 recommended in regard to tubercular animals that all parts of 
 the body actually afflicted with tuberculosis should be destroyed, 
 together with the lymphatic glands adjacent or attached thereto, 
 and that when there is evidence of blood infection or recent gen- 
 eralization, the entire carcass should be condemned. Where the 
 lesions are local or where there is an old but stationary general- 
 ization of the lesions confined to the viscera, the meat is consld 
 
33 ' 
 
 ei-ed safe for genera;! consumption. Where the lymphatic glands 
 in the muscular tissues are tubercular or where the local char- 
 acter of the disease and the harmlessness of the meat are in 
 doubt, it is recommended that it should be sterilized by thorough 
 cooking and sold only in this condition." 
 
 Ostertag recommends the following, namely: 
 
 1. The flesh of the animals with slight or restricted lesions 
 of tuberculosis, in which Ihe disease is purely local, may be sold 
 without restriction after the tubercular parts are removed. 
 
 2. The flesh of animals with more extensive, but unquestion- 
 ably local lesions may be sold raw, with a caution to the pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 3. Where there are lesions of a generalized tuberculosis con- 
 flned to the organs (lungs, liver, spleen or kidneys), and these 
 lesions have healed, the flesh may be sold without restriction or 
 with a caution to the purchaser, according to the development of 
 the disease. 
 
 4. The flesh must be excluded from consumption and used 
 for technical purposes only when the animal is emaciated, or 
 when there is evidence of recent infection of the blood (as shown 
 bj enlarged spleen, swelling of the lymphatic glands, miliary 
 tubercles in the lungs, liver, spleen or kidneys), or when the 
 flesh contains lesions of tuberculosis. 
 
 5. When there is doubt as to the local character of the dis- 
 ease and the harmlessness of the flesh, the meat should be cut 
 into small pieces and thoroughly cooked or, better, sterilized with 
 steam, and it may then be placed on the market. 
 
 Prussian regulations. — The official regulations of Prussia, 
 adopted March 26, 1892, provide in regard to the disposition of 
 the flesh of tubercular animals : 
 
 "A. The flesh of a tubercular animal is to be considered un- 
 wholesome when tubercles are to be found in the flesh or if the 
 tubercular animal is emaciated, even if it does not contain tuber- 
 cles in the flesh. . 
 3 
 
34 
 
 B. On tlie other hand, the flesh of a tubercular animal is to be 
 considered safe (1) when the lesions are confined entirely to one 
 organ, or (2) in case two or more organs are affected. These 
 organs shall be in the same body cavity and connected with each 
 other directly or through the lymphatic channels or by blood 
 vessels that are not a part of the general circulatory system but 
 belong to the portal or to the pulmonary circulation." 
 
 British regulations. — The latest order issued in Great Britain 
 covering the treatment of tubercular animals bears date of March 
 11, 1899. It is based on the above recommendations and provides 
 that the entire carcass and all of the organs shall be seized : 
 
 1. When there is miliary tuberculosis of both lungs. 
 
 2. When there are tuberculous lesions on the pleura and 
 peritoneum. 
 
 3. When tuberculous lesions are present in the muscular 
 system or in the lymphatic glands imbedded in or between the 
 muscle. 
 
 4. When tuberculous- lesions exist in any part of an emaciated 
 carcass. 
 
 The carcass if otherwise healthy should not be condemned, 
 but every part of it containing tuberculous lesions shall be 
 seized : 
 
 1. When the lesions are confined to the lungs and the thoracic 
 lymph glands. 
 
 2. When the lesions are confined to the liver. 
 
 3. When the lesions are confined to the pharyngeal lymphatic 
 glands. 
 
 4. When the lesions are confined to any combination of the 
 foregoing but are collectively small in extent. 
 
 The United States meat inspection laws and regulations. — In 
 
 the federal meat inspection service carried out by the Bureau of 
 
 Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, it is 
 
 . provided that only advanced or generalized cases of tubercidosis 
 
35 
 
 shall be condemned. In slight and local tuberculosis, only the 
 diseased parts are condemned and the remaining healthy por- 
 tions of the carcass are used for food. 
 
