PE 135 B26 1866 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 1891 A2OS3I7 ■■ U/.^./JSd(dt 5901 Cornell University Library PE 135.B26 1866 Gefylsta (the helper): an Anglo-Saxon de 3 1924 027 322 621 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924027322621 SE aETYLSTA (THE HELPER) : SEBVIKO AS A FIRST-CLASS BOOK OF THE LANGUAGE. BY THE REV. W. BARNES, OT ST. tohd's colligk, caubhisoe. " Ic haetbe Jiis gewrit swa ic mihte, mid wisddme minra foregengena and f>ara yldrena, gesette." — Life of St. Outhlac. SECOND EDITION. LONDON : JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE. MDCOCLXVI. :d PREFACE. The compiler believes that it is hardly possible to gain a critical understanding of our mother tongue, such as an Englishman should have ; and a clear per- ception of its etymology and structure, such as that which the master of the grammar school labours so hardly to give his pupUs of the formation of Latin and Greek; without contemplating English in its purer and more regular form of the Anglo-Saxon: and, therefore, as well as because the learning of Anglo- Saxon would be found, as far as it might go, a wit- sharpening exercise of the mind, of the same kind as that of the learning of any other dead language, and because the Anglo-Saxon writers aflFord some gems of thought, as well as much useful history, worthy of a place in the youthful mind, — it is to be hoped that Anglo-Saxon may yet take a place, though it should iv PREFACE. be but a small one, in the English school-room, if not on the desk of the grammar school. lu private, as well as in diocesan English schools, the compiler believes that Anglo-Saxon may be introduced with good effects ; and as he has been careful not to gather into his reading-book anything that is morally unwholesome, so he thinks that if there is a place to be filled by a book of the kind, his own cannot be rejected from any likelihood that it may do moral harm. He believes, though possibly few but Teutonic scholars will be of his mind, that Anglo-Saxon (English) has not been cultivated into a better form, but has been corrupted for the worse, since King Alfred's days. English has lost many of the case-endings and other inflections of its old form, and cannot therefrom, if it may from aught else, have become a more excellent language than the Anglo-Saxon, any more than Latin became more excellent in the broken form of the Uomaunt, or in modern French, than it was in its old purity ; and the praise of greater richness which some bestow on English must be lessened by the truth that Anglo-Saxon, like German, had within itself the elements of the utmost richness; and that we have thrown away many of its good words to take ia their PREFACE. V stead less intelligible ones from the Latin and Greek. We have, in modern English, the words, solstice, equi- nox, disc (as of the sun), and Sagittarius ; but we have not enriched our language with them, since we have thrown away good Anglo-Saxon words, sun-stede (sun- sted), emniht, trendel, and scytta, to make room for them. To make his work as complete as possible in itself, the compiler has given, with his selections, tables of the accidence and strong verbs ; with a few of the canons of articulation which unravel some seeming anomalies in the weak and mixed verbs, and a glossary of the words of the extracts. The selections are mostly short pieces on religion, ethics, astronomy, physical geography, and other such subjects; with a selection of Anglo-Saxon history from the Saxon Chronicle, The Anglo-Saxon works hitherto printed form a considerable body of writings, but the pen has left many more that are resting in the dust of our libraries. Some of them have very lately come abroad through the press, and whenever there may be a call for others it is believed they will follow. VI PREFACE. Among the most useful already known in print are- Works. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, £ilZs.(,d. The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Holy Gospels, 8s. Cffidmon's Metrical Paraphrase of Parts of the Holy Scripture, £1 \s. Codex Exoniensis. A Collection of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, from a MS. in the Library of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter, £1. Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. A selec- tion in prose and verse from Anglo- Saxon authors of various ages, \2s. The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Story of Apollonius of Tyre, 6s. Rask's Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue, 12s. Guide to the Anglo-Saxon Tongue, 5s. 6d. TheAnglo-Saxou Version of the Life of St. Guthlac, Hermit of Croyland, 5s. An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Read- ing, comprising jElfric's Homily on the Birthday of St. Gregory, 2s. M. An Anglo-Saxon and English Dic- tionary, 12s. King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Boethius's Consolation of Philo- sophy, £\ 5s. King AJfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of the Metres of Boethius, 12s. The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Hexameron of St. Basil, &c. 4s. Anglo-Saxon Manual of Astronomy. King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius. King Alfred's Will, 5s. Ancient Laws and Institutes of Eng- land, comprising the Anglo-Saxon Laws of Edward the Confessor, William, and Henry I, &c. £\ 10s. IUustrationsofAnglo-SaxonPoetry,16s. Libri Psalmorum, Anglo-Saxonica, £\. The Poems of Beowulf, 2 vols. £\ 10s. Editors or Authors, Rev. J. Ingram, D.D. Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. E. J. Vernon, B.A. Charles Wycliffe Goodwin, M.A. L. Langley, F.L.S. Rev. Joseph Bosworth, D.D. J. S. Cardale. Rev. Samuel Fox, M.A. Henry W. Norman, M.A. Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A. Hon. Daines Harrington. Benjamin Thorpe. J. J. Conybeare, M.A. Benjamin Thorpe. J. M. Kemble, M.A. SE GEFYLSTA. THE ALPHABET. Letters. Powers. A a [K] Ah. M ae [je] Aie. B h B. C c [EJ Kee. D d [b] D. E e Aie. F f M F. G g [I>5] Ghee. H h [J>^] H. I i Ee. L 1 L. M m [GDI M. N n N. O 0. P P P. R r M R. S s Or] S. T t M T. U u Ooh. W w[pp] W. X X X. Y 7 I in win. P y Thee, tk in thin. D « Thee, tk in thee, A marked vowel, as &, is long. NOUNS. EXAMPLES OF ANGLO-SAXON ACCIDENCE." (Aet. 1.) NOUNS. WEAK POaM. Vowel-stems, or Nouns ending in a Vowel. Singular. Plural. N. Steorra {star) steorr*-an. G. Steorr*''-aii steorr*-ena''. D. Steorr*-an steorr*-Tim. A. Steorr*-an steorr*-an. Note. — ^Neuter nouns have the same form in the accusative as in the nominative case. » These tabular examples of accidence are given as a ready help in construing and parsing the text. They vrill hardly suffice for a grammar, the place of which, the compiler begs to observe, would be well fiUed by Vernon's ' Guide to the Anglo-Saxon.' '^ A star (*) shows the place of a vowel, which may have been variable in different Indo-Teutonic languages, or which has gone out. ■= Bopp shows good grounds for believing that the original case-ending of the Indo-Teutonic languages for the genitive of the plural nimiber was *m or *n, as im in Sanscrit, anm in Zend, um in Latin (ped-um), and ov in Greek (XoycDw, Xoyo-o]/). The Germanic tongues dropped the final nasal, and in the genitive forms of vowel-stems, like steorra, an euphonic n was inserted between ihe stem-vowel and the case-ending vowel ; and so steorr-a-a became steor-a-n-a oi steorr-e-n-a. When a vowel-stem lost its final vowel, as the Gothic " Jjiuda," which became the Anglo-Saxon " jie6d," it lost the need of an euphonic n before the case-ending vowel ; though it was sometimes found lingering with it : and therefore the geni- tive plural of the Anglo-Saxon would sometimes end in a, and sometimes in ena. Nominative, *s. Genitive, *s. Originative, *t, *d, or *. Accusative, *m, *n *n. Dative, *. Locative, *. Instrumental, *'. NOTJNS. 3 (3.) STRONG FORM. CLASS I. Neuter Consonant-stems. Singular. Plural. N. Word (word) word. G. "Word-es word-a*. D. Word-e word-um. A, Word word. * The most prominent case-endings in the early forms of the Indo- Teutonic languages seem to Bopp to have been — Singular. Plural Nominative, as, *s. Genitive, am, *m, *n. Originative, b, m, b*s, m*s. Accusative, ns, as, *s. Dative, *b*m, b*s, m*s. Locative, s*, sh*. Instrumental, b*m, b*s, h*m, m*s. CLASS II. (3.) Neuter Vowel- and Liquid-stems. Singular. , j Plural. N. Fset* {vat) a 'z t*'*«/f faet-u. ' G. Faet-es fet-a. X>. FaBt-e faet-um. A. Faet faet-u. CLASS III. (4.) Masculine Consonant-stems. Singular. Plural. N. Dael (part) . dael-as. G. Dael-es dael-a, D. Dael-e dael-um. A. Dael dael-as. * Faet, and many other nouns of this class, are not actually vowel- or liquid-stems in Anglo-Saxon, but it is likely they were such in their earlier forms. Water is in Gothic waio, and cealf, calio. 1§ 4 ADJECTIVES. CLASS IV. (5.) Masculine Vowel- and Liquid-stems. Some flatten their vowel in the V. singular and N. plural. Singular. Plural. N. Sunu {son) sun-a. G. Sun-a sun-a {note "). D. Sun-a sun-um. A. Sun-a sun-a. CLASS V. '6.) Feminine Consonant-stems. Same as Class III, omitting the final s of the plural. CLASS VL (7.) Feminine Vowel-stems, and others, flattening the Vowel in some cases. ar. Plural. N. Denu {vale) hoc {book) den-a bee. G. Den-e bee den-a (en-a) boc-a. D. Den-e bee den-um boc-um. A, Den-e boo den-a bee. ADJECTIVES. (8.) With a Definite Noun. N. Se god-a, seo god-e, ])^t god-e, pa. god-an. In all their other cases but the accusative of the neuter slngjilar, vrhich is like the nominative, they follow the weak form of nouns. PRONOUNS. (9.) With an Indefinite Noun. M. F, N. Plural. N. God g6d god god-e. G. G6d-es g6d-(e)re^« g6d-es g6d-(e)ra' D. G6d-um g6d-(e)re''^ god-um g6d-um. "^ A. G6d-(e)iie22 god-e god god-e. (10.) PRONOUNS. Singular. Plural. Ic, I We, we. pu, thou Ge, you. He, heo, hit ; he, she, it Hi, they. (11.) Declension of the 1st Person. Singular. Dual. Plural. \ N. Ic wit we. G. Mm uncer ure. D. Me unc us. ,' A. Me unc us. (12.) Declension of the 2d Person. Singular. Dual. Plural, N. pii git ge. G. pin incer e6wer. D. pe iac edw. A. pe inc eow. b PRONOUNS. (13.) Declension of the 3d Person. Like the adjective (Art. 9) by syncope and crasis from the root he or hi. M. F. N. N. He heo [he-e] hit [he-t]' G. His [he-es]'^ hire [he-(e)re]» his [he-es]^^ D. Him [he-um]^^ hire [he-(e)re]'' him [he-um]^^ A. Hine [he-e-ne]^^ hi [he-e] hit Plural. N. hi [he-e]^l G. hira, heora [he-(e)ra]^^, D. him, heom [he-um]^''. A. hi [hi-e]^l « i" Thence the English pronoun her.^ ' Thence the pronoun it. (14.) DISTRIBUTIVE LIMITING PRONOirNS. selc each. »gSer either, dn-lipig every, single. (15.) POSSESSIVE LIMITING PRONOUNS. Like the Indefinite Adjective (Ait. 9). N. Min, mine ure. G. min-es, &c. ures, &c. (16.) N. Din eower. G. Din-es, &c. e6wer-es, &c. PttONOUNS. (17.) INDEFINITE LIMITING PRONOUNS , A'n one. sum some. aenig any. uaenig &vr8er, aiSer none, either. naw^er neither a-wiht, from ^n and wiht, wuht, or creature, a wight, whit ; syncope^^ ^wht, dht a thing" and by aught, anythir n^-whit, from nin, none; and wiht, 1 nothing, whit J and by syncope^^ nawht, naht J naught, eaU aU. fe&wa (fed) . ^ few. fela ' & ^t f-i"' ; many. genoh_' pvwW'd enough, maeaig K \j many, o^er other. (18 ) DEMONSTRATIVE LIMITING PRONOUNS. Like the indefinite adjective (Art. 9), from the root D*s. M. F. N. N. Des iSeos «is G. Dis-es -Siss-e [^iss(er)e]^^ •Sis-es D. Dis-um ■8iss-e [■Siss(er)e]'''^ ■Sis-um A. Dis-ne [«iss-(e)ne]'"' «as «is N. •Sas. G. 'Siss-a [■Siss(er)al^' Plural. r» «. ^ ^ ^ '' D. 'oiss-um. A. iSas. 8 PRONOUNS. (19.) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN AND ARTICLE. Like the indefinite adjective (Art. 9), from the root ]>a, or se. M. F. A-. N. Se seo, ya. Jjaet [Jja-hit]"" G. Debs [Jja-es]^^ ];8ere [J>a-(e)re]^^ fses [J>a-es]^^ D. D^m [)7a-um]^^ J^aere []7a-(e)rep^ J?am []7a-iiTn]^'' A. Done [j.a-(e)ne]^^ J?^ [);a-e]^^ ' N. |ja [Jja-e]". Plural ^- J'^^^ [h-(e)ra]^ D. }7£m [J7a-um]^ 1^. ]>& []7a-e]. )?aet []7a-liit]" » From Jiaere stowe, " at that place," by leaving out " stowe" might have come {jsere, Jjaer, onr adverb " there." i" " That." <: Our pronoun " they." '' '' " Their." =2 = " them." ^ (20.) INTERROGATIVE LIMITING PRONOUNS. Like the adjective ' god ' from the root wlia. M. F. N. Hwd hwa G. Hws§s [hwa-es]' hwaSs [hwa-es] D. Hw^m [hwa-um]'' hwam (hwsSm) [hwa-nm] . Hwsene „ -,.■ hwsSne „ ^- Hwdne ^^^-^-^^y tw6ne ^^^-^-^^T N. N. hwaet. G. hwses [hwa-es]. D. hwam (hwsem) [hwa-um]. A. hwaet. » Thence our pronoun whose.'' " Our pronoun whom.'' <■ From " o« hwsene tide," or " o« hwsene timan," or " oS whajne byre," or " o« whsne first," to or at what time, by ellipsis of the noun would come "whiene,' our when; and from the declension of wW of the feminine gender m concord vrith stow (place) like the indefinite adjective gdd PRONOUNS. y N. Hwfi. G. Hwaere [liwa-(e)re]''l D. Hwaere [li-wa-(e)re]^*. A. Hw£. Would come "hwsre stowe," at what place f Trhich, by ellipsis of stowe, would give our where. (21.) Cardinals. ^n S twa s j7reo a feower fif six seofon eahta nigon tyn endlufon twelf ]?reo-tyne fe6wer-tyne twentig }?ry.ttig NUMEBAL LIMITING PRONOUNS. Ordinals, forma, seo forme )>aet forme. 