 The recently enacted laws of Massachusetts and Wisconsin 
 render it legal for tuberculin reacting animals to be sold for 
 food, subject to inspection under the federal meat inspection 
 laws. The federal laws permit animals to be used for food that 
 are affected with localized tuberculosis and are so determined by a 
 government inspector. If this privilege is granted to the large 
 packers, whose products are officially inspected, the question 
 naturally arises why should not the same privilege be extended 
 to our State officials, whereby they may procure for the 
 small owners the meat value of their reacting animals if 
 they pass a like examination? At present the reacting 
 animals are, under the law, doomed to destruction and the owner 
 must bear the burden of the loss. As a consequence, cattle own- 
 ers, in ignorance of the real trouble, sell their cows that are not 
 " doing well " to the local butcher, but leave behind those that 
 are continuing to spread the disease until in time they too go to 
 the shambles. If, however, these animals could be tuberculin 
 tested at the time of the first suspicion of any trouble and the 
 reacting animals fattened for beef and sold for their meat value, 
 subject to official inspection, the consumer would be protected, 
 and the partial loss sustained by the owner would teach him that 
 it is financially expensive to allow tuberculosis to exist in his 
 herd. If the State does not condemn and destroy all tuberculous 
 animals and compensate the owners it seems just that the law 
 should permit the owners to eliminate the reacting animals from 
 their herds with as little loss as possible. Experience has shown 
 that this can be done under the regulations previously mentioned 
 with virtually no danger to the public. 
 
 The experiment about to be described argues in favor of a 
 second method (already followed in certain localities and coun- 
 tries) of handling reacting animals. This consists in keeping 
 them, isolated from healthy cattle, for breeding purposes or for 
 the milk, it being used only after sterilization. It has been 
 found that a certain number of these animals recover and it is 
 
36 
 
 suggested by the results of the experiment that possibly this 
 number may be materially increased by a simple and inexpensive 
 treatment. This, however, is still in the experimental stage. The 
 method of keeping the reacting animals, save in certain excep- 
 tional cases, has not been recommended in this country. Further 
 experiments may shoAv, however, that in many cases it may be 
 the most economic procedure. 
 
 PART II 
 
 A Report of Progress on Experiments in the Use of Air and 
 Oxygen in Checking the Course of Tuberculosis in ReactUstg 
 Animals (Cattle). 
 
 A study of the lesions found in animals killed after the reaction 
 to tuberculin shows that in many herds a very large percentage 
 of the cattle are but slightly affected. This together with the 
 slow development of tuberculous lesions suggested that possibly 
 the course of the disease might be checked by either increasing 
 the resistance of the animal or deleteriously affecting the vitality 
 of the infecting organism itself. The reported experience of 
 practitioners in treating this disease medicinally gives little hope 
 of success with the ordinary therapeutic agents. In a certain 
 few cases where the lesions are restricted to one or more subcu- 
 taneous lymph glands relief has come from surgical interference, 
 but these cases are so few that the method is of very little general 
 value. It has been found, however, that a small number 'of react- 
 ing animals, after a period of a few months, fail to react a second 
 time and if the climatic and hygienic conditions , are favorable 
 the number that recover is somewhat larger. However, the per- 
 centage of such natural and unaided recoveries is so small that 
 cattle owners cannot afford to isolate and care for all their re- 
 acting animals for the few that may recover unless they are in 
 some way self-supporting; This has been found possible under 
 certain conditions as in the Bang method. 
 
 The method suggested and practically tested by Professor 
 Bang, of Copenhagen, consists in isolating the reacting animals 
 and keeping them more especially for breeding purposes, although 
 the milk is used for feeding calves and swine after it is sterilized. 
 
37 
 
 It has been found that the offspring of reacting animals is in 
 most every instance healthy, and if taken at once from the dam 
 and fed on uninfected food healthy adults are obtained. In this 
 country, this method is not generally considered to be a feasible 
 procedure, although it offers, in the absence of indemnity, an 
 opportunity for the owner of valuable breeding stock to make 
 good at least a portion of the loss caused by the disease. 
 