6«er )7ry-dda, seo ]>ry-dde J>aet ]>ry-dde. feor-]7a fif-ta six-ta seofo-j7a eahto-j^a iiigo-j7e te6-j7e endlyf-te twelf-te ]7ry-tte6^e feower-teoiSe twentig-o'Se J»ryttig-o^e .),e -te -te -]>e -],e -te. -te. .],e. 10 ARTICULATION. (22.) CANONS OP ARTICULATION. There is a tendency in all languages to an immu- tation of words by syncope, aphseresis, and apocope of vowels and consonants, and crasis of vowels; and thence we have new forms of innumerable English words differing more or less from their older ones in Anglo-Saxon. Outgoing of Vowels. An unaccented vowel between two articulate sounds has a tendency to go out. A.-Sax. Baem*de for baemode. H8ef*de -^ haefode. G6d*re godere. English, Word*s forA.-Sax . wordes. Latin, Lib*ri for liberi. iEg*ri — aegeri. Fer*s, fer*t — ferisj ferit. Greeh Mij't*|ooc — lUTJTEpOC. French. Voila c*t homme voill, cet homme. Hindoosianee. Nouns of the form jugha, which in the plural becomes jugh*en instead of jughaen. Crasis < ')f Vowels. A.-Saxon. Nan (none) from ne an (not one). English. Priend (frend) from A.- Sax. freond. Outgoing of Consonants. Anglo-Saxon. English. Twegen, twe*en twaia, twin. j3Enig, seni* any. Nigon, ni*on niae Ndn-wiht, nd*-wiht, na*w*t naught. Twentig, twenti* twenty. ARTICULATION. 11 (23.) Kinds of Letters. 1 LiD-mutes ^' Lip-and-nose open 3. Lip and teeth open "' ■ consonants. consonants. b p m mp V f 4. Tongue and palate 5. Tongue, palate, and 6. Tongue and teeth mutes. nose letters. letters. d t n ng . is J? 7. Tongue, palate, and 8. Tongue, palate, and 9. Tongue and throat mouth close letters. month open letters. mutes. g soft, ch in chin z, 1, (r French) s g k, q, c, x. j French, sh (24.) A smooth (1)* before an aspkate ^ (6) tends to become/. A.-Saxon. Habba-5 hffib*«^^ hffif«. Greek. TvTrdrivai TV(j)drivai. * These figures refer to the like numbers in the table of Art. 23. (25.) When a smooth (4) follows a rough (9) it becomes rough. English. Bak*d, bak*t ; prick*d, prick*t. (26.) When a smooth (9) follows a rough (4) it tends to become rough, or to become an aspirate, or go out. Latin. Lego, leg-tus ago, ag-tum reg-o, reg-tum, lec-tus ac-tum rec-tum. Greek. Aekey-rai, AtX^K-rai. Latin, Hoc-die fulc-io, folc-tum pasc-o, pasc-tum, Ho*-die ful*tum pas*tum. Some that had not gone out in the time of the Latin writers are gone out now in Italian. 33 JiBTICULATlON. Latin. Ac-tum fac-tum junc-tum lec-tum rec-tum. Ital. A*tto fa*tto giuu*to le*tto re*tto. English. Bright fight light right sight. Brl*t fl*t Ii*t ri*t sl*t. A.-Sax. Pricc-an pric-ode pric*de^^ pric*te^^ prihte. Sec-an soc-ode s6c*de^^ s6c*te^^ sohte. (27.) In Anglo-Saxon, when ^ at the end of the verb of the 3d person is made by syncope (^^) of the a to follow immediately d or t, it goes out, leaving d roughened into t. He stenda-S he stend*^^^ he stent*. He ^a'S he yt*«^^ he yt*. He scytaiS he scyt*'5^^ he scyt*. He rida« he rid*iS^^ he rit*. D sometimes becomes ^, as udde u^^e, and ■S some- times becomes d, as cwae;Se cwsede. (28.) '6 or d after s sometimes becomes t. Hreos-an, to rush ; p. t. lirys*'S^^ hrys*t. S sometimes appears between r and d. Dor*de, dared or durst ; dor-s-de dorste. (29.) A smooth (4) with a rough (4) tends to be. come rough, or to become s. Latin, ad-tendo ad-tineo ad-tribuo ad-tuli. at-tendo at-tineo at-tribuo at-tuli. ard-eo ard-tiim ar-s-um. cad-o cad-tum ca-s-um. ced-o ced-tum ce-ss-um. divid-o divid-tum divi-s-um. ed-o ed-tum e-s-um. ARTICULATION. Latin, flect-0 flect-tmn flec-s-um. mitt-o mitt-tum mi-ss-um. nect-o nect-tum nec-s-um. quat-io quat-tum qua-ss-um sed-eo sed-tum se-ss-um. tend-o tend-tum ten-s-um. vert-o vert-tum ver-s-um. Greek, TTt^paSrat, 7rc(j>paaTai. £7r£t69)JC, iirsi(76r]V. 13 This tendency of ^ or iS to become s is found in Frencli, in which action, attention, nation, position, and others of like ending, are pronounced ac&ion, attention, nasion, posision, &c. In English also, th, the ending of verbs in the 3d person singular, has given way to s; as baketh, bakes; maketh, makes; singeth, sings, &c. and the English, what eat water street out ; are in German, was ess-en wasser strasse aus. (30.) N (5) before d (4) or n (5) before (8) s, z, I, r, or before g (9), tends to go out, or to part itself from its successor by some other articulation. Latin, scind-o find-o fund-o tund-o. sci*di fi*di fu*di tutu*di. In Greek v never stands before a; as, TiTa*ai, Sa«juo*tn, for riravcn, Salnovai. So it is evident that the a of TTflic, iraaa, trav, was originally followed by an V, which has gone out before a; as Thiersch shows that the participles TUTrrwi', Tvirrovaa, tuVtov, were 14 ARTICULATION. originally tvwto-ov, Twro-irffa, tvitto-v, and the ir- regular shapes of many Greek verbs come from the same principle. Av^av-b), l3\aaTa.v-o), \ay^av-(o, fiavdav-o), (pOav-w, are in the future tense. aofiai, (pOa^aui, &C. In Anglo-Saxon n goes out before d in strong or mixed verbs. Standan, to stand ; p. t. (regular form) Ic stond, (actual form) Ic st6*d. Cunn-aUj to know ; p. t. (regular form) Ic cunn*de, (actual form) Ic cu*de. So in Icelandic we find Drecka for drink. Stack — stang. Sprack — sprang. (31.) ■5S or ]? (6) before d (4) often becomes d. (33.) (3) i; or / before (4) d ov t tends to go out. Latin. Cav-eo cav-tum cau*tum. Fov-eo fov-tum fo*tum. Mov-eo mov-tum mo*tum. Solv-o solv-tum solu*tum. A.-Saxon. Hsefde hEe*de ; our had. (33.) S (8) before n (5) tends to go out, or to part itself from its successor by a vowel, or in Anglo-Saxon to become r. ARTICULATION. 15 Latin. Audi*n' tu ilium ? Sati*ii' sanus es ? Sci*n' quid ego volebam ? Ai*n' ? Pergi*ii'? A.-Saxon. Ceos-an, to choose ; participle, ge-c6r-en. Verbs are Strong, Weak, or Mixed. (34.) Strong verbs make their past-tense form by a change of vowel in the root. (35.) Weak verbs make their past-tense form by an addition of an articulation to the root. (36.) IMixed verbs make'" their past-tense form by both a change of vowel in the root and an addition of an articulation to it. STRONG AND WEAK VERBS. Present Tense. Ic bsem-e we bsern-a'S. pii b8em-(a)st ge bsern-a'S. De b8ern-(a)'S hi baern-a'S. Past Tense. Weak. Strang. Weai. Strong. Ic bsem-(o)de -* we bsem-(o)don -on. Dii bsern-(o)dest -e ge b3em-(o)don -on. He baem-(o)de -* hi b£em-(o)don -on. Subjunctive Mood. Ic bsern-e we bsern-on. Du baem-e ge bsern-on. He bsem-e hi bsern-on. 16 VERBS. PP > g « 0} u ttO o o ■ffl rO ,o aa 60 Q O P^ H (1. CD 5P * 5P -:s- * o o >^ as I o O 00 CO t^ -5 n3 ID I >} t^ m ,-, w \i-i «^ if -»^ ^ s . * ^ 5 <>< -H ^ ^ S ■s^ §- 1, "'^ a 1 " d PI S 3 °? w TO 03 O P) rt Ti J 1— ^ \r-l •!-( 1 S (U tu a a Cj 1 1 r! cS si s, s,1 g s^-a: Sb S) ^ & ^^ m rri 5" -^i' uj <4ii' oj ^$ai S) ig gB So &-sbu si> g, & a. o g I O 1 -^ >" ju [^ S S ^ fi O O O O O ii CJ O O O O O VERBS. S s M s a n b> ■ .1^ CI4 • .■ M tt P I a a s s - • - grid g 5) ? ^^333^ ^^3 sag § § W) so g IS U ^J233-§ -iJl lag ^1 gg § •a S s 5P rt 50 * C4 Vi-I w JP a » Sf^ ^ ^-3 3 3^ a » as s •s, :| . ifitfi i%-^ If? I pT^ (-* d-< fcD^-'« ^Ow ^^ iCv2 a K a a w w h;.^!^ ^S^ iz; 0000 2 20 VKRBS. i g CD 1 O g fl s d 1 1 P4 1 si CS ^O s. u o 'o U tn CR !» 0! t» OJ OJ 0) o si) 6C ba a , bo 3 so P (M >P iO * * ^ >» t>^ U S 5P * a !0 IN so 5P ^ ;n * (M >-a 5^ ^ 'ot * a, w Jit »• * ^%o fl i^ 1:0 .S -=! -J3 s >"" ^ fl a {3 c3 CS 'SS i 1 1 T3 1 Oh u d3 vcS CS ni cd lU 4> 0) ^■5 u u u U P^ CD 02 CQ cc 5 a ca !? !a <(a \S vS 'G - o o o o a S a, =? 6 W) a ccccocioccooQOQaQcctacooQccaj a tS bIDvS ^,,_^ si S -2 ,-s a s GQ s .■^ ^ ea ^ >s d ^ a c^ eg ■ * be c3 'J « s rt r^ M a ^a 00 ^ 02 OQ .02 VEKBS. 21 f f § ?' s g . I g ! i ? ^ g i g ? g i f I m flD IV1 /M rK m m ivi fm m m m m r^r^iwinn fln ^ r^ mi bO bo ^ ft ft ft ftftJ'5ft2-SJ^ ^ ^l^^^p^Et fl *, *te o * * * B * u M) & 4:3 ^ ^% % a 2 §, a,^a ft ft-bii aS -^ -^3 ^ ^ ^ ^ w ^ ^ ^ •as & ^ ^ „,-^ o /— \ ^N a 'S -a d .2 i -ST. 1 1 d ! d i 3 1 (Li •1 i a a i u d to 1 ^j fe ^ fc &: fe != E: ^ 'U ts fe v-^ ^ I — ^-1 S d A a I g S d s § Id g d p fe (U 0_i ft-S vnc* ftftftftft^J-l^ft-M-i-S. 22 VERBS. i s f I ^ ill ml f f^igi|g^g i ill. rr§ I g g r^ ^ 11^ ^ ^ ^ is 1 1; C*4 (M. a. CM 1 5P 1 ^ ,2^ >. ^ +r '3 ^ -4^ 1—1 c3 S ■TS" 5P 1= IM r— I # ■*^ C« 1— 1 .s^ s ^ 1 ■? f s 5P 3|P O -M * * S ? b ^ g ^ s ~. ^ 'a ^, ^^ :^ .^ •^'^'Sr 1 « § a &c =? 1 03 1 S 0) o ^ a ^ v:3 VERBS. 23 4i 1^ dSflSrtd"HgSS§gi £ a ^ o K .•* ^ eo "^ 0) . -r i liiif iiiisBg I 1 .1 I ^ i iii^ .!!|f flllllli grid E'^ 3 I M ■iS.-'-S'-r^ d SD 24 VERBS. .£ ■3" a . ■1 ti ri ? s "s^ _• S3 s Ph N sn ^ SP u i •t PH S bD & 2 ^ g -s t£ § CO III §11 S 5P^ ;§ § V3 a 2 0^9" ^ 'o' ta qa s ^ a S ?3 CS \Q g i ^ r— < o OJ ?l! o p-H O ^ Y^ ii [iH -.a'-^ •oo.^a ■S2«' «« VJSKBS. 25 s i i 1 i i 1 Is a *p ^fl3 u CJ (U a^-M 1 60 bo 5 B a I i ? g § 1 bO Oi PI I o a* e, mig*cl( . might, G t. luahta. earn ^ 11 g s g , t» W) s P i thrive) (thres ^ ts 1 f Oi bD a O ^0 ^g ^ " ^^1. o 26 VERBS. \0 r3 -£3 pfi CD MU £> 0} ^ ,0 -^ <0 jO Si EH s a J iSt 1» ■§ "I ii 9 °^ ^g V S « M (U *• § *, 60 60* & 8 o o a ^ ja ^ fQ o 5^ bo 'O -.J iO * a « ace =1 OS ^ 03 o S -g !^ 1 g. o S o ? S S £ 5 O C( O VERBS. 27 o B J . $> g)g d tiD „ +s ij g PI rd "S g)*" J a • C« O 01 ^ bD bD &J3 s; T3 • 1-1 ■5 -3 bo ID O 03 0) bO bo 3 >. bo bo bo « » ■a * <€ » 1 ^ ^ ll o 2>a 'O 'O ■3 a o ^ 1 I tS O fli p ea ee V < SS vt) ;i j;S a a * * s a 2 " a as -s s a s fi fi ^ u «6 ¥ >. C^ 1 HI n 8 5 . h^ h^ 1-^ J, 1 ■n ^ i 1 o 8 8 i 1 1 1 i 1 i5 (D u (U a> M P^ Ph CO 02 GQ oo 03 VERBS. 29 ^O eg ^f3 O -S ^ 1, -ts o 5P ^ # « o ns 5P r^ §■•3 3 1 %t I i i www * ■§ a s s 3 Is WWW ^ » ^ I a 1=1 d &o H H E^ H ffl Q ft I rd o 30 A DELECTUS. 1. God gesceop heofonan and eor];an. 2. Godes willa is weorc. and he naefre werig by'^. 3. God and y'fel be6J> simle gewinnan. 4. DO'S wel Jjam ]>e eow y'fel doS. 5. Bed 'Saet M eart. I 6. Da riht »Jielo by''S on J7am mode. 7. Se wisdom is betera Jionne ealle J?aes lichoman crajftas. 8. pees lichoman faeger and his streon magon beon afeorred mid j7reora daga fefre. 9. Se-Jje his craeft forlaet. he by'^ forlaeten fram l>am crseft^, 10. Stsef-crseft is seo cseg ]>e jjara boca andgyt 11. Se yrSUng' syl'S us hlaf and drinc. 12. A'n bdra gesceafta is eorjte. 6]>ev waeter. prydde lyft. feorjie fyr. 13. Seo lyft by'^ geslagen mid Jjaere clypunge. and gewyrS to stemn. 14. Seo lyft ]?onne heo astyred is by'iS wind. DELECTUS. 31 15. Seo lyft is swa heah swa-swa ]?a heofonlican wolcnu, and eac ealswa brdd swa-swa J^aere eorSan bradnes. on )?aere fleaiS fugelas. ac heora fi^eru ne inihton nd-hwiSer hi aberan gyf hi ne abaere seo lyft. 16. Haegel Gym's of )?dm ren-dropum. ))onne hi bed's ^e-frorene up on J^aere lyfbe. and swa syS'San fealla^. 17. Snaw Gym's of J^am J^ynnum wsetan, J^e by'^ up-a-togen mid Jjsere lyfte. and by''S ge-froren. 18. puner by'^ hliid for jjaere lyfte brddnesse, and fraecenfuU for |78es fyres sceotungum. 19. Of Jjsere sae cym^ Jjaet waster on ^a, eorSan. cym^S Jjonne up set J>am aewaelme. faerS ]7onne to broce. j7onne to ed. J>onne andlang ed o^ J^aet hit faerS asft to sae. 20. EorStil^ me jjincS heoldan ealdordom betweox woruld craeftas. forj^dm se yrSling us ealle fet. 21. Sumera wyrta oSSe sumes wudd eard by'^ on dunum. sumera on merscum. sumera on morum. sumera on cludum. sumera on sandum. 22. paet aereste gim-cyn is ]>aet bide and grene, bute togaedere gemaengede, geaspis hdten. O'iSer is sap- phyrus, se is sunan gelic, and on him standaiS swilce gildene steorran. Smaragdua is swi'Se grene. Sardonyx is blode licost. 23. pa fugelas 'Se on flodum wilnia'S syndon floxfote, be Godes foresceawunge, ];aet hi swimman magon and secan him fodan : — Sume beo^ lang-sweorede, swa- swa swanas and ylfetan, J^aet hi araecan him magon mete 32 DBtBOTUS. be ]?am griinde : — And J>a-]7e be flsesee lybbaS syndon clyferfote and scearpe gebilode. Jiast hi bitan magon. and swyftran on flihte. Jiset hi gelimplice beon to heora lifes tilungum. 24. Man maeg )7a ylpas ■Senian to -wige mid craefte. swa Jjaet men weorca'S wighus him on uppan. and of jjdm feohta'S on heora fyrdinge. 25. On lecten tide, leaf up-sprytta^. and se haeta sumer gearwaS saed and blaeda. and hserfest ripan recca'S. 26. SiciHa J^aet igland is Jireo-sceate, and on selce sceatan ende syndon beorgas. 27. On Bryten-lande is sum fenn unmetre mycel- nesse, Jiset onguma^ fram Granta* ea. naht feor fram J>EBre ceastrBj |7y ylcan nama is nemned Granta-ceaster.f 28. On .ffigipta-lande ne cym^ naefre nan winter ne ren-scuras. JEttev heora geripe gae^S seo ea up Nilus, and ofer-fled eall Jjset ^giptisce land, and hit bonne mid ]7am flode ge-dynged wyrS. and hi habbaiS )7urh |?ajt cornes swa feola swa hi maest reca^. 29. pifit ^e seolfum mislica^, ne do •Sii oSmm mannum Jjaet. and gyf ^li hwilum yrsie. ne Iset M )>aet yrre licgan on ^inre heortan ofer sunnan setlunge. 