 The good results that have frequently followed laparotomy in 
 cases of human tuberculosis and the results of investigations by 
 Dr. Corson on the effect upon certain neoplasms of gases when 
 absorbed by serous membranes, led to the conclusion that pos- 
 sibly the inflation of the abdominal and thoracic cavities of re- 
 acting cattle with air or oxygen would be beneficial. The ex- 
 periment herein described was undertaken to determine this 
 point. 
 
 In March, 1902, tweinty cows that had reacted to the tuber- 
 culin test were given by the owner to Dr. Ambler for the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, to be used for experimental purposes in 
 the treatment of tuberculosis. One animal was killed in the 
 advanced stage of the disease. The remaining nineteen were 
 taken to Chatham, where they were kept under the immediate 
 supervision of Dr. H. B. Ambler. They were placed in a new, 
 well-lighted and ventilated barn, where they were kept until 
 August 1st, when they were put on pasture land. While they 
 were in confinement they were allowed to stand during the day 
 in an open yard adjoining the barn. They were fed hay, with 
 a small amount of grain. A number of them were delivered 
 during the first three months. They were milked until August 
 1st, the time they were placed on the pasture. None of the 
 calves born of these cattle were tuberculous, as determined by 
 careful post-mortems by Dr. Ambler. 
 
 The cattle were divided into three groups containing five, 
 seven and seven respectively. The animals in the group of five 
 were kept for controls. Those in one of the other groups were 
 treated with inflations of oxygen and those in the other with air. 
 The abdominal cavity and one of the pleural cavities were filled 
 
38 
 
 at each treatment, the right and left pleural oaTities were in- 
 flated alternately. The technie consisted simply in clipping the 
 hair over the place of operation, disinfecting the skin and insert- 
 ing a small trochar and canula. The air was forced in by 
 attaching the canula to a large bicycle pump that was worked 
 slowly, and the oxygen by connecting the canula to the oxygen 
 cylinder. The inflations were made at intervals of from two to 
 four weeks from May 7th to September 5th. The cattle were all 
 killed and carefully examined October 16th. The animals were 
 first tested with tuberculin March 25, 1902. There were 24 in 
 the herd and 20 reacted. One animal was so poor that it could 
 not be taken to Chatham. It was killed and examined by Dr. 
 Ambler, who found extensive tuberculous lesions. The ap- 
 pended table, giving the results of the original tuberculin test, 
 contains the data concerning the breed, age and weight of the 
 animals. All but two were in fairly good condition. Those 
 were quite poor. 
 
 The animals were divided into three groups, one of which con- 
 tained the control animals and the other two those that wei-ft 
 placed under special treatment. The control animals were kept 
 under the salne conditions that the others were, excepting the 
 treatment. The appended tables contain the effect produced by 
 the treatment on the pulse, respiration and temperatuire of each 
 animal, and after each of the treatments except the last. The 
 immediate effect, which passed away in a few hours, consisted 
 in a rapid pulee, increased respiration, and in a few cases of a 
 slight rise in temperature." See tables. ' 
 
39 
 
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45 
 
 The animals were treated for the sixth time September 4, 1902. 
 As they were at pasture some distance from Chatham it was- 
 impossible on account of other imperative work to take the 
 temperature, pulse and respiration, before and after the admin- 
 istration of the gases. 
 
 Two of the animals died apparently as the direct result of the 
 air inflation. No. 572 died June 9th, about ten minutes after 
 the inflation was completed. She was in very poor condition, 
 although the autopsy showed that the tuberculous lesions were 
 few and slight in extent. The immediate cause of death seems 
 to have been pressure. September 4th !Np. 514 died very sud- 
 denly during the process of inflating the right pleural cavity. 
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 but it is supposed that air was forced into a blood vessel. Death 
 occurred, after the first symptoms appeared, as quickly as it 
 would from a well directed bullet. From the table containing 
 the list of affected organs it will be observed that the lesions 
 were slight. These were the only animals that exhibited any 
 alarming symptoms following the treatment. 
 
 The cattle were tested with tuberculin by Dr. Ambler, July 
 28th, and again October 14, 1902. The results of these tests are- 
 given in the appended tables. 
 
46 
 
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48 
 
 It will be .observed from the charts that seven animals did noi, 
 react July 28th, and that twelve failed to react October 14tli. 
 It is further observed that at the last test only two of the con- 
 trols reacted. It is important to state that for the first three 
 months the aninuals receiving the oxygen did much better than 
 the others. In July the eight animals that were in the best 
 condition included the seven treated with oxygen. At the time 
 of the last test (October 14th) the cattle were, with two excep- 
 tions, in a good condition for animals kept at pasturfe, although 
 the oxygen-treated ones still presented the best appearance. 
 They would all have passed on a physical examination as being 
 perfectly sound and healthy, and from their general appearance 
 there was no evidence of disease, with possibly the exception of 
 the two mentioned. They were all killed and carefully examined 
 October 16th. The following table contains a list of the organs 
 affected in each of the seventeen animals killed at this time and. 
 the two that died during the treatment. 
 
49 
 
 
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50 
 
 The autopsies showed that the lesions were not excessively 
 advanced in any of the animals but, on the contrary, they were 
 small although in a number of cases they were quite widely 
 distributed. In one instance. No. 541, the lesions on the omentum 
 were acute but in all the others they were restricted and chronic 
 in nature. In a number of cases the cellular infiltration around 
 the tuberculous foci was unusually marked, suggesting encapsu- 
 lation and healing. It has not been possible, however, to dif- 
 ferentiate the reacting from the non-reacting animals by means 
 of the gross or microscojjic examination of the diseased tissue. 
 
 Although the lesions in the non-reacting animals suggested a 
 tendency to encapsuation it was desirable to determine whether 
 the tubercle bacteria were present and if so as virulent as they 
 were in the case of the reacting animals. To determine this 
 guinea pigs of similar weight (1200 grams) were inoculated with 
 small pieces of equal size from the walls of tuberculous lesions 
 from nearly all of the animals. The guinea pigs all died of 
 generalized tuberculosis. There was some difference in the time 
 required to kill them but this was no greater than the variation 
 in the course of the disease in two guinea pigs inoculated from 
 the same lesions. A summary of the results are appended in 
 tabulated form. 
 
51 
 
 Result of Guinea Pig Inoculations with Tuberculous 
 Lesions From Both Reacting and Non-Reacting Cattle. 
 
 3 
 
 a . 
 
 H 
 <! 
 
 Tiaaue 
 inoculated. 
 
 Date of 
 inoculation. 
 
 Result. 
 
 591 
 
 Pleura 
 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 
 Guinea pig died Jan. 2, 1903. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 Guinea pig died Nov. 29,1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 Guinea pig died Nov. 2, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 Guinea pig died Dec. 4, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 
 556 
 582 
 533 
 533 
 543 
 
 589 
 
 567 
 514 
 
 540 
 
 563 
 510 
 541 
 
 539 
 553 
 598 
 600 
 
 Bronchial gland . 
 
 Med. glands 
 
 Bronchial gland.. 
 
 Med. gland 
 
 Bronchial gland. . 
 
 Lymph gland .... 
 Lymph gland. . . . 
 Mes. lymph gland 
 
 Bronchial gland . 
 Ant. med. gland.. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 
 *Oct. 18, '02 
 
 *Oct. 18, '02 
 
 Oct. 18,1902 
 Sept. S, 1902 
 *Oot. 18, '02 
 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 *Oct. 18, '02 
 
 ♦Oct. 18, '02 
 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 
 Guinea pig died Nov. 2, 1902. Generalized 
 
 tuberculosis. 
 1 Guinea pig died November 20, 1902. Generahzed 
 
 tuberculosis. 
 Guinea pig died November 28, 1902. Generalised 
 
 tuberculosis. 
 Guinea pig died Nov. 29, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 Guinea pig died Oct. 1, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 1 Guinea pig died December 1, 1902. Generalized 
 
 tuberculosis. 1 lived. 
 Guinea pig died Dec. 6, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis 
 Guinea pig died Dec. 1, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 1 Guinea pig died November 20, 1902. Generalized 
 