30. pa munucas, geara, leornodon heora sealmas, and canticas, and ymnas, and gebedu, aefter cyriclicre endebyrdnesse. * The river Granta or Cam. t Grantchester, near Cambridge. DELECTUS. 33 31. pa anceras, geara, on wsestenum and on sunder- settlum wilnodon, and heora lif leofodon. 32. Moyses and Helias 'faeston. and swylce eic se Haeland ealles middtoeardes faeste on wfetene. 33. Moyses laedde Israele folc fram ^gyptum ofer \>6ne Readan sae. 34. Paulus waes »r ehtere jjaere halgan cyi'can ; and mid Tjiha J>e he to Damascum ferde, lie waes of J^dm )7ystrum gedwolum ungeleafitesse abroden mid ]>a.m. swege heofonlicre stemne. 35. WeorSigaiS eddmodnes, and hyrsumnes, gej^yld, and ]?olem6dnes, and forhsefednes. 36. Ne forseoh M nahtes-hwon Ba lytlan gyltas on iSe, )>e-laes 'Se ^a laessan iSe gelaedon to m^ran. 37. Of }>isum lichoman sceal beon se gast alaeded. forj^one jjaet gedafena^ }>aet se gast beo gegearwed, )?ast lie maeg Gode folgian. 38. A'n J7ara gecynda J^aere sawle is ]7aet heo by'^ wilnigende, 6]>eY ]7aet beo by'S yrsiende, jjridde Jjaet heo by'^ gesceddwis. 39. Daere sawle god is waerscipe, and gemetegung, and gej>yld, and rihtwisnes, and wisdom. 40. Daere sawle miht is, ]>set heo modinesse mycelum onscuniiij and eaUe leasunga. and lufie e^dmodnesse, and so'Sfaestnesse symle folgie. and J^ast heo seolf ]>as:S lichoman lustas underjjeode jjses modes gesceade. )7aet )?aet gescead beo wyldre ■Sonne seo y'fele gewilnung. 34 DELECTUS. 41 . Donne ge gehy'ron cyrcean bellan. g&S J^eawlice into cyrcean. and bidda^ for eowrum synnum. 43. U're faeder and modor swuncon for lis hwilum. and hira geswinc ofer lis waes Godes foresceawung. Ijiset hi lis afeddonj be his fadunge.*. Nii sceolon we hi lufian be Godes seolfes lare. ac swa -Seah swi'Sor we sceolon lufian God, J>e lire maegas gesceop, and us to mannum of him. and he daeghwamlice us deiS ure neode. 43. Ricu beo^ onwende and ofanumene. and hit a to }>am ende efeste'S. and se rica and se heana, se gelaereda and se ungelaereda, and geong and eald, ealle hi gelice se stranga deaiS forgripe'S and nymS. 44. Ne forseoh M ceorliscne man Jje by'^ mid weorSfuUum Jieawum gefraetwod. 45. Mid godum mannum nis naiSer ne gold ne seolfer wi'S godes mannes freondscipe wi^meten. 46. Hoga J^aet ^li )7aet weorc masge weorSlice ge-endian ]>e ■Sii Jjencest to geweorcanne. }>e-lses J>e •Sii o^erum weorSe eft to glige. gyf ]?in angin ne becym^ to godre ge-endunge. 47. Begym }>u ]7aet Jju ]?a fremdan ne taSle, )7e-laes ]>vl fram o^rum seft swa fremed getaeled sig. 48. Ne beo J^ii idele spellunge folcricra manna, ne ungeliclice olaecunge, ne leasliccetunge, begangende. 49. Se goda cnapa is glaed on his ansy'ne, and claen on his mode, and bilehwit on his J^eawum, and li« and gemetfaest on his worde, and gefyldig and e^mod. DELECTUS. 35 He is sefer his yldrum hyrsum, and & seo godcunde lufu on his heortan is byrnende. 50. Seo oferfyll simle fet unj?eawas. \>a, unjjeawas habbaiS oferj^earf hreowsunga. and seo hreowsung by'^ na butan sorge and biitan nearones. 51. Men wibiia'S •Surh ungelice gearnunga cuman to dnre eadignesse. 52. Da y'felan by'J? mycle ungesaeligran Jjonne hi magan Jjurhteon jjaet y'fel )7set hi lyste. Jjonne hi beon )7onne hi hit don ne magon. and ]>& beo^ gesaeligran ]>e ra&a wita^, ^onne ]ja beon ]>e hi witaS. 53. Dis eorSe fram eastweardum o^ westweardene, and fram suSweardum o^ norSweardene, is ealle wi^ J?6ne heofon to metanne swilce in lytle prion on bradan braede. and on •Sisum lytlum pearroce bugialS swi^e manige 'Seoda and mistlice. and swi'Se ungelice. aegSer ge on spraece ge on 'Seawum. 54. Ne by ''8 naefre Easter aer se daeg cume iSaet ^set leoht haebbe 'Sa Jjystru oferswi^ed. 'Saet is, -Saet se daeg beo lengra 'Sonne seo niht. 55. Saed-tima and haerfaest, sumer and winter, cyle and haetu, daeg and niht, ne geswicaS naefre. 56. On India-lande wenda^ heora scedda on sumera sii'S-weard, and on wintra noriS-weard. 57. On Engla-lande haefS se lengsta daeg seofon- tyne tida. 58. Cometae synd ge-hitene ]7a steorran ^e faerlice and un-ge-wiinelice aet-eowia^. and synd ge-leomade. 36 DELECTUS, swa l^aet, Mm gae^ of se leoma swylce o^er sunne- beam. 59 Seo sunne oferliht ealle o^re steorran mid hire leohte. 60. Seo sunne gae^ on dsege bufan J^aere eor^an, and on nihte under J>isse eorSan. and call swa leoht scin'S under Jjaere eorSan on nihtlicre tidcj swa-swa heo on daege de^ bufan lirum he^fodum. On iSa healfe ]>e heo scin^ J^aer by'^ daeg. and on 'Sa healfe ]>e heo ne sein^ Jjaer by'^S niht. 61. Seo sunne is swi'Se mycel. ac heo jJingS us swi'Se un-brad, for-]jam ]>e heo is swi'Se feor fram urum ge-sih|7um. 62. Niht is ge-sett mannum to reste. 63. Se mona hwil-tidum, J>onne he full by% on J^aere eor^an sceMe be-ym'S, and fagetaS. o'S'Se mid ealle aswearta'S, for-Jiam Jie he naefS J^aere sunnan leoht jja- hwile Jie he J^aere sceade ord ofer-yrn'Sj o'S )?jet Jjaere sunnan leoman hine eft onlihton. 64. Se mona swa myclum liht swa seo sunne hine gescin]?.'. 'Sonne heo hine ealne geond-scin]?, 'Sonne by'S he eall beorht.-. (Boet. 228.) 65. On Tpim. geare synd ge-tealde twelf mon'Sas and twd, and fiftig wucena. J)reo hund dsega and fif and sixtig daega. and J^aerto-eacen six tida. ]>& maciaS sefre ymb ))6ne feorjjan gear ]?6ne daeg and ]>a. niht ]>e we hata^ bissextum. 66. Ebrei heoldon heora geares ongin on lectenlicre DELECTUS. 37 emnihte. Da Greciscan ongunon heora gear set y&m sunn-stede. 67 Sume tunglu habba'S scyrtran hwyrft iSonne sume habbon. swa-swa tungla habbaiS ]>e we hataiS waenes-]7isla. forjjy' hi synd swa neab tS£m iior]?ende J7sere eaxe J>aes rodores. and sume tunglu habba'S lengran ymb-hwyrft Jjonne sume habbon. and }>a lengestne J>e ymb \>& eaxe middeweardes hweorfaiS. 68. Se steorra ^e we hatai5 Ursa ne cym^ naefre on }»am westdffile. forJ?£m he is swi^e neah ]>&ia up-ende )7»re eaxe. 69. Saturnus se steorra ne Gym's J?aer ser ymb ]7rittig wintra Jjaer he aer waes. 70. On ^Ifredas daegum 'Sreo Scottas* comon to hme on anum bate biitan aelcum gere'Sum, of Hibemia. And }jonon M hi bestaelon, forSon J>e hi woldon for Godes liifan on seljjcodignesse beooj hi ne rohton hwaer. Se bat waes geworht of Jjriddan healfe hy'de ]>e hi on foron. and hi namon mid him Jjaet hi haefdon t6 seofon uihtum mete, and ]>a. comon hi ymb seofon niht to Lande on Cornwealum...t Scip-^ebrdc. 71. pa, wearS mycel hreownes aweht. swa J^aet se6 sas cnyste }»a heofonlican tungla. and J^iBt gewealc b4ra yiSa wedde mid Jj^m windum. }7aer-t6-eacan comon * Irishmen. The Irish, who are of the same Celtic tribe as the Gael of Scotland, are often called Scoti, Scots, by old writers, t Cornwall. 38 DELECTUS. east-norSerne windas. and se angrislica sii^-westema wind him ongean stod. and fxt scip eall tobaerst. Gliff. 72. Da weai-S stilnes and swige ge-worden innan )78ere healle. and Apollonius his hearpe-naegl genam. and J;a hearpe-strengas mid crasfte astyrian ongan. and ]7£ere hearpan sweg mid winsumum sange ge-msengde. 73. Historia is gerecednes mid jjsere man awrit and gerec^ J^a Jjing and ]>& daeda ]>e waeron gedone on ealdum dagum. 74. Se cempa geara sceat flan, and baer irene helm and irene byrnan. 75. Lacedemonie* hsefdon him to latteowe anne wisne man J^eah he healt waere. se wses haten AgesUaus. and him to gylpworde haefdon, jjaet him leofre waere J?8et hi haefdon healtne cyning J>onne healt rice. Singular Custom of the Ancient Estonians. 76. And ]78er is mid Estumf J^eaw Jjonne J>aer by'iS man dead, pset he li-S inue unforbaerned mid his mae- gum and freondum anne mona^, gehwilum twegen. and J7a cyningas and J^a o^re heahjjungene men, swa mycel leng swa hi m^ran speda habba'S, (hwilum healf gear,) ]?8et hi bed's unforbaerned. and licga'S bufan eorSan on hira hiisum. and ealle ]?a hwile |?e }>aet lie by'iS inne }>aer sceal beon ge-drync, andplega, o^ J;6ne daeg hi hine forbsema'S. * liacedemoniaus. f The Estonians. DELECTUS. 39 ponne ]?y' ylcan daeg hi hine to ]>im dde beraa willa-8, )7onne todaela-S hi his feoh Jjset Jfser tolafe by'^ Befiber ykm gedrynce and J^am plegan, on f if o^^e syx daelum (hwilum on ma) swa-swa Tpssa feos andefn by'^.'. Alecga^ hit j^onne for-hwaega on anre mile. Jjonne maestan dael fram Jjam tune, jjonne o^erne. )7onne J^one }?ryddan. oiS ]>e hit eall aled by'^ on Jjaere anre mile, and sceal beon se laesta dael nyhst J^am tune, J»e se deada man on li^. ponne sceal beon gesamnede ealle J?a men ]>e swyftoste hors habba'S on Jjam lande; for-hwaega on fif milum oiSiSe on syx milum fram J>to feoi*. Donne yma^ hi ealle toweard ]>a,m feo. Jjonne cymai5 Tpe man se }7aet swifte hors haefa'S to Tpim aerestan dael, and to J>a,m maestan. and swa aelc aefter o^nim, o^ hit by'iS eall genumen. and se nim'S ]76ne laestan dael, se nyhst )7am tune J»aet feoh ge-yrnaiS. and Jjonne ridaS aelc his weges mid ]>a feo. and hit moton habban eall. and forJ>y' )?aer beoS Jja swyftan hors nngefoge deer. 77. Romeburgh getimbred wearS fram twdm ge- broSrum, Romulus and Remus.* 78. Romulus gesette aerest manna senatum Jjaet waes an hund manna. Jieah heora, aefter fyrste, "waere J^reo hund. 79. Tarquinius ealra jjara cyningum ofermodigost waes. and ]?a Romane adrafon aegSer ge Jjone cyning, ge his sunu, ge ealle ]>& ]>e Jjaere cyne cynnes waeron, of \>y' rice. Him J^a Romane, aefter ]>&m, under-latteowas * B.C. 753. 40 DELECTUS. gesetton, ]>e M consulas heton* paet heora rice heolde, all gear, an man. 80. pa Romane Caligulsef swa la'Se wseron, J>aet he oft wiscte, ]?cet ealle Eomane haefdon dnne sweoran; J'iEt he hine rarest forceorfan mihte. Nero. 81. Se nnrihtwisa NeronJ het aet sumum cyrre forbaeman ealle Romburh on ane sKe. aefter )7aere bysene ]>e geo Trogia burh bam. and seft he het ofsle^n ealle Tjia, wisestan witan Romana. and ^eah he hine ge-scyrpte mid eaUum ]>ha wlitigestum waednm, and mid selces cynnes gimmum geglengde, he waes aelcum witum l&y and unweor]?. Neron wolde hatan his figenne magistre, and his fosterfseder acweUan. Jjses nama waes Seneca, se waes u^wita. and 'Sa he 'Sa onfand ]>sst he dead beon sceolde, •Sa geceas he him ];6ne deaj? and him man of let blodes on J>am earme, and Jja dyde he swa. 83. Titus § waes swa godes wiUan, }>ast he saede jjaet he forlure Jjone daeg J>e he naht on to gode ge-dy'de. 83. Constantinns ]| het aerost mannum J>aet man cyricean timbrede. 84. (a.d. 596.) Gregorius papa sende to Brytene Augustinum mid wel manigum munucum, iSa Godes * B.C. 509. + The Roman emperor, who hegan to reign, a.d. 37. I Roman emperor, b.c. 54. § Roman emperor, a.d. 79. II Roman emperor in 306. HISTORY. 41 word ./€ngel-]7eode sceoldon godspellian. He waes of ae}>elre and aswfaestre mseg^e accenned. his faeder het Gordianus, and Felix se sewfaesta papa waes his fifta faeder. JJe wass fram cildh^de on boclicum Mrum gety'd, and he on )7aere lare swa gesaeliglice Jie^h, ]7aet on eaJre Romana byrig, naes ndn his gelica gejiuht. 85. O'merus waes Graecum se saelest sceop, and se Virgilius waes mid Laeden warum saelest. 86. Cicero waes Romana heretoga and uj>wita. ANGLO-SAXON HISTORY. A.D. 46. Claudius Brytene-land gesohte, and Jjone mSran dael 'Saes ealaodes on his geweald onfeng. Da feng Nero to rice aefter Claudia, so^lice he forlet Brytene ealand for his uncafscipe. A.D. 189. Severus ferde mid here on Brytene, and mid gefeohte ge-eode )»aes ealandes mycelne dael: and J»a geworhte he weall mid turfum, and braedde weall )78eron iifan fram sae to sae, Brytwealum to gebeorge. He rixode seofontyne gear, and ^a ge-endode on Eoferwic. A.D. 381. Her Maximus se Caesere feng to rice. He waes on Brytene-lande geboren. Romane ricsodon on Brytene feower hund wintra, and hund seofontig wintra. A.D. 443. Her sendon ofer sae Brytweallas to Rome, and heom fultumes baedon wi^ Peohtas; ac hi Jjaer 42 HISTORY. n^fdon nanne; ioi^&w. fe hi ferdedon wiS >/6tilan Huna cyninge. and Jja sendon hi to Anglum, and Angel-cynnes aejjelingas Jjses ylcan biedon. A.D. 449. Twegen heretogan, Hengest and Horsa, Wihtgilses suna, fram Wyrtgeorne gela^ode, Brytta cyninge, gesohton Brytene, Bryttum to fultume. ac hi eft, on hi fuhton. Se cyning het In feohtan on-gean Peohtas, and hi swa dydon, amd sige hsefdon swa-hwaer- swa hi comon. Hi fa sendon to Angle and heton heom sendan mare fultum ; and ]>a, comon Jja men of Jjry'm maeg'Sum Germanie: of Eald-Seaxum, of Anglum, of Jotum.-. Of Jotum comon Cantware and Wiht- ware, and ]>xt cyn on West Seaxum, 'Se man nu git hset Jotena-cyn. Of Eald-Seaxtun comon East- Seaxan, and Su^-Seaxanj and West-Seaxan. Of Angle comon East-Angle, and Middel Angle, and Mearce, and ealle NorS-Ymbra. A.D. 455. Hengest and Horsa gefuhton wi'S Wyrt- georne J^am cyninge. and his bro)?er man J^aer ofsloh. and Hengest feng to rice, and >/Gsc his sunu. and Eefter yha Hengest and ^sc gefahton wi'S Bryttas, and genamon unarimedu here-reaf ; and ]?a WeaJhas ilugon jja Anglan swa 'Saer fy'r waere. A.D. 488. ^sc feng to rice, and waes feower and twentig winter Cantw^a cyning. A.D. 495. Her cuomon twegen Ealdormen on Bry- tene, Cerdic, and Cynric his sunu, mid fif scipum: and wis Wealum gefuhton. Si gefor Cerdic, and J>d feng his sunu Cynric to )?am rice, and hit heold feower and twentig wintra. HISTOllY. 43 A.D. 519. Cerdic and Cynric West-Seaxena rice onfengon. and M gefuliton wi'S Bryttas, and genamon Wihte }7set ealand. A.D. 534. Cerdic forSferde, and Cynric his sunu feng to rice, and gefeaht wi^ Bryttas, and ricsode forS 26 Trintra. Da he forSferde, J^a feng Ceolwin to his rice, and heold seofontyne gear : and he gefeaht wvS ]>a, Bryttas, and manige tiinas and unarimedlicu here- reaf and yrf gendm. Da he gefor, ]>St, feng Ceol to hiia rice, and sefter Jidm Ceolwulf his hro'Ser. and he ricsode seofontyne gear, and symle he feaht and won, oiSiSe wiiS Angelcyn, o'S^e -wvS Wealhas, oiSiSe witS Peohtas, oiSiSe wiiS Sceottas. A.D. 611. Dd feng Cynegyls Ce61wulfes broker sunu to rice, and haefde dn and jjrittig wintra. and he onfeng aerest fulwiht West-Seaxena cyninga. A.D. 634. Byrinus bodode serest West-Seaxum ful- wiht. He com Jji'Ser be Honorius wordum )7ses papan. and he ]?aer waes bisceop o'S his lifes ende. A.D. 635. Cynegyls waes gefulwod fram Byrinus on Dorce-ceastre. A.D. 650. And aefter him >/GSelbyrht of Galwealhum onfeng West-Seaxena bisceopdom. A.D. 636. Cwichelm cyning webs gefulwod on Dorce- ceastre, and ]7y' ylcan geare he forSferde. and Cenwalh, Cynegylses sunu, feng t6 West-Seaxena rice, and heold hit seofon and J^rittig wintra. A.D. 645. Cenwalh cyning waes adrifen of his rice, 3 44 HISTORY. fram Pendan cyninge, for56ne }.aet he his sweosteran forlet: and he webs on East Anglum J^reo gear on wraece. A.D. 646. Cenwalh cyning waes gefulwod, and he gefeaht wi« Wealhas. A.D. 660. >/eSelbyrht bisceop gewat fram Cenwalh, and Wine heold «6ne bisceopdom }>reo gear. A.D. 672. Her for^ferde Cenwalh cyning, and Seax- burh his cwen heold an gear rice aefter him. A.D. 674. Her feng ^scwine to rice on West- Seaxum, and he heold hit twa gear. A.D. 676. ./Gscwine foriSferde, and Centwine, Cyne- gylsing, feng to West-Seaxena rice. A.D. 681. Centwine geflymde Brytwealhas oS sae, and rixode nigon gear. A.D. 686. Mill and CeadwaUa his brojjer Cent and Wiht forhergedon. Ceadwalla ongan sefter rice winnan, and feng to )7am rice. A.D. 688. Her for Ceadwalla cyning to Rome, and fulwiht onfeng fram Jjam papan, Sergie; and he sy^^an ymb seofontyne niht " for^ferde under Cristes cla^um. and aefter him" Ine feng to West-Seaxena rice. Ine ricsode seofon and Jjrittig wintra, and he getimbrode Jjaet mynster set Glastingabyrig. and syStSan gewat to Rome, and ]78er wiinode oS his endesdaeg. Centware gejjingodon wiS Ine, and him ge-sealdon J>rittig jjusenda piinda to freondscipe, forSone J>e hi Mill his bro)7er forbaernodon. Ingeld webs Ines brojjer. and heora sweoster waeron Cwenburh and Cu'8burh : and seo Cii^burh J>aet lif aet Winburnan arserode. HISTORY. 45 Her feng >/6iSelheard to rice, and heold six-tyne gear. A.B. 740. BA feng Cii^raed, his maeg, and heold feower-tyne wintra : and heardlice he gewon wi'S v/Bj^el- bald, Mearcena cyning, and wi^ Wealhas. A.D: 754. CuiSraed forSferdej and Sigebriht his maeg feng to West-Seaxena rice, and heold dn gear : and Cynewulf benam Sigebriht his maeg his rices, for un- rihtum daedum. A.D. 754. Cynewnlf, ymb 31 winter J»ae8 j^e he rice haefode, wolde adrifan dnne ae^eling se waes Sigebrihtes brojjer. and J>d geacsode he J^one cyning, lytel werode, on vrifcyS'Se, on Merantune.* and he hine Jjaerinne berad. and y6ne burh utan be-eode. and se cyning on ]7a diiru ut-e6de. and Jid unheanlice hine werode, o^ he on Jjone ae^ling locode, and J^a lit-raesode on hine. and hine myclum gewundode. And hi ealle J)a on J»6ne cyning wseron feohtende, o'S Jjaet hi hine ofslegenne haefdon. and J7a, on ]>vea wifes gebaerum, onfundon ];8es cyninges (^egnas )7a unslitnesse. and J^a J>i'Ser urnon. and ra'Sost hira ]>i, se aejjeling gehwylcum feoh and feorh gebedd, and hira naenig hit gej?ingian nolde. ac hi on hine symle feohtende waeron, o^ ^aet hi ealle laegon biitan anum Bryttiscum gisle : and se swi^e gewundod waes. Da on morgene gehy'rdon past baes cyninges Jjegnas ]>e him beaeftan waeron Jiaat se cyning ofslegen waes ; }>£ radon hi J>iiSer, and Jjone aeiSeling on ]>aere byrig metton. And hi jjd j^a gdtu him belocene haefdon, and hi ]>i, J>aer-t6 eodon, and ]>& gebead he him heora £gene dom feos and landes, gyf * Merton, Surrey ? 46 HISTORY. hi him Jjaes rices li^on, and Mm cy^de ]j8et heora maegas him mid waeron. Jid ]>e him fram noldon. and })a cwaedon hi ]7aet heom naenig mseg leofra nsere );onne heora hlaford, and Jjset hi naefre his banan folgian noldon. and hi ]?a ymb Jja g^tu feohtende wseron o^ fsdt hi naefre fione sejjeling ofslogon, and Jja men ]?e him mid waeron. Cynewulf ricsode 31 wintra, and his lie li^ on Wintan-ceastre. and ]>ses a^elinges set Acsan- mynstre. A.D. 784. And ]>i onfeng Brytric "West-Seaxena ricesj and he ricsode six-tyne gear : and his lie li'S aet Waerham. and on his daegum cwomon aerest sdpa ISTor^manna of Here^aland. A.D. 800. Ecgbriht feng to rice, and hine haefde aer Offa, Mearcena cyning, and Beorhtric, West-Seaxena cyning, aflymod Jjreo gear of Angelcynnes lande on Franc- land ser he cyning waere. and ]>j' fultumode Beorhtric Offan, |?y' |»e he haefde his dohter him to cwene. and se Ecgbriht sy^^an com agean, and he ricsode 37 wintra, and seofon monaiS. and feng ]>& iE^elwulf Ecgbrihting to rice, and Ecgbriht, and Beornwulf, Mearcena cyning, gefeahton on EUendiine, and Ecgbriht sige nam. Da sende he v/6^elwulf his sunu, and Ealhstan his bisceop, and Wulfheard his Ealdorman of J^aere fyrde to Cent mycele werode. and hi Baldraed, j>6ne cyning, norS ofer Temese adrafon, and Cantware him to cyrdon, and Sii^-rige, and Sii'S-Seaxe, and East-Seaxe, and East- Angla cyning. and seo Jjeod gesohte Ecgbriht cyning him to fii'Se and to Miindboran for Mearcena ege. and he ge-eode Mearcena rice, and eall Jjaet be sii^an Humbre HISTORY. 47 wses, and he wses se eahtot5a cyning se )?e Bret-walda waes. and asrost wses v/GUe J^e ]7us mycel rice haefde. Se aefter waes Ceawlin, West-Seaxena cyning. Se ]?rydda waes ^iSelbriht, CantwS,ra cyning. Se feorj^a waes Rddwald, East-Engla cyning. Se fifta waes Eddwine, Nor^an-humbrS, cyning. Se sixta waes Os- wald, J7e asfter Mm ricsode. Se seofojja waes Oswio, Oswaldes broker. EaIito]7a waes Ecgbriht, After Egbert. ^iSelwulf, Ecgbrihting, heold nigon teo'Se healf gear. On his daegum cuomon }7a Deniscan on Brytene. and se cyning and his Ealdormen mid Dorsaetum, and mid Sumersaetum, and mid Defena-scire, gefeahton wiiS hae^ene here, geond stowa. and ytsr waes maenig man ofslegen on gehwae^ere hand. A.D. 853. py' ylcan geare sende ^iSelwulf cyning, .Alfred his snnu to Rome. J^a wses J»onne Leo papa on Rome, and he hine to cyninge gehet, and hine him to bisceop-suna gendm.'^ A.D. 854. jE^elwulf ferde to Rome, and Jiaer waes twelf mona'S wiiniende. and ]?£ him hdmweard for, and him Jja Carl, Francena cyning, his dohter geaf, him to cwene. Seo waes gehdten JeoiSete. ^Efter }7£m he to his leodum com, and hi Jfser gefaegene waeron. and ymb twa gear, Jjaes ]7e he on Francum com, he gefor. and his lie li^ set Wintan-ceastre. J^a ft:ng ^E^elbald his sunn to rice, and heold fif gear, and his He liiS ast Scure-buman. A.D. 860. pa feng ^EiSelbriht to eallum ]7dm rice 48 HISTORY. his broker, and he hit heold on godre geSwsemesse fif gear, and his lie li^S set Scire-burnan. A.D. 866. Her feng yGj^ered ^«elbrihtes broiSer t6 West-Seaxena rice, and on his daegum com mycel hae]7en here on Angel-cynes land ; and East- Angel alle ge-eodon : and fordydon ealle Jja mynster J^a hi to comen. and JGJjiereA and Alfred his broker him J^aer wi'S gefeahton, geond stowa, and J?aer waes mycel wasl geslegen on gehwaeiSere hand. ^]7ered ricsode fif gear, and his lie li^ aet Winburnan-mynstre. D5 feng iElfred iE^elwulfing, his broiSerj West-Seaxena to rice, and )7aes ymb anne mona'S gefeaht he wi'S ealne Jione here, lytle werede, ast Wiltune ; and hine longe on daege geflymde, and Jja Deniscan ahtpn wael- stowe geweald. And J»ffis geares weordon nigon folc- gefeoht gefohten wi^ Jjone here on J^am cyne-rice be suSan Temese, butan J>ara Jje him jSllfred, and anlipige ealdormen and cyninges Jiegenas, oft rdda on-r£don. A.D. 878. Her hine bestsel se here on midne winter ofer twelftan niht to Cyppan-hamme; and geradon West-Seaxena land, and ]78er gesseton ; and mycel l>aes folces ofer sas adrafon : and ];ses o'Sres J^one maestan dael hi geradon, and him to gecyrdon, biitan J»am cyninge iElfrede. and he, lytele werede, unae'Selice sefter wudum for, and on mor-faestenum. And J^ass on Easter worhte j^lfred cyning, lytele werede, geweorc aet iE^elinga-ige, and of ]>i.m geweorce was winnende wi^ J76ne here. D^ on jjsere seofoJ;an wiican ofer E^,ster he ger^ to Ecgbrihtes-stan, be-eastan Sealwuda, and him to comon J^aer ongeau Sumersaet eaUe, and Wil-sset, HISTOKY. 49 find Hamtun-seire se dsel se hira beheonon sae wses. and his gefaegene wasron. and he for of Jjam Wilan to Iglea,* and j^ses aft to Mysa-Mne ; and Jjser gefeaht wits ealne }>6ne here, and hine geflymde. and ]?d sealde se here him giselas and mycele £^as, Jjset he of his rice woldon ; and Jtaet hira cyning fulwiht onfon wolde. and ]7ses ymb Jjreo wiican com se cyning, Godnim, to him, set Ah-e, (AUer) and Jjset is wiS ^]7elinga-ige. and his se cyning J>aer onfeng est fulwihte. and his crism-lysing waes aet Wedmor.-f and he "}>aer" wses twelf niht mid ]7am cyninge, and he hine and his geferan mid mycelum feoh weorSode. A.D. 901. Her gefor iElfred ^^eling se waes cyning 6fer eall Angelcyn butan ]>hn daele J7e under Dena onwealde wses. and ]7a feng Eadweard his sunu to Jjam rice, on his dasgum braec se here Jjone fri^ J)6ne hi haefdon wi'S J;6ne cyning gefa^stnode, and forseawon aelc riht ]>e Eadweard cyning and his sunu him budon. 5nd se cyning him wi'S feaht, and hira godne dael ■ ofslogon: and geweorhte, and getimbrode and geniwode feola burga Jja hi haefdon xv tobrocen. ^Ifredes yldra feeder haefde ge-cweden his land on Tj>a spere-healfe, naes on Jja spindel-healfe. iElfred geaf sinre yldestan dohter, Jjone ham aet Welew ; and J^sere midmestan, Jjone hdm aet Clearan. and )7aere gingestan );6ne aet Cyppan-hamme, (Chippen- ham) and aelcum ^n hund piinda. * Iley Mead, near Melksham. " Of Jjam Wilan to Iglea," from Wiley (.'; to Iley Mead, t Wedmore, in Somersetshire.' 50 HISTOKY. Ed,dweard cyning gefor on Mearcum, and ^Ifweard his sunu swi«e hrae^e J^aes gefor on Oxena-forde:* and heora lie licga'S on Wintan-ceastre. and ^E^elstan waes of Mearcum gecoren to eyninge. and he feng to NorSan-hymbra rice, and ealle Jja cyningas ]>e on J^isum ealande w«ron, he gewylde : and rixode he feowertyne gear, and tyn wiican, and forSferde on Gleawe-ceastre.f ]>k Eddmund iE^eling feng to rice, and he haefde rice seofojje healf-gear. and Leofa hine ofstang aet Puclan- cyrcan.J and ]>a. sefter him feng Eadrsed iE^eling, his broker, to rice. Eadrsed rixode teoj^e healf gear, and ]>& feng Eadwic to West-Seaxena rice, Eadmundes sunu cyninges. A.D. 959. Eadwic forSferde, and Eadg& his broker feng to rice: and he genam ^IfrySe him to cwene. Heo wses Ordgares dohter ealdormanes. A.D, 978. Her wearS Eadweard cyning ofslegen on sefentide at Corfes-geate.§ and hine man ]>a, bebyrigde set Wserham, biitan aelcum cynelicum weorSscipe. A.D. 980. iElfere, Eadweardes ealdorman, gesette his lichoman aet Waerham, and geferode hine mid mycelum weorSscipe to Scseftes-byrig. || A.D. 991. Man gersedde yast man geald aerest gafol Deniscum mannum for J^am mycelan brogan ye hi * Oxena-ford, the ford of oxen. Oxford. t Gleaw-ceaster [British, Glo, bright ; Latin, castra] Gloucester. J Pttckle-church. § Gate of Corfe-castle, Dorset. 11 Shaftesbury, in Dorsetsliirek niSTORY. 