 Bronchial gland . 
 
 tuberculosis. ,. ' , 
 1 Guinea pig died November 28, 1902. Generalized 
 
 tuberculosis. „ ,. , , , . 
 Guinea pig died Dec. 4, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 ♦Oct. 18, '02 
 
 Oct. 18, 1902 
 
 Guinea pig died Dec. 4, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis. 
 
 549 
 
 Dorsal M. gland. 
 
 1 Guinea pig died December 6, 1902. Generalized 
 tuberculosis. „ ,. . 
 
 1 Guinea pig died December 27, 1902. Generahzed 
 tuberculosis. 
 
 * Two inoculations. 
 
 The results obtained point with some favor to the value of the 
 inflation treatments. The fact that three of the control animals 
 did not react at the last test is in harmony with the belief that a 
 certain number of infected cattle that respond to tuberculin will 
 recover under favorable conditions. It is interesting to note 
 further that all of the animals receiving the inflations of air 
 failed to react. This indicates a possible therapeutic value in 
 this treatment. The oxygen animals, which thrived better than 
 the others during the treatment, showed at the end but slightly 
 better results than the controls. It is unfortunate that the 
 animals could not have been kept until time had been given the 
 lesions to have become fully encapsulated or absorbed m case they 
 were recovering; or for the further development of the lesions if 
 the seeming check to the progress of the disease, as indicated by 
 the tuberculin test, was only temporary. It is very desirable that 
 these experiments should be continued until the efficiency of this 
 
52 
 
 treatment of reacting cattle is Settled with certainty. The douots 
 arising from these results are unavoidable owing to the slow 
 development of tuberculous lesions and the necessity of an early 
 slaughter. 
 
 If the mooted points are set aside, we can still gather the con- 
 clusion from the experiment that reacting animals may be kept, 
 isolated from others, with profit to the owner. Certainly the 
 slowness in the development of the lesions, warrants tlbe keeping of 
 them for feeding purposes if, when fattened, they can be 
 slaughtered for food and inspected under proper regulations. 
 The results obtained in the controls suggest more strongly than 
 has heretofore been emphasized the efflciency of Bang's method 
 as a means of treatment. There is no evidence that cattle are 
 more susceptible to tuberculosis than man and consequently there 
 is reason for expecting that, under like circumstances, there will 
 be quite as good results from the individual resistance to the 
 parasitism. The fact that all of the cattle treated with the air 
 and over 50^ of those receiving the oxygen did not react, after the 
 second tuberculin test, suggests that these gases may possess, 
 when absorbed by serous membranes, therapeutic value. 
 
 It is hoped that in the near future opportunity will be afforded 
 of putting the treatment both by the inflation with gases and of 
 rest to a thorough test by allowing the animals to live until 
 the fact is demonstrated relative to the permanent benefit which 
 the results herein reported are but suggestive. As it is possible 
 to determine positively the eflflciency of the methods, it seems 
 unwise to speculate or argue for or against them until the results 
 of suflSciently extended experiments are recorded. 
 
 General Conclusions. 
 From the various facts that have been brought to light con- 
 cerning the extent and nature of bovine tuberculosis together with 
 its economic and sanitary significance, the following conclusions 
 seem to be justified. 
 
 1. Bovine tuberculosis is ordinarily a very insidious disease. 
 It is slow in its development requiring from a few months to 
 several years to destroy the animal. Death results from the in- 
 
53 
 
 vasion and destruction by the specific bacteria of tuberculosis of 
 organs necessary to life and not as the direct result of bacteria] 
 poisoning. 
 
 2. Bovine tuberculosis is wide spread. It is estimated that 
 from two to four per cent, of the dairy cattle of the State are af- 
 fected. It is much more prevalent in some districts than in 
 others. 
 
 3. Bovine tuberculosis is disseminated very largely by the in- 
 troduction of tuberculous animals into uninfected herds. When 
 such infected animals, although in apparent health, are placed 
 among healthy ones the disease often spreads very rapidly. This 
 explains the rapid dissemination of the disease in certain herds 
 following the purchase of new animals. 
 
 4. Where animals are brought into a healthy herd only after a 
 thorough examination and a failure to react tO the tuberculin test 
 properly administered, the disease does not appear save in very 
 rare instances where some other source of infection exists. 
 
 5. By the use of tuberculin all the animals in a dairy that are 
 infected, even to a very slight degree, may be detected. 
 
 6. Tuberculosis causes more losses than all of the other diseases 
 of cattle now existing in this State. This is charged not only to 
 the loss from the death of the animals but to waste of food; the 
 diminished diary products due to the poor condition of the in- 
 fected animals; the interference with breeding; the transmission 
 of the disease to animals that are fed upon milk such as calves 
 and swine and the diminution in the market value of the well 
 animals in the infected herds. 
 
 7. The bacteria of human and of bovine tuberculosis belong to 
 the same species but as they are found in the lesions of men and 
 cattle they are differentiated from each other by distinct varietal 
 differences. The bacterium of human tuberculosis is rarely the 
 cause of death in cattle. There is much evidence that the disease 
 is transmitted from cattle to the human species less frequently 
 than it was formerly supposed. 
 
54 
 
 8. A study of the nature of tuberculosis, its mauner of dis 
 semination, and tlie great loss it is causing the cattle raisers and 
 owners, of the State, together with the existing ]iractice8 and 
 laws, suggest the necessity of legislation in at least two direc- 
 tions, viz. : (A.) Laws to prevent the entrance into this State from 
 without of tuberculous cattle. (B.) A law legalizing the sale and 
 use of animals that r'eact to tuberculin for food when they are in 
 a suitable condition and upon post-mortem examination by an 
 authorized inspector are found to be in such a condition that they 
 would be passed as wholesome under the federal meat inspection 
 regulations. 
 
 A Few References lo the Li^^erature on Bovine Tuberculosis. 
 Adami. — On the significance of bovine tuberculosis and its 
 eradication and prevention in Canada. Canadian Jour, of Med. 
 and Surgery Dec. 1899. 
 
 Curtice. — The detection of tuberculosis in cattle. Annual Re- 
 port Bureau of Animal IndvMrij U.. 8. Dcpt. of Agr. 1895-96. 
 
 Koch. — The etiology" of tuberculosis. Elitt. aiis dem Kaiserl. 
 Gesundheitsamte. Vol. IT, 189^. Translated in Vol. GXV. New 
 Sydenham Society. 
 
 Koch. — ThcS combating of tuberculosis in the light of the ex- 
 perience that has been gained in the successful combating of other 
 infectious diseases. Am. Vet. Review. Vol. XXV No. 6. Sept. 
 1901. 
 
 MooRE AND Dawson. — Tuberculosis in swine, the nature of the 
 disease with a report of three cases. Annual Report BureoM of 
 Animal Industry, TJ. S. Dept. of A.gric. 1895-96. 
 
 Moore. — The preparation of tuberculin, its value as a diag- 
 nostic agent and remarks on the hu.nian and bovine tubercle 
 bacilli. Trans, of the Med. Society of the State of New York. 
 1900. 
 
 NocARD. — The animal tuberculoses. Jenhins. New York. 
 
55 
 
 Pearson. — The Pennsylvania plan for controling tuberculosis 
 of cattle. Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 1899. < 
 
 I'barson. — Tuberculosis in cattle and the Pennsylvania plan of 
 its repression. Bulletin No. 75. Fenn. Dejn. of Agric. 19Q1. 
 
 Pearson. — The repression of tuberculosis of ca1;,tle by sanita- 
 tion. Bulletin No. 74- Penn. Dcpt. of Agr. 1901. ■,., 
 
 Pearson. — Some experiments upon the immunization of cattle 
 against tuberculosis. Journ. of Comp. Med. and Vetermwry Ar- 
 chives. Novemher. 1902. 
 