51 weorliton be Jj^m sae-riman, Jjaet wses aerest tyn |;usend puuda. j?one raed geraedde serest Sigeric arcebisceop, A.D. 994. Com Swegen (Swain, Swein) to Brytene mid feower and hund-nigontigum scipum; and hi weorliton )7aet maeste y'fel J7e aefer senig here don mihte, on baemete, and hergunge, and on manslihtum : aegSer be J>am sae-riman on East-Seaxum, and on Cent-lande, and on SiilS-Seaxum, and on Hamtun-scire. Da wearS hit swa mycel ege fram 'phn. here, Jfaet n£n man ne mihte ge-]7encan ne asmeagan hii man of earde hine adrifan sceolde, o'SiSe his eard wi'S hine gehealdan. iEt neaxtau naes ndn heafod-man J^aet fyrd gaderian wolde ; ac aelc fledh swa he mjest mihte. ne furSan ndn scir nolde o^re gelaestan aet neaxtan. Ealle );aes ungesael^a us gelumpon ]?urh unraedas. A.D. 1014. Swegen ge-endode his dasgas, and se flota ]7d ealle gecuron Cnut to cyninge. and iEiSelraed ge- wende ofer sas to Ricarde : and waes Jjaer mid him otS |76ne byre 'pe Swegen dead wearS. Di, com he hdm to his Sgenre J^eode^ and he glaedlice fram heom eallum onfangen waes. Begen ]7a cyningas (Cnut and Eadmund) comon togaedere aet Olanige,* and veordon wed-bro^ru ; and hi tohwurfon j?a mid J^isum sehte, and feng )?a Eddmund cyning to West-Seaxan, and Cnut to Mearcan and to Jjam norSbaele. Se cyning Eddmund forS-ferde, and waes byrged mid his ealdan-faeder, Eddgdre, on Glaestinga-byrig ;t and Cnut feng to eall Angel-cynnes rice. * Olney. t GlaBtoubury, 3^ 53 HISTORY. A.D. 1028. Her for Cnut cyning fram Angk-lande mid fiftig scipum Angliscera )?egena to Norwegum, and adraf Olaf, cyning, of ]>&m lande; and geahnode him ealle J^aet land. A.D. 1035. Her forS-ferde Cnut, cyning. he gewat set Sceaftes-byrig, and he is bebyrged on Wintan- ceastre. and man geceas Harold ofer eall to cyninge. He for^ferde t)n Oxnaforde, and man sende sefter HarSacnut, and he wses cyning ofer eall Angla-lande twa gear biitan tyne nihtum. and ser Jjan ]>e he be- byrged wsere, eall folc geceds ]?a Eadweard to cyninge. A.D. 1050. Her alede Eadweard cyning Jiaet heregyld ]>e v/G^elraed cyning aer astealde. J>Eet waes on ]7am nigon and 'Srittigo'San geare •Saes ]>e he hit ongunnen haefde. Jjaet gyld gedrohte ealle Angla ]7eode on swa langum fyrste swa hit biifan her awriten is. J^aet waes aefer ffitforan o^rum gyldum lj>e man missenlice geald; and men mid manigfealdlice drehte. A.D. 1066. Her com Wilhelm, Eorl of Normandige, into Pefensea, and Harold cyning gaderode Jia mycelne here, and com him to-geanes. and Wilhelm him com ongean on unwaer, ser his folc gefylced waere. ac se cyning Jieah him swi'Se heardlice wrS feaht,'mid Jiam mannnm ]>e him gelaestan woldon. and Jjaer wearS mycel wael geslegen on eegfre healfe. Daer wearS ofslegen Harold cyning, and J;a Francistan ahton wael- stowe geweald. Wilhehn sende ofer ealle Angla-lande, into aelcere scire, his men, and lette agdn lit hu feola hundred hy'da wseron innon J^aere scire, o'S^e hwast se cyning seolf haefde landes and yrfes innan ]j^m HISTOKY. 53 lande, o^^e hwilce geriht he ahte t6 habbanne, to twelf mona^um, of J^aere scire ; and hwaet oiSiSe hli mycel aelce man haefde ye land-sittende waes innan Angla-lande, on lande o'S'Se on yrfe, and hii mycel feos hit waer weorS. He leefde aefter him J»reo suna. Reodbeard het se yldesta, se wses Eorl on Normandige aefter him. se oiSer het Wilhelm Jje baer sefter him, on Engla-lande, \>6ue cynehelm. se )7rydda het Hednric. He saette mycel deorfri^, and he Isege laga Jiser-wi^ Jjset swa- hwa-swa sloge heort oSiSe hinde, Jjaet hine man sceolde blendian. He forbaed ]>& heortas swylce eac ]>a, baras. swa swi^e he lufode ]>& heah-deor swylce he waer heora faeder. Eac he saette be Jiam hdran J>aet hi moston freo faran. ^fter his dea^e his sunn Wilhelm feng to ]>&m rice. He wearS on huntnaiSe fram his dgenum mannum mid anre fla ofslegen; and syS'San to Wintan- ceastre gebroht, and on }>am bisceoprice bebyriged. Jiaet waes ]78es jjrytteotSan geares ]>e he rice onfeng. From the Voyage of Discovery of Oth-here, of Norway, round the North Cape, in the time of King Alfred. Written by King Alfred from Oth-here? s own mouth. Oth-here saede iElfrede cyninge Jjset he ealra norj?- manna norSmest bude. He cwae"S J^aet he biide on J>am lande norSweardum wiiS Jia west sae. Seo scir hatte Halgoland* J>e he on biide. He saede )?eah J)aet J>aet land sy' swi^e lang norS ]7anou. * Halgoland, or Haligsland, a place in the north of Norway, aboat 69° north. 54 HISTORY. ac hit is eall weste, butan on feawum stowum sticce majlum wicia'S Finnas,* on huntna-Se on wintra, and on sumera on fisco^e be J^aere s». He sasde baet he set sumum cyrre wolde fandian hii lang Jiaet land norS-riht loege. o^^e hwse'Ser aenig man be-norSan }?am ■westene biide. Da for he norS-riht be Jjam lande. let him ealne weg Jj'set weste-land on J78et steorbord,t and Jia wid soe on baec-bord J ]>vy' d£gas. ]pi waes he swa feor norS swa- swa hwael-huntan§ fyrrest fara'S. pa for he J^a gyt norS-riht swa he mihte on ]>i,m. 6'Srum Jry'm ddgum geseglian. pa beah J>aet land j^ser easte-riht, o'S^e seo see in on J^aet land, he ne wiste hwae^er. biitan he wiste ]7aet he }>aer b£d westan windas ; o'SiSe hwone norSan. and seglede j^anon east be land swa-swa he mihte on . feower ddgum geseglian. J»a seeolde he bidan rihte norSan windas, forS^n Jjaet land ]>asT beah suiSrihte, o^^e seo see in on ]?aet land, he ne wiste hwae^er. pa seglede he J^anon stiS-rihte be lande swa-swa he mihte on fif dagum geseglian. Da laeg )7aer an mycel ea|| up in Jjaet land, pa cyrdon hi up in on J>a ea for-J>am hi ne dorston forS be J^aere ea seglian for unfri^e. for]7am ]7aet land waes eall gebiigen on d'Sre healfe j^aere e^s. ne mette he aer nan gebugen land syS^an he fram his dgenum hame for, ac him waes ealne weg weste land on Jjaet steorbord ; butan fisceran, and fiigeleran, and huntanj and }>aet waeron ealle Pinnas. * Enns, Knlanders. t Starboard. J Back-board, larboard. § Whale-hunters. || The river Dwina, near Archangel. 65 GLOSSARY. Notes. — 1 cl, 2 cl., 3 cl., after verbs, mean 1st, id, and 3d class of strong verbs; which see. Figures refer to the foregoing articles of the same number. The letters after nouns tell the ending of the genitive case, and the gender of the nouns ; — as. Bat, es, m. 4 ; B£t ; genitive case, B&tes ; masculine gender, 4th article. to. K. mean weak verb. p^ Always. A. is also an affix of verbs, meaning on or at, &c. Such Verbs beginning with a as are not found under .4, will be seen under the initial letter of their roots, as it will appear after throwing away the a. Aberan (Beran). A-bid-an ( Got A. beid-an, Lat. pat-ior) , 1 cl. to abide, endure. Abredian, p. abrsde (brad), to make open, spread. Ac, but. Acenn-an (cennan). Acsanmynster, Axminster. Acsian, w. v. to ask. Acwell-an (see Cwell-an). A'd, es, m. 4, a heap, hill. Adrifan, 1 cl. to drive away. JR f. indecl. law, God's law. ^wfsest, sefest, 8, 9 (^ and fcest, fast), fast in God's law, pious. M,{t, back, aft, afterwards, again. .^er, after, as if more aft. iSftan, behind, aft. jEfentid, e, /. 6, eventide, evening. jEfeorran, w. ». (a and /eor, far), to put far, remove. i£flyman, flyman, w. v. to banish. JS^et, 8, 9, either, other, both. M\c, 8, 9, each, both, any. yElfweard (Elfin, keeper), pr. name. MVpeodi%, 8, 9 {^l, diflferent, \ieod, nation), of another nation, foreign. jElJieodignes, se, /. 6, the being of or among another nation, travel, pil- grimage, ^ffere (foss, trench), pr. name. i£nig, 8, 9, any. Mr, ere, before. iErost, aerst, erst, foremost, first, ^scwine, es, m. 4 {/Esc, lance, wine, man or fighter), pr. name. Mi, {Lat. ad), at. set neaxtan, anigh, next Mi, fdran, before, at theybre part. jE«el, 8, 9, noble. .^^elbyrt (noble, bright), pr. name. iESeling, es, m. 4, young noble, prince. iESelinga-igge (island of princes), pr. name, the isle of Athelney. ^Selheard (nobleleader),pr.name. ^tSelstan (noble stone, gem), pr. name. ^Selwulf (noble wolf), pr. name. Mie\o, nobility. jEwaelm (wselm). Agan, 3 cl. to own, possess ; also, to make another own ; give. Agean, again. A'gen, 8, 9, own. 56 GLOSSARY. Agnean, w.s. to own, make one's own. Ahnian [Agnean]. Alaedan, w.v.p. al8ed*de, to lead away. A'n, one, only, the same. A'ulipig, 8,9, individual, single, each one. Ancer, es, m. 4, an anchor ; also, an anchorite, hermit. And, and. And (in composition), against, back {Goth, and, Gr. Avri). And-efn {even against), proportion. AndIang(long against), fdong, long, wise. An (in composition), on, over. Angin, es, 3, a going on, beginning. Ansyn, face, countenance, what is looked upon. Anweald, es, »b.4, power on or over, dominion. , , 1 the Angles, our forefathers, « 1 ' > who came from Anelen, A°Sle, / insiesvig. Angrislic (grislfc). Asmeagan, w. v. to think out, devise by thought. Astellan, p. astealde, to ordain, settle. A'S, es, m. 4, an oath. Awritan {see Writan). Awecau, 3 cl. to awaj^e. JJffim-an w. v. to bum ; for-bsem-an, to bum off, bum up, Baemet, a burning, conflagration. Baldraed (bold speech), pr. name. Bana, an, 1, murderer, cause of death, iane. Bar, 8, 9, bare, naked. Bar, es, m. 4, a boar. Bat, es, m. 4, boat. B*D, bid, pray, ask. Ge-bed, 3, a prayer. Beod-an, 2 cl. to bid, command, offer. Bidd-an, 1 cl. {Lat. pet-ere), bid, or pray, or ask. Bod, es, n, 3, a bidding, message, command. Bodjan, w.». to deliver a message or command, to announce, preach. Hence forebode. Be, by, with, near. Verbs beginning witli be, and not found under be, will be seen under their ra- dical initials ; be being thrown away. Bejeftan (be-8eftan)r behind. Behatan, 2 cl. promise, vow. Beheona (be-heona), on this side. Belucan, 1 cl. to belock, lock up. Bestelan, 1 cl. steal by, steal away. Betweox (be-twa), betwixt, between. Beam, es, m. 4, a beam, tree, ray of light. Hence boom. Begen, both. Bella, an, 1, a bell. Be6, imp. mood, sing, be thou. Be6n, to be. Beorht, 8, 9, bright, dear. Beom, es, m. 4, prince, leader. Beornwnlf (wolf-leader), pr. name. BfiRAN,leZ.(G^ott.bair-an, Gr.0£p-jiv, Lat. fer-re), bear, give birth to. Hence Beam,es, n. 2, what isbome, achild. Thence {Scotch) bairn, and birth. Betera, 8, better. BUe, a bill, beak, snout; gebilod, billed, having a bill. BUehwit, 8, 9, artless, simple. Bisceop, es, m. 4, bishop. Bisceopddm, es, m. 4, 'bishopdom, bishopric. " To Biscop-sunu niman,'' to take to bishop's son, to stand sponsor at confirmation, as one did in the old time. Bftan, 1 cl. to bite. Blac, 8, 9, black. Bleed, fi-uit ; also, blade. Blendian, w. v. to blind, put out or eyes. B16d, es, n. 2, blood. B6c, 7, a book. GLOSSAEY. 57 Bdclic, 8, 9, booklike, literary. B*RG, to hide, protect. Beorgan, 2 cl. to hide from harm, protect. Hence to burrow. Burh (burg), f.m.l (^ Germ, burg, Gr. TTvpy-os), a town, fortified town, fastness, castle. Hence borough, a rabbit's burrow, and burg, in the names of places. Byrigean, bebyrigean, w. v. to bury. BBiii, 8, 9, broad, flat. Hence Brad- ford,, the broad ford. Bradnes,se,/.6,broadness, breadth. Braed-an, 3 cl. to broaden, extend. Bred, es, 3, anything broad, surface, board. Br^can {Gr. piiy-uv, Lat.iiang-eie), 1 cl. to break. Br6c, es, m. 4, a brook. Broga, an, 1, terror, dread. Briht, 8, 9, bright. Bringan, 3 cl. to bring. Bryten, Britain. Bryt, es, m. 4, a Briton. Bryttwealhas, m. 4, (Brytt, a Briton, wealh, one of another race), a Briton, a Celt. Hence Welsh. {[Bryt. waldan.] King of Britain, or of the British, head of aU theAnglo-Saxonset- tlements in Britain. Broker, ac. and dat. breSer, pi. bro- Sru, a brother. {to abide, dwell, inhabit, till. Hence bur, bower ; ladies' bower, a Uttle abode; boor, a tiller.|g| of the land. '^ Bufan, above. Bume, an, 1, /. a bourn {Scotch, bum), a brook, stream. Bdtan, conj. but, unless, ji;r^. without. Bute, both. Byre, m. time. Byma, an, 1, a coat of mail. Bym-an, 1 cl. to bum as wood, to be on fire. B/S,"! 3 pers. sing, of be6n, to be, By')), / is. Bysn, e, / 6, a pattern, likeness. rjaf, 8, 9, quick, active. Cafscipe, quickness, activity. Thence chafe, to quicken. Cantic, es, m. 4, a pious song, can- ticle. Cantware, 7, Kentish folk (seeWam). Casere, es, m. 4, Cssar, emperor. Cenn-an, w.v. {Gr. yev-ii)), to bring forth, bear, produce. Cyn,es,2 (ffr. 7ej/-of,ia<.gen-us), kin, kind, folk of one birth or faoiily, tribe or nation. Cyning, es, m. 4, a king, as if head of one cyn. Cyne, cynelic, 8, 9, kingly, royal. Cynegyls, pr. name. Cynerice, es, 3 (cyne, rice), king's dominion, kingdom. Cynewulf (kingly wolf), pr. name. Ge-cynd, e,/. 6, kind, nature. Ceaster.e,/. 6, a Roman camp (castra) or town on the site of one. Cempa, an, 1, a warrior, champion. C^nwalh (keen stranger), pr. name. Centwine (Kentish man), pr. flame. Ceol, es, m. 4, a ship, boat. Hence keel. I Ceolwulf (the ship-wolf), pr. name. Ceorfan, 2 cl. to cut, carve. Ceorl, es, m. 4, a rustic, clown. Thence churl. Ceorlisc, 8, 9, rustic, clovmish. Thence churlish. Cerran, w. v. to turn. Cer, see Cyr. Ceds-an, 2 cl. to choose. CM, es, n, 2, a cbild. Cildh^d, es, m, 4, childhood. Cing, es, m. 4 {contractioh (j/" cyning), a king. Clsn, 8, 9, clean, pure. 68 GLOSSAUY. ClaS, es, m. 4, cloth j pi. clothes; ' Christes claSas,' Christ's clothes, baptismal robes. Cleaf-an, w. v. to cleave asunder. Clyfer-fote, cloven-footed. Clud, es, m. 4, a hillock, rock.. Clypian, w. v. to call, speak. Clypung, e, /. 6, a calling, speak- ing, articulation. Cuapa, an, m. 1 {Germ. knabe), aboy, youth, slave. Thence knave. Cnysau, p. t. cnyste, to beat, dash. Com, es, corn, grain. Crseft, es, m. 4, craft, power, skill, art, business. Crismlysiug, e, f. 6 {Crisma, a vphite robe of the newly baptized ; lysing, a leaving off). Cum-an, v. 2, to come. CuNNAN, 3 cl. to know, know how,be able. Thence cunning, and can. CuS, part, of cunnan ; known, fa- miliar, friendly. Hence uncouth. CuSburh (the knovra fastness or protection), pr. name. CuJSraed (familiar or friendly speech), pr. name. CwseSan, 3 cl. to say, speak. Thence guoth. Ge-cw3e5an, to bequeathe to give by saying or spealang, is in a will. Cwell-an, p. cwealde, to quell, kill. Cwen, e, jf. 5 (GV. yvv-ij), a woman. Hence queen, the woman by ex- cellence. Cwenburh (lady-fastness), pr. name. Cwichelm (quick-head), pr. name. Cyle, cold, coldness, chill. Cyrran (see Cerran). Cyr, re,/. 6 (cerr-an, cyrr-an, to turn), a turn, an occasion. Thence occa- sional work, a char, whence char- woman. Cyrce, cyrice, an, /. 