 Ravenel. — The dissemination of tubercle bacilli by cows in, 
 coughing a possible source of contagion. University of Pentp. 
 Med. Magazine. Nov. 1901. 
 
 Ravenel. — The comparative virulence of the tubercl^ bacillus 
 from human and bovine sources. Univ. of Pe^w. Mefiical Bul- 
 letin. Sept. 1901. 
 
 Ravenel. — The intercommunicibility of human an(J bovine 
 tuberculosis. The Univ. of Penn. Med. Bulletin. May, 1902., 
 
 Repp. — Transmission of tuberculosis through meat and milk,, 
 American Medicine. Oct. 6, Nov. 2, 1901.. 
 
 Salmon. — Legislation with reference to bovine tuberculosis. 
 Bulletin 28. U. S. Department of Agric. Bureau of Animal In- 
 dustry. 1901. 
 
 Salmon.— The tuberculin test of imported cattle. Bulletin 3^. 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 1901. 
 
 Smith. — Investigations concerning bovine tuberculosis with 
 special reference to diagnosis and prevention. Bulletin Np. 7, 
 U. 8. Dept. of Agric. BureoM of Animal Industry. 189Jf. 
 
 Smith. — A comparative study of bovine tubercle bacilli and of 
 human bacilli from suptum. Jour, of Exper. Med. Vol. III. 
 1898. 
 
 Smith. — The thermal death point of tubercle bacilli in milk 
 and some other fluids. Jour. Exper. Med. Vol. IV. No. 2, 1899. 
 
56 
 
 The following bulletins on tuberculosis have been issued from 
 the various State Agricultural Experiment Stations: 
 
 Bitting. — Bovine tuberculosis in Indiana. Bulletin 63, In- 
 diana. 1896. 
 
 Beewek. — Tuberculosis. Bui. ^/. Utah. 1895. 
 
 Caey. — Bovine tuberculosis. Biil. 67. Alalama. 1895. 
 
 FiscHEE. — Bovine tuberculosis. Bui. 79. Kansas. 1898. 
 
 Geangb. — Tuberculosis. Bui. 133. Michigan. 1896. 
 
 Hills and Rich. — Bovine tuberculosis. Bui. ^2. Vermont. 
 1894. 
 
 Law. — Tuberculosis in relation to animal industry and public 
 health. Bui. 65. (Cornell) New York. 1894- 
 
 Law.— Experiments with tuberculin on non-tuberculous cows. 
 Bui. 82. (Cornell) New York. 1894. 
 
 Law. — Tuberculosis in cattle and its control. Bui. 150. 
 Cornell, 1898. 
 
 Marshall. — A study of normal temperatures and the tuber- 
 culin test. Bui. 159. Michigan. 1898. 
 
 Marshall. — Killing the tubercule bacilli in milk. Bui. 173. 
 Michigan. 1899. 
 
 Mayo. — Some diseases of cattle, Texas itch, blackleg, tuber- 
 culosis, Texas fever. Bui. 69. Kansas. 1897. 
 
 Nelson. — On the use of Koch's lymph in the diagnosis of tuber- 
 culosis. Report of Biologist. Neio Jersey. 1893. 
 
 Nelson. — Experimental studies of the Koch test for tuber- 
 culosis. New Jersey. 1895. 
 
 Nelson. — The suppression and prevention of tuberculosis of 
 cattle and its relation to human consumption. Bui. 118. New 
 Jersey. 1896. 
 
 Nesom. — Tuberculosis of cattle. Bui. 50. 8. C. 1900. 
 
 Pearson. — Tuberculosis of cattle. Bui. 29. Penn. 1894. 
 
 Russell. — Tuberculosis and the tuberculin test. Bui. 40. 
 Wisconsin. 1894- 
 
57 -;; 
 
 Russell.— The history of a tuberculous herd of cows. Bui 
 
 78. Wisconsin. 1899. 
 
 Russell and Hastings.— Bovine tuberculosis in Wisconsin. 
 Bui. 8Jf. Wisconsin. 1901. 
 