1, a church. Cyriclic, 8,9 (cyrice), ecclesiastical, ckurchlike. CySan, to. v. to declare, show, tell. £)sed, e, /. 6 (don, to do), a deed, action. Dffig, es, m, 4, a day. Dseghwamlic, 8, 9, daily. Dxl, es, m. 4, a share, part. Dffil-an, w. V. to divide, share out. Hence to deal cards ; a dealer, a seller or buyer in small shares ; a great deal, a great share ; deal, wood readily divided; to dole out, to deel, to distribute. Dead, 8, 9, dead. DeaS, es, m. 4, death. Defensscire,/! 1 ^^ Detensescir, e,/. 6 J Dem-an,m;. ». {Gr. rt/t-aw) to deem, think, judge. Ddm, es, m. 4, a deeming, thinking, or judgment, power, dominion. Denisc, 1, Danish. De(5r, es, n, 2 {Gr. 6r)p), a wild animal, deer. DeorfriS, a deer-park. Deor, 8, 9, dear. Dohter, /. 5, a daughter. Dom, es, m. 4, (see Deman). Don, 4 cl. to do. Dorssetas, 4, Dorsetshire men. Drecati, 3 cl. to grieve, vex, oppress. Drenc, es, m. 4, drink. Drinc-an, 1 el. to drink.' Drenc-an, w. v. to drench. Drifan, 1 cl. to drive. Draf, a drove, herd. Draef, a driving, expulsion. Dropa, a drop. Dun, e, /. 6, a down, lull. Duru, e, /. 7, a door. Dyd-an, w. v. to die. Dyngan, w. v. to dung. J]A,jbZ. ea, d. ean, water, a river. Ealand (ea-land), waterland, an island. Eac-an {Goth, auk-an, Gr. avi-avio, ia<. aug.ere),toeAe,add,lengthen. GLOSSARY. 59 Eac, also, moreover, ehe. EAd, es, possession, happiness. Eadgar (happy weapon), ^r. name, Edgar. Eadig, 8, 9, rich, happy. E&dignes, se, 6, wealth, happi- ness. Eadm6d, 8, 9, happy-minded, low- ly-minded, meek. EWmddnes, se,/. 6, lowly-minded- ness, meekness. Eadweard (happy keeper), pr. name, Edward. Eadmund (happy protection), pr. name, Edmund. Eadrsed (happy speech), pr. name, Edred. Eadwic (happy ahode), pr. name, Edwy. Eald, 8, 9, old. Ealdor, es, m. 4, an elder, head, leader. Ealdorddra (ealdor, ddm), es, m. 4, headship, leadership, power or judgment of a head or leader. Eiddorman, es, m. 4, (ealdor-man), a headman, leader. Hence a^ijer- man. Ealh, a hall. Ealhstan (ealh, stan), a hall stone, pr. name. Ball, 8, 9 {JGr. 6\-oe), all. Eard, es, m. 4, soil, abode. Middan-eard, es, m. 4, the middle ahode, earth. Earm, es, m. 4, an arm. Earm, 8, 9, poor, miserable. Eart, 2 p. sing, of v. Wesan, to be- come or be : art. East, 8, 9, east ; eastweard, 8, 9, east- ward. Easter, Easter. Eax, e, /. 6, axis, axle. Ecg, edge, sharpness. Thence to set one's teeth 'on edge,' on sharpness. Ecgbriht {Ecg, iriht, Bright-edge), Egbert, pr. name. Ecgbrihtes-stto (Ecgbriht's stone), Brixton Deveril, in Wiltshire. £'d, es, safety, happiness. E'dwine {E'd, wine, friend), pr. name. Eferwic {see Eoferwic). Ege, es, m. 4, dread, fear, terror. Eht-an, w. v. to follow, persecute. Ehtere, es, m. 4, a follower, perse- cutor. EUendun, e,/. 6 (Ella's hUl), Ailing- ton, near Amesbury, Wilts. Emne, 8, 9, equal, even. Emniht, e,/. 6 (emne, niht), even- night, equinox. Ende, es. m. 4, end, limit, side. £ndi-an, ge-endi-an, w. v. to end, finish. Endung, e,/. 6, an ending. Endebyrdnes, se,/. 6, order, mode. Engle (same as Angle). Engla-land, land of the Angles, England. Englisc, 8, 9, English. Eode {see 6ang-an). Eoferwic, Eboracum, York. Eorl, earl, leader. EoriSe, an,/. 1, earth. EorStyliS (earth-tilth), earth-til< lage, agriculture. E(5w (Art. 12). Eowian, w. v. to show to, appear. pad-an, w. v. to set in order, dispose. Fadung, e, / 6, an ordering, dispO' sition. Y*v, this root means 'to feed,' or • ' food,' Thence F^d-an, w. v. p. t. fet (fed*de, 27), to feed. Thence ' fat,' as if 'fed,' and ' father,' as if ' feeder.' Fdda, an, 1, food. Foster (as if f<5dster, a feeder), fosterfather, or mother, nurse. Faeder, m. 4, father. Faeger, 8, 9, fair (f8e*er). 60 GLOSSARY. Faeger, 8, 9, fairness, beauty. Fsegen, 8, 9, glad, fain. Fserlic, 8, 9, sudden. Fagett-an, to vary. F^ST, 8, 9, firm, strong. Fasten, a stronghold, fastness. Fastnian, w. v. to fasten. Faest-an, p. t. faest*te, to fast. Far-an, 2 ol. to go, to go out of the world, to die. Hence ' fare,' money for going ; ' wellfare,' a going on well ; ' wayfaring,' ' sea- faring,' going on the way, or the sea, and ferry. Fer-an, w, ». to go, pass. ..6e-fera, an, 1, one who goes with another, fellow, companion. Feri-an, to make go, carry. Fyrd,/. 1 a going forth, ex- Fyrding, e,/. 6, / pedition. Feald-an, 1 cl. to fold. Feall-au, 1 cl. to fall. Fefer, fever. Fenn, es, m. 4, fen, marsh, wetness. Fennig, 8, 9, fenny, wet. Thence, Dorset, vinny cheese ; cheese blue, from mildew through wet- ness. Feoh, s, n, 2, wealth, goods, money, Thence 'fee.' Feoht, ge-feoht, es, m. 3, a fight, fighting, war. Feoht-an, l.cl. to fight, yedla {Germ, viel), many, much. Feorh, es, life. Feor, far. Feower, 21, four. Pebr|ia, 21, fourth, Fif, 21, five. Fifta, 21, fifth. Fiftig, 21, fifty. Find-an, 1 cl. to find. Flaesc, es, n, 2, flesh. Fla, jo/. flana,/. an arrow, dart. Fle3g.an, 2 cl. to fly. Fle6u, to flee. FUht, 26, a flying, flight. Flede, a flowing, flood. F16d, es, n, 2, a flood, flowing water. Flota, an, 1, a ship, sailor, fleet. Floxfote, flat-footed, web-footed. ForS-fer-an, to go forth, die. Folc, es, n, 2 {Lat. vulg-us), folk. Folcric, 8, 9, of the folk, vulgar. Folgi-an, w. v. to follow. Thence ' fellows,' those that follow or go with each other ; ' fellowship,' the following or going with each other. Fdn, fang-an, 3 cl. to take. Thence ' fang,' and ' finger,' a taker or holder. For, for; 'forjjam,' 19, 'for^/,' ' for))e,' ' forfidne,' 19, for that, because that. For ( Germ, ver-, Eng. for-), as a verb- affix means-^forth, ofl', away, up, un-. For-bidd-an (for, biddan), 1 cl. to forbid, bid off, unhid. For-ddu (for, ddn), to undo, do away, ruin. For-gan (for, gan), to forego, go away. . For-gif-an (for, gifan), to give or let off, forgive. For-heregian, for-hergian (for, here, an army), to overrun with an army; to plunder, to harry off!. For-habban (for, habban), to hold off, restrain, contain. For-haefed, 8, 9, holding off, restric- tive, continent. - For-haefednes, se,/. 6, the act or fa- culty of holding off, continence. For-le6san, 3 cl. to lose off, to lose. For-laetan, p. t. forlet (for, Isetan), to let off, to let go, neglect. For-seon, 2 cl. (for, se6n), to look off, disregard. Ford, es, m. 4, a ford. ForS, forth, onward. ForiSferan («ee Fdran). Forhwsega, at least. F*B. This root means ' to go.' Thence GLOSSARY. 61 Firan ; Peran ; Ge-fira ; FortS-Kr- an ; Bsri-au ; Fyrd j Fjrding j which see. Frsecen, frsecenful, 8, 9, dangerous. Francan, 1, the Franks. Francland, es. n, 2, land of the Franks, France. Fram, from, by. Frsetewian, w. v. to adorn, deck, trim. Thence /rc/^ed. Fremed, an, 1, a stranger, foreigner. Fre6, free. Frei5d6m, es, m. 4 (fred, ddm), free- dom. Freond, es, m, 4, friend. Freondscipe, es, m. 4, friendship. FriS, es, m. 4, peace. Frysan, p.p. ge-fr6ren, to freeze. Fugel, es, 4, a bird,/oui;. FuU, 8, 9, full. Fultum, es, m. 4, help. Fultumian, w. v. to help. Fullian, fulwian, w. v. to whiten, wash, baptize. Thence fuller. Fulwiht, es, m. 4, baptism. FmiSan, fiirther, indeed. Fyligean {see Folgian). F/r, es, n, 3, fire. Fyrd {see F*r). Fyrding {see F*r). Fyrst, space of time, ^^er, es, m. 3, a feather, wing. Qaderian, u>. v. to gather. Gal-wealh {Gaul. Gallia, and uiealh), a Gaul. Gang-an, g£n, 3 cl. to go. Cast, es, m. 4, breath, spirit, ghost. Ge, 12, ye, you. Ge- ge, both- and, as well- as. Ge, as a prefix, helps to form verbal nouns from vetbs , and collective nouns from others. It is also foreset to verbs, giving them a more collective mean- ing, or forming a kind of syllabic augment to their past tenses and par- ticiples. For finding ge- vords not given under ga, throw anjy ge^ and look for them under their radical initials. Ge-bser (b^ran, to bear), bearing, be- haviour, fellowship. Ge-bed, 3 (biddan), a prayer. Ge-c6ren, partic. of ce6san. Ge-cynd (c*n), e,f. 6, kind, nature. Ge-dwola, an, m. 1, an error. Ge-dafnian, ge-dafenian, w. v. to be- hove, be necessary. Ge-fsegen, 8, 9,'glad, fain. Ge-fera, an, 1, fellow, companion. Ge-fylced (folc), collected into a body of folk. Ge-gangan (ge, gangan), 3 cl. to go against or over, overrun. Gelimpan, 2 cl. to happen. Gelimplic, 8, 9, peet, fit, happening right. Ge-m^tegitng, e, /. 6 (ge, mfte), a. limiting or controlling, temper- ance. Ge-metefaest (ge, m^te, measure), 8,9, modest. Ge-riht (ge- riht, right), right collec- tively, laws. Ge-sceapan, 1 cl. (sce&p-an), to shape, form, create. Ge-sceaft, es, n, 2 (ge-sceap-an), any- thing shapen, a creature. Gescedd, es, n, 2, reason, discretion. Gesceddwis, 9, discriminating, dis- tinguishing, rational. Ge-))yld (ge, )>olian), patience, endu- rance. Ge-)>yldig, 8, 9 (ge, );olian), patient, Ge-weald, es, m. 4, power. Ge-weorc, es, m. 4, work, a working, a work. Ge-wilnung, e,/. 6, a willing, will. Gear, es, m. 4, a year. Geara, adv. yore, of former years. Geara, gear, things prepared, appa. ratus, furniture. Gearwian, u>. v. to prepare. 62 GLOSSARY. Gearnung, e,/. 6, a yearning, a striv- ing for, an earning or working for. Geldan, 1 cl. to pay, yield. Geat, es, a, 3, a gate. Geo, formerly, once, heretofore. Geond, prep, and adv. over, through, beyond, yond. GiF-AN, 1 cl. to give. Gafol, s, JM.4, what is given, tribute, tax, rent. Gildan, w. v. to gild. Gilp, es, m. 4, glory, pride, boasting. Gilp-word, a word of boasting, a saying of justification. Gim, e, /. 6, a gem ; gim-cyn, gem- kind, species of gem. Ging, gingra, gingest, 8, 9, young. Gisel, es, m. i, a pledge, hostage. Git, adv. yet. Glaed, 8, 9, glad. Glsedlice, gladly. Gleugan, w. v. to adorn, trim, com- pose. Glig, glee, music, mirth. God, es, m. 3, God. Godcund, 8, 9 (God, cynd), godly. G6d, 8, 9, good. G(5d, es, n, 2, good, goods, property. Godspell, es, n, 2 (God, good ; spell, tidings), the Gospel. Godspellian, w. v. to evangelise. Gold, es, n, 2, gold. Grecas, a, 4, Greeks. Grecisc, 8, 9, Greek. Grene, 8, 9, green. Grislic, 8, 9, horrid, grisly. Griind, es, »». 4, ground, earth, bottom. Gyf, if. Gyldan (geldan), to pay. Gyld, es, n, 2, payment. Gylt, es, m. 4, gilt, misdeed, some- thing to be paid or compensated for. Gyman, be-gyman, w. v. to take care, observe. JJabban, hsef**, p. t. haef*de, to have. Haegel, es, m. 4, hail. Haelan, w. v. to heal, cover. Haelend, es, m. 4, the Healer, Sa- viour. Hserfsest, es, m. 4, harvest. Haetu, e, 7, heat. HseiSen, heathen. Halig, halg, 8, 9, holy. Ham, es, m. 4, home. Hamweard, homeward. Fland, e, /. 6, hand. Hat, 8, 9, hot. Hat-an, sir. v. 2 cl. to call, to name, to bid. Ge-hatan, to promise, vow. Hara, an, 1, a hare. He, 13, he. Heah, 8, 9, high. Heah-)jungen, 8, 9 [heah-fiingian], high-supplicated, noble. Hea-de6r [heah-defr], high-deer, roebuck. Heafod, es, n, 3, head. Heafodman, es, m. 4, headman, leader. Heal, e, /. 6, a hall. Heald-an, 1 cl. to hola. Healf, half, side, part. Healt, 8, 9, lame, halt. Heanlic,' 8%, } "*'"''•*'*• Heard, 8, 9, hard. Heardlice, hardly. Hearpa, an, m. 1, a harp; heaipe- naegl, a harp-nail, plectrnm. Helm, es, m. 4, the top or head of anything, head, helmet, crown. He6, 13, she. Heofone, an, w. f. ; heofon, es, nj. 4, heaven. Heofonlic, 8, 9, heavenly. Heom, 13, them. Heona, this side. Heort, es, m. 4, a hart, stag. Heorte, an, /. I, heart. GLOSSARY . 63 Her, here, this year. Here, es, m. 4, a band of men, army, Heregung, hergung, the overrun- ning with an army, harrying. Heretoga, an, 1 [here-te6n, to lead] , leader of a band or army, general. Hi, 13, they. Hine, 13, him. Hinde, a hind. Hire, 13, her. His, 13, his. Hit, 13, it. Hlaf, es, m. 4, loaf, bread. Hlaford, es, m. 4, Lord. Hind, 8, 9, loud. Hogian, w. v. to think, care. Hors, es, n, 2, a horse. Hrsei, hrais, soon, quickly. Thence ratlur. Hreds-an, 2 cl. to rush. Hreow, 8, 9, raw, rough. Hreownes, se, /. 6, roughness, raw- ness. Hreow-an, 2 cl. to rue. Hreowsian, w. v. to repent. Hreowsung, e, f. 6, repentance, sorrow. Hu, how. Hunas, m. 4, the Huns. Hund, es, m. 4, a dog, howad. HuntnaJS, hunting. Hund, es, n. 2, a hundred. Hund-seofontig, seventy. Hund-nigontig, ninety. Hus, es, n. 2, a house. Hwa, hwaet, 20, who, what. Hwser, where. HwaeSer, whether. Hw£0RF-an, 2 cl. to warp, bend, turn, cast. Thence ' Antwerp,' the backbending of the river ; 'wharf,' the bend of a river; ' molewarp,' a mole-cast. Hwyrft (hweorf-an), a bend, turn, revolution. Hwil, e,f. 6, while, time. Hwilum,Ge-hwflum; whilom, once, for a while, sometimes. Hwil-tidum, sometimes. Hwylc, which, same, any. Hwit, 8, 9, white. HwiSer, whither. Hwon, a little, little while. Hy'r-an, VI. V. to hear, listen to. Hy'rsum, 8, 9, given to hear or listen, obedient, hearsome. H/rsumnes, se, /. 6, obedience, hearsomeness, Hy'de, e, /. 6, a hide or skin ; also a hide of land, about 120 acres. Jdel, 8, 9, idle, vain, l|landes,,.2,}^°'^**°'^- In, in, into. Innan, inne ; inside, within. Iotas, m. 4, the Jutes, of Jutland, Is, V. is. LsBdan,^. t. laed*de, w. v. to lead. Laef-an ( Gr. XetTr-Et)/), w.v. to leave. Laf, to-laf, e,/. 6, what is left. Laessa, 8, 9, less. LsBStan, ge-laest-an, to last, foUow on or after, continue, fulfil. Liest, es, m. 4, footsteps, or a pattern to be followed, a last. Lset-an, 3 cl. to let, allow. ' Of-laetan,' to let off or out. Lagu, e,f. 7, a law. Land, es, n. 2, land. Land-sittende [land-sittan], a dweller on land, an occupier or bolder of land. Lang, lengre, lengest, 8, 9, long. Lange, adv. long. Lar, laer, e, /. 6, lore, learning. Leornian, w. v. to learn. LdS, 8, 9, loath, loathsome, hateful. LaSi-an, w. v. to send for. Latteow, es, m. 4, a leader. 64 GLOSSARY. L*CG. I^ecg-an, 2 el. to lay down, lay, set, place. Lieg-an, 1 el. to lie down, lie, lie dead. L*c. Lici-an, w. v. to seem or appear (good), to please. MelicaS (Gr. AoKti-fioi), it seems good to me, or pleases me. Thence to like. Lie, ge-lic, 8, 9, seeming or appear. ing to be, like. 16ci-an, w. v. to look. Liccet-an, to seem, appear, pretend falsely. Leaf, es, n. 2, a leaf. Leas, 8, 9, empty, false, loose. Leasung, e,/. 6, leasing, lying. Leds-liccetung [leas-liccetan] , false pretence, dissimulation. Lencten, 1, Spring, Lent. Lenctenlic, 8, 9, of the Spring, spring-like. Leng, adv. long. Leng, e,f. 6, length. Le6d, e, /. 6, nation, people, tribe, the vulgar. Thence lewd, vulgar, like the low ranks. Leofian, w. v. to live. Leoht, es, m. 2, light. Le6ma, an, 1, a ray or beam of light. Le6man, w. v. to shine. Leorniau, w. v. to learn. L*F. Lufe, an,/. 1 ; lufu, e,/. 6, love. Lufi-an, V). v. to love. Le6f, 8, 9, beloved, dear. Libban, w. v. (Leofian.) Lician (L*c). Lie (L*c). Lie, n. liee, a body, dead body. Lichoma, an, m. 1, an animal body. Lif, es, n. 2, life ; also, a living or abode. Liht-an, w. v. to shine, to lighten. Li«, 8, 9, lithe, mild. Lix-an, w, v. {Lat. luc-ere) to shine. Loeian, w. v. (L*c.) LuFE,an,/ 1 ; lufu, e,f. 6, love (L*f). Lufian, 10. v. to love (L*f). LDST,es,m. 4, pleasure, lust. Thence ' lusty,' feeling life a pleasure, full of pleasure. Lyst-an, w. v. to lust after, desire, wish. Lvft-es,/. 6, air. Lytel, 8, 9, Uttle. ]y[a, mara, 8, more, greater. Maest [maest], 8, 9, most. Maeian (Lat. faci-o), w. ». to make. Maeg, es, m. 4, a kinsman, friend. MaegS, e, /. 6, family, tribe, nation; also, a maiden. Msengan, w. v. to mingle (see M'ug). Manig,8,9,many,much(secM*ng). Manigfeald (M*ng). an, 2 cl. to be able. Thence maj/ (26), might (Ger. macht;, power. Miht,e,/.6 (Magan),might,power. Man, vricked. Man, es, 4 {d. sing, and n.pl. men), somebody, anybody, man. Man-sliht [man-slean], manslaugh- ter, murder. Me, 11, me. Mearc, e, /. 6, a mark, a limit. Thence the Marches or Mercia, the borders of England against Wales. Mearce, the Mercians. Mere, es, m. 4, a meer or mere, lake, pool. Mersc [Mere], marsh, fen, bog, a mere-like swamp. Merantun [mere, lake, pond], of Merton, Surrey. Mete, es, m. 4, meat, food. Metan, 3 cl. to meet. M^t-an, V. 3 cl. to mete, measure. Mete, measure, moderation. Unmete, 8, 9, without measure, immoderate. GLOSSARY. 65 Mid, with, by, among. Midd, 8, 9, mid, middle. Middeweardes, midward, toward the middle. Midmest, 8, 9, midmost, middle- most. Middan-eard (Eard). Milit, e,/. 6 (Magan), might, power. Mlla, an, 1 ; mil, e,/. 6, a mile. Missenlic, misselic, mistlic, 8, 9, un- like, various, different. Missenlice, adv. unlike, differently. M*NG. Maenig, manig, 8, 9, many, much. Maenigfeald, manigfeald, 8, 9 [ma- nigfealdan], manifold. Msenigeo. menge, a multitude, crowd. Thence ' among,' at or with many, or a multitude. Mseng-an, w.r. to mingle, put many things together. Mangere, es, m. 4, a monger, dealer in many things. Modor.y. 7, a mother. . M6d, es, n. 2, mind, mood. M6dig, 8, 9, moody, mindy, high- minded. Thence ' mad,' affected in the mdd or mind, and ' mad- ness.' Ofermddig, 8,9, overminded, proud, tyrannical. M6dines, se,y. 6, moodiness, pride, animosity. Mona, an, m. 1, the moon. MonaJS,es, m. 1 [m6na], amonth. Mor, es, m. 4, a moor, heath, fen. Morgen, morning. Most, d. V. must, ought. Mund,y. a mound, protection. Mundbora, an, 1 [mund, bora], a protector. Munuc, es, m. 4, a monk. Mycele, mycel, myclum, (GV./ityaX), adv. much. Mycelnes, se,f. 6, greatness. Mynster,es,n. 2, a monastery, church. ^£, not, no. Nabb-an (ne habb-an), not to have^ N8ef*de (ne hffif *de), had not. Nsefre, adv. never. Nsenig, 8, 9, none. Naere [ne, waere] , might not be. Nses (' ne,' ' wses,' was), was not. Naht, 17, nought, nothing. Nama, an, m. 1, name. Nan (' ne,' ' an,' one), not one, none. NaSer, conj. (' ne,' not, 'aSer,' either), neither. Ne, neither, not. Neah, nigh, close. Near {comp. q/'neah), near, nearer, closer. Neaxt {sup. of neah, as if nearest, nighest), next, nearest, closest. Nearew, 8, 9, near, close, narrow. Nearones, se, f. 6, narrowness, closeness, the being in a great strait, perplexity. Nemnan, w. v. [nama], to name. Ne6d, e, /. 6, need. Nigon, 21, nine. Niht, e,/. 6, night. Nihtlic, 8, 9, nightly. Nillan [ne,willan],^.<.nol*de,not to wish, to be unwilling. Nim-an, 1 cl. to take. Nis (ne, is), is not. Niwian, ge-niwian, w. v. to renew, repair. NoriS, noriSem, 8, 9, north ; norS- weard, 8, 9, northward. NoriSan-hymbre, m.f. the Northum- brians. Nu, now. Nyhst, 8, 9 {see ' Neah'), nighest. Qf, off, from, of. Of-slag-en (see Slagen). Oft, oft. O'fer, over. O'ferfyll, luxury, an overfiUingviith. O'ferjiearf, 9, sincere. 66 GLOSSARY. Olsecung, e, /. 6, fawning. On, prep, on, in. On-find-an [on-findan], 1 cl. to find out. Onfon, 3 cl. [on-f(5n], to take on. On-gean, again. Onginnan, 1 cl. [on-ginnan],to be- gin, undertake. Ongin, es, 3, beginning. On-scunian, w. v. [on-scunian] , to shun. O'rd, es, m. 4, beginning, edge. O'rdgar (edge weapon), pr. name. Oi, 6, until ; oS JiEet, until that, as long as. G'Ser, 8, 9, other. O'SSe, or, either. 0')jer, 8, 9, other. Oxa, an, m. 1, an ox. pearroc, es, 4, a parrock, inclosure. Thence parH. Peohtas, »»?. 4, the Picts ; the inhabit- ants of the lowlands of Scotland. Plega, an, m. 1, play. Prica, an, 1 j pricu, a, 5. a prick, sting, point, puncture. Pund, es, n. 2, a pound. ^secan, 3 cl. {Lai. reg-o), to reach, stretch, to straighten. Thence 'raec*de,' 'r8ec*te' (25), (Lat. rectus), ' rehte' (26), ' riht,' right, made straight. Thence ' riht,' law, the straightener ; ' riht-wis,' straightwise, righteous, ' riht- wisnes,' righteousness, straight- wiseness, and ' rice,' a ruling or holding straight. R*D. Ilid-an, 1 cl. to ride. Be-rid-au, to beride, ride rounds besiege. Ge-rid-an, to ride over, invade. Rad, e, /. 6, a riding, a riding-path, road. Kadwald [r&d-wald], (lord of the way,) pr. name. Rsed, es, m. 4, speech, counsel. Raedan, jO. t. [rjed*de], to read, to utter an opinion or meaning, to advise. Rseran, araeran, w. v. to rear, erect, build. Rsesan, w. v. to rush. RbbS, raS, soon, quickly. Thence rather. Read, 8, 9, red. Reaf, es, n. 2, spoil, plunder; also apparel, a garment, clothing. Be-reafi-an, w. v. to bespoil, he- plunder, strip, iereaee. Recc-an, ge-recc-an, 3 cl. to reckon, to teU, to narrate, to' give forth. Reccednes, reccenes, gereccednes, gereccenes, e, /. 6, a reckoning, telling, nari'ation. Reo-an, 3 cl. to reck, mind, care. Thence ' receleas,' 8, 9, reckless. Ren, es, rn. i, rain. Ren-scur, es, m. 4, a rain-shower. Ren-dropa, a rain-drop. Rest, e,y. 6, rest. ReSra, ge-reSra, an, 1 ; reSre, es, 4, a rower, either a rowing-man (sailor), or a rowing-tool (oar). Rice, es, 3 {see Rsecan), a ruling, do- minion, kingdom. Rixian, "1 . , „. . ' yw.v. to rule. Kicsian, J Riht, 8, 9 (see Rsecan), right, true. Rihtwis, 8, 9 (' riht,' right, ' wis,' mode), righteous, upright. Rihtwisnes, se,y. 6, righteousness, uprightness. Riht, es, n. 2, right, law. Riman, w. v. to number, reckon ; the rhyme, metre, or number of accents or syllables. Rtp-an, to reap. Ripa, an, 1, a handful of corn, sheaf. Rip, gerip, es, n. 2, a reaping, har- vest. GLOSSARY. 67 Rodor, es, m. 4, sky. Kdmane, g. e, d. um, ac. e, Romans. Romeburh, the city of Rome. gse, es, /. 4, sea; sse-iima, an, 1, sea-rim, sea-shore. Sselig, ge-saeligi 8, 9, happy, lucky ; saeliglice, ge-sseliglice, happily. SaelS, e,/. 6, happiness, good luck. Ssed, es, n. 2, seed. Saet, es, >n. 4 [sett-an] , a set, settlers, inhabitants. Thence Dorset (^Brit. ' dwr,' water, and ' saet'). Samniau, ge-samnian, to collect. Sang, es, m, 4 [sing-an], a song, singing. Sand, es, sand. Sawl, e,f. 6, soul. Se, se6, 19, the. Seal-wudu, sel-wudu (' sel, seal,' great, ' wudu.') Sealm, es, m. 4, a psalm. Seaxan, 1,1 » Seaxe, 5, 7 S"°°'- Sec-an, 3 cl. to seek. Segan, 3 cl. to say. Sel, 8, 9, good, happy. Selig, 8, 9, happy. Seht, friendship, reconciliation. Send-an, 3 cl. to send. Seofon, 21, seven. Seofo}>a, 21, seventh. Seolfer, es, n. 3, silver. Seolf, 9, self. Sedn, 2 cl. to see. Settan, gesettan, 3 cl. {see S*i), to set, settle, place, ordain. Setel, es,». 2 (see S*t), a settle, seat, stool, a place of settling, abode : Sundor-setel, a separate abode, hermitage. Setlung, e, (see S*t), a setting, ScBAD-AN, to separate, bound, mark off or out, distinguish, shade. Scead, es, sceidu, e, /. 6, an out- marking, outline, a shade, shadow. Sceat, es, m. 4, a part, sheet. 4 So*p. ScEAP-AN, 1 el. to shape, form, create. Sceop, es, m.4, a shaper, former, poet. Sceal-an, sceol-an, p. sceol*de, to owe, to be bound. Thence shall, should; I shall, I owe or have to doj / should, I owed or had to do. Scearp, 8, 9, sharp. Sceawi-an, w. v. to look at. Sceawung, e,/. 6, a looking, sight. Fore-sceawung, foresight, provi- sion. Scin-an, ge-scin-an, str. a. 1 cl. to shine. Scip, es, «. 2, 3, ship (Gr. CKaip-ti). Thence skipper, ship, and skiff. Scip-gebrfic, a shipwreck. Scir, 8, 9, clear. Scire-burne [scir-burne], Sherborne, Dorset. Sceottas, a, 4, Scots, Irish, Gael. Scyrp-an, w. v. to sharpen, quicken, adorn. Sc*R. Sc£a-AN, scir-an, 1 cl. to shear, clip, cut, divide. Scir, e, /. 6, a share, shire. Sceort, scyrtre, scyrtest, 8, 9, clip- ped, short. Sc''=T. Scb6tan, 2 cl. to shoot. Scedtung, e,y. 6, a shooting. Sis, es, m. 4 (Goth, sinths, Lat. sentis), a path, way, a going or coming ; what goes or comes, an occasion. Sige, es, m. 4, victory. Sigebriht [sige, bnht], (bright vic- tory,) pr. name. Siht, sih^, gesiht, gesihS, sight. Sin, 8, 9, his, her, its. SiNG-AN, 1 cl. to sing. Sang, es, m. 4, a song. SiiTAN, 1 cl. to sit, settle, stay, dwell (see S*t). 68 GLOSSARY. Slag-an, slean, str. u. 1 cl. to strike. Thence to slay, sledge -hitmm^r. Of-slagen, to strike off, to kill. Slitan, 1 cl. to slit. Slitnys, se, /. 6, slitness, separa- tion. Snaw, es, m. 4, snow. Serge, e, /. 6, sorrow, care. S6{5, es, truth. Thence ' forsooth.' S6S, 8, 9, true. SoSfestnes, se,y^ 6, truthfulness. SdSlice, ad. and co»y. but, however, truly, sootftly. Span-an, 1 cl. to entice. Sped-an, to. v. to go on with good luck, to speed. Sped, e,/. 6, success, wealth, speed. Spell, es, n. 2, a speech, anything spoken, tidings, narration. Thence a spell, a form of words spoken, to spell, to speak. Spelli-an, to speak, tell. Spellung, e, /. 6, talk. Spere, es, n, 2, a spear, lance. Spere-healf, spear-side, the male or spear sex. Spinn-an, 1 el. to spin. Spindel [spinnan], a spindle; spin- del-healf, spindle side, the female or spinning sex. Sprsec, spaec, e,/. 6, speech, language. Sprec-an, 1 cl. to speak. Spring-an, 1 cl. to spring. Spryttan, p. spryt, to sprout. S*T. Sitt-an (Lot. sed-eo), 1 cl. to sit, settle, stay, dwell. Sset, es, m. 4, a set, settlers, inha- bitants. Settan, 3 cl. to set, settle, place, ordain. Setel, es, n. 2, a settle, seat, stool, a place of settling, abode. Thence saddle. Settlung, e, /. 6, a settling. Steef, es, m. 4, a staff, stick, pole ; a letter. Stsef-crseft (letter-craft), grammar. Stan, es, m. 4, a stone, rock. Stand-an, 3 cl. to stand. Stede, es, m. 4, a place, stead, sta- tion. Stelan, 1 cl. to steal. Stemn, e,/. 6, voice. Steorra, an, i». 1, a star. Thence ' steoran,' to steer, go by stars. Stfg-an, 1 cl. to climb, ascend. Thence ' staeger,' a climber, a stair, and stile quasi stegel, ste'el, something to be climbed. StU, 8, 9, stm, quiet. Stilnes, e, /. 6, stillness. Sting-an, 1 cl. to sting, prick, stab. Ofstingan, to offsting, to stab to death. Stow, e,/. 6, a place. Thence stow, or he-stow, to put in place. Streng, es, i». 4, a string. Streon, es, n. strength. Styran, a-styran, w. v. to stir. Sum, 9, some. Sumer, es, m. 4, summer. Sumersaetas [sumer, saet], 4, Somer- setshire men. Sunne, an, /. 1, the sun. Sunn-stede, es, m. 4, sun-stead, solstice. Sunne-beam, es, m. 4, a sunbeam, Sundor, 8, 9, sunder, separate. Sunder-setel {see Setel). Sunu, a, m. 5, a son. Su6, 8, 9, south; suSweard, 8, 9, southward. SuSrea [suSer, ea], south of the water, Surrey. SuiSrige, the men of Surrey. Swa, so ; swa-swa, so as ; swa-hwser- swa, wherever; swa-hwa-swa, who- ever. Swan, es, 4, a swan. Sweart, 8, 9, black, swart. Sweartian, a-sweartian, w. v, to blacken, grow black. Sweg, es, m. i^ sound, music. GLOSSARY. 