 Stalker and Niles. — Investigations of bovine tuberculosis, 
 with special reference to its existence in Iowa. Bui. 29. Iowa. 
 1895. 
 
 Thorne. — Bovine tuberculosis. Bui. 108. Ohio. 1899. 
 Williamson and Emeey. — Tuberculosis and its prevention. 
 Bui. 111. N. €. 1895. 
 
 Description of Plates. 
 
 PLATE 1. Tuberculous heart of cow. A vertical section through a bovine 
 heart surrounded by a thick tuberculous deposit. This was found in an animal 
 in good condition that was killed for beef. 
 
 PLATE 2. Trachea and principal bronchial tubes in bovine lungs showing 
 attached bronchial glands. (Smith.) 
 
 a-a' Air tubes supplying the right and left caudal (principal) lobes. 
 
 b-b' Air tubes supplying the right and left ventral lobes, 
 second cephalic lobes of the right lung. 
 
 c-c' Branches of the right supernumerary bronchus, supplying the first and 
 second cephalic lobes of the right lung. 
 
 c^ Air tubes supplying the left cephalic lobe. 
 
 d. Branch of azygos lobe. 
 
 A. Left bronchial lymph gland. ■ 
 
 B. Tracheal lymph gland. 
 
 C. Ljrmph gland at root of right supernumerary bronchus. 
 
 PLATE III. Photograph of a section of a tuberculous lung of a cow. Show- 
 ing caseous masses and centers (whitish points) of calcification. Natural size. 
 (Law.) 
 
 PLATE IV. Photograph of a tuberculous omentum from a cow killed after 
 reaction to tuberculin. Tubercles natural size. 
 
 PLATE V. Photograph of tuberculous ulcers in the intestine of a cow. 
 
 Figure 1 . Mucous surface showing ulcers. Natural size. 
 
 Figure 2. A section through an ulcer. The edges show normal tissue. 
 Magnified about eight diameters. 
 
 PLATE VI. Tuberculosis in livers of cattle. These lesions represent the only 
 lesions found in two animals that gave a marked tuberculin reaction. 
 
 Figure 1. Two tuberculous growths from surface of a cow's liver. Magnified 
 two diameters. 
 
 Figure 2. Liver showing primary focus with numerous daughter foci in close 
 proximity to it. Natural size. 
 I PLATE VII. Temperature curves. 
 
58 
 
 Figure 1. Curve showing the effect on the temperature of cattle by drinking 
 cold water. 
 
 Figure 2. Temperature curves. C. Normal: A. and B. Sharp temporary 
 elevations due to various causes. They are not tuberculin reacting curves. 
 
 Figure 3. A temperature of a cow for forty-eight hours determined by hourly 
 records. A. The temperature curve for twenty-four hours prior to injecting 
 tuberculin. B. The temperature curve for twenty-four hours after its injection. 
 
 PLATE VIII. Photographs of tuberculous lesions in a rabbit and guinea- 
 pig- 
 
 Figure 1. Lungs of a rabbit dead of tuberculosis after inoculation with dis- 
 eased tissue from a tuberculous cow. Natural size. 
 
 Figure 2. Liver and spleen of tuberculous guinea-pig in the abdominal cavity. 
 
 The spleen is lifted up to show its large size. Natural size. 
 
n \TE 1. 
 
 TUBERCI.TLOUS HEART, COW. 
 
ri./ViE II. 
 
 #'ksn,„ 
 
 l»|"^ Fir ^ 
 
 TR.\CIII-:A, BRn,\f.|-n AND liLANDS OF r.O\'lNK Lf_N<i. l;?>ll'lil I 
 
PLATE ITJ. 
 
 SECTION OF TUBBKGULOUS LUKG, COW. ILAW.) 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 TUBERCLES ON OJlIiNTlM "F rciW. 
 
PLATE \-. 
 
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 tui:ercui.oi-s ri.' er<, intestine of cow. 
 
Tl. A'l'K \I- 
 
 
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