69 Sweora, an, m. 1, a neck; lang- sweored, long-necked. Sweoster, 5, 1, sister. Swican, 1 cl. to deceive, mock, go oflF, go wrong. Swift, swyft, 8, 9, swift. Swiga, an, 1, swige : silence. Swilc, 8, 9, such, as, of the same kind. Swilce, so, in such a manner as. Swimman, 1 cl. to swim. Swincan, 1 cl. to toil. Geswlnc, toil. SwiiSe, swySe, adv. very. SwiSSian, w. v. to grow, strengthen, exceL SyUan, p. t. sealde, to give over or afford to another. Thence, to give for money, to sell, in our restricted sense. Symle, adv. always. Syn, ne, /. 6, sin. Synd, syndon (see Wes-an). SySSan, since, afterwards. T'aen, taceu ( Germ, zeichn ; Lat. sign-um), es, n. 2, a token, sign, standard. Taelau, w. v. to speak ill of. Tellan, w. v. p. tealde, to tell. Teogan, te6n (Lat. duc-o), 2 cl. to draw. Teojje, 21, tenth. Thence tithe, the tenth of produce. Tedfie healf gear, the tenth half year, four years and a half. Tid, e, /. 6, tide, time, time of year, an hour. Thence tidy, doing things at their time, punctual. Tili-an, w. v. to toil, attend to, tiU. Tilung, e, / 6, labour, attention, occupation. Tima, an, m. 1, time, season. Timbrian, ge-timbrian, i». ». to build. Thence timber, building-wood. To, to. To, in composition with verb-roots, means asunder, away ; lilie tlie Latin dia- and German zii; as. * go to* go away, and to-hrake (brol^e to pieces) his sliull — Judges ix. 63. To-berstan, 1 cl. [to, berstan], to burst asunder. To-daelau [to, dselan] , to part asunder, distribute, deal out. To-brecan, 1 cl. [to, brecan] , to break asunder or to pieces. Tohweorf-an, 2 cl. [to, hweorf-an], to turn away, disperse. Tdgaedere, together. T6geanes, towards, against. Tdweard, toward. Tun, es, m. 4, any inclosed place, yard, town. Tungel, es, n. a star. Turf, e, /. 7, {pi. tyrf), turf. Tw&, /. and n. 9, two. Twegen, m. 9, two. Thence twain, as if twe*en; and timn, a two of children. Ty-an, ge-ty-an, w. v. to train, edu- cate, instruct. Tymbrian (see Timbrian). TJ'fan, upon, over. UnaaSel, 8, 9 [un, sedel], ignoble. UnaeSelice [un, seiSelice], unnobly, in a lowly or base way. Under, under. Underjjeodan, w. v. to join imder, subdue. Ungefog, 8, 9 [un, fdn], incompre- hensible, immense,uot to be ^a^enin. Ungeleofnes, se,/. 6, unbelief. Un-gelic, 8, 9, unlike. Ungeliclic, 8, 9 [un, gelic], unseemly. Unm^te (see Mete). Unnan, 3 cl. to grant, bestow. Unraed, es, m. 4 [un, raed] , want of counsel, bad counsel. 70 GLOSSARY. Unwser [un,wser], unwary, not aware. 'On unwser,' unawares. UnweorS, 8, 9 [un, weorS], un- worthy, of no worth or honour. Unfeaw, es, 4 [uu, Jieaw], vice, bad manners. U'Se (see Unnan]. Up, up. Uppan, upon. U're, 11, our. U's, 11, us. U'tan, out, without. USwita, an, 1 (see Wita). Waed, e, /. cloth ; pi. clothes, ap- parel. Thence widows' weeds. Waegen,wsen,es,»M.4,waggon. Thence wain, van; ' waenes Jiisla, the wain- shafts, the constellation Charles's wain, Ursa major. Wael, es, n. 2, slaughter. Waelstow, e,/. 6 [ ] slaughter-place, field of battle. Wselm, es, m. 4, ' weall-an,' to boil up, to rage as boiling wrath or flame, anger. Thence well. Wseron (see Wesan), were. Waer, 8, 9, wary, cautious ; also wa- riness, caution. Thence unawares, ' un-on-wsere,' not in caution. Wserscipe, m. 4,wareship, the being wary, prudence, caution. Wser, es, m. 4, an inclosure, an in- closed water, weir. Wserham [Waer, ham], Wareham, Dorset. Waes (see Wsesan). Wsesten, es, n. 2, a waste, wilderness. Wseta, an, 1, wet, moisture, vapour. Wseter, es, n. 3, water. Waldan, w. v. to rule, govern, wield. Warn, e,/. 7, folk. We, we. Wealc, ge-wealc, es, ». 5, a rolling. Weall, es, m. 4 {Lat. vall-um), wall, bank, ridge. Thence wheal, ridge made by the blow of a rod. Wealh, 4, a foreigner, a stranger, out- landish man. Thence firitons, who were foreigners, 'Wealhas,' Welsh, to the Saxons. Wedan, [p. wed*de], to rave, rage. Wed, es, n. 2, a pledge; ' wed-broSer,' a pledge brother. Thence wedding, a pledging of troth. Weg, es, m. 4, a way. Wei, adv. well, very. Wendan [p.wend*de,wende], to go, to wend, Weorc, es, n, 2, work, action. Weorc-an, 3 cl. to work. WeorS, es, n, 2, worth, honour. WeorSian, w. v. to honour, esteem, cultivate. WeortSlice, worthily. WeorSscipe, es, m. i, worship, honour. WeoriSfull, worthful, honorable. Werian, w. v. to protect ; also to wear. W^rig, 8, 9, weary. Wes-an, to become, to be. Fret. Ic eom, We, l Du eart, 6e, V' synd, syndon. He is. Hi, J Past t. Ic waes. We, 1 , Duwsere,Ge, v wseron. He waes, Hi, J Wlite, es, m. 4, face, look, appearance. Wlitig, 8, 9, good-looMiig, fair, splendid. Wic, an, 1, a dwelling, abode, camp. Wician, w. ». To dwell. Wif, es, n, 2, woman, wife. Wig, es, n, 2, war, warfare. Wighiis, es, n, 2, a warhouse, ' howda.' Wihtware, Isle of Wight-folk (see Warn). Will-an [/(.wol*de], to will, to wish, WiUa, an, m. I, vrill. Wilnian, w. v. to vrish for (see Will). Wild, 8, 9, wild, powerful. Wilig, a willow. Wind, es, m. 4 (^Lat. vent-us), wind. GLOSSARY. 7] Winnan, 1 cl. to strive, to win by striving. Winsum, 8, 9, winsome, handsome, captivating. Wintanoeaster {Brit. Gvpent, and A.-Saxon, ceaster), Winchester. Winter, f&,{mA,n.aaid. pi. wint*ra), winter. Wiscan, w. v. to wish. Wis, 8, 9, wise. Wisd6m, es, m. (' wis,' wise, 'dom,' judgment or deeming), wisdom. Witan, w. v. to blame. Wita, an, 1 (' witan,' to know), a vrise man, a philosopher. Wit-an,l e/. {Gr. iS-elv, iai.vid-ere), to know, perceive j also to go away. WiiS, against, with. WiSmetan, v. 3 cl. (' wiS,' and ' metan'), to compare, to measure with. Wolcen, es, n. 3, a cloud, the sky, welkin. Word, es, n, 2, word. Woruld, e, /. 6, world. Wraec, e, /. 6, exile. Writ-an, v. \ cl. to write. Wuce, an, y. 1, week. Wudu, a, 5, wude, es, m. 4, wood. Wunian, w.v. to dwell, stay, continue, to last on by continuation or repe- tition. Thence to be wont. Wunelic, 8, 9, usual ; ' ge-wunelice,' usually. Un-ge-wunelice, unusually. Wundian, w. v. to wound. Wyl-dan, ge-wyldan [waldan], to overpower. Wyl-saet [' wyl,' a well, or ' Wily,' a stream in Wilts, and ' sjet'] Wiltshire-men, Wiltshire. Wyrt, e, /. 6, a wort, plant, herb. Thence our mugwort, ragwort. y'fel, evil. Ylc, 8, 9 {Scotch, ilk), same. 4§ Yldest, 8, 9, oldest. Yldra, older. Ylfete, an, 1, a kind of swan. Yip, es, m. 4, an elephant. Ymb, prep, round, about. Ymb-hwyift (see Hwyrft), a revolu- tion. Ymen, es, m. 4, a hymn, Yrf, es, m. 4, property, goods, in- heritance. Yrnan, 1 el. to run. Yrre, es, n, 2, u-e, anger. Yrsi-an, to become angry or ireful. YriSling, es, m. 4 [eorSe], a farmer, earthling. Y8, e, 7, a wave. J)a (Art. 19). Dffir, there. Daet, 19, that, that which. Deah, though, yet. Deod, e, /. 6, a nation, folk. De6s, 18, this. Donne {see poune). De, 12, thee. Du, 12, thou. ■pa, 19, also, then, while, till ; Jia-Jja, ' then, when. pa-hwile, the while. peer, there (note 19), ' Jjaer-fiser,' there, where, at that time, paerinne, therein, paeron, thereon, paertd, thereto ; ' fiaerto-eican,' in addition to that. pserwiS, therewith, pset, conj. that. pam (Art. 19). pAn [for Jjam], than; ' mid-ban- )je,' ' mid-Jjdn-tide-Jje,' the while that. pe, pr. who, which, that ; ' se-Jie,' he that ; ' sed-Jje,' she who. 73 GLOSSARY. peah, though, still, notwithstanding, peaw, es, m. 4, manner, behaviour, custom, peawlice, becomingly, pegen, es, m. i, a thane, one who serves another's bidding, a slave, waiter, soldier, minister, pelses, lest, pencan, 3 cl. to think, peni-an, w.v. to serve, to reduce to servitude, tame, peod, e,/. 6, a nation, tribe, the folk, pedn [feog-an, Jjeo*an], 2 cl. to thrive, grow, advance, pinc-an, 3 cl. to think ; also to seem. MeJjincS, it seems to me, methinks. ping, es, n, thing, piugian, w. v. ]to speak in behalf of an object or person, consult, to stipulate, pisl, e, /. 6, a shaft or pole of a waggon, Dorset sharps. Thence thistle, from its shafts or sharp prickles. piSer, thither. polian, w. v. to bear, endure. Thence thoivls, bearings for oars. polem6d, 8, 9 [folian,m6d], having an enduring mind, patient. polem6dnes, se,f. 6, patience. ponne, conj. than, therefore, when. ponne, j^aenne, then. preo, 21, 9, three. prydde, 21, third. pr/m, d. pi. of }ireo. pryttig, 8, 9, thirty. puner, es, m. 4, thunder. purb, prep, through, thorough. purh-teon ({>urh and tedn), to finish, execute. pus, thus, so. piisend, es, n, thousand. pwsernes, ge^waemes, se, /. 6, con- cord, mildness. p/, the [d. of se, seo, )jaet], from or for that, for that cause ; )>/-)>y'. because, therefore. pyn, 1, 8, 9, thin. pystre, 8, 9, dark, pystru, pi. 3, darkness. 73 QUESTIONS PHILOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL. I. Give the case-ending of the genitive plural of the 1st and 3d class of nouns. 3. Decline faet. 3. Decline gumaj man, weak form of nouns. 4. Decline rice, kingdom (CI. 2). 5. Decline goda, definite form ; and god, indefinite form (Art. 8). 6. How came her from heo, sAe? (Art. 13). 7. Show the probable origin of oiir adverbs, there, where, when, from pronouns used elliptically (Art. 19, 30). 8. Give the etymology of naught (Art. 22). 9. Give the canon of articulation hxt. 26. 10. Give examples of the canon of articulation Art. 29, in Latin, and in English with German. II. Give examples of the disappearance of n before other nalate letters (Art. 30). 74 QUESTIONS. DELECTUS. 12. Show by the probable immutations given under Class 3, the origin of the forms of our verbs, brought, bought, sought, straight, taught, thought, from the roots bring-, bycg-, sec-, strec-, taec-, Jjene-. 13. Erom the immutations of the root met-ode (the past tense of met-an) into mette, whence our met, show the probable origin of our past tenses, knit, let, set, spread, sent, from the roots cnyt-, last-, sett-, sprsed-, send-. 14. Translate and explain from what you know of evaporation and rain Ext. 19. Is it philosophically true? 15. 'Show that the Anglo-Saxons had a knowledge of the war-service of the elephant in the East. What did they call the howda or elephant's castle ? 16. Can you show from a map the truth of Ex- tract 26? 17. What do you know of the truth of Extract 28? 18. The doctrine of Extract 29 is drawn from a precept of our Saviour ; what one ? 19. Why is it said in Article 42 that we should love God and our parents ? 20. Is Easter before or after the vernal equinox? (Art. 54). 21. Can you show geographically the truth of Ex- tract 56 ? Is it true for all parts of India ? QUESTIONS. 75 22. How is an eclipse of the moon explained ? (Art. 63). 23. Who built Rome ? 24. How many members were there at first in the Roman senate ? 25. Who was the ' last king of Rome ; and why were there no more ? (Ext. 79). 26. With what saying did Titus show his benevo- lence ? 27. What Pope sent missionaries into Britain ? ANGLO-SAXON HISTORY. 28. What did Severus to protect Britain from the Picts ? 29. What Roman emperor was born in Britain? 30. How long lasted the Roman dominion in England? 31. What Anglo-Saxon leaders first brought forces into Britain ? 32. How many Germanic tribes settled in Britain ; and what parts of it did they occupy ? 33. What king succeeded Hengest ? 34. With what fleet did Cerdic and Cynric invade Britain? 35. What four kings followed Cynric ? 76 QUESTIONS. 36. What missionary first preached the gospel to the "West Saxons j and who was their king at the time? 37. What kings do you find to have been baptised within about sixty years after the preaching of the gospel in Wessex ? 38. Who founded Glastonbury Abbey and Wimbome Minster ? 39. Where was Brihtric buried ? 40. When did Ecgbriht come to the throne, and what had happened to him before he was king, and who succeeded him ? 41. What Anglo-Saxon settlements yielded to him before he was Bretwald, or arbitrator of the Anglo- Saxon states ? 43. What other kings held Bretwaldship ? 43. What men of England fought with ^^elwulf against the Danes ? 44. Alfred went to Rome — to what pope ? 45. Was ^■Selwulf, his father, ever at Rome ? 46. Where was iE^elwulf buried? Who was his queen ? 47. What invasions and wars happened in ,/©Sered's time ? Who helped him ? 48. Who succeeded v/G^ered ? 49. Where did Alfred fight with the Danes in 866 ? QUESTIONS. 7/ 50. Whitlier did Alfred retire in 878; and what men of England afterwards fought under him; and where did they come to him ? 51. What passed between King Alfred and the king of the Danes after the battle ? 53. What did E^weard for the protection of the English ? 53. Who succeeded Eadweard ? 54. What do you read of the death and burial of EMweard the so-called martyr? 55. Give an account of the origin of the Danegelt in 991. Till what king's reign was it paid ? 56. Describe the invasion of Swain. 57. Who succeeded Swain? 58. What treaty was made between the Saxon king and Cnut ? 59. For what object did Cnut leave England with a fleet ? 60. Where died Cnut and his successor ? Who was his successor? 61. When did William of Normandy invade England? 62. Describe the invasion of the Normans, and their battle with the English. Describe the account — called the Domesday-book — which William made out of the lands and wealth of the English. 78 QUESTIONS. 63. What sons had William, and how did they share his dominions ? 64. The " mycel deorfriiS " that William made was the New Forest. What game laws did he make for it ? 65. How died William the Second ?